fymtll Winivmiii) pibratg THE GIFT OF :uiu>u-..M^D^k.3sjCQdii..£^^ IliL^, A.:L4aiS3 t-.Sp\ic>.. 9755-1 Cornell University Library T 648.F3N57 New York at the Jamestown Exposition, No 3 1924 021 897 149 .„.«„, All books are subject to recall alter tv/o vi/eeks Ohn/Kroch Liorary DATE DUE (iiHgfflW J^iJ^W^^^ ~~- 1 I 1 i 1 ( 1 GAYLORD PRN.TEOIN US/' o Q. X z O < < o CQ liJ H < I- ■y. OL. o llj NEW YORK AT THE JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION NORFOLK, VIRGINIA APRIL 26 TO DECEMBER I, 1907 PREPARED BY CUYLER REYNOLDS, HI5TORIA nf) (I'iV N ALBANY, N. Y. J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1 909 REPORT of 11 le Jamestown Exposition Commission of tl State of New York XlA'.WY, X. v.. .////// ], IDOi). Hon. ('jiAiu.KS E. llr(:)i];s, (lorcrnor: D]:ar Sir. — We l>e<;' Xo siiljinit liei'cw itli, in accoi'daiicc \\\\\\ the provisions of tlie statute, the final report of the Jamestown Exposition Commission of tlie State of Xew ^'ork. Very resjieetfully, TIIO.MAS B. DT XX, :\rHs. DOXALD AEcLEAX, SIIELDEX B. BROADIIEAD, HUGH GORDOX :\[II>LER, ROBERT LEE :\[ORRELL, ROBERT W. PO:\rEROY, FRAXK C. SOULE. Contents Section I. Jamestoavx Settlement. Section II. Jamestown Exposition. Section III. State Building. Section IV. State Exhibit. Section V. Functions. Section VI. Biography. Section VII. Enact.ments. Section VIII. Financial St-vtement. Illustrations Fkitxtispif.ck Xew Yiirk Slate I'.uilding. ' vac.e Captayxk Johx Smith 17 From the old enf,'ra\ing executed l>v Sinmn Pciseus. Sir Francis Drakk. 'io From the original painting in Trinitv House, Fondun. QuKK.x Eliz.vbfth ••27 From the original painting Ijy F'ederigo .Zuccam. Sir W.vlter Raleigh 81 From the original painting hy Federigo Zuccan.). Capt.vix' Joiix' Smith 37 The accepted likeness of the redoulitahk- ex]il(>rer. Map of ^'IRGIXIA 41 Made from descrijition furnished bv Capt. [rthn Smith. I.XDIAX ViLL.VGE 4,) From the John While Painting of the iiith Centtiry. KlXG J.V.MES I. OF EXGL.\XD. 4!) After whom was iiLLined the Jamestown vSeitleinent. ArRIV.VL OF EXGLISH.. . 5.') From the John White Painting of the lOth Century. IXDIAX S COOKIXG ( "ORX' .57 From the John White Painting of the loth Century. Ix'DI.V.XS Ro.VSTIX'G FiSH 01 From the John \A'hile Painting of the ifith Century. Ix^DEVXS ]\r.\KIXG C.VXOES 6.5 From the fohn White Painting of the loth Centurw IxDi.vx Chiefs G9 From the John White Painting of the idth Century. lo New York at Jamestown PAGK Smith Victorious 73 The Ca])tain takes the King of the Pamaunkees prisoner. Fighting the Pamaunkees 77 Smith i)inds an Indian io his arm and attacks sa\'ages. Smith a Prisoner . . 81 He is bound to a tree to he a target for arrows. King Powh.vt.vn 8,5 From a 17th Century engraving by Wm. Hole of England. Deciding Smith's Fate 89 The savages discuss the matter of ])ulting him to death. Princess Pocahontas 93 From the original painting at Barton Rectory, Norfolk, ling. Slaying of Sahth 97 Powhatan commands him to die; but Pocahontas rescues him. John Smith's Diary 101 The first mention of Pocahontas in history; jirinted in 1624. Marriage of Pocahontas 105 P)ngraved by John C. McRae from painting \>y Henry lirueckner. Earrings and B.vsket of Pocahontas 107 These were owned by her when she married John Rolfe. Grand Basin. Facing 111 General view of the Court of Honor from the Bridge. Pocahont.vs 115 Artistic statue executed by Wm. Ordway Partridge. Court of Honor 119 A group of three of the most imi)ortant buildings. Adiniinistratiox Building Facinq Vll Exhibiting the beautiful effect of night illumination. Indian Buffalo Hunt. 181 An effective piece of statuary in the .Auditorium. Pocahontas Street 135 Scene on the main avenue of the F.xposition Grounds. Transportation Puilding.. . 139 A parade of military bodies enlivening the celebration. Illustrations ii I'AGE ViKGIXIA BlILDIXC; 143 A noteworthy State Building illustrating Colonial iieriod. Virginia Building Interior 147 The beautiful rooms where many functions were obser\'ed. ]Map of Grounds 151 Plan showing the position of all the buildings. Army and Xavy Club 157 A comfortable rendezvous for officers and their \isitors. Soldiers and Sailors" Club 161 General headquarters for the men when off duty. Government Commemorative Pier 167 A noble and striking feature of the landscape. Landing of Settlers 171 Captain John Smith Group exhibited by the Government. Negro Building 175 It contained one of the most comjilete exhifjits on grounds. War Path Scene 179 a locality which attracted every visitor to the Exposition. Jamestown Church 183 Erected by the settlers on an island in the James River. New York State Building 187 Northern exposure, facing Hampton Roads. :\rAiN Floor Plan 193 Arrangement of the principal public rooms. Rotunda 195 Artistic features of the entrance hall. Reception Room 199 Portraits of all the Governors adorned the walls. New York's Exhibit 203 Pictures and rare curios illustrating three centuries of the State's history. Hiawatha Wampum Belt 209 Covenant between Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas and Senecas. Carte Figurative of 1614 213 One of the earliest maps showing the locality of Xew York State. 12 New York at Jamestown PAGE Patkoon Kiliaen Van Rensselaer 217 An early Dutch colonizer of a large tract acquired froin Indians. General Philip Schiyler 221 Washington's close friend and a most prominent Revolutionary ol'licer. Alexander Hamilton 225 First Secretary of the U. S. Treasury in Washington's Cabinet. Chain Across Hudson 229 vStretched from shore to shore to kee|) the British from ascending. Penny Posthan 233 vSilhouette of an early Albany mailman, made about iSoo. Erie Cvxal Completed .... 237 ' Popular method of passenger travel before railroads were built. (ioLD Med.vl 241 Desi.gned by Tiffany & Co. from archaeological research. New "\'()rk State History Exhibit 245 General view of the space showing detail of arrangement. DeWitt Clinton 251 Projector of the Erie Canal which was opened Nov. 2. 1SJ5. (Jeorge Clinton 255 I'"irst Governor of New York State and a Revolutionary officer. Dike of York and Alb.vxy 259 King Charles II granted to him the Charter for New York, i('i64. Robert Fflton 263 Inventor of the first practical steamtioat, the Clermont, iSo;. (iENERAL PeTER GaNSEVOORT 267 Revolutionary officer who successfully defended Fort Stanwix, 1777. King Hendrick 271 Leader of the Iroc|uois and an ally of vSir Wm. Johnson in 1755. Prof. Joseph Henry 275 Inventor of the telegraph and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Henry Hidson . 279 Sailed from Holland March 2slh and entered the Hudson Sept. t), 1609. John Jay 283 Governor of New York and Chief Justice of U. S. Supreme Court. Illustrations 13 Siu ^YlLHA^[ Joiixscjx 287 Led the attack against the French at Lake Ceorge on Sept. s, i7ss. Philip Livingston 291 New York Signer ol" the Declaration and Mcniher of Congress in i;;',. RoBKHT R. Livingston 295 Chancellor of New York and negotiated the Louisiana I'urchasc in iSo.v GorvKRNErn INTorris 299 Member of Continental Congress and aided drafting of Constitution. Prince of Ok.vngk 303 The colony founded at site of Albany in 1624 named i]i his honor. Petkr Stiyvesaxt 307 Director-General of New Netherland for the Ihuch, 1040-11.114. Bloody Pond 313 Site of the fierce attack against the French on Sept. .s, 1755. Capitol of 1808 315 Its corner-stone was laid in Allianv on A|)ril 27,, i.Soi,. C-VPiTOL OF 1878 317 The corner-stone was laid Tnne 24. i'"^7i, antl the building cost cdxaU 530,000,000. C-Vpitol's Western Stair( vse 319 (Jne of the most handsome architectural features ai ihe liuilding. Cler.mont 321 Copied from an old engraving of Robert I'"nllon's steamljoat of i,So7. Congress ILvll 323 Famous Albany headi|uarters for members i.if the Legislature, is 13. COXSTITL'TION Hoi'SE, KiNCJSTOX . 325 New York's first Capitol where State Constitution was adopted, 1777. CrVLER INLVNSIOX ^'LIE IIOFSE 327 Type of Colonial edifice erected al>out 1770 o])posite .\lbanv. Dutch Cherc ii at Albaxy 329 .\ typical religious edifice as erected by the Dutch in I7i,s. Elm Tree of Philip Liyincjstox 331 Said to have been planted bv the " Signer " in 17,35: removed in 1,^77. Fort Cr.vilo 333 Fortified residence built about 1663 hv Hendrick \"an Rensselaer. 14 New York at Jamestown PAGE Fort Frederick 335 Built in 1676 at Albany, was one of the earliest forts erected. Fort Ticonderoga 337 Built on Lake Champlain by French under Baron Dieskau in 1755. Fort William Henry 339 Erected at southern end of Lake George by vSir \Vm. Johnson, 1755. Governor's Mansion 341 The first executive mansion owned by New York vState, 1S75. Half Moon Reaches Albany 343 Hudson ascended the river of his name as far as this site, Sept. 19, 1609. Jane McCrea Tree 345 Site of murder of Scotch girl by the Indian Panther, at Ft. Edward, July 27, 1777. M.VRSHALL House at Schuy'lerville 347 General Burgoyne's officers took refuge therein, October, 1777. ScHUY'LER Flatts 349 Built in 1666, north of Albany, by Richard Van Rensselaer. ScHUY^LER Homestead 351 Country-seat of Gen. Philiji vSchuyler at old vSaratoga, Schuylerville. Schuy'ler's Indian Sachems 353 Albany's first Mayor took them to England in 1710 to visit Queen Anne. Schuyler Mansion 355 Colonial residence built at Albany in 1761 by Gen. Philip Schuyler. Schuy'lerville Monument 357 Granite obelisk 154 feet high, commemorating Burgoyne's surrender. Sl^rrender of Burgoyne 359 Re))roduction of Trumbull's famous historical oil painting. Surrender Tree 3(31 Beneath its branches General Burgoyne capitulated Oct. i6, T777. Ten Broeck's "Bouwerie '" 363 Built at Clermont, N. Y., about 1694. by Mayor Dirck W. Ten Broeck. Van Rensselaer Manor House, 1606 365 Erected at .site of Albany by the Director of Rensselaerswyck. Van RE.\rssELAER Manor House 367 Built in Albany in 1765, by Gen. vStephen Van Rensselaer, Patroon. Illustrations 15 TAGE State Banquet Hall 369 The tal)le set in honor of Prince Wilhchii of vSweden. ]\IaSSACHI SETTS DaY ASSEMBLAGE 375 Governor Curtis Guild, Jr., in center; Commissioner and Mrs. Hu^di Gordon Miller on his right; Rear- Admiral and Mrs. Harrington on his left. President Roosevelt 383 Guest of Honor. Independence Day Celebk.\tion 387 Governor Charles E. Hughes in center; Senator ThomLis B. Dunn, President of Commission, to the right. Fringe ^YIL^EL:\I 397 Guest of Honor. Prince "\Vilhel:\i Banqeet 399 Sweden's ofhcials dined liy the Commissioners of the Em])ire State. Robert Felton 403 Centennial Ceremony. Feltox Day Group 407 Dr. Samuel L. Clemens and Jlrs. Donalil McLean in center; Commissioner and Mrs. Hugh Gordon ilillcr on sides. Mark Twain 411 Guest of Honor. Hl^gii Gordon ^Tiller 417 Fulton Dav Toastmaster. Hon. Henry G. Bayer 4"2.5 I'ulton Day Orator. Hon. !\F\rtix W. Littleton 431 Fulton Dav Orator. Souvenir ^Iedal 441 Badge struck in commemoration nf the New Yurk Day celeViration. Hon. Jacob Gould Sciiurman 451 Xew Ynrk Dav Orator. Invitation to Reception 467 Issued on New York Dav inviting guests to meet Governor Hughes and State officials. 1 6 New York at Jamestown Hon. St. Clair McKklway 477 Brooklyn D;iy Orator. Hon. William J. (taynor -181 Brooklyn Day (Jrator. Charlks Evans Hi^giils 491 Governor of the State- of New York. Ll'AVIS StLYVKS.W'P ( 'll.VXLKK 495 Lieutenant-C.overnor of the State of .\'e\v York. Joiix R.MXLS 499 President I'ro-lfin of the Senate. J.\.\ii:s W. "\Yai)s\vortii, Jr .503 Speaker of the Assembly. Tiio.MAS B. Drx.x 507 President New York State Commission. INIrs. DoxALD McLk.vx 511 \'ice-President. Spieldex B. Bro.vdiie.vd 517 Treasurer. Hugh (Iordo.x Miller 521 Connnissioner. Robert Lee AroKRELL 5^2^) Commissioner. Robert W. Po.meroy 529 Commissioner. Fr.vxk (\ SoiLE 533 Commissioner. WiLLi.\.M H. Hamlin ,537 Seeretarv. Cl YLER ReYXOLDS 543 Historian. Clarence Luge 547 Architect. Nelsox ILcrrigk Henry 551 Adjutant-General. C^hefe are the Lines ihatjhew thy^OCeihutthofc lluxt/hcyv -thy GrrCiC& and fflory, hri^hUr he& : CThj Tatrt-J^ifconeries anl J^owlc-Overtlirawes Of Scdva^es,muck CiviUizd h/ tkee^\^^^ 'Bcfhjhew thy Sjirkjand to it Glory (W^nSi So^tkoit art S raise wit/wutf hut ^ota6 Witfiirt. . CAPTA'lNE JOHN SMITH From the old en^ra\ln;5 executed by 5lnnon Paseu JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT OUTLINE OF THE COLONIZATION WHICH TOOK PLACE IN VIRGINIA BY THE ENGLISH IN 1607 19 Jamestown Settlement THE Jamestown Settlement made in Virginia in the year 1607 is properly considered the birthplace of the American Nation. This is because the United States was the creation of the Anglo-Saxon race, and it was here that they first made their perma- nent abode and started a form of government. It naturally becomes a matter of concern to the people of the entire country to learn about and understand at least the main points connected with this historical event. But to comprehend the matter with any degree of clearness, it is pertinent to l)egin by speaking of the endeavors at colonization made by Sir Walter Raleigh, aided by Queen Elizabeth, and of what has been styled "The Lost Colony," ortheCroatans of North Carolina. This relates to a period antedating the notable voyage of Captain John Smith, yet underlying both happenings was the basic principle — a great struggle between Protestant England and powerful Catholic Spain. Sir Francis Drake, having accomplished the circumnavigation of the globe in 1565, added so much to the small sum total of knowledge regarding the configuration of the countries of the world that there was aroused a strong desire to discover more, with the expectation of the acquisition of wealth by the persons or nation undertaking the movement. Following the discoveries made by Giovanni and Sebastian Cabot in 1497 along the North American continent, and the exploit of Drake, Martin Fi-obisher made three voyages, between 1576 and 21 New York at Jamestown 1578, in search of the ekisive "Northwest Passage" to India; but while l)ringing no wonderful results, these searches stimulated others, and so had their proper share in the great outcome and will continue as historic steps in the record. Among those who became particularly interested 1)y reflection on the voyages cited, were Sir Humphrey (iilbert and his half-brother. Sir Walter Raleigh, \\ho made application to Queen Elizabeth for a charter of a colony to be instituted in the Western ]iemis])here. To sho\\- with what di])lomacy acts were conceived and carried into etl'ect in those times, an al)stract of the title to a document presented to Queen Elizabeth in November, 1.577, is here given: " A discourse how Iler ^lajesty may annoy the Kinge of Spaine by fitting out a fleet of shippes of war imder pretence of Letters Patent, to discover and inhabit strange places, with special ])roviso, for their safeties whom ])olicy requires to have most annoyed — Ijy which means the doing the contrary shall be imputed to the executor's fault; your Ilighness's lettei's patent Ixnng a manifest show that it was not your [Majesty's ])leasure so to have it." The (^ueen consenting. Sir Iliunphrey Gill)ert sailed westward with a fleet of seven ships, Raleigh in command of one. fleeting the Spaniards, a severe conflict ensued and the fleet was forced back to Plymouth. Some five years after this, (Gilbert sailed on tlie same mission; but Elizabeth desired that Sir Walter Raleigh remain at home, "for the queen's mind had been full of forebodings and she had refused to let him go," we are told in Ilackluyt's ^'oyages. In the name of the English (Iilbert took jwssession of Newfoundland, estal)lishina' a settlement. Eiually, regarding the location with tlisfavor and because of insufficient supplies, the colony was abandoned, and on his return voyage he met his death in a storm. Sir W'alter Raleigh was not deterred by the untimely death of his brother, for he had within him a predominating factor — intense SIR FRANCIS DRAKE From the original painting In Trlnlt\- House, London Jamestown Settlement 25 hatred of Spain because of the success that nation was achieving through its South American mines, and he conceived the idea that Enghind might within all reason encircle the globe with a chain of colonies. Raleigh's Patent Sir Walter Raleigh received Gilbert's patent renewed in his name, signed and sealed on March 25, 1584. It declared that he had "free liberty & License * * * |^q discover, search, find out, and view such remote heathen and barljarous lands, countries, and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian prince, nor inhabited by Christian people." It required only a short time to prepare, and on April '■27, 1584, the expedition sailed from the western coast of England under com- mand of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, both of them experienced mariners, and on July 2nd arrived in "shole water, wher we smelt so sweet, and so strong a smel, as if we had bene in the midst of some delicate garden abounding with all kinde of odoriferous flowers, by which we were assured, that the land could not be farre distant: and keeping good watch, and bearing but slacke saile, the fourth of the same moneth we arrived upon the coast, which we supposed to be a continent and firme lande, and we sayled along the same a hundred and twentie English miles before we could finde any entrance, or river issuing into the Sea. The first that appeared unto us, we entred, though not without some difficultie, & cast anker about three harquebuz-shot within the havens mouth, on the left hand of the same: and after thankes given to God for our safe arrival thither, we manned our l)oats, and went to view the land next adjoin- ing, and to take possession of the same, in the right of the Queenes most excellent Majestic, as rightfull Queene, and Princesse of the same." This was the first endeavor of the English-speaking peo})le 26 New York at Jamestown to establish a settlement on the North American continent; Init unfortunately it was not to be permanent. Barlow proceeded shortly to investigate the country, and going twenty miles across the soiuid, came to an island which the natives called Roanoak, on the northern end of which "there was a village of nine houses, built of cedar, and fortified round about with sliarpe trees, to keepe out their enemies, and the entrance into it made like a turue pike very artificially." They thought they had discovered a veritable paradise, and their reports glowed with enthusiasm. They referred to the savages as "very handsome and goodly people, and in their behaviour as mannerly and civill as any of Europe." As the chief was sick, he sent Gi-anganimeo to welcome Barlow's party, and they are said to have "made all signs of joy and welcome, striking on his head and breast and afterwards on ours, to shew wee were all one, smilino- and making sliewe the best lie could of all love and familiaritie." Having spent two months in investigating the country and in trading. Barlow resolved to return, and he took with him to England two Indians, by name Wanchese and ^Nlanteo. The English were delighted Iw the accoimt of the voyagers, and Queen Elizabeth on the suggestion of Sir Walter Raleigh, whose expedition it was, ao-reed that the place l)e known as "Virginia," in honor of her virgin state. Subsequent Expeditions Raleigh found himself in high favor with Elizabeth, and she conferred knighthood on him. lie was in the zenith of his power and popularity, both wealthy and famous. He resolved to colonize Virginia, and found that any number of persons were ready to volun- teer. He selected Ralph Lane for governor, John White, the artist. was to be the painter for the expedition, to l)ring back pictures of the strange people and their land, Thomas Hariot was chosen for QUEEN ELIZABETH From the original painting b^' Federl^o Zuccaro Jamestown Settlement 29 chronicler of events, and Philip Anuidas was now the admiral. The two Indians formed part of the crew, and Sir Richard (xrenville was in command of the little fleet, composed of the Tyger, Roe Buck, Lyou, Dorothea and Elizabeth, Avliich sailed from Plymouth, Eng., on April 9, 1585, and was to place one himdred and eight men in Virginia. They remained a single year at Roanoke island. On the start the Indians were their friends and most willing helpers: but gradually this all changed, and the savages plotted the extermination of the whites. Many of the settlers turned out to be shiftless and lazy, which fact taxed their stores. On June 11th, Sir Francis Drake arrived and considered equipping them with supplies; but while this was being planned a terrible storm arose and the Francis was lost off shore. Grenville. expected to bring supplies also, was long overdue, and on not hearing from him. Lane decided to ask Drake to take them back to England, which he consented to do. xVt about the same time that Lane was embarking for England, Raleigh was fitting out a vessel at his own expense, "fraighted with all manner of things in a most plentifull manner, for the supply and reliefe of his colony then remaining in Virginia." This ship was arriving at Hatteras just after the colonists had departed, and not finding any one at Roanoke island, returned to England. A fortniffht afterwards. Sir Richard (irenville arrived with his three ships, seeking Lane's people; but on faihng to discover the colonists and being unwilling that the English should lose ownership of the countrv, "determined to leave some men behinde to retaine possession of the countrey. whereu])on he landed fifteene men in the Isle of Roanoke, furnished plentifully with all manner of provisions for two yeeres, and so departed for England." 3 o New York at Jamestown The Lost Colony Far from Ijeing deterred, Raleigh persisted in his endeavors to establish his Mrginia colony. He appointed John White the gov- ernor, and sent him thither in three vessels, the Admiral, of 120 tons, a fly-boat and pinnace, which set out from Portsmouth, Eng., on April 26, 15arents, its father hein^r Dionysus Harvie. But at this time it was growing more urgent to obtain fresh supplies. The settlers with one accord f)etitioned White to go to England, and heeding their entreaties, he departed from Roanoke August 20, 1587, and the next day the Admiral and the fly-boat set sail for the home country. What became of those who were left behind has to this day never l)een known, and so this little band stands in history as "The Lost Colony." In ^Vlai-ch of 1590, John White set out for Roanoke as a passenger aboard a trading vessel bound for the West Lidies, havino- the SIR WALTER RALEIGH From the original painting by Federlgo Zuccaro Jamestown Settlement t,t, intention of persuading the captain to go to the rescue of the settlers. His account is a fascinating bit of history, and reads as follows : "The 15 of August towards Evening we came to an anker at Hatorask. * * * v^ q^^j. j^y^i coming to anker on this shore we saw a great smoke rise in the He Roanoke neere the ])lace where I left our Colony in the yeere 1587, which smoke put us in good hope that some of the Colony were there expecting my returne out of England." Serious difficulty was experienced in reaching Roanoke island because of a storm, and seven men were drowned in the attempt. He describes the misfortune in detail, and then continues: "This mischance did so much discomfort the saylers, that they were all of one mind not to goe any further to seeke the planters. But in the end by the commandement & ])erswasion of me and Captaine Cooke, they prepared the boates: and seeing the Captaine and me so resolute, they seemed much more willing. Our boats and all things fitted againe, we put off from Hatorask, being the number of 19 persons in both boates: but before we could get to the place, where our planters were left, it was so exceeding darke, that we overshot the place a quarter of a mile: there we espied towards the North end of the Hand ye light of a great fire thorow the woods, to which we presently rowed: when we came right over against it, we let fall our Grapnel neere the shore. & sounded with a trumpet Call, & afterwardes many familiar English tunes & Songs, and called to them friendly; but we had no answere, \\e therefore landed at day breake, and coming to the tire, we found the grass & simdry rotten trees burning about the place. From hence we \vent thorow the woods to that part of the Hand dii'ectly over against Dasamong- wepeuk, & from thence we returned by the water side, round the North point of the Hand, untill we came to the place where I left our Colony in the yeere 1586 [1587]. 34 New York at Jamestown "In all this way we saw in the sand the print of the Salvages feet of 2 or 3 sorts troaden ye night, and as we entered up the sandy banke upon a tree, in the very browe thereof were curiously carved three faire Romane lettei-s C R O: which letters presently we knew to signifie the place, where I should find the planters seated, according to a secret token agreed upon betweene them & me at my last depart- ure from them, which was, that in any wayes they should not fail to write or carve on the trees or posts of the dores the name of the place where they should be seated; for at my coming away they were prepared to remove from Roanoak 50 miles into the maine. There- fore at my departure from them in An. 1587 I willed them, that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, that then they should carve over the letters or name A Crosse X in this forme, but we found no sucli signe of distresse. "And having well considered of this, we passed toward the place where they were left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken downe, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high pali- sade of great trees, with cortynes and flankers very Fortlike, and one of the chiefe trees or postes at the right side of the entrance had the barke taken off, and 5 foote from the ground in fayre Capitall letters was graven CROATOAN without any crosse or signe of distresse; this done, we entered into the palisado, where we found many barres of Iron, two piggies of lead, foure yron fowlers. Iron sacker-shotte, and such hke heavie things, throwen here and there, almost over- o-rowen with grasse and weedes. * * * " Presently Captaine Cooke and I went to the place, which was in the ende of an olde trench, made two yeeres past by Captain Amadas: where wee found five Chests, that had bene carefully hidden of the Planters, and of the same chests three were my owne, and about the place many of my things spoyled and l)roken, and mv bookes torne from the covers, the frames of some of my pictures and Mappes rotten and spoyled with rayne, and my armour almost Jamestown Settlement t,^ eaten through with rust; * * * )J^^ although it much grieved me to see such spoyle of my goods, yet on the other hand I greatly joyed that I had safely found a certaine token of their safe being at Croatoan, which is the place where Manteo was borne, and the Savages of the Hand our friends." As a fierce storm came on, the winds lashing the sea into a fury so that the cables snapped like twine, losing three anchors and with food low, it was determined to run out to sea immediatelv, and proceed to the West Indies upon the real mission of the trip. White, being only a passenger, could not prevent this course being taken even by earnest persuasion. The captain promised to return \vith him in the spring; but broke his word and never did come back. Expeditions were sent out to seek the Lost Colony; but not a single soul in all that little band was discoverable bv their white brethren. A reasonable theory has been advanced, and many are the books which have been written upon the subject, that the Roanoke colonists left behind moved to the place called Croatan, and inter- married with the Indians of that name. Doubtless the little "Vir- ginia Dare took to herself a savage for a husband, unless she favored more hio-hlv one of the verv few of her own kind. That the ^\ hites and redskins married indiscriminately is pointed out as l)eing extremely likely, for in 1670 John Lederer heard of this peculiar tribe living along the upper waters of the Xeuse, and described many of them as having light hair and blue eyes, and what was even more uncommon among savages, they wore full Ijeards. Besides this, a century later the names of these North Carolina Indians bore a marked similarity to those of the lost English settlers, and their songs were not unlike those sung in England a hundred years before. The events which have in the foregoing been described somewhat brieflv, furnish one with a fair conception of the earliest stepping- stones by which those coming after gained complete success. They 36 New York at Jamestown were equally as essential to the whole story of the genesis of the United States as the ])re})aration of any foundation. Courageous and dauntless characters were possessed hy these actors, and yet probably the credit they gained by having their names affixed in history was for a major part of these men their only reward. Documentary Discussion Regarding- the expedition of 1607 to Virginia, wherein Captain John Smith has ever figured as a foremost personage, there is much material on which to l)ase a history accurate throughout, if one were al)le to dissect the items and make use of only the true. Yet ques- tions have been raised respecting many of the main features. It would seem to stand as one proof of the greatness of an event in a person's life, or in the history of an individual or of a nation, that there is acute discussion about it. Were an erroneous remark given place in a pul>lication regarding something of minor concern, there would be none eager to dispute, and the misstatement likely would be passed with trifling consideration. But when book after book is written as the honest endeavor to set forth what is given to the public as "the true account," then it is evident that those who have bestowed the greatest thought see the injury error causes, and so are anxious to correct the false impression that has gone forth. There has been so much discussion regarding the settlement of Vii-ginia, over its minor and even about some of its main features that one must needs wonder whether there lias not l)een amono- thinking men as great interest taken in the methods of the Viro-inia settlement as there has been in the Shakespeare-Bacon controversy. In fact, what discussion has aiisen has been as acrimonious, some keeping Captain John Smith's memory alive as a hero-navigator and founder, while others have decrided him as a wretch and an inten- tional, international impostor. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH The accepted likeness of the redoubtable explorer Jamestown Settlement 39 So l^itter has this fight been in the world of letters that the looker-on, the student and the casual reader have wondered whether or not all historians are wrong, and if only one has struck upon the true account, then which one of the many is he. It cannot in off-hand fashion be said that the one who has followed literally the records has been rioht in this case, for it is ag-reed that there was a coloring given to suit two parties which were at serious odds, with the King of England and his powerful sway as the head of one of these factions. As has been said, there have been many of those who throughout centuries have held Smith up to view as the one great man in this enterprise of 1607. Others have followed on his tracks, as left by records, and pronounce what he wrote but fulsome praise, untrue, hardly reliable in any part whatsoever, and pointing out that if much is false none is to l)e depended upon. Yet to cast aside the writings of a man who bore so important a part would seem an unprecedented recklessness in an instance where there has not been an overabundance of material preserved. There is hardly any reason exer to try to construct a worthy battleship of the material to hand if the test of the metal plates demonstrates their unfitness for the purpose. Either there is consternation for those who would proceed, or we must hope that there was something wrong about the test. Juggling of the Journal That Captain Smith wrote a journal which was printed while he was alive seems to some to be definite proof that historians have something excellent upon which to build, using it in connection with other material, while on the other hand the very fact that he did write such a book stands in some minds as exceedingly strong evidence that what he wrote he colored to suit his personal whims, — more than that, his interests, vital concerns to him in that they related to his expected dealings with the Crown — and hence is untrustworthy. 40 New York at Jamestown As it is known that he was very naturally constrained to write ^^-llat he did in a way to please the King, and that ])y assuming to himself all the virtues and valors of a pioneer he had something important to gain, it ^\ ould ajjpear within reason to give some credit to the theory that any other narrative than Smith's was likely to be the authentic one. But liow" rarely to be met with is the author or historian who does not yield, when he finds the means, the clue, to make himself distinguished Iw following out a discovery he has made, enlarge upon it. and seeking credit, imduly increase the least evidence until he has wrought in the public mind a story adverse to all that has gone before, anticipating that he has won a prominence by asserting that he is the only one who has been able to write an unbiased and true histoiy. ^lay he not ha^e imagined that he has found more errors by adding to the real mistakes many more supposititious ones than were actually the case ? As Smith AAas in verity a resident in this land, was the one to provide the chief material for those a\ ho wished a hundred years later to expand and compile what might be obtained for a basis, it was natural to al)sorb his journal without weighing; but fortunatelv there wei-e some other records preserved, both here and abroad, and had Smith written nothing, it is likely that a true, though not so replete an account would have resulted. At any rate, very few persons would have been attracted 1)y a histoiy of the settlement com|)iled from dusty documents, papers of state and statistics, and it is true that Smith, in the fashion of his discourse, gave a coloring which appealed to others than the sociolo- gist, and thei-eby increased manifestly the number of readei's. For this act alone would he deserve some credit, were his l)ook but as the frame of false though attractive material setting forth the picture advantao'couslv . But the general public, through its haste in livino-, look Long / -.■"siijA »^>KiS'' < z O o ^ r:)f; /•'^, a^- ^^* ^4%--*^ 1. < a •^ u 6 ~j 1 \ / ^ "Ar -Vi « ^. '^r-t%H^iu-' yi •fl^r / r- ^^m Jamestown Settlement 43 deeply into hardly anything- not pertinent to the daily life, has been content to accept that story of the renowned Captain Smith, for with records concealed for a reason through a century and his nar- rative being somewhat brief, decidedly thrilling and apparently true, it found its way into school histories, and very few touched upon the subject any further once an insight had been gained in his or her youth. The trouble in discovering a truthful record arose over the fact that a simple proceeding, such as the outfitting of a few small sailing craft, their tedious voyage, and what their crews did in forming a colony seemed commonly to have a more important l^earing than the significance attached to the proceeding by the Crown, and as there were those who protested against the King's form of government, as outlined by him for their guidance, powerful opponents of those in power, there were two parties coloring all the journals, narratives and published accounts to suit the views of these two factions. This strife even went so far as to include the obliteration of that upon which we might now build history, by a destruction and also the secretion of the official records. There have thus remained two standpoints from which to regard what really transpired if one make a studv of the establishment of a government; but for the purpose of graphic, entertaining description of a voyage, perils, unusual happenings, it is not so difficult to obtain facts and believe in them. "We may then accept as accurate the statement regarding the number of those manning each vessel, or of the disaster by sickness, the conflicts with the Indians; but underlying these incidents is something much more important, when one considers seriously the founding of a nation — it is the intent of the prime mover, hispohcies, his attitude in connection with other nations, and their bearing on the church, for religion played the leading part in the struggle of the nations in those days. The casual reader, seeking a thrilling story, will be satisfied; but he who strives to unravel the policy of a kingdom will be disappointed. 44 New York at Jamestown Spanish Stru^^le Stitli, in 1746, made use of .such records as had been preserved by stealth; but Smith's narrative had gained such a foothold by that time that it has long been accorded a more universal belief through the indorsement of the Privy Council, which licensed his story because it was [)leasing to the Crown. The incentive of the English nation was to prevent Spain from increasing her hold in the New World, for these two nations had been at war, each endeavoring to plant its own religion in distant climes, and this latest find was thought a tempting held. Spain, Roman Catholic, had made her start; England, Protestant, had wished to strangle her power ere it grew too strong. It was at a time when things looked smooth upon the surface that there were more serious matters actually in contemplation than while the agitation of actual warfare was on everyljody's lips the nation over. The treaty with Spain had been signed hardly two years when England cast al)out in an aggressive spirit for various means by which to gain su])remacy. It was as though each nation knew that liy a treaty it was meant that there might be an interval of ])]-epai'ation before the next outbreak, and such time would allow a strengthening of the lines in all directions. It was not in the least as though the two nations had come to a mutual understandino-, and felt that the shafts of \\ar might be laid away to rust and possil)ly be forgotten in time. Quite the i-everse — there was a season of o|)por- tunity to shar|)en the sinews of war — the time was ri|)e to work the harder in stealthy silence, through (li})lomatic discoveries of what the other intended. Charter Granted Rol)ert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and Sir John Popham, Lord Chief Justice, were two of the most active in the ao;itation iii Enertinently conditioned that they should be distinct; it was determined that neither should ])lant within one hundred miles of the other. Rol^ert Cecil l^ecame the "Patron" of the southern and Sir John Popham acted in similar position for the northern colony. Abortive Attempt The first vessel to set out on this mission was the Richard, of about 55 tons. It was prepared by the merchants of the west of England country, and left Plymouth harbor for America on August 22, 1606, under command of Captain INI. Henry Challons. This cargo and its crew were destined for the northern plantation, and the list included twenty-three Englishmen, and two savages, the latter having been brought from America the year l^efore. The eft'orts of the Richard were to be seconded by another vessel under Captain Thomas Hanham. 48 New York at Jamestown The expedition commanded by Challons never completed its mission, for in November it was captured in the West Indies by the wary Spaniards. This was the result of Spain's alertness in diplo- matic channels during the era of peace, as already noted, to balk England's moves upon the great international checkerboard. Han- ham returned from Virginia the following spring. A long diplomatic controversy with Philip III of Spain was the outcome, and the treaty entered into only three years previous was declared evaded. The principal discussion was held in the House of Lords on June 25, 1607. It was asserted that even if Spain controlled Virginia under the claim that it was included in the term, so ambiguous in those days of discoveries and aggrandizement, land in the West Indies, vessels had a clear right to sail the seas, and whether it were known or not for what land a ship might l)e bound, until it touched land and attempt were made to put passengers or a cargo ashore, it should not meet with interference. The English contention on these grounds placed the Spaniards in the light of ])irates. At about the same time that the Richard was fittino- out, the citizens of London were preparing their expedition for the southern Virginia colony. James I issued his Articles, Instructions and Orders for the government of the colonies on November .SO, IGOG, and the oath to be taken by a member of the King's Council of Virginia was, in part, set forth by him personally as follows: "You shall to the utmost bear faith and allegiance to the King's ma'tie his heii-s and lawfidl successors, and shall assist and defend all jurisdictions ]irchennnences and authorities granted unto his INIatie and annext unto the crown, be it by Act of Pai'liament or otherwise, against all forrain Princes, Persons, Prelates or Potentates, whatsoever, and generally in all things you shall do as a faithfull and true servant and subject out to Do. So help you (lod and the holy contents of this Book." A rA jfi^ „jiJjjJl llllilil IWd— — KING JAMES I. OF ENGLAND After whom was named the Jamestown Settlement Jamestown Settlement 51 This was followed on December 10 ('^O), 1606, by directions for sailing prepared l)y his [Majesty's Council for ^'irginia. The first expedition for the First Colony in Virginia, consisting of three vessels, sailed forth on Saturday, December 30, 1606, from London, under supreme command of Captain Christopher Newport. These were the Sarah Constant, Captain Neu port (Admiral) ; the Godspeed, Captain Bartholomew Gosnold (Mce-Admiral) ; and a pinnace, the Discovery, Captain John Ratclifi'e. It has not been decided definitely just how many souls were aboard these ships; but the statement of the King's Council places the number at six score forming the expedition proper, as well as half a hundred sailors. Some writers have thought that one object of the Crown in advo- cating colonization was to reduce the congestion in London's popu- lation, for the city, numbering most likely 300,000 (dulv considerino- the various estimates made then), had been seriously scourged for some time by a disastrous plague, no less than '^,l'-24' dvino- of that malady during the five days succeeding the departure of the boats. Setting Sail The craft anchored in the Downs on Januarv 1.5, 1607. there awaiting winds favorable to carry them southwest ward, upon which incident of nature navigators then were so largely dependent, and upon the 18th of February set sail for America; but with an itinerary of intervening ports at which to pause for water and food. A blazing star, or comet, seen on the 22nd, was considered a portentious omen of evil. Whether it had a bearing, superstitiously considered, upon the voyage or the enterprise in general, mav be decided both ways, for their start in a calm bore no similitude either to the journey by sea or to the settlement made on land. 52 New York at Jamestown Tu a fortnight, they reached the Canaries, and took on wood and water, after which l)rief stay they sailed for the West Indies. On the way there \\as a mutiny, in which John Smith j^artici- pated. lie claims he was unjustly treated. It began on ]March 21st, and he was confined as a prisoner requiring subjugation until June 20th. The island of Dominico was reached on April 3rd, and three days spent there, anchoring on the 6th at the Isle of Nevis, where for the space of six days they collected wood, and allowed the sorely- tried emigrants recreation. The water taken aboard at that place soon afterward turned poor, so at Mona, on the 17th, the casks were refilled. On April 20th they departed from the West Indies, and sailed directly for Virginia; but encountered a tempest of considerable severity on iNIay 1st, which carried them so far past the opening of Chesapeake Bay that they were forced to spend the succeeding four days in sounding their way back. Some writers assert that they v>eve blown into the bay by this storm, treating it in the light of an act of divinity, and others that they entered there merely to seek shelter, as in haphazard fashion; but the more reliable version is undoubtedly the former. Landing at Virginia. It was on Sunday, April 2(ith (May 6), at four o'clock in the Tuorning that the shore of Virginia was sighted, on which day the ships ent(>red Chesapeake (Chesapioc) Bay. The locality was described as a scene of "faire meadows and goodly tall trees, with such fresh- waters running through the woods, as I was almost ravished at the first sight thei'cof." That evening, A\hilst some of the party were ashore, Indians attacked and wounded Ca])tain Galjriel Archer and ^Matthew ^Morton, ^^^¥*::;:. ■» ^^1>K '■ s- **%>^^ ^\ .^\>'^ ^:i\' . ^- ^ V* 9^ T > iTi X -J o "Zl z O 1 -J a. ^ £ Ci * a < jT Jamestown Settlement 55 and night having come on, the adventurers bethought them of their government. On the voyage they were under the control of the officers, as given in the orders of His Majesty's Council; but once they had landed at the place where they sought to be, then they were to obey such new officers as were named in the sealed instructions. These had never been seen, being contained in a strong box, because the plan of the Crown was to prevent a conflict of authority through various sets of commanders. Upon opening the box, the following names were read off to the interested throng of wondering emigrants as composing "His ^Nlajes- ties Council for the First Colony of Virginia : " Bartholomew Gosnold, Edward Maria Wingfield, John Martin and George Kendall. The following day, May 7th, work was begun building a shallop, in order the better to explore the waters believed to be shallow, and it was launched the next day. In it Captain Newport and others passed up the bay; but he was disappointed to discover the water so shallow upon the southern shore as to make it seem out of the question to sail thither with the vessels. His misfortune was dissipated, however, when a good channel was found by rowing over to a point of low land on the north shore, which he forthwith named Cape Comfort, in commemoration of the cheer it brought to the party of discovery. Claimed for the Crown On May 9th, the land was laid claim to for James by the setting up of a cross on the shore of Chesapeake Bay, naming the exact locality upon which they stood Cape Henry, in honor of the Prince of Wales. The following day, the vessels followed the shallop, and at the mouth of the river, which they named James, Captain Newport placed ten men on shore to serve as an outpost, whilst with tide and ^6 New York at Jamestown Avind they sailed up the stream in search of a proj^er place at which to erect a settlement, tinally reaching the site of Jamestown on ^lay 14th. There was some discussion regarding a choice of site at which to l)uild a town, for )jy the 18th of the month they had reached the mouth of the i\])pomattox Rivei-, and several ])referred a point of land there, which later was named "Archer's Hope." However, it was not fancied by the leadei-s because inaccessible to their larger craft, whereas at Jamestown the water was so good in those days that it is recorded they were al)le to tie to trees while in six fathoms of water. Jamesto\vn Island of 1907 was then described as "a Kinde of Chersonesus or Peninsula, jutting into the river, its bank cut deep l^y swift-running water, which current no doul)t was deflected later on, as by an enormous freshet, so as to separate the peninsula at its weakest point from the mainland. May '24th found them all ashore, and building fortifications "on the north side of King James, his river, as is London upon the River of Thames." In fm-thering the form of government, up to this time in eml)ryo, M. Wingheld, was selected as President; but John Smith was not so much as admitted to the Council, so states a record of their deeds. It was at this juncture that the wisdom of the Kino- and the Privy Council in j)lanning the details for the new government in a land distant from the home government, was to be tested. He had decreed that the majority should rule, seemingly a wise method, and in this way choose their own chief who, however, should not l>e a minister of the Gospel, and this one should rule for one year, unless the office became vacated by his demise or through his removal by the same power which created him — the majority of the Council. This was but to give rise to controversies, for upon his shoulders was blame to be rested for all misfortunes, rightfully through poor judgment, or by reason of incontrovertible evils. Naturally, he !X > ; ■ X 1 • (J a; I ■■ O ; 1 1^ c 1 r s 5 s z i , Q s ^i Z -^ Jamestown Settlement 59 would become the subject of all the adverse criticism, and any self- seeking man would be inspired by the hope that he could secure among his friends a sufhcient majority in the Council \Aho would wrest the power from the ruling head, and by a vote create him their ruler. It was foredoomed to create factions, and then raise or ruin the government, for though factions may split, they also help to purify. Friendliness of Indians The Indians sought to win the friendship of the settlers within a fortnight of their arrival. One mav imagine the motive — either that of a feeling of universal brotherhood and a desire for peace upon earth, or a sagacity which was in accord with their proverbial cunning prompting their actions. Possibly they had concluded it were wise to do so, for they marveled at the wonderful sticks of the paleface which could spit fire so that they instantly caused death at a distance. On May 30th, forty of the savages of that neighborhood came to the island bearing deer as gifts. These Indians showed so much confidence that they would have slept within the fortification; but the Englishmen concluded thev were, as spies, wilHng to run the risk of bodily injury, and mistrusting kept them outside. Still bent upon discovering the exact nature of the country, Captain Newport took a party of twenty-three, Smith among the number, up the river in the shallop. They progressed thirteen miles the first day, and sixteen more the next, reaching Turkey Island, where an intelligent redskin, given pen and ink, traced the remainder of the river to the Quiraul (Blue Ridge) ^Mountains. June 2nd found them advanced to the habitation of the "great Kyng Pawatah," which was on the Popham, or northern side, of the James River, some three miles below "The Falles," the site of Richmond. The next day, being Whitsunday, they feasted the great King 6o New York at Jamestown with beer, aqua vitte and sack, making him obhvious, or as the tribes- men thought, sick, and at the mouth of the "Falls" Captain Newport set up a cross inscribed "lACOBUS, Rex, 1607,'" adding his own name beneath. Here they knelt in prayer for the King and his colony. While Newport was away, the Indians, feeling security through their outposts who were watching for his return, attacked the fort, and although the savages fought valiantly, killed none; l)ut met with several losses themselves. On the 8th of June, the Indians killed a dog of the colony; on the lOtli, shot Eustace Clovell, who died of his wounds, and on tlie 2,Srd, ^Matthew Fitch was wounded. The friendship endured only as there was no occasion to quarrel. Savage and Christian were alert each in his own interest. On June 20th, Smith was restored to popular favor for the first time since the mutiny at sea, and was sworn as one of the Council at a meeting whereat harmony was restoi'ed. The fort was completed on the 25th, a triangular affair, with crescent-shaped bulwarks at each cornor, upon which was mounted the artillery, three guns at each, so that now the Indians were no longer a menace, provided the settlers kept close. The stockaded place measured 420 feet along the river, the two other sides 300 feet each. Within the palisade were also the chapel, common store and guardhouse. By July 1st they had their corn planted, and it being Sunday, Communion was celebrated. On this day Captain Newport gave a farewell supper, and on Monday he set sail for England in the Sarah Constant, the Godspeed accompanying; but the Discovery (pinnace) being of but twenty tons with no cajxacity for transporting food for a crew of any size, reinained. He left l)ehind one hundred and four persons, promising to return in the fall with supplies for farmino- on a greater scale, as well as to prosecute the mining of gold, for with him he took a keg of what pi'oved to be "false cold." Two weeks later a majority of the settlers became seriously ill, 7) > ^ OJ ^ ^ K ^. oO < -: "m a a. i/i S / ■~ < ^ Q c Jamestown Settlement 63 due to the climatic att'ections to which they were unaccustomed, and no less than hfty or sixty of the hundred died before the cooler weather of October. Captain Gosnold was one of those to succumb, dying on September 1st, and seven days later Thomas Studley, the chief merchant, who had charge of the public stores, died. Soon there- after, pressed by many adversities and sorely tried, the factional bickerings began. Country Described No historian is able to enhance the graphic description of the country as it appeared at that time, as given by one of the colonists, for that which later writers might add in order to enlarge the story would be of less value because of discrepancy, and how may one living in the present write with such vividness as was the spontaneous outcome created by the impression of those ^\ho were aglow with childish wonderment and enthusiasm over the novelty of what they saw. When Captain Newport returned to England aboard the Sarah Constant, he carried with him several letters, journals, records and diaries, among them a valued manuscript written l)y William Brewster to the Earl of Salisbury. It would ])e a wonder, had they newspapers in those days to publish to the world such a glowing report, whether vessels could be found to transport all who would have ventured gladlv, for a recital in Brewster's vein and believed to be entirely truthful, would have caused a mighty rush to such a land, especially as there seemed no impediment, l)ut rather an inducement, to those wishing to become owners of the soil. For these reasons, and because of the interest created by a com- parison with the changes wrought in three centuries, some parts of Brewster's letter are here given. "Sir — it had byne my duty to have wroot the whoole jornye unto you, & so I would have done had not this our evar renowned 64 New York at Jamestown Captayne, Captayne Newport, have come himselfe unto you, whoe will so justly and truly declare, better than 1 cane, all this his dis- coverye. This is all I will saye to you, that suche a Baye, a Ryvar, and a land, did nevar the eye of man l:)ehould; and at the head of the Rvvar, which is 160 myles longe ar Rokes & mountaynes, that pronimyseth Infynyt Treasure, but our Forces be yet too weake, to make further discovery: "Nowe is the King's Majesty offered, the most statlye, Riche Kingdom in the woorld, nevar posseste by anye Christian prynce; be you one nieanes amonge manye to further our secondinge, to conquer this land, as well as you were a meanes, to further the dis- covery of it: and you, yet maye lyve to see Ingland, moore Riche & Renowned, then anye Kingdom, in all Euroopa." Fi'om the first "Relatyon of the Discovery" up James River, we gain these further details: "This river (we have nemed our King's River) extends itself a hundred and sixty miles into the mainland, between two fertile and fragrant l)anks, two miles, a mile, and, where it is least, a quarter of a mile lu'oad; navigable for shipping of three hundred tuns, a hundred and fifty miles; the rest deep enough for small vessells of six foot draught. It ebl)s and flows four foot even to the skirt of an overfall: where the water falls downe from huge great rocks, making in the fall five or six severall iletts, very fit for the building of w^ater-mills thereon. "Beyond this not two days' journey, it hath two branches, which come through a high, stoney country from certain huge moun- tains called Quirauk; beyond which needs no relation (this from the overfall was the report and description of a faithful 1 fellow, who I dare well trust upon good reasons). From these mountains Quirauk come two less rivers, which run into this great one; but whether deep enough for shij)s or no, I yet understand not. There be many small rivers or brooks, which unlade tliemselves into this main river Jamestown Settlement 67 at several mouths; which veins divide the savage Kingdoms in many places, and yield pleasant seats in all the country over by moistening the fruitfuU mould. "The main river abounds with sturgeon — very large, and excellent good; having also, at the mouth of every brook and in everv creek, both store and exceeding; good hsh of divers kinds; and in the large sounds near the sea are multitudes of fish, banks of oysters, and many great crabbs, rather better in taste than ours; one able to suffise four men. And within sight of land, into the sea, we expect at time of the year to have a good fishing for cod; as both at our first entering we might perceive by palpable conjecture, seeing the cod follow the ship, yea, bite at the * * * jjg ^jgo gut of my own experience, not far of the northward, the fishing I found in my first voyage to Virginia. * * * "The soil is more fertile than can be well expressed. It is altogether aromatical, giving a spicy taste to the roots of all trees, plants, and hearbs; of itself a black, fat, sandy mould, somewhat slimy in touch, and sweet in savour; under which, about a yard, is in most places a red clay fit for brick; in other, gravel stones and rocks. It hath in diverse places, fuller's earth, and such as comes out of Turky, called Terra sigillata. It produceth, of one corn, of that country wheat, sometimes two or three stems or stalks, on which grow ears above a span long, beset with corns, at the least three hundred upon an ear; for the most part, five, six and seven hundred. The beans and peas of this country have a great increase also: it yields two crops a year. "Being tempered, and time taken, I hould it nature's nurse to all vegetables; for, I assure myself, no known continent brings forth any vendible necessaries which this, by planting, wiW not afford. For testimony in part, this we find by proof: from the West Indies we brought a certain delicious fruit, called a pina; which the Spaniard, by all art possible, could never procure to grow in any place but in 68 New York at Jamestown its natural site. Tliis we rudely and carelessly set in our mould, which fostereth it, and kee])s it green; and to what issue it may come, I know not. Our West-Indy ])lants of orenges and cotton- trees thrive well; likewise the ])otatoes, pumpions, and melons. All our garden-seeds that were carefully sown prosper well; yet we only digged the ground half a, * * * deep, threw in the seeds at random, carelessly, and scarce racked it. "It naturally yields mulberry-trees, cherry-trees, vines abundance, goosberys, strawberys, hnrtleberys, respesses, ground nuts, scarretts, the root called Sigilla christi, certain sweet thin-shelled nuts, certain ground apples a ])leasant fruit and many other unknown. So the thing we crave is some skillfull men to husband, set, plant, and dress vines, sugar-canes, olives, rapes, hemp, flax, licoris, pruins, currants, raisons, and all suc-li things as the north tropick of the world affords; also saffran, woad, hoppes, and such like * * * 'We have a good fishing for muskles, with reasonable mother-of-pearl; and, if the pearl we have seen in the King's ears and about their necks come from these shells, we know the banks. " About the Savages Regarding the Indians of that ])art of the countrv as thev were at tliat time, the form of their o-overnmeut and method of livino- the following furnishes an excellent conception. "There is a King in this land called (Jrcat Pawatah, under whose dominions ai-e at least twenty severall Kingdomes, yet each king is potent as a jniuce in his owii territory. These have their suljjects at so (piick command, as a beck brings obedience, even to the restitucon of stolen goods; which l)y their natural inclination, they are loth to leave. "They go all naked, save their ]M-ivities; yet, in cool weather, they wear deer-skins, with the hair on, loose. Some have leather Ti JZ t^ — ■J -:: < ■0 /^ 2 Jamestown Settlement 7^ stockings up to their twists, and sandalls on their feet. Their hair is bhick generally, which they wear long on the left side, tyed up on a knott; about which knott the Kings and best among them have a kind of coronett of deer's hair colored red. Some have chains of long, linckt copper about their necks, and some chains of pearl. The common sort stick long fethers in this knott. "I found not a gray eye among them all. Their skin is tawny; not so borne, but with dying and painting themselves, in which they delight greatly. The women are like the men, only this difference, — their hair groweth long all over their heads, save dipt somewhat short afore. These do all the labour, and the men hunt and go at their pleasure. They live comonly by the waterside, in little cottages made of canes and reeds, covered with the bark of trees. They dwell, as I guess, bv families of kindred and alliance, some fortv or fifty in a hatto or small village; which towns are not past a mile or half a mile asunder in most places. "Thev live upon sodden wheat, beans, and peas, for the most part; also they kill deer, take fish in their weares, and kill fowl abund- ance. They eat often, and that liberally. They are proper, lusty, straight men; very strong; run exceeding swiftly. Their fight is always in the wood, with bow and arrows, and a short wooden sword. The clerity they use in skirmish is admirable. The King directs the battle, and is always in front. "Their manner of entertainment is upon mats on the ground, under some tree, where they set themselves, alone, in the midest of the mat; and two mats on each side, on which their people sit: then, right against him (making a square form) sat we always. When they come to their mat, they have an usher goes before them; and the rest, as he sits down, give a long shout. "The people steal anything comes near them; yea, are so prac- tized in this art, that looking in our face, they would with their foot, between their toes, convey a chisell, knife, percer, or any indifferent 72 New York at Jamestown light thing; which, having once conveyed, they hokl it an injury to take the same from them. They are naturally given to treachery, howheit, we could not hnd it in our travel up the river, but rather a most kind and loving people. "They sacrifice tobacco to the sun, a fair picture, or a harmfull thing, — as a sword or piece; also they sprinkle some into the water in the morning before they wash. "They have many wives; to whom, as near I could perceive, they kept constant. The great King, Pawatah, had most wives. These they al)ide not to be touched l>efore their face. The great disease reigns in the men generally, full fraught with noodes, botches, and palpable appearances in their foreheads. We found above a hundred. "The women are very cleanly in making their bread and p'-e- pareing meat. I found they account after death to go into another world, pointing eastward to the element; and, when they saw us at prayer, they observed us with great silence and respect, especially those to whom I had imparted the meaning of our reverence." Much Natural Weahh Sir Walter Cope, a member of the King's Council of Virginia, wrote the most enthusiastic accovuit, in fact it would seem that he must have drawn upon his imagination or let his powers of exaggera- tion run wild. Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisl)uiy, was prime minister at the time Captain Newport reached Plymouth, England, which was August 8, 1607, and Cope WTote to him as follows, hoping to awaken an interest which w^ould move him to ])ack further expeditions. "Right Honoraljle My Good Lorde — If we maye beleve ether in words or letters, we are falne upon a lande that promises more then the lande of Promisse. Insteed of mylke we fynde pearle and golde insteede of honye. Thus they say, thus they wryte — but SMITH VICTORIOUS The Captain takes the King of the Pamaunkees prisoner Jamestown Settlement 75 experyence the wysest Scoole-niistress must leade your Lordship, whose wysedom teaches to be of slow beleffe. Upon thys Tryall I presume you will buylde. Ther is but a barrell full of the earth, but ther semes a Kingdome full of the oare. You shall not be fedd by handfulls or hatfulls, after the Tower measure. But the Elsabeth Jonas «S: the Tryunrpe & all the ships of honor may here have their bellyes full — for in all their fortyfycations, after two turfs of earth — Tliis sparme or oare apearethe on every parte as a solid body, a Treasure endlesse proportioned by God acordinge to that Sufferaignes harte that rewards everyone & knows not how to say naye. "I could wyshe your Lordship were at the tryall and if it shall be as the proverb says aureos pollicere montes. Then that his Majestic may undertake the honor of it and proportionate our shares as in your wysedom may be thought fit. — If not, that your word and presence may comfort the poor citizen of London who with a little help would adventure much more in this most hopefull dyscoverye — "And hereby the waye give me leave to inform you, that there be 50 citizens who have allready subscribed to ad^'enture 500£ a peece in a present voyage to the East Indyes. I am verily perswaded that upon your Lordships mediation, in his ]\Lijesties name, these adventurs may easily be converted to this speedy supply, which might well stay for his ^Majesties leasure and better means, but that in the mouth of this Ryvere ther is a place so fortyfyed by nature, that if the Spaniard, who will starte upon this alarum, recover this place before us. Thys action is utterly overthrowne, and I am credibly informed that one Captain Hazell. who upon Lanier's information, was lately before you in Whitehall Garden, hath gotten away Captaine Waymouth, a man best experienced in those coasts, and they are as far as Deale Castle outward in ther way towards Spayne. I pray God they may be stayed least we repent ther going too late. — "To prove ther is gold, your Lordship's eye I hope shall witness — To prove ther is pearl ther King of Pamont came with a cheyne 76 New York at Jamestown of pearl about his neck — ))urnt thorow with great holes and spoiled for want of the art to bore them, and shewed them shells from whence they were taken. Pohatan another of ther Kings came stately marching with a great payre of buck's homes fastened to his forhead, not knowing what esteme we make of men so marked. For the rest I humbly leave your Lordship to Captaine Newport, whose honesty and good deserts I have known many years. "The people used our men well until! they found they began to plant and fortefy — Then they fell to skirmishing & kylled 3 of our people. i "We showed the experync made to one Beale, an excellent tryer of minerals, wlio says the trial was ignorantly made, the earth not half tried — for if it had it would have turned l)lack and the gold run together in the bottom. That this holds 1,200 li in the Tonn. That ther is more in the pot, and he verily thinks it will yeald 2.000 li at the least in the Tonn." This estimate would place the assay at $45,000 valuation to the ton. Spain Warned When it was noised about that Captain Newport had returned from his first voyage to Virginia, and those who came with him were talking in a manner which exploited the settlement, it was quite natural for S)iain"s representative at London to leai-n about tlie surprising success of the venture in a country which Spain considered her own. The di])lomat from that nation was Zuniga, and he was particular to learn all he might in order to judge aright and advise his majesty, Philip III. of Spain, accordingly. Hearing the news of an agitation to send furtlier cargoes and other vessels to America in order to l)uild up the colony witli all despatch, he thought it high time to notify his home government of the importance in not delaying. ^ = X Jamestown Settlement 79 On September 22nd he wrote to Philip that "such a bad project should be up-rooted now while it can be done so easily," and further- more it pleases him to inform the King that he has secured a friend in the inner English circles who will post him regarding the English intent. He also wished to enter protest against the English taking further steps in Virginia, and requested an audience of James; but the latter was visiting Salisbury from August 24tli to September 8th, and put him off. Zuniga wrote no less than four times begging an audience, and the last time, when the English King returned to Hampton Court, October 3rd, he was told that his majesty was ill with fever and must defer seeing him. On October -Ith Captain Newport sailed ^^ith supplies for Virginia with the John and Francis, and Captain Francis Nelson with the Phoenix. Immediately King James sent word to Zuniga that he would be pleased to see him on the 7th. What took place at the audience the Spanish diplomat transcribed for his King, and pertinently advised Philip that it was "very desirable that an end should be now made of the few who are there, as that would be digging up the Root, so that it could put out no more." As James in giving his answer to Zuniga did not please him whatsoever, the latter was up in arms and again gave counsel to his King in this wise: "It will be serving God and your [Majesty to drive these villains out from there, hanging them in time which is short enough for the purpose." But Spain was tardy in acting, lax in comprehending the importance of Zuniga's urging, and by putting off the intention of doing something, missed the opportunity, and thus the Anglo-Saxon race was not uprooted when the plant was young and easily might have been destroyed forever. On the turn of so slight an event the whole destiny of the great government in America rested. 8o New York at Jamestown Smith's Story Captain John Smiths narrative is so replete with most enter- taining facts regarding the adventures of the hardy explorers, that an abstract from the printed edition of 16"2J^ (a rare copy of which " was shown in the New York State Exhibit at the Exposition; owned by the Hon. John Boyd Thacher) is herewith given. This edition is not the earliest; but peculiarly it is the first one to mention the name of Pocahontas, and it is unfortunate that more time has been devoted to efforts determining what part this Indian Princess really played in American history than in studying the far more important features of our early government. With the advance warning that a few historians believe and argue now that he colored his narration to suit his personal needs, somewhat to cast a halo of glory upon himself, it is not thought that what may be an unworthy report is given indorsement unwittingly. "Now where some affirmed it was ill done of the council to send forth men so Ijadly provided, this incontradictable reason will shew them plainly they are too ill advised to nourish such ill conceits; first, the fault of our going was our own: what could be thought fitting or necessary we had; )jut what we should find, or want, or where we should l)e, we were all ignorant, and su])posing to make our passage in two months, with victuals to live, and the advantage of the spring to work; ^\•e were at sea five months, where we both spent our victuals and lost the op|)ortunity of the time and season to plant, by the unskilful ]:)resumption of our ignorant trans] )orters, that understood not at all what they undertook. "Such actions have ever since the world's beginning been subject to such accidents; and everything of worth is found full of difficulties; but nothing so difficult as to establish a commonwealth so far remote from men and means, and where men's minds are so untoward as neither do well themselves, nor suffer others. But to proceed." SMITH A PRISONER He Is bound to a tree to be a target for arrows Jamestown Settlement 83 The above shows that there was a spirit of l:)himing somebody for every misfortune: but also pertinently reeognizes that the aceom- plishment of great undertakings is fraught with difficulties. The narrative then proceeds to throw much light in a inief space upon the customs of the Indians and with what facility broils were brought about. "The new president and Martin, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers, and less industry in peace, committed the man- aging of all things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good Mords, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share; so that in short time, he provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself. This done, seeing the savages superfluity begin to decrease (with some of his workmen) shipped himself in the shallop to search the coimtry for trade. The want of the language, knowledge to manage his boat without sails, the want of a sufficient power, (knowing the multitude of the savages) apparel for his men, and other necessaries, were infinite impediments, yet no discouragement. "Being but six or seven in company, he went down the river to Kecoughtan, where at first they scorned him, as a famished man, and would in derision offer him a handful of corn, a piece of bread, for their swords and muskets, and such like proportions also for their apparel. But seeing by trade and courtesy there was nothing to l)e had. he made bold to try such conclusions as necessity inforced, though contrary to his commission, let fly his muskets, ran his boat on shore, whereat they all fled into the woods. "So marching towards their houses, they might see great heaps of corn, much ado he had to restrain his hungry soldiers from present taking of it. expecting (as it happened) that the savages would assault them, as not long after they did with a most hideous noise: sixty or seventv of them, some black, some red, some white, some party- 84 New York at Jamestown coloured, came in a square order, singing and dancing out of the woods, with their okee (which was an idol made of skins, stuffed with moss, all painted and hung with chains and copper) borne before them; and in this manner being well armed with clubs, targets, bows and arrows, they charged the English, that so kindly received them with their muskets loaden with pistol shot, that down fell their god, and divei's lay sprawling on tlie ground, the rest fled again to the woods, and ere long sent one of their quiyoughkafoucks to offer peace, and redeem their okee. "Smith told them, if only six of them would come unarmed and load his boat, he would not only be their friend, but restore them their okee, and give them beads, copper, and hatchets besides, which, on l)oth sides, was to their contents performed; and then they brought him venison, turkies, wild fowl, bread, and what tliev had, sino-ino- and dancing in sign of friendship till they departed. In his return he discovered the tow 11 and country of Warraskoyack. Thus Gi>cl, nnlioundless liy his power, Made tliem thus kind, would us devour." Exploring Expeditions "Smith perceiving (notwithstanding their late miserv) not anv regarded but from hand to mouth (the company being well recovered), caused the ]>innace to l)e provided with things fitting to get provision for the year following: ))ut in the interim he made three or four journies, and discovered the people of Chickahamania : yet what he carefully provided the rest carelessly spent. "Wingfield and Kendall living in disgrace, seeing all things at random in the absence of Smith, the company's dislike of their president's weakness, and their small love to Martin's never-endino- sickness, strengthened themselves with the sailors, and other con- federates, to regain their former credit and authority, or at least, . POWHATAN ": Hcllihis ftate 6ifa/hicii -djhcu CaffSuuW "^^was ddmacdto him^rijmcv j6oy KING POWHATAN From a W'llth Centur\- engraving b^ W m. Hole of England Jamestown Settlement Hj such means aboard the pinnace, (^being fitted to sail as Smith had appointed, for trade) to alter her course and to go for England. Smith unexpectedly returning had the plot discovered to him. much troulile he luul to prevent it, till with store of sakre and musket shot he forced them to stay or sink in the river, which action cost the life of Captain Kendall. These brawls are so disgustful, as some will sav thev were better foro'otten: vet all men of good indgment will conclude, it were better their baseness should be manifest to the world than the business bear the scorn and shame of their excused disorders. The ])resident and Captain Archer not long after intended also to have abandoned the country, which project also was curbed and suppressed l_)y Smith. "The Spaniard never more greedily desired gold than he vic- tuals, nor his soldiers more to abandon the country, than he to keep it. But finding ]:ilenty of corn in the river of Chickahamania, \\'here hundreds of savages in divers places stood with baskets expecting his coming. And now the winter approaching, the rivers became so covered with swans, geese, ducks, and cranes, that we daily feasted with good bread. Virginia peas, pumpions, and putchamins. fish, fowl, and divers sorts of wild lieasts as fat as we could eat them, so that none of our tuftafatty humourists desired to go for England. But our comedies never endured long without a tragedy: some idle exceptions being muttered against Captain Smith, for not discovering the head of the Chickahamania river, and taxed by the council to be too slow in so worthy an attempt. '"The next vovage he proceeded so far, that with much labour bv cutting of trees asunder he made his passage, but ^^hen his barge could pass no further, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of shot, commanding none should go ashore till his return; himself with two English and two savages went up higher in a canoe, but he was not long absent: but his men went ashore, whose want of government gave l>oth occasion and opportunity to the savages to surprise one 88 New York at Jamestown George Cassen, Avliom they sleAV, and much failed not to have cut off the boat and all the rest. Smith little dreaming of that accident, being got to the marshes at the river's head, twenty miles in the desert, had his two men slain (as is supposed) sleeping by the canoe, whilst himself, by fowling, sought them victuals; who finding he was beset with two hundred savages, two of them he slew, still defending himself with the aid of a savaae his ffuide, whom he bound to his arm with his garters, and used him as a buckler, yet he was shot in his thigh a little, and had many arrows that stuck in his cloaths, but no great hurt, till at last they took him prisoner. "When this news came to James Town, much was their sorrow for his loss, few expecting what ensued. Six or seven weeks those barbarians kept him prisoner, many strange triumphs and conjura- tions they made of him, yet he so demeaned himself amongst them, as he not only diverted them from surprising the fort, but procured his own liberty, and got himself and his company such estimation amongst them, that tliose savages admired him more than their own (juiyouckafoucks. The manner how they used and delivered him, is as followeth. Smith and Savages "The savages having drawn from George Cassen whither Captain Smith was gone, prosecuting that oj)portunity they followed him with three hundred bow-men, conducted l:)y the King of Pamaun- kee, who, in divisions, searching the turnings of the river, found Robinson and Emry by the fire-side, tliose they shot full of arrows and slew. Then finding the captain, as is said, that used the savage that was his guide as his shield (three of them Ijeing slain and divers others so galled), all the rest would not come near him. Thinkin"- thus to have returned to his boat, regarding them as he marched more than his way, slipped up to the middle in an oozy creek, and his savage with him; yet durst they not come to him, till being near DECIDING SMITH'S FATE The sa\"a$es discuss the matter of putting him to death Jamestown Settlement 91 dead with cold he threw away his anus; then according to tlieir com- position, they drew him forth and led him to the fire, where his men were slain: diligently they chafed his benumbed limbs. " He demanding for their Captain, they shewed him Opechanka- nough. King of Pamaunkee, to whom he gave a round ivory double compass dial. INIuch they marvelled at the playing of the fly and needle which they could see so plainly, and yet not touch it, because of the glass that covered them. But when he demonstrated by that globe-like jewel, the roundness of the earth and skies, the sphere of the sun, moon and stars, and how the sun did chase the night round the world continually, the greatness of the land and sea, the diversity of nations, variety of complexions, and how we were to them antip- odes, and many other such like matters, they all stood as amazed with admiration. Notwithstanding, within an hour after they tied him to a tree, and as many as could stand about him prepared to shoot him, but the King holding up the compass in his hand, they all laid down their bows and arrows, and in a triumphant manner led him to Orapaks, where he was after their manner kindly feasted and well used. "Their order in conducting him was thus: drawing; themselves all in file, the Eng in the midst had all their pieces and swords borne before him. Captain Smith was led after him by three great savages, holding him fast by each arm; and on each side six went in file with their arrows knocked. But arriving at the town (which was but only thirty or forty hunting-houses made of mats, which they remove as they please, as we our tents) all the women and children staring to behold him; the soldiers first, all in file, performed the form of a bissone so well as could l)e, and on each flank officers, as Serjeants, to see them keep their order. " A good time they continued this exercise, and then cast them- selves in a ring, dancing in such several postures, and singing and yelling out such hellish notes and screeches; being strangely painted, 92 New York at Jamestown every one his quiver of arrows, and at his back a club; on his arm a fox or an otter's skin, or some such matter for his vambrace; their heads and shoulders painted red, with oil and pocones mingled together, which scarlet-like colour made an exceeding handsome shew; his Ijow in his hand, and the skin of a bird, with her wings alsroad dried, tied on his head, a piece of copper, a white shell, a long feather, with a small rattle growing at the tails of their snakes, tied to it, or some such like toy. "All this while Smith and the King stood in the midst, guarded, as before is said, and after three dances they all departed. Smith they conducted to a long house, where thirty or forty tall fellows did guard him, and ere long more bread and venison was brought him than would have served twenty men; I think his stomach at that time was not very good; what he left they put in baskets and tied over his head. About midnight they set the meat again l>efore him; all this time not one of them would eat a bit with him, till the next moi-ning they brought him as much more, and then did thev eat all the old, and resei'ved the new as they had done the other, which made him think they would fat him to eat him: yet in this desperate estate to defend him from the cold, one ^Nlaocassater brought him his gown, in refjuital of some beads and toys Smith had given him at his first arrival in A irginia. " Two days after a man would have slain him (but that the guai-d prevented it) for the death of his son, to whom they conducted him, to recover the poor man then breathing his last. Smith told them, that at James Town he had a water A\ould do it, if they would let hiTn fetch it; but they would not permit that, but made all the pre])arations they could to assault James Town, craving his advice, and for recompense he should have life, liberty, land, and women. "In part of a table-book he writ his mind to them at the fort, what was intended, how thev should follow that direction to ati'rioht the messengers, and without fail send him such things as he writ for, PRINCE55 POCAHONTAS From the original pointing at Barton Rector-v.-, Norfolk, Eng, Jamestown Settlement 95 and an inventory with them. The ditHculty and danger, he told the savages, of the mines, great guns, and other engines, exceedingly atfrio-htened them; vet accordinii' to his request, thev went to James Town, in as tiitter ^\cather as could be of frost and snow, and within three days returned with an answer. "But when they came to James Town, seeing men sally out, as he had told them they would, they fled; yet in the night they came again to the same j)lace \\-here he had told them they should receive an answer, and such things as he had promised them, \\-hich they found accordinglv, and with which they returned with no small expe- dition, to the wonder of them all that heard it, that he could either devine, or the paper could speak; then they led him to the Youth- tanunds, the ^Nlattapanients, the Payankatanks, the Xantaughtacunds, and Onawmanients, upon the rivers of Ra])hanock and Patawomek, over all those rivers, and back again l)y divers other several nations, to the King's habitation at Pamaunkee, where they entertained him with most strange and fearful conjurations, " As if near led to hell, Amongst the devils to dwell. "Not long after, early in a morning, a great fire was made in a lono- house, and a mat spread on the one side as on the other; on the one they caused him to sit, and all the guard went out of the house, and presently came skipping in a great grim fellow, all painted over with coal mingled with oil. and many snakes and weasels skins stuffed with moss, and all their tails tied together, so as they met on the crown of his head in a tassel, and round al)out the tassel was as a coronet of feathers, the skins hanging round about his head, back and shoulders, and in a manner covered his face, with a hellish voice and a rattle in his hand. "With most strange gestures and passions he began his invo- cation, and environed the fire with a circle of meal; which done, three 96 New York at Jamestown more such like devils came rushing in with the like antic tricks, painted half black, half red; but all their eyes were painted white, and some red strokes with mustachoes along their cheeks: round about him those friends danced a pretty while, and then came in three more as ugly as the rest, with red eyes, and white strokes over their black faces: at last they all sat down right against him, three of theiTi on the one hand of the chief ])riest, and three on the other. Then all with their rattles began a song, which ended, the chief priest laid down five wheat corns; then straining his arms and hands with such violence that he sweat, and his veins swelled, he began a short oration; at the conclusion they all gave a short groan, and then laid down three grains moi'c. "After that they began their song again, and then another ora- tion, ever laying down so many corns as before, till they had twice encircled the fire; that done, they took a l)unch of little sticks prepared for that purpose, continuing still their devotion, and at the end of every song and oration they laid down a stick betwixt the divisions of corn. Till night neither he nor they did either eat or drink, and then they feasted merrily, A\ith the best provisions they could make. "Three days they used this ceremony, the meaning whereof they told him was to know if he intended them -well or no. The circle of meal signified their country, the circles of corn the Ijounds of the sea, and the sticks his country. They imagined the world to be flat and round, like a trencher, and they in the midst. After this they brought him a bag of gunpowder, which they carefully preserved till the next spring, to ])lant as they did their corn, because they would be acfjuainted with the nature of that seed. "Opicaha|)am, the King's brother, invited him to his house, where with as many ])latters of bread, fowl, and wild beasts, as did environ him, he bid him welcome; but not any of them would eat a bit with him, but ])ut up all the remainder in baskets. At his return to Opechancanoughs, all the King's women, and their children, flocked SLAYING OF SMITH Powhatan commands him to die; but Pocahontas rescues him Jamestown Settlement 99 about him for their parts, as a due by custom, to be merry with such fragments. " But his waking mind in hideous dreams did oft see wondrous shapes Of bodies strange, and huge in growth, and of stupendous makes. "At last they brought him to INIeronomoco, where \\'as Powhatan, their emperor. Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood wondering at him. as he had been a monster, till Powhatan and his train had put themselves in their greatest braveries. Before a fire, upon a seat like a bedstead, he sat covered with a great rol)e, made of rarowcun skins, and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of sixteen or eighteen years, and along on each side the house t\^'o rows of men, and behind theiu as many women, with all their heads and shoulders ])ainted red: many of their heads bedecked with the white do\'\'n of birds, but everyone with something', and a great chain of white l)eads about their necks. "At his entrance before the King all the people gave a great shout. The Queen of Appamatuck was ap})ointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a l)unch of feathers, instead of a towel to dry them. Having feasted them after the best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held; but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan; then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the King's dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death; whereat the Emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper, for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselves; for the King himself will make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do any thing as well as the rest. lOO New York at Jamestown " They say, he b(ire a pleasant shew; But sure his heart was sad; For who can pleasant be, and rest. That lives in fear and dread : And having life suspected, doth It still suspected lead? "Two clays after Powhatan having disguised himself in the most fearful manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be Ijrought forth to a great house in the woods, and there, upon a mat by the fire, to be left alone: not long after, from l)ehind a mat that divided the house, was made the most doleful noise he ever heard; then Po\\hatan, more like a devil than a man, with some two hundred more as l)lack as himself, came unto him, and told him now they were friends, and presently he should go to James Town, to send him two great guns and a grindstone, for which he would give him the country of the Capehowosick, and for ever esteem him as his son Nanta- cjuoud. So to James Town, with twelve guides, Powhatan sent him. "That night they cjuartered in the woods, he still expecting (as he had done all this long time of his im])risonment) everv hour to l)e put to one death or other, for all their feasting. But almighty God (l)y his divine Providence) li;ul mollified the hearts of those stern barbarians with compassion. "The next morning betimes they came to the fort, where Smith having used the savages with what kindness he could, he shewed Rawhunt, Powhatan's trusty servant, two demi-culverines and a millstone to carry Powhatan. They found them somewhat too heavy; l)ut when they did see him discluirge them, being loaded with stones, among the boughs of a great tree loaded with icicles, the ice and branches came so tuml)ling down, that the poor savages ran away half dead with fear. But at last we gained some conference with them, and gave them such toys, and sent to Powhatan, his women, and children such presents, as gave them in general full content. "Now in James Town they were all in combustion, the strongest tfith the firjlfifply In Virginia. aq of men, and bc'iind tlicm as many women, with all cheir heads and ftioulders pain- ted red ; many ot their heads bedecked with the white downe of Birds ; but every one with fomething: and a great chayne of white beads about their necks. At his entrance before the Kmg, all the people gjuc a great Ihout. The Queene of vt?;/)a- mar«ir<^w3sappoinctdtooringhimwatertowalh his hands, and another brought him a t^ancli ot feathe,atid reft. That hih'S in fexre and dread": tyini h^vtig life lufpeSled^ doth It ptU fnfpeSed lead. Trt'o dayes alter, Powhatan having difguifed himfelfe in the moft fcarefulleft man- ner he could, caul cd Cap';Sw«,r'o»'^«M«/ trufty fervant two derai-Culverings & a miU- ftone to carry Pervbaiun-.iheY found them fomewhat«too heavie ;but when they did fee him difcharge them, being loaded with ftones, among the boughs of a great tree loaded with llickles,theyceand branches came fo tumbling downe, that the poore Salvages ran away halfc dead with feare. But at lail we regained fome conference With them, and gaue them fuchtoyeijandlent to Ponhatan, his women,and chil- dren fuchprefents, as gaue them in generall full content. Now in James Towne they were all m combulf ion, the fttongeft preparing once more to run away with The third the Pinnace ; which with the hazzard of his life, with Sakre falcon and musket (hot, ''u' j "^1, Smith forced now the third time to ftay or finke. Some no better then they fhould Counuey. be,hadplotted with the Prcfident, the next day to haueput him to death by the Le- viticall law, for the hues oi%ohinfin and Emry, pretending the fault was hw that had led them to their ends: but he quickly tookefuch order with fuch Lawyers, that he layd them by the heeles till he lent (bme of them pnlbners for England. Now ever once in foure or fiue day es, Tocahtntas with her attendants, brought him fo much provifion, that faved many of their hues, that els for all this had ftirvcd with hun' ger. Thus from nH7»ie death our good (^odfent rtltefe. The fyfeett ttffffager of all ether ^efe, H His JOHN SMITH'S DIAl^Y The first mention of Pocahontas In history-; printed In 1624 Iamesto\\n Settlement lo o ])i'eparing once more to run away with the jnnnace, whicli, with tlie hazard of his hfe, with sakre, falcon, and niusket-sliot, Smith forced now the third time to stay or siiik. "Some no tietter than thev should he, had plotted with the presi- dent the next day to have put him to death by the Levitical law, for the li\"es of Robinson and Emry, ]>retendini;' the fault was liis that had led them to their ends; but he (juickly took such order with such lawyers, that he laid them l)y the heels, till he sent some of them prisoners for England. " Xo\\' ever once in four or hve days. Pocaliontas. ^\'itll her attendants, l)rought him so much provision that savetl so many of their lives, that else for all this had starved with hunger. " Thus fnim niimlt dcnth OLir l;ooc1 God sent relief, The sweet assuager of all other grief." Pocahontas, Smith and Rolfe As a romance, it would seem a most htting hnale that Pocahon- tas should marry Captain John Smith, for she had shown the greatest reo-ard for him. But such was not to be the case. Manv incidents in historv do serve as entertaining romances when recorded, yet historv is not made entirely from romance as the reader of novels would have it. and one has to accept events as they come. Pocahontas had visited Jamestown everv few days while Smith was there to bring delectatiles to him, and she had often warned him of the evil intentions of her illustrious father. King Powhatan, in time to circumvent evil. But after Smith returned to England she never went there again until in 161'-2, when one day she was lured aboard a boat in the Potomac River by an Indian chieftain named Japazaus, at the behest of Captain Argall. who rewarded the savage with a gift of a copper kettle and toys for his s(|uaw. The object was to cause her father to make peace with the whites. He conveyed I ©4 New York at Jamestown her thither, and she was kindly treated, shortly adopting tlieir ways and beeoming a convert to Christianity. When l)aptized she was given the name Rebecca. Smith neglected writing to her, and the peoj^le told her in answer to her (questioning, that he was imdoubtedly dead. It was at this time that John Rolfe, whose wife had died shortly after their arrival from the Bermuda Islands, sought her hand in marriage, and applied to Powhatan, who consented. The ceremony was performed in the English church at Jamestown about April 5, 1G14, being the first recorded mixed race marriage in America. When Sir Thomas Dale left for England in ICIG, he was accom- panied by John Rolfe, his wife. Lady Rebecca, and their little son. It is said that she was received by the King and Queen, and shown consideraljle attention. For years she had Ijelieved Smith to be dead; but one day she suddenly came across him in London and was so over- come that she sank down, laying her head in her hands and weeping. She was about to return later to Virginia, when taken sick, and died. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe, whose descendants were living in 1907. The Lady Rebecca, or Pocahontas, was buried March 20, 1616, at St. (xeorge Parish, Gravescnd, Eng. Her hus- band married again, and it is thought likely that he was killed in the Indian massacre of 1622. Smith later became known as "Admi- ral of New England," on account of a voyage thither, and dying on June 21, 1631, was buried at St. Se})idclire Church, London. Progress of the Colony One \\ho left a deeji im])ress upon the colony as it advanced to a systematic form of government, A\'as I>ord Delaware. He arrived on June S, 1610, when the number of inhabitants had lessened alarm- ingly because of starving conditions of the ])eople. lie was sent over as (Governor and Captain-CJeneral by the London Company, o 'J O < s 5 J EARRINGS AND BASKET OF POCAHONTAS These were owned by her when she married John Rolfe Jamestown Settlement 109 which was active and powerful, composed as it was of 050 distin- guished nobles, gentlemen and merchants, and its charter dehned Virginia as extending '•200 miles south and 200 miles north of Old Point Comfort, reaching west and northwest to the sea, which of course embraced such lands as were to l)ecome Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin and ^[ichitran. There was oreat advancement in the short time Lord Delaware was there; but at the end of six months ill health comjjelled him to return to England. Sir Thomas Dale was named in KilO to go to A'irginia as High ^Marshal, and was vested with supreme military authority. He was thoroughly autocratic, and executions were not uncommon for a number of what in these days would be considered minor crimes. Yet under his rule the settlement advanced materially with bounds. While in 161.5 there were only 60 persons in Jamestown and a total of 351 in the colony, by a steady flow of fresh accessions from England, learning of the progress, at the end of three years the population had increased to about 1,000 and there were eleven (hstinct settlements. As had been said. Dale returned to England in 1616 and was succeeded by George Yeardley, acting as Deputy (rovernor; but presently, yisiting England, he was knighted and appointed Governor of Virginia, arriving once more in the colony on April 19, 1619. The liberal attitude of the London Company in its instructions given to Dale made it possible for him to estal)lish a legislative asseml)ly, and in June of 1619 he issued a notic-e that two burgesses should be elected from each of the eleven plantations, with Jamestown designated as the place for assembly. They convened there on Jidy 30th, and organized, electing a speaker and clerk, and also passed a number of laws. Toljacco was made currency, and everybody was obliged to attend divine worship. Here was inaugurated a form of government which in the course of time was to become that of the United States. Truly may it be said that the germ of the American nation was planted at Jamestown. GF General view of the GRAND BASIN General view of the Court of Honor from the Brldse JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ERECTION AND CON- DUCT OF VIRGINIA'S TER-CENTENARY EXPOSITION, AND MANY OF ITS MORE NOTEWORTHY FEATURES DESCRIBED 111 Jamestown Exposition AINIOST important period in any enterprise, whether it l)e that of an individual, a corporate interest, or of a country at large, is its start, and when that be()innin<>' is the fcnindina: of a great nation, the greatest in the world, it is naturally a momentous event. For this reason one turns to the settlement made in Mreinia in 1607, or rather the ])irth of American civilization, wheii seeking a lead- ing incident in the history of this country. More than that — it was an event shaping world destiny, affecting not alone the hundreds of million souls who have had their home here throughout three cen- turies; l)ut influencing greatly every other nation on tlie glol)e. Historians have time and again written about this event; but not through lack of stirring incident or of characters of prominence participating, has the puljlic been led to dwell more upoTi the features of the creating of other nations or upon other striking incidents of our own history; but rather ))ecause of being stirred by an anniversary or by some opportune happening of the times, as a fad attracts — possil)ly one which has been inaugurated by some ambitious author, whose chief character has caught temporarily the public's fancy and the popular discussion has drawn the people to some other quarter of the globe. It is likely that if one of those l)ooks styled "the great American novel" had had its scene laid in the Jamestown of 1607 and the hero had been one of those adventurous spirits who braved not alone the perils of the sea in a small boat, and the redskins, amongst whom 113 114 New York at Jamestown they liad to dwell, but also struggled against sickness and lack of food, then there would have arisen mucli talk and consequent famil- iarity with the subject of America's biith. IJut it seemed to require a national exposition to call to mind that there was something well worth celebrating which had but l)een waiting its turn in chronological secjuence to acijuaint the public with a somewhat neglected fact. It is fortimate, therefore, that there was something to liappen which shovild direct the |)ublic attention to tliis portion of the history of this country, and this was brought about by the ter-centenary. There were those few men who conceived and realized what 1907 signified to the numberless who enjoy the benefits of a nation which has grown from a handful of sturdy spirits to near a hundred millions of undaunted and terrorless people. Their judgment of the event, their sober thought, was not allowed to ])ass as a meditation; l)ut crystalized intt^ a celebration, and hundreds of thousands were to be ])ermitted to study at close range the pi'oblem of a meagre start develo])ing into a mighty factor of woi'ld advancement, for those things which were to be assembled for dis])lay in the more imjjortant instances were the veriest trifles seemingly — l)its of bead necklaces, an earring of an Indian princess, a faded document; but each of these wonderfidly simple objects sj)oke the language of the little acorn. True, tlie scrap of paper bearing the name of "James" was to many but like so many other pieces of waste, fit for the flame, appar- ently of less value than a quire of letter paper; but this sort of homely relic silently served a purpose, for who passed by it without o-ivino- thought to what if signifieck and thinking, glorified in bcino- an Ameri- can citizen, stirred to a full and just pride by contemplating how the slieet of ]:)aper termed a charter, told a score of navigators to spread sail across the broad water, to build, prochice and grow mighty. POCAHONTAS Artistic statue executed by W'm. Ordway Partridge Jamestown Exposition 117 Centennial Celebration A dozen or more historians liad written their volumes on the subject of the little colony, its difficulties and development, its reason and its results, which were read to some extent; })ut it was necessary that tliere be some motive in order to bring these, with any degree of interest, directly to the attention of the people. It is in this manner, by national centennial commemorations, that Ameri- cans strikinglv learn about the greatness of their own countrv, for it is reasonable to hold that by the celebration of the Liberty Centen- nial, held in 1876 at Philadelphia, the Columljian World's Fair of 1892 at Chicago, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1903 at St. Louis, the public would long have concluded that these events were the greatest historical happenings associated with the United States, were these anniversaries not followed by an observance com- memorative of the founding of the Virginia colony, or rather, the inaueuration of a settlement of the countrv which the significance of the celebration of 189'-2-3 made possible. They were, each in its way, events of momentous concern to this country as a whole, vitally so to each citizen participating in the benefits they represent, yet it cannot })e conceded that because one of these was so great a matter as the discovery of the continent, that that was a case of wonderful import standing by itself. Were this country never discovered, then no nation here: Init were it discovered and never a settlement started, then of what j)articular concern to any of us that Columbus keeled at Watling's Island in 14.9''2 ? Movement Inaugurated The anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown had been observed by great pul)lie ceremonial as a bi-centennial in 1807, and the last time, in 18.57, consequently the proposition to hold a ter- centenary exposition was most natural. iiS New York at Jamesto\\'n The celehnitioii which was to take place in 1907 was conceived and the niovenient inaugurated, wlien on June V2, 1900, several patriotic women of Richmond, who were nieud)ei-s of the Association for the Preservation of A'irginia Anti(piities, met and the matter having l:)een discussed, a conunittee was named, with ^[rs. J. Tavlor Ellyson as its chairman, which was to agitate the sid)ject and progress it to fruition if ])ossil)le. The initiative taken, this committee con- tinued its eti'oi'ts until the Cieneral Assembly of Virginia granted a charter for the Exposition. This society, although a State organization, having its head- quarters in Richmond, had favored that city as the site for the pro- posed world's fair, and ])roceeded to memorialize the (leneral Assem- bly of the State of Virginia to authorize the celebration antl appro- priate money. The Legislature was not of imanimous opinion on this point; Init in the end the bill passed on February 2, 1901, author- ized (iov. J. Iloge Tyler to jn-oclaim a celebration, and to invite the cities of \''irginia to present each its best claims or make oifei's to be awarded the choice. Shortly thereafter, five enthusiastic citizens of Norfolk, lieaded by Gwynne T. Shep])er(k held a meeting and constituted themselves a committee to create jniblic sentiment, anlan as well as outline the scope. Both committees reported on December 1, 1902. As the charter had specifically stated that the exposition shoidd be held at some place adjacent to Hampton Roads, the site commit- Jamestown Exposition 123 tee started to iiivcstiu-ate the water-front, and the visits were tliere- fore confined to land borderino- the Roads and trilnitaries. It finally selected n'roinid directly across the water south fnjni Old Point Comfort. This tract contained about fhi'ee liundred and forty acres, yielding a water frontage lacking only oOU feet of being one mile in length. Another advantage was its being about the same distance from Norfolk, Newport News, Portsmouth, Berkley, and not far from Old Point Comfort and Hampton. It would allow those coming to its gates liy the water route to view Fortress ^lonroe and the famous Rip Raps, memorializing also, or making it possible for visitors to behold the scene of conflict of the ^Monitor and [Nlerri- mac. Besides all this, it possessed al:)undant natural beauty of o-reen swarfl, foliaye trees and i)leasant rivulets. Having selected the site, it was conceived at once and obtained the unanimous opinion that the scoj)e of the ex])osition sliouhl j)ut forward a grand international maritime dis])lay in Hampton Roads as the paramount inducement in the way of an attraction, anrl on the other hand to have the chief exhibit on the grounds consist of a historical illustration of the Colonial ])eri()d of America. The site and scope committees hafl accordingly done their full duty with sagacity and promptitude. Financing Having proceeded tlius far, the next rpiestion was whether to l)uy outright or lease this land, and if the former plan wei-e wisest, with \\ hat fund could it be obtained ? It was thought that by buying this unoccupied tract some ten miles from the nearest city at a low fio-ure it could be sold advantageously after such improvements as ]3aving. water and lighting had l)een introduced, not to speak of the numljer of permanent buildings likely to remain, so with this in mind it was an uppermost thought to build of such material as brick, 124 New York at Jamestown stone and cement, that with the passing of the fair there would be left something better than a passing memory. As other national fairs had been aided materially by the State in which held, usually on a l^asis of one-fifth of the minimum capitali- zation, a bill was introduced seeking an appropriation of $"200,000. It encountered strong opposition immediately. It was pointed out that the State needed the money more pertinently for such long needed public improvements as remodeling the State capitol, and the treasury report, looking into the futiu'e, did not show the expe- diency. The advocates for the fair figured it differently, and showed that the State would have a handsome balance at the specified time, and argued that the Exposition would draw to the State a sum of money more than ecjual to the amount sought by appropriation. However, Col. W. W. Sale of Norfolk introduced the measure in the senate. The chairman of the finance committee fought it on the ground that the State funds would not warrant the expenditure. Throughout four months the matter was an uppermost topic and its fate rested in the balance; but on April 18, 1903, the appro- priation act was passed, and the (lovernor approved it immediately. The act was based on payments being made to the Exposition Com- pany, so that it became necessary for the subscription committee to work vigorously and with no delay. Raising the Fund A special committee had been named to draft bills for presenta- tion to the municipalities of all localities which anticipated bene- fiting by the fair; but at this time Virginia proclaimed a new consti- tution, a section of which precluded an issue of bonds by any city to aid anything not strictly of public character, and the fair was not deemed of this nature by the construction of attorneys. That ended Jamestown Exposition 125 a hope of the projectors, and placed a heavier burden on the directors than other expositions had had to controvert or carry. While the directors had subscribed to the common stock, no shares outside of the membership had been placed j^rior to July 1, 1903, and there was but half a year to raise the fund of a million. The committee found itself facing a hard proposition, as Congress could not be expected to Ijack the undertaking until the Exposition seemed or was demonstrated a feasible enterprise by a display of some strength of its own. Accordingly, on August 5, 1903, Theodore J. Wool opened an office in the Atlantic Building on the prominent corner of ]\Iain and Granljy streets, for the sale of stock. The newspapers, through persistent efforts of an intelligent and energetic newspaper man, Charles R. Keiley, commenced to boom the enterprise and it was found that printers' ink was a great requisite in shaping success. ]Men were sent out according to a system to canvass on the l^asis of a five per cent, commission for securing subscriptions. Land companies, merchants, street railway, steamboat and hotel interests were appealed to eft'ectively; Init despite all, January 1, 1904, was approaching without the requisite $1,000,000 to show. It was for this reason that ^Nlr. Wool conceived and carried out the holding of mass meetings in every city, at which he put forth his best efforts by enlisting such widely-known speakers as Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, Sen. John W. Daniel, Gov. A. J. ^lontague of Virginia, ]\Iurat Ilalstead and Governor Aycock of North Carolina. Senator Daniel aroused his hearers by remarking: "It is a small task to raise one million dollars in this rich section compared with the great task undertaken and pushed to a success by John Smith and his intrepid associates. Distinctly, it is up to you." On December 19th, a statement was issued in the form of an appeal making known the urgency of raising the remaining $260,000 inside of twelve days, and this at the hardest end of collecting the 126 New York at Jamestown fund, all j)eoplc of wealth having already been approached, all volun- tary subscriptions received. Tliere was a final meeting on New Year's eve, and affairs looked dark, for more than $50,000 was required to be raised before the meeting broke up. The excitement was intense. A dispatch received by telegraph from Richmond announced that one man desired his name ])ut down for $20,000, and others for smaller sums were recorded in tlie remaining hours. The last $10,000 was sul)scribed l^y those present, who saw the chance of the entire exposition al)out to dissipate as a proposition merely, and at the hour of midnight the entire $1,000,000 had been subscribed. The work had taxed the ability of the directors to the utmost; but they had won. Organization With the opening of 1904, matters had assumed such tangible form that it was possible to liold a meeting of the stockholders of the Exposition Company on January 1.5tli to effect permanent organi- zation, at which ]\Ir. George F. Adams was chairman. Directors were elected to represent the various cities, and these met four days later to elect a president. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee was chosen, and Alvah 11. Martin elected first vice-])resident. Immediately after- ward, twenty-four committees were constituted, as bureaus, and the chiefs of these divisions were namecL The departments were exceedingly hampered in prosecuting their work with the least degree of success by the fact that no com- mittee was permitted to enter into the smallest sort of a contract or incur any debt without authority from the board of directors. Worse than this, was the tortuous method of actual procedure, for by the time a matter had been discussed l)y the sul)-committee, turned over to the executive committee, whiclr met very infrequently, and in turn referred to the finance comiiiittee, which was unlikely to know ADMIMSTRAI Exhibiting the beautiful < ADMINISTRATION BUILDING nS the beautiful effect of night Illumination Jamestown Exposition 127 much about the original intent or necessity, not only was the interest lost by the original movers; but often the opportunity passed, or the item reduced, with the result that the official action rendered the plan of those who had given thought to a matter entirely ineffectual. It began to look as though progress was at a standstill, so a change was wrought by the creation of a Ijoard of governors. Government Appropriations The management now turned its attention to securing a con- gressional appropriation, and a small though important committee, which included Hugh Gordon INIiller, of Xew York State, as well as a former resident of Virginia, visited Washington on February 8, 1904, to this end. It was soon to learn that many of the representa- tives had never heard of Jamestown, and knew absolutely nothing about the nature of the event to Ije commemorated. They harl to be instructed before becoming so much as lukewarm towards an appropriation of the extent fixed upon in the 1)111 — $3,000,000. Thev had to learn that the body to which they belonged was modeled on the House of Burgesses which in 1619 met at Jamestown; but understanding the significance, they listened more attentively. The naval feature was brought forward strongly, as it had received the indorsement of the Secreatry of the Xavy. Hon. W. 'SI. :\Ioodv, when first projected, in these words: "The plan of the great naval review in Hampton Roads apj^eals to me as having possibilities, not onlv of a magnificenf naval spectacle; but of great usefulness in behalf of the Xavy." Hon. Paul INIorton, his successor in office, had written: "There would, undoubtedly, be much of value and of permanent benefit in such an ex]30sition and display as ]:)roposed, and I trust you will be able to work out your plans to successful termination. " General Lee was a strong advocate, as he planned a military 128 New York at Jamestown encampment for United States troops, so that the combined display of both arms of the oovernment, on sea and on hind, would furnish broatl instruction in the technicjue of the defense system of the nation. With this project the War Department was in full accord. Presidential Indorsement President Roosevelt, on ]\Iarcli 9, 1904, having heard of the interest being aroused in favor of an exposition, wrote to Sec. G. T. Shepperd of Norfolk, as follows: "W^hitp: Housk, W^vshington. " ]My Dear Sir. — I trust I need hardly say to you how important I regard the pro])osed Ter-Centennial celebration to l>e held on the ))orders of Hampton Roads in 1907. This Ter-Centennial will mark an epoch in the history of our country. The first permanent settle- ment of English-speaking people on American soil, at Jamestown in 1607, marks the beginning of the history of the United States. The three hundredth anniversary of that event must be commemorated by the people of our Union as a whole. With best wishes, believe me, " Sincerely yours, "THEODORE ROOSEVELT." In language stronger still. (Irover Cleveland had written to Hugh Gordon ^Tiller, Esq., the previous year. His words to this member of the New York Commission, which was formed later on, had a great deal to do with stirring the hearts and minds of the people to a realizing sense of what the Jamestown celebration meant to all Americans, and probably no letter or advocacy in the preliminary struggle did more to bring about the Exposition. It was a fortunate thought on the part of INIr. INLiller to ask advice from the "Sage of Princeton," and hence the country owes Mr. INIiller a debt of deepest gratitude. / Jamestown Exposition 129 The letter, dated Princeton, N. J., Xovemher '-23, 1903, and addressed to Hugh Gordon JNIiller, E.s([., New York city, reads as follows : "After reading the prospectus of the Jamestown Exposition Company, and giving more thought to the project it lias in keeping. I am thoroughly convinced that the siu'feit of expositions « hich have somewhat afflicted our country ouglit not in the least to interfere with the success of the exposition planned for the celebration of the first white settlement upon the domain now embraced within the limit of the country we proudly call the United States. "We have fittingly celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. The three hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Jamestown is hardly less worthy a commemoration. A great nation cannot hiring to mind its small beginning and its stupendous growth through such a celebration as the Jamestown Exposition Company contemplates without stirring in the hearts of its people their best patriotism and the sincerest devotion to the principles which have made this nation great. And such patriotism and such devotion so completely underlies American institutions that their soundness and strength are absolutely necessary to our strength and perpetuity. "I hope, therefore, that notliing will be lacking to make the exposition successful, as an agency for the stimulation of our national pride and the increase of our faith in free institutions. "GROVER CLEVELAND." Congressional Contributions At the hearing before the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions of the House of Representatives, held March 28, 1904, Ex-Congressman S. Gordon Cummintij forcefully addressed the chair and introduced Hon. John Cxoode, of Norfolk, who spoke elofpiently, 130 New York at Jamestown wlio in turn enlisted their attention to Hon. John Temple Graves, of Georgia, whose speech was lengthy Init fired with patriotism thronghout. But the short session of Congress militated against the bill, and it was deemed expedient to withdraw it for presentation at the second session of the Congress, in December. The act of Congress which authorized the President to proclaim an international naval, marine and military celebration, created a board consisting of the Secretary of the Treasury, as chairman, and the Secretaries of Navy and War. They had the discharge of the disbursements provided for by the act of March 3, 1905, which were as follows: The sum of $50,000 for preparing and conducting the celebration; the sum of $125,000 for the official entertainment of the foreign military and naval representatives ($100,000 at disposal of the commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic Fleet, under direction of the Secretary of the Navy, and $35,000 to the chief-of-staff of the Arjny, to l^e applied under supervision of the Secretary of War); the sum of $50,000 for a pei'manent monument to be erected at Jamestown; the sum of $15,000 for permanent moorings in Hampton Roads, and $10,000 for exhibiting an old type of monitor on the actual scene of the Civil War conflict between the ^Monitor and ^lerrimac. By the amendment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill, passed l)y the 59th Congress, the sum of $'■200,000 was appropriated to defray the expense of collecting, installing and maintaining Govern- ment exhibits Ijy the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Institution and the National ]\Iuseum, the Treasury, Interior, Post-Office, War and Navy Departments, Life Saving Service, Revenue Cutter Service, the Army, the Navy, the Lighthouse Service, the Bureau of Fisheries and an exhiljit from Porto Rico. For establishing and maintaining an exhibit of the United States Life Saving Service and to erect a Fisheries Buildino-, also to build a club-house as a rendezvous for soldiers and sailors, the sum of $350,000 was appropriated. ^ < B -J ^ < 1^ Jamestown Exposition 133 In order to provide a pier as an accommodation to visitors desiring to view the fleet or come from the fleet to the gronnds, which harbor should furnish ten feet of water at low tide, the appropriation was $400,000. President's Proclamation On March '29, 1905. President Roosevelt issued the following proclamation as an invitation to all nations to participate: By the President of the United States of America. A Proclamation Whereas, The Congress of the United States has passed an Act approved March 3, 1905, and entitled, "An Act to provide for cele- brating the birth of the American nation, the first permanent settle- ment of English-speaking people on the Western Hemisphere, by the holding of an international naval, marine, and militarv celebra- tion in the vicinity of Jamestown, on the waters of Hampton Roads, in the State of Virginia; to provide for a suitable and permanent commemoration of said event, and to authorize an appropriation in aid thereof, and for other purposes;" And, Whereas, Section 3 of the said Act reads as follows: "Sec. 3. The President of the United States is hereby authorized to make proclamation of said celebration, setting forth the event to be commemorated, inviting foreign nations to participate by the sending of their naval vessels and such representatives of their military organizations as may be practical, * * * Xow. therefore. I. Theodore Roosevelt. President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that there shall be inaugurated, in 134 New York at Jamestown the year nineteen hundred and seven, on and near the waters of Ilanijjton Roads, in the State of A'iroinia, an international naval, marine and military celebration, he^inning ^iay 13, and endinii; not later tlian November 1, 1!)07, for the ])urpose of commemorating, in a fitting and appropriate manner, the Ijirtli of the American mition, the first permanent settlement of P^nglish-speaking people on the American Continent, made at Jamestown, A'irginia, on the thirteenth day of ^lay, sixteen hundred and seven, and in order that the great events of ^Vmerican history which have resulted therefrom, may be accentuated to the pi'esent and future generations of Amei'ican citizens. ^Vnd in the name of the Crovernment and of the people of the United States, I do herelty invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event which has had a far- reaching effect upon the course of human history, by sending their naval vessels to the said celel)ration and by nraking such representa- tions of their military organizations as may l^e practical)le. In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this 29th day of March. one thousand nine hundred and hve, and of the [seal.] Independence of the United States, the one hundred and twenty-ninth. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. General Participation It was now necessaiy as the next ste|) to give publicitv and to urge upon the States the desire of Virginia that they participate. The annual Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution was in session in Washington, and on May 'H, 1904, they made a pil- grimage to Jamestown Island, headed by ^[rs. Charles W. Fairbanks, President-(ieneral of the national bodv and wife of the Vice-President Jamestown Exposition 137 of the United States. A memorial tree was planted and ceremonies held; but the great result was the dissemination of information to every State regarding the Exposition and its historic significance. The Board of Directors sought to place just these facts before each State and consequently inaugurated a publicity campaign. North Carolina appropriated $50,000 on the day of adjournment of its Legislature early in 1905; INIissouri was visited on March l"2th bv General Lee and a staff of advocates who were all excellent speak- ers, and appropriated $55,000. On March 15th, ^Messrs. T. J. Wool and G. T. Shepperd visited Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, and were successful in the introduction of a bill appropriating $25,000 as that State's share in the general celebration. General Lee. with Messrs. Wool and Shepperd, then went to Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, and addressed a joint session of the Legislature, with the result that $100,000 was appropriated. These same gentlemen then visited Albany, where General Lee called upon Gov. Frank W. Higgins and was accorded the honor of addressing a joint session of the Legislature. The outcome was an appropriation of $150,000 by the Empire State. Illinois, about this time, passed an appropriation bill for $'-25,000, and the matter was brought officially to the attention of ^Nlassa- chusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. It was in Boston, on April -27. 1905. that Gen. Fitzhugh Lee made his last public address. With unwonted vigor and proverbial kindhness of spirit, he addressed the Massachusetts Legislature, and during recess grasped each member by hand. The next morning the world heard the news that he had suffered a stroke of apoplexy, and although hurriedly conveyed to Washington by special train, on the 29th he died. The same spring, Connecticut, Florida, ^lassachusetts, Michigan, Rhode Island and Wisconsin appointed their several commissions. i3'S New York at Jamestown and s(Higlit estimates, Massachusetts finally appro])riating $60,000; Maryland, $(),5,000; Michigan, $^20,000; Georgia, $30,000; South Carolina. $'20,000; Connecticut increased its appropriation to $71,000, and New Jersey to $75,000. The next winter Delaware placed its name on the roll of par- ticipants, with $15,000; Indiana, $^25,000; Kentucky, $30,000 by popular subscription; New Hampshire, $17,000; Ohio, $75,000; ^Yesf Mrginia, $55,000, and ^Eissouri's amount was increased to $55,000. Mrginia, in 1906, set apart $100,000, of which $30,000 was to be used for military display and State entertainment, and $70,000 for a State building ane appreciated by the knowledge that on November 1, 1905, only $210,50.S.,'59 had been paid on stock sub- scriptions. It left five weeks in which to collect over $250,000 from subscril)ers. ]\rr. liarton ]\Iyers, manager of the ways and means committee, deserves credit for his resourcefulness, for he was able to work out a plan by which the Atlantic Trust and Deposit Company would pay the sum of the subscriptions due on time to meet the necessary de])osit to satisfy the State's re((uirement, if tliat financial institution were guaranteed by the Board of Directors as a whole and individually, and a pledge of $100,000 to be liquidated by moneys received Ijy the concessions department. — V S 3 o ^ a: u Jamestown Exposition 145 Preliminarx' Preparations There remained two years in wliicli to l)nil(l a city ten miles from Xorfol]<, witli not a facility in evidence more tlian one wonld expect to find npon a barren island of the sea. It mnst liave all the ordinary conveniences, sncli as water, li^'ht, pavements, nreans of transportation and buildings. A car service had to l)e introduced as the first requisite, with three routes — for vehicles, electric propul- sion and steam road. It was necessary to have a deep-water ])ier for the lan(hng of freight coming by water. Communication by telephone and telegraph had to be installecL These were a few of the essential things to busy the mind of the projectors who struggled assifluously to make the Exposition great. Anybody wlio knows how very flat is the land between Norfolk and Willoughby S])it, and that for miles a])out where the Exposition was to be located there is no elevation to break the range of the eve, will realize tliat it was difficult to solve the problems of water supply and sewage disposal. There ^^'as no piu'e siu'face water in the vicinity of the grounds, and experts declared that the Ro\\ from chiven wells would ere long turn brackish. As the Virginia constitution precluded aid in direct form from any city, thus shutting out Norfolk from contributing through the city treasury, the council considered it questional)le whether Norfolk could heed the appeal to furnish water, although it was discussed; but the city went so far as to obtain estiiuates and investigate the right of a city to supply water outside of its own limits, even petition- ing the legislature to bestow the right of acquiring by eminent (h)maiu such property as was needful for the pipe line. This move was fought by the attorneys of the Norfolk County Company, a corporation supplying tlie city of Norfolk. It began to look as though they might build an exposition; but no one going there could obtain a drink of water, nor could the fair proceed without its 146 New York at Jamestown use in manifold ways. That company finally solved the proljlem by laying' a six-inch main to the o-i'ounds. The inability of the j)lant to suj)])ly the city adequately brought about an enabling act by the legis- latiu-e of 1900, and Norfolk was allowed to furnish the water, the agreement being for one million gallons daily. Tidewater Boulevard The matter of a boulevard came up for discussion. It seemed to l)e a necessity that Norfolk, where must go the majority of all the tourists to the fair to find accommodations, should be connected with the grounds l)y a driveway. This ])]'oblem was as comj^licated as had ])een the project of obtaining water. Unless the county author- ities cooperated, as the city of Norfolk did not 'i^xtend much of the distance to the grounds, the city end would be but a mere beginning. A year before the opening of the Exposition nothing had been done al)out it. It was estimated that tlie city's ]>ortion would cost $150,000. As Norfolk had not been allowed to vote money for the Exposition, as was customary at other national fairs, it looked with favor on the ])]oposition, because it would be an asset after the Exposition closed, and would o])en up (k\sii-alde territory for a new residential section. This proved correct before the lapse of a year, and hundreds of cottages, both modest and pi-etentious, s]5rang up everywhere within vicinity of tlie route travei'sed. The State Railroad Commission detailed convicts to work u])on the county's ])ortion, and they also operated the cjuarry for the neces- sary stone to form the bed. No contract had been let up to August IS, 190G, yet the road was practically coTupleted on time, and was not alone utilitarian for carts, for troops and enjoved bv automo- bilists and riders; but by reason of the skilled work of the chief eno-ineer ^Ir. Pierce, sent by the (lood Iloads Dcpai'tment at Washington. ■n > 0) rv OJ ^ Cd. '/) i; c H z' r, r; D r > ri rd _i t ^ GJ rr, i) ■f ?: y oO O iX Jamestown Exposition 149 it ottered an object lesson to every section of Mrginia afflicted l)y poor roads. Development Covering the entire area of the site chosen there was a marked absence of natnral landscape effect which at other expositions, by hill and dale or lakes and streams was I'cadilv convertil^le into a ])anoramic vista of beauty. There was flatness everywhere one looked, unless concealed by a thick growth of trees, with a straight line of beach, and Old Point Comfort discernil)le across the water as a dark, jagged line stretching along the northerly horizon. What streams there were in the neighborhood \\ere so in the main onlv ^\dlen hig-h tide swelled the hollows, were choked bv o-rasses, because the rich soil in combination with tidal effect promoted those conditions. However, at the extreme westerly limits of the property there was an extensive ])ine grove with its trees of magnihcent pro- portions, and more or less of the tract was wooded with a variety of forest growth. By a thinning out process handsome shaded walks were the resultant. In places, so wild was the land, that it might have Ijeen described before it was converted into a city, as it were, as a jungle. In the bark of some of the larger trees were discovered the names of soldiers who defended Sewell's Point in the Civil War. In laying out the maze of thoroughfares, the design was to make the locality suital)le for a town site, when the glories of the Exposition had disappeared. Among the first things done was to erect a wire and oak post fence seven feet high about the three sides of the Exposition tract, the fourth protected fi-om intruders h\ the water. It was several miles in length and ^^•as donated l^v the American Steel and Wire Company. Upon it, with the aid of the gardener, nature formed a green wall of blossoming trumpet-vine, sweet-scented honey- suckle, charming crimson ramblers and Virginia creepers. The idea was most commendable. Rank grass, the height of a man, had 150 New York at Jamestown given way to seeded lawns, and the place gradually assumed the aspect of a park. Erection of Buildings ]Mr. W. IL II. Weatherwax was appointed chief draughtsman Se])tember 1, 190.3, and the ])lans already sul:)mitted Ijy architects took on woi'king form. ^lost of these were based on the unit system, whereljy a l)uilding could be extended when it was learned how much additional space would l)e re({uired than had been estimated. The first State building to be started was Rhode Island's, and this occurred on July 14, 1906, when Judge John Taggard Blodgett, chairman of his comnrission, i-aised the initial spadeful of sod in the presence of a notable gathering, which included Lieut-Gov. J. Taylor EUyson, who was indefatigable long before the opening and was among the last to bear the burden necessary to bring about the success of the Exposition. During the constructive jieriod, the railroads l>ecame impressed with the importance for exertion and lent a hand to alleviate con- ditions. They placarded all cars containing Exposition material with the legend: " This car for the Jamestown Exposition, Norfolk, Va. Must have I'ight of way." Also, the freight agents were instructed to give every particle of Jamestown freight the preference. Souvenir Currency A special committee, headed by j\Ir. Tucker, appeared in Jan- uary, 1906, before the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions at Washington, imj^ressed with the idea that there yet were devious ways by which the government could be persuaded to render further financial support. In the seventh section of the bill these gentlemen advocated there was pi-ovision empowering the Secretary of the Treasury to / fl" fc , . °*C ■«; h S| |. j , i||| . V ! 5t ^1 b; ■■•^^^;,>' 1^ W H5ZE ^^^ g 0fill [a EJl «-' .•«£«:;ti:;;t:' o = o I O a Jamestown Exposition 153 purchase bullion and to coin 1,000,000 two dollar silver ])ieees of twice the weight as the one silver dollar, to bear a device commemo- rative of the Jamestown Exposition, and which were to be delivered to the Exposition Company in lots of ,50,000 on receipt of legal tender money equal to the cost of the bullion. The effect of this would give the Exposition alwut $800,000 in seigniorage. The reply to the argument advanced by ^Nlr. Tucker and his associates was made by Hon. Leslie ^l. Shaw, Secretary of the Treas- ury, on February '28th, and one could see that President Roosevelt would uphold him in such principles. It was as follows: "I do not think that we ought to toy with our currency system for the sake of making $1,000,000 out of the American people. Cer- tainlv, we have kinds of monev enouirh without making a new kind. The whole principle is bad, and you might as well issue $1,000,000 worth of paper money of a peculiar print containing the portraits of the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, or officers of the Exposition Company, or the president and his cabinet. "I am disposed to think that you could issue $1,000,000 in greenbacks, if you please, redeemable on demand, containing the portraits of the president and his cabinet, if you please, making it legal tender, and it would be absorbed and you would be $1,000,000 ahead; but no one but a South American Republic would think of that. It is absolutely wrong in principle. It is deception. It is sowing the dragon teeth. If you can put 50 per cent, fiat into silver and send it out and call the balance profit, you can put 99 per cent, of fiat into paper money and call it profit. The principle is the same and the teaching is just as vicious and more subtle. As between having any exposition and vetoing a proposition of that kind, I would by all means say to the president 'veto it.' It is wholly vicious. Unless we can guard oiu- currency, then we had better give up and let somebody else run the government." 154 New York at Jamestown The matter was dropped then and there. The committee thanked Mr. Shaw for his sound advice and retired. As he had striven simply for a principle, he became a warm advocate of the Exposition and helped it greatly in many other ways. Labor Unions The question of em])loying union workmen came up, as it ever does, and the matter was submitted to a committee which held a series of conferences with rej)resentatives of labor bodies. The Exposition officials did not wish to l)e hampered in securing men, and might find it inconvenient to l>e bound l)y technicalities of the union rules, the non-oljservance of which might precipitate a strike at any moment and thus tie up everything in the height of a rush upon the work. Nor did it, )jy looking ahead, care to come into conflict when it was time to place carpenters and mechanics at work who niight l)e union men. The report of October "24, 1905, was to the eifect that this committee "recommend that it be adopted as the policy of the Expo- sition Com|^any, t(j alh^w only members of the various building trades organizations to work on such building and construction as shall be contracted for by the Exposition Company, and done under its direct control." The second paragraph recommended that only members of various trade organizations will be allowed to work upon the con- struction called for l)y the specifications. The fifth clause stated that by an understanding with labor l)odies the price of admission to a union would not be advanced beyond $2.5. The company entertained the fear that the local workmen might conceive the idea of holding the work foi- themselves l)y jirolonging it, through the simple expedient of foi'cing a \\'orkman coming from without the state to pay an initiation fee of $.50, prohibitive in effect, before he could be placed at work. Jamestown Exposition 155 Sunday Opening When it was noised abroad that the Exposition was hkely to become a reahty Ijefore long, the ministers of the conntry at large began to agitate the ([uestion of an o])en or closed Snnday, and sent letters to the ])a[)ers in ])ractically every city to aronse pnblic sentiment that constitnents might influence their representatives to urge the government to withhold the appropriation urdess it were the under- standing that the gates should l)e closed on Snnday. Finally, they addressed commimications to the Board of Gov- ernors, and importuned all its members individually. At this time it was becoming very evident that directly outside the grounds there would be an extensive settlement of a disorderly chai-acter ^\•hich was certain to appeal to the idle curious, for the cheaper sort of hotels and dives, dance halls and gambling resorts were going u]) with greater rapidity and more evidence of backing than the Exposition buildings themselves. Consequently many of the Directors thought it would be much wiser to have the fair remain open every day, and thus keep as many persons as possible from frequenting the Pine Beach area. The Governors would not decide the question and left it in the hands of the Board of Directors, and it was finally determined by the Executive Committee to close the gates on Sundays. The Area The amount of land secured was entirely adequate, allowing good space a])Out all buildings, especially for the Court of Honor, which was named Raleigh Square, for the enormous parade ground, memo- rializino- General Lee who had conceived it long before his death, and the War-Path section, none of which sections appeared in the least cramped. As for the landscape effect it was abundantly provided 156 New York at Jamestown for, and many were thankful that there was no greater effort required in summer weather in a southern eUrae to ambulate over any longer distances than had l>een arranged, though those familiar with such mammoth expositions as the Chicago and St. Louis might scoff at the proportion of the area at the Jamestown fair. Any greater acreage would not have been of the slightest advantage. In this the promoters acted with excellent foresight, and an enlargement would have required unnecessary additional expense in every direction. Regarding just what the acreage was, it is diffiicidt to arrive at closer figures than to state that the area was Ijetween 3-10 and 350 acres, because of the irregularity of the tract within the fence. The northern boundary, or shore line of Hampton Roads, was slightly over a mile in length by accurate survey. The north to south dimen- sion was slightly more than half a mile as an average, and naturally on account of the irregidarity of tlie coast line the variation from the average was great in places. At its widest part it is probable that the grounds were almost a mile in depth. The transfer deed did not give any acreage, and there was a dis- crepancy between the measiu-ements of the vending company's engineers and those of the Exposition's measurers, hinging largely upon the dispute as to the amount of imder-water land which could be ti'ansferred. The payment which appeared mutually satisfactorv was in the nature of a compromise, at about 31- 'J > ^ ^ C i < Jamestown Exposition 159 exhibited a deficit if the Norfolk hanks had ])ennitted oveixh'afts to meet tlie pay-roll for the unfortunate laborers. [Matters were at a standstill; but this one of many crises was averted by a ])ersonal act on the part of President Tucker, who advanced the money, without interest, to pay off the clamoring workmen. Added to a liost of difficulties was tlie serious one — the advance in cost of ijuilding material, and tlien by the demands of labor for increased wages. In fact, that labor was scarce near Norfolk was in itself a great liandicap. If it liad not been so, tliere might not have l^een a yielding in ])rices. It was a fact, based on matlrematical statistics, that l)uildings erected early in 1907 cost 50 per cent, more than those contracted for previous to that time. Wliereas the builchngs when erected did not cover tlie anticipated area, the estimates of cost per foot invariably ran much too low. This was not attributable to erroneous figuring; but because of advanced cost. Because the land was only a few feet above sea level, and beneath a very few feet of sand and loam there were gravel l)eds soaked with \\'ater, extraordinary care had to be exercised to make provision against the heavy walls sinking, and in the case of the large .Vdmin- istration Building, a concrete base was found necessary, yet it stood nearly half a mile back from the water. Steel beams and girders are usually employed in roof and ceiling construction of large exhibit buildings; but all those which were late in erection had to employ wood, because the steel plants, crowded with orders given before it was possible to secure the nujney for the Exposition work, could not furnish the material on time. Retarded Appearance As the time drew near foi' the o])ening of the grounds, while many of the buildings were completed on the exterior and scaffolding i6o New York at Jamestown was being- removed, Raleigh Court, intended to )je the piece de resistance of the whole Ex]5osition, was in a chaotic condition. As such a locality as the Court of Honor was beyond concealing, the incom- pleteness was what created the unfavorable comment by the news- paper men, and their expressions were taken uj) ])y the press of the entire countrv. Nevertheless, the management had acted wisely when deciding to leave this ])art of landscape decoration until the last. It was practical building. The ground in the vicinity was sunken in parts. Operations requiring heavy trucking, dredging and the formation of a ])ulkhead where the government pier was building, were in progress in the immediate vicinity. The work on the pier was six months l)ehind. The soil dredged in the formation of the basin within the ])iers was to )>e ajjplied to filling in, hence the result was inevitable. No one who builds a house can j>rofitably set his lawn in order before the construction of the ))uilding is completed, and so the management acting in wisdom received the sharpest sort of criticism. Even the work of forming the l)asin for the electric fountain, in the center of the court, and tlie two large pools at either side, was not commenced until March 25th, jiractically the time for oj)ening. Shocking it certainly was, that throughout May, June and July, the portion of Raleigh Court before the pier was impassable and a blot on the beauty of the grounds. Tlie contractors had signed to have it ready for the grand o})ening; but the jilans had not been turned over until September of 190G, whereas they should have been delivered in June. The day of actual completion of the pier and basin was Sep- tember 14tli, and then it was everything throughout the grounds was in active operation with every detail perfected. Jamesto\\-n Exposition 163 Interest Manifested For some time ]n'eviou.s to the opeiiino- tliere was considerable curiosity on the part of outsiders, so much so that ahhou-^-h ten cents was charged for admission with the principal idea of keepino- out troublesome ])ersons. uj) to April over .57.000 tickets were sold, and in the next t\\-enty-hve days '•2^2.000 jxiid admission at the advanced rate of twenty-five cents. Altogether, between January 13th and April 25th. before the gates were officially opened. $ll.o2o..S5 was paid at the gate, and by adding the vehicle tickets, photograph passes, etc., the sale reached $16,000. The receipts on the opening day and for a week afterward, being much below what was anticipated, the Directors met on Mav 4th and Sth to discuss the issuance of bonds to the amount of $400,000. and the stockholders met and authorized the issuance on June 1st. On June 13th, the Directors by resolution announced that ""INIr. J. ]M. Barr, who has already agreed to act as an advisory committee (regarding the bond issue), be herel)y further vested with such general executive power and supervision over all the comjianv's affairs, as are usually understood to have been vested in the dii'ecfor-generals of other expositions." Mr. Barr was president of the Seaboard Air Line, a Norfolk man of wealth, widely known and much respected, and of pronounced executive ability, so that the coupling of his name in this manner gave unlimited confidence to all. He was formally elected July 5th. Just at the time the exhi]:)itors sought to install their displays, there ^^'as a terrible congestion of freight on the wharves at Norfolk, and exhibits were stalled on every approaching line of railway. In some instances it was known they had lieen there for weeks. It was only by working overtime that a jiortion of the exhibitii)n buildings were readv for opening day. and tlien minus exhitiits. Only on the eve of opening were eight of the more important edifices 164 New York at Jamestown strung for electric illuniiiiation, and yet everybody seemed to be doing all possible to bring about success. The Palace of ^Manufactures and Liberal Arts was finished and fairly well hlled by June 15th, as was also the Transportation Building. The History Building was not ready for entering exhibits until July 15th, and \\as formally opened on August 5th. Opening Day On April 26, 1907, the Exposition was formally opened to the public. There was a noteworthy military y)arade. The ^Mayflower, bearing President Roosevelt, was welcomed by booming of cannon from the fleet composed of the men-of-war of many nations, anchored off Old Point Comfort. The President came ashore at Discovery Landing at 11.30 and was met by President Harry St. George Tucker of the Exposi- tion Co. Escorted by a squadron of the Twelfth United States Cavalry, he proceeded at once to the reviewing stand on Lee Parade, the half mile of walk lined by companies of Coast Artillery. The exercises held there were of great interest. They were opened by an invocation pronounced by the Rt. Rev. .Vifred M. Randolph, Episco])al Bishop of Virginia. Mr. Tucker spoke at much length and held the large audience in silence. President Roosevelt delivered an address in his characteristic, patriotic vein, interrupted repeatedly by loud and spontaneous applause. His dis- course fired everybody with enthusiasm. Success for the Exposition seemed assured. To enumerate the important personages [)resent on the occasion would require many pages, each international character accompanied by his official staff; but among those in attendance may be mentioned Ambassador James Bryce, Ambassador from Great Britan; Anibas- Jamestown Exposition 165 sador J. J. Jusseraiul, from France; Count Hermann von Ilatz- feldt-Wildenburg-, from Germany; Minister A'an Swinderen, from Holland; And^assador ^Nlayor des Planches, from Italy; Baron Mon- cheur, from Belgium; ^Minister Don Ramon Pina, from Spain; Sir Chentung Liang-Cheng, from China; Jiaron Hengelmueller von Hengervar, Ambassador from Austro-Hungary; Ambassador Joacpiim Nabuco, from Brazil; Senor Alberto Yoacham, from Chile; Minister De Quesada. from Cuba; ^Minister Leger, from Ilayti; Ambassador Don Enrique C. Creel, from ^Mexico; Amljassador Rosen, from Russia; Minister Herman de Lagercrantz, from Sweden; Minister Morteza Kahn, from Persia, and Minister C. Hauge, from Norway. Accommodations There were several routes Ijy \\hich to reach the Exposition grounds. The X. Y. P. & X. railroad from X'ew York delivered its passengers at the Cape Charles wharf, whence they were transferred by steamboat, via Old Point, directly to the Exposition pier extending westward from Pine Beach, adjoining the groimds. Those \\lio came South on the coastwise steamshi])s of the Old Dominion Line, the fare for which ocean voyage of about twenty hours, from Xew York to Xorfolk, was but $8, inclusive of stateroom and all meals, were landed either on the same pier, or passengers might continue to the regular dock at Xorfolk so as to be near a choice of good hotels. Small excursion boats ran every twenty minutes between the government pier and the Hotel Chamberlin dock at Old Point Com- fort. At another, or third |)ier, small vessels landed which had a summer route to Xorfolk and Xewport Xews. By electric trolley cars there were two routes l)y separate companies, to Xorfolk, requiring about three-quarters of an hour in transit, with a charge of five cents by the Atlantic Terminal Company, and ten cents by the longer Ocean View route. i6o New York at Jamestown There were three hotels of more or less importance in the vicinity, and anything else was either decidedly common or miles distant. The Inside Inn was a ([niet, family house located within the fence line and could accommodate about 1,000 conveniently. Its Expo- sition cajiacity, if ever tested, would be another matter. The Pine Beach Hotel had an exclusive patronage, and was favorably located on the shore, near a grove of tall pine trees, not half a mile from the West Gate. The States Hotel catered to families of moderate cir- cumstances, and had a hard struggle from the start to keep half filled. There was across the road from this latter hotel a "Tent City" for those who came to see the Exposition economically. It was far from a paying venture, and yet the appointments were excel- lent and it was well conducted at low prices. The other hostelries were places of danger, and there wei'e a few murders laid against the doors of these i-esorts. Norfolk catered to the l)etter class by its commodious and widely known hotel, the Monticello. and the Fairfax, but recently built, had its share of a well-to-do clientele. New in constrncticm, clean and satisfactory were the Lynnhaven, the Colonial and the Loraine, all on (iranby street; l)ut the Algonquin and Atlantic were older and less cheerful in aspect. Administration Building The Administration Uuihhng, commonly known also as the Audi- torium, facing broadly upon Raleigh Court with its ornamental frontage of tall, white columns, and built in simple Colonial style. was admired without stint l)y every one. It faced on Pocahontas street, the third broad thoroughfare back of and parallelino' the water- front. This handsome building contained suites of ofhces on both floors, and upon entering one noticed at once in the center of the large rotunda the noble statuary grouj) entitled "The Buffalo Hunt," c O aj > = Q < o Jamestown Exposition 169 executed by that clever scul])tor, II. K. Bu.sli-Bro\vn. It was heroic in proportions and adniirahly furnislied the vast space. In the rear was an annex, tlie auditorium proper, daily occupied for public ceremonial or conventions, and in the evening there was free admission to this place to hear the delightful, classical music furnished by Ellery"s well trained orchestra or band of more than fifty instruments. Tlie stage was of gootl ]>roportions, and it was backed by a large organ which also ornamented the interior. Before the building ap])ropriately stood a statue of Pocahontas — simple, natural and effective in design, the work of William Ordway Partridge, whose residts are always pleasing. Passino- down the broad u-ravcl walk, one came to the electric fountain, a most effective addition to the night illumination, for these buildings A'sere wired so that every detail stood out in sparkling lines against the dark blue of the Southern skv, and bevond that the band stand, centrally located, so that the music might be iieard alike bv those seated about the fountain or Ity those strolling out upon the pier, and manv there were who maile the ascent of the great con- crete arch at the further end ])uri)Osely to view the lights. It was the slow turning on of the thousands of lights ^^-hich created the greatest delight of anything at the Exposition, especially for those of the slightest artistic or romantic temperament. The scene was not unlike that of an imaginary fairyland — a twinkle here, then yonder against the sunset sky foretelhng the beauty to be unfolded as building after building appeared slowly to the gaze as an outline of sparkling light. This operation, set to the strains of "The Star Spangled Banner" never failed to bring every visitor to his feet, with uncovered head. The Great Pier Unquestionably, aside from the beauty of Raleigh Coiu-t with the Administration Building facing it, and Ijordered by the Palaces lyo New York at Jamestown of Arts and ^[anufactiires, the (iovernment Pier was the distinctive feature. It was the great architectural and engineering triumph of the entire Exposition. Beginning at the edge of a I^cautiful phiza on which was located tlie band stand as a central, decorative figure, the electric fountain and miniature lakes, the two piers extended into Hampton Roads a distance of 1,'-20U feet. Elach was 150 feet wide the entire length and so broad -v^as the appearance that the dozen or more rest shelters did not obstruct the view of the promenade any more than if they were diminutive Japanese kiosks. The piers inclosed a basin practically 547 feet wide, sufficiently broad that a man-of-war might rest therein and turn, and tliis expanse of inclosed water was 1,100 feet long, dredged to a depth of twelve feet. On the shore end. there was a long, low pavilion or landing stage, beautiful in design with its cpiantities of white columns, and bearing large, ornamental tablets of dedication by the Government. There were extensive logias, where people might sit, wishing to behold the entrancing scene of night illumination. Along this shore, there was 1,900 feet of Ijulkhead to hold a till between it and the orisinal shore line. The piers pro]^er consisted of two reinforced concrete retaining walls supported on round and inclined sheet spiles. The piers were connected at the water end by an arch, the largest ever attempted in concrete. The height of this span allowed boats to steam beneath, and every part of the work was decorative. At night, it was defined by strings of electric lamps, and the high towers at either end of the arch were similarly outlined. These towers served as a wireless station, the demonstration of which was explained to visitors as a part of the (rovernment's exhibit. In this arch, 1,170 cul>ic yards of concrete were used; about -177,000 feet of plain, sheet spiles, and h ^ 11 H - < P -I '.n Jamestown Exposition 173 283,000 Feet of creosote sheet spiles, and 3.7.50 round spiles were used in the eoustruction. The cost was $38,5,000. Attractive Exhibits The numerous exhihits nnule l)y the (Tovernment merited attendance at the Exposition whether there were other thinifs to be seen or not. A separate buildiuo- was provided for the Smithsonian Institution, the central feature of the interior beino' an enormous group specially designed, which showed hgures of life size depicting the landing of Captain John Smith and his crew and their bartering with Indians for corn and other products. The appearance was as though the English vessel was a replica of the 1607 original. The figures had a most natural ajjpearance, and both vessels floated in a pool of water. About this building was a frieze of life-size portraits of the great men of the Nation in every walk of life, in colors, and exhibits of other ethnological groups to show how the Dutchmen. Pilgrims and other American pioneers looked, models and innu- merable scientific curios, all clearly understandable by their neatly prepared latiels. The Government's Fisheries Building was an attractive spot for vomig and old. men of culture and those who sorely needed practical information. The central feature was a large. u])raised pool in which a seal disported itself. The animal sul)mitted to be patted, and held manv visitors from giving their time to more scien- tific displays, which abounded in the form of miniature but working exhibits of fish runways, spawing-beds and the like. The entire wall w-as surrounded by tanks in which there were moi'e curious fish than illustrators of children's fairy-story books had made one believe coidd be possil:)le. These freaks opened the eyes of people who had little or no acquaintance w-ith the wonders of nature. The tank containing sharks put forth probably the display of largest fish. 174 New York at Jamestown Some there, were clinging to and of the same appearance as the rocks forming the background, while there were flat fish which covered themselves with sand and could not be told except by the undulations at the bed of the tank. The Postal Department made a mj the great, white ])alaces of varied industries and arts. Each was a rej^roduction or replica of some famous Ijuilding in the State it rejiresented. There was the "Old State House" trans- ported, as it were, from Boston; Inde])endence Hall, as it aj^pears in Philadelphia; the "Adena," for Ohio, a copy of the stone house built in 1799 by Thomas Worthington, the first TJnited States Sena- toi' from that State, and many others of like nature. (Georgia was represented l)y a reproduction of the Bullock House, occupied l)y the maternal ancestors of President Roosevelt, which he considered a gracious compliment. The Negro Building deserves to come in for a sliare of unstinted commendation. Designed l)y a negro as architect and solely con- ductee Parade Ground was an attractive place, especially every afternoon, for it was here that the United States regulars, veterans from the Philippines, the Twelfth Regiment, and State militia drilled in spectacular fashion at -1 o'clock. When the cavalry or artillery occu])ie(l the center of the scene, the greatest amount of enthusiasm was arousetl. Many had never witnessed anything of the sort and so it was, as intended by the Government when its su])port took that form, a striking oljject lesson, giving every one increased confidence in his country's ability. Here were also held athletic contests, open to the world, mili- tarv tournaments, floral parades and a variety of entertainments to afi'ord a diversity of the daily program of attractions. During the summer the grand stand had held many a guest of prominence, governors and princes, ambassadors and great generals, who had had the honor of reviewing the troops. 17'*^ New York at Jamestown The War Path Prol>al)ly few visitoi's went away \'\'ith()ut making a tour of the War Patli, as the Michvay or Pike was ealk'd. As the exhibition buikUngs on the (irounds were ck)sed at 5 or 6 v. m., every one naturally flocked thither at dusk for a dinner in the Swiss Alps and an inspec- tion of the curiosities afterward. There was a broad walk, oval in shape, covering nearly one mile in length, with the usual attractions of such j)laces lining the two sides. The ballahoos and barkers kept interest at a high pitch. The more noteworthy features were the cycloramic depiction of the naval engagement between the ^Monitor and ^Nlerrimac in Hamp- ton Roads, which was realistic in the extreme; the Destruction of San Francisco, a vivid reproduction in miniature; Ferrara's trained animal show, which always drew large crowds; Hell Gate, where skiffs holding six or eight passengers swirled around a circular canal until disappearing into the utter darkness of the vortex, and Akoun's Streets of Cairo, making its usual extensive display with such adjuncts as a camel herd gaily caparisoned, donkeys, a theatre where oriental dancers with scant costuming held forth, innumerable fortune fore- casters and dirty palmists, and of course, a bazaar, where people obtained bargains in linen drawn-work or silken articles if they wisely forced the price to one-fourth of the original. An automobile looping the death-gap, the thrilling descent on the long slack wire from the mast top, diving into a shallow basin, and Lincoln Beachy's airship were free attractions at certain hours each day. Attendance The Exposition gates were open '•^19 days, inclusive of Sundavs, for attendants and officials but not for visitors, and the averao-e daily 2 3 :£: 5 Jamestown Exposition i8r admissions iiunibered 13,017, making the average daily receipts $3,-470.50. During the days it was opened from Ajiril ^2()th to the 30th, inehisive, the total attendance was 68,063; for May, '263, G-t7; June, 443,618; July, 417,766; August, .300.769; September, 504,310; October, 427,479; November, 2'-2,5,083. The total admissions scheduled as follows: Paid, 1,401,409; free, 1,3.57.283; Sundays, 92,043; total, 2,8.30,73.5. The receipts taken in at the gate amounted to $6.52.4.54.4.5. The largest attendance on any one day was on June 10th, known as Georgia Day. wlien there ^^■as an attendance of 46. .537. On New York Day. \\hich was October 10th, the paid admissions numbered 14,648; the free, 8..504; total, 23,lo2 admissions; receipts $6. 793. .50. Highly Commended While visitors from all over, men and women of education and who had traveled much, went away with deep appreciation of what they had seen, the sentiment universally pronounced is crystalized in the expression uttered by Mr. J. Pierpont [Morgan, as an art connoisseur and President of the ^Metropolitan INEuseum of Art in Xew York city, who regretted that he could not "manufacture about ten days to be devoted to the Exposition," and said: "It is one of the most beautiful sights the world has ever seen." There was the ring of heartiest sinceritv in his voice. INIr. [Morgan, in company with Bishop Doane of Albany and other notable guests, arrived at the gromrds in the forenoon of October 12th. and they were first driven over the entire place. They were then taken to the History Building, where they inspected the Xew York exhibit, and expressed satisfaction. They then repaired to the Xew York Building, where Mrs. X'elson H. Henry and IMrs. Donald McLean tendered them a reception. They were under I.S2 New York at Jamestown personal escort of I)ireet(jr-(jeiieral ^Vlvah H. Martin and Secretary Gwynn T. 81ie])])erd. The Close Everybody attending the Exj^osition was so well pleased by its beanty that on account of the lateness when every particular was in readiness, it was seriously ])roposed to open it again in 1908. It was as though in the last two months of the fair the peo])le were beginning to understand what a great educational factor it all was and how to conduct it. Visitors were coming then in greater numbers than during the summer. The Dii-ectors held a meeting on November 14th, and listened to a report which was in pronounced favor of operating the Exposition another season, as exhil)itors and all the concessionaires had signed unanimously their willingness to return with better exhibits than ever. It was estimated that a fresh capital of $'200,000 would assure re-open- ing, and that an attendance of 6,000 daily would sustain. The (rovernment and others kept their exhibits on the grounds until March of 1908; l)ut local enthusiasm could not be aroused so very many times, and the project was accordingly dropped. The affairs of the Jamestown Company were placed in the hands of receivers after l)ecend)er Lst, there being a large debt due to the (roveinment, and Alvah II. ]Matrin, Wm. I\[. (ieddes, representing the United States, with E. T. Lamb for the transportation companies, were receivers. On the last evening there was a brilliant "Chrysanthemum liall " in Conv(mtiou Hall, and one hour before midnight every one then on the grounds Hocked to the Auditorium to attend the closino- exeicises. The Auditorium was crowded, despite the sadness of the event. Director-General ^Tartin read a statement of his conduct of at!'airs, and announced how he had reduced indel)tedness durino- JAMLbTOWN CHURCH Erected by the seftlers on an island in the James River Jamestown Exposition i^- his incuml)cncY. President Tucker delivered the final address, enunciating the original aims of the Ex])osition and voiced the senti- ments of hundreds of thousands who had been there and commended it. He spoke of the effect the fair had had on the Nation as a whole, and feelingly reiterated that those connected with it most closely considered thay had striven hard for success and had attained it, as results, he affirmed, could not be measured by financial receipts alone. When the clock in the hio-h tower of the Virginia State Building o o o solemnly tolled, as a knell, the hour of midnight. President Tucker, leading the large assemblage, walked out upon the front portico, and facing the resplendent Raleigh Court, aglow with a mvriad of lights, stood bareheaded there while the music from a bugler sent the strains of taps upon the air, in a quiet, reverential manner he slowly turned down the lights, until all had been extinguished for the last time, and the Exposition of 1907 was left for the army of despoilers, yet, despite of all, to remain a most pleasing memory. 'j U 5 STATE BUILDING A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE HANDSOME EDIFICE WHICH WAS THE OFFICIAL HEADQUARTERS FOR THE EMPIRE STATE 189 New York State Buildin< THE Empire State souo-ht to o;ive to the Exposition the finest t)f the State buildings adorning the grounds, and this was the general opinion of the residt entertained by visitors from all over the country. It did not seek to excel all others through a l)oastful spirit, or a sense of rivalry; but this was accom])lished ])V carrving out the leading idea that New Yoi'k desired to show to Virginia and the South its willingness to do its best for the Ijcnefit of the enterprise conducted by a sister State. Other States did most nobly, erecting buildings of rare beauty, and the array met with approbation. The site was selected by ^lessrs. Dunn. ^lorrell and Soule of the Commission, when there was nothing to be seen, except upon paper, save a tract of wild pasture land, partly wooded, which well might be styled a wilderness, and the wisdom of their decision was demonstrated in the end. The building was given an imposing position, the most effective of all the sites on the stretch of water front, and stood first in the line of State buildings which extended eastward from the Government Pier and bordered the handsome, level Willoughlay avenue. The edifice stood upon a plateau commanding a superb view of the broad stretch of sea water, with sloping terraces to the broad board walk, which extended for miles in both directions, and an uninterrupted view of the surrounding l)each and shore line obtained. It came strono-lv into view of everv tourist by reason of this prominent position, and hardly a visitor to the grounds failed seeing it, whether they 191 192 New York at Jamestown proceeded further along the driveway mentioned on an inspection tour of the row of State IjuikUngs or merely passed from the exhi- bition palaces to the pier. In this manner it contributed considerably to the effectiveness of the general landscape scene. Aci'oss the boulevard to the west was a (rovernnient building whicli, by reason of its uiost wortliy exhibits of an educational charac- ter, attracted every visitor who was bent on "doing" the fair, and containing a fully equipped and demonstrative post-office in the wino^ nearest to the New York State Building, added activity to this vicinity. As has been precedent at expositions, the New York Building was universally recognized as a social center, where the chief social functions might l)e held, and where the Commission was almost continually entertaining for one reason or another, whether for the President of the United States, a Governor of one of the States of the Union, a pi'ince or an admiral of some foreign nation. The building was not so close to the water, where the waves dashed against a palisade in refreshing cadence during the heated term, but that it was possible to beautify the intervening land and make of it a most pleasing foreground and setting. There was a stretch of about one hundred feet, which skilled gardeners converted into a lawn, set in which, as well as ranged along the border of the piazza, were flower beds of brilliant cannae and beautiful foliage plants of a number of varieties. The Commission had appointed Mr. Clarence Luce of New York city its architect, based on the excellent results he had achieved in designing the ^Massachusetts Building for the Centennial at Phila- delphia in 187(5, the New York State Building for the St. Louis Exposition in 1904, and the brilliant Court of Honor at the Paris Exposition in 1900. The pai-ticular style of architecture adopted was Colonial of the early American ]x>riod, modified 1)y an Italian feelin<>-. The < .= -J - § I O £ ROTUNDA Artistic features of the Entrance HaJl New York State Building 197 building was flanked on the sides and ends by large pedimentai porticoes, and on front and rear six Roman Ionic columns, stately in proportions — on the sides l^y four, and terraced around the entire edifice. The entrance was imposing, yet almost severe in treatment. Upon the tympanum of the pediment appeared the arms of the State executed in bold relief. On high floated the State flag, the staff extending from a low dome, which marked the center of the building. Passing under the portico, one entered into a spacious, scjuare hall or receiving room, its dimensions the entire depth of the build- ing, and above the center a two-story rotunda gave a view of the dome. Placed in the center of the hall was a statue, heroic size, of a private soldier dressed in the regulation uniform of the State's militia, as worn in the Spanish- American War. It was entitled "The Ameri- can Vokmteer." The sculptor of this fine piece of modeling was Allen C. Newixian, and it never failed to receive flattering comment. This semi-official receiving room was li})erally supplied with rugs, and upon the several corner tables were newspapers, received each dav, from all over the State, wliich were free for public use by those who came to seek a little rest. An enormous volume for registration of guests was placed con- venientlv near the entrance, and corresponding in position was a desk with all conveniences at the disposal of visitors who desired to write letters. Lounging places made it a welcome resort for those coming from New York State, and although not limited by that restriction, every visitor was made to feel at home. There were several persons stationed here in charge of ^liss Jennie O'Connor, ever ready to aid the stranger in any manner. To the left was a commodious office for the secretary, ^Nlr. William H. Hamlin, and his associates, ^Messrs. Louis W. Gett and L. Dudley Field, provided with all manner of paraphernalia for the proper iqS New York at Jamestown conduct of official business. The west wing, beyond this office and the minor rooms for wraps and the hke, flanking the bisecting halhvay whicli conducted to it, was tlie jjarlor or reception room. Here flowers were ahvays found tastefufly arranged in the huge vases wliich stood on a number of mahogany tables scattered in vai'ious parts of the spacious room. The furniture had been chosen with exceUent taste by jMrs. Henry, and in the way of adornment, besides the cozy flrejikice at the further end and a piano at the other, a noticeable decorative featiu'e consisted of a set of the thirty-four engraved portraits of New York's Governors, being a complete sei'ics, framed with their autograph letters, ranging from Governor George Clinton of 1789, down to Governor Charles Evans Hughes, the incumbent at the time of the celebration. They were loaned by the Hon. John A. Dix, of Albany, N. Y., namesake of the celeorated war Governor of that name, who afterwards presented the entire lot to the Albany Institute. Corresponding with this room and located in the east wing, was the dining room or banquet hall. There the columns were perpetually decorated with festoons of southern flowering vines, and each of the numerous tables added its share of decoration by the vases heaped with magnificent bouquets, the sparkling glass cut with the State arms, and fair linen. The cuisine in charge of an experienced chef, Mr. Bayno of the metro]:)olis, was without exception the best upon the grounds, which accounts for the great numlier of State dinners given there by Expo- sition and various State executives, and by visitors from all over the United States. Here were feted the most prominent of the foreign guests at the Exposition, including Prince Wilhelm, of Sweden, and high officials of other governments in the l)ranches of army and navy, or connected with the embassies at Washington. Generals, governors, admirals and the like, might be found seated here at one tiine. Judges, prominent physicians, widely-known educators and o o a. 'J New York State Building" 201 men prominent in every walk of life freqnented tlie plaee. It was made exelnsive by the striet regulation that any erne wishing to dine there should ;'-Pl>ly first at the ofhce of the secretaiy for a card entitling one to the hos])italities of the building. The stairway left the hall at the rear, and by winding ascended to a balconv which surrounded the rotunda's base. From this vantage point one conld gaze down n])on the scene below. The second story was devoted to suites of twelve bed-chambers, with bath. The furnishings were liomelike in their appointment, and anvbodv favored by an invitation thoroughly enjoyed the honor of being a guest in this beautiful State building. Electric fans, maids and pages furnished conveniences, and best of all, the genial hostess, ^Irs. Nelson PI. Henry, was ideal in her social capacity, so that every State function was as properly carried out in every detail of appoint- ment and the proper social recjuirements as a banquet in the White House or an exclusive metropolitan home would be. Nothing but commendation was heard regarding the style of the Iniilding and its social conduct. These features made a lasting impression upon everv visitor to the Exposition. [- X y. UJ P & STATE EXHIBIT BROAD SCOPE AND THE RARE CONTENTS OF THE NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL EXHIBIT WHICH WAS AWARDED THE GOLD MEDAL FOR EXCELLENCE 205 New York State History Exhibit N EW YORK joined with otlier States in answering tlie appeal of the Exposition to l)e represented 1)y a specific dis])lav of historical objects, and in the way of making an exhiljit confined all eft'orts to that one pnr])ose. It was the intention of the Jamestown Exposition to make a display of this natnre which shonld he nniqne, making all other features there might be subordiante to this idea. The plan eventually met with success of the fullest measure. Xever before this had individuals yielded their most precious family treasure to be so far removed from home as they did on this occasion. State vied with State in the endeavor to place Ijefore the public the relics of three centuries, which best would tell the story of progress from the days of the sampler, the spinet, spinning-wheel and blunderbus, up to the days when none of these things was so much as known to use by the present generation. The nation's exhibit of history was ]:)robably the most successful of all the numerous features, judging by the answer nine persons out of ten, educated or illiterate and uncouth, would be likely to give. It was so greatly appreciated l)y those who had seen it that many a man of deep learning who cared but little for the varied attractions made the journey to Virginia especially to l)ehold it. Prominent men of the country, who could spare but little time from their labors, saw it to the exclusion of other more striking things. In fact, it was a wise move on the part of the management to devote an entire building, and that one of the largest on the grounds, to history. 207 2o8 New York at Jamestown Shaping the Scope President Roosevelt and others jironiinent in the Nation's cause, had molded thought in the direction of arousing the public who might become visitors to the Exposition, to consider the greatness of the present by facing the past, held up to view graphically through the media of the relics and souvenirs of great events or those things illustrative of customs of ancestral times. He had spoken pro- nouncedly on the hues of making the Exposition of 1907 different from the previous, whereat manufacturers had held chief sway, and in his ])ublic utterances kept pointing out what an educational factor in a new field it would surely be. Mr. Frederick J. F. Skiff, widely known as an exposition expert, was asked and furnished his oj^inion that the Board would do well to limit industrial exhibitors, seen commonly at ])revious national fairs, and develop the historical and educational lines. The direct shaping of the coui-se in the Exposition's Board may be traced to the period when Lieut. -Gov. J. Taylor Ellyson of Virginia, began to exert his influence through his increasing interest in affairs, April, 1906. lie then stamped his own individuality upon the work by reforming the main schedule of departments or bureaus, by writing into the list the new one — HISTORY. No building had, of course, been scheduled on the list which would house such a valuable collection as he had in mind, so that was (xovernor Ellyson's second undertaking in behalf of his par- ticular project. Progressive Promoting Mr. Harry St. George Tucker, of Richmond, as president of the Exposition, made a journey to Albany on ]Hu-pose to address New York's Legislature, and in announcing the scope of the proposed = u u 0) - < J ^' =■ < S^ "" (U -0 (- 2 ^ r. 1 r- '■ ° i;l CO — ^ ^ . c 1 2 Z "- aj ? CL ^ c c ? c 5 S I!" :: ra "o ^ r a a ^ E ./, ° ra ^ u ^ 2 ■^ ^ r c ~ Z) ^5 « *^ to -u - 1 " 0) ?< >■ I/) "O " (1) fO ^ o S fe !5 3i -" -c-J c ''^ E ~ O (0 New York State History Exhibit 21 not, it was high time to begin A\ork and that the credit of the State would seriously suffer by delay because of technicality. With the Exposition scheduled to open its gates on April 26th, one month after the appointment of the Director of the History Exhibit, there was need to liasten the work if the State were to be represented l)y the formation of a complete historical museum, con- sistently composed. The uncertainty about the Exposition Company completing its History Building acted as another serious handicap, for the Director receiyed widely differing reports from time to time, either urging him to hasten his work, or putting forth the idea that the collection might never be required, as affairs on the grounds were in a terribly chaotic condition in INIay and June. Sometimes these reports were to the effect that the building was to be ready on a certain date, when it turned out that it was based on the expectation of what the workmen might but did not come near accomplishing. This state of affairs impeded the work, for w*hen early in June one begins to expect a telegram before night, giving orders to move out the exhibit immediately, it places almost a complete stop to plans for making toru's for more articles as each new lot from another city meant considerable detail work in issuance of certificate, increasing the insurance policy by a fresh enumera- tion, more labels and further packing. Collecting Commenced During April, ]May and June hundreds of letters were written requesting loans, and trips were made to various cities, such as to New York and Brooklyn, Newburgh, Hudson, Troy, Schenectady, Saratoga. Amsterdam, Johnstown and to Schuylerville, the scene of the far-famed battleground of Bemis Heights. At the latter place an entire day was devoted to a drive of no less than thirty miles on a tour of discovery to learn what the people retained in their farm- 2i6 New York at Jamestown houses as souvenirs of the great conflict in September and October, 1777, against the Enghsh army of General Burgoyne marching down from Canada. The result A\'as more or less successful; but it was evident that the people had parted long before with a great part of their most valuable Revolutionary relics. A day was spent at Johnstown, the Director driving some miles into the coimtry to apply at the old fortified Johnson Ilall built by Sir William Johnson in 1701. Although courteously treated and his scrutiny of every inch of cellar and attic facilitated, there was an unfortunate dearth of material. Laying out the work as one wovdd like to have the exhibit appear, forming j^ractically a visual synopsis of New Yoi'k's history, is one thing but quite ditt'erent from carrying it out in detail. It was the original intent to Ijorrow original, old oil paintings of famous New York men to decorate the walls of the exhibit space, characters to be noted in reading the simplest story of New York — Washington, Jay, Hamilton, Schuyler, Stuyvesant, Hudson, Fulton and a dozen others. Special efl'ort was made to accomplish this; but became so serious an imdertaking that it engrossed time without yielding results. It "was a distinct feature which a special committee might have pursued. Gilbert Stuart's Washington, owned by ^lorris K. Jesup, Esq., of New York City was shown to the Director and personally offered by him as a loan; but when the delayed time came for installing the State's exhibit, the owner, having closed his city house and oone to Lenox, asked to be excused. L^he suddenness of this turn in events was graciously smoothed over by the Hon. Andrew Hamilton, who loaned his oil ])ortrait of Wasliington painted l)v Rem))randt Peale. The portrait of Stuyvesant hanging in the New York Historical Building was only a loan, and according to rules could not be ]>er- mitted to leave the building. The New York Chamber of CoTumerce did not sanction the loan of its valuable, large portrait of Alexander PATROON KILIAEN \AN REi\5SE:LAER He bought from the Indians his Important tract that Included the site of Albany, N. Y., on Jul^' 27, 1630 From oil pcirtrait o\^'ned by Howard Van Rensselaer, M. D., Albany- New York State History Exhibit 219 Hamilton, paintt d hy Trumbull, nor would the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn, next appealed to, loan theirs. The Municipal Art Commis- sion in the City Hall, despite much kindness on the part of Mayor INIcClellan in escorting- the Director on a tour of that building- to see what of interest might be loaned, refused at its meeting to consider the appeal of the State for the painting supposedly a likeness of Columbus, and it may be said that in so doing they safeguarded the interests of the city for which they acted as custodians. Handicapped by Hardships There are a few pertinent reasons why the sending of an exhibit from this State was placed at a disadvantage which had to be over- come by the unusually laborious work of the Director, among them these: His appointment one month before the opening was dated subsequent to those of every other State, some of whom antedated him in the work by more than a year; other States, as a rule, accom- plished their work by committees, as was notably the case in the formation of the magnificent ^Massachusetts collection, which was the result of more than a score of active persons, working also through organized societies; a third difficultv was the way his efforts were thwarted 1)V the various historical societies in the State formally resolving, when approached, to loan nothing. This was, however, a consistent course, for a society of this description exercises a custodianship over loaned articles and pos- sesses no prerogative, such as belongs to an owner, and what has been given might be considered a gift to be safeguarded even more sacredly than a loan. As historical institutions had for years been acquiring the best material of the very nature the State desired for its exhibit, it was out of the question to illustrate, as one with a free hand would, the best or salient features of the more important historical events. 220 New York at Jamestown It can be reported tliat after strong appeals had been made to a dozen historical organizations in as many cities of New \ork State, there was Init one organization which consented to loan anything. That being the case, this exception merits pul)hc mention, and sincere thanks are dne to the Johnstown Historical Society, of Johnstown, N. Y., occupying as liead([uarters the mansion of Sir William Johnson, which the State recently accpiired by pni'chase. Evidently this society is awake to what the State has done, and that it is ap])reciative speaks well for it as a society. Shipments Started The Board of (governors did not instruct the Governor of Works to advertise for bids for the constrnction of a History Bnilding until July 17, 1906. It required just one year to the day in building, and on Jidy 17, 1907, receiving a telegraphic communication from Secretary Hamlin, who was on the ground. President Dunn ordered the Director of History to commence shipping the New York exhibit. Accordingly receiving this direction on July 18th, he notified the express company that day to send for the l)oxes, and the first ship- ment left Albany on the afternoon of the 19th. By the terms of the transporting company, the American Express, dealing with Wells-Fargo and the Adams in New York, it was impossible to forwaixl at one time, as a single day's receipts, articles valued at more than $5,000 in a lot. With a valuation on the entii-e exhibit closely figured at $40,000, it will l)e seen that shipments had to follow one another, covering a ])erio(l of more tliair a week. The hrst, made on July 19th, rc([uirc'; a prominent pamphleteer in the agitation precedina the Revolution; Captain in Continental Army. 1776; on Washington's staff. 1777-81; distinguished service at Yorktown. 17SI ; member Continental Congress. 1782-3; Constitutional Convention, 1787; Commander-in-Chief, 1789. .Mortall>' wounded in duel at \\ ee- hawken. N. J.. July I I . I 804. Born on Ne\'is Is.. W. I.. Jan. 11.1 757 ; died at New "lork, July 12, 18C4. From painting by John Trumbull. New York State History Exhibit 227 There was throughout the day a guard stationed at aU doors of the buikhng, and one or more were constantly on patrol among the visitors. These were (h"n\'n from the Powhatan Guard or Expo- sition constabuhiry, who wore a gray uniform, high helmet, and car- ried clubs. A detective service was also in operation, and this building never without one. Every one, from the highest to lowest in employ, was under surveillance. Not only were umbrellas, l^oxes and satchels required to be checked at the entrance, but even those connected with department exhibits, though they might Ije ofhcials. were required to open and expose to view any package they might desire to carry out. To remove a box containing any part of an exhibit for any reason, it was necessary to ol^tain an official order from Governor Ellyson or Dr. Chandler. To the credit of this excellent management be it said that not so much as the most trivial article was lost or stolen from the exhibit of a single State, and yet they numljered high into the thousands with each piece of considerable value. System of Arrangement Nineteen polished oak, flat exhibition cases, with locks, were borrowed from the State Museum supply, and seven high wall cases on skeleton legs were manufactured purposely Ijy Annesley & Co., to range along the wall back of seven of the others. This made a total of twenty-six cases to hold curios, besides what space the three walls, portions of the floor and columns provided. The area allowed to New York was as extensive as the greatest allowance apportioned to two other States. Yirginia and Pennsyb^ania, and from two to three times as large again as the provision for States requiring a single section. It had a frontage of 4^^ feet, and the sides were 21 feet long. A height of twelve feet upon the walls was the 228 New York at Jamestown limitation set. The wall was covered with fireproof green burlap, hung against brick, and the only oljjection to this was that pictures and articles had to be suspended where transverse wires ran. New York's objects were arranged in divisions corresponding with great })eriods of its history — illustrative of the Indian, the Dutch and English Colonial periods. Because of the limited space, it was not the intention to show articles of later date than the American Revolution, and then to cover the field !)y the best ty])es alone. Yevy ])roperly, over the cases containing the rare Indian display, hung the oil portraits of John and Josej)h Brant, Indian chiefs of distinction in New York Province about 1750. Above the Dutch curiosities were the old oil paintings, one of them still a century earlier than the ones mentioned — of Patroon Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, Lord of the ^lanor of Rensselaerswyck (the site of Albany), loaned by Dr. Howard Van Rensselaer of Albany; and the other of Christina Ten Broeck, the "Knickerbocker (Jirl," who became the wife of Philip Livingston, the New York "Signer" of the Declaration, paintetl in 17"2(), and loaned )jy Miss Katharine Van Rensselaer of Rensselaer, N. Y. The central section was accorded to the Revolutionary period, because of its great interest and as it held more cases on account of the extra number of articles to exhibit. Here the oil portrait of Washington by Rembrandt Peale, loaned l>y lion. .Vndrew Hamilton of Albany, was hung in the center, and ])ort]-aits of General Philip Schuyler and Alexander Hamilton, loaned ])y ]\[iss (Jeorgina Schuyler of New York city, at either side, this close relationship of three paintings very pro]ierly because of their intimacv in life. These three ]>ictures were as markers, to typify to strangei's the class of Revolutionary relics to be expected in the cases beneath — Schuyler, those from the territory embraced l)etween his home in Albany and Bcmis Heights; Washington, at Newl)urgh and river forts, and Hamilton standing for New York city. CHAIN ACROSS HUDSON The "Great Chain" was cast at the Stirling Iron Works of Peter Townsend In Orange county, 1.700 feet long, each link of 2' = -lnch Iron bar, 30 Inches long, stretched upon a boom from West Point to Constitution Is. with the object of pre- venting ascent of British war vessels up the Hudson. Placing It In position began April I 6th and on /^ prll 30, 1778, It was secured at the two ends. New York State History Exhibit 231 About the upj^er edge of the side walls was a row of hirge Hke- nesses, framed engravings of the men who had contributed to New York's early greatness or identified with its progress, viz. : Henry Hudson, Pieter Stuyvesant, Sir William Johnson, George Clinton, Philip Livingston, John Jay, Gouverneiu- Morris, Gen. Peter Ganse- voort. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, Robert Fulton, De Witt Clinton, Prof. Joseph Henry and Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. Contents of Cases Among the Indian curios, the rarest among forty-seven objects in that division was the wampum belt loaned by Hon. John Boyd Thacher. It was made by the Iroquois as a Nation to commemorate sight of the first palefaces, in 1.5'-24, when Yerrazano sailed from France and coasting along the American shore, entered New York Bay. This wampum belt is doubtless the oldest thing of its kind in existence. Another belt, also loaned by him, recorded in Indian method the excursion of Champlain into the Iroquois country in 1609. Mr. Thacher's Hiawatha W^ampum Belt likewise attracted interest, for its design signifies the union of the five tribes, jNIohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Senecas, through the heart of the Onondagas, into the Iroquois Nation. There was exhibited an ancient chief's crown of beaten silver, pierced in fanciful design, grotesque masks, and bona fide tomahawks, war clubs and articles of clothing, a handsome speci- men of each class selected as being the best in the State Museum, for which kindness the exhibit was indebted to Director John ^NI. Clarke. The most valuable division of the exhibit was the General Wash- ington collection contained in two cases, for which the State had paid $^20,000 some years ago. The watch-fob and seal he carried, no doubt in its day applied to many a most important letter and document affecting the Nation's existence. A great many of his sur- 232 New York at Jamestown veying instruments, tri])ods, chains, compass and a small survey, were there. Of special interest to everybody was the pistol pre- sented to the President by his intimate friend, General Lafayette, and the sword, never unsheathed since the Father of His Country died, it is said, which was a gift fr(nn Frederick the Great, as coming "From the oldest soldier in the world to the greatest." The State Board of llegents, through the personal kindness and intervention of Commissioner of Education Andrew S. Draper, contracted for this loan, and it was conditionally upon the Commission undertaking all expense connected with suj^plying two custodians, selected by the Commissioner of Education. Mr. Hugh J. Kelley ^Aas appointed one of these, serving most satisfactorily throughout the season, and his companion was detailed at intervals of two weeks. There was an extensive collection of Colonial pewter, embracing fully two dozen artistically designed pieces, the property of Mr. Gardner C. Leonard of Albany. There was a painted Dutch prayer- bench of 170^2 and a crude sort of cradle, said to be the oldest in the State, both loaned l)y Geo. Douglas ^Miller, Esq., and allied with this in the Dutch exhiljit w;is an enormous iron fire-place back removed from the Schuyler Flatts, and shown because of the peculiar pattern of design cast in its back, apparently an odd form of the English arms. Making a lasting impression upon every one who saw it was one of the enormous iron links, weighing al)out eighty-five pounds, from the "Great Chain," which was cast at the Stirling Iron Works of the Townsend family and was buoyed across the Hudson from West Point to Constitution Island to pi-event the British from sendino- their fleet further north in Revolutionaiy times. PENNY POSTMAN What was styled a physlo^notrace (sllhouettei was popular In the century before photography. Penny Postman \Vm. B. Wlnne was one of the first to carry city mall, 1795 to 1832, when It had been brought to Albany by stage-coach, and the original print Is preserved In the Posl-Offlce there. This was half a century before stamps were In use. New York State History Exhibit Some Rare Curios A quilt composed of squares worked l^y wives of mem})ers of the Colonial Congress, when in Philadelphia, and its central piece worked In- no less a character than INIartha Washino-ton, was an oljject loaned by INIr. John INIack, and he also sent a fine specimen of her embroidery in silk, which hung in an old-fashioned gilt frame, and the first flag taken by the Americans in the War with Spain. Dr. William J. Milne loaned the manuscript in the hand of Edward Everett of the first opening oration ever delivered before a normal school. The contract for the first rails to be laid in crossing New York State was interesting, as were old samplers and silhouettes. In the way of manuscripts there was a set of thirty-six letters of the members of the Colonial Congress and twentv-nine of the New York Colonial Governors, beginning with Wouter van Twiller in 1633. These were spread with their protraits in the six cases standing in the center of the room, loans by Hon. J. B. Thacher. Trinitv Church charter granted in 1696 by King William III, an authorized loan by Edwin H. Anderson, Director of the State Library, was on view; the challenge of "La Guerriere " issued in defiance to the "Constitution," was loaned by ]\Ir. G. D. Miller, and most pertinent documents and letters written by Queen Elizabeth, Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Bur- leigh, Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins. The rare Van INIeteren's history of 1610 with the first pul^lished account of Henry Hudson's discovery of the river and the 16'-24 edition of Capt. John Smith's Journal, opened to display the first printed mention of Poca- hontas, were valuable loans from Mr. Thacher's personal storehouse of rare antiquities. Space limitations allowed an exhibition of twelve maps only; but these were well chosen consequently and proved instructive to the more studious among the visitors, for they helped to tell the general story. Two of them were in relief, and of the Revolutionary period. 236 New York at Jamestown There were two large revolving picture standards secured to the two central columns of the front. They held pictures of about one hundred historic buildings and scenes, arranged alphabetically to cover the entire State. On the walls were exactly two hundred framed pictures of colonial mansions, forts, battlefields and the like, twenty were of Revolutionary officers and thirteen of the Colonial Governors of New York. Catalogue August 15th to Septemljer 1st was devoted to making and affixing abels. It was announced then by the officials that each State was expected to pre])are copy for a general catalogue to be issued by the Exposition printer. The Director withdrew from the scene of the exhibit so as to be in touch with historical reference work and allotted two weeks to the preparation of an illustrated booklet of thirty-two pages of text and presenting fifty full-page pictures. As a fact, only one other catalogue for the History Building was issued by any of the many States represented — ^rassachusetts — and that had been prepared for the same exhibit when shown in Boston and at the INIetro- politan Musemn in Ne^v York city. The project of a catalogue for the entire building was abandoned. Requests were received for co])ies of the New York catalogue from cities as far distant as along the Pacific coast. Ten thousand co])ies were printed and a free dis- tribution made to be in accord with privileges of concessionaires. Certificates The Dii-ector devised a form of receij^t card, printed in couples, but not worded the same; the first of which he siffued and o-ave to every person sending an exhibit as a memorandum and receipt for each loan. When it was insisted that an insurance valuation be stated, such fact was written upon the back. Q UJ o (J < z < u uJ ^ s £ O New York State History Exhibit 239 When the article loaned had retnrned from the Exposition, the Director recjuired each person to sign the second card, which, acting as a release, was retained by the Commission, and the entire set now on hand prevents any complaint being filed against the State. The cards were: No ^^ . Q flM^ rdffjja /fl^LCfCl^ , the undersigned, has received Ota**i4M^*^ &ttt, " HXiuviCfHji, loaned to the New York State Commission for its exhibit at Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition held at Norfolk. Y" Sign and Return to Cuyler Reynolds, Director, Albany, N. Y. No. 00 Received on the date OMoMij , i]AXM£y J S', I 'J 0^, from //rw- ^cUm ficrudT^iaj^^M^, of /\jo.>S^ ySo^ H.■ a: O t- X PJ < (- O CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITION AN EXPLANATORY LIST OF ARTICLES, REPLETE WITH CHRONOLOGICAL MATERIAL THAT WILL GUIDE THE VISITOR AND FURNISH A USEFUL REFERENCE TO THE STUDENT OF AMERICAN HISTORY 247 Catalogue of Exhibition THE Past of a locality, presented in a history, acts as an incen- tive to the Present and determines the Future. It shows what has Ijeen done by heroic characters, oi- I'ather, Axhat oTcat things were accomplished l)_y those, possibly simple-liying folk, who did their full duty, and the people of the present age. imbued with the spirit of progress inyariably desire to surpass the efforts of those who went before. It is the spirit of the times. — Surpa.'^s, — Excelsior/ The fact that one strives for a new I'ecord or for something better than has been, takes it for granted that to excel orie must surpass what has been achieved, and the stoiy that tells of this. — is History. The Historical Exhibit is but another form of ]>resenting a history, and a striking way. It carries one aUmg in chajjters of progress, feature l)y feature, as one witnesses relic after relic, until it is the most ])rosaic individual who does not involuntarily summon to view stirring scenes of the Ijygones. Not every one cares for the book that is historical; but whc is not drawn l)y what is cjuaintly curious, the inconceivably odd methods employed by forefathers, or the rust-rough relic that silently shows how our strong men made or our sires saved the Nation for us. Thus the Exhibit Historical covers a broad held, and where ten thousand copies of a ]:)opular history might he read, a low compu- tation would be tenfold that number of sightseers reading the visual history, and it is not to be gainsaid that the ])erson who studies history by visiting the scene or scrvitinizing an exhil)it is certain to acquire more information and, better still, to remember more of it. 249 250 New York at Jamestown To the liistory of New York, likewise to its exhibit, the average person is attracted since for three centui-ies the eyes of the worki have been directed there. No sooner had early voyagers keeled its shore and clumsy cruising craft cast anchor in one of the finest shelter- ing har])ors along the coast, that formed by the mouth of the beautiful Hudson River, than they retui'ned to map the ne^^' land and to impress upon those in the Old World the I'ichness of New Netherland and the delightful quality of its climate, equably disposed l)etween the langour of the south and the short agricultural summei's of the north. Hence New Amsterdam and colonies along the Hudson to Fort Orange l)ecame at once the most im])ortant places on the New World ma]), and later on. when in Revolutionary times it became necessaiy to defend this lantl, about New York State scenes we hnd pages of history that cannot be omitted without losing practically half of the wonderoiis story about America. In history New York has ever stood at the forefront. CUYIvER REYNOLDS, Director. Aluaxy, .Liu/u-'it 14, ]!)()7. Historical Relics (Ciu'ios in Cases.) A. A-1. Sir Willia.af Jomnsox Poplak. Piece of huo-e tree (7 ft. diam.) in li)07 standing (amid the ti-ees he set out in 170'-2) before the residence known as Johnson Hall, Johnstown, N. Y.; estate l)ought by the State for pi'eservation. He led the Indian forces to Lake (Jeorge in 17.55 to i'e])ulse advance of the Fi'ench from Canada vmder Baron Dieskau. Owned by Cuyler Reynolds, An)any. A-'2. Spikk. Hand-forged example taken from residence of Sir Wm. Johnson. Owned by Johnstown Historical Society. DE WITT CLINTON The prolecTor of the firle Canal, who b^' his untiring efforts sa\^- it opened from Lake Erie to the Hudson Ri\er on No\'ember 2. 1825. Go\"ernor. 1S17-23 and 1825-S; Mayor of New 'lork. 1S(I5 ()7, 1S09-I0. 181 1-15. Born at Little Britain. \. V.. March 2, 1769; died at .Albani' Feb. II. 1828. From the paintinj b\- Charles C. Intham Catalogue of Exhibition 253 A-;;. Clothks-peg. These wooden, hand-cut pkigs line the ch)sets of Sir Wni. Johnson's residence. Owned hy Johnstown His- torical Society. A-4. KxiFE-BOX. It was huno- upon the wall of the "John- son Hall" dining'-room and used l)y Sir Wni. Johnson. Owned hy Johnstown Historical Society. A-.5. Eatixg-kxifk. Its end was l)roadened to enable the user to carry food to the mouth, (^wned by Johnstown Historical Society. A-G. Adze. Hand-wrought specimen, used for hewing house timbers in Colonial days; found on "Johnson Hall" property. Owned by Johnstown Historical Society. A-7. Po-\VDER-iiORX. F]-om "JoluLson Hall." Owned by Johnstown Historical Society. A-S. Horse-shoe. Colonial specimen; hand-made. Owned by Johnstown Historical Society. A-9. Horse-siioe. Colonial specimen; hand-made. Owned by The Albany Institute. A-10. Bell. From the 176'2 residence of Sir William Johnson. Owned l)y Johnstown Historical Society. A-11. Triple Pictere. Curiosity showing behind glass. bound in broad marble frame, a castle. l)i'idge and fishei'men, one interposed behind the other on distinct planes; fashionable in homes of the rich a century ago. Owned by Miss Katharine Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer, X. Y. B. B-1. Skell axd Box'es. Parts of an Indian's skeleton exhumed on June "24. 190'-2, close to the naonument marker erected at the "North (iate" of the old stockaded city of Schenectady, com- memorating the massacre, pillaging and burning of the place by the French and Indians from Canada, under Sieur Le ^Nfovne de Sainte 254 New York at Jamestown Ileleiie at 11 p. m. on the bitterly cold night of Feb. 8, 169U, when the entire settlement of 80 houses was burned and about 3UU souls per- ished by the tomahawk. Owned by Cuyler Reynolds, Albany. B-'i. Wampum B]:lt. This is doubtlessly the rarest Indian wam])um belt in the world; made by the Iroquois to commemorate the sight of the first palefaces, in 15'24, when Verrazano sailed from France and coasted northward along ^Vmerican sea-line luitil he entered New York Bay. Ownetl by Hon. John Boyd Thaclier, Albany. B-3. Wampum Belt. ^V unique Indian record of the year 1G09, commemorating the excursion of Samuel Champlain, the explorer, into the country of the Iroquois, northern New York; the lake there named in his honor. Owned by Hon. John Boyd Thaclier, Albany. C. C-1. Hiawatha Wa:mpt'm Belt. This Indian record in shell beads, as a document, bears the same relation to the American aborigine that the "Constitution" bears to the thirteen original States of tliis nation. It is believed to have been made in pre-Columbian times to commemorate the union of the hve tribes, viz., ^Mohawks Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and the Senecas into the Iroquois Nation. This item is unicpie in the entire History Exhibit of the Exposition. Owned by Hon. John Boyd Thaclier, Albany. ('-2. Hiaavatiia's Portrait. Concej)tion in colors. Owned }>y N. Y. State. C-3. Crown. It is of silver, made by the Indians of New York State, such as each chief of a nation wore, consequently uncommon. Owned by N. Y. State Museum. C-4. Disc of Silver. Specimen A\ith ]>unctured triangular designs, used by Indians of New York, as breast ornament and made ))y them. Owned by N. Y. State ^Museum. GEORGE CLINTON First Governor of New York, servln;'; 1777 95, 1801-04; was most actlx'e as a General In the Revolution, and Vice-President 1805-12. Born at Little Britain, N. Y., July 26, 1739; died at Washington, D, C., April 20. 1812. From the painting by Ezra Ames. Catalogue of Exhibition 257 C-5. Disc of Silver. Specimen with punctured heart designs, made years ago by Indians of N. Y. State. Owned by N. Y. State ^NLuseum. 1). D-1. CoRX-HUSK Dish and Basket. Seneca Nation. N. Y. State [Museum. D-2. Sxow-BOAT, Da-ya-xo-ta-yex-da-qua. Iroquois. N. Y. State Museum. D-3. War Club. Found by Mr. S])ears at Herkimer, N. Y., after the Indian raid of 179t. Iroquois. N. Y. State Museum. D-4. War Club, Ga-xe-u-gd-o-gus-iia. Seneca. N. Y. State Museum. D-.5. Pop-coRX Seive, Yux-DEs-o-yox-»A-GWAT-iiA. Iroquois. N. Y. State [Museum. D-6. Flute. Used in tlie Corn Dance and Eagle Ceremony. Iroquois. X. Y. State [Museum. D-7. [MoccASixs. Beaded pair. Seneca. N. Y. State Museum. D-8. Belt. Beaded desio;n. Seneca. N. Y. State [Museum. E. E-1. Fax'. Heron feather; used in Eagle Ceremony. Seneca. State Museum. E-2. Meal-sifter. Specimen work of [\[ary Jamison. Pre- sented to X. Y. State [Museum by [Mrs. Harriet [Maxwell Converse. E-3. Bow, SiiEATii, Quiver axd Arrows. Ancient one, in actual use. Presented to N. Y. State [Museum Iw Mrs. Harriet [Max- well Converse. E-4. Fax. Heron feather. Seneca. X". Y. State [Museum. E-5. FiRE-BOW AXD SPIXDLE. Rare. X". Y. State [Museum. 25N New York at Jamestown F. F-1. BiBLK OF (iKX. PjiiLir SoHUYLER OF Albany; printed in Dutch at Auisterchi)ii, in 1719, in which his father. Mayor of Alhany, likewise he, and descendants made entries, showing at top of ])age (exj)osed) the entry of liis marriage witli Catharina A^m Renssehier, Se])t. 7, 175.5. Owned Ijy Dr. Howard Van Renssehier. Alhany. F-2. Battle-axk or to:\iaiiawk. From Bemis Heights Bat- tle, used in Burgoync's army. Owned by Elmer De Ciarmore, Schuylerville. F-.'3. Brick. Colonial make, Fort Hardy, Schuylerville; demol- ished before 1777. Owned by George Johnson, Schuylerville. F-4. Brick. Colonial make; used in the original Schuyler- ville homestead of (ien. Philip Schuyler; burned by (xen. Burgoyne, Oct. 10, 1777. Owned l)y Col. Joseph J. Perkins, Schuylerville. F-5. Lock and its large Key. Removed froTu the ^larshall House at Old Saratoga (Schuylerville) where Burgoync's officers and I\[me. Riedesel were quartered, Octobei', 1777, week of the surrender. Owned by ]Mrs. J. M. Sample, Schuylerville. F-6. Knocker. Idiis old brass dooi" j)iece was in use upon the [Marshall House door when Burgoyne and his officers dined there and the Americans from across the Hudson River shot the leg of mutton from o(f his taL>le. Thereupon he held a council and it was deemed expedient to surrender. Owned Ijy James Burton, Schuyler\ille. F-7. Cante]:n. This wooden canteen of American armv was used in the Battle of Saratoga, Sept. 19, 1777. Owned by Chas. ]\rcNaugliton, Schuylerville. F-8. Rifle-Bai.es. These had lain in the ground a century when ])loughed up on Saratoga l:)attleiield. Owned by C. H. Bul- lai'd, Schuylerville. F-9. Adze. This hand-wrought implement bearing British DUKE OF YOkK AND ALBANY A Royal Cliarter for the land comprising; the State of New '^'ork (and more' was ^iven to James, Duke of "^'ork and Albany-, b>' his elder brother. King Charles II of England, signed March 12, 1664, although it was then New Netherland and under Dutch control. Dlr.-Gen. Peter 5tuyvesant was f<-.>rced to capitulate to the British on Sept. 8, 1664. whereupon, in his honor, the tract became known as New York and Beverswyck or Fort Orange as Albany'. Catalogue of Exhibition 261 mark of make left on the helil at Saratoga when the army of Bur- goyne laid down arms, ()et(jher 17, 1777. Owned by Charles II. BuUard, Schuylerville. F-10. Button. Hand-made specimen found on the Schuyler homestead farm. Owned by C. H. Bullard, Schuylerville. F-11. Canteen. Very old metal sjiecimen fi-om ancient Fort Hardy; British make. Owned by C. II. Bullard, Schuylerville. F-l"2. Bayonet and Scabbard. These were found on Sara- toga battlefield after the Revolution. Owned by Elmer De Garmore, Schuylerville. (See also Case V.) G. G-1. Washington's Co:\ipass and Level. It was used by him as a surveyor when a young man; D. Rittenhouse, Phila- delphia, maker. It descended to his nephew, Col. AVilliam A. Wash- ington; to his son, (ieorge Washington, who gave it on February 10, ISo-t, to his son, Lewis W. Washington. Purchased, with similar relics, for $20,000, by the X. Y. State Legislature and de])Osited in the custody of the Regents of University of State of New York, and exhibited to the public in the State Library at the Capitol, Albany. G-2. Cover to Washington's Compass. G-3. Washington's Watch Fob. Each seal engraved with his initials, as is also the main part. G-4. Washington's Protracting Ix^struments. G-5. Washington's Surveying Instruments. G-6. Washington's Surveying Instruments. G-7. Washington's ]Marking Pins; six, of wood, used by him in surveys. G-8. Washington's Surveying Chain. G-9. Washington's Surveying Instrument. >62 . New York at Jamestown G-IU. Washington's Survkying Chain. This is the one he first used when a youth. G-11. Washington's Surveying Instru:\ient. G-12. Embroidery. Silk specimen, showing tlie skiHed needle- work of the first President's wife. Owned hy John Mack, Albany. (See also Case W.) 11. II-l. Trinity Church Charter. This is the charter granted in 1090 by King William III. to this widely-known (Episcopal) church, built on the farm of .Vniieke Jans, west side of Broadway at the head of Wall street. New York City, which real estate, now worth millions, was sought to be divided by innumerable descendants. Owned l)y New York State. II-'^. Tetter oe Marqiis I)e Tafayette to an Amsterdam Lady, announcing burial in Louisiana of his son-in-law, who married his daughter, Virginia, and deploring the custom which denied attendance of relative at funeral. Owned by INIrs. Josephine L. To])ping, Amsterdam. H-.S. Van Metteren's History. This ancient Dutch book gives the first publislied account of Henry Hudson's discovery of the I'iver 1)earing his name, and was printed at Antwerp in 1010, the year following. This is the only copy of this edition known to biljliophiles. It also mentions the Virginia colony and Jamestown. Owned bv Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany. II-4. Capt. John Smith's Joiu^nal. This account of the })rave Captain's adventni-e at Jamestown in 1007 is as exciting as any exploit in history. It is the first mention of the Indian maiden, Pocahontas, daughter of the Indian Chief Powhatan, in anv history, and was printed in 10''24. The joiu-nals of 1008 and lOL^ omit this incident that has been made a feature in American history, ROBERT FULTON Originally an artist, studylnji at London under Benj. West, he abandoned painting In 1793, and devoting himself to engineering, evolved the " Clermont," forerunner of steamboats, which made a successful trip from New York to Albany on Aug. 19, 1807. Born at Little Britain, Pa., 1765; died at New York. Feb. 24. 1815. From a painting by Chappel. Cat.ilogue of Exhibition 265 of song and drama. The account of licr saving Smith's hfe appears on p. 49, and a Hst of the hrst settlei's of \'irginia on ]>. 4.'3. Owned by Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany. I. I-l. Quilt. It was made in sections or squares f)y tlie wives of ^lembers of the (.'olonial Congress to lielp tliem pass tlie hours while their husl)an(ls were deciding the Nation's destinv, each wife making one section, and finally joining them together about a central one made by INIartha Washino-ton. Owned bv John Mack. Albanv. J. J-1. Indian Deed, for an island in the Hudson River near Schodack. N. Y., to Jeremiah Xnn Rensselaer, Lord (jf the ^Nlanor of Rensselaerswyck, and signed with the mark of a horse; dated Sept. 7, 17'-27. Owned by William Bayard Van Rensselaer, Albany. J-"2. Indian Deed, for land in Albany county, near Bethlehem, along the great kill "so far into the country as may be thought neces- sary;" given to Jan Baptit Van Rensselaer, Director of the Colony of Rensselaerswyck, on account of the Patroon and other Directors; signed with marks of two Indians, on Sept. 12, 1(552. Owned by Wm. B. Van Rensselaer, Albanv. J-.3. Candle Snuffers. These were found in a secluded room in Fort Crailo, the fortihed house in the rear garden of which "Yankee Doodle" was written in 17.58, at Greenbush (now Rens- selaer), N. Y. Owned by John E. Boos. Albany. J-4. Silhouette, or Physiogxotrace, of Penny Postman William Winne. who carried letters at Albany in 179.5, when they were brought there by stage-coach. Owned by the All)any Post-office. J-.5. Pexaviper. Colonial pattern in common use some gen- i66 New York at Jamestown erations ago, representing Washington. Owned by Mrs. H. L. Churchill, Schenectady. J-6. Wax Medallion. Peculiar old-fashioned likeness made from life, of Volckert Petrus Douw, Mayor of Albany, 1761-1770. Owned by J. Townsend Lansing, Alliany. K-1. ]Mai> of 1014, known generally as the "Carte Figura- tive," illuminated fac-simile of the one discovered in The Hague archives by J. Romeyn Prodheacl of New York State, on June "^G, 1841. On this early map, made five years after the discovery by Hudson, one notices Long Island, Manhates Ls. (INEanliattan. or New York City) the Riviere vanden vorst ^Fauritius (Prince of Orange) later known as the Hudson River and before 1614 as the Grande; also is indic;ited fort van Nassaureen, later Fort Orange and "The Fort at Albany." The maji was annexed to the memorial })resented by Directors of New Netherlands to the States-General of Holland with the petition of Aug. IS, 1616. It is the earliest New York State map known. Owned by N. Y. State Librarv. K-'^. CiiALLENGK i)v THE WvR OF 1SL2, tile Auiericaus vs. British. The Ameiican vessel, "John Adams," having l)een cap- tured by the British, the commander of the hitter's vessel wrote upon the Adams' manifest an insulting invitation to "come outside the hook for a tete-a-tete," which he delivered to the commander of the American "Constitution," who accepted it, and forthwith coming out for the "tete-a-tete" captured the British frigate" La Guerriere. " This challenge is framed in wood taken from the victorious warship. Owned l)y (ieo. Douglas ^liller, Albany. GENERAL PETER GAN5E\'OORT He ■was a prominent Re\olutionarv- General, and successfully.^ defended Fort Stanv.-ix (site of Rome, N. \\ against the British under St. Leger, through the three weeks' siege ending Aug. 22, 1777, for which he recel\'ed the thanks of Congress. Born at Albany-, July 17, 1749; died Jul^- 2, 1812. From the original painting b>- Gilbert Stuart. Catalogue of Exhibition 269 L. L-1. Pewter. A collection of twentv-five pieces selected from ten times that number to show artistic patterns and shapes of Colonial period. Owned by Gardner C. Leonard, Albany. ]M-1. First American Stea.m Passexger Train's Engineer's Portrait, signed by him, "David [Matthew, August 9," (18;31), of the Mohawk & Hudson line between Albany and Schenectady, framed with list of passengers and some statistical data regarding train and DeWitt Clinton engine. Owned by X. Y. State Library. M--2. Contract in Mane'script for the First Rails to BE Laid Across the State of Xew York, extending the ^Nlohawk & Hudson route under a new corporation from Schenectady to Utica, signed by Erastus Corning, who l)ecame the first president of the consolidated lines forming N^. Y. Central road, about 1S.50. The rails were made in England and very light affairs. Owned by the Albany Institute. ]\r-3. XoRMAL College Opening Oration, delivered by Edward Everett, and in his chirography. It being the first institution of the kind in the United States, the gifted orator takes occasion on the second page to explain the meaning of the term "Normal." Owned by Dr. Wm. J. Milne, President of X". Y. State X'ormal College. M-4. First Flag Taken in Spanisii-A^ierican War, from the Buena Yentura of the Cuban Mail line. The arms of Spain removed therefrom by ripping that portion away. Owned by John Mack, Albanv. (Cases X\ O. P, Q. R, S — See Autographs.) 270 New York at Jamestown T. T-1. Indian Mask; rahhit-skin face, made over wood roughly carved ))y Indian, revolting in aj)i)earance. N. Y. State Museum. T-2. Indian Baby-boakd; Ga-o-yas-ha; of the Towanda ])and of Seneca tiil)e. In it was once strapped the pappoose Ga-ni-o- daiu, a trihal successor to "Handsome Lake," the Seneca proj)het. N. Y. State ^luseuin. T-3. Indian Necklace, of iii ])ears' and wolves' teeth, taken from grave at Mctor, Ontario comity. N. Y. State Museum. T-4. Indian Skiht, (ia-ka-ah: a genuine beaded specimen of Seneca, tribe. Owned by N. Y. State Museum. U. U-1. Indian Powder-Horn; carved with drawings of horses; Mohawk ti-i])e. N. Y. State IMnseum. U-'^. Indian Knee Rattle; made of deer hoofs, Gus-da- wd-sd Yen-che-no-hos-ta; Seneca tril^e. N. Y. State ^luseum. U-.'5. Indian [Mask, "Stone (iiant." Worn at festivals. N. Y. State Museum. U-4. Tomahawk Pjlace Pipe; inlaid with metal desip-ns- ScTieca tribe. N. \'. State ^[useum. U-.5. KiNCi IIendrick's Portrait, in colors, English produc- tion. This brave Ghief of the ^loliawks was one of the four Sachems to be taken by Gol. Pieter Schuyler to visit (^ueen Anne in 1710, and led his savages as allies of Sir Wm. Johnson (the only American Paronet) to repulse the French advance at the southern end of Lake (ieorge, whei-e, at IJloody Pond tight on Sept. 8, 17.5.>, aged 80 years, he was slain. He was accom])anied by Joe Bi'ant, an Indian youth then aged l.S years, who had his lirst baptism of tire there. N. Y. State Librarv. KING HENDRICK He \''.'as leader of the IroQuois Nation allies of Sir W'lliiam Johnson, and although a^ed four-score, conducted his large band of sa\'ages from central part of Nc\^- "I'ork through the Wilderness to Ft. William Henr\", at southern end of Lake Geor^'e, where fie ■was slain while fighting the French on Sept. S, I 755. From colored portrait owned by New York State Library-. Catalogue of Hxhibition 273 I'-G. Indian Hat; l.ieaded. witli feathers; Seneca, tribe. N. Y. State Museuni. U-7. Indian ^YATEK Drtm; used in ttie Lodi;e dance of the Eao'le Society. From Converse-Maxsvell collection, X. Y. State Museum. U-S. IIo.mixy-Bladk. (iat-go-ne-as-helt; Seneca tribe. X. Y. State Museum. U-9. Indian [Mask, "West ^Yind;" Seneca tribe. X^. Y. State Museum. U-10. IxDiAX Rattle; made of a Imge tortoise; False Face Company. X. Y. State ^luseum. U-11. Saet-Bottle; corn husk; Seneca tribe. X". Y. State iNIuseum. U-1'2. IxDEvx Mask, Husk Face "Door Keeper." X". Y. State ]\[iiseum. U-13. IxDiAx's Drawixg cjf the Lodcje Daxoe of the Eagle Society; accurately poi'trayed to show costumes and instru- ments. X"^. Y. State [Museum. U-14. IxDiAX Doll; female, carved from wood and correctly garbed, as actually used by Indian children. X. Y. State [Museum. U-1.3. Ixdian Doll; male, carved from wood and such as plaved with l)y infant Indians. X. Y. State [MuseuuL U-16. IIoRX Rattles; four, used by the Buffalo dancers. X". Y. State [Museum. U-17. CoPiX-DAxr'E Caxe; curiouslv carved wooden specimen as actually used. X. Y. State [Museum. C-18. To-MAIIAWk; long and curve-])ointed, a dangerous steel weapon that has undoubtedly taken many scal])s. X. Y. State [Mu.seuin. U-19. IxuiAX Belt; with pouches, skin and quill work. X'^. Y. State [Museum. U-'-^O. RuBBiXG Stone; with grooved shaft, used by Indians to sharpen weapons. X. Y. State [Museum. >74 New York at Jamestown U-'21. I^A Crossk Sticks, Ga-ne-a; a pair of genuine Indian Game-sticks. X. Y. State ^Iiiseum. U-S^. Snoav-siio]:s; a pair made and used in hunting l)y New Yoi-k Indians. N. Y. State Museum. Y. V-1. Wood of one op" the Boats in Gen. B. Arnold's Fleet in His I^ake Ciiamplain Campaign. Owned by Cok J. J. Perkins, Schuylerville. V-2. Door-Pull, once used at Fort Neilson, Saratooa battle- tiekk 1777. Owned by Cuyler Reynolds, Albany. Y-;5. Cannon-Ball, sliot into the ^larshall House at Schuyler- ville, dui'ing ]}urg<)yne's campaign, October, 1777. Owned by Mrs. J. ]M. Sample, Schuylerville. V-4. Knocker; brass, oval form, j)re-Revolutionary period. Owned by William McClinton, Schuylerville. A -5. Tomahawk, of stone, used by Burgoyne's Indian allies in fight against Americans. Owned by Elmer De Garmore, Schuylerville. Y-6. Knocker, Colonial period, female face in bronze. Found in ruins of Schuyler Homestead. Owned by C. H. Bullard, Schuylerville. Y-7. Rifle-Balls (massed in pyramidal display) ploughed up on the Freeman Farm, Saratoga battlefield. Owned bv Cuyler Reynolds, Albany. V-8. Shittim-wood. A piece of this tree so very rare in this country, from which wood the "Ark" was constructed. This tree shaded headf|uarters of (xcn. (iates two miles south of Schuylerville while the serious battle of Oct. 7, 1777, was being wage- in 1832 and continued valuable scientific experiments: became first Secretary and organizer of the Smithsonian Institution Dec. 3, 1846. Born at Albany, Dec. 17, 1777; died at Washington. D. C. May 13, 1878. Catalogue of Exhibition 277 standing in the spring of 1!)()7 ; hnt tailing troni age. Owned t)y Cnyler Reynolds, AUianv. V-9. Door-Latch of the Fa-mous Dovegat House, sonth of Schuylerville (now removed) made headqnarters by Burgoyne previons to the world-decisive hattle of Sept. 19. 1777. Owned bv ^Irs. Mary II. Wilcox, Schnylerville. V-10. Surrender Tree's Root. The British forces under Burgoyne capitulated luider this tree to the American army. Schuyler- ville (then called Saratoga). Oct. IG, 1777, and the following day laid do\^ n their arms. It was one of the decisive battles of the world, and brought alwut the close of the Revolution. The tree was burned so badly by a fire in the neighboring l)lacksmith-shop at)Out 1870 that it died. AYliile excavating in 1S78 for a sewer on Alain street it was found Ijy those who had known the famous tree. Several rocks have l^een grown about by the I'oots and held tightly. Owned t)y G. Augustus Bemis, Schuylerville. V-11. ^Marker. This cone-pointed piece of metal was secured to the post holding a small marker flag, and the soldier plunged it into the earth. After the Battle of Bemis Heights. 1777. this one was left on the field: the wooden ])art rotted, and left this relic of the Revolution. Owned l)y Col. J. J. Perkins. Schuylerville. Y-l"-?. Caxxox-Ball. This was removed from trunk of a tree on Freeman Farm, Battle of Bemis Heights, where it lodged during fierce conflict of Sept. 19, 1777. Owned by Col. J. J. Perkins, Schuylerville. V-l.S. Rock, Qt\vrtz Surface. Souvenir showing rock for- mation of gravel pit in which a century after his execution as Revo- lutionarv sp)V, bones of Lovelace were found. Owned l^y Cnyler Reynolds, Albany. V-14. Rock, Reddish Surface. Of this trap-rock forma- tion is the high knoll composed upon which elevation Burgoyne in full view of both armies handed his sword over to the conquerors 278 New York at Jamestown on Oct. 17, 1777, u mile south of Sclmylerville, then called Saratoga. Owned hy Cuyler Reynolds, All>any. V-15. SwoKi) AND SrABBARD. Tliis One is marked on blade with five stars. If was used in the Battle of Bemis Heights by a man named Fonda. Owned by James Bennett, Schyulerville. V-l(). Savord and Scabbard. This one carried in the Revo- lution, in Northern Ne\A York. Ownetl by Elmer De Garmore, Schuylerville. V-17. Chain Used During the Revolution to Hitch the Extra Horsp: in Dragging Artillery ui* Bemih Heights. Owned by Mrs. J. M. Sample, Schuylerville. (See also Case F.) W. W-1. Washington's Sxtrveying Tripod. Owned by New York State. W-'^. Washington's Tripod, lower parts. Owned l)y New York State. W-;5. Washington's Dress Sword and Scabbard. It was jjresented to him by Frederick the Gi-eaf of the German Empire. The tradition is that it i-emained sheathed ever after the death of its owner. Owned by New York State. W-4. Washington's Pistol. Marquis De Lafayette })re- sented it to him as a token of esteem and sincere friendship. Owned by New ^'ork State. W-5. Washington's Survey. A specimen of his work when a young man stai'ting in life to earn a living; dated Nov. 7, 1749. Owned by New York State. W-f). Washington's Tetter. This was written from his Headquarters at Newlnu-gh to (General Foi-nian. Owned by Marcus T. Reynolds, Albany. HENRY HUDSON An Intrepid English navigator who made trips in 1607 and 1 60S seeking an Axctic passage to India, and on the third sailed Into the Hudson Rl\"er. On Jan. S, 1609, he signed a contract with the Dutch East India Co. to sail the Half Moon (60 tons) to America; started from the Texel, Holland, March 25th, entered The Narrows Sept, 6th. anchored at 42'" 40' (Albany) Sept. 19th; sailed for England Oct. 4th. On sub- sequent voyage his crew mutinied and he was set adrift in Hudson's Ba>-, June 23. 16] I. Cataloij,'iie of Exhibition 281 X. X-1. Ja:\[ESTOWN DoflUMENTS AND PORTRAITS FrAMED. A document in handwriting, signed Aug. 30, 1.566, in the unusually clear and artistic hand of Queen Elizabeth; another, signed ]\[arch 18, 1586, by Sir Walter Raleigh, and 5 rare engravings of Queen Eliza- beth and Sir Walter Raleigh. Owned l^y Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany. X-'^. Savord and Scabbard. It was carried in the Revolution by Hendrick Van Voorhees, an early settler of Amsterdam. Owned by Mrs. J. L. Topping, Amsterdam. X-3. Soup Tureen. An old-fashioned decorative china piece for over a century and a quarter (so the family record affirms) owned in Xew York city, since it was sold there by a slave during the Revo- lution for a pint of l)eer. INFark: II. Owned by C. W. Robinson. Y. Y-1. Jamestown Documents and Pictures, in Frame. Handwritten document signed by William Cecil (Lord Burleigh) and Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins; dated Oct. 1, 1.588. Also, autograph document signed by William Cecil, and engravings of "Elizabeth Knighting Drake," of Sir John Hawkins, of William Cecil, and four rare prints of Drake. Owned l)y Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany- Z. Z-1. Docu:\ient. This early Dutch document is one of the rarities of the kind in New York State connected with founding of a settlement and grant of land for such purpose. It is the original contract for sale of the land by the Irocpiois Indians, now the site of Albany, the Capital City of the Empire State. It treats with 282 New York at Jamestown Sebastiaen Jansen Crol, the commissioner for Kiliaen Van Rensselaer of Amsterdam, Holland, a wealthy pearl merchant who wished to establish a colony on a site 140 miles up the river with its fertile valley Hudson discovered in September, 1609. It is signed by Peter Minuit, the Director-General of New Netherland, and also by Peter Bylvelt, Reyner Harmensen, Jan Lampe (schout), Jan Janz Meyns, on Aug. 13, 1630. This document recites (in Dutch) that whereas Kiliaen Van Rensselaer has desired to purchase the land of the Indians and, whereas, the Indians, on Aug. 8, 1630, were there at the Island of Manhattas and did deliberately sell this land in consideration of portions of certain cargoes, and, whereas, the Virginians would not recognize an ordinary title from the Indians, therefore the Directors certify to this sale and transfer. These Virginians referred to were the original colonists at Jamestown. Owned l)y Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany. Z-'2. Fort Orange (Albany) Lock and Key. Capt. Cornells Jansen Mey (or May) sailed from Holland with 30 families of Wal- loons aboard the "Nieu Nederlandt, " a vessel of 130 lasts, and in ]May, 1624, landed those that continued up the Hudson, at the site of Alljany, where they built a fort named in honor of Maurice, Prince of Orange. The curved shape of the key and its hole is unusual, and so far as tradition can verify, ftM' it was transferred to each new fort in turn and is referred to in history, it l)elonged to this fort. Owned by Hon. Verplanck Colvin, Albany. Z-3. Col. Pieter Schuyler's Oil Portrait. A copy in oil from the 8-foot canvas (now at Watervliet, N. Y.) which was made bv order of Queen Anne in London, when he took the four sachems to visit her in 1710, hoping to j^ersuade her to furnish funds to aid colonists. Owned l)y Schuyler Van Vechten, All)any. Z-4. Col. Pieter Scihtyler's Sword. He was the first Mayor of the oldest chartered city in the United States (Albany July 2'2, 1686) and as shown in his portrait; the hilt of silver and engraved with initials. Owned by Schuyler Van Vechten, Albany. JOHN JAY Prominent statesman and lurlst; Governor, 1795-1 SOI ; first Chief Justice of U. 5. Supreme Court, 1789-95; special Minister to Gt. Britain, 1794-5; delegate to tfie Con- gress, 1774-6. 1778-9; drew up New York's Constitution. 1777; U.S. Minister to Spain, 1 780-2 ; Peace Commissioner at Paris, 1782-3; Sec'y for Foreign Affairs, 1 784-9. Born at New York, Dec. 12, 1 745 ; died at Bedford. N. 'l'.. May 17, 1 829. From the original painting by Gilbert Stuart. Catalogue of Exhibition 2S5 Z-j. Taxkakd. This haiulsonu", old sih'er piece bears set ill its cover to show its ag'e, a coin of Louis XIV.. 1691, and was handed down in the ^'an ^'eclltell family since that time. Owned by Schuyler Van Vechten. Albany. Z-6. Speech oe the Foer Sachems, delivered before Queen Anne at London in 1710, with animal sio-n-marks; also, their speech to the Lords of Iler Majesty's Privy Council. Owned Ijy the Albany Institute. Z-7. Col. Pieter Schuyler's Bill for Expenses Coxvey- iXG the Four Sachems to Exglaxd to Visit Queex Axxe ix' 1710. Original in Mavor's Office at Alljanv. Fireplace From the Schiyler Flatts. This laro-e iron piece used in the original Schuyler homestead that was l_)uilt at Watervliet (.5 miles north of All)aiiv) ])revious to Kw'i, was cast in 1635. as shown Ijy numerals of the metal itself. The coat-of-arnis (not that of the family) is n-rotescpie in its quaint animal designs, among which hgure a unicorn and a t)ull-dog or lion. Owned by' Mrs. Richard P. Schuyler, Watervliet. "'Great Chaix" Lixk. An instructive relic of the Revolution. It was made at Peter Townsend's Stirling Iron Works in Orange countv, and entire chain of these huge links was 1,700 feet long, reaching from West Point eastward across the Hudson River to the rocky shore of Constitution Is. It was Inioyed across on Apr. .SO, 1778. with the ol)iect of preventing the British warships from ascend- ing the Hudson to Albany. Owned l>y X. Y. State. Prayer-Bexch. This Dutch household article was made in 170^2. as shown along with the illuminated Dutch text. The alle- gorical designs painted upon the front illustrate the separation of the goats from the laml)S. and the text in old Dutch. Owned l)y Geo. Douo-las ^Miller. Albanv. ;S6 New York at Jamestown Cradle. This is a Dutch household article of antiquity, said to be the oldest existing- in Albany county and therefore very likely to be the oklest jn-eserved in the entire State. Owned by Geo. Douglas ^liller, Albany. W/VTiiR Pipe Log. It was not more than a century ago that water was supplied from the reservoir or dam to the "fountains" or wells ill each of the five wards of the Capital city. Tliey were bored for their length with a "2-inch hole, varying from 8 to 14 feet, and connected with short iron pipe that entered each log, when the log was not pointed and jammed into the next. They are similar in appear- ance to the old Fort Orange stockade posts that have been dug up when paving the city in recent years. Owned by Cuyler Reynolds, All)any. Trunk. This antifiuated piece that carries one l)ack to stage- coach (lavs, when the leather was carved, the inside lined with a paper desiirn, and the size such as would allow it to enter a steamer-trunk of to-day. Although held at "Johnson Hall" as a relic of the past, it is not ckiimed that it was owned by Sir Wm. Johnson who lived there. Owned by Johnstown Historical Society. illustrations Ili.storic Mansiotis, F(>rt>i, Scenes, Etc., 'H'i Print.v, in Frames. 1. Albany Academies, 1815, 2 prints. 2. Albany City Halls, 1740, 3 prints. 3. Albany Dutch Church, 171.5, 1 print. 4. Albany Dutch Churches, 16.56, 6 prints. 5. Albany Ilostelries, 1814, 3 prints. 6. Andre Incident, No. 1, 1780, 7 prints. 7. Andre Incident. No. 2, 1780, 5 prints. SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON Superintendent of Indian Affairs In the Colonies for Gt. Britain; appointed in 1744 Colonel of tlte 5lx Nations; commanded provincial forces In attack on CroN^-n Point; led tfie repulse of tfie Frencfi In the great conflict of Sept. 8. 1 755, at the southern end of Lake George; and commanded the Indian troops under Lord Amherst In 1760. Born at Warrentown, Ire.. In 1715; died at Johnstown, N. Y., July 4, 1774, From an engraving published at London, 1756. Catalogue of Exhibition 289 8. Andre Incident, No. 3, 1780, (i joints. 9. Bank of New York, 1784, G prints. 10. Battery, New York City, 1614, 6 prints. 11. Battle of Bemis IIeii;-hts, Oct. 7, 1777, !) ])rints. 12. Battle of Harlem Ileights, Se])t. Ki, 1776, 1 |)rint. 13. Battle of Long Island, Ang. 27 , 1770, 1 print. 14. Bloody Pond, Sept. 8, 1755, 1 print. 15. Capitols of New York, Nov., 1808, 6 prints. 16. Dongan Charter, Albany, July '2'-2, 1686, 6 prints. 17. Duke of York & Albany, 1664, 2 prints. 18. Dutch Street Scene, 1800, 1 print. 19. Dutch Street Scene, 1800, 1 print. 20. Elm Tree Corner, Albany, 1800, 1 print. 21. Erie Canal Opening, Oct. 8, 1823, 4 prints. 22. Erie Canal Travel (Completed), Nov. 2, 1825. 1 jjrint. 23. Fort Bull's Site, Rome, 1756, 1 print. 24. Fort Crailo, Rensselaer, 1663 {?), 2 prints. 25. Fort Frederick, Albany, 1676, 3 prints. 26. Fort Frederick, Lake Champlain, 1 ])rint. 27. Fort Hamilton, New York City, 1 print. 28. Fort Niagara, 1678, 1 print. 29. Fort Oswego, Oswego, 1755, 1 print. 30. Fort Stanwix, Rome, 1758, 2 prints. 31. Fort Ticonderoga, L. George, 1755, 1 print. 32. Fort Wm. Henry, L. George, 1755, 1 j^rint. 33. Father Isaac Jogues, 1607-1646, 1 print. 34. Fraunces' Tavern, New York, 1730, 3 prints. 35. Fulton's Clermont, Se])t. 4, 1807, 1 print. 36. Gansevoort, Flag & Toml), 1749-1812, 3 ]n-ints. 37. Grant, Mrs. Anne, 1755-1838, 1 print. 38. Great Chain Across Hudson, A])i-. 30, 1778, 2 prints. 39. Hamihon-Burr Duel Site, July 11, 1804, 1 print. 290 New York at Jamestown 40. Henry and the Telegraph, July, 18'29, 6 prints. 41. Hudson and Half-Moon, Sept. 11, 1609, 7 prints. 42. Lewis (Gen. ^Morgan) & Sword, Oct., 1777, 2 prints. 43. Livingston (Philip) set, 1716-1778, 4 prints. 44. Livingston (Robert & wife), 2 prints. 45. Lord Stirling, Set, 1726-17.S3, 3 prints. 46. McCrea (Jane) Tree, July 27, 1777, 1 print. 47. Mohawk & Hudson 1st R. R. Train, Aug. 9, 1831, 1 print. 48. Apthorp Mansion, New York City, 1764-1891, 1 print. 49. Cuyler ]Mansion, Rensselaer, 1770, 1 print. 50. Forl)es Mansion, Rensselaer, 1850, 1 print. 51. Grange, New York City, 1802, 1 print. 52. Idlewild, Cornwall, 1 print. 53. Johnson Hall, Johnstown, 1762, 1 print. 54. Jumel Mansion, New York City, 1763, 1 print. 55. ^Marshall House, Sehuylerville, 1770 (?), 1 print. 5G. Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, a))Out 1682, 1 print. 57. Sanders Mansion, Scotia, 1713, 1 print. 58. Schuyler Mansion, Albany, 1761, 1 print. 59. Schnyler Flatts, Watervliet, 1666, 1 print. 60. Sunnyside, Irving's home, Tarrytown, 1 print. 61. Ten Broeck Mansion, Clermont, 1710, 1 print. 62. Van Cortlandt Manor House, Croton, 1681, 1 print. 63. Vanderheyden "Palace," Albany, 1725, 1 print. 64. Van Rensselaer Manor House, Albany, 1765, 1 print. 65. New York Representatives at 1st Congress, 1789, 6 prints. 6(i. New York City Stadt Huis, 1642, 1 print. 67. New York (^ity Hall, 1734, 1 print. 68. New York City Hall, Set, 1734, 7 prints. 69. New York City first Brick House, 1 print. 70. Hoeck IMovuitain, Nyack, 1780, 1 print. PHILIP LIVINGSTON Signer of the Declaration of Independence as a Member of the Congress from New York, 1776; prominent as statesman and politician. Belonged to the Livingston Manor on the Hudson. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1716; died at York, Pa., June 12, 1778. From an engraving by J. B. Longacre, after original painting. Catalogue of Exhibition 293 71. Prince of Orange, lG'-2-l, 1 print. 7'-2. Rip A'an AVinkle Honse, ^2 prints. 73. Schenectady Dutch Church, 1734-1814, 1 print. 74. Schenectady Massacre, Feb. 8, 1690, 1 print. 75. Sanders-Glen House, Set, 1713, 3 prints. 70. Schuyler Mansion, Set, 1761, 10 })rints. 77. Senate House, Kingston, 3 prints. 78. Sleepy Hollow Dutch Church, 1099, 1 print. 79. St. Paul's Church, New York, 1700, prints. 80. St. Peter's Church, Albany, 171.3, [jrints. 81. Ten Broeck ((tcu. Ab.) [Mansion, 1798, 3 prints. 82. Ten Broeck's Commission, 1747, 3 prints. 83. Tomljs Prison, New York City, 1 pi'int. 84. Trinity Church, New York City, 1698. 6 ])rints. 85. Van Rensselaer [Manor, Set, 1600, 9 prints. 80. "Washington Hdcjrs., Xewburgh, 1750, 1 print. 87. Washington's Inauguration, Set, A])r. 30, 1780, 7 prints. 88. Wolven-Hoeck, Rensselaer, 17'-24, 3 prints. 89. Champlain's Attack on Fort, 1609, 1 print. 90. Novum .Vmsterodamum, 1 ])rint. 91. Wild Animals of New Netherland, 1 print. 9'-2. Father Knickerbocker, Darley's, 1 print. 93. Henry Hudson's Arms, 1609, 1 print. Portraits Oil P((i]ifiit(/s on M(ii)i Wall. 94. JoHX Braxt, Captain of the Six Nations, 1794; Indian name, Ayouwaigiis. Owned In' N. Y. State Lil)rary. 95. Joseph Braxt, Captain of the Six Nations, 1742-1807: Indian name, Tavendanega. Owned bv N. Y. State Library. 294 New York at Jamestown 90. Gen. Philip Schuyler, leader among New York State Revo- lutionary officers, commanding the Army of the North, in whom Washington ever reposed greatest confidence; mem- ber of Colonial Congress, 1779, and first U. S. Senator fiom New York State, 1789; born at Albany, Nov. 11, 1733; died (and buried) at Albany, Nov. 18, 1804. The Trumbull like- ness from life; loaned by Miss (i. Schuyler, New York City. 97. General Washington, 173^2-1799; original oil painting by Reml)randt Peale and considered not only the best work of this ca])able portrait painter, but one of the finest canvases of the first president made from life. Owned by Andrew Hamilton, Esq., vVlbany. 98. Gen. Alexander Hamilton, 17.)7-1804.; colored copy of Trumbull's portrait hanging in the Chamber of Commerce Gallery in New York City; l)iit confined to l)ust portrait, almost life-size. Owned by The Albany Institute. 99. Christina Ten Broeck; painted in 17^20, when a girl; later the wife of Philip Livingston. Engravings and wood-cuts of this quaintly dressed girl holding a rose in extended hand appear in many histories. Owned by Miss Katharine Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer. 100. Patroon Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, colonizer of Rensselaers- wyck (later the site of Albany), and for A\hom his agent in America jmrchased the enormous tracts of land, 24 miles wide on both sides of the Hudson River and extending north and south 24 miles, from the ]Mohawk Indians, the first deed July 27, 1630. This portrait painted in Holland. Owned by Dr. Howard Van Rensselaer, Albany. liimk'L'a ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON Chancellor of the State of New York, 1777-lSOl ; negotiated the Louisiana Pur- chase in 1803; Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 1781-3; U. S. Minister to France, 1801-4; associated with Robert Fulton in furthering steamboat navigation; residence at Cler- mont, Columbia county, N. Y. Born at New York, Nov. 27, 1746; died Feb. 26, 1S13. From the H. B. Hall engraving. Catalofaie of Exhibition 297 Governors Complete Set of tite Portrait.^i of tlie Executives of Xew York State Framed leitlt Tlieir Autoyrapli Letters, Collected for Joint .1. JJi.v, Esq., hy Cinjler Reynolds, and to he given to Tlte Albany Institute. (Size of frames: 30 x '■20 in.) 101. (i-eorge Clinton, Ulster county, 1777. 102. John Jay. Xew York City, 179.5. 10.3. Morgan Lewis, Ulster county, 1804. 104. Daniel D. Tompkins, Dutchess County, 1807. 105. De Witt Clinton, Xew York City, 1817. 106. Joseph Christopher Yates, Schenectady. IS^"^. 107. ^Martin Van Buren. Kinderhook. 18^28. 108. Enos Thompson Throop. Auburn, 1829. 109. William Learned [Marcy, Troy, 1833. 110. William Henry Se\\ar(l. Auburn, 1839. 111. William C. Bouck, Fultonham, 1843. 112. Silas Wright, Canton, 1845. 113. John Young, Geneseo, 1847. 114. Hamilton Fish, Xew York City. 1849. 115. Washington Hunt, Lockport, 1851. 116. Horatio Seymour, Deerfield, 1853. 117. [Myron Holley Clark, Canandaigua, 1855. 118. John Alsop King, Queens county, 1857. 119. Edwin Dennison [Morgan, Xew York City, 1859. 120. Reul.)en E. Fenton, Frewsl)urgh, 1865. 121. John Thompson Hoffman, X'ew York City, 186' 122. John Adams Dix, X>w York City, 1873. 123. Samuel Jones Tilden, X^w York City, 1873. 124. Lucius Robinson. Elmira, 1877. 1^25. Alonzo B. Cornell, Xew York City, 1880. 126. Grover Cleveland, Buffalo, 1883. )/ . 298 New York at Jamestown m. David Bennett Hill, Elmira, 1885. 1^28. Roswell Pettibone Flower, Watertown, 1892. 129. Levi Parsons Morton, Rhinecliff, 1895. 130. Frank S. Black. Troy, 1897. 131. Theodore Roosevelt, New York City, 1899. 132. Benjamin B. Odell. Jr., Newbnrgh, 1901. 133. Frank Waykind Iliggins, Glean, 1905. 134. Charles Evans Hughes. New York City, 1907. Prominent Persons Portraiifi of FouHeen Whose Names Figure Largely in State History, Twelve of Which List Lived Previous to 1800. (Framed 22 X 25 in.) 135. Clinton, De Witt, 1769-1828. Projector of Erie Canal, (rovernor. 136. Clinton, George, 1739-1812. First Governor of N. Y. and General. 137. Fulton, Robert, 1765-1815. Inventor of the "Clermont." 138. Gansevoort, Peter, 1749-1812. Sustained siege of Ft. Stanwix. 139. Henry, Joseph, 1797-1878. Inventor of the telegraph. 140. Hudson. Henry, 1611. Discoverer of the Hudson River. 141. Jay, John. 1745-1829. Statesman, (Governor of New York. 142. Johnson, Sir Wm., 1715-1774. Leader in Indian atfaii-s. 143. Livingston, l^hilip, 1716-1778. New York "Signer" of Declaration. 144. Livingston, Robert R., 1746-1813. Chancellor, Minister to France. 145. Morris, Gouverneur, 1752-1816. Financed the State in Revolution. GOUVERNEUR MORRIS Prominent as a statesman : member of the family that financed the Revolution for Anfierlcans; member of the Continental Congress; on the committee drafting the U. 5. Constitution In 1787: U. 5. Minister to France. 1792-4: U. 5. Senator, 1800-1803. Born at Morrlsanla, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1752: died there, Nov. 6, 1816. Catalogue of Exhibition 301 146. Sewanl, Win. Ileurv, LSUl-lST^^. U. S. Sec. of State; X. Y. Governor. 1-47. Sheridan, PliiUp Henry, IS.'U-ISSS. Famous general in (_'ivil ^Yai'. 148. Stuyvesant. Peter. 160^2-1(18^2. Dntch Dir.-Gen. of New XetherlancL Portraits Framed with Autograph Letter (()\\ned by The Albany Institute.) 149. Gen. Philip Schuyler, print and Revolutionary letter. 130. Prof. Joseph Henry, inventor of the electric teleo-raph and the first secretarv and organizer of the Smithsonian Institution: print and letter to Samuel F. B. ]\[orse. Colonial Go\'ernors Portrait-'^ in Frcinics. (Owned by Cuyler Reynolds, Albany.) 151. Sir Edmund Andros. Nov. 10, 1674. 152. Earl Bellomont, April 13, 1698. 153. "William Burnet, September 17, 1720. 154. Sir George Clinton, September 2, 1743. 155. Cadwallader Colden, August 4, 1760. 156. Viscount Cornbury, May 3, 1702. 157. Col. Thomas Dongan, August 27, l(i82. 158. Earl of Dunmore, October 19, 1770. 159. Sir Charles Hardy, Septemlter 3, 1755. 302 New York at Jamestown 160. Maj.-Gen. Robert Mouckton, October 26, 1761. 161. CoL Pieter Schuyler, :\Iay 6, 1709. 162. Petrus Stuyvesant, :\Iay 4, 1626. 163. Rip Van Dam, July 1, 1731. 164. Wouter Van Twiller, April, 1633. Revolutionary Officers Portraits iji Frames of TJiosc Who Figared Promiiieutly in New York State Conflicts. 165. Alexander, Gen. William (Lord Stirling), 1726-1783. 166. Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 1741-1801. 167. Burgoyne, Gen. John, 1722-1792. 168. Clinton, Gen. George. 1739-1812. 169. Fish, Col. Nicholas. 17.58-1833. 170. Gansevoort, Gen. Peter, 1749-1812. 171. Gates, Gen. Horatio, 1728-1806. 172. Hamilton, Gen. Alexander, 1757-1804. 173. Lewis, Gen. Morgan, 1754-1844. 174. INLorgan, Gen. Daniel, 1736-1802. 175. Schuyler, (ien. Phili]), 1733-1804. 170. St. Clair, (ien. Arthur, 1734-1818. 177. Tallmadge, Lieut. Benjamin, 1754-1835. 178. Ten Broeck, Gen. Abraham, 1734-1810. 179. Van Horn, David. 180. Varick, Col. Richard, 1752-1831. 181. Washington, (ren. George, 17.32-1799. 182. Wayne, (ien. Anthony, 1745-1796. 183. Willett, Lt.-Col. Marinus, 1740-1830. 184. Williams, Gen. Jonathan, 1750-1815. PRINCE OF ORANGE Thirty families of Walloons sailed from Holland in March. 1624, aboard the Nleu Nederlandt, some going ashore at Manhattan upon arrival there in May, and 18 families continuing to site of Albany, forming a colony named Fort Orange, in honor of Maurice. Prince of Orange, ruler of House of Nassau. Born at Dillenburg. Prussia, Nov. 14, 1567; died at The Hague, April 23, 1625. Catalogue of Exhibition 305 Maps 185. ^Iaxuattax Islaxd (Xew York City), in relief, G ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. S ill.: shcnviiiii- in raised, eolored ])laster the topographieal features as existiiii;' in 177(1, the forts, post-roads, military trails, ponils. etc.; made by Edwin E. Ilowell in 1898, under direction of Dr. Frederick J. II. INIerrill, Director of X. Y. State Museum at that time. 186. X'lAV YoKK State, in relief, size 38 x '29 inches; made by Edwin E. Ilowell in 1897 fm- the X". Y. State ^[usenm. 187. Carti: Figurative, of 1()14. as discovered July 27, 1841. in The Hague archives by J. Romeyn Brodhead, and re])ro- duced under his direction for the State of X'ew York. 188. IxDiAX Territ(jrial Divisiox, showing the locations of the Aborigines of Xew York about 1600; by W. ]M. Beauchamp, S. T. D., 1899. 189. Mohawk River axd ^YooD Creek, To])ographical Map showing the country of that region, from an actual survey taken in X'ovember, 17,58. 190. X'ew Fraxce. Champlain's ^Nlap, year 1632. 191. OsvEGO axd its Forts, as mapped in 1755. 19-2. X'ew York City, from an actual survey in 1755. 193. IIedsox' River Ti-:rritory, as occupied l)y Washington, from a manuscript map drawn for Lord Stirling in 1779. 194. AxxETJE, OR AxxEKE Jaxs (Bogardus) Farm, on [Manhattan Is., with the later X"ew York streets indicated, 1636. 5o6 New York at Jamestown Prints in Frames Old English engravings of the fonr Indian Sachems taken on sailing vessel in 1710 by Col. Pieter Schuyler (^Nlayor of Albany) to visit Queen Anne at London, where thay were gazed upon as examples of an unknown race and royally entertained, from paintings executed by her command by I. Verelst. 195. John. Wolf Tribe. 196. Ilendrick, Wolf Tribe. 197. Etow Oh Koam, Turtle Trilje. 198. King of the Maquaas (^lohawks). Bear Tribe. Autograph Letters Colon ial ( 'on gress (Owned l)y Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany.) 1. Alsop, Jolm, 1774. 2. Benson, Egbert, 1781. 3. Boerum, Simon, 1774. 4. Clinton, (xeorge, 1775. 5. De Witt, Charles, 1784. a. Duane, James, 1774. 7. Duer, William, 1777. 8. Floyd, William, 1774. 9. Gansevoort, Leonard, 1788. 10. Gelston, David, 1789. 11. Hamilton, Alexander, 1782. 12. Haring, John, 1774. 13. Ilathorn, John, 1789. 14. Jay, John, 1774. PETER 5TUYVE5ANT Director-General of New Netherland for the Dutch West India Co., 1646-1664. In which latter year he was forced to surrender to the English fleet. He lived on his farm In New^ York know^n as "Bouwerit" iBowery),and his pugnacious character has §Iven him prominence In history-. Born in Holland, ] 602 ; died at New^ York, August, 1682. From the original painting loaned to N. Y. Hi'itorical Society by Robert Van Rensselaer Stuyvesant. Catalogue of Exhibition 309 15. Jones, Samuel, 1789. 16. Lansing, John, Jr., 1784. 17. Lawrenee, John, 1785. 18. Lewis, Franeis, 1775. 19. L'Hommedieu, Ezra, 1779. 20. Livingston, Walter. 1784. 21. Livingston. Robert R., 1775. 2'-2. Livingston, Philip, 1774. '•23. Livingston, John, . 24. I/OW, Isaac, 1774. 25. McDougall. Alexander, 1780. 26. ^lorris. Gouverneur, 1777. 27. ^Morris, Lewis, 1775. 28. Paine, Ephriam, 1784. 29. Pell, Phihp, 1789. 30. Piatt, Zeplvaniah, 1784. 31. Schuyler, Philip. 1775. 32. Scott, John :\Iorin, 1779. 33. Smith, ]\[elancton, 1785. 34. ^Yisne^, Henry, 1774. 35. Yates, Peter W., 1785. 36. Yates, Robert, . Director-Generals (Owned by Hon. John Boyd Thacher, Albany.) 1. Van Twiller, Wouter, 1633. 2. Kieft, William, 1638. 3. Stuyvesant, Peter, 1647. 3IO New York at Jamestown Colonial Governors (Owned l»y Hon. John Boyd Tliacher, Albany.) 4. Nicolls, Richard, 1604. 5. Ijovelace, Francis, 1667. 6. Aiidros, Sir Edmiuid, 1674. 7. Brockliolis, Anthony, 1677. 8. l)on<;-an. Col. Thomas, 1682. 9. Leisicr, Jacob, 16S9. 10. Slonghtcr, Henry, 1691. 11. In<;oldsl)y, Richard. 1691. l'-2, Fletcher, Benjamin, 169"2. i;5. Coote, Richard (Earl BcUomont), 1698. 14. Hyde, Edward (T>ord Cornbury), 1702. 15. Schnyler, Pieter, 1709. 16. Ilnnter, Robert, 1710. 17. Burnet, William, 1720. IS. ^[ontoomerie, John, 1728. 19. Van Dam, Ri]), 1731. 20. Cosby, AVilliam, 1732. 21. Clarke, Georo-e, 1736. 22. Clinton, Georo'e, 1734. 23. I)e Lancey, James, 17.53. 24. Hardy, Charles, 17.5.5. 2.5. ( 'olden, Cadwallader, 1760. 26. Moore, Henry, J 765. 27. Mnrrav, John (Earl Diuunore), 1770. 28. Trvon, William, 1775. 29. Robertson, James, 1780. Catalogue of Exhibition 311 Illustrations The Illustraticnis acconipanyiiii;- this catalogue are reproductions from the miicli larger Portraits and Pictures displayed in the Exhibit, and likewise show some of the articles. This selection is made with tlie view of presenting likenesses of the nrore }>romiuent characters in the State's history, various tyjjes of old mansions, forts of a century ago and historic scenes, each item dating ])revi()us to the year ISOO. So ]irominent are these ])ersons and ])laces that tluar names are known the hi-eadth of tlie land, yet Ijccanse of the extreme rarity of the old oil portraits and prints they have been seldom seen. ^ (J ~~ -Si _ a ■c — OJ !|| ;^ = O i o . a 'A Vl (U (ii to ^ ■0 c '- rD _^ -" u -ffj It u j: c i) to O OJ OJ -a: u fO 0) E _] Id CJ c ra CO J ■0 a* in u QJ /) D ^ U — 1 C c ji:" ■n dj o "u [/I F. c 0) 1J ai a r , ■ ^ It = ^. CM CI >-" ; ^ - ,; j: < ■ cr, — r^ ;; T! Oj ■ ' r U- u C 'J-. _i (1 -j c H V n C u < ■^ r o m < i^ c . c 0—2. '^ "Z C ifl (ll lt. Ln cc CO :0 OJ a c OJ 00 f- CO n *■ 3 n -Q 10 ■0 "cu a F 7. > > '-^ Q - G ^ ^ dL uJ — '/, ^ -J / ^ iD ir "IJ 5£| e i - .a r - Sj £ " > u '^ ^ ■c -, '/! O - ^ ■f. D c r c h- "J 0^ H r^ '■n yO ,, /^ ; r- fO ~~ ( > C f— , t?; t-^ fN . r^ Q. fo < >. n ■n ^ '' ( J 1; 3 fD >, T, h F ra oj 5 — to r c rt: Y ?^ ^.^ ^ r >■ 3 ■? ^ U ^ ^ < :^ CUYLER MANSION — VLIE HOUSE This house, so called to signify " House by the Marsh." was erected by Hendrick Cuyler on the Greenbush shore, about 1770 (some records place It 50 years earlleri. and was standing, south of Fort Crallo, In good preservation in 1 906. 'V. I"' L L |V. DUTCH CHURCH AT ALBANY This is typical of early Dutch religious edifices of New Netherland, and was erected by the first congregation that was Instituted at Fort Orange (In 1642), the second In the State of New York. This building, on site of the 1656 wooden edifice, was constructed of brick in 1715. and was removed In 1806 as it stood in the center of State street at intersection of Broadway. Impeding traffic. ELM TREE OF PHILIP LIVINGSTON This picture Is typical of a Dutch street scene at Albany In ISth century, and of Interest because txadttlon affirms that Philip Livingston. " The 5lgner," In 1735. planted the sturdy elm before his home, n. w, cor. 5tate and Pearl sts. When cut down, June 15, IS77, a large section was placed In the State Museum. n 5 q Q ^ S u c -^ OJ — d: "0 7=; UJ Q o, to [U ra 3 a yl -^ ti. ra c lU f- "0 A c '^ u- 0) (1) oJ u D _a> >- ^ •0 0) (0 z t/1 3 c ^ w OJ b c % 3 ^ Si s (0 ■+ u >; CO (0 c r^ < 'o FORT TICONDEROGA Scene of conflict between Samuel Champlalnand the Mohawks, July 30. 1609. The fort was built on outlet connecting Lake George and Lake Champlaln by the French, under Baron Dleskau. In 1755-6. and named Fort Carillon. Gen. Abercromble defeated here by Montcalm, July 8. 1758. Lord Amherst took It from the French Juh- 26. 1759. Captured bi' Americans under Ethan Allen, May 10, 1775. The Americans evacuated It to Burgoyne, July 5. 1777. ^ J) c 0-0 2 o < cons In the honey TD t > 0) (U 5 -^ 3 « c § c j; ^ >; 00 IT was dela t C 1 en c J2 - lO to c r-- — ^ t- - < s ■ r- ">> 2 uj D - X ^ £ ■Oj 0) < _] fe i _l 1. s S -li ^ ^i| (- ^ J C2: _ 3 ,^ u- IJ VI ^ _ 0^ D. C — ~ ij ^ ~- J= C (i T3 H ° ^ S 10 ""^ X 0) ;^ bO - -D -Q . ^ § r'^ ■c X U '/) (0 LL *^ "P 'I' c 0) -^ tr c y u ■c '^ >■ > ^s s; & C ( ) — X = <" -c .i & if* J! _^ ^ S - 0. ^ (J (0 0) fo £ E CO CO CO ^J O T' "* -^ — £t.^ l/l ^ 3 -^' ^ . J I/) < S >■ V{0 . (Y T. ^ J3 -,n^ >' O CO C IX 11 ~ a > ^ SO o ■J - ^ r^ S u « E o ~ > 9 i^ Y « ^J CO ^ 2 uJ ra 'J (U r- p () m a; ji: n ;.■ a T ^j U '0 r <" OJ r- JANE MCCREA TREE Few realize the momentous effect of the barbaric slaying of Jane McCrea In the Ft. Edward woods by " Panther." It Is likely that Burgoyne \i.ouid ha\e captured Albany had not the New England colonies been shocked to a realization of danger and speedily sent mlUtla to Bemis Heights. Remains remo\ ed to Ft. Edv. ard ceme- tery', April 23, 1822. MARSHALL HOUSE, SCHU'^LERVILLE A Revolutionary- house with an Interesting storj- ot its o\^n, located on the hill west of the Hudson at SchuylerviUe. wherein Baroness Rledesel and many of Burgoyne's officers and wives found refuge at the time of the surrender In October, 1777, of which she wrote entertainingly in her published "Memoirs." i- < u c c 01 0. HO NEE YEATH TAW NO ROW I John i "King" of the Generethgarlch (Wolf Tribe'. "King" Tribe). ETOW OH KOAM of the River Nation (Turtle ^^: '^ Jiri If 01 ral if PI f 1 ^ ■■■■ '■' l.v^i^jj^ 1 A '-. i^^HlEl^m.'iMmmi^ ^^ TEE YEE NEEN HO GA ROW iKlng Hendrlcki "Emperor" of Sis Nations (Wolf Tribe). SA GA YEATH OUA PIETH TOW "King" of the MaQuaas, or Mohawks (Bear Tribe,). SCHUYLER'S INDIAN SACHEMS Col Pleter Schuyler, the first Mayor of Albany, took five Sachems to London In December, 1709, one dying on the voyage over, and they were presented in state to Oueen Anne. April 19, 1710, who had their portraits painted by I. Verelst before sailing back on the Dragon, IVlay 8th. OJ J3 S E n 3 C 3 ro •£ « g l/^ c cU ^ S S -I" n *- 5: . £ - OJ x q; - ' ^ lU _J f=^ S i3 ^ -50 u - CQ T E Ij" £ I/) ^ 4J £ - " S „ fO c - -1 -0 i c-^ ' — c ■= -0 E 5 -^ r-E cos 1' E « r r. (0 in r. ^ ») ^') H h- UJ X QO OJ r- h r ' ' Q, u r^ (UJ -01) ■ 1 1- QJ < 'V r; V 5CHUYLERVILLE MONUMENT This granite obelisk, 1 54 ft. hl^h. commemorates the battles at Bemls Heights on Sept. 19th, at 5chuylervllle (Saratoga In 1777) on Oct. 7th, and surrender of British under Burgo>'ne on Oct. 17, 1777. Corner stone laid on the centennial, completed June, 1883; base, 40 ft. Bronze statue in east niche deft' of Gen. Philip Schuyler, facing the Hudson and his home that Bur^oyne burned. *-fe-^4-' ■*''*^'t;- SURRENDER TREE Beneath Its branches the " Articles of Convention" were signed on Oct. 16. 1777. ■when General Burgoyne capitulated to the Americans, following one of the decisive battles of the world, that of Bemls Heights, and thus caused England to consider abandoning her American colonies. The next day the British laid down their arms and marched to the sea. ^ o to fM ^ , : It a J c >. ifl ■ai S c > 4 1^ c - ™ TO T! T3 ^ 5 C <- i ra C - - X "0 UJ lO "J U3 - i J >. D JJ II 1 g ? fe i/n 'r, j; U 8 5* O T ^ - q: ^ -J u ? r '/) ^ ■^r ri: S C "3 :0 UJ :o^ <" r- _: "0 _i uJ ^ u i* f-- ~ — in "~ i^ '-' - :3i i g; ^ 3 C < c u C i/i li li 'D n Var Jeren- ullt Q ^ ( OJ ^ :^ t: 7" 1- !;: Si c '^ < a _. 1^ ^2 x c ■c c c S y great Ijeds and prim l)orders of the responsive nasturtium, blooming in every color variety. As has been precedent, the New York State Building was uni- versally recognized as a social center. Several large and many minor functions were given by the Commission in the name of this State. Other entertainments by the sponsors for other cities. States and Exposition officials maintained the high standard established. Among the more important functions given during the life of the Exposition l)y the New York State Commission were the reception to the President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, on Georgia Day; the breakfast to His Excellency, Governor Charles Evans Hughes, orator of the National Holiday, July 4th; a l)all, superb in its ap])ointments, in lionor of the midshipmen a1)oard the Fylgia, the flagshij) of His Royal Highness, Prince Wilhelm of Sweden; the bancjuet to the members of the Robert Fulton Association and the descendants, on Fulton Day; the New York Week, with October 10th as the fete; and pre-eminent among the individual functions was a magnificent l)anquet given l)y the President of the New York State Commission, Hon. Thomas ]}. Dunn, of Rochester, to His Excel- lency, Governor Swanson, of Virginia, the Commissioners of other UJ r. o fl) < _l m ^ ?! lU u •J) ^ < S >- <- ^ Q n t/^ O t % '^ ^ I/) " X u C^rotest against exactions of tlie British ci-own. They were more than an assertion of the rioht of the Colonies to l>e independent States. They passed beyond the necessities of the moment and transcended perha|)s in their broad import the sentiment of many who, exasperated l)y tyrannical demands. < _J UJ o (X Independence Day 389 were ready to renounce their former allei>;iance. Tliey have the perennial vahie of a political creed voicini^; in terms of conviction the aspirations of humanity. They suogest to us the long struggle against the usurpations of power and the impositions of avarice and cunning. They have been ridiculed as fallacious; they have sustained the assault of those who, descanting upon obvious physical, mental and moral inefpialities, have sought to obscure the profound truth of equality before the law and the inalienable rights of manhood. To- day, as always, they present to us the standard by which we may judge the successful woi'king of our institutions. And gathered upon this historic spot in the Commonwealth which nurtured him, we may fittingly pay our tribute to the author of these words, in the language of Lincoln: 'All honor to Jefferson — to the man who in the concrete pressure of a national struggle for iTule])endence by a single people had the coolness, forecast and sagacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document an abstract truth applicable to all men and all time, and so embalmed it there that to-day and in all coming days it shall l)e a relsuke and a stumbling block to the very harbingers of reappearing tyranny and oppi-ession.' •' The attitude of men toward government by the people is not determined by party lines. The man who would ignore the rights of his fellow-citizens, who would estal)Iish himself in a fortress of special privileges and exercise his power, small or great, in opposition to the welfare of others, may be found in all parties and in every walk of life. It is an attitude sometimes explained by training and envi- ronment, but in general merely exhibits the rule of selfishness. There are many who have no sympathy with the ])rinciples of the Declaration and who look with alarm upon every emphatic assertion of popular rights. There are many others who will join in an appeal to democratic principles when it serves self-interest, but are ready to use every vantage point that may be gained in the struggle for existence to deprive their fellows of equal opportunity. But we may 390 New York at Jamestown l)e assured that the progress of the people will not ])e halted. The long contest with 'divine right,' with usurped power however ol)tained, against every attempt under any form to control and exploit the many for the benefit of the few, can have but one result. Slowly and surely the people have won their way, and no final settlement will be reached until the administration of government squares with the principles of the Declaration and an end has been put to every conversion of govermental powers to selfish purposes. " We may properly congratulate ourselves upon the marvelous record of the Nation's progress. With resistless energy, the vast domain between the oceans has been developed and its remotest ])arts have been knit together by mutual needs and the multifarious activities of an ever-increasing commerce. The skill of a people rich in invention, endowed with boundless ambition and rare capacity for cn'ganization, has made available our national wealth and has made our industrial achievements the marvel of mankind. Our development has intensified the sentiment of national unity, and despite our wide extent of territory exhibited in our population, we are a people united not merely in form or l)y convention, but in interest and sentiment. An unparalleled prosperity has blessed our efforts. And never has the sun shone upon a more industrious and happy people, enjoying to a larger degi'ec equal rights and equal opportunities than those who gather to-day under the stars and stripes to commemorate the birth of American liberty. " Again we extol the heroism and statesmanship of those who laid the foundations of the Republic but dimly conscious of its destiny. We bless the soil that gave them birth and the traditions under which they were nutured. We come in a reverential spirit to the Old Dominion, the mother of statesmen, where within the space of a few years were given to the world (ieorge Washington, Patrick Ilenrv, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, John Mar- shall and James Monroe. But we would draw little inspiration from Independence Day 391 their lives and from the fasciuatini;- i-ecord of those formative days, if we gave ourselves over to mere jubilation. We are a progressive people. We are loyal to our ideals. We refuse to be content with mere material achievements. Nor are we satisfied with comparison with other nations or with earlier times. We desire that this nation shall realize its highest possibilities. We contemplate the future with serious determination and a solemn sense of obligation. "The lesson of to-day is that each patriotic American should look upon his country's history and destiny in the light of the princi- ples of the Declaration of Independence and with sincere sympathy with democratic ideals. Instead of looking askance at every expres- sion of determination to vindicate popular rights, it should be welcomed. So long as the spirit of 1776 is abroad in the land there will be no condonation of abuses, and material prosperity will not })e permitted to serve as a cover for public wrongs. " Jefferson had no patience with Montesquieu's doctrine that a republic can be preserved only in a small territory. 'The reverse,' he said, 'is the truth.' We are fortunate in having a distribution of powers and in the maintenance of local autonomy through units conserved by historical and sentimental associations. We live under a Constitution wisely guaranteeing a division of powers Ijetween the Federal and the State governments so that each may exercise its appropriate authority. We have no need to look with concern upon increasing activities of the Federal government so long as they are pertinent to the accomplishment of Federal objects and do not interfere with the exercise of the powei-s of the States in the conduct of their local afTairs. But we may properly become alarmed when State governments lack vigor and efficiency in the protection of their own citizens and in the control of the exercise of the franchises they have granted. Thei-e is no incompatibility between vigorous state administration looking after its own aflfairs and strong national administration dealing with national questions and supervising by 392 New York at Jamestown strict and ade(iuate regulation inter-state commerce. Both are essential; and in the proportion tliat the people insist upon efficient and responsible administration of local affairs are they likely to secure a proper and res])onsible exercise of Federal authority whatever its necessary extent within its constitutional s])liere. " Ours is not and was not intended to be a pure democracy. It is impracticable that the people should administer the government directly. Thev govern through representatives. For their protection they have by direct legislation created constitutions fettering the power of their lepresentatives and estal)lishing safeguards by which they are secure in their personal liberty and in the results of their thrift. " We note with satisfaction the increasing sense of responsibility to the people on the part of those who represent them. Efforts to dominate legislation for selffsh purposes and attempts through the forms of popular election to ])lace in office those who, in the guise of executing public trusts, serve private interests are less successful than heretofore. The people have become intolerant of such traitorous representation. And it is entirely within their power to put a stop to it altogether. Political leaders A\ho have performed the functions of clearing houses for legislation and who while posing as party workers, have sei'ved under a retainer of special interests, careless alike of party pi'inciples or of ])u})lic justice, are passing from the stage. The people demand leadership, and parties need effective organization to advance their principles. But the time is rapidly passing when any one can long maintain a position of wide political influence who is under suspicion of maintaining a double allegiance. " We need more than escape fro in such prostitution of political power. The people are entitled to have imselfish leadership and unselfish representation. Popular government will not attain its ideal until it becomes a point of honor for political leaders not to make their j)olitical fortunes the test of their action. This in the light of human nature may seem a counsel of perfection. But the Independence Day 393 people are rajiicUy liecomiiio; more conseious of its necessity and more critical of its absence. And as we advance it will become more obvious to the active political worker that disinterestedness is essential to successful leadership. "We are also encouraged by the insistence upon the perform- ance of public obligations. The indignation that has been felt with reference to the conduct of large public enterprises, ncjtably in the case of our transportation corporations, has been due on the one hand to the efforts they have made to attain their ends by debauching the administration of government, and on the other hand to their failure to ]ierform their obligation in giving fair and impartial service. Their misuse of the privileges which the people have bestowed, their manipu- lation of securities, their malign influence in legislative halls have had their natural result in creating a deep feeling of public resentment. This feeling is most wholesome. It would indeed be cause for alarm if at a time of great prosperity the people were servile in the presence of financial power and remained supine under abuses of ])ublic rights. " Coincident with insistence ujion more faithful representation in the administration of government, upon the performance of public oblip-ation by our great corporations, we find throughout the business world a more general recognition of the responsibilities of fiduciary relation. This is but another phase of the general public attitude toward all who hold relations of trust and confidence, whether in politics or in business. It is but an aspect of a wholesome demand which is being voiced from the Atlantic to the Pacific for the honorable conduct of affairs. "There is also cause for gratification in finding the standards of administration raised. It is inevital)le with an alert and intelligent people that as the business of government increases greater attention should be paid to the manner in which it is discharged. We may look for a steady improvement in the pul^lic service, and on its civil side.— in the sentiment of honor and of disinterestefl fidelity that may attach 394 New York at Jamestown to it, — it may rival what has long been conspicuous in connection with our military and naval organizations. The State is entitled to the best and this we may hope the enlightened patriotism of peace will ultimately secure. " There may be those who think that to attain the ideals of popular government changes in our organic law are necessaiy. But there is no warrant for change until conscience and public spirit obtain from our existing institutions what they are able to confer. An honest and intelligent electorate can secure the representation to which it is entitled. Public opinion formed after full discussion of pending questions exerts a force well nigh irresistible. As Jefferson said, 'Res])onsibility is a tremendous engine in a free government.' " It has been the fear of those who distrust popular government that it would lead to excesses and that sound judgment would from time to time l)e displaced Ijy the fury of an excited populace. The safeguards of democracy are education and public discussion. Our coimtry is safe so long as our schools are full. " There are those who speak the language of conservatism but whose underlying purpose, only thinly veiled, is to protect those who have Ijetrayed the public and to prevent necessary remedial action. There are others who resort to inflammatory appeal, careless of the interests which would be sacrificed Ijy the arl)itrary and ill-considered action they propose or defend. We may believe that the people will not be deceived l)y either. With extraordinary unanimity they have supported President Roosevelt in his courageous and vigorous administration ])ecause they have believed that he voiced the senti- ment of fair play. It is this sentiment more than any other that dominates American life. "Our interests are inseparably connected. We cannot by arbi- trary legislation afford to disturl) our industrial enterprises. There are millions of wage earners who depend for their daily l)read upon the stability of our business interests. Independence Day 395 "But there is no reason why raj)acity should not be restrained, and pnljhc obligation enforced. "Those who are loyal to the ideals of popular government are anxious that the people should vindicate their supremacy, and in so doing should safeguard their essential interests. This may be done if they use the powers of government deliberately and justly. The people of this country are not at war with business or with honorable Inisiness organizations. They have no desire to fetter lawful enter- prises or to impair the confidence which is essential to the maintenance of our prosperity. They do desire to thwart every attempt to secure or retain an improper advantage through unjust discriminations or govern- mental favoritism. If those who are sympathetic with this desire will encourage the just and reasonable disposition of each question upon its merits and promote the rule of common sense, we shall attain the desired end and prevent democracy from suffering at its own hands. " We stand in the presence of those related by blood to the illus- trious signers of the Declaration of Independence. They rejoice in their distinguished lineage. But we are all the spiritual sons of these fathers of our liberties. We have a priceless heritage. This great country, populated with an intelligent people animated by the loftiest ideals, presents imexampled opportunity. INIay we be worthy of our birthright and so deal with the problems confronting this generation that we mav transmit to our children a still larger boon, and that they enjoying even to a greater degree equality of opportunity, may find still better secured the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." At the close of the public exercises, Governor Hughes received the congratulations of a throng of admirers who pressed about him, eager to shake hands with the man who had thrilled them and to express their approval of his sentiments. He then went to the State Buildino-, where he was tendered a formal luncheon by Senator Dunn, as President of the Commission. o 96 New York at Jamestown Prince Wilhelm's Visit WILIIEL^I, Prince of Sweden, came to America to visit the Exposition, and Angust 19th was set apart in his honor as a gala (hry named after him. He was accorded naval honors by the sqnadroii of the U. S. Navy stationed at Hampton Roads, and was expected to arrive in the forenoon. There was some delay because of the official functions carried out at Old Point Comfort, and it was apjn-oaching two o'clock when the flag of Sweden was seen above the waves as his launch made its way to the Government Pier. He had held a reception aboard H. INI. Cruiser "Fylgia" before starting, and many officers had come aboard his vessel to pay their respects to the royal commander who represented a foreign nation. It was found that the stati' supporting his flag, at that tide, precluded his entrance in that manner beneath the l)ig arch, and there was further delay. In the meantime a vast throng had collected along the pier, l)ut the band stationed on the dock kept all in excitement and good nature. Both the New York Building and the Army and Navy Clul) grounds were ])laced en fete for the unusual event, and never had their elegance of decoration been ecpialled. Tlie entire area was inclosed by bay trees and l)Oxwood. He was conducted to the building by a military procession, riding in the carriage of President H. St. George Tucker, with Hon. Thomas B. Dunn, and was kept l)Owing his acknowledg- ments to the spontaneous plaudits of thousands lining the route. President Tucker entertained the Prince at luncheon in the New Yoi'k Building, after which there was an informal reception in the parlor. He was then escorted to the hee Parade Grounds, where he stood conspicuously upon a decorated ];)latform in full sight of the spectatoi-s while he reviewed the ITnited States troops in their evolu- tions. To his hosts he ex|)i-essed himself as delighted by their skillful mano?uvres. PRINCE WILHELM Sweden's Ro^al Visitor t- — UJ _J 0- ^J / <■ CQ ■n ? 6 -I UJ U _J & :; '1 1) 7, L Qi "0 0. — Prince Wilhelm's Visit 401 That evening President and ^Irs. Tucker gave a J'cte champetre on the groiurds of the Army and Navy Ckib. The phice w as decorated with wistaria and groups of flags, the American and Swedish inter- mingled, and illumination was by innumerable Japanese lanterns. A magnificent ball followed in the New York Building, given by the Commission. Receiving were ^Nlrs. Tucker, ]\Irs. Berri, ^Irs. P. F. Harrington, ^Irs. Barton flyers, ]\Irs. Thomas B. Dunn, Mrs. Hugh Gordon ^liller, ]\[rs. Nelson H. Henry, Airs. John Taggart Blodgett, and Mrs. William H. Hamlin. ^Meanwhile, the sailors of the "Fylgia" were allowed to stroll about the Exposition Grounds, and were given a welcome to all the entertainments. From Hampton Roads the Prince sailed for New York where he spent a few days in viewing the sights of the metropolis, and a week later A\as entertained at several of the fashionable homes of New- port, R. I. Hugh Gordon [Miller, Commissioner from the State of New York, who was on duty at the building on these occasions, upon his return to New York, following up an animated conversation had at the New York Building on the subject of America, wrote the Prince and asked his written opinion of America as gathered at the Exposition and in that city. The Prince replied in English in the following characteristic letter : "Dear Sir. — You wanted to know my imjiressions of America ? Well, the short glimpse I have got of this country gives me the impression that America is one of the finest countries in the world, full of life and wealth. " And the inhabitants have got a good deal more of smartness, enersy and go in them than in anv other country I have visited. " Yours sincerely, "WILHEOI. Prince of Sweden. "H. M. Cruiser Fylgia, Newport, Aug. '25, 1907." 402 New York at Jamestown Fulton Day NEW YORK sought to increase interest in the Exposition In^ a special celebration entitled, "Robert Fulton Day," and at the same time the Wizard of the Hudson was duly honored in the commemoration of the centennial of the first successful application of steam in the propulsion of vessels. It was an occasion to spread the knowledge broadcast and draw attention to the fame of the Empire State. September "^Srd was the day selected, and Dr. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) was the guest of honor who graced the occasion most fittingly. A dinner was the chief event. It was given to the Robert Fidton ^lemorial Association by the New York State Commissioners in the Stat(> Building. Dr. Clemens, Hon. Henry G. Bayer and Com- missioner Hugh (Gordon Miller were the principal ones among those who spoke. There were several descendants of Robert Fulton present. Dr. Clemens had arrived l)y water from New York, and there had l)een a notable outpouring to greet him. He and Hon. Martin W. Littleton had delivered stirring orations at the Auditorium that afternoon, carrying the audience to a pitch of enthusiasm seldom witnessed. Hampton Roads was the scene of a great marine ]:)arade, occupy- ing two hours in passing the reviewing line, consisting of the U. S. S. " Brooklyn," Cornelius Yanderbilt's palatial yaclit, the " North Star," and Henry II. Rogers' "Kanawha." The shores and piers of the Exposition giounds were lined with spectators. At the New York Building, the bancpiet hall had never looked more entrancing. Mrs. Henry had bestowed her best eiforts upon its decorative scheme. A decidedly gala tone was made manifest by a lavish display of flags and Inniting, with Southern foliage in masses. Mrs. Donald McLean received, assisted by Mrs. Hugh Gordon ROBERT FULTON Centennial Celebration Fulton Day 405 Miller. The IIiuii;ariau and Exposition liantls fui'nislnnl ehanning music throughout the entertainment. There were no less than one hundred and twenty-hve guests at the tahle. Commissioner Miller was toastmaster. Xo t)etter choice C(.)uld have been made. The Poem The ceremonies were inaugurated l>y the reading of some verses, entitled ""Fulton's Folly."" specially written tor the occasion hy George F. Viett. ■"^'irginia"s Poet Laureate.'" whose eil'ort was received with spontaneous a]>]:)lause and sho\\'ed his ahility. although he had but a few hours" notice of what was expected from him. Fuhon's " Folly" " AXD THEY CALLED IT FULTOX'S 'FOLLY:'" Bv Geor^'e F . Melt. Here, \^"here the newer LimesteiN^n greets the wurld 'With jov, Lind pride, and festal flags unfurled; Here, where the storied land, with sunny grace Bends forth to kiss the amorous Ocean's face. Here, where old Xeptune finds his sweetest rest And sinks to slumber on Virginia's breast; Here Industry and Sentiment have reared Above a spot to all the world endeared A Citv Beautiful, to tell the earth The storv of a noble nation's birth, Yet is this Citv not too great — I claim To stand alone for Robert Fulton's Fame! I Xow mav the age in wonderment behold Far-flung the fleets, their flammg flags outrolled, Spurning the gale, tossing the surge aside, Xo more exposed to baffling winds and tide. Bearing rich tribute or the bolts of war Man's proud Armadas move from shore to shore; On everv league of all the se\'en seas Their muffled thunder sounds upon the breeze. 4o6 New York at Jamestown In vain the winds of heaven bar the way Of yonder " Greyhound " to her destined bay, With Fulton's " folly " in the heart of her The four and twenty winds are part of her! In vain the tern])est now disputes man's path, Vain its loud protest, vain old Ocean's wrath, For Fulton's " folly " won the right of way, And Neptune vanquished, must rich tribute pay! Like molten mountains moving to their doom The mighty surges claim their ancient room ! Resentful rise their ]jrestige to redeem. But fall abashed at Fulton's Harnessed Steam! So Fulton's " folly " fits the foaming sea Man's highway and his home alike to be; Triumphant Commerce sweeps the world around On vie\^'less steeds, by Fulton's " folly " bound! With Fulton's " folly " in their steely hearts Majestic move the sc|uadrons to their marts; Bearing the winds of heaven bound about, Thev move disdainful of the blast without. Thus are the nations — yea, the world — renowned In " folly," and by Fulton's " folly " crowned The world is wise, — in " folly," proud to claim The share of " folly " which is Fulton's Fame! Small need to gild his glory, 'tis revealed In every flame that lights the foaming field ; Would words avail — to abler pen than mine Reluctantly the task I nuist resign. Mrs. McLean Speaks The toastmaster introduced l\[r.s. Donakl McLean in the follow- ing; happy manner, and it is unfortunate that her eloquent address was not preserved. "We Irave heard a great deal durino- this Exposition about generals and admirals — sea fighters, land fighters, and even Exposi- tion Kilkenny cat fighters, and we have heard also here and elsewhere about the man behind the gun. So remembering that a woman Q. O O < Q Z O H _l D 3 5 •a Fulton Day 409 named Pocahontas had 8oniethin«;' to (h) with tlie settlemient at James- town, we propose to-night to have from the rresick^nt-General of the most patriotic wi)man"s organization in tire country, a report in behalf of "the girl l)eliind the man behind the gun." "No woman, of coiu'se, may ever become President of the United States. But to be in this country elected President-(ieneral of the Daughters of the American Revolution, among the ladies, has been equivalent, in a way, or at least as far as possible, to being elected President of the United States, among the men. Indeed, to worthily and efficiently lead an army of fifty thoirsand women, of the class that compose that splendid, patriotic and ])owerful organization, representing fifty thousand of the best and most rej^resentative old families in America, with such an attendant responsibility as rests upon that tridy high office, the responsibility of holding the elderly American citizens to the lofty standards and traditions of the fathers of the Republic, while at the same time, and jwrhaps most important of all, inspiring as only a woman can, noble and patriotic principles in the youth of the land, is not only a great distinction, but a task for which few men in this country woidd be equal. "It is, therefore, with especial pleasure, and I trust with pardon- able pride, that I propose the health of a meml^er of the original advisory board of the Jamestown Exposition, a member who has told the story of Jamestown [and this Exposition from one end of this land to the other, Mrs. Donald McLean, of the New York State Commission." The response of Mrs. McLean came as a surprise to those inclined to judge all female orators by the usual standard of feminine speech- making. This lady not only proved herself a talented and able speaker, l)ut showed subtlety of wit and a keenness of humor that gave her a clear title to hold forth in the same assemblage with iVmerica's Prince of Himiorists — ]Mark Twain. She frequently convulsed 41 o New York at Jamestown the audience with laughter and her every period was punctuated with generous applause. She justified a statement of Governor Hughes in a speech on D. A. R. Day to the convention that she is the "pride of Maryland, her birthplace, and the glory of New York, her home." Tribute to Twain Toastmaster Hugh Gordon Miller then arose to the occasion and ])aid a compliment to ^lark Twain when he introduced him in these wtn'ds: "The ordinary introduction for this distinguished speaker should be unnecessary among cultured and reading people anywhere over the civilized world for not only liave 'Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckle- berry Finn' 'Eschol Sellers,' 'Beriah Sellers' and 'Colonel ]\Iulberry Sellers, ' l:iut Ijooksellers, too, have l>een great travelers among the 'Innocents Abroad;' and even now that |)Oor 'Tom Sawyer' in the flesh is dead, his soul still goes marching on! And it seems to me to be especially fitting and appropriate that the armv and navy should be here to-night to do honor to the distinguished father of that woi-Id renowned civil and military hero, ' Colonel ^Mulberry Sellers,' of ]\[ark Twain's invincil)le and irresistible armv. "We are reminded by the appearance of the militaiy and the navy, that when the gi-eat l)attle of Salamis had l)een fought and ancient and classic Greece again kept free, a meeting of the Greek commanders was held and each of the victorious generals voted him- self first in lionor — Init all agreed that Themistocles was second. American literatui'e during ovn- country's comj)arative brief existence has had many brilliant liglits, the opinion of a few captious critics to the contrary iiotwithstanding. I shall not now, of course, attempt to call the roll, l)ut whoever may, by his contemporaries of the last forty years in this great world of letters, be considered second in honor — the whole American literary world, reader and writer alike, have lono- MARK TWAIN (Dr. Samuel L. Clemens", "Fulton Day" Orator A < IV^ -^ ^^^ Y>^^^. ^-^ ^v^. yV-o-^ . Jo, /'e S S~. FulU)n Day 413 ago voted — ami lo-iiiolit we are goino- to crown Mark Twain, first in honor both as a \\ riter and a model American citizen. We will crown him an American citizen who, discharging his obhgations and tliose of others by years of hibor witli 1)rain and lieart and liands, has left an example of bnsiness honesty and honor for the yonng men of this country that shines out in this commercial age like the beacon of some great light-house towering up before the gaze of the storm-tossed mariner across a tempestuous and troid)led sea. "Surely it will not be out of ]ilace for your toastmaster for a moment to assmne to speak for his generation and to say that this notable example of the manhood of the centiny just passed and gone Avill not be entirely lost upon the men of the new century. Surely all of us — men and women, young and old — may be permitted to pause for a moment to-night and to })ass over to this great and good example of a man a l)ouquet or two of verbal flowers while he still lives to cheer and bless and ennoble our age. "Ladies and gentlemen, there are many American writers to-day who in their way are great, and many, many more during this man's life have come and gone — but Samuel L. Clemens, the delight of our fathers and our grandfathers, who, with his same brilliant wit and humor was writing of the ^Mississippi River and its first steamboat in the 'Gilded Age' of the old South before the war, appears with us to-night as young in spirit, as humorous and as handsome as he ever was. and our only hope is that like Tennyson's Brook and the appli- cation of steam to navigation by Robert Fulton, which we celebrate to-day. he will 'roll on and on forever.' "So on behalf now of the New York State Commission to this Exposition, as well as the Fulton Association, in appreciation of the fact that, save for a dinner given him recently liy the Lord INIayor of London, and the birthday dinner given in his honor by American literary men in New York city last winter, this is the fii'st such function he has attended in seven years, and in further appreciation of the long 414 New York at Jamestown journey by sea lie has taken and his heroic and successful effort to land from the 'North Star' in the terrific storm that raged here to-day, to make a truly great speech and I'eceive an unparalleled ovation at the Auditorium this afternoon, I propose the good health of the Ne^\ Admiral of the navy. Admiral Samuel L. Clemens, known on land as ' jNIark Twain,' who has shown liimself to-day amid the storm on Hampton Roads during the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the sailing of the 'Clermont' to be the greatest sailor on these historic waters since John Smith was ' Governor of Virginia and Admiral of New England,' and who is beyond all question and in all seriousness the most imiversally loved, admired and respected man in America." ((xreat applause, the diners rising and cheering.) Twain on Fulton Mark Twain was received by so spontaneous an outburst of applause that it was several minutes before the guests consented to observe silence. "Ladiks and GentlivMen. — We are here to celebrate one of the greatest events in American history; and not only in American history, but in the world's history, the aj^plication of steam to navigation by Rol)ert Fulton. It was a world event — there are not many of them. It is peculiarly an American event, that is true, but the influence was very broad in effect. We should regard this to-day as a very gi-eat American holiday. We have not many American holidays. We have not many that ai-e exclusively American holidays. We have the Fourth of July, which we regard as an American holiday, but it is nothing of the kind. I am waiting for a dissenting voice. (A])plause.) "All great efforts that led up to the Fourth of July were made, not by Americans, but l)y English residents of America, subjects of the King of England. They fought all the fighting that was done; Fulton Day 415 they shed and spilt all the hlood that was spilt in securing' to us invaluahle liberties, which are incorporated in the Declaration of Independence, hut they were not Americans. They signed the Declaration of Independence, no American's name is signed to that document at all. There never was an .Vmerican, such as you and I, until after the Revolution, when it had all been fought out and liberty secured, after the adoption of the Constitution, and the recognition of the Independence of America by all Powers. While we revere the Fourth of July, and let us always revere it, and the liberties it conferred upon us, yet it was not an American event, but this is an American event, a great American day. It was an American who applied that steam successfully. There ai-e not a great many world events and we have our full share. The telegraph and the application of steam to navigation are great American events. "To-day I have been requested, or I have refjuested myself (applause) not to confine myself to furnishing you with information, but to remind you of things, and to introduce one of the nation's celebrants. The Admiral here is going to tell you all that I have left untold. I am going to tell you all that I know, and then he will follow with such rags and remnants as he can find and tell you what he knows. (Applause.) No doubt you have heai'd a great deal about Robert Fulton and the influences that have grown from his invention, luit his little steamboat is suffering neglect. You probably do not know a great deal al)out that boat. It was the most im])ortant steamboat in the world. I was there and saw it. The Admiral was there at the time. (Applause and laughter.) It need not surprise you for he is not as old as he looks. That little boat was interesting in every way. The size of it. The l)oat was one — (turns and whispers to Admiral Harrington) — he said ten feet long. The breadth of that boat was (consults Admiral) ^ two hundred feet. (Applause and laughter.) You see the first and most important detail is the length, then the l)readth and then the depth of that boat 4i6 New York at Jamestown was — (whispers again to Admiral Harrington) . Admiral says it was a flat boat. (Laughter.) " Then her tonnage, you know nothing a))Out a boat until you know about two more things. Her speed and her tonnage. We know the speed she made. She made four miles and sometimes five miles. It was on her first trip on August 19, 1807, that she made her initial trip, when she went from — (whis]>ers to Admiral Harrington) — Jersey City to Chicago. (Laughter.) That right '^ She went by way of Albany. Ncnv comes the tonnage of that boat. Tonnage of a boat means the amount of displacement; displacement means the amount of water a vessel can shove in a day. The tonnage of man is estimated by the amount of whisky he can displace in a day. (Laughter.) " I feel that it surprises you that I know so much. In my remarks of welcome of Admiral Harring'ton I am not o-oino- to give him com- pliments. Compliments always embarrass a man. You do not know anything to say. It does not inspire you with words. There is nothing you can say in answer to a compliment. I have been com- phmented myself a great many times and they always embarrass me. I always feel that they have not said enough. (Applause.) "The Admii-al and myself have held pul)Iic office and have been associated together a great deal in a friendly way since the time of Pocahontas. That incident where Pocahontas saves the life of Smith from her father Powhatan's club was gotten up t)y the Admiral and myself to advertise Jamestown. (Great laughter.) "At that time the Admiral and myself did not have the facilities of advertising that you have. "I have known Admiral Harrington in all kinds of situations, in pul>lic service, on tlie ])latform, and in the chain gang, now and then, l)ut it was a naistake. A case of mistaken identity. (Laughter.) I do not think it is at all necessary to tell you Admiral Harrington's pul)lic history. You know that it is in the histories. I am not here HUGH GORDON MILLER "Fulton Da>- Toastmaster" Fulton Day 419 to tell you anything- about his })ul)lic life, hut to expose his private hfe. (Laughter.) '"I am soniethiug of a poet," said l\[r. Clemens, as the crowd lauo'hed. "AYhen the great Poet Laureate Tennyson died and I found that jilace was opened, I tried to get it, hut I did not get it. Anvljody can write the tirst line of a poem, hut it is a very difficult task to make the second line rhyme with the first. When I was flown in Australia there were two towns named Johnswood and Par-am. I made this rhyme: ' The ijeo]ile of Johnswood Are pious and good. The peo])le of Par-am, Thev don't care a ' (Laughter.) "I do not want to compliment Admiial Harrington, but as long as such men as he devote their lives to the public service the ci-edit of the country will never cease. I will say that the same high quali- ties, the same moral and intellectual attainments the same gracious- ness of manner, of conduct, of ol)servation, and the expression have caused Admiral Harrington to be mistaken for me and I to l)e mis- taken for him. ((rreat a])plause.) "A mutual compliment can go no further and I now have the honor and privilege of introducing to you Adniii'al Harrington." Miller's Fulton Memorial In the celebration of Robert Fulton Day, commemorating the centennial anniversary of the application of steam to navigation. New York State Commis.sioner Hugh (lordon Miller delivered the following spirited address, a fitting tribute to the great Fulton and many noted men of the States of New York and Virginia. "In her participation in this celebration the State of New York greets the State of Virginia and her citizens and guests, in the same 420 New York at Jamestown fraternal spirit existinj^ in the early days when Jay and Morris, Clinton, Hamilton, Scluiyler and others took counsel with Washington, Jefferson, ^ladison, ^lason, Lee and Patrick Henry. "New York city, the present Rome of the New World and the metropolis of the Western Hemisphere, was originally one of the pro- vincial outposts of Yirginia, sharing in that regard, as you have been reminded very ofteia during this Exposition, the position of many others of the ])resent States of the American Union, for not only did the Pilgrims in the docimient signed on board the 'May- flower' on the morning they landed at Cape Cod, declare in the preamble of that historic document, that they were about to land on the northern shores of Virginia, but the territory of this old mother Commomwealth originally extended as far north as Nova Scotia, and in 1612, John Sinith, (iovernor of ^"irginia and x4dmiral of New England, wrote to King James that 'the Dutch had taken possession of one of Virginia's islands' — that was IVLanhattan Island. So it is peculiarly appropriate that the descendants of the New York colonists of 1609 should participate in this celel)ration in honor of the Virginia colonists of 1607; that the Empire State of the Union should once again join hands, not only with the Old Dominion, but with its present successor, the great New Virginia of the Twentieth Century. "It was especially fitting, therefore, that the foundation of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition should have been builded largely upon an indorsement written in 190,'5 l)y the great and only living ex-President of the United States, (irover Cleveland, a former Governor of the State of New York, and that most of its subsequent success as a national and international celebration should be due to the untiring and pati'iotic eft'orts of another former Governor of the State of New York, Presiflent Theodore Roosevelt, whom we have all now leai'ned to admire and respect; a man who has lived in the East and lived in the West, whose mother was a Southerner from Fulton Day 421 Georgia, the Empire State of the South; whose father was a North- erner; and who, himself, represents to-day the very best type of the Twentieth Century Ameriean. "After all, we should make no invidious distinetion between any of the States of our glorious Union. We love our country, and our whole country. ' Thouijh ])y l)irlh one spot l5e mine, Dear is all the rest ; Dear to me the .South's fair land, Dear the Central mountain liand, Dear Xew England's rocky strand, Dear the prairied West.' ""What affords us after all the keenest joy and pleasure even at this Birthdav Celebration is that Virginia, as well as New York, is represented to-day by the pure emblem of a white star upon the azure field of our common flag, and that they are forevermore one in the shining constellation of American States. "On many special days now for months you have heard from President Tucker and others the story of Jamestown and old Virginia, and on behalf of New York we can only add that we do not foi'get that in the emergency of the past which demanded great men and great deeds, Virginia gave a Washington to lead to victory the armies of the struggling colonists and be inaugui'ated first Pi-esident upon the steps of the old City Hall in New York city ; that she gave a Henry to kindle the glowing fires of patriotism in the hearts of the New York colonists as well as those of Virginia; a Jefferson to write the immortal Declaration of Independence; a Madison to furnish the text of the best Constitution ever adopted by man; a ^Marshall to breathe into that Constitution the breath of national life, and shape the juris- prudence of the infant nation; a ^Monroe to formulate the Monroe Doctrine, and that at a later period she furnished to history such heroic and imperishable names as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. 422 New York at Jamestown "In tlie hinguage of a Northern poet, once speaking of the Union, Virginia, hke the rest of our Union States, ' Will live while a billow lies spreading before her, She will live while the clear arch of heaven bends o'er her. While the name of the Christ for the fallen we cherish, 'Till the hopes in the breast of humanity perish, — She will live.' "Yes, she will live just as the poet said she would, and she will live just as long as the poet said the American Republic would live. She will round out the voyage. And the American Republic founded so near here, three hundred years ago and built on the rock of national security, freedom, justice, equity and ecjuality, all amalgamated to form its chief corner-stone; may it endure while governments are needed upon earth; may it cease to exist only when there shall be nothing around it but crumbling walls and nothing above but the white-winged angel, who shall proclaim the close of time and the beginning of eternity. "One of the best results of an international exposition, and es])ecially the Jamestown Exposition, is that it has brought us in touch with many prominent, influential powers who embrace the opportunity as a fitting one in which to visit us, and l)ring samples of their finest products in art, manufactures and inventions, to compare with our products and the products of other energetic people; and in this connection I beg to (piote a short l)ut very interesting autograph letter recently received by the s])eaker from a visitor: "'You wanted to know my im])ressions of America.^ Well the short glimpse I have got of this country gives me the impression that America is one of the finest countries in the world, full of life and wealth. And tlic inhabitants have got a good deal more of smartness, energy and go in them than in any other country I have visited. " ' Yours sincerely, ' -WILIIELM, " 'Prince of Sweden.' Fulton Day 423 "We have been favored not only by visits from this charming young prince of the democratic liouse of the Bernardotte; but also from the distinguished Italian, Duke Abruzzi; the Japanese hero. General Kuroki, and a host of others who 'travel the highways of power. ' In knowing these people we strengthen the friendly relations between the nations, and there are many who believe they are in fact more productive of good than the spasmodic peace-on-earth effort of any Peace Congress. A few months since the jingo element of the country was crying out that we were going to have war at once with Japan. The opportune visit of General Kuroki, his manly course and candor, did more to allay this temporary excitement than any other influence could have accomplished. "And now a new generation, honoring our fathers, whether they wore the blue or the gray, gather in old Virginia hard by Hamp- ton Roads, where the 'Susan Constant,' the 'God Speed' and the 'Discovery,' under Captain John Smith, three hundred years ago, sailed in and anchored with 103 weather beaten and heroic pioneers. Here, where the '^lonitor' and 'Alerrimac' fought that great naval battle which revolutionized the naval armament and w^arfare of the world, and along with the iron-clad representatives of the other nations of the world, bent only on a mission of peace and good will, we have seen gathered the new^ American navy, with the ' New York,' the 'Virginia' and the rest of those great leviathans of the deep, bristling with guns to be sure; but carrying in fact the olive branch of peace high up over all the guns, waving that olive branch from the same flag-staff with the 'Stars and Stripes,' the Emljlem of Liberty, Justice and Humanity, just as the Angel of Humanity, Peace and Good Will recently hovered over the guns of the fleet of Admiral Davis at Kingston. "Looking into the future, when we think of those ships gathered here at the cradle of the Republic, let us see in prophetic vision, unless the other nations agree to disarm, forty-four great American battle- 424 New York at Jamestown ships, each hearing the name of a sovereign State of the Union, aU saihng out under that Ijanner upon the open sea of the Twentieth Century together, and presenting after all, in that navy and in that union, in the judgment of most of us, the only safe guarantee for a continuance of the Alonroe Doctrine in the ^\estern Hemisphere, and this Nation's most etl'ectual, and for the present most practical, contribution to the final and permanent peace of the world. Typify- ing thus and representing thus the forty-four States themselves, that completed navy of the futiu-e, — typifying also the completed unity of the American Republic ;ind our great constellation of Com- monwealths, — will sail out into the great arena of the world, with decks all cleared for action, and if necessary with every man at his gun, parting and passing the turbulent international billows that with this nation, as well as every other nation, will, no doubt, for a long time to come, — in spite of all our hopes and prayers, — continue to break ever and again u])on the ever-surging, often restless, onward moving tides of time. When those battleships gather some day for a full review, may all of us, especially from Virginia and New York, and also the thirteen original States, be there in the harbor of the great metro])olis to see them as they gather in the white foam and silveiy spray of the great ])ort of entry of the country, and watch them as they di]) their flags and salute the Statue of Liberty Enlighten- ing the World as she points on high toward the only shore which, as yet, holds out any guarantee of never-ending peace on earth and good will among; men." Commissioner Bayer's Compliments Hon. Henry G. Bayer, who was special commissioner in the United States of the International Maritime Association Exposi- tion, being held at Bordeaux, France, in honor of Robert Fulton, and also representing the French Government at this celebration, HON. HENRY G. BAYER Orator on "Fulton Day" Fulton Day 427 showed his knowledge coiiceruiug the great inventor by paying the following tribute to his memory, after being introduced by Air. Aliller. "Ladies and Gentlemen. — One hnndr(>d and ten years ago, a tlistinguished American, Robert Fulton, went to France and very soon became, in Paris, a friend of the American poet and di])lomat, Joel Barlow. "His great intelligence, his fine manners, and his skill displayed in wonderful inventions, charmed the French peo])le very much. "In 1797 he built in Paris a barrack in wood, just where is now the 'Passage des Panoramas,' and exhil^ited therein panoramic views of the city of Paris. It was an exceptionally great success; the people were very fond of that new kind of recreation and a popular song, on that subject spread all over France. "Here is one of the verses of that song: Paris pas plus grand que cela, Touit de succes legitimes, Un savant vous le montrara Pour un franc cinquante centimes, Et tout le monde donne ou donnera Dans le pane, pano, panorama ! "Which means — Paris, none greater than she, Enjovs legitimated successes, A ivise man, will show it to you For I Franc and 50 Centimes ( ^,0 cents) And everj'body butts in or will butt in the Panorama ! "Later on. Col. Langlois used Fulton's Panorama for the repro- duction of victories of the French armies. "The trials made by Fulton on the River Loire, concerning the a]iplication of steam to navigation, were attracting the attention of the French Government and of Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul. 428 New York at Jamestown "Owing to all these precious facts the French have organized in Bortleaux, since last ]May, a great International Maritime Expo- sition in honor of Robert Fulton. Sixteen foreign nations are there, paying a solemn tribute of respect and esteem to your illustrious countryman, \\hile your own country is also represented, namely, by three of your finest warships. And I do believe that it Avill be agreealjle to you to hear that two weeks ago the King and Queen of Spain went to the Ex])osition of Bordeaux, honoring publicly the great American inventor. " The application of steam to navigation, the most pacific, useful and beneficent invention, has extensively develoj^ed trade, generously disseminating wealth and prosperity; it has brought together the people of very dissimilar countries, facilitating the study of languages, industries and fine arts. "Personally, if I had had to come over on a sailing boat, I would have renuiined in Europe and would never have seen the fairy Hudson River, (Jreater New York, the Jamestown Exposition and the so many nice things that I have the pleasure of admiring in your l)cauti- ful and hospitable country. "Everv foreignei- residing in the United States and earning his living here should remember his first benefactor, Robert Fulton, and help, in proportion to his means, to make more easy the nol)le ]mrpose of the Robert Fulton jMonument Association, of which another of your distinguished inventors, INIr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, is the president. "And, as Fulton's genius has been ]>rofitable to every countrv, no matter where it is located, no matter what its degree of civilization, I put forth the claim that it is the duty of the nations of the entire world to contril)ute to the realization of the great j)roject of this association. "In the French harbor of Brest, Fulton, with his first sul)marine, 'The Nautilus,' nrade many experiments. Fulton Day 429 "In my opinion, tlie fntnre oeneratious will say that the appli- cation of steam to na vitiation and the invention of the submarine are two of the most im])ortant thinos in the history of the world, and as a consecjuence, that Robert Fulton is a leader among the greatest benefactors of humanity. "As a matter of fact, all the great na\^al powers are working- hard to improve the submarine and, no doubt, they will succeed in making it efficient in its terrible effects. As soon as that time ai'rives. as soon as the submarine will have reached a state of perfection, the nations will imderstand that war is possible no more, that war has become the rapid and certain destruction of the navies, by those invisible little devils swimming in concealment under the surface of the waters. "The I'ulers will recognize that the irreparable crushing of the navies, besides being a ruin for the nations to whom the warships belong, means the impossibility of fighting on land, as the battles now take place far from the rival and warlike countries, usually near lands called 'colonies.' Then senates and parliaments will proclaim that the settlement of quarrels will be done by arl)itration instead of by the actual wild means. "What a happiness and relief in the heart of the mothers; what a reconciliation with the laws of the Creator; what a blessing for humanity, what an honor to (lod! Such an ideal situation, which for so manv centuries has been considered as a dream, will become a fact owing to the inventions of Fulton. "For this reason we may expect that one hundred years from now, there will be, let us say in Washington, the capital of the United States, another great, beautiful and allegorical monument, recalling the application of steam to navigation, recalling the invention of the submarine as a means of universal peace, recalling the genius of Fulton and sealing fraternity, justice and love between and among all the nations! 430 New York at Jamestown "I drink to the health of the descendants of the iUustrious Fulton, heve present; to the members of the distinguished Robert Fulton IMonument Association, and to the admirable x\mericau people!" Littleton's Oration The toastmaster, in a l:)rief and appropriate speech, proposed a toast to the State of New York, and called upon Hon. ^Martin W. Littleton, of New York city, the orator of Fulton Day, to respond. INIr. Littleton made a splendid speech, fully equal to the great one delivered in the Auditorium in the afternoon. This splendid address, full of forceful truths and delivered with impressive eloquence, held the distinguished gathering tense to the end. This young Southerner, who left his home in the mountains of East Tennessee fifteen years agQ to make his fortune in the great metropolis, and who is now recognized as not only one of the greatest advocates in New York, but in the entire country, held the audience simply spellbound. Alartin W. Ijittleton spoke in pai't as follows: "Mr. Chairman. Ladies and Gentlemen — We meet under the auspices of a patriotic committee to celebrate a great event. Looking backward, the years that reach from now to then have worked a miracle in men and things. The swelung host of men and women forsook the fringe of eastern shore and poured their ever increasing generations into the valley of the IMississippi, scattered their children over the untouched plain and sent their stalwart sons to the Pacific slope; and then the valleys l)ecame white and gold with the ripening harvest, the plains resounded with the tramp of countless herds, and the mountains gave up their riches to the quest of the miner. The railroads shot their great highways of steel and stone across the continent, the reaper set its sickle singing HON. MARTIN W. LITTLETON '•Fulton Day" Orator Fulton Day 433 in the sun-burnt fields, the factory unloosed its l)elted wheels, the foundry flamed above the nieltino- ore, and the cotton oin toiled with its thousand fingers in the Southern fields. Beneath and behind these advancing develojiments, strengthening and sustaining them was the powerful inspiration of a great, free constitutional government. And still behind and still beneath this government was the enkindling o-enius of a new civilization, which in its own oood time was sure to o o shed its light \Aherever dwelt the sons of men; a civilization whose deep, dynamic force, whose wide and widening energies, whose complex ambitions required a government free enough for the play of all its forces, firm enough to hold in wholesome check its lawless elements and broad enough to embrace within its freedom and stability the certain growth and changing conditions which surely come with the development of a new nation. This civilization demanded as a means for the full measure of its triumph a consti- tution which could be extended to the full limit of the continent and yet retain its poise and power. It demanded a statesuranship inter- preting the constitution, not as an absti-act ideality, but as a medium through which the multiplied energies of the race could w^ork out a destiny founded on freedom and regulated, but not restricted by law. These causes and conditions, these energies and agencies called civilization, make up the great fact from which come all our public questions, and the man or the party that expects to hold any more than an obstructive place in the affairs of the nation must withdraw for a time from the confusion of the superficial strife and survey with unclouded vision the material changes which daily mark the progress of the race. "When first the factories called the toiler fi-om the farm and set their spindles going, there came with the cloth from the loom, and with the wood from the plane, and with the cotton fi'om the mill, a political issue which for three-quarters of a century has disrupted parties, divided communities and fairly thrilled the pul)lic life of the 434 New York at Jamestown nation. The railroads sped away to the West in wake of the pioneer and there came straightway forth the great transportation problem which changed the history of economics, disturbed the fabric of the government and has almost wrenched from their base the powers of the State. The miner camped on the barren hills and worked away in the dull, dead earth until one day he found the silver lining of the soil and there leaped from the Ijowels of the earth a political issue which tried all the traditions of our race, wrecked the hopes of a great party, drove men into political exile and set all the business world on edge as to the consec[uences. The dumb and driven negro tugged away at the stubborn seed in the empire of cotton and slavery was a desultory domestic institution until one day Whitney wrought the cotton gin from his brain and then deserted fields turned Avhite and a black stream poured into the land of cotton and slavery became a real question, unhappily destined to disturb and finally to divide the nation into the most frightful war the world has ever known. "Back of this Great Britain with its developing mines stood powerless in front of the problem of l:)ringing this exhaustless wealth to the surface of the earth until Watt, gathering the lal)or of those who went before him and welding it together with his own genius, invented the steam engine, and the wealth beneath the surface of the earth in Great Britain was placed at the disposal of those who sought it. "Bessemer, born in France and reared in England, Ijclieved that iron, in its crude and awkward application, could l)e made a more tractalile servant of the human race and he devised the means of making modern steel, and from that device or method there came to America the steel development which to-day spans our great water- ways with its steel network of bridges, insures the safety of the great ocean-going vessels, makes doubly useful the great transportation lines, erects tier on tier of splendid buildings in our great cities and goes to furnish the greater portion of the material with which the woi-k of mankind is performed. Fulton Day 435 "Fi'auklin, witnessing the power and almost divine force of the electric cnrrent, endeavored to brino- the lightning to serve the human race when later on Morse, fiatherino- all that had been done bv his predecessors and making the final application of this ^\•ondrous power, applied electricity in a practical fashion. "A little more than one hundred years ago and three-fourths of the earth's surface was lost as a highway between the races of the earth. The other fourth was lost to the desultory and struggling journeys made overland l^y an adventuresome but feeble race. Within that one hundred years the march of progress has gone beyond the most brilliant prophesy of the wildest dream. The nineteenth century swe])t in through the fury and the flame of revolution. A furv which sprang from hearts afire with the love of liberty, a flame that was kindled at the torch held high by reason. "Thrones that for ages had cast their shadows across the con- science of the world reeled and fell under this revolution of reason. Empires weighed down with wickedness, surviving upon fallacy and force went down under the impact of ideas. Kingdoms that were wrought out of wrong, built up with blood sustained by superstition, defving God and degrading man, dissolved and disappeared under the fierce fires of the world's enkindling genius. Coui-ts created by caprice, corrupt and cruel, ignorant and insolent, fled into the deepen- ing shadows behind the throne. The crown, ignorant and insolent, brilliant and Ijlasphemous, rested uneasily u]:)on the titled tyrants of the times. The church, somber and sycophantic, made up of darkness and cruelty, was torn from the breast of the king and made to walk by faith instead of force. Every nation of the earth has been swept to the very core of its feeling by the resistless progress of these one hundred years. " Germany, encrusted with the caste of classes, divided into petty principalities through its philosophers, set in motion those silent forces which have waged relentless warfare on heresy and wrong. 43^ New York at Jamestown "France, raging with revolution, triumphing at last in the erec- tion of a popular government, was made to suffer under the terrible strain of a rising, insistent and universal patriotism. "Japan, within the last quarter of a century, roused herself, shook off her lethargy, waged war and became the teacher of Asia. "China, slow, imjjenetrable and changeless, evolving no reform from Avithin and receivino- no lig'lit from without, stood like a world of immovable statues. "Mexico, mad with excesses, drunk with degradation, roused herself, waged a war, staggered and struggled weak from the conflict, on and up until she created a great southwestern republic. " England, held back by an unbending aristocracy, was made to drink deep of the spirit of the hour, held to her unwilling lips by the hands of her heroic children. " The United States, conceived in the glorious genius of a righteous revolution, brought forth as the joint product of the chival- ric Cavalier and the persevering Puritan, sprang into the arena of the world's conflict and the reach and range of her influence has touched and quickened the conscience of the world. Chief among those who gave her the ])osition of undoubted supremacy in the world was Robert Fulton. Until his genius wrought its wondrous miracle over wind and wave, the commerce of the world was but the senseless slave of every storm and the idle drift of every tide. " Until Fulton fused the fragile heat and made it master of the insensate iron and made the two work together in tireless rhythm, the man u]>on the sea sought every shore where restless winds could blow. Until he turned the glistening blades of burnished wheels into the stubborn sea and held the elements captive in the cabin room, the clouds were masters of our ocean course and the storms dictated our destiny. Until he sought the idle wind within the swellino; sail and smote its confused elements into orderly force, the world stood still in the midst of every calm and fled in fright in front of every storm." Fulton Day 437 The toastmaster's tribute to this gentleman at the conelusion ot Ills tine oration, was a ct)r(:lial and enthusiastic recog'nition ot an eloquence altoo-ether powerful, convincing, and ins]:>iring. The last speaker introducetl ^^'as Capt. John S. Wise, now of New York, former Congressman at Large and United States Attorney in Virginia, whose father, (tov. Henry A. Wise, nearly half a century ago delivered the great s])eech at Jamestown Island, so often cjuoted from in the Exposition literature. Captain Wise was at his best and spoke with great feeling and eloquence in response to the toast of A'irginia . Col. n. O. S. Ileistand, in a short, but exceedingly happy address, responded to a toast to Creneral Grant and the Army. The colonel's remarks, toucliing as they did uj^on matters dear to the patriotic heart, elicited the spontaneous applause of the asseml:)lage. Admiral Harrington was present as representative of the Navy. This gentleman had previously delivered a masterly address during the day ceremonies at the Auditorium. Prominent Guests Present The guests at the dinner, included the following: Mrs. H. H. Cammann, only living granddaughter of Robert Fulton, and ]\[r. H. H. Cammann. comptroller of Trinity Corpora- tion; Mr. R. Fulton Ludlow, artist, only grandsoir of Robert Fulton, and INIrs. R. F. Ludlow: Miss Alice Crary: Miss Cornelia Fulton Crary: ~SIy. and Mrs. C. Franklin Crary: Mr. Edward C. Cammann, ^h\ H. Schuyler Cammann, of New York, great grandchildren of Robert Fuhon: 'Mr. R. Fulton Cutting, of New York: Dr. Samuel L. Clemens (:NLark Twain), of New York: Admiral P. F. Harrington, chairman of the Naval Board of the Exposition, representing the Tnited States Navy: Col. H. O. S. Heistand. Adjutant-General, Atlantic Division, United States Army, representing Gen. Frederick 438 New York at Jamestown Dent Grant; Lieut. -Gov. and Mrs. J. Taylor Ellyson, of Virginia and the Exposition; Mrs. Donald McLean, Vice-President and acting- President, New York State Commission to the Jamestown Exposition, and President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, and Mr. D. McLean, of New York; ^Vlr. Harry St. George Tucker, President of the Exposition, and Mrs. Tucker; Colonel Reade, Commander of the Twenty-third Infantry, and Mrs. Reade; Chief Justice Blodgett, President of the Exposition Commission from the State of Rhode Island, and Mrs. Blodgett; United States Judge Edmund Waddill, of Virginia, and Mrs. Waddill; Hon Martin W. Littleton, former l)orougli President of Brooklyn, N. Y., orator of Fulton Day, and ]\[rs. Littleton; Mr. Henry G. Bayer, representing the French Government and the International Maritime Exposition being lield at Bordeaux, France, this year in honor of Robert Fulton; Mr. Cliarles W. Kohlsaat, Commissioner-General of the Exposition; Mr. Charles R. Lamb, artist, President of the Municipal Art Society of New York, and INIrs. Lamb; Mr. E. E. Olcott, President of the Albany Day Line, and Mrs. Olcott; INIiss Margaretta Ilawley, repre- senting the Colonial Dames; Mrs. G. V. Lyon; Miss I. V. Lyon, with Doctor Clemens; Mr. and Mrs. H. II. Rogers, Jr.; Lieut. -Com. Victor Blue, U. S. A.; Mr. James F. Graham, of New York; Major Benham, Twenty-third Infantry, and INIrs. Benliam; Lieut. H. Cootes, U. S. A.; ]Mr. E. F. Wallbridge, of the jNIichigan Commission, and Mrs. Wallbridge; Lieut. E. C. Waddill, U. S. A.; Mr. (^wynn T. Shepperd, Secretary of the Exposition; Ca])t. J. E. B. Stuart, collector of the port, Newport News, Va., and Mrs. J. E. B. Stuart; Mr. William N. Fletcher, of the Fletcher Shipyard, member of the Robert Fulton Association Committee, of New York; Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Gordon Miller, of New Yoi'k; ^Ir. George F. Viett, ]:)oet and dramatist, Norfolk, Va.; Mr. Walter Scott, member Fidton Association Executive Connnittee, and Mrs. Scott, of New York; Mr. William A. Power, member of the Fulton Committee, New York; Gov. Barton INIyers, Fulton Day 439 of the Ex])osition, and Mrs. Myers: Mr. 1. E. Ilall, of Fulton Asx)- ciation Executive Committee, and Mrs. I. E. Hall: Mr. II. \Y. Dearlxjrn of the Executive Committee, Fulton Association: Lieutenant Dallam Twelfth Cavalry: Cajitain Hammond, President Army and Xavy Club, and ]Mrs. Hammond: Mrs. ]M. W. Brown, of the Massachusetts Commission: ^Miss Margaret Richardson, of ^Massachusetts Buildino-: Captain Samuel Hodges, Special Commissioner of the Exposition for Xaval Parade Fulton Day: ^Ir. and Mrs. L. Dudley Field, Bing- hamton, X. \.: Ca])tain John ^yise, Xew York city: Mr. ^lorgan Treat. United States Marshal, Eastern District of Virginia, and Mrs. Treat; ]Mr. T. J. AYool, (ieneral Counsel (jf the Exposition, and ]\Irs. T. J. Wool: Judge Theodore II. Garnett, Xorfolk, Va.: Mr. William Wall Whidditt. ^Musical Director of the Exposition: ]Mr. William Francis, of :Missouri: Miss Maud ^I. Miller: Miss Ellen V. Miller: Mr. Rov G. Miller. X'orfolk Va.: Mr. Harry W. Miller. Xorfolk, Va.: Gov. and Ylrs. Alvali H. Martin, of the Ex|)Osition. Letters regretting inaliility to attend the banquet were received from President Roosevelt, ex-President Cleveland and Governor Huehes, of X'ew York, memljers of the Fulton Monument Associa- tion. President Roosevelt has written a strong indorsement of the purposes of the Association. 440 New York at Jamestown New York Day THE celel)ration of "New York Day" was one of the noteworthy events when considering the Exposition as a wliole. It was planned upon an elaborate scale in every particular, and the varied and most brilliant program was carried out without a flaw, aided also by fine weather. Octo))er 10th was the date selected, and Governor Hughes was the leading flgure. People from all over the nation desired to see and hear the Empire State's executive. Military parades, exercises in the Auditorium of the Administration Building, a sham battle and military manoeuvres on the parade ground, and an elaborate reception and ball were some of the featvu-es. Governor Hughes had left Albany in a special train, accompanied by his staff. His escort was Squadi'on A of the State National Guard with a total of 139 cavalrymen mounted upon horses, and a detach- ment of 17 officers and "261 enlisted men of the Twelfth Regiment Infantry. With an escort of this nature, the chief executive was assured of considerable attention. The party of State officials liad left Albany on Tuesday, October 8th, and arrived the next morning at Ca])e Charles, the northern of the two prongs of land holding Chesapeake Bay from the ocean and making Hampton Roads such a wonderful harbor. A steamboat conveyed them from this ])oint to the Exposition Pier, and the Gover- nor was escorted directly to the New York State Building. He and his staff were met l)y officials of the Commission and cordially welcomed. The military bodies then departed for the camping grounds previously assigned, and no duty of any description was re(|uired of them for the remainder of the day; but the men were allowed to visit the various sights of the Exposition and fraternize with men of othei' commands. The arrival of Northern soldiers in a Southern State was creative of comment evervwhere, and the former NEW YORK DAY JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 1607-1907 ',oyjjVrv;/c/^' <^iQ ijD. SOUVENIR MEDAL Badge struck in commemoration of the New Yorl< Day celebration New York Day 443 \yere prej)areJ to display a courteous s])irit by jilayiuo- iu most instances the stirring- Southern airs which always guaranteed apphiuse no matter how many times a (hiy they were heard. Tlie morning of the lOth opened with a clear sky; the weather fairly cool in comparison with Avhat had keen the almost insuffer- able conditions of the two preceding months, and everybody was at qui vice for the program of the day which had been extensively brought to public notice. In camp, reveille sounded at 6 o'clock. By 10 o'clock a large crowd had congregated in the vicinitv of the Xew York Building, in expectancy of what was to follow. Within, the rooms were throngetl with officers in brilliant uniforms pre]iaring to engage in the exercises of the day. (Governor Hughes remained secluded in his apartments upon the second floor with his military secretary, Col. George Curtis Treadwell. In the office Secretary Hamhn and his obliging assistants, ^Messrs. L. Dudley Field and Louis W. (iett, were busily engaged in alleviating the demands for the artistic souvenir medal which had been sti'uck in commemoration of the day. On its face it bore the State arms of Yirgiuia in relief, with that of Xew York upon the obverse, suspended from a bar of blue enamel, bearing the legend in white letters. At 11:45 A. 11., the squadron appeared, the gay uniforms of the athletic riders creating universal admiration. They wore their tall fur caps or shakos, and when their capes blew open, displaying the gorgeous yellow lining, the general color of the scene was most effective as one viewed it in high contrast with the dazzling whiteness of the large Government Building across the boulevard. Promj)tly at noon. Governor Hughes appeared upon the portico. There were round after round of cheers which seemed to please him, for he stood for several minutes with uncovered head in compliment to the cordial reception. He was ushered into a coach with Senator Dunn and Adjutant-General Henry, and di'ove to the Administration Building. 444 New York at Jamestown The Auditorium was filled to its capacity, and upon the stage were at least four score persons of prominence in various walks of life. (Governor Swanson of Virginia welcomed the New Yorkers on behalf of his State, and President Harry St. George Tucker accented this greeting for the Exposition officials. President Thomas B. Dunn, of the Commission, in well-chosen remarks, ])resented Governor Hughes, which was a signal for con- tinued cheers. Governor's Address After the remarkably vociferous and unusually spontaneous cheering had ceased, (rovernor Hughes, advancing to the front of the stage and bowing courteous acknowledgment, spoke as follows: "New York gratefully accepts the invitation of Virginia to join in this feast of origins. We turn from oiu" eager searching of the future to gather confidence and to learn wisdom from the record of the past, and once more we scan the ever fascinating pages of the wondei'-book of American history. In contrast to an old world ravaged by greed and unprincipled amljition, where for centuries the toil and blood of the peo])le had l)een given to the service of privilege and of the rivalries of des|)otic rulers, lay this broad land of matchless resources, enshrouded by its vast and silent forests, awaiting the fullness of time when it should Ijecome the domain of a nation dedi- cated to freedom, and the scene of the greatest triumphs of humanity. " Widely separated, distinct in ])urpose, varying markedly in the character and equipment of the settlers were the first efi'orts at colo- nization. How apparently imrelated were the entrance of the little company of Englishmen l>etween the Capes in 1607, the voyage of Hemy Hudson u]) the river which bears his name in 1609, and, a few years later, the landing of the Pilgrims on the north- eastern coast. We marvel that these feel)le and apparently insig- nificant efforts should have resulted in flourishing colonies; that New York Day 445 these colonies Avitli forms of oroanizatiou oriii,inally so diverse, with interests (hstinct and often in conflict, jealons of each other and widely scattered, shoidd have ever become confederated common- wealths and able to oppose a united front to tyranny; that these commonwealths, drawn to(>;ethcr for one snj)renie struggle and then relapsing into bitter disagreement, should have found it possil^le at a time of disorder bordering upon anarchy to have formed a nation; and that the nation so formed and so composed should have been able to resist all tendencies to disintegration, and should now present to the world the spectacle of a people firmly bound by mutual interest and affection and welded together in an indestructible Union. " With the advantage of truer perspective we see the irresistible progress of the sentiment of imity until to-day the national conscious- ness is dominant from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. With the ra])id extension of commerce and facility of communication, aided by the mobility of our y>opidation, the interests that we have in common have exceeded in ever greater degree those which are separate and distinct. And the people of all j)arts of the Union come to the scene of this early English settlement not as visitors to a strange commonwealth, but as fellow-citizens of their brothers in Viiginia. They feel by virtue of their national relation- ship a direct interest in the events which led to the settlement of the Old Dominion, and rejoice in their inheritance of the benefits of the services which Washington and Jefferson, Madison and Marshall gave to our common coimtry. " While this is so, it is fortimate that we retain just pride in the history, achievements and prosperity of our respective States. It is well that this should ])e fostered, for upon this sentiment to a large degree Avill depend the efficiency of State administration. As the range of community of interest widens, it is inevitable that the burden of national administration should increase and that the cares neces- sarily committed to the national government should multiply. But 446 New York at Jamestown we cannot expect to have that competent and vigorons administration in national concerns which is essential to our continued peace and prosperity if our citizenshij) is indifferent to the problems of adminis- tration which confront them in their several communities. State and National citizenship reside in the same persons, and they cannot be effective as sources of national power and at the same time be lax or corrupt in local administration. Fortunate it is that we are not com- pelled to create arbitrary divisions for the purpose of appropriate local governmeiat, l)ut that we have autonomous communities which have been developed naturally, and the citizens of which enjoy the advantages of historical and sentimental associations. In State interest and State pride we find the hope of the proper conduct of the affairs appropriate to the States, and in the development of the sense of civic obligation which demands good local government we shall make sure of that (juality of citizenship which will secure the interests of National administration and National progress. "I am proud to be a citizen of New York, and I rejoice in its wealth and its resources, material and moral. I shall not attempt an inventory of its jiossessions, nor shall I recount to you the mvniihcence of its provisions for education, the extent of its charitable foundations, the wide scope of its large public undertakings. With these you are familiar. And at the mention of the State of New York you, the sons of that State, gathered here in its honor, at once have presented to your minds an imposing commonwealth comprising one-tenth of the population of the United States, justly termed by reason of its riches and its power, the "Emj)ire State." " It has ])een my good fortune to become closely acquainted with its citizenship and to attest the high standards and nol)le qualities of its people. To every line of activity it has contributed leaders of thought and action; its citizens are alert and energetic; and in no community in the land may be found a higher level of civilization, more moral power, more sti-ength of character, more happiness and prosperity. New York Day 447 " It is a world in itself. It presents the most complex problems of our modern times. It exhibits striking contrasts. It has the greatest wealth and the most al)ject ])overty. Side by side with thrift and education and virtue may l^e found the depths of scpialor, ignor- ance and vice. While in rural communities and small cities may be found American life at its best, in the congested quarters of the great metropolis humanity huddles in poverty, distress and shame. Gov- ernment. State and munici])al, is put to the severest tests. And to the thoughtful mind the emotions of just pride and the thrill of pleasure at our material and moral advances must stimulate the sense of obligation and of the most serious responsibility. It is in New \ ork, where in so large a degree is found the clearing house of the nation's commerce and where riches have been accumulated beyond the dreams of a generation past, that we must devote ourselves most sedulously to the realization of the ideals of democracy, and set ourselves most determinedly to overcome the subtle temptations and narrowing influences of prosperity. "First of all we must overcome the temptation to indift'erence as to the conditions and standards of our less favored brothers in the community. The fool who said that his barns were full and that he might take his ease has his counterpart in those who through material success would erect little citadels of independent strength where they may entrench themselves in calm indifference to the needs of their less fortunate brethren. In this country no one is independent of his fellows and the security of every man must ultimately depend on the opportunities and well being of others. Intelligent and sympa- thetic consideration of conditions in our great cities is the duty of every good citizen. The condition of those who enter our State, forming virtually foreign communities in our cities, is a problem to which as citizens of the State we must give heed. We must endeavor to determine what can ])e done to improve standards of living, to protect these newcomers, largely helpless, from l)eing victimized, to 448 New York at Jamestown acquaint them as rapidly as possible with the meaning of American institutions, to utilize their economic value, to protect the State by promoting the diffusion of the American s{)irit and reverence for law and order, through fair and inrpartial administration. "We rejoice in the numerous efforts of philanthropy, in the large contributions that are made in personal service; but what has been done and is being done covers but a small fraction of the need. We nuist have a c[uickening of the sense of obligation and a keener recog- nition of the fact that Union is more than a name, that it is not a union of theoretical entities, but a union of human beings — a union of lives — that for better or worse we are bound together by indis- soluble bonds and that indifference to the condition of our fellow man is indifference to the safety of the State. " As prosperity increases we must be more zealous to maintain our early ideals of work and of service. It is of the essence of democ- racy that a man should have opportunity for the exercise of his talent, — that he should have a fair o[)portunity to display his ability, and to win the just rewards of his efforts, — that he should be secure in the results of his labors, won almost invariably through sacrifice and self denial. "It is also of the essence of democracy that no man should con- strue his o])portunity to mean license to exploit his fellow men and unjustly profit himself at the expense of their equal chance. It is of the essence of democracy that community rights should be safe- guarded and that to which the public is entitled should be rigorously compelled. The ambition which knows no law but that of selfish achievement must be bound by the inexorable demands of public service and the limits necessarily imposed for the equal protection of all citizens. " He most surely attains the highest success and the greatest happiness who in the zealous exercise of his talents finds the path of service, and whose achievements are a benediction to mankind. New York Day 449 " But what is most needed, in a particular sense, in the interest of good administration of government and of tlie weh'are of the com- miuiity is a stricter insistence upon fiduciary responsibihty. This can lie obtained in part by the enforcement of law and in part must be gained through pul)lic sentiment and the cultivation of higher standards of conduct. It is an extraoi'dinary perversion to suppose that the owner of 51 per cent, of the capital stock of a corporation is free to wreak his })leasure in its management. The officer or director occupies a position of trust not for the majoritv, l;)ut for the entire l>ody of stockholders. And while he may execute the policy which the majority desire, it must be a jjolicy consistent with good faith and fair deahng with all. Nothing is more reprehensible than the abuse of power on the part of those who act in a re])resentative capacity. " The test of the character may be foiuid in the faithful discharge of trust where it may l)e al)used in secret and with seeming impunity. Every man has his sphere of fiduciary obligation. I speak of it not in the narrow sense in which the term is employed in courts of law, but in the broader sense recognized by e^'ery man of self-respect. The lawyer owes it to his ]:)rofession to maintain the dignity of inde- pendence, and is false to the trust conferred u])on liini when he is admitted to practice as an officer of justice, if he ]>ermits himself to become the tool of unprincipled manipulators. The editor shame- lessly ignores his obligation when he hifies or distorts the facts or uses his columns to pervert the public judgment. "Of highest importance is the sentiment of honor and the sense of fiduciary ol)ligation in connection with jniblic service. The people will tolerate no cynicism here. Parties may dispute as they will over principles and policies, but there can be no dis])ute with reference to the demand that public privileges shall be granted only in the pulilic interest, and that public officers shall regard only the jniblic interest in the administration of goyernment. "The cry 'Every man for himself is out of date. The demand 450 New York at Jamestown of the future will be 'Every man for the people.' No one can be permitted to put private interest above the public advantage. And thus in recognizing the necessity of giving fair opportunity for indi- vidual success, of protecting thrift and the rewards of industry, and at the same time in insisting upon fidelity to trust, upon the rights of the community and upon the supremacy of law representing the will of the people, in endeavoring to call the most efficient to the service of the State, and in discharging the duties of public office with sole regard to public interests, shall we diffuse the blessings of prosperity, making it servant to the happiness of all. " We in New York should rejoice in the opportunity which is afforded us by the very difficulty of the problems with which we are confronted. In tracing the history of the ]>ast we find abundant reason for encouragement. The capacity of American manhood in each generation to deal successfully with the conspicuous evils of its day has l)een abundantly demonstrated. " We are far better off in the Empire State than we have ever Ijeen before. A resistless force of public opinion is directed against well-nigh every abuse. There is not a New Yorker here who from his own experience cannot recount the tale of progress. We are a well- disposed and a genial people. We are not given over to bitterness or censoriousness. Scurrilous demuiciation has Init a limited voe'ue. In every department of official life there are men endeavoring to serve the State to the best of their al^ility, and the people are ready to give credit to faithful service. But they are also intolerant of faithlessness. Throughout the State are manifold evidences of determination that the just rights of property shall l)e protected, that the public rights shall be conserved and that those who represent the people shall be held strictly to account for the manner in which they discharge their trusts. "The State of New York is equal to its task. It daily gathers strength from all the Union. In its success all the States may justly HON. JACOB GOLLD SCHLRMAN " New York Day " Orator New York Day 453 claim a share. Steadily it gains in popnlation, in wealth, in the ditt'usion of happiness, and, attaining and still seeking to attain, aiming always at higher levels of achievement, its watch-word will ever be 'Excelsior." " President Schurman's Oration There is no gainsaying the fact that no "State Day" celebra- tion providetl addresses of greater interest or drew throngs of ec(ual proportions to the Auditorium Building as did New York. One who was responsible for this flattering condition was Hon. Jacob (touIcI Schurman, President of Cornell University. lie not alone ])ossesses a magnetism that goes a great way towards winning the attention of his listeners, Init everybody enjoys hearing a man of his erudition, and men of all grades of education depart after hearing him speak with the feeling that time has been spent advantageously and that they have learned much. Dr. Schurman takes it for granted that others will sound the praises of whatever the suliject may be, making all in an audience complacently contented: but he seems to desire to have his hearers carrv awav with them facts worth remembering. He believes there is no better method of praising than in the giving of reasons for a worthv view of a subject. In addressing the audience on this occa- sion, when peo]:)le were present from a score of States, he deemed it advisable to lay particular stress on what New York had accomplished and was very alert in doing for advancement of the public weal. In clear, forceful tones, carrying conviction, he spoke as follows: "To Virginia, the oldest of our States and the nursery of our greatest statesmen, honor and affectionate greeting from New York! " The people of New York rejoice to share with you in these cele- brations of the three hundredth anniversary of the coming of your Enalish ancestors. We cannot survey the scene of the first settle- 454 New York at Jamestown ments of the English in the New World without pride and admiration for their enterprise, their heroism, and their sublime endurance of every hardship to which mortal man may be exposed. It was no accident that from this stock and from this soil should have sprung those illustrious Virginians, Washington, Jefferson, INIadison and Monroe, who for thirty-two years guided so successfully the destinies of the young republic of the United States of America. " It was a dozen years after Madison withdrew before a son of New York sat in the presidency. But in these later days our State is imitating with more success the unapproachable example of Vir- ginia. During the last twenty-six years the presidency has been held for eighteen years by citizens of our State. The only living ex-Presi- dent is a New Yorker. And all America delights to honor the good sense, the ardent patriotism, the sturdy independence, the fine courage and firm resolution, and the simple, straight-forward honor and integrity of Grover Cleveland. And what shall I say of that other New Yorker whom the nation with an overwhelming' indorsement has now estaljlished as its Chief Executive ? Certainly the eyes of tlie world are on him as on no other President since Washiup'ton, and the hearts of the American people are with him. A knight devoted to righteousness, a Ijrave and tireless pursuer of the law-breaker and the guilty, he has made it his mission to pull down the mighty from their seats and to magnify the power of the ])eople to secure and main- tain, even in an age of business and financial consolidation, equality of economic opportunity and immunity from economic injustice and oppression. Among all the Presidents of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt of New York is pre-eminent as a moral and social reformer. " President Roosevelt is of Dutch ancestry as President Wash- ington was of English. This is an interesting coincidence, for, as you know, our State was originally a Dutch colony. Two years after the three little ships of the Virginia Company — the 'Susan Constant,' 'God Speed,' and 'Discovery' — sailed up your river, and John New York Day 455 Smith and his feHow-couiitrynieu planted an English colony here, the Dutch made their appearance in the great harbor through which our State looks out on the Atlantic. In the month of September, 10U9, Captain Henry Hudson, who was in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, in a little yacht called the "Half INIoon" sailed up that harbor, and some 150 miles beyond, on the noble river which now bears his name. ' It as as beautiful a land as one can tread upon' he reported. His object was to discover a passage through or aroimd America to China, and he carried a letter and a map which John Smith had sent him showing a way to that goal a little to the north of Virginia. About a month before, Champlain, in an exploring expedition from Quebec, had come almost as far south as Hudson had sailed north, and of course claimed the country for France. But the Dutch in the very next year began a fur trade with the Indians, and in 1611 explored the coast to the northeast and to the south, and soon under the name of New Netherland claimed the territory as their own. In 16'23 they sent out a colony of people to settle the country. But almost from the beirinning; French and Eniilish, as well as Dutch, settled in New Amsterdam, whose popidation represented many nationalities wlien it was taken by the English in 166-1. " I have already mentioned two of the features which have pro- foundly influenced the history of our State. One is the excellence of its great harbor on the Atlantic and of its interior waters; the other is the diversity of nationalities which compose our population. " The lakes, rivers, and harbor of New York, making internal communication and external intercourse easy, in combination with its agricultural resources, determined the commercial and agricul- tural pre-eminence of the State even before the coming of the railways, though the railways have brought to convergence in our State a large part of the business of the Continent. The figures which to-day represent the wealth of the State baffle comprehension and almost imagination. The estimated true value of all property in the United 456 New York at Jamestown States was in 1904, $107,104,000,000. And of this unimaginable total between one-eighth and one-seventh Ijelonged to the State of New York, namely, $14,769,000,000. Of this wealth the larger por- tion — $9,151,000,000 — consisted of real property and improve- ments. The street railways, shipping, water-works, etc., are valued at $1,151,000,000. Then come the railroads and their equipment with a value of $898,000,000; manufacturing machinery, tools and implements $480,000,000; live stock, $189,000,000; farm implements and machinery, $58,000,000; gold and silver coin and bullion, $412,000,000; and all other property (including the products of agriculture, manufactures, and mines), constituting nearly one-sixth of the whole, with a value of $2,419,000,000. " We are proud of our farms and of our farmers. The men who till the soil are in virtue of their rugged strength the backbone, and in virtue of their stability and good sense the sheet-anchor of every political commimity. Their prosperity is a matter of vital concern to us all. In the State of New York we are feeling the competition of the wheat and corn of the western prairies, so that since 1890 our State which had hitherto ranked first has been out-stripped by two or three of the western States in the value of its farm products. But we are resorting to diversified agriculture and to the application of scientific methods in place of the rule of thumb. We are raising more oats, more potatoes, more hay and corn for forage, and far more butter, milk, and cheese, to say nothing of the fruit and vege- tables in our rapidly multij)lying orchards and market gardens. In the State of New York the farmer has at his door the best markets in America. The soil is still productive and much of it still awaiting cultivation. Anything that the land will produce is needed by the j)eople. As an example of the development of a single industry it may be mentioned that in 1900 over 30 per cent, of the total income from our farms came from dairy products in which we rank first in the Union. The value of the milk sold in our State in 1900 was New York Day 457 $36,200,000 and of the l)utter $9,800,000, while of the other staple farm products the value was, of eoru, $.5, 000, 000; of oats, $14,'-200,OOU; of hay, $47,000,000, and of potatoes. $12,300,000. The dairy busi- ness has been greatly improved l)y scientific methods. But every other liranch of farmino- is coming to feel the vivifving touch of science. Our Legislature has made generous provision tor scientific investigation and experiment in agriculture and for the diffusion of agricultural knowledge l)y means, not only of class-room instruction at one point but liy sending the spoken and written lesson over all parts of the State. When you hear talk of deserted farms in New York you should bear in mind that this is the superficial expression of a fundamental change now in process. That change is the adapta- tion of our agriculture to modern economic conditions. Some farms are being consolidated, some are being sold as no longer profitable under modern methods of farming; but there were never as many prosperous farmers in Xew York as there are to-day, and the niunber is destined to increase with the diffusion of scientific agriculture for which the State has made such wise and ample provision. " Our State enjoys in manufacturing an undisjjuted primacy. The value of our manufactured products exceeds that of any other State. Of this pre-eminence the explanation will be found in the location of our State, in our harbors on the Atlantic Ocean, in oiu" rivers and lakes with their admirable facilities for interior trans- portation, in our waterfalls formerly used for mechanical and now (including Niagara) for electrical power, and not least in om- great svstem of canals which we owe to the foresight, the enthusiasm, and the dogged perseverance of De Witt Clinton. Our State is now spending $101,000,000 on an enlargement of the Erie Canal (as well as $50,000,000 on the macadamizing of our highways), and the Erie Canal had already cost for construction, improvements, and enlarge- ments, $212,000,000. But the canal has returned to our people many times over the money they have spent upon it. The language 458 New York at Jamestown used in 1825 at the opening of the canal, though it must have sounded extravagant, has been justified by the event. Navigable communica- tion between Lake Erie and the Atlantic Ocean had in eight years, over a distance of 425 miles, been established by 'the wisdom, public spirit, and energy of the people of the State of New York,' as Gov- ernor De Witt Clinton patriotically said while at Albany he sym- bolically commingled the waters of the lakes with the ocean. The people of New York had built, as they proudly boasted, 'the longest canal in the world, in the least time, with the least experience, for the least money, and to the greatest public benefit. ' In commemoration of the completion of the canal gold medals were struck and sent, among a few other illustrious persons to Thomas Jefi'erson. He acknowledged it in a letter written June 8, 1826, less than a month before his death, and on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Listen to his appreciative and prophetic words, the truth of which has been confirmed by three generations of New Yorkers: 'Tliis great work will immortahze the present authorities of New York, Avill bless their descendants with wealth and pros- perity, and prove to mankind the superior wisdom of employing the resources of industry in works of improvement. ' " Steamboats were used in the celebration, but successful steam navigation had been in operation less than a score of years. The inventor was a New Yorker, Robert Fulton, and Fulton at the time of his death was a canal commissioner. His 'mighty genius' was commemorated in the celebration of the o]:)ening of the canal. But it could not then have been foreseen that his invention was one of those epoch-making creations which revolutionize the industrial history of mankind. It was soon to outstrip the canal in its potency to consolidate and augment the commercial supremacy of New York. With eminent propriety, therefore, the centenary of Fulton's invention is to be commemorated with the ter-centenary of Hudson's discovery in 1909 by the people and State of New York. New York Day 459 " Let ine return to the condition of our manufacturing. Not onlv does our State surpass all other States in the value of its manu- factured products; but it has within its boundaries one-sixth of all the manufacturing establishments of the United States. Of these there were in New York, according to the census of 1900, over 7S.G00, employing 849,000 persons, using $1,651,000,000 capital, and yielding products of the aggregate value of $'2,175,000,000. [More than 11 per cent, of our population were in 1900 engaged as laborers in factories. " The ]:)rimacy ^Ahich our State enjoys in manufacturing it also possesses in transportation and commerce. I have already mentioned our canals. Far more important to-day are the railroads. In 1900 there were over 8,000 miles of railroad in the State. And the con- struction and equipment of these roads and of the surface antl elevated roads represented $1,73^2,000,000. The traffic of the roads is enor- mous. The steam railroads alone had in 1899 one-fourth of all the passenger traffic and one-fifth of all the freight traffic of the United States. In foreign commerce our State ranks first in the Union. Over one-third of the exports of the United States and nearly two- thirds of the imports pass through the port of New York City. "As in commerce, so also in finance New York is the first State in the Union. New York City is after London the greatest financial center in the world. It is vain to attempt to give figures representing the financial operations of Wall Street. I know that name is one of ill-omen in certain sections of the country. But essentially considered Wall Street is a place for the purchase and sale of securities. It meets a puljlic need in a legitimate way, it steadies the markets, and it discounts the future for present convenience. Illegitimate specula- tion has unfortunately obtruded itself into a legitimate business, from which its exclusion is peculiarly difficult. But even in the absence of eftective legal regulation (which it seems difficult to establish) it remains true that if any of ns bum our fingers in that 460 New York at Jamestown fire the fault is our own. Speculation, in the form of gambling, cannot survive the repression of the gambling instinct in the pub- lic. And the best cure for Wall Street gambling may be the losses which respectable gamblers are now suffering all over the United States. Over against the juggling of the markets by a few pow- erful and unscrupulous financiers, who make the inexperienced puljlic their victims, let me set the honest business of our banks and trust companies. The resources of the national banks in New York State amounted in 1900 to $1,322,000,000, of the savings banks to $1,037,000,000, and of the trust and mortgage companies to $796,000,000. "I have been speaking of the marvelous wealth and prosperity of our State. Let me now turn to the people who create that wealth and for whose sake the wealth exists. As the differentiating features of our State on the physical side are its unsurpassed location, its Atlantic harbors, its interior ^^ ater-ways, its water-powers culminating in the irresistible might of Niagara, and its varied agricultural resources, so in the character of its population our State lias always been distinguished by a great diversity of nationalities. I have already spoken of the Dutch, French, and English in the early days. There is no time to trace the multiplication of foreign streams wdiich now compose the volume of our populations. But it will be instruc- tive to take the figures as we have them in the last census. Of a total population in the United States of 74,010,000 New York has a popula- tion of 7,268,000 — nearly one-tenth of the wdiole. No other State has so large a population. Now of these 7,268,000 more than one- fourth were born in foreign countries. If we should add to them the children l)orn in New York of parents one or both of whom were born in foreign countries the combination w^ould make more than one-half the population of the State of New York. Of the 1,900,000 persons in New York State wdio were born in foreign countries 602,000 came from the United Kingdom, 425,000 of them being from New York Day 461 Ireland. Germany sent 480,000 of them, Italy 182,000, Russia 165,000, Canada 117,000, Austria 78,000, the Scandinavian countries 64,000, Poland 47,000, Hungary, 37,000, Switzerland 13,000, Rou- mania 10,000, and many other countries still smaller numbers. " But the State of New York is not enriched alone by streams of population flowing from foreign countries. Its great city of New York is a magnet which draws to us men of genius, of enterprise, and of wealth from all the States of the Union. Whatever any other American city oft'ers in the way of attractions. New York City offers on a vaster and more intensive scale. By its wealth, its business opportunities, its social enjoyments, its literary, artistic, and pro- fessional pre-eminence, it is a perpetual fascination to all Americans who are conspicuous either for their love of work and power, or for their love of pleasure and refined leisure. " One result of the mixed population of our State is its spirit of cosmopolitanism. I do not mean that New Yorkers are not equal to the citizens of other States in their patriotism and loyalty to the Republic. Far from it. Nowhere will you find a more intense spirit of Americanism than among our 8,000,000 New Yorkers who to-day comprise one-tenth of the population of the United States of America. But our commerce and population are always keeping us in sympathetic touch not only with all the States of the Union but with all the countries of the globe. We become, consequently, genuinely interested in their aft'airs; we note their progress with satisfaction; we lament their ill-fortune; we cannot isolate ourselves from our neighliors in Kansas or our kinsmen in Germany or in Poland. A citizen of our State might almost recast the old Latin proverb and say: 'I am a New Yorker, therefore nothing happen- ing in other States and countries can be a matter of indift'erence to me.' "Such cosmopohtan spirit should breed catholicity of sympathy and independence of judgment. And I trust these mental attributes 462 New York at Jamestown are not lacking in New Yorkers. Certainly there are two spheres in which they have always been conspicuously manifest. Ours is a State in which there has always been toleration of all kinds of belief, religious and otherwise. New Yorkers have not attempted to con- trol opinion. Our Dutch forbears brought us free churclies and free schools and wc have constantly maintained them. In our State the adherents of all creeds and the adherents of none dwell together in peace and mutual regard. We are not the slaves of monotony. We respect individuality, with all its idiosyncrasies; and nothing human is so outlandish as to escape the reach of our sympathy. And this is true not only in religion, but in politics. Hence political organizations are constantly arising in our State which ai'e unknown to the 'regular parties.' They assert some right, they voice some aspiration, they demand some good. Between Niagara and the Atlantic \ye feel we have room enough for them, even though they roar as loud as the one and rage as furiously as the other. Nor is this all. Our State is the home of the mugwump — the man who has no party, the man who votes solely with reference to the good of the country whichever party may promote it. And these independent voters, unattached to party, are now so numerous in our State that the 'regular' jxirties are oljliged to take account of them in writing their platforms and nominating their candidates. If the progress of civilization means essentially the develo]:)ment of l)road and inde- pendent manhood, we feel in New York that, thanks in large measure to the highly mixed character of our population, we have at least made some advance in that direction. " But New York stands not only for individualism in politics, but for individualism in l)usiness. We give our l)nsiness men a free hand, not hampering them l)y unnecessary legislative restrictions, and we see them making the most of their oppoi'tunities and demon- strating the wisdonr of the jiolicy of individual freedom. We recog- nize that i)olitics is one thing and business another and we have a New York Day 463 profound conviction that if politics is injected into business the result will be either corruption or bankruptcy or probably both. We make no attempt, therefore, to appropriate for public uses, by means of exorbitant taxes, the vast fortunes which our merchants and finan- ciers accumulate. We give them freedom to make their fortunes and freedom to dispose of them. And in spite of many discouraging phenomena, on the whole no fair-minded judge can doubt that experience justifies our procedure. Our two richest men are giving away their fortunes l>y tens and even by Inmdreds of millions of dollars for libraries, schools, colleges and churches all over the country. A third who spent a life in accumulating money left a vast fortune to his widow who. with the aid of experts, is now using it to improve the living conditions of the poor. Last week a most exemplary citizen of New York, a great captain of industry, whose benefactions in his lifetime were reckoned by millions, died full of years and honors and his will repeats the practice of his life. I know we have self- centered citizens without public spirit who merely accumulate and hoard and transmit all that they have hoarded to their families. But we recognize that, even without their conscious intention, their fortunes have l:)lessed and will continue to bless multitudes to whom they have paid, and must continue to pay, wages or profits in the vast enterprises of which they constitute the working capital. And though we should be more pleased to see these men of vast wealth do something directly for their fellow-men, it does not occur to us to set up the State as an earthly providence over their affairs or to confiscate for the benefit of others wealth which they have honestly acquired by their own skill and industry. Even as it is, however, the munificent donations of our wealthy men, in combination with State or municipal appropriations, have ]:)laced the charitable and educational institutions of New York among the foremost of the world. "I do not mean, of course, that we have no laws in New York 464 New York at Jamestown regulating the conduct of business. That would be an impossible situation. INIy meaning is that we have as little legislation and as much individual freedom as it is possible for a community to have subject to the precepts of the moral law and the recpiirements of the public welfare. But neither individuals, partnerships, nor com- mercial corporations are hampered by the laws of New York. Our State is not inquisitorial, still less does it intervene to reduce the respon- sibility of the owners for the conduct of their business. So long as these owners obey the law and respect the equal rights of others, the State leaves them alone. When they are guilty of law-breaking or oppression the State provides for their punishment by due process of law. "Of course there is a great difference between these commercial agencies and organizations and corporations which have received public franchises and enjoy the right of eminent domain. Having received favors from the public and continually making use of them, these corporations stand uirder special obligations to their benefac- tors. There should Ije some relation Ijetween the special privileges they enjoy and the use they make of them for the benefit of the public who granted them. Especially should the public have some control of the character of the service they render and of the changes they make for it. Of course this control should not, and under the con- ditions it cannot be exercised so as to impair the value of their prop- erty without due compensation. It is on these principles that the State of New York has enacted a law for the regulation of its public service corporations. That law, which we owe to the constructive statesmanship of Governor Hughes, has attracted wide and favor- able attention and seems destined to furnish a model for similar legislation among the other States of the Union. If New York, the first State of the Union in commerce, finance, and transpor- tation, has devised a method of regulating the public service corpo- rations which is satisfactory to her sister States, we may feel that New York Day 465 this problem, the most urgent ami important of om- day, has Ijeen successfully solved. " But I cannot refer to this law without recalling the Legislature Avhich enacted it and the judiciary which is to interpret it. We rejoice that good men irrespective of party are selected and retained as judges in oiu' coiu'ts. The character and ability of oiu' judges constitute the mainstay of the Commonwealth. We rejoice that in these last davs both the regular political ])arties of Xe\\' York have nominated the same eminent judges to succeed themselves in the highest coiu-f of our State. And our last Legislatm-e showed an extraordinary readi- ness to settle great questions of public ])olicy without nuicli regard to pettv considerations of party strategy and tactics. For the sake of the Legislature which thev rcTiresent, and for their own sakes as private citizens and political leaders, the senators and assemblymen constituting so large a part of our State delegation to this ter-cen- tennial celebration, deserve the gratitude of tlnnr fellow Xew Yorkers and the esteem antl honor of all Americans now assembled at Jamestown. " We all, however, bow to our Governor as ilic representative of the State of Xew York. The exalted office he holds ordains him to that ])roud pre-eminence. But we recognize also an intrinsic fitness in the thing. American, and Ijorn on American soil, there tingles in his veins the blood of many nations, as the l)lood of many nations composes the life of the peo])le of his State. In s])ite of the enormous wealth of our State, the majority of our people jjossess only moderate means, and our young Ciovei'nor has earned by hard work in his profession the modest competency w hich he now spends in the service of the State. X^r could our State have a finer ex])onent of its highest ability, culture, character, enterprise, and capacity for disinterested public service. Mr. Hughes has been a teacher — and there was none more learned or stimulating in our colleges and universities. He has been a lawyer — and our bar adorned as it is by many distinguished 466 New York at Jamestown names had no member more ])rofound, skillfnl or successful. This lawyer was cahed upon to investigate the great insurance companies — and his investigations made an epoch in the history of the revekitions of 'high finance.' This investigator was elected Governor of our State — and he has ]:)acked the nine months since he assumed office with legislative and administrative achievements which reveal statesmanship of the highest order, conscientious devotion to the public welfare, fidelity to the ])rinciple of local government and home rule, a zeal for reform tempered with regard for existing rights and reverence for the Constitution, a love of justice which knows no difference between j^ersons, and a courage, iude])eudence, and self- reliance combined with an absolute confidence in the people which have never been surpassed and rarely if ever equaled in all the long history of our Commonwealth. Would yon know what kind of citizenshi]) the State of New York cherishes ? Then behold our Governor, Charles Evans Hughes." Drill and Reception At the close of the exercises three cheers, three times given, echoed vocifci-ously foi- the Emjiire State and its Governor, and then the people composing the audieuce were received upon the stage. Governor Hughes grasjnng each by the hand as they were presented in line l)y Colonel Treadwell. The official party \'\'as thereupon tendered a buffet luncheon in the Directors' Room of the Administration Building, after which the procession formed, made lengthier by the addition of the Twelfth Regiment of Infantry, and proceeded to the State Building. At 3 o'clock, (rovernor Hughes and a score of officials, including General Frederick 1). (irant, U. S. A., repaired to the Lee Parade Grounds, whei'c they occupied a series of boxes, draped with flags. Here a review of Regulars and National Guardsmen was given and -4-* 'f^ - H*' ■'"' ' - ^ -4-* O /_, ,■? J- /-r. ^ '-* C c jr "S ^ <" /j •"♦^ ■^^ & <— i-f S ^ 'w "a. ^ X /^' m f '^' '^« ^' <-^l -t 1; S'^'J z I H ^ a CJ iij u UJ q: Oj P f- z i^ P P «J < -C-J h- > > ^ 5 ^ New York Day 469 delighted a vast concourse of spectators, especially by the spirited sham battle which occupied a) tout an hoiu'. After the review, the Scpuulron formed on the left of the Twelftli Infantry and escorted the (lovernor back to the State Building. v\he!-e the officers were given an o])portunity to ])ay their respects to the vjovernor. In the evening a rece|)tiou was given to the (rovernor. State officials and Legislative rejM'escntatives. attended l)y the field, staff and com])any officers, and proniinent people of the Ex])osition and Norfolk. This was the most brilliant event of the entire Exposition season, and was attended by the greatest nund)er. for more than four thousand persons were formally ])resented to the (iovernor that night. Governor Swanson stood beside GoN'crnor Hughes in the i'ecei\'ing line, as did the mend)ei's of the Commission, with Brigadier-( General Nelson II. Ilenrv, ^Military Secretary (i. C. Treadwell and members of the stafi' on the left of the line. The guests were presented by Senator Thomas B. Dunn. At the close of this day New York State had won among Southerners and visitors from ])ractically every State in the I nion an enduriirg reputation for ])rincely hospitality and magnificent entertainment. The next day Governor Hughes visited Hampton Institute, the Historv Building and other places of special interest, so far as his limited time allowed. Military Reports Cavalry The following report was made to Adjutant-General Nelson H. Henry bv ^Nlajor Oliver B. Bridgman, commanding Squadron A. Cavalrv, N. G., N. Y., on the service of his command in attendance on the Governor at the Jamestown Exposition, and bears date: 470 New York at Jamestown Headquarters, Squadron A, National Guard, N. Y., Madison Avenue and Ninety-fourth Street. New York, October 25, 1907. Sir. — I have the honor to make the following report of that portion of Squadron A, Cavalry, designated by Adjutant-General's office. Headquarters, State of New York, for duty as escort to His Excellency the Governor, at the Jamestown Exposition, October 8 to 12, 1907. The total number of officers and men was l'-27 and V2 in the band, making a total of 1.'39. One hundred and four horses were taken from New York, and 25 hired in Jamestown. Horses were hired onlv for the actiud number of men mounted, the remainder being- acquired at the camp. On the afternoon of October 8th, the horses of the squadron were taken by the ([uartermaster, and a detail from each trooj), from the armory to the Pennsylvania railroad yards in Jersey City, and loaded on the special cars waiting. The squadron assembled, through the courtesy of Colonel Bates, at the Seventy-first Regiment Armory, in service luuform and over- coats, at 5 o'clock: adjutant's call Axas sounded at .5:10, when the sfjuadron marched to the sheds of the INIadison avenue line, Fourth avenue and Twenty-third street, and boarded s])ecial cars which carried it to the Pennsylvania feriy, foot of West Twentv-third street, where the 5:40 boat was taken to Jersey City, at which ])lace supper was served in the restaurant: after su])])er, antain Judson, officer of the day. The run was made on time, arriving at Cape Charles the next morning at 5:,')0 a. m. New York Day 471 Horses and baggage were transferred from train to boat, where horses were fed by the nose bags. Breakfast was served on the boat while still at the dock. Left Cape Charles about 7:30 a. .\i., arriving at Deep-water Pier, Jamestown, shortly after 9 o'clock. During the sail over, the National and State flags were placed in a conspicuous position on the up[)er deck, the band taking place nearby, and ])laying popular airs. The Lieutenant-(iovernor of Virginia made a verv gracious address to the members, making a pleasant incident to the trip. Upon tlisembarking, the horses were led by the men in column of twos, direct to the camp assigned, iiiside the grounds, the l)aggage and kits following in the wagons; picket lines were immediately stretched, horses watered and wagons unloaded, so that camp was established without delay. At 1 o'clock the sfjuadron, dismounted, marched to diimer, which was served, as were all the meals, in a restaurant nearby. At 4 o'clock that afternoon, October !)th, the scjuadron, in service imiform, forTued for the review with the trooj)s of the United States Army, on the Lee Parade Grounds, taking position on the left of the Twelfth United States Cavalry. Thursday, October lUth. Reveille, sounded at 6 o'clock; stable call, sounded at G:1.5 o'clock; first call for mess 7 o'clock; asseml)ly, 7:05 o'clock; adjutant's call, 7:1.5 o'clock. At 11 o'clock, "Boots and Saddles" was sounded. 11 :20 asseml)ly, and 11:30 adjutant's call, when the sriuadron, in full dress unifoi-m, preceded )jy the mounted band, marched to the New York State Building, reporting to the Adjutant-General at 11:45; at 12 o'clock, it escorted Governor Hughes and party to the Auditorium, where the exercises of the day were held. At 4 o'clock, it again joined the U. S. Army troops and the Infantrv, N. (r., N. Y., in the review by Governor Hughes, on the Lee 472 New York at Jamestown Pai'ade Ground; upon the completion of the review, it formed on the left of the Twelfth Infantry, N. G., N. Y., and escorted the Governor back to the New York State Building. After stables at o'clock, the squadron formed for supper, and preceded by the band, marched to the restaurant, after which it was relieved for the day. Friday morning, Octol^er 11th, the early calls were sounded as on the preceding day. At 9:30 o'clock, squadron was formed in the service uniform, and proceeded to the Lee Parade Groimds, where a sf{uadron drill of one and one-half hours was held, the commanding officer of the Twelfth United States Cavalry courteously withdrawing his squadron in order that Sfjuadron A might have the whole field; in the meantime keep- ing his squadron at the sides during all of our drill. After the drill, in order to cool the horses and give the men an opportunity of seeing the Exposition as a whole, the commanding ofhcer marched the squadron at "Route Order" around the grounds, and then back to camp. Stables were sounded at 1 o'clock, and at 4 o'clock camp was broken, and scjuadi'on formed, the horses with the canvas covers only, and marched to the l^oat, which left the dock about 5:30 p. m. During the trip across, sup])er was seiwed and upon arrival at Cape Charles at 7 o'clock, baggage and horses were unloaded from boat and loaded on train l)y the troopers entirely, the time occupied in so doing being worthy of record — just thirty-four minutes — horses were fed in the cars. The train arrived in Jersey City at 8 o'clock Saturday morning, October 12th, when, after breakfast, baggage and horses were unloaded and taken to the armory, at Madison avenue and Ninety- fourth street. While the utmost courtesy was shown the squadron by all with whom we were associated at Jamestown. I wish to mention specially New York Day a-j^ the consideration shown at all times by Captain Symond.s, ot the Twelfth U. S. Cavalry. Captain Ilines, Qnartermaster, and Lieu- tenant H. N. Cootes, .Military Secretary, who did everything possible toward facilitating the work of the squadron in every respect. Res])ectfully. OLIVER BRID(aL\X. Ma'pr. Infantry The following report was made to Adjutant-General Nelson H. Ilenrv by Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas W. ILrston, commandino- a detachment of the Twelfth Regiment, Lifantry. on service of his command when in attendance on the Governor at the Exposition, and bears date: HeADQI ARTKRS Twi;LFTH RrXiniKXT, IXFAXTRY, N. G., N. Y., Armory, Sixty-second Street axd ('(jlembt .s A^'EXUE. New York, Xorctidjcr 7, 1!)07. Sir. — I have the honor to svil)mit herewith report u])on the movements and record of attendance of the detachment of the Twelfth Regiment, consisting of the held and staff, non-comnhssioned staff, band, field music and the First Battalion (Companies A, G. I and K) under command of ^Lijor ]5urr. 17 officers and "261 enlisted men, which attended the Jamestown Exposition as a portion of the escort to his excellency. Governor Charles E. Hughes. The detachment assembled at the home station at 5:30 p. m. on October Sth. marching by way of Eighth avenue to Twenty-fourth street to Pennsylvania ferry to Jersey City, where a special train was waiting and which left about 7:30 p. :\i.. one-half hour late, arriving, however, the next morning at Caj^e Charles after an uneventful run and on time. Here a boat was taken, which also conveyed the Governor and his party to the Jamestown Exposition Pier. From this 474 New York at Jamestown point, the detachment escoited the Governor to the New York State Building, and returned to the camp ground assigned to it, which was found to he (hy. clean and comfortable. No duty of any kind was required the rest of the day; and, after posting a small guard around the camp to protect property, the men were allowed to see the Exposition. The following morning (New York Day) the detachment received orders to report at the New York State Building at 3:30 p. m. These orders, however, were sul^secjuently changed to 2:30 p. m., and the officers and men who were in camp at the time were sent out with instructions to find as many of the men as possible. So successful were they that, when the detachment assembled, only a few men were absent, and a number of these tui'ued up and fell in in time to take part in the exercises. Aftei' assembly, the detachment proceeded to the Auditorium Building and escorted the Governor from there to the New York State Building, and tlience to the Lee Parade where a review of the troops on the ground — Regulars and National Guard — was tendered the Governo]-. After the review the detachment escorted the Ciovernor back to the New ^'ork State Building, where the officers wei-e given an o])por- tunity to pay their respects to his excellency, while the companies returned to camp under the command of the first sergeants. The field, staff' and company officers attended the rece]ition to the Govei'uoi- in the evening. The following day the men were excused from all duty until 3:30 p. Ai., when the detachment was assembled, arms stacked, and the camp thoi'oughly i)oliced; and at 4:30 p. m. the assembly was again sounded and the mai'ch to the ])oat commenced. Squadron A had pi'eceded us, and both oi-ganizations were transported across the bav on the same ])oat. The baP'ffap-e. owino- to lack of wagons to transport the same from camp to the ])ier, had New York Day 475 to l)e brought over on a later boat, therein' eausing a delay in the train leaving Cape Charles; but whieh was made up on the trij) to New York, where we arrived at 9 o'cloek on the morning of the 12th, marching up to the armory via Twenty-fourth street to Fifth avenue to Fifty-seventh street to Broadway to Sixty-first street, arriving at the home station about 10 o'clock. Good order prevailed in the detac'hinent at all times. There was no sickness and only one accident — a cut knee, which was caused by a man tripping over the car track. The food ])rovi(led, not only for the officers, but for the enlisted men, was prepared by a caterer under contract, and was not good at any time: and I respectfully recommend that should any organiza- tion be detailed in future for similar duty, the legulation ration be provideil, and cooked and served in cam|). In conclusion, I desire to thaid-c the officers of the Twenty-third United States Infantry for the imiform com'tesy shown us, also Lieut. Cootes, Twelfth United States Cavalry, Military Secretary to the Exposition, who gave us the benefit of his experience at all times. The arrangements ett'ected by the railroad authorities for the transportation and comfort of the officers and men were excellent and certainly s])eak well for the officials who prepared the itinerary of the trip. Respectfully. TIIOALVS ^Y. III'STOX, Llcutcndiit-Colonel. 476 New York at Jamestown Brooklyn Day A PERIOD of twcntv-four hours in "New York Week" was set apart and known \>y the titk^ of "Brooklyn Day." This was on Oetobei' l.jtli. It was ehosen for this time in order that more persons of New Yoi'k State might be brought together and be an oecasion wlieiT friend might meet friend in recreative pleasures. It occurred in the season of greatest attendance, and as it had been advertised in that city, special trains were run from New York, and it residted in a reunion of some pro])ortions. Instead of making use of the Auditorium, it was considered more fitting to hold the exercises in the New York State Building, and consefjuently the drawing-room was converted into an audience hall throughout the entire day. It was appi'opriately decorated, and was crowded fi'om the time the doors were thrown o])en. Borough President Bird S. Coler had previously expressed an intention of being present for the pur])ose of y^residing; but because of his al)sence. Dr. St. Clair McKelway took his place and made a felicitous addi'ess. Commissioner Bassett opened with a cordial greeting, saying: "Brooklyn salutes Jamestown. Here English speech and Anglo- Saxon determination hrst took holay, I can thereby undersell you and all competitors that much in the market and ruin you, and establish a monopoly in myself. " And that is what has Ijcen done for many years all over the counti'v, and is being done now. Some think that Ijecause a ])enal law was passed against it that it was sto])ped. They do not know the immeasurable distance l)etween the j^assing of some laws and their observance. "In my part of the country, which is under the eaves of Wall Sti'cet, and partly debased and debauched by the gambling of that place, there are many, some wickedly and falsely, and some stupidly, as mere parrots, denouncing President Roosevelt for l)ending the energies of government to sto]) this great evil. They call his course a 'general attack on corporations and business.' Yes, this effort to make the railroad coni|)anies obey the law, and charge the same rate to everyone is called an attack on cor|)orations and on business. It is pitiful to see some stockliolders join in this false crv. "Cannot even the stu])i(lest stockholder see that if the rebates being given to favorite shippers, and by them divided up with rail- road magnates and officials, were paid into the treasuries of the rail- roads, the amount thus received would be declared out in dividends, and that dividends would thereby be largely increased ? It used to be a saying that a fool was l)orn every minute, and I fear it holds good yet. "Everyone should support the President and the government in eradicating this great evil. I do not think, however, that the evil can ever be eradicated by mere government prosecutions. An ounce of executive ])revention would be worth more than a poiuid of judicial cure. Bismarck found in Germany that the government could not stop the evil while the roads remained in private hands. There are Brooklyn Day 4.S5 too many ways of secretly evading the law. (ioods can he billed at half their weight, cars at half their capacity, and so on throngh a long list of ways of concealment and evasion. That great man, therefore, had the government take all of the railroads in Germany. •• For my ])art 1 would not like to see that done here. Private enterprise is too valuable to be eliminated from railroad operation and development. I would suggest that the government should appoint the general freight agent of every railroad. He would not fix the rates. They would be fixed by the companies as now; but he would see that there was no favoritism, that everyone ])aid the same rate, no more and no less. lie would instantly remove any local agent that gave any favoritism, and also have him indicted and convicted. This would summarily stop favoritism in freight rates. •• This participation of government in the management of the roads would be better than for government to take them. But this one tiling you may depend on, namely, the people of this country have made up their minds that they \vill not permit this crime of favoritism in freight rates to continue any longer, and they will stop it, halting at no measure necessary to stoj) it. If in the last pass they cannot stop it except by taking the railroads, then they will take them. "A monopoly is a curse. Both morals and law abhor it, and no free people will submit to it. It is a means of o])pression and debase- ment of the many for the aggrandizement of the few. It enables private fortunes to be accumulated, so vast and dishonest, that they provoke general discontent and moral protest. This favoritism in freight rates is the mother of mono])olies. " One having a monojjoly of a finished product is able, down to a certain economic point, to fix arbitrarily the price at which the pro- ducer or grower of the raw material he uses must sell it to him, for he is the sole buyer of such raw material. lie is also able to fix the price, up to a certain economic point, which he will exact for his finished product. It is true that if he fixes his jmrchase price of such 4''^6 New Y(3rk at Jamestown raw material I)clo\v such economic ])oint, that is to say, below a price which \\ill enal)lc the producer or grower of such raw material at least to live, the ])roduction thereof will fall olf and its consequent scarcity raise the ])rice of it. On the other hand, if he fix his selling price of the finished ])roduct al)Ove the price that people can ])ay, his sales will fall off. lint in the wide zone [)etwcen these two eco- nomic points he can do as he will. He can also put down the ]M-ice he ])ays to the grower or ])i'odncer of the raw material, and jmt up the price he charges the consumer. " A[ono|)olies prevent that distributive justice — that just dis- tribution of the total product of industry among the producers thereof, not share anw York citv. Chairman of Executive Conrmittee: Auditor, Frank C. Soule, Svracuse: Hugh Gordon ^NLller, Xew York city, and Robert W. Pomeroy, Buffalo. 489 49° New York at JamestOA^■n The Commission appointed William H. Hamlin, Canandaigna, its Secretary, ^\^tll Louis Weaver Gett and L. D. Field, assistants; ]\Irs. Nelson Herrick Henry, New York city. Hostess, and Cuyler Reynolds, .Albany, Director of History Exhibit. CHARLES EVAN5 HUGHES Governor of the State of New York Charles Evans Hughes Gox'ernor GOVERNOR Charles E. IIu^-lu's was born in Glens Falls on April 11. lS(i^2. His tatliei-. the Rev. David Charles IIui;-hes. D.L).. was l)oi-n in Wales, and liis mother, who was IMiss ^[arv Catherine Connelly, \^•as a native ot Delaware conntv in this State. His early edueation was ae(|nired in the public schools of Oswco'o, X. \., Xe\\ark. X. J., and Xew York city. He entered Colo-ate L niversity when lu> was fourteen years old and Brown Universitv as a sophomore in LSTS, o-i-aduatini:,' witli liio'h honors. Mr. Hna,-hes became an instructor in (jreek and mathematics at Delaware Academy, in Delhi, soon after his o-raduation and there began the study of law in the ofhce of Judge (rleason. He spent a year there and then entered the Columbia Law School fronr which he graduated with a prize fellowship. He was admitted to the bar in 1884, taking a position at once in tlie office of the hrm of Carter. Hornldower & l?yi-ne. His health compelled him in 1891 to with- draw from active practice and he became a professor in the Law School of Cornell University. He returned to Xew York citv after two years and re-entered his old law hrm as a partner, the firm chang- ing to Carter. Hughes & Dwight. He became the head of the hrm of Hughes, Rounds & Schurman in 1904, after the death of Mr. Dwight and ]\L'. Carter. He was engaged as counsel to the joint legislative committee, headed by Senator Frederick C. Stevens, which was appointed in 1905 to investigate the gas and electric lighting companies of X"ew York city. In a brief time the committee laid Ijare the entire business of the lighting companies and as a result the eighty-cent gas la\\' was passed and afterward upheld l)y the United States Supreme Court. So successful was ]\[r. Hughes in probing the lighting companies 493 494 New York at Jamestown that when the Legislature at a special session in the same year a])p()inted another joint coinniittee, headed hj Senator W. W. Arm- strouii;, to investigate the insurance companies, he was again asked to act as its counsel. While he was conducting this incjuiry he was nominated for mayor of New York city by the lle]>ublicans. He declined and concluded the investigation. At the end of a series of startlin"' disclosm-es, the insvn-ance laws were entirelv remodeled. Mr. Hughes was nominated for (iovernor on the Republican ticket in 1906 and was the only Republican elected, defeating W. R. Hearst by a ])lurality of 57,(S!)7. During his first term he recom- mended the enactment of the Pnljlic Service Commissions Law and the law abolishing the distinction in favor of legalized gambling at race tracks. He was renominated in 1908 and re-elected over Lewis S. Chanler Ijy a plurality of 09,462. LEWIS STUY\'E5ANT CHANLER Lleutenant-Go\ernor of the State of New York Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler Lieutenant-Governor ON January 1, 1907, Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler assumed the office of Lieutenant-Governor of New York State. ]Mr. Chanler was born in Newport, R. L, on September 24, 1869, the son of John Winthrop Chanler and Margaret Astor Ward, the latter a daup-hter of Samuel Ward and the "-randdauphter of Wil- liam B. Astor. His father had held the office of Sachem in Tammany Hall and was a Congressman for several terms. He spent his early life at Rokeby, the family estate at Barrytown, in Dutchess countv, N. Y., and being delicate in health was educated by tutors, until at the age of nineteen he entered Columlaia University to study law. Having been admitted to the bar, he went abroad and took a course in international law and jurisprudence at Cambridge University, where he took an active part in the debating society, thus developing his oratorical powers. Here he was the first American to be elected to the presidency of the Cambridge L'niversity Union. On his return to this country he took up the practice of criminal law and rapidly earned a fine reputation in this field. He associated himself with the late Charles W. Brooke, and among the noteworthy trials in which he participated actively were the Dr. INIeyer and Dr. Buchanan poisoning cases. While abroad, in the winter of 1897, he Ijecame identified with the Parnellite party in Ireland, and for four succeeding years stren- uously participated in that party's campaigns in the cause of Irish Home Rule. He was a founder of the Irish Independent League, which succeeded the Land League, and for two years was a director of the organ of the league, "The Irish Independent." Mr. Chanler resumed his law practice in New York city in 1900, and while many of his cases have brought him handsome remunera- 497 498 New York at Jamestown tiou, it is said that he has undertaken about as many where the pay was the sincere gratitude of a poor client, yet in each instance he has worked with equal assiduity. This j^rinciple of his in a profession has brought to him the designative cognomen of "philanthropic lawyer." No sooner had he reached his majority in years than politics engaged his attention even more so than his law practice, for in 1891 he organized the Chanler Democratic Club in his home town of Red Hook, and that year was chosen a member of the county committee. In 189G he was made a delegate to the Democratic State Convention, and was placed on the sub-committee on platform. In 1903 he was elected a suj^ervisor of Dutchess county, receiving a handsome majority in a normally Republican township. County afl'airs were much improved through his earnest efforts. In the fall of 1906 he was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor by the Democrats and the Independence I^eague, and was elected, receiving 718,442 votes to 713,068 cast for the Republican candidate. He assumed the office on January 1, 1907. He was nominated a second time for this office by tlie Democratic party in 1908; ))ut the Presidential tidal wave in favor of the Repul)lican nominee swept all candidates of that party on the State ticket into office. yir. Chanler married ]Miss Alice Chaml^erlain, of Red Hook, N. Y., in 1890, and three children have been born to them — L. S. Chanler, Jr., William Astor Chanler, "^d, and Alida Chanler. Among the organizations and clubs of which he became a member are the following: Manhattan, Knickerl)ocker, Democratic, Union, Brook, Tuxedo, Racquet and Tennis, Church, New York Yacht, Bar Asso- ciation, St. Nicholas Society and Dutchess Coimty Society. He was chosen master of Holland I>odge No. 8, F. & A. M., and a committee- man of the Grand Lodge of the State of New York. JOHN RAINES President pro tern, of the Senate John Raines President Pro Tern. THE Republican leailer oi the Senate, Hon. Jolni Raines, was President Pro tem. from IDOo to 1908, inclusive. He was elected to represent the Forty-second Senate district, which includes Ontario and Wayne counties. His father, an honored man bearing the same name, was a Methodist clergyman, prominent in the western part of the State. His sons became distinguished in public careers. Thomas Raines was State Treasurer for two terms; George Raines was State Senator from the Monroe district, 1878-79; and John Raines, the subject of this sketch, was successively Assemblyman, Senator, Congressman and Senator. Throughout this career he was prominently before the public eye. He was educated in the common schools, and selecting the legal profession as his career, was graduated from the Albany Law School of Union University. With his legal business he comlnned that of insurance agent. He first ])racticed in Geneva. In the fall of 1861 he raised a com])any of volimteers, and was commissioned as Captain of Company (t of the Eighty-fifth Regi- ment of Xew York Vohmteers He saw service in the Armv of the Potomac and in Xorth Carolina until July, 1863, when he resumed the practice of law at Geneva. He was elected to the Assembly of 1881-8^2 and 188.5: to the Senate of 1886, and continued a member of the upper house until 1890. While Senator, he was elected to the Fifty-first Congress, and was elected to the Fifty-second. In 1894 he was elected State Senator from the Twenty-sixth district to fill the vacancy created by the rcsio-nation of Charles T. Saxton, who had lieen elected Lieutenant- Governor. He was re-elected in 1895, and filled the position for the succeeding thirteen years. 501 JAMES W. WADSWORTH, JR. Speaker of the Assembly James W. Wadsworth, Jr. Speaker J ANNIES W. ^Yads\vol•th, Jr., Asseml)lyinan from Livingston county, was chosen Speaker in l!)(l(), 1907. 190S and 1909. He was born on August 1-2, 1877. His great-grandfather, James ^Yadsworth, came from Durham, Conn, in 1790, and in com- pany with his brother ])urchased a tract of 8.5,000 acres in the fertile Genesee VaUey of western New York. Tlie son of tliis pioneer, bear- ing the same name, was a prominent citizen of the Empire State, enhsting in the Union army on the outbreak of the Civil War, and rose to the rank of Major-General. While the war was in progress. he was Repubhcan candidate for (iovernor, 1862; Ijut was defeated by Horatio Seymour. He was killed, in 1804, in the Battle of the Wilder- ness. His son, Hon. James W. Wadsworth, the father of the Speaker, became prominent in public life in 1878, when he was elected Assem- blyman from Livingston county for 1878-79, and State Comptroller. 1881-82. and after that Congressman for several terms. Mr. Wadsworth was prepared for college at St. ^Mark's School. at Southborough. ^lass.. and entered Yale in 1894. Here he was chosen to the "Skull and Bones," and in his junior year he joined the D.K.E. In athletics he was on the University basdiall team. At the time of his graduation from Yale, June, 1898, the Spanish war was in progress, and he enlisted as a private in Battery "A," Pennsvlvania Light Artillerv, one of the batteries of General Grant's brigade which saw service in Porto Rico. At the termination of the war he was discharged from the Volunteer service: but early in 1899 made a vovage with three classmates to the Philippines and saw active service there. On his return to this country he engaged in farming on his estate. His political life began in 1904, ^vlien he was nominated by the .i05 5o6 New York at Jamestown Republicans of Livingston county for Assemblyman, and was elected. The next year he was re-elected, and when the Assemljly organized in loot) he was chosen Speaker. There was much important legis- lation during that session, especially insurance reform laws, improve- ment of State roads, substitiitino- a recording- tax on mortP'ao-es, increase of rapid transit facilities, and re({uiring puljlicity in campaign expenses. He '\\as renominated for the Assembly in 1906. and received 4,917 votes to 3,169 votes cast for his Democratic op|)onent; following wdiicli resumption of his office in the Assemljly he v.as again made Speaker, this time receiving the compliment of renomination without op]:)osition In' the Re|)ublican caucus. He was re-elected to the Assembly in the fall of 1907, receiving 3,^54 votes to 1,85'2 votes cast for his opponent, and in January, 1908, was chosen Speaker a third time. He is a stickler for clean and fair politics. In the summer of 1908 he was suggested in various parts of the State for the nomination of Ciovernor; l)ut the weight of delegates at the convention favored the renomination of Governor Hughes. Mr. Wadsworth married the daughter of the late John Hay, Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt. THOMAS B. DUNN President Thomas B. Dunn President HON. Thomas B. Dunn was born in Providence, R. I., in 1857, and \\hen young removed witli his parents to Rocliester, where he has hved ever since. After receiving his echication in the schools of that city, he entered upon a Inisiness career which proved most successful, that of the manufacture of ])erfiuuerv. For more than ten years his concern has had its own agency in l.ondon, and they have been opened in Paris, Berlin, [Moscow. Madrid, ^Mexico, Buenos Ayres and other world centers. For many vears he was determined to continue his lousiness inde])endent of combinations. For two years he was President of the Rochester Chamber of Commerce, and was active in its att'airs. meanwhile looking out for the wider interests of that city. He was appointed a memljcr of the board of managers of the State Industrial School, and of the board of trustees of the Rochester Orphan Asylum, an institution which has deeply concerned him in the conduct of its welfare. He allied himself with a niunber of organizations, becoming a director of the Genesee ^'alley Trust Company and a member of the Genesee Valley Club, of the Yacht Club and the Rochester Club, INIasonic order and the Rochester Country Club. He is a life meml)er of the Rochester Athletic Club, and connected with several large busi- ness interests. ]\Ir. Dunn was nominated for State Senator by the Republicans in 1906, and received P2,696 votes to 9,917 votes cast for his Dem- ocratic opponent. On entering the Senate he was appointed a member of these committees. Cities, Railroads, Banks. Public Health, Trades and Manufactures. In the fall of 1908 he was nominated for State Treasurer and was elected. Senator Dunn was appointed by Governor Hughes to be Presi- 509 ^10 New York at Jamestown dent of the New York State Commission to the Jamestown Expo- sition. He was indefatigal^k^ in his efforts to discharge the duties with crecht to liis State and only praise was heard regarding liis remarkably successful management. MRS. DONALD McLEAN Vice-President Mrs. Donald McLean Vice-President MRS. Donald McLean, member and Vice-President of the New York State Commission to the Jamestown Exposition, and President-General of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, was born in Prospect Hall, Frederick, ]\Id.; and is the daughter of Judge and AL-s. John Ritchie. Her father was judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, and served in the National Congress before his elevation to the bench. ^Nlrs. [McLean's grandfather was Judge William P. ^laulsby.and her grandmother, Emily Nelson (for whom [Mrs. McLean is named), was the daughter of General Roger Nelson, who was at college, a boy of sixteen, when the Declaration of Lide])endence was signed. He ran away from the university and joined the Revolutionary forces. He was commissioned Lieutenant, and afterwards breveted Brigadier- General for conspicuous bravery on the field of battle. Later in life he served in the National Congress, and afterward was placed upon the bench of his native State. Further back in Mrs. McLean's ancestry were Judges Lynn and Beattie, two of the twelve judges known as "The Twelve Immortals," who first signed a protest against the British Stamp Act, eleven years before the first battle of the Revolution. Lieutenant James Lack- land was also an ancestor, as was one of the earlier deputy governors of Maryland, Governor Burgess. [Mrs. [McLean was educated at the Frederick Female Seminary, now known as the Woman's College. She graduated at the age of fourteen, receiving a diploma. She continued the study of history, the laneuases, and music until her marriage and. indeed, has pursued the former ever since. In 1883 she married [Mr. Donald McLean, a la-nwer of standing in New York, who has had various distinctions in 513 514 New York at Jamestown office conferred upon him by the President of the United States and the Mayor of the City of New York. Mrs. McLean is the mother of three cluldren. From the time of her mai'riage and removal from Maryhmd to New York, Mrs. ^IcLean has been interested in sociak professionak and educational circles of that city. On learning of the formation of the Daughters of the American Revolution, her interest was imme- diately aroused, and she became a charter member of the society, and also of the New York City Chapter of that organization, being elected to its Regency. A scholarship in perpetuity has been founded in Barnard College by the New York City Chapter, and named the "^Irs. Donald McLean Scholarship." Mrs. McLean held the office of Regent for ten years, until her election, in April, 1905, to the Presi- dency-General of the National Society of the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution. The President-General has served as an active Commissioner from New York to the Cotton States International Exposition, in 1895, and as an honorary Commissioner to the South Carolina Ex])o- sition. She 3nade public addresses at l)oth above-named ex])ositions; also at the Tennessee Exposition, and at the Pan-American Expo- sition, in 1901, at Buffalo, and at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in 1903-04, at St. Louis, — representing the varied interests of women, education, and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Mrs. McLean was an active Commissioner and Vice-President of the Commission from New York to the Jamestown Exposition. In the President-Cieneral's administration a memorial bnildintr has been erected by the D. A. R. on Jamestown Island in Virginia, which building is a re|)lica of the old Malvern Hall, and will remain as a permanent "Rest House," upon the island. Mrs. McLean has traveled several hundred thousand miles throughout the States, visiting innumerable cities and towns, making addresses upon patriotic subjects, not only in furthering the work of Biographies ^ i :; tlie D. A. R.. but in participation in civic and national patriotic cele- brations. She is deeply interested in the work of patriotic education, both for immigrants and southern mountaineers, as well as in keej^ing alive a ])atriotic spirit in all classes of American citizens, and is widely and internationally known as a speaker in patriotic and edu- cational gatherings, and in her interest in the movement for peace by arbitration. The President-General will have the honor of completing in her administration the great ^lemorial Continental Hall, D. A. R., the greatest memorial building ever erected by women in the world. SHELDEN B. BROADHEAD Treasurer Shelden B. Broadhead Treasurer MR. Shelden B. Broadhead was born in Jamestown, Chautauqua county, N. Y., on August 24, 1840. After receiving a thorough education he joined the firm of Wilham Broadhead & Sons, a hirge concern manufacturing worsted yarns, dress goods and suitings, and hifer became a meml)er of the company. Interested in all matters with ^^■hich he was allied and popular with his friends and business associates, he naturally \\as a moving spirit with everything appertaining to the upbuilding of his locality, the result of which is shown by his numerous affiliations. He is vice-president and treasurer of the Chautaucjua Traction Company and of the Jamestown Street Railway Company; a memljer of the board of directors of the National Chautaiupia County Bank of Jamestown; a life member of the board of trustees of the James Prendergast Free Library Association; member of the advisory board of the Young Women's Christian Association; president of the James- town Club, organized in 1873; president of the Lakewood Country Club of Lakewood on Chautauqua Lake: member of the executive committee of the ^NLmufacfurers' Association of Jamestown; member of Past Commanders' Association, Jamestown Commandery Knights Tem]>lar No. 61 ; member of Grand Rejn-esentatives' Association of the (xrand Commandery State of New York, with rank of Crrand Captain-General; thrice potent master of Jamestown Lodge of Perfection; member of Buffalo Consistory, .'i^nd degree, also of the Supreme Council Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, .'33rd degree, N. M. J. U. S. of A. On oro-anizing the New York State Commission to the James- town Exposition he was chosen the Treasurer. 519 HUGH GORDON MILLER Commissioner Hu^h Gordon Miller Commissioner HUGH (lordou ^liller, E.s([., was horn in Norfolk, on ^larcli '•2, 1S7.5. tlie son of ^liles S. ^liller, of Norfolk connty. ^'a., and his wife Fannie Virginia Harrison, of North Carolina. His maternal grandfather (Harrison) was clerk of the Su])crior Court and Probate Judge of Camden county, N. C, for more than a quarter century. Mr. ]\Iiller was admitted to the bar in Virginia on jNIarch '20, 1896, and at once resigned as Deputy Clerk of the courts of Norfolk to enter upon the active ])ractice of his profession, which has found him almost constantly engaged in important litigations first in Vir- ginia and later in New York city. He was admitted to ])ractice before the United States Supreme Court at the November term in 1S98, and was |)rol)al)lv the voungest advocate who ever a])peared to argue a case before that august tribunal, ^[oreover, this highest court of the land by unanimous consent on that occasion extended the usual time allowed an advocate to address the court. As far ])revious to the Exposition of 1907 as in 1903, ^[r. INIiller had conceived the benefits that wovdd accrue to the American nation by the observance of the Ter-Centenary, and in broaching the matter to the Hon. (irover Cleveland, received an autograph letter indorsing his ])roposition in the highest terms. It was this letter, when given out to the ])ublic through the press, which stirred the people, the Congress and the State to action in making the Exposition a reality, and (iovernor Hughes used this letter as a text in his banquet speech, reading it aloud and elocjuently commending the patriotic terms at the banquet given in his honor on New York Day at the Exposition. Mr. ]\riller was likewise instrumental in securing the interest of King 523 524 New York at Jamestown Edward and the co-operation of the British Government in advancing the Exposition's greatness through Rear Admiral, the Prince of Battenburg. As a prominent Repuljhcan. his forceful, direct delivery has time and again l)eeu heai'd with enthusiasm as the chief orator at great ])olitical gatherings throughout the country. It is thus that he has come to be recognized as one of the most eloquent speakers before the American puljlic. In 1901 he delivered one of the {)rin- cipal addresses at the annual lincoln dinner and celebration of the Republican Club of the City of New York, of wliicli he is a memljer. He delivered the Lincoln Centennial address at Convention Hall, Buffalo, at wdiich (xovernor Hughes was the orator and guest of honor, and later did the same at Convention Hall, Rochester. He is honor- ary vice-president of the Lincoln University Endowment Association. 1NL-. Miller was selected l)y the Commissioner of the French Government to l)e chairman of the American Committee of Honor for the International Maritime Exposition at Bordeaux, France, and in 1907 was chosen secretary and later vice-president of the Robert Fulton ^Monument Association, of which he was one of the foimders. For four years before coming to New York, ]Mr. ^Miller \\as Chief Assistant United States Attorney for Eastern District of Yir- ginia, and at the diiTction of President Roosevelt was commissioned Special Assistant Attorney-Cieneral of the United States, ))eing placed in charge of important cases jiending in the Supreme Court of the United States. He is a member of the American and other Bar Associations, and of the New York Southern Society. He married ^liss Edna ]M. Allen, of New York, and has one child, Allen Gordon ^Miller. ROBERT LEE MORRELL Commissioner R Robert Lee Morrell Commissioner OBERT Lee Monell was Ijorn in the city of New York on the 18th day of July, 1860. He is the youngest son l)orn to Thomas ^Nlorrell and his wife, Juha Al)l)eY MorreH. His father and mother, as well as his grandfather and great-grandfather, were natives of New York State. He received his education at Phillips Exeter Academy, and after- wards was a memlier of the class of 1Siographical catalogue of 114 pages in 190'-2. The 0])ening of this institution's new l)uilding in ]\Iay, 1908, gave the opportunity to originate the novel system of indexing and the method of keeping the various record books. In March, 1907, he received the appointment of Director of the New York State History Exhibit for the Jamestown Exposition, collected and installed it in pronounced systeinatic order, the features of which he set forth in an elaborately illustrated catalogue, with the Gold Medal as the outcome. He was elected to honorary membership in the New York State Historical Association and the American Scenic and Historic Preser- vation Society. He was also elected a memljer of the National Geographic Society and of the American Copyright League. On September 24, 1891, he married Miss Janet Gray Gould, by whom he had one child, Kenneth Gray Reynolds. MR. CLARENCE LUCE Architect New York Building. Clarence Luce Architect CLARENCE LUCE was bom on June 10. 1854, at Chicopee, Mass., and shortly afterwards his parents moved to Hay- den\ille, in the same State. He devoted four years to the scientitic course of ^Villlston Seminary at Easthampton, INIass., and in 1870 took up the study of architecture at Boston, in the office of CTridley .J. ¥. Brj'ant, a most successful architect, becoming later his partner. While taking a course in the Lowell Institute, he attended lectures on architectui'e and archaeology at Harvard University. In 1884 he moved to New York City, where he reaped abundant success in his profession. It is in landscape effect and the designing of buildings for ex[)o- sitions that he has acquired distinction. In this line he planned the Massachusetts State Building which was so generally admired at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1870; he was the architect of the Court of Honor at the Paris Exposition in 1000 ; he designed the Xew York State Building and the New York City Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held at St. Louis in 1903-4, for all of which he received gold medals. Excellence of his work at St. Louis prompted Governor Odell to appoint him on the New York Commission to the Lewis iSc Clark Exposition at Portland, Ore., in 190.5, and he Avas the arcliitect of the New York State Building there. Finally, he was commissioned to design the New York State Building for the Jamestown Exposition, one of the best types of architecture on the entire grounds, effective in its treatment both within and without. Following that, he was made the architect to design the New York State Building at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, held in Seattle for 1909. He has also erected other 549 550 New York at Jamestown notable buildings, among them the Day and Night Bank in New York city. Mr. Luce was a member of the 1907 and 1908 Commissions to revise the Building I^aws of New York City, and was one of the five who signed the minority report. NELSON HERRICK HENRY Adjutant-General General Nelson H. Henry Adjutant-General THE Adjutant-General of the State of New York, General Xelsou Ilerrick Henry, was born on Staten Island on April '•27, 1855. He was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City in the class of 1S79. From 1899 to 19U1 he represented the old Fifth Assembly district of New York City in the Assembly, and took ])articular interest in all those measures which affected public health and the National (ruard. President ^EcKinley made him Chief Siu-geon of Division in the Spanish ^Yar, with rank of Major, and he served in the camps at Tampa, Fla., and at Huntsville, Ala. For many years he A^as on the staff of Gen. Charles F. Roe, commanding the National (huird, with the rank of Colonel. In 1901 (iovernor Odell appointed him Adjutant-Creneral. to succeed Brigadier-General Edward M. Holfman. Governor Higgins appointed him to the same office in 190.), and Governor Hughes reappointed him, so that when he was again given the same office on December 19, 1908, it was for his fifth term. Knowing full well how carefully Governor Hughes made appointments as Governor, the continuance of General Henry as chief military officer of the State of New York is not alone a high tril)ute: but one which the peojile consider duly deserved. His executive capacity, the facility with which he plans and the smoothness with A\hich complicated matters mider his direction carry out are reasons for the reputation placed to his credit. 553 ENACTMENTS CHAP. 721, LAWS OF 1905 - - June 3,1905 CHAP. 578, LAWS OF 1907 - July 12, 1907 CHAP. 137, LAWS OF 1908 - - April 16, 1908 555 Enactments NEW YORK State's participation in the Jamestown Exposition was inaugurated during the term of office of Governor Frank W. Higgins, the first Eegishitive measure for which he signed, and others -were signed by Governor Hughes. The matter was ])rought to the attention of tlie Legislature by a representative whose lousiness it was to go from State to State and make an appeal to the Legislatures for their hearty co-opera- tion. This the State of New York was most willing to do when the reasons had clearly been set forth, and it was done in a liberal manner. The work was undertaken at an early date, those connected with the carrying out of the provisions of the bill were enthusiastic, and the ex]:)enditures were not alone along lines to give excellent results; but the funds were economically expended, and no voice of complaint has at any time been heard in the Legislative halls. Chapter 721, Laws of 1905 The first of a series of acts was that which became known as chapter 721, Laws of 1905, passed on June 8d. It provided for the appointment of a State Commission by the Governor, defined its duties, appro]:) riated the sum of $5,000 for j^reliminary expenses, and directed that an estimate of moneys needful to carry out the plan be reported to the Legislature in 1906, on which to base further action. 557 558 New York at Jamestown Chap. 721 AN ACT to provide for the participation of the state of New York in the Jamestown ter-centennial exposition, to he held on and near the waters of Hampton Roads, in the state of Virginia, in the year nineteen hundred and seven, and making an appropriation therefor. Became a law, June 3, 1905, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. TIic People of the St((te of New York, represented in Senate and ^Lssembli/. do enaet as follows: Section 1. Tliere shall be appointed by the governor seven per- sons, residents of this state, one of whom shall be chief commis- sioner and so named by the governor, who shall constitute a Ncav York commission for the Jamestown ter-centennial exposition, to be held on and near the waters of Hampton Roads, in the state of Virginia, in the year nineteen hundred and seven, to co-operate with the board of directors of the Jamestown ex|)osition company, in encouraging and forwarding the objects for which said exposition is to be held, and to organize, prepare, superintend and have the general management of the New York department at the said exposition. § "i. The members of the commission shall receive no compensa- tion for their services, but shall be entitled to their actual necessary expenses incurred while in discharge of duties imposed upon them by the commission. Such commission may appoint a secretary whose compensation, to be hxed by it, shall be at the rate of not to exceed twenty-five hundred dollars a year for all services to be per- formed in carrying out the provisions of this act, and may also provide such other clerical assistance and office facilities as it deems necessarv. Enactments 559 and for which appropriation sliall have been made. Bnt no sahiries or exjienses shall be incurred for a longer period than ninety days after the close of the exposition. § 3. Said commission shall have cliaroe of the interests of the state of New \ork, and its citizens, in the collection, and prepara- tion of the exhibits for the state at said exposition, including the planning and construction of a suitable permanent building to be known as the New York state building and furnishing and main- taining same, said building to be built in the colonial style of archi- tecture and to be used during said exposition as a place of rendezvous for the people of this state, and also for the display of the historical exhibit made on behalf of this state, and on or before the fifteenth day of January, nineteen hundred and six, shall report to the legislature the estimate of the amount deemed necessaiy to carry out the purposes of the exposition as declared in this act, which shall not exceed one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. § 4. The sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessarv, is hereby approjiriated out of any moneys in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, for the purposes of this act. Such money shall be ]5aid by the treasurer on the warrant of the comptroller issued upon a requisition signed by the ]M-esident and secretary of the commission, accompanied by an estimate of the expenses for the payment of which the money so drawn is to be applied. Within ninety days after the close of the exposition, such commission shall make a verified re]>ort to the comptroller of the disbursements made bv it, and shall return to the state treasury the unexpended balance of money drawn in pursuance of this act. Xo indebtedness nor obligation shall be incurred under this act in excess of the appropria- tion herein made. § 5. The commission shall, as requested by the governor, from time to time, render to him reports of its proceedings. § 6. This act shall take effect immediately. 560 New York at Jamestown Chapter 578, Laws of 1907 The second act was that known as chapter 578, Laws of 1907, passed on July 12, 1907, at an extra session of the Legislature, and was signed by Governor Hughes. It appropriated money for the State's participation in the Exposition. Chap. 578 AX ACT making appropriations for certain expenses of government and supplying dehciencies in former appropriations. Became a law, July 12, 1907, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. The People of the State of Netc York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. The treasurer shall pay, on the warrant of the comp- troller, from the several funds specified, to the persons, and for the purposes indicated in this act, the amounts named or so much thereof as shall l)e sufficient to accomplish, in full, the purposes designated by the appropriations, which several amounts are hereby appro- priated out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. No warrants shall be issued, except in cases of salaries, until the amounts claimed shall have been audited and allowed by the comp- troller, wdio is hereby authorized to determine the same, upon A'ouchers ])resented as recpiired by section twelve of the state finance law. Whenever an ajjpropriation shall have been provided otherwise the sum herein directed to be paid shall not be considered as an addition to such other appropriation unless it shall be expressly so declared in this act. Miscellaneous For the commissioners of the Jamestown ter-centennial exposition Enactments 561 for the ])urposes autliorized by cliapter seven hundred twenty-one, hiws of nineteen hundred five, seventy-three thousand doihu's ($73, 000) to he paid l)y the treasurer on the warrant of the com|)troller as pro- vithnl in section fouj' of said eliapter. The coniniissioners are liereln' authorized after the close of the ex|)Osition. to sell the New York state buildiuii' and its fnrnishino-s and appiu'tenances and the proceeds therefrom shall he ])ai(l into the state treasury. Chapter 137, Laws of 1908 Another act was essential in order to close the affairs of the Conuiiission, so as to enable it to dis])Ose of any property remainini;-, and providino- for a report. It was known as chapter LST, Laws of 1908. and was ])assed April l(i, 1!)()S. receiviui>- the signature of Governor Hughes. Chap. L37 AX ACT to authorize the New York State Commission for the James- town Ter-centennial Exposition to complete its duties and to extend the time therefoi- and for its final report. Became a law, .\iiril 16, 1908, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. The People of the State of Xeic YorL\ repre.^ented i)i Senate and ^Lsscmbh/. do enact «.v folhxcs: Section 1. The New York state commission for the Jamestown Ter-centennial Exposition, appointed pursuant to chapter seven hundred and twenty-one of the laws of nineteen lumdred and five, is herein- authorized to sell, remove or otherwise dispose of the New York state V)uilding ei'ecfed upon the ex])osition grounds pursuant to said chapter, with its hirnishings and appurtenances, and to present its final report to the governor on or before the first day ot July, nineteen hundred and eight. A copy of such final report, verified 562 New York at Jamestown by the treasurer of the commission, shall also be filed with the comp- troller, and concurrently therewith said commission shall pay to the comptroller for deposit in the state treasury the balance remaining in its possession. And for the pvu-pose of paying- the expenses, remaining un])aid, already incurred by it in connection with said exposition, and such further ex[)enses as shall be necessary for the completion of its duties, including the cost of printing and delivering not to exceed twenty-hve hundred copies of its hnal report, the treasure!' of the state is authoi-ized to pay the sum of not to exceed ten thousand dollars out of the imexpended balance of any appro- ])riation heretofore made for said commission upon the warrant of the comptroller issued upon the requisition of the president and treas- urer of the commission. Every such requisition shall be accompanied by an estimate of the expenses for which the money is required, and vouchers for the expenditure thereof shall be subsequently tiled with the conq)troller. § 2. This act shall take effect immediately. FINANCIAL STATEMENT Financial Statement Report of Treasurer Shelden B. Broadhead, of Receipts and Disbursements of Funds Fuinisfied the New York State Commission to thie Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, Norfolk, Va. Jamksto\\x, X. Y.. June 30, lt)08. Receipts From Comptroller 190,5. Dec. 13 By casli to Secretary J. C. Xorris $^2,000 00 1006. Jan. 2.5 ]5y cash to Secretary J. (". Norris 1,000 00 May 24 By cash to Secretary J. (\ Xorris 1,000 00 Sept. 12 By cash to Secretary J. C. X^'orris 1,000 00 1!)()7. Fel). 27 By cash to Treasurer S. B. Broa0 June '•24 By check from S. B. Broadhead, for restaurant hill SIS S.) June .SO By W. H. Ilandin. receipts fi'om restaurant 4.1()4 8.'3 June SO By check from W. R. Cook, to apply on sale of Xew \ ork Building ^200 00 June SO By check from W. K. Cook, for balance of sale of Xew York Building S.SOO 00 $9,70.5 .5S $1S4.705 .5S Disbursements 1907. ]\[ar. '27 Bv vouchers allowed l)y Comp- troller [Martin H. (ilynn •*4,.j.>4 71 Sept. .} By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller :\[artin H. Glynn S9..S4^2 (iS Sept. .> By vouchers allowed l)y Comp- troller Martin H. (ilynn 7,S68 ,51 Oct. '28 Bv vouchers allowed l)y Comp- troller :\rartin IT. (ilvnn 6.280 .58 Nov. 1 By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin H. Glvnn ^2,714 00 568 New York at Jamestown Nov. IS By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller ^Martin H. (ilyiin $0,661 79 Dec. IS By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin 11. (ilynn 9.764 07 Dcc\ IS By vouchers allowed hy Comp- troller :\rartin II. (xlynn 8,^21.5 97 Dec. IS By vouchers allowed by Coiiip- troller !\rartin H. Clynn .'3.^205 81 1908. Feb. '■24 By vouchers allowed by Comj)- troller Martin II. Glynn 29,657 92 May 12 By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin II. Glynn .'5,148 27 June 29 By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin H. (dynn .50 00 June ;50 By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin H. Glynn 88 ,3.5 June .30 By vouchers allowed by Coni])- troller Martin II. (jdynn 97 14 Jime .30 By vouchers allowed by Comp- troller Martin H. Glynn .50 00 June .30 By vouchers allowed by (Comp- troller Martin H. (dynn 4,338 60 June 30 By check to Comj^troller ^laitin II. (dyim .5.251 18 $131,795 5S 1908. June 30 By balance on hand retained foi- com]>ilino- and printiui;- "Report" $3,000 00 Financial Statement 569 Jaaikstowx, N. v., Xdrciiiher "2(>, !!)()!). Summary of Treasurer's Books Since June 30th, 1908 19(IS. ])r. June oO To halance on hand as per statement to (\)ni])troller ^.S.OOO 00 Oet. 1 Insurance rebate from F. B. Thomason 10.5 9!) $.'5. 10.) 9!) f'r. Aug. 19 By voucher Xo. ,51(), Cnyler Reynoids $.50 00 Oct. 1 Bv voucher Xo. .51.3, Cnyler Reynolds i-2 SO Oct. -29 By voucher X^>. .517, Cnyler Reynolds .50 00 Dec. 19 By voucher Xo. .518, Cnyler Reynolds 4.5 88 1909. Feb. 8 By voucher X^). .519, (iilmer T. FUiott 4 00 .Vpril '3 By voucher X"o. o^^O, Cnyler Reynolds .'5.5 ■■20 April 3 By voucher X'o. 521. Andre \^' Way 17 .SO Mav 1.5 Bv voucher X'o. 522. Cnyler Reynolds '^2.5 00 Mav 1.5 By voucher X"o. .5'28, Jamestown Official Photo. Corporation 18 .50 June 17 Bv voucher Xo. .5'-2.5, Jamestown Official Photo. Cor]iorafion 4 00 Julv "2 Bv voucher X"o. .5'20, (Aiyler Reynolds '24 2.5 Oct. 2 Bv voucher X'o. 527, Cnyler Reynolds 2(i 00 Xov. "26 Bv voucher X"o. .528, Cnyler Revnolds .50 00 Balance on hand in 14th Street Bank '2,7l;5 11 .$.S.10.5 99 1909. Nov. "26 Cash on han