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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ARTHUR W1NSLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 A REPORT 
 
 QN THE 
 
 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI 
 
 FROM 
 
 FIELD WORK PROSECUTED DURING THE YEARS 
 
 1891 and 1892. 
 With 62 Illustrations and One Map. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK L. NASON, Assistant Geologist. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 JEFFERSON CITY. 
 December, 1892. 
 
NIXON-JONES PMNTING CO., 215 Bine St., ST. LOUIS. 
 
BOARD OF MANAGERS. 
 
 Governor DAVID R. FRANCIS, 
 
 Ex-officio President of the Board, Jefferson City. 
 
 / / G. C. BROADHEAD Columbia. 
 
 WM. B. POTTER ... . .... St. Louis. 
 
 J. H. BRITTS . . . . . . Clinton. 
 
 W. O. L. JEWETT Shblbina. 
 
 STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 ARTHUR WINSLOW . ... . . N . Jkffbrson City 
 
 (iii) 
 
ASSISTANTS. 
 
 F. L. NASON, assistant geologist, C. R. KEYES, paleontologist. 
 Specialties : Iron and Manganese. 
 
 H. A. WHEELER, ass't geologist, 
 Specialty : Clay. 
 
 PAUL SCHWEITZER, ass't geologist, 
 Specialty : Mineral Waters. 
 
 ERASMUS HAWORTH, ass't geologist, J. E. TODD, ass't geologist, 
 Specialty : Crystalline Rocks. Specialty : Quaternary Geology. 
 
 J. D. ROBERTSON, chemist & ass't in C. F. MARBUT, ass't in 
 
 Zinc and Lead Work. Charge of Detailed Mapping. 
 
 E. H. LONSDALE, ass't in LEO GLUCK, ass't in 
 
 Iron Ore Work and Detailed Mapping. Clay Work. 
 
 T. B. MAKBUT, aid in 
 Detailed Mapping. 
 
 S. R. MANN, Secretary. 
 
 TEMPORARY AND LOCAL ASSISTANTS. 
 
 C. H. GORDON, 
 
 Special Assistant in the Coal Fields. 
 
 (iv) 
 
 E. W. NEWTON, 
 
 Local Assistant m Polk County. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Office of the Geological Survey, ) 
 Jefferson City, Missouri, y 
 
 December 17th, 1892. j 
 To the President, Governor David It. Francis, and the members of the 
 
 Board of Managers of the Bureau of Geology and Mines : 
 
 Gentlemen — I have the honor to transmit, herewith, a Report upon 
 the Iron Ores of Missouri, by Mr. Frank L. Nason, assistant geologist. 
 
 During the progress of the earlier surveys of the State the iron ores 
 have been subjects of more or less attention. In Part II, of the Report 
 of 1854, the two important iron mines of southeastern Missouri, the 
 Iron mountain and Pilot Knob deposits, were described by Dr. Litton. 
 In Chapters III. , IV. , V. and VI. of the Report of 1872, or what is known 
 as the Pumpelly Report, the iron ores of the State received fuller 
 treatment than ever before, by Dr. Adolph Schmidt. These chapters 
 covered the iron ores of the porphyry region, the specular ores in sand- 
 stone, the red hematites and the deposits of limonite in limestone. In 
 the Report of 1873-74, or the Broadhead Report,' the limonites of 
 southeastern Missouri are described. 
 
 The fact that these ores had already received a good share of atten- 
 tion in these earlier reports influenced the present Survey to delay their 
 further examination until other subjects, which had received, heretofore, 
 less study and which demanded notice, had been provided for. During 
 the past few years, however, there has been a noticeable and lamentable 
 decline in the iron industry of the State. Reference to Appendix B, 
 at the end of this Report, will show the extent to which the iron ore pro- 
 duction of the State has fallen off. Missouri, from having been in the 
 year 1880 the sixth State in the Union in the production of iron ores, 
 has now fallen to the rank of the thirteenth State. 
 
 It was largely in recognition of the fact of this decline of Missouri's 
 iron industry that the investigation of the iron deposits of the State was 
 resumed in 1891. It was thought that a careful study of the region in 
 which the various ores occur, aided by the light thrown upon the 
 deposits by the developments of the twenty years which have elapsed 
 since the last report was published, conclusions would be reached which 
 
VI LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 would lead to the discovery of new ore deposits. How far and in what 
 manner these anticipations have been realized will be detailed in the 
 following pages. N 
 
 Mr. Nason began work for the Survey early in the summer of 1891. 
 His field work was completed and the greater part of his report written 
 by the end of the summer of the year 1892. As is self-evident, such 
 an amount of work could not be accomplished in so short a period without 
 a thorough knowledge of the subject and a mastery of the methods of 
 work, combined wi*h unflagging industry. Mr. Nason exhibited all of 
 these qualities and he is to be complimented and the State to be 
 congratulated upon the product of this short period of work. 
 
 In the first part of the report Mr. Nason describes, in successive 
 chapters, the various classes of ores, entering into detail with certain 
 types of each class and discussing quite fully the origin and general 
 , geology pf the different kinds of deposits. His theoretical deductions 
 concerning the sources of the iron ores and their modes of accumula- 
 tion are of the most direct value in the future development 1 of the ores. 
 Although they may be termed by some, mere theories, they are theories 
 based upon a careful observation and study of all the available facts. 
 Such study is the only sound basis of knowledge, and the conclusions 
 reached by it are always worthy of respect. It is true that sufficient 
 facts are not always available for an absolute certainty to be reached ; 
 at times a conclusion may be considered to rank as high as a certainty ; 
 at other times it may deserve to rank merely as a suggestion. In all 
 cases it is the best that can be obtained and in this light is always 
 valuable. Correspondingly the results reached in this report are of 
 variable value. Some conclusions which Mr. Nason has reached he 
 shows are indubitable and can be followed without hesitation ; others he 
 offers as mere suggestions, such alone as the meager supply of facts 
 will allow of. 
 
 The second part of this Eeport consists entirely of short descriptions 
 of the more prominent iron ore localities of the State, visited and 
 examined by various members of this and earlier Surveys. In the 
 Schmidt Report of 1872, 257 such localities were mapped. On the 
 map accompanying the present report 636 are located. This additional 
 work was principally done by Mr. E. H. Lonsdale during the spring 
 and summer of this year. He is also the author of many of the descrip- 
 tions here published. It will be noted, however, that a large number 
 of the descriptions from the report of 1872 are reprinted here. The 
 reason for this is that at some of these localities the opportunities for 
 examination are at present not so good as they were when the earlier 
 work was done ; but in most cases the copied descriptions are of local- 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Vll 
 
 ities at which no further work has been done since that time, and, 
 hence, nothing can be added to the earlier writings. The descriptions 
 of these occurrences are sometimes very brief. This is, however, 
 necessarily so in many cases, because very little is to be seen. The 
 principle has been followed out, however, that a few facts are better 
 than none at all and that even a few words, describing the topographic 
 location and the surface occurrences of ore, were better than a mere 
 designation of the locality on the map. These descriptions must be 
 read with an understanding of the general conclusions expressed in the 
 preceding chapters in order that the prospector or miner may use 
 them to the best advantage. 
 
 In the township index, at the end of this volume, will be found a 
 complete list of all iron ore localities described, arranged by townships. 
 The idea of this index is to enable one to see at a glance just what 
 deposits occur and are described within any specified area. 
 
 It will be noticed that throughout this report the term Cambrian is 
 applied to the rocks of the Ozark region in place of the term Silurian, 
 which has heretofore been used. This, as explained in a foot-note on 
 page 1 7, is because the stratigraphic studies of the Survey are tending 
 to the conclusion that these rocks belong more properly to the Cambrian 
 age than to the Silurian. The evidence in support of this we hope to 
 adduce soon in a future publication of the Survey. Suffice it here to 
 say that such evidence seems sufficient to warrant the departure here 
 from previously accepted practice. 
 
 Not only, however, is it probable that changes will be made in the 
 age assigned the members of the Ozark series, but, as Mr. Nason has 
 shown, in Chapter V. of this report, on the General Geology, it is prob- 
 able that the details of the sections of these series will also undergo 
 considerable modification. Other studies, besides those prosecuted by 
 Mr. Nason, goto show that the division of the series into First, Second) 
 Third and Fourth Magnesian Limestone, separated by persistent sand- 
 stone beds, will not hold. In a paper soon to be published in the Amer- 
 ican Journal of Science, the writer shows that the classification of the 
 members of the so-called ''Magnesian Series," in St. Francois and Ste. 
 Genevieve counties, was radically wrong. Mr. Nason has found it 
 necessary, for the purposes of his report, and as indicative of the 
 changes necessarj', to apply two names to members of the Ozark series. 
 These are the " Roubidoux Sandstone " and the " Gasconade Lime- 
 stone." These names express his classification of the rocks. They 
 are accepted here provisionally until more extended work than he had 
 opportunity to engage in, shall demonstrate their entire tenability. 
 
 Concerning the porphyry ores of Pilot Knob, Mr. Nason has reached 
 
V1H LETTEK OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 certain conclusions at variance with the results expressed concerning 
 the origin of the porphyries by Mr. Haworth in Bulletin No. 5 of this 
 Survey. During the past summer a conference and joint excursion to 
 this field was arranged for. The party consisted of Prof. C. R. Van 
 Hise, Prof. Wm. B. Potter, Mr. Nason, Prof. Haworth and the writer. 
 A result of this trip and the consequent discussion on the ground was 
 the yielding, by Mr. Haworth, of his position with reference to the 
 origin of the porphyry conglomerates, iron ores and other immediately 
 associated beds, occurring at the summit of Pilot Knob and at a few 
 other localities in the immediate vicinity. Mr. Haworth now concedes 
 that the evidence favors the conclusion that these beds are of sediment- 
 ary origin rather than of igneous origin as previously advocated by 
 him. 
 
 As is frequently referred to and explained at different places in the 
 following Report, it has been absolute^ impossible to reach, examine 
 and report upon all the iron ore localities in the State, during the brief 
 period and" with the small means allotted to the work. The area is too 
 vast; the occurrences are too numerous. Effort has been made to 
 direct attention merely to the principal areas and localities"; to describe 
 types and emphasize principles rather than to include exhaustive details. 
 It is, however, nevertheless true, that, in many sections of the iron re- 
 gions of the State, detailed work could be advantageously prosecuted, 
 and it is the intention of the Survey to prepare in the future, as supple- 
 mentary to this report, a series of topographic and geologic maps of im- 
 portant areas in the iron ore region, upon which shall be located all the 
 various iron ore deposits, as well as other occurrences of economic value. 
 A detailed report will accompany each of these sheets, describing every- 
 thing of interest. 
 
 The map attached at the end of this report is intended primarily 
 to show the geologic and geographic distribution of iron ores. In 
 addition, however, it is issued as a provisional geological map of the 
 State. It embodies the results of the work of the several Geological 
 Surveys of the State up to date. It is the intention to issue similar 
 maps with each successive volume of publications, each one to express 
 the result's of the most recent work-. i 
 
 , Mr. Nason, in his preface, has considerately expressed his indebted- 
 ness to various gentlemen for assistance in the prosecution of his work. 
 I take pleasure in joining with him here in an expression of gratitude 
 to the citizens of the State who have so courteously assisted and en- 
 tertained him. I especially wish to acknowledge Prof . Wm. B. Potter's 
 assistance in the contribution of data and in the revision of the chapter 
 on the porphyry ores. To Mr. Geo. H. Nettleton and to Mr. Louis 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. IX 
 
 Houck we are particularly indebted for assistance rendered in the 
 prosecution of the work along the lines, of their roads. Mr. Geo. C. 
 Smith, assistant general manager of the Missouri Pacific system, has 
 also extended us many favors, and to the St. Louis and San Francisco 
 Ey. we are similarly under obligations. 
 
 In the preparation of the Statistical Sketch, Appendix B, we received 
 particularly valuable assistance from Mr. E. B. Sankey of Salem, 
 Messrs. T. T. Lewis, E. A. Hitchcock and Wm. B. Potter of St. Louis ; 
 from Messrs. J. L. Buskett and Wm. Kelley of Rolla, and from Mr. 
 Wm. James and his book-keeper, Mr. Bacon, of St. James. 
 
 In the proof-reading of this report Mr. J. D. Robertson has ren- 
 dered much assistance, and he has also prepared the General Index at 
 the end ; the Geographical Index was prepared by Mr. E. H. Lons- 
 dale. Such literary defects and errata as exist in this volume must be 
 attributed in large part to the unavoidable haste with which the work 
 was put into print. 
 
 I transmit this report with the feeling that it is a valuable and serv- 
 iceable contribution to the literature of our iron ores, and with the hope 
 that it may directly assist in the resuscitation of the iron industry of 
 the State. 
 
 Very respectfully submitted, 
 
 Arthur Winslow, 
 
 State Geologist., 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 In making a report on the iron ores of Missouri, one is, at the very 
 outset, confronted with a difficulty of no little magnitude. In round 
 numbers, what may be called the iron-producing belt covers an area 
 of 30,000 square miles. This includes, 1st,, the porphyry districts ; 
 2d, the specular ore district; 3d, the limonite ore district; 4th, the 
 bedded red hematite district, and 5th, the bog ore district. This last 
 has had no definite boundaries. In forming an idea of the value of 
 any ore deposits one must be largely influenced by the knowledge 
 which may be acquired from deposits which have been worked in the 
 past. No surface prospect, however promising, can give definite and 
 reliable data upon which to base calculations as to extent, and, conse- 
 quently, value. In other words, surface indications give only two 
 dimensions ; the third dimension which is invaluable can only be gained 
 either from actual trial of the locality in question, or by analogy from 
 the inspection of similar deposits which have been worked. In the 
 great area given above there are at present only the following workings : 
 two localities ^in the porphyry ore district, four in the specular ore 
 district, one^in the great limonite district, and in the red hematite 
 district not'a singlejone. The reasons for this state of inactivity are 
 various, but as these have^been pointed out in the appended reports on 
 the various districts they will not be touched upon here. The diffi- 
 culties which this condition entails upon the worker in such fields can 
 only be fully appreciated by one who has had experience in such work. 
 
 Another obstacle to study which mining districts generally present, 
 and the Missouri iron district in particular, is inaccessibility, the lack 
 of railroads, the lack of good public roads, the inevitable concomitants 
 of a scattered population, make the expenditure of a great amount 
 of time absolutely unavoidable. Yet this difficulty has been largely 
 obviated, or at least obviated to a greater degree than would at first 
 seem possible, by the hearty and intelligent co-operation of the citizens 
 of the iron ore district. 
 
 Considering these difficulties, and the limited time which could 
 reasonably be placed at the disposal of the writer for this work, the 
 following plan was devised and carried out so far as practicable. 
 Instead of attempting a detailed examination of each township, to study 
 
 (xi) 
 
Xll PREFACE. 
 
 in a general way, 1st, the modes of occurrences ; 2d, the character- 
 istics of the ores; 3d, the geographical distributions, the results of 
 these operations resulted in the division of the limonite ore district into 
 the Ozark district, the Osage district and the Mississippi district. These 
 districts are not exactly outlined, this is impossible, but they indicate, ^ 
 in general, a distinct geographical distribution, and form convenient 
 points from which to work. The idea has been to distribute the time 
 allowed in the following manner. To give the greatest amount of time 
 to points practically untouched in previous surveys, though controlled 
 by the promise of iron ore in a given district : second, to distribute the 
 remaining time as seemed best to serve the objects of a general report 
 upon the iron ore of the whole State. By consulting the "Preliminary 
 Map showing the Distribution of Iron Ores of Missouri" by Dr. 
 Adolph Schmidt, Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, it will be seen 
 that considerable work was done on the limonites on the Belmont branch 
 of the Iron Mountain railway and on the middle Osage river. The 
 deposits there pointed out are as yet hardly touched, the Osage deposits 
 especially, and attention has thus been called here to these localities as 
 possible ore fields. 
 
 The whole tier of counties along and immediately above the Arkansas 
 border from and including Stoddard county to Taney county was 
 hardly touched. There are ten counties and only six localities reported. 
 The work of the Survey shows this field to be at least as productive as 
 any in the State, and consequently much time has been devoted to it. 
 Even the most conscientious effort to locate every outcrop of iron ore, 
 would in the end fail in the present state of development of the coun- 
 try. It has not, therefore, been attempted. Enough work has been 
 done to prove that limcnite ore exists in sufficient quantity to warrant 
 the erection of local furnaces for its smelting and that other conditions- 
 are favorable for such an enterprise. This fact has been enlarged 
 upon in the report. The location of ore deposits that has been done 
 means, however, more than the mere fixing of these outcrops alone. 
 One outcrop points certainly to others, neither now located nor re- 
 ported, and the particular aim of the work done has been to point the 
 direction in which others may be confidently looked for. 
 
 In the porphyry ore regions there is little use in minute examinations. 
 The high grade of the ores and their accessibility to markets has stim- 
 ulated private research to such a degree that probably every outcrop is 
 known. Moreover, the detailed study which Prof. Haworth, with his 
 assistants, has pursued, would inevitably have resulted in the discovery 
 of such deposits had they existed. This careful study has resulted in 
 
PREFACE. XI 11 
 
 a discouraging, or at least a negative state of affairs. No new localities 
 have been discovered. Attention in this field has, therefore, been 
 confined to a careful study of the great deposits of Iron Mountain 
 and Pilot Knob, to the probable conditions of their origin, and to the 
 probabilities of the existence of other deposits now hidden from sight. 
 The conclusions reached from this course of investigation are not 
 capable of exact verification without considerable expense, but it is 
 earnestly believed that prospecting along the lines laid down in the 
 following report will, in many cases, be successful. 
 
 The same method has been pursued in the specular ore field in the 
 sandstone region. Here, owing to the greater number of deposits which 
 are now being worked or which have been worked, data of a much more 
 satisfactory nature has been available. The conditions of occurrence 
 and mode of deposition are seen with what seems to be unmistakable 
 clearness. Basing his conclusions on the facts thus obtained, the writer 
 has little hesitation in hazarding the prediction that the future of this 
 district is at least as bright as its past has been. 
 
 The red- hematite district has never been brought into notice as an 
 iron-producing belt. " Some exploring has been done in Callaway and 
 Henry counties. The work has shown the beds to be ihin and rather 
 uncertain. Some of the beds could be worked with profit if a furnace 
 were near by, but there is not in this field a promise of ore sufficient to 
 warrant a plant's being erected. Enough work has been done in this 
 field to establish the fact that the ores are of good quality, and that 
 they are bedded deposits. 
 
 To sum up briefly the foregoing statements, it has been the aim of the 
 Survey to establish districts in which iron ores were most abundant ; to 
 get at the nature of the deposit in order that subsequent prospecting 
 might be done in the most intelligent manner, and to determine if 
 conditions were favorable to the establishment of local smelting works. 
 The result has been gratifying, . for even with the most conservative 
 estimates the question has an affirmative answer. 
 
 In the prosecution of the work on the iron ores the writer is greatly 
 indebted to the State Geologist for his cordial support in the work as 
 well as for direct and valuable assistance in many ways and especially 
 in the preparation of this report. Editorial supervision is always a 
 wearisome and oftentimes a thankless task, and it is with pleasure that 
 I acknowledge my indebtedness for this assistance. In the field many 
 have given such personal assistance as not only to materially forward 
 the work, but to make the work itself a pleasure. The writer wishes to 
 tender his cordial thanks to Prof. W. B. Potter, of St. Louis ; Mr. Geo. 
 
XIV PREFACE. 
 
 H. Nettleton, president of the K. C. M. and B. E. R., of Kansas City; 
 Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton ; Mr. E. L. Foote, superintendent of Sligo 
 Furnace; Louis Houek, Esq., Cape Girardeau, president of St. L., C, 
 G. and Ft. S. R. R. ; J. B. White, Esq., general manager, Missouri Lum- 
 ber & Mining Co., Grandin ; Capt. John Halstead, West Plains; Mr. 
 David Carson, West Plains; Dr. J. E. Mosley, Alton; Messrs. Sanky, 
 Salem ; Mr. E. A. Kimmel, of Cape Girardeau ; Mr. H. W. Hickman, 
 Puxico, Stoddard Co. ; Dr. Taylor, Brownington ; Mr. L. W. Munsell, 
 Eminence ; Mr. E.^Y. Gannett, Nelson. This list could be indefinitely 
 extended were the writer to mention every one to whom he is indebted 
 for kind attentions. It is a matter of no little pleasure to acknowledge 
 the cordial manner in which he has been received. 
 
 During the field season of 1892 Mr. E. H. Lonsdale has assisted me, 
 both in the field and in the preparation of the report. The chapter on 
 the " Special Description of Iron Deposits " is almost exclusively his 
 work ; it is with pleasure that I acknowledge his assistance. To Mr. 
 J. D. Robertson, of the Survey, I am indebted for many of the draw- 
 ings in the accompanying text and I gladly take this opportunity of 
 acknowledging the same. Mr. A. Schmidt has reproduced many of the 
 photographs and these are credited to him in the body of the report. 
 
 F. L. N. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal v 
 
 Preface xi 
 
 PAET I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. Introduction. The Ores of Iron 1 
 
 The Forms in which Iron occurs 1 
 
 The Ores of Iron 1 
 
 The Maguetites . 3 
 
 The Hematites 4 
 
 The Limonites 4 
 
 The Carbonates -5 
 
 The Relative Values of Iron Ores 6 
 
 The Influence of the Percentage of Iron 7 
 
 The Influence of Deleterious Accessories 7 
 
 The Influence of Proximity to Market 7 
 
 The Influence of Impurities on Product 8 
 
 CHAPTER II. The Iron Ores op Missouri 12 
 
 The Classes of Ores , 12 
 
 The Distribution of the Ores 13 
 
 CHAPTER III. The Specular Ores of the Porphyry Region 16 
 
 Introductory Remarks 16 
 
 The Distribution of the Crystalline Rocks 16 
 
 The Topography 16 
 
 The Lithology 18 
 
 The Associated Minerals 19 
 
 The Relations of Porphyries to Cambrian Rocks 20 
 
 The Iron Ores, their Modes of Occurrence 21 
 
 The Iron Mountain Ore District 23 
 
 Early Description by Dr. Litton 23 
 
 The Distribution of Vein Ore in the Porphryry 24 
 
 The Residuary Clays and Boulder Ores 26 
 
 Pilot Knob 32 
 
 Early Description by Dr. Litton 32 
 
 The Character of the Ores 34 
 
 The Modes of Occurrence 34 
 
 The Boulder Ores 34 
 
 The Massive Ores 36 
 
 The Conglomerates -. 38 
 
 Cedar Hill ; 40 
 
 Shepherd Mountain ■. 41 
 
 Clark's Mountain 42 
 
 • (XV) 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The Composition of the Specular Ores ia Porphyry * 2 
 
 The Iron Mountain Ores 42 
 
 The Pilot Knob .Ores is 
 
 The Shepherd Mountain Ores * 6 
 
 The Cedar Hill Ores i7 
 
 Complete Analyses *7 
 
 The Origin of the Iron Ores 50 
 
 Topographic Changes Involved 57 
 
 ' Formation of the Pilot Knob Beds 61 
 
 Limitations of Theory Advanced 65 
 
 Bearings of Theory on Future Developments 65 
 
 Summary 69 
 
 CHAPTER IV. The Red Hematites of Missotjei 70 
 
 Henry County 70 
 
 Monroe County 71 
 
 Lincoln County 73 
 
 Callaway County 75 
 
 Cooper County 79 
 
 Saline County 80 
 
 Benton, Henry and St. Clair Counties 80 
 
 Conclusions 82 
 
 The Source of the Ores 82 
 
 The Extent of the Deposits- 82 
 
 The Cost of Mining 83 
 
 The Accessibility of the Ores 83 
 
 CHAPTER V. The General Geology op the Ozark Uplift 85 
 
 The Ozark Mountains 8 5 
 
 Area and General Characteristics 85 
 
 Topographic Subdivisions 86 
 
 The Soils 88 
 
 The Drainage 88 
 
 Springs and Subterranean Erosions * 90 
 
 The Vegetation 92 
 
 The Rocks Composing the Uplift 93 
 
 The Minerals of the Region 95 
 
 The Stratigraphy of the Ozarks 95 
 
 Earlier Correlations and Descriptions 97 
 
 The First Magnesian Limestone 100 
 
 The Saccharoidal Sandstone > 100 
 
 The Second Magnesian Lim,estone * 101 
 
 The Second Sandstone 101 
 
 The Third Magnesian Limestone 102 
 
 Inadequacy of Earlier Observations 102 
 
 Means Available for Correlation • : 104 
 
 Sections along the Big Piney, Gasconade and Current Rivers 104 
 
 Disturbance of Strata 108 
 
 Paleontology of the Region 110 
 
 The Identity of the First Sandstone Questionable 112 
 
 Nomenclature 1 
 
CONTENTS. xvii 
 
 page. 
 CHAPTER VI. The Specular Ore op Sandstone Region 1 16 
 
 Introduction U6 
 
 General Distribution. : 116 
 
 Geological Horizon of the Ores 117 
 
 Character of the Ores and Associated Minerals US 
 
 Chert Associated with the Ore 119. 
 
 Relations of Sandstones and Ores 120 
 
 Simmons Mountain Mine 12$ 
 
 Description hy Dr. Adolph Schmidt 123. 
 
 Present Conditions 125 
 
 Principles taught by this Deposit 127 
 
 The Cherry Valley Mines 129 
 
 Description by Dr. Adolph Schmidt in 1872 130 
 
 Present Condition 131 
 
 Attitude of Sandstone explained 133 
 
 Conditions Affecting the Extension of the Ore Deposit 134 
 
 Cherry Valley and Simmons Mountain compared 136 
 
 Peculiarities of the Ores 137 
 
 The Origin of the Specular Ores in Sandstone 138 
 
 Evidences of Past Erosion 138 
 
 Evidences of Underground Erosion 139 
 
 Mode of Ore Accumulation 140 
 
 Evidences of Metamorphism 142 
 
 The Dehydration of the Ores 143 
 
 Prospects for the Future 146 
 
 Existence of Buried Deposits Probable 149 
 
 Conclusions 151 
 
 The Composition of the Specular Ores of the Sandstone Region 152 
 
 Phosphorus Contents 152 
 
 Sulphur Contents 153 
 
 Dent County Ores 153 
 
 Phelps county ores 155 
 
 Crawford county ores 155 
 
 Franklin county ores 156 
 
 CHAPTER VII. The Limonite Ores 158 
 
 The Ozark District 159 
 
 Structure of the Ozark Mountains 159 
 
 Development of the topography. 159 
 
 Locations favorable for limonite deposit 160 
 
 Ores associated with limestones 161 
 
 Ores imbedded . in clays 162 
 
 Cedar Bay mine 162 
 
 Mt. Nebo in Oregon county 164 
 
 The Lamons mine 165 
 
 Other banks in the vicinity of West Plains 170 
 
 The J. B. Old mine,. 171 
 
 The J. N. Hains bank 173 
 
 Other Localities in the Ozark district 174 
 
 b 
 
XV1U • CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 The Osage District 174 
 
 General distribution and character of the ores 174 
 
 Deficient transportation facilities. . ..: 175 
 
 Mississippi River District 176 
 
 General distribution of ores 176 
 
 Ores near Puxico 176 
 
 Descriptions- by P. N. Moore 1 78 
 
 Hendrickson mine ; 178 
 
 Limonites in Outlying Districts 181 
 
 Near Fray's Mill, in Randolph county . . . 182 
 
 At Clinton, Henry county 183 
 
 At Brownington 183 
 
 In Dade county, G. A. Compton 184 
 
 General conclusions. ..., 185 
 
 The formation of limonites 185 
 
 The secondary growth of limonites 186 
 
 Growth of large deposits 187 
 
 Process of concentration 188 
 
 Topographic relations of deposits 189 
 
 The processes of deposition 191 
 
 Migration of iron deposits 192 
 
 The value of the Missouri limonites ' 192 
 
 Comparison with foreign limonites 193 
 
 Conclusions from this comparison 194 
 
 Conditions necessary for the successful manufacture of iron 198 
 
 The quantity of ore available 198 
 
 The quality of the ores , 199 
 
 The transportation facilities 199 
 
 The fuel supply 201 
 
 Timber for charcoal 202 
 
 Value of lands 204 
 
 Limestone available 205 
 
 The water supply 205 
 
 Market for iron 206 
 
 Cost of producing pig iron 207 
 
 Conclusions 209 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. Introduction to Part II 213 
 
 CHAPTER IX. The Specular Ores in Sandstone 218 
 
 Crawford county 218 
 
 Dent county 220 
 
 Franklin county 224 
 
 Iron county'. ; 224 
 
 Montgomery county „ 225 
 
 Phelps county 226 
 
 Reynolds county 230 
 
CONTENTS. . xix 
 
 Page. 
 Texas county 230 
 
 Washington county 231 
 
 CHAPTEE X. The Limonites 232 
 
 Benton county 232 
 
 Bollinger county 233 
 
 Butler county 237 
 
 Camden county 240 
 
 Carter county 241 
 
 Cole county 243 
 
 Crawford county 243 
 
 Douglas county 244 
 
 Franklin county 245 
 
 Howell county 246 
 
 Iron county 246 
 
 Madison county 246 
 
 Morgan county 248 
 
 Oregon county 248 
 
 Ozark county 250 
 
 Reynolds county 254 
 
 Ripley county 254 
 
 St. Clair county 260 
 
 Shannon county ' , 261 
 
 Stoddard county 263 
 
 Texas county 266 
 
 Washington county 267 
 
 Wayne county 267 
 
 CHAPTER XI. The Red Hematites 279 
 
 Callaway county 279 
 
 Henry county 280 
 
 St. Clair county 281 
 
 Other counties 281 
 
 i 
 
 APPENDIX A. The Ikon Deposits of Northeastern Arkansas 283 
 
 (Lawrence, Sharp, Fulton and Randolph Counties.) 
 
 The location of the deposits 283 
 
 The geologic relations of the deposits 283 
 
 The nature of the ores 284 
 
 Analyses of iron ores from Northeastern Arkansas. . . 285 
 
 The mode of occurrence of the ores 286 
 
 The commercial value of the deposits 288 
 
 Lawrence county 289 
 
 General features 289 
 
 The 3. W. Coffman tract 289 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the J. W. Coffman tract, Lawrence 
 
 County 289 
 
 The S. P. Hollo way tract No. 1 290 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the S. P. Holloway tract No. I, Law- 
 rence County 290 
 
XX CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The Cazort tract 290 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the Cazort tract, Lawrence County.. 291 
 
 The Holloway and Collins tract No. 1 . ., 291 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the Holloway and Collins tract 
 
 No. 1, Lawrence County • ••• 291 
 
 The Holloway and Collins tract No. 2 292 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the S. P. Holloway tract No. 2, Law- 
 rence County. 292 
 
 The S. P. Holloway tract No. 2 292 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the S. P. Holloway tract No. 2, 
 
 Lawrence county 293 
 
 The Wasson tract No. 1 ■ 293 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the Wasson tract No. 1, Lawrence 
 
 county 293 
 
 The Moore tract 293 
 
 The W. C. Sloan tract 294 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the W. C. Sloan tract, Lawrence 
 
 county 294 
 
 Strawberry or Cathaytown 294 
 
 Analysis of iron ores from Strawberry or Cathaytown, Law- 
 rence county 294 
 
 Sharp county 295 
 
 General features 295 
 
 The Collins tract 295 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the Collins tract, Sharp county 295 
 
 The Wasson tract No. 2 . . , 296 
 
 Analysis of iron ores from the Wasson tract No. 2, Sharp 
 
 county '. 296 
 
 The Big Creek and Reed's Creek divide 296 
 
 Analyses of iron ores from the Big Creek and Beed's Creek 
 
 divide, Sharp county 297 
 
 Fulton county 297 
 
 General features , 297 
 
 The Deadrick tract 297 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the Deadrick tract, Pulton county. . . 298 
 
 Randolph county 298 
 
 General features 298 
 
 Ravenden springs 298 
 
 Analysis of Iron Ore from Bavenden springs, Randolph county 299 
 
 Jackson . 300 
 
 The B. B. Odom tract 300 
 
 Analysis of Iron Ore from the B. B. Odom tract, Randolph 
 
 county 300 
 
 Iron Bank , 300 
 
 Analysis of Iron Ore from Iron bank, Randolph county 301 
 
CONTENTS. XXI 
 
 Page. 
 APPENDIX B. Historical and Statistical Sketch of the Iron 
 Industry. 
 Introduction. 
 
 Early discovery in America 303 
 
 First discovery in Missouri 303 
 
 Iron mining 304 
 
 Specular ores in Porphyry 304 
 
 Ashebran's Furnace. 304 
 
 Iron Mountain 305 
 
 Shipments of iron ore 306 
 
 Pilot Knob 307 
 
 Productions of iron ore 307 
 
 Decline of production 308 
 
 Values of' ores .". 308 
 
 The red hematites 309 
 
 The specular ores of the sandstone region 309 
 
 The Harrison-Reeves bloomary i 309 
 
 The Eversol, Perry and Euggles furnace ' 310 
 
 The Meramec ore bank 310 
 
 The Scotia iron furnace 311 
 
 The Old Franklin or Moselle furnace 311 
 
 The Hamilton Iron Works 312 
 
 The«Benton Creek mines 312 
 
 The Steelville iron mines 312 
 
 The Simmons Mountain mine 312 
 
 The Ozark furnace 313 
 
 Midland Furnace 313 
 
 The Cherry Valley mines 313 
 
 Iron ore shipped and valued per ton 314 
 
 The Hawkins mines 314 
 
 The Coons mine 315 
 
 The Letcher mine 315 
 
 Limonite ores 315 
 
 The Limonite of Southeastern Missouri 315 
 
 In Madison county '. 316 
 
 In St. Francois county .• 316 
 
 In Wayne county 316 
 
 In Butler county 316 
 
 In Oregon county 317 
 
 In Howell county 317 
 
 ' Productions of iron ores to date 317 
 
 Table of total productions of individual mines 318 
 
 Crawford county. '. 318 
 
 Dent county 319 
 
 Franklin county 320 
 
 Howell county 320 
 
 Iron county ' 320 
 
 Madison county 321 
 
XX11 CONTENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 Page. 
 
 Phelps county 321 
 
 St. Francois county 322 
 
 Summary of productions by classes of ores 322 
 
 Table of total annual productions 323 
 
 Sources of information 323 
 
 Estimates of values ; 325 
 
 Production of iron ore for the year 1 892 , 326 
 
 Missouri's' rank 326 
 
 The Metallurgy of iron 326 
 
 Blast furnaces 326 
 
 Coke in operation 326 
 
 Coke not operated 327 
 
 Charcoal, in operation 327 
 
 Charcoal not operated ' 327 
 
 Boiling mills and steel works 328 
 
 In operation 328 
 
 Not in operation 328 
 
 Forges and bloomaries 329 
 
 Bessemer steel works 329 
 
 Plate and sheet mills 329 
 
 Cut nail mills ., 329 
 
 Wire nail works 329 
 
 Wire mills 329 
 
 Cast iron pipe works 330 
 
 Car axle works 330 
 
 Car wheel works 330 
 
 Car builders 330 
 
 Tin plate works , 330 
 
 The productions of iron 331 
 
 Pig iron 332 
 
 ' Plate and sheet iron and rolled iron 332 
 
 Geographical index .' 335 
 
 General index 341 
 
 List of Errata 366 
 
 List of Survey publications to date at end of volume. 
 
PLATES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate I. Views of slaty structure of hanging wall at Pilot Knob.. . .opposite 39 
 
 II. View in railway cut at Cedar Gap opposite 105 
 
 III. Sections along Gasconade river, from 
 
 Arlington to Gasconade City opposite 106 
 
 IV. Sections along Current river, from 
 
 Riverside to Doniphan opposite. 106 
 
 V. View in Simmons Mountain mine, showing broken 
 
 outcrop of sandstone cemented with iron opposite 119 
 
 VI. Fig. 1. View in Simmons Mountain mine, 
 
 showing bf ecciated sandstone opposite 125 
 
 VI. Pig. 2. View in Simmons Mountain mine, showing 
 
 sandstone with underlying cherty clay opposite 125 
 
 VII. View of cut at Simmons Mountain mine, 
 
 showing disturbed sandstone on tram road opposite 126 
 
 VIII. View of Cherry Valley mine opposite 134 
 
 Geological map of State, 
 
 showing .iron ore localities attached at end of volume. 
 
 (xxiii) 
 
FIGURES. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Fig. 1. Apparent bedding in porphyry in railway cut, three miles north of 
 
 Iron mountain 19 
 
 " 2. Sketch on Current river showing limestone deposited under an 
 
 overhanging porphyry cliff 21 
 
 " 3. Diagram showing the relation of porphyry to limestone on Current 
 
 river 21 
 
 " 4. Relation of porphyry to limestone on Current river 21 
 
 " 5. Sketch illustrating a vein of specular ore in the porphyry 22 
 
 " fi. Sketch of Iron mountain as it appeared in 1872 24 
 
 " 7. Section of the Big Vein at Iron mountain 25 
 
 " 8. Diagram illustrating the spheroidal weathering of porphyry 25 
 
 " 9. Illustrating brecciated foot wall at Iron mountain. (Reduced by 
 
 about one-twentieth) 25 
 
 " 10. Showing veins of specular ore , 26 
 
 " 11. Showing veins of ore 26 
 
 " 12. Showing veins of ore.... 26 
 
 " 13. Section of iron vein and overlying rock at Little mountain 28 
 
 " 14. Section through Little and Big mountains, showing the relations of 
 the porphyry to the younger rocks, and of the veins and conglom- 
 erate ore to the porphyry 29 
 
 " 15. Section of first conglomerate bed at Big mountain 30 
 
 " 16. Section showing relation of conglomerate bed to' Cambrian lime- 
 stone 30 
 
 " 17. Section showing the relation of the two conglomerate beds to each 
 
 other 31 
 
 " 18. Sketch of Pilot Knob as it appeared when first opened 33 
 
 " 19. A cross section through Pilot Knob 35 
 
 " 20. A sketch map showing the outline and extent of the ore bed on 
 
 Pilot Knob • 37 
 
 " 21. Sketch of Pilot Knob showing the position of the ore bed 36 
 
 " 22. A topographic 1 sketch of Pilot Knob , 36 
 
 . " 23. Section of conglomerate and ore body of Pilot Knob.... .. 38 
 
 " 24. Sketch showing in detail the structure of the conglomerate above 
 
 the ore body 39 
 
 " 25. Profile of Archaean topography prior to erosion 58 
 
 " 26. Profile of Archaean topography after erosion 58' 
 
 " 27. Ideal section of Iron mountain before erosion exposed the veins. . 59 
 
 " 28. The same showing the beginning of the formation of boulder ore. 59 
 
 " 29. The same after boulder ore is buried under Cambrian strata 59 
 
 " 30. Ideal section of topography in Archaean time 64 
 
 " 31. The same after deposition of iron ores and after erosion 64 
 
 " 32. The same showing growth of boulder ore beds 64 
 
 (xxv) 
 
XXVI FIGURES. 
 
 PA.GE. 
 
 Fig. 33. Ideal section of Pilot Knob covered by Cambrian limestone 64 
 
 " 34. Same as exhibited to-day 6 * 
 
 ' ' 3g. Section at Morris iron bank in Lincoln county 73 
 
 " 36. Sketch of the Eaph Dunn bank, in Callaway county 76 
 
 " 27. Section in Raph Dunn iron bank 77 
 
 " 39. Section at Shaft Hill 77 
 
 " 39. Section across the divide, between Grand and Osage rivers 81 
 
 " 40. Section of the Magnesian series of rocks compiled by Shumard 
 
 from observations made in Ste. Genevieve county 96 
 
 " 41. Sections along the Gasconade river, showing the thinning of the 
 
 sandstone 107 
 
 " 42. Simmons mountain in 1872 123 
 
 " 43. Incline at Simmons mountain 127 
 
 '" 44. Cherry Valley bank in 1872 ■■■■■ • 130 
 
 " 45. Sketch section of the northern end of the Cherry Valley mine . . . .' 131 
 " 46. Section showing the relative positions of country rock and ore at 
 
 the Cherry Valley mine 134 
 
 " 47. Sketch showing plan near Cook's station on the St. L. & S. F. Ry. 139 
 " 48. View of cut at Cedar Bay mine, showing ore body and overlying 
 
 cherty-clay ■ 163 
 
 " 49. Sketch section at Mt. Nebo, showing distribution of fragments of 
 
 ore over the surface 164 
 
 " 50. A general view of Lamons iron mine, looking southeastwards . . . 165, 
 
 " 51. A topographic sketch of Lamons iron mine 166 
 
 " 52. Sketch from a photograph of the southwest wall of Lamons ore 
 
 bank, showing the face of ore under the overlying soil J 67 
 
 " 53. View of gorge in which the Old iron bank is located 172 
 
 " 54. View of stalactitic ore body at the Old bank 173 
 
 " 55. A cross-section at the Old bank 173 
 
 " 56. A stalactite geode of limonite 174 
 
 " 57. View showing manner of occurrence of large surface boulders of 
 
 cherty ore near Puxico 177 
 
 " 58. Section through Hendrickson mine 179 
 
 " 59. Section at Fray's mill 182 
 
 " 60. (Fig. 1 of-Arkansas Report.) Section across Iron mountain on the 
 
 Collins tract, Sharp county 207 
 
 " 61. Outline map of the State of Missouri, showing counties containing 
 
 iron ores and distribution of productions to date 323 
 
 " 62. Diagram illustrating growth of production of iron ore in Missouri," 
 
 from 1815 to 1892 325 
 
PART I 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 A general discussion and description of the various 
 
 ores and of the geology of the regions 
 
 in which they occur. 
 
THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BY FRANK L. NASON. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE ORES OF IRON. 
 
 THE FORMS IN WHICH IRON OCCURS— THE ORES OP IRON— THE RELATIVE VALBES OF 
 
 IRON ORES. 
 
 THE FORMS IN WHICH IRON OCCURS. 
 
 Iron is one of the most widely distributed metals. It rarely 
 occurs native or in the metallic state, but is generally combined Rarity of occur - 
 
 .... _ . . rence of native 
 
 with oxygen or some other non-metallic element. In the native iron, 
 state it is found in meteorites in large masses, and in grains in 
 eruptive rocks. The nativemetal is so rare, however, that there 
 is no need of further mention of it in a work treating of the 
 sources of iron for economic uses. 
 
 Iron combines with sulphur as a sulphide and is then known combination nf 
 
 11 Iron with other 
 
 as iron pyrites (often mistaken for gold on account of its yellow elements 
 color), and, in the form of a sulphate, as copperas. It also com- 
 bines with arsenic, phosphorus, silica, etc. In the forms of 
 silicates and hydrous oxides (oxide of iron combined with 
 water) and anhydrous oxides it forms the coloring matter of 
 rocks and soil. 
 
 THE ORES OF IRON. 
 
 With the exception of metallic iron all of the compounds 
 above noted are, properly speaking, ores of iron, but technic- 
 ally they are not. In practice an ore of iron is a chemical 
 combination of the metal or element iron with (a) oxygen 
 
IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Compounds of 
 iron not ores. 
 
 what constitutes alone, (b) with oxygen and water, (c) with carbonic acid. A 
 
 an ore of iron. ... . , 
 
 rich ore is one which runs from nfty-five per cent, up ; a lean ore 
 is one in which other substances are mechanically mixed, thus 
 reducing the percentage of iron. There is no fixed limit to lean 
 ores except that of profitable working. This limit varies with 
 the market demand for iron. 
 
 The sulphide (iron pyrites) or the sulphate (copperas), green 
 vitriol, are worthless as sources of iron, since the sulphur which 
 they contain is very injurious to the metal, and it is quite im- 
 possible to get rid of it. Iron combined with phosphorus is 
 also worthless for similar reasons, viz., the phosphorus injures 
 the metal and is very difficult of removal. In addition to these 
 facts other reasons exist why these compounds should be ex- 
 cluded from the list of iron ores. In the first place, tbey rarely, 
 with the exception of iron pyrites and arsenical iron pyrites, 
 exist in large deposits; and, in the second place, the percentage 
 of iron is so low as to preclude the possibility of working them, 
 even were they abundant and were the elements with which the 
 iron is combined harmless to the metal. 
 
 Practically, therefore, the commercial source of iron is limited 
 to three classes of iron ores, which are as follows: anhydrous 
 oxides, hydrous oxides and carbonates. These ores may be 
 presented in the following tabular form : — 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Anhydrous 
 oxides. 
 
 Hydrous 
 oxides. 
 
 Magnetite. 
 
 Hematite. 
 
 r T . . 
 
 | Lamomtes 
 or 
 Brown hematite. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore. 
 
 < Magnetic titanic, iron ore. 
 i Franklinite. 
 
 J Specular. 
 
 < Red hematite. 
 I Red ochers. 
 
 f Stalactitic or " pipe ores. 
 J Compact earthy ores, 
 j Porous or Bog ores. 
 I Colored ochers, not red. 
 
THE ORES OF IRON. 3 
 
 | Siderite | Ordinary brown carbonate. 
 
 Carbonates. <j ' or <( C i ay iron stoDe- 
 
 Spathic ores. Black Band. 
 
 Putting this table in another form it will show the comparative 
 values of each of these ores according to the amount of metallic 
 iron which each is capable of yielding. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Metallic iron 72.4 percent. 
 27.6 " 
 
 Oxygen 25.68 
 
 Water 14.40 
 
 Anhydrous \ ** MU "*» °<= { Oxygen 
 
 0xideS - j He ma tite=Fe 2 3 = J Metallic iron 70. 
 
 >- l Oxygen 30. 
 
 „ . f Limonite or ] f Metallic iron 59.92 
 
 Hydrous . I I 2 Fe 2 O s + 
 
 oxides. ] „ ° | 3H 2 0= 
 
 I Hematite, j 
 
 f Siderite or ] f Metallic iron 48.30 « 
 
 Carbonate= | Spathic ore =*e CO s = Oxygen 13.80 " 
 
 [ j [ Carbon Dioxide 37.90 " 
 
 In other words a ton of 2,000 pounds will yield of metallic 
 iron — 
 
 Magnetite 1,448 lbs. Theoretical yield 
 
 tt !-i i jnn . of metallic iron 
 
 Hematite • • • • 1,400 «« from the princi- 
 
 Limonite 1,198.4 " 
 
 Carbonate 966 " 
 
 These are theoretical yields from theoretically pure ores. 
 But it must be borne in mind that no furnace yields the full per- 
 centage of iron that is in the ores, and that practically there are 
 no pure iron ores of any kind. 
 
 The Magnetites. In the light of this last statement, let us 
 examine Table I. In this table under " Magnetite," we find 
 "Magnetic iron ore," "Magnetic titanic iron ore," and 
 " Franklinite." This means simply that magnetite is frequently 
 rendered impure by the admixture of titanic acid; and, in the 
 case of Franklinite, a part of the iron is replaced by zinc and 
 manganese. These ores usually occur interbedded with crystal- 
 
 pal ores. 
 
IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Impurities of 
 magnetic iron 
 ores. 
 
 Impurities of 
 hematites. 
 
 line rocks, such as gneiss or mica schists ; and, mixed with the 
 ore body, oftentimes, there is much of the adjacent rock 
 together with other minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, horn- 
 blende, etc. 
 
 It is very evident, then, that in mining ores of this nature a ton 
 of so-called ore will contain rock and minerals of a foreign na- 
 ture and, in proportion as this foreign admixture increases, the 
 percentage of iron is diminished. In the case of magnetite, 
 therefore, the percentage of iron is commonly diminished in two 
 ways. First, by a replacement of a part of the iron by some 
 other metal such as zinc or manganese, or by some non-metallic 
 element such as phosphorus, sulphur or titanic acid ; and sec- 
 ondly, by admixture with the ore body of minerals like- quartz, 
 feldspar, hornblende, apatite, etc. Magnetites are uniformly 
 black and are attracted by a magnet. 
 
 The Hematites. Hematite ore is less apt than magnetite to 
 ■have, as mechanical impurities, minerals like feldspar, horn- 
 blende,, mica, etc. It is quite as apt, though, to have phosphorus 
 and sulphur, and it occasionally has titanic acid. This is true of 
 the specular hematite. The red hematites occurring, as they 
 generally do, in rocks less crystalline than either the magnetites 
 or the specular ores, are also less apt to have, as mechanical- 
 impurities, crystallized minerals, excepting carbonate of lime. 
 Sand and clay are much more common, and the ore has more of 
 an earthy appearance. Phosphorus and sulphur also occur. 
 Where the red hematite occurs in loose friable masses, or if 
 moistened feels greasy and free from grit, it is known as red 
 ocher or red paint. Hematite is always to be distinguished by 
 its color, even when in the mass it appears blue or black, its 
 powder is cherry red. 
 
 The Limonites. The limOnites present by far the widest range 
 in form, mode of occurrence and color, of all the iron ores. 
 Both hematite and magnetite have distinct crystalline forms. 
 Magnetite is always crystalline, and the same can be said of the 
 blue or black hematite, while the earthy or more crystalline 
 varieties of hematite are always red. Limonite has no 
 crystalline forms of its own and hardly a distinctive color. 
 
 What is known as "pipe ore " is limonite in the form of long, 
 
THE ORES OF IROK . 5 
 
 usually slender tubes. These tubes generally have a small hole imparities m the 
 
 . . " various forms of 
 
 reaching from end to end, but this is usually so choked with limoniteores., 
 ocher or other substance as to be hardly discernible. These 
 tubes or " pipes " occur singly or in great bunches or masses so 
 compactly connected together as to present the appearance of a 
 solid mass rather than of a bundle of distinct pipes. The pipe 
 ores are without exception formed as pendants from the roofs of 
 -caves, or are built up from the bottom exactly in the same man- 
 ner as stalactites of lime are formed in limestone caves. Pipe 
 ores are usually the purest of, all the limonite ores. The com- 
 pact earthy limonites have the appearance of a solid rock, and are 
 usually very pure, butare sometimes mixed withfinesand and clay. 
 They occur in large beds or layers mixed with loose ocherous 
 ores and clays. The porous or bog ores are the most impure of 
 all the limonite ores. They usually have the appearance of 
 pumice stone, except in color. That is they are porous or cel- 
 lular and they carry a large percentage of fine sand aud clay, 
 thus reducing largely the percentage of iron. 
 
 The above constitute the principal varieties of the forms of 
 limonite. This class of iron ores carries the lowest percentage 
 of iron, with one exception, of any worked ore. As impurities 
 they rarely have any crystallized minerals such as quartz, feld- 
 spar, etc. ; but they usually carry a high per cent, of silica, in the 
 form of chert or flint, fine or coarse sand, sometimes both, aud 
 alumina in the form of clay. The limonites usually carry rather 
 large amounts of phosphorus, and sulphur is generally present, 
 but rarely in sufficient quantities to prevent the use of the ore. 
 To these must be added from 11 to 14 per cent, of water, which 
 is an essential constituent of the mineral. 
 
 Owing to the low percentage of iron in limonites, even when 
 •comparatively pure, they are not so sought for as are the 
 magnetites and red hematites or specular ores. They are rarely value of limonites. 
 shipped to great distances, and, in the localities where the richer 
 ores are found, they would not be used at all were it not for the 
 fact that their open or porous structure causes them to be very 
 easily reduced in a furnace. 
 
 The Carbonates. The carbonates of iron carry the lowest per 
 «ent. of iron of any worked ore, even when pure. They are of 
 
6 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 comparatively rare occurence in workable deposits in this country - 
 
 Bulletin No. 113 of the Eleventh Census of the U. S. shows that 
 
 carbonate iron the carbonates constituted only 2.98 per cent, of the 14,518,041 
 
 ores; their J A 
 
 thefrvwteties. tons of iron ore mined in the year 1889. The principal vane- 
 ties of siderite, the names of which are of no great significance, 
 are "White horse" for a nearly pure carbonate of iron; 
 " Clay iron-stone " for a very impure carbonate, the impurity 
 being principally clay; and " Black band" for a carbonate of 
 iron carrying much carbonaceous or coaly matter. This coaly 
 matter is often so abundant that, by the addition of but a slight 
 amount of fuel, the ores are self-roasting. 
 
 THE RELATIVE VALUES OP IRON ORES. 
 
 From the foregoing pages it will be gathered that the value of 
 iron ores, according to the amount of metallic iron which they 
 carry, is as follows : — 
 
 T ttive°vai C a°e™ P of First. Magnetite, 
 .ron ores. Second. Hematite (red, blue or black) ; 
 
 Third. Limonite, or brown hematite ; • 
 Fourth. Siderite, or spathic iron. 
 
 This is the order of succession of pure ores ; yet impurities are 
 so often present that, in a given locality, an iron ore of a normally 
 inferior rank often contains more iron than one which ranks higher 
 How impurities in the above list. Thus, in Alabama, red hematite ores are used, 
 Taines o/ores" 6 which, instead of the theoretical 70 per cent, of iron, yield only 
 30.5 per cent, to 51.6 per cent, of metallic iron. In New Jersey 
 51 to 55 per cent, magnetic iron ores are used when pure magnetite 
 is capable of yielding 72.4 per cent, of metallic iron. In still other 
 places iron ores which carry from 55 per cent, of metallic iron and 
 upwards are not used on account of the high per cent, of phos- 
 phorus, sulphur or titanic acid present. 
 
 The value of an iron ore does not, therefore, depend upon any 
 one thing, but upon a combination of circumstances which will 
 Factors determin- be pointed out in the following paragraphs. The principal 
 factors in determining values are — 
 1. The amount of metallic iron; 
 
THE OEES OF IRON. 7 
 
 2. The freedom from deleterious substances, principally phos- 
 phorus, sulphur and titanic acid ; 
 
 3. The proximity to markets or smelting points. 
 Examining the above points a little more in detail we find (a) 
 
 that there is no fixed price for iron ores of any class, but that 
 the price varies from year to year or oftener. 
 
 1. The Influence of the Percentage of Iron. Other things 
 being equal, the price of iron ore is determined by the amount 
 
 of metallic iron which it carries, reckoned by units ; i. e., a ton In ^ e t °|| ^ mot 
 of 2,240 lbs. is divided into 100 parts. If the ore is hematite alli ° ir °°- 
 and absolutely pure, 70 of these parts or units are metallic iron. 
 If, now, iron is selling at six cents per unit, the ton of 2,240 lbs. 
 is worth $4.20. (b) If an iron ore, through impurities, drops 
 much below 60 per cent., it cannot be shipped to any great dis- 
 tance, as is shown by the figures of the Eleventh Census. 
 
 2. Influence of Deleterious Accessories, (a) If phosphorus 
 is present in amounts from 2 per cent, up, the iron ore is unfit, 
 for any purpose whatsoever, unless for mixture with an ore of 
 a much lower percentage of phosphorus. Iron ores with phos- 
 phorus in the proportion of -^^ or less {i. e., 1 part of phos- In t ^f n u o s e e o 1 |_ dele - 
 phorus to 1000 parts of iron), bring a little higher price, since ments - 
 
 such ores can be used for special purposes, such as the manu- 
 facture of Bessemer steel, (b) Sulphur present in quantities 
 greater than 1 per cent, makes roasting necessary, thus adding 
 to the cost of the ore. If the percentage of sulphur is not too 
 great, however, and the percentage of iron is high, sulphur is not 
 an insuperable objection, (c) Titanic acid present in quantities 
 from 3 per cent, up renders an ore unfit for use on account of 
 the extreme difficulty of fusion. 
 
 3. The Influence of Proximity to Market. Proximity to con- 
 suming points is another essential factor in determining the value 
 
 of an iron ore. Proximity is a variable not a fixed term. Avaiue of ores af- 
 
 •' fectedbyaprox- 
 
 limonite carrying 55 per cent, of metallic iron will not bear imity to market. 
 transportation by rail four hundred miles, while a Bessemer 
 hematite or a magnetite carrying from 60to 65 per cent., or more, 
 will stand transportation from one to three thousand miles, espe- 
 cially if the greater part of the distance is by water. 
 
 From what has been said, it is plain that not every iron-bear- 
 
8 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ing mineral can be classed properly as an iron ore, although 
 strictly speaking it may be so, and that impurities, on the one 
 hand, and distance from manufacturing centers on the other may 
 further prevent the mining of iron ores, even when they are 
 apparently abundant. 
 
 The Influence of Impurities on Product. But with even a 
 consuming point near at hand, and with ore of good quality, the 
 nature of the impurities associated with an ore has much to do 
 with the use which is made of it. Dividing the common impuri- 
 ties into the classes, inert and deleterious, we have as: 
 
 Influence of lm- 
 pmilied on the 
 smelting of the 
 ores. 
 
 Inert, 
 
 Deleterious, 
 
 i 
 
 Silica; 
 Alumina and 
 
 other refractory 
 
 minerals. 
 
 Phosphorus ; 
 Titanic acid ; 
 Sulphur ; 
 i Arsenic. 
 
 These impurities in iron ores determine the uses which can be 
 made of them. At the present day, comparatively little wrought 
 iron is made directly from the ore. Whatever kind of iron is 
 ultimately intended, the first product is pig iron from the blast 
 furnace. From pig iron as turned out from the blast furnace is 
 made steel, wrought or merchant or forge iron, and cast, or 
 foundry iron. Pig iron, then, as it comes from a furnace, may be 
 rightly classed as : 
 
 Immediate pro- 
 duct from the 
 ores. 
 
 I Bessemer pig, 
 For stuel, < Basic or 
 
 I open hearth pig. 
 
 For iron, 
 
 Forge iron, 
 Foundry iron. 
 
 Steel is widely used at the present day, and is rapidly taking 
 the place of iron in many structures. For rails, boilers and 
 
THE ORES OF IRON. V 
 
 plates, hulls of ships, bridges, girders and trusses and for heavy 
 castings, but where great tenacity and strength and comparative 
 lightness is required, steel is almost exclusively employed. By 
 far the greatest amount of steel that is used to-day is produced 
 by a process patented by Mr. Henry Bessemer of England. In 
 order to make what is known as Bessemer pig, iron ore low in 
 phosphorus must be used. The presence of silica even in a 
 large proportion is not fatally objectionable since in the process 
 this is almost wholly removed, while the proportion of phos- 
 phorus is slightly increased owing to the fact that none of the 
 phosphorus is eliminated in the process, while the molten iron 0reB auitab i e for 
 loses comparatively large amounts of silica, carbon and manganese f BM°emer pig 
 and some iron. An iron ore, therefore, carrying much phos- iron ' 
 phorus, is worthless for Bessemer steel. The modification of the 
 Bessemer process, known as the Basic Bessemer process, is one 
 in which the lining of the crucible is limestone, or " basic " in- 
 stead of "siliceous" or acid. By this means the phosphorus 
 is completely eliminated, or at least reduced to a point where it 
 no longer acts injuriously on the steel. The process is slower 
 and more expensive than the original Bessemer process, and, as 
 iron ore c;in be obtained in this country almost wholly free from 
 phosphorus, it is but little used here. 
 
 Another method of steel making from pig iron is known as 
 the Open hearth basic process. In this process the lining of the 
 furnace is made from limestone, as in the basic Bessemer „ .. 
 
 ' How the open 
 
 process, and the phosphorus combines with the limestone and cess^Hrs'from 
 
 passes off in the form of slag. This process, though, to be process 861 "" 
 
 economical, requires an iron low in silicon, and thus the range 
 
 of available ore is as restricted as in the case of the Bessemer 
 
 process. Although the absence of phosphorus from the pig 
 
 iron is not absolutely essential in this process of steel making, it 
 
 is desirable to have it as low as is possible, and, in the few open 
 
 hearth basic furnaces in this country, a low silicon Bessemer 
 
 pig is frequently employed. 
 
 There are other processes for making steel in which almost 
 any workable ore can be used, but these processes are very slow, 
 and it would be impossible to use them in practice. 
 
 It follows, then, that, for the present at least, an iron ore 
 
10 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 must be low in phosphorus if it is to be made into steel. Steel 
 though, however valuable it may be, is not the only desirable 
 iron for structures. Wrought iron is generally cheaper than 
 steel, cast iron is decidedly so, and there are many cases where 
 Action of phos- these are even more suitable than steel. Phosphorus, which, as 
 
 phorus on Iron ' 
 
 and steel. we h ave seen, renders iron ores quite unfit for steel, is by no 
 
 means an undesirable element in certain varieties of castings. 
 In all cases where light castings for ornamental work or light* 
 forms with little strength are needed, phosphorus is an almost 
 indispensable ingredient. Its presence in cast iron renders the 
 latter easily fusible, keeps it longer in the melted state, thus 
 enabling it to fill delicate moulds in which a more sluggish iron 
 would chill. In pig iron for such purposes 2.5 per cent, of 
 phosphorus is by no means uncommon. Sulphur which is in- 
 jurious in Bessemer pig iron is beneficial in foundry pig iron, in 
 small quantities, increasing its strength very perceptibly. Sili- 
 con, derived from silica in the ore, is always present in pig iron. 
 It is occasionally 20 per cent, of the iron. In this case it is 
 injurious, very decidedly tending to weaken any castings made 
 from it, yet in moderate amounts of from one to five per cent, 
 or more it has little apparent effect. 
 
 Among the metals which are found in iron ores and in the 
 
 pig iron made from them, some are injurious and some are 
 
 some metals ai- beneficial. Manganese is the best known and is of the widest 
 
 / loyed with iron . ., . . _ . , 
 
 are beneficial, importance. An alloy oi iron and manganese is known as 
 
 others injurious. . ' . ° 
 
 opiegleiron or ierro- manganese, according to the proportion of 
 manganese present. This alloy, however, is principally valua- 
 ble in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, and thus, if much 
 phosphorus is present, it also becomes worthless. 
 
 Wrought iron or bar iron is sometimes made directly from the 
 ores of iron in Catalan and other forges, but the greater part is 
 composition of made from pig iron, by a process known as puddling. Wrought 
 iron is the lowest in carbon, cast iron the highest, while steel 
 stands between. Wrought iron has from .02 to .03 per cent, of 
 carbon, while steel has from 1 per cent, to 1.8 per cent. Steel 
 then is only a highly carbonized wrought iron. They have many 
 points in common. Phosphorus and sulphur are alike injurious 
 to them, as are also silicon, arsenic and antimony. Sulphur and 
 
THE ORES OF IRON, 
 
 11 
 
 copper i render both wrought iron and steel brittle and unf orga- 
 ble while hot, and phosphorus makes it weak and brittle while 
 cold. In other words, sulphur makes wrought iron and steel 
 hot short or red short and phosphorus makes them cold short. 
 Summing the effects of these impurities we find : 
 
 Substances injurious to steel and 
 wrought iron : 
 
 Substances beneficial to cast iron, 
 when in small quantities: 
 
 f Phosphorus ; 
 I Sulphur ; 
 j Silicon ; 
 
 Arsenic ; 
 Copper; 
 Antimony, 
 
 f Phosphorus ; 
 J Sulphur ; 
 
 Silicon ; 
 
 Vanadium. 
 
 tin, etc. 
 
 From this it will be readily seen that while a given iron ore Adaptability of 
 may not make steel rails it is well fitted to make car wheels, various uaes. 
 Or, to put it more generally, an iron ore quite unfitted to make 
 steel or wrought iron may be eminently adapted to making cast- 
 ings for a wide variety of uses. And so, though a given ore may 
 be of restricted use in some directions, its value may not be 
 correspondingly impaired. 
 
12 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 in Missouri. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 THE CLASSES OP ORES— THE SISTRIBUTION OF THE OKKS. 
 
 The Glasses of Ores. The iron ores of Missouri occupy an 
 intermediate position in the table of values given on page 3 of 
 this report. The rich magnetites and the lean siderites. are 
 Twociassesoi practically unknown in the State. Even among the porphyries 
 and granites, where magnetite is usually found in disseminated 
 grains, there is hardly a trace. Siderite, which is usually char- 
 acteristic of Coal Measures, if not of older formations, exists in 
 name only. Several thin seams, an inch or so in thickness, have 
 been found in the Coal Measures, but this far they have been 
 without commercial significance. "Black band," "white 
 horse," and "clay iron-stone " are practically unknown. There 
 are left then, two ores, hematite and limonite. These two ores 
 have given the State its rank as an iron ore producer. 
 
 The hematites are by no means confined to Iron mountain and 
 Pilot Knob, or in other words to the porphyry regions, but'they 
 are found in the Cambrian or Ozark series 1 of limestones and 
 sandstones and in the Lower Carboniferous formations. 
 
 The limonites, however, are confined almost exclusively to the 
 Ozark group of Cambrian age. 
 
 The following table shows the varieties of these ores which 
 occur in the State. 
 
 1 The term " Ozark Series," has been proposed by Prof. G. C. Broadhead as a 
 substitute for the term " Magnesian limestones," previously used by him and 
 others in the early reports of the Survey. See Amer. Geologist, Vol. VIII, No. 
 1, July, 1891. It is here adopted as the most appropriate name for that series 
 of rocks. A. W. 
 
THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 13 
 
 Hematite. 
 
 Limonite. < 
 
 Coarse specular hematite or porphyry ore; 
 Fine specular ore of the Ozark series of rocks ; 
 Vermilion ochers, or paint ores of the Ozark 
 
 series of rocks ; 
 Earthy red hematite of the Lower Carboniferous Te t S e va two 'ciasL* 
 
 formation; recognized. ■ 
 
 Kidney hematite of the Lower Carboniferous 
 formation. 
 
 Pipe iron ore; 
 
 Compact limonite ; 
 
 Limonite pseudomorph after pyrite ; 
 
 Yellow and brown ocher paint ores ; 
 
 Bos: iron ore. 
 
 The Distribution of the Ores. In regard to the distribution 
 of the iron ores, a brief glance at the map accompanying this 
 report will show that the various classes are confined by rather 
 strict boundary lines. In addition, these boundary lines are ' 
 somewhat concentric, and lie in the following manner. First, the 
 great area occupied by the specular iron ores in the sandstone specular ores o£ 
 
 . , ,i i n i , ti tDe sandstones. 
 
 region is situated at nearly the crest or broad plateau-like apex 
 of the Ozark mountains. Proceeding in any direction from this 
 point these specular ores grow less distinct, as one passes from 
 the sandstones to the limestones, and gradually we come to the 
 great belt of limonites. 
 
 The limonites are on and in the magnesian limestones, princi- 
 pally, and inclose this central area of specular iron on three 
 sides quite effectually. 1 Wright and Greene counties break this 
 ring. 
 
 The next band is that of the red hematites of the Lower Car- 
 boniferous formations. These ores are bedded and they are the 
 only bedded deposits of iron yet found in Missouri except the Red hematltes of 
 beds of specular ore on Pilot Knob. They appear in promising Coniferous. ° ar 
 outcrops in Callaway county. Following this junction line be- 
 tween the Cambrian series and the Carboniferous, through Ben- 
 
 i These limestones extend under the sandstones,- but the sandstones being 
 destroyed cause the appearance of a surrounding belt of limestone. 
 
14 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ton, Henry and Hickory counties, we find these bedded, red 
 hematites quite persistent, but not in the same promising 
 manner that we find them in Callaway county. 
 
 Another band, beginning also on the north and reaching to 
 the west and to the south is that of the thin seams of carbonate 
 iron found in the Coal Measures. As was mentioned in the 
 beginning of this chapter, these ores are not considered abun- 
 dant and hardly deserve to rank as forming a belt. Yet these 
 lie in the Coal Measures and are characteristic deposits of that 
 formation. So long, therefore, as it is not positively knowu 
 that there are no workable deposits of this ore, it is hardly safe 
 to predict that productive seams or beds will never be found. 
 
 coal Measure de- The Coal Measures of Missouri occupy a great territory, and 
 i P ron t o« s . Bpi ' tllic at present it is comparatively little explored. But certainly, no 
 great deposits have as yet been discovered. There is another 
 class of iron deposits occurring in the Coal Measures but they 
 will probably prove of no more value than the carbonates prom- 
 ise to be. Eeference is made to the bog iron ores which are no 
 doubt formed by chalybeate springs, which may now be active 
 or may have long since ceased flowing. Such deposits were 
 found near Clinton and Brownington, in Henry county, and also 
 at Fray's mill, in Randolph county. 
 
 Finally, there is one area of iron ores that has not been men- 
 tioned. This is the Archean area and it is unique for many 
 reasons. The specular iron ores in porphyry are recognized as 
 belonging to this age. Though they are in the midst of the 
 
 A ap b ecnrarores 01 limonite belt which surrounds the specular iron ores in the sand- 
 stone region, they are wholly distinct from these ores. These 
 porphyry ores are unique, not in age alone, but also in that they 
 evidently occur as vein deposits. In fact, prospecting with a 
 diamond drill at Iron Mountain has shown that these veins run 
 in the hard porphyry to depths of over one hundred feet. They 
 are frequently no more than an inch in width ; yet near the sur- 
 face these veins, as mined, have been over one hundred feet in 
 width . 
 
 With a certain degree of propriety, then, we can recognize 
 the following classes of iron ore as occurring in Missouri, and 
 each one is assignable to its special geological horizon, save that 
 
THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 15 
 
 of the'limonites, which are never constant but represent a con- 
 tinual state of motion. 
 
 These classes, then, beginning with the oldest, are as follows : — 
 
 1. Coarse specular iron ore, 
 
 Occurs in veins and conglomerate beds in and on the porphyry 
 and in true beds at Pilot Knob. 
 
 2. Fine specular iron ore, 
 
 Occurs in large pockets lying under the sandstones and on 
 the limestones of the lower Cambrian. 
 
 3. LlMONITE IRON ORE, T ?rtn™ el^ccn?! 
 
 Occurs upon or in depressions of the Ozark limestones. anifthei^'llo"" 
 
 (a) derived from the specular ores; ogoa 
 
 (b) derived from the rotting of the rocks above; 
 
 (c) derived from the Lower Carboniferous red hematites. 
 
 4. Red hematite, 
 
 Occurs bedded in the Lower Carboniferous rocks. 
 
 5. Carbonate ore, 
 
 Occurs as siderite, bedded in the Coal Measure. 
 
 6. Boo iron ores, 
 
 Derived from chalybeate springs. 
 
 In the following pages we shall take up these ores under the 
 headings given above. In Part I will be included, in separate 
 chapters, a general discussion of the Specular Iron Ores of the 
 Porphyry Region, of the Red Hematites, of the Specular Ores 
 of the Sandstone Region and of the Limonites; the two last 
 being preceded by a chapter on the General Geology of the 
 Ozark Uplift, in which regions these two classes of ore occur. 
 Part II is a systematic description of the more important and 
 most promising occurrences of Specular Ores in Sandstone, of • 
 Limonites and of Red Hematites, with especial emphasis on the 
 Limonites; descriptions of the deposits of Specular Ores in Por- 
 phyry are contained in the chapter of Part I devoted to those 
 ores, and are, hence, not repeated in Part II. 
 
 2 
 
16 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY 
 
 REGION. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS— THE IRON ORBS, THEIR MODES OP OCCURRENCE — THE IRON 
 MOUNTAIN ORE DEPOSIT — PILOT KNOB — CEDAR HILL — SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN — 
 CLARK'S MOUNTAIN — THE COMPOSITION OP THE SPECULAR ORES IN PORPHYRY — 
 THE ORIGIN OP THE IRON ORES — SUMMARY. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Distribution of the Crystalline Rocks. Id the southeastern 
 part of Missouri, in St. Francois, Washington, Iron, Reynolds, 
 Madison, Wayne and Shannon counties are extensive areas of 
 crystalline rocks. Interesting as these rocks are, both from 
 their isolated position with regard to other crystalline rocks and 
 T flned CS to ar louth- from their structural peculiarities, a wider interest has been 
 sou'!™ Mls aroused in them on account of the deposits of iron, worked for 
 so many years, at Iron mountain and Pilot Knob. The appar- 
 ent extent of these ore bodies when first discovered, as well as 
 the remarkable purity of the ore, have made them famous. 
 Unfortunately, unlike most other iron-producing crystalline 
 rocks, the iron deposits of the porphyry are not co-extensive 
 with the porphyry itself. In fact, the Iron mountain and Pilot 
 Knob localities, the first to attract attention, have been, with a 
 few minor exceptions, the only deposits of iron ore worked. 
 Shepherd and Cedar mountains, near Pilot Knob, have each con- 
 . tributcd to the total iron output of these localities, but the 
 amount is utterly insignificant as compared with the first men- 
 tioned deposits. 
 
 The Topography. The topography of the porphyry region 
 is picturesque in the extreme. Prof. Pumpelly speaks of the 
 ^fotnrefquel 1718 Archaean hills as " an archipelago of islands in the Lower Silur- 
 ian strata which surround them as a whole, and separate them 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 17 
 
 from each other." The figure is an extremely happy one for 
 the rocks of the younger formation cover all the inequalities of 
 the older, and their very erosion leaves the valleys as they now 
 exist at an almost uniform level. 
 
 Unlike the ridges and peaks of the so-called Ozark mountains 
 the hills of porphyry and granite, have how, at least, no com- 
 mon level. They vary in height above the level of the sur- 
 rounding Cambrian 1 rocks from one hundred feet, or even less, F i™ e oambi5«w B 
 lo five or six hundred feet. They rarely reach seventeen hun- stui rise above 
 -dred feet above the level of the sea. Bearing in mind that the age. 
 highest point of the Ozark mountains is about seventeen hundred 
 feet above sea level, it can very easily be imagined that the 
 'Cambrian formation once covered even the highest of these 
 hills. But as limestone and sandstone yield more readily to the 
 attacks of denuding agents than do the refractory porphy- 
 ries and granites, the area is gradually resuming its ancient 
 topography, and we can easily picture to ourselves in a high 
 degree of perfection, the general aspect of the country before 
 the Cambrian seas covered it with the mantle of sedimentary 
 rocks. 
 
 Whether we regard these porphyries and granites to be of 
 sedimentary or igneous origin, they are now highly crystalline, 
 and thus the contour of the hills, as the result of weathering, is ^lstinqtw/form 
 much more irregular than that of the hills of the stratified lime- pared with those 
 stones and sandstones. Pilot Knob, protected, as it is, by its mattons. 
 compact cap of specular ore has a conical shape almost as regu- 
 lar as a volcanic cone, while others are more like lonsf ridges 
 and have their summits scolloped into rounding peaks of unequal 
 heights. Although many of the hills were once undoubtedly 
 precipitous, very few are st> at present. The tendency of the 
 rocks is to break or spall into irregular blocks. These blocks 
 
 1 The recent investigations of the^Geological Survey are leading to the 
 conclusion that the magnesian limestone and associated sandstone strata 
 immediately about the Archsean hills of the Southeast are all of Cambrian 
 age, rather than that part are Lower Silurian as has heretofore been held. 
 Moreover, it is probable that the same applies to the rocks of the *hole central 
 portion of the Ozark uplift. Hence, in this report, these rocks are referred to 
 as Cambrian and are so represented on the map. The evidence in support of 
 this will be adduced in a forthcoming later publication. A. W. 
 
and texture. 
 
 18 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 yield but slowly to the weather and thus retain their irregular 
 shapes for a long time and occasionally completely cover the 
 side to near the summit. This of course precludes the formation 
 of soil, and, so long as it lasts, the hills on one side are bare or,, 
 at best, are covered with a scant vegetation. This condition isy 
 however, of comparatively rare occurrence. In general the easy 
 slope of the hill retains either the soil resulting from the weath- 
 eriug of the crystalline rocks, or even the mantle of clayey soil 
 left by the removal of the soluble constituents of the stratified 
 rocks which once covered the former. Here the hills are covered 
 with vegetation as flourishing as that of the limestone hills- 
 of the Ozarks, leaving only the general contour to distinguish 
 them. 
 
 Lithology. To the ordinary observer the porphyries are of 
 
 a generally similar character. The differences most readily 
 
 The porphyry noticed are, first, color ; second, texture. The color varies from a 
 
 rocksvarysome- ■,-,,, m, . i i ,, ,. 
 
 what incoior red to a dull brown. Ihere seems to be no law governing the dis- 
 tribution of the red and brown varieties, both occurring in close 
 connection in the same outcrop. The red porphyry, though, 
 seems to have generally more of a bedded structure, while the 
 more common brown makes up the greater bulk of the outcrops. 
 In Shannon county and also in parts of Reynolds and St. Fran- 
 cois the surface color is gray, while a fresh or recently broken 
 surface is inclined to be brown. In Shannon county, along 
 Current river, the color is exclusively brown. Proximity to iron 
 veins appears to modify both color and bedding, and the agencies 
 which have produced the deposits of iron are probably respon- 
 sible for much of this modification. The texture of the porphyry 
 is more widely variable. Nearly every outcrop has places where 
 the rock is almost aphanitic and in .other's the crystals of white 
 feldspar are sometimes one fourth of an inch square. There 
 are outcrops where the crystals are an inch square. The range 
 in texture is, however, but little wider than is often found 
 in metamorphosed gneisses. 
 
 Bedded Structure. Though the porphyries generally, on 
 weathered surfaces, have more the appearance of traps or green 
 stones, the rock face being checked by numerous lines of fracture 
 producing sharp angular spalls which cover the ground near the 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 19 
 
 foot of a cliff, there are other places where this structure appears 
 to be almost wholly wanting. 
 Elsewhere there are 
 
 strong indications of ^m^l^^ SBBStS^ ^MjiSK. 
 bedding. About three ^ ' ** ' * <***** ■ *&> taY«deej*jUy 
 
 ., , T FIG. 1. Apparent bedding in porphyry in Ry. ont, three a nce 
 
 miles above IrOll niOUll- miles north of Iron Mountain. 
 
 tain on the Iron Moun- 
 tain Railway there is an outcrop of porphyry which has a 
 decidedly bedded appearance. The beds are four feet thick, 
 some are less, and dip to the S. E. Figure 1 shows this apparent 
 bedding. 
 
 At Iron mountain the porphyry forming the foot wall at both 
 the west and the east end of the mine has a decidedly bedded 
 appearance. Here, however, the beds are so irregular that the 
 appearance can as well be assigned to weathering from a massive 
 rock as to deposition by water. At Pilot Knob, however, bed- 
 ding structure occurs in such a way as to leave little room for 
 doubt in the writer's mind as to the sedimentary origin of the 
 porphyry in which the ore beds occur. The ore here rests on 
 a porphyry conglomerate which passes gradually into a fer- 
 ruginous slate, this into heavy beds of fine grained slaty ore. 
 This is again capped by slaty ore much less pure, and this > 
 finally by a conglomerate which reaches to the summit of the 
 Knob. 
 
 Associated Minerals. In spite of the fact that iron is found 
 in workable deposits in only two localities, hematite is widely 
 disseminated through both the granites and porphyries. In the 
 granites it occurs in fine crystalline scales, which in many in- 
 stances have been mistaken for lead or even silver by' people 
 who have found it. Just below Van Buren in Carter county 
 and on the Current river is an outcrop of granite where this oc- 
 currence is well shown and several assays for silver have been 
 made, but, of course, without favorable results. Veins of specu- 
 lar ore are rarely or never found in this rock. Intheporphyry, Bx tinKiron 
 however, not only does the hematite occur in disseminated the porphyry ^ 
 grains, but frequently in veins as well. These veins are usually jj]££ ot aDnn " 
 small and irregular and are often interrupted by quartz. At 
 Shepherd mountain, Cedar hill and Iron mountain these veins are 
 
20 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Some manganese 
 occurs. 
 
 Oambilan rocks 
 seen to be 
 yoongcrtban 
 granites and 
 porphyries. 
 
 exposed at \he surface of large proportions. At these places 
 also the smaller veins occur sometimes at depths of two hundred 
 feet or more as is shown by the diamond drill. Manganese also 
 occurs in the porphyry rocks. In Shannon county, T. 23 N., 
 R. 2 W., Sec. 31, veins of manganese, from three inches in 
 thickness down to minute seams, occur of remarkable purity. 
 Prof. Pumpelly, in his report, 1 mentions several bedded de- 
 posits of manganese occunng in porphyry. Several other local- 
 ities have been discovered, but none of them have realized the- 
 hopes of the discoverers. The porphyries as well as the granites 
 are generally remarkably free from other minerals. Apatite is- 
 occasionally found at Iron mountain in well defined crystals in 
 connection with the iron ore. Quantities of hornblende, appar- 
 ently of secondary origin, as well as crystals of quartz, garnet 
 and also copper in the form of blue and green carbonates is- 
 sparingly found. In the porphyry region of Jack's Fork in 
 Shannon county copper has been reported to occur quite exten- 
 sively. Crystalline galena is also occasionally found. In the 
 granite, veins filled with quartz occur frequently and occasion- 
 ally crystals of great beauty are found. 
 
 Relations of Porphyries to Cambrian Rocks. The relation of 
 the porphyries to the Cambrian rocks is very simple. Though 
 there are porphyry knobs and ridges that rise high above 
 the Cambrian strata, yet the floor upon which the latter rest 
 is of porphyry or granite over a large area. Mining operations 
 at Iron mountain show sandstone and limestone resting on the 
 flanks of the porphyry mountain. Diamond drill holes at Pilot 
 Knob, in the valleys between Pilot Knob and Shepherd mount- 
 ain, Pilot Knob and Buzzard mountain show that, in these 
 places, the overlying horizontal rocks from one to four hundred 
 feet thick, rest upon a porphyry floor. 
 
 Along Current river between the mouth of Jack's Fork and 
 Van Bureii there are numerous outcrops of porphyry, many of 
 which show the limestone lying on the uneven porphyry sur- 
 In some places the limestone reaches under a porphyry 
 
 face. 
 
 ledge, being, of course, deposited under a former 
 
 overhang- 
 
 1 " Geological Survey of Missouri, 1?72," Part I, pp. 90-25. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 21 
 
 ing porphyry cliff. Along the river 
 are often low porphyry hills com- 
 pletely encircled on the land side by 
 limestone. Almost without exception 
 when the limestone lies near the por- 
 phyry, there is a water course separating 
 
 the two. The accompanying figures Flo 2 . :;i fti , h „ n 1Jnrrnne tiym 
 show the relations of the two rocks, «5SS% "angtng 1 $$£ 
 at different points along the river below ry cliff " 
 
 Relations of por- 
 phyry and lime - 
 stone on Car- 
 rent river. 
 
 g^rg^t?w.v,^7;'A^ 
 
 Riven tcvet. 
 Fig. 3. Diagram showing the relation of porphyry to limestone on Current river. 
 
 Jack's Fork. 
 
 The granite hill 
 below Van Buren is 
 thus encircled by 
 limestone hills with river levo-. 
 
 Sandstone bed* the FlG- *• Relation of porphyry to limestone on Current 
 ' ' river. 
 
 hills being four 
 
 hundred and thirty feet high. At Doe Kun and Mine La Motte 
 work in the lead mines shows that granite underlies the lead- 
 bearing rocks. 
 
 From the facts stated above, the conclusion is inevitable that 
 the limestone series is younger than the porphyries and granites. 
 
 THE IRON ORES, THEIR MODES OF OCCURRENCE. 
 
 As has already been stated hematite, and, to a slight extent, 
 magnetite occur in crystalline scales and grains throughout the 
 porphyries and granites. In the granites especially the hematite 
 is a very prominent constituent, the scales being readily visible 
 to the unaided eye. Thus far, however, these rocks do not differ 
 in this respect from many rocks both massive and stratified. Even 
 in other rocks, massive and bedded, it is no uncommon thing to Large veins of 
 
 n 1 . . -r . *Z-i ir0n are f° unl * 
 
 nnd occasional veins of hematite. At Iron mountain, Pilot only in the por- 
 
 / phyries. 
 
 Knob, Shepherd mountain and Cedar hill these veins are remark- 
 ably developed. At Iron mountain, in what is known as Big 
 
22 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 mountain, the veins of hematite are from forty to sixty feet in 
 thickness. As the more solid porphyry is reached these veins 
 diminish in size down to one inch and less in thickness. In 
 places these form a perfect net work in the solid porphyry. 
 Drill cores two hundred feet or more in depth show that these 
 veins exist even at that depth. 
 
 Veins much more irregular, but of con- 
 siderable size are to be found on Cedar hill 
 Pilot Knob in Iron county. The ad- 
 
 pitgllw ''& 
 
 ^ '^M^*|||p5&£j joining cut 1 shows the nature of these veins. 
 Workings subsequent to Prof. Pumpelly's 
 
 ^ein^'s^eoulafSe"! re P ort have failed to reVeal lal 'S e deposits. 
 
 porphyry. Larger veins on Shepherd mountain have 
 
 The only bedded been more extensively worked. On Pilot Knob the deposits in 
 ptio t 8 Knob! t general are of a wholly different character as will be pointed out 
 later on, but in the solid porphyry, which underlies the main 
 ore bed, veins of hematite of small size are found. On the slopes 
 of all the mountains above mentioned there are numerous boul- 
 ders of specular ore. These in every case partake of the nature 
 of the ore in the veins of the mountains on which they occur. 
 There is no difficulty thus in assigning these boulders to their 
 respective sources. At Iron mountain and Pilot Knob these 
 boulder deposits have yielded great quantities of excellent ore, 
 and such deposits at Iron mountain have not yet been exhausted. 
 On Clark's mountain, in Wayne county, boulders of specular ore 
 have been found in considerable abundance, but the attempts to 
 find the mother vein have thus far failed. 
 
 The source of these boulders is, of course, the veins of he- 
 matite which are yet found in the porphyry. The porphyry has 
 Boulders of he- rotted, leaving the veins standing in the form of dikes of iron 
 
 matlte derived o & 
 
 veins are a oft e en dore - ^ s ^ e decomposed porphyry has washed away, these 
 found. dikes are exposed to the weather, are broken up, and their frag- 
 
 ments are rolled down the slopes of hill. These have been worn 
 by the action of the rain and, probably, by water as well, into 
 rounded or sub-angular boulders of ore. In places like Clark's 
 mountain it may well be that the degradation of the porphyry 
 
 1 From the Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part I, p. 19. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 23 
 
 has proceeded to a point below the vein, thus leaving only, scat- 
 tered boulders of the ore, remnants of formerly existing veins. 
 
 THE IRON MOUNTAIN ORE DEPOSIT. 
 
 Passing from the general discussion of the iron ores in the 
 porphyry rock, let us examine more minutely the more prominent 
 •of these deposits. One of the first reports written was by Dr. 
 A. Litton of Washington University of St. Louis. His report soription of the 
 
 ... pit • . * ton mountain 
 
 gives us a very graphic picture ot the deposits before extensive deposit. 
 mining operations had begun. Dr. Schmidt's report in 1872 
 will also be drawn upon, as this shows us some very important 
 phases of these deposits which have long since been obliterated 
 by the progress of mining operations. 
 
 Early Description by Dr. Litton. In Prof. Swallow's Report 
 of the Geological Survey of Missouri, published in 1855, Part 
 II, p. 76, Dr. Litton writes as follows: — 
 
 " As we ascend the southwestern termination of the little Iron 
 Mountain, we find it covered with soil and clay, with, now and 
 then, the iron ore lying loose on the surface. In passing over L *^ ii '9™ l ^ ut J| B 
 the ridge connecting it with Iron Mountain proper, we find these were ex P° sea - 
 angular and partially weatherworn pebbles and mnsses increasing 
 in size, even until we reach its summit, where we find discon- 
 nected masses, many tons in weight and often six or eight feet in 
 ■diameter. These are sometimes almost totally uncovered; but, 
 at other points, are seen projecting out from the soil and clay 
 with which they are partially covered. Nowhere, on the Iron 
 Mountain, can we find any rock ; and the masses of iron ore can- 
 not be seenin place on the surface, but seem scattered irregularly, 
 in confused masses." 
 
 "It is not until we leave the jlron Mountain, and begin to 
 ascend the ridge of higher hills, with which it is connected on 
 the east, the course of which is about northeast southwest, that 
 we could find anything else than iron ore, and where we find the 
 hill composed of feldspathic porphyry. According to Mr. p ™ h "*^f5° 1 ™g or_ 
 Mersch, who had opportunities to examine at the most favorable sharp! 8 roc '" 
 seasons, this locality, there is a narrow wall connecting the 
 mountain on the east with the main ridge* along the line of which 
 
24 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The removal of 
 the mantle of 
 boulder shows 
 the mother 
 veins. 
 
 wall the iron ore and the porphyry are intermixed for a short 
 distance; but to the east of whiph, the porphyry, and to the 
 west of it the iron ore, are each found perfectly pure and 
 unmixed." 
 
 "From surface indications, and from all explorations made, 
 the whole of Iron Mountain seems to be a mass of iron ore." 
 
 The above description made by Dr. Litton gives one a very 
 graphic idea of the Iron mountain of forty years ago. There 
 is little reason to wonder at the estimates which were then made 
 as to the inexhaustible supply which this deposit was supposed 
 to contain, when we couple Dr. Litton's description of the 
 surface appearance with the fact that the base of the mountain 
 covers about five hundred acres and that the highest point of the 
 mountain is about two hundred and fifty feet above the level of 
 the railroad. 
 
 Distribution of Vein Ore in the Porphyry. In 1872 the work 
 of mining had progressed to a considerable extent, enough to show 
 that the mantle of boulder ore did not extend to the base of the 
 
 mountain undiminished in rich- 
 ness. The adjoining topographic- 
 al^sketch, Fig. 8, by Dr. Schmidt, 
 shows graphically the hill over 
 which the surface boulder ore was 
 strewn, and the positions of the 
 cuts in the veins are marked by 
 the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, 
 and H. From the positions of 
 these cuts, which are opened up 
 on a more or less continuous vein, 
 the general direction of the main 
 ore body is seen to be nearly due 
 southeast. When first the boulder ore was removed from the 
 summit of the mountain, it was seen that this had been derived 
 from a solid bed or vein which was then for the first time exposed. 
 This vein measured sixty feet across at its widest place. Instead, 
 however, of holding this width downward for any depth, it soon 
 divided into two independent veins. These veins varied in width 
 from 12 to 18 feet. Fig. 7 shows the positions of the veins and 
 
 Fig. 6. Sketch of 
 appeared In 1872. 
 100. 
 
 Iron mountain as it 
 From Report 1872, p. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OP THE PORPHYRY REGION. 
 
 25 
 
 Character of 
 
 veins. 
 
 Pig. 
 
 7. Section of the Big Vein at Iron 
 mountain. Cnt A, Fig. 6. 
 
 their relations to the surrounding 
 rocks. Flanking these veins on 
 the southwest and the southeast 
 are great masses of decomposed 
 porphyry. The greater part of 
 these bluffs are standing at the 
 present time. They are com- 
 posed of porphyry which has decomposed in situ. As is often 
 the case in the weathering of massive rocks there is here an 
 apparent bedding structure. In addition to this weathering in 
 layers the rock at first sight seems to be made up of rounded 
 water-worn pebbles of porphyry. Examination shows that these 
 apparent pebbles are of porphyry and that they break into 
 concentric shells. The interstitial matter is also decomposed 
 porphyry. This material is laminated 
 and it is seen that the laminae go 
 entirely through the supposed pebbles. 
 Further it is seen that this conglomer- 
 atic structure ceases very often from 
 side to side or along the greater axes 
 of the lamina?. The accompanying 
 sketch shows the appearance of the 
 conglomerate. , 
 
 Under the mine openings at the west side of the mountain, in 
 fact in the foot wall of this ore body, the porphyry has a brec- 
 ciated appearance. It seems to lie in beds which are more or 
 less separated by bedding or parting planes. These parting Tne f00t waU of 
 planes divide the foot wall rock into irregularly shaped masses, tafnvelifi's a UU " 
 bed-like in appearance, of four inches to several feet in thickness. reoc a- 
 The fragments of porphyry are comparatively fresh. The 
 interstices are filled principally with a hard blue ore, with a 
 coarse crystalline structure. Although the 
 veins are very persistent, the filling matter is 
 not constant. There are long spaces which 
 are completely filled with light green crystals 
 of the hornblende family. Crystals of milky 
 quartz are also numerous. Apatite is, more 
 rarely found. Yet embedded in the solid ore 
 
 Fig. 8. Diagram illustrating the 
 spheroidal weathering of por- 
 phyry. 
 
 Fio. 1. Illustrating brec- 
 clated foot wall at Iron 
 mountain. Reduced by 
 about one-twentieth. 
 
26 
 
 IRON. OEES OF MfSSOURI. 
 
 the porphyry. 
 
 Fig. 10. Showing veins of specular 
 ore in Cut B, Fig. 6. 
 
 The workings 
 show the rela- 
 tion of the veins 
 io the porphyry. 
 
 are crystals of apatite ranging from acicular crystals to large 
 
 prisms one-half of an inch in diameter. Near the surface these 
 
 Apatite fonnd in a re represented almost wholly by hexagonal cavities in the ore. 
 
 The accompanying Fig. 9 shows the appearance of this breccia. 
 
 Cut B, Fig. 6, shows' the relations 
 of the veins which were exposed during 
 the progress of the working in 1872. 
 At that time, however, the veins were 
 enclosed in the more decomposed por- 
 phyry. They were of a workable size, 
 but these have now been entirely ex- 
 hausted. The remaining veins have also diminished in size and, 
 in the fresher porphyry, they have thinned out to a point where 
 it is no longer profitable to work them. 
 
 Cuts C..C. and D, illustrated 
 by Figs. 11 and 12, still fur- 
 ther show the irregular distri- 
 bution of these veins .through 
 the rock mass and, by com- 
 parison with the topographical 
 sketch onp. 24, their relationsto 
 the main body of the mountain 
 will be apparent. It is a fact 
 worthy of notice that only the 
 smaller veins of ore have been 
 
 Fig. 12. Showing veins of ore in Cut D of found to extend illto the fiesh- 
 Flg. 6. 
 
 er porphyry. 
 Residuary Clays and Boulder Ores. The residuary clay, the 
 " bluff" of the miners and the enclosed boulder ore is, with ex- 
 ceptions which will be mentioned, practically about the same as 
 it was in the earlier days of Iron mountain. This clay is tough 
 and deeply stained with iron. To one with a love of color, 
 nothing can be more beautiful than the various shades, from 
 deep vermillion to the soft creamy brown and yellow, of the less 
 The residuary weathered portions of this clay. On the summit and slopes of 
 manybouiders Big mountain this richly colored clay is sparingly filled with 
 blocks or boulders of iron ore of varying size. These blocks, 
 though of remarkable purity, are not abundant enough to pay 
 
 r^m^f^fc* 
 
 
 
 5iSife 
 
 
 v 
 
 CUT CC. 
 
 
 •B- 1 ,-^^^ 
 
 HON MOvNTAlK. 
 
 «Of» 
 
 !i&ps?=^ 
 
 
 
 ■i-.-.V •'•■;-..■■■• 
 
 Fig. 11. Showing veins of ore in Cut C. C. of 
 Fig. 6. 
 
ore 
 sur- 
 
 THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 27 
 
 for systematic working on the summit of the mountain. Lower 
 down on the slopes, though, the mountain is completely flanked 
 by a thick mantle of this clay which lies on top of the Cambrian ^"n^er'thel 
 rocks which also encircle the mountain. Inclosed in this clay f»°e° la y- 
 are numerous smaller fragments of iron. These of themselves, 
 are not of sufficient abundance to pay for working. Under the 
 clay, however, and resting near the Silurian rocks' is a bed of 
 varying thickness composed almost wholly of fragments of iron. 
 Mingled with the iron are numerous small irregular fragments 
 of chert. This detrital deposit is now being systematically 
 worked. The iron of course, came from the decomposed por- 
 phyry rock, while the chert must have come from a decomposed 
 bed of Cambrian limestone. The enclosing clay is tough and 
 bright red in color. The whole of this deposit, resting as it 
 does upon Cambrian rocks, represents erosion and weathering 
 since Cambrian time. 
 
 As has been stated, this mantle of clay or "bluff" to-day, 
 is about the same as in 1872. But all that is left to indicate the 
 position, size and shape of the veins of ore are the cuts in the 
 more decomposed porphyry, as well as small ones which, on 
 Big mountain, reach into the fresher rock. The only remnant, 
 of the great veins of 1872 is now being worked on Big mountain. 
 The workings of to-day present quite a different phase. 
 
 Following clown a lead on the west end of Little mountain a 
 large body of comparatively undisturbed ore was found. This 
 ore body dips steeply down on a foot wall of decomposed por- 
 phyry which is intersected by a complete network of small ore g ts foand on 
 veins of iron ore. The entire length of this ore body measured of Little monn- 
 on the slope is about 360 feet. The thickness of the vein meas- 
 ured from foot to hanging wall varies somewhat, but is between 
 thirty and forty feet. The slope on the foot wall is nearly 40 G . 
 The immediate hanging wall is a mass of a probably pseudo-con- 
 glomeratic porphyry containing more or less iron or ore (see 
 Fig- 8, p. 25). This hanging wall' conforms very closely to 
 the foot wall as to slope. Overlying this are the Cambrian 
 rocks. These are unconformable to the ore body. They have 
 a slight dip with the vein, but this may haye been caused by the 
 settling of the rocks owing to removal by solution of a part of 
 
28 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the limestone. The comparatively recent clays and boulder 
 iron ore overlie all. The adjoining cut, Fig. 13, gives a fair 
 
 ~S5"S^57Ti== Boulders of Iron and chert In red 
 
 Section at Little 
 mountain. 
 
 clay. 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Gritty limestone, not exceeding 
 15 ft. 
 
 Indurated greenish clay. 
 Psendo conglomerate. 
 
 Solid iron ore, 30 to 40 ft. 
 
 Brecciated porphyry with inter- 
 stitial Iron. 
 
 Solid porphyry with small iron 
 veins. 
 
 Fig. 13. Section of iron vein and overlying 
 rock at Little mountain. 
 
 representation of the relations of the rocks to the ore body. 
 Owing to the fact that the Cambrian rocks thin out on the slopes 
 of the mountain no exact measurement of the thicknesses of the 
 rocks can be given. In' addition to this the individual beds thin 
 out and thicken horizontally is such a way that a section correct 
 in one locality would be incorrect at a distance of twenty feet. 
 The location of this deposit is at cut H, on Dr. Schmidt's 
 topographical map, p. 24. 
 
 From the fact that on the east side of the mountain there is a 
 large deposit of boulder iron ore which underlies the Cambrian 
 rocks, this last described vein at first thought might be consid- 
 ered as belonging to the same formation. It must, however, be 
 T tain vein u oun considered as an undisturbed vein for the following reasons: 
 > < « n u ' '"' The ore is comparatively solid, being only broken by seams 
 such as are liable to occur in any rock. The ore body has a 
 steeper dip than the slope of the mountain side. It ends 
 abruptly at the bottom. It has a porphyry conglomerate as a 
 ctfp rock or hanging wall which bears a close resemblance to a 
 rock which has rotted in place. It is very safe to conclude then, 
 
 comparatively 
 
 undisturbed. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 29 
 
 o 
 
 if 
 
 2 fe 
 35 
 a a 
 
 Eg 
 
 Sg 
 
 «■*■.. 
 ©B 
 
 rt-O 
 
 ■§£ 
 
 ■3 3 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 that this is an undisturbed vein such as were found on the sum- 
 mit of Big mountain. 
 
 As will be seen by looking at the topo- 
 graphical sketch map before referred to, all 
 of the large veins were on Big mountain. 
 It will further be noticed, by referring 
 to the adjoining section (Fig. 14) through 
 Big and Little mountains that the large 
 ■conglomerate beds are at the eastern foot 
 of Big mountain also. There is a bed 
 of conglomerate which seems at first sight 
 to be divided into two parts. The first, 
 or upper part, is near F, on the topo- 
 graphical map (see Fig. 6. p. 24). It runs 
 under the overlying Cambrian rocks at an 
 angle of about 30°. From the mouth of the 
 slope to the point where it is intersected by 
 the vertical shaft is about 480 feet. The 
 deposit does not seem to have been laid 
 down on the flat surface of the mountain 
 but in a gorge or waterway down the slope. 
 The thickest part of the bed from foot to 
 hanging wall is about fifteen feet. This grad- 
 ually thins out laterally towards the edges, 
 giving a cross section of the bed of a roughly 
 lenticular shape. It holds its size remark- 
 ably well longitudinally along its slope. 
 
 The ore body is not made up wholly of 
 ore boulders, but there are found occasion- 
 ally fragments of porphyry rock. The in- 
 terstices between the boulders are filled 
 with a bluish gray clay derived from the 
 porphyry. The foot and hanging walls are 
 related as follows: The foot wall a few 
 feet below the actual contact of the ore is 
 comparatively fresh porphyry which is filled 
 with a net-work of veins of iron. The por- 
 phyry itself, as is usual, contains scales of 
 
 The section 
 through Big and 
 Little mount- 
 ains. 
 
 The deposit on 
 the east side of 
 Big mountain is 
 not made up of 
 iron boulders 
 alone. 
 
30 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 hematite. This solid bed passes gradually upwards into one 
 which is less fresh and, from that, into a conglomeratic looking 
 mass which has large fragments of solid ore. This is succeeded 
 
 Section of con- 
 glomerate ore at 
 big mountain. 
 
 "iSSsS^iQj Porphyry boulders in clay. 
 
 Boulders of specular iron ore. 
 " porphyry. 
 " iron ore. 
 
 !$$$$?M 
 
 " porphyry. 
 " iron ore. 
 
 " porphyry. 
 Porphyry with veins of specular ore. 
 
 Fig. 15. Section of first conglomerate 
 bed at Big mountain. 
 
 by a regular conglomerate of iron ore, the interstitial spaces 
 of which are filled with a bluish green or gray decomposed por- 
 phyry having little or no iron. The cap rock or hanging wall is 
 
 Section of con- 
 glomerate and 
 limestone. 
 
 Cambrian Limestone. 
 
 Porphyry boulders in clay with 
 grains of sand. 
 
 First stratum of bonlder ore. 
 Porphyry boulders. 
 
 Iron ore " 
 
 Porphyry " 
 
 Iron ore " 
 
 HI Porphyry " 
 
 Solid porphyry with iron ore veins. 
 
 PlO. 16. Section showing relation of conglomerate 
 bed to Cambrian limestone. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OP THE PORPHYRY REGION. 31 
 
 nearly identical with the parting beds in the iron, boulder beds, 
 with the exception, that there are large boulders of porphyry 
 clay with much quartz sand. The above section, Fig. 15, 
 shows the relations of these alternate strata to the foot wall. 
 This section is taken from one of the pillars of the slope near 
 the mouth. Farther down the slope, towards the shaft, the ore 
 bed is covered by a cap rock of limestone. The limestone, how- 
 ever, is separated from the ore body by the porphyry conglom- 
 erate, which does not seem to be conformable to the limestone, 
 as the last section, Fig. 16, shows. 
 
 The second, or lower portion of the boulder deposit, or the ^"eposttubnt 
 part reaching from the foot of the shaft downwards, extends to 
 the east from the foot of the upper portion and is partially 
 separated from it by a tongue of Cambrian sandstone. The 
 cap rock or hanging wall of the lower ore bed is of sand- 
 stone and the foot wall is of porphyry. From the relative posi- 
 tions of the two portions of the conglomerate bed to the sand- 
 stone, it would seem that the lower ore body was formed in a 
 period of time somewhat antedating the Cambrian age. This 
 deposit, covered for the most part by a mantle of porphyry 
 clay, reached up to and upon the slope of the mountain. This 
 was then covered by the Cambrian sandstone which partially 
 cuts off this deposit from the upper one. The following, Fig. 17, 
 shows the relation of these parts of the bed to each other and to 
 the accompanying rocks. From the section it will be seen that 
 
 the continuation 
 of the first de- 
 posit from the 
 foot of the shaft 
 eastward. 
 
 Fig. 17. Section showing the relations of the two 
 conglomerate beds to each other. 
 
 a tongue of ore reaches from the upper portion over the sand- 
 stone but that this portion also continues down on the slope of 
 the porphyry. The'tongue of ore, the foot of the upper portion, is 
 
32 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 much thicker than the head of the lower deposit and represents- 
 an accumulation of ore after the sandstone had formed. From 
 the beginning of the lower deposit to the end, or rather to the 
 breast of the present workings, the length is about one thousand 
 two hundred feet. The two deposits very closely resemble each 
 other in cross sections. The first deposit is, however, very uni- 
 form as to thickness along its entire length, while the second 
 deposit in its thickest part is over forty feet. 
 
 The gangue of the ore body in the second deposit is, like the 
 
 The gangaeofthefi rs t> entirely of porphyry detritus consisting of a hard 
 
 ?s, c iftethe P flrst indurated clay, which, in addition to fragments of hematite, has 
 
 phf^yVetritns. fragments of hard, red porphyry, in some instances looking like 
 
 jasper. At the extreme end of the workings, as now known, 
 
 these porphyry fragments are becoming more numerous and 
 
 the iron correspondingly less. At the foot of the shaft the 
 
 sandstone seems to rest directly upon the ore body. About 
 
 240 feet east of the shaft, the bed of indurated porphyry clay 
 
 begins and increases in thickness towards the east. 
 
 So far as is known at present these are all of the great 
 deposits of ore at Iron mountain. Vigorous prospecting, 
 directed by a skilled geologist and engineer, is thoroughly test- 
 ing the ground and it is to be hoped that this famous deposit 
 may by this means have a renewed lease of life. 
 
 PILOT KNOB. 
 
 Early Description of, by Dr. Litton. Pilot Knob is hardly less 
 
 famous than Iron mountain. Promising almost greater things 
 
 Dr. Litton de- than did Iron mountain it has, however, never begun to realize 
 
 scribes the ap- . ° 
 
 pearanceof the hopes of its operators. Dr. Litton, in speaking of this 
 
 PilotKnobwhen * x ' r a 
 
 flrat opened, deposit, says : x " About six miles south and a little to the east 
 of the Iron mountain, are other deposits of iron ore not less 
 rich, and, in all probability, not less extensive. The rocks, 
 near the base of Pilot Knob, are seldom seen in place; but when 
 so, are of a dark gray color, present quite a siliceous and slaty 
 or shaly character, and offer strong indications of stratification -~ 
 
 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1856, Part II, p. 79. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 33 
 
 They are not, however, horizontal, but dip at an angle of twenty- 
 five degrees to the southwest. 1 After ascending about 300 feet, 
 the rock assumes more of a ferruginous character and, at the 
 height of 440 feet, we find, on the north side of the mountain, 
 an exposure of a heavy bed, or rather stratum of iron ore, about T i s e ° w tn1y*fcrar 
 273 feet in length and twenty-four feet in height, or thickness, 
 apparently passing, parallel with the lower slaty rocks, and with 
 the same dip, through the mountain, to the southwest. It is 
 said that at still lower points than the above stratum, and 
 beneath it, are other beds, interstratified with the siliceous rock, 
 but at the time of my visit the side of the mountain wa so 
 covered with debris and undergrowth that I didn't find these in 
 place. ( 
 
 " Above the heavy stratum of iron ore, which is now quarried 
 for smelting, the iron ore seems to be interstratified with the 
 siliceous rock, even to the summit of the mountain." 
 
 The following sketch copied from Dr. Litton's report gives 
 an idea of the ore deposit at Pilot Knob when it was first 
 opened. 
 
 Sketch of the 
 Enob in 1854. 
 
 FIG. 18. Sketch of Pilot Knob as it appeared when first opened. 
 
 In many of its physical aspects Pilot Knob differs from the 
 porphyry hills in general. It is decidedly cone-shaped. It is 
 almost isolated from the adjoining porphyry hills. It is con- 
 
 1 The dip, according to Pampelly, is, on an average, 13 degrees, and later 
 workings, make this evident. 
 
34 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 nected on the east, however, with the higher hills by a low neck 
 of porphyry which rises only about 200 feet above the surround- 
 ing Cambrian rocks. 
 
 The Character of the Ores. The ores of Pilot Knob are 
 
 characteristically different from the other porphyry ores. The 
 
 ores of Iron and Shepherd mountains and Cedar hill as well, are 
 
 usually crystalline and massive in structure. The ores of Pilot 
 
 Knob, though Knob are, on the other hand, fine grained, almost aphanitic, and 
 
 very compact, . 
 
 are siaty in are universally slaty. As they occur in the mine these bands 
 
 structure. ^ J 
 
 alternate with less rich ores or with thin bands of rock that carry 
 so little iron as to give a gray streak and are thus totally unfit for 
 smelting. In addition the ores were very low in phosphorus and 
 such phosphorus as was present was distributed very uniformly. 
 The Iron mountain ores, on the other hand, though in large part 
 high grade Bessemer, contain a good deal of ore that is totally 
 unfit for the manufacture of steel. 
 
 The Modes of Occurrence. There are three distinct modes of 
 occurrence of iron at Pilot Knob. As usual there are veins of 
 iron in the massive porphyry, but no veins of economic impor- 
 tance have been found. 
 
 Boulder Ores. Distributed over the slopes of the mountain are 
 
 numerous fragments of boulder iron. These fragments have, on 
 
 the north side of the mountain, been in such abundance as to 
 
 enable them to be dug with profit. They are embedded in a 
 
 There are boulder tough red clay. One of these banks is at least thirty-five feet 
 
 deposits on Pilot ,,.,-n , , 1 •• n , , , , , 
 
 Knob which are thick. Jb rom the nature and position of the boulders there is no 
 
 evidently de- ,.«.,. . . . 
 
 rived from the difficulty in assigning their origin to the bedded deposits above 
 them. Their slaty structure, close and fine grained, make this 
 certain. Moreover they are always found belovi the outcrop of - 
 ore. Whether the boulder ore is the same as that which extends 
 under the Cambrian rocks on the flanks of Pilot Knob is hot 
 certainly known. 
 
 The following section, Fig. 19, is taken north, and south 
 through the main body of ore on Pilot Knob, through 
 the 1 Cambrian rocks in the valley between the Knob and 
 Buzzards mountain. It is from a report made in 1890, to the 
 Pilot Knob Company, by Prof. Wm. B. Potter, and is pub- 
 lished here with the author's permission. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 35 
 
 The diamond drill holes (Nos. 48, 
 58, 49, 46 and 51) seem to indicate 
 that the conglomerate ores which crop 
 out in the open cut at 4 are continuous 
 to the above mentioned point. In all 
 five of these holes more or less iron 
 ore was found and it is essentially of 
 the same character as that found in the 
 clays and resting on the porphyry 
 rocks. As will be seen by consulting 
 the figure, the sedimentary rocks 
 nowhere extend below 200 feet in 
 depth. It is a little remarkable that 
 no sandstone occurs. The limestone, 
 which is the ordinary magnesian, lies 
 directly upon the porphyry detritus. 
 Between this limestone and the solid 
 porphyry lies the ore. Diamond 
 drill holes have been bored cov- 
 ering, in a very thorough manner, 
 an area of about 400,000 square 
 feet. This prospecting has dis- 
 covered a very considerable deposit 
 of iron, but its quality does not 
 seem to warrant its being worked 
 at present. This ore deposit occupies 
 a position analogous to the boulder 
 deposit at Iron mountain, the points 
 of difference being that the Iron 
 mountain deposit has a hanging wall 
 of sandstone instead of limestone and 
 the iron is rich and remarkably low in 
 phosphorus, while the Pilot Knob 
 boulder ore is rather lean though low 
 in phosphorus and sulphur. Numer- 
 ous bore holes put down at the west- 
 ern foot of Pilot Knob have not 
 discovered other boulder deposits. 
 
 The accompany 
 iiig section 
 through Pilot 
 Knob is de- 
 scribed. 
 
36 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Massive Ores. It is in the main ore body of Pilot Knob, how 
 ever, that the greatest interest centers. Whatever its origin it is 
 unique among the porphyry ores of Missouri in that it is bed- 
 ded and bears strong evidence of a sedimentary origin. It is a 
 P body °s ev°d e ent. sheet of roughly pear-shaped outline with its longest axis 
 running nearly north and south. It has an average dip to 
 the southwest of thirteen degrees. Fig. 20, on the opposite 
 page, from Bulletin No. 5, Geological Survey of Missouri, 
 shows this. Fig. 21, below, from the same Bulletin, shows the 
 position of the ore body with reference to the hill. From this 
 
 ly sedimentary 
 in origin. 
 
 Fig. 21. Sketch of Pilot Knob showing the position of the ore bed, 0-0, the cut on the 
 north, the three tunnels Nos. 1, 2 and 3, the Simpson shaft, S, the out east of 
 the company's office, 0, and several places where mas- 
 sive rocks are exposed, M. 
 
 Width of ore 
 body irregular. 
 
 sketch it will be seen that this ore deposit is near the 
 summit of the Knob. If one measures the outcrop of the ore 
 
 body on the arc of a circle repre- 
 sented by the cuts A, B, and C 
 of Fig. 22, it will be found that 
 the arc is nearly 1,000 feet long. 
 From this arc to the southwestern 
 extremity the width of the ore 
 body increases slightly and then 
 rapidly contracts until it is cut 
 out by the country rock. 
 
 In bedded deposits generally 
 the beds do not disappear in this 
 manner, the bed usually grows 
 either thinner until it is entirely 
 
 FIG. 22. A topographic sketch of Pilot . , . , , - , , 
 
 Knob. A, B, and U represent outs in the replaced DV the lOOt aim hanging 
 ore body. From Report 1872, p. 110. r J ° ° 
 
 wall coming together, or " pmches 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OP THE PORPHYRY REGION. 37 
 
 Fig. 20. A sketch map showing the outline and the extent of the oie bed on 
 
 Pilot Knob. This ore bed reaches the sniface on the north and 
 
 north-east sides of the hill; but on the west, south-west and 
 
 south It gradually changes into porphyry. The 
 
 double line represents the tramways. 
 
38 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Pilot Knob ore 
 bed fades into 
 the country 
 rock. 
 
 out " in the words of the miner, or it breaks up into thin strings 
 of ore. At Pilot Knob the ore bed gradually grows leaner until 
 it finally passes, by almost insensible gradation, into the hard, 
 apparently unstratified porphyry. This is true for the south- 
 western side of the mine. On the northern and eastern sides 
 the stratified ore body and its accompanying rocks come to the 
 surface in a precipitous bluff. 
 
 As to the relations of the ore body to the foot and hanging 
 walls the following section, Fig. 23, shows this quite accurately. 
 
 warn 
 
 Heavy beds of conglomerate with 
 an average thickness of 100 feet. 
 
 Highly ferruginous slate.l to 3 feet 
 thick. 
 
 Main ore body, 19 to 29 feet thick. 
 
 Slaty, ripple marked stratum in Im- 
 mediate contact with ore body. 
 
 Beds of conglomerate like hanging 
 wall ; but finer and fresher ; under 
 this the massive porphyry. 
 
 Fig. 23. Section of conglomerate and 
 ore body of Pilot Snob. 
 
 Dimensions of the different strata are not given in ever3 r 
 instance as they could not be measured owing to the falling in 
 of the rocks. 
 
 The Conglomerates. A more detailed study of these beds- 
 may possibly give some clue to the origin of the conglomerates. 
 The entire summit of the Knob is made up of a coarse conglom- 
 erate, the interstitial filling of which is composed of sericite 
 scales, occasional grains of sand and a large percentage of 
 hematite. Were it not for the large conglomerate pebbles this 
 gangue would in most cases pass for a lean iron ore. It gives 
 a red streak tinged with gray. There is, besides the sericite 
 The interstitial scales, a very fine constituent which is derived from the por- 
 congfomerate is phy r y' The angular or subangular nodules which gives the rock 
 tfte^ ely hema its name, at first sight resemble quaftzite. A close examination. 
 
Geological Survey or Missouri. 
 
 Report on Ikon Ores, Plate I. 
 
 Views illustrating the slaty structure of the hanging wall at Pilot Knob. 
 Reproduced from photographs by F. L. N. 
 
THE SPECULAR IBON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 39 
 
 shows most of them to be soft and talcose or sericitic. They are 
 
 not filled with iron as are the interstices and they are much 
 
 lighter colored. Some are still hard enough to scratch steel. 
 
 Close inspection shows, further, that these fragments have B ^{SeSf™w 
 
 inclosed within them still other smaller angular fragments. In breociated - 
 
 other words this breccia conglomerate is made up of a still older 
 
 breccia. 1 Some of the boulders of the conglomerate as it exists 
 
 now are a foot or more across. The annexed, Fig. 24, drawn 
 
 from a photograph, shows the conglomerate in a typical form. 
 
 The Slaty and Jointage 
 Structure. Towards the 
 top of the ore bed the 
 rock grows finer and 
 shows a tendency to split 
 into comparatively thin 
 beds. The percentage of 
 iron, however, does not 
 increase to any extent. 
 
 Fig. 24. Sketch showing In detail the structure of the _,. . . '. 
 
 conglomerate above the ore body. ■^ 1 g- * °I the opposite 
 
 Plate I, from a photograph, shows this eminently slaty structure 
 to a very marked degree. Fig. 1, of the same plate, also from 
 a photograph, giving a general view of the beds above the ore, 
 shows this characteristic more in the thickly bedded. and„, 
 
 J Slaty structure 
 
 coarser conglomerates. The blocks into which the ioints divide and the jointing: 
 
 ° J or the rocks and' 
 
 the rocks are uniformly rectangular, or at least have little biethat y o r f e tySl 
 departure from a right angle. These blocks most closely resem- cal8lat e s - 
 ble the joint structures seen in slate beds. The undermining 
 of these beds by the removal of the ore body has caused the 
 rocks to settle unevenly and the great cracks extending to the 
 very summit of the mountain show the blocks very clearly. 
 
 These blocks have been referred by Prof. E. Haworth, to the 
 basaltic or columnar structure often seen in eruptive rocks. 2 
 This structure, however, differs very essentially from the basaltic The jointing is by- 
 forms. In the latter, the blocks or columns are often regularly the basaltic ' 
 hexagonal and are also pentagonal and sometimes triangular; the eruptive rocks- 
 
 1 Attention has already been called to this fact by Prof. Haworth in Bulletin 
 No. 5, p. 29, Geological Survey of Missouri, Jefferson City, 1891. 
 
 2 Bulletin No. 5, p. 17, Geological Survey of, Missouri, Jefferson City, 1891. 
 
40 IEON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 edges are usually sharp and the columns are rarely more than two 
 feet in diameter, and break horizontally with a ball and socket 
 joint. At Pilot Knob the columns are without exception rectanr 
 gular. They split along planes with no trace of ball and socket, 
 and the blocks often are forty feet across one of the edges. In 
 a word, they have the appearance of being modeled after the 
 jointed and slaty structure of slate beds rather than after the 
 basaltic structure of eruptive rocks. This jointage extends into 
 the ore body, though not in so marked a degree. 
 
 Separating this bed of conglomerate from the iron ore body 
 
 AthinbedofsiateP ro P er > is abed of slate. This slate is highly ferruginous, so 
 
 |iomeme°an<i high in iron ore in fact, that much of it was used as a lean ore. 
 
 It is very fine grained and compact, and gives a red streak. 
 
 The thickness could not be exactly ascertained. 
 
 Under the iron ore body is another bed of slaty rock. The 
 
 entire thickness of this is only about three or four feet. It lies 
 
 in alternating bands of nearly pure slaty ore aud leaner bands, 
 
 The ore body is and bands in which there is hardly sufficient iron to prevent a 
 
 theunderiy^g clear gray streak. The parting planes between the iron ore 
 
 by n a g bedoi a ai- body and the slate proper are beautifully marked by what in a 
 
 ana rich siaty rock about the origin of which there is no question, would be 
 
 ore. 
 
 called ripple marks. These are very plain and there would or- 
 dinarily be little doubt as to their origin. The broad surface 
 also has what appear to be mud cracks. Much of the slaty ore 
 has fine grains of silica, apparently sand. 
 
 The conglomerates below these slates are very similar in ap- 
 pearance to the ores above, save that they are not so coarse 
 conglomerates and are much -fresher. These rest directly on the top of the 
 
 are fresher than . . 
 
 the overlying, massive porphyry of the Knob. 
 
 CEDAR HILL. 
 
 On Cedar hill, distant about one mile north of Pilot Knob, 
 there is an irregular deposit of coarse, specular ore much like 
 that which is found at Iron mountain. According to Prof. Pum- 
 pelly the porphyry of this hill has somewhat the appearance of a 
 conglomerate. Only a few irregular outcrops of the vein were 
 found and these were unprofitable to work. The conglomerates- 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OP THE PORPHYRY REGION. 41 
 
 of Cedar hill bear only a slight resemblance to those of Pilot The porphyry on 
 
 J ° Cedar hill ia 
 
 Knob, but are, or seem to be, closely allied to those of Iron mount- rather coarser 
 
 ' > j grained than 
 
 ain. The conglomerate of that locality, it will be remembered, ^JJ^ fPilot 
 
 was supposed to be due to the weathering of the porphyry in the 
 
 one case, or to crushing in another. The porphyry of the ore 
 
 body on Ced;ir hill is much coarser in grain than that of Pilot 
 
 Knob. From the position and size of the vein on Cedar hill it 
 
 is not difficult to imagine that it is but the mere remnant of a 
 
 •once greater deposit. 
 
 SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN. 
 
 The ore deposits on Shepherd mountain, one mile to the west 
 -of Pilot Knob, are also undoubted veins. These veins are 
 nearly east and west in strike. They have been quite ex- 
 tensively worked, but at a loss. On the western face the 
 mountain has many rounded boulders of specular iron. This The iron ore of 
 
 J L Shepherd 
 
 iron, mingled with fragments of porphyry, is embedded in a mountain is de- 
 
 ~ ° L £ J J rived from veins 
 
 ■clay which is doubtless derived from the porphyry. These andboniderore. 
 boulders are magnetic to an extraordinary degree. The deposits 
 of Iron mountain and Pilot Knob have considerable magnetism, 
 but none of them to the extent of those of Shepherd mountain. 
 Practically this is the only point of difference between the ores 
 -of this deposit and others, excepting Pilot Knob. The porphyry 
 of this mountain is coarse and shows no traces either of bed- 
 ding or conglomeratic structure. Some of the rocks, however, 
 ■especially those associated with vein ores, are beautifully banded. 
 
 The general appearance of the veins on Shepherd mountain 
 as well as of the scattered fragments of ore lead to the conclu- mountain seems 
 sion that the summit of the mountain has been much eroded and much eroded, 
 that the vein has been worn down with it. No extensive pros- 
 pecting with the object of testing the clays containing the boul- 
 ders of iron has been done. If the vein is but the remnant of 
 a once larger deposit, as seems to, be the case, there should be 
 boulder deposits of considerable magnitude buried here. 
 
 Smaller deposits have been discovered in several other locali- 
 ties near Pilot Knob, but none have been found to be of com- 
 mercial importance. 
 
42 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 CLARK S MOUNTAIN. 
 
 On Clark's mountain, in Wayne county, large boulders of 
 
 specular ore have been found. An attempt to locate the vein 
 
 The veins from from which these boulders were derived met with no success. 
 
 which the 
 
 boulder ore on Shafts were sunk in the clay in which the boulders were embedded,. 
 
 Clark's mount- J 7 
 
 n 1 ave V not d D 3 eer 1 e<i ^ ut tney are reported not to have reached the porphyry. There 
 found. j g no cer t a j n ty that this locality .has been thoroughly explored. 
 
 It was not visited, as no work had been done for several years, 
 and whatever holes had been dug had long since fallen in. 
 
 This practically concludes what is to be said covering the spec- 
 ular ores in porphyry. Hardly any traces of ore have been found 
 outside of the localities mentioned above. In the light of the 
 facts learned about these deposits, we shall see later if there are 
 any hopes that hidden deposits may be intelligently prospected 
 for. 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF THE SPECULAR ORES IN PORPHYRY. 
 
 The specular ores of the porphyry region are so widely and 
 favorably known that little additional light will be thrown on 
 
 Iron mountain ,, , . , ,, . i T , . ,, 
 
 and Pilot Knob the subject by the accompanying analyses. Iron mountain and 
 
 pai mines. Pilot Knob overshadow all other localities in this region, and. 
 
 justly so from the stand-point of production ; but other localities,' 
 
 unfortunately of limited extent, have yielded ores every way as 
 
 desirable as the first named localities. 
 
 Iron Mountain Ores. Iron mountain yields two distinct 
 
 classes of ores; the first are the vein deposits, or the ores which 
 
 iron mountain occur in veins in more or less solid porphyry; the secondare 
 
 cidea grades of the boulder and surface ores. These ores are also capable of 
 
 ore. 
 
 another classification; first, ores low in phosphorus; second, 
 ores high in phosphorus. So far as the boulder or surface ores 
 are concerned they are almost universally low in phosphorus as 
 the following analyses show : 1 — 
 
 1 These analyses are taken from the Eeport of the Mo. Geological Survey, 
 1872; and from Tenth Census Eeport of the U. S., Vol. XV. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 43 
 
 (1) 
 Per cent. 
 
 Metallic Iron 6G.93 
 
 Phosphorus 0.071 
 
 Phosphorus ratio . . 0.106 
 
 Sample No. 1 was takei 
 from quartz. There were no crystals of apatite visible to the unaided eye. 
 Sample No. 2 is taken from the same vein but nearer the contact with the 
 porphyry. This sample contained many crystals of apatite. No. 3 is a sample 
 of surface ore. Nos. 4 and 5 are surface ores. No. 4 is taken from the 
 surface near the main vein on Big mountain, while No. 5 is Irom the surface on 
 the vein at Little mountain. 
 
 (2) 
 
 (3) 
 
 w 
 
 (5) 
 
 er cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 59.06 
 
 65.57 
 
 64.67 
 
 62.84 
 
 0.398 
 
 0.032 
 
 0.019 
 
 0.005 
 
 0.674 
 
 0.049 
 
 0.029 
 
 0.008 
 
 >m the 
 
 main vein at Iron mountain. It is free 
 
 Other partial analyses of the Iron Mountain ores give : — 
 
 (6) ■ (7) (8) 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic Iron 67.75 66.60 68.63 
 
 Phosphorus 0.052 0.057 0.031 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.08 0.09 0.045 
 
 No. 6 is taken from surface ore on the western slope of the mountain and 
 No. 8 from the surface on the southeastern slope. 
 
 The following analyses from 8a to 8p are published through 
 the kindness of Prof. W. B. Potter, engineer of the Iron Mount- 
 ain Company. They represent average analyses of the various 
 t>res shipped from Iron mountain from April 1, 1891, to March 
 31, 1892:^- 
 
 Silica 
 
 Metallic Iron . 
 Phosphorus . . 
 
 (8a) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 3.91 
 '65.68 
 
 (8b) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 3.80 
 66.51 
 
 (8c) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 6.60 
 62.19 
 
 (8d) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 4.92 
 63.79 
 
 (8e) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 6.11 
 63.08 
 
 (8f) 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 4.47 
 
 65.13 
 
 (8g) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 6.40 
 62.50 
 
 (8h) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 6.46 
 62.81 
 
 0.026 0.020 0.028 0.093 0.060 0.034 0.038 0.063 
 
 Silica 
 
 Metallic Iron. 
 Phosphorus . . 
 
 (8i) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 4.87 
 
 (8j) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 7.12 
 
 63.68 61.45 
 
 (8k) 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 11.68 
 
 55.22 
 
 (81) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 5.86 
 63.00 
 
 (8m) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 8.69 
 59.64 
 
 (8n) 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 2.51 
 
 66.80 
 
 (80) 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 4.08 
 
 C8p) 
 Per 
 cent. 
 5.44 
 
 65.75 64.12 
 
 0.070 0.105 0.026 0.389 0.226 0.058 0.095 0.013 
 
44 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 8a. Surface jigged on, 2188 tons, average of 14 analyses. 
 
 8b Surface lump ore, 2378 tons, average of 15 analyses. 
 
 8c Soft jigged ore from Shaft No. 1, 9969 tons, average of 20 analyses. 
 
 8d Soft jigged ore from inclines Nos. 1 and 2, 7579 tons, average of It. 
 
 analyses. 
 8e Soft jigged ore from Shaft No. 1, Incline No. 1, 2450 tons, average of 
 
 4 analyses. 
 8f Soft lump ore from Shaft No. 1, 7536 tons, average of 25 analyses. 
 8g Soft jigged ore from Shaft No. 1, 14018 tons, average of 34 analyses. 
 8h Soft jigged ore from Shaft No. 1 and Incline No. 1, 921 tons, average of 
 
 3 analyses. t 
 
 8i Soft jigged ore from Incline No. 2, 7008 tons, average of 27 analyses. 
 8j Furnace jigged ore, 3291 tons, average of 39 analyses. 
 8k No. 2 bluff ore from Shaft No. 2, 3327 tons, average of 14 analyses. 
 81 No. 2 bluff ore from upper S. E. mine, 693 tons, average of 4 analyses. 
 8m No. 2 bluff ore from W. and upper S. E. mine, 3177 tons, average of 8 
 
 analyses. 
 8n Soft lump ore from Incline No. 3, average of 4 analyses. 
 8o Soft lump ore from Incline No. 2, 90 tons, average of 1 analysis. 
 8p Special ore from Shaft No. 2, 1624 tons, average of 8 analyses. 1 
 
 It will be seen from the above analyses that the ores mined, 
 from the solid veins are, in general, much more highly phos- 
 phatic than the surface ores. In fact many of the surface ores 
 are almost wholly free from phosphorus. Although not really 
 The solid veins f surface ore the bed of conglomerate which is now being mined. 
 1 more wgW7 on the eastern slope of the mountains is quite as free from phos- , 
 than the boulder phorus as are the surface ores proper. The reason is the same 
 in both cases. The conglomerate ore, though now buried by the 
 sediments of former Cambrian seas, were for a long time exposed, 
 to weathering agencies. These have attacked and almost wholly 
 eliminated the more susceptible apatite leaving the ore almost 
 wholly phosphorus free. Even were proof needed for this self * 
 evident explanation it is found in the fact that many of the 
 surface ores show hexagonal cavities, the cavities .from 
 which apatite crystals have been removed. Still further, the- 
 
 1 In the above analyses reference is made to ores from various parts of the 
 mountain. " Surface lump and surface jigged ores " are ores dug from the 
 residual clays on the surface of the mountain. " Shaft No. 1 " is the shaft 
 sunk on the boulder ore deposit on the east side of the mountain. " Shaft 
 No. 2" is sunk on the west side at Little mountain. "Incline No. 2 " leads 
 from the surface to Shaft No. 1. "Soft ore" is from the residual beds;. 
 " bluff ore " is from the solid veins. 
 
 ores. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OP THE PORPHYRY REGION. 45 
 
 unweathered ores taken from the veins have, in many cases,. 
 fresh crystals of apatite, showing conclusively the source of phos- 
 phorus in the ores. From the analyses given above it will be 
 seen that there remains little or nothing to be added concerning 
 the standing of the Iron mountain ores. Their high percentages 
 of metallic iron give little room for silica and other inert impuri- 
 ties, while their low phosphorus causes them to rank high as 
 Bessemer ores. The unweathered and phosphatic vein ores are 
 a small per cent, of the total ore mined and shipped. 
 
 Pilot Knob Ores. The next ore body which has ranked high, 
 both as a producer and as a high grade Bessemer ore, is that of 
 Pilot Knob. Differing in many physical respects from the Iron 
 mountain ores, they were almost as highly valued. The very low 
 percentage of phosphorus and its remarkable even distribution The evenly low- 
 went a long way to offset some of their more undesirable quali- phosphorus °i« 
 ties. They were usually high in silica and their very dense, ores makes 
 
 T/r- mi • them very de- 
 
 COmpaCt structure made them difficult to smelt. This was true sirabie. 
 
 not only of the ore mined from the bed, but to a great extent of 
 
 the conglomerate ores now mined on the northern slope of the 
 
 Knob. The conglomerate ores, however, though retaining their 
 
 usual amounts of phosphorus, and silica are less refractory, for 
 
 they have been much softened by weathering. Below are 
 
 several analyses of the Pilot Knob ores : — 
 
 
 (9) 
 
 (10) 
 
 (H) 
 
 (12) 
 
 (13) 
 
 (14) 
 
 (15) 
 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 Per 
 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 Metallic iron .... 
 
 59.52 
 
 52.57 
 
 50.40 
 
 59.15 
 
 64.91 
 
 47.16 
 
 44.01 
 
 
 0.005 
 
 0.018 
 
 0.025 
 
 0.015 
 
 0.031 
 
 0.041 
 
 0.044 
 
 Phosphorus ratio. 
 
 0.008 
 
 0.034 
 
 0.050 
 
 0.025 
 
 0.050 
 
 0.090 
 
 0.100 
 
 
 0.020 
 
 0.320 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sample No. 9 was taken from near the north-east end of the bed at Pilot 
 Knob; No. 10 from the opposite end. No. 11 is taken from the upper bed near 
 the hanging wall. No. 12 is taken from a more or less weathered surface near 
 the opening of the mine. No. 13 is taken from a less weathered surface at the 
 same place. No. 14 is taken from the lower strata of the bed; No. 15, from the 
 same place but from the upper strata. 
 
 The following analyses, 15a to 15f, are also obtained through 
 the kindness of Prof. W. B. Potter. No. 15a to 15d are aver- 
 age analyses for six months : — 
 
4(5 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 (15a) (15b) 
 
 No. 1 ore. No. 2 ore. 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic Iron. 62.00 55.62 
 
 Phosphorus 0.017 0.022 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.032 0.051 
 
 Sulphur 0.023 0.038 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 0.075 0.096 
 
 Manganese Peroxide 0.15 0.22 
 
 Silica 13.25 18.53 
 
 Lime 0.18 0.22 
 
 Alumina 1.22' 1.33 
 
 (15c) (15d) 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic Iron 66.83 43.03 
 
 Silica ■ • • • • 3.62 30.65 
 
 Sulphur 0.07 0.098 
 
 Phosphorus 0.014 0.021 
 
 ri5e) , (15f) 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic Iron 61.72 58.110 
 
 Silica 9.810 17.020 
 
 Phosphorus • ••' 0.021 0.013 
 
 Manganese trace trace 
 
 Alumina 1.830 2.590 
 
 Sulphur 0.032 0.077 
 
 Lime 0.080 0.150 
 
 sia 0.011 0.015 
 
 Nos. 15a and 15b are the ores mined from the bed on the summit of the 
 Pilot Knob. 
 
 No. 15c, soft blue ore. 
 
 No. 15d, No. 3 ore taken from the dump. 
 
 Nos. 15e and 15f are averages of the ores shipped for six months in 1885. 
 
 Shepherd Mountain Ores. The next ore body of the porphyry 
 region from the stand-point of productiveness is Shepherd 
 mountain. It falls far behind, though, either Iron mountain or 
 Pilot Knob in this respect. As regards the purity of its ores, 
 The shepherd however, it will hardly take a second rank. In physical char- 
 very high grade, acteristics the Shepherd mountain ores are more closely allied to 
 the Iron mountain ores than to those of either Pilot Knob or 
 Cedar hill, although the latter are only about one mile distant. 
 The ores of Shepherd mountain are coarsely crystalline, for the 
 most part, and usually highly magnetic. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 47 
 
 The following are some partial analyses of the Shepherd 
 mountain ores : — 
 
 (IB) (17) (18) 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 65.39 66.52 64.31 
 
 Phosphorus 0.013 0.011 0.017 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.020 0.016 0.026 
 
 Sulphur 0.077 
 
 Sample No. 16- was taken from a stock pile recently mined containing about 
 seven hundred tons. Samples Nos. 17 and 18 were taken respectively from the 
 upper and lower part of the veins. 
 
 » 
 Cedar Hill Ores. Cedar hill has yielded little or no ore to 
 speak of. A small deposit, occurring very much in the same cedar hin has 
 manner as Pilot Knob ores, was. found on the summit of the hill, mtieore. 
 In many respects the ores here closely resemble the ores of 
 Pilot Knob. Below are two analyses of the ore : — 
 
 (19) (20) 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 66.61 65.47 
 
 Phosphorus 0.006 0.039 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.009 0.060 
 
 Nos. 19 and 20 are average samples of the vein ore. at Cedar Hill. 
 
 A sample of ore, taken from Lewis Mountain, yielded — 
 
 * 
 
 (21) 
 Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 59.22 
 
 Phosphorus , 0.027 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.05QJ 
 
 Complete Analyses. In addition to the above analyses a few 
 complete analyses of the porphyry ores, taken fromDr. Schmidt's 
 report on the Iron Ores of Missouri, 1 are included here: 
 
 1 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872. 
 
 4 
 
48 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Analyses Iron 
 mountain ore. 
 
 (22) 
 Per cent. 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter, . 4.71 
 
 Peroxide of iron 91.45 
 
 Protoxide of iron 2.34 
 
 Alumina 0.93 
 
 Lime '. ■ 0.45 
 
 Magnesia 0.19 
 
 Manganese 0.00 
 
 Sulphur 0.00 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.252 
 
 These correspond to: 
 
 100.322 
 
 (23) 
 Per cent. 
 1.88 
 95.04 
 2.57 
 0.75 
 0.15 
 0.12 
 0.00 
 0.05 
 0.071 
 
 100.586 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 65.78 
 0.110 
 
 68.53 
 0.031 
 
 Nos. 22 and 23 are taken from Iron mountain. 
 No. 23 is taken from the surface. 
 
 No. 22 is a vein ore, while 
 
 Analyses Pilot 
 Knob ore. 
 
 It will be DOticed here that the vein ore is much higher in 
 phosphorus and inert matter than are the weathered surface 
 ores. 
 
 The following complete analyses of the Pilot Knob ores show 
 practically the same results as the partial analyses before 
 given : — 
 
 (24) (25) 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter 14.75 5.57 
 
 Peroxide of iron f 84.83 90.87 
 
 Protoxide of iron 0.15' 1.67 
 
 Alumina 0.75 0.53 
 
 Lime 0.21 1.76 
 
 Magnesia ,0.14 0.13 
 
 Manganese 0.00 0.00 
 
 Sulphur trace 0.078 
 
 Phosphoric acid.. 0.035 0.069 
 
 100.365 100.677 
 
 This gives : — 
 
 Metallic iron 59.15 64.91 
 
 Phosphorus 0.015 0.031 
 
 No. 24 is soft ore from the central portion of the main ore body, while No. 
 25 is taken from the hard one of the central part of the main ore bed. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 49 
 
 A complete analysis of ore from Shepherd mountain gives: — 
 
 (26) (27) 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter 6.76 15.33 
 
 Peroxide of iron 86.56 84.60 
 
 Protoxide of iron 2.97 
 
 Alumina -. 1.55 0.32 Analysis of Shep- 
 
 Liine 0.35 0.38 herd mountain 
 
 Magnesia 0.04 0.15 
 
 Manganese 0.00 0.00 
 
 •Copper trace in 5 grms 
 
 Sulphur 0.00 0.021 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.039 0.065 
 
 100.269 100.866 
 
 The above analyses correspond to : — 
 
 Metallic iron 64.31 59.22 
 
 Phosphorus 0.017 0.027 
 
 No. 27 was taken from Lewis mountain near Arcadia. The excess over 
 100 is due largely to the presence of iron protoxide which was not de- 
 termined. 
 
 A specimen of ore collected by Prof. Pumpelly from Buford 
 
 mountain gives the following results : — 
 
 (28) 
 
 Insoluble matter , 8.54 
 
 Peroxide of iron 68.30 Analysis of Bu- 
 
 Peroxide of manganese 19.46 fordmonntain 
 
 ■Sulplmr 0.011 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.102 
 
 96.415 
 
 This ore bears, in places, distinct traces of stratification. 
 The ore of Buforil mountain is limited in quantity, is soft, 
 inclined to earthy and is dull in color. The deficiency in the 
 total of the analysis is probably due to lime and carbonic acid 
 which is not determined. 
 
 From the analyses given it will be seen that the porphyry iron 
 ores are, as a rule, very rich in iron, low in phosphoric acid and 
 sulphur and other deleterious elements, while the high percentages 
 of metallic iron show the low percentages of inert siliceous or The porphyry 
 
 i ° iron ores are 
 
 .aluminous matter. The ores are available for the highest metal- J "semer, as 
 lurgical uses< and are widely sought for by manufacturers of 
 
50 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Bessemer steel. Even with the dull iron markets of to-day, 
 there is a ready sale for the ores of Iron mountain and the same 
 could be said of Pilot Knob while it was a producer. 
 
 The desirable qualities of these ores have caused extensive 
 
 prospecting on the surface and it is with regret that it is here 
 
 recorded that this prospecting has thus far been without success. 
 
 surface prospect- The localities which apparently promised well in 1872 have been 
 
 to reveal other tried and found wanting. None of them have realized the hopes 
 
 deposits. ° 
 
 of the prospectors. It is to be hoped, however, that the 
 methods of prospecting with a diamond drill may yet reveal 
 deposits of these valuable ores, now hidden from the eye which 
 seeks for them on the surface alone. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE IRON ORES. 
 
 Mode of Accumulation. Igneous rocks often occur injected as 
 dikes of various sizes in more recent rocks. Many have sug- 
 ithas been sag- g este d that metalliferous veins were formed in the same manner. 
 yefnfareOTup " Ro S ers > > n his report on the Geology of New Jersey, 1836 to 
 1840, held that the bodies of magnetic iron so abundant in the 
 Archaean gneisses of New Jersey were thus formed. In the 
 white limestone of the same State are "extensive deposits of zinc 
 oxides and silicates. Eogers held that these also were injected 
 igneous dikes and cited the well-known facts that the limestones 
 were whiter and more crystalline in the vicinity of these dikes, 
 and that the heat from these dikes was the cause of this change. 
 This view, however, never obtained wide acceptance, but, even 
 had this been the case, there are facts that would prevent its 
 adoption to explain the veins of iron found in the porphyry 
 rocks of Missouri. Iron oxide is only fusible at a very high 
 temperature. Even at a comparatively low temperature oxide 
 of iron, when brought into contact with silica or silicates, tends 
 to unite with them and form a different compound. This has 
 evidently not been the case in this region, for the line of con- 
 tact between the porphyry rock and the veins, which intersect it 
 is very sharp even in the smallest veins. It will thus be seen 
 that this iron could not have been injected in a molten state. 
 In many volcanic rocks fissures are often filled by metalliferous 
 and other minerals which have been volatilized by the heat of 
 
THE SPECULAR IKON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 51 
 
 the molten rock. Such veins are usually mixtures of many 
 minerals, very few being filled exclusively with ore. Experi- 
 
 , ii, They cannot be 
 
 ence has also taught us that such veins are limited in size, veins of distuia- 
 
 • £T1 • • ti011 ' 
 
 Veins rilled in this way would also be apt to reach very great, 
 depths undiminished in size. Though the veins of ore are lim- 
 ited to a very small area of the porphyry rocks, there is 
 no good reason why, if they are veins of distillation, they should 
 not be found co-extensive with the porphyry. Further, a strong 
 argument against the origin of these veins by distillation is the 
 presence of quartz crystals inclosing scales of hematite and 
 also having numerous cavities filled with a liquid. 
 
 The thought that these veins may have been sedimentary 
 deposits and cotemporaneous with the rocks which inclose them Nor of sedlmeil . 
 may be dismissed without consideration. The great irregulari- [n^most'pait. 1 
 ties of the veins both as to size and distribution, even if there 
 were no question as to the origin of the enclosing rock would 
 exclude this explanation. 
 
 Veins of segregation do not usually have as sharp an outline 
 as do the veins of these porphyries. They are also very regular Segregation does 
 iu shape as a general thing. As found in stratified rocks, they "ondiUon8. the 
 usually follow the lines of stratification. If the rocks are jointed 
 the veins are usually largest at the intersection of the joint 
 planes, from which intersection they reach out along the planes 
 of diminished size, The conclusion arrived at from the study of 
 the veins in the porphyries is that they are veins of infiltration. 
 Infiltration and segregation are not very far apart. In segre- 
 gated veins, however, there is no necessity for supposing that 
 there is an initial crevice or fissure. Some cause or other may 
 determine a flow of percolating waters to a certain part of the 
 rock, and when the waters become sufficiently saturated replace- 
 ment and precipitation take place. When once this action he- 
 gins it does not cease until the waters are wholly free from the 
 mineral in question. In the case of infiltration, an existing 
 crevice or fissure in the rock is presupposed. Along this crevice 
 
 r r l ° Infiltration the 
 
 waters charged with mineral in solution are carried, and by pre- most probable 
 
 » i explanation. 
 
 cipitation the crevice is gradually filled. The bounding rock 
 walls in this case are not usually impregnated with the mineral. 
 This rarely takes place even if the circulating waters find their 
 
rocfcB. 
 
 52 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 way to the crevice through the country rock. Veins of infiltra- 
 tion probably differ more from those of segregation in their 
 appearance after they are formed than they do in the manner of 
 their formation. The same may be said of impregnated veins. 
 In all cases the work is done by waters of varying degrees of 
 temperature and purity. 
 
 Water, under certain circumstances, is one of the most power- 
 ful solvents known. Let us see what conditions would be neces- 
 sary in order that the iron of the porphyry district might be put 
 into solution and finally precipitated in the crevices of the 
 porphyry rocks. Rocks, however dense, are to some extent 
 permeable by water. The finer grained the rock the farther, by 
 capillary action alone, would the water penetrate. The fact of 
 solvent water oir- the permeability of rocks by water may be easily demonstrated 
 greater or less by taking a piece of sandstone and heating it below red heat for 
 the densest ng a long time. This will drive out the last trace of hygroscopic 
 water. If then the sandstone be weighed, then immersed in 
 water, brought out and dried, then weighed again, it will be found 
 that it has increased noticeably in weight. This increase is due 
 entirely to absorbed water. In many eases five to twenty-five 
 per cent, of water will thus be absorbed. In the case of milky 
 white marbles, immer.-ion in water will make them translucent 
 and they will also increase in weight. In addition to the force 
 of capillary attraction, in large rock masses, hydrostatic press- 
 ure will tend not only to force water into minute fissures, but 
 into the body of the rock itself. If, in. addition to capillary at- 
 traction and hydrostatic pressure, the rock be of different tem- 
 perature in different places, and this will certainly be the case, a 
 difference in density of the water as the result of difference in 
 temperature, will also induce a circulation of the water in the 
 rock. Difference in density due to matter held in solution will 
 also tend to the same end. So in addition to the increase of ab- 
 sorption one must consider the fact that this absorbed water is in 
 a state of perpetual motion as well. 
 
 The temperature of the water will depend upon the tempera- 
 ture of the air, the temperature of the rocks themselves, and 
 also upon the amount of chemical activity in the rock mass as a 
 , whole. It is a well known fact that heated water has a much 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 53 
 
 more powerful solvent action than it has when cold. Even pure 
 water when heated to a moderately high temperature attacks 
 
 . ... , T i ' Solvent power of 
 
 almost all known substances. It may well be imagined then waters is in- 
 
 ^ o creased by heat 
 
 thatMf no dissolved substance were present in the rock water, as and absorbed 
 
 1 ' gases. 
 
 absorbed water is called, it would exert a very powerful action 
 on rocks and minerals which contained it. Water, however, is 
 very seldom pure. While on the surface of the ground, or even 
 in the air in the form of vapor, it absorbs gases from the air 
 such as carbonic acid, ammonia, etc., and from the soil it would 
 take various alkaline substances and organic acids. These alone, 
 without an increase of temperature, would enable the water to 
 act powerfully on rocks and minerals, but, with the addition of 
 a very small amount of heat, the action is greatly increased in 
 power. The decomposition of iron bearing minerals will then 
 take place and the iron will be carried off in solution. 
 
 As to the formation of crevices in the rocks many causes may 
 contribute to this end. The changing of anhydrous minerals to 
 a hydrated state will swell the rocks and a consequent cracking 
 and Assuring will take place. Along these fissures the water 
 will find its way, constantly enlarging them. Side by side with 
 this destructive action is going on what may be called a recon- 
 structive action. The rock water circulating through the mass Though the oirou- 
 
 O ""' "O 
 
 lating waters act 
 
 and along the veins and fissures, is continually reaching the point destructively 
 
 ■ o J ° r they simply 
 
 of saturation, the'point where deposition must take place when- "romiinTtaWe 118 
 ever a favorable opportunity occurs. Oxidation on coming into form"! 6 ?tBble 
 a cavity or fissure, or a change of temperature, due to the same 
 cause, will often determine this. Then the- mineral which is 
 the most readily precipitated, and this is usually the one which 
 is the most difficultly soluble, will be precipitated at once. Thus 
 a vein may be filled with one mineral to the almost utter exclu- 
 sion of another. For, as it is true that different minerals do not 
 pass into solution with equal readiness, it is also true that the}' 
 are not precipitated at the same moment, since a cause that 
 might be sufficient to precipitate one mineral might not be equal 
 to cause the precipitation of another. It thus happens often- 
 times that in a vein several minerals may be precipitated and 
 each one will be sharply separated from the other. , 
 
 We have thus far confined our attention to rocks in general 
 
54 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 although we have had more especially in mind the formation of 
 
 veins in massive rocks. Let us see how percolating' chalybeate 
 
 waters would operate in stratified or sedimentary rocks. An 
 
 example can be taken more readily from rocks which are more 
 
 widely distributed in the limestone and sandstone of the State, 
 
 Let us suppose a section somewhat as follows: — 
 
 Feet, 
 
 1. Sandstone 4 
 
 2. Limestone, gritty, passing into 3. , 4 
 
 3. Limestone, pure 6 
 
 ' 4. Sandstone 1 
 
 5. Limestone with calcareous shale 2 
 
 6. Sandstone, massive '. ..' 20 
 
 In stratum 1 percolating waters would have no effect. Stratum 
 
 Solventwaters se- * ° 
 
 lect the less re- 2 would have its lime entirely removed. If the percolating water 
 
 fractory rocks, J i o 
 
 part6 e r P emoved e carried iron, the lime might be replaced by this mineral. - Stratum 
 t ' yiT0U ' mi^ consisting of pure limestone, might similarly be entirely 
 removed and entirely replaced by iron ore. Stratum 4 would be 
 untouched. No. 5 would have the calcareous matter removed 
 and replaced by iron while the shale would be untouched. No. 6 
 would also be untouched. In other words, the entire soluble 
 constituents of the rock might be removed and replaced by oxide 
 of iron precipitated from the solvent water. This section, thus 
 acted upon, would become as follows: — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1. Hanging wall of sandstone.. 4 
 
 2. Siliceous lean ore 4 
 
 3. Solid bed of good ore 6 
 
 4. Siliceous rock band 1 
 
 a. Bands of alternating rich ore with lean slaty ore. 2 
 
 <>. Footwall of sandstone 20 
 
 While this description is not taken from an actual occurrence 
 it will illustrate exactly what may occur when circulating waters 
 act on stratified rocks. 1 As in the case of the massive rocks 
 these waters remove the more soluble portions of the rock. If 
 the rock is wholly soluble a bed of rich iron ore is left and lean 
 
 1 An actual occurrence under conditions very similar to the one described 
 above is given by Prof. J. P. Lesley, Vol. I, Summary, Final Report, Geo. Sur. 
 Penn. 1892, p. 354. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 55 
 
 beds, or beds of rock are left, according to the solubility of the 
 stratum. There has been occasion to refer to this more definitely 
 when describing the bedded deposits of conglomerate and of T movriand°e- re " 
 specular ore on Pilot Knob. It can further be imagined that, for gi'sinSr °ptf". 
 many reasons, removal of any rock stratum by solution might 
 cease abruptly, and the deposition of iron cease as suddenly also. 
 We would then have a case which often occurs in actual mining 
 operations of an ore body suddenly " heading out; " or the ore 
 body may gradually grow lean by imperfect solution and replace- 
 ment until it reached a point where it is no longer profitable to 
 work the deposit. In this case, as the miners express it, the ore 
 " leans out." 
 
 Of the two kinds of deposits mentioned above, the vein and 
 bedded deposits, veins are, with rare exceptions, much more 
 unsatisfactory to the miner then are beds, whether the latter 
 were deposited contemporaneously with the rocks or were 
 secondary in origin as described above. Veins more often vary 
 from lean to rich or they "pinch" and "swell" in a very 
 inconvenient manner. Even the largest often break up suddenly 
 into " strings" (thin veins which lead off from the main body), 
 or even disappear altogether. 
 
 In connection with the consideration of the veins found in the 
 porphyry rocks it is interesting, not to say profitable, to 
 inquire into the immediate source of the iron ore which fills 
 them. As has been before mentioned both the granites and 
 porphyries of this region contain a large per cent, of iron in the 
 form of crystalline scales of hematite and grains of magnetite. 
 Although, when we think of the enormous masses of solid iron 
 ore in the veins and conglomerate beds of Iron mountain and 
 other places, the amount of iron disseminated in the rocks seems 
 insignificant and wholly inadequate to supply these great deposits, 
 yet we must remember the proportion which the enormous 
 masses of porphyry bear to the bodies of iron ore. The 
 masses of porphyry which are now comparatively fresh have not, The source 0l the 
 of course, been robbed of their iron to fill these veins ; but, if £as probably 1 " 8 
 we take the fresh porphyry as a fair index of that which has larVa through 
 long since been decomposed and carried away, we may obtain P hy™ a now're 0r 
 some basis, however slight, to which our thoughts may turn, nuding agents. 
 
56 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 We can picture to ourselves the great hills and mountains of 
 porphyry which must have existed before atmospheric agencies 
 began the work of destruction, and, having done this the 
 disparity between the source of the vein matter and the size of 
 the veins will not seem so great. The residuary masses of clay 
 from the decomposed porphyry is still very great, but this can 
 be only a small fraction of what has been. Prof. Pumpelly 1 
 speaks of this as follows : "Both the Archaean crystalline rocks 
 and the Cambrian strata have undergone immense changes in 
 volume and in other respects, under this long continued 
 influence" (atmospheric agency). "The gradual removal of 
 Residuary occur- the soluble constituents has left important residuary deposits of 
 fronores,et?f' such substances as were insoluble. The more conspicuous 
 shrinkage S fn a instances of this kind among the pre-Cainbrian rocks are residu- 
 ary occurrences of iron ore. The constituents of the granitic 
 and porphyry rocks offered a far greater resistance to the action 
 of this process of removal that those of the limestone strata. 
 Still the amount of disintegration and of full decomposition has 
 been very great in these older formations, although it would not 
 be easy to say what proportion of this has taken place since the 
 deposition of the Cambrian limestones. The granites and 
 porphyries had undergone an enormous erosion before the lime- 
 stones were formed ; an amount at least several times as great as 
 that they have suffered since that remote time." 
 
 It will be seen that Prof. Pumpelly believed in a period of 
 
 great erosion before the rocks were covered by the sediments of 
 
 the Cambrian seas. In porphyry outcrops, sheltered from 
 
 corrasion by rains, the rock mass is often decomposed to depths 
 
 circulating waters of fi % feet or even more - Through this decomposed rock 
 
 ganic maTter ° r " waters charged with organic matter are constantly percolating and 
 
 ciaysof their this re-appears in the form of springs at a lower level. The 
 
 reddish slime which the spring deposits on exposure to the air 
 
 shows the nature of its work. We can imagine that the water 
 
 emerging in the form of a spring is not the total amount that 
 
 has percolated through the clay debris. Part of it finds its way 
 
 into the rocks below and coming into contact with limestone 
 
 -'a 
 
 1 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part I, p. 9. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 57 
 
 drops its burden of iron and takes the limestone instead. In a 
 
 similar manner, in the long ages before Cambrian times, we can 
 
 imagine that these great ore veins were filled ; but in this case 
 
 the rock removed by solution would be the porphyry itself. 1 
 
 Topographic Changes Involved. We find, in our study of the 
 
 large veins, that they are imbedded in a more or less decomposed 
 
 porphyry. We also know that these veins have at one time 
 
 stood much higher than at present and that they were supported is not^neume 
 u i i ™i ■ •,, , • , . . , to-day as In 
 
 by porphyry rocks. Inere will be no obiectron to admitti tig that former geoiog- 
 
 J , . J J J & ical times. 
 
 such veins are secondary in origin, that is that they are younger 
 than the rocks in which they are found. Let us, starting from 
 this point, try to picture their history. 
 
 In the first place, whatever the origin of the porphyries, it is 
 allowable to imagine the porphyry region to have been in p re- 
 Cambrian times, mountainous, or at least hilly. Th^ese hills and 
 valleys must have had cracks or fissures in the rocks us we find 
 them to-day. Naturally, erosion or weathering and denuding 
 agencies would begin at the highest points. The products of 
 disintegration would wash from the higher to the lower points. 
 Iron dissolved from the decomposed rocks would, by means of Erosion naturally 
 percolating waters, find its way to the fissures in the unweathered nignestpomt 
 
 . ""j . _ . , . ... and would be 
 
 rocks at a lower point. In these fissures it would be precipitated, more rapid 
 
 . • i n i there than in 
 
 either chemically by coming into contact with alkaline or other the valleys. 
 reagents, or would, by slow absorption of oxygen, be made insolu- 
 ble. This, in time, would fill the crevices and fissures in the 
 lower rocks with a substance much less susceptible to weathering 
 influences. The rock mass, thus cemented, would, as a whole, 
 also'tend to resist weathering more effectually than the rock not 
 thus protected. Iron deposits filling fissures would not be 
 formed at the highest points since solution would tend to carry 
 it either deeper into the hills or into the valleys below. The 
 result of this would inevitably be that the erosive agencies 
 would be much more effective on the elevated portions of the 
 
 1 See the iron ores of the Marquette District of Michigan. Amer. Journal 
 of Science III, Vol. XLIII, pp. 116-132, by Prof. C. R. Van Ilise, for a history 
 of solution and redeposition. Also Origin of the Ferruginous Schists and 
 Iron Ores of the Lake Superior Eegion. By R, D. Irving, same journal, III, 
 XXXII, pp. 255-272. 
 
58 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 This wouia result country than were the lower 
 
 Id the hills and J 
 
 valleys chang- 
 
 ing places. 
 
 This process 
 operates in 
 greatly folded 
 regions. 
 
 Gradually the hills would tend to 
 reach the valley level ; the valley country being protected by 
 iron dikes and veins, would resist such erosion. The final result 
 would be that, in many cases, the hills would be changed to 
 valleys, and the valleys to hills. 
 
 This process takes place in countries where the rocks are 
 forced into synclines and anticlines,, or A-shaped hills and V- 
 shaped valleys. In this case the rocks would be more broken at 
 the crests of the anticlines, or A-shaped hills, than in the synclinal 
 valleys. Instances of this will be found in almost any work on 
 geology. The broken rocks of the anticline present more 
 surface to weathering, and these go to pieces more readily. 
 The principle is the same in either case, i. e., varying degrees of 
 susceptibility to denuding agencies. 
 
 The two following Figs., 25 and 26, show the relative positions 
 of the hills and valleys in the extreme phases of weathering as 
 described above. 
 
 Fig. 2ft. Profile of Arrhasan topography prior to erosion. 
 
 FIG. 26. Profile of Archiean topography after erosion. 
 
 In Fig. 25 wc will suppose the Archsejin landscape to be as 
 depicted, the arrows show the course of percolating waters, and 
 b. b., the location of large fissures and veins which are being 
 filled with iron. Fig. 26 shows the other extreme, where the 
 hills have given place to valleys and vice versa, the dotted lines 
 indicating the positions of the former hills. 
 
 If now we carry this process farther we can picture the history 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY KEGION. 59 
 
 of any one of these hills, such, for instance, as Iron mountain. 
 
 Fig. 27 shows such an iso- 
 lated hill. In this case c, c, 
 will represent the larger veins 
 and d, d, the smaller, com- 
 mercially unimportant, veins. 
 Fig. 28 shows the same hill 
 
 Fig. 27. Ideal section of; Iron mountain be- 
 fore erosion exposed the veins. 
 
 Fig. 28. The same showingthe beginning of the 
 formation of boulder ore. 
 
 when the process of denuda- 
 tion has proceeded to such an 
 
 The veins give 
 
 extent that the more suscep- rise to boulder 
 
 1 deposits, later 
 tible rock supports have buried beneath 
 cr Cambrian rocks. 
 
 weathered away. The result 
 of this is that the veins break 
 
 Fig. 29. The same after boulder ore is buried up into fragments, e, e, and 
 under Cambrian strata. 1 ° 
 
 lie more or less thickly scat- 
 tered in the clay or are gathered into beds of conglomerate, f, f . 
 We will suppose this process to be carried well on towards Cam- 
 brian time. Fig. 29 shows the point where the earth crust move- 
 ment has lowered the porphyry and its ore veins and fragments 
 below the Cambrian waters. The result has been the covering 
 of the iron boulders beneath the mantle of Cambrian rocks. 
 This is as far as we need to pursue this particular phase of the 
 subject. 
 
 In the single example cited not every possible condition can be 
 reviewed, but there are points which it may be well to give 
 further consideration. "We can not imagine that the porphyry 
 hills of the Archaean age were of uniform height, nor that the 
 valleys reached to a uniform depth. There may have been, and 
 probably were, iron deposits high up on the slopes of hills, or in fJaso/iginaiiy 
 valleys high above the general level, but yet low enough to be higher altitudes. 
 the centers of large drainage areas. These rocks, having their 
 cracks and fissures filled and cemented with iron to a great depth, 
 would naturally present a greater resistance to erosion than the 
 rocks free from veins, as in the case already considered. The 
 future of such deposits would, in the. end, vary from that now 
 represented at Iron mountain. As the enclosing aud surround- 
 ing rocks were worn away, the ore veins would, as in the case of 
 Iron mountain, be attacked and comglomerate beds would be 
 
60 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 formed on the secondary slopes and valleys. By continual 
 erosion these beds of conglomerate would be moved^farther and 
 farther down the slopes and valleys. Carrying this process to its 
 legitimate conclusion we can imagine that, in the end, the veins 
 which had so long protected the hill would at length be almost 
 wholly destroyed or at most only truces of them would be left. 
 The diminishing veins would furnish less material for conglom- 
 erate deposits and the former material would be carried away 
 faster than the new material could be supplied. The end of such 
 a process, as we see it at the present time, would be mountains 
 
 Of such deposits r ... ~ 
 
 less would be oi- hills with veins of varying size, the remnants of once greater 
 
 expected to re- k o o 
 
 main to-day. deposits. The slopes of the hill would be covered by only 
 scattering fragments or isolated boulders from a once more 
 extensive deposit. Localities such as Shepherd and Clark 
 mountains and Cedar hills are examples in point. It can not be 
 positively asserted that such has been the history of their de- 
 posits, but it is probable that such has been. 
 
 The points which we have thus far discussed are as follows: 
 
 First, the effects of erosion in changing hills to valleys and 
 
 valleys to hills; second, the effect of erosion in a valley of 
 
 moderate elevation in developing a mountain like Iron mountain ; 
 
 ^y^tend^'to'^he^' 1 " 1 '' * ne <i ^ ec ^ °^ erosion in producing from the iron cemented 
 
 ofvefn r !epoBttB. roc ^ °^ a valley of greater elevation, mountains like Shepherd 
 and Clark mountains and Cedar hill. In the cases above con- 
 sidered erosion has, owing to greater original elevation, almost 
 entirely removed the original iron deposits in Shepherd and 
 Clark mountains and Cedar hill, while Iron mountain, being 
 at a less elevation, its deposit was only partly disturbed. • 
 
 There is a third case which may with profit be considered. In 
 the first two cases, we presuppose an accumulation of ore in fis- 
 sures of rocks made under more or less elevated valleys. Let us 
 now suppose a case where deposition took place stilt lower in an 
 original valley than in either of the above cases. Here, before 
 
 Vein deposits may ° ^ ' 
 
 jaye been buried erosion had proceeded far enough to raise the hill prominently 
 
 by Cambrian / £ ° , i J 
 
 sediments. an( j £ cause denuding action to naturally affect the vein de- 
 posits, we can imagine the depression of the earth's crust to 
 have gone on to such an extent that the waters of the Cambrian 
 seas began the work of covering the land with its sediments, thus 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 61 
 
 ending the period of subserial accumulation. In a case of this 
 kind, even if the deposit of iron iu the rocks be very extensive, 
 no sign of its presence would be found on the surface. 
 
 Formation of the Pilot Knob Beds. In regard to the origin 
 of this' somewhat unique ore formation of the Pilot Knob, the 
 opinion has been expressed that it is sedimentary. 1 It is hardly 
 fair to let this statement pass unqualified. Prof. E. Haworth, 
 who has had charge of the study of crystalline rocks, has shown 
 that many of the porphyry rocks are eruptive, and that the gangue 
 matter of the conglomerates and many of the massive rocks are 
 devitrified volcanicglasses. The conglomerate pebbles or breccia The cong i omer . 
 fragments, he points out, are also devitrified glasses, and these o^pfiofKnob 01 * 8 
 fragments he further shows are themselves made up of breccia- gfasseZ Urifled 
 ted fragments. From these facts he infers that the hitherto 
 supposed sedimentary beds of Pilot Knob are, in reality, but 
 pseudo-beds caused by the flowing of viscid lavas. His explana- 
 tion of the conglomeratic structure is that, as the lavas flowed 
 down the sides of the mountain, they became cooled on the sur- 
 face. The more liquid lavas underneath still continued to move, 
 however, the congealed crust under this strain broke up into 
 fragments and these fragments were engulfed in the molten 
 mass beneath. Or, successive flows over the former brecciated 
 crust of a still older flow engulfed these fragments thus forming The breccias were 
 
 o o » caused by cool- 
 
 apparent beds of breccia. The unsolidified lava beneath growing {."f^g '£** by 
 more and more viscid, gradually drew out into finer and finer |o"vs. B81ve 
 bands until no longer able to move. Subsequently, percolating 
 waters removed the more soluble portions of the lava and re- 
 placed them by iron. 2 
 
 There seem to be very grave difficulties in the way of this 
 explanation. To satisfy the above conditions, there must have 
 been a volcanic peak much higher than Pilot Knob. This peak 
 must have been to the north or west of Pilot Knob, since the Thereare serions 
 flow is towards the south. In this case, the whole, or at least the 8 aboT° 8 tj ° 
 the greater part of the cone or peak, consisting of harder rock, theories - 
 
 1 Prof. R. Pumpelly, Eeport Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, p. 26. 
 
 2 For a fuller statement aee Bulletin No. 5, Geological Survey of Missouri, 
 1891. The Age and Origin of the Crystalline Rocks of Missouri, by Erasmus 
 Haworth. 
 
62 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Breccia ted frag- 
 ments are as 
 angular at the 
 center of the 
 bed as on the 
 surface. 
 
 has disappeared, while the more easily destructible volcanic 
 cinders and broken lava forming a part of the slope of the 
 mountain have entirely disappeared. It would also be supposed 
 that, the coarse and fine breccia would be indiscriminately 
 mingled throughout the whole mass of the conglomerate if it 
 were a lava breccia, whereas actually the coarser conglomerates 
 are at the summit of the Knob, and the breccia with fragments 
 still remaining just as distinct and even more numerous, is much 
 finer and the slaty structure is correspondingly fine at the bottom 
 near the ore body. This fine conglomerate, all the while sharply 
 brecciated, gradually passes into an aphanitic slate. In the 
 case of a brecciated formation, such as Prof. Haworth describes, 
 one would expect that, on the surface where the cooling was 
 comparatively perfect, the angles of the fragments would be 
 very sharp, and that this angularity, as the temperature of lava 
 increased towards the center, would diminish and the fragments 
 present a drawn appearance. The reverse of this is decidedly 
 the case. The angularity is retained until the last trace of the 
 breccia has disappeared. Also, in the slaty rocks, there ought 
 to be a trace of the knots aud even of the porphyritic crystals. 
 The slates, however, present no such appearance, and split in the 
 even smooth planes of the typical argillite. 
 
 The jointed structure in the conglomerates has already been 
 referred to. If it be allowed that the beds of Pilot Knob are 
 
 No objection to 
 
 considering the f sedimentary origin there is nothing incompatible in the idea 
 
 ernp V tive 1 rock an *' :iat ^ e mat erial of such sediments was originally of eruptive 
 
 origin. The replacement of the sediments by iron ore is, to 
 
 say the least, as easily accomplished as in the case of eruptive 
 
 rocks. 
 
 If the Pilot Knob ore is of sedimentary origin, the questions 
 arise, are there no other deposits of similar origin, and why are 
 not others to be seen? 
 
 The answers to these apparently simple questions are exceed- 
 ingly complex. To answer them recourse must be had to a con- 
 sideration of the conditions under which the ores were probably 
 formed. Calling to mind the conceptions of the pre-Cambrian 
 topography described under the discussion of the origin of the 
 ore deposits of Iron mountain and others similar to them, we 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 63 
 
 conceived that the porphyry region in those times must have other sedmien- 
 been a diversified landscape of hills and valleys of varying |?miiar P to 8 pnot 
 altitudes. We can further imagine that many of these valleys awy exited if 
 may have been lake basins or they even may have been open to the now. 
 inroads of the Archaean seas. These lakes were fed, as lakes are 
 now, by streams bearing sediments and minerals in solution, and 
 also streams must have entered the seas. We may even imagine 
 that the porpyhry region represented the higher portions of the 
 Archaean continent and that from a perhaps distant sea coast 
 arms of water extended into the -region of the porphyry hills. 
 The inevitable consequences of such waters must have been the 
 formation of sedimentary beds and these beds would of necessity 
 be composed principally of porphyry and granite detritus. If 
 limestone formed at all it must have been sparingly formed in 
 the long estuaries where the water was comparatively shallow 
 and in the long lapse of time the greater part of it would be 
 destroyed, unless step by step with its destruction and removal 
 some more refractory substance took its place. In this case the 
 limestone itself would not have been preserved, simply its place 
 and form would be reproduced. 
 
 As in the case of Iron mountain, let us try to picture the 
 history of Pilot Knob. The following cuts will show the suc- 
 cessive steps through which it is not at all difficult to imagine 
 that Pilot Knob may have passed. 
 
 In Fig. '60 we have the first steps of degradation. Sedimentary 
 ore is forming beneath the waters at 4, and, higher up, at 7, a 
 lake has arranged the detritus brought down from the hills sur- 
 rounding it. Veins have also been filled at 2. With a movement 
 of continental elevation going on the period of deposition will 
 gradually grow less and less until, finally, deposition will cease 
 at 4. When 4 is at length raised above the construction iron bearing 
 
 »•""" •*- a rooks of the va 1- 
 
 period the work of destruction will begin. The valleys grow jf/^^f^o 
 deeper and deeper while the former valleys filled with stratified nllIs - 
 sediments, as at 6 and 7, and with iron veins at 2, protected in 
 some cases by included deposits of iron, will, by the degrada- 
 tion of the surrounding rocks, rise gradually higher 'above the 
 new level. With the destructive action the more soluble strata 
 in 4 will be etched away and iron will replace them. 
 
64 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Fig. 31. The same after deposition of iron ores and after 
 erosion. 
 
 The next stage will be that of Fig. 31, where the now hardened 
 sediments at 4 will resist erosion and the former water bed will 
 
 itself be lifted dp as 
 a hill brought into 
 relief by erosion of 
 the surrounding por- 
 phyry. 
 
 Fig. 32 represents 
 a period when the 
 former lake bed, at 
 7, has been entirely 
 swept away. Dur- 
 ing this period the 
 stratified deposit, at 
 1, has been under- 
 mined and the de- 
 tritus has been scat- 
 
 Fig. 32. The same showing growth of boulder ore beds. tered aloilg the slope 
 
 of the hill or rolled down 
 to the valley below. 
 
 Fig. 33 shows the entire 
 series covered by a mantle 
 of Cambrian rocks. This 
 period, of course, repre- 
 sents a time when ero- 
 sion has ceased, a period 
 when the sinking of the 
 Archaean continent gave 
 lull sway to the Cambrian 
 
 FIG. 34. Same as exhibited to-day. seas. 
 
 Fig. 34, the last one in the series, represents a period of time 
 which, practically extends to the present. Here, by the elevation 
 of a continental area, the work of the Cambrian seas is being un- 
 done. The more easily eroded sedimentary rocks are being swept 
 away more rapidly than the more refractory porphyry, and grad- 
 ually, with the sweeping away of these rocks we are looking 
 upon an Archaean landscape preserved, almost unaltered since 
 the beginning of the Cambrian age. 
 
 Fig. 33. Ideal section of Pilot Knob covered by 
 Cambrian limestone. 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 6 
 
 Limitations of Theory Advanced. It is by no means 
 presumed that the outlines of the possible, not to say 
 probable, geological history or earth sculpture in the Archasan The foregoing 
 
 ■ j £ !i • i . . . theory is prob- 
 
 period or the porphyry region is accurate in detail. In abiytruein 
 fact few details are given. It is safe to say that no period of: 
 history can be exactly reproduced ages after it has been enacted. 
 There are innumerable departures or exceptions possible, which 
 is equivalent to saying that there are many causes that will con- 
 tribute to the same end. From our general knowledge of 
 geological forces as we see them operating to-day, there can be 
 little doubt but that the main features outlined above are possible 
 not to sa}< probable. We can, then, accept the above history as 
 approximately true, and base our conclusions upon them. 
 
 Bearings of Theory upon Future Developments. We learn 
 from the prospecting done under the direction of Prof. 
 Potter, at Iron mountain, that there are no other great veins 
 of ore corresponding to the veins exposed at the summit of Pl dilmSnd drills' 
 the mountain. Numerous drill holes have been put down to the m the°o?y Dflrm 
 a depth of over 200 feet. The ground has been carefully STet ' 
 mapped out and the drill holes have been located in such a man- 
 ner that, had large deposits in veins existed, their presence must 
 haVe been shown by the cores. These holes have been put down 
 in the porphyry. Drill holes have been put down with the same 
 care at Pilot Knob and near Shepherd mountain. These also 
 have failed to show the existence of workable veins of ore. 
 
 A shaft put down at Iron mountain. has shown the existence of 
 a large deposit of conglomerate ore under a mantle of Cambrian 
 rocks. This deposit is extensive and valuable but gave no sign 
 of its actual existence on the surface. A series of drill holes B u^aer the oim-- 
 put down, at Pilot Knob, through the Cambrian rocks, has f r r n n JoSnt a a in 
 reached a large deposit of boulder ore similar, in many respects, and Pllot Knob " 
 to that at Iron mountain. Drill holes have intersected veins in 
 the porphyry at Iron mountain and also near Shepherd moun- 
 tain, but these have been of small size and of no commercial 
 value. 
 
 It is a matter of surprise to a thoughtful man that of all the 
 great porphyry area in Missouri, covering an area of be- 
 tween three and four hundred square miles, there are less than 
 
66 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 twelve square miles in which iron ore has been found, while the 
 area in which workable deposits have been found could easily be 
 limited to much less. This is contrary to experience generally. 
 In the range of mountains reaching from central Pennsylvania 
 M posit8 er eneraU through northern New Jersey and southwestern New York there 
 with'th^rocks are l ar g e deposits of magnetic iron ore. These deposits are dis- 
 occrir! ch they tributed throughout the entire length of the major axis of this 
 range. In New Jersey alone there have been at least 325 open- 
 ings made in an area covering less than 700 square miles. There 
 were, in 1890, 32 of these in active operation. The area in New 
 York State is much less and there are proportionally fewer 
 mines, but there are, nevertheless, many known deposits. The 
 same may be said of Pennsylvania. It will only be sufficient to 
 mention the Lake Superior region to recall that the same is true 
 there also. This persistent association of a given mineral with 
 a certain rock is by no means confined to iron ores, but is true of 
 mineral deposits generally. It is all the more surprising, there- 
 fore, to find such an exception in the i*egion of the porphyry rocks 
 of Missouri. In the light of the facts given in regard to the de- 
 posits at Iron mountain, Pilot Knob aud other minor deposits, it 
 may be well to inquire if there is no reasonable way of account- 
 ing for this apparently striking exception than simply to say that 
 there are no other deposits than the ones mentioned above. The 
 specular ores in this region are all of undoubted secondary origin. 
 Even the bedded deposits must have been secondary to the vein 
 deposits if contemporaneous with the beds of rock. If .the outline 
 Th Beemio$e y !m ea of the history of the origin of the porphyry ores as given is at all 
 excep kii s.^ accorc ^ w j tQ fae actual history, there is no good reason for 
 supposing that the deposits already known are the only ones 
 which may exist. If, in Fig. 34, the porphyry hill at 3, 
 capped as it is by sedimentary rocks and ores, had been eroded 
 to the point of the entire destruction of these beds, wecan very 
 easily imagine them to have been reduced to a conglomerate form 
 and to have been covered by Cambrian sediments to such a depth 
 that subsequent erosion would fail to expose them. Again, we 
 can imagine that beds may have been formed at a lower level 
 than the original bed referred to, which may never have been 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 67 
 
 disturbed at all. Still farther, as in the case of the assumed 
 
 lake deposit, Fig. 32, we can imagine a case where all traces how deposits of 
 
 of a former deposit of sedimentary rocks had been swept beenionnedand 
 
 ... T^iiAi ',.. , made no surface 
 
 entirely away. If the Archaean topography is in a general way show, 
 as we have pictured it, the conclusions which have been drawn 
 from that assumption must certainly hold. • Still further con- 
 clusions may be drawn; with the wearing down of hills contain- 
 ing iron deposits, the iron ores would have been carried lower 
 and lower and would finally find a resting-place in the lowest 
 valleys. This degradation may have proceeded to such an 
 extent that no trace of the former veins would exist in the hills 
 where once they were. If this holds true, or is even plausible, 
 there is yet a wide field for prospecting in the porphyry region. ' 
 The deposits of conglomerate ores, if they exist, must lie 
 beneath the later sediments of Cambrian age. Already several 
 deposits under the above conditions have been found. These 
 have been, however, closely connected with the great ore 
 deposits which have plainly appeared on the surface. Between 
 nearly all of the porphyry hills there are valleys filled- with 
 Cambrian sediments. These are comparatively limited in extent 
 and are comparatively shallow as to depth. The rocks consist 
 of limestone and sandstone and are almost wholly free from 
 chert. Boring with a diamond drill in these places can thus be 
 done under the most auspicious circumstances. Many of the 
 localities are readily accessible to a railroad or could be con- 
 nected with one at slight expense. 
 
 The difficulty of locating such deposits would be far greater 
 than with any other deposit thus far mentioned. The only re- 
 course would be the diamond drill or shaft sinking. \ 
 
 The validity of the conclusions to be drawn from the above 
 discussion is not likely to be tested soon from a commercial 
 stand-point. The present state of the iron market, the fact of havlconcen^ 
 
 .... nil i ,i trated otherwise 
 
 more accessible iron ore fields, and other apparent reasons pro- unworkable 
 hibit the practical test of such conclusions ; but a close observer 
 cannot fail to note the striking fact that the greatest porphyry ore 
 deposit, Iron mountain, is on a point very much lower thiin the 
 surrounding porphyry hills, and that such erosion as has taken 
 
 ores. 
 
68 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 place has done little more than to concentrate the ores and make 
 them more accessible and cheaply mined. Deposits, of which 
 Shepherd mountain may be taken as a type, are in remnants of 
 hills high above the surrounding country. If we regard the 
 bedded ore deposits of Pilot Knob as of sedimentary origin, and 
 one can hardly doubt but that they are, the underlying contact 
 line of solid porphyry which includes this bed must be taken as 
 the level of a one time valley or depression among porphyry 
 hills. Below the level of this line the level of now existing val- 
 leys must be regarded as the work of erosion. 
 
 Prospecting for deep untouched or unweathered vein deposits, 
 
 therefore, becomes rather unattractive and unpromising. If 
 
 Fragments oi ore they exist they lie more or less deeply buried under Cambrian 
 
 maybe U sSnsof sediments of varying depths. Prospecting for fragmentary ore 
 
 deposits. etrltal made up from weathered surface beds promises much greater 
 
 results. In such cases, in the place of having no exterior 
 
 guides, we have either remnants of veins, such as are exposed 
 
 on Shepherd mountain, or scattered fragments in the clays like 
 
 . those at Clark mountain and on the hill west of Iron mountain. 
 
 As has been pointed out, the destruction of vein deposits gives 
 
 rise to beds of conglomerate and the hematite boulders of the 
 
 conglomerate being more indestructible than the porphyry, will 
 
 move farther and, farther down as erosion progresses. If, for 
 
 instance, pre-Cambrian erosion had gone but little farther, the 
 
 Iron mountain deposits would have been hidden completely from 
 
 sight beneath the rocks which now flank the mountain. The 
 
 most hopeful place then for further prospecting will be beneath 
 
 the limestones and sandstones that flank mountains and hills, upon 
 
 which are already traces, or even more, of specular iron. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 To sum up briefly the salient features of this chapter, the 
 following facts can be stated from the stand-point of the geolo- 
 gist. There is little hope of finding new and large veins of ore 
 in the solid porphyry hills. Diamond drilling has shown that no 
 
THE SPECULAR IRON ORES OF THE PORPHYRY REGION. 69 
 
 other large veins exist in the solid porphyry hills in the vicinity 
 
 of Iron mountain and Pilot Knob. If other deposits exist they Good reasons for 
 
 are beneath the Silurian rocks in the porphyry valleys. It is tai,or even vein. 
 
 *■ L ^ J J deposits may 
 
 quite probable that such deposits exist. Before permanently exist in the 
 abandoning this hitherto rich field of iron ore it is well worth 
 while to spend considerable time and money in testing this ques- 
 tion on the lines laid out above. 
 
70 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 OHAPTEE IV. 
 THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY — MONROE COUNTY — LINCOLN COUNTY — CALLAWAY COUNTY — 
 COOPER COUNTY— SALINE COUNTY — BENTON, HENRY AND ST. CLAIR COUN- 
 TIES — CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The specular iron ores and other ores, subsequently to be 
 
 considered, have, so far as we know, no fixed geological horizon. 
 
 , That is, the iron does not form an integral part of the geologi- 
 
 The red hematites ' ° r ° ° 
 
 a tod SO eoiogii ve ca ^ horizon i n which they are found; but they are essentially 
 cai horizon. secondary in their origin. To this general rule for the iron ores 
 of Missouri the red hematites form, however, a striking ex- 
 ception. They form distinct beds in the Coal Measures and 
 Lower Carboniferous rocks and their age is thus definitely fixed. 
 Unfortunately they seem to be of limited extent and not at all 
 co-extensive with the formations in which they occur. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 In the Coal Measure sandstone in the vicinity of Brownington 
 and Calhoun, in Henry county, red hematites occur as lenticular 
 masses which grade, by easy steps, into the sandstones in which 
 they are found. Here they are usually highly siliceous on account 
 of the grains of sand which are scattered through the ore. These 
 deposits are not of themselves extensive though they are rather 
 numerous. 
 
 In Prof. Broadhead's report on the " Greology of Northwestern 
 Missouri " x he says: " At Laban Parks, one and one-half miles 
 north of Calhoun, the upper series of the Calhoun rooks contains 
 
 1 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872. Part second, p. 23. 
 
THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 71 
 
 a good red hematite in considerable quantities. A vertical section 
 of the rocks here would exhibit : 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 " 2. 
 " 3. 
 
 " 4. 
 
 " 5. 
 
 " 6. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Deposit of porous red hematite, about three feet. Good iron ore. 
 
 Three feet brown ocher concretions. 
 
 Twenty-four feet sandstone, upper portion drab and buff ripple T Hen?y county 
 
 marked; brown towards bottom! 
 Eleven feet bluish drab and shaly sandstone. 
 Dark streak of apparently rotten coal, — No. 5 of Calhoun soc 
 
 tion." 
 
 seem to be lim- 
 ited in extent 
 
 and are siliceous. 
 
 Similar iron ore is said to occur at several other localities in 
 the neighborhood of Calhoun. 
 
 It is thus evident that this deposit occurs in the Coal Measures. 
 Several other localities of a similar nature were visited by the 
 writer and his observations coincided with the above, save that 
 the iron ore generally appeared to be too siliceous to be of much 
 use even if abundant. In case, however, of the deposits being 
 of greater size, the chances would be favorable to greater purity 
 and, hence, commercial value. 
 
 MOKROE COUNTY. 
 
 Although not found in regular beds there are many localities 
 where a beautiful kidney ore is found quite thickly strewn over 
 the surface of the ground, especially when it has been exposed 
 to the action of rains and small streams. Near Paris, in Monroe 
 county, the writer observed numerous boulders of varying size 
 •near the bed of a small stream. Those pieces weighed from a 
 few ounces up to one hundred pounds or more. ■ They appeared 
 to be scattered through a red clayey soil. Very likely these are 
 the remains of a more or less extensive bed consisting of earthy 
 ore and loose lenses or " kidneys " of hard red ore of fine quality. °<?f red hematite 8 
 The small and earthv ore has probably been washed awav leaving probable rem- 
 
 ,, , , , , , . . ., .. , ... , Hants of former 
 
 the harder lumps scattered through the soil. In this locality beds. 
 there is nothing that would warrant the assertion of the existence 
 of workable beds of red hematite, or, in fact, of an}' other kinds 
 of iron ore. Yet in nearly every Coal Measure formation known, 
 there are beds of iron ore of greater or less extent, and workable 
 
72 
 
 IEON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Varieties of ores. 
 
 deposits may yet be found in this locality as well as in other 
 localities of Lower Carboniferous rocks. 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 In Lincoln county, ores similar in nature but rather more 
 promising as to their outcrops, have also been observed. In the 
 Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part II, p. 
 281, Prof. Potter has described these occurrences and his descrip- 
 tion of them is here quoted in full, since no developments have 
 been made since his report was made. 
 
 Prof. Potter says: "Iron ore of excellent quality occurs in 
 Lincoln county to a considerable extent, but the character of the 
 deposits renders it improbable that it can ever be the source of 
 an extended industry. After the completion of the railroads 
 now in process of construction through the county, however, 
 and with the consequent increased facilities of transportation, a 
 large part of this ore may be shipped to neighboring metallur- 
 gical centers, and there command a good price." 
 
 " These ores may be divided into two general classes according 
 to their mode of occurrence. 
 
 •I. Brown, hydrous oxides, occurring in crevices and in irregu- 
 lar cavities in the Upper Trenton limestones. 
 
 II. Compact red hematite in loose masses, scattered over the 
 surface in various parts of the country. 
 
 The ores of class I are limited to T. 50, R. 1 W., as far 
 as observed. On the land known as the Morris tract, several 
 excavations were made a year ago, in one of which a considerable' 
 amount of ore was found. This occurs in a ridge north of Fort 
 Spring Branch, in the receptaculites limestone of the Upper 
 Trenton. A section of the strata at this place is here given." 
 
 "The annexed sketch, which represents a section through the 
 bed, will show truer than a mere description, the character 
 of the deposit. The depth of the cavity is twenty feet, and, 
 at the bottom, a small passage leads off at right angles a dis- 
 tance of five feet. (A) represents the Receptaculites limestonesj 
 and (B), at the surface, a layer of barytes or heavy spar, from 
 one to one and a half feet thick, the upper part in large crystal- 
 
THE RKD HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 73 
 
 line masses with well developed crystals in the cavities, also 
 
 a small amount of galena. 
 The lower part is 
 
 Fig. 35. Section at Morris Iron bank in Lin- 
 coln county. 
 
 charged with oxide 
 which increases in 
 the layer gradually passing 
 into (C), an ochery brown, 
 hydrated peroxide of iron 
 quite compact, containing a 
 little barytes. An analysis of 
 an average sample from this 
 layer afforded Mr. Chauvenet 
 63.12 per cent, of peroxide 
 of iron. The layer is about three and one-half feet thick." 
 
 " Below this occurs five feet of (D) hard and somewhat cellular 
 dark brown peroxide with slightly iridescent surface, and con- 
 taining compact, bright red peroxide intermixed. It contains, 
 by analysis, 79.64 per cent, peroxide of iron and 15.42 per cent, 
 of insoluble matter, mostly silica. As this layer passes grad- 
 ually into (E), a very hard cellular, dark brown and redhematite 
 mixed, containing in some of the cells a thin, ochery deposit. It 
 • extends to the limestone below, and has a thickness of about 
 seven feet, the amount of peroxide of iron reaches as high as 
 84.30 per cent." 
 
 " The greatest diameter of this deposit is about twenty, and 
 its shortest eight feet. Nearly half of this ore has been taken 
 out, and lies heaped up near the opening. For a distance of a 
 mile and a half along this rise three other similar deposits were 
 recognized, by the outcrops of masses of hydrated peroxide, but 
 they are all limited in extent." 
 
 " The ores placed in Class II occur in many parts of the 
 county, but they are most abundant between Big Dry Branch 
 and Lead Creek. The ore is a hard, compact, red hematite, 
 found in pieces, more or less fiat in shape,' from one to three 
 inches thick, and weighing from one pound to one hundred pounds. 
 These frequently lie scattered over the surface in broad, 
 imperfectly defined streams, generally independent of present 
 topography, though a larger amount is often found accumulated 
 
 Iron deposits of 
 Lincoln county 
 highly similar to those 
 , ."- of other Lower 
 
 of iron, Carboniferous 
 localities. 
 
 amount, 
 
74 
 
 IRON ORES. OF MISSOURI. 
 
 in the ravines and beds of streams. In such places the fragments 
 Scattering irag- are generally smaller and more or less completely smoothed, 
 ore. y while, on the ridges, larger pieces occur with well defined edges 
 
 and angles, on the top of the ground or distributed through 
 the soil and gravel down to the limestones, but, in no case in the 
 latter, the underlying limestone is generally the Archimedes 
 though it is frequently the encrinital. There is no direct -connec- 
 tion between the ore and the limestone. Many pits have been 
 sunk where the ore is most thickly scattered ,. and it is found to 
 give out on reaching the limestone. The ore, though in some 
 places rather too siliceous, is generally of excellent quality, as 
 appears in an analysis made by Mr. Chauvenet of an average 
 sample : " — 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter • •• 7.55 
 
 Peroxide of iron 91.95 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 
 
 Phosphorus 0.010 
 
 Metall'c iron 64.36 
 
 Two other samples from different localities afforded: 
 
 No.|. No. 3. 
 
 Insoluble siliceous matter 11.60 4.10 
 
 Peroxide -of iron 86.56 '. 92.32 
 
 Metallic iron 00 59 66.72 
 
 The ore may be 
 worth the 
 trouble of col- 
 lecting and 
 shipping. 
 
 Those fragments 
 derived from 
 other beds. 
 
 " This ore is spread over many square miles of surface, and 
 in varying quantities; at some places a few scattered masses 
 occur and at others the yield would be over one hundred tons to 
 the acre. At some time it may be found profitable to gather this 
 ore and ship it to neighboring iron works, and this could be done 
 at little expense. A large outlay for the utilization of (his 
 material would not be profitable." 
 
 " These fragmentary masses of iron ore seem to have been 
 derived from some higher formations, in which the original beds 
 of iron ore existed. Whether this formation was one of the 
 upper limestones of the Lower Carboniferous series or the 
 Ferruginous sandstones, or of the Coal Measures, it would be 
 
THE KED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 75 
 
 difficult to determine; it was, however, more recent than the 
 Lower Archimedes limestones." 
 
 " This formation, which originally contained the beds of ore, 
 has passed away through the action of erosive agencies, leaving 
 the heavy add more durable ore behind*. From the sharp and 
 well denned outlines of the fragments it is very improbable that 
 this ore could have been transported to any distance." 
 
 This quotation shows very clearly that the writer's opinion is 
 closely in accord with Prof.. Potter's. It is very probable t[iat M ^ e n r afong e the 
 the more rapid erosion along the liue of the Mississippi river has ™moveci' , ttae as 
 "entirely removed the sandstones in which this ore occurred, wE'remain 
 together with the softer parts of the ore bed itself. The reason localities? 
 for the assumption that the original rock was a sandstone of the 
 Coal Measure formation lies in the fact that, in Callaway county, 
 and to a greater or less extent in Cooper, Saline, Henry and 
 St. Clair counties, a precisely similar ore occurs interbedded with 
 a sandstone which lies on the crinoidal limestone. Along the 
 sides of ravines and on the banks of water courses, fragments of 
 hard red ore occur. They are smooth surfaced, but, at the same 
 time, often angular in shape. In many of these hills no sand- 
 stone is found, and here will be found the ore fragments. 
 Wherever the sandstone appears the ore fragments are not 
 found except on the banks of ravines as before mentioned. 
 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 In Callaway county, several test pits have sunk down to and 
 through the ore body. On the farm of Mr. Eaph Dunn, town- 
 ship 46 N., 10 W., Sec. 32, prospecting has covered twenty 
 acres at least. This has been done at various times extending 
 over a period of twenty years. Even on the level near Mr. 
 Dunn's house the deepest shaft was only thirtyrtwo feet. TheTestshaitsonM 
 
 shallowest was eleven feet. Both of these shafts struck the iron show an exten- 
 sive bed hori- 
 ore and passed through it. This ore body was, as reported, zontaiiy. 
 
 seven feet in thickness. These shafts, as well as others, are now 
 
 filled with water and no personal verification could be made ; but 
 
 Mr. Dunn reported that, after going through from five to seven 
 
 feet of clay with chert, they struck a " gravel bed," which, for 
 
76 
 
 IRON OEES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Hematite crops 
 out in three 
 places. 
 
 the last two feet above the iron ore, was so hard that it had to 
 be drilled and blasted. About six hundred feet east of the 
 deepest shaft is a narrow gorge which runs south till it joins a 
 large ravine running east and west. At three places in this 
 ravine the bedded hematite crops out at the surface. On the 
 east side of this gorge (see Fig. 36, a drawing from a photo- 
 
 Fig. 36. Sketch of the Eaph Dunn bank, in Callaway county. From a photograph. 
 
 1 is sandstone with foss$liferous pebbles. , 
 
 2 is the ore body with dark kidney ore and soft red hematite. 
 
 graph), the outcrop is so plain as to leave no doubt as to its 
 relation to the other rocks. As will be seen in the figure, from 
 above down, there is, 1, a loose bed of water worn pebbles which 
 become quite firmly cemented towards its bottom. This gradually 
 merges into, a bed of fine shaly sandstone. This shaly sandstone 
 ore body consists l' es immediately upon, 2, the ore body. The ore body consists of 
 of two parts. ^ wo di s t; mc fc parts, a loose crumbly red ore and, second, distinct 
 lenses of hard, compact red hematite. The lenses of ore vary 
 from five inches to two feet in longest diameter and from three 
 to ten inches in thickness. This lens-shaped or " kidney" ore 
 makes up about one-fourth of the entire bed which is, as nearly 
 as could be measured, about seven feet thick. This bed seems 
 
THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 77 
 
 to be nearly horizontal. Across the ravine, about one hundred 
 feet distant, are two other outcrops of what is probably the same The Bimfts show- 
 kind of ore and they are overlaid by beds of shaly sandstone and interbedded 
 
 with sandstone 
 
 conglomerate. They also are about seven feet thick. These and probably 
 
 ° ' • limestone. 
 
 beds, however, do not lie horizontally but dip towards each other, 
 though a shaft, dug on the hill west of these, shows iron which 
 is reported to lie horizontally. No contact of the iron bed-s with 
 underlying rocks is to be observed here, but in these instances 
 the underlying rock is probably limestone. Limestone certainly 
 shows in the gorge a few feet below the mine openings and thence 
 clear to the bottom of the ravine to the south. The limestone is 
 crinoidal and layers of chert in the limestone are highly fossil- 
 iferous. The conglomerate, which overlies the iron ore bed, is 
 made up of fragments of sandstone which are also fossiliferous. 
 The relations of the iron ore bed to the rocks above and below 
 are shown in the following, section. 
 
 1. Fine grained sandstone. 
 
 2. Fossiliferous sandstone conglomerate. 
 
 3. Iron ore bed ; a, kidney ore, 5, soft red hematite. 
 
 4. Unknown. 
 
 6. Lower Carboniferous limestone. 
 
 FIG. 37. Section at Eaph Dunn iron bank.. 
 
 This varies considerably from the section which Dr. A. 
 Schmidt gives of the mine on Shaft hill, on the south side of the 
 ravine. Dr. Schmidt's section is given below for comparison. 
 
 Detritus and clay 
 Bed hematite. 
 Shaly sandstone. 
 Conglomerate. 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 Lower Carboniferous limestone. 
 
 FIG. 38. 8ection at Shaft Hill. 
 
78 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 On Shaft hill the ground is how entirely fallen in, thus obliterat- 
 ing all means of comparing the two localities. 
 
 As this locality has not been worked since 1872, Dr. Schmidt's 
 report is here copied in part: " This hill of which a geological 
 section is given (see Fig. 64) is one of the most hopeful and one 
 whose structure is most clearly seen in this district. The limon- 
 ites, sandstones and conglomerates are exposed in several places 
 forming a high bluff. The ore and the strata overlying.it are 
 Sh ifie8!'in its 8 pSu- not exposed, and have to be judged from pieces found on the 
 D™n ? s s"a{t. surface! Fragments of this ore are found at a certain level 
 all around the hill. A stratum of ore undoubtedly runs en- 
 tirely through the hill and the thickness, from the surface in- 
 dications, be estimated from one to three feet. In some places, 
 however, it seems to reach a thickness of five feet. The hill is 
 nearly round and has, at the level of the ore bed, a diameter 
 of about eight hundred feet." 
 
 The quality of the ore may be assumed to be the same as that 
 found on the north side of the ravine at Raph Dunn's bank. Two 
 analyses of the latter ore, personally selected by the writer and 
 analyzed by the St. Louis Sampling and Testing Works, is as 
 follows: — 
 
 Slaty Gangue. Hard Kidney Ore. 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Insoluble matter 6.95 9.66 
 
 Metallic iron 43.17 57.20 
 
 Phosphorus 1.296 0.07 
 
 It will be noticed that Dr. Schmidt does not describe a layer 
 
 of sandstone above the ore body, while at the Eaph Dunn bank 
 
 this is distinctly observable. Further, he observes a thick bed 
 
 _,. .„ . of sandstone and conglomerate under the ore body, while, at 
 
 The difference in o • J ' ; ' 
 
 tfons'may'be ^he R a Ph Dunn bank, though the underlying rock i^ not visible 
 oseiffatit'n'in at the openings, it is judged tp,be limestones, since the difference 
 deposition. j Q ] eye [. between the outcrop of iron and the unmistakable out- 
 crop of solid limestone, will not admit of a thick bed of sandstone 
 lying between the two. These discrepancies may be readily 
 understood, for it is by no means difficult to imagine, that abed 
 of iron might oscillate in position, a continuous bed lying at one 
 time under a bed of sandstone and at another time above it. 
 
THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 79 
 
 The discrepancies in observation as to thickness may doubtless 
 be explained in the same way. Sandstone is found very abun- 
 dantly on the surface of the ground in many places in Callaway 
 county, while limestone is not so common, except in ravines and 
 in water courses which have cut below the general level. 
 
 COOPER COUNTY. 
 
 Numerous outcrops of an iron ore similar to these already 
 described are found in Cooper county, along the banks of the 
 Lamine river and Black Water creek. The circumstances of 
 their occurrence are also similar. Going down, from the general 
 level of the county, into one of the ravines or river bottoms, one 
 finds, on the surface, blocks of ferruginous sandstone, often 
 fossiliferous,, and large angular blocks of chert containing beau- 
 tiful impressions of crinoid stems, and oftentimes perfect heads, 
 sponges and brachiopods. No conglomerates are certainly ob- 
 served, and, finally, the crinoidal limestones with highly fossil- 
 liferous chert is found in place. No outcrops of iron have been 
 seen which could certainly be called original bedded deposits, 
 although kidney ore is occasionally met with. No ore has ever 
 been dug for shipment, and only a few unimportant holes have L por^Sfhra^ . 1 
 been opened, and these years ago, to guide the observer in his with^fmistone 
 estimates. The ore that has been thrown out is a loose porous left alafbecS' 
 hematite which, in most places, has been completely changed to existed here, 
 limonite. As the ore is thrown out with fragments of sandstone 
 and from shallow pits we can infer that it here is a bedded 
 deposit although it may be much disturbed by undermining. 
 Farther than this, it lies near the surface of the ground and 
 with disintegrated and broken sandstone. It is, therefore, very 
 possible that the iron remaining is the hard part of the bed, such ' 
 as is found in the Kaph Dunn bank, and that the softer and more 
 friable part has been removed by solution at the same time with 
 the breaking up of its overlying sandstone. If this is the case, 
 then, in the higher points of the county, at a greater distance 
 from the heavy drainage of streams like the Lamine river and 
 the Black Water, beds of ore may possibly be found intact. 
 There are few surface indications, however, and no exploring 
 
 c 
 
80 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 work has been done. It may be stated in general that there are 
 a great many stony or rooky hills near these streams where 
 porous, red hematite in scattered fragments, as well as kidney 
 ore, are quite abundant. 
 
 SALINE COUNTY. 
 
 In Saline county, township. 48, range 18 N. , Sec-. 15, there is 
 a thin bed of hematite which crops out in the bed of a brook. 
 The hematite seems to lie, at times, on a crinoidal limestone and 
 then, at other places, to be separated from the limestone by a 
 thin stratum of highly ferruginous sandstone. The hematite 
 scattering depos- bed itself is not over five to ten inches thick, but is of a very 
 ore found in this brilliant red color and is very pure. Overlying it is about ten 
 feet of incoherent water- worn sand and pebbles, probably a 
 decomposed sandstone. The only work that was ever done here 
 was about ten years ago, when a few tons were taken out and 
 shipped to Chicago. It was probably used as a paint ore. 
 There are many signs of iron in small quantities in numerous 
 places, but beyond the fact that the outcrops point more certainly 
 to a regular bedding, there is no essential difference between the 
 localities in Saline and those in Cooper county. In the greater 
 number of localities this ore has been wholly changed to 
 limonite. 
 
 The Lower Car- 
 boniferous ex- 
 tends through 
 Benton, Henry 
 and St, Clair 
 counties. 
 
 BENTON, HENRY AND ST. CLAIR COUNTIES. 
 
 Following this same formation through Pettis, western Benton 
 and eastern Henry counties to St. Clair county, there are in 
 many localities traces of red hematite and sometimes of - kidney 
 ore. In St. Clair county this is especially true along the bor- 
 ders of the Osage river, and, in Henry county, on the divide 
 between the Osage and the Grand rivers, fifteen miles east of 
 Brownington on the Brownington and Warsaw stage road. From 
 Hillegus prairie to within a short distance of the ford across the 
 Osage river the surface of the ground is covered with large 
 blocks of chert. This chert is made up almost entirely of 
 crinoid stems with casts of crinoid heads, bryozans, brachiopods, 
 
THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 81 
 
 t 
 
 sponges and corals. In places sandstone appears bedded, but 
 much broken and usually dark colored. Along the steep slopes 
 of the divide, either towards the Osage or the Grand rivers, the 
 chert and sandstone give place to heavy beds of crinoidal lime- 
 stone with brachiopods and large coiled shells. 
 
 The iron ore in this locality is found lying on the surface, 
 either mingled with sandstone and chert or lying a little below 
 the crest of the slopes and in scattering blocks on the surface of surface in 
 
 ... ° ... blocks. 
 
 the limestone. The greater part of the ore seems to be siliceous 
 
 and changed to limonite. In places it seems to cover the entire 
 
 surface of the ground over several acres in extent. In this case 
 
 the ore is a mixture of limonite and porous red hematite. There 
 
 is no means of judging of the thickness of these deposits, for no 
 
 exploring work has been done. In one or two places there has 
 
 been some ore dug and carted to the banks of the Osage river, Red hematite o - 
 
 but this was done over twentv vears ago and the holes have all has been dug 
 
 , " . , i /-> ■ and shipped to 
 
 fallen in. At that time the iron works on the Usage river some extent. 
 promised to be a consumer of these ores and prospecting was to 
 a considerable extent stimulated, but, with the destruction of 
 these works by fire, all efforts at development ceased. From 
 the study of this locality, in the light of the exploring done in 
 Callaway county, there can be but little doubt but that the 
 red hematites found here are true bedded deposits. From the 
 fact of their number and their association with the sandstone 
 and crinoidal limestone it is inferred that these deposits all be- 
 long to the same stratum, or, in other words, that this bed or 
 stratum is continuous. Farther than this it is also highly prob- 
 able, by analogy, that these beds are not of great thickness. 
 The relations of this bed to its accompanying rocks appears to 
 be as follows : 
 
 Fig. 39. Section across the divide between Grand and Osage rivers. 
 
 1 = Sandstone. 
 
 2 = Kidney ore in soft red hematite. 
 
 3 = Beds of cherty limestone interstratifled with pure limestone. 
 
82 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 It is concluded 
 tbat these red 
 hematite ores 
 are bedded de- 
 posits. 
 
 The Source of the Ores. From the description of the Calla- 
 way county ores it will be seen that in all probability Prof. 
 Potter is quite right in assuming that the red hematite ores of 
 Lincoln county are the remnants of a younger series of rocks 
 that formerly overlaid a part of Lincoln county. The kidney 
 shaped, hard, compact nodules are the same as are found in 
 places in Callaway county, and these ores are here seen to be 
 interbedded with sandstones and limestones. If additional proof 
 were needed it can be found in other localities of the Lower 
 Carboniferous, where such rocks are found in almost every 
 stage of disintegration, even to the removal of all traces of the 
 formation save some scattering fragments of compact red 
 hematite as, for instance, just across the Osage river from 
 Warsaw in Benton county. 
 
 The value of these ores lying in the localities above named 
 is entirely relative. It depends upon: 1st, extent; 2nd, 
 
 .The value of these . <■ ■ • oja i l- ± ■ ±. n 
 
 oresdependB cost of mining; on, transportation to points of consump- 
 tion. These questions will be considered fully in the chapter on 
 "Limonite Iron Ores." What is true of them is also true of 
 the red hematites. The points there outlined will, however, be 
 briefly reviewed here. 
 
 The Extent of the Deposits. As to the extent of the 
 deposits areally this "is indicated by the extent of the geological 
 formation with which they are associated. The outcrops are by 
 no means of brilliant promise. The ores are fair in quality, but 
 they are not so pure as to force exploration in the face of 
 doubtful success. Their outcrops are not so extensive, nor on so 
 large a scale as to stimulate prospecting with an eye to the 
 establishing of large iron works, depending on these deposits as 
 a source of ore supply. On the other hand, they are bedded 
 deposits and they can be reckoned on as extending for a consid- 
 erable distance, radially and horizontally from any given out- 
 crop. The depth to which a prospect hole must be sunk to test 
 the thickness of the bed will nowhere exceed forty feet, and 
 
 upon extent, 
 cost and acces- 
 sibility. 
 
THE RED HEMATITES OF MISSOURI. 83 
 
 usually will not be more than ten to fifteen feet. These prospect 
 shafts will not be sunk in hard rock, but in a soil of such a on account of 
 tenacity that little or no timbering need be done if the hole is ior'ifon irttufis 
 put down continuously, that is without the cessation of work caiiy, of the ex- 
 
 tent of the ores. 
 
 for a few months at a time. Finally, if the ore bed lies upon 
 a limestone rock prospecting can cease when this is reached 
 with the full confidence that whatever the result, there is no 
 need of going deeper. It will thus be seen that the expense of 
 testing a large area in this manner will be very slight. Testing 
 in the manner indicated is the only wa_v of determining the 
 extent of such deposits. 
 
 The Cost of Mining. Another factor in the value is the cost 
 of mining. In the present state of the iron market a bed of 
 rich iron ore three feet in thickness, tolerably near a furnace, 
 could not be worked. Underground mining could not be carried 
 on without the removal of much rock and this would be stow Noestimateoanbe 
 work and a ton of rock would cost as much as a ton of ore. of mining co,t 
 No definite limit can be fixed. It may throw some light on the 
 question when it is said that, at Birmingham, Ala., the .beds 
 of iron ore are in many places twenty-two feet thick . As the 
 beds of the state in the Lower Carboniferous vary from less 
 than three feet upward, it is a question well worth considering, 
 whether the cost of mining would not at present, at least, equal 
 the value of the ore. When the deposits lie on the surface or 
 can be exposed by a few feet of stripping the question of the 
 cost of mining disappears and that of accessibility claims 
 consideration. 
 
 Accessibility of the Ores. In Benton, Henry, and St. Clair 
 counties the proximity to the Osage river seems to at once The ores if » 
 
 1 J ° abundant are 
 
 settle this point. Ores, if found in considerable quantity, f r a s n J y t {f° M f ible 
 could be very easily shipped to furnaces in St. Louis, or, in sourl riTer - 
 case of the rebuilding of the Osage Iron Works, a much 
 nearer and more profitable market could be had. The Calla- 
 way ores after a short rail transportation could be floated to St. 
 Louis. 
 
 The important question for the present, however, is that of 
 extent. If every property owner would put down vertical shafts 
 
84 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 on his iron outcrops and note the thickness of the bed, there 
 Tests as to extent would be very soon data upon which reliable estimates could be 
 
 should be made J r 
 
 oTroers Vlllaal ma de. These prospect shafts as already pointed out could |be 
 made at slight expense and would very soon settle the whole 
 question as to the value of the iron prospects in the Lower Car- 
 boniferous rocks. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OP THE OZARK UPLIFT. 85 
 
 CHAPTBE Y. 
 THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZAEK UPLIFT. 1 
 
 THE OZARK MOUNTAINS — THE STRATIGRAPHT OP THE OZA.HKS. 
 
 The two preceding chapters have dealt with ores which occur in the Archaean 
 and Carboniferous formations, in the eastern and northern portions of the 
 State. The ores which are the subjects of the two succeeding chapters occur 
 largely within the area of that interesting central portion of the State termed 
 the Ozark mountains. A discussion of some features of the geology of thia 
 area relating particularly to the subject in hand, is, hence, appropriately intro- 
 duced here. A. W. 
 
 THE OZARK MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Area and General Characteristics. The term, " Ozark Mount- 
 ains," has so persistently crept into literature, both lay and 
 scientific, that it is exceedingly difficult to be gotten rid of. The 
 area to which this name is applied is mountainous in name alone. 
 It is a great, elliptical, dome-shaped rise extending, along its 
 major axis, from near St. Louis, S. 76 W., to the southwestern 
 part of the State. Along the minor axis the distance across the 
 Uplift is about one hundred and forty miles. From its highest The Qzart ltft 
 point, which is at Cedar Gap on the Kansas City, Fort Scott, , j B u £ n g £gB! w. d 
 .Memphis and Birmingham railroad, to Mammoth Springs, on i r ° r o SS S theStite. 
 the same road, there is a descent of about eight hundred feet in 
 fifty miles. From Cedar Gap to the Missouri river, near Jeffer- 
 son City, the distance is about one hundred and fifty miles with 
 a descent of eleven hundred feet. Following a straight line 
 down the northwestern and southeastern slopes the distance 
 would be shorter by about fifty milesi and the average slope of 
 the Uplift toward the southeast would be a little more than one 
 degree while to the northwest the slope is less. This slope, 
 
 1 For this very expressive name we are indebted to Prof. G. C. Broadhead of 
 Columbia, Mo. 
 
86 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 bottom region. 
 
 though all sufficient to produce a torrential flow in a stream 
 flowing directly down it, is offset by the fact of the meandering 
 courses of the rivers ; their flows, though swift, are, therefore, 
 not torrential. Current river, the swiftest of these streams, is de- 
 clared navigable to Van Buren in Carter county. It could be 
 navigated even further were the volume of water greater. The 
 same may be said of the Gasconade and its branches, the Big 
 Piney, Koubidoux, etc. There are no water-falls in any of these 
 streams, nor in fact, are there great rapids. They can be fol- 
 lowed in skiffs from source to mouth. 
 Divided into Topographic Sub -divisions. Topographically the region of 
 
 fatofandriver" tQe Ozarks may be readily divided into 1st, a plateau region, 2d, 
 a hilly or mountainous region, and 3d, into a region of river- 
 bottom . 
 
 The plateau region occupies the crest of the Uplift and near 
 it, or in it, the streams have their origin. The counties of 
 Dent, Crawford, Texas and Wright cover nearly all of this area. 
 The country here is hilly and constitutes what has been known 
 as the " Second Sandstone region." The area for the greater 
 part is a fine one agriculturally. The surface, gently rolling for 
 the most part, is well drained naturally, but at the same time 
 the hills or rolls are not steep enough to prevent easy tillage on 
 the steepest slopes. By referring to Sections 1 to 3 in the ac- 
 companying plate of sections the two facts above pointed out 
 will find confirmation, i. e., that the hills are not high and that 
 the region is essentially a sandstone one. 
 
 Following down the streams in either direction, however, we 
 note that the bluffs grow higher and higher, the streams more 
 numerous, and we pass, by insensible gradations, into a country 
 cut up by deep canons or gorges with steep walled divides. We 
 are now in the area which gives the Uplift the name of mountain. 
 While at the base of these steep sided hills we cannot escape the 
 feeling that we are among mountains. A climb up the slope 
 dispels the idea, however. Instead of a commanding view, from 
 the summit of the divide we look forth upon what in the dis- 
 tance appears to be a plain stretching away on every hand. The 
 mountain crests rise to the same level as far as the eye can 
 reach. Barometric observations made as one floats down the 
 
 Plateau region is 
 gently rolling. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 87 
 
 stream show the bluffs and the hills which shut one in, growing Deep gorges de- 
 
 c ° velop down the 
 
 higher and higher, and steadily but clearly the fact grows upon slopes from the 
 
 ° ° ^ J o jt plateau region. 
 
 one that these mountains and hills have not been thrust up by oro- 
 graphic movements, but that they have been etched into relief 
 by the slow action of the streams which flow among them. 
 Farther away from the plateau head-waters the streams grow 
 more numerous and cut deeper and deeper towards the drainage 
 level. This leaves the country cut up into long, narrow, sharp- 
 crested ridges with steep chert covered sides. Another topo- - 
 graphic feature in the plateau region is the valley. There are 
 not many examples of this feature of the Ozarks and it only 
 exists where there are no large streams, or, where there are no 
 streams at all on the surface. These valleys, when they do 
 exist, are limited in area, as for instance Hutton valley in 
 Howell county, but they are fertile and easily tilled. They 
 exist for the same reasons that the plateau region exists, simply 
 because no large stream has cut deeply into the rocks ; the water 
 being carried off by underground drainage as will be pointed 
 out later. 
 
 Following the streams from the plateau regions into the 
 mountain region, so-called, we find that the development of 
 river bottoms begins. At first narrow and of little value, they 
 gradually widen out until the hills begin to be secondary and the 
 bottoms spread out into river plains of from one-half of a mile 
 to two miles or more in width. The hills lose their sharp crests 
 and steep slopes, there are few rocky ledges exposed, and the 
 river bottoms, by an easy slope, gradually rise above the flood 
 plain to the higher and hardly less tillable upland. • Doniphan in 
 Ripley county, Puxico in Stoddard county, Poplar Bluff and 
 Neelysville in Butler county, are good examples of this surf ace The gorges or 
 
 Tf • Tt ii-ii ii ill canions gradn- 
 
 modincation by streams. Here the hills are nearly base-leveled, any widen into 
 
 . *• river bottomi. 
 
 the divides growing lower and with more gentle slopes, until, in 
 the country east and south of Poplar Bluff, they have been 
 lowered to scarcely perceptible ridges. On the northwestern 
 slope of the Uplift the same set of conditions prevail; but as to 
 rocks and general surface configuration the details are greatly 
 modified. Along the Gasconade and the Osage rivers there are 
 wide fertile flood plains, but away from these plains the ground 
 
88 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 rises rather steeply. The hills are high with moderately steep 
 slopes, but comparatively few rocky ledges are found, and the 
 hills are tillable for the most part to near their summits. These 
 summits are usually capped by sandstone, more or less broken, 
 and these fragments yielding less readily to the action of the 
 elements, make the ground too rough to be available for tilling. 
 But the most striking difference between the two regions is that 
 
 T")i ffp rfl n np lift- ^"^ 
 
 tween northern on. the southern slope, the river bottoms are of easier grade 
 
 and southern 
 
 slopes. , and are often swampy ; while, on the northern slope, swamps 
 are practically unknown. Gasconade, Osage, Cole, the lower 
 parts of Maries and Miller counties, are good examples of the 
 steeply rolling country with rich farms lying along the river 
 bottoms. 
 
 The /Soils. The soils of the whole region are clayey or loamy. 
 Sandy soils rarely exist. On the slopes and summits of the 
 steeper hills chert is so abundant, owing to (he washing away 
 of the soil, as to prohibit cultivation of crops, although fruit 
 trees do well. These facts can be well appreciated when it is 
 remembered that the whole of this region lies below the line of 
 glaciation and that the soils, with the exception of the river bot- 
 toms, gome entirely from the rotting of the rocks in place. The 
 rocks are limestone principally, except in the sandstone regions, 
 and the soils are thus residuary, the insoluble portions of the 
 _,. .. limestones. The river bottoms, of course, are also made up ot 
 
 J. lift soils flrc 
 
 thluSon""? tne dehris washed from the hills. It would follow, therefore, 
 principally. ^hat oyer these bottoms the soil would be deeper and richer. 
 In addition, nearly every freshet raises the water over the banks 
 of the stream, whence it flows over the entire bottom, and stand- 
 ing or only slowly retreating with the fall of the stream, a fine 
 deposit of silt is left. Even where the bottoms are narrow the 
 fertility is great year after year, and, unless the crops are de- 
 stroyed by storms, heavy fields of wheat and corn or oats are 
 raised, although fertilizers are never applied,. The last is true of 
 the uplands, but the crops are never so great, though, not being 
 subject to floods, they are more sure, and though the continuous 
 wash from the hills renews the soil, this is to a less degree than 
 in the bottoms. 
 
 The Drainage. Like many other features of this section the 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 89 
 
 streams are peculiar. Springing, in many cases, abruptly from 
 the foot of a tall cliff they emerge from underground as large- 
 sized springs and begin cutting their channels at once. As has 
 been briefly pointed out, they flow in deep canons or steeply 
 sloped gorges. These gorged are shallow when the streams first 
 start on their courses. Gradually they grow deeper and deeper 
 till they are shut in on either hand by steep limestone" or sand- 
 stone cliffs which often reach a height of three hundred feet. 
 It is not uncommon for a bluff to rise, by a succession of preci- T tnrpugh™orges 
 pices of from fifty to one hundred feet fall, to a height of five ^nce caverns. 
 hundred feet. A bluff on one side of the stream has usually, in 
 the lower courses, a level bottom opposite, and, as its flows along, 
 it turns from bluff to bluff in an exceedingly tortuous course. 
 With the widening of the bottom the streams grow more wind- 
 ing. At one place on the Osage river, by leaving it and passing 
 by land, the river is intercepted in less than one mile while the 
 stream itself flows seventeen miles to reach the same point. 1 
 This is an extreme instance of a winding course, but a departure 
 from a direct line of from three to seven miles in the principal 
 streams of the Ozarks is not at all uncommon. The reason of it windings caused 
 is not far to seek. The almost entire absence of folds in the bedded rocks, 
 rocks has left the streams to cut their own way along the lines 
 of least resistance. Instead of being guided by dipping rock 
 walls they have cut vertically through the horizontal rocks. 
 Whenever a more soluble or friable stratum has been reached the 
 turning stream impinges sharply against this yielding stratum, 
 and the undermined and falling cliff preserves its precipitous 
 front, and thus gives rise to the river bottoms at the same time. 
 
 The absence of boulders is another noticeable feature of the 
 streams. This, too, is readily accounted for. The undermined 
 cliffs tumble great rock masses into the stream, but these boul- 
 ders are either soluble limestone or friable sandstone, and in 
 either case they are soon removed. 
 
 The streams of the Ozarks are almost without exception of 
 rather large size. There are few perennial small streams south 
 
 1 This is not an instance of flood plain meandering, but the country included 
 in the loop of the river is hill-land, bordered by bluffs. A. W. 
 
90 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ing in the 
 Ozarks. 
 
 Rapid rise of the 
 streams. 
 
 of the Missouri river, such as are known as brooks in the eastern 
 part of the country. In this respect it presents a striking 
 Brooks are want- contrast to hilly or mountainous countries elsewhere. There 
 are many water courses visible on the surface but there is no 
 water in them generally. Yet these same water courses may, 
 in three hours' time, be swelled with impassable floods.- As 
 an instance of the rapid rise of the larger streams, as well 
 as of the smaller ones of the Ozarks, it may be mentioned that 
 the Big Piney in May, 1892, rose twenty feet from 4 p. m. to 
 12 p. m. The Current river during the same month rose twenty- 
 seven feet in about the same time. The cause of this rapid 
 rise of the constant streams, as well as of those which may be 
 referred to as ephemeral, is very plainly to be seen when once 
 one is familiar with the region. The hills are canon formed and 
 consequently steeped walled. Even a gentle rain keeps the 
 rocks nearly washed bare of soil. To heavy rains the thin soils, 
 even when held in place by the scant vegetation, and the all but 
 naked rocks, present little check to the water and in the course 
 of a few hours the entire rainfall will be poured into the narrow 
 stream bed. The floods subside almost as suddenly as they rise. 
 On the hillsides there is no soil to hold back the water and to 
 give it up little by little in the form of brooks, and, in the valleys, 
 or what would correspond to them, the water sinks through the 
 soil and then percolates through the porous rock floor of the 
 country to appear later in the form of springs. Even with this 
 brief and imperfect description one can imagine the powerful 
 erosive effects of this drainage system. But to float down one 
 of these turgid streams and to hear the incessant grinding and 
 knocking of sand and pebble in the swirling water one can gain 
 an idea of its power which words alone will fail to convey. 
 
 Springs and Subterranean Erosions. Another important factor 
 in the development of the topography of the Ozark mountains 
 are the great springs. For these phenomena the country is well 
 formed. Given the easily soluble limestone rocks ; and an uplift 
 whose slope is so gentle as to preclude torrential streams, the 
 rapid flow of which takes away the water before its solvent 
 powers can produce an effect, and here are the ideal conditions 
 for the elaboration of an underground drainage system on a vn«t 
 
 Caused by steep 
 sloped rocky 
 hills. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 91 
 
 scale. 1 The springs are widely distributed, as might be expected 
 
 from the contour of the country. In the plateau region, as first springs not as 
 
 J ■ a ' nnmerons in the 
 
 described, springs are few in number and onlv moderate in size, plateau a S in the 
 
 .' L ° ' ' mountain region 
 
 unless they open out into deep drainage gorges, as the Meramec 
 
 spring opens into the Meramec river. Along the borders of this 
 
 area, however, where the mountain belt often begins abruptly, the 
 
 springs are more numerous and of large size. One, for instance, 
 
 known as the Meramec spring, six miles south of St. James, 
 
 Mo., is reported to flow 10,000 cubic feet per minute. 2 Current 
 
 river bursts from the foot of a large hill in a stream no less in 
 
 size than the Meramec spring and, twelve miles from its source, Sp ' i " l gf g ^™° f 
 
 its volume is more than doubled by another spring rising from 
 
 under a limestone bluff. Greer's spring in Oregon county, Big 
 
 spring in Carter county, Mammoth spring, on the Arkansas and 
 
 Howell county line, Koaring spring, Pulaski county, Cave and 
 
 Eound springs in Shannon county, are a few of the great springs 
 
 which may be mentioned. These, however, constitute but a 
 
 small fraction of the total. Practically, Currejit river, Big 
 
 Piney, Eleven Point, Jack's Fork, Little Piney and Spring river 
 
 are all spring-fed streams. They do not increase in volume by 
 
 visible tributaries but receive constant accessions to their volume 
 
 by means of almost innumerable springs of variable sizes. 
 
 These springs are, of course, but underground streams that 
 in this way make their first surface appearance. Their under- 
 ground courses are, in fact, frequently disclosed. In the famous 
 Marble cave, in Stone county, a large stream flows through the 
 cave. Near Thayer, in Oregon county, is a place known as 
 Grand Gulf. Here there is a large underground stream visible ^B^nceof 6 ex ~ 
 for a short distance, and this is generally believed to be, and stream?. " 1 " 1 
 probably is, the feeder of the Mammoth spring in Arkansas. 
 Sinking creek, in Shannon county, flows as a surface stream for 
 a long distance. A few miles from where it empties into Jack's 
 
 1 This may seem to contradict what is said on p. 6. If, however, it is 
 remembered that the springs rise almost as rapidly as do the surface streams 
 the statements will lose their contradictory appearance. It is only the 
 heavier rainfalls, " cloud bursts " as they are called, that fill the surface water 
 courses with floods. The rains for the most part make their way through 
 subterranean caverns to appear in the rivers in the form of springs. 
 
 - Dr. A. Schmidt, Eeport Geological Survey of Missouri 1872, Part I, p. 145. 
 
92 IRON ORES Oh' MISSOURI. 
 
 Fork it runs into a cul de sac formed by a crescent-shaped, mount- 
 ain five or six hundred feet in height. Just before reaching 
 this mountain it sinks from sight and reappears a mile away on 
 the other side of the mountain in the form of a large spring. 
 There are numerous other instances which might be cited, but 
 
 S una™rground. ars enough has doubtless been said to amply suggest the reasons for 
 the conclusion that the whole of the Ozark system is undermined 
 and honey-combed by underground waters. If further testi- 
 mony were needed it may be had from the fact that many of the 
 smaller springs, and some of the larger ones, emerge from caverns, 
 a few inches to several feet in height, which come from unknown 
 distances under the bluffs from which they emerge. 
 
 From these known causes and theit visible effects we can 
 reason back to the past with the full assurance that under- 
 ground waters have played an important part in shaping 
 the present topography. From the foot of almost every per- 
 pendicular bluff to near its summit the heavy limestone is com- 
 pletely honey-combed with cavities of various sizes, some of them 
 being large caves reaching far into the bluff. From our observ- 
 
 Dfaturbed rooks ations of the springs which now exist at water level, we can 
 of underground imagine that these too were once subterranean flows before the 
 
 erosion. i -i • i . T > 
 
 stream had cut its way down to its present level, farther down 
 the stream where the bottoms begin to widen, the bluffs are 
 covered with a talus of broken rock and only occasional beds of 
 rock are visible. But from the often disturbed condition of 
 these rocks we can imagine that here a still more advanced stage 
 of underground erosion has been reached leaving an unsupported 
 roof to break and fall in. Not quite as noticeable, but yet very 
 apparent, is the disturbed condition of the sandstone in the 
 vicinity of a spring, and the broken fragments that cap the more 
 , ., isolated hills farther down the stream. All these facts, in the 
 
 Rocks disturbed 
 
 from underpin- light of the knowledge which we have sained from the now active 
 
 ing near springs. ° ° s 
 
 springs, point to the same erosive action. In the plateau region 
 we can find even now traces of springs, but they are small in 
 size and feeble in action as compared with others farther down 
 the slopes of the Uplift. 
 
 The Vegetation. It may be asked what effect has this topog- 
 raphy on vegetation. In general it may be answered that the 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 93 
 
 i 
 
 quantity and depth of the soil are the controlling factors. The 
 soils, when present, are rich enough and the rainfall sufficient to 
 insure a heavy forest growth of the most valuable kind, but, on 
 the summits and steep slopes of the hills, there is either no 
 growth of forest trees or at best it is light and stunted. This is vegetation is 
 
 *> ° affected by 
 
 due to the fact that the soils are kept thin by continual waste and washed and 
 
 r •> shallow soils. 
 
 are thus of insufficient depth to support a more rugged growth. 
 Nearer the base of the hills the growth begins to get heavier and 
 in the river bottoms there is a dense growth of gigantic trees. 
 Twenty or thirty years ago these hills are reported to have been 
 entirely bare of forest growth and were known as "Bald 
 Knobs." At present these " knobs " are covered by a stunted 
 growth of what is locally known as " Jack oak." This growth 
 is interspersed with hickory, cedar and yellow pine. The forest 
 here grows very open and the ground is covered with a heavy 
 growth of "prairie grass" and many flowering plants. The 
 growth in the bottoms is principally sycamore, gum, elm, water 
 maple, water birch, ash, hickory and a great number and variety 
 of oaks. In addition to the natural density of the forest 
 growths the great number of vines make it almost impassable. 
 The Rocks Composing the Uplift. The geological horizon to 
 which nearly all of the rocks of the Ozark Uplift belong is the 
 ■Cambrian, and more specifically designated, to the Ozark series. 1 
 As will be shown later on these Ozark rocks have been considered The ozark series 
 
 are of Cambrian 
 
 to correspond to the Calciferous sandstone of New York State- age. 
 Though the Cambrian strata form the great bulk of the rocks of 
 the Ozark region, other formations are also represented. On the 
 northern and western slopes of the Uplift lie rocks of the Lower 
 Carboniferous age. These rocks are by no means wholly confined 
 to the flanks of the mountains but, along the line of the Kansas 
 City, Fort Scott and Memphis railway, they reach at least two 
 miles east of Cedar Gap, the highest point of the Uplift. An 
 outcrop of this rock is reported to lie on the rocks of the Ozark 
 series near Eolla. Chert fragments with characteristic fossils are 
 -found throughout the whole region, capping the highest hills. It is 
 thus very probable that, to a greater or less thickness, the^ocks 
 
 1 See pp. 12 and 17, foot note. 
 
94 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of this formation at one time extended over the whole Uplift. 
 Lying around the borders, also, are found occasional deposits of 
 coal of limited size. These deposits, or pockets as they* may 
 more properly be called, are found quite numerously scattered 
 through the mountains. 1 
 
 Though the great area of Archsean rocks lies, properly speak- 
 ing, beyond the recognized limits of the Uplift, these rocks, 
 consisting of granites and porphyry, are found far within the 
 boundary lines. In Shannon county, along Current river, from 
 a little above the mouth of Jack's Fork and down to Van Buren, 
 phyriesare in Carter county, the porphyrv rocks are frequently exposed. 
 
 found within the J l J J n 
 
 limits of the Between the mouth of Jack's Fork and Eminence," Shannon 
 
 Ozarks. 
 
 count}', are numerous outcrops. Granite is also found three 
 miles below Van Buren on the Current river. In Camden county, 
 township 37 N., 16 W., Sec. 32, is a small outcrop of graphic 
 granite. This is the only outcrop of the kind which has thus 
 far been observed in the State. 
 
 The Minerals of the Region. The minerals of economic value 
 which are found in the Ozark region are lead, zinc, iron, coal, 
 manganese, copper and silver. Lead and zinc, in the form of 
 sulphides, are found widely disseminated throughout the rocks 
 of the Ozark series. They are found in veins and pockets and 
 are certainly of secondary origin. That they are secondary is 
 proved by the facts that they are found with calcite, (" tiff,") 
 and barite, in well-defined crystals and with marcasite and p^rite, 
 lining cavities or pockets and along the walls of veins in the 
 limestone rocks. Iron in the form of limonite is found widely 
 and abundantly distributed throughout the whole area. Specular 
 ore is found in the plateau region of the Uplift and also in the 
 porphyry rocks. These mineral are discussed fully under the head 
 of Limonite, etc., in the following chapters. Manganese is also 
 widely distributed, but, unfortunately, so far, it has not been 
 found in workable quantities. It occurs as a cementing material 
 in sandstone in Howell county in a number of localities. It also 
 occurs in the veins in the porphyry near Pilot Knob. 2 It has 
 
 The minerals of 
 the OzarkB are 
 secondary. 
 
 1 For a fuller description of the geological relations of these rocks, see 
 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., A. Winslow, Vol. 3, 1891. 
 
 2 Prof. E. Pumpelly, Rep. Geol. Sur. Mo. Part I., p. 20, et seq. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 95 
 
 also been found of remarkable purity in veins in porphyry in 
 Carter county, township 28 N., 2 W., Section 31, but the veins 
 are far too small to be worked with profit. At the same locality, 
 on the land of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, man- 
 ganese is found cementing a chert breccia. The greater part of 
 the slope of the hill is covered with residuary clay and chert. 
 The manganese is, however, confined principally to the chert. A 
 shaft has been sunk on this property. The chert carrying inter- 
 stitial manganese is about ten feet thick. Below the chert is a 
 gritty clay with occasional small nodules of manganese. An 
 analysis of the chert breccia gave 25 per cent, of manganese and 
 50 per. cent of silica. Several other openings have been made 
 but with no better results. 
 
 As may be inferred from the fact that the rocks of the Ozark 
 Uplift belong to the Cambrian age, there is practically no coal in Co aiisfoundin 
 this region. Coal has been found in numerous pockets of limited poc e s ' 
 size, as already referred to, but even with this positive testimony, 
 it can safely be said that no extensive beds will be developed. 
 
 Near Eminence, in Shannon county, it is reported that copper 
 ore in form of the double sulphide, chalcopyrite, has been found Nume rous signs oi 
 and mined to some extent. However this may be, none is now toundf are 
 mined and the exact locality has not been reported to the Survey. 
 Near St. Clair, in Franklin county, the Qxide with some carbon-' 
 ate, both occurring with a decomposed specular ore, is being 
 exploited at the present time. 
 
 Although properly not within the Ozark region, silver has 
 been found in the granites, in Madison county. With Silver found ln tke 
 the exception of the very small amount of silver which is s raniteB - 
 always associated with galena, or lead sulphide, this is the only 
 occurrence of silver known. Gold has never been found and it 
 is a metal which is probably entirely foreign to this area. 
 
 Leaving now this rather brief general description of the 
 Ozark Uplift, let us turn our attention to the details of the 
 geology. 
 
 THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE OZARKS. 
 
 Eeference has already been made to the occurrence of beds of 
 sandstone and limestone which make up the greater part of the 
 
 7 
 
96 
 
 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 rocks of the Uplift. The sandstones occur in such a way, 
 apparently at least, as to make convenient datum points by 
 
 Three limestones means of which the associated beds of limestone can be correlated 
 recognized by This correlation has been made in the following manner. Start- 
 geoiogists. ing with the Lower Carboniferous limestones, which are fossil- 
 iferous and are thus easily identified, it has been observed that 
 these; rest, in places, uncomformably on a magnesian limestone. 
 Second, beneath this limestone a heavy bed of sandstone has 
 beeu noted. Next, another bed of limestone, also magnesian, is 
 found; and so on until four beds of magnesian limestone have 
 been reported as alternating with these beds of sandstone. The 
 following section (Fig.- 40) compiled from Prof. Swallow's re 
 
 First Magnesian Limestone. 
 
 First Sandstone. 
 
 J^ ^ £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _i_ 
 
 
 h 
 
 x 
 
 ■'-'■- 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 \i 
 
 'i 
 
 
 r 
 
 t 
 
 > 
 
 '- 
 
 
 „ n 
 
 i 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 T 
 
 
 t 
 
 IS 
 
 JL 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 ''^' : /-i ""'''■'"■'-.'■■'■.\.'' 
 
 .t-S 
 
 '^t. 
 
 E^- 
 
 J^- 
 
 if 
 
 " \f 
 
 3 - 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 iT 
 
 F 
 
 
 Second Magnesian Limestone. 
 
 Second Sandstone. 
 
 Third Magnesian Limestone. 
 
 Fig. 40. Section of the Magnesian Series of rocks compiled by Shumard 
 from observations made in Ste. Genevieve county. 
 
 port, published in 1855, shows the supposed alternations of these 
 rocks. From Prof. Swallow's time down to the present time 
 alternating beds have been referred to as First, Second, Third and 
 T Mflldbyi«ho d iog- ^ ourtD ma gnesian limestone; and First, or Saccharoidal, sand- 
 isHcsoniy" ter stone, Second sandstone and Thjrd sandstone. As a result of the 
 writer's observations during the past two years, he is, however, 
 led to the conclusion that the reasons advanced for thus separat- 
 ing the formation by means of the sandstones are insufficient. 
 The paucity of fossil remains lead the earlier geologists to have 
 recourse to identification by means of lithological characteristics, 
 and the^e, in any case, are very unsatisfactory. Thus, the name, 
 Saccharoidal, has been applied to the first sandstone. The fact 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 97 
 
 that the sandstones at Pacific, Mo., and at Crystal City and 
 other places, assumed to be First sandstone, are so friable as to 
 be easily crushed in the hand, led to the adoption of this term as a 
 distinctive name. But, in the so-called Second sandstone region, 
 of Crawford and Dent counties, not to mention other well- 
 recognized localities, the sandstones in many localities are quite 
 as friable as are those at Pacific, Mo. 
 
 Earlier Correlations and Descriptions. Mr. Meek, in his 
 report on Moniteau county, 1 thus refers to the First or Sac- 
 
 Mr. Meek refers to 
 
 charoidal sandstone: " The rock I have supposed to be identical First sandstone 
 
 •111 ■ • in Moniteau 
 
 with the above, is, everywhere in Moniteau, excepting in a tew county, 
 instances where it is very thin, a heavy bedded more or less 
 friable sandstone. It is usually indistinctly stratified, and varies 
 in color, from nearly a pure white, through various shades of 
 yellow, to a kind of dusky brown. 
 
 "Sometimes it contains enough calcareous matter to cause 
 feeble effervescence when acids are dropped upon it." 
 
 Dr. Shumard in his report, 2 refers to the Saccharoidal sand- 
 stone as follows: "The first of these, beneath the 1st Mag- 
 nesian Limestone, is the Saccharoidal Sandstone. * * * 
 It will be seen that this division of the Calciferous Group pre- 
 vails to a considerable extent in this county, and. particularly in 
 the northwestern quarter, where it occupies the summits of 
 nearly all of the highest ridges." 
 
 In the report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1855 
 to 1871, there are numerous references to the Saccharoidal 
 sandstone as well as to the other sandstones of the Maenesian 
 series. On page 10 of Prof. Broadhead's report on Maries saccharoidal 
 
 * " L sandstone m the 
 
 county he refers to this rock as follows: "I was able to isss Report. 
 
 identify this rock only in the eastern part of the county. 
 
 I first observed it on Spring creek, Sec. 16, Township 39, 
 
 Eange 8 W., where it occurred on the summit of a very high 
 
 ridge as a small patch of about three feet in thickness." In the 
 
 same place he mentions having found an Orthoceratite in a piece 
 
 of ferruginous sandstone. On page 26 of the same report, 
 
 1 Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, G. C. Swallow, 
 State Geologist, Part II, p. 105. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 160.' 
 
98 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Prof. Broadhead again refers to this sandstone in Osage county: 
 " This formation is found only in the eastern part of the 
 county, capping most of the hills as far west as Linn and 
 Chamois. Farther west it was not observed. It is ten feet 
 thick on Galloway's Prairie. About Sec. 28, Township 43, 
 Eange 7 W., it is ten feet thick." 
 
 In Mr. Meek's report on Miller county 1 he speaks of 
 recognizing the First or Saccharoidal sandstone : ' ' This 
 member of the Magnesian Limestone series was only 
 Miner county, recognized on the higher country in the northern part of the 
 county. The farthest point toward the south at which I observed 
 it .is in the northwest quarter of Sec. 2, Township 41, Range 14 
 W., where it crops out on a small branch of Saline creek, show- 
 ing a thickness of about sixteen feet. At another place, about 
 2 1-2 miles further to the northwest and near Cole County line, 
 large masses of this rock were seen on a ridge indicating a 
 thickness of over twenty-five feet. Similar bodies of it were 
 likewise observed on the summit of the highest part of the county 
 in the northeast quarter of Sec. 11, Township 42, Range 14 W. ; 
 it also occurs at another place about one mile north of this out- 
 crop, at about the same elevation." 
 
 In Morgan county Mr. Meek 2 also notes Saccharoidal 
 sandstones : " Exposures of this sandstone were seen in 
 almost, every township north of Versailles and at a few places 
 southeast of there, in Township 42, Range 16 W. It generally 
 crops out on or near the more elevated portions of the county 
 in Morgan county, an d rarely forms continuous exposures of much extent. Some- 
 times it thins out quite suddenly to only a few feet in thickness 
 and in other cases swells very abruptly from 10 to 15 feet to as 
 much as 50 or 60 feet." First sandstone is also " recognized " 
 in Saline county cropping out on the Missouri river, by Mr. 
 Shumard. 3 
 
 On page 191 Mr. Shumard refers to the First sandstone in the 
 following terms: "This formation appears merely as outliers 
 of no great extent on or near the tops of the highest ridges of 
 
 1 Report Mo. Geological Survey, 1855 to 1871, p. 110. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 142. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 178. 
 
THK GENERAL GEOLOGY OP THE OZARK UPLIFT. 99 
 
 Ozark county. The descriptions you have given of it in the 
 published report will very nearly apply to it here. It is usually 
 a friable sandstone, its color passing from a pure white to a 
 reddish brown. ' Its thickness varies from four to eighty feet." 
 He reports fossils as being found in the localities of the First 
 sandstone. 
 
 In Wright county, page 207, Mr. Shumard also reports First 
 sandstone in Township 29 N. , 14 W. Sections 34 and 35 : " This In ""right county, 
 sandstone exists on many of the higher elevations throughout the 
 county and its presence is generally recognized by detached 
 masses lying over the surface. These masses probably once 
 formed a part of this formation." 
 
 In Phelps county, Mr. Shumard reports First sandstone as In p helpSj 
 occuring as " usually of moderately fine, transparent, rather 
 slightly cohering quartz grains, in thin or massive beds ; the color 
 varies from white to ferruginous brown, the grains of the latter 
 variety being sometimes strongly cemented with iron." 1 
 
 In Crawford county the same writer reports First sandstone as 
 follows : " This formation is well represented, but, as far as our 
 observations extend, it is confined almost exclusively to the high- 
 
 ■' fe In Crawford, 
 
 est points of the dividing ridge between the waters of the Mera- 
 mec and the country lying north of this ridge. The rock occurs 
 in massive beds, and in thin, laminated layers, which vary in 
 compactness from soft crumbling sandstone, to almost a quartz- 
 ite ; its colors are snow-white, brown and red. The rock, as it 
 appears in this county, cannot generally be distinguished from 
 the Second sandstone, save by its stratigraphical relations, the 
 lithological characters of the two formations being almost pre- 
 cisely the same." 2 
 
 In Cape Girardeau county the same author, referring to the ln ape Girardeau 
 First sandstone, says : " This member of the series presents the and 
 same lithological features in Cape Girardeau as in other parts of 
 the State." s 
 
 He also describes the First sandstone in Ste. Genevieve county. st . Genevieve 
 His section compiled from the observations of himself and of connties - 
 
 1 Ibid., p. 235. 
 
 2 Ibid., p. 245. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 268. 
 
100 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Warwick Hough, Esq., is also given in full. A copy of this sec- 
 tion is introduced on p. 40, as Fig. 40, of this report and the 
 following description is further copied in order to bring out 
 clearly the method employed in the identification of these sand- 
 stones and limestones. 1 , 
 
 " First Magnesian Limestone. This member in Ste. Gene- 
 vieve consists usually of thin, even bedded, buff, and cream- 
 colored silico-magnesian limestone, passing sometimes into a 
 nearly pure dolomite. It forms for the most part smoothly 
 rounded hills, with gentle declivities, from which strata project 
 First Magnesian at intervals in long parallel lines. The suifaces of some of the 
 
 limestone in ° , 
 
 st. Genevieve layers are marked with vertical joints, intersecting each other in 
 every direction, which have been formed from the shrinking of 
 the strata while in a soft condition, and subsequent filling of 
 the cracks with fine mud." 
 
 " The First Magnesian limestone forms the prevailing rock of 
 the hills at the heads of Fourche a Polite, and North and South 
 Gabouri, and extends northwest in a narrow belt into Jefferson 
 county, crossing the Establishment below the mouth of the 
 Fourche Duclos. It is also exposed on the Aux Vases below 
 the mouth of Mill Creek, and on the Saline near the line of 
 Perry county. Its thickness in Ste. Genevieve I have estimated 
 at 150 feet." 
 
 " Saccharoidal Sandstone. This important formation consists 
 
 of white and ferruginous sandstone, occurring, usually, in 
 
 massive beds. Its lithological and chemical characters in this 
 
 saccharoidal country have been fully described by Dr. Litton, in the second 
 
 sandstone. 
 
 Annual Keport (Part II, page 85 ). 2 It extends southwest in a 
 narrow strip, from half to three quarters of a mile wide, from 
 the head branches of the Isle le Bois to the Aux Vases, which it 
 strikes below the mouth of Mill Creek. The best exhibition of 
 it to be found in the county are at the " White Sand Cave," 
 
 1 Ibid., p. 298. 
 
 2 Dr. Litton merely says that this is a remarkably white sandstone which 
 crumbles easily upon slight pressure ; that it is made up of rounded grains with 
 little or no cementing material. It does not color by heating and probably 
 would not stain the glass made from it. These are all the lithological characters 
 given. F. L. N. ' 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OP THE OZARK UPLIFT. 101 
 
 eight miles nearly due west of the town of Ste. Genevieve, and 
 on Kaufman's land in T. 37, E. 8, Sec. 3. At the former 
 locality a thickness of about twenty-five feet of the pure white 
 variety is exposed in heavy beds. This locality furnishes the 
 white sand so justly celebrated for the manufacture of the purer 
 varieties of glass. Thickness from thirty to eighty feet." 
 
 " The Second Magnesian Limestone occupies a large area, 
 chiefly in the central and northwestern portion of the county. 
 If we draw a line passing southeasterly from the sources of the 
 Isle le Bois to a point on Mill Creek, about a mile and a half 
 
 . -,1. Characteristics of 
 
 above its confluence with Aux Vases, and thence extend this line second Magnesian 
 
 limestone. 
 
 to the Saline, a short distance below the mouth of North Fork, 
 we shall have pretty nearly the line separating this formation 
 from the Saccharoidal sandstone ; west and south of this line it 
 ranges from one to three miles, forming, like the First Magnesian, 
 nearly rounded hills with gentle declivities." 
 
 "The Second Sandstone constitutes the surface rock over a 
 larger portion of the country than any other formation, and it 
 also presents a greater vertical development than we usually find 
 in other counties of this portion of the State. It is constantly 8econd sand3tone - 
 encountered on the high ridges at the sources of the Establish- 
 ment, Terre Blue, Aux Vases and Saline. We find it also 
 occupying the highlands in nearly every section inT. 36 and 37, 
 R. 7. The rock varies in lithological character in different parts 
 of the country, but usually appears in thin beds of white, yellow 
 or reddish colors, and made up of moderately fine siliceous grains. 
 Near Cozzen's Mill on the South Fork of Aux Vases, a thickness 
 of about eighty feet is exposed, and here the rock is curiously 
 weathered into huge conical and domeshaped masses that rise 
 from ten to twenty feet above the surface, some of them stand- 
 ing quite isolated and others joined at different heights from their 
 bases. In this vicinity the rock occurs in heavy bed's, and passes 
 from a fine-grained sandstone to a coarse gritstone containing 
 large pebbles of milky and translucent quartz. North of this 
 place, near Junca Creek, the sandstone is very much indurated, 
 and sometimes passes into a conglomerate. On the Mineral Fork 
 of the Saline it is a coarse gritstone of a dirty, gray color, and 
 contains galena and much sulphuret of iron. The thickness of 
 
102 
 
 IRON ORBS OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the Second sandstone, in this part of the county, may be safely 
 stated at 150 feet, although we have not seen a greater thickness 
 than eighty feet exposed at any one point. Nearly the whole 
 pine district of this county is underlaid by xhe Second sand- 
 stone. 
 
 "The Third Magnesian Limestone is principally met with in 
 C TMrdM r a^ea S ia°n tli e cuts of the streams in the western and southern portions of 
 limestone. the county> It j s the preV ailing rock of the North Fork of the 
 Saline and tributaries throughout nearly their entire course. We 
 find it also well developed on the upper part of the Establish- 
 ment and its branches, and likewise in the head waters of Fourche 
 Duclos. On all these streams it presents the usual lithological 
 characters of the mass, frequently forming bold escarpments, 
 with mural faces, and sometimes exposed to the height of 150 
 feet." 
 
 The last reference to the First sandstone is made on page 308 
 of this report and is mentioned under Jefferson county. 
 
 Inadequacy of Earlier Observations. Several references are 
 also made to this series of rocks in the Geological Survey Report 
 of 1873. The figure on p. 96, copied from Mr. Shumard's 
 section, 1 shows the order of sequence. The fact, however, that 
 this sequence is a compilation and not made from an actual 
 exposure must be carefully borne in mind. In the first place the 
 First Magnesian limestone is recognized, not identified, at the head 
 of Gabouri creek. Second, the First sandstone is recognized at 
 least three miles distant at White Sand cave. Third, the Second 
 Magnesian limestone is recognized in the middle of the county. 
 Fourth, the Second sandstone is recognized in the western (and 
 highest) part of the county. Fifth, the Third Magnesian is 
 recognized at the head of the Aux Vases and Establishment 
 creeks. That is, the column is made up of the various rocks 
 Rocks oi the Mag- from observations at isolated localities covering almost the en- 
 
 nesian series are ,. , . 1 , . , ■, , . -. , ,, ., 
 
 notataiiidenti-tire county, special emphasis has been laid by the writer upon 
 the word " recognized" since this word, or " observed," is the 
 one universally adopted by Mr. Shumard and the other geolo- 
 gists in recording the results of their studies of these rocks. 
 
 The above se- 
 quence is in- 
 ferred from 
 separated ob- 
 servations. 
 
 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1855-1871, op. p. 292. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 103 
 
 - They have failed to point out the data by means of which they 
 recognized these rocks. 
 
 Prof. Swallow's first mention of the First sandstone is on 
 page 17, Part I, of the report 1855. He there describes it in 
 the following terms: " This formation is usually a bed of white 
 friable sandstone, slightly tinged with red and brown which is 
 made up of globular concretions and angular fragments of 
 limpid quartz. It presents very imperfect strata, but somewhat 
 more distinct lines of deposition, variously inclined to the planes Mrst P sands°tone 
 of stratification. When separated at the lines of stratification low. 
 or deposition, the surface presents larger globular particles of 
 quartz and waterworn fragments of chert, apparently from the 
 inferior limestone, while still larger fragments of decomposing 
 chert are frequently disseminated through the whole stratum. 
 Sometimes it becomes a pure white homogeneous mass of slightly 
 coherent particles of silex, which very much resembles loaf 
 sugar." 
 
 The Second sandstone is recognized (Ibid., p. 125) by the fol- 
 lowing characteristics : "This is usually a brown or yellowish 
 brown fine grained sandstone, distinctly stratified in regular 
 beds, varying from two to eighteen inches in thickness. The 
 surfaces are often ripple-marked and micaceous. It is sometimes Description of 
 quite friable, though generally sufficiently indurated for building stone quoted. 
 purposes. The upper part is often made up of thin strata with 
 limpid crystals of quartz. Fragments of these strata are very 
 abundant in the soil and on the ridges where this sandstone 
 forms the surface rock. It sometimes becomes a pure white 
 grained soft sandstone." 
 
 From the above description it will be seen that the distinctions 
 
 *■ The distinctions 
 
 are purely lithological. Even if lithological distinctions had any are wnoiiy uth- 
 great force in determining geological horizons, it is apparent 
 that not a single characteristic is given which might not with 
 perfect propriety be applied to either bed. In fact there is not 
 an exclusive characteristic given. 
 
 The fact of the existence of three distinct sandstones could 
 be well established for a given locality if they were found actu- tnese l8 sand- e of 
 ally superimposed with their separating beds of limestone. But tabiishedb/ 
 this has not, with a single very doubtful exception, been done; position. 
 
104 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 River systems of 
 the Ozarks sup- 
 ply means of 
 
 correlation. 
 
 Series of section 
 across the 
 Ozarks. 
 
 this is in the so-called artesian well at St. Louis. This well was 
 put down with a churn drill so only triturated fragments of rock 
 were taken out, and from these data the section was constructed. 
 
 Means Available for Correlation. By far the most conclusive 
 evidence in the establishment of horizons is the occurrence of 
 characteristic fossils. Unfortunately, in this respect, the rocks 
 of the Ozark series in the Ozark Uplift are very deficient. This 
 is by no means due to a lack of life in the Cambrian seas at the 
 time these rocks were deposited, for certain localities show the 
 former presence of abundant fauna, but simply that, in the 
 greater part of the rocks, all recognizable traces of life have 
 been destroyed. The problem of establishing the identity of 
 two or more outcrops of sandstone or limestone thus becomes 
 exceedingly difficult. With these ready means of identification 
 almost wholly wanting the work of correlation, even under ordi- 
 nary circumstances, is an extremely difficult one. The river sys- 
 tems of the Ozarks, however, have done much to obviate this 
 difficulty. As has already been pointed qui these streams rising, 
 as they do, in the higher plateau cut deeper and deeper into the 
 rocks of the Uplift as they make their way down its slopes. 
 Bluffs, showing every successive stratum, vary in height from 
 twenty-five feet or less atthe source to over five hundred feet near 
 the mouth. These bluffs succeed each other so frequently that 
 the varying phases of each stratum can be traced from one to 
 the other. In this way also, a given bed or stratum can be fol- 
 lowed almost from its inception to its disappearance. 
 
 Sections Along the Big Piney, Gasconade and Current Rivers. 
 In prosecuting the study of iron ore deposits of the State it was 
 thought advisable to determine, if possible, whether or not the 
 specular ores of the sandstone region and the limonite ores of the 
 Uplift followed any particular stratum in the Magnesian series of 
 rocks. With this end in view a trip was made by boat from the 
 headwaters of the Big Piney river, nearCabool, to its junction 
 with the Gasconade river and thence to the mouth of the Gas- 
 conade at Gasconade City. This section gives a view of the 
 rocks on the northwestern slope of the Uplift. The southeastern 
 slope was studied by following the Current river from Riverside, 
 in Shannon county, to Doniphan, in Ripley county. It will thus 
 
o 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 105 
 
 be seen that an entire section has been made across the Ozark 
 Uplift. The sections thus made are given on Plates III. and IV., 
 inserted opposite page 106. 
 
 AtCabool there is but very little else than sandstone, overlain 
 by clay with more or less chert. No solid limestone is seen. 
 Thirty miles to the west, on the line of the Kansas City, Fort 
 Scott and Memphis railway, near Cedar Gap, the limestone is very ^wercfartonu-. 
 heavy. In a railroad cut two miles east of Cedar Gap there is a £es"an and Mag " 
 beautiful exposure of a contact between the Ozark, limestones 
 and the Kinderhook, and the chert in the clays overlying the 
 Chouteau is highly fossiliferous. The Magnesian limestone be- 
 neath the line of contact, on the slope of the hill, was followed 
 to the south of the railroad track for nearly one mile. Frequent 
 exposures of rock on the steep side hill made it possible to note 
 any variation in the rocks themselves. Through a vertical dis- 
 tance of 270 feet the following changes were noted ( see Plate 
 III.):- 
 
 Chouteau limestone 20 feet 
 
 Magnesian limestone 40 feet 
 
 Sandstone 6 feet 
 
 Limestone 54 feet 
 
 Sandstone 1 foot 
 
 Limestone 49 feet 
 
 Sandstone 2 feet 
 
 Limestone 118 feet 
 
 Below this point the rocks were not to be observed continu- 
 ously and no further study was made of them. 
 
 Between Cedar Gap and Cabool no detailed study of the rocks 
 was made. Between these two stations, along the line of rail- 
 
 Limestone and ' 
 
 road, there is a difference in elevation of about five hundred feet, sandstone ob- 
 served between 
 
 The grades along the road are very heavy. It was noted that c , e {j a 0l Gap and 
 along the road the highest points were limestone and the lowest 
 were usually sandstone. On some of the higher points, near 
 Cabool, limestone was noted, and sandstone at the lower points. 
 The sections in the two plates opposite next page are numbered 
 consecutively on Plate III. from No. 1 near Cabool to No. 32 at 
 Gasconade City, omitting numbers 27, 28 and 29. Then beginning 
 at the head of Current river, down to Doniphan another series 
 
106 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Sections not ex- 
 actly located. 
 
 The sandstones 
 vary in thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Limestone forms 
 lenses in sand- 
 stone and vice 
 versa. 
 
 of sections are given on Plate IV., and here also some of the 
 sections numbers are omitted in the plates and are given sepa- 
 rately in the text. The township, range and section of the 
 sections are given only approximately since it was evidently not 
 practicable to get them exactly without great loss of time. 
 Although not continually in sight it will be assumed that the 
 sandstone which is in sight at Cabool is the same one as is 
 exposed at Section No. 1 of Plate III. The reasons for this 
 assumption, are that from Cabool to this section, a distance of 
 about eight miles, the country is only gently rolling, the summits 
 of the rolls are limestone, the hollows are sandstone. Further, 
 the barometer stands at about the same level at the two places. 
 
 From this point down the river, a very interesting series 
 of phenomena is shown. One very prominent fact soon makes 
 itself very strongly felt and that is the great and sudden varia- 
 bility in the thickness of any given bed either of sandstone or 
 limestone. In Section No. 1 the exact thickness of the sand- 
 stone which outcrops there is not known. There is no limestone 
 which shows on top of the sandstone, but it is covered with a 
 thick mantle of stratified clay, the residuum, probably, of a 
 former limestone. This assumption is fortified by the fact that, 
 a little distance below this section, argillaceous shales begin to 
 appear in the clay, and this, in Sec. 2, gives place to a cherty 
 limestone. In Section No. 4 the sandstone grading insensibly 
 into chert and cherty limestone, reaches a thickness, between 
 two beds of limestone, of one hundred and forty feet. Again, in 
 Section No. 3 a bed of limestone fifteen feet thick appears. In 
 Section No. 4 it reaches an observed thickness of twenty feet 
 and, in Section No. 5 it is one hundred and ten feet, and this 
 almost entirely disappears in Section No. 6 and is not observed 
 in Section No. 7 where the solid sandstone thickens to one 
 hundred and sixty-six feet. In Sections No. 8 and No. 10 the 
 tendency of the limestones to form lenses in the- body of the 
 sandstone is well shown. From the facts expressed in these two 
 sections the inference is that the limestone is a lenticular body, 
 since, at corresponding levels in Sections No. 7 and No. 9, 
 nothing but solid sandstone is seen. 
 
 The occurrence of great lenses of sandstone is still further 
 
(iEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI, 
 
 V 
 
 ATrUSOrECT. 
 
 No. I 
 SecJ6. 
 Twp.26M,lOW. 
 
 1 " '^soft: 
 
 No. 2. 
 Sec/0. 
 
 1\vp.2M,lQW. 
 
 si 
 
 toft 
 
 Seclh . 
 Twp.37M,10K 
 
 soft. 
 
 Pg~.- 
 
 d 
 
 rC 
 
 p^ 
 
 CI 
 
 'fiv&ilsz'. 
 
 175ft. 
 
 C3S 
 
 M.S. 
 
 Sec. 2. 
 Twp2M,10W. 
 
 Sec. 35. 
 l\vp.'20N.,10W. 
 
 Sections along BigPjney Cheek, from Cabooi to Arlington. 
 
 Dial, Straight line 32 miles, 
 
 jiff.-- 
 
 ?m 
 
 
 soft. 
 
 90 ft,**- 
 
 fOBStls 
 
 soft, 
 
 A 'o.5. 
 
 Sec. 26. 
 
 .Twp.2SN., 10W. 
 
 n 
 
 rr 
 
 nop. s 
 fossils 
 
 Mo. 6. 
 Sec. 12. 
 TWp.Z$N.,'lOW. 
 
 No./, 
 Sec. 30. 
 Twp.30A:,l#W. 
 
 1**7 r T: . - *"" 
 
 
 loo ft 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 Ao. a. 
 
 Sec. J. 
 Twp.30N.,10W. 
 
 109ft. 
 
 soft. 
 
 fflS lotft. 
 iJI..::v*-.v.v> 
 
 V-« 
 
 fc»5 : 
 
 .Ao. 5. 
 
 Sec. 19. 
 Twp.31M.,3W. 
 
 No. 10. 
 Sec. ?. 
 Twp.SlN.,9W. 
 
 jqft. 
 
 90ft. 
 
 CI 
 
 CC 
 
 rc 
 
 nop. 
 Saft... 
 
 loop. 
 
 X^Z 
 
 Sections along Gasconade Rtvjbr . from Arlington to Gasconade City. 
 
 Hist. Straiaftt line 26 miles. 
 
 EC 
 
 cH 
 
 soft.. 
 
 3oJf'-;:> 
 
 soft. 
 
 No.li. 
 Sec. 35. 
 Twp.33N.,10W. 
 
 : no 
 
 oft. 
 
 iWi 
 
 •few 
 ^3 
 
 sa 
 
 5fll 
 
 
 fossils 
 fossils I 
 
 nop. 
 
 No.15. 
 
 See. 12 
 7Wp.38JV,,SW. 
 
 
 EC 
 
 BO ft. 
 
 Ft-fe^, ."foesjh::-.:^... 
 
 toft. 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 Sec. 15 
 Tv/p. 39 A', 9W. 
 
 loft. 
 
 iofr... 
 
 Twjp.3$M,SW. 
 
 ...aSa 
 
 c 
 
 EC 
 
 C joo/7 
 
 '/' 
 
 rc 
 
 xz 
 
 70/V. 
 
 JVo.IS. 
 
 Sec.29. 
 
 Z0§ iOft. 
 toft:- 
 
 soft. 
 
 A 
 
 
 ^Vo. /A 
 
 isft, 
 
 top.-.. 
 
 lift. 
 
 y on 
 
 mm 
 
 toft. ..■■ 
 soft.-- 
 
 .10ft. 
 
 is'/t. 
 
 15ft. 
 
 hL 
 
 
 70ft. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■/Vb.,20. 
 
 TWp.iOM,aW. 
 SB.SK'A-" 
 
 »5ee,.5. 
 
 Twp.'/M,m 
 
 iC? 
 
 //(^?, 
 
 3 
 
 cr 
 
 EC 
 
 ES3 
 
 SEE ' 0/? ' 
 
 /soft. 
 
 3 
 
 ^.7c//.:.:v.: 
 eeft. 
 
 rc 
 
 □Cd.fo/' 
 
 s 
 
 so/r. 
 
 fossils 
 
 No. 2 3, 
 Sec.33. 
 TwpAM,8W. 
 
 -if: 
 
 asrt. 
 ....ift. ... 
 
 T"T 
 
 a 
 
 :cH 
 
 Sec. 16. 
 Tup. b2jV. / 8W. 
 
 ■toft. 
 
 3.9/V.'. 
 
 j/j>/V. 
 
 ./Vo. 25. 
 
 ■See.30. 
 
 TwpASN.fVt. 
 
 SOfty 
 
 Report on Iron likes, I'i.ate III. 
 
 ,sv<\ y<*\ 
 
 -/V"o.2<5. 
 .See. .33. 
 
 soft-- 
 
 CI 
 
 nop:-.. 
 
 T~T 
 
 4.5/V. 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 rc 
 
 rc 
 
 200ft. 
 
 Limesttne\Magnesian. Limestone, r/ierty. 
 
 LEGEND . 
 
 Sandstone. Broken Sandstone. Chert, Solid. 
 
 Porphyry 
 
 IrCr 
 
 
 \^>f^<\ 
 
 ■ a 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 1HE 
 
 IgE 
 
 ft 
 
 isoft. 
 fossils 
 
 IBoft. 
 
 JVoJ3. 
 
 Sec. 35. 
 ]\tp.3i/V.,10W. 
 
 No. 30. 
 
 Sec. 't. 
 
 Twp'itMfdW. 
 
 W ">/'■ 
 
 O- 
 
 Ciq- 
 
 T 
 
 I~L 
 
 izsoft. 
 
 A.T.'?o*r££T. 
 
 ijiAi 
 
 rcr 
 
 EC 
 
 il aai ,tv. 
 
 s 
 
 rc 
 
 Sec/2 
 
 moft. Tnp.lSN.^W. 
 soft. 
 
 is oft. 
 
 J~T 
 
 E5 
 
 2fl<7/>. 
 
 traAn«<t» pnbahly Umtatont 
 
 Cr 
 
 C 
 
 s 
 
 t T''""'rT 
 
 3 
 
 70ft. 
 
 5ft. 
 
 > i 
 
 *tOft. JUviailu Hm< stone 
 A.r. . 5S0r££T . 
 
 - ■ Section 
 
 m Section with fossils 
 
 Vertical S calm 1 inch «= 200 feet, 
 
Geological Survey of snasotnu, 
 
 SVb.33. 
 
 See. 10. 
 
 Twp. SIN., m 
 
 m 
 
 \tM /30ft. 
 
 E§29 
 
 fossils 
 
 iSOft. 
 
 1 
 
 7 L r 
 
 ^VJ. *«. 
 
 -Sep. 3. 
 
 Twp.2IN.,lW. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 «-*^a* 
 
 soft. 
 
 
 
 ■'fossils 
 
 8oft>. 
 
 
 
 zoft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 t-H- 
 
 S»oft. 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 AT.'Starar. 
 
 r 
 
 
 Jfo.M. 
 
 Sec. IS. 
 Tup. SIN, OW. 
 
 Ill 
 
 re 
 
 tooft. 
 
 40ft. 
 
 fossils 
 
 tsop. 
 
 JtfeAS. 
 Sec. ii. 
 \Tmp.27K^W. 
 
 r i 
 
 tooft 
 
 
 soft... 
 
 
 tooft. 
 
 JVo.35. 
 
 See. 24. 
 
 Twp.SM,6W 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 E=3 
 
 fossils 
 iioft. 
 
 210ft. 
 
 M.50. 
 
 Sec. IS. 
 Twp.27N.,lB. 
 
 8p 
 
 m 
 
 
 V 
 
 E_3 
 
 rP 1 
 
 En 
 
 e=i 
 
 uoft. 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Vertical. Scale i inch -200 feet. 
 
 JVb. 36. 
 
 Sec. 28. 
 
 Twp.3M,SW. 
 
 M.3Z 
 See. 33. 
 Twp.31N.,5W. 
 
 JVoAO. 
 Sec. 3. 
 J\vp.30M,JW. 
 
 soft. 
 
 ..ip 
 
 W^i 
 
 1 l Wr'fr' LLl k 
 
 o 
 
 toft. 
 
 tlift. 
 
 «ft.y. 
 soft. 
 
 m 
 
 tnp 
 
 ^a 
 
 o 
 
 E5 
 
 J*o/>. 
 
 tooft. 
 
 n 
 
 iuiiiiik 
 
 jjpl 
 
 Q 
 
 A70ft. 
 
 jvb. si 
 
 See. 12. 
 Twp.2BN.,lS- 
 
 M.53. 
 
 See. 16. 
 
 Tup^SN^iE. 
 
 rr 
 
 ssoft. 
 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 if oft. 
 
 JV6. 42. 
 Sec. 17. 
 Ttrp 30V. iW. 
 
 JVbAl. 
 
 See. 1. 
 
 Tup. SON., SW. 
 
 WSL„ 
 
 toft. 
 
 &&&: 
 
 s 
 
 ea 
 
 isoft. 
 
 soft. 
 
 EZ3 
 
 O 
 
 I-r-I 
 
 en 
 
 =? 
 
 atiiMBaa 
 
 r~T 
 
 O 
 
 'fossils 
 soft. 
 
 oft. fossils 
 
 g- SS9 /t. 
 
 IS 
 
 s 
 
 id 
 
 S 
 
 rrzc 
 
 rri 
 
 saoft. 
 
 •toft. 
 
 g «#/fc 
 
 tooft. 
 
 Report ov iron Ores, Plate TV. 
 
 Tvp,2SN., 3W. 
 
 p2S2 
 
 Sec. J. 
 
 
 C3 
 
 nn 
 
 n=i 
 
 O 
 
 T~T 
 
 rrt 
 
 eii 
 
 d 
 
 fossils, 
 isoft. 
 
 /toft. 
 280ft. 
 
 JVb.46. 
 
 See.24 
 Twp. 29N.,3W. 
 
 JVo.A7. 
 Sec. 12. 
 Twp.2BN.,2W. 
 
 Sections 
 along 
 
 CujtREtfT Rivj&h 
 
 fhom 
 
 Hive n side to Doktipmam. 
 
 Dist. Straight line GQmiles . 
 
 LEGEND. 
 
 Limestone.Magnesian, 
 
 m 
 
 CI 
 
 l S&8j§ Limestone. e/ierty. 
 
 Sandstone 
 
 Z&fiABraken Sandstone. 
 
 WSSkChert, Solid. 
 
 .A.r.'i*entr. 
 
 111111 Porphyry. 
 
 — Section 
 
 •> Section irithfaseils. 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 iS3 
 
 i 
 
 aoflff- 
 
 a 
 
 EZJ 
 
 ere 
 
 BflgCTB 
 
 r~n 
 
 rrrt 
 
 EZJ 
 
 T~ i 
 
 nzi 
 
 240ft. 
 sft. 
 
 A.T*5¥0FEEr. 
 
106 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Sections not ex- 
 actly located. 
 
 The sandstones 
 vary In thick- 
 ness. 
 
 Limestone forms 
 lenses in sand- 
 stone and vice 
 versa. 
 
 of sections are siven on Plate IV., and here also some of the 
 sections numbers are omitted in the plates and are given sepa- 
 rately in the text. The township, range and section of the 
 sections are given only approximately since it was evidently not 
 practicable to get them exactly without great loss of time. 
 Although not continually in sight it will be assumed that the 
 sandstone which is in sight at Cabool is the same one as is 
 exposed at Section No. 1 of Plate III. The reasons for this 
 assumption are that from Cabool to this section, a distance of 
 about eight miles, the country is only gently rolling, the summits 
 of the rolls are limestone, the hollows are sandstone. Further, 
 the barometer stands at about the same level at the two places. 
 
 From this point down the river, a very interesting series 
 of phenomena is shown. One very prominent fact soon makes 
 itself very strongly felt and that is the great and sudden varia- 
 bility in the thickness of any given bed either of sandstone or 
 limestone. In Section No. 1 the exact thickness of the sand- 
 stone which outcrops there is not known, 'fhere is no limestone 
 which shows on top of the sandstone, but it is covered with a 
 thick mantle of stratified clay, the residuum, probably, of a 
 former limestone. This assumption is fortified by the fact that, 
 a little distance below this section, argillaceous shales begin to 
 appear in the clay, and this, in Sec. 2, gives place to a cherty 
 limestone. In Section No. 4 the sandstone grading insensibly 
 into chert and cherty limestone, reaches a thickness, between 
 two beds of limestone, of one hundred and forty feet. Again, in 
 Section No. 3 a bed of limestone fifteen feet thick appears. In 
 Section No. 4 it reaches an observed thickness of twenty feet 
 and, in Section No. 5 it is one hundred and ten feet, and this 
 almost entirely disappears in Section No. 6 and is not observed 
 in Section No. 7 where the solid sandstone thickens to one 
 hundred and sixty-six feet. In Sections No. 8 and No. 10 the 
 tendency of the limestones to form lenses in the- body of the 
 sandstone is well shown. From the facts expressed in these two 
 sections the inference is that the limestone is a lenticular body, 
 since, at corresponding levels in Sections No. 7 and No. 9, 
 nothing but solid sandstone is seen. 
 
 The occurrence of great lenses of sandstone is still further 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 
 
 107 
 
 shown in Sections 27, 28 and 29 of Fig. 41. As will be seen by 
 referring to Plate III., Section 26 shows a face of two hundred 
 feet of pure limestone, capped by twenty feet of broken sand- 
 stone. About one mile below this section large broken blocks 
 of ripple-marked sandstone appear in the river, broken from a 
 bed of sandstone thirty feet thick. This sandstone is a heavily 
 bedded, Saccharoidal rock, which can be traced for a long Le r ^£i£ ro °^ r - 
 distance at the river level. Section 27 in the accompanying 
 cut shows the relation of this sandstone to the overlying 
 rock. Unfortunately the talus from the bluffs hides the rocks 
 at the most critical point, but at A the sandstone shows out 
 heavily bedded and very pure. At B, less than three hundred ' 
 
 feet distant, the sandstone is more or less calcareous. The , 
 broken sandstone on top is about twenty feet thick. One-fourth 
 of a mile below is Section 29. The first twenty feet above the 
 
 lags 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 BH 
 
 l»y 
 
 s 
 
 Sec. 27. 28. 29. 
 
 Fig. 41. Sections along the Gasconade river, showing the thinning 
 out of the sandstone at A. 
 
 river level is covered by talus but above this is solid limestone 
 for two hundred feet, with a cap of twenty feet of broken sand- 
 stone. Less than one mile below this point Section 29 shows a 
 bluff two hundred feet high. In this two beds of sandstone, 
 calcareous, and about two feet thick, show, and about one 
 hundred and forty-eight feet of limestone. 
 
 The inference is thus unavoidable that the sandstone beds of 
 Sections 27, 28 and 29, ripple-marked and thick as it is, is lens 27, 28 and 29 is 
 shaped and lies, probably, wholly enclosed by limestone. Sections 
 49 and 50, Plate IV., show a bed of very pure sandstone lying 
 in limestone and probably thinning out, as is indicated in the 
 sections. At least Section 51, three or four miles below, shows 
 three hundred and eighty feet of pure limestone. 
 
 By further consulting the plates of sections it is noticeable that 
 a bed of sandstone generally occupies the crests of the sections. 
 
108 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 This fact is very much more striking in the field than in the 
 8a i'? eisi ! b " sections, for there is an almost continuous wall on one or the 
 
 served capping 
 
 bioffs continu- other side of the streams. Even on the bluffs where no sand- 
 stone is shown, if the hill is followed back from the river for 
 distances varying from one to one-half of a mile, this rock will 
 generally be found, through perhaps only in broken blocks. It 
 is thus probable that this bedded sandstone, which is observed 
 at Cabool, is continuous to Gasconade City, in a bed of varying 
 thickness as well as from Kiverside to Doniphan. 
 
 This sandstone, if in broken blocks, usually lies a little below 
 
 the level of the more undisturbed or bedded sandstone, but in 
 
 such a position as to be readily referred to the unbroken or less 
 
 . disturbed beds. If it occurs in unbroken beds or layers, the hill 
 
 Sandstone caps 
 
 sometimes or divide can be followed tor miles on nearly the same level, and 
 
 broken or dis- . .... 
 
 turbed by under- winding, as the streams between which it lies, the ridge comes 
 
 mining. ° ' = 
 
 sharply to the river in the form of a steep bluff ; or it swings 
 back as a more or less steeply sloped hill. The difference 
 between this sandstone and those previously described may be 
 summed up as follows : While the sandstones first described as 
 cropping out in the river bluffs come in gradually, thicken 
 and gradually disappear, this sandstone occupies a constant 
 position with relation to the limestone rock with which it occurs. 
 Disturbances of Strata. In some cases the appearance of 
 sandstone on a low bluff is not attributable to a thickening of 
 the bed at the expense of the limestone. Its broken and dis- 
 turbed appearance, the crushed appearance of the limestone, 
 together with sudden aud rather steep dips seem to make it 
 probable that the rocks have been undermined and caused to Call 
 The formation of hy the etching away of beds of limestone. The facts which lead 
 ch^ttaecSa? to such a conclusion are very evident. In many of the bluffs 
 the limestone beds are completely honey-combed. The cells 
 vary in size from an inch in diameter to large openings which 
 may properly be called caves. One can very easily imagine this 
 honey-combing to be carried on to such an extent that the 
 weakened rock, no longer able to support the superincumbent 
 mass, would be crushed thus allowing the whole mass to settle. 
 One of two things would happen. First, the entire soluble part, 
 water now having freer access, would be removed, thus allowing 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OP THE OZARK UPLIFT. 109 
 
 more settling; or, if the limestone was argillaceous, a parting 
 bed of clay would be left. Second, the crushed beds might be 
 recemented and thus present the rather paradoxical phenomenon 
 of a bed of limestone breccia between two beds of solid lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Direct evidences of settling are so numerous that only a few 
 examples will be given. About two miles above Myer's mill on 
 the Big Piney the limestones dip toward each other at an angle "o/nVaen^ning. 
 of from 15° to 20°. The beds are so massive and otherwise look 
 so undisturbed as to suggest a synclinal trough. A large spring 
 at the lowest point of the synclinal, however, explains their po- 
 sition. This spring, it can be seen, has undermined these rocks 
 and they have fallen in as described. 
 
 Nearly every one of the great springs of this region shows the 
 rocks dipping towards the cave from which it emerges. Further, 
 also, as will be explained in the chapter on " Specular Ores of 
 the Sandstone Kegion," the sandstones all dip towards the ore 
 deposit. 
 
 As an evidence of undermining and removal of the soluble 
 limestone it may be pointed out that mining operations show 
 that these sandstone beds are, in most instances, underlain by 
 beds of clay, inter-stratified with slaty and cherty layers. This 
 fact is perfectly illustrated at the Cherry Valley iron mine. In 
 general the shrinkage of the mass of rocks of the Uplift by the 
 loss of soluble carbonate of lime is widely recognizable. Beds 
 of lime and chert breccia are also frequently met, and all seem 
 to point to the conclusion suggested above. It will thus be seen 
 that the position of the sandstone on limestone bluffs of varying T sk c n k dsfo d ne°break 
 altitudes may at times be due to undermining and settling as ers!" t0 " string " 
 well as at others to the tnickening and thinning of the beds 
 themselves. By carrying out the ideas suggested above, in re- 
 gard to thickening and thinning we can easily imagine that a 
 bed of sandstone, very thick at one place, may be subdivided 
 by the coming in of a limestone, or may thin out, in such a 
 manner as to suggest a series of great beds of sandstone rather 
 than one practically continuous bed. In fact the sections made 
 along the rivers show this very clearly. It is only by carefu 
 observation of a given sandstone bed, from bluff to bluff, noting 
 
110 IRON ORBS OF MISSOURI. 
 
 changes in thickness and signs of undermining, that the bed can 
 be certainly identified and followed. 
 
 Paleontology of the Region. Another fact supporting the 
 existence of the continuous bed of sandstone, already referred to, 
 is the persistent occurrence of a distinct fossil stratum always 
 occurring in the same well recognized relation to the sandstone. 
 This fossil bed is found, usually, within twenty feet of the sand- 
 stone and is, almost without exception, a calcareous chert. The 
 proportion of lime to chert varies from an almost pure chert, 
 though distinctly laminated, to an almost pure limestone. The 
 fossils are, however, almost without exception, siliceous casts. 
 
 A bedis traceable ^ e distribution of the principal localities may be seen by refer- 
 ring to the marginal maps accompanying the plates of sections, 
 and to the sections themselves. Comparatively few of the 
 fossil localities have, however, been located, only the better ones 
 are shown of the maps, for they may be found in nearly every 
 bluff. At the request of the writer, Prof. R. R. Rowley, assistant 
 in paleontology for the Survey, visited some of the localities 
 and the following fossils were identified by him. At Hazleton, 
 township 33 N., 10 W., Sec. 35, on Big Piney river, he found 
 the following specimens : Orthoeeras primigenium ( ?), Ophileta 
 complanata, iStraparottus minnesotensis, Murchisonia melania- 
 formis, Pleurotomaria sp. (?), Orthis sp. (?) small, Lep- 
 tcena sp. (?) and glabella of a trilobite. Near Riverside on 
 Current river, township 31 N., 6 W., section 10, he found the 
 following species : Straparollus sp. (?), Ophileta complanata, 
 Orthorceras primigenium (?), Holopoza sp. ( ?) small specimen. 
 Near Akers P. O., a few miles below, he found Orthoeeras 
 primigenium, Straparollus sp. ( ?), Haphistoma sp. (?), 
 Ophileta complanata, Pleurotomaria sp. (?), Murchisonia 
 melaniaformis. There are other localities in which fossils have 
 been found, both by the writer and others, which seem very 
 
 F to 8 correE ent clearly to point to the correlation of widely separated outcrops 
 
 separated, beds. ^ a synchronous horizon. At the Cherry Valley iron mine, 
 
 more fully described in the chapter on " Specular Ores in the 
 
 Sandstone Region," a belt of fossiliferous rocks, surrounding 
 
 the bank on the east, north and west sides„has been found. This 
 
 'fossil layer is under the sandstone, which shows plainly at the 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OE THE OZARK UPLIFT. Ill 
 
 mine, and over the limestone, which crops out in heavy beds 
 under the ore bank. The fossils are found in a decomposed 
 chert, some in fresh flinty chert, embedded in a clay, referred 
 to before as a residuum from limestone. Here Prof. Eowley 
 recognizes ; Straparollus sp. (?), Orphileta complanata, Orthis 
 sp. ( ?), Cyrlolites sp. {?). 
 
 In Wayne, Carter, Oregon, Howell and Taney counties the 
 writer has frequently found these fossils in chert. The only No Magnesian 
 evidence that they came from under the sandstone is that they top S of S thesec-° a 
 have never been found by the writer on top of the sandstone ond sandstone. 
 in the cherty clay, though search has often been made. The con- 
 clusion is, then, that the sandstones found in these widely 
 separated localities belong to the same horizon. 
 
 Mr. Shumard reports fossils from the following localities : 1 
 
 Ortltoceratite, Maries county; Straparollus and Ohemnitzia, 
 
 Ozark county ; Straparollus bigranosus, Chemnitzia, pygidium 
 
 of Arionellus (?) Missouriensis from Wright county. The 
 
 above are affirmed by Mr. Shumard to be from the First sand- Fauna not suffi- 
 
 , T . . cient to differen- 
 
 stone. He, however, gives no reason for calling; the localities uate First and 
 
 ' . ' o = Second sand- 
 
 First sandstone, save on the lithological grounds already pointed 8tone - 
 out. The fauna is too poorly represented to furnish grounds for 
 separation of the First sandstone by means of fossils, and the 
 fossils given may, with equal propriety, be considered as corre- 
 lating these localities with the so-called Second sandstone rather 
 than as establishing the First sandstone on paleontological 
 evidence. 
 
 In Miller county, under the so-called Second sandstone, Mr. 
 Shumard finds, " Euornphalus and some Gasteropoda." Ira 
 Ozark county he finds the following fossils in Second Magnesian 
 limestone, and, consequently, over the so-called Second sand- 
 stone: Murchisonia melaniaformis, Melia, Orthoceras primige- 
 nium Lituites complanata, Ohemnitzia resticula, G. ozark- 
 ensis, Murchisonia carinifera, Straparollus vulvataformis, S. 
 bigranosus, Raphistoma grandis, R. subplana and Arionellus 
 ( f) Missouriensis. Also trilobites and gasteropods which are 
 
 1 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1S55-1871, pp. 10, 192, 208, in the. 
 chapters on Miller, Ozark, Wright and Pulaski counties. 
 
112 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 undetermined. In the Second sandstone (so-called) he finds 
 Iiaphisloma and Straparollus acuto-carinatus . 
 
 Especial attention is here asked to the following facts. In 
 the first place that the individual strata making up the Ozark 
 series have not been sufficiently well defined, by the writer 
 above quoted, for their ready recognition to be beyond 
 question. It would then follow that the statement that the 
 above fossils were found in the Second Magnesian limestone 
 and thus over the Second sandstone and under the First sandstone, 
 will not hold in the face of evidence to the contrary. There is 
 such evidence and it is as follows : These same fossils have been 
 found by the writer, and identified by Prof. Rowley, from posi- 
 tions under the sandstone which Mr. Shumard has " recognized " 
 or referred to as Second sandstone. The localities found by the 
 writer bear a very constant relation to this Second sandstone of 
 Shumard. Even if the fossils described by the writer are not of 
 themselves sufficient to establish firmly a fixed horizon, would it 
 not at least, seem simpler and more logical to hold that the last 
 Fossils described fossil locality described by Mr. Shumard goes rather to establish 
 
 by Shumard go J J ° 
 
 to establish a the fact that the supposed First sandstone is nothing but 
 
 continuous * r o 
 
 rto^and^ec- 1 * ne s °- ca U e d Second sandstone and that the supposed Second 
 ond - Magnesian limestone lies under the Second sandstone and not 
 
 on top? In Wright and Jefferson counties Mr. Shumard 
 describes fossils, similar to the above, as occurring in the 
 Second Magnesian limestone (thus under the First sand- 
 stone). In view of the reasons given, the writer holds that 
 these fossils go rather to prove the continuous extension of the 
 so-called Second sandstone than the existence of the Second 
 Magnesian limestone. 
 
 The Indentily of a First Sandstone Questionable. There are 
 one or two facts which lead one to further question very seriously 
 Whether the existence of a First sandstone has been established, 
 on facts strong enough to warrant the retention of the term. In 
 the report before referred to, Prof. G. C. Broadhead has recog- 
 nized the First sandstone in Osage county, in the following 
 places. 1 Under the head of F. «., Saccharoidal sandstone, he 
 
 1 Report Geological Survey of Missouri, 1856-1871, p. 26. 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 113 
 
 says: " This formation is found only in the eastern part of the 
 county, capping most of the hills as far west as Linn and 
 Chamois. Farther west it was not observed. It is ten feet 
 thick in Galloway's Prairie and the head of Third Creek, but it 
 is not again seen in any large mass until we cross the Gasconade 
 and reach the interior of T. 43 N., E. 7 W. About Section 28, 
 43 N., 7 W., it is ten feet thick. It crops out near the summit 
 of the ridges, between Bailey's creek and the Gasconade river. Farther evidence 
 It is generally a white, soft, pure sandstone.") By referring to of First and sec- 
 Plate III, Section 32, it will be seen that the section shows thirty 
 feet of sandstone at the summit of the bluff. No fossils were 
 found under this sandstone but this is the same sandstone which 
 .has been followed from the head of the Big Piney near Cabool, 
 capping the summits of nearly every bluff ,to this point at the 
 mouth of the Gasconade river, in some places it is one hundred and 
 ninety feet thick. This particular section is in Gasconade county, 
 but it is only just across the Gasconade river from Osage county. 
 Further, Chamois, a point where Prof. Broadhead recognized 
 the First sandstone, is lower than the point where the Second 
 sandstone is represented in Section 32, Plate III. This bluff is 
 three hundred and five feet above the level of the Gas- 
 conade river. The bluff at Chamois is not so high by 
 at least one hundred feet. In Township 43 N., 7 W., 
 Section 28, First sandstone is again recognized by Prof. 
 Broadhead. Section No. 25, Plate I., was made by the writer 
 only three miles distant and southeast from the place where Prof. 
 Broadhead recognized First sandstone. The writer's note on this sandstone aii- 
 locality as evidencing a sinking of the sandstone by leaching of turbed - 
 the limestone, is as follows : The chert layers in this bluff, as in 
 many others, are all crushed or brecciated, and the interstices 
 are filled with sand and limestone and recemented. The sand- 
 stones on the top of the bluff, although in large masses, are dis- 
 turbed, showing that they have been undermined and have settled 
 without having actually been broken. Fossils, or rather frag- 
 ments of fossils, were found in the chert. Again, attention is 
 called to the fact that this sandstone has been traced continuously 
 along this stream and the Big Piney, and that this outcrop evi- 
 dently belongs to the same bed. It seems verv probable, there- 
 
114 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Only one gieat 
 sandstone ex- 
 posed. 
 
 There are not 
 three, but six 
 sandstones. 
 
 Terms First, 
 Second, etc., 
 sandstones and 
 limestones 
 should be 
 abandoned. 
 
 fore, that the localities recognized by Prof. Broadhead and the 
 present writer belong to the same horizon. If this be so there 
 can be no doubt but that, in the great central area of the Uplift 
 there is practically but one sandstone, and that sandstone is the 
 one which has, up to the present time, been called the Second 
 sandstone. 
 
 Nomenclature. One word more must be added. Even should 
 we wish to retain the names of First, Second and Third sand- 
 stone, there is yet an embarrassing question to answer. The older 
 geologists acknowledge that these beds thicken and thin within 
 wide limits. In Section No. 32, Plate III., there are thin beds 
 of sandstone which are not given on account of their thinness. 
 In that section alone, if we grant that there is a First sandstone, 
 we have not three sandstones, but five, not counting the so-called 
 Third sandstone which lies yet lower. In Section No. 8, on Big 
 Piney, there are at least five sandstones, allowing for the First 
 sandstone which has been swept away and for the Third sand- 
 stone which lies below. In Section 23, on the Gasconade, allow- 
 ance must be made for at least six beds of sandstone. There 
 seems to be, therefore, no valid reason for stopping at three 
 sandstones, but if numerical distinctions are to rule, there should 
 be no reason why the beds should not be denominated by num- 
 bers from one to six at least. It will, at present, at least, be no 
 valid objection to point out that many of these beds are thin. 
 All are not so, some are thirty feet thick, and are not to be dis- 
 tinguished lithologically from what has been called First, Second, 
 etc. Further, thin beds may thicken at other points. It is very 
 evident, however, that such a proposition is a reductio ad absur- 
 dem, and, if introduced, would lead to endless confusion. It is 
 firmly believed by the writer that, the old terms First, Second, 
 etc., as applied to the sandstones and limestones, should be set 
 aside as no longer useful but, on the contrary, as serious obsta- 
 cles in the way of working out the stratigraphy of the Ozark 
 Uplift. 
 
 In view of the facts above pointed out it is suggested that the 
 name Roubidoux sandstone be applied to the rock above described 
 as overspreading the Ozark region from Cabool to Gasconde City 
 and from Salem to Doniphan. This embraces much, if not all, 
 
THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE OZARK UPLIFT. 115 
 
 of what has been called Second sandstone, and will undoubtedly 
 
 include the areas of so-called First sandstone as well. Further, 
 
 it is proposed that the name Gasconade, limestone be applied to, 
 
 the great series of limestone beds, interstratified with thin beds 
 
 of sandstone, which underlie the Eoubidoux sandstone. It is 
 
 firmly believed that enough occurrences have been examined to 
 
 at least include all of the great outcrops of sandstone properly 
 
 lying within the Ozark Uplift in the Eoubidoux sandstone, and, Area embraced by 
 
 if further work proves the correctness of the writer's belief that sandstone and 
 
 the heavy beds of sandstone at Pacific and Crystal City, hitherto atone. 
 
 known as First sandstone, are but an extension of the Second 
 
 sandstone, the term Eoubidoux can be extended to these also. 
 
 From the fossils found in the Eoubidoux sandstone, as well as 
 
 from the fact of the close relationship of the underlying limestone, 
 
 the Gasconade limestone will be as easily identified as is the 
 
 Eoubidoux sandstone. These terms are offered, at least for 
 
 provisional use, without wishing to cast the slightest imputation 
 
 upon the work of Swallow, Shumard, Broadhead and others of , 
 
 the earlier geologists ; for the present writer can only consider 
 
 himself as carrying a little farther the work so ably inaugurated 
 
 by these men and especially by Prof. Broadhead. 
 
116 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE SPECULAR OEE OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 
 
 INTRODUCTION — SIMMONS MOUNTAIN MIKE — THE CHEEET VALLEY MINES— THE COM- 
 POSITION OP THE SPECULAR ORES OP THE SANDSTONE REGION — THE ORIGIN OP 
 THE ORES — PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE —CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 General Distribution. The district in which the specular 
 ores in sandstone are found has been designated as the " Cen- 
 tral Region" by Dr. Adolph Schmidt in his report of 1872. 
 
 There are eight counties, Franklin, Crawford, Maries, Phelps, 
 Pulaski, Dent, Texas and Shannon, in which these ores have 
 occurrences of been found most abundantly. Crawford, Dent and Phelps- 
 uiarore. CO unties, though, have yielded the principal amount of ore. The 
 fact that, so far, the other counties named have produced but 
 little ore does not necessarily mean that there is but little ore in 
 them, but simply that circumstances have not been favorable for 
 working and thus there has been lacking a stimulus for explora- 
 tion. 
 
 The district occupies the high position in the Ozark Uplift 
 Appearance of the which has been described in the preceding chapter as the 
 
 plateau region. . a * 
 
 plateau region. 1 Its topography is essentially different from 
 that of the country to the north and south. It is hilly, but the 
 ravines which cut the surface of the ground are not so deep as 
 those of the sections just referred to. As one leaves this region 
 and approaches the canon or gorge region the deposits of specular 
 
 1 During my first visits to the, Ozarks the term " plateau " suggested itself 
 to me as being a peculiarly appropriate one as applied to certain counties south 
 of the Missouri river. It was not till considerably later that I found that this 
 term had already been applied to it by Prof. Broadhead, and I take pleasure in 
 referring it to him and acknowledging to him my indebtedness for this, as well 
 as other assistance gained through his reports. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 117 
 
 ore grow fewer in number and less valuable as commercial sources 
 of iron ores, and the facts support the idea, later advanced, that 
 steadily, as time goes on, these deposits are gradually being 
 removed, to be redeposiced on the lower slopes in the form of 
 workable deposits of limonite. 
 
 Here the Meramec, Current and Black rivers practically rise. 
 The streams at this point are usually small and intermittent, but T !jf e a a awayby r " 
 there is no lack of rainfall in this belt, and one is, hence, driven to drSna g ge. und 
 the conclusion that the greater part of the water finds its way^to the 
 streams which feed these rivers through underground channels, to 
 emerge in the form of springs. Numerous springs, some of 
 them of great size, are abundant. 
 
 Geological Horizon of the Ores. Geologically these iron ores 
 are associated with rocks of the same formations as the limo- 
 nites, but in different beds. The distinction, however, must be 
 sharply borne in mind, that the conditions which produced the 
 specular iron ores in the sandstones have long been extinct in 
 this region; while, in whatever age the principal deposits of the 
 limonites were formed, the causes which produced them then may 
 be acting now. It is probable then that these two varieties of, 
 ore, seemingly so closely associated, may yet be widely separated specular ores ana 
 
 • V, .,, , . • • , r i . . i 11m antes occur). 
 
 as to time, otill further, it is probable that the specular ores in the same geo- 
 
 ' . . logical horizon. 
 
 were from their nature deposited in a fixed geological period, 
 while the limonites were either derived from the specular iron 
 ores by hydration, by solution and by redeposition, or they 
 were derived directly from the rocks with which they are now 
 associated. The reasons for the above statements will appear 
 later. 
 
 It is a striking fact that the specujar ores are found almost 
 exclusively with the Roubidoux or Second sandstone 1 (as it 
 was called), of the Ozark series ; while equally, with few excep- 
 tions, the limonites are found in connection with limestone. The 
 low, broad-topped hills of this region are capped by this apoctl ,„ ores are 
 Eoubidoux sandstone, and it is upon these hills that the deposits e a nas t on e he 
 of specular ores are found. In the adjoining ravines it fre- re s' on - 
 quently happens that streams have cut through this cap of sand- 
 
 1 Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1855, Part I, 
 p. 125. 
 
118 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 These specular 
 ores differ es- 
 sentially from 
 the porphyry 
 ores. 
 
 Sulphides are as- 
 sociated with 
 them. 
 
 stone and the underlying Gasconade limestone is shown. 1 Here, 
 occasionally, a bed /of specular ore is thus cut through and the 
 underlying limestone is partially covered with rounded boulders 
 of specular ore, all the softer parts of the bed having been car- 
 ried away. 
 
 Character of the Ores and Associated Minerals. The general 
 appearance of the specular ore in the sandstone is wholly differ- 
 ent from that in the porphyry. While the porphyry ore is 
 usually coarsely crystalline, the sandstone ore is fine grained and 
 compact. Crystals of hematite are, rare in botb localities ; but, 
 when crystals of hematite are found in the sandstone region, 
 they are, to the naked eye, but sha/peless scales. As to purity, 
 the ores of the sandstone region are often highly siliceous, and 
 in this respect they closely resemble the limonites. There are 
 large deposits of what would at first sight appear to be a fine 
 ore. Careful inspection, however, shows the deposit to be a 
 highly ferruginous sandstone. This, analysis shows, carries 
 fifty per cent, of silica, the remainder being principally specular 
 iron. There are large areas of this material in which are found 
 only very little workable ore. To the unaided eye this sand- 
 stone is very deceptive on account of its being very fresh and 
 tough, and, when broken, the clear grains of quartz sparkle like 
 the crystalline faces of the pure ore. Sulphur is found quite 
 abundantly in a few mines ; but generally it is in very small 
 quantities except at the bottom of the deposit. At the Anaconda 
 mine, near Dry Branch, on the St. Louis and San Francisco 
 Railway, . large masses of sulphide of iron are found, having 
 a beautiful feather structure. The outside of these blocks or 
 boulders are covered with a thin skin of limouite. The presence 
 of the sulphur does not seem to interfere with the value of the 
 ore deposit, since it is so concentrated, when it occurs, that it 
 can be readily cobbed out and thrown aside. At the Cherry 
 Valley bank no sulphide of iron was found until very nearly the 
 bottom of the present large opening was reached. A single test 
 pit sunk in the floor of the opening apparently showed that the 
 
 1 This peculiar structure is typically seen along the line of the Salem and 
 Little Rock railroad, from Cuba to Midland furnace ; and also along the bank! 
 of the Meramec river. 
 
B 
 O 
 
 
 4K 
 
 
 
 £ n 
 
 Si 
 
 x ba 
 
 
 co a 
 
 o 
 
 <£'& 
 
 a, 
 
 
 B 
 
 >.-a 
 
 Sfl 
 
 B 
 
 
 3 O 
 
 
 o * 
 
 S 
 
 Zp. 
 
 
 X* 
 
 
 s 
 
 tM 
 
 OT3 
 
 O 
 
 o <e 
 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 cq 
 
 = 5 
 
 
 > 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE KEGION. 119 
 
 whole of the deposit was underlain by sulphide of iron dis- 
 seminated in clay. At numerous other banks, now worked, 
 search was made for. this sulphide, but it was not found. 
 Masses of porous limonite were found, however, which had Pyrites changed 
 
 to limonite. 
 
 a feather structure. It was concluded that, if sulphide of 
 iron had existed here, the open nature of the deposit had 
 allowed th'e pyrite to change to limonite. The mine at Simmons 
 mountain has been nearly ' worked out, and but little sulphide 
 of iron has been found. 
 
 Chert Associated with the Ore. Aside from the grains of sand 
 in the ferruginous sandstone or siliceous iron ore, whichever it is 
 proper to call the deposits before referred to, silica exists in 
 the best ore banks in two other very distinct and characteristic 
 forms. Both chert and jasper are found abundantly, though 
 neither is found in such a manner as to add to the difficulty of 
 selecting the ore, for both occur in regular bands or benches Cnertanasand 
 and so can easily be cast aside. The chert found in these mines intheores - 
 is almost without exception oolitic. This is not peculiar to 
 the specular iron ore, for it is found quite abundantly throughout 
 the Ozark mountains, but it may serve to throw some light on 
 the origin of these ores, a,s will be referred to later on. This 
 oolitic structure is not confined to the chert alone but is found in a 
 part of the sandstone as well. It is found more particularly and 
 in the greatest abundance, in the sandstone which is nearest the 
 iron ores. There is every gradation from specimens consisting of 
 grains of sand which are surrounded by the thinnest spherical 
 shell, to instances where the entire mass has been reduced to a 
 nearly amorphous for-m of silica. Even in the chert itself there 
 are many cases where there are decided traces of what appear to ■ 
 be remnants of grains of sand surrounded by concentric spherical 
 rings, these are sometimes flattened or dented as if by crowding, 
 the one against the other. The chert in many places is broken The chert is 
 and the interstices filled with specular ore. At Simmons mount- J}^ 6 "^gf iron _, 
 ain, especially, this broken chert seems to occupy a regular 
 position relatively to the ore as is exhibited in Plate V., opposite 
 this page. It presents nearly a solid wall about ten feet high 
 on the northern side of the mine and is found in layers dipping 
 slightly towards the main ore body on the western side. It has 
 
tended across 
 ore S| ace. 
 
 120 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 also been encountered in the drifts which have been worked out 
 in the lower part of the mine. From this it would seem correct 
 to infer that thisilayer of chert at one time extended across the 
 Ij Miginauy e i r n- space occupied now by the main ore body and had fallen to its 
 present position through the etching away of the underlying lime- 
 stone. From the fact that the ore, as specular hematite, fills 
 the broken spaces, it is to be inferred that this falling in was 
 either previous to the deposition of iron, or at least contempora- 
 neous with it. This peculiar attitude of the broken chert is also 
 found at the Cherry Valley bank, and, so far as can be seen, 
 under similar conditions. Broken chert with specular iron filling 
 interstices is also found at the Plank mine, Hawkins andMeramec 
 banks. There is also much chert that is almost wholly amorphous 
 and appears more like concretions. These are common to the 
 limestones, sandstones and are also found in the mines or banks, 
 both of specular and limonite ores. 
 
 Relations of Sandstones and Ores. In regard to the relation of 
 the sandstones of this region to the deposits of specular ore, 
 there is. one very striking and persistent fact. The sandstones 
 in the immediate vicinity of the ore deposits are not horizontal, 
 as is the general rule for them, but they are bent and broken, 
 and tbey usually dip towards the mine or ore deposit. The de- 
 posit at the Meramec bank seems to present an exception to this 
 rule, but it is only to this extent, that the greater part of the 
 dipped ken and saQ dstone appears to clip away from the deposit. Dr. Schmidt 
 in referring to this fact, and to the shape of the ore bodies, 1 uses 
 the following words: "These deposits of specular ore have 
 generally a lenticular shape, with either circular or elliptical 
 outlines. They are frequently found in an inclined position, 
 in which case they usually dip with the slope of the hill. 
 Sometimes the ore is cut off abruptly at the outskirts, 
 by nearly vertical walls, consisting of nearly vertical layers 
 of clay, chert and sandstone. In this case, these deposits 
 appear like large, round, somewhat lenticular pockets in the 
 sandstone, clad with layers of clay and chert, and filled with 
 specular ore, which is often more or less altered into soft red 
 
 1 Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part I, p. 125. 
 
 The sandstones 
 
THE SPECULAR OEES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 121 
 
 hematite. The thickness of these deposits is, on the aver- 
 age, one-fifth to one-sixth of their average diameter. The ore 
 is directly surrounded and underlaid by formerly continuous, but The ore bodies 
 
 • ' . J J are luntlcnlar. 
 
 now broken and disconnected, strata of gray orjfgreen chert or 
 flint, sometimes mixed with a tine siliceous, white clay, or with 
 red loam. Below these chert layers we find alternating strata of 
 chert, sandstone, and of chert breccia, cemented by sandstone, 
 sometimes continuous, but mostly broken. Below these are the 
 regular strata of the Second sandstone, running parallel with the- 
 above and forming a circular or elliptic depression, in which the 
 ore body lies. At the outskirts of this depression, where the 
 sandstone strata suddenly change their nearly horizontal position 
 to curve downward and to run beneath the ore deposit, the upper 
 strata are frequently broken off, and form an annular outcrop 
 around the deposit." 
 
 " All these various rocks surrounding and underlying the 
 specular ore deposits, have in some cases their original and nat- 
 ural color and appearance, while in other cases they are f errugi- Ad - aoent rookB \ 
 nous, or colored and impregnated by iron ore,, whereby the 4u|inou*! ly fer " 
 sandstone turns brown or black, and glittering with numerous 
 fine ore crystals throughout its mass, while the chert is colored 
 green or red, and the clay or loam is transformed into a reddish 
 brown, sometimes pretty hard, ferruginous clay rock." 
 
 ^fr $p T& ^r? ^r? *fc V 
 
 " The above description gives us the following two series of 
 successive layers of rocks lying above, in, and under the specu- 
 lar ore deposits in sandstone : 
 
 Cherty detritus and 
 Limonite. 
 
 1. Sandy and cherty soil. 
 
 2. Sandstone with solid chert layers, 
 
 same impregnated with iron ore, sand- 
 stone, loam and chert, broken )> 
 and mixed. Solid chert. Broken 
 chert and clay. 
 
 3. Soft Red Hematile. 
 
 4. Hard Specular Ore. 
 
 5. White clay or red loam, t Fen uginous clay rock. 
 
 Section or ore 
 deposit. 
 
122 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 6. Clay and broken chert, i Ferruginous breccia. 
 
 7. Broken sandstone and chert } Sandstone impregnated or 
 
 with layers of solid chert. $ colored by iron ore. 
 
 8. Second Lowe?' Silurian, Sandstone. 1 
 
 "■ Not all these strata are equally and invariably represented 
 in all the deposits." 
 
 The above quotation is given at length since it agrees with the 
 writer's own observations, except as to the bottom rock of the 
 deposits. These deposits surely rest ultimately on a, limestone 
 or clay. 
 
 With the conclusions which Dr. Schmidt arrives at there is 
 not the same accord. So far as is positively known there is no 
 positive record as to what is or is not the real rock upon which 
 the specular iron ore.s rest. The method which has been pursued 
 ' by the companies mining the ores has been to follow the ore 
 
 whenever found workable, and work is abandoned in any direc- 
 tion when the ore becomes too lean for smelting or rock of any 
 kind is encountered. Thus, no definite knowledge has been 
 tive knowledge gained. The sandstones curve or dip towards the ore deposits, 
 Jate wan rock, and the deposits themselves are bedded and these beds or layers 
 are warped and curved usually in a greater degree than in the 
 sandstone ; but the writer has not yet seen a deposit that has been 
 proved to rest upon broken or bent beds of sandstone; but, on 
 the contrary, all seem to show that the ores rest on the* limestone 
 floor of a former cavity. This cave was, on the floor, covered 
 with clay and chert, a residuum of the limestone from which the 
 cave was etched. 
 
 In support of the conclusions expressed above and in illustra- 
 tion of the character of the specular ore deposits a description of 
 a few of the more prominent mines will now be given. 
 
 1 Sandstone does not underlie deposits of specular ore, but, as seen at the 
 Cherry Valley bank the ore is underlain by clay and decomposed chert, evidently 
 the residue of the limestone Which formerly occupied the place which the ore 
 body now fills. Limestone forms the bounding walls for flEty feet at least above 
 the top of the body. I". L. N. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 123 
 
 SIMMONS MOUNTAIN MINE. 
 
 Among the iron ore deposits of this district the Simmons 
 mountain bank is probably the one that is best known. This 
 bank was opened some time previous to 1872, and is working 
 to-day. Thus it has a continuous history'of over twenty years. 
 
 The accompanying Fig. 42, 
 shows the mountain as it appeared 
 before the opening; of the mine. Simmons mount. 
 
 , , , aln before 
 
 The figure and the description opening, 
 from Dr. Schmidt's 
 the "Iron Ores of 
 
 for 1872. Other fig- 
 
 the structure of the 
 mine to-day after years of work- 
 ing. Dr. Schmidt's description 
 of the mine before it was opened 
 will be interesting to compare 
 fig. 42. Simmons Mountain in 1872. with the appearance of the same 
 
 - - Limit of solid ore. covering an area m :„ ±„ ,1 ,„ /-v„ „ id/-* i 
 
 Booby 4ooft. mme to-day. On p. 136 he 
 
 Limit of other rocks. SaVS: 
 
 S Outcrop of sandstone. t-. ... » t-. .j 7 7 7 
 
 Description by Dr. Aaolp/i 
 /Schmidt. " Fig. 42 is a view of Simmons Mountain, which is 
 a nearly isolated hill about ninety feet high above the plateau 
 south of Salem, on which it is situated, and covering over thirty 
 acres of ground." 
 
 "The main body of the hill seems to be composed of 
 Second Sandstone, which is found in pieces on the surface, and 
 has been uncovered by digging at the foot of the northwestern Dr Scnmidt<le . 
 slope, close to the road. The sandstone on the surface is mJ u b nt S afn? monB 
 mixed with pieces of chert on the southern and southwestern 
 sides near the base. Higher up it is mixed with specular sur- 
 face ore, which extends over a very large district, increasing in 
 frequency and size towards the summit." 
 
 " Some of the surface ore on the slopes is altered into a fine 
 and pure limonite (brown hematite) but most of it is specular. 
 The latter occurs in boulders several feet in diameter. The 
 
124 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 following topographical sketch (Fig. 42) will give a better idea 
 of the surface geology." 
 
 " We here notice, in addition to the occurrences just described, 
 an elliptic district about 400 feet wide and 500 feet long, enclos- 
 ing the summit and being very thickly covered with surface ore. 
 T efii puS?. p was This is the position and extent of the original deposit. As may 
 be seen on the sketch, it is surrounded by outcrops of sandstone 
 (S) which are especially distinct on the north and west sides, 
 and are ferruginous iu several places. On the east side some 
 outcrops of sandstone are found lower down on the slope. The 
 dip of the sandstone cannot now be distinctly recognized, but 
 this rock will undoubtedly be found to form a large elliptic pocket , 
 filled with ore. Inside of the upper sandstone outcrops, the sur- 
 face boulders are of enormous size, evidently outcrops of an 
 immense body of massive ore. Wherever the soil is removed 
 between these boulders ore is found immediately below it." 
 
 " Outside of this district, the surface ore although very large 
 in places and very plentiful, must be considered as broken off 
 from the main deposit and thrown or washed down the hill. 
 This ore may have been at first imbedded in large masses of de- 
 tritus of sandstone which was broken off simultaneously with the 
 ore. Afterward this ore was concentrated on the surface by the 
 slow but unavoidable and merciless action of rain water which 
 mechanically destroyed and removed the light sandy materials 
 surrounding and underlying the ore, while the ore itself, being 
 too heavy to be carried off by such action, remained in place. 
 The outside surface ore is, therefore, not indicative of the exist- 
 ence of large bodies of ore below it." 
 
 " These views have been fully verified by a number of shafts 
 which have lately been sunk on the Simmons Mountain, and 
 which on our sketch are marked by the numbers 1 to 9. The 
 shafts 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which are outside the elliptic district, 
 disclosed 15 to 25 feet of loose sandy detritus, and finally struck 
 the solid sandstone. Shafts 5 and 6 which are nearest to the 
 deposit, meet with more clayish materials, and streaks and 
 masses of white clay and chert, which are so frequently found 
 in close proxiniUy to such deposits. The shafts 1, 2, 3 and 4 
 although sunk quite near the limits of the deposit but inside of 
 
 Surface ore was 
 muchexposed. 
 
Geological Survey of Missouri. 
 
 Report on Iron Ores. Plate VI. 
 
 ■ 8fe»»«w' 
 
 
 V*SB& 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 View in Simmons Mountain mine, showing south dipping brecciated sandstone 
 which forms the north wall of the mine. (See p. 127.) 
 
 From a photograph. 
 
 ■ 
 
 -w*- : 
 
 '■**:■ ■-#> 
 
 .\s 
 
 «k*-^± -& :.j 
 
 fig. 2. 
 
 View in Cherry Valley mine, showing sandstone, with underlying cherty clay 
 dipping southeast towards the mine in background. (See p. 130.) 
 
 From a photograph. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 125 
 
 them, went through 25 to 30 feet of solid specular ore without 
 making the foot walls. I was lately informed that since my 
 last visit, one of these shafts has struck the clay at a depth of a T ? 8t ?"» P r0Te 
 
 its shape. 
 
 little less than 30 feet. This is not at all astonishing on account 
 of the proximity of the shafts to the limits of the pocket. The 
 fact that none of these shafts has reached the clay at a less 
 depth, proves that the walls of the pocket are nearly vertical, and 
 points to a great thickness of the ore in the central portion of 
 the deposit. At the foot of the Simmons Mountain and to the 
 north of it, a well has been sunk which is marked in Fig. 42. 
 This well is over 60 feet deep. It passed through 8 to 10 feet 
 of soil and loose sandy material ; 6 to 7 feet of sandstone in 
 broken layers ; 15 to 18 feet of red sandy loam ; 6 feet of chert, 
 in thick, broken layers, 6 to 8 feet of red, sandy loan; 3 to 4 feet 
 of chert in broken layers and 14 feet of chert mixed with 
 clay." 
 
 Present Conditions. The above description is quoted in full 
 for it gives what is now impossible to get otherwise, a descrip- 
 tion of this noted mine before it was opened- At present it is Present workings 
 
 . prove Dr. 
 
 nearly exhausted and the notes made of the mine in the fall of Schmidt's as- 
 
 J sumption. 
 
 1891 are given as well as the photographs taken at the same 
 time. The elliptical shape of the ore body as marked out on 
 the surface by Dr. Schmidt (see Fig. 42) was very well pre- 
 served as the mine grew in depth until a depth of about 15 to 20 
 feet was reached. Then from all sides of this opening the foot 
 wall ran towards a common center, at an angle of a little over 
 30°. At present the lowest point of the mine is about two hun- 
 dred feet below the original highest point of the hill. The gen- 
 eral shape of the ore body is about that of an inverted elliptical 
 cone ; the two axes being respectively five hundred and four 
 hundred feet. 
 
 What- Dr. Schmidt recorded as probable, the working out of 
 the ore body has shown to be true. Fig. 1 of Plate VI., opposite 
 this page, shows the northern wall of the mine. This wall is 
 vertical, as the plate shows, is about twenty feet high and issrortn waiioi 
 
 ■ v ,. . , ° , cherty, oolitic 
 
 composed almost wholly of cherty oolitic sandstone. Ihe sand- sandstone. 
 stone is not solid but looks more like a breccia with the inter- 
 stices filled with specular ore. The whole mass is deeply stained 
 
126 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Sandstone sur- 
 rounds the ore 
 body on three 
 sides. 
 
 with iron. Going over the surface of this bluff, towards the 
 north, the color of the sandstone changes to the ordinary light 
 color characteristic of the sandstones of this region. The ore 
 came sharply up against this wall and there stopped abruptly. 
 This structure continued almost entirely across the northern end 
 of the mine. Towards the east (the right-hand side of the 
 plate), the sandstone grows more shaly in structure and dips 
 steeply towards the center of the mine. This continues growing 
 more and more shaly, and has a steep dip towards the center, 
 along the entire eastern wall of the pit. 
 
 The southern wall, into which the sandstone has gradually 
 passed, is almost wholly clay with irregular layers of chert con- 
 taining numerous fine nodules of specular ore and occasional 
 large ones weighing one hundred pounds or more. The ore is 
 not abundant enough though to pay for washing, as is the case at 
 another point. 
 
 Continuing around in the same direction, to the right, the 
 southwestern corner of the pit is still of the same clayey mate- 
 rial. A large part of this wall, however, is so filled with no- 
 a-e e rore flne boid ' dules of s P e °ular iron that it is being washed with profit. This 
 part of the mine pit is shown in Plate V., in the dark part in the 
 upper left hand corner of the plate. Under this spot, and to 
 the right (in the plate), strata of shaly sandstone again begin 
 to appear as shown. This illustration also exhibits very plainly 
 the sandstone layers dipping steeply, towards the center. In the 
 extreme upper right hand corner solid sandstone of the same 
 nature appears as that shown in Fig. 1, Plate VI. , at the north end 
 of the mine. 
 
 About two hundred feet to the north of this last mentioned 
 
 he disturbed P omt » tne track, used for tramming the ore to the railroad, cuts 
 
 sandstone * the trough the wall of sandstone. Plate VII. shows the position of 
 
 these sandstone rocks, in the cut. This view is taken looking 
 
 north. In this plate a good idea of the disturbed condition of 
 
 the saudstone is to be had. It will be observed that the rock 
 
 is folded and that the axis of the fold dips towards the observer. 
 
 North of this cut, towards the city of Salem and along the line 
 
 of the branch railroad, these sandstones appear to be nearly 
 
 horizontal in places. 
 
 Some of the clay 
 
re 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 gi 
 »1 
 
 = 2 
 ag 
 
 og 
 
 » * s 
 
 ■a o 
 
 3 SS. 
 
 §• to = 
 
 § es 
 
 ;-:? 
 
 § go 
 
 ■» B\ 
 s =3 
 
 5 ?= J 
 
 ■§ f s 
 
 — 1/1 
 
 ct>o 
 
 <j re 
 
 
 w 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 W 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 o 
 a 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 127 
 
 The mine pit itself is, as was stated by Dr. Schmidt, about 
 five hundred feet long and about four hundred feet wide meas- 
 ured across the top of the opening. The mine is worked wholly 
 underground at the present time and this much of the particular 
 structure of the pit is obscured by the wash from the softer part 
 of the walls. 
 
 Immediately under the point shown in Plate VI. the slope 
 extends down into the pit for about one hundred feet and then 
 passes underground. Under this slope the ground is very nearly 
 as is shown in Fig. 43. It is not 
 
 solid but is made up wholly of ^EL U ro«aTreccia e 
 
 masses of angular blocks of 
 broken chert and some oolitic 
 sandstone. The interstices of this 
 breccia are filled entirely with PIG , 43 . lBcUne at Slmm0ns MoUDtain . 
 
 Specular Ore. These ^blocks ap- lisnorthwaUoSmine shown in Plate VI. 
 
 2 is slope down to mine. 
 pear to be Wholly or partially Sispart o/ ore body now mined out. 
 
 buried in clay of various colors. iare blocks of breceiated chert dnd sand - 
 
 J stone cemented with specular ore. 
 
 Some of the clay is of a bright 
 
 vermilion, other parts are of a dirty brick red color. Mingled 
 with this is decomposed chert, almost pure white and often mis- 
 taken for clay. This slope runs towards the south. 
 
 Referring to Plate VII. it will be seen that the part of the rock 
 which appears near the center of the plate- slopes nearly directly sandstone appar- 
 
 * *■ *■ ■ ** J ently goes under 
 
 to the east. It could be easily imagined then that, at some tneorebody. 
 point, the ore body will be cut out by this rock and this is just 
 what happens. From near the bottom of the present slope 
 drifts extended east and west from the ore body meet this rock 
 and find the ore entirely cut out. 1 
 
 Comparing this description with the one which Dr. Schmidt 
 has given in the paragraphs quoted from his report, it seems 
 that, in a way, his estimate of the slope of the ore body was 
 correct, although its magnitude did not come up to his expecta- 
 tions. 
 
 Principles Taught by this Deposit. In the study of this par- 
 ticular ore body there were many facts noted that may be of 
 
 1 The sandstone probably lies on the limestone which forms the walls of the 
 cavern in which the ore was deposited. 
 
 9 
 
128 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 general importance as throwing light upon the origin of these 
 ores as well as the structure of the deposits in general. As has 
 already been indicated the shape of this ore body is nearly that 
 of an elliptical, inverted cone. On all sides, at a short distance 
 from the mine, and immediately at the mine on the western 
 and northwestern sides, there is sandstone. At a short distance 
 from the mine this sandstone is nearly or quite horizontal. In 
 T m e ine C resembies the immediate vicinity of the mine these same sandstones are 
 folded and suddenly dip towards a common center. The mine 
 pit itself, as excavated, closely resembles the numerous sink 
 holes which exist not only in this locality but which are met 
 with throughout the wole extent of the Ozark Uplift. Not only 
 are the sandstones broken in the vicinity but at the miue itself 
 they seem actually to have disappeared. Chert, which appears 
 rarely in the sandstones generally, is common in the sandstone 
 blocks in the body of this mine. This sandstone' is characteris- 
 tically oolitic and this oolitic structure is persistent in the rocks 
 which fringe the mine, but it grows less common as one goes 
 from the mine. 
 
 The appearance of the rocks in the mine body, their disturbed 
 appearance on the borders of the mine, together with the shape 
 of the ore body, seem to support most strongly the view dis- 
 cussed more fully later, that this whole formation is underlain 
 by limestone beds and that at this particular point the limestone 
 The adjacent Qas been etched out, letting the superincumbent sandstone.beds 
 tms vf"w. port fall in in broken fragments, that subsequent circulation of waters 
 cut out much of this standstone and reduced much of the silica 
 to the colloidal state, thus giving rise to the numerous chert nod- 
 ules. 
 
 The iron ore must have been formed after the falling in of 
 x the rock strata, for the broken pieces of chert are cemented 
 
 iron deposited af- to g etaer D y iron, as are also the larger and smaller fragments of 
 (efn h D erock9 sandstone. This cementing must have been done contempora- 
 neously with the general deposition of ore, since the iron in the 
 interstices is as highly crystalline as is the blue ore in the main 
 deposit. 
 
 t In regard to the origin of the chert, and its influence, in the ex- 
 planation of the existence of the mountain, the writer differs in a 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 129 
 
 few points from Dr. Schmidt. Dr. Schmidt seems to believe 
 
 that the chert in the sandstones was one of the agents active in The mountain ex- 
 
 . . .. ists through its 
 
 preserving the hill from denudation during the process of sweep- greater resist- 
 
 . ance to erosion. 
 
 ing away the softer sandstones surrounding it. 1 He also regards 
 this as being an undisturbed deposit. While there is little doubt 
 but that the hard cherty sandstone and the ore body itself had to 
 do with the preserving of the mountain, and in fact are the sole 
 reasons for present prominence, there can be little or no doubt 
 but that the ore body has been more or less disturbed since its 
 deposition. The breaks in the blocks of ore which have been 
 healed by crystals of hematite and veins of quartz, to say nothing 
 of the larger cracks which break the whole ore deposit up into 
 large blocks, all bear witness to the fact of more or less disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 It is highly probable that this deposit started originally as a 
 lime sink. To the east of Simmons mountain, and to the west as 
 well, are drainage channels which lead directly into the Mera- 
 mec river. Along those drainage channels are a series of 
 iron deposits with similar external appearances. No one of 
 these has amounted to anything save the Simmons mountain This deposit' 
 
 J ° originally a 
 
 deposit, though one within the city limits of Salem yielded a "me-sink. 
 large nmount of ore and it is reported to be not exhausted but 
 abandoned on account of some dispute as to ownership. These 
 facts strongly suggest the idea that the drainage channel to the 
 east has caused these sinks or caves and that some of them, as 
 Simmons mountain, were subsequently filled with ore. 
 
 THE CHERRY VALLEY MINES. 
 
 There are two other mines whose history it will be interest- 
 ing to compare with the present condition of working. Reference 
 is made to the two Cherry Valley banks designated as No. i and 
 No. 2 by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 At the time of the publication of Dr. Schmidt's report neither 
 of these banks had been worked, or in fact opened. A topo- 
 
 1 This does not at all explain how the chert came to be in the sandstone near 
 ore bodies. 
 
130 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 jftik 
 
 
 The outcrops at 
 Cherry Valley in 
 1872. 
 
 FIG. 44, Cherry Valley Bank in 1872. 
 H. H. is Specular ore. 
 B. H. is brown hematite. 
 
 graphical sketch of these banks copied from Dr. Schmidt's re- 
 port is here reproduced (Fig. 44), as well as his description of 
 them. 1 
 
 Description by Adolph 
 Schmidt in 1872. '"'The 
 western or No. 1 bank will 
 readily be recognized as a very 
 distinct and characteristic ex- 
 ample of a nearly undisturbed 
 deposit of specular ore in 
 "sandstone. The lower part 
 of the hills of that region is 
 Third Magnesiau Limestone. 
 The upper part of Second 
 Sandstone. On the summit 
 we observe an annular out- 
 crop, several feet thick, of white and yellow Second Sandstone 
 having in part the appearance of avitrous quartzite, and dipping 
 towards the center, but so steep that the strata are in most 
 places nearly in a vertical position. Inside of this outcrop of 
 light colored sandstone and placed conformably to it, is an an- 
 nular outcrop of sandstone colored or impregnated by oxides of 
 iron." 
 
 " The circular space inside of these outcrops, 150 feet in diame- 
 ter, is entirely covered with ore, the numerous large boulders 
 ontcrop generally consistinoj principally of specular ore, while most of the smaller 
 
 , weathered to a r r j r > 
 
 limonite. pieces are altered partly into limonite, partly into soft red 
 
 hematite. This space marks the position of the regular deposit 
 and a pocket of considerable depth, filled with ore, will certainly 
 be disclosed here by future mining operations." * 
 
 " There is a gap in the sandstone outcrop on the south side, 
 and there the surface ore is spread in considerable quantity 
 
 underground ex- down the slope, outside the outcrops, in a streak 50 to 60 feet" 
 
 tension not ex- l " 
 
 pected. wide and about 200 feet long. 
 
 ore is changed into limonite. 
 
 The greater part of this surface 
 An extension of the underground 
 
 deposit in this direction, cannot, however, be expected." 
 
 1 Report of Mo. Geol. Survey, 1872, part I, p. 132. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 
 
 131 
 
 " The eastern or No. 2 Cherry Valley bank, which is sketched 
 in Fig. 44, does not show the exterior characteristics of the 
 undisturbed bank, although it contains very large and very nu- No. 2 bank a dis- 
 
 , ,, „ ° -, „ .. . , „ curbed deposit. 
 
 inerous bouldei's or specular ore and of limonite on the surface, 
 and although very large masses of ore will undoubtedly be found 
 there underground, especially in the upper part of the hill. , But 
 it is, from its present appearance, a disturbed deposit." 
 
 The above description of the surface appearance of these two 
 banks is extremely interesting, especially to one who is at all 
 acquainted with their subsequent history. Viewed properly it 
 may also afford considerable encouragement to prospectors who snows* No" 2 
 
 , . „ ,. t ,, . . -p, t-. bank to be trie 
 
 are searching tor other ore deposits in this region, hrom Dr. better. 
 Schmidt's report, as well as from the estimated value, the west- 
 ern or No. 1 bank was far more promising than was No. 2 or the 
 eastern bank. Actual working, however, has reversed this esti- 
 mate. The western bank is now abandoned, having produced 
 only a few thousand tons of ore, probably about ten thousand 
 tons, 1 while the eastern bank has already produced over four 
 hundred thousand tons with a promise of a good many more. 
 
 The moral of this statement is very obvious and will be em- 
 phasized later. If a deposit of such extent makes only a meager 
 showing on tbe surface it is possible to carry this a few steps 
 farther, to the point where a large deposit makes a compara- 
 tively no surface showing at all. 
 
 Present Conditions. 
 In the adjoining Fig. 
 45 is seen the north- 
 ern end of the mine 
 as it exists to-day. 
 The part mined out is 
 a large pit about four 
 hundred feet long, 
 three hundred feet 
 wide and about one 
 hundred feet deep. 
 
 Fig. 45. Sketch section of the northern end of the Cherry 
 iValley mine. 
 
 1 is clay detritus; 
 
 2 is sandstone dipping towards the mine; Dimensions of No. 
 
 3 is cherty stratified and slaty clay; 2 bank. 
 -4 is the ore body; 
 
 5 are the broken blocks of sandstone. 
 
 1 This bank is not yet exhausted, and there is said to be much more work- 
 able ore in sight. It is temporarily abandoned since the other bank is moi\i 
 satisfactory in working. 
 
132 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 At present, the northern end of the mine, shown in the sketch, 
 is being worked. As is there seen also, and as is the case with 
 the mine at Simmons mountain, sandstone forms the greater part 
 of the country rock of the mine and it abuts sharply against the 
 ore. 1 (See 2 and 4 in the sketch. ) 
 
 A study of the rocks lying at some distance from the ore body 
 reveals the following facts, which are strictly in accord with 
 the theory to be discussed later in this report. 
 
 The summits of the hills which surround the Cherry Valley 
 
 bank on nearly every side are capped with sandstone lying 
 
 horizontally. At the company's store this sandstone crops out 
 
 surrounding hiiis S o abundantly that there can be no doubt of the truth of this 
 
 capped with ^ 
 
 sandstone. statement. Passing down a steep descent from the store to the 
 edge of the mine the barometer indicates a difference of level of 
 one hundred and fifty feet. As was before stated, the border 
 rock here is also sandstone. 
 
 At the northern end of the mine, however, there are tolerably 
 sure indications that the sandstone which crops out at the store 
 has been succeeded by limestone at a point much above the sur- 
 face level at the mine. At this northern end a deep trench is 
 cut to carry away the surface water, thus preventing its running 
 into the mine. In digging this trench it was necessary to tunnel 
 Drainage trench through a proiecting point. This tunnel passes through layers 
 
 shows decom- eijnr- jr- a j 
 
 posed limestone. f decomposed chert which are interstratified with layers of clay 
 and gritty, clay slate. At the southern end of the mine the com- 
 pany is stripping off the overlying dirt preparatory to removing 
 another large breast of ore, a continuation of the main ore body. 
 After removing a lai'ge mass of dirt consisting of unstratified clay 
 and chert with occasional boulders of specular ore, a tolerably 
 continuous bed of sandstone was met with. 'Immediately under 
 
 1 This statement, unmodified, is liable to be misleading. It must be re- 
 membered that the term " country rock " is confined to the rock which actually 
 appears in contact with the ore at the surface border of the mine. From the 
 careful" study of the mine it is seen that drifts run in from either side of the 
 open cut would show that the true country rock is limestone lying in undisturbed 
 horizontal layers. The sandstone which appears dipping steeply towards the 
 ore body is but the broken and disturbed fragments of what was formerly a 
 continuous bed overlying the limestone in which the ore body is situated. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 133 
 
 this lie successive layers of well stratified, fat, reddish, and 
 yellowish clay, chert and slaty rock almost wholly free from 
 iron boulders. 
 
 Again starting from the point already referred to as lying one 
 hundred and fifty-six feet below the sandstone at the store, and 
 following down the ravine in which the ore body lies, solid beds 
 of horizontal limestone are found at a point, by the barometer, Bodsoisoiidiime- 
 
 1 J ' atone lire fonnd. 
 
 only twenty feet below the level of the surface at the mine'. 
 Following this limestone up another ravine which runs at right 
 angles to, and east of the ore. body, this limestone is found out- 
 cropping in successive layers to a point eighty feet above 
 the level of the mine. 
 
 This means that the thickness of the sandstone, from the 
 store down towards the mine, is only seventy-six feet at most. 
 
 J J Maximum thick- 
 
 Ill other words the present surface level of the ore body is eighty ™™ e ot Band " 
 
 feet at least below the level of the top of the limestone beds in 
 
 which it is situated. There are many other minor facts all of 
 
 which point to the conclusion that this ore body, and probably 
 
 all other specular ore deposits in this region, are situated in the 
 
 limestone and under the sandstone with which they appear to be 
 
 associated. 
 
 Attitude of Sandstones Explained. If this view of the case is 
 adhered to it nfay be asked how can the sandstone, which invar- 
 iably accompanies these specular ores, be accounted for. 
 
 At Cherry Valley this will be a little more difficult than in 
 some other localities, since the depression, in which this bank 
 lies, is at least three thousand feet across. But even here, if 
 the phenomena of undermining of the sandstone by the dissolving 
 out of the limestone be kept in mind, the explanation is simple. 
 Imagining the strata of sandstone and limestone replaced in the 
 positions they had before erosion began, we shall have a contin- 
 uous bed of sandstone stretching, from hill point to hill point 
 across the entire valley. The drainage, being at the southeast •> 
 we can imagine the eroding waters etching away the underlying 
 limestone little by little, thus allowing the sandstone to settle, 
 more or less broken, to a lower level. As time goes on, the 
 flowing waters are concentrated into a more definite channel un- 
 til the sandstone bridges a comparatively narrow cave. Finally 
 
134 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the removal of the limestone reaches a point where the sand- 
 cherry valley due stone can no longer sustain its weight and it falls in towards the 
 
 to extended . . , , „ , -. , 
 
 underground cave, leaving what was before an underground stream now ex- 
 
 erosion 
 
 posed to the open air. The broken fragments of sandstone 
 which fall to the bottom are slowly removed by the water. The 
 sandstones lying on either side, also more oT less broken, have long 
 since been removed by surface erosion. Fig. 2 of Plate VI., oppo- 
 site p. 125 and Plate VIII. , opposite this page, illustrate graphical- 
 ly the history of this movement to the present condition. Plate 
 VIII. shows the position of the mine in a basin of a former drain- 
 age channel. Plate VI. shows the sandstone, with its underlying 
 strata of the cherty, slaty clay dipping towards the mine, 
 seen in the bankground. Tne adjoining Fig. 46 illustrates 
 .diagrammatic:! lly the' relations of the various rocks exposed. 
 
 4 
 Fig. 46. Section showing the relative positions of country rock and ore at the 
 Cherry Valley mine. 
 
 1 is sandstone in place; 
 
 2 is a slaty, clayey layer with fossiliferous chert; 
 
 3 is disturbed sandstone, the apparent wall rock; 
 
 4 is magnesian- limestone, the real ivall rock. 
 
 It may be asked why, if these sandstones have been under- 
 mined and thus allowed to settle down, the sandstone c;ips of 
 the hills do not also settle. There is no doubt but that such set- 
 tling is in progress now. There is little doubt but that this 
 
 The sandstones " i o 
 
 are being under- s ] ow process of undermininsr and settling is slowly and surely 
 
 mined now. l — n J J 
 
 going on at the present time. A full discussion of this question 
 would be out of place here, but the close observer of the drain- 
 age of the entire Ozark system will hardly fail to reach this con- 
 clusion. 1 
 
 Conditions Affecting the Extension of the Ore Deposit. 
 Having thus explained the relative positions of the ore body to 
 
 1 See Chapter on General Geology of the Ozarks, p. 85. 
 
Q 
 a 
 o 
 p 
 o 
 
 2 
 3 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 135 
 
 the enclosing rocks, let us examine the particular structure of 
 the mine. 
 
 Along the entire eastern wall this sandstone stretches, and is 
 so hard and abuts so sharply against the ore that it stands almost 
 perpendicularly. For two feet or more into the face of this 
 sandstone the stone looks more like specular ore than sandstone, 
 so thoroughly is it impregnated with iron. Going back from this 
 face the iron grows less and less in amount until the rock i-eaches 8a p n e d a s r t s 0? to b P c 7 the 
 a condition of great friability, characteristic of the greater part jock? 
 of the sandstone of this region. Along the western side of the 
 mine no sandstone to speak of appears. Such as does appear is - 
 in the form of large cherty boulders mostly oolitic. Back from 
 this side the same condition of things holds until the foot of a hill 
 is reached which is sandstone. There seems to be little or no 
 iron imbedded in the loose clayey, cherty soil. The iron seems 
 to have entirely given out in this direction. 
 
 Around -the entire northern end of the excavation a deep 
 sluice is cut to prevent surface water from entering the mine. 
 The trench cuts through the rocks at 3 in Fig. 46. At the 
 northwestern corner this sluice is carried by a tunnel, about ^mer^xi^ence 
 one hundred feet long, through the rocks. This tunnel reveals 
 the condition of the rocks that is shown in the figure. The 
 formation on that side of the mine is made up entirely of rotted 
 limestone, represented by strata of clay intermixed with chert 
 nodules. This clay is generally stained a dark red and 
 contains lenses made up wholly of white decomposed chert. 
 .Lenses of sandstone also occur. From the general appear- 
 ance of the rocks on this side of the mine it would be 
 concluded that the series of clays is, as was stated, 
 nothing but the remnants of a bed of limestones. The alter- 
 nating layers of slate and sandstone in the clay, more frequent 
 as the main body of sandstone is approached, would seem to point 
 out that this represented the transition series from the limestone 
 to the overlying sandstone. In this transition series a part of 
 the main ore body seems to be. At the southern end of the mine 
 preparations are being made to push the mining of the ore in 
 that direction. A tunnel or drift ninety feet long has been run 
 in that course and the end of the ore has not yet been reached. 
 
136 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The ore bank 
 opens into a. 
 ravine. 
 
 Sulphide of iron 
 found in the 
 mine bottom. 
 
 So far as can be observed at tbe bottom of the mine the ore has 
 not been narrowed by the side walls running in. Over the whole 
 ore body is fifteen to twenty feet of clay in places. This clay is 
 very tough and plastic, for the most part, and is usually deeply 
 stained ; it is well stratified. White nodules of decomposed 
 chert are frequently met with. There are also numerous boulders 
 of specular iron. 
 
 Following down along the line of the present bank the lead 
 takes us into a large ravine running nearly at right angles, to the 
 depression in which the ore body occurs. It is thus apparent 
 - that no rocks proper show in this direction. As is shown in the 
 sketch, across the northern face of the mine (see Fig. 45), this 
 ore body is all but entirely c6ncealed by strata and overlying 
 clay and chert. It is reported that the ore does not reach much 
 farther in this direction, although the main yield of the mine 
 comes from this point at present. 
 
 It 'would be highly gratifying to know the rock which consti- 
 tutes the floor of the mine. No workings have been made which 
 would show this. At the foot of the incline up which the ore" is 
 drawn a face has been sunk fifteen feet. The greater part of 
 this depth consists almost wholly of clay charged with minute 
 crystals of sulphide of iron. Occasional masses of solid pyrite 
 are met with weighing from one pound to fifty pounds or more. 
 The clay in which this pyrite occurs is not pure or fat clay, but 
 is gritty. It appears in lenticular layers and has nodules of what 
 appears to be decomposed chert. It, (the clay), is in part stained 
 a yellowish red color. There can be but little doubt but that- 
 this is near the bottom of the mine or the floor of the cave on 
 which the ore body rests / At no very great depth it is probable 
 that solid limestone would be reached. There is no certainty 
 about this, however, and at present there are no means of find- ' 
 ing out. 
 
 Cherry Volley and Simmons Mountain Compared. As was 
 noted at Simmons mountain so here. The rocks both sandstone 
 and clay, when at a short distance from the mine lie nearly hor- 
 izontally, in the immediate vicinity of the mine they dip steeply 
 towards the ore body. As at Simmons mountain, also, this ore 
 body lies in a drainage channel. The two principal points of 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 137 
 
 difference lie in the facts that while the Simmons mountain deposit cherry valley 
 
 ... i^ii ^ . . and Simmons 
 
 is pyramidal in shape, the Cherry Valley bank JSlo. 2 is more pris- mountain have 
 
 . ' . many points m 
 
 matic. Simmons mountain deposit is inclosed by rocks on every common. 
 side while, up to this date, the walls on only two sides of the 
 Cherry Valley bank have been located. Cherry Valley bank 
 No. 1, the westerly of the two deposits is, according to our pres- 
 ent knowledge, more like the deposit at Simmons mountain ; its 
 shape is more like an inverted cone and the rocks, so far as they 
 can be observed, dip slightly towards the center. The deposit 
 is, however, much smaller. Like the other deposits described it 
 too lies in proximity to a large ravine or drainage basin. 
 
 Peculiarities of the Ores. The ores of the Cherry Valley bank 
 are in many respects unique so far as this region is concerned. 
 While they are generally close grained blue and specular, there 
 are a great many geodes which are lined with highly irridescent 
 but small crystals of hematite. There are also geodes lined with , ^ , 
 
 J D Crystals of bema- 
 
 amethystine quartz some of them of very large size. The prin- * h te s ^ g m e e r " r 
 cipal interest attached to these facts is that many of the quartz v all ey- 
 crystals have included in their mass crystals of hematite. Also 
 cavities in the quartz crystals, though very minute are yet large 
 enough to show thein to be filled with a fluid, probably water. 
 
 These facts point to the conclusion that water played a very 
 important part in the origin of the ore body. The fluid cavities 
 in the crystals of quartz*, as well as the quartz crystals themselves The ores of aque- 
 indicate^ crystallization from water, while the included scales of 
 hematite show that conditions existed, whatever they were, such 
 as to permit the precipitation of anhydrous specular ore from a 
 water solution. 
 
 The occurrence of fossils in the specular ores is another fact 
 pointing strongly to their probable aqueous origin. These 
 fossils were first observed by Mr. Jas. D. Eobertson of the 
 Survey staff. The fossils consists principally, so far as observed , 
 of casts of crinoid stems. The walls of the long straight tube 
 are lined with minute scales of hematite. In one instance a 
 slender rod. with regular joints, composed entirely of crystals 
 of hematite reached from end to end of the tubular cavity. 
 The bulk of the specimens is compact, massive, specular ore. 
 In short the specimen was a tolerably accurate reproduction of 
 
Conclusions 
 
 138 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI., 
 
 the fossilit'erous chert of the Lower Carboniferous which are 
 found scattered over the whole of the Ozark Uplift. 
 
 Having now described the main features of these deposits, we 
 will next take up a discussion of the probable origin of the ores. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 
 
 Concerning the origin and mode of accumulation of the ores, 
 the following conclusions have been reached, from our studies 
 in the region. 
 
 First, that there were probably many hundreds of feet of 
 alternating beds of limestone and sandstone above the present 
 exposed beds. 
 
 Second, that, with the inception of the Ozark Uplift, there 
 began a system of denudation by means of surface and subter- 
 
 de p™8 S i t ts. ay ° f ™nean erosion. 
 
 Third, that the underground erosion cut out great caves which 
 undermined the sandstones and allowed them to fall in. • 
 
 Fourth, that the underground drainage waj^s were occasionally 
 choked, thus allowing the accumulation of iron or other matter. 
 
 Fifth, that the falling of the insoluble sandstone roof, layers 
 or beds of limestone above, with their layers of chert, would 
 also gradually bend in and finally become broken. 
 
 Sixth, that this breaking of the limestone allowed percolating 
 waters charged with iron to pass through, thus gradually replac- 
 ing the soluble rock with iron. 
 
 Seventh, that the iron of these deposits was derived by per- 
 colation from the overlying and adjacent rocks. 1 
 
 Evidence of Past Erosion. As a proof of the first statement, 
 it is a well known fact that, in sheltered places, there are deep 
 beds of clay and loam regularly interstratified with each other 
 and with beds of chert. These beds of clay, when pure, un- 
 doubtedly represent a bed of aluminous limestone. Sandy beds 
 represent less pure limestone. We are prevented from arriving 
 at an estimate of the thickness of the overlying beds by the fact. 
 
 1 As bearing upon this question, for a full discussion of the peculiar topog- 
 raphy of the Ozark Uplift and the causes which gave rise to it, see Chapter V, 
 on the General Geology of the Ozark Uplift. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 
 
 139 
 
 thtita bed of pure limestone would leave absolutely no trace. There Beds of oiay rem- 
 
 i- ■ ... ^ nants of former 
 
 are layers or white substance which looks much like kaolin, and limestone beds. 
 by many it has been mistaken for clay. As a matter of fact, 
 these deposits are only decomposed chert. They are white be- 
 cause the chert itself had little or no iron in it, originally, add 
 because the chert has decomposed after the decomposition of the 
 limestone, thus escaping being stained by the iron in that rock. 
 There are white clays but the prevailing color is bright red to d:trk 
 reddish brown. Even in the region where there is the greatest 
 exposure of sandstone this is true, so the conclusion is inevitable 
 that heavy beds of cherty limestone once existed above the pres- 
 ent rocks. 1 
 
 • Evidence of Underground Erosion. In regard to the second 
 fact one can find abundant proof. This undermining is con- 
 stantly going on at the present time. Its action in the past is 
 beautifully shown near Cook's Station on the Salem and Little 
 Rock K. R. Three miles from this station on the Sligo branch 
 R. R. is a deposit of coal 
 from wall to wall, and it bends 
 on itself at an angle of forty- 
 five degrees. As is shown in 
 the adjoining Fig: 47, shafts 
 have been sunk in at two 
 points. One shaft is ,eighty 
 feet deep, the other forty feet, 
 the fool; and hanging wall, each 
 a loosely compacted clay shale, 
 dip at an angle of about ninety 
 degrees. The sandstones, between the outcrops of which this 
 coal pocket lies, are nearly horizontal. The coal is crushed and 
 " slickensided " thus showing that it has been greatly disturbed. 
 Near Climax Springs, in Camden county, is another coal pocket. 
 In this case there is no coal, only soft clay shales with abun- Camden county _ 
 dant coal plants. These shales dip towards each other in a sharp 
 " V," while on either side the magnesian limestones lie nearly 
 horizontal. 
 
 This bed of coal is eight feet thick Coai pocket in 
 
 n Dent county. 
 
 Fig. 47. Sketch showing plan near Cook's 
 Station on the Salem branch of the St. L. & 
 S. F. Ry. 
 
 1 See evidence establishing this fact in. Chapter on General Geology, p. 93. 
 
140 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Another series of striking facts are presented in the cuts on 
 the railroad from Cuba to Midland Furnace. These are a suc- 
 cession of low hills, each of which is flanked by sandstone dip- 
 ping away from the crests, thus forming a series of apparent 
 cnnes n south of anticlinal and synclinal folds. That these are not the result of 
 folding is proved by the fact that the crests of the apparent 
 anticlines are without exception, made up of horizontal beds 
 of limestone, and the inclined sandstones lie on the eroded edges. 
 The cause of this structure is the etching away of the underlying 
 limestones by former underground streams causing the overlying 
 sandstone to break and fall in. 1 
 
 These, and other such facts, abundantly prove that under- 
 ground streams have played an important part in the topogra- 
 phy of the country. They also warrant the third and fourth 
 statements which were made, for, the underground waters 
 would, thus, both remove the soluble limestone and allow the 
 insoluble sandstones and slates above gradually to fall in. 
 If the stream was of sufficient force the falling debris was re- 
 moved by erosion, and the result was an open stream; if not, 
 the waters turned elsewhere or sunk deeper underground. 
 
 Mode of Ore Accumulation. It is very evident if these 
 underground streams became choked or impeded in any 
 way by falling debris, the point at which the choking 
 occurred would be favorable to the accumulation of iron 
 or other matter which the water had in solution. The fal- 
 ling in from above of another layer of either sandstone, or 
 chert with the accompanying limestone, would inevitably be 
 attended with more or less fracturing of overlying strata and, 
 through these fractures, percolating waters would surely find 
 inieaohing their way. These waters, coming from the surface and charged 
 
 rocks. . " . 
 
 with organic acids, would by leachingthrough the overlying 
 strata, take out all of the iron and this iron would be, or at least 
 might be, precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen. Thus while the 
 water along the subterranean channels was dissolving the car- 
 bonates of lime and magnesia, the iron from percolating waters 
 would slowly take its place and often preserve the minute struct- 
 
 1 It is fair to question as to whether or not the greater part of the streams 
 now runing on the surface did not originally start in underground streams. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OE THE SANDSTONE REGION. 141 
 
 ure of the original limestone beds. Thus beds of broken chert 
 would appear with their interstices filled with specular iron, beds 
 of bright red clay and again beds of almost pure ore. 
 
 The source of the iron in these deposits of the Ozark, as has 
 already been mentioned, was probably from the overlying beds. 
 The reasons for assuming this are very plain. This region is 
 beyond glacial action and the rocks have rotted in place. There 
 are but a few remnants of younger formations. These, if they 
 existed, must have been swept away. The Coal Measure and 
 Lower Carboniferous rocks, are the ones to which we would 
 
 Remains of 
 
 naturally look as the source of the iron in the lower rocks, but younger bede. 
 these are absent except in isolated places. The existence of 
 fossil crinoids in the iron ores of Cherry Valley ; the existence 
 of crinoidal chert scattered over the highest points of the Ozark 
 Uplift, together with the known deposits, in isolated patches, of 
 Lower Carboniferous rocks, all these seem to indicate the former 
 extension of this group over a great part of the Ozark series of 
 rocks. As has elsewhere been pointed out this group of rocks 
 in other places carries bedded red hematites. It would seem 
 reasonable to infer that if they existed here, here also they would 
 carry red hematite. But we have no means of knowing the 
 former magnitude of this group; much less, as to whether it car- 
 ried iron in abundance. If it did the iron must have been dis- 
 solved and redeposited in the places where we now find it.\ 
 
 The preponderance of evidence, however, is in favor of the 
 assumption that the iron, accumulated under these conditions, 
 has been derived from the existing sandstones and. from the listing rockB. m 
 overlying beds of limestone and sandstone which have been 
 broken down and in part swept away by erosion. 
 
 It must have had its origin from one of the following sources. 
 First, it may have been brought from below by springs, in ac- 
 cordance with what is known as the crenetic hypothesis of Dr. T. 
 Sterry Hunt. Second, it may have been precipitated from sea possible sources 
 water. Third, it may have been derived from the removal, by 
 solution, of iron from pre-existing beds in the Coal Measures ; 
 or, fourth, it may have been derived by leaching and concentra- 
 tion from the overlying and adjacent rocks. 
 
 The first of these propositions may be dismissed with no dis- 
 
142 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The probable 
 sources. 
 
 Clays tinged 
 with iron. 
 
 cussion, merely stating that the liraonites occur as stalactites, 
 in many cases, showing that the course of the water was from 
 above downwards ; and that the specular iron ores occur in pre- 
 cisely the same manner in cave-like depressions in the 
 limestones which have been etched from under the sandstones. 
 In the second case if the iron had been precipitated from 
 sea water it would have been found in beds of vary- 
 ing thicknesses and of cotemporaneous origin. No beds exist 
 and all the iron found is evidently secondary in origin as 
 has been abundantly shown. The third and fourth propositions 
 are practically the same, for whether the iron existed in beds 
 in the Coal Measures, or was disseminated in the limestones and 
 sandstones, there is no way to account for its accumulation in 
 its present form except by leaching and by precipitation from 
 percolating waters. 
 
 The clay which results from the decomposition of the present 
 magnesian limestones is uniformly tinged with iron, and in 
 places, there are good size deposits of almost pure ocher. The 
 sandstones which accompany these limestones, as they generally 
 exist now, are remarkable for their freedom from iron and 
 from other impurities, although "there are places where they 
 are highly ferruginious. They are so friable usually as to 
 be easily crushed in the hand. Similar rock is mined in large 
 quantities at Pacific and Crystal City, Mo., to be used in the 
 manufacture of glass. What more natural than to assume that 
 these sandstones were originally ferruginous, as they are in 
 places now, and that the iron which formerly made them com- 
 pact and strong has been gradually leached from them until they 
 are now practically beds of pure sand. 
 
 Evidences of Metamorphism. The question as to why 
 these particular ores are specular, while the ores of Southern 
 Missouri are brown hematites, can be answered in the 
 following manner. In this region the chert is almost universally 
 oolitic as well as the accompanying sandstone. The sandstone 
 in places has lost its granular structure; has in fact almost 
 Wholly lost its oolitic structure and appears almost cherty. 
 This is markedly true in the vicinity of specular ore deposits. 
 If, now, we account for the chert in the limestone by assuming, 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 143 
 
 which is undoubtedly possible, that it represents fine silica which 
 has assumed the colloidal form, the same must be true of the 
 chert layers and the chert nodules in the sandstone. The lime- 
 stones of the Ozark series are almost universally crystalline, but 0olltlc chert - 
 not in a high degree. They are yet limestones and in no sense 
 marbles. Fossils are rarely found in them ; when they are found 
 they are siliceous casts. The fossil forms which are found are 
 of a high order, and they are found in such a manner as to lead 
 us to infer that life was very abundant in these early Cambrian 
 seas. This dearth of fossil remains and the other facts point 
 strongly to metamorphic action, not to intense action, for all of the 
 phenomena could take place with water which was not raised 
 above the boiling point except in the immediate vicinity oi the 
 banks. The assumption of only a moderate thickness of over- 
 lying beds is amply sufficient to account for this general rise in 
 temperature. 
 
 E. Davies 1 has shown that the iron precipitated in boiling 
 water is far less hydrated than when precipitated at normal tem- 
 perature, and infers that, at a little higher point of temperature, 
 anhydrous oxide of iron would be thrown down. To show that anhydrous ox - 
 
 ,.,.... , ides of iron. 
 
 there has been water hot enough to dissolve silica it may be 
 stated that, at the Cherry Valley bank, there are numerous 
 quartz crystals; that, inclosed in the crystals, are minute 
 crystals of hematite, further shows that anhydrous oxides of 
 iron can be precipitated from an aqueous solution. The quartz 
 also is often filled with acicular crystals of an unknown mineral. 
 The Dehydration of the Ores. Metamorphism is more 
 marked in the immediate vicinity of the ore bodies but extends 
 only a slight distance from them. The ore deposits on the sur- 
 face, and along the fissures that extend into the bodies, are 
 changed to limonite or to red hematite. The great bulk of the 
 large bodies are compact, completely, though finely crystalline, 
 they have cavities of small size lined with amethystine and 
 limpid quartz and with small crystals of hematite, and jasper sulphides with 
 and crystalline quartz. The bottom of the larger deposits is ores.| 
 usually, so far as known, composed of sulphide of iron, some- 
 
 1 Jour. Chem. Society, Vol. II, p. 69. 
 
 10 
 
144 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 times in large lenses, sometimes as small crystals, infinite in 
 number, scattered through clay and decomposed chert. At 
 Cherry Valley this sulphide is known to. be at least twenty feet 
 deep, and at the old Scotia bank it is reported that this sulphide 
 was found, by means of a drill, to a depth of one hundred feet. 
 Arsenic, copper, antimony, zinc and lead are found in all of the 
 specular ores in greater or less abundance, though still in very 
 small amounts. In addition there is yet much sulphur though 
 not in injurious quantities, in the ores themselves. 
 
 Were it possible to conceive of the deposits, of specular ore 
 being bedded, and thus of contemporaneous origin with the 
 rocks in which they occur, we would yet be confronted with the 
 specular ore in difficulty of explaining the presence of a highly metamorphosed 
 pho^edrock. bed of ore in a comparatively unmetamorphosed rock, for the 
 ore beds could hardly be conceived as being contemporaneously 
 deposited as specular ore. But unfortunately we have to 
 acknowledge that they are not bedded deposits. 
 
 It will be, borne in mind that the rocks of the Ozark Uplift are 
 probably of Cambrian age. There is pretty strong evidence that 
 Lower Carboniferous rock, to some extent at least, covered the 
 Uplift. This, however, does not simplify the explanation of the 
 highly crystalline state of the specular ores, for if they, were 
 buried deeply enough to cause their metamorphism, the rocks 
 which inclosed them ought also to be highly metamorphosed. 
 
 Let us start with the hypothesis that they were originally de- 
 posited as sulphides,. We can easily imagine this to be true, for 
 the rocks from which the iron was probably obtained were full of 
 organic. remains. These, in decomposing, would furnish enough 
 sulphuretted hydrogen to cause the iron to be precipitated as sul- 
 phide. ' The abundance of sulphur is amply testified to by the 
 fact that barium, zinc, lead and iron are even now found united 
 with sulphur in the form of sulphides and sulphates. The his- 
 . „ torv of a large deposit of sulphide of iron can be traced 
 
 Iron precipitated " ° ' ' c 
 
 as a sulphite. ou t w ^ n at least a strong probability of correctness. Sulphide 
 of iron is a very unstable mineral generally, and, decomposing 
 even with moderate rapidity, a great amount of heat will of ne- 
 cessity be generated. With a supply of oxygenated water, suffi- 
 cient to oxidize the sulphur and iron, a degree of heat would be 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 145 
 
 developed sufficient to insure the solution of peroxide of iron and 
 its precipitation in the crystalline form. The volume of circu- 
 lating water must not, in a case of this kind, be great enough to 
 dissipate the heat evolved bv the decomposing sulphides as rap- its decomposition 
 
 • 11 . . , , „, . " ° r evolves heat. 
 
 idly as it is evolved. This is the only serious difficulty in the 
 way of this explanation. But, inclosed as the specular de- 
 posits are by walls of poorly conducting sandstones and lime- 
 stones, little or no heat, thus generated, would be lost by 
 radiation. Compared with the difficulties which this theory of 
 local metamorphism obviates, the difficulty of explaining 
 how the water supply was ample for oxidizing processes 
 and not great enough to dissipate the heat generated, is sim- 
 ple. Local metamorphism induced l>y decomposing pyrite is 
 strictly in accord with the observed facts before pointed out. 
 The sandstones in the immediate vicinity of the ore body pre- 
 sent evidence of a change more intense than the great mass of 
 the rocks. The induration of the sandstone ; the formation of 
 the oolitic chert, or rather the conversion of the large masses of 
 sandstone into an imperfectly cherty mass with limpid grains 
 surrounded by colloidal silica; the formation of large quartz 
 crystals in the ore with fibrous minerals and crystals of hematite 
 included, as well as liquid cavities, the change of silica into jasper 
 and this into vitreous quartz, all these facts point strongly to local 
 agencies rather than to a wide-spread and powerful action. 1 
 Without attempting to dogmatize, the conclusion has been B t?on?o C f ores 
 reached by the writer that original deposition as sulphides, and heat!° loesof 
 subsequent metamorphism induced by decomposition, satisfies 
 the conditions of' the problem of the specular ores of the sand- 
 stone region better than does any other. It may further be 
 pointed out, in support of the above hypothesis, that the iron 
 ore body, at Cherry Valley, a breast seventy-five feet high and 
 one hundred feet wide, is seen to be completely broken up into 
 angular fragments of varying sizes. The appearance is very 
 
 1 These are some of the facts noted by Irving, Van Hise, Winchell and others 
 and adduced by them in support of their views in the formation of the jasper 
 ores of the Lake Superior region, as evidencing the metamorphosing of the 
 specular ores of that region, though there the agent was eruptive rocks, and the 
 metamorphism regional. 
 
146 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Decomposing 
 sulphides gen- 
 erate high 
 temperature. 
 
 much as if the original body of specular ore had been highly 
 heated and that these checks and seams were the result of cool- 
 ing. There are so many and such well known examples of high 
 temperature being generated by decomposing sulphides that this 
 point will be assumed without discussion. If the fossils in the 
 specular ores prove them to be of past Lower Carboniferous age 
 the above conclusion is not necessarily affected. The fossils can 
 have been replaced by iron in the form of a sulphide and after- 
 wards, without change of form even if of volume, the iron can 
 have parted with its sulphur and changed to the peroxide state. 
 Limonite pseudomorph after pyrite shows that a change in com- 
 position without change of form is possible. The only modifica- 
 tion of the above conclusion, which the fossils may introduce, is 
 as to the period of geological time in which the specular ores 
 were deposited. 
 
 PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE. 
 
 3 pr 
 ably hidden 
 deposits. 
 
 Aside from the very interesting geological problems which 
 the study of the mines of specular ore in this region pro- 
 pound, there is another and a very practical side to the 
 problems. It is a fact, as before stated, that no new mines 
 are being opened in this region and the old ones seem 
 to be well on the way to exhaustion. Moreover, there seems to 
 be a general belief that there are no more extensive deposits in 
 the whole of this really vast region. This belief appears to be 
 founded chiefly on general impressions and on the failure of the 
 mineral prospectors to discover other paying properties. The 
 facts are simply that all deposits now being worked were originally 
 exposed at the surface and that very many surface deposits on 
 being explored failed to yield a large amount of ore. Sober 
 thought will certainly lead to the conclusion that this is exactly 
 what would naturally be expected ; but the former overestimate 
 of the resources of this section of the State in iron ores has 
 reacted and has pushed opinion to the other extreme. One thing 
 certainly seems to be lost sight of. In a region which has so 
 many surface deposits of iron extending into the rocks beneath 
 there is ample* reason for supposing that there are other and 
 equally extensive deposits which give no surface indication. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OE THE SANDSTONE REGION. 147 
 
 This statement should not be misunderstood nor misapplied, 
 which may be very easily done, and if followed out without 
 understanding every step in the process it will surely result dis- 
 astrously. 
 
 In this region in many places are found large nuggets of lead 
 ore and zinc as well, imbedded in the clay which overlies the 
 limestones. The ore is often abundant enough so that digging 
 for it in the loose clay yields profitable returns. When solid 
 rock is reached shafts have been sunk, oftentimes many feet in 
 depth, in order to strike the " vein." Disappointment has gen- Leadandzinoore3 
 erally resulted and for the following reasons. The superincum- Jemovafbysoiu^ 
 bent clay which lies upon these limestones is often the residue stone. 
 from the rotting away of many hundreds offeet of limestones 
 that formerly overlaid the present beds. In these superincum- 
 bent beds were cavities, more or less numerous, filled with galena 
 or lead ore, which being almost wholly insoluble, was slowly 
 concentrated in nearly one position, either in ravines at the foot 
 of hills or other favorable spots, with the rotting away of the 
 limestone. In any case the miner who finds one of thesepockets, 
 within a vertical distance of fifty feet or less, recovers nearly all 
 of the ore which was held in hundreds of feet of limestone 
 above, and from which directly profitable excavation would in 
 many cases have been impossible. When the solid rock is 
 reached below the same conditions obtain which were formerly 
 extant above. Only occasional " pockets " of ore are found. 
 
 In the iron region, especially in the limonite region, the same 
 conditions under which lead and zinc accumulated, favored the & ^ t °edi n the en " 
 accumulation and subsequent concentrating of the iron ore in the eamewa y- 
 overlving clay. Under the original conditions when the iron 
 was enclosed in cavities in the solid limestone the prospecting 
 for iron ores, even when there were surface indications, would 
 be of little avail, much less than in the case of lead, which is a 
 more valuable metal. 
 
 The study of the mines of the sandstone region give the fol- 
 lowing general faets which apply to one mine as well as to 
 another. 
 
 1st. The mines occur in connection with sandstones without 
 any important exception. 
 
148 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 2d. These sandstones, in the immediate vicinity of the mines, 
 are, without exception, greatly disturbed and they usually dip 
 towards a common center. 
 
 3d. The dip towards a common center is also towards a 
 sunken part of the field, or at least the center is usually lower 
 conclusions. than the g en eral level. 1 
 
 4th. In the center of the depression there is an absence of 
 bedded rocks and, usually, there is much clay, beneath which is 
 the ore body which occurs in layers. 
 
 5th. These mines are located at the head of, or at least in 
 immediate connection with drainage areas, like the beds of 
 brooks or of larger streams. 
 
 As has been stated, these facts are very prominent at all the 
 mines in the sandstone specular ore regions which have been suc- 
 Si aiiores" sin for cessfully operated. The deposits of iron ore which have not been 
 worked, but simply make a surface showing, also have the same 
 general characteristics. The legitimate inference is then that all 
 of these deposits have a common or at least a similar origin. This 
 origin has been briefly outlined on page 138 and in the chapter 
 6n Genera] Geology. 
 
 , Existence of Buried Deposits Probable. Carrying out the 
 ideas there outlined to their legitimate ends we find no objections 
 to concluding that any one of these drainage systemsand such 
 points of possible seggregation of specular ores, could be wholly 
 underground and thus that ore bodies could exist giving no sur- 
 D h?Sden by wash ^ ace indication of iron. Farther, the depression which would in- 
 variably be caused by the falling in of the sandstone layer, would 
 tend to gradually fill with loose materials, such as clay, sand and 
 loam. This filling would tend to still more cover any seggrega- 
 tion of iron ore which had gone on. This filling: in with loose 
 material may even be going on at the present day. 
 
 Simmons mountain, unlike the majority of the specular ore 
 deposits, stands out in relief above the surrounding country 
 instead of below it. It has a conical shape and is about 
 ninety feet high. It is practically isolated from other hills. It 
 
 1 The surface of the mine at Cherry Valley is 157 feet below the store. The 
 hills which surround it on nearly every side are at least this height above the 
 mine also. The mine itself is about 100 feet deep. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 149 
 
 will occur to many that this is a prominent obstacle against the 
 adoption of the conclusions expressed above, But it must be 
 remembered that the Simmons mountain deposit occurs on a 
 plateau. The reason for its standing above the surrounding 
 country is due to the fact that, after the deposit was formed, it 
 acted as a harrier to eroding forces, and, while the softer rocks 
 were etched away, this, being harder, remained. Its elevation 
 above the surrounding country is not much over ninety feet. 
 
 It will thus be seen that many deposits may thus be entirely 
 placed beyond the observations of the ordinary prospector. It 
 is just here that a knowledge of the geological structure of the 
 iron deposits of this region, together with a correct theory of 
 the origin of the iron ores, may be of the highest practical value 
 in supplementing the knowledge of the miner and prospector. 
 A region or a particular spot which shows absolutely no actual The value of gco- 
 signs of iron, may yet have the common characteristics of a pay- prospecting. 
 ing ore bank. The bending of the sandstone toward a common 
 center, the absence of rocks at this center, the accumulation of 
 broken sandstone with broken chert in thick layers of clay or 
 sandy loam, all point to a subterranean drainage area in the 
 form of an underground stream or a sink hole. These, as 
 experience has shown, point to a place where accumulation or 
 segregation of iron ore has taken place. And these indications 
 are favorable for search for hidden deposits. 
 
 This suggestion is not purely speculative or theoretical. In 
 the iron regions of New Jersey one of the most valuable and 
 extensive deposits of magnetic iron which is now being worked Hidden deposits 
 
 r » o located else- 
 
 showed no trace of its existence on the surface to the ordinary where, 
 prospector. It was located chiefly by the knowledge of the geo- 
 logical structure of the iron ore deposits in general, as revealed 
 by their workings. It is true that the iron deposits of the region 
 under consideration, are different in every respect from the mag- 
 netic iron ore belt of New Jersey, but the force of the principle 
 is equally apparent. 
 
 The Causey Bank. Of more direct bearing is a fact which 
 came to the notice of the Survey during the past summer. In 
 townsnip 34, N. E. 7 W., Sec. 35, on the property of Mr. A. C. 
 Causey, there is a deposit of ore which was found under peculiar 
 
150 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 circumstances. There were no traces of iron on the surface with 
 the exception of a little lean sandy and clayey limonite and 
 broken chert and sandstone with iron stains. So far as any in- 
 dications of an ore deposit are concerned, there are hundreds of 
 E deposit. abul ' le ' i other locations whose^urface indications are far more promising. 
 Here four shafts have been sunk, the deepest of which is thirty 
 feet. An oblong trench has been cut to the depth of from ten 
 to eighteen feet. All of these openings showed increasing traces 
 of iron as they were sunk, and all ended in as fine appearing 
 specular ore as has been found in this region. The successive 
 strata from the surface down to the bottom of the shafts" and 
 trenches showed exactly the same conditions as did the Lamons 
 bank near West Plains, Mo., 1 and as many of the specular ore 
 banks show in this vicinity. On the surface was much chert and 
 sandstone imbedded in clay. Then quite irregularly stratified 
 clay stained with iron. Then the clay grew more sandy, irreg- 
 ular nodules of lean limonite appeared and then large masses. 
 Finally came large boulder-like masses of specular ore com- 
 pletely surrounded by limonite. The limonite had evidently 
 been derived from the hematite by hydration. 
 
 Unfortunately the shafts were all filled with water at the time 
 of the visit and no definite information could be gained other 
 than that given above. No further work has been done and 
 none is likely to be done for some time at least. The deposit is 
 seven miles from the nearest railroad. Enough development 
 
 Deposit not likely . " . 
 
 to be further work has not yet been done to warrant putting in a spur, and 
 
 developed. . ... . 
 
 carting to the railroad is too expensive at the present price of ore. 
 Mr. Causey does not feel able to do the necessary development 
 work to test the extent of the ore body, and so the work stands 
 as it is: It is to be hoped that further development will be done 
 here. The chief interest in this connection, lies in the fact that 
 on the surface the deposit made no showing whatever. 
 
 The geological features of this deposit differ in no essential 
 characteristics from those of many others of this region. As 
 shown by exploration, the body lies along the southern slope aud 
 near the bottom of a ravine or water course running to the west. 
 
 1 See Chapter VII, of this Report. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN THE SANDSTONE REGION. 151 
 
 In the bottom of the ravine there is the usual amount of sandy 
 
 clay filled with broken chert in fine fragments. Occasional frag- Location is 
 
 . ° ° typical. 
 
 ments of a highly siliceous limonite are found. Going up the 
 slope to the south the nature of the surface changes. The side 
 hills are covered with large angular fragments of oolitic chert 
 and sandstone. At the top of the hill the sandstone lies in large 
 fragments and packed so closely together that only the scantest 
 vegetation is possible. In sinking only a short depth, in this 
 locality, solidly bedded rock is reached. 
 
 Scattered through this mass of broken rock are occasional 
 boulders of a highly ferruginous sandstone. There are also 
 occasional fragments both of limonite and specular ore. These 
 latter are by no means numerous, however, and they are not only scattering 
 much larger than a hickory nut. Only the closest observation ifmonue'found 
 reveals them. No bedded rocks, either of sandstone or lime- 
 stone, are in sight. Along the road, however, which runs near 
 the mine, the water has occasionally washed out deep gullies. 
 These gullies show bands of clay alternating with cherty and 
 slaty layers, the unmistakable evidence of a former limestone. 
 It is, therefore, highly probable that this deposit is held in by 
 limestone on the sides and bottom, as is explained in the case 
 of the Cherry Valley bank. 
 
 Conclusions. Finally the practical conclusion from this study 
 of the specular iron ore field may be summed up as follows : 
 There are no valid reasons for supposing that the large deposits 
 , of iron ore which are now being worked are the Only deposits of 
 value in this field. On the contrary, there are the best of rea- 
 sons for believing that intelligent prospecting will reveal other 
 deposits of at least equal value. 
 
 In searching for these deposits it must be borne in mind that 
 the immediate presence of level, or very nearly level, and solid conclusions based 
 beds of either sandstone or limestone are fatal to a large deposit facts. er 
 of ore. For the reason that such solidly bedded rocks are char- 
 acteristic of high sharp pointed hills and ridges with steep slopes 
 even the presence of fair surface signs of ore on such hills are 
 probably misleading. 
 
 On the other hand, when on a plateau with slight elevation 
 and with numerous sinks, or on low hills with easy slopes, at the 
 
152 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 head of ravines and on their sides, are scattering fragments of 
 iron mingled with clay and broken chert, the surface indications 
 are promising enough to warrant the sinking of test pits in the 
 clayey soil. 
 
 Not every ravine or sink hole has a concealed mine, but the 
 general experience has been that they will exist in such places if 
 they exist at all. 
 
 THE COMPOSITION OF THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE 
 
 REGION. 
 
 The specular ores of this great Ozark region are neither so 
 widely known nor so well thought of, as a rule, as are the spec- 
 ular ores of the porphyry region. Yet chemical analyses show 
 that the ores are remarkably high in metallic iron, very free 
 These specular from sulphur and, some of them, very low in phosphorus. 
 
 ores are fair l . 
 
 grade. Their open porous nature makes them very easily reduced in a 
 
 blast furnace and, in this respect, they are superior to the ores 
 of Iron mountain and of Pilot Knob. On the other hand, their 
 distance from markets, the uncertain extent of the ore bodies 
 and the irregularities of their position to a great extent coun- 
 teract their more desirable features. There are no ore deposits 
 in this region which have the uniform percentage of phosphorus 
 which characterizes the ores of Pilot Knob, -though the better 
 grades are much lower in silica. 
 
 Phosphorus Contents. There is a general impression that the 
 ores, as a rule, are very high in phosphorus, but this is decidedly 
 not the case. Chemical analyses show that, as in the case of the 
 limouite iron ores, to which special attention is called later in 
 the notes, on Lamon's bank, some parts of the banks carry 
 much more phosphorus than others. This, as has !>een pointed 
 out at Iron mountain, is true to such an extent that while 
 one part of the ore is so high in phosphorus as to make it 
 Phosphorus gen- undesirable, another part is so low as to make it readily 
 
 eraiiy low. available for Bessemer pig. Unlike the Iron mountain ores, 
 however, it is the weathered ores that are highest in 
 this element. It might occur to the reader, then, that a 
 separation of these ores could be undertaken with profit, 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN THE SANDSTONE REGION. 153 
 
 using the more phosphatic ores for mill and foundry iron, 
 and the selected ores for Bessemer pig. The difficulty of 
 carrying out this suggestion occurs at once, however, to one 
 who has once visited any of these banks. The hard blue 
 ores in this region occur in blocks of varying size and these are 
 often completely surrounded by a thick coating of limonite, but 
 generally with a soft red hematite. Further, in the solid blocks, 
 seams and cavities, filled with the softer ores render this separa- 
 tion mechanically impossible without great additional expense. 
 
 Sulphur Contents. As has been pointed out in this chapter, 
 sulphur occurs abundantly associated with these ores. Fortun- 
 ately, however, this element is so seggregated as to present no 
 difficulties in shipping an ore which analysis will show to be very Snlphliris geg . 
 low in sulphur. It occurs very infrequently in isolated bunches s re s ated - 
 in the ore mass, but is found in the bottoms or on the sides of 
 the banks in considerable abundance. There are other impuri- 
 ties which occur, but in such minute quantities as to do absolutely 
 no harm and they have generally escaped notice. Copper, lead, 
 zinc and arsenic have all been observed by the writer, principally 
 in the form of sulphides. 
 
 Of the four blast furnaces which have been erected in this 
 region only two are now in operation, one at Midland and the 
 other at Sligo. These furnances depend upon charcoal for fuel 
 and use the local magnesi an limestone as a flux. They produce 
 beautiful gray pig iron which commands a high price. Charcoal 
 is used exclusively as a fuel. 
 
 Dent County Ores. The following partial analyses of spec- 
 ular ores from Dent county are taken from Vol. XV. of the 
 Tenth U. S. Census Eeports : — 
 
 1 2 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 63.77 67.02 
 
 Phosphorus 0.061 0.025 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.096 0.037 
 
 3 i 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 63.90 61.05 
 
 Sulphur 0.020 0.179 
 
 Phosphorus 0.029 0.063 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.045 0.098 
 
 Samples 1 and 2 were taken from the old Nova Scotia bank. No. 1 is red on 
 
154 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 exposed faces, grayish blue on fractured faces and somewhat porous. No. 2 is 
 a dense specular ore from the same bank. 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4 are from the old riverside bank. No. 3 is hard specular ore. 
 No. 4 is a soft hematite. 
 
 The following analyses of Simmons mountain ore show the 
 nature of the ores mined in the earlier days of the bank i 1 — 
 
 5 6 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Silica 4.12 
 
 Peroxide of iron 95.24 
 
 Alumina 0.11 
 
 Lime 0.33 
 
 Magnesia 0.15 
 
 Sulphur 0.00 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.052 
 
 Metalliciron 66.66 61.97 
 
 Phosphorus 0.023 0.039 
 
 On the outskirts of Salem are two openings in the same ore 
 body, they are known as the Milsap and Orchard banks. Analy- 
 ses of soft and hard- ore from samples representing several hund- 
 red tons gave: — , 
 
 7 8 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metalliciron 57.96 60.39 
 
 Phosphorus 0.067 0.040 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.116 0.066 
 
 It is hardly necessary to add that No. 7 represents a pile of earthy red and 
 blue hematite mixed; while No 6 represents hard blue ore. 
 
 Samples taken from the Sligo bank gave the following analy- 
 ses: — 
 
 9 10 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metalliciron 65.92 65.03 
 
 Phosphorus 0.040 0.026 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.061 0.040 
 
 No 9 is mixed hard and soft ore. No. 10 is a greasy variety of hematite 
 known as paint ores. 
 
 The following analysis of ore from the Hawkins bank were 
 J From the Report Missouri Geological Survey 1872. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN THE SANDSTONE REGION. 155 
 
 kindly furnished by Mr. C. W. Kalbe, chemist of the Midland 
 Blast Furnace Company : — 
 
 12 3 
 
 Moisture 9.021 4.659 10.28 
 
 Silica 8.28 17.51 8.40 
 
 Alumina 2.58 3.96 3.84 
 
 Iron (metallic) as received 52.86 49.03 51.35 
 
 Iron (metallic) dried 212° 58.10 51.41 57.24 
 
 Phosphorus 0.087 0.110 0.123 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.164 0.224 0.214 
 
 Lime 0.87 0.80 0.55 
 
 Magnesia 0.457 0.72 0.038 
 
 Sulphur 0.123 0.079 0.038 
 
 Manganese ..... 0.099 
 
 No. 1 is first class ore. No. 2 is second class. No. 3 is a soft purplish ore, 
 very porous. 
 
 Phelps County Ores. The two following analyses of iron 
 ores from the Hawkins bank and Meramec bank respectively 
 give : — 
 
 11 12 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 56.19 63.28 
 
 Phosphorus 0.040 0.050 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.071 0.079 
 
 No. 9 is from the Hawkins bank. No. 10 is from the Meramec bank. 
 
 Crawford County Ores. At the time of the taking of the 
 Tenth U. S. Census, Cherry Valley bank No. 2 had not been ex- 
 tensively worked. Since that date this bank has been more fully 
 exploited and has proved to be one of the most extensive deposits 
 in this region. Three partial and one complete analysis of the 
 ore from No. 1 bank are here quoted : — 
 
 13 14 15 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 57.18 65.87 58.888 
 
 Phosphorus 0.082 0.022 0.085 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.143 0.033 0.145 
 
 No. 11 was taken from the stock pile of the Missouri Furnace Company of St. 
 
156 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Louis; No. 12 specular ore alone; No. 13 is a sample of the soft hematite ore. 
 
 A complete analysis of No. 14 gives: — 
 
 No. 14 
 Continued. 
 Per cent. ' 
 
 Metallic iron 65.87 
 
 Phosphorus 0.022 
 
 Sulphur 0.159 
 
 Silica ; 3.06 
 
 Iron protoxide 0.82 
 
 Iron peroxide 93.01 
 
 Alumina 1.27 ' 
 
 Lime 0.28 
 
 Magnesia 0.07 
 
 Iron disulphide 0.255 
 
 Carbonic acid 0.064 
 
 Sulphuric acid ..'. 0.06 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.051 
 
 Carbon in carbonaceous matter 0.02 
 
 Hygroscopic water 0.14 
 
 Water of composition 0.98 
 
 Total , 100.056 
 
 An analysis of mixed hard and soft hematite from the Scotia 
 bank is here given. Below the workable deposit of ore a bed of 
 pyrite 13 feet thick was found : — 
 
 16 i 17 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 63.10 61.42 
 
 Phosphorus 0;063 0.056 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.091 • 0.115 
 
 Analysis No. 17 is from the McGarry bank near Leasburg. 
 
 Franklin County Ores. From Franklin county samples were 
 taken from the Stanton and from the St. Clair banks. The 
 analyses give: — 
 
 18 19 20 21 
 
 Per cent, per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 58.81 57.85 62.40 58.86 
 
 Phosphorus 0.058 0.072 0.059 0.058 
 
 Phosphorus ratio 0.099 0.124 0.095, 0.099 
 
 Nos. 18 and 19 are from the Stanton bank. Nos. 20 and 21 are from the St. 
 Clair bank. 
 
 A mixture of ores from the stock piles of the Missouri Fur- 
 nace Co. of St. Louis representing ore from the Cherry Valley, 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN THE SANDSTONE REGION. 157 
 
 McGarry, St. Clair, Hundcock, Horse Hollow, Stihson, Stanton, 
 Pomeroy and Lamb banks give the following results: — 
 
 22 
 Per cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 56.43 
 
 Phosphorus 0.065 
 
 Phosphorus ratio : 0.115 
 
 The above analysis is by far the most valuable one, as it repre- 
 sents an actual mixture as used in the furnace. It will be seen 
 that the stock could not be used for Bessemer pig and that the 
 working ore is rather lower than the samples picked from the tuany worked. 
 stock piles at the various mines. As an actual working ore 
 to-day the writer has been told .by furnace masters that at Sligo 
 and Midland furnaces an ore far leaner than the above (as low 
 as 45 per cent, metallic iron) is quite often charged in the 
 furnaces. These lower grade ores, it will be remembered 
 though, are smelted on the ground, while the St. Louis furnaces 
 had to take ore shipped for 100 miles or more. The analyses 
 given above go far to uphold, or rather to supplement the 
 statements made in this chapter as to the value of the specular 
 ores of the sandstone region. From a geological stand-point the 
 future of this region is hopeful, while the chemical analyses 
 show that the ores themselves are very desirable. 
 
158 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE LIMONITE OEES. 
 
 THE OZARK DISTRICT— THE OSAGE DISTRICT — THE MISSISSIPPI DTSTRICT — LIMONITES 
 IN OUTLYING DISTRICTS — THE FORMATION OP LIMONITES — THE VALUE OP THE 
 MISSOURI LIMONITES — CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 Limonite is found in greater or less abundance in nearly every 
 
 township covered by the members of the Ozark group. It is by 
 
 Limomtes con- no means confined to these rocks, but occurs in rocks of younger 
 
 fined to particu- ° 
 
 lar localities, formations. It is however on the Cambrian formations that the 
 most numerous and most extensive deposits rest. In this for- 
 mation there is further a decided choice of position, and this 
 choice appears to be governed by the drainage areas into which 
 the Ozark Uplift is divided as will be shown later on. For con- 
 venience in reference, this region will be divided into the fol- 
 lowing districts: — 
 
 I. The Ozark district, on the southeastern slope of the 
 Ozarks. Southeast of a line drawn from township 33 N., 3 E. 
 
 to township 24 N., 26 W. 
 Limonitedistricts. jj_ The 0gage distl . ictj lying in the valley of the 0sage river 
 
 and its tributaries. 
 
 III. The Mississippi district between the Mississippi and 
 Black rivers and south of township 33 N. 
 
 Outside of these main districts will be found numerous 
 deposits of limonite, but they are isolated and to a certain ex- 
 tent independent. Such, for example, are the deposits occurring 
 at Irondale, Washington county, at DeSoto, Jefferson county, 
 near Moselle in Franklin county, and a few others on the Gas- 
 ieoiated districts. conade r j ver> g far as the nafure f the limonites of these 
 
 three districts is concerned, there is no perceptible difference 
 between them ; and the geological description of the one will 
 apply equally well to the other. The topography of these belts 
 is also similar, save that the particular topography of the Ozark 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 159 
 
 Uplift is more characteristically developed on the southeastern 
 slope than on the northwestern. 
 
 THE OZARK DISTRICT. 
 
 Structure of the Ozark Mountains. The topography of the 
 Ozark mountains, so called, is very simple; the whole ele- 
 vation seeming to be the result of a single fold. The axes of 
 the Uplift run from northeast to southwest, with a minor trans- The ozarks a 
 
 » single fold 
 
 verse axis running from northwest to southeast. The minor axis practically. i 
 begins a little north of the Missouri river and runs S. 14° E. to- 
 wards the Mississippi river. The major axis runs at right angles to 
 this, i.e. , S. 76° W. The axial crest of this uplift is about 1700 feet 
 above tide level of the Gulf of Mexico. 1 The rocks of this fold, 
 consisting principally of magnesian limestones and of sandstones Th< 3 dips are 
 
 j. . northwest and 
 
 dip about 1° to the northeast and southeast. This dip turns the southeast. 
 water to the southeast and to the north and northeast. Even on 
 such maps of the State as are now extant the axial crest of 
 this uplift is very clearly denned by the courses of the numer- 
 ous streams. This main divide is very perceptible in traveling 
 over the country. 
 
 Development of the Topography. As this region is wholly free 
 from glacial deposits, the secondary topography is due entirely 
 to the rotting of the rocks and to the denuding agency of the 
 streams. The successive steps by which this erosion has been 
 effected appear to have been as follows : The magnesian lime- 
 stones are generally quite impure. They have a large amount of T are i more°or C fe8s 
 alumina present in the form of clay. There is also present silica ""p™*- 
 in the form of fine sand, coarse sand and great layers of chert. 
 In the course of time a large part of this lime has been removed 
 by solution leaving the clay, sand and chert in comparatively 
 undisturbed layers. This is the process of disintegration. 
 Through these materials decomposed, or unaltered, the waters 
 soon assume definite courses guided in the rocks either by the or- 
 iginal folds or by the more rapid disintegration in one place than 
 another. The continued action along such water courses soon 
 
 1 Level of Cedar Gap on K. C, Ft. S., M. & B. R. R. Communicated by the 
 courtesy of Geo.. H. Nettleton, Prest. 
 
 11 
 
160 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 S tafm wSf to der crested and narrow at the base 
 
 rise up steeply, except that where a 
 
 Large divides of 
 the Ozarks. 
 
 Ridges of denu- 
 dation. 
 
 excavates numerous gorge-like valleys, between which rise, in the 
 course of time, long ridges or divides, which are winding, sharp 
 
 On either side of a stream they 
 stream impinges sharply 
 against one bank, thus making a steep rocky bluff, the side 
 opposite the bluff will be low, clayey or loamy, with no rocks in 
 sight. 
 
 In addition to the main divides, such as exist between the St. 
 Francis and Black rivers, between the Black and Current rivers 
 and also between the forks of the White river of Arkansas and of 
 Missouri, there are minor divides between the branches of these 
 streams. These minor divides present in general the features of 
 the great central axis and of the divides of the large rivers. 
 
 The large divides are what give to the traveler in the Ozark 
 Uplift the impression of mountains. Following the winding 
 roads either in some broad valley, like that at West Plains, or in 
 a narrower valley which is more like a gorge, the steep slopes 
 shut him in on every side. He imagines that by climbing to the 
 summit of the adjoining ridge a broad prospect will be opened 
 up. Having climbed to the summit of one of these hills he finds 
 himself on a narrow ridge or crest line. Lying directly below 
 him on either hand are the streams which have cut the deep 
 gorges. The horizon in every direction shows no loftier 
 peaks or ridges, but everywhere, so far as the eye 
 can reach, are wooded ridges or "Bald Knobs" of 
 nearly uniform elevation. So strong is this resemblance to 
 mountains to the traveler in the valley that he will try many 
 times and experience many disappointments before he can 
 accustom himself to the fact that these ridges and so-called 
 mountains do not rise above the level of the surrounding country, 
 but simply that, in the broad reach of ages, these streams have 
 cut beloiv the common level, leaving here and there ridges to 
 mark where their former level was. Such, in brief, is the 
 topography of the limonite regions of Missouri. 1 
 
 Locations Favorable for Limonite Deposits. Along the 
 foots of these great divides, and near to the river bottoms, 
 
 1 For further description, see chapter on General Geology. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 161 
 
 lie the larger deposits of limonite. Unless the ridge is broad 
 
 topped with numerous lime-sinks occurring, iron deposits are High ridges un- 
 
 ,,.-., -,n , i i favorable for 
 
 rarely found on them. If they are found on narrow crested limonite. 
 ridges, so far as outside appearances go, they are confined to 
 narrow crevices in limestone rocks or are scattered about on 
 the surfaces of the naked rocks themselves. 
 
 The surface appearance of these deposits is nearly or quite the 
 same wherever found. The surface of the ground for an acre 
 or more in extent is largely covered with blocks and angular 
 fragments of limonite. Some of these fragments or boulders 
 weigh many pounds, and some of them many tons. Near Puxico, 
 Chaonia and Leora in Stoddard county, near Alton in Oregon 
 county and Doniphan in Eipley county there are great heaps of 
 boulders that weigh tons each. In such places the ore is apt to L °^ lon of chert 
 be heavily charged with silica in the form of chert, though the 
 percentage of silica is not so high as would be supposed from 
 general appearances. One specimen of this ore from Leora, 
 which waslargely mixed withbrecciated chert, gave, insoluble mat- 
 ter 16.87 per cent. ; metallic iron 50.28 per cent, with phosphorus 
 .047 per cent. Mingled with the fragments of iron ore, on the 
 surface is a great amount of sharp angular chert, with occasional 
 fragments of sandstone. This fragmental sandstone, when pres- 
 ent, is dark colored, stained with iron, often with large percent- 
 age of iron constituting the cementing material. This superficial 
 layer of chert, sandstone and iron ore is so thick as to completely 
 cover the surface and the only sign of clay or other soil is the 
 sparse growth of oak and hickory, whose roots reach through 
 this stony covering to the underlying soil. 
 
 Ores Associated with Limestones. It is very rare that contin- 
 uously bedded rocks appear to be associated with the limonite iron 
 ore. If such rocks do occur, they are almost invariably lime- 
 stones. In such instances the distribution of the rocks in a given Limestones 
 
 i i i i ••! i ■ i • <• weather un- 
 
 locality forms almost the only criterion by which one can judge ot evenly. 
 the extent of the deposit. When the limestones are exposed, 
 they are seen not to be flat and smooth, but to be weathered 
 into ragged surfaces and deep pockets, showing uneven erosion. 
 If the deposit is on the top or near the top of a hill, the limestones 
 are frequently washed bare of the clay mantle which usually 
 
162 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 covers them, thus exposing what is judged to be the entire 
 Limonites occur deposit of ore. Yet, even in such cases it is not safe to affirm 
 that the ore body is very limited for an apparently small pocket 
 may expand to a great and unexpected extent. The only probable 
 exception to this rule is when the deposits are almost certainly of 
 limited extent from their very nature. This is when the limonite 
 occurs filling the joints of the limestone which have been 
 enlarged by circulating waters. Here the limonite occurs, grow- 
 ing from the opposite faces of the cleft towards the center and in 
 some cases quite filling it. If the cleft is not entirely filled, the 
 inner faces are usually composed of pyrite or marcasite crystals 
 completely changed to limonite. The inference is that the whole 
 mass was originally a sulphide of iron. These clefts are rarely 
 more than two feet from wall to wall. Occasionally from the 
 banks of brooks such casts of limestone clefts will jut out from 
 layers of clay and chert, they representing all that is left of the 
 former limestone. Instances of these deposits will be found near 
 Logans creek, Keynolds county ; intownship31 N., 4 W., sections 
 13, 23 and 24, Shannon county, and on the farm of Judge J. B. 
 Old near Thomasville, Oregon county. 
 
 Ores Imbedded in Clays. There is one other class of deposits 
 of limonite which are found imbedded in clay with no rocks 
 T cherty C ciay? appearing in the immediate vicinity. As has been mentioned 
 before these doposits occur near the foot of the divides or near 
 river bottoms. If they occur on high ground this high ground 
 forms a kind of plateau and is characterized by lime-sinks. The 
 clay enclosing the limonite is of course only the residuary prod- 
 uct of the original limestone. 
 
 Cedar Bay Mine. Cedar Bay mine, near Piedmont, Wayne 
 
 county, is a deposit of this kind. It has been worked to some 
 
 extent and its structure is thus more or less plain. As the bank 
 
 Dimensions of now ' s > a * ter a °out six years of idleness, it is about forty feet 
 
 cedar Bay mine. from tbe surface to the bottom of the ore deposit. Twenty feet 
 
 of the top is stripping, consisting of alternate layers of clay and 
 chert. The clay is sandy and deeply stained with the oxides of 
 iron. The chert is broken into angular fragments of various size 
 and is almost without exception oolitic. The general arrange- 
 ment is shown in the sketch on the opposite page. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 163 
 
 By referring to the figure it will be noticed that the layers of 
 clay and chert are not horizontal, nor in straight lines, but are 
 warped and bent, showing successive settlings, as the lime 
 was removed both from these beds and probably from 
 the limestone beds upon which these rest. About midway 
 from top to bottom in the plate is a large angular block Pi g|° res ol Cedar ' 
 of chert. This lies immediately on top of the ore body 
 which is reported to reach twenty feet below this point. The 
 
 Fig. 18. View of cut at Cedar Bay mine, showing ore body and overlying cherty clay. 
 
 ore is of the variety known as " pipe ore." There are a few 
 specimens which show the crystalline forms of pyrite and mur- 
 casite. The pipes are of various lengths and nearly at right ore occurs in 
 angles to the overlying layers of clay and chert. There are cretfons. 
 also shelly grades of limonite, some of which shells are filled with 
 ocher, red clay and sand and some with pure white sand. There 
 is comparatively little solid ore, but there are large masses of 
 brecciated ore consisting of chert fragments connected together 
 by limonite in which the iron bears a large proportion to the 
 
164 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 chert, and the masses are not too lean to be used. At this bank 
 no outcrops of rock are in sight. At the foot of the hill, in 
 ^disturbed™ ^he ray i ne > "t tne head of which this bank occurs and about one 
 hundred and fifty feet lower, limestone in nearly horizontal layers 
 crops out. On this hill no sandstone is in sight, but on the crests 
 of the hills between this bank and Piedmont, horizontal layers 
 of sandstone are frequent. 
 
 Mt. JVebo in Oregon County. On " Mt. Nebo " in Oregon 
 county, township 23 N., 3 W., section 8, are two occurrences of 
 ore which are typical of the two kinds of deposits of which 
 mention has been made. " Mt. Nebo " is a small conical hill as 
 
 FIG. 49. Sketch section at Mt. Nebo, showing distribution of 
 
 fragments oi ore over the surface. 
 
 At 1 and 2 are shafts 30 ft. deep. 
 
 is represented in the above figure, standing about one hundred 
 and fifty feet above the level of the surrounding bottoms. About 
 half way up the slope of the hill begins a surface deposit of iron 
 ore. This deposit covers a belt about one hundred feet wide and 
 reaches nearly around the hill. The deposit is made up of 
 C Nebo. ter ° £ Mt ' fragments of limonite of various sizes, but no pipe ore is noted. 
 There is an almost equal amount of angular chert and some of 
 this ore encloses chert. At the summit of this hill a shaft about 
 sixteen feet in depth has been sunk. The first six feet consist 
 of layers of broken chert and sandy clay; the remaining ten feet 
 are in limestone, locally known as cotton rock, and the shaft 
 stopped in limestone. This shaft shows very clearly that the 
 core of the hill, not to say the entire body, is of solid limestone. 
 At the foot of the hill is the level bottom of a small stream. 
 Near this point, another shaft about thirty feet in depth has 
 been sunk. This shaft was full of water at the time the locality 
 was visited. The bottom is reported to rest on limestone; the 
 overlying thirty feet consisted, first, of stratified clay and chert 
 for about ten feet, and the remaining twenty feet of clay and 
 chert in which were inbedded lenses and geodes of limonite. 
 This deposit together with others of this nature often met with,. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 165 
 
 may point out that when scattered fragments of iron lie on the 
 surface of a hill or in close relation to a limestone rock, a larger 
 and more desirable deposit may be found near the foot of the hill 
 where the clay begins to deepen. So few deposits, however, 
 have been even opened that generalizations, except within very 
 safe limits, should not be too sweeping. This will, however, be 
 referred to again. 
 
 The Lamons Mine. Of all the deposits of limonite that have 
 been worked there is only one now in operation in the Ozark 
 region, and it is the only one that has been worked in six years. 
 This is the Lamons mine, three and a half miles from West Plains, 
 
 ' Llmomte used as 
 
 Mo., owned by the D. Carson Iron Company. Here, there has aflux - 
 mined and shipped from 1889 to June 1st, 1891, 8,000 tons of 
 ore to the Argentine silver lead smelters at Kansas City. In 
 mining this ore a great deal of work has been done in develop- 
 ment, and it is the only bank which has been accessible for close 
 observation below the surface. It is believed to be a fair type 
 of the great majority of the deposits of the Ozark district. 
 
 i=^4*J!^; 
 
 
 
 dit J > ::>>■ 
 
 
 Fig. 50. A general view of Lamons iron mine, looking southeastward^. 
 
 Fig. 50 gives a general view of the bank looking south- 
 eastwards. In the foreground, between the opening and the 
 fence runs a brook. The level meadow reaches back nearly one D | scli i' Uon 0l 
 
 J figure. 
 
 half of a mile to another chert covered hill. The highest point 
 of this hill, near the house, a little to the right of the middle of the 
 picture is about one hundred feet above the level of the meadow. 
 
166 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Character of 
 Lamon's bank. 
 
 In the foreground, near the fence, there are no indications of 
 iron; in the field, back of this, for one thousand feet there 
 
 The width of this belt varies 
 At the end of this one thou- 
 
 are very fair showings of iron, 
 from three to five hundred feet. 
 
 Topography of 
 common form 
 
 Fig. 51. A topographic sketch map of Lamona iron mine. 
 A is the main mine. 
 B are surface diggings. 
 S S are shafts. 
 The figures denote depth at the different points. 
 
 sand foot line the hill slopes down to another, but narrower 
 valley. To the right this hill, which is really but a spur, joins 
 a a much larger hill or divide. The surface of this hill differs in 
 no material respect from that at hundreds of other deposits ' 
 which are found in the limonite region. There are no surface 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 167 
 
 rocks anywhere in sight. 
 
 fragments and some large angular blocks. 
 
 The hill is covered with sharp chert 
 In the belt this 
 chert is intimately mixed with ore fragments. 
 
 On the topographic sketch, on page 166, made by Mr. 
 E. H. Lonsdale of the Survey staff, the different openings have Topographic map 
 been accurately located, and the location of the ore body can bank. 
 be seen with reference to both the hill and the more level 
 ground at the railroad tracks. 
 
 As was before mentioned, the recent working of this mine or 
 bank gives the third dimension which is so rarely seen in this 
 field. 1 At the foot of the large oak at the right of the horse- 
 whim (see Fig. 50) several pits have been dug five or ten feet in 
 depth. These pits have all struck solid brown ore of a very fine 
 quality. In the soil above, which is cherty and deeply stained 
 with iron, are very numerous fragments of hard limonite ore. 
 
 Fig. 52. Sketch from a photograph of the southwest wall of Lamons ore bank, showing 
 the face of ore under the overlying soil. 
 
 Fig. 52 shows a part of the main opening. The view is taken 
 looking southeastwards. The pole standing up against the wall is 
 
 fourteen feet long. 
 
 From the surface of the ground to about sectional aescrip- 
 
 the middle of the pole, a distance of twenty feet, is soil and iron 
 ore in the following order: From the surface towards the top of 
 
 1 Letter A on the topographic map shows the position of this ore body rela- 
 tively to the hill. 
 
168 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the pole, in a sandy clay mingled with angular flint are rounded 
 and angular fragments of limonite of various sizes. Under this 
 layer, which is about four feet thick, is a distinct bed, ten feet 
 thick, consisting of stratified clay, angular chert, and fragments 
 of limonite. Lower down, the last six feet is seamy clay, gritty 
 and carrying much decomposed chert and large masses of limo- 
 nite in thin, hard lenticular layers, which also inclose much dirt. 
 The clay varies in color, being at times yellowish white, brick 
 red and then in bands mixed with much qcher. 1 The next layer, 
 downwards begins at the middle point of the pole and is a layer 
 four feet thick of solid limonite. By solid is meant that the bed 
 is continuous and compact, with occasional irregular ocherous 
 joints, but is so compact and solid, that, if it were desirable to 
 mine the underlying ore instead of stripping it, this bed, with 
 comparative light timbering would make a good roof. 
 
 Immediately under this is a bed, three feet thick, of lamellar, 
 loose, ocherous, dirty ore and then a one-foot layer of flint of 
 lenticular shape. Below this there begins another bed of nearly 
 solid ore, about twenty feet in thickness. This is the limit of 
 the workings at present. No explorations have been made below 
 this point. This last solid bed of ore has numerous lenses of 
 flint or chert of rather limited dimensions. There are also lenses 
 of bright red clay and nearly white clay. The bottom of the ore 
 body has not been reached. 
 
 The ore body, as developed by the workings, then, is as follows, 
 beginning at the surface: — 
 
 Layer 1. 20 ft. stratified clay and chert with little iron, whole body worth- 
 less. 
 
 " 2. 4 " of solid limonite ore. 
 
 " 3. 3 " loose, lamellar, ocherous ore. 
 
 " i. 1 foot chert. 
 
 " 5. 20 feet alternate beds of solid limonite and layers of chert and 
 clay. This latter is given on the authority of Mr. Carson 
 as the lower part of the mine was full of waler. 
 
 1 This last six feet Is worked as an ore in spite of the clay seams. The 
 dividing line between the ore body proper and the overlying "stripping" of 
 dirt begins at the line between the dark and light shading. The detail pointed 
 out above does not show in the figure. There are only two bands prominent as 
 one looks at the bank: First the sandy clayey soil with dark stringers of ore; 
 and second the dark ore body consisting principally of limonite. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 169 
 
 The whole face of ore proved by these workings is 28 feet 
 deep; length from east to west 230 feet; and length north and 
 south not certainly known. With regard to this length, how- 
 ever, the following facts will give some light. Five hundred 
 feet towards the southeast numerous openings have been made 
 but none of them very deep. 1 These openings show the same 
 ore as it is found at the large cut. There is, however, this dif- 
 ference. Boulders are found almost immediately below the sur. 
 face and the solid ore is reached nearer the surface. Near the 
 apex of the hill on which the ore body is located, by the little 
 house, a well sixty feet in depth was dug. The location of this 
 well is shown in Fig. 51. Little or no ore was found in this 
 well and the bottom is limestone. It is probable, therefore, that 
 the ore body does not extend east of this. Near the scale house, 
 shown on the map, east of the main opening, a bored well eighty Depth of ore. 
 feet deep was sunk. Forty feet of this is reported to have gone 
 through chert and clay with a little iron and the last sixteen feet 
 was in nearly solid limonite. No record was kept of this well, 
 and the memory of the well borer is the source of information. 
 
 The principal conclusions from this mine, and they are of 
 great importance, are that these surface deposits of limonite, 
 showing mingled fragments of chert and ocherous clay, with 
 no rocks in sight, and especially when on low, flat hills may turn 
 out to be very respectable deposits as to size. 
 
 If the full width of the mine, as developed, be taken (230 
 ft.) and the depths (28 ft.) be reduced by one half, and the 
 length (500 ft.) be also reduced by one half, we have the total 
 contents of the mine, as follows: 230x14x250=905,000 cubic D ™££f ion90f 
 feet. Allowing fifteen cubic feet to the ton (this allowance in- 
 cluding impurities and foreign matter associated with the ore) 
 there are here 60,333 tons of workable ore. This certainly is a 
 conservative estimate, and though not the result of careful sur- 
 veys, it will point out what evidently lies in sight from the 
 showing of the present workings. 
 
 With regard to the quality of the ore, it is a high grade limonite. 
 In addition to the numerous analyses furnished by the courtesy of 
 
 1 SeeB. of Fig. 51. 
 
170 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Mr. Carson, samples were collected personally and analyzed for 
 Quality of ore. the Survey by the St. Louis Sampling and Testing Works. The 
 analyses of the ore showed a considerable range in phosphorus. 
 To determine whether the phosphorus was confined to any one 
 particular kind of ore two samples were collected from strata 
 as 'follows. No. 1 was very carefully selected from the most 
 compact ore in the stratum exposed and great care was ex- 
 ercised to have the specimens free from ocher or dirt. No. 2 
 was collected from the same strata, but in this case the loose 
 porous part of the solid strata was taken together with a part of 
 the ocherous filling. 
 
 No. 1. Compact Ore.- No. 2. Loose Ore. 
 
 Loss by ignition 11.57 per cent. 12.21 per cent. 
 
 Silica 2.11 " 4.68 " 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 86.27 " 82.75 " 
 
 Alumina 0.03 " 0.13 " 
 
 Sulphur 0.103 " 0.060 " 
 
 Phosphorus 0.076 " 0.132 " 
 
 Metallic iron 60.39 " 57.92 " 
 
 Analyses. 
 
 Sulphur tends to 
 Increase with 
 depths. 
 
 Although the result was not wholly what wa3 hoped for, it 
 shows that the most compact ore carries the least phosphorus, 
 and that in many of these deposits there may be found Bessemer 
 ores. That even in the same deposit there is sometimes a yet 
 wider variation, the two following analyses of samples collected 
 by Mr. Carson, fully shows: — 
 
 Silica. . . ., 3.65 9.75 
 
 Sesquioxide,of iron 82.40 73.60 
 
 Sulphur 0.112 0.058 
 
 Phosphorus 0.028 0.399 
 
 Loss by ignition 12.84 14.02 
 
 Metallic iron 57.68 51.52 
 
 In this bank as in many others where there has been an op- 
 portunity for examination, there seems to be a tendency towards 
 an increase in sulphur with increasing depths, or at least when 
 the bottom of the deposit has been reached, or is supposed to have 
 been reached. This subject will, however, be better discussed 
 later. 
 
 Other Banks in the Vicinity of West Plains. In township 24 
 N., 7 W., section 24, three shafts have been sunk, each about fifty 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 171 
 
 feet deep on an outcrop very similar to that at the Lamons bank. 
 Two of these pits yielded a moderate amount of siliceous and sul- 
 phurous ore. The ore does not seem to exist in any great bulk, 
 but to be evenly and sparsely scattered through a highly stained 
 sandy cjay. The main body of the ore may not have been 
 reached. 
 
 In township 23 N., 1 W., section 7, there have also been 
 several test pits dug. One of th<Sse pits is forty feet deep. The Se ^l ° f ° th6r 
 first eighteen feet is chert and fragments of iron in a sandy red 
 clay. There are also lenticular layers of white, chalky looking 
 decomposed chert. Then comes four feet of solid fimonite, 
 followed by eighteen feet of porous limonite which is very free 
 from silica. When work ceased the bottom of the ore body had 
 not been reached. The pit was inaccessible when visited and 
 the above was reported by Mr. Carson. The material taken 
 from this pit was at the mouth and the ore was examined. 
 
 Numerous other localities were examined in the vicinity of 
 West Plains. All showed the same general surface appearances 
 and, where test holes had been dug, the same general character 
 was shown. 
 
 It is especially to be noted that a most common character of 
 the surface ores of these deposits is that they are nearly all 
 pseudotnorph after pyrite or marcasite. In many cases the 
 crystalline form was easily indentified as cubes with the octahedral 0res are ottea 
 faces largely developed. In other cases the crystalline form of P^udomorph- 
 marcasite was represented. In the main body of the deposits, 
 from four feet or more below the surface, the ore is generally 
 very compact and shows no trace of pseudomorphism • There are 
 layers of sulphurous ore, but they are comparatively infrequent 
 until near the bottom of the mine. 
 
 The J. B. Old Bank. There is another bank, typical of 
 another class of deposits, which, though not so numerous as the 
 last are yet highly interesting and instructive. This class of 
 deposits is far more extensive in the Osage district than in either 
 the Mississippi or the Ozark district. It is very doubtful if 
 another bank showing the structure and origin so perfectly exists. 
 
 This bank is the property of Hon. J. B. Old, of Thomasville, 
 Oregon county, and is four miles from Thomasville, up the 
 
172 
 
 IEON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Location of the 
 Old bank. 
 
 Eleven Point river. On either side of the river, are hills of 
 limestone capped with sandstone, which are about three hundred 
 feet high. The river shifts from side to side of a bottom about 
 fifteen hundred feet wide. From the top of the divide there 
 run numerous narrow gorges, cut by streams which empty into 
 the river. One of these gorges looking north is shown in Fig. 53. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 : ii: ;,■:': M 
 
 ,:,' ■•■■■• 
 
 - iV) •> »*'« . >i 
 
 Fig. 53. View of gorge in which the Olds irpn bank is located. 
 
 In this figure it will be noticed that the limestone in the 
 hill is horizontal, and it is evident that the gorge as well the 
 river bed is the result of erosion. The ore bed is situated in 
 this gorge on the east side and about a hundred feet from 
 the mouth. The ore body juts out from the side of the 
 gorge, as is shown in Fig. 54, and is seen to be made up of 
 stalactites of iron about one-half of an inch in diameter. 
 These stalactites are vertical now, save for the numerous larsc 
 masses which have broken off and are lying about. This ore 
 body does not show on the opposite bank, near the bot- 
 staiactitic nature torn of the gorge, though the rocks are entirely hidden by 
 boulders of iron ore, sandstone, limonite and chert which have 
 rolled down from above which would hide the 6re body even if it 
 extended across the ravine. The extent downward of the ore is 
 also unknown. A cross section of the gorge and ore body is 
 given in Fig. 55. The dimensions are 100 ft. by 100 ft. by 10 ft. 
 That is, the bank of solid ore exposed is one hundred feet wide, 
 ten feet high and reaches toward the hill on its upper surface, 
 one hundred feet. This is probably not the limit of size, but 
 
 of the ore. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 173 
 
 this much stands out clearly: There are, therefore, 100,000 
 
 cubic feet of ore in sight. Allowing twelve cubic feet to a long Amount of ore in 
 
 ton, there are over 8,000 tons of ore in sight. The excellence Slght ' 
 
 Fig. 54. View of stalactitic ore body at the Olds Bank. 
 
 of this kind of ore can be judged from the following analysis 
 of an average sample made for the Geological Survey by the St. 
 Louis Sampling and Testing Works : — ■ 
 
 Moisture...* 12.16 per cent. 
 
 Silica 2.49 
 
 Alumina 0.78 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 84.32 
 
 Sulphur 0.066 
 
 Phosphorus 0.077 
 
 Metallic iron 59.02 
 
 Fig. 55. A cross section at the Olds Bank. 
 
 J. N. Hams' 1 Bank. As was before remarked, stalactitic 
 ores are somewhat rare in the Ozark district. There is another 
 locality, however, which presents a good showing of this kind Hams bank sim- 
 of ore, although not so perfect as that of the Old bank. J. N. llar t0 the above - 
 
174 
 
 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 Other stalactitic 
 deposits. 
 
 Hains' bank, near Alton, Oregon county (township 24 N., 4 
 W-, Sec. 34), shows beautiful specimens of stalactite ore. The 
 surface of the ground for nearly an acre is thickly strewn with 
 " pipes " of limonite. Solid masses when broken in two, 
 show that they are geodes with the inside filled with pipes, as is 
 illustrated in Fig. 56. There is very little rock on the surface 
 
 of the ground at this point and chert 
 is only slightly mixed with the ore. 
 There have been several test pits no 
 more than five or ten feet in depth, 
 dug at this place, and all show an 
 abundance of pipe ore in a red clay. 
 Other Localities in the Ozark Dis- 
 trict. There are pipe ores to be found on the Current River rail- 
 way near Spur Five, west of McDonald, on the St. Francis river 
 near Chaonia; on the St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Fort 
 Smith railway at Indian Ford, and also on the Iron Mountain 
 road in Wayne county, near Piedmont and Mill Springs and also 
 near Williamsville. Several of these localities in the vicinity of 
 Piedmont and Mill Spring have been worked slightly and have 
 yielded excellent ores of their class. All work has ceased here 
 now, however. 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
 A stalactite geode of limon- 
 ite. 
 
 THE OSAGE DISTRICT. 
 
 General Distribution and Character of the Ores.. The limon- 
 ites of the Osage district appear to differ very essentially in one 
 respect from the ores of the Ozark district. Nearly all of the lat- 
 ter ores are stalactitic. The limonites of the Ozark belt may yet 
 prove to be stalactitic to a greater extent than is apparent where 
 openings have been made ; but at present the Osage limonites 
 osage" limonites are r i° aer aQ d purer on account of their form, for it is very 
 generaiiyricher. ev j ( j en ^. ^at a stalactite ore would be higher grade than ores 
 falling to the bottom of a cave reservoir and mixed with dirt 
 washed in or falling from the roof of a cave. 
 
 The ores of this district are confined principally to Franklin, 
 Osage, Morgan, Benton, Miller, Camden, Hickory and St. Clair 
 counties. The deposits of the lower Osage near the Missouri 
 are comparatively of little account. At the extreme upper part 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 175 
 
 of the Osage in Missouri, in the prairie counties, the same is 
 
 true. The main iron bearing district of this field is then, the Location i of Osage 
 
 ° deposits. 
 
 Middle Osage region. Towards the southeast the limonites ap- 
 pear to be more closely connected with the specular hematites, 
 while towards Henry county, and in the south of Benton county 
 the red hematites occur with the limonites. 
 
 To show the excellence of these ores, the following analyses 
 are copied from the report of the "Geological Survey of Mis- 
 souri, 1872, Part I, p. 43. These analyses were made from 
 large samples sent in by owners of banks and from samples col- 
 lected by Dr. Schmidt or under his direction. They can safely 
 be assumed to be fairly representative of the ores of this 
 region. 
 
 1 234 5 67 8 9 10 
 
 Insoluble 8.66 7.17 7.42 8.35 4.88 
 
 Peroxide 
 
 of iron 84.02 77.42 82.02 .... 84.10 81.96 73.73 79.82 79.53 82.27 
 
 Water.. 10.98 12.49 12.80 11.60 Analyses of Osage 
 
 ores. 
 Sulphur. 0.171 0.147 0.015 0.084 none none none 0.009 tr. trace 
 
 P h OS - 
 phoric 
 
 acid.. 0.861 0.076 0.091 0.084 0.077 
 
 Silica... 3.08 8.05 5.13 .... 3.59 - 
 
 Metallic 
 
 iron.. 58.81 54.19 57.41 .... 58.87 57.39 55.11 55.87 55.67 57.59 
 Phospho- 
 rus... 0.376 0.034 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.058 0.081 0.061 0.071 0.074 
 
 1. Brown and red hematite, Marmaduke bank. 
 
 2. Limonite, Sheldon bank. 
 
 3. Limonite, White bank. 
 
 4. Limonite (pipe ore), Elm Hollow bank. 
 
 5. Limonite (pipe ore), Indian creek bank. 
 
 6. 7, 8, 9 and 10 are all from Camden county. 
 
 From the above analyses it will be seen that numbers 2, 3, 4, 
 5 and 6 are not available for the manufacture of Bessemer 
 
 . , , . , , , , , , , , . , valne of these 
 
 pig; though they as well as the others would be available for the ores - 
 manufacture of a high grade of either merchant or foundry 
 iron. 
 
 Deficient Transportation Facilities. The same conditions 
 which have prevented the development of the iron ores of the 
 Ozark district are present in the Osage district also. There are 
 
 12 
 
176 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 even fewer railroad facilities. A narrow gauge road runs from 
 Laokof transport- Sedalia to Warsaw. This road, however, goes up to the iron 
 belt without in reality entering it and it will with difficulty be 
 available for transportation. It runs at right angles to the dis- 
 trict and not parallel to it. A standard gauge road connects 
 Tipton with Versailles, in Morgan county. But this road is even 
 less available than the one from Warsaw to Sedalia. The natural 
 outlet is by the Osage and Missouri rivers. But these streams 
 are so fluctuating, that they also are practically unavailable for 
 steady traffic unless they be improved. 1 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DISTRICT. 
 
 General Distribution of Ores. The ores of the Mississippi 
 river district are, as stated by Dr. Schmidt, largely stalactitic, at 
 least the ore of the bodies which have been mined. The locali- 
 ties where iron has been mined are Irondale, De Soto, Marble , 
 Hill and Cornwall. In addition there are other isolated localities 
 where mines have been operated more or less. The Cedar Bay mine, 
 
 ores of the Mis- near Piedmont, and several mines near Mill Spring have yielded 
 sissippi district. sta | act jj- e ore> These mines, however, have shown very little 
 chert ore,, such as found in Stoddard county. The iron ores near 
 Puxico, Leora and Casterville appear to be quite different, from 
 the above, both on account of the chert which they carry 
 mingled with the ore, and from the fact that stalactitic structure 
 is not common. 
 
 Ores near Puxico. As has already been mentioned, at Puxico 
 and Leora there are great ridges or banks of limonite in which 
 are imbedded numerous angular fragments of chert ; there is also 
 much alumina and fine sand. In several localities near Puxico 
 
 Development P^ s nave been dug ana trenches have been cut across the banks. 
 
 nearPnxico. ^11 f these diggings have shown the same condition of things: 
 
 i. e., an abundance of cherty limonite. Fig. 57 shows the large 
 
 blocks of cherty ore exposed on the surface here. No stalactites 
 
 tl In Chapter X of Part II, in the latter part of this volume, descriptions of the 
 various ore deposits of the Osage district are giveD. These are largely extracted 
 from Dr. Schmidt's report, because few or no developments have been made 
 since that time, and nothing more can be seen. — A.. W. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 177 
 
 ■were found in these deposits, though it must be said that no 
 
 thorough exploration was made. It may be possible that a more Nature of deposits 
 
 thorough examination will show either stalactitic ore, or at least 
 
 solid ore with lower silica and a higher percentage of metallic 
 
 iron. But even if such exploration fails to make a better show- 
 
 Fig. 57. View showing manner of occurrence of large surface 
 boulders of cherty ore near Puxico. 
 
 ing, the present surface indications point to numerous and 
 extensive deposits, which are available, under certain circum- 
 stances, as the following analyses made for the Geological Survey 
 by the St. Louis Sampling and Testing Works prove: — 
 
 Chaonia ore. Leora ore. Mill Spring ore. 
 
 Insoluble matter 15.60 16.87 5.91 
 
 Metallic iron 49.91 50.28 56.47 
 
 Phosphorus 0.109 0.047 0.135 
 
 Sulphur 0.104 0.138 undeterm. 
 
 Analyses. 
 
 The first two were both cherty ores with no stalactites and were 
 collected by the writer from at least one hundred boulders lying 
 on the surface. The samples were selected with great care, the 
 object being to determine whether these ore bodies rose too high 
 
178 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 in silica to be available. The results seem to indicate that under 
 favorable circumstances even these most unpromising chert ores 
 will make iron profitably. 
 
 Descriptions by P. 1ST. Moore. In the Report of the Geological. 
 
 Survey of Missouri Field Work, 1873, 1874, p. 638. Mr. P. N. 
 
 Mr.Moore's Moore gives a somewhat extended notice of iron ores inthis sec- 
 
 descriptions. 
 
 tion. Some of the deposits which he notes were worked about 
 this time (1873-1874), and the data which he there gives is very 
 instructive. A series of analyses of iron ores collected by him 
 bear out the conclusions drawn from the above analyses: — 
 
 123 4 567 9 
 
 Water 11.43 8.92 10.38 8.99 10.97 6.72 8.50 8.57 9.58 
 
 Insoluble matter 7.46 33.97 14.72 15.29 17.19 42.25 16.46 25.97 25.88 
 Peroxide 
 
 of Iron 79.57 53.37 74.37 74.87 70.43 50.01 74.71 64.18 63.25 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 trace none 0.037 none trace 0.016 0.003 trace 
 
 Phosphoric 
 
 acid 0.323 0.143 none 0.154 0.130 0.096 0.164 0.153. 0.14T 
 
 Metallic iron... 55.70 37.36 52.06 52.41 49.30 35.01 52.30. 44.93 44.27 
 ^posits?* ° ther Phosphorus 0.141 0.062 none 0.067 0.057 0.042 0.071 0.066 0.064 
 
 No. 1 is from the NifoDg bank, township 31 N, 8 E, sec. 2. 
 
 No. 2 " " " Glenn Emma bank, township 30 N, 9 E, sec. 16. 
 
 No. 3 " " " Myers bank, township 30 N, 8 E, sec. 32. 
 
 No. 4 " " " Bear Mt. bank, township 29 N, 3 E, sec. 2. 
 
 No. 5 " " " Spira bank, township 27 N, 8 E, sec. 26. 
 
 No. 6 " " " Black River No. 1, township 26 N, 6 E, sec. 18. 
 
 No. 7 " " " " " No. 2, township 26 N, 6 E, sec. 18. 
 
 No. 8 " " " Shrout bank, township 27 N, 6 E, sec. 16. 
 
 No. 9 " " " St. Francis bank, township 26 N, 7 E, sec. 24. 
 
 Nos. 1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 9 are samples of the ordinary cherty 
 limonite. Nos. 6 and 7 are samples of the dark colored reddish 
 limonite ( ?) which, bears so close a resemblance to hematite, 
 ores resemble They are mixed with both chert and sand, and No. 6 is especially 
 very cherty. Notwithstanding their red color and streak, they, 
 show, in proportion to the iron present, about the same amount 
 of combined water present as the lighter ores. " No. 8 is a 
 sample of limonite in which the impurity is a coarse sand instead 
 of chert." 
 
 Hendrickson Mine. Among the Mississippi district banks 
 which have been worked, one near Hendrickson, on the' Iron 
 Mountain road, was examined. No work has been done for 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 179 
 
 nearly twenty years and only the following data could be ob- 
 served . 
 
 There are two circular excavations from which a good deal 
 of lean cherty ore has been taken. A shaft was sunk to the shaft ana tunnel 
 
 J excavated. 
 
 depth of thirty feet and a tunnel was driven from near the foot 
 of the hill to meet it as is represented in the cross-section, Fig. 58. 
 
 / 
 
 
 - _ yi 
 
 . . _ 3 
 
 ----- - - :.°- J £^i^^ 
 
 
 1 i T^-s 
 
 Fig. 58. Section through Hendrickson mine. 
 
 The tunnel, which was reported to be one hundred feet in length, , 
 
 ran through colored clays, loose chert and small seams or streaks of 
 ■cherty ore. The tunnel did not strike any considerable deposit of 
 .ore. The shaft, although badly fallen in, yet showed that the 
 material lying on the hill was stratified, probably the residuary 
 «lays and chert and sand of the original limestone. As nearly 
 as could be observed a vertical section would show as follows : — 
 
 1st. The surface of the hill is covered with a cherty lime- 
 stone. 
 
 2nd. Beneath the surface are boulders of cherty limonite, with 
 interstitial highly colored clay. Se drickson^ank. 
 
 3rd. Chert in layers in a stratiform red clay. 
 
 4th. Fair limonite mixed with chert and clay, not connected. 
 
 5th. Cherty iron ore. 
 
 This ends the direct knowledge of the shaft, as the remainder 
 had fallen in. Enough Was seen, however, to show that this 
 particular deposit differed from the Lamons bank, near West 
 Plains, in that the percentage of metallic iron is very much No bedlled rocke 
 lower, the silica much higher, and that the deposit is not as 
 extensive. There are no bedded rocks to be seen on the surface 
 of the hill, which is covered with cherty soil and irregular blocks 
 of sandstone of small size. Iu the bed of a small brook at the 
 south end of this hill bedded limestone shows, so it is-probable 
 that the above deposit at Hendrickson is on limestone as usual 
 {see Fig. 58). 
 
 This deposit is marked on Schmidt's map f Preliminary Map 
 showing the Distribution of the Iron Ores of Missouri, 1873) 
 
180 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 as a "drifted" deposit of specular iron ore. The work that 
 has been done there shows that it certainly is not drifted. 
 As to its being specular ore, Mr. P. N. Moore, 1 writes as 
 follows: "Much of it" (the ore of this bank) "is" red and 
 gives a red streak and in its luster and fracture appears like 
 specular ore, but that it is not so is proved by the fact of it& 
 containing combined water. It is this ore which has given to- 
 B of r the d ore nulure the bank the name of a specular ore deposit, and it was recorded 
 as such in the Geological Report for 1872. Specimens of this 
 ore showing stalactites and botryoidal forms, are often found 
 adhering and passing insensibly into brown ocherous limonite. 
 These stalactites show every appearance of specular ore, but on 
 analyses by Mr. Chauvenet they were found to contain 9.39 per 
 cent, of water, thus proving the ore to be very nearly a true 
 limonite. Much of this ore which appears red will give a brown 
 streak upon porcelain, showing at once, and without further 
 examination, that it is limonite." 
 
 It seems a little strange if Dr. Schmidt put this deposit down 
 
 > as specular iron unless some specular ore was actually found, for 
 
 f there is hardly a limonite deposit in which many of the above 
 
 recorded phenomena may not be observed, and Dr. Schmidt is 
 
 generally very careful in distinguishing between red hematite 
 
 and specular iron ore. 
 
 However this may be, the mineral " having the appearance of 
 specular ore, only containing water " is more than likely turgite. 
 Dana's description of turgite is : " Color reddish black to dark 
 red, bright red when earthy; botryoidal surface often lustrous, 
 like much limonite; streak red. Opaque." According to 
 Dana, the water in this mineral reaches only 5.64 per cent. 
 Probably derived This mineral, says Dana, is a. very common ore of iron, often 
 ^romspecnar ^^en f or li m onite, with which it is frequently associated, and 
 which it resembles, except in its superior hardness, streak and 
 decrepitation. It also looks very much like fibrous limonite. 
 The analyses that Mr. Moore quotes show this mineral (at the 
 Black river mine) to contain 9.38 per cent, of water, and he 
 therefore concludes that the mineral is limonite. It is entirely 
 
 1 "Report of the Geological Survey of Missouri," 1873 and 1874, p. 660. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 181 
 
 probable that this red mineral is changing to limouite by a pro- 
 cess of hydration, and it can as well have come originally from 
 specular ore as from any other source. In fact he (Mr. Moore) 
 says that the stalactites and botryoidal masses show every ap- 
 pearance of specular ore. The fact also that this material is 
 "found "passing insensibly into true brown ocherous limonite" 
 strengthens this supposition. It shows probably that the min- 
 eral turgite is passing into limonite, and the specimen analyzed, 
 containing too much water for turgite and too little for limonite, 
 may mean one of two things. First, that the specimen was in 
 part turgite and iD part limonite ; or second, that the specular 
 ore by hydration was passing into limonite. 
 
 In the specular ore regions of Missouri it is very common to 
 find specimens of limonite which, in the same block towards the 
 eenter, passes into specular ore by a perfect shading. In other Lim0 nite common 
 words, the outside of the block may be a pure limonite while the re|k>n°s" lar ° re 
 inside is a pure specular ore. Taking these facts into considera- 
 tion, and another fact, i. e., that isolated specular ore deposits 
 are found in this region, it is hardly too much to assume that 
 this is a deposit of partially changed specular ore. 
 
 LIMONITES IN OUTLYING DISTRICTS. 
 
 In giving the outlines or boundaries of the three great limon- 
 ite districts of Missouri, there are, as was stated, many isolated 
 localities which do not readily fall into any of, the broader gen- 
 eral divisions. Some of these localities like Irondale, De Soto, 
 Iron Hill, Moselle, Cornwall, etc., belong to the same general 
 formation, viz., the Ozark series of the Ozark mountains, and ° ^JS&teS 0811 * 
 have in time past yielded considerable amounts of ore. But 
 these localities appear to be pretty well exhausted and there 
 seems to be no other promising surface indications near by. 
 There is no need of giving these localities more than a passing 
 notice for they are in structure, variety and relation to surround- 
 ing rocks, identical with the iron ores occurring in the main dis- 
 tricts which have already been noted at length. 
 
 In the great "Central Eegion of Specular Ore" there are 
 many limonite deposits occurring, but many of these on being 
 
182 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 developed grade into the blue ore of this region. Strictly speak- 
 Limomtes of the m& they should not be classed as limonite ore deposits, but 
 
 specular region. ° ^ l 
 
 should be treated under the head of specular iron ores. The 
 same may be said of the deposits of limonite found in Callaway 
 and Henry counties in connection with the bedded deposits of 
 red hematite. There are, however, in the carboniferous for- 
 mations which surround the Ozark uplift, many deposits of 
 limonite which ought to be mentioned, though none have yet 
 been found extensive or rich enough to work. 
 
 Wear Fray's Mill, seven miles from Huntsville, Randolph 
 county, is one of the deposits referred to. This is located on the 
 East Fork of the Chariton river (see Fig. 59). The rocks around 
 belong to the Coal Measures, as is abundantly proved by fossil, 
 coal plants in the rocks and associated coal beds. Sections from 
 Chalybeate spring shafts and from cuts along roads show, first, a porous sandstone 
 highly colored with irou ; second, clay shales imperfectly hard- 
 ened, and, third, a bed of impure limestone. It will be seen 
 that the conditions are thus favorable for the formation of small 
 deposits of bog iron ore. The ferruginous sandstones lying above, 
 freely allow water carrying organic matter to percolate through 
 them, while the shales and limestones, impervious to water, hold 
 the water in the form of springs or bogs, until the iron, held in 
 solution, is re-oxidized and precipitated in the form of bog iron 
 ore. 
 
 Fig. 59. Section at Fray's Mill. 
 
 1 is Bog Ore on limestone. 
 
 2 is Alluvium. 
 
 3 Is the creek. 
 
 The cut, Fig. 59, shows this to be true in the particular locality 
 
 of Fray's mill. As indicated here, the river has abroad bottom 
 
 of alluvium of unknown depth. Above the bottom and in the 
 
 Both shale and middle of the public road, the iron ore crops out as shown. The 
 
 limestone im- l * 
 
 tb! d o?e ely under outcro PPi n g of both shale and limestone under the deposit shows 
 it to be of limited extent virtually. A gulley, cut through the 
 adjoining fields by a stream, and a well dug to the depth of 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 183 
 
 twenty feet fail to show any trace of this ore. This goes to 
 prove conclusively the limited lateral extent of the deposit. 
 
 Some considerable interest has been aroused on account of the 
 appearance of similar deposits in other localities on this stream 
 and this has led to the hope that these may be the indices of a 
 greater but so far hidden deposit. But if it is borne in mind that 
 the country around is comparatively flat, and the rocks hori- 
 zontal, and that this river has cut its channel under such condi- K or\gin a ofUieBe he 
 tions, the reason for this extent will become apparent. The deposlt8 ' 
 river cutting through the sandstone and, in many cases, through 
 the shale and into the limestone, has given an opportunity for 
 water percolating through the ferruginous sandstone to emerge 
 with its burden of iron at or near the banks of the river. Here 
 the water, though in places flowing immediately into the river, 
 has elsewhere been hindered long enough to have its iron oxi- 
 dized and precipitated. Under the existing conditions, it is 
 highly improbable that an extensive deposit has been formed, 
 however favorable surface indications may be. 
 
 The iron ore is hardly rich enough to warrant extensive ex- 
 plorations, although this is the only means to exactly determine 
 the extent. No complete analysis was made, but 49 per cent, of 
 metallic iron was found in a few specimens collected by the 
 Survey. 
 
 At Clinton, Henry County. Another deposit of similar na- 
 ture, in Clinton, Henry county, Mo., was called to our atten- 
 tion by Dr. Britts of that city. The deposit is situated on the 
 brow of a hill overlooking a narrow valley or rather gully below. 
 A ferruginous sandstone and underlying shale is observable, spring deposit at 
 but no limestone is in sight. It will be seen that the conditions nton- 
 here are almost identical with those at the last named locality, at 
 Fray's mill. The rocks are of Coal Measure age. There is com- 
 paratively little sand in the ore* but there appears to be a great 
 deal of alumina present. The deposit in the thickest part is not 
 over four feet and rapidly thins out towards the edges. The iron 
 is bog iron and was evidently formed in a small basin shaped 
 pool. 
 
 At Brownington. One mile east of Brownington is Stewarts 
 bank. Attention was also called to this by Dr. Britts. At first 
 
184 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 sight this locality l6oks very promising, but an examination of 
 the ore shows it to be full of sand. There are only a few pieces 
 
 At Brovruington. f ree f r0 m silica. Several holes have been dug five to ten feet in 
 depth, but no change for the better was found. In many locali- 
 ties around this place are exposures of a highly ferruginous 
 sandstone. These are so highly colored as to have the appear- 
 ance of iron ore, and there are, no doubt, many places where the 
 metallic iron is in excess of the silica. But it must be borne in 
 mind that these are more after the nature of segregations than 
 regular bedded deposits, and it is thus extremely doubtful if any 
 extensive deposits will be found. 
 
 In Dade County, township 30 N., 25 W., section 35, is a 
 peculiar deposit on the farm of Mr. Gr. A. Compton. This de- 
 i posit is peculiar since it has much fibrous limonite or turgite, 
 
 and the ores also occur in large shells or bombs. It closely 
 resembles the Salisbury, Conn., ore. The surface of the field in 
 which it occurs is strewn with half-buried fragments. In the bed 
 of a brook near the field were exposed many boulders of excel- 
 lent ore which had been washed from the banks. In the road, 
 where it crossed the bank, were piled a large- number of boul- 
 ders, also of iron, which had been picked from the field. 
 
 There are here occasional outcrops of a dark red sandstone 
 impregnated with iron. There were no outcrops near the field 
 in which the iron occurred, neither did the shafts which were 
 sunk in this field penetrate the sandstone, so the relations 
 between the clays and iron ore cannot be made out at present. 
 Twelve years ago a shaft fifty-three feet deep was dug here to 
 determine the amount of ore. The result appears to have been 
 
 N D™de co'iim- unfavorable since nothing has been done since. The hole has 
 so fallen in that the only data to be gained was from the debris 
 around the mouth of the shaft. This consisted of red clay, 
 chert and large fragments of very pure iron ore. A test pit 
 recently dug fifteen feet in depth showed that chert occurred 
 here in layers in a red clay and that the iron ore lay in irregular 
 nodules in the clay and partially in the chert. The chert is 
 fossiliferous and there are also fossils in the more porous iron 
 ore. The fossils found were crinoid stems. This deposit is 
 
 onites. 
 
THE L1MONITK ORES. 185 
 
 unique in that its ore is principally fibrous with occasionally 
 highly polished surfaces: it resembles the limonitesof the Ozark 
 region in that it occurs in a stratified clay with broken chert. 
 The ore is free from chert in the mass, and is free from sand, 
 while the Ozark limonites are cherty. and often sandy. This ore 
 has a clean dark brown color; while the others are dull and 
 earthy. These ores are found in rocks of Lower Carboniferous 
 age while the others are confined to the Ozaik series. 
 
 General Conclusions. Whether any extensive ore deposits 
 will be found in this geological horizon or not it is hard to say. 
 In many respects as has been pointed out, the conditions are 
 similar to those of the Ozark district, both the Ozark limonites 
 and these being jissociated with the decomposition of limestone. 0utlylng dep08l t» 
 But in the Ozark region the deposits of iron ore are uncovered not promising, 
 by streams or the soil has been washed from -them by rains. 
 In this region there are streams and there are hills. Yet neither 
 in the bed of the streams nor on the slopes of hills are there 
 exposures of iron comparing in size and number with those of the 
 iron ore belts of the Ozark. There is but one conclusion to be 
 drawn and that is that the deposits of iron here are not so 
 abundant. If there are any extensive deposits they will have 
 to be reached by exploration underground, for they give few 
 favorable signs on the surface. 
 
 THE FORMATION OF LIMONITES. 
 
 We have now described, with some fullness, the character and 
 conditions of occurrence of the limonites of the State. A dis- 
 cussion of the mode of formation of these ores, based upon these 
 observed facts, will hence be in place here. 
 
 In order to understand the relationship between the peculiar 
 topography of the Ozark mountains and the limonites so abun- 
 dantly found in them, jt may be well to briefly review the prob- Eelatlon o£ ore8 1 
 able sources of limonite and the manner in which it is collected topography. 
 in large deposits. In the etymology of the word " limonite " 
 there is a very compact explanation of its origin, and we have 
 but to expand the ideas contained in order to have the relation- 
 ship above referred to clearly outlined. 
 
186 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Limonitee never 
 original con- 
 stituents. 
 
 Direct origin of 
 
 limonitee. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 The Secondary Growth of Limonites. Liinonites are always 
 of secondary origin. Bjr this is meant that they never occur as 
 original constituents of either primitive or eruptive rocks as do 
 magnetites, hematites, and, in fact, many other anhydrous 
 minerals. They may form directly or indirectly in the following 
 ways : 
 
 The process of limonite formation by what may be called the 
 direct way is very simple. Limonite may be derived directly 
 from magnetite or from hematite. Let us imagine a rock 
 impregnated with grains or crystals of either magnetite or hema- 
 tite. Both of these minerals are anhydrous oxides of iron, and 
 they are what are known to chemists as unstable compounds. 
 If these minerals be exposed to the action of even pure water, 
 either as a liquid or as vapor from the air, there is a tendency 
 for them to uni.te with a certain amount of water chemically and 
 to form an entirely different mineral. This mineral is limonite 
 or hydrous oxide of iron. In this process of hydration there is 
 an entire loss of the original physical characteristics. The cherry 
 red of the hematite and the dense black of the magnetite is> 
 changed for the earthy brown of the limonite. The mineral 
 increases in bulk and loses in specific gravity. All this may 
 take place without altering the original shape of the grains or 
 crystals of either the hematite or magnetite. This process may 
 be called hydration and is apt to affect the rock containing the 
 iron as well as the iron itself. Expanding this idea, it will be 
 readily seen that, if the hematite or magnetite exists in large 
 deposits in the original rocks, these large deposits may pass 
 directly, by hydration, into beds of limonite occupying exactly 
 the same position as before. 
 
 As an illustration of this, it may be stated that in New Jersey 
 and in Pennsylvania, and in other regions where beds of hema- 
 tite and magnetite occur below the line of glacial action, mining 
 operations are oftentimes begun on outcrops of limonite and, as 
 the mines become deeper, the ore gradually changes to hematite 
 or to magnetite of the case may be. It is also noticed, in the 
 specular ore regions of Missouri, both in the porphyry and sand- 
 stone regions, that the outcropping ore is limonite, and, even at 
 considerable depths, the blocks of specular ore are coated with 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 187 
 
 limonite. If the deposits are small they may be wholly changed 
 
 to this mineral. By this direct method, then, it is evident that 
 
 a deposit of iron, either magnetite or hematite originally, may °^ay C ohange r 
 
 have changed its physical characteristics without altering its 
 
 position. By the indirect method this is impossible. 
 
 Magnetite, hematite, and limonite are wholly insoluble in 
 pure water. Iron in the protoxide state is, however, read- 
 ily soluble. All thAt is necessary, therefore, to make any 
 oxide of iron soluble is to reduce it to the protoxide form. 
 Organic matter is one of the most powerful of reducing agents. 
 Organic matter, largely composed of carbon, coming in contact 
 with the above named minerals, takes their oxygen from them, 
 reducing them to the protoxide state, thus making them readily 
 soluble in water containing a little carbon dioxide. In this form 
 the iron may be carried wherever the water goes and the water 
 only gives up its iron as the latter becomes re-oxidized, when it 
 is at once precipitated. This reoxidation may occur in a number 
 of ways. If the water, carrying iron in solution, percolates i ron in solution 
 through rocks and drips from the roofs of caverns it becomes c * rr ' • * ' 
 thoroughly aerated. The oyxgen of the air at once attacks the 
 iron and changes it to the insoluble form, leaving the iron hang- 
 ing from the roofs of caves in the form of stalactites or falling 
 to the floor builds up stalagmites. This process may continue 
 until the entire cave is filled with "pipes" of iron ore in the 
 form of limonite." 
 
 Growth of Large Deposits. Instead of this, or in connection 
 with it, let us imagine a moderately large stream entering a cave. 
 The upper surface of the water is exposed to the air. The iron, 
 as before, becomes oxidized, but in this case being heavier than Ore deposited in 
 the water it sinks to the bottom. 1 If the supply be sufficient, 
 the cave will be filled with the precipitated limonite and thus a 
 " pocket " or deposit of iron will be formed. The water which 
 
 1 In the summary of the final report of the Geological Survey of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1892, p. 425, Prof. J. P, Lesley, in a chapter on " Caverns and Sink Holes 
 in II," describes, in a very clear and concise manner, phenomena which I have 
 attempted to point out in the Ozarks. In the same chapter he gives numerous 
 examples of the rapidity with which limonite accumulates in caves and in 
 artificial openings. 
 
188 
 
 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 carries the iron in -solution will be very likely also to carry in, 
 Howiimonites are mechanically, much clay and fine sand which will, in the quiet 
 water, settle, together with the precipitated iron, thus forming 
 the lenses of clay and sand so often found in the iron banks. 
 Further, the limestone forming the roof of the cave may con- 
 tain layers of chert. This, as the limestone is etched away, 
 will eventually fall and thus give rise to the layers of chert in 
 the iron ore. It may further be imagined that the cave itself 
 may have more than one floor owing to layers of impure, and 
 thus less readily soluble limestone. These layers or floors may 
 in time be entirely enclosed in the precipitated iron, thus adding 
 very essentially to the amount of foreign matter in the ore. 
 This process may continue until the entire limestone bed above 
 the cave is etched away leaving the cave partly or wholly filled 
 with iron, covered witb a mantle of residuary clay and chert. 
 
 Process of Concentration. Let us see what this process thus 
 briefly outlined may result in. under the most favorable circum- 
 stances. In all bedded rocks, sandstones especially, there is 
 more or less of iron present, either as a cementing material in 
 ferruginous sandstones, and, in limestones, in the form of sul- 
 phide and also as limonite. This iron is so slight in quality and 
 Elimination and s0 evenly disseminated as to be utterly worthless as an ore of 
 
 concentration. J J 
 
 iron. On the surface of these rocks, covered with soil, there 
 will be vegetation more or less dense. This surface vegetation 
 decays. Water falling in the form of rain or snow carries it 
 into the underlying rock and brings it into contact with the con- 
 tained iron. Little by little, under the reducing action of water 
 charged with organic matter, the hard ferruginous sandstone 
 looses its cementing iron by solution and becomes more and 
 more friable, until all but the last traces of the iron cement 
 disappears. 
 
 In a country whose broken and faulted rocks are thrown up 
 in the form of hills and mountains,- these iron bearing waters 
 xn&j find their way over the surface in the form of surface 
 brooks and streams. But, in a limestone country, with low 
 Effect of broken dipping rocks elevated over a large area, the case is very differ- 
 ent. The underlying limestone would be slowly but surely at- 
 tacked. The rainfall would find its way through joints in the 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 189 
 
 limestones and along seams between, its beds, which would con- 
 tinually be enlarged. Gradually there would be formed caves 
 of varying dimensions. In the beginning these would be most 
 apt to be found near the highest points of the country. 
 
 Topographic Relations of Deposits. As time goes on these 
 underground waters would join in larger underground streams 
 until the overlying rocks would be undermined and a narrow, 
 gorge-like valley would be the result. Caves in the limestone 
 have also been formed at these lower levels, and the iron bear- dlpoSta. 
 ing waters begin newer and, of course, larger deposits. 
 The deposits would be larger from the fact that the larger the 
 water shed or drainage area and the deeper the valley the greater 
 would be the flow of ferrugineous waters at any one point in 
 this area. The waters could also draw from a greater volume of 
 ferrugineous rock. It can further be imagined that the smaller 
 deposits, first formed high up on the sides of these valley or 
 near to the sources of the streams which cut them, would, in 
 many cases, be exposed to the action of waters carrying organic 
 matter, and thus these deposits would be dissolved and re-precip- 
 itated at successively lower levels. 
 
 In the winding valleys of these streams the waters impinge, 
 first on one bunk, and then on the other. The bank against 
 which the stream impinges will have its rocks swept bare of all 
 clay and soil. Not only this but the rocks will be undermined and 
 fall from time to time leaving in places almost or quite perpendic* 
 ular bluffs. From the sides and from the foot of these bluffs often 
 issue springs fed by the waters falling on the hill above. These 
 waters will doubtless be ferruginous but, passing directly into 
 the stream itself, the iron which they carry will be swept away. 
 On the opposite side of the stream the steep bluffs are replaced 
 by easily sloping hills with hardly a trace of bedded rock. 
 These sloping hills are composed of thick beds of gritty clay concentration by 
 mingled with fragments and layers of chert, the remnants of limestone by 
 former beds of limestone. These beds of clay show clearly that 
 the soluble limestone has been slowly etched away, leaving the 
 insoluble matter in a stratified form, and that hence, during this 
 slow etching process any ferruginous waters would have time , 
 for the iron in the water to become oxidized and thus precipitated. 
 
190 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 A cavern started in the beginning would slowly enlarge and would 
 be wholly or partially filled with limonite either in the form of 
 pipes or in solid layers or both. Whether the flow of ferrugin- 
 ous waters ceased with the removal of the limestone or not, the 
 end would be an iron deposit imbedded in stratified clays and 
 chert. To review briefly the points in this indirect process we 
 hiive the following steps : — 
 
 First the iron, in whatever form it may have been at first* 
 becomes hydrated. 
 
 Second. By organic matter it is rendered soluble. 
 
 Steps in the devel- _.,„,?,. . . , 
 
 opmentof Third. This soluble iron is carried to some lower level. 
 
 limonite bants. 
 
 Fourth. It is re-oxidized and precipitated. 
 
 It becomes very evident then, that, when this process first 
 begins, deposits will form high up in the drainage area, but, as 
 the underground waters cut deeper and deeper into the lime- 
 stones, deposition will gradually cease at these higher levels to 
 be carried on lower down. As a consequence one can imagine 
 that, high up on steep rocky hills may be exposed deposits of 
 iron shut in by limestone rocks. Lower down, when deposition 
 has taken place, the deposits may be wholly or partly covered 
 by clay which has been left from the solution of the limestone; 
 and, in addition, that which has been washed from the hills . 
 above. Thus a very unpromising outcrop located on low clayey 
 hills may develop into large and valuable deposits. 
 
 The above explanation is well borne out by facts. Along the 
 crests of the great divides between streams like the Current and 
 Black rivers there are numerous localities where large blocks of 
 remarkably pure limonite are found. These blocks are often 
 casts of small cavities in the limestone and were, formerly, 
 Factabearout many of them, sulphide of iron. Mingled with these fragments 
 
 above theories. •* L o ° 
 
 of iron ore are blocks of weathered limestone, and the main 
 body of this limestone is weathered into ridges which stick up 
 through the shallow soil. Many of these places have been dug 
 into, but solid limestone has invariably been struck at a few feet. 
 Localities, on the other hand, which have been prospected at the 
 foot of easily sloping hills with no outcropping rocks have 
 ' turned out differently. The Lamons bank at West Plains, Mo., 
 is a striking case in point. Mount Nebo, near Alton, in Oregon 
 
THE LJMONITE ORES. 191 
 
 county, illustrates both cases very well. 1 In this place iron 
 
 J , , . J . l The Lamons bank, 
 
 shows in great profusion at the summit but limestone is found 
 
 only a few feet below the surface. At the foot of the hill 
 where no rocks showed, a shaft sunk to a considerable depth pen- 
 etrated about eighteen feet of ore. Other localities near West 
 Plains have had shafts sunk upon them, where the hills were 
 without solid rock, and, while none have shown up as well as at 
 the Lamons bank, they go far t6 establish the reliability of the 
 above theories. 
 
 The Processes of Deposition. In the lew preceding pages 
 the process has been briefly outlined by means of which an iron 
 ore deposit may be gradually removed, either by leaching and 
 collection of widely disseminated iron or by the slow removal of 
 a large deposit. The method by which the iron is put in solu- 
 tion is generally a uniform one, i. e., by means of organic acids, 
 but the method of deposition as limonite, as we find the ore 
 bodies now, is neither simple as to the method nor is it done by a chemical process 
 single process. There are almost numberless explanations given complex, 
 based on correct chemical reasoning, of how such deposition 
 may take place. But, when applied to the great number of 
 deposits observed, no one explanation will suffice and it is by 
 no means probable that even any one deposit may be explained 
 on one theory of deposition alone. It is more than likely that a 
 half dozen or more causes have combined to produce a given 
 deposit. In treating of the limonites of the Ozark Uplift, there- 
 fore, no single theory is adopted; only the general principles 
 are pointed out. Iron in solution as a sulphide, coming in con- 
 tact with lime or magnesium carbonate, will be precipitated 
 either in the form of pyrite or marcasite, or, in the form of 
 protoxide and it may be directly oxidized to the hydrous 
 peroxide state, that is, limonite. In the form of a sulphate, iron tends to 
 sulphide or carbonate it is unstable, and in the presence of cer- hydrated form, 
 tain reagents it will assume the hydrated form. That all of 
 these forms have existed there seems to be abundant proof. 
 Limonite pseudomorph after pyrite and marcasite are often 
 found. Traces of carbonate enclosed in masses of limonite 
 
 1 See illustrations of these deposits in this chapter, pp. 164-171. 
 
 13 
 
192 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 seem to testify to the change from a former' carbonate. The 
 sulphates, being readily soluble, would probably change to a car- 
 bonate at once on contact with either calcium or magnesium 
 carbonates, and are hence not found. 
 
 Migration of Iron Deposit*. Finally, the effect of topog- 
 raphy, not on iron alone but on all mineral deposits, is to cause 
 such deposits to be continually moving from a higher to a lower 
 erats'throagh 111 drainage level. In a great plateau region, which we may con- 
 agencies, sider the head of mineral streams as well as of the drainage 
 waters, we must look constantly for a movement from above 
 downward, and the rapidity of the movement will be dependent 
 upon the area and amount of water. No more would we 
 look for large bodies in the narrow gorges and rocky hills of the 
 flanks of the Ozarks than we would look for lakes and ponds and 
 quiet streams. Here all is motion and activity. But when easier 
 slopes have been reached, when narrow gorges have widened 
 out into rich river bottoms, and the contours of rugged and 
 rocky hills have been softened into easy slopes, here are quiet 
 waters and here is where deposition and accumulation begins on 
 a large scale. In view of the facts thus set forth it seems to be 
 not at all a hazardous prediction to say that in the great drain- 
 age systems of the Ozark Uplift will be found the key to the 
 groat mineral deposits, not of iron alone, but of lead and zinc of 
 Southern Missouri. 
 
 THE VALUE OF THE MISSOURI LIMON1TES. 
 
 In calling to mind the facts recorded in regard to the Missouri 
 limonites there are two which stand out very prominently. 
 First, that the Osage river district has been known for more than 
 twenty years and that one attempt has been made to work the 
 ores of this district by means of a local furnace and this one has 
 failed. Second, that the limonite field of the southeastern part 
 Osage iron worts of the State has been worked, that a good many thousand tons 
 
 failed. 
 
 of ore have been shipped, but that all of this was nearly twenty 
 years ago, and to-day absolutely nothing is being done in spite 
 of the fact that hundreds of untouched deposits are easily acces- 
 sible by rail. 
 
 The question naturally arises, if these iron ores are of value, as 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 193 
 
 chemical analyses seem to show, why are they not worked. 
 
 Limonite is the lowest class of iron ore but one. This will be 
 
 seen by referring to the table of iron ores on p. 3 of this 
 
 report. Add to this fact the natural impurities of limonite and Limonites a low 
 
 1 l class ore. 
 
 it gives an ore that is valuable only under certain circumstances. 
 
 Whether these conditions are under control in such a way as to 
 make these deposits valuable, will be pointed out in the follow- 
 ing pages. 
 
 Whatever work has been done on the iron ores of the southern 
 part of the State has strengthened the disfavor in which they 
 have been held from the first. The iron masters of St. Louis, 
 which point is the only available market at present, regard these with disfavor. 
 ores as too highly siliceous and phosphatic to be available. In 
 addition, they believe the deposits to be in small pockets, to be 
 scattered and though exposed at the surface, to be so thoroughly 
 mixed with dirt and rocks as to cost more for digging than do 
 lower grade ores which have to be mined. 
 
 Chemical analysis seems to warrant this conclusion. Kef erring 
 to the analyses on pp. 170 to 178, we find that the yield of iron is 
 low while silica is high. We see that the ores which were shipped 
 from southeastern Missouri are of lower grade than those taken 
 from the Ozark district proper. Mine samples from Stoddard, 
 Wayne and Butler counties give : — 
 
 K fi 7 eg 
 
 Analyses of lim- 
 25.98 onites from the 
 44 27 M' ss ' district. 
 
 The average of silica and insoluble matter is 22.13 per cent. ; 
 metallic iron, 47.04 per cent. These ores are high in phospho- 
 rus, or at least too high for Bessemer pig. 
 
 Comparison with Foreign Limonites. From " The Report of 
 Progress in the Laborato^ of the Survey:" "Second Geo- 
 logical Survey of Penn., 1874 and 1875:" nine analyses of 
 the limonites are selected for comparison with the Missouri 
 limonites. The analyses are of ores worked and smelted in 
 Pennsylvania furnace and are as follows : — 
 
 123456789 Analyses of lim 
 
 Silica and insoluble.28. 99 39.05 16.23 21.06.16.30 34.25 10.05 11.89 20.21 <>nitesfrom 
 
 Penn. 
 Metallic iron. ....... 37.00 32.70 46.60 4530 46.50 33.30 47.00 47.90 45.70 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 7 8 
 
 Silica and insoluble 7.46 33 97 
 
 14.72 
 
 15.29 
 
 17.19 
 
 42.25 10.46 25.97 
 
 
 52.06 
 
 52.41 
 
 49.30 
 
 35.01 52.30 44.93 
 
Lehigh, Perm., 
 limonites. 
 
 Compared with 
 Howell Co. 
 limonites. 
 
 Analyses Lamon 
 bank. 
 
 Mr. Birkenbine 
 quoted. 
 
 194 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The average of the silica and insoluble constituents in these 
 ores is 22.00 per cent, while the yield of metallic iron is only 
 42.44 per cent, as against the 47 per cent, of the Missouri ores. 
 
 Quoting the introduction to the analyses of the brown ores 
 from the above mentioned work (p. 48): "The number of 
 brown hematites ores examined from Lehigh county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, is thirty-eight. The percentage of iron found varies 
 from28;10 to 58.50 per cent. The mean average per cent.. 46.09. 
 The amount of sulphur present is invariably very small ; the aver- 
 age per cent, being only 0.025. The per cent, of phosphorus 
 varies from 3.135 to 0.025. The mean average per cent, of the 
 thirty-eight samples examined is 0.344. The insoluble residue 
 gives, as the average, 17.16 per cent." 
 
 It is not quite fair to the Missouri limonites to compare them 
 with the thirty-eight analyses from Pennsylvania, but even doing 
 this the result is that the siliceous Missouri ores yield one per 
 cent, more of iron than do the others, although they are higher 
 in insoluble matter by five per cent. This, however, is from the 
 acknowledged most siliceous ores. The high grade of linionite 
 already mentioned as being taken from the Lamon's bank near 
 West Plains, is really more nearly typical of the main bulk of 
 the Missouri limonites. This bank has been so thoroughly 
 sampled that no hesitation is felt in taking this as a true standard 
 by which to judge of these deposits. Analyses of this ore kindly 
 furnished by the company are as follows: — 
 
 12 3 4 5 
 
 "Water 10.97 11.07 11.25 11.37 10.08 
 
 Silica • 7.63 6.02 2.70 4.11 3.08 
 
 Iron 56.96 56.40 59.90 57.94 59.36 
 
 Sulphur 0.05 0.049 0.037 0.063 0.72 
 
 Phosphorus 0.104 0.115 0.087 0.118 0.57 
 
 For further purposes of comparison we will now quote the 
 average yield of metallic iron per ton of ore from other iron 
 "producing States. For this purpose the report of the Eleventh 
 Census of the United States will be freely drawn upon. In the 
 "Census Bulletin No. 113, Mines and Mining, Iron Ores," Mr. 
 John Birkinbine, M. E., collects the following data: — 
 
 The returns from the blast furnaces of Alabama, the leading 
 iron producing State in the Union, represent 90 per cent, of its- 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 195 
 
 total output. They also show that the majority of the ores used 
 
 were from local mines, with the exception of a small amount iron in Alabama. 
 
 brought in from Georgia. The average yield per ton was 46 
 
 per cent, metallic iron. Seventy per cent, of the ore used was 
 
 red hematite; the balance was brown hematite or limonite. 
 
 The blast furnace reports show that in the range of ores used, 
 metallic iron varied from 30.5 per cent, to 51.6 per cent, with the 
 average, above stated, of 46 per cent. The three New England 
 States which smelt iron are Maine, Connecticut and Massachu- 
 
 New England 
 
 setts. Full reports show that they use local ores entirely ; that product, 
 brown hematites are the only ores mined and that the average 
 yield is only 44 per cent, metallic iron, Colorado uses 55 per 
 cent, local ores. The ores used in the Georgia and North Caro- 
 lina furnaces are local, of which 75 per cent, is red hematite and 
 the remainder is brown hematite with a yield of 44.7 per cent. 
 
 Illinois mined no ores of any kind. Her supply was obtained 
 entirely from the Lake Superior region. Of this 94 per cent.imnois. 
 was red hematite, two and one-half per cent, magnetite, and 
 the remainder mill cinder. The average yield of metallic iron 
 was 60 per cent. 
 
 Kentucky used local ores entirely, chiefly carbonates and 
 brown hematites, and these yielded in the furnace 46.2 percent, 
 of iron. 
 
 Maryland has two classes of furnaces, those usiug exclusively 
 local and Virginia ores and those using imported ores. The Maryland, 
 furnaces using local and Virginia ores exclusively yield only 41 
 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 The majority of Michigan furnaces are located within easy 
 distance of the mines and depend upon charcoal as a fuel. They 
 use an ore which cannot etand transportation and which yields 
 only 58 per cent, as against 60 per cent, in Illinois and 61 per cent: Michigan, 
 in Pennsylvania. Red hematites form the bulk of their burden, 
 though magnetite and brown hematite is used to some extent. 
 
 Missouri blast furnaces use local, specular ore (equal to red 
 
 Missouri * 
 
 hematite) with a small admixture of brown hematite. 1 The 
 furnace yield is 56.4 per cent. 
 
 1 I know of no brown hematite or limonite iron ores mined in Missouri at 
 present. So far as I have learned none have been mined and shipped since 
 
196 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 The blast furnaces of New Jersey depend chiefly upon local 
 magnetite mines, but draw some of their charges from the Lake 
 Superior region. Some ore is brought from New York and a 
 very small amount from Pennsylvania. These ores, mixed with 
 some foreign ores, bring the yield up to 51.9 per cent. Even 
 when New Jersey ships her magnetite ores, many of which are 
 shipped, they go to furnaces in the Lehigh valley and other 
 places in Pennsylvania, none of them more than a hundred miles 
 from the mines, though some of the mines yield ores which are 
 shipped on a guarantee of 65 per cent. 
 
 The New York ores are about one-half magnetite, the balance 
 red Hematite with some brown hematite and carbonate. The 
 average furnace yield is 47.6 per cent. 
 
 * Ohio obtains the bulk of her ores from the Lake Superior 
 region and from local carbonates; magnetite from New York and 
 red hematite from Missouri are also, used. The result of the 
 mixture of low. grade home carbonate ores and imported high 
 grade ores from neighboring States is an ore which yields 
 55.7 per cent, of iron. 
 
 Oregon uses a brown hematite exclusively and gains only 32 
 per cent, of iron. 
 
 Pennsylvania is by far the most interesting State. It stands 
 next to Alabama. But while Alabama uses almost wholly local 
 
 Pennsylvania. ores, eighty-five per cent, of what Pennsylvania uses are 
 
 im- 
 
 ported ores. A labama's furnaces' yield is 46 per cent. ; while the 
 average for Pennsylvania is nearly ten per cent, greater, being 
 55.3 per cent. Some brown hematites are shipped from Virginia, 
 but by far the greater part of the brown hematite used comes from 
 
 1886, with the exception of a few thousand tons mined in Howell county. 
 But this brown hematite was used as lead flux and not as an iron ore. In the 
 specular ore mines Simmons mountain, Plank mine, Hawkins mine and Cherry 
 Valley, and especially from Simmons mountain, there is however, a consider- 
 able percentage of brown hematite which has been derived from the specular 
 iron ore by weathering. At Simmons Mountain this is sorted out and shipped 
 as limonite or brown hematite. Brown hematite is especially likely to occur 
 when opening a new bed of specular ore, along seams or in the extension of 
 old mines. It also occurs surrounding blocks or masses of solid specular ore. 
 These facts will probably account for the statement as to the admixture of 
 brown hematite in the Missouri ores. F. I" N. 
 
THE LIMONITE OKE8. 11)7 
 
 local mines. Local carbonates arc also u>ed as well as carbon- 
 ates from Ohio. It is especially interesting to note the character 
 of the imported ores. Hematites from Spain and Africa yield Pe ontfnued ia 
 of metallic iron 63.6 per cent, and 60.2 per cent. ; lake Superior 
 ores, 61.5, 61.8, 62.6, 60.8, 60. and 59.5 per cent.; Pennsyl- 
 vania magnetites yield 51., 50.9, 49.1, 48.9, 48.5' per cent.; 
 Pennsylvania brown hematites yield 41.5, 45.6, 41.2 : local fossil 
 ores, 37.9 and 36.9 per cent. Ores from Cuba and Mediter- 
 ranean ports yield 56.6 per cent, of metallic iron. The entire 
 blast furnace yield for the State is 55.3 per cent. 
 
 The chief source of supply of the Tennessee furnaces are the 
 brown hematites, locally mined and brought in from the neigh- 
 boring States, Alabama and Georgia; carbonate ores are also Tennessee, 
 used. Furnace yield for the entire State is 39.6 per cent. ; for 
 furnaces using brown hematite alone, 38.8 per cent. 
 
 Texas uses brown hematites exclusively, which are mined in Texas, 
 the State. When roasted they yield 45.8 per cent. 
 
 Virginia depends almost entirely upon her brown hematite 
 mines, which supply eighty-five per cent, of the ores used, the 
 balance comes from local red hematite mines and from magnetite 
 mines in North Carolina. The opes from these sources yield V1 ^ ginia - 
 43.4 per cent, of iron. Several furnaces depending entirely 
 upon brown hematite show percentages of 48.6, 43.3 and 41.4 
 per cent, of iron. 
 
 In Washington local brown hematites are mixed with magne- 
 tites imported from British Columbia. The resulting furnace Washington, 
 yield is 64 per cent. 
 
 West Virginia brings the bulk of her ores from the Lake 
 Superior region. These are sparingly mixed with local brown westvirginia 
 hematite, carbonate and a small amount of magnetite. The 
 result is a furnace yield of 60 per cent, of iron. 
 
 Wisconsin's blast furnaces use Lake Superior ores. These, 
 red and brown hematites, were the only ores used and gave a Wisconsin, 
 furnace yield of 57.2 per cent, of iron. 
 
 Conclusions from this Comparison. Even a casual glance at 
 the above statements, taken from the Census Report on Iron, 
 brings out two facts in hold relief. First, only high grade iron 
 ores are shipped to any great distance; and second, low grade 
 
198 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Furnace yields 
 compared. 
 
 Sum of conditions 
 
 ores, if used at all, must be used at producing points. A third 
 fact also stands out very prominently: *. e., that a State remote 
 from an iron center, but which consumes a considerable amount 
 of iron, finds it profitable to work a very low grade ore. Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania and Illinois are three great iron-producing States. 
 Illinois mines no ore, but brings very rich ores from the outside; 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio each mine less ores than they consume, 
 and the ores which they produce are lean. The ores which they 
 buy outside are high grade. Alabama, Texas,' Tennessee and 
 other States where lean ores are abundant, smelt them on the 
 spot where they are mined. The pig iron is either locally con- 
 sumed or shipped to central markets. A ton of pig iron which 
 is made from a sixty per cent, ore, or one which is made from a 
 thirty per cent, ore, is equally valuable, and can be shipped side 
 by side for an equal distance and can compete on equal terms. 
 But the case is entirely different when we consider ores. A 
 sixty per cent, ore pays freight on only forty per cent, of 
 impurities, whereas a thirty percent, ore pays freight on seventy 
 per cent., nearly twice as much. The higher grade ore can thus 
 drive the other out of the market. If we regard as demonstrated 
 the fact that lean ores can not be shipped to great distances, the 
 question arises, — What are the conditions which make this local 
 smelting of lean ores possible? 
 
 Conditions Necessary for (he Successful Manufacture of 
 Iron. Perhaps the best possible answer to a question of this 
 nature is to point out the conditions favorable to iron smelt- 
 ing, without which success is not attainable. These conditions 
 briefly summed tip are as follows : — 
 
 1. An abundance of cheaply accessible ore. 
 
 2. An abundance of fuel close at hand. 
 
 3. Water. 
 
 4. Pure limestone. 
 
 5. Competing transportation lines. 
 
 6. Markets. 
 
 The Quantity of Ore Available. — As to the abundance of 
 iron ores, this question has been amply discussed under the 
 general headings of the iron ore districts into which Missouri has 
 been divided. The map accompanying this report shows the 
 
THK LIMONITE OHES. 199 
 
 great number of the deposits, while the dimensions of the 
 Lamon's hank, p. 169, will give some basis for an estimate of the 
 yield for each bank. 1 
 
 While an attempt has been made to make this map showing Map of Missouri 
 
 ... « . , , , "mi ore districts. 
 
 the location or iron banks, as complete as possible, many 
 locations with surfaces exposed must necessarily have been 
 overlooked, to say nothing of banks which doubtless exist, but 
 show few indications on the surface. It is true that many of 
 these banks may be, and probably are, of very limited extent, 
 yet it is also probable that many, will exceed their promises by 
 yielding a large amount of ore. The conclusion is reasonably 
 certain that the first of the conditions enumerated is exceptionally 
 well satisfied. 
 
 The Quality of the Ores. As to quality, the analyses quoted , 
 as being made by previous surveys, as well as by the 
 present survey, show that even the more siliceous ores rank 
 in percentage of iron above the limonite ores mined and 
 smelted in Pennsylvania, and rather better than the red 
 hematite ores of Alabama. Analyses also show that there is Grade of Missouri 
 
 • • ■ ' limonites. 
 
 a reasonable ground for hope that mining operations will show 
 deposits sufficiently free from phosphorus to enable them to be 
 used for Bessemer purposes. The fact that these ores are exclus- 
 ively limonite will necessitate their being roasted to free them 
 from (a) hygroscopic water, and (b) combined water. 
 
 The Transportation Facilities. The accompanying map also 
 shows that a great part of these ores are very accessible to lines 
 of railroad which are already in existence. In the Mississippi 
 district the Iron Mountain road with its spurs makes accessible the 
 ores in Iron, Reynolds, Wayne, the eastern part of Carter and 
 the whole of Butler, counties. The Belmont branch of the same 
 road passes through, St. Francois, Madison and Bollinger 
 counties. The St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Fort Smith rail- 
 way opens up the extensive iron belt of Stoddard and Wayne 
 counties. This line is at present completed to Hunter, in Carter shipping facilities 
 county, where it connects with the Current River road. The 
 
 1 This map by no means shows all of the deposits of brown hematite and 
 specular ore. In the great limonite and hematite ore fields covering thousands 
 of square miles only the most readily accessible points have been noted. 
 
200 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 I 
 
 extension of the " Houck road," as the Cape Girardeau road is 
 shipping facii- called, to Fort Smith, will make still more accessible an exten- 
 
 lties. 
 
 sive belt of iron ore in Carter, Oregon, Howell and Ozark 
 counties. The line of this extension lias already been surveyed 
 and it is only a matter of a few years before it may be con- 
 structed. The Current River road also passes through an ex- 
 tensive belt of iron ores in Carter, Shannon and Howell counties; 
 while the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis makes acces- 
 sible deposits in Wright, Douglas, Texas and Howell counties. 
 The last roads, as well as the proposed extension of the Houck 
 road, will very effectively open up the greater part of the Ozark 
 district. The extension of the Salem and Little Rock road will 
 also render more accessible the deposits of iron in parts of Dent, 
 Shannon, Texas, Douglas, Howell and Ozark counties. 
 
 In none of these counties can transportation by water he de- 
 
 , pended upon. The Black, White and Current rivers are so 
 
 swift as to be practically unnavigable in Missouri, although, on 
 
 water unreliable, account of their size, they otherwise might be made' serviceable. 
 For a check then upon exorbitant freight charges, dependence 
 must be placed entirely upon competing lines. 
 
 It may be suggested that a line of railway can at best only 
 open up a country, so far as iron ores are concerned, for a dis- 
 tance not greater than three miles on either side of a road, and 
 this is only a comparatively narrow belt in the great area of 
 southern Missouri. The answer to this objection is comparatively 
 simple. The main lines of road run parallel, or approximately 
 
 _. ... , , so, to the great drainage streams of the southeastern slope or cut 
 
 Divides favorable 'no r 
 
 to railroads. across them in such a manner as to make their valleys readily 
 accessible. Into these great drainage valleys, narrow as they 
 are at times, open innumerable minor gorges or vallevs ; these, 
 while often narrow and rocky, present road-beds for spurs to any 
 deposits of iron which may lie in them. Grading for a road-bed 
 would be comparatively simple, and the cost would be reduced 
 to a minimum on account of the timber which would be found 
 growing besides any proposed route. When a given deposit was 
 exhausted, rails and timber could be easily removed elsewhere. 
 This system of building spur roads is already extensively made 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 201 
 
 use of by lumber companies in opening up new timber belts 
 remote from their mills. 
 
 In the Osage river district the problem assumes a practically 
 different phase. Although there are three roads running towards 
 this area only two reach it. Even these two only reach the 
 northern border and are practically of little or no value in 
 developing the district, as they are now. If, however, any one 
 of the three be extended, as there is talk of doing, a long step 
 will be taken in making these deposits accessible by rail. At 
 present, however, the main dependence, bad as it is, must be 
 placed upon the Osage river. As has been mentioned before, the 
 Osage river district is narrow and closely flanks the river whence it 
 takes its name. In high water, or even moderately high water, n 
 
 n J B ' Osage district 
 
 a part of the Osage could be made available for floating its ores dependent on 
 
 r to !-) rivers. 
 
 to a point where a furnace might be erected; By mining out 
 large bodies of ore and storing them at the river bank, advantage 
 could be taken of a rise in water to float down a sufficient stock 
 to last over a period of low water. The same policy could be 
 pursued in the shipment of its pig irou to the Missouri river or 
 to the Missouri Pacific railway. In this manner the river, though 
 not so reliable as a railroad, could be made an effective check 
 against exorbitant freight charges. 
 
 A furnace plant located near Williamsville would have a posi- 
 tion favorable for fuel, ores, water and, although there would 
 be no water transportation for iron, two competing lines of road, Location of 
 the St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Fort Smith and the St. Louis, furnaoes - 
 Iron Mountain and Southern would be within easy reach. 
 Thayer, in Howell county, is another point which would possess 
 all the advantages of the above named place, save competing 
 lines of road. But in the event of the extension of the pro-, 
 posed lines this objection would disappear. 
 
 The Fuel Supply. Another imperative factor in the estab- 
 lishing of local furnaces is an abundant supply of a good fuel. 
 In spite of the sanguine but baseless hopes of many, there are 
 no true coal fields in southern Missouri. There are numerous 
 limited areas of coal shales, and, in places, bits of coal and coal 
 fossils are found, but these are in ravines bounded on either 
 
202 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 No coal fields in 
 the Ozarks. 
 
 Charcoal timber 
 abundant. 
 
 Timber 'of river 
 bottoms. 
 
 side by rocks of the Ozark series, which surely limit their extent 
 to a very small area. There may even be found pockets con- 
 taining coal similar to the one on Sligo brook ia Crawford 
 county, and also near Versailles, in Morgan county, and which 
 contain many hundreds of tons of fairly good coal. But even 
 if such pockets should be found, which is extremely doubtful, 
 they would not at all alter the statement that there are no great 
 coal fields in this part of the State. For fuel for any furnaces 
 which may be erected recourse must be had to other sources 
 of supply, for it is impracticable to bring either coal or coke to 
 this region lor this purpose. 
 
 Timber for Charcoal. The fact that the greater part of this 
 region is covered by forests, although they are light in many 
 places, presents a ready solution to the question. The country 
 which is covered by forests must be divided into two very 
 important sections: upland and bottom. The chert hills, or 
 upland, even when the hills are thickly covered with chert, are 
 more or less heavily timbered. The growth is, with few excep- 
 tions, that which is best fitted for charcoal: black oak, jack oak, 
 white oak and post oak are the principal varieties of oak ; while 
 there is also a fair amount of black and white hickory. The 
 growth is rarely large, and an estimate of a man of wide 
 experience in charcoal furnaces, Hon. David Carson, of West 
 Plains, puts, as a conservative estimate, an average yield of 
 fifteen cords to the acre. There are many extensive tracts 
 /Vhere this could be easily multiplied by ten and still be within 
 conservative limits. For charcoal purposes, oak and hickory 
 are excelled only by beach, maple and birch, which woods supply 
 the chai-coal for the Wisconsin and Michigan furnaces. 
 
 In the bottoms a very different set of conditions prevail 
 both as to quantity and quality of the growth. The oaks 
 are represented by the black, white, burr, water, chinko- 
 pin and spotted varieties. Hickory is also fairly abundant. 
 But the most abundant trees are the sweet and black gums, Cot- 
 tonwood and sycamore. The hackberry is also rather abundant. 
 Elms are also numerous. As to the number of cords per acre 
 which these bottoms would yield it is hard to say, but oaks with 
 a diameter of from one to five feet are not uncommon, while the 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 203 
 
 sycamore is often over five feet. In other words, it is not un- 
 common that a sycamore tree is large enough to make six cords 
 of wood, or more. Bearing in mind that these river bottoms are 
 extremely fertile it will be easy to imagine a dense forest that is 
 capable of yielding hundreds of cords to an acre instead of the 
 fifteen (average) of the upland. 
 
 There is, of course, a decided difference in the value of char- 
 coals produced from different woods. This value depends upon 
 a variety of qualities. One of the first, is economy in weiirht. 
 Haswell 1 gives the following values for different woods, taking 
 the weight of the wood dried at 300° F. as 100 per cent. : — 
 
 Oak yields 46.09 per cent, of its weight in charcoal. 
 
 Beech 
 
 n 
 
 44.25 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 t( 
 
 Elm 
 
 a 
 
 34.59 
 
 ti 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Birch 
 
 u 
 
 34.17 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 Maple 
 
 a 
 
 33.75 
 
 a 
 
 «< 
 
 a 
 
 Ash 
 
 (t 
 
 33.28 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 Poplar 
 
 it 
 
 31.12 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 Pine 
 
 a 
 
 41.48 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 Comparative 
 value of woods 
 lor charcoal. 
 
 It will thus be seen that oak ranks very high. Hickory, syc- 
 amore and gum are not given, but hickory will rank with oak, 
 and sycamore and gum, as well as cottonwood, will rank with 
 poplar and elm. 
 
 An important property to look for in a charcoal for smelting 
 works is hardness. In, a blast furnace of even moderate height 
 the weight of the charge of limestone and iron must be borne by 
 the fuel employed. If this fuel is soft, like bituminous coal or 
 charcoal from poplar and other soft woods, the fuel crushes and 
 forms a mat or blanket, which is almost impervious to the blast. 
 Consequently a charcoal must be hard in order to resist this 
 
 J Hardness of fuel 
 
 crushing effect. In the absence of more exact data, the opinion necessary. 
 of a charcoal furnace man is given in regard to the relative 
 strengths of different charcoals. By him beech and maple are 
 put first, while oak and hickory follow close behind. Syca- 
 more, gum, elm, and poplar rank low. In actual practice, 
 though, at the old Meramec furnace, all timber was used, 
 upland and bottom, irrespective of kind. The softer woods 
 
 1 Mechanics and Engineers Pocket Book, p. 481. 
 
204 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 were charred in separate kilns, and they, especially the syca- 
 mores, were allowed to l>ecome thoroughly seasoned before 
 charring. In charging the furnace 25 per cent, of sycamore and 
 "other soft wood charcoal were used with no further ill results 
 than a slight increase in the cost of the fuel. This increase is 
 due to the fact that it takes more of the softer coal to make a 
 ton of pig iron than of the harder. 
 
 The above mixture comes almost naturally in the growths of, 
 the river bottoms. But if it were desirable to reduce the per 
 cent, of soft coal charged an increase in the upland wood could 
 
 s woods, easily be made in the kilns. This is rendered possible by the fact 
 
 that the softer woods are found almost exclusively in the bottoms, 
 though mixed with a good proportion of hard wood ; while the 
 upland has no soft wood save in the pine belts. 
 
 The facilities for assembling these woods to central points 
 where they could be charred and used in a furnace are equal to 
 the facilities for collecting the iron ores, and even better, for 
 small streams during high water could be made to float wood to a 
 railway where it could be caught in booms and loaded on to, cars. 
 
 Assembling woods All the railways before referred to run through timbered sections 
 
 for coal. J , • r. • 
 
 and, as they use the mineral coals so abundant in the State in 
 other sections, they would have no influence in diminishing the 
 charcoal supply. Moreover, owing to the nature of the country, 
 the greater part of the forests will remain as forests for years. 
 The cherty hills are so thickly strewn with flint that agriculture 
 is well-nigh impossible, though in the future they will, no doubt, 
 be available for fruit. 
 
 All ore belts are covered as thickly with timber as are any 
 Ore belts thickly other sections of the country, and thus spurs, run from a main 
 trunk to an ore deposit, could be utilized if necessary in the 
 collection of fuel. 
 
 Value of Lands. It may not be out of place to note in this 
 connection the value of arable land in this section of Missouri. 
 The richest lands are the river bottoms and these are the most 
 heavily timbered. The cost of clearing these bottoms is esti- 
 mated at $25 per acre. This cost makes the land almost wholly 
 out of the reach of the ordinary settler. The timber growing 
 on the land must be cut off and burned at a great expense and 
 
 timbered. 
 
THE LIMON1TE ORES. 205 
 
 nothing is recovered, as there is no market except for the best 
 oak and hickory. Thus there are many extensive land-owners 
 of these river bottoms who would ffladlv ffive the timber to anv Arawiity of river 
 
 D " c " bottoms. 
 
 one who would clear the land entirely. It is thus evident that 
 the establishing of an iron industry would be of great and per- 
 manent benefit in clearing these rich lands and making them 
 available for agricultural purposes. With this statement of 
 facts it can be readily seen that the fuel question is practi- 
 cally settled for a good many years at least. It is further 
 true that the fuel is of the very best, for charcoal iron, 
 if properly treated in the blast furnace, is one of the most 
 valuable of irons. Two medium sized furnaces using charcoal 
 exclusively, have already put this fuel question to a practical 
 and profitable test. These two furnaces, the Sligo and Mid- 
 land, in Crawford county, have been running for many years. 
 The Meramec furnace, near St. James, went out of blast on 
 account of difficulty of transportation and not from lack of fuel 
 or ore. 
 
 Limestone Available. Another important factor in iron smelt- 
 ing is limestone. This is, however, so abundant that it is almost 
 superfluous to mention the fact. Even in the sandstone regions 
 of the specular ores it is readily and cheaply obtained. It is, 
 almost without exception, magnesian, but on this very account Magnesian lime- 
 it is well fitted for blast furnace use. The appended analyses 
 show the composition of several samples of this rock. They are 
 in places cherty and in others highly siliceous, and in still others 
 high in alumina in the form of clay. But even in regions where 
 such exist others can be fatmcl remarkably pure. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE FROM IRON COUNTY, MISSOURI. 
 
 Copied from the Beport of the Geological Survey of Missouri, 1872, Part 
 
 I, p. 38. 
 
 A. B. C. Pyritiferous 
 
 Insoluble and siliceous 5.11 3.85 2.06 IT. 88 A nesmn?ime" g " 
 
 Peroxide of iron and alumina 4.67 1.07 none 3.75 stone. 
 
 Carbonate of lime 47.50 52.50 54.32 43.25 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 42.19 42.56 43.82 34.25 
 
 The Water Supply. It seems on first thought to be a little 
 strange that, with the abundant rainfall of the Ozark mountains, 
 
206 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 some places, otherwise desirable for the location of a blast 
 furnace, might be rendered totally unavailable on account of an 
 insufficient and an unreliable water supply. Such is neverthe- 
 less the fact. Nothing at first sight is more surprising to the 
 Water carried off traveler than that he can oftentimes go- for miles without finding 
 
 underground. ° ° 
 
 a single stream. Torrential flows there are at intervals in abun- 
 dance, but these entirely disappear in a few hours after a heavy 
 rain. Even wells would fait to obtain a permanent supply of 
 a large volume, though they are able to satisfy all ordinary 
 requirements: the cisterns to catch the rain often resorted 
 to, are not from necessity, but from preference in domestic use. 
 The tough clays which usually overlie the limestones are easily 
 formed into reservoirs sufficient in size to furnish generally an 
 abundant supply for cattle and stock. 
 
 But with blast furnaces the case is different. A very large 
 supply of never failing water must be had in order to success- 
 fully operate and, had dependence to be placed entirely upon 
 Furnaces need surface flows, their operation would be, in many localities, im- 
 
 surf ace water in . . 
 
 abundance. possible. But the very cause of this lack of surlace water is the 
 fact that the country is of limestone and the water thus finds its 
 level by means of underground channels. This fact is abun- 
 dantly testified to by the numerous springs of extraordinary size 
 which are found in this part of the State. 
 
 It will thus be readily understood how there are many places 
 in the Ozarks where an abundant supply of never failing water 
 may be had. The springs above referred to are numerous and 
 sptingaoi large of large size, and when once they come to the surface they 
 rarely or never again go underground. They are then surface 
 streams. In regard to a water supply for furnaces, it may be 
 said, then, that localities can be selected, in other respects 
 auspicious, where water is abundant. 
 
 Markets for Iron. There is very little doubt but that iron 
 could be manufactured in the Osage river belt, shipped to St.. 
 Louis and there compete on favorable terms with iron from 
 Tennessee and Alabama as well as from Illinois and Wisconsin. 
 But the most hopeful location for future markets is to the west 
 and southwest. In the great stretch of territory from the Mis- 
 sissippi to the Rocky mountains, including Nebraska, Kansas, 
 
 size. 
 
THE LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 207 
 
 Indian Territory and Arkansas, a great agricultural country, southwest a grow- 
 there are few, if any, iron ores. There must be a great con- iron. " 
 sumption of iron in agricultural implements, structural iron and 
 all the varied uses to which iron is put. As it is now, iron ores 
 are mined west and south, shipped east, smelted and manufact- 
 ured and shipped back west. Thus, to say the very least, the 
 subject of home smelting the limonite ores of Missouri and of 
 manufacturing them into articles of commerce is a point well 
 worth considering. 
 
 Cbst of Producing Pig. For reasons before enumerated, 
 cheap labor, cheap fuel, cheap iron ores, the initial cost of pig 
 iron ought to-be very low. To bear out this statement we ap- Estimated cost of 
 pend an estimate made by Hon. David Carson of West Plains, 
 Mo. Mr. Carson has been engaged for twenty years in making 
 charcoal pig iron in this State, and, as will be seen, his estimate 
 of cost throws strong confirmatory light on its probable ability 
 to compete with other irons. The calculations are based on 
 minimum, maximum and average costs. 
 
 pig iron. 
 
 COST OF EACH CORD OP WOOD AT FURNACE. 
 
 Min. Max. 
 
 First cost of wood per cord $ .40 $ .50 
 
 Royalty 10 .10 
 
 Loading from banks to railway 15 .15 
 
 Hauling to railway. -to .40 
 
 Freight to furnace 45 .45 
 
 Wood receiver 05 .05 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Average cost per cord at furnace, $1.60. 
 
 $1.55 
 
 $1.65 
 
 COST OF ONE HUNDRED BUSHELS OF CHARCOAL AT FURNACE. 1 
 
 Min. Max. 
 
 Cost of two cords of wood $3.10 $3.30 
 
 Expense of charring 65 .75 
 
 Repairs '■ 50 .50 
 
 $4.25 $4.55 
 Average cost one hundred bushels at furnace, $4.40. 
 
 Charcoal. 
 
 1 Each cord of wood yields fifty bushels of charcoal. 
 
 14 
 
times tope. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 208 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 COST PER TON OF IKON ORE AT FURNACE. 
 
 Min. Max. 
 
 Mining per ton $ .50 $1.00 
 
 Eoyalty 10 .10 
 
 Unloading 05 .05 
 
 Freight by rail 30 .30 
 
 Boasting 12 .18 
 
 $1.07 $1.63 
 
 Average cost per ton at furnace, $1.35. 
 
 COST OF LIMESTONE PER TON OF PIG IRON. 1 
 
 Min. Max. 
 
 Mining per ton $.25 $.35 
 
 Freight by rail 30 .30 
 
 Eoyalty 05 .05 
 
 Unloading and crushing .15 .30 
 
 .75 $1.00 
 
 Average cost per ton of limestone at furnace, $.80. 
 Average cost per ton of pig iron, $.40. 
 
 COST OF LABOR PER TON OF PIG IRON. 2 
 
 Min. Max. 
 
 1 founder $3.00 $3.50 
 
 1 night foreman 2.00 2.50 
 
 1 first engineer 2.50 3.00 
 
 1 second engineer 1.25 1.50 
 
 2 keepers at $1.50 3.00 at$1.65..:. 3.30 
 
 4 helpers at 1.25 5.00..... at $1.40 5.60 
 
 2 topfillers at 1.35 2.70 at $1.50 3.00 
 
 4 bottom fillers at 1.25 5.00 at $1.40 5.60 
 
 4 coal forkers at 1.25 5.00 at $1.40 5.60 
 
 4crashermen at 1.00.... 4.00 at $1.25 5.00 
 
 3 cinder men at 1.25 3.75.. at $1.50 4.50 
 
 8 iron carriers at 1.25 10.00 at $1.50 12.00 
 
 2cartboys at .60 1.20 : . .at .75 1.50 
 
 1 watchman 1.25 1.50 
 
 6 laborers at 1.00 6.00 at $1.25 7.50 
 
 1 weigh clerk 1.50...'. 2.00 
 
 1 carpenter 2.00. at$2.60 2.50 
 
 4 cart mules at .75 ... 3.00 at .75 3.00 
 
 $62.15 $73.10 
 
 1 Based on one hundred tons of iron ore per day, charging with 20 per cent, of 
 limestone or 20 tons. 
 
 2 Based on a product of fifty tons of pig iron per day. 
 
THE LIMON1TE ORES. 
 
 209 
 
 Minimum labor cost per ton $1.24 
 
 Maximum cost per ton 1.46 
 
 Average labor cost per ton $1.35 
 
 Average salary charged per ton of pig iron $45.00 1 salaries. 
 
 SUMMARY OF COSTS PER TON OF PIG IRON AT FURNACE. 
 
 Min. Max. Aver. 
 
 Cost of two tons of ore $2.14 $3.26 $2.70 
 
 100 bushels of charcoal 4.25 4.55 4.40 
 
 Limestone 38 .42 .40 
 
 Labor 1.24 1.46 1.35 
 
 Salaries 45 .45 .45 
 
 Oils 05 .05 .05 Summary. 
 
 Sand .05 .05 .05 
 
 Tools and smithing 15 .15 .15 
 
 Repairs 25 .25 .25 
 
 Stationery 05 .05 .05 
 
 Selling 25 .25 .25 
 
 Interest 25 .25 .25 
 
 Sinking fund ,.25 .25 .25 
 
 $9.75 $11.45 $10.60 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 As has elsewhere been pointed out, the abandoning of Pilot 
 Knob has cut off one of the great sources of ore supply for 
 St. Louis. If irou manufacturing is to be sustained there, a 
 universal impression is that ores must be brought in from the 
 Lake Superior region, or pig iron for the foundries must be 
 brought from the same region or from Alabama and other south- F iroS e pro^uc S is liri 
 era furnaces. There are only two ways out of this. One is 
 the finding of new and rich ore deposits in the porphyry region 
 of the State; the other is to work the iron ores of southern 
 Missouri in local blast furnaces and to ship the pig iron to St. 
 Louis. 
 
 In view of these facts set forth in this report it would seem to 
 be well worth the time of iron masters of St. Louis and other 
 places to look well into the extensive limonite deposits of southern 
 Missouri. 
 
 1 Based on an annual output of 15,000 tons. 
 
PART II 
 
 THE IRON OEE LOCALITIES. 
 
 A systematic description of the more prominent 
 occurrences of iron ores in Missouri, 
 
CHAPTEE VIII. 
 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. 
 
 The preceding pages of this report have been occupied with 
 generalizations based on facts gained by the study of individual 
 mines. In the porphyry iron ores the conclusions in regard to 
 the origin of the ore bodies, their nature and probable extent, 
 are based on the study of deposits which have been extensively 
 worked and thus thoroughly developed. The same may be said, Hematlte oreB 
 though in a less degree, of the specular ore deposits in the region w^r°c<j vely 
 of the Roubidoux sandstone. In the limonite iron region the 
 case is altogether different. These deposits have never been 
 extensively worked and the few which have been worked were 
 opened so long ago that little can be learned from the study of 
 the old banks. Enough has been seen, however, to warrant the 
 conclusions which have been drawn. The work of the Survey 
 has been successful in calling attention to a great district of 
 limonite iron ores the mere existence of which was hardly known 
 up to the beginning of the present survey. Isolated deposits 
 were known, and scattered localities were reported to abound Attention caiiea 
 with limonites. The accompanying map and the following uies. 
 descriptions of deposits will serve to call attention to the fact 
 that there is a limonite district on the southwestern slope of the 
 Ozark Uplift which is quite as pronounced as that of the specular 
 ores of the sandstone belt, and, though not so valuable as the 
 specular ores, their great abundance will in a measure compen- 
 sate for this. 
 
 Neither in the map or the detailed report has it been possible 
 to notice every locality in which iron is found. It is therefore 
 proposed to briefly point out some of the salient features of the only salient teat- 
 different occurrences of iron, in the place of attempting a de- out. - 
 detailed description of each county. Without the most exhaus- 
 
 (213) 
 
214 
 
 IRON ORES OF. MISSOU1U. 
 
 done. 
 
 tive examination, such as has not been possible with the means 
 of the Geological Survey, this is impracticable in the case of 
 iron ores. 
 
 The specular iron ores which occur in the porphyry region 
 have been so fully treated of in the preceding special chapter, 
 that the subject will be dismissed here with but a word. The 
 porphyry belt is well denned, and, if further deposits of iron ores 
 exist in the exposed portions of this rock, prospecting for them 
 on the surface is a comparatively simple matter. The work which 
 has been done with a diamond drill at the mines seems so far to 
 hold out little hope for the findingof extensive vein deposits at these 
 S "n £ ghas P been ?ct localities which do not now show. As was stated in the special 
 chapter, however, surface prospecting has been very thoroughly 
 done and with few or no practical results. The prospecting with 
 diamond drills has so far only been done in connection with well 
 known ore deposits. But if the hypotheses which were assumed 
 are correct, then there is a fair chance of success in prospecting 
 for veins which are apart from known deposits and which do not 
 show on the surface. As an instance in point, a vein deposit 
 was struck at the base of Shepherd mountain under the Cambrian 
 rocks which gave no surface indications. 
 
 The specular ores of the sandstone region present a very dif- 
 ferent phase. The deposition of the specular iron ores of this 
 region began soon after erosion commenced the wearing down of 
 the Ozark Uplift. With the cutting of underground channels 
 and the removal of lenses of limestone from the transition beds 
 between limestone and sandstone, began a falling in of the 
 soluble sandstone. At the same time and. subsequently to this, 
 the iron Was being deposited. 
 
 On account of the deposition of iron the rocks were indurated 
 and were thus less acted upon than the unprotected rocks. 
 Within certain limits the more extensive the erosion the greater 
 the deposits of iron, other things being equal. Meanwhile, still 
 bearing in mind that this area of the Ozarks was rising, we can 
 imagine that erosion would cut deeper with the rising land. 
 With this deeper cutting deposits of iron ore occurring on the 
 border of some stream would be gradually undermined and 
 allowed to glide down a slope or to sink into a ravine which had 
 
 Many deposits 
 disturbed by 
 undermining. 
 
THE IRON OUE LOCALITIES. 215 
 
 been cut into the limestone and under the deposit ; and, further, 
 we can imagine that other deposits would remain comparatively 
 undisturbed. The fact that such deposits of specular ore exist 
 under the conditions implied above has been amply demonstrated 
 both in the chapter on specular ores of the sandstone region and 
 in the particular descriptions which follow. 
 
 A fact which becomes very apparent in the study of these 
 deposits is that the nature of a given deposit of specular ore deposits of 01 
 depends largely, or at least is closely connected with the topog- the C topograph£ 
 raphy of the country. From the nature of the ore deposits, 
 as described, and from the knowledge we have of their origin, 
 we can easily infer what is actually true, that the best deposits 
 and the greater number exist in the plateau region, and that, as 
 we go from the plateau to where the drainage streams cut the 
 slopes of the uplift into deep ravines, the deposits of specular 
 ore become less and less distinctively deposits, but appear as 
 scattered blocks of hard blue ore, until in the extreme mount- 
 ainous country they almost wholly disappear. 
 
 From the above statement of fact it would appear to be rea- 
 sonable to expect that, in the plateau counties of Dent, Crawford, Deposits of spec- 
 
 1 * • ular ore to be 
 
 Phelps and Texas, more extensive and regular deposits of spec- expected m the 
 
 1 ' plateau couo- 
 
 ular ore would occur than in adjoining counties where the tles ' 
 streams have cut more deeply and the country is more " mount- 
 ainous." This natural surmise is borne out by facts. As we 
 go away from the more level plateau region the deposits do grow 
 more and more disturbed. Yet it must be borne in mind that, 
 on the; great divides between streams, there may be broad topped 
 hills comparatively undisturbed upon wfyich, or in which, large 
 deposits of comparatively undisturbed specular ore may exist, as 
 for example, the Rogers and Burt banks in Iron county. This, 
 however, does not affect the main statement, that the best pros- 
 pects for specular ore are in the plateau region. 
 
 In regard to the limonite iron ores quite a different set of con- 
 ditions exist. These ores were deposited long after the specular Di tf e nlexist re- 
 ores, many were no doubt derived from, and probably are even fte'oief. mon ' 
 now being derived and deposited from them, as well as from other 
 sources, at the present time. Unlike the specular ore deposits, 
 the plateau region is not the most promising place for them. 
 
216 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Association of 
 sandstone with 
 specular ores. 
 
 Derivation of 
 limonite ores. 
 
 Deposits of lim- 
 ,onite occur in 
 areas sheltered 
 from rapid ero 
 sion. 
 
 They are found there, but they are limited in quantity and often 
 poor in quality. Just what the exact relation is, is not yet made 
 out, but it is a noticeable fact that association with sandstone is 
 characteristic of the specular ores, and with limestone of the 
 brown hematite. Another point is that the steep walled canons, 
 steep, oherty hills, in short the mountain region of the Ozurk 
 Uplift, is no more the habitat of limonite than of specular ore. 
 There is this difference, however. Specular ore is never found 
 in such places while limonite often occurs in large masses of 
 remarkable purity, as for instance at the Old's bank in Oregon 
 county. This bank, however, though it has thousands of tons, 
 is, comparatively speaking, really small and unimportant as to 
 size and the numbers in the mountainous region do not make up 
 for this lack of size. 
 
 Limonites are derived from rocks or from pre-existing depos- 
 its by solution, and they are deposited in a region of still waters. 
 It would follow that in the region of quieter waters, where 
 erosion has progressed farther and the steep walled hills have 
 almost wholly disappeared, would be the most favorable locali- 
 ties for limonite. In any given locality, then, an estimate favor- 
 able or unfavorable for limonite in extensive deposits can be 
 based on topography. Not on the summits of narrow crested 
 divides, nor on their steep slopes, nor yet in the ravines, if they 
 are narrow and steep walled, will deposits of limonite be found. 
 On the sides or slopes of easy hills or at their bases is the 
 most favorable locality. To any one who wishes to know 
 whether a given locality is favorable for a deposit of limonite in 
 the Ozark Uplift a careful study of the topographical map and 
 sections of the Lamons bank is recommended. 
 
 One point to be especially borne in mind is this. Even in the 
 mountainous part of the Uplift there may be large areas sheltered 
 from the most rapid erosion and thus present conditions favor- 
 able to the development of limonite. Especially may these con- 
 ditions be considered as favorable if the outcrop, instead of 
 consisting of large boulders of ore and associated with rocks in 
 place, consists of scattered fragments of ore of small size im- 
 bedded in a clayey soil. In general, however, the rule will 
 be found useful, that no valuable deposits of limonite can 
 
THE IRON OKE LOCALITIES. 217 
 
 occur in regions of great, steeped walled divides with narrow 
 ravines. 
 
 The occurrences of the bedded red hematites has already been 
 pointed out in the preceding pages. 
 
 There have been from time to time reports of extensive 
 deposits of bog iron ore in Scott, Mississippi, New Madrid, D o?e fn ts the ex? 
 Pemiscot and Dunklin counties. In June of the present year east! 6 south " 
 these counties were visited by the writer. The reported local- 
 ities were found but there was nothing to indicate that the de- 
 posits were extensive. The remnants of the hills of limestone 
 are found on the land divides between the river but no rocks are 
 in sight. There seems* practically to be no source for the iron, 
 and it is probable that only a few small chalybeate springs along 
 the border of the swamps have produced all of the bog iron 
 present. Of course this judgment is based entirely on surface 
 observations, as no excavation has ever been done. But 
 the whole contour of the entire region is against the existence of 
 extensive deposits of bog iron. 
 
 In the following pages a brief description is given of all known Authority for the 
 
 „ . , , . ,... following des- 
 
 localities of iron ore, and the approximate location is given on captions, 
 the accompanying map. The examinations of the localities which 
 are described have been made either by myself or by my assist- 
 ant, Mr. Elston H. Lonsdale. Of those localities which have not 
 been operated since 1872, Dr. Schmidt's descriptions are incor- 
 porated and Mr. Phillip Moore's description of those not oper- 
 ated since 1873 are similarly quoted. The reported localities 
 which are given without description are on the authority of the 
 persons named. 
 
 In the report the examinations made by myself (Nason) are 
 marked with (N.), those by Mr. Lonsdale with (L.), while the 
 large number extracted in full or in part from Dr. Schmidt's 
 report of 1872, are credited to him by an (S.), and those extracted 
 from Mr. Moore's report of 1873-74 are marked with an (M.) 
 
218 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 NOTICE. The descriptions of occurrences of iron ore in this and suc- 
 ceeding; chapters are by counties, in alphabetical order, and in each county 
 the occurrences are also described in alphabetical order. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 
 
 » 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 BENTON CREEK MINE (S.). 
 
 Sec. 32, T.36 N.,5 W. 
 
 A description of this mine was given by Dr. A. Schmidt in the Report of the 
 Missouri Geological Survey, 1872, parti, p. 184. It has now been abandoned. 
 
 CRAIG MINE (N.). 
 Sec. 24, T.36 N.,5 W. 
 
 The Craig bank is near the Meramec river and on the north side. It is also 
 west of a small stream which empties into the Meramec. The western face of 
 the hill on which the mine is situated is limestone in horizontal beds. Near 
 the brook, sandstone, associated with the ore, occurs ; both the sandstone and 
 the ore dipping rather steeply towards the brook. Near the brook, and the 
 railroad to Sligo, sandstone also appears dipping steeply. The ore body, as 
 shown by mining, seems to be interstratifled in irregular lenses in the slaty, 
 impure limestone which lies under the sandstone. In other words, like many 
 of the specular ore deposits, it seems to lie in the calcareous part of the beds 
 of sandstone. Much of the sandstone is so highly charged with specular ore 
 as to appear like a solid ore. The ore body as a whole is rather lean, and, 
 owing to its irregular shape, is difficult to work.. 
 
 FERGUSON MINE (S.). 
 Sec. 21, T. .97 N., 4 W. 
 
 A flat northern hill-slope here shows in several places, horizontal zones of 
 larger and smaller fragments of specular ore on the surface. These zones are 
 both distinct and indistinct. They are from four to eight feet wide, measured 
 down the slope. They seem to run across the slope and to terminate on either 
 side, in a ravine. The ravine on the western side is the deeper, and contains 
 irregular accumulations of rounded ore. A shaft sunk, near the highest point 
 of the slope, to a depth of twenty- two feet, passed through six feet of soil and 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 21t> 
 
 red loam, two feet of soft red hematite, two feet of red and yellow sandy clay, 
 two feet of soft red hematite with pieces of specular ore, two feet of red clay 
 with pieces of sandstone and some chert, and eight feet of large boulders of 
 specular ore imbedded in soft red hematite, below which a layer of light yellow 
 clayey ocher was struck. All of these layers seemed to be dipping into the hill. 
 
 GROVER MINE (S.). 
 S. W. J, See. 2, and N. W. \, Sec. 11, T. SS N.,4 W. 
 
 This Bank is situated on the top of a high ridge', with rather steep slopes, 
 cut by numerous ravines, which descend gradually through lower ranges of 
 hills into the broad valley of Crooked creek. 
 
 The ore does not lie thick, either on the slopes or on the hill. It is more 
 concentrated in the ravines. The Third Magnesian limestone and the Second 
 sandstone are met with in going from the valley up to the bank. The sand- 
 stone becomes very ferruginous near the bank. Above this is a thin streak of 
 red clay with chert and, finally, the ore on the summit. The succession of 
 rocks and the situation of the bank seems to warrant the presence of a good 
 ore deposit, although the surface ore is not very copious. Six small shafts 
 have been dug on the top of the hill, five of which were too near the out- 
 crop of the ore, and therefore after cutting through five to seven feet of 
 soft red and of specular ore, struck either the underlying white clay or the 
 chert breccia or the impregnated sandstone. The sixth shaft was made nearer 
 the central part of the summit, and struck soft, red hematite immediately 
 below the soil, together with boulders of specular ore up to one foot in 
 diameter. This shaft was discontinued at a depth of six feet, and is all in the 
 ore. 
 
 IRON RIDGE MINE NO. 1 (S.). 
 
 JST. E. J, See. 29, T. 39 N., 5 W. 
 
 The plan and section of this mine was given by Dr. A. Schmidt in the 
 Report of the Missouri Geological Survey, 1872, Part I, p. 142. It has been 
 abandoned. 
 
 IRON RIDGE MINE NO. 2 (S.). 
 
 Sec. 33, T. 39 N.,6 W. 
 
 Here, on an extensive tract of slightly undulating ground, are found in 
 many places indication of specular ore, and occasionally large boulders of 
 good surface -ore. A number of ditches were made to investigate this tract 
 and disclosed irregular accumulations, mostly of small extent, of rounded ore 
 with red clay, of white clay with pieces of chert and of impregnated sandstone. 
 
 OLD COPPER HILL MINE (S.). 
 
 E. J, 'iV. E. i, Sec. 23, T. 40 N., 2 W. 
 
 The ore occurs on a rather steep, and nearly isolated hill. The surface ore 
 is specular in some places; pure, in others mixed with sand and passing into a 
 strongly impregnated sandstone. The pieces are all rounded, usually only two 
 
220 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 or three inches across. The two shafts sunk here, were sunk to a depth of 
 perhaps twenty or thirty feet in loose sand and clay with pieces of white 
 sandstone. 
 
 SCOTIA MINE NO. 1 (S.). 
 
 E. J, 8. E. i, Sec. 1, T. 38 if., 3 W. 
 
 A description of the mine is given in the Eeport of the Missouri Geological 
 Survey, 1872, Part I, p. 128, by Dr. A. Schmidt. The mine is now abandoned. 
 
 SCOTIA MINE NO. 2 (S.). 
 
 5. E. i, Sec. 28, T. 29 N., 2 W. 
 
 A description of this mine is also given by Dr. A. Schmidt in the Eeport of 
 the Missouri Geological Survey, 1872, Part I, p. 131. At present the mine is 
 abandoned. 
 
 STEELVILLE MINE NO. 1 (S.). 
 E. i, S. W. i, Sec. S, T. 37 N., 4 W. 
 
 A description of this mine, may be found in the Report of the Missouri 
 Geological Survey, 1872, Part I, p. 152. It is now abandoned. 
 
 THOMPSON MINE (N.). 
 
 Sec. 26, T. 36 JV., 4 W. 
 
 Considerable specular ore has been taken from this bank and smelted' at Sligo 
 furnace. The ore is mingled with chert and sandstone in the same way as at 
 Cherry Valley. There is much secondary calcite present, which is stained by 
 iron so as to resemble jasper. The ore body rests on limestone with broken 
 sandstone as cap rock. The ore is rather lean. 
 
 DENT COUNTY. 
 
 ARNOLD MINE (S.). 
 
 S. E. i, Sec. 4, T. So N., 5 W. 
 
 This mine is not yet thoroughly opened (1872). The ore Is principally 
 spread over a swelling of the ground, reaching from the ravine about forty feet 
 up the slope, in a width of forty to fifty feet. On this ground large boulders 
 and smaller pieces of surface ore, mostly rounded, are found, together with 
 pieces of white, yellow and red sandstone, containing thin seams of specular 
 ore. Pieces of chert and of impregnated ferruginous sandstone are also quite 
 frequent. Numerous boulders of ore are deposed in the ravine. A ditch at the 
 foot of the hill on which the ore is found struck red clay, mixed with paint-ore 
 and with boulders of specular ore. A second shaft twelve feet deep into the 
 slope, at a place forty feet above the ravine, passed through red, sandy clay, 
 mixed with pieces of white and ferruginous sandstone and with boulders of 
 specular ore. The whole slope is thickly covered with sandy detritus, enclos- 
 ing irregular and uneven masses of broken ore. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 221 
 
 BLAIR MINE (L. )■ 
 
 S. i, Sec. 9, T. 36 N~„ V W. 
 
 Here, across a ravine from the Williams bank, od the lower slope, are located 
 an irregularly-shaped shallow cut and shafts, none more than twenty feet deep. 
 The surface material is a chert and ore breccia miDgled with blocks and frag- 
 ments of hard sandstone and chert. From one shaft little else than sandstone 
 was taken. This shaft Is higher on the hill than are the other shafts and the 
 cut. From each shaft clay containing chert and sandstone was removed. This 
 area was but poorly prospected. A considerable amount of fine, soft, red ore 
 with a small amount of blue specular ore has been shipped from this bank; but 
 it is now abandoned. 
 
 FITZWATER MINE (S.). 
 
 Sees. 33 and 34, T. 34 N., 4 W. 
 
 This mine occupies a pretty high position, being about four hundred feet 
 above the Fitzwater creek. It lies in the northwestern slope of a ridge which 
 is composed of Third Magnesian limestone capped by Second sandstone. A 
 sandy soil, mixed with fine and coarse pieces and masses of chert, covers 
 the surface of the hills. The ore occurs over one large central spur, and 
 over the adjacent slopes of two spurs, north and south of the central one. 
 The best indications extend about fifteen hundred feet north and south 
 and about eight hundred feet east and west. Most of the ore is rounded off 
 at the corners and edges and is usually about three inches across, sometimes 
 larger. The ore seems to be most abundant at a certain level along the slopes, 
 which level is about eight feet below the highest point on the two northern 
 spurs, which are flat and low. The southern spur is considerably higher and 
 the level of the most abundant surface-ore is there much farther below the 
 highest point. 
 
 HAWKINS MINE ( N . ) . 
 Sec. 11, T. 36 N., 6 W. 
 
 This bank is crescentic in shape, but work now being done seems to indicate 
 that the horns of the crescertt will meet, thus making the bank circular. It 
 occurs on a plateau which is considerably raised above the surrounding country. 
 As is usual with the specular ore banks the sandstone, when exposed, dips 
 toward the ore body. Broken sandstone and chert with interstitial specular ore 
 occur. The ore body proper has considerable limonite, which has probably 
 been derived from the specular ore by hydration. The ore occurs in large len- 
 ticular masses with lenses of colored clay. There is a great deal of specular 
 ore which is plumose and botryoidal, seemingly pseudomorphous after pyrite, 
 though pyrite has not been found in large quantities. 
 
 The whole appearance of the bank leads to the idea that the mine began as a 
 lime sink. This theory at least explains the circular shape of the deposit and 
 the concentrically dipping sandstones. 
 
222 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 HOWE MILL MINK (N.). 
 
 Sec. 9, T. 34 N., 3 W. 
 
 This bank occurs on an isolated hill surrounded on all sides by deep ravines. 
 It is about 90 or 100 feet high. It differs from Simmons mountain in this, that 
 while Simmons mountain rises above a plateau this hill is cut out from the plat- 
 eau and is surrounded by other hills and ridges. The surface of the hill is cov- 
 ered by broken sandstone with no limestone in sight. Mingled with this sur- 
 face debris are blocks of more or less altered specular ore. One shaft 50 feet 
 deep has been sunk. This passes through first sandy and decomposed cherty 
 layers, all in position and dipping steeply away from the hill. Beneath this 
 are layers of compact boulder ore with interstitial limonite and soft red hema- 
 tite. The shaft is reported not to have gone through the ore. Another shaft 
 sunk on another side of the hill shows the strata and ore body in the same rela- 
 tive positions. The same conditions probably exist around the entire body of 
 the hill. The outcrop is very promising. 
 
 HUTOHINS CREEK MINE (S.). 
 
 Sec. IB, T. 34 JV,, i W. 
 
 Good specular ore, from nut size to one foot in diameter, mostly rounded, is 
 here found in four ravines on the west and south sides of a high ridge. But 
 little surface ore is to be seen. The, hills are covered with soil and chert. 
 Large and small pieces of white sandstone are found, on the lower part of the 
 slope. No ferruginous rocks. 
 
 JAMISON MINE (S.). 
 S. W. i, Sec. 1, T. 33 N., 6 W. 
 
 The mine is on the vast plateau dividing the waters of the Meramec from 
 those of the Current river. This bank occupies the highest point on a rather 
 fiat, semi-circular hill which lies around a nearly circular depression, apparently 
 filled with fine detritus of chert, sandstone and specular ore. The ore is in 
 part pure, in part mixed with quartz. Some boulders are two or three feet in 
 diameter. 
 
 Another smaller district, with rounded surface ore, is seen about six 
 hundred feet to the northwest, and another in a small ravine to the south. 
 
 A shaft in the main bank was sunk to a depth of ten feet through red, sandy 
 loam, with boulders of specular ore. 
 
 ORCHARD MINE (S.). 
 
 E. i, S. E. I, Sec. 13, T. 34 N., 6 W. 
 
 Ore in pieces varying from small particles to masses six or eight inches across, 
 occurs on a flat hill about thirty feet high, with sandstone colored and im- 
 pregnated by oxides of iron. The argillaceous or calcareous cement that sur- 
 rounds the single sand-grains is changed into red clay and reddish -brown iron 
 ore. 
 
THE SPECULAK ORES IN SANDSTONE. 223 
 
 PLANK MINE (N. ). 
 
 Sec. 33, T. 35 N., 8 W. 
 
 This bank differs in no material respect from the Hawkins bank and the 
 Simmons mountain deposit. The mine is encircled on all sides by a low ridge. 
 The workings of this mine shows that the dip, both of the clay and slaty rock 
 and sandstone as well, is towards the ore body. No limestone is in sight at the 
 mine or in the immediate vicinity. Two deep shafts have been recently sunk on 
 the southeastern and the southwestern sides of the mine. A drift connects the 
 two shafts at the bottom. The drift seems to be wholly in ore. The entire 
 working ore body is now underground. 
 
 The ore is of the usual variety of specular ore. It is mingled with limonite 
 which occurs occasionally, but it is not as abundant as when the ore was taken 
 from a higher level. Jasper and vugs of quartz and amethyst are met with in 
 the ore. There is much soft red ore present. 
 
 POME ROY MINE { 8. ) . 
 
 Sec. 10, T. 34 N., 6 W. 
 
 Here the principal mass of surface-ore, although in large quantities and sizes, 
 is not on the summit but on the western slope, where indeed, besides the cherty 
 soil, hardly anything else but ore is seen on the surface. The summit is oc- 
 cupied by ferruginous clay-rock and pieces of ore altered into limonite. On the 
 eastern slope there is a zone of well-known breccia of white chert, cemented 
 by clay-rock, and lower down the ordinary, white or yellow Second sandstone. 
 
 SLIOO MINE (N. ). 
 Sec. 2, T. 36 N., 4 W. 
 
 There has been a good deal of ore taken from this bank but the deposit seems 
 to have been rather "pockety." The surface of the ground is covered with 
 broken sandstone and the ore seems to have laid in lenses in the slaty limestone 
 immediately under the sandstone. The ore body lies on a ridge about 100 feet 
 above the furnace at Sligo. Two drainage streams flow towards the valley 
 from either side of the ore body. Toward these the sandstone dips steeply. 
 On the west side of the ore body, as now known, a shaft is being sunk. It 
 has penetrated almost 50 feet in loose saccharoidal sandstone, with no ore in 
 sight. i 
 
 It is intended to sink at least 100 feet or until limestone is struck. Drifts 
 will then be run in various directions. This promises to be one of the most 
 thoroughly tested mines of the specular ore region. 
 
 TAYLOR MINE (S.). 
 S. W. i, S. W. i, Sec. 12, T. 34 N., 7 W. 
 
 This whole mine is situated on the slope, and the specular ore occupies the 
 foot of the hill. The surface ore extends over an area about four hundred feet 
 square. The main body of the ore will probably be found in the upper part of 
 the semi-circular space, which is surrounded by a zone of ferruginous rocks. 
 
 15 
 
224 IKON ORES OE MISSOURI. 
 
 WILLIAMS MINK (L.). 
 N. i, Sec. 16, T. 36 N., 6 W. 
 
 The Williams mine was owned and was operated by the Midland Blast 
 Furnace Company. The mining was done on the point and western slope of a 
 spur leading off from the main ridge. A cut about fifty yards long, north and 
 south, and sixty yards wide, and several shafts of various depths have been 
 made here. The deepest of these shafts extended to a depth of thirty feet. 
 In this one red clay, a good quality of yellow ocher, a small amount of ore and 
 chert fragments and strata were met with. In the southern end of the main 
 cut which is also about thirty feet deep, a prospect hole ten feet deep was put 
 down and passed through only a small amount of ore. 
 
 The walls of the cut now show ocher, irregular strata and blocks of chert, 
 clay, some ore and detrital material. A larger amount of ore extended from 
 the surface to the bottom of the cut. 
 
 The greater portion of the ore is of the red variety with a variable amount of 
 hard specular ore mixed with it. This bank is now abandoned. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 THURMOND MINE (S.). 
 
 N. i, JST. W. i, Sec. 10, T. 41 N., 1 W. 
 
 This mine is situated in a rather rough country, with steep, high hills, sep- 
 arated by narrow ravines and valleys. The soil is mixed with and in some 
 places covered by broken, white chert. The surface indications consist of a 
 number of large pieces of limonite, and of some small, sharp fragments of a 
 very hard and siliceous specular ore. They are scattered over a surface about 
 fifty feet wide and two hundred feet long, over a slight rise of the ground 
 extending down the slope of a moderately steep hill. A shaft was sunk here 
 years ago in search for copper, and it is said this shaft passed through thirty- 
 seven feet of red Iron ore. 
 
 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 BURT MINE (N. ). 
 
 Sec. 2, T. 34 N., 1 W. 
 
 This bank occurs on the slope of a ravine, not on the summit of a hill. Two 
 trenches have been cut out in the slope and each has struck a body of soft red 
 specular ore, and has followed it up the slope for fifty feet or more. The 
 trenches show that the ore body dips regularly with the slope of the ravine. 
 The whole of the ore body is soft and greasy to the feel, even the harder and less 
 decomposed lumps. These are " slickensided," and, in fact, the whole ore body 
 shows slickensides. There are masses of jaspery ore which is not, of course, 
 so badly decomposed. There are also " vugs " of quartz and amethyst crystals. 
 The whole bank presents the appearance of a, specular ore deposit which has 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 225 
 
 beeD undermined and has been caused to slide bodily down the hill-side. There 
 have been comparatively few openings made but these seem to show signs of a 
 very promising deposit of specular ore. 
 
 RED POINT LAND (S.). 
 Sees. 14 and IB, T. 34 &., 2 W. 
 
 Here the top of the ridge is broad, the slopes dip very gradually and over the 
 surface, blocks and fragments of hard bright sandstone with scattered pieces 
 of chert occur. On the slope in two or three localities, fragments and boulders 
 of specular ore are found. The largest would weigh seventy-five or one hun- 
 dred pounds. The ore is hard and portions of it contain grains of white 
 quartz. On the whole the ore is of a very good quality. No work has been 
 done here to prove the occurrence or non-occurrence of underground ore. 
 
 No bedded rock is exposed near the surface ore. 
 
 ROGERS MINE (N.). 
 , Sec. 2, T. 34 N., 1 W. 
 
 This bank is situated on the summit of a high divide between two forks of 
 Black river. The only rocks in sight are blocks of broken sandstone. Frag- 
 ments of specular ore occur on the surface and also imbedded in the clayey 
 soil. Limestone is found in horizontal beds in the ravines. Several small 
 openings have been made. AH of them show regular deposits of specular ore. 
 The ore occurs in layers which are broken into boulders and these boulders 
 have been almost entirely changed into a soft red crystalline ore. The open- 
 ings show that the sandstone and decomposed chert beds dip steeply down the 
 slopes of the hill. The openings are not deep enough, nor are they made in 
 such a manner as to expose the deposits in a favorable light. Yet from the 
 extent of the deposit as indicated by the openings, from the fine quality of the 
 ore, its soft nature showing that it has been little disturbed, it is quite prob- 
 able that the deposit is a valuable one. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. A. H. Eaton reports the occurrence of specular iron ore in T. 34 N., 1 
 E., Sections 7, and 15; in T. 34 N., 1 W., Sections 1, 12, and 27; in T. 34 N., 
 2 W , Sections 1, and 14; in T. 35 N., 1 E., Sections 20, and 32; and in T. 35 N., 
 1 W., Section 35. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 RED HILL MINE (N. ). 
 See. 17, T.50N.,3 W. 
 
 Boulders of specular ore are mingled with fragments of sandstone, chert and 
 limonite, and all these, imbedded in red clay, lie on the summit of a bill 130 
 feet above the level of a brook. The outcrop is not extensive, and no develop- 
 ment work has been done. 
 
226 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 PHELPS COUNTY. 
 
 AFRICAN MINE (L.). 
 Sec. 22, T.36N., 6 W. 
 
 This mine is situated in the lower slope of a long ridge, near two ravines. 
 The slope is quite gradual and the surface bears blocks of hard sandstone and 
 large and small fragments of chert. 
 
 In mining the ore a cut, perhaps twenty yards in diameter and about 
 twenty five feet deep, was formed, and iu addition to this cut, several shallow 
 shafts were sunk. Here, below the surface, is a four-foot broken layer of soft 
 red ore of good quality. In the northern end of the cut a mass of sandstone 
 with some chert with a small amount of red ore makes up the entire face. 
 This sandstone and chert occurs in different portions in all walls of the mine. 
 
 Considering the size of this cut, {he amount of red ore with some specular 
 masses which have been taken out and shipped, is large. The mine has been 
 abandoned for several years. It was owned and operated by the Missouri 
 Iron Company. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK MINE (s.). 
 
 S. I, Sec. 33, T. 37 N~.,8 W. 
 
 The Beaver Creek mine lies on the summit of a high ridge, near the head of 
 Beaver creek. The ore seems to be pretty solid, and in great part specular, 
 but slightly altered or softened. It extends about seventy feet from north to 
 south, being cut off on both sides by nearly vertical layers o£ green chert, im- 
 bedded in red loam. Next to this a layer of chert breccia may be observed on the 
 northern wall. 
 
 BTJCKLAND MINE (s.). 
 
 S. I, Sec. 29, T. 37 ST., 8 W. 
 
 This mine lies at the foot of a hill in the crossing of two ravines. Ou the south 
 side of the cut is found a mass of black, tenacious clay, mixed with fragments 
 of a half-triturated, dark gray clay-slate, with pieces of pyrites, and impreg- 
 nated with sulphate of iron. 
 
 CLARK MINE (L.). 
 
 Sec. 23, T. 36 N., 6 W. 
 
 This mine is situated near the summit of a long range of hills on the western 
 slope. Here there is one principal cut with shallow shafts and a small cut ad- 
 jacent to it. The large cut was about thirty feet deep, sixty yards long and fifty 
 yards wide. Some broken masses of hard blue specular ore are found lying on 
 the surface and both blue and red ore were taken from the cut. The walls of 
 the mine are washed and caved in but show a large amount of chert, in large 
 and small pieces, white and red clay, blocks of sandstone and blue and red iron 
 ore. Much yellow ocher with a small amount of limonite is also found in this 
 mine. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORBS IN SANDSTONE. 227 
 
 JAMES MINK AND MOSELLE MINE NO. 9 (S.). 
 S. i, S. E. i, Sec. 29, T. 38 N., 6 W. 
 
 These two mines are situated close together, on a low ridge, on the plateau 
 of St. James, between the Dry Fork and the Bourbeuse rivers. 
 
 This deposit is formed in connection with the Second sandstone and Third 
 Magnesian limestone. 
 
 Both of these banks are nearly worked out; the best and richest ores are all 
 taken out, and the walls and the bottoms of the deposits are laid bare. The 
 ore formerly contained in these pockets was mostly soft, red, and in part greasy 
 hematite, enclosing large boulders of specular ore. 
 
 KELLY MINE NO. 1 (S.). 
 
 E. \, Sec. 18, T. 36 N., 8 W. 
 
 This mine is situated near the summit of a hill. The bank resembles the 
 Thornton bank, bat seems to be more extensive and contains larger pieces of 
 hard specular ore. There is next to the ore on each side, a thick layer of white 
 clay mixed with broken chert, and outside of this a mass of yellow sand and 
 red loam, irregularly mixed and free from chert. 
 
 KELLY MINE NO. 2 (S.). 
 N. E. J, Sec. 21, T. 37 &., 8 W. 
 
 Here two openings have been made, one on the summit and another on the east- 
 ern slope of a hill. The lower opening shows a double succession of layers of 
 clay, of broken chert and of broken ferruginous sandstone dipping southeast- 
 ward and below this an irregular mass of soft hematite, red and brown, con- 
 taining thin veins and small pockets filled with crystalline carbonates of iron. 
 These carbonates are also found as cement of broken chert. The large mass of 
 loose gray rock on the north side of the cut contains single crystals of iron 
 pyrites and also veins of carbonate of iron. 
 
 The upper opening shows a bed of boulders of limonite some six inches in 
 diameter, imbedded in loam without any chert. 
 
 LAMB MINE (S.). 
 Sec. 35, T. 36 N., 6 W. 
 
 This mine is situated on the dividing ridge between the Benton creek valley 
 and the Norman Hollow, at the head of the western branch of Benton creek. 
 
 The main part of the branch is situated close to the highest point, and is 
 nearly round, one hundred and fifly to two hundred feet in diameter. No dis- 
 tinct annular outcrops are perceptible, however, and the limit of the body of 
 massive ore can therefore not be determined with great accuracy. But an 
 annular streak of ferruginous clay-rock and of chert breccia can be traced 
 nearly all round the bank, from the loose pieces lying on the surface. A hori- 
 zontal outcrop of white sandstone is found half way down the western slope 
 where also large boulders of specular ore occur, as well as in the western ravine 
 
228 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 which is about one hundred and thirty feet below the bank. The low, triangu- 
 lar slope south of the circular bant is covered with small and rounded surface 
 ore. This ore was undoubtedly washed down from the main deposit. 
 
 SANTEE AND CLARK' S MINE (S. ). 
 
 S. W. i, Sec. 33, T. 38 &., 6 W. 
 
 This mine lies on a high bluff of Third Magnesian limestone and Second 
 sandstone, on the east side of Dry Fork river. Several openings have disclosed 
 irregular masses of red and brown ore. 
 
 SMITH MINES (S.). 
 
 Sec. 26, T. 38 N., 6 W. 
 
 The three Smith mines are situated on very flat slopes or swellings of the 
 ground, all pointing south, and lying about on an east-west line, within a dis- 
 tance of one-half mile. The two western banks are very near together, and 
 have a very similar appearance. In both of them good specular ore in very 
 numerous rounded pie,ces, is spread over a flat, triangular slope, encompassed 
 by two small triangular ravines, which unite at the southern end of the bank. 
 The upper, wider and most northern part of the slope, which forms the base of 
 the triangle, passes into a plateau. This triangular space, over which the ore 
 extends, is about two hundred and fifty feet wide at the base and three hundred 
 feet long on the western bank; it is two hundred and fifty feet wide at the base 
 and six hundred feet long in the central bank. The ore of the latter is some- 
 what smaller than that of the former, which sometimes reaches eight inches 
 across. Pieces of broken chert and sandstone are found with the ore. The 
 western bank extends twelve to twenty feet over its western ravine and up the 
 opposite slope, where the ore, however, has a somewhat different character, 
 being mostly stalactitic, or pipe-ore. Holes dug in this bank passed through 
 loose masses of broken white sandstone, sand, broken chert, white clay and 
 red loam, all mixed irregularly, and containing in places some soft red hematite 
 and some rounded specular ore. the latter principally contained in the soil near 
 the surface. The third bank has a different appearance. On the upper part 
 of a flat slope a circular depression of sandstone is perceptible, having a 
 diameter of about fifty feet, and being marked by annular outcrops. Inside of 
 these outcrops is a small accumulation of specular ore, in rounded pieces. 
 
 STIMSON MINE (L.). 
 
 Sec. 10, T. 36 &., 6 W. 
 
 Here a cut sixty yards long has been made in the bottom of a ravine which 
 lies between two hills of moderate slope. In the western portion of this cut 
 the mining was prosecuted to a depth of twenty feet beneath the surface. On 
 the surface here hard specular ore was found mingled with chert fragments. 
 A considerable amount of good red ore was shipped from this locality and there 
 now remains some ore stocked at the bank of the cut. The walls of the cut are 
 mostly of white stratified siliceous clay and bands of decomposed and non- 
 decomposed chert and sandstone interlaminated with red clay and irregular 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 229 
 
 masses of red ore. Only a small amount of ocher is seen in this mine. The ore- 
 vein proper was said to dip in the direction of the slope of the ravine. Near this 
 cut a thirty-foot shaft was sunk and at the bottom, red ore of good quality is said 
 to have been found. About fifty yards down the ravine, on the slope of the 
 ridge, another cut was made into the hill to a distance of forty feet. The floor 
 at the mouth of the cut is of bedded sandstone, and some loose masses of sand- 
 stone are found in the sides at the same point. Clay, chert and sandstone 
 appear in the sides. The inner end of the cut is half made up of brown and 
 blue ore cementiDg fragments and boulders of chert. No work has been done 
 in either localities since 1880. 
 
 Taylor's rolla mine (s.). 
 
 S. W. J, Sec. IS, T. 37 N„ 8 W. 
 
 This mine is situated a short distance from the Kelly bank No. 2. The bot- 
 tom of the cut consists of a bed of finely broken chert. Above this is a layer, 
 three feet thick, of soft red hematite, in part clayey, and full of seams, specks, 
 and irregular masses of spathic iron ore, and enclosing boulders and pieces of 
 specular ore and chert. Above this are five feet of alternate layers of red, 
 somewhat ferruginous sandstone, and of red loam with broken chert. A cherty 
 soil covers the slope. 
 
 THORNTON MINE (S.). 
 N. E. i, Sec. 33, T. 38 IT., 6 W. 
 
 The ore here occurs with red and white clay and with white chert and yellow 
 and red sandy clay. It is soft red, with small pieces of hard specular ore. No 
 large boulders have as yet been found. 
 
 WILLIEORD MINE. (l). 
 
 See. 36, T. 37 N., 6 W. 
 
 This mine is on the point of a large hill with moderate slopes, covered princi- 
 pally by large chert fragments, but also by blocks of sandstone. The cut from 
 which the ore was taken is sixty feet long, twenty feet wide and apparently 
 rather shallow. No section is here obtainable. On the surface are bodies of 
 good red ore with chert and hard sandstone and brecciated brown ore, which 
 have been removed from the cut." A few shallow pits, dug near the cut, show 
 hard sandstone and chert, but a very small amount of ore. It is reported that 
 all of the ore taken from this mine still lies on the bank of the cut. The mine 
 has long since been abandoned. 
 
 WINKLER MINE ( S . ) . 
 
 S. I, Sec. 14, T. 26 XT., 6 W. 
 
 This mine is situated on the plateau between West Benton creek and Norman 
 Hollow, and spreads over three flat hills, lying in a north-south line. The 
 southeastern slope of the most northern of the three hills is covered with good 
 and large surface ore, mixed with broken chert. The central hill shows 
 scarcely any ore on the surface. The southern hill is very wide and flat, and 
 
230 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 bears on its western slope a very extensive streak of surface ore, about twelve 
 hundred feet long and one to four hundred feet wide. Most of the ore is rather 
 small and rounded off. The ore at the south end is very hard and siliceous, that 
 at the north purer and softer. 
 
 REYNOLDS COUNTY. 
 
 JANUARY MINE (L.). 
 
 IT. E. i, ST. E. i, Sec. 20, T. 32 N., 2 W. 
 
 This mine of specular ore is situated on the extreme western limit of Bee 
 Fork of Black river. The eastern slope of the hill here is very gradual and it is 
 on this slope that the ore was first seen here. Here several small pits have been 
 dug and, in each case, iron ore was taken out. One shaft was dug twelve feet 
 deep and the lower seven feet was seen to be made up solely of iron ore ; then 
 a hole bored twelve feet deep into the bottom of this pit, continued to pass 
 through ore. The ore can be mined with a pick; it weathers into a red, clayey 
 mass. Within this softer ore are found scattered masses of typical specular 
 ore. These masses contain some quartz and are partially composed of ]asper. 
 The quality of the red ore is very good. Some sandstone blocks and frag- 
 ments are seen on the surface of the hill. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITY. 
 
 Mr. A. H. Baton reports the occurrence of specular iron ore in Sec. 8, T. 33 
 N., 1 W. 
 
 TEXAS COUNTY. 
 
 Roger's mill land (l.). 
 
 N W. i, N. E. i, Sec. 23, T. 31 N., 9 W. 
 On the property of the Missouri Iron Company. 
 
 Specular iron ore occurs here near the t»p of a high spur next to Arthur's 
 creek. ' The ore is in pieces, mostly small, though a few are as much as six 
 inches across. It is somewhat siliceous, bearing silica in the form of drusy 
 quartz or grains of sand. Next to the creek this spur is very steep, and sand- 
 stone, in horizontal ledges, is shown. Scattered fragments of the ore are to be 
 found with this sandstone but it is said that these fragments were carried by 
 rolling logs, from the deposit on the top of the hill. • The main exposure of the 
 area covers perhaps twenty square yards. Within this area a shallow pit was 
 dug and from this pit fragments of specular ore and red, sandy clay were taken 
 out in which were found scales of specular ore and a little red hematite. 
 Chert fragments, large and small, are found in the surface of the hill around the 
 ore area. Some of these are coated with limonite ore. Bedded sandstone is 
 seen still higher up the hill, a short distance away. 
 
THE SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 231 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 BLANTON SPECULAR; MINE (s). 
 
 N. i, 5. E. i, Sec. 20, T. 40 JST., 1 W. 
 
 Some rounded surface ore, mostly small, is found here, on three spurs of a 
 low ridge. The spurs point about north and strata of solid sandstone crop out 
 at the foot of each. A hole, dug fifteen feet deep on the top of the most 
 eastern spur, passed through drifted, sandy detritus, with little ore, then struck 
 a layer of chert. This bank is on a hill thickly covered with detritus, through 
 which single pieces of specular ore are unequally distributed. The ore itself 
 is of good quality . 
 
 PRIMROSE HILL MINE (S.). 
 
 S. W. i, N. W. J, Sec. 32, T. 40 &., 1 W. 
 
 This mine is of similar character to the Blanton bank. The surface ore, 
 mostly small and rounled, occurs on the inner side of a high horse-shoe shaped 
 ridge, enclosing a deep ravine. Pieces of hard sandstone, with quartz cement, 
 and of ordinary soft sandstone, are also found on the surface. The ridge was 
 investigated by three shafts, one on the northern slope of the western spur, the 
 others on the inner slope of the central and highest portion of the horse-shoe. 
 Neither of these shafts reached solid rock. The two upper shafts are forty 
 feet deep, in fine, sandy detritus, mixed with streaks and irregular masses of 
 soft, red hematite and of broken stalactites or half decomposed specular ore, 
 sometimes cemented by soft sandstone. 
 
232 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI . 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE LIMONITES. 
 BENTON COUNTY. 
 
 CARPENTER BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 12, T. 40 2V., 21 W. 
 
 Limonite covers the surface here over only a small area, of perhaps twenty 
 feet in diameter, but is found scattered in less quantity in various other places 
 on the same hill. There is no ore in the strata of the cut, it is found only in the 
 soil covering the strata. Limestone is found under the surface loam and clayey 
 sand, with white chert, in a thin distinct layer. 
 
 ELM HOLLOW BANK (S. ) . 
 
 Sec. 30, T. 41 N., 22 W. 
 
 The limonite at this place lies upon the northern slope of a hill over a surface, 
 perhaps, fifty by one hundred feet. It consists of numerous angular pieces 
 varying in size. There is a core of pyrites in some of the larger pieces of ore. 
 Chert is scattered over the entire hill, and near the top, above the ore, occur 
 pieces of sandstone. 
 
 GRISSOM BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 28, T. 40 N~., 21 W. 
 
 Limonite is here in large pieces of irregular shape, very porous, partly of 
 stalactitic fracture. The ore lies upon the western slope of a hill, one hundred 
 and fifty feet high. At the foot, limestone is seen in position to a height of 
 sixteen feet. Above thia the mass of the hill seems to be sandstone, covered 
 with pieces of sharp-cornered chert. Some of the ore is sulphurous. A sin- 
 gular feature of this bank is the appearance of the ore in large quantity and 
 exclusively above the sandstone outcrops. 
 
 GUN BANK (S.). 
 Sec. 33, T. 40 N., 20 W. 
 
 Here a large amount of surface limonite is scattered for a distance of fifty 
 feet vertically and five hundred feet along the northern slope of a low, flat hill. 
 Two test-pits and numerous drill holes have been sunk, all of which struck the 
 ore at a depth of four to six feet below the surface. The ore is of a good 
 quality. 
 
THE LTMONITES. 233 
 
 INDIAN CREEK BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 26, T. 42 N., 21 W. 
 
 Here there is a hill about two hundred feet high. At the base and extending 
 probably twenty feet vertically, is a horizontal limestone. Above this, on the 
 western slope, the surface is covered with chert and pieces of limonite. At 
 one place is a large boulder of many tons weight. It is partly formed of fine 
 pipe-ore broken, and the pieces cemented again by ore. Other pipe-ore is 
 mixed with the soil near by. Sandstone probably forms the top of the hill 
 above the limestone. 
 
 KICHWOODS BANK(S.). 
 Sees. 3 and 4, T. 39 N., 22 W. 
 
 The limonite here lies upon the western slope, in a belt about ten yards wide, 
 and extending some two hundred feet up the hill. 
 
 Above the ore is a yellow sandstone. At the foot of the hill, a few hundred 
 yards distant from the deposit, is an outcrop of limestone. 
 
 WALKER BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 36, T. 41 N., 20 W. 
 
 Here at the top of a high, cherty hill, single limonite pieces are widely 
 scattered over an area twenty feet in diameter. The outcrop consists of large 
 boulders of limonite of good quality. 
 
 BOLLINGER COUNTY. 
 
 BOLLINGER (B. H. ) LANE (L.). 
 
 ■Sec. 31, T. 29 N., 9 E. 
 
 On the property of Mr. B. H. Bollinger, limonite is found in the form of 
 broken masses, covering about sixty square yards on the point of the spur of a 
 ridge. It is siliceous, silicia occurring principally as small broken chert frag- 
 ments. The ore masses are usually small and angular and mingled with a few 
 fragments of chert. On the surface surrounding the ore area, these fragments 
 are more numerous. This locality is less than one mile' distant from the 
 Brownwood, Zalma Branch Ky. 
 
 DEAL BANK (S.). 
 Sec. 2, T. 31 N., 8 E. 
 
 Here is what is known as the Deal Bank. There are four successive layers, 
 sloping with the hill. The lowest is a mass of solid, chocolate-brown limonite, 
 taking occasionally a bluish color. It is in part mixed with yellow ocher, 
 in part with white or yellow, fine or coarse, broken chert. The layer above 
 the ore is red clay, with broken veins of ore which enclose broken chert; above 
 
234 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 this is a yellow, sandy clay, mixed with fine chert, and interstratified with lay- 
 ers of this chert; above this is a cherty soil, with boulders of good, bard, dense 
 limonite. 
 
 DONDORE (L. T.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Seas. 7,8,17 and 18, T. 28 N., 8 E. 
 
 Limonite is found in several localities within these sections, [none local- 
 ity the ore occurs as huge, pirtially uncovered masses and fragments covering 
 an area more than one hundred yards long and nearly fifty yards wide. This 
 ore lies on a very gradual slope with chert fragments on the surface. At the 
 extremities of this area some digging has been done. Here the surface 
 masses were most numerous and largest. The surface ore is of a better qual- 
 ity than that towards the bottom of the cuts, which are four or Ave feet deep. 
 In these cuts are found limonite, turgite and perhaps other varieties of iron 
 oxide. The lower portion is quite sandy and contains nodules of insoluble 
 mateiial. Ore such as is found here is found about half a mile westward. 
 These deposits are nine miles from Zalma at the extremity of theB., Z. Br. Ry. 
 
 OILMAN BANK (S.). 
 
 N. W. i. Sec. 1, T. 31 N., 8 E. 
 
 Here the mass of limonite ore is of lenticular shape and lies imbedded in 
 yellow clay, mixed with fine, white chert. The ore is broken and fractured into 
 pieces and blocks. The soil here is covered by, and encloses a large quantity 
 of chert mixed with fragments of white sandstone. Limestone is seen crop- 
 ping out in the bed of Crooked creek, one-half mile from this ore bank. 
 
 LEMON (THOMPSON) LAND (L.). 
 S. i, Lot 3, Sec. 30, T. 29 N., 9 B. 
 
 This land is owned by Mr. Thompson Lemon. Massive limonite is found here 
 in a ledge and in boulders and fragments. These almost wholly cover an area 
 about forty yards long and thirty yards wide and are scattered over an area one 
 hundred yards long and thirty yards wide, on the southern and eastern hill 
 elopes, just north of a slight divide between two chert ranges. Only scattered 
 boulders are found in the easternmost portion of this deposit. The ore is sili- 
 ceous, silica occurring principally as fragments of chert, but also as dissem- 
 inated grains of sand. This chert could be, to a large extent, removed by 
 cobbing. Fragmental chert is found on the surface of this and neighboring 
 hills. This locality is two or three miles distant from the B., Z. Br. Ry. 
 
 i 
 LUTE'S ( JESSE) BANK (M.). 
 
 N. E. J, N. W. i, Sec. 11, T. 30 N., E. 
 
 At this place the ore had been disclosed by two cuts on the northern 
 slope of a hill, near the top. Scattered over this hill and the next one north, 
 and occurring in the clay and chert at the cut, are found large numbers of 
 hollow concretions of good ore. The main cut is thirty feet deep and shows 
 
THE LIMONITES. 235 
 
 an extremely irregular mass of ocherous, cherty ore. Much ocb'er is associated 
 with the ore. Lying above the ore is found, in irregular pieces, a peculiar, 
 siliceous, red ore. 
 
 MURDOCH BANK ( S .. ) • 
 
 Sec. 16, T.30N.,9E. 
 
 The limonite of this bank is found scattered thinly over a surface of two or 
 three acres, on the top of a flat hill, and extending somewhat down the western 
 slope. Near the top the ore is impure, being mixed with a breccia of flint, the 
 ore serving as the cement. On the slope the ore grows purer and scarcer. 
 There has been considerable prospecting doue here, by scattered diggings and 
 a shaft, but without disclosing anything but clay and chert. 
 
 myer's bank (M. ). 
 
 S. E. i, N. E. J, Sec. 32, T. 30 N.,8 E. 
 
 Limonite is found low down upon the hill. It lies closely along the very 
 foot of the hill for about one hundred feet, in large boulders that seem almost 
 solid. A little prospecting has been done at two places, by means of small 
 cuts, .which have revealed the presence of large boulders of ore uuderneath the 
 surface. The ore is comparatively free from chert and other impurity. 
 
 NIFONG BANK (M. ). 
 
 5. E. J, Sec. 2, T. 31 N.,8 E. 
 
 Two large cuts have been made here in the top of a high hill. The larger of 
 these cuts, of irregular shape, is about thirty feet deep. Ore is seen here in an 
 irregular mass eight or ten feet thick and about twenty feet long, inclined to- 
 ward the west at a high angle, overlaid by a mass of reddish clay and chert, 
 which shows semi-slratiflcation in about the same direction. The ore at the 
 Southend of the cut is of good quality, a dense limonite and comparatively free 
 from chert. That exposed on the east wall is very cherty. This cut is- about 
 a quarter of a mile from the Belmont Branch, St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. About one 
 hundred and twenty-five feet, just over the top of the hill, another cut has been 
 driven about sixty feet long and tweDty feet deep at the head, where it has 
 exposed a mass of very cherty ore six to eight feet thick. 
 
 poblick's bank (s. ). 
 
 Sees. 23 and 24, T. 32 N.,8 E. 
 
 Hard limonite occurs here imbedded with white chert and pieces of sandstone 
 in the soil and subsoil on the southern slope of a high and steep hill. No 
 limestone is seen in this vicinity. 
 
 REVELLE (j.W. ) LAND (L. ). 
 N. E. i, 5. W. i, Sec. 10, T. 29 N.,9 E. 
 Limonite is found here over about one hundred and fifty square yards. It 
 occurs as large and small fragments on a moderate slope with but few pieces 
 
236 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of chert. Into this slope a cut seventy yards long has been made. This cut 
 shows masses of limonite, a foot or so across, occurring in clay, from the sur- 
 face to the bottom of the cut, which is ten or twelve feet deep at the upper 
 end. This ore is but slighily siliceous, containing just a few small, scat- 
 tered fragments of chert. This locality is about four miles distant from the B., 
 Z. Br. Ey. 
 
 Rhode's bank (m.). 
 
 S. W. I, Sec. 14, T. 31 N., 8 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here in the form of boulders and fragments on the south- 
 east slope of a low hill covering an area about two hundred and fifty feet long 
 and fifty feet wide. It has also been exposed by two cuts. The upper cut 
 reveals nothing but pieces of ore in the chert and clay. At the lower, is ex- 
 posed over an irregular area, perhaps forty feet in diameter, ore, chert and a 
 porous quartzite with cavities filled with ocher to which a small quantity of ore 
 is found adhering. The surface of the hill above is covered with large boulders 
 of ore and chert. At the upper cut the ore is better, but the same quartzose 
 rock js found adhering to it. 
 
 robbin's bank (m.). 
 
 Sec. 10, T. 31 N., a E. 
 
 Here, limonite occurs upon the northern slope of a high hill on the divide 
 between Hurricane and Crooked creeks. It lies in many broken pieces of uni- 
 formly large size in a belt about two hundred yards long, north and south, and 
 seventy-five feet wide. It is dense, hard, siliceous rather than cherty, and 
 most of it is dark red in color. There are many chert pieces scattered with the 
 ore on the surface. 
 
 tibb's bank (m.). 
 
 S. W. i, Sec. 29, T. 31 N., 10 E. 
 
 Upon the northern slope of a hill about sixty feet high, limonite is exposed 
 by a cut at the forty-foot level. It is seen at the head of the cut, which runs 
 in a southerly direction, lying in broken, irregular mass much mixed with 
 ocher, and imbedded in the clay. There is but little chert present, but the pre 
 is full of ocher, and is occasionally sulphurous. Much ore is scattered over 
 the surface, and several small test pits have been dug without revealing the 
 presence of any solid body of ore. 
 
 TURKEY HILL ( S . ) . 
 
 N. W. J, Sec. 32, T. 31 N., 10 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here, in the form of large and small boulders, at the foot 
 of a steep hill, near the bottom of a ravine. These boulders are generally of a 
 pure, dark colored limonite, which are imbedded and irregularly distributed 
 through a yellow, marly clay containing much chert. A tunnel has been run 
 about twenty feet into this hill, through clay containing ore-boulders. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 237 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. J. H. Grant reports limonite as occurring in Sec. 25, T. 29 N., ? E. 
 Mr. M. Hindman rt ports limonite as occurring in the E. £, S. E. J, Sec. 
 N. W. i, S. E. i, Sec. 21, and in Sec. 23, all of T. 29 N., 9 E. 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 Sec. 21, T. 26 N., 6 E. 
 
 This land is the property of the State Agricultural College. The limonite 
 here covers an area fifty yards across. The ore is in the form of sma.. 
 masses, on the crest and sides of a divide, between two knolls, There also 
 appears, cropping out at the lower margin of the area, a ledge of ore, the thick- 
 ness of which is not shown. This ledge is only a few feet above a bed of lime- 
 stone, which is exposed here. The ore is of a good quality, containing little or 
 no siliceous matter. Some scattered chert lies within the area bearing ore 
 and much chert and small blocks of sandstone are found on the knolls adjoining 
 this divide. This deposit is located about one mile from the St. L., I. M. & S. 
 Railway. 
 
 ALLEN BANK (M.). 
 
 W. h, N. W. j, Sec. 4, T. 24 N., 6 M. 
 
 This bank of ore lies along the western slope, some three hundred feet or 
 more, and is perhaps fifty feet in width. It occurs in pieces of various sizes, 
 bat shows no solid mass. In quality it is porous and sandy, but not enough so 
 as to render it worthless. 
 
 BLUE SPRING BANK (M. ). 
 
 S. E. i, S. E. i, Sec, 26, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 Here the ore is found in large and small pieces, and in one place in a solid 
 bed, overlying an outcrop of ten feet of Third Magnesian limestone, which 
 shows at thirty feet above the bottom of the hill. The ore is in an outcrop 
 about seventy-five feet along the slope, and thirty feet wide. It is quite sandy. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 
 S. E. i, S. E. i, Sec. 24, T. 25 A'., 4E. 
 
 Here the limonite covers an area about thirty yards square, on a bench on 
 the slope of a chert covered hill. The ore is but fair in quality, being slightly 
 siliceous, silica occurring as chert. Within the area little else than the ore is 
 seen, but on all sides are many chert fragments. The St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. is 
 about thirteen miles from this deposit. 
 
238 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 HENDRICKSON (N. W. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 20, T. 26 N., 6 E. 
 
 Semi-massive and stalactitic limonite is found here in small masses and 
 boulders strewn over an area ab.>ut seventy yards square on the slope of a 
 knoll. The ore is but slightly siliceous and the boulders are mingled with 
 scattered fragments of chert and small blocks of sandstone, with no bedded 
 rock exposed near by. This locality is less than one half of a mile distant irom 
 the St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. 
 
 INDIAN CREEK BANK (M.). 
 
 N. W. i, Sec. 36, T. 26 N., 6 E. 
 
 At this place the ore lies upon the top and down the slope of a low hill, not 
 over fifty feet in height. Ore is spread thinly over an area perhaps one hun- 
 dred and fifty feet in diameter. It occurs mostly in small pieces, ,«ave at one 
 place where there is an «lmost solid outcrop of perhaps twenty feet in diame- 
 ter. The ore is of poor quality, being either cherty or porous, and full of sand. 
 
 INDIAN FORD BANK NO. 1 (M.). 
 
 N. i, N. E. i, Sec. 24, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 Here the ore is found on a low hill, not above fifty feet high. The ore lies 
 on the southeastern slope of the hill in an oblong mass (or rather two masses 
 with a vacant space between them), about three hundred feet long and one 
 hundred at its widest. It reaches about half way down the hill. The most of 
 this ore outcrop is in large pieces, but in the center they lie so closely con- 
 nected as to seem an almost solid mass of broken ore. In quality it is' porous 
 and cherty, rather than sandy. 
 
 INDIAN FORD BANK NO. 2 (M. ). 
 
 N. E. i, Sec. 23, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 Theprincipal mass of the limonite ore at this point lies on the southeast slope 
 of a hill about one hundred and ten feet high. It shows at its thickest about 
 ten feet below the top, although it is thinly scattered over the top and thick 
 again at about the same level on the northwest. It reaches some thirty feet 
 below the summit, extending down in a belt about eighty to one hundred feet 
 wide. In its most promising outcrop it shows apparently solid but limited in 
 extent, while the most of the ore is in large pieces. The quality of the ore is 
 poor, being both cherty and sandy. 
 
 INDIAN FORD BANK NO. 3 (M.). 
 
 S. i, N. W. i, Sec. 23, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 The ore here occurs on the southeastern slope of a hill about thirty feet high. 
 Near the top it shows an almost entirely coherent mass, seventy-five feet to one 
 hundred feet long, and extends with this width down the slope, about one hun- 
 
THE LIMON1TE8. 239 
 
 •dred and fifty feet, in an outcrop of broken pieces, ranging from six inches to 
 three feet in diameter. The ore is porous and quite free from chert, but is 
 Inclined, to be sandy. 
 
 INDIAN FORD BANK NO. 4 (M.). 
 
 S. $, N. W. i, Sec. 22, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 This is a large deposit of ore, occurring on the northwestern slope of a, hill 
 about fifty feet high. Near the top, the ore lies in an apparently coherent mass, 
 and below, it scatters, spreading over a large area. The ore is lean, soft and 
 •sandy. 
 
 MILLER BANK (M.). 
 
 Jff. W. i, N. E. J, Sec. 36, T. 26 N., 6 E. 
 
 The ore here lies upon the top of a hill, on the south side of Indian creek in 
 two outcrops. Ttiese cap the highest points of the hill, but are separated by a 
 shallow d;pression in which no ore is found, nor does it extend far down the 
 slope. It is'sahdy and ocherous — the southern outcrop being little more than 
 a ferruginous sandstone. 
 
 MISSOURI LUMBER AND MINING COMPANY LAND NO. 1 (L.). * 
 
 Sec. 36, T. 23 N., 4 E. 
 
 The limonite at this locality makes quite an extensive surface showing, 
 ^appearing at the foot of a mountain with a rather steep slope. It appears first 
 at ihe bank of a branch, in a reef-like deposit making an area ten feet wide and 
 fifteen feet long, -where only huge solid musses of ore are seen. At short 
 intervals for one hundred yards smaller, but otherwise similar, deposits are 
 seen. Massive boulders are scattered all along within this area, which is about 
 ten yards wide. The quality of the ore varies. Portions of it are hard and 
 -quite sandy, other portions contain small chert fragments and others are almost 
 entirely free from insoluble m iterial. Ju-tt east, along the same bank of this 
 branch, sandstone is exposed in place. . Above the ore, on the slope, pieces of 
 •chert and blocks of saudstone are se'n. This locality is ten or twelve miles 
 west of Poplar Bluff on the St. L., I. M. & S. Ey. 
 
 ST. FRANCIS BANK (m.). 
 S. i, 2K W. i, Sec. 24, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here on a steep slope of a hill, about eighty feet high, which 
 Tises almost from the edge of the water, on the west side of the St. Francis 
 river. Tne ore has been traced for a distance of five hundred and fifty feet 
 along the hill. It lies scattered in immense boulders from the sixty-five foot 
 ■ level. At this height, for a distance of two hundred to three hundred feet, the 
 ore shows a persistent outcrop, which seems in a number of places to be solid 
 and is in position. The thickness of it could not be well ascertained. At the 
 southern end of the hill the ore lies in greater abundance over a wider surface, 
 and lower down on the 1)111, in broken pieces of greater or less size. Some two 
 or three hundred yards to the southwest, on the bank of a small branch which 
 
 16 
 
240 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 flows into the St. Francis river, is a large amount of ore lying scattered in 
 large boulders, on both sides of the creek. The ore is only medium in quality, 
 being porous and sandy with small chert admixtures at some places. 
 
 shrqut's bank (m.). 
 
 N. E. i, Jf. E. J, See. 16, T. 27 N.,0 E. : 
 
 The ore here lies in scattered lumps, for a distance of five hundred feet along 
 the steep slope, and perhaps one hundred feet wide, while, at one place at the 
 top of the hill, a solid outcrop is seen showing six or seven feet in thickness of 
 very cherty and siliceous limonite. The outcrop of solid ore does not show for 
 any great length. There are in it occasional seams of better ore runniDg 
 through the mass, but the best showed silica in coarse grains. The whole out- 
 crop is extremely sandy, and the ore of the solid outcrop is both sandy and 
 cherty. 
 
 In the N. E. J-, of the S. E. \, of this fame section, there is a smaller outcrop 
 of ore in large and small pieces scattered over an area one hundred feet east 
 and West, by one hundred and seventy-flve feet north and south ; at some places 
 the mass seems to be solid. The ore is porous, semi-concretionary and quite- 
 cherty, while many of the cavities of the concretions are filled with sand. 
 
 SWATTLER BANK (M.). 
 IT. E. I, N. W. i, Sec. 28, T. 25 N.,'e E. 
 
 The limonite, in a belt about seventy-five to one hundred feet wide, lies along 
 the ridge and down the point to the bottom, a distance of five hundred feet, on 
 a low hill. Down the slope it is in broken pieces, mostly of a large size; but.i 
 higher up it lies in apparently a solid mass, which shows at one place ten feet 
 thick. The solid outcrop is, however, of limited extent, and the great portion 
 of the ore is broken. It is of medium quality, porous and sandy. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. J. W. Clarkson reports the occurrence of limonite in the S. '£, N. W. £f 
 N. W. i, N. W. i; and in the N. W. {, S. W. £, Sec. 16, T. 26 N., 7 E. 
 
 CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 FURNANCE BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 4, T. 39 N., 18 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here, lying on the irregular surface of the Third Magnesian 
 limestone, which makes up the main body of the hill. The ore seems to form 
 in some places a layer of irregular thickness on the limestone and to fill pock- 
 ets and cavities in this rock. One of these cavities was found to be at least 
 twelve feet deep. The openings show a considerable quantity of good limonite. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 241 
 
 WHITE BANK (S.). 
 
 S. E. J, Sec. 7, T. 39 N., 18 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here in a bed, one to four feet thick. It occurs in the fol- 
 lowing section. Layers of yellow sand and Variegated clays with more or less 
 broken strata of sandstone; a layer of white chert one to three inches thick; 
 white and green clay in thin and irregular layers, with sand and chert, one to 
 three feet thick; dark red to brown, strongly ferruginous clay or loam six 
 inches to two feet thick ; limonite soft and earthy, enclosing irregular masses of 
 hard, solid ore of more or less stalactitic structure ; a layer of decomposed 
 limestone from two to thirty inches thick and the regular Third Magnesian 
 limestone. 
 
 CARTER COUNTY. 
 
 BROWN (J. C.) L4ND NO. 1 (L.). 
 
 N..\, Sec. 36, T. 27 If., 1 M. 
 
 Limonite is found here extending from the point of a spur of a hill down a 
 rather steep slope, covering the greater portion of an area two hundred and 
 seventy-five feet long and fifty feet wide. 
 
 The ore occurs in the fosm of fragments and rough masses, or boulders of 
 massive ore. -At the point of the spur, and at the margin of the deposit, the ore 
 is quite cherty, elsewhere it is non-siliceous. These boulders contain small 
 ocherous particles ; but, on the whole, are quite compact. Thirty feet down the 
 slope a shaft forty feet deep was put down in 1882. The section here was as 
 follows: loose ore fragments on the surface and in the red clay; at a depth of 
 six feet, one side of the shaft is a mass of hard chert two feet thick with rough 
 masses of good ore imbedded in the clay, on the other three sides ore occurs in 
 this manner to a depth of twenty feet from the surface. Below this depth to 
 the bottom of the shaft, which is also in ore, the ore is in a more solid bed, 
 occurring in larger masses with a less amount of clay, rendering blasting 
 necessary. Other more shallow holes have been dug within this deposit and iron 
 was invariably found beneath. 
 
 This locality is about three miles distant from the Current River railway and 
 there is now a strong probability that a spur from Chilton will be laid in the val- 
 ley at the foot of the hill. This if built will bring this deposit only about one 
 hundred and fifty yards from railroad transportation. 
 
 BROWN (J. C.) LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 
 W. i, S. W. J, Sec. 13, extending into Sees. 14, 23 and 24, T. 26 N., 1 W. 
 
 The limonite in this locality covers an area nearly two hundred feet long and 
 one hundred and thirty feet wide. It is located on the spur of a mountain, 
 considerably below the summit. Two shafts, each fifteen feet in depth, have 
 been sunk. They show a cpnsiderable body of ore. The ore is highly siliceous. 
 The silica is principally in the form of drusy quartz and sandstone. The 
 siliceous material could be separated from the ore by cobbing. The hills in 
 
242 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 this vicinity show abundant traces of scattered, small deposits of, ore; but one 
 of these indicate an extensive one. This deposit is two or three miles from the 
 C. R. Ey. 
 
 CARTER ( A. ) AND MISSOURI LUMBER AND MINING CO. LAND NO. 2 (l. ) 
 
 Center of N. W. J, Sec. 13, T. 26 ST., 1 E. 
 
 On the property of Mr. Alex. Carter and of the Missouri Lumber and Mining 
 Company. Limonite occurs here on the foot of a gradual slope covering e'ght 
 or ten square yards. The ore is found in irregularly shaped masses. Higlier 
 up the hill, on steeper slopes, and mingled with the masses of iron ore, frag- 
 ments of cbert and small blocks of hard sandstone occur. The majority of the 
 ore masses are of fair quality, others are siliceous, silica occurring as small 
 chips of chert. This locality is but, little more than one mile from Chilton. 
 
 MISSOURI LUMBER AND MINING COMPANY LAND NO. 3 (L.). 
 S. J, S. W. i, Sec. 12, T. 26 If., 1 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here on the foot of a spur covering an area about fifteen 
 yards square. The ore occurs in the form of numerous rough masses. Some 
 of these masses are but slightly siliceous, others are stronger and contain small 
 chert fragments. Chert is found on the adjacent portions of his hill. This 
 small deposit is about three-fourihs of a mile from the Current River railway. 
 
 MORELAND BANK (L. ). 
 
 N. E. i, if. E. J, Sec. 28, T. 2 N.,3 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about sixty ',yard? long and thirty 
 yards, wide. The ore occurs over a hill slope of moderate inclination in the 
 form of large boulders and small pieces and in what may prove to be a Irdge. 
 The ore is somewhat siliceous, silica appearing both as flqe grains of sand and 
 as small chert fragments. Small masses of chert are on all sides of the exposed 
 iron ore, but very little lies within the area. This deposit is about three miles 
 distant from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Hy. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. F. Webb reports iron ore as occurring in S. E. }, Sec. 13, T. 26 N., 1 E., 
 on the property of Mrs. Mary Kelley. 
 
 Mr. Alex. Carter reports iron as occurring in'S. E. J, S. E. i, Sec. 12, T. 26 N., 
 1 E.; in S. "W. J, S. W. 4, Sec. 7, T. 26 N.,2 E., on the property of the Missouri 
 Lumber and Mining Company; in E. \, Sec. 17, T. 26 N., 2 E., on the land of 
 Mr. Davis Smith; in E. |, Sec. 2, T. 27 N., 2 E., on the property of Patrick 
 O'Reilly, and in S. E. 1, S. E. |, Sec. 31, 28 St., 2 W., on the property of Mr. M. 
 Abbott. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 243 
 
 COLE COUNTY. 1 
 
 GATY (E. W.) LAND (B.). 
 One half mile above the mouth ofBois Brule. 
 
 At this point several pits have been dug, revealing a good quality of ore. 
 The hill is broken by several deep ravines extending north, along the sides of 
 which, and about eighty feet below the hill top, are the ore beds. 
 
 In some of the pits no ore was found. A soft, yellowish and a harder porous 
 brown limonite is found in others. 
 
 LOTHIAN (B.) LAND (B.). 
 
 One-half mile west of St. Thomas. 
 
 Limonite is found here attached to the chert just over the sandstone, and 
 lies in loose masses for more than one hundred feet down the hill, becoming 
 fewer as the descent is made. Near the upper part it is strewn along for one 
 'hundred feet east and west. It is of good quality, occurring in a columnar 
 form. 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 STEELVILLE NO. 2 BANK (S.). 
 
 E. J, S. W. J, Sec. 6, T. 37 &., 4 W. 
 
 This limonite bank presents a very fine show of large surface-ore on the east- 
 ern slope of a sandstone hill, near its foot. A brown impregnated sandstone is 
 found above the ore on the same slope. White sandstone forms the summit. 
 The surface over which the ore is spread is about four hundred feet long and 
 thirty-five feet wide. A narrow belt of breccia of gray and green chert, ce- 
 ' mented by an indurated clay, encircles the ore above and separates it from the 
 sandstone. Some soft red ore has been found near the bank northof it. 
 
 WILKERSON BANK (S.). 
 Sec. 34, T. 36 If., 4 W. 
 
 This bank exhibits a considerable quantity of surface-ore, in boulders from 
 one-half to two feet in diameter lying in a curved line along the northwestern 
 slope of two hill3, fifteen to twenty feet below the summit, and being also con- 
 centrated in the ravine which separated the two hills. Pieces of chert mixed 
 with the surface ore and occasionally some sandstone on the southern, and 
 single pieces of limestone on the northern hill. 
 
 1 From Professor G. C. Broadhead. 
 
244 IKON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 DOUGLAS COUNTY. 
 
 BEAZLEY (W. R. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 S. W. i, S. W. i, Sec. 1, T. 2(1 N., 12 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here, covering an area about one hundred yards square, on 
 the point and gradual slope of a spur of a hill. Th« point bears the largest 
 and most numerous fragments. These fragments are usually but a few inches 
 across or less. On the slope numerous small particles are found with a few 
 large fragments. The quality of the ore is very fair. The larger masses bear 
 ocherous particles. Only scattered fragments of chert, aDd no bedded rock 
 are associated with this deposit. This locality is twelve miles from the K. C, 
 Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 m'crary (R. A.) LAND (l.). 
 
 W. i, If. W. i, Sec. 14, T. 27 N., 11 W. 
 
 Here there is an area of perhaps a quarter of an acre, which contains boul- 
 ders and small masses of limonite. The amount of silica varies, but the 
 greater portion of the ore is only slightly siliceous. The hill upon which the 
 ore occurs is approximately flat. Chert is found scattered over all portions of 
 the hill. , 
 
 TBTTRICK (HENKY) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 25, T. 26 N., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here, near the summit, in the form of small boulder-like 
 masses and fragments, scattered over nearly an acre of land. The ore is quite 
 siliceous, cementing chert and containing grains of sand. Free chert is found 
 on all portions of the slope. Sandstone Is outcropping at the base. This 
 locality is about fifteen miles from Cabool on the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ky. 
 
 WOOD (D. S.) LAND (L.). 
 
 S. W. i, Sec. 27, T. 27 N., 12 W. 
 
 Here we have limonite in two localities, separated by little more than a small 
 stream. The largest surface showing is on a moderately steep slope and is 
 about one hundred yards long and one hundred and fifty yards wide. The sur- 
 face material within the area is almost wholly brown iron ore. This ore occurs 
 • in the form of large and small fragments and rough boulders. It is siliceous, 
 silica occurring as chert fragments and small particles, though the percentage 
 6f siliceous material varies greatly. Small scattered fragments of ore, with 
 fragments of chert are seen further down this slope for a distance of two hun- 
 dred yards or more. Across the branch, perhaps a little less than three hundred 
 yards from the main deposit, at the base of a rather steep slope, and extending 
 up the slope for about sixty yards and with a width of forty or fifty yards, there 
 lies another deposit exhibited by heavy boulders of limonite. The ore here is 
 much purer than that across the branch, being nearly free from insoluble 
 material. Here again chert in large and small blocks is the only immediately 
 
THE LIMONITES. 245 
 
 associated rock. Limestone is exposed about two hundred yards away. This 
 locality is about thirteen miles distant from the K. C. Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. W. M. Briggs reports limonite as being found in the west side of Sec. 6, 
 T. 26 N., 11 W. 
 
 Col. P. P. Dobozy reports limonite as occurring in Sec. 28, T. 25 N., 14 W. 
 Mr. D. S. Wood reports limonite as found in E. 4, Sec. 34, T. 27 N., 12 W. ; in 
 
 Sec. 11, T. 2B N., 12 W.; in Sec. 3, T. 26 N., 12 W. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 BOWLEN BANK (S.). 
 &. W. i, Sec. 5, T. 41 N., 2 E. 
 
 Here there is the following succession of rocks, beginning with the lowest: 
 solid and uniform mass of pure, hard, chocolate brown limonite, porous; then 
 clayish limonite, with irregular masses of yellow ocher, soft and friable; red 
 loam, with green and gray broken chert; tben sandstone colored and impregna- 
 ted with oxides of iron, in disturbed and broken layers; then dry soil with some 
 ■chert. 
 
 IRON HILL (S.). 
 Sec. IT, T. 42 N.,1 E. 
 
 What is known, as the Iron Hill deposit seems to consist of numerous smaller 
 cracks and cavities on the surface of the Third Magnesian limestone, which 
 cavities are in part or wholly filled with brown limonite and with yellow ocher. 
 In the deepest of these cavities we find deposited a loose, coarse-grained and 
 ferruginous, thinly stratified sandstone, which has afterwards been broken up 
 again and partly destroyed. The point of the cavity is filled with white clay and 
 with broken white chert. All the rest of the cavity is nearly filled with limonite, 
 in irregular, botryoidal and stalactitic forms, mixed with yellow ocher and 
 some chert. The lower part is mostly ocher; above are found pieces of heavy 
 'spar. The thickest and least porous forms of the limonite enclose sometimes 
 a core of pyrites. 
 
 STANTON HILL BANK (S.). 
 8. W. J, N. E. i, Sec. 36, T. 41 N„ 2 W. 
 
 Here there is a circular depression of about fifty feet diameter, in a dark 
 colored sandstone which crops out all around, and toward the center grows very 
 ferruginous, where it has almost the appearance of crystalline specular ore. 
 The only pure ore found is a limonite. 
 
246 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI 
 
 WILDY'S (ISAAC) MINE (A. W.). 1 
 
 S. W. i, S. W. i, Sec. 17, T. 42 N., 1 E. 
 
 Limonite is dug here from opeu pits, three to ten feet deep. A number of car 
 loads have been shipped to St. Louis. This is said to contain 53 per cent or 
 more of iron. A copy of analysis seen by the writer showed 0.15 per cent of 
 phosphorus. The deposit is located immediately adjacent to the St. Louis & 
 San Francisco Ry., on the north side, and about two miles east of Moselle. 
 Another deposit is exposed in the railway cut, about two hundred yards east 
 of Wildy's, which shows very plainly the relation of the ore to the magnesian 
 limestones; it occurs in a chimney or cavity in these rocks. Blocks of limonite- 
 are found strewn over the surface of many other localities of this neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 HOWELL COUNTY. 
 
 GODSEY (D.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Stalactitic or pipe ore is found here in fragments of various sizes, scattered' 
 over an area of several square yards. The ore occurs on the slope of a hill 
 the surface of which shows many blocks of sandstone and some chert. Here a. 
 shallow hole has been dug and some pieces with a sandy clay were taken out. 
 
 LAMONS MINE (N.). 
 
 A full description of this mine and the occurrence of the ore will be found in 
 Chapter VII. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Capt. Jno. Halstead reports the occurrence of iron in lot 7, S. W. 1, Sec. 1 % 
 T. 21 N., 10 W., known as the Smith, Tyree and Howard deposit. 
 
 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES (N.). 
 
 Mr. A. H. Eaton reports the occurrence of limonite in Sec. 34, T. 3* N., 1 W.,. 
 and in Sec. 27,, T. 35 N., 1 E. 
 
 MADIjSON COUNTY. 
 
 FORD BANK (S.). 
 T. 33 &., 7 E. 
 
 One-half mile from Cornwall station, on the Belmont Branch of the St. L. r 
 I. M. & S. Ky.,is what is known as the Ford limonite bank. The ore-indica- 
 
 1 From notes of Arthur Winslow, State Geologist. 
 
THE LIMONITE8. 247 
 
 tions on the surface extend about fifteen hundred feet along a low, flat hill, to 
 a width of about five hundred feet. In the cut in which this bank was mined 
 information as to the occurrence of the ore was obtained. The limestone un- 
 derlying the ore is not visible save in single, large rounded masses of irregular 
 shape. Above the limestone the ore lies. It is a limonite. It consists of 
 irregularly mixed masses of yellow and reddish-brown, porous limonite, fre- 
 quently in botryoidal and mammillary forms. The softer and harder ore 
 occasionally passes into a pure yellow ocher. The best and hardest ore is in 
 the upper part of the deposit. The ores are, in some places, clayish and contain 
 seams of brown and red clay. The thickness of the ore is very variable and 
 irregnlar; it is In'places ten feet and less, and at other places reaches thirty 
 feet. Above the ore is an irregular layer of reddish- brown clay, fine, pure, 
 varies in thickness from six inches to fifteen feet and is rather uniform in color. 
 Above this clay is a layer of broken chert two to three inches thick, and above- 
 this, one to five feet of soil, enclosing chert and surface-ore. 
 
 FOSTER BANK (M.). 
 
 If. E. i, Sec. 16, T. 33 N., 7 E. 
 
 Tears ago three cuts were made in this quarter section. The upper cut was 
 made near the end of a tramway constructed to carry the ore to the Belmont 
 branch of the St. L., I. M. & S. Ry., about half a mile distant. This cut was 
 eighty feet long running into the hill near the summit. Considerable ore was 
 obtained but it was all found as broken pieces or boulders lyiDg in the clay and 
 chert. No solid mass was found. About two hundred and seventy-five yards 
 north, by the side of the tramway, another small excavation was made and a 
 better quality of ore, occurring as in the first cut, was found. At still another 
 point, west of the last described, an excavation ten feet deep was made disclos- 
 ing a mass of ore of irregular shape, the extent of which could not be seen. It 
 was lying in clay mixed with yellow ocher and ferruginous chert. The ore 
 itself was denser and very siliceous. No rock was visible near the ore, save 
 the abundance of chert which was also within the ore area. 
 
 Matthew's mountain (s.). 
 
 Sec. 3, T. 32 If., 6 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here in the form of large/rounded boulders and fragments 
 The hill on which this ore is found is of porphyry. This rock mass is^overed 
 with a thick layer of porphyritic detritus, with large, sharp cornered pieces of 
 porphyry and with these are mixed the limonite boulders. Near by some test 
 pits were sunk to a depth of five or ten feet, in which boulders of ore were- 
 found mixed with the detritus. The prevalent rock in this locality is lime- 
 stone, with cherty soil, but porphyry hills are abundant. 
 
248 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 MORGAN COUNTY. 
 cout's bank (s. ).' 
 
 Sec. 14, T. 40 AT., 19 W. 
 
 Liraonite lies here on the eastern slope of a hill, ia a zone about thirty feet 
 wide, extending one hundred and fifty feet down the hill-side. The ore is mas- 
 sive but frequently mixed with floe, broken chert. A large amount of broken 
 chert is seen on the surface, but there is no bedded rock exposed. 
 
 PALM BANK (S.). 
 If. W. i, Sec. 12, T. 40 N., 19 W. 
 
 Limonite is fouud here in a ravine upon the western slope of the hill, near 
 the base. It seems to occur in place and is about four feet thick. Around the. 
 outcrop, within a radius of thirty feet, is a large amount of surface-ore, which 
 extends in smaller quantities to a distance of fifty or sixty feet up the slope. 
 The soil is mixed with chert. Nq other rocks are visible. 
 
 WIGWAM BANK(S.). 
 .Sec. 10, T. 40 N., 19 W. 
 
 Here limonite is found on the western slope of a eherty hill, the lower portion 
 of which seems to consist of a sandy, magnesian limestone. The ore extends 
 about one thousand feet along the slope and sixty feet vertically. Some sand- 
 stone is formed on the surface of the upper part of the hill, a short distance 
 from the ore and apparently above it. The ore is very largely mixed with chert 
 so much so as to form breccia in some places. There are, however, portions 
 of it which are pure. 
 
 OREGON COUNTY. 
 
 BOYD (T. J.) LAND (L.). 
 N. W. i, N. W.)i, Sec. 29, T. 22 JST., 5 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area nearly two acres in extent, on a mod 
 •erate slope. It first appears near the lowest portion of a spur and continues 
 up the slope. On the surface here, ore was found In the form of boulders and 
 smaller fragments. This surface ore was shipped five or six years ago. Two 
 excavations have been made a few yards apart near the center of the area. 
 One of these is about ten feet in length, six feet in width and nine feet deep; 
 the other is not so deep, but is longer. From both a considerable amount of 
 ore was removed. The ore in these cuts was found occurring with red clay. 
 It is of a fair quality. It contaios soft ocherous particles but is only very 
 slightly siliceous. There are fragments of white chert on this range of hills 
 and, here and there,, are found traces of scattered ore. This locality is located 
 less than two miles distant from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 249 
 
 HAINS (J. N.) BANK (N. ). 
 Sec. 34, T. 24 N., 4 IT,. 
 For description of this bank, see Chapter VII, 
 
 MT. NEBO ORE (N.). 
 
 Sec. 8, T. 23 N., 3 }F. 
 
 • For a description of the two occurrences of limonite on Mt. Nebo, see Chap- 
 ter VII. 
 
 MURRAY LAND (L.). 
 
 2T. E. i, S. W. i, Sec 33, T. 22 N., 5 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here. There is but little surface ore shown and much 
 •chert. A shaft was sunk, by Mr. T. J. Boyd, to a depth of eighteen feet. The 
 upper ten feet is made up of a dark red clay, portions of which is cherty and 
 to this depth but few pieces of ore were discovered. The lower eight 
 feet is principally iron ore intermixed with a small amount of red clay. Mr. 
 Boyd reports the bottom of the shaft as being an almost solid bed of iron ore. 
 Many of the masses of ore are coated with small and large crystals of limonite; 
 pseudomorphous after pyrite, and the surfaces of some of the masses are ribbed 
 with veins of ore, in relief, which once filled crevices in the adjacent wall-rock. 
 "The ore is of a good quality. Some yellow ocherous matter occurs with the 
 ore. This deposit is situated less than one mile from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. 
 By. at Thayer. 
 
 OLD (J. B.) BANK (N.). 
 Fowr miles northwest of Thomasville. 
 c ription of this bank, see Chapter VII. 
 
 BAGAN (T. B.) LAND (L.). 
 N. E. J, N. W. i, Sec. 33, T. 22 N., 6 W. 
 
 Here, on the slope and cap of a spur, limonite is found covering an area 
 seventy yards long and thirty 'yards wide. The ore occurs in the form of small 
 and large masses and the entire area is almost completely covered with such. 
 Chert fragments are found on adjacent sections of the hill. It is not a siliceous 
 ore, but these masses contain softer, lighter-colored ocherous particles. This 
 ■deposit is about one mile from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. T. J. Boyd, of Thayer, reports the occurrence of limonite in Sec. 17, T. 
 23 N., 3 W., and in Sec. 2, T. 22 N., 3 W. 
 
2.*)0 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 OZARK COUNTY. 
 
 COBB (H. C.) LAND (L.). 
 
 N. W. h Sec. 23, T. 23 jr., 12 W. 
 
 This deposit of limonile is found on the slope of a low hill and in a small 
 ravine. The ore is in the form of rough boulder-like masses and fragments. 
 Such ore-masses are found covering an area nearly an acre in extent. With- 
 in this area and on adjoining portions of this slope, chert fragments occur.. 
 The general quality of the ore is good, though a few of the fragments show 
 some chert particles. This is about thirty miles distant from the Gulf Ry. 
 
 COLLINS (LOWELL) LAND (L. ). 
 
 Sec. 30, T. 24 N., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here on the slope of a hill in the form of a few scattered 
 boulders on the surface. Within this area a hole two feet deep was dug, from* 
 which lumps of ore were removed, and at the bottom an almost solid deposit 
 was exposed. The ore in the pit is of the species limonite and turgite. Some- 
 chert fragments are disseminated with the surface ore. This deposit is about 
 the same distance as the last from the same railroad. 
 
 JAMES (WM.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sees. 21 and 34,T. 24 N'., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs in several localities in these sections, extending over three- 
 hundred and twenty acres. The extent of the individual deposits varies from 
 one-fonrth of an acre to more than an acre. These deposits are usually on the 
 gradual slopes though some do occur on steeper slopes. At one place scattered 
 fragments are seen which extend from the gradual slope at the base nearly to 
 the point of the spur. The ore is non-siliceous and the fragments are mingled) 
 with loose chert. This locality is about twenty-five miles from West Plains. 
 
 LAMB (JOHN) LAND (L. ). 
 
 Sec. 26, T. 23 N., 12 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here on a moderate slope, covering an area one hundred' 
 and twenty-five yards long and thirty yards wide. The upper limit is quite- 
 near the summit of the hill. The portion of the area nearest the summit of the 
 hill is made up almost wholly of small boulders and fragments. The remain- 
 ing portions contain chert fragments and blocks mingled with small pieces- 
 of ore. The quality of the ore is fair, most of the ore being non-siliceous or 
 nearly so. This locality is nearly thirty miles from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 LUNA ( RICHARD) LAND (L.). 
 Sea. 21, T. 24 N., 12 W. 
 A limonite bank occurs here on a very gradual slope, in the form of scattered 
 fragments and boulders covering an acre or more. It is a fair quality of ore - 
 
THE LIMONITES. 251 
 
 These boulders of ore are mingled with scattered fragments and large masses 
 of chert. This locality is about twenty -five miles distant from the K. C, Ft. 
 S. & M. By. 
 
 MAHAN LAND (L.). 
 
 N. aide of Sec. 1, T. 23 2V"., 12 W., and S. side Sec. 36, T. 24 N., 12 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here in three localities, each area being about thirty yards 
 -square. The first is near the summit of the hill. Here the ore boulders and 
 fragments bear grains of sand and small particles or spalls of chert, mingled 
 -with them. About seventy-five yards westward, on a gentle slope, is another 
 similar deposit; and northward, about one hundred yards, very small fragments 
 of good, dark brown limonite are thickly strewn over the surface. This area 
 also bears fragments of chert. This deposit extends over a low crest and down 
 a moderate slope. This ore is about twenty-five miles from the K. C, Ft. S. 
 & M. Ry. 
 
 MARTIN (ANDREW) LAND (L.). 
 
 Seel, T.23N.;12 W. 
 
 Here, near the foot of a rather steep slope bearing much sharp chert gravel, 
 large fragments of chert and scattered small blocks of sandstone, is found an 
 area, ten yards square, covered with limonite boulders and fragments. The 
 greater portion of the ore is non-siliceous, though some pieces are seen to con- 
 tain small particles of chert. Bedded limestone is outcropping just beneath 
 the area. Ahout one-third of a mile from this deposit, on the northern point of 
 a spur leading off from the same hill, is an area, about three fourths an acre in 
 •extent, containing rough masses and fragments of good, non-siliceous limonite. 
 Within this area are found a few fragments of chert and "cotton rock." Again, 
 ■about one hundred yards westward, on a low, rather flit slope, are found masses 
 of limonite scattered over several square yards. At this locality limestone is 
 4gain exposed. These deposits are about twenty-five miles distant from the K. 
 €., Ft. S. & M. Ey. 
 
 MATTNEY ( JAMES ) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 6, T. 23 N., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here on the slope of the hill near the foot, covering, per- 
 haps, one-fourth .of an acre. It occurs in the form of boulders and frag- 
 ments, mingled with chert. It is a good quality of ore, being non-siliceous and 
 firm. Much chert is found on adjacent portions of the hill. This locality is 
 ■about twenty-four miles from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 MORE LAND (L.). 
 Sec. 35, T. 23 N., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here on the gradual slope at the base of a hill, and extend- 
 ing up the steeper slope, about two hundred yards west of a branch of Big 
 North Fork of White river. The boulders and fragments are strewn over 
 ■about one acre. Some of these boulders occur in masses forming a reef-like 
 deposit; others are smaller and more scattered. Large and small white chert 
 
252 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 boulders occur mingled with and above the ore boulders. This locality is about 
 thirty-five miles distant from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 OWENS (JOSEPH) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 6, T. 23 N., 11 W. 
 
 Here, on the southern slope of a broad hill, limonite occurs in fragments and 
 small boulders, covering an area an acre or more in extent. It is non-siliceous 
 and heavy. Some' pieces of chert are found within this area and on the adja- 
 cent portions of the hill. This locality is about thirty-four miles distant from 
 the K. C, Ft. S. & M. R. R. 
 
 PETECOCK LAND (L.). 
 
 If. W. J, Sec. 36, T. 24 N., 12 W. 
 
 LimoDite occurs here in two localities on the point of one and near the point 
 of another short hill. These localities are only a few yards across, about one- 
 eighth of a mile apart and separated only by a slight depression. It is reported 
 that fragments of ore could be seen in the now cultivated field between the two 
 areas. The ore in the eastern area is somewhat siliceous, more so than that in 
 the western area. These localities are about twenty-five miles from the K. C, 
 Ft. S. & M. Ry. <■• 
 
 PRATT ( WALLACE ) LAND ( I. . ) . 
 
 Sec. IT, T. 24N.,11 W. 
 
 Only a few fragments and boulders of limonite are found here on a gradual 
 hill slope. Some excavating has been done and a deposit of iron was met with 
 at a depth of from four to nine feet under the surface. The surface material, 
 such as clay, chert and soil, has been removed from over the ore and has ex- 
 posed the deposit, which shows an almost solid body for ten yards or more. 
 No work, has been done to prove the thickness of the deposit, but several slab of 
 ore which were taken out show the thicknesses of the individual layers to 
 range from three to six inches. Other, more massive pieces were also obtained. 
 The general mass shows little or no silica and, on the whole, the ore is of very 
 fair quality. This deposit is about twenty-six miles from the K. C, Ft. S. & 
 M. Ry. 
 
 SOUTH MISSOURI LAND COMPANY LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 Sec. 20, T. 24 N., 11 W. 
 
 Here we have but slight surface indications of iron ore, in the form of small 
 fragments scattered over the ground. Two shafts seven feet deep were sunk 
 about one-half of a mile apart on a rather flat top of a ridge, next to Big North 
 Fork or White river. 
 
 In the easternmost shaft, where only chert chips and soil might be seen on 
 the surface, small boulders of good ore were met with from near the top to the 
 bottom. This shaft was near the brink of the hill. At the other shaft, sixteen 
 inches of soil and clay were passed through, then clay was penetrated contain- 
 ing ore boulders such as were found in the former shaft. The ore is non-sili- 
 ceous. These shafts are about one-fourth of a mile from a spur, whose bluff- 
 
THE LIMONITES. 25& 
 
 like side next to the Big North Fork of the White river, shows stratified lime- 
 stone and sandstone. This locality is thirty miles or so from the K. C, Ft. S. & 
 M.Ey. 
 
 SOUTH MISSOURI LAND COMPANY LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 Sec. 34, T. 24 N.,11 W. 
 
 Limonite is shown here, on the surface, in a few small fragments. Four holes- 
 have been dug. One is on the point of the hill, another about one hundred 
 yards northwards on the slope,' another two hundred yards further northward 
 and one more about the same distance in the same direction. The depths of 
 these holes range from four to ten feet and, in each, a solid body of limonite 
 was struck just beneath a deposit of rather fair, broken ore, cementing angular- 
 fragments of hard and decomposed chert. Underneath this deposit the ore 
 proves to be more free from insoluble material. Scattered chert fragments are 
 seen on the surface. This deposit is about thirty-miles from the K. C, Ft. S- 
 & M. Ry. 
 
 TANNER LAND (l.). 
 
 Sec. 34, T.'24N.,12 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here in widely scattered fragments and boulders on a steep 
 slope covering an area seventy- five yards long and about ten yards wide. The 
 quality of the ore is very fair. Much chert, in fragments and in larger rough 
 masses, is found within the area and over the hill. This locality is about- 
 twenty eight miles distant from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. By. 
 
 WARREN (JUDGE PINKNEY) LAND (L.). 
 Sec. 36, T.24N.,12 W. 
 Limonite is found here again in the form of large and small fragments in 
 scattered deposits over four or five acres, usually on the slope. The quality of 
 the ore is good. The fragments of ore are mingled with fragments of white 
 chert. The surface exposure in- one of the deposit within this large area is 
 more than one acre in extent. This deposit is between thirty and thirty-five 
 miles distant from the K. C, Ft. S. & M. Ry. 
 
 WELLS LAND (L. ). 
 
 Sec. 5, T. 23 N., 11 W. 
 
 Massive limonite is found here on a cherty slope in the shape of large bould- 
 ers and chips, covering an area twenty yards long and fifteen yards wide. The 
 ore is hard and quite or nearly as pure. This locality is about thirty-three miles 
 from the K. C, Ft. S. & M, By. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Col. P. P. Dobozy, of Dora, Mo., reports iron ore as occurring in the follow- 
 ing localities : Sec. 2, T. 23 N., 14 W. ; Sees. 3, 4 and 7, T. 23 N., 13 W. ; Secs- 
 25 and 35, T. 24 N., 13 W. ; Sees. 12, 32, 33, and 35, T. 24 N., 11 W. ; N. £, Sec. 
 8, T. 22 N., 12 W.; Sec. 2, T. 22 N., 13 W.; Sees. 16 and 17, T. 22 N., U W. y 
 and several deposits in T. 23 N., 14 W., sections unknown. 
 
 i 
 
254 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI 
 
 REYNOLDS COUNTY. 
 
 LESTERV1LLE BANK (L.). 
 
 y. E. J, Sec. 8, T. 32 N., 2 W. 
 
 About one mile north of Lesterville, on the sharp crest and moderately steep 
 slope or the point of a, hill, boulders and irregularly shaped masses of limonite 
 occur over aa area of, perhaps, one acre in extent. These masses of ore are 
 ■quite numerous and are found with fragments of chert. It occurs in the form 
 ■of pipe-ore and possesses a very good quality. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITY, 
 
 Judge A. J. Parks reports the occurrence of a deposit of pipe-ore in the N. 
 W. $, Sec. 5, T. 32 N., 2 E. 
 
 RIPLEY COUNTY. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 
 JUT. side of Sec. 19, T. 22 N., 3 E. 
 
 Limonite here covers a small area near the higher position of a flat-topped 
 frill. It occurs in the form of fragments and also cementing small pieces of 
 white chert; it contains five grains of silica. This deposit is about six miles 
 from Doniphan. 
 
 BOOKER (J. S.) LAND (L.). 
 
 5. W. 1, Sec. 12, T. 22 N., 2 E. 
 
 Massive siliceous limonite occurs here at the summit of the hill, over an 
 area which is about forty yards loug and thirty yards wide. This ore contains 
 much silica in the form of grains of sand. No rock other than chert boulders 
 aDd spalls are to be seen near the deposit. This property is about four miles 
 from the Doniphan Branch Ry. Mr. Booker owns a similar deposit in the N. 
 1, S. W. }, Sec. 22, T. 12 N., 2 E., situated on an adjoining hill. 
 
 COLLINS (A.) LAND (L.). 
 
 N. W. i, Sec. 12, T. 22 N., 2 E. 
 
 Massive limonite is found here constituting a small knoll near the summit of 
 a chert-coated hill. It covers an area of twenty-five yards square. It is a 
 siliceous ore, the silica contained occurring as grains of sand. Scattered chert 
 masses and blocks of sandstone are found on different portions of this and adja- 
 ■cent hills. Huge blocks and a ledge of sandstone are exposed at the base. 
 This locality is three and one-half miles distant from the Doniphan Branch 
 ■of the Iron Mountain Ry. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 255 
 
 CURRENT RIVER LAND (l>. ). 
 
 N. 4, Sec. 24, T. 22 N., 2 E. 
 
 Liraonite covers here an area about sixty yards long aud thirty yards wide. 
 The ore is in the, form of huge boulders and probably occurs in ledges. It is 
 fair in quality. Some of the ore cements small chert chips. Small fragments 
 of loose chert are found within the area and on adjacent portions of the hill, 
 but no bedded rock. This deposit is about five miles from the Doniphan 
 Branch Ry. 
 
 DALTON (LEVI C.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 9, T. 22 N., 1 E. 
 
 Iron ore occurs here near the foot of a hill of moderate slope. Only a few 
 small pieces are to be seen on the surface, but recently Judge Dalton has sunk 
 a shaft six feet deep and in so doing, has taken out many fragments of ore. 
 This ore is in the form of masses an inch or so thick, somewhat botryoidal and 
 frequently several such masses are cemented together. It is non-siliceous, or 
 nearly so, and occurs both as limonite and as dark red fibrous turgite. These 
 masses are disseminated through reddish yellow clay. ,This locality is ten 
 miles from the Doniphan Branch of the I. M. By. 
 
 EATON (Z.A.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 25, T. 23 N., 3 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here in boulders scattered over an area about fifty yards 
 square, on the top of a hill. These boulders are either somewhat spongy, or 
 porous, or are hard and of a light brown color. Most of the boulders are but 
 slightly siliceous, others contain small fragments of chert. With the ore there 
 is much soil and but little chert and no bedded rock. This deposit is only 
 about one mile from the Doniphan Branch of the I. M. Ey. 
 
 GRAY (MRS. LYDIA) LAND (l.). 
 
 Sec. 31, T. 23 N., 3 E. '' 
 
 Limonite is found here over an area about twenty yards square. The ore is 
 in rough masses and is found capping the spur of a hill. It is very siliceous, 
 silica occurring as grains of sand. Chert chips and boulders are found on 
 other portions of this hill. About one-third of a mile east of this deposit, on 
 the property of Mr. H. R. Walland, is another deposit of similar ore. Scat- 
 tered masses appear over about as large an area as the last. The associated 
 rock and the mode of occurrence of the ore are also similar. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 Sec. 16, T.22N..1E. 
 
 Limonite is found in fragments on the flat extension of a high hill which oc- 
 curs at this place. The ore exists as pipe, or stalactitic, massive and pseudo- 
 morphous after pyrites. Each variety is non-siliceous. Only scattered 
 
 17 
 
256 IRON OUES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 fragments of ore mingled with much chert are seen on the surface around the 
 ore area, with limestone exposed just a few feet lower on the hill. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 3 (L.). 
 
 Sec. 7, T. 22 if., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about one hundred and ten yards 
 long and from fifteen to forty yards wide. It occurs on a long, narrow, low 
 spur. The lower half of this area is composed almost entirely of this ore, the 
 upper half contains some fragments of chert. Higher on the hill chert and no 
 ore is found. The ore occurs in the form of irregularly shaped masses and 
 fragments of stalactitic and massive types. It is of a very good quality and 
 only a few masses contain small fragments of chert. On another spur of this 
 hill, and about one hundred and fifty yards northwest of the last deposit, there 
 is an area fifteen yards square which is probably an extension of the last, 
 as the ore is similar and occurs similarly. This deposit is on the land of 
 Mr. Joseph Jaco. Again two hundred yards west, near the base of yet another 
 spur from this same hill, also on Mr. Jaco's land, several large boulders and 
 blocks of semi-massive and stalactitic limonite are found, covering perhaps 
 twenty yards square. There is little doubt but that this last deposit belongs to 
 or is connected with the two deposits just described. Across the branch from 
 these, small fragments of good brown ore mixed with much chert are found. 
 The slopes of the hill in each of these cases are very gradual. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 4 (L.). 
 
 Sec. 1, T. 23 N., 1 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs in the form of fragments scattered over several square 
 yards near the summit of a hill. The surface fragments are mingled with 
 chert. A shallow hole has been dug and many large and small pieces of ore, 
 stalactitic in form, and of good quality were taken^out. Limestone is exposed 
 at a divide a short distance westward from the ore deposit. This locality is 
 about eighteen miles from Doniphan. 
 
 HERR (C. B.) LAND (l.). 
 
 N. i, Sec. 24, T. 22 N., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here in scattered boulders over a number of acres. A few 
 boulders and small fragments of chert are found within this area but no bed- 
 ded rock is exposed. This locality is five miles distant from the Doniphan 
 Branch Ey. The summits of the hills in this neighborhood are broad and in 
 many localities numerous pebbles are found mingled with large chert fragments. 
 
 KING (E. M. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 S. W. J, Sec. 24, T. 22 N., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs in several localities covering small areas, on this hill. It is 
 found in irregular masses and small fragments. It is somewhat siliceous, 
 
THE HMONITES. 257 
 
 containing a low percentage of silica, both as grains of sand and as short chips. 
 Pebbles of 1 sandstone and chert with some chert fragments are found on the 
 hill. This locality is nearly six miles from the Doniphan Branch Ry. 
 
 MABREY (T. W.) LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 
 N~. W. i, Sec. 23, T. 23 N„ 23 E. 
 
 Limonite shows here on the surface over an area of about eighty yards long 
 and ten yards wide. The ore occurs, in the form of a reef-like d.eposit, in 
 three localities, on the lower portion of a gradual slope, and in the form of 
 boulders and fragments scattered over the whole area. It is only slightly sili- 
 ceous, containing scattered particles of chert and grains of sand. Pebbles of 
 sandstone and chert, chips of chert and blocks of sandstone are found on the 
 same slope but no bedded rock is to be seen. This locality is about two miles 
 distant from the Doniphan Branch Ry. 
 
 MABREY (T. W.) LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 Sec. 13, T. 23 N., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite is here found covering portions of an area about thirty yards long 
 and sixty yards wide. The ore occurs in the form of small boulders and frag- 
 ments on the slope of a hill, and is associated with loose angular chert and 
 large and small pebbles and small boulders of sandstone and chert. This 
 locality is about one mile from the Doniphan Branch Ry. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI COUNTY LAND (L.). 
 
 S. E. i, S. E. i, Sec. 13, T. 22 If., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite occupies" here two or three small areas on the gradual slope of a 
 hill. The ore occurs in the formof large boulders and fragments and, although 
 none of individual acres are large, the mode of occurrence would indicate a 
 ledge or body of ore under the surface. It is a siliceous ore, silica occurring 
 in the form of grains of sand. This deposit is located about four miles from 
 the Doniphan Branch Ry. 
 
 MISSOURI LUMBER AND MINING COMPANY LAND NO. 4 (L.). 
 IV. i, Sec. 19, T. 26 N., 3 E. 
 
 Limonite covers here the greater portion of four or five acres, besides occur- 
 ring as isolated boulders on different portions of the hill. The ore is in the 
 form of rough masses extending along a steep slope from the top of a hill to 
 the waters of the North Fork of Little Black river. Portions of the surface 
 •ore are quite siliceous, containing grains of sand and particles of chert, be- 
 sides being porous. Some chert masses lie on the surface adjacent to the ore 
 deposit. This deposit is about four miles from Grandin, on the C. R. Ry. 
 
258 IRON ORES OP MISSOURI. 
 
 ODOM (MRS.) LAND AND THE MISSOURI LUMBER AND . MINING COM- 
 PANY LAND NO. 5 (L.). 
 
 Sec. 31, T. 25 If., 2 E. 
 
 Here, scattered deposits of limonite occur over twenty acres. The mode of 
 occurrence and the character of the ore varies to a certain degree in the dif- 
 ferent localities. At one place, on a gradual slope, we have light-brown, hard 
 limonite fragments and small rough masses of the same with but little rock of 
 any kind. This ore is quite siliceous. At another locality, on the top jof this 
 hill, and about one hundred yards from the first deposit, huge masses and frag- 
 ments of ore have been exposed and appear to be parts of a more or less con- 
 tinuous reef -like mass. Within this area, which is quite large, nothing but 
 ore may be seen. On the slope, about forty yards across a ravine, there is 
 another, smaller but otherwise similar, deposit. These two heavy deposits, 
 together with the surface fragments surrounding them, cover at least an acre. 
 The ore is not heavy nor firm and contains a considerable percentage of silica, 
 both as chert fragments and as grains of sand. This locality is about five miles 
 distant from Grandin, the terminus of the Current River Ry. 
 
 PONDER (A. J.) LAND (l.). 
 
 Sec. 20, T.23 N.,2 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here on different portions of the hill. The principal area is 
 near the foot, at the roadside. Here several large, massive and stalactitic ore 
 boulders are exposed. The quality of the greater portion of the ore is good 
 but particles of chert are contained in some of the boulders. This is only 
 about two hundred yards from the Doniphan depot. 
 
 PONDER (D. K.) LAND (L.). 
 
 S. E. i, Sec. 26, T. 23 .&., 2 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area of from twenty to thirty square 
 yards. The ore is stalactitic in form, and the deposit forms a slight rise on 
 the slope. The ore is non-siliceous and is in the form of large and small 
 masses. This locality is only a few hundred yards from the Doniphan Branch 
 Ry. 
 
 RIPLEY COUNTY LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 16, T. 22 N.,1 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about thirty yards long and ten 
 yards wide. The ore is in the form of rough boulders- which make up the sur- 
 face of the southern portion of the top of the high hill. It is quite siliceous, 
 silica occurring principally in the form of grains of sand. Years ago digging 
 was done within this area but none of the ore was ever utilized. Some chert 
 fragments are found over the entire hill and pebbles are seen on the northern 
 slope and bedded limestone is exposed near the base of the hill. This deposit 
 is about ten and one-half miles from Doniphan. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 259 
 
 RANKEN (THOS. JR.), LAND (L.). 
 Sec. 35, T, 23 N., 1 W. 
 
 Here limonite occurs in the form of fragments and blocks over the surface 
 of an area about forty yards long and twenty yards wide, on a rather steep 
 slope. Within this area nothing but iron ore is found. It is a siliceous ore, 
 silica occurring as grains of sand. Surrounding the ore area fragments of 
 chert may be found, and in the ravine at the foot of the hill, limestone is found 
 in place. This deposit is about nineteen miles from Doniphan. 
 
 STEPHENS (W. W.) LAND (L.). 
 
 W. J, Sec. 19, T. 22 N., 1 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about twenty yards long and forty 
 yards wide and making up the point of a spur of a chert hill. It is not a heavy 
 ore and is somewhat siliceous, silica occurring as grains of sand. Chert frag- 
 ments are found on the hill adjoining the deposit of ore. This locality is 
 about fourteen miles from the Doniphan Branch Ey. 
 
 STOOPS (P.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 14, T. 22 N., 1 E. 
 
 Here scattered fragments of good massive limonite are found with much 
 chert on a high hill. At two or three places these fragments are quite numerous. 
 
 TOWELL (I. M.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 19, T. 22 N., 1 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about thirty yards long and ten 
 yards wide. It occurs as numerous rough masses on the steep slope at the, 
 foot of a high hill. The ore is quite siliceous, silica occurring both as fine 
 grains of sand and small fragments of white chert. Other loose masses of 
 similar ore are found about one hundred yards northeast and across the creek 
 from this deposit. This area is only about fifteen yards square. Much sur- 
 face chert gravel is associated -with these deposits but no bedded rock is 
 observed. This locality is about thirteen miles from Doniphan. 
 
 WILLIAMS (J. T.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 10, T.22N., IE. 
 
 Limonite occurs here on a gradual slope in the form of boulders of massive 
 and pipe-ore. A Utile digging has been done here exposing one boulder about 
 three feet in diameter and a few small pieces. The pipe-ore is of a good 
 quality, but the massive portion is slightly cherty. Only a few blocks and frag- 
 ments of iron can be seen. These are mingled with much chert and small blocks 
 of limestone. This locality is, perhaps, nine miles distant from Doniphan. 
 
260 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 WILSON (ROBERT) LAND (L. )• 
 
 2f. W. i, Sec. 18, T. 22 N., 3 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering three localities. The most southern area is 
 about forty yards long and sixty yards wide. The other two deposits occupy 
 about one-third of an area and are from one hundred and fifty' to three hundred 
 yards apart. The boulders are slightly porous but the per cent, of insoluble 
 material runs rather high, silica occurring in the form of grains of sand. Peb- 
 bles of chert and sandstone and angular chert fragments are found over the 
 entire area occupied by the three deposits. These localities are about six 
 miles distant from the Doniphan Branch Ky. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. Lyndsay Dudley reports the occurrence of limonite in the S. ^, S. W. |, Sec. 
 12; N. E. i, Sec. 24, S.W. j, Sec. 2, and id lot.l, N. W. 1, Sec. 1, all of T. 22 N., 
 2 E. Hon. T. W. Mabrey reports the occurrence of limonite in the E. \ and N. 
 W. |, Sec. 28, T. 24 N., 2 E. Messrs. F. Tompson and I. Hilliard report the 
 occurrence of limonite in N. W. |, Sec. 7, T. 24 N., 2 E., and in the N. E. J, 
 Sec. 18, and E. £, Sec. 19, T. 24 JST., 2 E. Mr. I. W. Towell reports the 
 occurrence of limonite in Sec. 20, T. 22 N., 1 E. 
 
 ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 
 
 COPPER BANK (S. ). 
 
 Sec. 27, T. 39 N., 24 W. 
 
 This bank of limonite is upon the northwestern slope of a hill into which a 
 shaft has been sunk to a depth of seventy-two feet. The shaft is in whitish 
 limestone and follows a crevice which is filled with soft, earthy limonite. , At 
 the mouth of the shaft, stratified ore appears several feet in thickness, and 
 above this an outcrop of ferruginous sandstone. 
 
 GREENWELL BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. IS, T. 39 W,, 26 W. 
 
 The ore occurs scattered over an area seventy feet long and forty feet wide 
 on the slope of a low, flat hill. This hill is covered with chert and large, 
 boulders of crystalline, gray limestone; part of the ore is hard and solid, and 
 part is argillaceous. 
 
 SHELDON BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 8, T. 3S N., 24 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here in the form of boulders and fragments. On the 
 lower part of the slope the ore is solid limonite, somewhat argillaceous and 
 ochery and inclined to stalactitic forms. Higher up the hill it becomes more 
 sandy. 
 
THE L1MONITES. 261 
 
 SHANNON COUNTY. 
 
 CHILTON (W. S.) LAND (L.). 
 
 JV". E. i, N. TC. i, Sec. 27, T. 29 N~., 4 W. 
 
 Massive limonite is found here on a low spur from a limestone mountain. It 
 occurs on the northwestern slope and about the niiddle of the point of the spur, 
 in the form of huge and small fragments. This area of surface ore is fifty 
 yards long and thirty yards wide and within this area little else than iron ore 
 can be seen. 
 
 In the northwestern margin of the deposit, a shaft of seven feet deep has 
 been sunk, going through about six inches of soil; on the southeast side at a 
 depth of one foot a solid vein-like deposit of limonite occurs, which curves 
 downward and towards the northwest, at an angle of about sixty degrees. 
 This vein is from four to ten inches thick and is of a good quality of massive 
 limonite. The remaining portions of the shaft walls are weathered, stratified 
 limestone. Some of the surface boulders are four or five feet in diameter but 
 are filled with cavities. On the southern slope, about thirty yards from the 
 surface ore, a shaft ten feet deep was sunk through limestone containing 
 crystalline calcite masses disseminated through the strata. This deposit is 
 about thirteen miles from the C. R. By. 
 
 * CUTLER (W. P.) LAND (Lr). 
 
 N. E. J, S, W. i, Sec. 33, T. 27 N„ 5 W. 
 
 Here there is about an acre of land over which are found scattered, rough 
 masses, or boulders of limonite. It is a light spongy variety, slightly siliceous, 
 bearing fine grains of sand. There lies but very little surface rock near. The 
 ore is on the rolling top of a chert range. This deposit is located about 
 two miles distant from Birch Tree, on the C. R. Ry. 
 
 DEAN (J. H.) LAND (l.). 
 
 S. k, Lot 2, JST. W. i, Sec. 30, T. 28 N., 3 W. 
 
 Here, near the highest part of a mountain, there is but a small surface show- 
 ing of ore; but a shallow pit has been dug and pieces of good limonite taken 
 out. Mr. Vanausdall says solid ore was struck at the bottom of the hole. The 
 ore is of a good quality. It occurs in light yellowish-gray, sandy clay. The 
 associated rock is chert. 
 
 EMBREE LAND (l.). 
 
 ■ N. W. i, N. W. i, Sec. 12, T. 28 If., 4 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering only a small area, at the lower extremity of 
 a long flat point. It is a good ore and occurs massive and pseudomorphous. 
 
262 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 FISHEK (JOSEPH) LAND (L.). 
 S. W. h Sec. 14, T. 26 N., 6 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering the crest of a spur of a broad hill in what is 
 known as the pine-flat. The principal deposit is about one hundred yards long 
 and twenty yards wide. There is a large amount of surface ore in the form of 
 huge boulders and large and small fragments. The ore is somewhat siliceous, 
 bearing silica in the form of minute grains of sand and now and then particles 
 of drusy quartz. Just across a small ravine from this exposure is a small out- 
 crop of a similar ore occurring in a similar manner. No rock is found within 
 the areas described and but few scattered chert fragments are seen anywhere 
 in this vicinity. This locality is five or six miles distant from the Current 
 River By. 
 
 .GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 5 (L.). 
 S. E. i, N. E. i, Sec. 26, and S. E. i, N. E. J, Sec. 24, T. 28 N., 4 W. 
 
 Stalactitic limonite is found in these localities on and near the summits of 
 hills which are thickly covered with fragments of chert. But little ore is on 
 the surface, yet, at each locality, a little digging has been done and small and 
 large masses of pipe ore have been exposed. It is a good ore, some parts of it 
 are pseudomorph after pyrite. 
 
 MUNSELL (L. AV. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 N. E. i, S. E. -}, Sec. 9, T. 27 N., 3 IP. 
 
 About an acre of land here is covered with iron ore. It occurs in the form 
 of small and large fragments, on a moderate slope, near the summit of a moun- 
 tain. Some portions of the ore are comparatively free from silica, other portions 
 contain both chert fragments and grains of sand. The ore is somewhat porous 
 and spongy. Small pieces of white chert and a few sandstone blocks are 
 mingled with the fragments of ore, and about two hundred yards distant a 
 sandstone bed is found. This is the nearest exposed bedded rock. This de- 
 posit is situated next to Sycamore branch of Pike creek, about two miles from 
 the C. B. By. 
 
 TRIPP (G. W.) LAND (L.). 
 1ST. E. i, S. E. i, Sec. 31, T. 29 AT., 3 jr. 
 Limonite is found here along the steep southern slope of a limestone hill, 
 with much exposed limestone appearing in places, about fifty feet lower than 
 the summit. The ore occurs in pieces weighing from a few ounces to fifty 
 pounds as pseudomorphs and also as stalactitic and massive ore. It is of a 
 good quality- and bears no visible impurities., 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. J. B. Eeaser reports a small deposit of ore, occurring in S. W. |, Sec. 
 14, T. 26 N., 5 W., about two hundred yards to the southeast, and another 
 larger one near the center of Section 23, of the same township and range. 
 
 Mr. W. S. Chilton reports pipe and pseudomorphous ore as occurring in two 
 
THE LIMONITES. 263 
 
 localities in S. E. 4, Sec. 15, T. 29 N., 4 W., on the property of Messrs. Carson 
 and James. Messrs. Shuck and Mnnsell report iron as occurring in Sec. 16, T. 
 31 N., 6 W., on the property of Gov. A. J. Seay. Mr. L. L. Munsell reports the 
 occurrence of limonite in the following localities: N. W. i, Sec. 21, T. 31 N., 
 4 W., on the property of the Midland Blast Furnace Company; in N. J 2 -, N. E. i, 
 Sec 17, T. 28 N., 3 W., and S. W. i, N. E. J, Sec. 22, T. 28 N., 3 W., on the 
 property of Mr. L. L. Munsell; in N. E. i, S. W. J, Sec. 17, T. 28 N., 3 W., 
 a small deposit; in t"he S. W. i, N. E. i, Sec. 6, T. 28 N., 3 W., on the 
 property of Mr. J. N. Deweese; in S. E. |, N. W.'i, Sec. 13, T. 31 N., 6 "W., on 
 the land of the Missouri Furnace Company; in N. £, Sec. 22, T. 31 N., 5 W., and 
 in S. £, Sec. 34, T. 31 N., 4 W., both owned by Messrs. Organ and Sweiney; in 
 N. E. i, Sec. 8, T. 31 N., 3 W., in N. W. i, Sec. 9, T. 31 N., and in N. i, S. W. i, 
 Sec. 10, T. 26 N., 6 W., on the property of Mr. C. T. Biser; in S. ^, Sec. 15, T. 
 31 N., 3 W., on the property of Mr. L. B. Woodside; in N. W. J, Sec. 21, T. 31 
 N., 4 W., on the property of the Midland Blast Furnace Company; in the S. \, 
 Sec. 4, T. 27 N., 4 W., on the land of South Missouri Land Company; in N. W. J, 
 S. W.i, Sec. 28, T. 27 N., 4, W., on land of Mr. Livsey ; in S. |, N. W. i, and 
 N. i, S. W. J, Sec. 34, T. 27 N., 4 W., on land of the Ozark Lumber Com- 
 pany; in S. W. i, N. E. i, Sec. 27, T. 27 N., 5 W., on the property of Mr. S. H. 
 Knight; in N. E. |, Sec. 11, T. 26 N., 5 W., a small deposit, on the property of 
 Mr. E. W. Phennighausen ; in S. W. i, S. W. J, Sec. 19, T. 27 N..5W., and S. 
 E. :}, S. E. i, Sec. 24, T. 27 N., 6 W., both on government land. Mr. Raymond 
 reports the occurrence of iron ore at the S. W. corner of Sec. 15, T. 27 N., 5 W., 
 on the property of Mr. Wm. Thomas, and in N. i, Sec. 28, T. 27 N., 5 W., on 
 the property of Mr. D. Butler. 
 
 STODDARD COUNTY. 
 
 BUHGE (WILLTAM) LAND (L. ). 
 
 Sec. 17, T. 21 N., 9 E. 
 
 Here, on a gradually sloping crest of a long hill spur, sandy massive limonite 
 is found. There are two small deposits a few hundred feet apart. The ore is 
 in the form of loose, rough masses and of larger masses partially imbedded in 
 the soil. Higher up the spur and on the point of the hill fragments and blocks 
 of much more siliceous ore are found. This ore, belonging to Mr. Burge, is 
 about one mile distant from the St. L.,\C G. & Ft. S. By. 
 i • » 
 
 GOFORTH (MKS. K. A.) LAND (l.). 
 
 m W. i, Sec. 2, T. 26 N., 8 E. 
 
 Massive limonite in the form of boulders is found here on a gradual slope 
 of a low hill, covering an area about twenty yards square. There is no 
 associated rock. The soil is quite dark. The ore is but slightly siliceous, this 
 small amount of silica occurring in the form of grains of sand. This deposit 
 is about one mile from the S\. L., C. G. & Ft. S. By. 
 
264 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI 
 
 HALL (H. E.) LAND (L.). 
 W. J, Sec. 3, T. 26 N., 8 E. 
 
 Here on the property of H. E. Hall, W. I. Smith and John King, massive 
 limonite is found covering a strip of country about seven hundred yards long 
 north and south, and from forty to eighty yards wide, on the gradual eastern 
 slope of a hill and on a small spur branching therefrom, to the east. Within 
 this area are many boulders and fragments of ore mingled with fragments of 
 white chert. Some of these boulders are six feet in diameter. The ore is 
 siliceous, silica occurring principally as chert fragments; but the percentage of 
 siliceous material varies largely, portions of the ore being almost free from any 
 silica, while the amount in other portions runs veryhigh. The northern end of 
 the deposit seems to bear the more siliceous ore. This locality is about one 
 mile south of the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 HAWKS (F. T.) AND HON. L. HOUCK LAND (L.). 
 
 See. 30, T. 2%N., E. 9, and Sec. 26, T. 21 N., 8 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here in the form of rough masses and in an exposed 
 ledge, lying within an area forty yards long and thirty yards wide. These 
 loose boulders and fragments contain cavities, and in these cavities are found 
 argillaceous material and coating of gothite scales. These boulders are in a' cul- 
 tivated field on the cap and western slope of a low knoll, with but little chert and 
 no bedded rock near by. On the western margin of the area, within Sec. 35, a 
 ledge of more massive ore is visible for a distance of nearly twenty-five feet, 
 with the thickness not shown. This ledge is exposed, but a few feet above the 
 small branch. The ore of this deposit is more or less siliceous, containing fine 
 grains of sand. The locality is less than two miles from the St. L., C. 6. & Ft. 
 S. Ry. 
 
 M'GOWN (JOSEPH) LAND (L.). 
 
 Between Sees. 10 and 11, T. 26 N.,8 E. 
 
 Scattered boulders of limonite are found here on the northern slope of a hill, 
 covering, an area about twenty yards square. The ore is siliceous, silica occur- 
 ring as small fragments of chert and fine grains of sand. A few blocks and frag- 
 ments of chert are mingled with the ore boulders. This locality is about two 
 miles distant from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. , 
 
 PURCELL (H. B.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 36, T.27N., 8 E. 
 
 Lijnonite is found here, on the property of Mr. H. B. Parcel], as partially- 
 exposed boulders on a rather steep hill slope. But a few of these boulders 
 in the soil are exposed. The ore is siliceous, silica occurring as grains of 
 sand. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 265 
 
 SMITH (BENJAMIN) LAND (L.). 
 
 1ST. i, Sec. 33, T. 27 N., 8 E. 
 
 There is quite an extensive outcropping of massive limonite ore, on the prop- 
 erty of the heirs of Benjamin Smith and others. It first appears as boulders, 
 fragments and as an apparent ledge, on a moderate hill slope, with boulders 
 here and there over an area perhaps fifty yards in length and seventy yards in 
 width. These boulders are large and small. The ore is siliceous, but the per- 
 centage of tilica varies in different masses. The silica occurs in the form of fine 
 chert fragments and grains of sand. 
 
 Westward from this deposit on the summit of the hill, and again on the crest 
 about two hundred yards further northward, scattered fragments of such ore as 
 was just described, are found. The fragments and small boulders in the north- 
 ernmost deposit occupy an area which is about sixty yards long and fifteen yards 
 wide. Some scattered fragments of chert occur on all portions of the hill upon 
 which these deposits of limonite are located. These localities are about one 
 mile, or less, north of the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 THELENIUS ( G. C. ) LAND (L.) 
 E. i, Sec. 34, T. 21 N., 8 E. 
 
 A deposit of limonite is found here, on the property of Mr. G. C. Thelenius 
 exhibited by boulders and fragments over the surface of an area two hundred 
 and fifty yards in length and from fifty to one hundred yards in width. This 
 surface ore is on moderate slopes of three or four hill spurs and on the sum- 
 mit of the meeting point of these spurs. Over this area much ore is found. 
 Some exploring has been done here and much ore, interstratified with cherty 
 clay, was exposed in the sides of the cuts. The ore is a siliceous ore contain- 
 ing much silica in the form of hard, and partly decomposed chert and scattered 
 grains of sand. This locality is less than half of one mile distant from the St. 
 L., C. G. &Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 WOMMACK (D. D.) & CHAPMAN (S.) LAND (L.). 
 
 XT. E. i, Sec. 4, T. 26 N., 8 E. 
 
 Here, in the field not far from the summit of a hill, large boulders and an 
 apparent ledge of limonite are exposed over an area about fifteen square yards. 
 The exposed end of the ledge-like mass is about ten feet across with the thick- 
 ness not shown. The ore is somewhat siliceous, bearing silica in the form of 
 chert fragments and grains of sand. Scattered masses of such ore as this may be 
 found on the slope of this hill for a distance of one-fourth of a mile, westwards. 
 The- ore is usually associated with much soil and but rarely is there any rock 
 found within the area containing ore. Lower on the hill there are numerous 
 fragments of white chert. The ore in this part of Sec. 4, is about one mile 
 from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
266 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. Johnson, of near Puxico, reports iron as occurring in the S. B. J, Sec. 3, 
 T. 26 N., 8 E., on the property of Messrs. W. I. Smith and Enoch Shoemate. 
 
 TEXAS COUNTY. 
 
 DUKE (M. E.) LAND (L.). 
 
 i 
 Sec. 1, T. SO JV., 10 W. 
 
 Limonite is found here on a slope of a nearly flat-topped hill, scattered over 
 several square yards, in the form of rough masses. It occurs with a few 
 boulders and fragments of chert. It is a fair quality of iron ore. This locality 
 is twenty miles from the K. C., Et. S. & M. Ey. 
 
 FIELD BANK (L.). 
 
 Sec. 11, T. SO N., 9 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here over perhaps sixty square yards, on the western slope 
 of a hill, the top of which is in cultivation and shows quite a large number of 
 boulders of ore and no rock. The ore on the slope lies in two ravines about 
 one hundred yards from the cultivated summit. There seems to be no ledge 
 of ore. Just below, on the hill, bedded limestone is exposed; surround- 
 ing the ore are fragments of chert and a few limestone blocks. This deposit 
 is perhaps twenty miles from the K. C, Et. S. & M. Ey. 
 
 GOVERNMENT LAND NO. 6 (L.). 
 
 E. H lot 3, N. W. i, Sec. 8, T. 29 N., 9 W. 
 
 On the side of a hill limonite is found covering half of an acre and within 
 this area little but ore is seen. It is somewhat siliceous, bearing silica as fine 
 grains of sand. In addition to being siliceous it is not compact and hard 
 but contains soft ocherous material. Sandstone in blocks is the principal 
 rock associated with the ore, but no ledge is uncovered. This locality is 
 about twelve miles from the K. C, Et. S.& M. Ey. 
 
 SMALLEY (H. H. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 36, T. 28 N., 11 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here near the foot of a rather steep slope, as scattered 
 boulders, Over about half an acre. It is a siliceous ore containing both chert 
 and grains of sand. Much chert is found in the form of large fragments and 
 sharp gravel on the slope adjacent to the area showing ore. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 267 
 
 SMITH (N. W. ) LAND (L.). 
 S. E. }, S. W. i, Sec. 4, T. 30 N., 9 W. 
 
 A small amount of limonite is found on the suface at this locality and several 
 shallow pits have been dug here on a very gradual hill slope. These pits are 
 from five to twelve feet deep and, from one or two of these several large boul- 
 ders of a fair quality of limonite were removed. Some fragments of good ore 
 occur about three hundred yards south, on the slope, associated with lime- 
 stone. The deposit is situated about twenty-three miles from the K. C, Ft. S. 
 & M. Ry. 
 
 SUTTON (T. J.) LAND (L.). 
 S. i, 2V. E. i, Sec. 14, T. 30 N., 9 W. 
 
 Limonite occurs here in scattered masses on a gradual slope. Two shallow 
 holes have been dug; in one several pieces of iron were found and in the other 
 limestone was reached. This ore is semi-stalactitic in form and of good quality. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Messrs. J. L. Goldsberry and T. W. Roberts report the occurrence of iron 
 ore in the N. W. i, S. E. J, and in N.W. J, N. E. i, Sec. 18, T 28 N., 11 "W. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 BLANTON LIMONITE BANK (S.). 
 i S. i, S. W. J, Sec. 29, T. 40 N., 1 W. 
 
 The limonite bank here is on the southern slope of the Blanton hills. The 
 surface ore occurs in pieces and large boulders and can be traced about one 
 hundred and fifty feet down the slope and sixty feet along the slope * On the 
 hill above the ore sandstone and chert in blocks and fragments occur; in the 
 ravine or branch at the foot of the hill bedded limestone is found exposed. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 ATKINS ESTATE LAND(L.). 
 
 N. W. i, Sec. 19, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 Limonite is found here and the main body of the exposed ore extends over an 
 area of about fifty yards square. The ore is slightly siliceous, occurs as frag- 
 ments on a moderate slope and mingled with many fragments of white chert. 
 Some of the latter are quite large. This locality is about one mile and one -half 
 from the W., G. & N. Ry. 
 
 BEAR MOUNTAIN BANK (M. ). 
 N. W. i, Sec. 2, T. 29 N., 3 E. 
 On the base of Bear Mountain, an oblong porphyry hill, limonite is found cov- 
 ering several localities. Detritus of sandy limestone, chert, clay and broken 
 
268 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 porphyry cover the base of this hill for about one hundred and twenty-five feet 
 up, and it is in this that the ore is found. These ore localities cover areas from 
 eighty to two hundred and fifty feet long and from twenty to fifty feet wide. 
 Several shafts and cuts have been dug in search of a solid body of ore. The 
 lower cut was run altogether in a light colored clay. The upper one revealed, 
 at the end, a considerable mass of broken limonite lying in cherty clay and a 
 disturbed, decomposed sandy limestone. The shaft above the cut was sunk 
 thirty feet, in light colored clay or, decomposed chert passing through a few 
 thin seams of ore, and ending in the clay without reaching any solid body of 
 ore. The upper shaft was only a few feet deep, all in the same clay. The ore 
 in the upper cut is much broken and shattered, and has considerable chert 
 mixed with it. Upon the surface much ore is of stalactitic structure, and 
 ■ quite pure. 
 
 BERRY (WM.) LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 
 Sec. IS, T. 28 N., 6E. 
 
 Here, near the base, on the northeastern slope of a large flat topped hill, 
 occur large and small fragments of hard iron ore, the greater portion of which 
 has a rather light brown color, the remainder being of the variety turgite. 
 Some chert fragments are mingled with the ore but no bedded rock is visible. 
 About forty yards east of this deposit a well was sunk and, at a depth of 
 twenty-two feet, four feet of hard red iron ore was found. It was supposed 
 that the well just touched the eastern portion of the deposit of iron. This in- 
 formation was furnished by Mr. Berry. The distance of this locality from 
 the W., G. & N. Ey. is about five, miles. 
 
 BERRY (WM. ) LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 
 S. W. h Sec. 15, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 Limonite is exposed here over an area thirty yards long and forty yards wide. 
 "Within this area little else than iron ore is to be seen. The ore occurs in frag- 
 ments and boulders at the foot of the hill. The greater portion is siliceous, 
 containing silica both in the form of small fragments of chert and grains of 
 sand, yet some specimens contain only a small per cent, of silica. About 
 one hundred yards east of this deposit there is a deposit of similar 
 ore. This area is only about twenty yards square. Again, about three 
 hundred yards east, on the same range of hills, a heavy bed of limonite makes 
 up the entire cap of the hill, the exposure being several yards in diameter. 
 Here, again, large boulders and fragments occur, and the ore is quite siliceous. 
 This deposit is seventy-five or one hundred feet higher than either of the other 
 deposits just described. In each case white chert is the only associated surface 
 rock. These localities are about five miles from the "Williamsville, Greenville 
 and Northern Ry. 
 
 BURDINAUX (WILLIAM) LAND (L.). 
 &. E. i, N. E. J, Sec. 36, T. 21 N., 6 E. 
 Limonite boulders and fragments occur here over an area about seventy- 
 five yards long and thirty yards wide. It occurs from the branch at the foot of 
 
THE LIMONITES. 269 
 
 the hill slope and eastward up the slope. The silica contained within these 
 masses is principally in the form of small fragments or particles of chert. No 
 bedded rocks-, but fragments and larger masses of chert are found on the sur- 
 face. On the crest, just east of this deposit, is a small area made up of very 
 sandy iron ore almost so much so as to be termed ferruginous sandstone, and 
 northeast, on a rather. low slope, a few masses of good limonite are seen. This 
 deposit is about two miles from the St. L., C. 6. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 THE CEDAR BAY BANK (L.). 
 Sees. 23 and 14, T. 28 N., 3 E. 
 
 This bank is now owned by Mr. J. L. Clarkson, Sr., and the heirs of Judge 
 J. G. Clarkson. 
 
 Mining has been done at intervals at this place for a number of years. Clark- 
 son Bros, did some mining in 1882, then Hon. C. D. Yancey carried on the 
 work, shipping the ore to St. Louis. The last mining was done in 1887, by 
 Mr, W. B. Wilcox, and there are left remaining, besides the one long, deep 
 cut, many smaller cuts and shallow shafts at different points and altitudes on 
 this hill, the greater number of which show iron ore. 
 
 For a description of the occurrence of and additional notes relative to this 
 deposit see the chapter on Limonite Ores, Part I. 
 
 THE DALTON (MRS. N. T. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 11, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 Massive limonite occurs here, covering an area about thirty yards square on 
 a gentle slope. The ore is in the form of large fragments. It is siliceous, 
 silica occurring as small angular chert pieces. 
 
 This deposit is a little more than one mile from Greenville, which is at the 
 terminus of the W., G. & N. Ry. Several small patches of ore, similar to the one 
 just described, are found on this range of hills. 
 
 FOLSOM (ALEXANDER) LAND NO.- 1 (L.). 
 Sec. 2, T. 27 N., 6 W. 
 
 Massive limonite is found occurring here on the property of the heirs of 
 Alexander Folsom, cohering an area about one hundred yards long and fifty 
 yards wide. The ore here is in huge boulders, scattered on and near the top of 
 a flat hill. These boulders are somewhat porous or spongy. Some of them are 
 found to contain small fragments of white chert, others are almost quite full of 
 chert and contain only a small per cent, of silica in the form of grains of sand. 
 No chert nor bedded rock within the area containing the boulders of ore but 
 just west of the area huge. boulders and fragments of chert are seen. This 
 locality is perhaps six miles distant from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 FOLSOM (ALEXANDER) LAND NO. 2 (L.). 
 
 Sec. 2, T.27N., 6 E. 
 This deposit of limonite is about one fourth of a mile north of the deposit 
 just described. The ore is found as a presumable ledge and in scattered large 
 
270 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 and small boulders, together covering an area about fifty yards in diameter, on 
 the slope on one side of a ravine. On the opposite side of this ravine, perhaps 
 fifty yards distant, is an area about the same in size, and made up of small 
 boulders and irregular masses of similar ore mingled with fragments of chert. 
 On top of this hill and on the opposite slope scattered boulders are found. The 
 entire area on which ore is found in this locality is about two hundred yards 
 wide and three hundred yards long, though within this area the boulders fre- 
 quently occur some distance apart. The ore is somewhat siliceous, bearing 
 silica in the form of both sand and fragments of chert. Chert is the only 
 associated rock. This locality is six miles from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 FOLSOM (ALEXANDER) LAND NO. 6 (L.). 
 Between Sees. 10 tf 11, T. 23- if., 6 E. 
 Massive limonite is found here covering an area ten yards square. The 
 surface ore is in the form of large boulders. It is found to be of a very fair 
 quality. The boulders are at the foot of a long point and mingled with and 
 above these boulders many large fragments of white chert are found. This 
 deposit is six miles from the Williamsville, Greenville and Northern Rv. 
 
 GARY (A.) AND MOSS (T. J.) LANDS (L.), 
 S. W. i, Sec. 24, and N. W. £, Sec. 25, T. 21 N. , 6 E. 
 Limonite is found here in masses over an area about four hundred yards long 
 and nearly fifty yards wide. Within this area^ three or four small patches are 
 covered with fragments and boulders of limonite. The most southern is at the 
 summit of a rather steep hill next to the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry., and here the 
 ore is very siliceous, bearing both grains of sand and fragments of chert. 
 Then, in a slight depression just north of this hill, there is another area of ore 
 of slightly better quality; and, again about the same distance north, on a lower 
 summit than the first, is still another area of a somewhat superior quality of 
 ore. This area extends about one-hundred yards northward, to the north side 
 of Sec. 25, and continues about seventy yards down a moderate slope in Sec. 
 24. Here again chert is the only associated rock. The chert occurs on the 
 surface in the form of small chips and boulders. 
 
 HAYNIE (S. C.) LAND (L.).. 
 S. W. Sec. 1*1, T. 27 N., 6 E. 
 Here several large boulders of limonite are strewn promiscuously over the 
 face of a rather steep hill, on the surface of which are also found scattered 
 boulders and pieces of chert. No bedded rock is exposed. The ore is quite 
 compact, and, but for the small angular fragments, of white chert which are ce- 
 mented by the ore, contains but a small percentage of silica. This small deposit 
 is located but a short distance from the W., G. & N. Ry. 
 
 HAYNIE HOLLOW BANK (L.). 
 Sec. S, T. 21 N., 5 E. 
 Massive limonite occurs here about half way up the slope of a moderately 
 steep hill. It is found as boulders, and, in one locality, as what appears to 
 
THE LIMONITES. 271 
 
 be a ledge. Portions of the ore are botryoidal. Some of the boulders are por- 
 ous with ocherous particles and. others contain many fragments of chert. The 
 ore covers an area twenty of thirty square yards in extent. It occurs, not 
 with bedded rock, but with chert in the form of loose fragments and boulders. 
 This deposit lies about one mile from the W., G. & N. Ry., about the same dis- 
 tance from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 HICKS (A. J.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 23, T. 27 N., 6 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here over an area about seventy yards long and twenty yards 
 wide, on a very long slope, near a slough. It is a fine stalactitic ore and oc- 
 curs as small fragments and large stump-like masses, mixed with fragments 
 and large blocks of chert. It is a good non-siliceous ore. There is no visible 
 bedded rock near. This ore is only about one fourth of a mile from the St. L., 
 C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 HOLLADAY (H. N. ) AND HAYNIE (S. C. ) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 20, T. 27 N., 5 E. 
 
 Limonite boulders, usually about one foot in diameter, and a few larger 
 fragments of ore are exposed here over a small area, on a rather steep slope 
 covered with fragments and boulders of white chert. The ore, is somewhat 
 siliceous, silica being contained in the ore masses in the form of scattered 
 grains of sand. This deposit is but a short distance from the St. L., I. M. & S. 
 Ry. and the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 JOHNSON (LEWIS) BANK (L.). 
 
 N. E. i, S. W. i, Sec. 15, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 This ore is on the property of Geo. D. Saxton. It is found here covering 
 several square yards on a rather steep slope of a hill. Only a few boulders and 
 chips of ore occur on the surface. This is quite siliceous, containing fine 
 grains of sand. Chert fragments both large and small are found within and 
 adjacent to the area containing surface ore. This deposit is about five miles 
 from the W., G. & N. Ry. 
 
 JOINER BANK (L. ). 
 
 Sec. 19, T.27N., 6 E. 
 
 This is a bank of coarse, stalactitic and pseudormorph limonite ore on the 
 property of Mr. Jacob Joiner and Mr. W. Davis. The pieces are mainly 
 small and occur on a moderate hill slope with fragments of chert. The area, 
 made up almost entirely of these pieces of ore, is about thirty yards long and 
 fifty yards wide. 
 
 West of this deposit, also in Sec. 19 and on the land of Mr. Joiner there is a 
 smaller area pf similar ore on the same slope of this range of hills. These 
 deposits are less than one mile from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 18 
 
272 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 JONES (A. S.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 3, T. 27 N„ 7 E. 
 Here there is a limonite bank with surface ore extending from the lower 
 part of the slope near Mr. Jones residence in a eastward direction, angularly 
 up the slope for a distance of three hundred yards, and with a width of from 
 thirty to sixty yards. Near the western limit are many small sharp pieces and 
 b'ocks of a somewhat siliceous ore, silica occurring both as grains of sand and 
 fragments of chert. Eastward about two hundred yards the fragments of ore are 
 larger but less numerous. The easternmost portion of the deposit is overlain 
 with large boulders, of slightly porous ore, lying compactly together, thus 
 forming a reef-like deposit. This part of the deposit is about one hundred 
 yards long by fifty yards wide. The ore contains less sand and chert than does 
 that in other portions of the deposit. It does not extend to the highest part of 
 the hill. The surface surrounding the ore is covered with chert pieces and no 
 bedded rocks are seen in this vicinity. Withinthe area bearing ore only a few 
 fragments of chert are fouud. Less then one-half mile, across the creek, in an 
 easterly direction from the last, at the foot of a large hill, boulders, and what 
 sterns to be a ledge, make up an area which is about thirty yards square. 
 Here the ore is less siliceous, silica occurring only as scattered grains of sand. 
 Loose chert lies on the hill above the ore deposit. These banks are about 
 seven miles from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. By. 
 
 KISTEE BANK (M. ). 
 
 N. E. J, N~. W. i, Sec. 35, T. 30 N., 4 E. 
 This deposit is on the flink of the same hill as the Yancey Mountain bank 
 described on p. 277 and similar to it in the absence of chert detritus. The ore 
 lies some fifty or sixty feet higher on the hill, upon a ridge between two 
 ravines, and running down into these ravines. At the bottom it is limonite of 
 poor quality, being quite siliceous, but on ascending the hill it grows redder 
 aud leaner, and presents the same changes into an apparently decomposed red 
 porphyry that were seen in the deposit above referred to. 
 
 MANN BANK (L.). 
 Sec. 21, T. 27 N., BE. 
 Limonite is found here on the land of Gildehaus, Wulfing and Company, cov- 
 ering an area about forty yards wide and eighty yards long, making up the cap 
 of a steep hill. The ore occurs in fragments both large and small. It is ocher- 
 ous and siliceous. Some of the fragments containing both chert and grains of 
 sand, others only grains of sand. The slope of the hill is covered with chert 
 fragments, but no bedded rock is visible. This locality is one-fourth of a mile 
 from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 MASON AND CLARKSON LAND (L. ). 
 E. i, Sec. 16, T. 27 N., 7 E. 
 Limonite occurs here over a small area, on a gradual slope of a cherty spur. 
 It is siliceous, silica occurring generally as fine grains of sand. This deposit 
 is about six miles distant from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
THE LIMONITES. 273 
 
 MOSS AND CLARKSON LAND (L.). 
 J». i, Sec. 10, T. 27 N., 7 E. 
 
 Here scattered limonite boulders and fragments occur on the surface over an 
 area about seven hundred yards long and from fifty to one hundred yards wide, 
 lying, principally, on or near the broad summit of a cherty range. Towards the 
 eastern limit scattered boulders are on the slope and near the crest in an aggre- 
 gation of boulders and probable ledge. Again, towards the western limit, in the 
 bank of the ravine, not far from the summit, is another ledge-like out-crop more 
 distinctly shown than the ledge near the highest part of the eastern slope. 
 There has been a shallow hole dug from which some ore was taken in clay, but 
 no extensive development of the mode of occurrence of the ore has been made. 
 Some scattering chert fragments are on the hill. This ore is said to be on the 
 land of Mr. T. J. Moss and the heirs of Judge J. G. Clarkson. It is situated 
 about six miles from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry^ 
 
 MAXFIELD (J. C.) LAND (l.). 
 
 N. E. 1, N. E. J, Sec. IS, T. 27 N., 6 E. 
 
 Here there are two deposits of massive limonite, each about thirty feet in 
 diameter. They form the cap of two high points of a spur and are about fifty 
 yards apart, separated by a shallow depression in which no ore is found, nor 
 does any ore extend far down the slope. In quality the ore is fair, being only 
 slightly siliceous. Lower on the slope, much Chert in the form of angular 
 pieces and no bedded rock is exposed. . This locality is about three-fourths of 
 a mile from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 MORITZ (GEO. F.) LAND ( L. ) . 
 
 Sec. 12, T. 27 N., 5 E. 
 
 There is here a deposit of semi-massive and stalactitic ore. It is about half 
 way down the moderate slope and forms a knoll-like elevation along the slope 
 at this point. The ore is over the surface of an area about fifteen yards square. 
 The greater portion of the ore is in large boulders. The percentage of silica 
 is low in the greater mass of the ore. The silica occurs in the form of grain's of 
 sand. This locality is about two miles distant from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. 
 Ry. 
 
 MORRIS CREEK BANK (M. ). 
 
 S. E. i, Sec. 35, T. 27 N., 4 E. 
 
 Here, on the slope of a low hill, about seventy-five feet high, and scattered in 
 the bed of the creek, limonite is found. It lies thickly, about two hundred feet 
 along the slope and extending up to the forty foot level. All the ore is lean and 
 cherty and often little more than ferruginous chert. It seems to have come from 
 a ledge of cherty ore whicji shows a persistent outcrop at the forty foot level, for 
 about one hundred and fifty feet. The broken surface ore shows a larger pro- 
 portion of good ore than the solid mass, but even in this there are irregular 
 masses of better ore. 
 
274 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 MOSS (T. J.) LAND (L.)- 
 
 Sec. 19, T. 21 N., 8 E. 
 
 Siliceous limonite is found covering an area about fifteen yards square. The 
 ore here is in the form of large boulders. It is siliceous, silica occurring both 
 in the form of chert fragments and grains of sand. Chert fragments occur 
 mingled 'with the ore boulders but no bedded rock,is observed. This locality is 
 but little more than one mile from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry. 
 
 NEIGHBORS (JOHN) LAND (l.). 
 
 S. E. i, Sec. 6, T. 21 N,. 1 E. 
 
 Limonite is found here covering an area about seventy yards long and thirty 
 yards wide. The ore is in the form of large boulders and fragments and at the 
 southern or lower end of the deposit there appears a reef- like mass or ledge of 
 ore. The deposit is on a divide, sloping southward, between two ridges. The 
 ore is somewhat siliceous, silica occurring both in the form of fine fragments of 
 white chert and grains of sand. The upper portion of this.deposit seems to be 
 less cherty than is the ledge. Other boulders of similar ore are seen on the hill 
 at the northern end of the area which bears ore. The hills here have rather steep 
 slopes and, on the surface, scattered fragments of chert are found. The land 
 upon which the ore is located was once homesteaded by Mr. L. T. Dondore with 
 the view of mining the iron ore, but no work has yet been done. This locality 
 is six or eight miles from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. Ry., and about the same dis- 
 tance from W., G. & N. Ry. 
 
 OTTER CREEK BANK (M.). 
 
 S. W. i, N. \, S. E. i of Sec. 3, and lot 1, N. E. J, Sec. 4, T. 21 &,, 5 E. 
 
 Along the top of the range of hills just north of Otter creek there are 
 small outcrops of ore in scattered boulders, but the largest are situated in the 
 N. B. i, Sec. i. Here, upon the southern slope of the hill, near the summit, 
 the ore covers an area about two hundred feet along the slope, and sixty to 
 seventy-five feet wide. Over the crown of the hill, on the northern slope, a 
 small amount of ore is seen. The ore is mostly in quite small pieces, and of 
 poor quality, being sandy and cherty. Upon the S. W. I, Sec. 3, lying low 
 on the hill there is a small outcrop of very good stalactitic ore. It is in small 
 pieces. 
 
 OZARK LAND COMPANY LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 11, T. 21 N., 6 E. 
 
 Two or three small exposures of limonite are found here. The surface ore 
 is in the-form of small fragments and boulders. The fragments are very fair 
 in quality but the boulders are quite siliceous, silica occurring as sand and 
 small chert fragments. 
 
 These deposits are about one-half of a mile distant from the St. L., C. G. & 
 Ft. S. Ry. 
 
THE LIMONITES. ' 275 
 
 PETTIT BANK (M. ). 
 
 S. E. i, Sec. 19, T. .27 If., 7 E. 
 
 The ore here occurs in two principal outcrops upon the eastern side of a high 
 hill, quite near the top. The southern outcrop shows one mass that appears 
 nearly solid and a large amount broken and scattered down the hill over an 
 irregular area, perhaps one hundred and twenty-five in diameter. The north- 
 ern outcrop is about two hundred and fifty feet distant, at about the same 
 height, and is smaller but more solid. Some of the ore in the first outcrop is 
 pure and dense, some stalactitic, some very sandy and some cherty. In the 
 northern locality it is porous, sandy and cherty. 
 
 RAILROAD BANK (L.). 
 
 S. E. J, Sec. 8, T. 27 If., 5 E. 
 
 Limonite, in the form of fragments, occurs here at the railroad cut near the 
 top Of the hill, in the form of small fragments and larger pieces. It covers 
 several square yards but nothing in the cut indicates an extensive deposit, as 
 no ore and only chert and yellow sandy clay are to be seen. Some chert lies 
 on the hill around the area containing ore. It is only slightly siliceous. 
 
 REESE CREEK BANK (M.). 
 
 Sec. 6, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 The ore of this bank shows itself in a zone one hundred feet wide and three 
 hundred feet long, lying across the top of a very high hill or ridge. The 
 largest amount occurs almost at the top of the ridge, where it is in 
 large boulders three feet or more in diameter, but there is no solid mass or 
 dense outcrop appearing nearly solid. The ore is mostly dense, close-grained 
 and of fair quality, although, at places, it is both siliceous and cherty. Some 
 specimens give a reddish streak. Towards the edge of the outcrop it grows 
 more cherty. 
 
 RUBOTTOM (L.) LAND (L.). 
 
 Sec. 10, T.28N.,6E. 
 
 Here a few small masses of limonite are found mingled with many fragments 
 of white chert. The ore is of a good quality, is pseudomorphous, probably 
 after pyrite, and has resinous lustre. No bedded rock near. 
 
 SHAW (DAVID) LAND (L.). 
 
 W. J, Lot 1, S. E. J, Sec. 6, T. 27 N., 7 E. 
 
 A few, slightly cherty and non -siliceous irregularly- shaped masses of hard 
 limonite occur here on the gentle slope. No rock except scattered fragments 
 of chert can be seen in this locality. 
 
276 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 SINGER, NIMICK CO. LAND (L.). 
 Sec. 5, T. 26 N., 5 E. 
 
 Here, around the summit and ou the gradual slope, boulders and fragments 
 of massive limonite appear. They extend over an area about fifty yards long 
 and thirty yards wide. The ore is of a fair quality, containing some silica in 
 the form of fine grains of sand and, rarely, a fragment of chert. A shallow hole 
 was dug here, several years ago, from which some ore masses were removed 
 but no solid body of ore was reached. Chert, as fragments and scattered boul- 
 ders, is found on the surface with the ore. This deposit is three or four miles 
 from the St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. 
 
 SMITH (PLEASANT) LAND (L.). 
 W. i, Lot 1, 2V. W. J, Sec. 6, T. 27 ST., 7 E. 
 
 Here there is a deposit of limonite, the surface showing of which occupies 
 about half of an acre. This deposit is found on a rather steep slope. Many 
 boulders and chips of ore containing insoluble material, such as grains of sand 
 and small particles of chert, are on the surface. There are fragments of chert 
 lying within the ore area and on adjacent portions of the hill. This deposit is 
 about seven miles from the St. L., C. G. & Ft. S. By. 
 
 SNEATHEN AND COMPANY LAND NO. 1 (L.). 
 
 5. W. i, Set. 8, T. 28 N.,6 E. 
 
 Massive limonite occurs here, making up the cap of a hill. The main body of 
 the ore covers nearly an acre of land and this entire area is made up almost 
 wholly of limonite in the form of rough masses and fragments. About fifty 
 yards further east, along the ridge, a smaller area of similar ore occurs and at 
 many places on the hills in this neighborhood scattered masses of ore occur 
 with the chert. This chert is (found on all of the hills near here. Much of the 
 ore is of a good quality and contains coatings and thin layers of limonite with 
 a silky to submetallic lustre. There is pseudomorphous ore here. Some frag- 
 ments contain fine grains of sand. 
 
 SNEATHEN AND COMPANY LAND NO. 2 (l,.). 
 Sec. 22, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 Massive limonite again occurs here, covering an area of about eighty yards in 
 length and thirty yards in width. The ore here is in the form of large scattered 
 boulders again, making up the cap of the hill. This deposit is two hundred 
 yards southeast of the deposit in Sec. 15 of this same township and the quality 
 of the ore and the mode of occurrence is almost identical in the two localities. 
 Small fragments of ore are found between the deposits but no continuous ledge 
 is apparent. 
 
 About one hundred and fifty yards southeast of this deposit, in Sec, 22, there 
 is another, similar deposit, covering an area of perhaps forty yards in width, and 
 twenty yards in length. This ore is also somewhat siliceous, silica occurring 
 
THE LIMONITES. 277 
 
 as small angular chert particles and as grains of sand. These localities are 
 nearly five miles from the W., G. & N. Ry. Fragments of similar ore may be 
 found in many places on the hills in Sees. 15, 16, and 22, T. ^8 N., 6 E. 
 
 SNEATHEN AND COMPANY LAND NO. 3 (L.). 
 
 Near the line between Sees. 15 and 22, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 Massive limonite is found here, covering an area about one hundred yards 
 long and fifty yards wide, making up the southern portion of a large, flat-topped 
 bill. Many huge >boulders, small fragments and an apparent ledge are found 
 within this area. The ore is somewhat siliceous, bearing small fragments of 
 chert and grains of sand. Some of the boulders are porous. On the northern 
 slope of the hill on which this deposit is situated some fragments of chert and 
 water-worn pebbles are found, on other slopes much chert occurs. The main 
 portion of the top of the hill near the ore-bearing area is quite flat, made up 
 of heavy soil and but few rocks. This locality is five miles from the W., G. & 
 N. Ry. 
 
 SPEER'S MOUNTAIN (M.). 
 
 W. J, Lot 2, N. W. i, See. 3, T. 29 N., 7 E. 
 
 Limonite occurs here almost exactly on the top or inclining a little towards 
 the eastern slope of a hill. It is in almost solid masses lying irregularly over 
 an area about forty-five feet wide and one hundred and fifty feet along the 
 ridge, while the broken pieces' extend down the hill about one hundred feet. 
 The ore is porous and contains chert in small pieces, which occurs at pretty 
 regular intervals. The surface of the hill is covered with soil, and no rock is 
 seen, save occasional chert lumps. 
 
 TOWER (GEO. F.) LAND (l). 
 
 S. E. i. See. 16, T. 28 N., 6 E. 
 
 Massive limonite makes up an area, here, about ten yards across. Large and 
 small fragments of the ore are found on the gradual slope of a large hill. 
 These fragments are siliceous, silica occu'ring in the form of partly decomposed 
 chert and fine grains of sand. Small pieces of such ore are found mingled 
 with the chert in many localities on this and neighboring hills. This is nearly 
 five miles from the W., G. & N. Ry. 
 
 YANCEY MOUNTAIN BANK (m. ). 
 
 N. W. i, N. E, i, See. 35, T. 30 N., 4 E. 
 
 Limonite ore is found here at the foot of a porphyry hill, lying scattered in 
 large and small pieces upon the porphyry and porphyrytic detritus. Liltle or 
 no chert or clay is present, and the ore is singularly free from chert. At the 
 lower part of the outcrop the ore is brown in color, free from impurity. 
 Higher up it grows more siliceous and darker in color, and finally has the 
 appearance of a decomposed poTphyry, highly ferruginous. 
 
278 IRON OKES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 REPORTED LOCALITIES. 
 
 Mr. S. C. Haynie, of Williamsville, reports iron as occurring in S.W. J, N. E. 
 J, Sec. 17, T. 27 N., 5 E. ; in Sec. 9, T. 27 N., 5 E., on the property of Mr. B. 
 Bossanbin; in Sec. 12, T. 27 N., 5 E., also on the property of Mr. Bossanbin, 
 and in Sec, 4, T. 27 N., 5 E., and Sec. 29, T. 27 »., 5 E. 
 
 Mr. James F. Hatten, of Williamsville, reports limonite as occurring in Sec. 
 35, T. 28 N., 5 E., on the property of Clarkson and Mason, and another in the 
 same section on the property of Mr. H. N. Holladay; in Sec. 26, T. 28 N., 5 E. 
 and in Sec. 30, T. 28 N. 7 E., on property of Mr. Perry Bennett. 
 
 Mr. E. P. Settle, of Greenville, reports iron ore in S. W. J, Sec. 5, T. 28 N., 6 
 E., on property owned by Mr. H. N. Holladay; in S. £, Sec. 5, T. 27 N., 5 E., 
 on property belonging to the heirs of Judge J. G. Clarkson ; in Sec. 6, T. 27 N., 
 8E., on the land owned by Mr. T. J. Moss; near the center of Sec. 17, T. 27 
 N., 6 E., and in Sec. 7, T. 27 ST., 6 E. 
 
 Also a deposit of pipe ore in Sec. 7, T. 27 N., 6 E., on the property of Mr. 
 Jos. D. Deaton. 
 
 Mr. T.A.Johnson, of Piedmont, reports a small deposit of limonite in Sec. 23, 
 T. 29 N., 3 E. ' 
 
 Mr. Wm. Page report3 the occurrence of iron ore in Sec 21, T. 27 N., 6 E., 
 on the property of Mr. Hanlan of St. Louis. 
 
 Dr. J. L. AllisoD, of Cbaonia, reports iron ore as occurring in the following 
 localities; in N. £, N. W. i, Sec. 36, T. 27 N., 6 E., on land belonging to Mr. L. 
 S. Osgood; in N. W. J, S. E. i, Sec. 25, T. 27 N., 6 E. on land homesteaded by 
 Mr. E. G. Boucher; in S. W. i, N. E. J, Sec. 26, T. 27 N., 6 E., on the property 
 of Mr. A. Gary; in W. £, N. E. 4, Sec. 25, T. 27 N., 6 E., on the property 
 belonging to Mr. T. J. Moss. 
 
THE RED HEMATITES, 279 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE EED HEMATITES. 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 DUNN (RICHARD) BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 21, T. 46 N.,10W. 
 
 Strata of red hematite are perceptible three miles north of New Bloomfield, 
 on the road to Fulton. The ore crops out in the road for a distance of about 
 twelve feet down the slope. Sandstone is seen above and below the ore. One 
 quarter of a mile west, on the same slope and level, stratified ore has been 
 found immediately below the soil. 
 
 DUNN (KAPH) BANK ( N. ) . 
 Sec. 32, T. 40 N., 10 W. 
 For a description of this deposit, see Chapter IV, of this report. 
 
 HENDERSON BANK (S. ). 
 
 Sec. 12, T.4B N.,11 W. 
 
 Here numerous and rounded surface ore is seen in several places on the 
 two hi'ls, west of the road; loose surface ore along the road on the northern- 
 slope of the eastern bill; a small and indistinct outcrop of stratified ore at the 
 foot of this hill, near the ravine, and finally loose surface ore in the ravine. 
 The two western hills are composed of Encrinital limestone which is laid bare 
 in several places and seems to reach the summits. Loose ore has been 
 ploughed up on the plateau on the nonhern hill. The ore is dark red, fine 
 grained hematite in thin layers, and is associated with layers of chert. The 
 exposure extends over a few feet only. 
 
 KNIGHT BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 2, T. 46 N., 10 W. 
 
 Here a fine outcrop of dense and fine- grained hematite is seen on the eastern 
 f lope of a low bill. The ore is more than two feet thick. It can be seen in 
 only two places, about tweuty feet apart. Due east of this hill, small and 
 large pieces and plates of ore are found loose in the bed of Middle Auxvasse 
 creek. On the low hill just south of the hill, on which ore was just described as 
 occurring, outcrops of ferruginous sandstone overlaid by thin seams of red ore 
 are noticed. These outcrops are on both the northern and southern slopes. 
 
280 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 murphy's HILL (s. ). 
 
 Sec. IS, T.'45N.,10 W. 
 
 Here no ore is to be seen in place, but large, somewhat rounded pieces and 
 plates of red ore are found in two ravines. The hill itself seems to be com- 
 posed of sandstone. Large masses of limestone are, however, projecting from 
 the lower part of the slope, apparently between the sandstone. 
 
 OLD DIGGINGS (S.). 
 
 Sec. 22, T. 46 N., 10 W. 
 
 Here the lower part of the hill seems to be composed of sub-carboniferous 
 limestone, the upper of ferruginous sandstone. Large and small fragments of 
 chert are found all over the ground. The red hematite has been discovered 
 near the top of the hill, on both sides of the ravine. On the western, a hole 
 was dug a number of years ago and it is said many tons of ore were taken out. 
 On the east of the ravine, and rather close to it, an outcrop is perceptible, con- 
 sisting of a five-inch stratum of solid, pure, red hematite. The total thickness 
 cannot be seen. 
 
 SHAFT HILL (S. ). 
 
 N. W. i, Sec. 4, T.4S N.,10 W. 
 
 Near the summit of a nearly round hill red hematite occurs in nodules or 
 lenticular concretions, composed of several concentric layers, and apparently 
 imbedded in loose sand, sometimes in thin layers, alternating with layers of 
 loose sand, sometimes as thick, massive strata. A shaft was dug about thirty 
 years ago on the eastern slope of the hill near a ravine, at a level considerably 
 below the regular ore-bed. This shaft went eight feet through sand and broken 
 ore and chert. Under the regular ore bed there is conglomerate of chert and 
 sandstone, sandstone and limestone; above it occurs chert and soil. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY, 
 
 BROWN BANK (S. ). 
 
 This bank is situated on the dividing ridge between Osage and Grand rivers. 
 Bed, earthy hematite, partly changed into brown and yellow limonite, is found 
 on the surface here over a very large area, associated with ferruginous sand- 
 stone. 
 
 OTHER DEPOSITS. 
 
 For a description of deposits at other localities in Henry county, see Chapter 
 IV, of this report. 
 
THE RED HEMATITES. 281 
 
 ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 
 
 COLLINS BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 23, T. 39 ST., 25 W. 
 
 An outcrop of red, earthy hematite, portions or' which are somewhat argil- 
 laceous, extends over a distance of two hundred feet, along the ravine at the 
 foot of a steep slope, on which no rocks are perceptible, except broken chert 
 above the soil. 
 
 GROVER BANK (S.). 
 
 Sec. 10, T. 39 N., 24 W. 
 
 Large and small fragments of ferruginous sandstone, frequently very rich in 
 iron, together with some brown and red hematite, are spread over a zone seve- 
 ral hundred feet wide, and about one fourth of a mile long across a limestone 
 ridge. 
 
 MARMADUKE BANK (s.). 
 
 Sec. 23, T. 39 N. 25 W. 
 
 Fragments of earthly, red hematite partly altered into yellowish brown, 
 porous limonite, are found on the surface on the summit of the ridge, over an 
 area measuring six hundred feet across, and four hundred feet along the ridge. 
 Some of the ore Is sandy and passes injto a regular ferruginous sandstone in 
 places. Most of the ore is good and the fragments large and sharp-edged. 
 
 OTHER COUNTIES. 
 
 For a notice of occurrences of red hematite in Monroe, Lincoln, Cooper, 
 Saline and Benton counties, see Chapter IV, of this report. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 THE IKON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 1 
 
 Extract from the Report on the Iron Deposits of Arkansas, by K. A. B". Pen- 
 rose, Jr., Ph. D.; being Chapter IT, of Volume I, of the Annual Report for 
 1892 of J. C. Branner, State Geologist of Arkansas. 
 
 LAWRENCE, SHARP, FULTON, AND RANDOLPH COUN- 
 TIES. 
 
 -THE LOCATION OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 The iron ores of northeastern Arkansas occur mostly in 
 the counties of Lawrence, Sharp, Fulton and Randolph, in the 
 hilly country comprising the valleys of the Black river and its 
 tributaries, the Strawberry, Spring and Eleveu Points rivers. T he area of th 
 This region includes an area over 50 miles long in an east and region.' 6 
 west direction, and about 35 miles wide in a north and south 
 direction. The ore does not occur continuously throughout it, 
 but exists as isolated deposits separated by much greater areas 
 destitute of ore. 
 
 THE GEOLOGIC RELATIONS OF THE DEPOSITS. : 
 
 The ores occur with a series of cherts, limestones and sand- 
 stones which form a part of the Lower Silurian series of 
 northern Arkansas. The exact position of these rocks in the 
 Lower Silurian is somewhat doubtful, but, from the studies of Limonites occur 
 the State geologist and Prof. H. S. Williams, it is probable a^'a urnestone 
 that they belong in or below the Calciferous horizon. They dip 
 under the saccharoidal sandstone and the Izard and St. Clair 
 limestones which represent the upper members of the Lower 
 Silurian system in the Batesville manganese region to the south 
 of the iron region. 2 
 
 1 This extract from the Arkansas report is introduced here for the sake of 
 'completeness. It, together with the chapter on the same ores of the preceding 
 report, constitutes a complete description of the limonites of the region. Dr. 
 Penrose's discussion adds further much of interest and value bearing upon the 
 composition and geology of the Missouri limonites. — A. W. 
 
 2 The geologic relations of these rocks are more fully discussed in the 
 
 (283) 
 
284 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Composition of 
 the ores. 
 
 Deposits not 
 developed. 
 
 THE NATURE OF THE ORES. 
 
 The iron ores of northeastern Arkansas all belong to the class 
 of hydrous sesquioxides of iron, known as limonite, brown 
 hematite or simple " brown ore." Seventeen analyses of these 
 ores, made by the Geological Survey, Prof. A. E. Menke, chemist, 
 are given in the accompanying table. It will be seen that the 
 amount of iron varies from 23 to 58 per cent. In samples 1, 2, 
 11, 12 and 15 it is over 50 per cent., and is good for a brown 
 hematite ore. The percentage of silica also varies considerably. 
 Samples 1, 2, 3, 11 and 12 are low in silica; samples 6 and 7 are 
 rendered undesirable on account of their high - percentages of 
 silica ; while samples 4, 5, 9, 10, 13 aud 14 are practically ruined 
 by their high contents of this ingredient. 
 
 In phosphorus also samples are variable, some being low 
 enough to be classed as Bessemer, while others are too high. An 
 ore is too high in phosphorus to be used for Bessemer steel if it 
 contains more than about 0.05 per cent, of that ingredient (see 
 pages 8 and 10). It will be seen that several of the samples 
 contain less than that amount. Sufficient analyses, however, 
 have not been made of the ore on any one property to state that 
 the whole deposit would be low enough in phosphorus to make 
 Bessemer steel, as it is perfectly possible that a Sample from one 
 part of a deposit may be low in phosphorus, while another from 
 a few yards off may be high. The average contents of a deposit 
 in phosphorus can only be determined by carefully prospecting 
 and stripping the ore and making numerous analyses, all of which 
 have been beyond the means and the time of the Survey. The 
 low phosphorus, therefore, in some of the analyses, can be 
 regarded only as a valuable indication and not necessarily conclu- 
 sive as to the quality of the whole deposit. 
 
 The sulphur is not excessively high in any of the samples 
 analyzed. 
 
 Considering all the constituents of the ores, it may be said 
 that samples 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 and 15 are good ores, while the rest, 
 of the samples represent ores more or less injured or even ruined 
 
 Aniiual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, 
 112-116. 
 
 pp. 
 
THE IKON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 285 
 
 by the low percentage of iron or by excessive quantities of 
 impurities. 
 
 The ores vary much in physical character. In color they range 
 from light yellow to chocolate brown, or even almost black, and 
 are often coated with a glossy black film. They often contain 
 considerable quantities of sand which can be seen in grains scat- 
 tered through the mass ; and in the more siliceous varieties the P acte%t°c a a 'r 
 sand increases in quantity until the ores merge into a ferruginous theore - 
 sandstone. Between the pure ore and the ferruginous sandstone 
 there are all degrees of admixture. Sometimes the ore is mas- 
 sive and solid, at other times porous and honey-combed, while 
 not infrequently it occurs as geodes, commonly called " iron 
 pots," from an inch to a foot or more in diameter. Elsewhere 
 the ore occurs as the cement of the brecciated chert. 
 
 ANALYSES OF IROS ORES FROM NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 LAWKENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Coffnian tract, 17 N., 1 W., Geo. 17, S i, S. E. 1.. . 
 Holloway tract, No. 1, 16 N., 2 W., Sec. 6, S. E.J. 
 Holloway tract, No. 2, 17 N., 3 W., Sec. 35, N. E. 
 
 „ 1.8. K.J 
 
 Cazort tract, 16 N.,2 W., Sec. 6.N.W. J. S.W.J . . . 
 Holloway & Collios tract, No. 1, 16 N., 3 W., Sec. 
 
 12, S. E. i . 
 ■fcCo 
 
 Holloway & CollinB tract, No. 2, 16 N., 3 W., Sec. 
 
 12, W. i, W. J.... 
 
 Wasson tract, No. 1, 17 N., 3 W., Sec. 26, S. i.... 
 Sloan tract, 17 N., 3 W., Sec. 28, W. |, N. E. J. . . . 
 Strawberry or Cathaytown, 16 N., 3 W., Sec. 12, 
 
 Strawberry or Cathaytown, i(SN., 3 Iff., Sec. 12', 
 S. K. J 
 
 8HAKP COUNTY. 
 
 Collins tract, 16 N., 4 W., Sec. 8, S. W. J 
 
 Wasson tract, No. 2, 16 N., 4 W., Sec. 13, E. J, 
 
 S.E J.. . 
 
 Big Creek and Reed's Creek divide, 16 N"., 4 W. , 
 
 Sec. 36, N. 4 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 Deadrick tract, 20 N., 6 W., Sec. 1 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 NearRavenden Springs 
 
 Odom tract, IS N., 1 W., Sec.il8, N. E. J, N. E J. 
 Iron Bank, 21 N., 3 W„ Sec. 8, N. E. J, S. W. i. . . 
 
 55.75 
 53.91 
 
 45.49 
 41.71 
 
 49.44 
 
 47.99 
 41 58 
 40.10 
 
 36.30 
 
 27.35 
 
 58.91 
 54.70 
 23.67 
 
 44 97 
 
 50.49 
 44.44 
 49.97 
 
 5 20 
 7.08 
 
 8.47 
 28.26 
 
 15 OS 
 16.26 
 12.54 
 
 30.8'. 
 
 52,58 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.80 
 
 58 12 
 
 21.40 
 
 12 60 
 11.83 
 14.53 
 
 041 
 0.028 
 
 0.007 
 0.014 
 
 0.028 
 
 0.083 
 0.193 
 0.042 
 
 0.041 
 
 0.284 
 
 083 
 021 
 306 
 
 0.031 
 
 0.041 
 0.021 
 014 
 
 0.212 
 0,198 
 
 0.315 
 0.232 
 
 0.479 
 
 054 
 095 
 0.637 
 
 0.205 
 
 0.034 
 
 0.109 
 0.458 
 0.178 
 
 
 Little. 
 
 102 
 0.157 
 0.082 
 
 None. 
 
 Trace. 
 None. 
 
 Little. 
 Trace. 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 Menke. 
 
 Analyses. 
 
286 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 THE MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF THE ORES. 
 
 The general character of the region in which the iron ores of 
 northeastern Arkansas occur, is that of a rolling country with 
 hills and ridges rising from one to over three hundred feet above 
 the surrounding drainage, and separated by flat river and creek 
 bottoms. The hills and ridges often rise abruptly from the low- 
 feawres of the lands and the ridges follow a circuitous course for many miles 
 across the country. Such ridges are well seen between the 
 Spring and Eleven Points rivers in Randolph county, between 
 Big Creek and Reed's Creek in Sharp county, and else- 
 where. 
 
 The iron ore usually occurs on or near the tops of the hills 
 and ridges, though more rarely it is lower down on the slopes. 
 The lower parts of the hills and ridges are composed of a blue 
 limestone which underlies the larger portion of the low country 
 and is the predominating rock of the region. This bed and also 
 the other rocks of the region are practically horizontal, though 
 they sometimes dip gently to the south. A thickness of lime- 
 stone over 200 feet is often exposed on the slopes of the hills, 
 and as it still underlies the lowlands, it is probably thicker. 
 Above the limestone on the slopes of the hills comes a sandstone 
 which generally forms the summit, at least of the higher points, 
 and varies in this position from a few feet to almost if not quite 
 100 feet in thickness. Sometimes the sandstone does not occur, 
 and the hills are capped with a gray chert which often partakes 
 of the nature of the sandy quartzite. In the cases where both 
 the sandstone and the chert occur in the same localities, the chert 
 Chert irregular in underlies the sandstone, and overlies the blue limestone. Where 
 the chert is wanting the sandstone comes into direct contact 
 with the limestone. It is noticeable that, though the limestone 
 is apt to contain cherty masses anywhere through it, the forma- 
 tion becomes more cherty towards the top. It seems probable 
 that when the chert intervenes between the sandstone and the 
 limestone, it simply represents an unusually large development 
 of this cherty character of the top of the limestone. This would 
 account for its sudden appearance and disappearance, since 
 sometimes it has a thickness of probably 75 feet or more, 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 287 
 
 while elsewhere it is wanting altogether, and the sandstone 
 comes into direct contact with the underlying limestone. 
 
 Where the sandstone has been eroded from the hills and ridges 
 and the chert covers the highest points, the summits have the 
 character and rough appearance of a surface covered with broken Relations of nme- 
 
 , , , , . „ , , stone and chert. 
 
 masses or rock. Not infrequently the chert is abruptly cut off 
 by a protrusion of limestone which comes to the top of the hill 
 and locally forms the crest, while beyond, along the summit, the 
 chert appears again. This sequence of outcrops is a natural 
 result when it is considered that the chert exists simply as large 
 pockets and lenticular layers in the limestone, and may be cut 
 out by that rock at any point. 
 
 The iron ore occurs in both the chert and the sandstone; and 
 as either one or the other of these rocks usually forms the crest 
 of the hills and ridges, the ore is generally near the summits. 
 It does not form a continuous bed over any very large area, but 
 
 Fig. 60 (Fig. 1 of Ark. report). Section across Iron Mountain on the Collins tract, Sharp 
 connty, showing the mode of occurrence of the iron ore. 
 
 1. Iron ore (limonite). 
 
 2. Sandstone. 
 
 3. Limestone. 
 
 Horizontal scale . 1 inch = J mile. Vertical scale : 1 inch = 100 feet. 
 
 occurs in more or less isolated basin-shaped deposits, varying 
 
 from a few square yards to several acres in extent and from two 
 
 to three feet to probably over twenty-five feet in thickness. The 
 
 section in Fig. 1 represents a typical case of the iron deposits ^eraii^ontne 6 " 
 
 of northeastern Arkansas, as exemplified in Iron Mountain on , crests - 
 
 the Collins tract in Sharp county. This tract will be more 
 
 fully described later in the present chapter. 
 
 In following along any of the ridges in the iron district a 
 series of such basin-shaped pockets as have just been described 
 are seen, separated along the ridge by areas of barren sandstone 
 
 19 
 
288 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 or chert. Sometimes the ore is comparatively pure, at other 
 times it simply forms the coloring matter and cement of fer- 
 impurities in theruginous sandstone or binds together the fragments of chert 
 breccia; and almost always more or less sandy impurities can be 
 seen in it. Sometimes the ore forms interbedded, alternating 
 layers with a a ferruginous sandstone, or occurs in bunches in the 
 sandstone or chert. A common occurrence is a chert bed cut by 
 a network of bunches and connecting seams of ore. 
 
 Frequently where the sandstone or chert is soft, the rock has 
 decayed, forming a red clay in which the masses of ore are 
 imbedded. Such deposits often afford a good soil and at the 
 present time many of the iron ore tracts are cultivated as farms, 
 and the lumps of ore are constantly being plowed up. This is 
 especially well seen in the neighborhood of Smithville in Law- 
 rence county, and around Calamine in Sharp county. Occasion- 
 ally also the ferruginous waters from springs in the iron ore hills 
 have cemented the sand and gravel in the creek beds, -forming 
 a ferruginous conglomerate, which is of course of much later age 
 than the iron ore in the hills. 
 
 t 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL VALUE OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 The facilities for mining iron ore in northeastern Arkansas are 
 fairly good. The ore, occurriug as it does on the tops of the 
 isolated hills aud ridges, though limited in both vertical and 
 lateral extent, could be easily mined. The nearest means of 
 transportation is the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis rail- 
 way, which is from eight to twenty miles distant from the more 
 important deposits. In some cases freight could be shipped 
 Facilities lor down the Black river to the White river, and thence to the Mis- 
 sissippi, but here also a haul by wagons of from ten to twenty 
 miles would be necessary. The nearest coking coal to the iron 
 deposits is that of western Arkansas and of Indian Territory at 
 distances by rail of from 225 to over 400 miles. Good hard- 
 wood fit for making charcoal is plentiful in the vicinity of the 
 ore, and a fairly pure limestone could also be obtained in the 
 same region. As already stated, the ore of some of the deposits 
 is too poor in quality to be of any value, but, the ore of other 
 
 transportation. 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 289 
 
 deposits combines a fairly good quality with sufficient quantity 
 to allow it to be mined. 
 
 In view of all of these conditions it may be said that there is De P°^ ts "Stable 
 a chance of the profitable working of some of the iron deposits lor worWn s- 
 of northeastern Arkansas. 
 
 Below are given descriptions of the individual properties in 
 the iron region of northeastern Arkansas. 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 General Features. The iron ores of Lawrence county are 
 mostly west of the Black river, in the western part of the county. 
 They extend from near Black Roek on the Black river, west 
 into Sharp county and south to and beyond the Strawberry 
 river. This area includes most of the deposits that are known, 
 though others of less importance are found elsewhere in the 
 county. 
 
 The J. W. G off man Tract. The Coffman tract is in 17 N., 1 
 W., section 17, the south half of the southeast quarter, about a 
 mile west of Black Rock. A brown hematite ore occurs in loose 
 masses here associated with fragments of chert in a red and white 
 clay. It is found over an area of probably six or seven acres. 
 The deposit is so much Concealed by soil that it is impossible to 
 determine accurately its size and extent without more prospecting 
 than has been done. The only opening that has been, made is a 
 small pit about six feet deep showing masses of ore in the clay. 
 Some of the ore contains siliceous pebbles and this may be, in^^L 1 '"*" 
 part at least, a later deposit than the ore free from pebbles. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore from this property : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM THE COFFMAN TRACT, LAWRENCE 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 55 75 
 
 Silica 5.20 
 
 Phosphorus 0° 41 
 
 Sulphur 0.212 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
290 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be of good quality, but the 
 quantity of it on the property has yet to be proved. 
 
 The 8. P. Holloway tract No. 1. This is one of the several 
 tracts of iron ore land owned in this region by Mr. S. P. Hollo 
 way of Black Eock. It is in 16 N., 2 W., section 6, the south- 
 east quarter. The brown hematite ore occurs here in loose 
 way'tract no. i. masses in the soil on the summit of a hill. It is associated with 
 fragments of sandstone and quartzite, and the exposed masses of 
 ore have probably been set free during the disintegration of 
 these rocks, in which they were probably originally held. The 
 ore is sometimes sandy and is occasionally found adhering to 
 masses of sandstone. It sometimes occurs as hollow " pots," 
 and at other times as a massive ore with a banded, agate-like 
 structure. A few small prospecting pits show masses of ore 
 imbedded in the red soil. 
 
 The following analysis by A. Menke shows the composition of 
 the ore from this property : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM THE S. P. HOLLOWAY TRACT NO. 1, 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 53.91 
 
 Silica 7.08 
 
 Phosphorus 0.028 
 
 Sulphur 0.198 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be of very good quality. It is 
 comparatively high in iron,*exceptipnally low in phosphorus and 
 comparatively low in silica. Thus analysis, however, cannot be 
 considered as representing the quality of the whole deposit. The 
 property is heavily covered with soil, and when the sample for 
 the analysis was taken only a limited part of the whole ore bed 
 was accessible. To test the deposit properly it should be stripped 
 in a large number of places and numerous samples should be 
 taken for analysis. In this way both the quality and quantity of 
 the ore could be determined, a thing which in the present un- 
 prospected condition of the property it is impossible to do. 
 The oazort tract. The Cazort Tract. The Cazort tract is in 16 N. 2 W., section 
 
 6, the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter, and in section 
 
 7, the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter. It is close to 
 the last mentioned property and the ore occurs under very much 
 
THE IKON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 291 
 
 the same conditions as on that tract, except that it is more sandy 
 
 and therefore contains a larger percentage of silica, as shown bv Analysis of the 
 
 ,,„,,. . . , . _ __ - Cazortore. 
 
 the following analysis by A. E. Menke: — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE IRON ORE FROM THE CAZORT TRACT, LAWRENCE 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 41.71 
 
 Silica > 28.26 
 
 Phosphorus 0.014 
 
 Sulphur 0.232 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 I 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be low in iron and injuriously 
 high in silica. 
 
 The Holloway and Collins Tract No. 1. The Holloway and 
 Collins tract No. 1 is in 16 N., 3 W., section 12, the southeast 
 
 The Holloway and 
 
 quarter, and is locally known as Iron Mountain. The brown coiims tract, 
 
 hematite crops out for a distance of half mile on the summit of 
 
 a ridge running in a general north and south direction. The 
 
 base and lower slopes of the ridge are composed of blue 
 
 limestone lying almost horizontally, while the sandstone with 
 
 more or less chert and quartzite appears on the upper part. 
 
 The sandstone is in some places white, and in others rusty brown 
 
 from the presence of iron. The ore occurs in isolated basins 
 
 or in large irregular pockets in the sandstone, and in following 
 
 along the top of the ridge ore may be found in one place and 
 
 perhaps a few yards further on sandstone crops out, to be cut 
 
 off by ore again beyond, thus causing an alternating series of 
 
 outcrops of ore and sandstone. So little prospecting has been 
 
 done on the property that it is impossible to determine' the 
 
 thickness of the deposit or, in fact, anything more than its 
 
 most general features. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composi- 
 tion of the ore : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM'THE HOLLOWAY AND COLLINS TRACT 
 NO. 1, LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 49.44 
 
 Silica 25.85 
 
 ~ . n noa Analysis of the 
 
 Phosphorus 0.028 ore. 
 
 Sulphur , . 0.479 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
292 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to contain an injuriously large 
 percentage of silica. 
 TheHoiioway The Holloway and Collins Tract JSTo. 2. The Holloway and 
 
 and Collins ■* 
 
 tract, no. 2. Collins tract No. 2 is in 16 N„ 3 W-, section 12, the west half, 
 and shows ore somewhat like that on the last property. It is 
 covered with so much soil, however, that it is impossible to de- 
 termine accurately the extent of the deposit. A pit about 
 twenty feet deep was sunk at this place some years ago. It is 
 now mostly filled with earth, but the upper six or seven feet are 
 still open. It shows alternating layers of ore and ferruginous 
 sandstone, the thickest layer of solid ore seen being about two 
 feet. Sometimes layers and pockets of red clay occur in the 
 ore. The ore dips apparently at about 30° to the southwest, 
 but this may be simply due to a local slip in the surface rocks. 
 It is probable that further prospecting on this property would 
 show considerable series of alternating layers of sandstone and 
 ore. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore on this property: — 
 
 Analysis of iron ore from the holloway and collins tract 
 
 Analysis of the NO - 2 > LAWRENCE COUNTY, 
 
 ore. 
 
 Iron 47.99 
 
 Silicia 15.08 
 
 Phosphorus 0.083 
 
 , Sulphur 0.054 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 » 
 
 This analysis shows the ore to be fairly good in its contents of 
 iron, somewhat injured by the high percentage of silida, and to 
 contain too much phosphorusjto be classed as a Bessemer ore. 
 The 8. P- Holloway Tract No. 2. The Holloway tract No. 2 
 T waytrac?,°No. 2. is north of the last mentioned property and in 17 N., 3 W., 
 section 35, the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter. A 
 porous brown hematite, often in the form of " iron pots," occurs 
 here in a red and brown clay in the bluff of a small creek. The 
 masses of ore, which are" sometimes two or three feet in diameter, 
 often form horizontal layers in the clay. A pit said to be 
 twenty feet deep was sunk here some time ago, but, now filled 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 293 
 
 J 
 
 up to within eight feet of the surface. The exposed sides of the 
 
 pit show a face of ore in red and gray clay over five feet thick. Analysis of the 
 
 This is underlain by clay, below which more ore is said to have 
 
 been found in the old pit. About ten feet of ore altogether is 
 
 said to have been exposed. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E, Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore from this property : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ORE FROM THE S. P. HOLLOW AY TRACT NO. 2, LAW- 
 RENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 45.49 
 
 Silica 8.47 
 
 Phosphorus 0.007 
 
 Sulphur , 0.315 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be somewhat low in iron, but 
 good in other respects. 
 
 The Wasson Tract No. 1. The Wasson tract No. 1 is in 17 TheWa880ntract 
 N., 3 W., section 26, the south half. This property is on the No1 - 
 continuation of the same ore belt as the last mentioned property, 
 and shows ore occurring under somewhat the same conditions. 
 The ore is often composed of geodes, or " pots "of brown hema- 
 tite, from one to six inches in diameter, and held together by a 
 ferruginous cement. The following analysis by A. E. Menke 
 shows the composition of the ore from this property: — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE IRON ORE FROM THE WASSON TRACT NO. 1, LAW- 
 RENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Iron .. 41.58 
 
 Silica 16.26 Analysis of the 
 
 Phosphorus ...' 0.193 ore - 
 
 Sulphur 0.095 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be low in iron and high in silica, 
 though other samples from this property might give better re- 
 sults. 
 
 The Moore Tract. The Moore tract is in 17 N., 3 W., section 
 21, the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter. It shows 
 ore occurring under much the same conditions as on the Wasson 
 tract, which lies northwest of it. 
 
294 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The W. 0. Sloan 
 tract. 
 
 The W. O. /Sloan Tract. The Sloan tract, commonly known as 
 High Peak, is in 17 N., 3 W., section 28, the. west half of the 
 northeast quarter. High Peak is a small knob rising from the crest 
 of a ridge and reaching between two and three hundred feet above 
 the surrounding drainage. The lower part of the hill is mostly 
 limestone while the crest of the knob is capped with chert, which 
 outcrops in a loose broken mass. Fragments of brown hematite 
 occur with the loose chert on the summit, and have undoubtedly 
 been derived from a small pocket of ore in that rock. One small 
 opening about three feet deep has been made. The ore is small 
 in quantities, the fragments occurring scattered over only about 
 half an acre. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM THE W. C. SLOAN TRACT, LAWRENCE 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 40.10 
 
 Analysis of the Silica 12.54 
 
 ore ' Phosphorus 0.042 
 
 Sulphur 0.637 
 
 Manganese. - a little. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be low in iron. 
 ore at strawberry Strawberry, or Gathaytown. The village of Strawberry, also 
 a ay own. k nown ag Gathaytown, is on the south side of the Strawberry river, 
 in 15 N., 3 W., section 5. A brown ferruginous sandstone covers 
 several of the hills in the village, forming numerous rounded, 
 rocky knobs, and is commonly mistaken for iron ore. Occasionally 
 a few small masses of a sandy brown hematite occur in the rock, 
 but the vast bulk of what is commonly supposed to be ore is 
 simply a rusty sandstone, of no value whatever as an iron ore. 
 Similar materials exist in many other places near Strawberry. 
 
 The following analyses by A. E. Menke show the composition 
 of this material : — 
 
 ANALYSES OF IRON ORE FROM STRAWBERRY, LAWRENCE COUNTY. 
 
 Iron : 36.30 27.35 
 
 Silica 30.87 52.58 
 
 Analyses of ore. Phosphorus 0.041 0.284 
 
 Sulphur 0.205 0.034 
 
 Manganese none. none. 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 295 
 
 These analyses show the so-called iron ore of Strawberry, or 
 Cathayton, to be so low in iron and so high in silica that it is 
 worthless as a source of iron. 
 
 SHARP COUNTY. 
 
 General Features. The iron ores of Sharp county, so far as 
 known, lie mostly south of the Strawberry river, in the southern 
 part of the county, though other deposits occur north of this 
 area. 
 
 The Collins Tract. The Collins tract is in 16 N., 4 W. 
 tion 8, the southwest quarter. It is locally known as the Iron 
 Mountain, which is the top of a ridge rising almost 200 feet above 
 the surrounding drainage. The lower part of the hill, for about 
 90 feet from the base, is composed of the blue limestone com- 
 mon to the region. The upper 85 feet are composed of sand- 
 stone, often assuming a quartzitic nature. The ore occurs in 
 fragments on the summit, and is associated with the sandstone, 
 from which the masses have been derived. The ore covers 
 about two acres and is found more sparingly beyond these limits. 
 It evidently represents a basin-shaped deposit in the sandstone. 
 A pit, mostly filled up, is said to have been ten feet deep and to 
 have gone through ore all the way. The ore is a brown hematite, 
 often occurring as a mass of small nodules, the size of a pea or 
 larger, with a fibrous structure, radiating from the center. Else- 
 where the ore is simply the common porous and honey-combed 
 brown hematite. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE IRON ORE FROM THE COLLINS TRACT, SHARP Analysis oi the 
 
 ore. 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 58.91 
 
 Silica 2.46 
 
 Phosphorus 0.083 ^ 
 
 Sulphur 0.109 ' 
 
 Manganese trace. 
 
 ' The analysis shows a very good ore for non-Bessemer purposes, 
 though the phosphorus is too high to permit it to be used for 
 
296 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The Wasson 
 tract No. 2. 
 
 Bessemer steel. The quantity of the ore, however, from a com- 
 mercial stand-point, has yet to be determined. 
 
 The Wasson Tract JSfo. 2. The Wasson tract No. 2 is in 16 
 N., 4 W., section 13, the east half of the southeast quarter. The 
 land here is mostly under cultivation and heavily covered with 
 soil. The ore occurs as masses in red clay and is only seen 
 where it has been plowed up. The property is only half a mile 
 north of the Bevens bloomary, where iron was made before 1860 
 (see page 2), and a part of the ore used in the bloomary is said 
 to have been mined on this tract. At present the old pits have 
 been filled up and but little can be seen of the ore. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore : — 
 
 Analysis of the ANALYSIS OP THE IRON ORE PROM THE WASSON TRACT NO. 2, SHARP 
 ore. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 54.70 
 
 Silica 2.80 
 
 Phosphorus 0.021 
 
 Sulphur 0.458 
 
 Manganese none. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be of a very good quality, high 
 in iron and low in silica and phosphorus, but the quantity of the 
 ore is doubtful. An ore that seems to be similar to that on the 
 Wasson tract occurs in 16 N., 4 W., section 24, the east half of 
 the northeast quarter. 
 
 The Big Greek and Reed's Greek Divide. Big cretek and 
 
 Reed's creek both rise in the southern part of Sharp county 
 
 and flow east, emptying into the Strawberry river in Lawrence 
 
 ore on the Big count y>, a f ew miles east of the dividing line between the two 
 
 BeedVcreek counties. A long, narrow ridge, often rising over one hun- 
 
 divide. ^ re( j f eet aDove t jj e surr ounding drainage, forms the divide 
 
 between the waters of the two creeks. It is composed of 
 
 the blue limestone in its lower parts, and is capped with a 
 
 sandstone varying from white to rusty brown in color, and 
 
 ranging from ten to twenty feet or more in thickness. This 
 
 divide is sometimes broken longitudinally into two or more" 
 
 parallel ridges. In following along the summit of any of these 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF N ORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 297 
 
 ridges it is found that the character of the sandstone varies 
 much in .different places, often changing abruptly from a pure 
 white rock to one stained dark brown by iron, the latter dark Ferruginous 
 
 . . . sandstone taken 
 
 rock representing simply local, isolated patches in the white for ore. 
 variety. This ferruginous sandstone is often mistaken by the 
 people living in the vicinity for iron ore, but it contains too 
 much sand and too little iron to be of any value as such. Oc- 
 casionally small masses, seams or pockets of a genuine ore in the 
 form of a brown hematite occur in the ferruginous sandstone, 
 but this is in only very small quantities and could not be profita- 
 bly separated. The great mass of the so-called ore is simply a 
 rusty sandstone. 
 
 Such deposits are well seen in several places on the Big creek 
 and Keed's creek divide, especially in 16 N., 4 W., section 36, 
 the north half, and in section 25, the south half. The following 
 analysis, by A. E. Menke, of a sample of the material from the 
 first named locality, shows its composition: — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM THE BIG CREEK AND REED'S CREEK 
 
 DIVIDE, SHARP COUNTY. 
 
 Analysis of ferni 
 
 Iron 23.67 ginoua sand- 
 
 stone. 
 Silica 58.12 
 
 Phosphorus 0.306 
 
 Sulphur 0.178 
 
 Manganese none. 
 
 The analysis shows the material to be too low in iron and too 
 high in silica to be of any value whatever as an iron ore. 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 General Features. The iron ores of Fulton county, so far as 
 known, occur mostly in the region between Spring river on the 
 east and a few miles beyond the town of Salem on the west. 
 Among the best known localities is the Deadrick tract. 
 
 The Deadrick Tract. The Deadrick tract is in 20 N., 6 W., 
 section 1. The ore is a brown hematite and occurs in associa- The Deadrick 
 tion with a bed of chert on the crest and upper slopes of a 
 limestone ridge. The ore occurs mostly in fragments on the 
 surface, covering probably about seven acres, and is mixed with 
 
The ore is quite 
 cherty. 
 
 Analysis of the 
 ore. 
 
 298 IRON OEES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 angular fragments of gray or rusty brown] chert. In some 
 places, however, where it is exposed in place, its original mode 
 of occurrence is found to be as masses and pockets in the chert, 
 sometimes also as the cement of a chert breccia. Near the base 
 of the deposit the ore becomes more and more cherty until it is 
 finally cut out altogether by solid chert, and this rock in turn is 
 soon replaced by the underlying limestones. The ore represents 
 an irregular and isolated body in the chert, probably not more 
 than twenty feet thick anywhere and much thinner in some 
 places, while the chert itself represents an irregular bed in the 
 upper part of the limestone. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the iron ore from this property : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM THE DEADRICK TRACT, FULTON 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 44.97 
 
 Silica 21.40 
 
 Phosphorus 0.031 
 
 Sulphur 0.109 
 
 Manganese none. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be high in silica, though some of 
 the ore on this tract is of better quality than that represented by 
 the analysis. 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 Ore near Raven - 
 den Springe. 
 
 General Features. Iron ores in the form of brown hematite 
 occur in many parts of Randolph county, especially in the 
 county between Spring river and Eleven Points river, and also in 
 the northeastern part of the county near the Arkansas and Mis- 
 souri boundary line, but so far as yet discovered the deposits are 
 all too small and often too poor in quality to be of any commer- 
 cial value. 
 
 Ravenden Springs. The village of Eavenden Springs is in 
 19 N., 2 W., section 7. Though no iron ore occurs in the imme- 
 diate neighborhood of the village, it is found in several places 
 at short distances to the east and south, on the divide between 
 Spring river and Eleven Points river. The main part of this 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 299 
 
 divide in the region in question is a long tortuous ridge running 
 in a general northwest and southeast direction and rising from 200 
 to 300 feet or more above the surrounding drainage. The lower 
 part of the ridge, for sometimes 200 feet from the base, is com- 
 posed of the blue limestone already described (page 23). The Chort on the hills - 
 rock becomes cherty towards the top, and the upper part of the 
 bed is composed largely of chert for a thickness of probably, in 
 some places, 75 feet or more. The chert usually forms the crest 
 of the ridge, giving it the rough rocky appearance of a chert 
 region. On the higher parts of the ridge, however, the sand- 
 stone, which belongs above the chert, often appears and forms the 
 summit. Occasionally the chert is absent and the sandstone 
 and limestone come into direct contact, as already explained on 
 page 23. Most of the iron ore occurs on the summit of the 
 ridge, as pockets in the chert, the deposits forming, on account 
 of their dark color, a striking contrast with the light gray chert 
 which surrounds them on all sides. 
 
 About a mile and a half east of Eavenden Springs a small pit 
 has been made in a deposit of brown hematite. The chert has 
 partly decayed and the ore occurs in masses and layers in a brown 
 and white clay which has resulted from this decomposition. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of this ore : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM NEAR RAVENDEN SPRINGS, RANDOLPH 
 
 COUNTY. Analysis of the 
 
 ore. 
 Iron 50.49 
 
 Silica 12.60 
 
 Phosphorus 00.14 
 
 Sulphur 0.102 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 The analysis shows an ore of fairly good quality. The quan- 
 tity of the ore, however, is uncertain, as very little prospecting 
 has been done, but it is probably limited. 
 
 Southeast of this locality, for five or six miles along the crest 
 of the ridge, similar or even smaller deposits occur. Sometimes 
 they show small quantities of ore, at other times they are simply 
 rusty chert. 
 
300 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI- 
 
 Jackson. The old village of Jackson is about eight miles 
 southeast of Kavenden Springs and on the divide between Spring 
 river and Eleven Points river, already described. Less than a 
 mile north of the village and in 17 N., 1 W., section 2, on the 
 old military road, a few scattered lumps of brown hematite, as- 
 sociated with fragments of chert, occur on the upper slopes of 
 a hill. The ore is in very small quantities. 
 The odom tract. The B. B. Odom' Tract. The Odom tract is in 18 N., 1 W., 
 section 18, the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter. 
 Masses of iron ore associated with fragments of chert occur 
 here, but the deposit has not been prospected and is so covered 
 with soil that it is difficult to determine anything about its extent. 
 Some of the ore contains rounded siliceous pebbles, and occasion- 
 ally it forms the cement of a mass of pebbles and sand. Such 
 materials may possibly represent a later formation than the other 
 ore and, if so, the iron in them has probably been derived from 
 the older ore. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition 
 of the ore : — 
 
 Analysis of the 
 ore. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ORE FROM THE ODOM TRACT, RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 41.44 
 
 Silica : 11.83 
 
 Phosphorus 0.021 
 
 Sulphur 0.157 
 
 Manganese a little. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be somewhat low in iron but 
 good in other respects. 
 
 Iron ore somewhat similar to that on the Odom tract also 
 occurs in 18 N., 1 W., section 6, the west half of the southwest 
 quarter. 
 
 Iron Bank. What is locally known as Iron bank is in 21 N., 
 3 W., section 8, the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter, 
 about a quarter of a mile south of the Arkansas and Missouri 
 boundary line and about fifteen miles east of the town of Mammoth 
 Spring. The ore is a brown hematite and occurs in association 
 with chert on the end of a ridge. The lower part of the ridge is 
 composed of the blue limestone, and the chert occurs with a 
 
THE IRON DEPOSITS OF NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. 301 
 
 thickness of about thirty feet on the summit. The fragments of 
 ore cover about five acres on the top of the ridge and the deposit 
 represents a local body of ore in the chert. Occasionally the ore 
 forms the cement of a chert breccia. 
 
 The following analysis by A. E. Menke shows the composition A °? m iron Bank, 
 of the ore from this property : — 
 
 ANALYSIS OF IRON ORE FROM IRON BANK, RANDOLPH COUNTY. 
 
 Iron 49.97 
 
 Silica 14.53 
 
 Phosphorus 0.014 
 
 Sulphur 0.082 
 
 Manganese trace. 
 
 The analysis shows the ore to be fairly good in its percentnge 
 of iron but somewhat high in its percentage of silica. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 HISTOKICAL AND STATISTICAL SKETCH OF THE 
 IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BY ARTHUR WINSLOW, 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 C. F. MAKBUT. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Early Discovery in America. The first discovery of iron ore 
 in the United States is credited to the year 1585, to an expedi- Ir A ^Sto r the ln 
 tion fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh and commanded by Ralph S^? 6 "" 1 cen ' 
 Lane. 1 The discovery was made along the Roanoke river. No 
 attempt was made to utilize the iron, however, as the explorers 
 were in search of gold and not iron. Iron ore was discovered 
 soon afterwards in Virginia and early in the 17th century 
 attempts at its manufacture were begun. From this time on 
 the discovery of other deposits of iron ore and the development 
 of the iron industry in the eastern States steadily progressed. 
 
 First Discovery in Missouri. The exact date of the discovery 
 of iron ore in Missouri we are unable to state. With our 
 knowledge that the lead ores of the State were probably known probably known 
 to and operated by the French as early as the year 1700, it is noo in Missouri. 
 probable that the existence of iron ore was also known as early 
 as that time. Not until after the year 1815 have we, however, 
 any record of these ores being utilized. By this time a very 
 considerable iron industry had developed in the eastern States. 
 Iron works were in operation in Massachusetts, New York, New 
 Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, in Pennsylvania and in Ohio. West 
 of Ohio, however, with the exception of a nailery established in 
 
 1 James M. Swank, History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages, p. 102. 
 
 20 (303) 
 
304 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Indiana Territory, 1 no iron industry was begun. The develop- 
 ment of the iron mines of Michigan and Wisconsin was of later 
 date. Missouri can, hence, probably claim the distinction of 
 being the first State west of Ohio to start the manufacture and 
 Missouri's promi- smelting of iron ore. The prominence of its position in the 
 
 nence as a mm- ° l * 
 
 area produolns Mississippi valley and the reputation which it had enjoyed abroad 
 as a mineral producing area had attracted many men interested 
 in mining to within its borders. These are facts which led to 
 the early development of the lead mines and. they doubtless had 
 influence in starting the early iron industry. 
 
 In the following pages we shall attempt to describe the growth 
 of this industry and to accompany such description by all the 
 statistics that we have been able to obtain. For ready compar- 
 ison with the chapters of the preceding report, we shall discuss 
 the different classes of ore separately. (1) Specular Ores in 
 Porphyry, (2) Eed Hematites, (3) Specular Ores of the Sand- 
 stone Region, (4) the Limonite Ores. Under these headings, 
 The beginnings of we w iU n °t e the inception of mining at the principal iron mines 
 
 tne n s"tate ins ln in the State, and will, at the same time, refer to the manufacture 
 of iron at each of these localities. The summaries of production 
 are tabulated after this systematic description and a special sec- 
 tion at the end describes the Metallurgy of Iron in the State. 
 
 IRON MINING. 
 
 SPECULAR ORES IN PORPHYRY. 
 
 As/iebran's Furnace. The specular ores in porphyry were the 
 first ores to be mined and smelted in the State. According to 
 Swank, 2 from information furnished him by Mr. W. A. Fletcher 
 of lronton and Mr. A. W. Holloman of Arcadia, what is known 
 as Ashebran's furnace, which was erected about 1815 or 1816, 
 was the first iron enterprise in the State. It was located at the 
 The earnest at- Shut-in, about two miles east of lronton. Swallow 3 states that 
 smelting in 1815. " one of the first iron furnaces in this part of the country was 
 erected at this place; " but he does not give the date of its erec- 
 
 1 Swank, Opus Cite, p. 3U. 
 
 2 Opus Cite, p. 332. 
 
 3 Report Mo. Geol. Survey, 1855, Part I, p. 155. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 305 
 
 tion. According to report, bar iron was made at this place, the 
 hammer being operated by a big shaft and a water wheel. The 
 ore for the furnace was obtained from Shepherd mountain. Just 
 how long Ashebran's furnace continued in operation we do not' 
 know, though it is probable that it was active for a number of 
 years. 
 
 Iron Mountain. The next enterprise connected with these 
 porphyry ores was at the well-known Iron mountain. Accord- 
 ing to Swank 1 the attention of some Missouri capitalists was 
 attracted to these deposits in the year 1836, and in the fall of 
 that year the Missouri Iron Co., with the nominal capital of 
 $5,000,000, was formed and chartered. According to notes 
 kindly furnished by Prof. Wm. B. Potter, mining engineer of Iro „ Mountain an 
 the present Iron Mountain Mining Co., " Iron Mountain^ is gn in s t panish 
 included in an old Spanish grant of 20,000 arpents (17,013.88 
 acres) to Joseph Pratte. Tbjs was confirmed by the United 
 Sates Congress July 4, 1836. In 1840 a schoolmaster by the 
 name of Van Dora secured an option on the property and went to 
 Philadelphia to organize a company. He failed in this and soon 
 died. The American Iron Mountain Co. was incorporated Jan- 
 uary 24, 1843. June 9, 1845, Conrad C. Ziegler and Elvina, 
 his wife, deeded n /i4th parts * of a tract of land situated on the 
 headquarters of the St. Francois river in the counties of St. 
 Francois and Washington in the State of Missouri, containing 
 20,000 arpents, more or less, known as the Iron Mountain trad, 
 including Iron Mountain, etc' On the same date James Harri- 
 son and Maria L., his t wife, deeded the other 3 /i4ths also to the 
 American Iron Mountain Co. Mining began ,in 1844 on surface Formation of the 
 
 ° ° present Iron 
 
 ore only. On May 10, 1869, the present Iron Mountain Co. Mountain co. 
 was organized. The first ore treated at Iron Mountain was in 
 August, 1846, when furnace No. 1 was put in blast. In January, 
 1848, No. 2 furnace was put in blast. In 1851 Valle Forge was 
 built between Farmington and Ste. Genevieve and continued in 
 operation until 1866, making iron blooms from Iron mountain 
 ore, which latter was hauled to the forge, the blooms being 
 hauled from there to the river at Ste. Genevieve. In January, 
 
 1 Opus Cite, p. 335. 
 
306 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 1855, No. 3 furnace was put in blast. In 1858 the Iron Mount- 
 ain R. R. was built as far as Pilot Knob and soon after ship- 
 ments of ore began from Iron Mountain to Irondale and to a 
 small iron furnace at Carondelet. The last iron made at Iron 
 mountain was in 1877 and the total amount of pig iron made 
 T Mountain 0lIronLnere was 19 2 >?31 t° Q s- The whole amount of ore mined at 
 3 ; 36o,ooo tons. Iron mouilta m is approximately 3,360,000 tons of 2240 lbs. up 
 to January 1, 1892."- 
 
 The following table, kindly furnished by Mr. John Birkenbine, 
 special agent in charge of the collection of iron statistics for the 
 Eleventh Census and for the U. S. Geological Survey, gives the 
 total amount of iron ore shipped during the successive years of 
 mining, from 1870 to 1887, inclusive. The books of the company 
 were destroyed by fire in 1870 and, hence, earlier details are not 
 procurable. The figures given for 1890, 1891 and 1892, are from 
 the reports of Mr. C. C. Woodson, the State mine inspector for 
 the respective \ears; they represent productions, not shipments. 
 
 SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM IRON MOUNTAIN. 2 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 1882 62,043 
 
 1883... 51,352 
 
 1884 47,220 
 
 1885 52,993 
 
 1886 138,082 
 
 1887 ' 113,589 
 
 1888 2,736,445 
 
 1889 Aver, value. 
 
 1890 '. 85,268 3 $3 41 
 
 1891 66,914 s 2 62 
 
 1892 78,909 s 1 79 
 
 Total amount produced (mined) up to the end of the year 1891. ..3,349,086 tons. 
 
 1 According to figures furnished by Mr. John Birkenbine, and presumably 
 derived from the same source, the total amount of iron ore produced up to the 
 end of 1891, is 3,349,086 long tons, a difference of about 11,000 tons. 
 
 2 Figures for the years 1870 to 1887, inclusive, are of shipments and do not 
 indicate stock ore. 
 
 3 Figures for 1890, 1891 and 1892. are of amounts mined and they also apply 
 for the year ending June 30th. 
 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 
 Prior to and including 1870 791,077 
 
 
 1871.... 157,904 
 
 
 1872.... 269,480 
 
 
 1873.... 235, 130 
 
 
 18,74.... 103,680 
 
 
 1875 .... 107,220 
 
 Shipments of 'Ore 
 from Iron Moun- 
 
 1876.... 107,430 
 
 tains. 
 
 1877.... 75,468 
 
 
 1878.... 95,930 
 
 
 1879.... 142,368 
 
 
 1880 108,045 
 
 
 1881.... 77,434 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 307 
 
 Pilot Knob, according to notes also furnished by Prof. Pot- 
 ter " was first entered in 1835." " Pratt and Valle soon after 
 came into possession but it was not till 1847 that much work 
 was done. The Madison Iron Mining Co., with Bernard Pratte, Madison iron Min- 
 President, and Conrad C. Ziegler, Manager, was organized in iz«diniM9. 
 1848, and a furnace built. The first mining also commenced at 
 this time. In 1853 the second furnace was built. About this 
 time the company was reorganized as the Pilot Knob Iron Co. 
 In 1882 the property was consolidated with the Vulcan Iron and 
 Steel Works and the Grand Tower Coal Co., forming the St. 
 Louis Ore and Steel Co. The total amount of ore mined at 
 Pilot Knob is about 1,500,000 tons, besides which Shepherd 
 Mountain has yielded about 75,000 tons, Cedar Mt. about 
 25,000 tons, Buford Mt. about 3,000 tons, Russell Mt. about 3,000 
 tons and the Shut-in about 600 tons. All of the last named 
 places belong also to the Pilot Knob property." 
 
 The following table, kindly furnished by Mr. E. A. Hitchcock, 
 president of the St. Louis Ore and Steel Co., gives the annual out- B ?h,fpfio° l Knob 
 put of the mine during the years 1882, to 1892, inclusive. The c° e destr °y ed '»• 
 records of operations prior to 1882, Mr. Hitchcock is informed, 
 were destroyed by fire. 
 
 ANNUAL PRODUCTIONS OF PILOT KNOB MINE. 
 
 Gro-sTons. Gross Tons. 
 
 1882 90,477 1888...' 98,298 
 
 1883 116,699 1889 57,630 
 
 1884 , 124,636 1890 33,819 
 
 1885 136,737 1891 5,852 
 
 1886 198,909 8 inos. of 1892 4,942 
 
 1887 206,273 
 
 Total from 1882 Lo 1892, inclusive 1,074,272 
 
 Annual prodac- 
 
 The figures of the State mine inspector for recent years are Knob°mine. 
 as follows, the year in each case ending June 30th : 
 
 Gross Tons. ' Aver. Value. 
 
 1890 59,731 $145 
 
 1891 14,830 160 
 
 1892 7,049 2 07 
 
 As referred to in connection with Pilot Knob, iron was mined 
 
308 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Production of Iron ten years 
 Mountain and 
 Pilot Knob de- 
 clining. 
 
 not only from Iron mountain and Pilot Knob themselves, but 
 iron mined from also from Buford mountain, about three miles west of Iron 
 noar r piiot e Knob 8 mountain, and from Shepherd mountain, Cedar mountain and 
 Russell mountain in the vicinity of Pilot Knob. 
 
 The furnaces "used at both mines were charcoal furnaces, the 
 charcoal being burned in the neighborhood. 
 
 Decline of Production. Operations at both of these mines 
 were practically continuous from the time of their beginning up 
 to the present date, though the amounts produced have fluc- 
 tuated considerably. The past twenty years has been the period 
 of greatest activity; in fact, as the tables show, fully 66 per 
 cent, of the ore produced at the Iron mountain mine has been 
 mined during the past twenty years and 66 per cent, of that pro- 
 duced by the Pilot Knob mine has been mined during the past 
 Both mines show a noticeable decrease in the 
 amounts produced during recent years. The maximum annual 
 production of the Iron Mounjtain mine was 269,480 tons in the 
 year 1872. The production for the year 1892 was only about 
 thirty per cent, of this. The maximum production of the Pilot 
 Knob mine was 206,273 during the year 1887. The present 
 production is about three per cent of this. 
 
 The reasons for the reduction in the amounts of ore produced, 
 as has been explained in the chapters of the preceding report, 
 is principally on account of the diminution of the known supply 
 of ore, though the conditions of the market have also had their 
 influence. The prospects of further discovery of ore have al- 
 ready been stated, and need not be repeated here; that the con- 
 ditions of the market will always permit of the profitable sale of 
 such excellent ores as these, if they can be mined at reasonable 
 cost, cannot be doubted. 
 
 Values of Ores. Concerning the values at the mines of these 
 ores we have not been able to obtain much information. Large 
 orders are reported to have been filled at Iron mountain between 
 the years 1870 and 1880 at a rate of $10.00 per ton and one 
 large order gave nearly $15.00 per ton. For the years 1882 to 
 1892 we have been furnished with the following rates, at which 
 large lots of these porpyhry ores were sold. We are not at lib- 
 erty to state which mine the ore was obtained from, but it caa 
 
 Ores brought 
 high prices. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 309 
 
 B 
 
 be applied, for general comparative purposes at least, to either 
 mine. 
 
 VALUES OF SPECULAR ORES IN PORPHYRY. 
 
 1882 $4 17 1888 $2.87 
 
 1883. 3 64 1889 2.15 
 
 ,„„. . .,, ,_.. „ Values of specular 
 
 188+ 4 06 1890 ,...2.09 ore. 
 
 1885 3 01 1891 2.34 
 
 1886 2 87 8 mos. of 1892 2.17 
 
 1887 3 04 
 
 Average, 1882 to 1892 $3.17 
 
 THE RED HEMATITES. 
 
 The red hematites, us defined in the preceding report, are found 
 principally in Lincoln and Callaway counties, in Benton, Henry 
 and St. Clair counties, along the upper waters of the Osage 
 river, and occasional unimportant occurrences have been noted 
 in a few other counties. Nothing that can be dignified with the 
 term of mining operation has been conducted in these ores. 
 The most considerable deposits so far found are in Lincoln and 
 
 /■in i- i j I- r ,i j. i i No mining done In 
 
 Callaway counties ; but little more than prospecting has been these ore fields. 
 done in any of the deposits there recognized. This has been 
 done at irregular intervals during the past twenty years. The 
 amount of ore mined from all probably does not exceed a few 
 hundred tons. Whatever the value of these deposits may be 
 determined to be in the future, the extent of their development 
 up to the present time is not sufficient for them to receive 
 further consideration here. 
 
 THE SPECULAR ORES OF THE SANDSTONE REGION. 
 
 The specular ores of the sandstone region rank next in impor- 
 tance to those associated with the Archean porphyries. It is of 
 these also that we have the second earliest record of iron ore 
 being mined and worked in the State. 
 
 The Harrison-Reeves Bloomary is the operation referred to ; 
 it was located on Thicketty creek, a tributary of the Meramec Early oioomarj 
 
 ^ - furnaces es- 
 
 river in Crawford county, near the Washington county line, tarnished. 
 three miles south of the town of Bourbon. Cresswell's mill 
 was afterwards built about one hundred yards from the site of 
 
310 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 this early iron enterprise. 1 The works were built during 1819 
 and 1820, and were rudely constructed of logs and rocks, being 
 
 B1 buut ary r l ldeIy simply a stone stack built into a hill. The iron was made into 
 long bars, the bloom of iron being hammered under a spring- 
 pole hammer on an anvil. The ore was brown hematite mixed 
 with blue specular ore and' was hauled in ox carts from the 
 adjacent hills. 
 
 The Eversol, Perry and Buggies Furnace was the next enter- 
 prise of which we have any record. It was located, between 
 Potosi and Caledonia. This furnace Dr. Litton 2 characterizes 
 as the " earliest attempt in Missouri, and, in all probability, in 
 any of the States west of Ohio, to smelt iron ore." This furnace 
 was also known as the Springfield furnace and is so described by 
 Swank. 3 Cannon balls are reported to have been made for the 
 general government at this furnace in 1832. It was at one time 
 known as Perry's Old Iron Furnace. Litton states that the ore 
 
 cannon baiu for nrst use d was obtained from Clear creek; afterwards four-fifths 
 t he e army made of tha( . sme j te( j came from Absalom Eaton's place and was 
 
 mixed with ore brought from Iron mountain. The ore near 
 Mr. Eaton's is a brown hematite. Dr. Litton further quotes 
 Col. Mcllvane to the effect that the first bar of iron made out of 
 pig metal in Missouri was mined in Cedar creek in May, 1825, 
 and the first blooms were made in 1832. 
 
 The Meramec Ore Bank, in Phelps county, about five miles 
 southeast of St. James, is one of the oldest mines operated in 
 the State. According to Dr. B. F. Shumard 4 it was opened as 
 early as the year 1826 by Messrs. Massey and James, who com- 
 menced the erection of the furnace, which was completed in the 
 month of January, 1829, and was in operation at intervals dur- 
 ore of excellent ing'the next thirty years. The ore is a rich, compact, specular 
 hematite. This mine was in operation during the year 1891 and 
 has been an ore-producer intermittingly from its beginning to 
 this date. According to Campbell's Gazetteer, p. 434, it was in 
 operation in the year 1873, and according to the Mine Inspector's 
 
 1 Swank, Iron in All Ages, p. 333. 
 
 2 Report of Missouri Geol. Survey, 1855, Part II., p. 73. 
 
 3 Opus Cite, p. 334. 
 
 4 Report Missouri Geol. Survey, 1855 to 1871, p. 238. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 311 
 
 report was in operation in the years 1890 and 1891. The books 
 of the company have been destroyed by fire and hence detailed 
 figures of the production of this mine are not obtainable. The 
 Mine Inspector's report for 1891 puts the production at 2302 
 tons at $2.80 per ton. According to the figures kindly furnished 
 by Mr. Wm. James of St. James, the total production of this 
 mine up to the end of «the year 1891 is 375,000 tons. 
 
 The Scotia Iron Furnace, in Crawford county, about eight miles 
 southeast of Leasburg, was erected in 1849. The ore used was operated. 
 from the Scotia mines at the same locality and is a hard specular 
 hematite. Two mines were opened in close proximity to each 
 other (about three miles apart), known respectively as Scotia 
 No. 1 and Scotia No. 2. These mines we find referred to in 
 Campbell's Gazetteer as operating in the year 1873. We have 
 not the data from which to state during what years these mines 
 were in operation nor the amounts produced during the different 
 years. The furnace was subsequently moved to a point further 
 south in Dent county and was then known as the Nova Scotia 
 furnace. This went out of blast about the year 1884 and has 
 since been moved to Paducah, Ky. The total production of 
 the Scotia No. 2 mine, according to the figures furnished by Mr. 
 Wm. James, is 7000 tons; Scotia No. 1, according to Mr. Scott, 
 former owner of the mine, produced 150,000 tons; Mr. James Blast furnace re- 
 
 iii moved to Padu- 
 
 further adds that the total amount of ore smelted at the Old can, Ky. , 
 Scotia furnace was 290,000 tons. 
 
 The Old Franklin or Moselle Furnace, in Franklin county, 
 near Moselle, was built in the year 1857. 1 It is referred to 
 by Litton in 1855. 2 The ore used at the time of Dr. Litton's 
 visit was from a deposit near by of red hematite ; later the ore 
 from Benton Creek mine, in Crawford county, was used. 
 
 From this date on up to 1870, we have been able to collect no 
 notes of importance relating to the mining of these ores. In 
 fact, previous to that year most of the iron mining of the State 
 was at the Iron mountain and Pilot Knob mines, and at the 
 localities in Phelps, Crawford, and Franklin counties already 
 described. 
 
 1 Report Mo. Geol. Survey, by Chas. P. Williams, 1877, p. 142. 
 
 2 Report Mo. Geol. Survey, 1855, Part II, p. 74. 
 
Washington Co 
 
 312 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The Hamilton Iron Works, in the northwestern corner of 
 iron smeiung in Washington county, were built in the year 1873, and more or less 
 iron miningin the surrounding country must have been prosecuted 
 to supply these works. 
 
 The Benton Creek Mine, on Benton creek in the southwestern 
 corner of Crawford county, was opened in the year 1873. The 
 ore was partly specular and partly limonite. It was operated 
 during the' years 1873, 1874, 1882, 1886 and 1887. The 
 amount of ore mined during each of these years is given in the 
 following table, kindly furnished by Mr. T. T. Lewis, secretary 
 of the Meramec Iron Co. 
 
 IRON ORE PRODUCED AND SHIPPED TO DATE AT THE BENTON 
 
 CHEEK MINE. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 1873 25,313.32 
 
 1874 18,863.84 
 
 1882 894.00 
 
 1886 ,. 348.00 
 
 1887 2,114.36 
 
 Total 47,533.52 
 
 Since 1887 no work hasbeen done at the mine, to the writer's 
 knowledge. 
 
 The Steelville*lron Mines, about three miles southwest of 
 Steelville, were first operated in 1873 and 1874 and again in 1880 
 to 1881. The exact amounts produced during these periods 
 St y?eiaed aSont 8 could not be obtained, but Judge A. J. Seay of Oklahoma 
 
 5,000 tone. 
 
 Territory, informs us that, in his estimation, these mines yielded 
 from 5000 to 6000 tons. 
 
 According to the notes in Campbell's Gazetteer, the Grover, 
 Benton Creek and Iron Kidge mines being operated in Crawford 
 county in the year 1873, and the Buckland and Beaver Creek 
 mines in Phelps county during the same year. 
 
 The Simmons Mountain Mine is one of the largest operated 
 in the region. It is situated about two miles southwest of 
 Siilem. The ore is mostly specular hematite. According to the 
 Mine Inspector's reports for the years 1889, 1890, 1891 and 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 313 
 
 1892, 1 this mine was in operation during this period , and the 
 following amounts are stated to have been produced : — 
 
 Tons Value 
 
 Produced. Per Ton. 
 
 1890 6,911 ?2 37 
 
 Values of Sim- 
 
 1891 .-. . 4,472 2 26 mons Mountain 
 
 1892 7,454 160 
 
 ores. 
 
 According to figures kindly furnished by Mr. E. B. Sankey 
 of Salem, the total amount of ore produced at this mine up to 
 the end of the year 1890 was 234,114 tons. 
 
 The Ozark Furnace, in Phelps county, near Newburg, was 
 built in 1874. 2 It used ores from the Beaver mine in Phelps 
 county, about five miles southwest of Kolla; from the Hancock 
 mine in Miller county, about three miles northwest of Hancock 
 in Pulaski county, and from the St. James mine near St. James, 
 in Phelps county. 
 
 The Midland Furnace, in Crawford county, about a mile 
 north of Steelville was put in blast in 1875. The ore was used 
 from the Ferguson mine at Salem in Dent county and from 
 other mines in Dent and Crawford counties; but the largest 
 source of supply has been the Cherry Valley mine. 
 
 The Gherry Valley Mines are in Crawford county, about six 
 miles east of Steelville. They are the largest mines of the kind 
 in the State and have been the largest ore-producers outside of 
 Iron mountain and Pilot Knob. The mines are connected with one of the largest 
 
 „, . iron mines in 
 
 the Midland furnace by a narrow-gauge railway, lne ore is the state. 
 principally spe"cular hematite. A full description of the ore and 
 of the deposits is contained in the preceding report and nothing 
 further need be said here. The total amount produced at this 
 mine up to the middle of the year 1892, is 490,813 tons. 
 
 The following table, courteously furnished by. Mr. T. T. 
 Lewis, secretary of the Meramec Iron Co., gives the amount of 
 ore produced by the mine during its years of operations and also 
 the average price per ton during each year. This price is made 
 
 1 Year ending July, 30th. 
 
 2 Report Mo. Geol. Survey, 1877, p. 134. 
 
314 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 to cover the cost of hauling the ore from the mine to the Midland 
 ■ furnace, which is charged to the expenses of mining. 
 ,. From this table it will be seen that the mine has been contin- 
 
 uously in operation from the time of beginning to the current 
 year. 
 
 IRON ORE SHIPPED FROM CHERRY VALLEY MINE AND VALUE PER TON. 
 Values of Cherry 
 Valley ore. No , Average Price 
 
 Year. Tons Sold. Per Ton at 
 
 Gross Ton. Midland, Mo. 
 
 1878 , 6,722 $4 06 
 
 1879 43,991 2 21 
 
 1880 53,448 2 78 
 
 1881 22,195 5 24 
 
 1882 31,847 5 19 
 
 1883 ..-. ■ •• 15,132 2 83 
 
 1884 13,680 1 95 
 
 1885.... 21,436 196 
 
 1886 . 24,515 ; 2 19 
 
 1887 74,545 2 23 
 
 1888 45,462 2 18 
 
 1889 51,078 2 27 
 
 1890 64,476 2 29' 
 
 1891 16,472 2 51 
 
 1892 for 6 months 5,744 2 67 
 
 Total ■■ 4u0,713 Average, $2 84 
 
 The Hawkin's Mine, at Condray, in Dent county, was opened 
 in the year lSTi^and has been operated at intervals since. Ac- 
 TheHawWns cording to figures furnished by Mr. Condray, the superintend- 
 ent, the production from January, 1891, to August 31, 1892, 
 was 32,484 tons. 
 
 According to the mine inspector's figures the following prices 
 
 prevailed: — 
 
 Price Per Ton. 
 
 1890 .' $2 00 
 
 1891 2 25 
 
 1892 175 
 
 According to figures kindly furnished by Mr. E. B. Sankey 
 the total amount of ore produced up to and including the year 
 
 1 Mine Inspector's Report for 1891, p, 190. 
 
 mine. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 315 
 
 1890 was 83,000 tons, which will make the total to date about v 
 120,000 tons ; only about half of this has been marketed. 
 
 The Coons' Mine, in Franklin county, according to infbrma- 000118 '™ 1 ? 6 
 
 J ° worked lnter- 
 
 tion kindly furnished by Mr. J. L, Buskett of Rolla, was begun mi"«ntiy. 
 in the fall of .1880 by John W. and J. L. Buskett, and work 
 was continued for about two years, and was subsequenly worked 
 by Mr. H. A. Hibbard of St. Clair. The Buskett brothers 
 mined and shipped about 5000 tons which they sold in St. 
 Louis at from $6.00 to $7.50 delivered in St. Louis, freight, on 
 the same being $1.75 per ton. 
 
 The Letcher Mine was opened in 1881, and was worked by 
 Wm. C. and J. L. Buskett until December of the same year, 
 when they sold their lease to the Missouri Furnace Company of 
 St. Louis. During the period that Wm. C. and J. L. Buskett 
 worked the Letcher mine they shipped about 3000 tons of ore, 0reshjppedt0 
 1000 of which went to Wheeling and the balance to St. Louis Wheeii "s- 
 at the same prices quoted above. The Missouri Furnace Com- 
 pany, Mr. Buskett says he has been informed, shipped about 
 5000 tons of ore from the mine and then abandoned it ou 
 account of water. s 
 
 LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 Concerning the mining of limonite ores in the State little can 
 be said, for the reason that very little of this ore has been pro- 
 duced up to the present date. About the earliest reference which 
 we have to the mining of such ore is in connection with the Osage 
 Iron Works, near the Osage river, about fifteen miles above Linn 
 creek. According to information kindly furnished by Gov. 
 J. W. McClurf, this furnace was erected about 1873 or 1874, 
 and was operated three or four years ; it was then abandoned on 
 account of the fact that no bodies of ore were found sufficient to 
 supply the furnace. The ore used was brown hematite or limon- osage ironworks 
 
 1 ^ J • .. ... n . , , failed. 
 
 ite and was found in small quantities within a radius ot about 
 eight miles from the furnace. Mr. McClurg is of the opinion 
 that not as much as three hundred tons of pig iron were pro- 
 duced. 
 
 The Limonites of Southeastern Missouri, described by Mr. 
 Moore in the report of the Geological Survey of 1873-4, were 
 
316 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 apparently prospected to a certain extent about that time, but 
 probably little or no ore has been shipped. We have been 
 unable, so far, to obtain anything more than a few figures 
 concerning the production since that time. 
 
 In Madison County are several small, scattered deposits of 
 limonite ore which have supplied the lead furnaces of the vicin- 
 ity. Most of the product has gone to Mine La Motte, and 
 concerning this Mr. J. D. Sanders, the superintendent, writes as 
 " oie S used°maiDiy follows : " From 1884 to 1890, most of it was obtained from 
 smelting. deposits on the Mine La Motte tract. In 1890 we got 314 ton3 
 
 from the Mine La Motte tract and 145 tons from the Cornwall 
 mines and vicinity, about 5 miles S. E. of Fredericktown on the 
 Iron Mountain Ry. In 1891 we bought 800 tons of ore, mostly 
 from the Cornwall mines and immediate vicinity. In 1892, up 
 to Nov. 15, we have bought 333 tons of ore, mostly from the 
 vicinity of the Cornwall mine. Since about 1884, we have used 
 about 600 tons of limonite ore annually, nearly all of which has 
 been obtained from various deposits in Madison Co." 
 
 In St. Francois County small amounts of limonite have been 
 mined to supply the lead furnaces at Bonne Terre. Mr. Gust. 
 Setz, assistant superintendent of the St. Joe Lead Company, in- 
 forms us that about 300 tons have been obtained from the vicinitv 
 of Bismark and about 200 tons from other points in the county. 
 
 In Wayne County, the Cedar Bay mines, about three miles 
 northeast of Leeper, were opened in 1883, and were last worked 
 in 1888. Previous to 1884 several car loads of ore from these 
 mines were shipped to Mine La Motte, by Mr. C. D. Yancey 
 of Piedmont, and about 500 tons to Bonne Terre. Mr. J. L. 
 Clarkson of Cedar Bay reports that about five thousand car 
 loads (one hundred thousand tons, about) were shipped from 
 these mines in all. It seems hardly probable, however, that 
 so large an amount has been produced at these .mines. Mines 
 situated near.this, in sections 18 and 19, T. 28 N., 4 E., shipped 
 fifteen carloads (three hundred tons) of limonite about the year 
 1884, according to Capt. Leeper. 
 
 In Butler County a mine a mile or two east of Hendrickson, 
 was described in the report of 1872-4. A good deal of excavat- 
 
 St. Francois Co. 
 ore, ditto. 
 
 Wayne Co. ore, 
 ditto. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 317 
 
 ing'has been done here and probably some ore was shipped, but 
 we have been unable to determine the amount. 
 
 In Oregon County are several deposits of limonite which have 
 been prospected and from which small quantities of ore have 
 been taken. The T. J. Boyd bank, near Thayer, in section 29, Se Sj 8 s 'Kf 11 p ''°" 
 T. 22 N., 5 W. is such a one. The ore was shipped in 1887, but 0re s° nCo - 
 we do hot know the amount. The Old's bank, four miles west 
 of Thomasville, is another point where some prospecting has 
 been done. 
 
 In Howell County is the largest deposit of limonite which has 
 been operated during recent years. This is the Lamons mine, 
 three miles northward from West Plains. Work was begun 
 here in the year 1889 and has continued up to the present date. 
 The total amount shipped at the end of the year 1892 is about 
 ten thousand tons. 
 
 PRODUCTIONS OF IRON ORES TO DATE.i 
 
 In the preceding pages we have given, in chronological order, 
 under the heading of the different classes of ores, brief notices 
 of the inception and progress of iron mining of different locali- 
 ties. To these notices we have added such details of annual pro- 
 duction and prices of ores at different mines as we have been able 
 to obtain. Concerning the most important mines we have been so 
 fortunate as to obtain the data in considerable detail ; but con- 
 cerning by far the greater number of the smaller mines we have 
 been able to obtain very little. Through the courtesies of vari- 
 ous gentlemen whose names are given below we have secured D tmau"raines"fn- 
 however, the total production to date of most of these mines. com P lete - 
 These results are imbodied in the following tables. Concerning 
 those mines of which we could not get figures of productions, but 
 .which we know to have been operated, estimated amounts are 
 inserted in the table and also for the productions of the latter 
 half of the year 1892. The mines are grouped by counties and 
 the counties are given in alphabetical order. The greater part 
 of the material of these tables has been collected by Mr. C. F. 
 Marbut through correspondence and interview. Here, as else- 
 
318 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 where in this report, the tons given are assumed to be gross 
 tons, of 2240 pounds, unless otherwise stated. 
 
 TABLES OF TOTAL PRODUCTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL IRON MINES IN 
 MISSOURI UP TO THE END OF 1892. * 
 
 In the following tables the sources of the information in 
 different cases are indicated as follows: Mr. William James by 
 (J.) ; Mr. E. B. Sankeyby (s.) ; Mr. Green by (<?.); Mr. W. 
 A. Dorey by (d. ) ; Judge A. J. Seay by (se. ) ; Mr. T. T. Lewis 
 Authority tor fig- by (l.); Mr. William Kelly by (it. ) Mr. J. D. Sanders by 
 (sa.) ; Prof. Wm B. Potter by (p.) ; Mr. E. A. Hitchcock by 
 (h.); Mr. J. L. Buskett by (b.); Mr. C. C. Woodson by 
 (wo.) ; Mr. Scott by (sc. ). 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 
 
 Production. 
 Name. Location. Gross Tons. 
 
 Benton Cr. mine (L.) . . . .- Sec. 32, T. 36 N., 5 \V 47,533 
 
 BoDito mine (S.) Sec. 12, T. 36 N., 5 W 841 
 
 Bower's mine 1,000 
 
 Buffum mine (S.) ..Sec. 32, T. 37 N., 4 W 10 
 
 Card, J. P. (G.) 3,000 
 
 Cherry Valley mine (L.) Sec. 4, T. 37 N., 3 W 497,563 2 
 
 Craig mine (S.) Sec. 24, T. 30 N., 5 W 10,398 2 
 
 Defiebach mine (G.) 250 
 
 Grover-Fergusou mine (S.) ..Sec. 21, T. 37 N., 4 W 2,570 
 
 Haney mine (S.) '. 4,195 
 
 Hart mine (S.) Sec. 24, T. 36 N., 5 W 780 
 
 Iron Kidgemine No. 1 (IX) Sec. 29. T. 39 N., 5 \V 180,841 
 
 James mine (at Wilson's Mill) (J.)Sec. 12, T. 36 N., 5 W. (?) 2,100 
 
 Keyes 500 
 
 Piunel mine (G.) ,. 550 
 
 Pease mine (S.) ' Sec. 12, T. 36 N., 5 W 1,251 
 
 Scotia mine No. 1 (Sc.) Sec. 1, T. 38 N., 3 W 150,000 
 
 1 The diagram of the State on the opposite page is introduced here to 
 accompany these tables. The circles indicate the counties in which iron ore is 
 known to occur in the State; the black bars indicate those counties which have 
 been iron ore producers in the past, the length of the bar being proportional to 
 the amount produced to date; the black squares show the counties which have 
 been producers during the year 1892, the size of the square being proportional 
 to the amount produced during that year. 
 
 2 Last half of 1892 estimated. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 319 
 
 Scotia mine Nor 2 (J.) Sec. 28, T. 39 N., 2, W. "7,000 
 
 Seay mine (S.) Sec. 5 X T. 37 N., 4 W ,.. 3,722 
 
 Steelville mines Nos. 1 and 2 (Se.)Sec. 5, T. 37 N.,4 W 5,500 
 
 Taylor mine (J.) Near Jakes Prairie 2,500 
 
 Varris and Arnold mine (G.) ' 550 
 
 Other small mines (D.) 5,500 
 
 Estimated production from other 
 
 banks including the Reuben 
 
 Smith, New York, Rowden, 
 
 Watros, Thompson, Wilkerson, 
 
 Bleeding Hill, Clark & Co., N. 
 
 G. Nos. 1 and 2, Knox, Cook, 
 
 C. C, Arthur-Revold, Key, An- 
 derson, Dry Creek Carson, and 
 
 Red Hill banks 140,000 
 
 Total. $1,068,154 
 
 DENT COUNTY. 
 
 Production . 
 Name Location Gross Tons. 
 
 Arnold, mine (S.). Sec. 9, T. 35 N, 5 W 125 
 
 Causey mine (S.) 100 
 
 Clark -Taylor mine (S.) Sec. 12, T. 34 N, 7 W 16,827 
 
 Dry Fork mine (S.) 13,121 
 
 Ferguson. mine (S.)'. Sec. 13, T. 34 N., 6 W 43,500 
 
 Fltzwatermine.CS.) Sec. 15, T. 34 N., 4 VV 6,000 
 
 Gearhart mine (S.) -• 1,000 
 
 Graft-Blackwell mine (S.) Sec. 12, T. 35 N., 6 W 48 i 
 
 Hawkins "mine (S.J... ..Sec. 11, T. 35 N., 6 W , 121,979 
 
 Hayes mine (S.) Sec. 20, T, 34 N., 5 W. -5,000 
 
 •Hutchens Creek mine (S.) Sec. 15, T. 34 N., 4 W 2,008 2 
 
 Huzzah Howe's mill, mine (S.;)...Sec. 9, T. 34 N., 3 W 1,000 
 
 James mine (S.) 79 
 
 Jamison mine CS) Sec. 1, f. 33 N., 6 W 22,354 
 
 Kerr mine (S) 168 
 
 Norris mine (S.) Sec. 12, T. 34 N., 5 W 1,300 
 
 NovaScotii, Barksdalemiurj 
 
 (S.)... ..Near Nova Scotia Fnrnacr. .. ,27,500 
 
 Orchard mine (S.) Sec. 13, T. 34 N., 6 W 41,654 
 
 Orchard and Young, Thorpe, 
 
 Preston or Pittsburg mine (S.).Sec. 27, T. 34 N., 6 W.. ..'. 15,000 
 
 Plaukmine (S.) Sec. 33, T. 35 N., 6 W {l^lT 
 
 1 Last half of 1892 estimated. 
 
 2 Mr. Sarikey thinks this amount represents only the shipments by rail. 
 ,The mine was worked for, some time by the Sligo Furnace Co. "and the ore was 
 hauled in wagons to the furnace. . 
 
320 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Pomero'y mine (S. )..... Sec. 10 T. 34 N., 6 W 
 
 Red Mountain mine (S.J IJear Nova Scotia Furnace. - 
 
 Riverside- Ziegler mine (S.J ...... Sec. 2, T. 33 N., 5 W 
 
 Simmons Mountain mine (S.J Sec. 24, T. 34 N., 5 W j 
 
 Thomas mine (S.) Sec. 17, T. 34 N., 6 W 
 
 Watkinsmine (S.) 
 
 "Williams mine (S.J Sec. 16,T. 35 N., 6 W 
 
 Estimated production of other 
 mines including Merriam and 
 Slater mines '. 
 
 35,400 
 
 27.5Q0 
 
 45,000 
 
 13,176 * 
 
 234,114 
 
 6,320 
 
 1,930 
 
 1,410 
 
 6,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 748,827 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 Location.' 
 
 Name. 
 
 Booth mine (B.) . '. 
 
 Coons mine (B.J 
 
 Iron Hill mine (B.J Sec. 17, T. 41 N., 1 W . 
 
 Judith Springs mine (B.) 
 
 Letcher mine (B.J 
 
 Reed Copper mine (B.J . .'. 
 
 Spring Creek mine (B.J 
 
 Surface ore from several places (B.) ." 
 
 From Dry Branch 1892 
 
 Production. 
 Gross Tons. 
 10,000 
 5,500 
 5.00Q 
 30,"000 
 8.000 
 f 5,000 
 
 t partial. 
 2,000 
 3,800 
 400i 
 
 Total . 
 
 69,700 
 
 Name. 
 Lamons mine. 
 
 HOWELL COUNTY, 
 
 Location. 
 Sec. 35, T. 24 N/, 8 W. 
 
 Production. 
 Gross Tons. 
 10,000 
 
 IRON COUNTY. 
 
 Name. Location. 
 
 Pilot Kqob mine (H.J.. Sec. 29, T. 34 N., 4 E 
 
 Shepherd Mountain mine (P.J Sec. 31, T. 34 N., 4 E 
 
 Cedar Hill mine (P.J Sec 30, T. 34 N., 4 E 
 
 Buford Mountain mine (P.J Sec. 26, T. 35 N., 3 E 
 
 Russell Mountain mine (P.) Sec. 13, T. 33 N., 3 E. (?J. 
 
 The Shut-In mine (P.J Sec'. 3, T. 33 N., 4 E 
 
 Production. 
 Gross Tons. 
 • 1,578,272! 
 75,000 
 25,000 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 600 
 
 Total. 
 
 l t 684,872 
 
 1 Last half of 1892 estimated. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 321 
 
 MADISON COUNTY. 
 
 Production. 
 Name - Location. Gross Tods. 
 
 Cornwall and Mi ne La Motte tract, 
 
 and Vicinity (Sa.) 
 
 Estimated production from the 
 same place shipped to the Iron- 
 dale furnace in Washington 
 
 C0Unt y 5,000 
 
 Total 10,000 
 
 PHELPS COUNTY. 
 
 Name. Location. 
 
 African mine (S.) Sec. 27, T. 36 N., 6 W.. 
 
 Beaver Creek mine (J.) Sec. 33, T. 37 N., 8 W.. 
 
 Buckland mine (K.) Sec. 20, T. 37 N., 8 W. ■ 
 
 Burns mine (S.) Sec. 84. T. 36 N., 6 W. . 
 
 Clinton mine (S.) Sec. 26, T. 36 N., 6 W. . 
 
 Hyer mine (K.) Sec. 26, T. 36 N., 7 W. 
 
 James mine (K.) Sec. 29, T. 
 
 Kelley mine No. I (K.) .Sec. 18, T. 
 
 Kelley mine No. 2 (K) Sec. 21, T. 
 
 Lamb mine (S.) Sec. 35, T. 
 
 Lenox mine (J.) Sec. 
 
 Meramec mine (J.) Sec. 
 
 38 N., 6 W. 
 
 36 N., 8 W., 
 
 37N., 8 W.. 
 
 36 N., 6 W. 
 36, T. 37 N., 7 W. 
 1, T. 37 N., 6 W-. 
 
 Moselle mine No. 9 (K.) Sec. 29, T. 38 N., 6 W 
 
 Moselle mine No. 10 (K.) Sec. 20, T. 36 N., 8 W 
 
 Organ mine (J.) 
 
 Reed mine (Wo.) 
 
 Smith mines Nos. 1, 2, 3 (S.) Sec. 26, T. 36 N., 6 W 
 
 South Mountain mine (J.) Sec. 23, T. 38 N., 6 W 
 
 Stinnon. ,..Sec. 10, T. 36 N., 6 W 
 
 Thornton-Dowling mine (K.) Sec. 33, T. 38 N., 6 W 
 
 Taylor's Rolla mine (K.) Sec. 15, T. 37 N., 8 W (?)... 
 
 Winkler mine (S.) Sec. 14 or 22, T. 36 N., 6 W. 
 
 Other small mines (Wo.) 
 
 Estimated production of other 
 
 mines including Thompson 
 
 Railroad Nos. 1, 2 and 3, Piney 
 
 Creek, Cold Spring, Santee and 
 
 Clark's, Agricultural College No. 
 
 1, and Hancock mines 
 
 .Production. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 1,658 
 
 49,000 
 
 5,500 
 
 301 
 
 22,087 
 
 1,200 
 
 30,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,070 
 
 4,573 
 
 720 
 
 375,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 12 
 
 450 
 
 9,050 
 
 800 
 
 5,844 
 
 2,300 
 
 5,000 
 
 392 
 
 815 
 
 20,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 562,772 
 
 1 Productions for last eight months of 1891 and for all of 1892 are estimated. 
 
322 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. 
 
 Name. Locality, 
 
 '•on Mountain mine Sec. 31, T. 35 N., 4 E. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 3,516,969. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 Estimated production from a number of mines, chiefly of limonite 
 ore in several counties from whieh no reliable information could 
 be Obtained, including Saline, Callaway, Washington, Wayne, 
 Bollinger, Camden, Marion, Oregon and Butler, is 43,830 
 
 SUMMARY OF PRODUCTIONS OF COUNTIES BY CLASSES OF ORE. 
 
 SPECULAR ORES IN PORPHYRY. 
 County. Production. 
 
 Iron 1,684,872 
 
 St. Francois 3,516,969 
 
 Total 5.201,841 
 
 SPECULAR ORES IN SANDSTONE. 
 
 Crawford 1,068,154 
 
 Dent 748,827 
 
 Franklin ; 69,700 
 
 Phelps .' 562.772 
 
 Total 2,249,453 
 
 LIMONITE ORES. 
 
 Howell 10,000 
 
 Madison 10,000 
 
 Total ' 20,000 
 
 Miscellaneous : 43,830 
 
 Grand Total 7,715,124 
 
 The preceding tables give, with reasonable completeness and 
 detail, the geographic distribution of ore, and this is graphically 
 shown in the small map opposite this page. There remains to be 
 considered the chronologic distribution, or the production by 
 
 1 Last half of 1892 estimated. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 323 
 
 """T ~ "TiBK^rr"" 5 ""^""""."""^, 
 
 TOTAL PRODUCTIONS 
 TO 1892, BY COUNTIES. 
 
 St. Francois 3,516.669 
 
 Iron 1,684,872 
 
 Crawford 1,068,154 
 
 Dent 748,827 
 
 Phelps 562,772 
 
 Franklin 69,700 
 
 Howell 10,000 
 
 Madison 10(000 
 
 Miscellaneous 43,830 
 
 Total 7,715*124 
 
 |- 
 
 I J .1 * Y E It 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 I ft r. IV i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I i 
 
 I wmniLli 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i "u; •: v. I " » l i i i i--n ii „ r'.BnilwiiilW <-> "\i 
 
 I | I * J I g — S ■ 7jOOO M-i j ti 
 
 I [— ' S IO Sr -l . |it»l.«<— "T-t-.lT* 
 
 L if 7 * E * > » ■_J__"_1 l|l-i"o I rt \ 
 
 . 9J. I. O I I O 8IM.V.VO, 1 , W L.«T I u > a 
 
 L_, !__ J [_ J o J\_ £ o <- J~- ( lax^ r/ 
 
 i _-■—_ j--^7 u -»Tr 8 L -r ^ |o»Vr„\ / T „„ ni „\ >* "« 
 
 1 JO n Iiiowfi.i. ' I >, ( l_.Jttnmm/l 
 
 !«TOM O I 1 ° 1 iutlebS O I \ % 
 
 I > > r. n z » « i, 
 
 
 O Indicates iron ore. | Total production ■ Production for the year 1892. 
 
 L, O \ jWWUll 
 
 A ■ 
 
 f I '/ 
 
 Fig. 61. Outline map of the State of Missouri, showing counties containing iron ores and 
 the distribution of productions to date. 
 
324 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 years. Unfortunately, data for this purpose are exceedingly 
 scarce and difficult to obtain. It was only after persistent in- 
 quiry and application that the total productions of the various 
 mines given above were obtained, arid, when attempt was made 
 to obtain, further, the annual products and values of the same, the 
 task soon proved itself hopeless of accomplishment, with the 
 means and time available. Of many of the mines no such annual 
 records were kept, and, of others, the books were destroyed or 
 were buried in old ledgers, now practically inaccessible. We, 
 therefore, have to content ourselves, for the present at least, 
 with such details of annual productions as are given with the 
 larger mines in the historical sketch and with the summaries 
 contained in the next following table. The diagram on the next 
 page illustrates graphically the same series of facts. 
 
 TABLE OF TOTAL ANNUAL PRODUCTIONS Or IRON ORES IN MISSOURI. 
 
 
 
 Estimated 
 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Production. 
 Grose. Tons. 
 
 Average 
 
 Value per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Total Values 
 
 Authority for TonnageB. 
 
 
 100,000) 
 
 
 
 r Edwin Harrison. 
 
 
 310,000 y 
 
 $3 00 
 
 ?3,105,000 
 
 1861-1869, Incl 
 
 625,000 ) 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 316,000 ) 
 
 
 
 C (C (( 
 
 1871 
 
 240,000 £ 
 
 5 00 
 
 15,693,470 
 
 \ tt a 
 
 
 2,582,694 ) 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1880 
 
 386,197 
 604,007 
 
 4 33 
 4 50 
 
 1,674,875 ) 
 2,718,031 i 
 
 ( 
 
 
 ! 10th Census. Vol. XV., p. 48. 
 
 1883 
 
 295,430 
 
 3 40 
 
 , ,1,004,462 
 
 Mln. Res. U. S., '83, p. 262. 
 
 1884 
 
 233,235 
 
 3 40 
 
 792,999 
 
 (• a it it a a 
 
 1885 
 
 234,160 
 
 2 70 
 
 632,232 
 
 85, " 188. 
 
 1886.... 
 
 379,776 
 
 2 60 
 
 987,418 
 
 " " " '86, " 14. 
 
 1887 ' 
 
 427,785 
 
 2 80 
 
 1,117,798 
 
 Swank, Ann. Stat. Rep. Am. Iron 
 & Steel Ass. for 18S9. 
 
 1888 
 
 217,931 
 
 2 60 
 
 566,620 
 
 Swank, Ann. Stat. Rep. Am. Iron 
 & Steel Ass. for 1889. 
 
 1889 
 
 265,718* 
 
 2 20 
 
 584,560 
 
 Birkinbine, Am. Iron & Steel 
 Ass. for 1891. 
 
 1890 
 
 232,835*t 
 
 2 20 
 
 512,237 
 
 Report of State Mine Inspector, 
 C C. Woodson, for 1890f 
 
 1891 
 
 138,356* 
 
 2 50 
 
 345,890 
 
 Report of State Mine Inspector, 
 O. C. Woodson, for 1891t 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 126,000 
 
 2 50 
 
 315,000 
 
 Report of State Mine Inspector, 
 C. C. Woodson, for lS92.f 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 7,715,124' 
 
 
 $30,050,612 
 
 
 
 
 t Birkinbine's figures for 1890 are 181,690 tons. 
 
 * The figures given by Swank in the Ann. Stat. Rep., Am. Iron & Steel Ass., for 1889, 
 are 233,784; 1890, are 188,693; 1891, 85,489, 
 
 t But apply to shipments of ore, and not to actual production, 
 
 f All of State Mine Inspector C. C. Woodson's figures are for years ending June 30th, 
 excepting 1892, where the production for the latter half of the year is estimated. 
 
 Sources of Information. For the productions of iron ore in 
 the State previous to and including the year 1870, we are indebted 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 325 
 
 IVT ' 
 
 FIG. 62 
 
 Diagram illustrating growth pi production of iron ore in Missouri, 
 from 1815 to 1892. 
 
 Total production to date 7,715,134 tons. 
 
 Total value of product to date $30,050,612. 
 
326 iron ores or Missouri. 
 
 to results compiled by Mr. Edwin Harrison of St. Louis, and 
 published in the St. Louis Republican of Jan. 1st, 1871. The 
 production for the year 1871 is contained in the, issue of the 
 same paper of Jan .' lst,1872. Concerning these figures-, as well 
 as those relating to the production of pig iron, Mr. Harrison- 
 writes as follows : 
 
 " Somewhere about 1870 to 1872, a representative of the St. 
 Louis Republican requested me to give him a statement of the 
 production of that metal (iron) up to date. At that time and 
 for a number of years it was customary with the St. Louis 
 journals to publish, on Jan. 1st, a review of the trade and man- 
 ufactures of the city and, complying with the request, I gathered 
 together all the data, and these were incorporated in that annual 
 review. My recollection now is that my figures were all 
 obtained directly from the various furnace operators and with 
 assurances of their correctness, except, in the case Of the 'Old 
 Springfield Furnace' which had ceased operations many years 
 before and whose furnace stack was already growing picturesque 
 as a ruin. From Col. McAllvaine, and such other old citizens 
 as were best informed in relation to the operations of this, fur- 
 nace, however, I got all the information that was to be obtained 
 regarding its capacity, number of years and months of actual 
 running time and such other information as would lead to a 
 fairly accurate estimate. No books which might have shown 
 the production-of this furnace had been preserved. 
 
 "I took much interest and great pains to obtain the most 
 accurate statistics, as none had ever been collected on this point 
 so far as I was either then or am now aware." 
 
 From 1872 to 1879, and 1881 and 1882 inclusive, we are 
 entirely without figures of annual productions. Hence the 
 amounts stated in the table are entirely estimated. As checks, 
 we know that this was a period of great activity in. iron mining , 
 in the State ; we know the amounts produced at Iron Mountain 
 during these years and at Cherry Valley during 1878 and 1879. 
 Further, we know, from the preceding tables, the gross amount 
 of iron ore produced in the State to date and, by difference, we 
 deduce the amount which must be applied to these periods of 
 darkness. The productions of the succeeding years have been 
 
THE IKON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 327 
 
 derived from various sources, ;is noted in the table. Regarding 
 the figures for 1889, 1890 and 1891, according to different 
 authorities, there is considerable discrepancy. We have intro- 
 duced into the table those figures which we thought, from the 
 manner in which they were collected, are most probably accurate. 
 The statement in the foot-note shows clearly the differences 
 between the results. 
 
 Estimates of Values. The values of the ores expressed in the 
 table, can, at best, only be considered approximate estimates. 
 Previous to the year 1870 we have not been able to obtain any 
 data, but, as the production up to that period is not very large, an 
 error in the assumed value will not affect the gross amount very 
 much. During the years between 1870 and 1880, Iron mountain 
 was a large producer and the ores were in great demand. Some 
 large lots were then sold at $10.00 per ton and one lot at as high a 
 figure as $15.00 per ton. These prices naturally bring the values 
 of the period above the average; though, as we do not know 
 the exact years or the amounts which commanded these prices 
 the value is distributed over the probable period. For the year 
 1880 we quote the value given by the Tenth Census. From 
 about 1880 to the , present date we have the values for the 
 porphyry ores cited on p. 309, and those for Cherry Valley cited 
 on p. 314, as guides. 
 
 The production for the year 1892 is based upon the State* 
 Mine Inspector's, Mr. C. C. Woodson's, figures for the year 
 ending June 30, 1892. It is, hence, in part, estimated. For 
 purposes of exact reference his figures are given for each mine 
 in the following table: — 
 
 PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE FOR THE YEAR 1892. 
 
 Aver. Price Total Value 
 Name of Mine. ' Tons Mined. 
 
 Crawford County 
 
 Cherry Valley mine 13,790 
 
 Dent County. 
 
 HawkiDS mine 10,100 
 
 Simmons Mountain mine 7,454 
 
 Craig and Plank mines 7,240 
 
 Franklin County. 
 
 . Vicinity of Dry Branch 333 2.25 749.00 
 
 Per Ton. 
 
 of Output. 
 
 $2.43 
 
 $33,009.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 17,675.00 
 
 1.60 
 
 11,926.00 
 
 1.60 
 
 11,584.00 
 
328 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ■• Aver. Price Total Value 
 
 Name of Mine. Tons Mined. Per Ton. of Output. 
 
 Howell County. \ 
 
 LamoDsmine 320 $2.00 $640.00 
 
 Iron County. 
 
 Pilot Knob mine 7,049 2.07 14,591.00 
 
 Phelps County 
 
 Reed mine and others in vicinity of 
 
 St. James : 1,266' 2.00 2,532.00 
 
 St. Fkancios County. 
 
 Iron Mountain mine 78,969 1.79 141,900.00 
 
 Totals ,.- 126,521 $1.85 |234,606.00 
 
 Missouri's Rank. Reviewing these tables and comparing the 
 figures with those of other States in the Union, we learn that 
 Missouri ranked sixth as an iron ore producer in 1880; in 1889 she 
 ranked tenth; in 1891 thirteenth, and she now probably holds a 
 still lower position. The rapid decline during the past few 
 years is in large part due to the cessation of work at Pilot Knob. 
 
 THE METALLURGY OF IRON. 
 
 In the preceding notes on iron mining in the State fre- 
 quent reference has been made to the establishment of furnaces 
 at different points, more particularly to the e;irly enterprises,. 
 In addition to what has there been said little can be added 
 , to the excellent Directory to the Iron and Steel Works of 
 the United States, compiled and published for the Ameri- 
 can Iron and Steel Association by Mr. James M. Swank. The 
 following extracts are therefore extracted, by permission, 
 from several pages of that volume. 
 
 BLAST FURNACES. 
 
 Coke — In Operation. 
 
 Jupiter Iron Works, St. Louis County. — One stack, 75x20, 
 finished in 1873, blown in for the first time in 1880, and remod- 
 eled in 1887. Fuel, coke; ores, Iron mountain, Pilot Knob, and 
 about one-quarter red hematite. 
 
 Missouri Furnaces, St. Louis. — Two stacks, each 56x15, built 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 329 
 
 in 1870 and remodeled in 1887. Fuel, Connellsville coke; ores, 
 Iron mountain and southwest; product, mainly Bessemer pig 
 iron. 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Company. — Two stacks at South St. 
 Louis, St. Louis county, formerly called Vulcan Iron Works. 
 One stack, 63x16, built in 1869, and one 75x18, built in 1872, 
 and rebuilt in 1886. Fuel, Connellsville coke; ore, Pilot Knob; 
 product, Bessemer pig iron. 
 
 , Coke — Not Operated. 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Company, St. Louis. One stack at South St. Louis, 
 built in 1869; not likely to run agaic 
 
 South St. Louis Furnaces, St. Louis. Two stacks, built in 1870 and 1872; 
 dismantled. 
 
 Charcoal — In Operation. 
 
 Midland Furnace, at Midland, Crawford County. — One stack, 
 50x10, built in 1874-5, and blown in April 10, 1875; rebuilt in 
 1877. Ores, red and brown hematite; product, pig iron for steel 
 purposes. 
 
 Pilot Knob Furnace, at Pilot Knob, Iron County. — One stack, 
 60x11 built in 1848; remodeled in 1879. Ore Pilot Knob; 
 product, Bessemer pig iron. 
 
 Sligo Furnace, Dent county. — One stack, 55x11, built in 
 1880, and rebuilt in 1891. Ores, blue specular and red oxide, 
 mined near the furnace ; product, Bessemer, foundry and mill 
 pig iron. 
 
 Charcoal — Not Operated. 
 
 Hamilton Furnace, Sullivan, Franklin County. — One stack, built in 1873. 
 
 Iron Mountain Furnaces, in St. Francois County.— Two stacks, built in 1846 
 and 1854 ; not in blast for several years. 
 
 Irondale Furnace, Irondale, Washington County.— One stack, built in 1859. 
 
 Knotwell Furnace, Newburg, Phelps County;-^- One stack, built in 1873-4. 
 
 Maramec Iron Works, in Phelps County.— One stack, built in 1826-9. 
 
 Moselle Furnace, Moselle, Franklin County.— Built in 1867. • 
 
 Nova Scotia Furnace, Salem, Dent County.— One stack, built in 1880-1, machin- 
 ery removed to Paducah, Ky., in 1888. 
 
 Osage Furnace, in Camden CouDty. — Built in 1873. 
 
 Scotia Iron Furnace, Leasburg, Crawford County.— Built in 1870; abandoned 
 in 1879. 
 
 t 
 
330 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ROLLING MILLS AND STEEL WORKS. 
 
 In Operation. 
 
 Granite Iron Boiling Mills, St. Louis. — Built in 1879. Prod- 
 uct, stamping sheet iron- for "granite iron ware" and galvan- 
 izing sheet. 
 
 Helmbacher Forge and Eolling Mills Company, St. Louis. — 
 Built in 1858; product, bar, rod and band iron, coupling links 
 and pins, car tender and locomotive axles, shafts and all kinds 
 of forgings, for use of railroads, steamboats and machine shops. 
 
 Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company, Kansas City. — Works at 
 Sheffield, Jackson county. Built in 1887-8, and first put in 
 operation in January, 1889 ; product, bar and bolt iron ; also 
 bolts, nuts, spikes, etc. 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Company. — Works at South St. Louis. — 
 Built in 1872 as an iron-rail mill ; Bessemer steel works, erected ■ 
 in 1875-6; made their first blow September 1, 1876; product, 
 steel slabs, blooms, billets and rails. 
 
 St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron Works, St. Louis. — Built in 
 1862 ; product, bar iron, car axles, and' railroad and steamboat, 
 forgings of iron or steel. 
 
 Union Steel and Iron Company, St. Joseph, Buchanan coun- 
 ty. — Built in 1889 ; product, merchant iron and steel, sheet iron 
 and steel, and steel nails. Works not yet put in operation. 
 
 Not in Operation. 
 
 Harrison Wire Company. — Built in 1873 ; machinery removed in 1 887. 
 
 Laclede Rolling Mills, Chouteau, Harrison, and Valle Iron Company. — Buil, 
 in 1850 and rebuilt in 1879; product, bar, sheet, and plate iron and steel, blooms 
 angles and tee iron, small T rails, spikes, nuts, bolts and washers; works dis- 
 mantled in 1891. 
 
 La Grange Rolling Mills, La Grange, Lewis County. — Built in 1883 ; dismantled 
 and machinery removed to Findlay, O., in 1887. 
 
 St. Louis Shovel Company, St. Louis. — One train of rolls used for rolling 
 bars into shovel blanks; rolls removed and for sale. 
 
 Tudor Iron Works, St. Louis. Built in 1870; machinery removed to the 
 Tudor Iron Works, East St. Louis, III., about 1881. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 331 
 
 forges and bloomaries. 1 — (Abandoned.) 
 
 Germania Iron Works, Antony Zeitineger, South St. Louis, 
 St. Louis County. — Built in 1871. 
 
 Kimmswick Forge, Kimmswick, Jefferson County. — Built in 
 1873; dismantled. 
 
 Maramec Iron Company, Maramec Iron Works, Phelps 
 County.— Built in 1829. 
 
 BESSEMER STEEL WORKS. 
 
 (One completed and one partly built.) 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Company. — Works at South St. 
 Louis. Two 7-ton converters. 
 
 Union Steel and Iron Company, St. Joseph. — Two 3-ton 
 Robert Bessemer converters partly built. 
 
 PLATE AND SHEET MILLS. 
 
 Granite Iron Rolling Mills, St. Louis Stamping Company. — 
 St. Louis Iron and Steel sheets. 
 
 Union Steel und Iron Company, St. Joseph. — Iron and steel 
 sheets. Not in operation. 
 
 CUT NAIL MILLS. 
 
 Union Steel and Iron Company, St. Joseph. — Fifty nail 
 machines. Not in operation. 
 
 WIRE NAIL WORKS. 
 
 St. Louis Wire Mill Company, St. Louis. — Draws wire and 
 makes all sizes of wire nails. 
 
 WIRE MILLS. 
 
 St. Louis Wire Mill Company, St. Louis. 
 1 None are in operation at present. 
 
332 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CAST-IRON PIPE WORKS. 
 
 Shickle, Harrison, and Howard Iron Company, St. Louis. 
 South St. Louis Foundry, St. Louis. — Works at South St. 
 Louis. 
 
 CAR-AXLE WORKS. 
 
 Helmbacher Forge and Rolling Mills Company, St. Louis. 
 St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron Works, St. Louis. 
 
 CAR- WHEEL WORKS. 
 
 Kansas City Car and Wheel Company, St. Louis. — Works at 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Missouri Car and Foundry- Company, St. Louis. — Product, 
 cast iron wheels. 
 
 St. Charles Car Company, St. Charles. — Product, chilled 
 charcoal cast iron wheels. 
 
 St. Louis Car-Wheel Company, St. Louis. — Product, cast 
 iron wheels. 
 
 Treat, C. A., Manufacturing Company, Hannibal. — Product, 
 cast iron wheels. 
 
 CAR BUILDERS. 
 
 Brownell Car Company, St. Louis. — Street cars only. 
 
 Kansas City Car and Wheel Company, St. Louis. — Works at 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Laclede, The, Car Company, St. Louis. — Street cars only. 
 
 Missouri Car and Foundry Company, St. Louis. 
 
 St. Charles Car Company, St. Charles. 
 
 St. Louis Car Company, St. Louis. — Street, cable and elec- 
 tric cars and suburban coaches. 
 
 Whitman Agricultural Company, St. Louis. — Construction, 
 dump, and clay cars. 
 
 TIN PLATE WORKS. 
 
 Granite Iron Eolling Mills, St. Louis. — Tinning plate added 
 to rolling mill in 1890 ; first tin plates made in November, 
 1890, and first terne plates in March, 1891. 
 
THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI. 333 
 
 THE PRODUCTIONS OF IRON. 
 
 The productions of manufactured iron in the State are 
 expressed in the following tables. The data for these are 
 principally obtained from the Annual Statistical Tables of the 
 American Iron and Steel Association, compiled by Mr. J. M. 
 Swank. It is to be regretted that we are unable to introduce 
 more detail as well as some figures relating to values of 
 products. 
 
334 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PRODUCTIONS OF PLATE AND SHEET IRON AND ROLLED IRON. 
 
 Plate and Boiled 
 
 Sheet Iron. Iron. 
 
 Year. ' Net Tons. NetTons. 
 
 1883 6,168 15,833 
 
 1884 .' 6,892 ' 18,580 
 
 1885. 4,919 11,547 
 
 1886. 6,791 15,800 
 
 1887 3,000 , 14,354 
 
 1888 t 3,390 12,887' 
 
 1889 3,450 15,975 
 
 1890 22,990 
 
 PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN MISSOURI. 
 UP TO THE END OP THE YEAR, 1891. 
 
 i production. 
 
 Price of No. 1 Anthracite Pig 
 in Philadelphia. From an- 
 nual statistical report of 
 the American Iron & Steel 
 Association for 1889. 
 
 I 
 AUTHORITY FOR TONNAGES. 
 
 
 Yeak. 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 & 
 M 
 
 "£■ 
 o 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 3 J 
 
 O (0 
 
 ' a ,9 ■'- 
 
 HO, 
 
 <o 
 M 
 O 
 
 o , ■ 
 
 DO 
 
 a 
 o 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 00 
 
 GO 
 V 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 H - 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40,00b 
 110,000 
 210,000 
 72,503 
 73,820 
 101,158 
 
 85,532 
 
 75,817 
 
 59,717 
 
 68,223 
 
 73,565 
 
 47,49(1 
 
 84,673 
 
 105,555 
 
 109,799 
 
 113,644 
 
 103,296 
 
 60,043 
 
 51,408 
 
 74,532 
 
 138,643 
 
 91,783 
 
 86,190 
 
 100,550 
 
 32,736 
 
 
 : ' 1 
 Edwin Harrison. 
 
 Mo Rep., Jan. 1st, 1872. 
 J. M. Swank, from Ann. Statisti 
 Eep., Am. Iron & Steel Ass. for 
 Ibid. , 
 
 It 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 Ibid for 1891. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1861 1869 incl 
 
 
 
 
 $33.25 
 35.12J 
 48.87i 
 42 
 
 .75 
 30.25 
 25.50 
 22.25 
 18 871 
 17.621 
 21.50 
 28.50 
 25.121 
 25.75 
 22.371 
 19.871 
 18.00 
 18.75 
 21.00 
 18.871 
 17.75 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 35,656 
 
 38,170 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 - . 
 
 90 
 
 1874. ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 . . : . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1885.... 
 
 1886.... 
 
 1887 
 
 188S 
 
 1890 
 
 31,558 
 21,785 
 20,177 
 40,752 
 28,297 
 32,680 
 33,965 
 16,128 
 
 28,485 
 29,623 
 54,355 
 97,891 
 63,486 
 53,510 
 66,585 
 16,608 
 
 122,725 
 76,590 
 73,845 
 69,454 
 29,828 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 26,0,998 
 
 448.713 
 
 372,444 
 
 2,170,792 
 
 * 
 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF IRON ORE LOCALITIES IN 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 All localities included in this list are described or referred to in this report, 
 or are located on the accompanying map. 
 
 No. 
 
 Township. 
 
 1.... 
 
 21 n., 10 w 
 
 2 
 
 22 n., 3 e.. 
 
 3.... 
 
 (i d 
 
 i .:. 
 
 " 2e... 
 
 5.... 
 
 (t n 
 
 6 ... 
 
 tt ft 
 
 7. ... 
 
 (( it 
 
 8.... 
 
 tt t( 
 
 9.... 
 
 (I It 
 
 111.... 
 
 " le.... 
 
 11 ... 
 
 (t u 
 
 12.... 
 
 a n 
 
 13.... 
 
 << «( 
 
 U.... 
 
 (i *< 
 
 15 ... 
 
 
 16... 
 
 " <e 
 
 17.'... 
 
 " 5W... 
 
 18... 
 
 (< (< 
 
 19... 
 
 11 (C 
 
 20.... 
 
 " 6e... 
 
 21.... 
 
 23 n., 3 e... 
 
 22.... 
 
 a n 
 
 23.... 
 
 <( a 
 
 24... 
 
 " 2e... 
 
 25.... 
 
 " " 
 
 26 ... 
 
 " " 
 
 27.... 
 
 a K 
 
 28... 
 
 " lw... 
 
 29. . . . 
 
 " 3w» 
 
 30.... 
 
 " 11 w.. 
 
 31... 
 
 it it 
 
 32.... 
 
 if tt 
 
 33... 
 
 it tt 
 
 34.... 
 
 " 12 w.. 
 
 35... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 36 ... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 .37. . . . 
 
 tt tt 
 
 38... 
 
 24 n. 6 e . . . 
 
 39... 
 
 " 4w... 
 
 40 ... 
 
 " 8w.. 
 
 41 ... 
 
 " 11 w.. 
 
 42. .. 
 
 tt tt 
 
 43 ... 
 
 tt it 
 
 44.... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 45... 
 
 ** " 
 
 46.... 
 
 " 12 w.. 
 
 47.... 
 
 u tt 
 
 48.... 
 
 tt it 
 
 49. .*. . 
 
 tt tt 
 
 SO.... 
 
 25 n.,6e.... 
 
 51.... 
 
 " 4e.... 
 
 52. .. 
 
 (( tt 
 
 53.... 
 
 " 3e„ . 
 
 «... 
 
 " 2 e j 
 
 55.... 
 
 " 6w... 
 
 56.... 
 
 26 n,,8e.. . 
 
 57..., 
 
 tt ft 
 
 Name of Mine or Owner. 
 
 Smith, Tyree & Howard 
 
 Wilson, Robert, land 
 
 Agricultural College land, No. 2. 
 
 Government land, No. 3 
 
 Collins, A . . 
 
 Booker, J. S 
 
 Miss, county 
 
 Current River land 
 
 King, E.M 
 
 Dalton, L. C 
 
 Williams, J. T., land 
 
 Stoops, P 
 
 Government land, No. 2 
 
 Riplev county 
 
 Stephens, W. W 
 
 Herr.C B 
 
 Boyd, T.J 
 
 Ragan.T. B 
 
 Murray land 
 
 Folsom, Alexander, land, No. 3. 
 
 Mabrey, T. W., land, No. 1 
 
 Gray, Mrs. Lydia 
 
 Baton, Z. A 
 
 Government land, No. 4 
 
 Mabrey, T. W., land, No. 2 
 
 Ponder, D. K 
 
 Ponder, A. J 
 
 Ranken, Thos. J 
 
 Mt. Nebo. 
 
 Wells land 
 
 Mattney, J. 
 
 Owens, J ". 
 
 More land 
 
 Martin, Andrew 
 
 Malum land 
 
 Cobb.H. C 
 
 Lamb, John 
 
 Allen bank 
 
 Ilains, J. N 
 
 Lamons mine 
 
 Pratt, Wallace 
 
 S. Mo. Land Co., land, No. 1 
 
 Collins, T 
 
 James, Wm 
 
 S. Mo. Land Co., land, No. 2 .... 
 
 Luna, Richard 
 
 Tanner land 
 
 Warren, Judge P 
 
 Mahanland 
 
 Swattler bank 
 
 Government land, No. 1 
 
 Mo.L. & M. Co., land, No. 1 
 
 Mo. L. &M. Co., land, No. 4 
 
 Odom, Mrs., and Mo. L. & M. Co. , 
 land, No. 5 
 
 Old, J. B. 
 
 Goforth, Mrs. It. A 
 
 Hall.H.E 
 
 22 
 
 Section. 
 
 Sec. 7, s. w.J 
 
 Sec. 18, n.w. i 
 
 Sec. 19, n. side 
 
 Sec. 7 
 
 Sec. 12, n. w. 1 
 
 Sec. 12, s. w. i 
 
 Sec. 13, s. e. J, s. e. £. 
 
 Sec." 24, n. i 
 
 Sec. 24, s. w. i 
 
 Sec. 9 
 
 Sec. 10 
 
 Sec. 14 ,... 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 19, w. i 
 
 Sec. 24, n-i 
 
 Sec. 29 ; n.w. i, n.w. J 
 Sec.33,n.e. J, n.w. J. 
 Sec. 33, n.e.J, s.w. J. 
 
 Sees. 10 and 11 
 
 Sec. 23, n. w. i 
 
 Sec. 31 
 
 Sec. 31 
 
 Seel 
 
 Sec. 13 
 
 Sec. 26, s. e. i 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Sec. 8 
 
 Sec. 5 
 
 Sec. 6 
 
 Sec. 6 
 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Seel 
 
 Sec. 1, n. J 
 
 Sec. 23, n. w. J 
 
 See. 25 
 
 Sec. 4, w. J, n.w. J.. 
 Sec. 34 
 
 Sec. 35. 
 
 Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. 29 -.. .. 
 
 Sec. 30 
 
 Sees. 27 and 34 
 
 Sec. 34 
 
 Sec. 21 
 
 Sec. 34 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec. 36, s. J 
 
 Sec.28,n.e.£,n.w. J. 
 Sec. 24, s. e. J, s. e. i. 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec. 19, n. J 
 
 Sec. 31 
 
 County. 
 
 Howell... 
 Ripley... 
 Ripley .. 
 Kipley. . 
 Ripley . 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley. . . 
 Ripley. . . 
 Ripley. . 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley .1.. 
 Ripley. . 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley. . 
 Ripley. . 
 Oregon . . 
 Oregon. . 
 Oregon. 
 Wayne.. 
 Ripley . 
 Ripley. . 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley. . . 
 Kipley. . 
 Ripley.. 
 Ripley.. 
 Oregon. 
 Ozark . . . 
 Ozark. . . 
 Ozark. . . 
 Ozark... 
 Ozark. . . 
 Ozark., . 
 Ozark... 
 Ozark. . . 
 Butler.. 
 Oregon . 
 
 Howell . 
 
 Ozark. . 
 Ozark. . 
 Ozark. . 
 Ozark. . 
 Ozark. . . 
 Ozark. . . 
 Ozark.. 
 Ozark. . 
 Ozark. 
 Butler. 
 Butler., 
 Butler. 
 Ripley. 
 
 Ripley. 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 2, n. w. J . 
 Sec. 3, w. J . . . 
 
 I? a ° 
 
 Oregon ... J 
 
 Stoddefrd.. 
 Stoddard . . 
 
 (335) 
 
 246 
 
 260 
 
 254 
 
 256 
 
 254 
 
 254 
 
 257 
 
 255 
 
 256 
 
 255 
 
 259 
 
 259 
 
 255 
 
 25S 
 
 259 
 
 256 
 248, 317 
 
 249 
 
 249 
 
 270 
 
 257 
 
 255 
 
 255 
 
 256 
 
 257 
 
 258 
 
 258 
 
 259 
 
 249 
 
 253 
 
 251 
 
 252 
 
 251 
 
 251 
 
 251 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 237 
 173, 249 
 165, 179 
 190, 246 
 317, 320 
 
 321 
 
 252 
 
 252 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 253 
 
 250 
 
 253 
 
 253 
 
 251 
 
 240 
 
 237 
 
 239 
 
 257 
 
 258 
 
 167, 171, 
 249 
 263 
 264 
 
336 
 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 No. 
 
 Township. 
 
 58.... 
 
 26n.,8e... 
 
 59. . . . 
 
 n tt 
 
 60:.. 
 
 " " 
 
 61 ... . 
 
 " 7e... 
 
 62 ... 
 
 ., ,< s 
 
 63.... 
 
 
 64 ... 
 
 " " 
 
 65.... 
 
 II (1 
 
 66 ... 
 
 <* Ge... 
 
 67... 
 
 " ** 
 
 68.... 
 
 ** " 
 
 69... 
 
 (« <t 
 
 70.... 
 
 ti it / 
 
 71.... 
 
 " 5e... 
 
 72.... 
 
 " 2e... 
 
 73 ... 
 
 " " 
 
 74.... 
 
 " le... 
 
 75. . . . 
 
 ,. «.. j 
 
 76.... 
 
 
 77... 
 
 '• 1 w.. 
 
 78 ... 
 
 *' 5w... 
 
 7,9. . . . 
 
 tt tt 
 
 80.... 
 
 " " 
 
 81... 
 
 " 6w... 
 
 82 ... 
 
 ■' 11 w.. 
 
 83 ... 
 
 " 12 w. . 
 
 84.... 
 
 27n.,9e... 
 
 85.... 
 
 " se... 
 
 86... 
 
 i( ft 
 
 87.... 
 
 (( <* 
 
 88.... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 89.... 
 
 it tt 
 
 90 ... 
 
 " " 
 
 91.... 
 
 " 7e... 
 
 92.... 
 
 U tt 
 
 93 ... 
 
 (1 (( 
 
 94 .. 
 
 ** " 
 
 95.... 
 
 l( tt 
 
 96.... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 97 ... 
 
 " 6e. j 
 
 98 ... 
 
 « it 
 
 99.... 
 
 K <( 
 
 100... 
 
 " 6e... 
 
 101 ... . 
 
 it -n 
 
 102 ... 
 
 tt u 
 
 103 .... 
 
 tl (A 
 
 104 ... 
 
 tt tt 
 
 105.... 
 
 tt -ft 
 
 106... 
 
 t( It 
 
 107.... 
 
 " II 
 
 108... 
 
 tc tt 
 
 109. .. 
 
 II u 
 
 110.... 
 
 it « 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 II u 
 
 112... 
 
 tt *( 
 
 113.... 
 
 " 5e... 
 
 114.... 
 
 n k 
 
 115.... 
 
 " 5 w . . 
 
 116 ... 
 
 " 6w.. 
 
 117.... 
 
 " 9w.. 
 
 118.... 
 
 " 11 w.. 
 
 119.... 
 
 " 12 w.. 
 
 120:... 
 
 28n.,8e... 
 
 121.... 
 
 " le... 
 
 122.... 
 
 " 6e... 
 
 123... 
 
 <i <i 
 
 124 ... 
 
 it n 
 
 125 ... 
 
 it u 
 
 126 ... 
 
 tt K 
 
 127... 
 
 fl 4( 
 
 128 ... 
 
 *' " 
 
 129.... 
 
 It tt 
 
 Name of Mine or Owner. 
 
 Smith, W. I. and Shoematee 
 
 Wommack & Chapman 
 
 McGown, Joseph 
 
 Indian ford bank, No. 4 
 
 Indian ford bank, No. 2 
 
 Indian ford bank, No. 3 
 
 St. Francis bank 
 
 Indian ford bank, No. 1 
 
 Blue Spring bank 
 
 Hendrickson mine 
 
 Hendrickson.N. W 
 
 Agricultural College land, No. 1 . 
 
 Indian creek bank 
 
 Miller bank 
 
 Singer, Nimick & Co 
 
 Missouri L. & M. Co 
 
 Smith, David 
 
 Mo. L. & M. Co., land, No. 3 
 
 Carter, A., and Mo. L. & M. Co. j 
 
 land, Np. 2 j 
 
 Kelly, Mrs. M 
 
 Brown, J. C, land, No. 2 
 
 Phennighausen, K. W 
 
 Kisher, Joseph. 
 
 Reaser, J. B 
 
 Biser.C.T 
 
 T.jttrick, Henry 
 
 Beazley, W. R., land 
 
 Burger, Wm 
 
 Moss, T. J 
 
 Hawks, F. T. and Houck, S. . . . . . 
 
 Spiva bank 
 
 Smith land 
 
 Thelenius, G. C 
 
 Purcell.H.B 
 
 Jones, A. S 
 
 Neighbors, John 
 
 Smith, Pleasant 
 
 Moss and Clarkson land 
 
 Mason and Clarkson land 
 
 Pettit bank 
 
 Folsom, Alexander, land, No. 1 ) 
 Folsom, Alexander, land, No. 2 ( 
 
 Deatoji, Joseph D 
 
 Shrout'sbank 
 
 Ozark Land Company 
 
 Maxfleld, J. C 
 
 Joiner, bank 
 
 Moss, T.J 
 
 Mann bank 
 
 Hanlan land 
 
 Hicks, A. J 
 
 Gary, A., and Moss, T.J 
 
 Moss, T. J 
 
 Boucher, E. G 
 
 Gary, A 
 
 Burdinaux, Wm 
 
 Osgood, L. S 
 
 Otter creek bank -. 
 
 Haynie Hollow bank 
 
 Cutler, W. P 
 
 Government 
 
 Godsey, D 
 
 MoCrary, R. A., land 
 
 Wood, D. S 
 
 Dondore, L. T 
 
 Bennett, Perry 
 
 Reese creek bank 
 
 Holladay, H. N 
 
 Sneathen&Co.,land,No, 1 
 
 Berry, Wm., land, No. 1 
 
 Berry.'Wm., land, No. 2 
 
 Johnson, Lewis, bank 
 
 Sneathen & Co., land, No. 1 
 
 Tower, Geo. F 
 
 Section. 
 
 Sec. 3, s. e. i 
 
 Sec. 4, n. e. i 
 
 Sees. 10 and U 
 
 Sec. 22, s. J, n. w. 1 . . 
 
 Sec. 23, n. e. i ) 
 
 Sec. 23,n.e. J, s.w. i j 
 
 Sec. 24, s. J, ii. w. i 
 
 ~ec. 24, n. |, n. e. i .. 
 Sec. 26, s. u. 1, s. e. £. 
 
 Sec. 18 
 
 Sec. 20 
 
 Sec. 21 
 
 Sec. 35, n. w. £ 
 
 Sec. 35.n.w. i, n.e. J. 
 
 Sec. 5 
 
 Sec. 7, s.w. J, s.w. J... 
 
 Sec. 17, e. 4 
 
 Sec. 12, s. £, s.w. I... 
 
 Sec. 13, n.w. \ 
 
 Sec. 13, s. e. J 
 
 Sec. 13, w. \, s.w. J... 
 
 .->ec. 11, n. e. i 
 
 Sec. 14, s. w. \ 
 
 Sec. 14, s. w. J 
 
 Sec. 10, n. |, s.w. ii.. 
 
 Sec. 25 
 
 Sec. 3, s.w. J, s.w. j. . 
 
 Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. 6 
 
 Sec. 30 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 33, n. J 
 
 Sfec: 34, e. J 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec.3 
 
 Sec. 6,n.e.J 
 
 Sec.6,w. J,lotl,n.w 1 
 
 Sec: 16, n. J 
 
 Sec. 16, e. J 
 
 Sec. 19, s. e. i .. 
 
 Sec. 2 
 
 Sec. 7 
 
 Sec. 16, n.e. i, n.e. i. 
 
 Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. 18, n.e. J, n.e. J . 
 
 Sec. 19 
 
 Sec. 19 
 
 Sec. 21 . 
 
 Sec. 21 
 
 fSec. 23 
 
 See. 24, s.w J 
 
 Sec. 25, w. i, n. e. i, . . 
 Sec. 25, n.w. J, s.e. J.. 
 Sec.26,s,w.t,n.e.i... 
 Sec. 36, n.e.f.n.e. J... 
 Sec. 36, n. 4, n.w. £... 
 
 Sees. 3 and 4 ,.. 
 
 Sec. 5 
 
 See. 33, n.e.i, s.w.J .. 
 Sec. 24, s.e. l,s. e.i.... 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 14, w. i, n.w. i.. 
 
 Sec. 27, s.w. i 
 
 Sees. 7, 8, 17 and 18.. 
 
 Sec. 30 
 
 Sec. 5 
 
 Sec. 5, s.w. i 
 
 Sec. 8 s.w. J 
 
 See. 15 
 
 Sec. 15, s.w. i 
 
 Sec. 15, n.e. i, s.w. J.. 
 
 Sees. 15 and 22 
 
 Sec. 16, s.e. i 
 
 County. 
 
 Stoddard. 
 Stoddard. 
 Stoddard. 
 Butler ... 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler.... 
 Butler.... 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler 
 
 Butler 
 
 Wayne ... 
 
 Carter 
 
 Carter 
 
 Carter 
 
 Carter 
 
 Carter. ... 
 
 Carter 
 
 Shannon.. . 
 
 Shannon... 
 
 Shannon.. 
 
 Shannon.. 
 
 Douglas... 
 
 Douglas .. 
 
 Stoddard . 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 Stoddard . 
 
 Stoddard. 
 
 Stoddard.. 
 
 Stoddard. . 
 
 Stoddard!. 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne... . 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne.... 
 
 Wavne... . 
 Butler... 
 Wayne...: 
 Wayne... . 
 Wayne.... 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne.. . 
 Wayne.. . . 
 Wayne..:. 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne — 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne... . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Shannon.. 
 Shannon.. 
 Howell. .„ 
 Douglas... 
 Douslas... 
 Bollinger.. 
 Wayne.. . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne.... 
 to ayne... . 
 Wayne.... 
 Wayne.. . . 
 Wayne... . 
 Wayne... . 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 337 
 
 130.. 
 131.. 
 132 . 
 133.. 
 134 . 
 135.. 
 
 136 . 
 
 137.. 
 138.. 
 139.. 
 140.. 
 141.. 
 142 . 
 143.. 
 
 144 . 
 
 145 . 
 
 146 . 
 117 . 
 148.. 
 149.. 
 150.. 
 151.. 
 
 152 . 
 
 153 . 
 
 154 . 
 155.. 
 156 . 
 157.. 
 158.. 
 159.. 
 160.. 
 161.. 
 
 162 . 
 
 163 . 
 164.. 
 165.. 
 166.. 
 167. 
 168. 
 169 
 170. 
 171. 
 172. 
 17S. 
 174. 
 175. 
 176. 
 177. 
 178. 
 179. 
 180. 
 181. 
 182. 
 183. 
 184. 
 185. 
 186. 
 187 
 188. 
 189. 
 190. 
 191. 
 192 
 193. 
 
 194. 
 
 195. 
 196. 
 
 197.. 
 
 198.. 
 199.. 
 200.. 
 201.. 
 
 Township. 
 
 28n.,6e. 
 
 '. 3e. 
 27 n., 5 e. 
 
 4e.. 
 3e . 
 2e.. 
 1 c. 
 
 3 w. 
 
 4 W. 
 
 5 w. 
 
 28 n., 2 w. 
 " 3 w. 
 
 3 w. 
 
 4 w. 
 
 5 e.. 
 
 " 11 w. 
 in., 9 e.. 
 
 7 e. 
 4 e. 
 3 e.. 
 lw.. 
 
 3 w.. 
 
 4 w.. 
 
 30 n 
 
 9w., 
 ,9e.. 
 
 8e.. 
 4e.. 
 
 9 w.. 
 
 " 10 w. 
 
 " 25 w. 
 
 31n.,10e. 
 
 " 9e.. 
 " 8e.. 
 
 " 3w ■ 
 
 a tX 
 
 " 4w. 
 
 " 5 w | 
 
 " 6 w .' 
 
 " 9 w.. 
 
 32 n., 8e.. 
 
 Name of Mlno or Owner. 
 
 Atkins estate land 
 
 Sneathen & Co., land, No. 2 
 
 Cedar Bay bank 
 
 Clarkson heirs 
 
 Haynie, S. C. . .■ 
 
 Railroad bank 
 
 Bossanbin, B 
 
 Bossanbin.B 
 
 Moritz, G. F 
 
 Holladay , H. N. and Haynie, S. C. 
 
 Morris creek bank 
 
 Moreland bank 
 
 O'Reilly, Patrick 
 
 Shaw, David < 
 
 Brown, J. C, land, No. 1 
 
 Munsell, L. W. .' 
 
 S. Mo. Land Company 
 
 Livesay land 
 
 Ozark Lumber Company 
 
 Thomas, Wm...". 
 
 Government 
 
 Knight, S.H 
 
 Butler, D 
 
 Abbott, M 
 
 Munsell, L. L 
 
 Deweese, J. N 
 
 Munsell, L. L... 
 
 Dean, J. H., land 
 
 Embree land , 
 
 Government land, No. 5 
 
 Rubottom, L 
 
 Dalton, Mrs. N. T 
 
 Bennett, Perry 
 
 Holladay, H.N 
 
 Mason and Clarkson 
 
 Smalley, H. H 
 
 Lemon, Thompson, land 
 
 Revelle. J. W 
 
 Bollinger, B. H 
 
 Speer's mountain 
 
 Clark's mountain 
 
 Bear mountain bank 
 
 Blanton limonite bank 
 
 Tripp, G. W... ' 
 
 Carson and James 
 
 Chilton, W.S 
 
 Government land. No. 6 
 
 Lute's, Jesse, bank 
 
 Murdock 
 
 Glenn, Emma, bank 
 
 Myer's bank 
 
 Kister bank 
 
 Yancey mountain bank 
 
 Smith, N. W 
 
 Field bank 
 
 Sutton, T.J 
 
 Duke.M. K 
 
 Compton, G. A 
 
 Tibb's bank 
 
 Turkey hill bunk 
 
 Bobbin's bank 
 
 Gilman bank 
 
 Deal bank 
 
 Ntfong bank 
 
 Rhodes bank 
 
 Biser,C.T 
 
 Biser, C. T 
 
 Woodside.L.B 
 
 Midland Blast Furnace Co 
 
 Organ and Sweiney 
 
 Organ and Sweiney 
 
 Mo. Furnace Company 
 
 Seay, Gov. A. J 
 
 Roger's mill land 
 
 Poblick's bank v 
 
 Section. 
 
 County. 
 
 Sec. 19,n.w. 1... 
 
 Sec. 22 
 
 Sees. 14 and 23.. 
 
 Sec. 5, s. i 
 
 See. 7, s. w. J... 
 Sec. 8, s. e. i 
 
 Sec.9 
 
 Sec. 12 
 
 Sec. 12. . . / 
 
 Sec. 20 
 
 Sec. 35, s. e. \ . 
 See. 28, n. e.l, n. c. 1. 
 
 Sec. 2, e. J 
 
 Sec.6,w.l,lotl,s.e.4 
 
 Sec. 35, n. J 
 
 Sec, n.e. J, s. e. £.. 
 
 Sec. 4, s. i 
 
 Sec. 28, n.w. i, s.w. J. 
 Sec. 34, w. h.... 
 Sec. 15, s. w. J. . 
 Sec. 19, s.w. J, s.w. J.. 
 Sec. 27, s.w. \, n.e. {. 
 
 Sec. 28, n. £ 
 
 Sec. 31, s. e. J, s. e. J 
 Sec, s. w. J, n. e. J.. 
 Sec. 6, e. w. J, n. e. J. 
 Sec 17, n. J, n. e. i.. 
 Sec.30,s.J,lot2,n.w. J 
 Sec. 12, n.w. £, n.w. J. 
 
 Sees. 24 and 25 
 
 Sec. 10 
 
 Sec. 11 
 
 Sec 26 
 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec. 3, s. i, lot 3 
 
 See. 10, n.e. i, s.w. *.. 
 
 Stc.31. ...... . 
 
 Sec. 3,w.J,lot2, n.w J 
 
 Sec.5 
 
 Sec. 2, n.w. J 
 
 Sec 29, s. J s. w. \. . 
 Sec. 31, n. e. J, s. e. i 
 
 Sec 15, s. e. J 
 
 Sec. 27, n. e. J, n.w. J. 
 Sec 6, e.J, lot 3, n.w.J. 
 Sec. II, n. e. J, n. w.J 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 16 : 
 
 Sec. 32,s. e. J, n.e. J . 
 =ee.35,n. e. J,n. w.J 
 Sec. 35, n. w. j, n. e. \. 
 See. 4, s. e. J, s. w. £.. 
 
 Sec. 11 
 
 Sec. 14, s. i, n. e. J . . 
 
 Seel 
 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Sec. 29, s. w. i 
 
 Sec. 32, n. w.J 
 
 Sec.10 
 
 Sec. 1, n. w. J 
 
 Sec. 2 
 
 Sec. 2,s. e.J 
 
 Sec. 14, s. w.J 
 
 -ec.8, n. e. i ) 
 
 Sec. 9, n.w. i j 
 
 Sec. 15, s. \ 
 
 Sec. 21, n.w. i 
 
 Sec. 22, n. i ( 
 
 Sec. 34, s. i ( 
 
 Sec. 13, s. e.J, n.w.J. 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 23, n. w. J, n.e. \. 
 Sees. -23 and 24 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne... . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne.. . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne.. .. 
 
 Carter 
 
 Carter 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Carter 
 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Carter .... 
 Shannon.. 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannor.... 
 Shannon... 
 Shannon... 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne* 
 
 Texas 
 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger... 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Washingt'n 
 Shannon. ... 
 Shannon.... 
 Shannon... . 
 
 Texas 
 
 B<>lllnger... 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger .■ . . 
 Bollinger.. . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Texas 
 
 Texas 
 
 Texas.., 
 
 Texas 
 
 Dade 
 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger... 
 Bollinger. . . 
 Bollinger. . . 
 Bollirger... 
 Bollinger. . . 
 
 Shannon.. . 
 
 Shannon 
 
 Shannon... 
 
 Shannon- 
 
 Shannon.. 
 Shannon... 
 
 Texas 
 
 Bollinger. 
 
 276 
 
 276 
 162, 268 
 
 278 
 
 270 
 
 275 
 
 277 
 
 278 
 
 273 
 
 271 
 ' 273 
 "242 
 
 242 
 
 275 
 
 241 
 
 262 
 
 2K3 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 242 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 261 
 
 261 
 
 262 
 
 275 
 
 269 
 
 278 
 
 278 
 
 278 
 
 266 
 
 234 
 
 235 
 
 233 
 
 277 
 
 42 
 
 178, 267 
 
 267 
 
 262' 
 
 263 
 
 261 
 
 266 
 
 234 
 
 236 
 
 178 
 
 235 
 
 272 
 
 277 
 
 267 
 
 266 
 
 267 
 - 266 
 
 184 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 234 
 
 233 
 
 235 
 
 236 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 263 
 230 
 234 
 
338 
 
 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 202. 
 203. 
 204. 
 205 
 206 
 207. 
 208 
 209. 
 210. 
 211. 
 
 212. 
 
 213. 
 
 214. 
 
 215. 
 
 216 
 
 217. 
 
 218 
 
 219 
 
 220. 
 
 221 : 
 
 222. 
 
 223. 
 
 224. 
 
 227. 
 
 228. 
 
 229 
 230 
 231. 
 
 232. 
 
 233. 
 
 234. 
 235. 
 236. 
 237. 
 
 23S 
 
 239. 
 240. 
 
 242. 
 243. 
 244 
 245. 
 246 
 
 247. 
 
 249. 
 250. 
 251. 
 252. 
 253. 
 254. 
 255. 
 256. 
 
 Township. 
 
 32 n. 
 
 33 n. 
 
 33 n. 
 
 34 n. 
 
 6e.. 
 2 w.. 
 
 7e.. 
 7e.. 
 4e.. 
 4e.. 
 3e.. 
 
 5 w.. 
 
 6 w.. 
 
 4e.. 
 
 Name of Mine or Owner. 
 
 Matthews mountain 
 
 Lesterville bank 
 
 January mine 
 
 Ford bank 
 
 Foster bank 
 
 Shut-In mine 
 
 Lewis mountain 
 
 Russell mountain 
 
 Riverside -Zfegler mine.. 
 Jamison mine 
 
 lw... 
 
 2 w.. 
 
 3 w... 
 
 4 w.. 
 
 5 w.. 
 
 6 w... 
 
 7w.. 
 
 35n.,4e. 
 
 3e.. 
 4 w.. 
 
 5 w.. 
 
 6 w.. 
 
 in., 4 w... 
 " 5w(?) 
 
 6 w.. 
 
 Cedar Hill. 
 
 Pilot Knob . 
 
 Shepherd mountain. 
 
 Burt mine 
 
 Rogers mine 
 
 Red Point land 
 
 Howe Mill mine 
 
 Hutchins creek mine.. 
 
 Fitzwater mine 
 
 Norris mine 
 
 Hayes mine 
 
 Pomeroy mine 
 
 Ferguson mine 
 
 Orchard mine 
 
 Thomas miife. 
 
 Simmons mountain. 
 
 Orchard and Young, Thorpe, I 
 Preston or Pittsburgh mine ' 
 
 Clark-Taylor mine. . .'.' 
 
 Taylor mine 
 
 Causey bank 
 
 Irpn mountain . 
 
 Buford mountain. 
 
 Sligo mine 
 
 Grover mine 
 
 Arnold mine 
 
 Blair.mine. . .' 
 
 Hawkins mine 
 
 Graff, Blackwell mine. 
 Williams mine 
 
 Plank mine.. 
 
 Thompson mine.. 
 Wilkerson bank.. 
 
 James mine 
 
 Bonito mine 
 
 Pease mine 
 
 Craig mine 
 
 Benton creek mine. 
 
 Stimson mine 
 
 Winkler mine 
 
 African mine 
 
 Clark mine 
 
 Smith mines 
 
 Clinton mine 
 
 Lamb mine 
 
 Burns mine 
 
 Sec.2 
 
 Sec. 2 
 
 Sees. 14 and 15. 
 
 Sec. 9 
 
 Sec. 15 
 
 Sees. 33 and 34. 
 
 Sec. 12 
 
 Sec. 20 
 
 Se.vlO 
 
 Sec. 13 
 
 Sec. 13, 
 
 Sec. 17. 
 
 Section. 
 
 Sec. 3 
 
 Sec. 8, n.e. J 
 
 Sec. 20, n.e. J, n. e. J 
 
 Sec. 16, n.e. J. ... 
 
 Sec. 3 
 
 Sec. 6, s. J 
 
 Sec. 13 
 
 Sec.2 
 
 Sec. 1, s. w. J,.. 
 
 Sec. 19, s. w. i... 
 
 Sec. 29, w.J. 
 
 Sec. 31. 
 
 . J, s. e. i„ 
 
 Sec. 24, w..J. 
 
 Sec. 27 
 
 Sec. 12 
 
 Sec. 12, s.w. j, s.w. j. 
 Sec. 35 
 
 Sec. 31 
 
 Sec. 24 
 
 Sec.2.. 
 
 Sees. 2 and 11 
 Sec. 4, s. e. £.. 
 Sec. 9, s. i 
 
 Sec. 11 
 
 Sec. 12 
 
 Sec. 16, n. J.. 
 
 Sec. 33 
 
 Sec. 26. . 
 Pec. 34. 
 Sec. 12.. 
 Sec. 12.. 
 
 Sec. 12.. 
 
 Sec. 24. . 
 
 Sec. 32. . . 
 
 Sec. 10. . 
 Sec. 14, s 
 Sec. 22. . . 
 Sec. 23. . . 
 Sec. 26. . . 
 Sec. 26.. 
 Sec. 35... 
 Sec. 36. . 
 
 County. 
 
 Madison... 
 Reynolds.. 
 Reynolds . 
 Madison... 
 Madison . . . 
 
 Iron 
 
 Iron 
 
 Iron 
 
 Dent 
 
 Dent 
 
 Iron.. 
 
 Iron.. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Iron.. . 
 Iron... 
 Iron... 
 Dent. 
 Dent.. 
 Dent.. 
 Dent.. 
 Dent.. 
 Dent. . 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent. 
 
 Dent . 
 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent.. 
 Dent. 
 Dent.. 
 
 St. Fran- J 
 finis. . ! 
 
 Iron... 
 
 Dent. . 
 Dent.. 
 Dent. . 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent. . 
 Dent.. 
 
 Dent.. 
 
 Crawford. . . 
 Crawford. . . 
 Crawford... 
 Crawford. . . 
 Crawford. . . 
 
 Crawford, j 
 
 Crawford, j 
 
 Phelps..... . 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 PhelpB 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 So 13 
 
 « .n o 
 
 fWZ m 
 
 P o 
 
 ■a 
 
 249 
 
 254 
 . 230 
 
 246 
 
 247 
 
 307, 320 
 
 47 
 
 320 
 32 
 222, 319 
 16, 21 
 34, 40 
 47, 307 
 320, 321 
 17,19,21 
 22,32,44 
 48,61,64 
 307, 320 
 21,22,34 
 41,46,49 
 307, 320 
 
 224 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 222, 319 
 222, 319 
 221,319 
 
 319 
 
 319 
 
 223 
 
 319 
 154, 222 
 319. 
 
 320 
 119, 123 
 136, 154 
 312, 320 
 327 
 
 319 
 
 319 
 223 
 149: 319 
 14, 19. a, 
 21,23,34 
 42,59 
 305, 320 
 
 321 
 
 49, 307 
 
 320 . 
 
 154, 223 
 
 219 
 
 220 
 
 221 
 
 120, 154, 
 
 221, 314, 
 
 319, 327 
 
 319- 
 
 224 
 
 120, 221, 
 
 223, 319, 
 
 327. 
 
 ' 220 
 
 318 
 
 318 
 
 313 
 
 243 
 
 218, 318 
 
 327. 
 
 218, 312 
 
 318. 
 
 228, 321 
 
 229, 321 
 •26, 321 
 
 226 - 
 228, 321 
 
 321 
 227, 321 
 
 321 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 339 
 
 No. 
 
 257. 
 258. 
 
 26C. 
 
 261. 
 262. 
 
 263. 
 
 264. 
 
 265. 
 266. 
 
 267. 
 
 268. 
 
 269. 
 
 270. 
 
 271. 
 
 272. 
 
 273. 
 
 274. 
 
 275. 
 
 276.. 
 
 277.. 
 
 278.. 
 
 279. 
 
 280. 
 281. 
 282. 
 283. 
 284. 
 
 285. 
 286. 
 287. 
 288. 
 289. 
 290. 
 291. 
 
 294. 
 295. 
 296. 
 
 Township. 
 
 36 n., 7 w. 
 " 8 w. 
 
 37 n., 3 w. 
 
 " 4 w. 
 
 5 w. 
 
 6 w. 
 
 7 w. 
 
 8 w. 
 
 In., 6 w. 
 
 37 n., 8 vv. 
 
 38 n., 3 w. 
 " 6 w. 
 
 " 24 
 n.,24 
 
 w. 
 
 w 
 
 if 2 
 
 w. 
 
 " 5 
 
 w. 
 
 " 18 
 
 w 
 
 " 22 
 " 24 
 " 25 
 
 w 
 w 
 w 
 
 40 n., 1 w. 
 
 297.... 
 
 " 
 
 2 w. 
 
 298 ... 
 
 t( 
 
 10 w 
 
 299.... 
 
 ** 
 
 19 w 
 
 300. . . . 
 
 «* 
 
 « 
 
 301 ... 
 
 tf 
 
 n 
 
 302.... 
 
 " 
 
 20 w 
 
 303. . . . 
 
 •« 
 
 21 w 
 
 304... 
 
 *' 
 
 
 305 ... 
 
 41 n 
 
 ,2e.. 
 
 306.... 
 
 «« 
 
 1 w. 
 
 307. . . . 
 
 f< 
 
 
 308. . . . 
 
 <« 
 
 » 
 
 309... 
 
 . «* 
 
 1 w 
 
 310. . . . 
 
 ti 
 
 20 w 
 
 311.... 
 
 ct 
 
 22 w: 
 
 312. . . . 
 
 " 
 
 25 w 
 
 313 ... 
 
 ■k 
 
 26 w. 
 
 314. . . . 
 
 42 n. 
 
 , 1 e.. 
 
 315. . . . 
 
 (( 
 
 
 316... 
 
 (( 
 
 12 w. 
 
 317.... 
 
 H 
 
 tt 
 
 318.... 
 
 it 
 
 21 w. 
 
 319. . . . 
 
 43 n. 
 
 25 w. 
 
 320. . . . 
 
 45 n. 
 
 10 w. 
 
 321.... 
 
 tt 
 
 
 322.... 
 
 « 
 
 *< 
 
 323. . . . 
 
 46 n. 
 
 10 w. 
 
 324. . . . 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 Same of Mine or Owner. 
 
 Hyer mine 
 
 Moselle mine, No. 10 
 Kelly mine, No. 1 
 
 Cherry Valley mines. 
 
 Beaver creek mine 
 
 Seay mine 
 
 Steelville mine, No. 1. 
 
 Steelville mine, No. 2.. 
 
 Ferguson mine 
 
 Buff am mine 
 
 Hart mine 
 
 Meramec mine 
 
 Williford mine... 
 
 Lenox mine 
 
 Taylor's Rolla mine 
 
 Beaver creek mine., 
 
 South mountain mine . . . 
 
 James mine 
 
 Moselle mine, No. 9 
 
 Thornton-Dowling mine. 
 
 Kelly mine, No. 9 
 
 Buckland mine 
 
 50 n., 3 w.. 
 
 Scotia mine, No. 1 
 
 James and Moselle mine, No. 9., 
 
 Santee and Clark's mine 
 
 Thornton mine 
 
 Sheldon bank 
 
 Copper bank 
 
 Scotia mine, No. 2 
 
 Iron Ridge mine, No. 1 
 
 Iron Ridge mine, No. 2 
 
 Furnace bank 
 
 White bank 
 
 Rich woods bank 
 
 Groves bank.. 
 
 Green well bank 
 
 Marmaduke bank 
 
 Collins bank 
 
 Blanlon specular mine. 
 
 Primrose hill mine 
 
 Old Copper hill mine 
 
 Dunn, Raph, bank 
 
 Wigwam bank 
 
 Palm bank 
 
 Cout's bank 
 
 Gun bank 
 
 Carpenter bank 
 
 GriBsom bank 
 
 Bowlen bank 
 
 Anaconda 
 
 Iron hill mine .- 
 
 Thurmond mine 
 
 Stanton hill bank , 
 
 Walker bank , 
 
 Elm Hollow bank 
 
 Brownington deposit 
 
 Clinton deposit 
 
 Iron hill 
 
 Wildy's (Isaac) mine 
 
 Gaty, (E. W.) land 
 
 Lothian (B.) land 
 
 Indian creek bank 
 
 Brown bank 
 
 Shafthill 
 
 Murphy's hill 
 
 Old Diggings .' 
 
 Knight bank 
 
 Dunn, Richard, bank 
 
 Dunn, Raph, bank. . 
 
 Section. 
 
 County. 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 20 
 
 Sec. 18, e. J. 
 
 Sec. 4. 
 
 Sec. 33, s. J 
 Sec. 5 ' 
 
 Sec. 5, e. j,s. w. J. 
 
 Sec. 5, c 
 
 Sec. 21. . 
 Sec. 32. 
 Sec. 24.. 
 
 , s. w. i. 
 
 Red hill mine 'Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. l,n. w. i 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec. 15, s. w.i ...... 
 
 Sec. 33 
 
 Sec. 23. 
 
 8ec. 29 ,... 
 
 Sec. 29 
 
 Sec. 33 
 
 Sec. 21, n. e. i 
 
 Sec. 2, s. i 
 
 Sec. 1, c. J, a. e. J.. . 
 
 Sec. 29, s. i, s. e. . 
 
 Sec. 33, s. w. i 
 
 Sec. 33, n. e. J. . . . . 
 
 -ec. 8 ... 
 
 Sec. 27 
 
 Sec. 28, a. e. i 
 
 Sec. 29, n. e. J 
 
 Sec. 33 
 
 Sec. 4 
 
 Sec. 7, s. e. J 
 
 Sees. 3 and 4 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 15 
 
 Sec. 23 ' 
 
 Sec. 23 
 
 Sec. 29, n. e.i, s. e.£.. 
 Sec. 32, s. w. 1, n. w. J, 
 Sec. 23, e. i, n. e. j... 
 
 Sec. 32 
 
 Sec. 10 
 
 See. 12, n. w. 1 
 
 Sec. 14 
 
 Sec. 33 -.... 
 
 Sec. 12 
 
 Sec. 28 
 
 Sec. 5, n. w. J 
 
 Sec. 16 
 
 Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. 19, n. J, n. w. i. . 
 Sec. 36, s. w. i, n. e. J 
 
 Sec. 36 
 
 Sec.36. 
 
 Sec. 20 
 
 In Clinton 
 
 Sec. 17 
 
 Sec. 17, s. w. i, s.w. J 
 
 Sec. 21 
 
 Sec. 22 
 
 Sec. 26 
 
 Sec. 25 
 
 Sec. 4, n. w. J 
 
 Sec. 15 
 
 Sec. 22 
 
 Sec. 2 
 
 Sec. 21... 
 
 Sec. 32 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 r 
 
 Crawford. -I 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Crawford... 
 
 Crawford- J 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 Crawford. . . 
 Crawford. . . 
 Crawford... 
 
 Phelps.... j 
 
 Phelps. . : . . . 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps.. .. 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Crawford, j 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Phelps 
 
 St. Clair.... 
 St. Clair . . 
 
 Crawford, j 
 
 Crawford . . . 
 Crawford . . . 
 
 Camden 
 
 Camden 
 
 Benton 
 
 St. Clair. . . 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Washington 
 Washington 
 Crawford . . . 
 Callaway. . . . 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Benton 
 
 Benton.. .. 
 Benton..... 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Franklin 
 
 H'ranklin 
 
 Franklin... 
 
 Benton 
 
 Benton 
 
 Henry 
 
 Henry 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Cole 
 
 Cole 
 
 Benton 
 
 Henry 
 
 Callaway... . 
 Callaway... . 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Callaway.... 
 Callaway. . . . 
 Callaway. . . . 
 Montgomery 
 
 *3 
 
 MOT" 
 
 «a S3 
 
 On > 3) 
 K to 
 
 •a 
 
 321 
 
 321 
 227, 321 
 118, 120 
 122, 129 
 136, 318 
 132, 326 
 
 226 
 
 319 
 220, 312 
 
 319 
 243, 312 
 
 319 
 
 218, 318 
 318 
 418 
 
 120, 310 
 
 321 
 
 229 
 
 321 
 
 229 
 
 321 
 
 321 
 
 321 
 
 321 
 
 321 
 227, 321 
 226, 321 
 220, 311 
 
 318 
 
 227 
 
 228 
 
 229 
 
 260 
 
 260 
 220, 311 
 
 319 
 
 219, 318 
 219 
 240 
 241 
 233 
 281 
 
 ' 260 
 
 281 
 
 281 
 
 231 
 
 231 
 • 219 
 
 279 
 
 248 
 
 248 
 
 248 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 245 
 
 118 
 
 320 
 
 224 
 15B, 245 
 
 233 
 
 232 
 
 183 
 
 183 ' 
 
 245 
 
 246 
 
 243 
 
 243 
 
 233 
 
 280 
 
 280 
 
 280 
 
 280 
 
 279 
 
 279 
 75, 279 . 
 
 225 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Abbott, M., limonite reported on land ol 242 
 
 Africa, yield of iron from ores of 197 
 
 African mine, description of 226 
 
 Agricultural Colleoe, limonite on land (No. 1), of 237 
 
 limonite deposit on land (No. -2), of 254 
 
 Aker's, P. O., occurrence of Ozark fossils at 110 
 
 Alabama, Red hematite ores of 6 
 
 Alabama, yield of iron oreB in ■ 194 
 
 Allen bank, description of 237 
 
 Allison, Dr. J. L., occurrences of ore reported by.' , 278 
 
 Alloys of metal with iron, effects of 10 
 
 Alton, occurrence of limonite at 161 
 
 Anaconda mine, occurrence of pyrite at 118 
 
 Apatite, eliminated In boulder ore , 44 
 
 occurrence of at Iron mountain 20, 25 
 
 occurrence of with magnetic iron ores 4 
 
 Archaean age, porphyry hills during 59 
 
 ArcbjEAN continent, porphyry rocks in S. E. Mo., a portion of : . 63 
 
 Arcilean landscape, preserved in S. E. Mo 64 
 
 AnCHiEAN rocks, erosion of. 56 
 
 in Ozark uplift 94 
 
 specular ores in 14 
 
 Ar6h^;an seas, valleys in S. E. Mo., formerly covered by 63 
 
 Archaean topography in S.E. Mo... 67 
 
 Argentine smelter, limonite shipped to 165 
 
 Arkansas, iron deposits of Northeastern 283 
 
 Arnold mine, description of 220 
 
 Arsenic, occurrence of with specular ores 153 
 
 Ashebran's f urnace, description of 304 
 
 Assistants of the Geological Survey iv 
 
 Atkins estate, limonite deposit on land of 267 
 
 Aux Vases creek, first magnesian limestone on 100 
 
 second sandstone on 101 
 
 Bacon, M., assistance rendered by ix 
 
 Bald Knobs, occurrence of in Ozark region 160 
 
 Bear Mountain bank, description of 267 
 
 analysis of ore from 178 
 
 Beaver creek mine, description of 226 
 
 Beazley, W. E., limonite deposit on land of 244 
 
 Belmont branch of I. M. Ry., opens limonite ore district 199 
 
 Bennett, Perry, occurrence of limonite on land of 278 
 
 Benton county, accessibility of ores of 83 
 
 deposit of limonite in 174, 232, 233 
 
 red hematite deposits in 13, 80, 175 
 
 Benton creek mine, description of 218, 312 
 
 Berry, William, limonite deposit on lands (Nos. 1 and 2) of 268 
 
 Bessemer, basic process for making steel 2 
 
 ores of Iron mountain 45 
 
 process for making steel 9 
 
 steelworks 3S1 
 
 Big Mountain, workings at 27 
 
 (341) 
 
342 IRON OEES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Bio and Little Mountain, section through 29 
 
 Big Piney kiver, example of spring fed stream 91 
 
 flood in 1892 190 
 
 navigability of 86 
 
 sandstone along 113 
 
 sections along 104 
 
 Birkinbine, John, cited on yield of iron from ores in the U. S 194 
 
 production of Iron mountain . 306 
 
 Birmingham, thickness of iron ores at 88 
 
 Biser, C. T., occurrence of limonite on land of 263 
 
 Black-band ore 6, 12 
 
 Blackwater river, deposits of red hematite near 79 
 
 BLACKriver banks (Nos. 1 and 2), analysis of ores from 178 
 
 Black river, not reliable for transportation 200 
 
 Blair Mine, description of 221 
 
 Blanton limonite hank, description of 267 
 
 specular ore bank, description of 231 
 
 Blast furnaces in Missouri 328 
 
 Blast furnaces of the Ozark region 153 
 
 Blue Spring bank, description of 237 
 
 Board or managers of the Geological Survey iii 
 
 Bog iron ores 5 
 
 in coal measures 14 
 
 Geological horizon of 15 
 
 occurrence in southeastern Missouri 217 
 
 Bollinger county, deposits of limonite in 233, 237 
 
 Bollinger, B. H., deposit of limonite on land of ' 233 
 
 Booker, J. S., deposit of limonite on land of 254 
 
 BosSanbin, B., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 278 
 
 Boucher, B. G., occurrence of limonite on land of 278 
 
 BOULDERS, of specular ore, occurrence of 22 
 
 Boulder deposits of specular ore, origin of 22 ~ 
 
 occurrence of at Pilot Knob 34 
 
 BowLEN BANK, description of 245 
 
 Boyd, T. J., location of limonite deposit, reported by 249 
 
 limonite deposit on land of 248 
 
 Breccia at PilotKnob 39 
 
 Briggs, W. H., limonite deposits reported by 245 
 
 Britts, Dr. J. H., assistance rendered by xiv, 183 
 
 Broadhead, G. C, assistance rendered by. 85,116 
 
 cited .". 12,70,97,98,113,243 
 
 Brown Bank, description of 280 
 
 Brown, J. 0., limonite deposits on lauds of '. 241 
 
 Brownell Car Co 332 
 
 Brownington, limonite deposits near 183 
 
 red hematite deposits near 70, 80 
 
 BURDINAUX, Wm., limonite on land of 268 
 
 Burge, Wm., deposit of limonite on land of 263 
 
 Buried deposits, existence of 159 
 
 Buckland mine, description of 226 
 
 Buford mountain, analysis of ore from 49 
 
 production of ore from 307 
 
 Burt mine, description of ... 224 
 
 Buskett, J. L., assistance rendered by xiv, 315,318 
 
 Butler county, analysis of limoDite ore from 193 
 
 limonite deposits in , 237, 240 
 
 production of limonite in: 316 
 
 Neeleyville, and Poplar Bluff river bottom at -. 87 
 
 Butler, D., deposit of limonite on land of 263 
 
 Buzzard mountain, thickness of sedimentary rocks near 120 
 
-GENERAL INDEX. 343 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cabool, rocks at 105 
 
 sandstone near X13 
 
 Calamine, Arkansas, occurrence of limonite near 290 
 
 CalciPerous horizon, Lower Silurian rocks of, in Arkansas 283 
 
 Calciferous sandstone, supposed equivalent of Ozark series 93 
 
 Caloite, in rocks of Ozark region 94 
 
 Calhoun, red hematite deposits at 70 
 
 Callaway County, accessibility of ores of 83 
 
 analyses of red hematite ores from 78 
 
 red hematite deposits in 13,14,75,82,279 
 
 red hematite and limonite deposits , 182 
 
 Cambrian age, probability that magnesian series are vii 
 
 Ozarkrocksof •. vii, 93,144 
 
 Cambrian rocks, erosion of 50 
 
 hematites in 12 
 
 hematites near juncture of, with Carboniferous rocks 13 
 
 limonites found in 158- 
 
 relation of to conglomerates at Iron mountain 30 
 
 relation of to conglomerate ore deposits , 65 
 
 at Pilot Knob 34 
 
 relation of to deposits of detrital ores 31 
 
 at Iron mountain 27 
 
 relation of porphyry to 20 
 
 in Southeast Missouri 17 
 
 thinning of, on slope of Iron mountain 28 
 
 Cambrian sandstone, separates two boulder deposits at Iron mountain 31 
 
 Camden county, occurrence of graphic granite in 94 
 
 analysis of limonite ores from 175 
 
 limonite deposits in 174, 240 
 
 Campbell's Gazetteer, quoted on early history of mining in Missouri 310, 311, 312 
 
 Cape Girardeau county, occurrence of saccharoidal sandstone in 99 
 
 Car axle Works ' 332 
 
 Car Builders 332 
 
 Car Wheel Works 332 
 
 Carbonate Ores 5 
 
 geological horizon of 15 
 
 Carboniferous rocks, red hematite deposits near juncture with Cambrian rocks 13 
 
 Carondelbt, furnace erected at 306 
 
 Carpenter bank, description of 232 
 
 Carson, Hon. D., cited on cost of producing pig iron 207 
 
 cited on yield of timber land in Southeast Missouri 202 
 
 information furnished by xiv, 170 
 
 Carson, D. Iron Company, Iron mine of 165 
 
 Carson and James, occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Carter, Alex., limonite deposit on land of 242 
 
 localities of limonite reported by 242 
 
 Carter County, Archaean rocks in 94 
 
 occurrence of granite in 21 
 
 fossils found in Ill 
 
 limonite, deposits in 241 
 
 occurrence of manganese in 95 
 
 Cast Iron, manufacture of 8 
 
 Cast iron pipe works 332 
 
 Castorville, limonite deposits near 176 
 
 Cathaytown, Arkansas, supposed deposits of limonite near 294 
 
 Causey bank, description of 149 
 
 Caves in limestone, formation of 1*" 
 
 Cazort tract, Arkansas, limonite deposit on 290 
 
 Cedar bay mine 162,176,269 
 
 production of 316 
 
 Cedar Gap, contact between Kinderhook and Ozark limestone 105 
 
 elevation at ' 159 
 
344 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Cedar Gap— Continued. page. 
 
 highest point in the Ozark Uplift j 85 
 
 Ijiwei Carboniferous rooks near 93 
 
 Cedar Hill, analyses of ores from 47 
 
 description of 10,40 
 
 ores of 34,46 
 
 porphyry at 10 
 
 production of ore at 307 
 
 veins of hematite exposed at 19, 21, 22 
 
 Census, eleventh, cited on output of carbonate ores mined in the United States 6 
 
 cited on production of Iron mountain 306 
 
 cited on yield of iron ores , 194 
 
 Census, tenth, cited on analyses of iron ores 42 
 
 Chalybeate Springs, as source of Bog ores : 14 
 
 Chalybeate waters, action of 54 
 
 Chamois, saccharoidal sandstone at 173 
 
 Chaonia, analysis of ore from.. . .• 177 
 
 occurrence of limonite near 161, 174 
 
 Chapman, S., limonite deposits on land of 265 
 
 Charcoal, as a blast furnace fuel 153 
 
 avaliable wood for 202 
 
 wood for manufacture of in Arkansas 290 
 
 Chauvenet, R, cited on analysis of iron ores 74 
 
 cited on composition of iron ores 73 
 
 cited on composition of supposed specular ore 180 
 
 Cherry Valley mines, analysis of ore from 155 
 
 description of 129 
 
 fossils in ore at 137 
 
 occurrence of chert at 120 
 
 occurrence of limonite at 196 
 
 occurrence of Ozark fossils near 110 
 
 occurrence of pyrlte at. 118,136,144 
 
 ores of ■ 137 
 
 and Simmons mountain compared 136 
 
 production of 213 
 
 undermining of rocks at ]09 
 
 Chert, associated with limonite as an impurity 5 
 
 lenses of in ore bed at Lamons mine 168 
 
 oolitic, associated with specular ore 119 
 
 mode of occurrence of in Northeast Arkansas 286 
 
 occurrence of in deposit of detrital ore at Iron mountain 27 
 
 origin of 128 
 
 at Simmons mountain 128 
 
 decomposed at Cherry Valley mine 136, 139 
 
 Chilton, W. S., limonite deposit on land of 261 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of 262 
 
 Clark mine, description of 226 
 
 Clark's mountain, ore deposits of „ 42 
 
 Clarkson, J. G., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 278 
 
 Clarkson, J. L., information furnished by 316, 
 
 Clarkson, J. W., localities of limonite deposits reported by 240 
 
 Clarkson and Mason, occurrence of limonite on land of 272, 278 
 
 Clarkson and Moss, limonite deposit on land of 273 
 
 Clay, associated with limonite as an impurity 5 
 
 indurated with porphyry at Iron mountain 32 
 
 in the Ozark region.. 139 
 
 limonite ores in 152 
 
 residuary, at Iron mountain 26 
 
 resulting from the decomposition of magnesian limestones 142 
 
 Clay iron-stone ore 6, 12 
 
 Climax Springs, coal pocketnear ." 139 
 
GENERAL INDEX.' 345 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Clinton, limonite deposit near 1S 3 
 
 Coal Pocket, In Camden county J39 
 
 in Crawford county 139 
 
 in the Ozark uplift 94 
 
 Coal, found in insignificant quantities in the Ozark regions 202 
 
 occurrence of, in pockets in the Ozark Region ' 94 
 
 fields, non-occurence of in iron regions of Missouri 201 
 
 Coal Measures, iron ore found in 1214 
 
 rocks, limonite deposit at • X83 
 
 red hematite deposits in .' 70 1$% 
 
 relation of to red hematite deposits 74 
 
 as a sonrce of iron j4j 
 
 Cobb, H. C, limonite deposit on land of .' 250 
 
 Copfman, J. W., tract, Arkansas, limonite deposit on 289 
 
 Collins, A., limonite deposit on land of 254 
 
 Collins bank, description of 281 
 
 Collins, Towell, limonite deposit on land of 250 
 
 Collins tract, Arkansas, limonite deposits on 295 
 
 Cole county, character of the country in 88 
 
 limonite deposits in 243 
 
 Colorado, yield of iron from ore in 195 
 
 Comfton, G. H. limonite deposits on land of 184 
 
 Condray, Mr. information furnished by i ..... 314 
 
 Conglomerates, at Pilot Knob 38, 40 
 
 Conglomerate Ore of Iron mountain 30, 31, 44 
 
 Conglomerate pebbles, supposed to be devitrified glasses 61 
 
 Contents of this report v xv 
 
 COON8 MINE, production of 315 
 
 Cooper county, red hematite deposits of '. 75, 79 
 
 Copper, effect of in steel 11 
 
 occurrence of at Iron mountain 20 
 
 occurrence of in Ozark region 94 
 
 Copper, occurrence of in Shannon county 95 
 
 occurrence of with specular ores 158 
 
 bank, description of 260 
 
 Copperas, as an ore of iron 1, 2 
 
 Cornwall, occurrence of limonite at 176, 181 
 
 Correlation of rocks of Ozark series 104 
 
 Couts bank, description of 248 
 
 Cozzen's mill, Second sandstone at 101 
 
 Craig mine, description of 218 
 
 Crawford county, analysis of ores of : 155 
 
 limonite deposits in 243 
 
 lithological character of sandstone in 97 
 
 occurrence of saccharoidal sandstone in 99 
 
 specular ores in 116, 218, 220 
 
 topography of 86 
 
 total production of individual mines 318, 319 
 
 Crenitic hypothesis 141 
 
 Crevices, formation of 53 
 
 Crystal City, age of sandstone at 115 
 
 lithological character of sandstone at 97 
 
 white sandstone beds at 142 
 
 Crystalline rocks, distribution of 16 
 
 Cuba, yield of iron from ores in 197 
 
 Current river, example of spring fed river , 91 
 
 navigability of .' 86 
 
 not reliable as means or transportation I ... 200 
 
 porphyry and limestone contacts along 20 
 
 sections along 104 
 
 limonite deposit on 255 
 
346 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cutler, W. P., limonite deposit on land of, 261 
 
 Oct nail mills 331 
 
 Dade county, limonite deposit in 184 
 
 Dalton, Levi 0., limonite deposit on land of ' 265 
 
 Dalton, Mrs. N. T., limonite deposit on land of 269 
 
 Dana, J. D., cited on composition and appearance of turgite 180 
 
 Davies, E., cited on precipitation of anhydrous oxide of iron from solution 143 
 
 Deadrick tract, Arkansas, description of 297 
 
 Deal bank, description of 233 
 
 Dean, J. H., limonite deposit on land of • 261 
 
 Deaton, Jos. D., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 278 
 
 Dehydration of specular ore '. 143 
 
 Dent county, analysis of ores of 153, 154 
 
 deposits of specular ore in 116, 220 to 224 
 
 litbological character of sandstone in 97 
 
 topography of S6 
 
 total production of individual mines 319, 320 
 
 De Soto, limonite deposit near 158, 176, 181 
 
 Dewtsese, J. N., occurrence of limonite on land of 263 
 
 Diamond drill holes, at Pilot Knob 34 
 
 Distillation, argument against origin of veins of iron by 51 
 
 Dry Branch, Anaconda mine near 118 
 
 Dondore, L. T., limonite deposit on land of ., 234 
 
 Dobozy, Col, P. P., location of limonite deposits reported by 245, 253 
 
 Doniphan, sections measured near 104 
 
 Douglas County, limonite deposits in 244, 245 
 
 DOVEY, W. A. information furnished by 318 
 
 Dudley, Lyndsay, occurrence of limonite reported by 260 
 
 Duke, M. E., limonite deposit on land of 266 
 
 Dunklin county, bog ore in 217 
 
 Dunn, Raph, bank, analysis of ore from 78 
 
 red hematite deposit on land of 75 
 
 Dunn, Richard, bank, description of 279 
 
 Eaton, Absalom, ore from land of smelted in Washington county , 310 
 
 Eaton, A. H., occurrence of iron ore deposits reported by 225,230,246 
 
 Eaton, Z. A., limonite deposit on land of 255 
 
 Elm Hollow bank, description of 232 
 
 analysis of ore from 17E 
 
 Eleven Points river, example of spring fed stream 91 
 
 Emijree land, limonite deposit on 261 
 
 Erosion, action of in Ozark region S7 
 
 causing winding river courses 89 
 
 effects of in, changing hills to valleys 60 
 
 effects of in valleys of moderate elevation 60 
 
 evidence of past in Ozark region 137 
 
 evidence of underground in Ozark region 90, 134, 139 
 
 rocks protected from by veins of iron ore 58 
 
 Erosive action of undergronnd waters 92 
 
 agencies more effective in elevated country 57 
 
 Eruptive rocks, irom found in 1 
 
 Establishment creek, first magnesian limestone on 100 
 
 Second sandstone on ' 101 
 
 Third magnesian limestone on 102 
 
 Eversol, Perry and Ruggles furnace 310 
 
 Feldspar, occurrences of with magnetic iron ore 4 
 
 Ferguson mine, description of : 218 
 
 Fekro-Manganese 10 
 
 Ferruginous sandstones, relation of to red hematites 74 
 
 Fletcher, W. A., information furnished by 304 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 347 
 
 PAGE . 
 
 Flood plains along rivers in the Ozark region 87 
 
 Floods in Ozark streams '. 90 
 
 Fluid cavities in quartz crystals. 137 
 
 Folsom, Alexander, limonite deposit on land of «. 269, 270 
 
 Ford bank, description of. 246 
 
 Foster bank, description of, 247 
 
 Foote, B. L., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 Forges and bloomaries 331 
 
 Fodndrt iron, production of 8 
 
 Fourohe A Polite, first magnesian limestone on 300 
 
 Fohrohe DtrcLOS, third magnesian limestone on 102 
 
 Franklin county, limonite deposits in .174, 245 
 
 ' analysis of ore from 156 
 
 deposits of specular ore in 116, 224 
 
 total production of individual mines 320 
 
 Franklinite 2,3 
 
 Fray's mill, limonite deposit near 182 
 
 Fuel, supply of, for iron furnaces 201 
 
 Fulton county, Arkansas, iron ores in 283 to 297 
 
 analysis of 285 
 
 FIELDBANK 266 
 
 Figures, list of : xxv 
 
 Fisher, Joseph, limonite deposit on land of 262 
 
 First Magnesian limestone in Ste. Genevieve county 100 
 
 First sandstone, see Saccharoidal sandstone. 
 
 Fitzwater mine, description of 221 
 
 Furnace bank 240 
 
 Gabouri creek, First magnesian limestone on 100 
 
 Galena, occurrence of in the crystalline rocks 20 
 
 occurrence of silver with, in Madison county 95 
 
 Galloway's Prairie, occurrence of saccharoidal sandstone on 113 
 
 Gannet, E. T., assistance rendered by i xiv 
 
 Garnet, occurrence of at Iron mountain 20 
 
 Gary, A., limonite deposit on land of 270 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of 27S 
 
 Gasconade county, character of country in 88 
 
 Gasconade limestone, definition of '. 115 
 
 , origin of term vii 
 
 Gasconade river, flood plains along. . , 87 
 
 navigability of 86 
 
 Saccharoidal sandstone of 113 
 
 sections along 104 
 
 Gasconade limestone, specular ore in 118 
 
 Gaty, E. W., limonite deposit on land of 243 
 
 Germania Iron Works 331 
 
 Georgia, yield of iron from ores of 195 
 
 Gilmanbank, description of 234 
 
 Glenn Emma bank, analysis of ore from 178 
 
 Godsey, D., limonite deposit on land of 246 
 
 Goporth, MRS. B. A., limonite deposit on land of 263 
 
 Gold, pyrite often mistaken for 1 
 
 not found in Ozark region 95 
 
 Goldsberry, J. L., occurrence of limonite reported by 267 
 
 Government land, limonite deposits on 237, 255, 256, 262, 266 
 
 Granite, graphic in Camden county 94 
 
 Granite Iron rolling Mills 330, 331, 332 
 
 Grant, J. H., occurrence of limonite deposits reported by 237 
 
 Grand Gulp, course of underground stream in 91 
 
 Gray, Mrs. Lydia, limonite deposit on land of 257 
 
 Green, Mr., information furniBhed by ■ 318 
 
348 _ IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Greenwell bask, description of 260 
 
 Grissom bank, description of 232 
 
 Grover bank, description of 281 
 
 Grover mine, description of 219 
 
 Gun bank, description of 232 
 
 Hains, J. N. bank, description of 173 
 
 Hall, H. E., limonite deposits on land of 274 
 
 Halstead, Uapt. John, assistance render by xiv 
 
 location of limonite deposits reported by 246 
 
 Hamilton furnace 329 
 
 Hamilton Iron Works ' 312 . 
 
 Hanlan, Mr., occurrence of iron ore on land of 278 
 
 Harrison, Edwin, information furnished by 325 
 
 Harrison Reeves Bloomary 309 
 
 Harrison Wire Company 330 
 
 Hatten, Jas. F., occnrrence of limonite reported by 278 
 
 Hawkins bank, description of ; 196, 221 
 
 analyses of ore from 154, 155 
 
 occurrence of chert at : 120 
 
 prod action of 315 
 
 Hawks, F. T., limonite deposit on land of 264 
 
 Ha worth, Prof. E., cited on basaltic nature of Pilot Knob porphyry 39 
 
 cited on origin of Pilot Knob porphyry Yin, 61 
 
 detailed study of porphyry region by xiii 
 
 Haynie Hollow bank 270 
 
 Haynie, S. C, limonite deposit on land of 270, 271 
 
 locations of limonite reported by 278 
 
 Hazelton, occurrence of Ozark fossils at 110 
 
 Heading out, explanation of 55 
 
 Helmbacher Forge and Kolling Mills Co 330, 332 
 
 Hematite, in Missouri : 12 
 
 disseminated through granite in Carter county 19 
 
 impurities common to 4 
 
 occurrence of in veins '. 21 
 
 varieties of found in Missouri 13 
 
 Henry county, accessibility of ores of 83 
 
 Brownington, bog ores near 14 
 
 Clinton, bog ores near , 14 
 
 limonites deposits in 14, 183 
 
 occnrrence of red hematite in 14, 70, 75, 80, 280 
 
 occurrence of limonites in 175, 182 
 
 Henderson bank, description of 279 
 
 Hendrickson mine, description of 178 
 
 Hendrickson, N. W., limonite deposit on land of 238 
 
 HicKman, H. W., assistance rendered by. xiv 
 
 Hickory county, occurrence of limonite in 174 
 
 occurrence of red hematite in 14 
 
 Hicks, A. J., limonite deposit on land of 271 
 
 Milliard, I., occurrence of limonite reported by , . . 260 
 
 Hillegus Prairie, Lower Carl)oriif erous chert on 80 
 
 Hindman, U., localities of limonite deposits reported by 237 
 
 Hitchcock, E. A., assistance rendered by ': ix, 307, 318 
 
 Holladay, H. N., limonite deposit on land of 271 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of : 278 
 
 Holloman, A. W., information furnished by 304 
 
 Holloway and Collins tracts, Nos. 1 and 2 Arkansas, limonite deposits on 291 , 292 
 
 Holloway, 8. P. tracts, Nos. 1 and 2 Arkansas, limonite deposits on 290, 292 
 
 Hornblende, occurrence of at Iron mountain 20, 25 
 
 occurrences of, with magnetic iron ores 4 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 349 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Houck, Louis, assistance rendered by viii, xiv 
 
 llmonite deposit on land of 264 
 
 Houck road, opens np limonite ore districts 200 
 
 Hough, Warwick, cited on section of rocks in St. Genevieve county 100 
 
 Howell county, fossils found in iii 
 
 Hutton valley , 87 
 
 limonite deposits in 165,246, 217 
 
 occurrences of manganese in 94 
 
 total production of individual mines 320 
 
 Howe Mill mine 222 
 
 Hunt, Dr. T. Sterry, cited on crenitic hypothesis 141 
 
 Huntsville, limonite deposits near „ 182 
 
 Hutchins Creek mine, description of 222 
 
 Hutton Valley, example of a valley of the plateau region 87 
 
 Illinois, yield of iron from ores in 195 
 
 Inaccessibility of Missouri iron ore districts xi 
 
 Indian creek bank, description of 233, 233 
 
 analysis of ore from 175 
 
 Indian ford banks, description of 238, 239 
 
 occurrence of limonite near 174 
 
 Infiltration, veins of iron ore by 53 
 
 Injected dikes, limestone in New Jersey once held to be 50 
 
 Iron, first discovery of in Missouri 303 
 
 direct process in use in Missouri 10, 304, 305, 309 
 
 first discovery of in America 303 
 
 forms in which it occurs 1 
 
 industry in Missouri 303 
 
 metallurgy of • 328 
 
 manufacture of, conditions necessary for 198 
 
 native 1 
 
 occurrence of in Ozark region 94 
 
 ores of 1 
 
 percentage in various ores when pure 3 
 
 precipitated chemically • 57 
 
 production of in Missouri 334 
 
 Iron county, crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 deposits of specular ore in sandstone 224, 225 
 
 limonite deposits in 246 
 
 total production of individual mines 320 
 
 Irondale, limonite deposits near 176,187 
 
 furnace 329 
 
 Iron deposits, migration of 192 
 
 formed at low levels s7 
 
 Iron hill, description of i81 > 2 * 5 
 
 Iron mines of Missouri, total productions of 318 
 
 Iron mountain, description of 16, 23 
 
 analyses and composition of ores 42, 43, 44, 48 
 
 apparent bedding of porphyry near 19 
 
 boulder deposit at 22 > 30 
 
 brecciated appearance' of porphyry at 25 
 
 character of ores at • 23, 34 
 
 company organized 305 
 
 conglomerate beds at 29 
 
 detrital ores at, origin of 27 
 
 decomposition of porphyry at 25 
 
 early history of 2S 
 
 furnace 3 ' 29 
 
 gangue of boulder deposits at 32 
 
 hematite at 
 
 iron manufactured at _ 305 
 
 large vein of ore at Little mountain 27,23 
 
 occurrence of apatite at 20 > 25 
 
350 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Iron mountain— Continued. page. 
 
 occurrence of copper-carbonate, garnet, hornblende and quartz at 20, 25 
 
 prospecting at 32, 68 
 
 relation of conglomerates and Cambrian rocks 30 
 
 relation of veins of ore to porphyry 26 
 
 residuary clays and boulder ores 32 
 
 section through workings of — , 29 
 
 veins of hematite at H, 19,21, 28 
 
 IKON MOUNTAIN, ARKANSAS 287,295 
 
 Iron mountain railway, opens up limonite ore districts.; 199 
 
 Iron ores, producing areas of Missouri xi 
 
 adaptability of for various purposes, black band 3 
 
 bog ores , 2 
 
 brown carbonate 3 
 
 clay iron stones 3 
 
 distribution of in Missouri 13 
 
 earthy limonites 2 
 
 factors determining values of 6 
 
 Franklinite 2 
 
 immediate source of 186 
 
 impurities in and influence on value 5, 8 
 
 magnetic, titanic 2 
 
 mode of occurrence of 21 
 
 ocher, other than red 2 
 
 origin of .' 50 
 
 production for 1892 ' 327,328 
 
 red hematite 2 
 
 red ochers 3 
 
 relative values of affected by impurities 6 
 
 specular. .' 2 
 
 stalactitic or pipe ore 2 
 
 treated of in previous reports v,xi 
 
 total annual production of Missouri mines 323 
 
 Iron ores, value of specular ores of the porphyry region 308-309 
 
 varieties of iron produced from 8 
 
 various classes existing in Missouri and their horizons 15 
 
 yield of iron from various ores when pure 3 
 
 Iron, pig, manufacture of different varieties 8 
 
 production, annual .- 334 
 
 Iron, commercial, including plate, sheet and rolled, production of in Missouri 334 
 
 Iron Eidge mine (Nos. 1 and 2) , description of 219 
 
 Iron sulphide, derivation of limonite deposits from 162 
 
 Iron, WROUGHT, production of in Missouri 8 
 
 Ieonton, earliest attempt at iron smelting near : 304 
 
 IRVING, R. D., cited on origin of iron ores 57, 145 
 
 Isle le Sots creek, Saccharoidal sandstone on 100 
 
 Izard limestone, occurrence of in Arkansas 283 
 
 Jackson, Arkansas, occurrence of limonite near 300 
 
 Jack's Fork, example of spring fed streams — 91 
 
 outcrops of porphyry on 94 
 
 James mine, description of 227 
 
 Jones, Wm,, assistance rendered by ix 
 
 information furnished by 311, 318 
 
 limonite deposit on land of...: .' 250 
 
 Jamison mine, description of ' 227 
 
 January mine, description of 230 
 
 Jefferson county, First magnesian limestone in loo 
 
 occurrence of fossils in Ozark series 112 
 
 Saccharoidal sandstone in 102 
 
 Johnson, Mr., location of limonite deposit reported by 276 
 
 Johnson, Lewis, limonite deposit on land of .! \ 271 
 
 Johnson, T. A., location of limonite deposits reported by 278 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 351 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 JOINER BANK, description of 271 
 
 Jones, A. S., Umonlte deposit on land of 272 
 
 Junca cheek, Second sandstone on '. ; 101 
 
 Jupiter Iron Works 328 
 
 Kalbe, C. vv. analyses of ore famished by 155 
 
 Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company 330 
 
 Kansas City Car and Wheel Works 332 
 
 Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Ey. opens up limonite district 200 
 
 Kelly mine Nos. 1 and 2, description of 227 
 
 Kelly, Mrs. Mai*y, limonite deposit reported on land of 242 
 
 Kelly, Wm., assistance rendered by ix 
 
 information furnished by 318 
 
 Kentucky, yield of iron from ores in 195 
 
 Kimmel, E. A., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 KlMMSWICK FORGE 331 
 
 King, E. M., limonite deposit on land of 256 
 
 Kister bank, description of „ 272 
 
 Knight. S. H., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Knight bank, description of 279 
 
 knotwkll furnace 329 
 
 Laclede Car Company 332 
 
 Laclede Rolling Mills 330 
 
 LaGrange Eollinq Mills 328 
 
 Lake Superior region, deposits of iron ore in 66 
 
 Lake Superior ores, u%ed in Illinois 195 
 
 Lamine river, red hematite deposits on 79 
 
 Lamb, John, limonite deposits on land of 251 
 
 Lamb mine, description of , 227 
 
 I VMONSMINE, description of 150,165, 190 
 
 analyses of ore from 170, ' 194 
 
 compared with Hendrickson bank 179 
 
 production of 317 
 
 1 ind, value of in southern Missouri 404 
 
 L iwrence county, Ark. , iron ores in _ 283 to 289 
 
 Analyses of 285 
 
 Lead, crystals of hematite often mistaken for 19 
 
 occurrence of in Ozark mountains 94 
 
 occurrence of with specular ore 153 
 
 smelting, iron ore as flux for 165, 316 
 
 and zinc ores, concentration of by natural forces. 147 
 
 Leaning out, explanation of 55 
 
 Leeper, Capt., information furnished by 316 
 
 Lehigh, Penn., limonite ores of 194 
 
 Lemon, Thompson, limonite deposits on land of 234 
 
 Leora, analysis of ore from 161, 178 
 
 limonite deposits near 161, 176 
 
 Leslie, Prof. J. P., cited on formation of iron ores 54, 187 
 
 Lesterville bank, decription of 254 
 
 Letcher mine, production of 215 
 
 Letter of transmittal v 
 
 Lewis mountain, analysis of oie from 47 
 
 Lewis, T. T., assistance rendered by ix 
 
 information furnished by .> 312, 313, 318 
 
 Limestone, deposition of under overhanging porphyry cliff 20 
 
 for flux and blast furnaces 205 
 
 Magnesian, analyses of 205 
 
 tendency of to form lenses in sandstone , 106 
 
 Limonite district, in south Missouri 213 
 
 Limonite ores '. *■ 158 
 
 analyses of 161,170,173,175,177,178,194 
 
 23 
 
352 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Limonite Ores— Continued. page. 
 
 analyses of 285, 289 to 301 
 
 concentration of in nature 188 
 
 derivation of 216 
 
 growth of large deposits of 187 
 
 geological horizon of 15 
 
 grade of Missouri 199 
 
 impurities in various 5 
 
 Missouri's comparison with ores of Pennsylvania 194 
 
 occurrence of in Missouri 12 
 
 of Arkansas..- ». 284 
 
 production of in Missouri *. 315 
 
 relation of to topography 185 
 
 secondary growth of 186 
 
 total production of by counties : 322 
 
 value of 5 
 
 value of Missouri's 192 
 
 varieties found in Missouri 13 
 
 Limonite deposits, localities favorable for location of 160 
 
 Limonite districts, in south Missouri 213 
 
 Limonites, formation of 185 
 
 Lincoln county, age of red hematite deposits 82 
 
 analysis of red hematites from 74 
 
 Big Dry branch, iron ore near 73 
 
 Lead creek, iron deposits near 73 
 
 red hematite deposits in 72, 73, 74 
 
 Lithology of the porphyry rocks 18 
 
 Little mountain, workings at 27 
 
 Little Piney river, an example of spring fed rivers 91 
 
 Litton, Dr. A., cited on description of Iron mountain 23 
 
 cited on description of Pilot Knob 32 
 
 cited on description of Saccharoidal sandstone in Ste. Genevieve county 100 
 
 cited on early attempts at iron smelling in Missouri 310, 311 
 
 LIVESAY, Mr., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Logans creek, limonite doposits on 162 
 
 Lonsdale, E. H., assistance rendered by, ix, xiv 
 
 description of iron ore localities by 217 to 282 
 
 map of Lamons mine made by 167 
 
 work done by VI 
 
 Lothian, B., limonite deposits on land of 243 
 
 Lower Carboniferous formation, relation of to red hematite deposits 74 
 
 fossils in Cherry Valley ore 137, 138 
 
 limestone in Ozark region ', 93, 96 
 
 rocks as a source of iron , 141 
 
 former extent of in the Ozark region 144 
 
 hematite in '. 12, 70 
 
 limonites in 185 
 
 on the Osage river 82 
 
 Lower Silurian rocks, iron ores in, in Arkansas 263 
 
 Mabrey, Hon. T. W., limonite deposits on land of 257 
 
 location of limonite deposits reported by 250 
 
 McAllvaine, Col., information furnished by 326 
 
 McCrary, B. A., limonite deposit on land of 244 
 
 MCClurg, Gov. J. W., information furnished by 315 
 
 McDonald, occurrence of limonite near 174 
 
 MoGown, Jos., limonite deposit on land of 264 
 
 McIlvane, Col., cited on early production of iron in Missouri 310 
 
 Madison county, crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 limonite deposits in : 246 
 
 production of limonite in 316 
 
 occurrence of silver in 95- 
 
 total production of individual mines of 321 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 353 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Madison Iron Company, organization of 307 
 
 Magnesian limestones, classification of vii 
 
 limonite ores in 13 
 
 Magnetism in ores of Iron mountain 41 
 
 in ores of Pilot Knob 41 
 
 in ores of Shepherd mountain ; ..-. 41, 46 
 
 Magnetite ores 3 
 
 in Missouri 12 
 
 Mahan land, limonite deposit on 251 
 
 Mammoth spring, Arkansas, fed by streams from the Grand Gulf 91 
 
 Massey and James, early mining in Phelps county by 310 
 
 Matthews mountain, description of , 247 
 
 Mattnby James, limonite deposit on land of , 261 
 
 Maxfield, J. C, limonite deposit on land of 273 
 
 Mediterranean Port, analysis of ore from 197 
 
 Meek, F. B., cited on correlation and description of rocks of Moniteau county 97 
 
 cited on occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in Miller county 98 
 
 cited on occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in Morgan county 98 
 
 Menke, Prop. A. E., analysis of Arkansas iron ores by 284, 285 
 
 Meramec Bank, analysis of ore from 165 
 
 occurrence of chert at 120 
 
 production of 310 
 
 Meramec Furnace, timber for charcoal used at 203 
 
 Meramec Iron Works 329,331 
 
 Meramec spring '. 91 
 
 M tiKCH, Mr., cited by Dr. Litton on Iron mountain porphyry 23 
 
 Metamorphism, evidences in Ozark region 142 
 
 local in Ozark region 144, 145 
 
 Meteorites, iron in : 1 
 
 Michigan, yield of iron from ores in 195 
 
 Midland Blast Furnace Company, occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Mammoth Spring, Arkansas, occurrence of limonite near 300 
 
 Manganese, effect of in iron and steel i 10 
 
 in magnetic iron ores 3,4 
 
 occurrence of with crystalline rocks ; 20 
 
 occurrence of in Ozark region 9* 
 
 usually found with chert 96 
 
 Mann bank, description of ; 27a 
 
 Map of iron ore localities in Missouri viii, 14S 
 
 Mapping, detailed, projected to cover iron ore districts > ... viii 
 
 Marbles, magnesian limestones not 143- 
 
 Marble Cats, underground stream in 91 
 
 Marble hill, limonite deposit near . 176 
 
 Marbut, C. F., joint author, iron industry of Missouri 303 
 
 work done by 317 
 
 Marcasite, occurrence of limonite pseudomorph after 191 
 
 Maries county, character of country 88. 
 
 occurrence of fossils in saccharoidal sandstone in Ill 
 
 saccharoidal sandstone in 97: 
 
 specular ores in 11® 
 
 Markets, for iron 206, 
 
 Marmaduke bank 28 * 
 
 analysis of ore from 175 
 
 Martin, Andrew, limonite deposit on land of 251 
 
 Maryland, yield of iron from ores in 195 
 
 Maso S and Chrkson, limonite deposit on land of-. 272 
 
 Midland furnace s l 3 > 32 ' 
 
 ore charged at I 5 ' 
 
 Miller bank, description of 23a 
 
354 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Miller county, character of country in 88 
 
 occurrence of fossils from second sandstone in Ill 
 
 occurrence of limonite in 174 
 
 Milsap bank, analysis of ore from 153 
 
 Mill Spring, analysis of ore from 177 
 
 limonite deposits near V 174, 176 
 
 Mineral Fork, Second sandstone on 101 
 
 Mine La Motte, relation of granite to limestone at 21 
 
 Mississippi county, bog ore in 217 
 
 limonite deposits on lan4 of 257 
 
 Mississippi riter district, of limonite ores 158, 176 
 
 Missouri, classes of iron ores found in 12 
 
 rank of in producing iron v 
 
 yield of iron from ores of 195 
 
 Missouri Car Foundry Company 332 
 
 Missouri Furnace Co., analysis of stockpiles of 156 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Missouri furnaces 328 
 
 Missouri Iron Co., deposit of specular ore on land of 230 
 
 Missouri Lumber and Mining Co., limonite deposits on land of 242, 257, 258 
 
 occurrence of manganese on land of 95 
 
 Moniteau county, correlation of rocks of 97 
 
 Monroe county, red hematite deposits in 71 
 
 Montgomery county, deposits of specular ore in 225 
 
 More land, limonite deposit on 251 
 
 Moreland bank, description of... 242 
 
 Morgan county, limonite deposits in . ; . . : . . . 174, 248 
 
 occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in 98 
 
 Moritz, Geo. F., limonite deposit on land of '. 273 
 
 Morris Creek bank, description of 273 
 
 Morrisland, red hematite deposit on 72 
 
 Moselle, limonite deposit near 158, 181 
 
 furnace 311,329 
 
 mine No. 9, description of 227 
 
 Mosely, Dr. J. E., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 Moss and Clarkson, limonite deposit on land of : 273 
 
 MOSS.T. J., limonite deposit on land of 270, 274 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of ._ 278 
 
 Moore, P. N., analyses of ore collected by 178 
 
 cited on limonite ores of southeast Missouri 315 
 
 description of ore localities by 218 to 282 
 
 cited on the occurrence of specular ore among the limonites 180 
 
 Moore tract, Arkansas, limonite deposit on 293 
 
 Mount Nebo, description of 164, 190 
 
 Murdock bank, description of 235 
 
 Murphy's hill, red hematite deposit near 280 
 
 Murray land, limonite deposit on 249 
 
 Munsell, L. L., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Munsell, L. W., limonite deposited on land of 262 
 
 Myer's bank, description of 235 
 
 analysis of ore from 178 
 
 Nason.F.L., work of vi 
 
 Neighbors, John, limonite deposit on land of 274 
 
 Nettleton, Geo. H., assistance rendered ; viii, xiv 
 
 information furnished by 159 
 
 New England, yield of iron from ores in •.... 195 
 
 New Jersey, deposits of magnetic ore in 50, 66 
 
 existence of buried deposits of iron ore in 149 
 
 magnetic ores of 6 
 
 yield of iron from ores of 196 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 355 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 New Madrid county, bog ore in 217 
 
 New Yoke, deposits of magnetic ore in 66 
 
 yield of iron from ores in J96 
 
 Nifong bank, description of 235 
 
 analysis of ore from 178 
 
 Nomenclature of rocks of the Orark region 14 
 
 North Carolina, yield of iron from ores in 195 
 
 Nova Scotia furnace 329 
 
 OCHER, occurrence of at Lamons mine 168 
 
 red, occurrence of 4 
 
 Odom, B. D. tract, Arkansas, llmonite deposit on 307 
 
 Mrs., limonite deposit on land of 258 
 
 Ohio, yield of iron from ores In 196 
 
 Old Copper Hill mine 219 
 
 Old Diggings, red hematite at 280 
 
 Old, J. B., bank, description of 171 
 
 analysis of ore from 173 
 
 Judge J. B., limonite deposit on land of 162 
 
 OolitIc chert, occurrence of 45 
 
 structure of , 142 
 
 Ores of Iron, definition of 1 
 
 Organ and Sweiney, limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Organic acids, leaching of rocks by 140 
 
 Orchard bank, analysis of ore of 154 
 
 description of 222 
 
 Ore deposits, location of in Missouri ; xii 
 
 at Cherry Valley," conditions affecting extension of 134 
 
 Oregon, } ield of iron from ores in 196 
 
 Oregon county, fossils found in Grand Gulf and Greer's spring , 91 
 
 limonite deposits in 161, 162, 164, 171, 174, 248 
 
 production of limonite In ,... 317 
 
 O'Beiley, P., occurrence of limonite reported on land of 242 
 
 Orthoceratite, occurrence of in Saccbaroidal sandstone 97 
 
 Osage county, character of country in 88 
 
 occurrence of limonite in 174 
 
 saccharoidal sandstone 98, 112 
 
 Osage district of limonite ores 158,174, 201 
 
 Osage furnace and iron works 81, 83, 315, 329 
 
 Osage river, as a means of transportation 83 
 
 meandering course of 89 
 
 flood plains along 87 
 
 1 ed hematites deposits on 81 
 
 Osgood, L. S., limonite reported on land of 278 
 
 Otter Creek bank, description of 274 
 
 Owen's, Jos., deposit of limonite on land of 252 
 
 Ozark county, limonite deposits in 250, 253 
 
 occurrence of fossils in 211 
 
 Ozark district of limonite ores ; 158, 159 
 
 Ozark furnace 313 
 
 Ozark group, paleontology of 110 
 
 Ozark Land Co., deposit of limonite on land of.. 274 
 
 Ozark Lumber Co., limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Ozark mountains, description of 85 
 
 highest elevation of 17 
 
 specular ores in 18 
 
 structure of • 159 
 
 Ozark uplift, drainage of 89 
 
 general geology of 85 
 
 geological horizon of the rocks 17, 93 
 
 origin ofname 85 
 
356 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 OZARK UPLIFT— Continued. PAGE . 
 
 springs cf and effect upon topography 90 
 
 streams of 89 
 
 subterranean erosion in 90 
 
 theory of ore deposition in 191 
 
 topographic subdivisions of 86 
 
 vegetation of 92 
 
 Ozabk series, definition of 92 
 
 disturbance of strata in 108 
 
 hematites in 12 
 
 probably of Cambrian age vi 
 
 rooks of... 93 
 
 scarcity of fossils in 104 
 
 , Ozarks, stratigraphy of 95 
 
 Pacific, age of sandstone at 115 
 
 existence of white sandstone beds at 142 
 
 lithological character of sandstone at 97 
 
 Page, Win., occurrence of Iron ore reported by 278 
 
 Paleontology of the Ozarks 110 
 
 Palm bank, description of... 24S 
 
 Paris, red hematite deposits at 71 
 
 Parks, Judge A. J., location of limonite deposit reported by 254 
 
 Parks, Laban, ore deposits on land of 70 
 
 Pemiscot county, bog ore in.. .'. 217 
 
 Pennsylvania, deposits of magnetic ore in 66 
 
 report of Second Geological Survey, analysis of limonite quoted from 193 
 
 yield of iron ores in 196 
 
 Penrose, Dr. R. A. P., Jr., extract of report on Arkansas iron ores copied 283 
 
 PETECOCK, land, limonite deposits on 252 
 
 Pettit bank, description of 275 
 
 Phelps county, occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in 99 
 
 specular ores in. 116, 226 
 
 total production of individual mines 321 
 
 ores,. analyses of '. 155 
 
 Phennighausen, R. W., limonite deposit reported on land of 263 
 
 Phosphorus, effect of in steel 9, 10, 11 
 
 eliminated in specular boulder ores 44 
 
 in Arkansas limonites 284 
 
 in conglomerate ores 45 
 
 influence on relative values of iron ores 97 
 
 in iron ores ....' 4 
 
 in specular ores of sandstone region 152 
 
 Piedmont, limonite deposits near 162, 174, 176 
 
 Pig iron, cost of producing 207 
 
 production of in Missouri 334 
 
 Pilot Knob 16,17 
 
 bedded deposit 13 
 
 bedding of porphyry 19 
 
 boulder ore deposits at '. 22, 34 
 
 conglomerate of 38, 40 
 
 diamond drill holes, results of 35 
 
 dip of ore bed at , 33 
 
 early description of 32 
 
 early history of 307 
 
 hematite at 12 
 
 mode of occurrence of ore. 34 
 
 occurrence of manganese near 94 
 
 ore stratum at 33 
 
 porphyries, origin of vil 
 
 porphyry, basaltic appearance of 39 
 
 porphyry, ores of . . ........ vii 
 
 porphyy, sedimentary 19 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 357 
 
 Pilot Knob— Continued. page. 
 
 production of ore at 307 
 
 prospecting near 65 
 
 section through ore body 35 
 
 slate at 10 
 
 thickness of sedimentary rocks near 20 
 
 veins of hematite of small size occur ; 21,22 
 
 Pilot Knob company, information furnished by 34 
 
 Pilot Knob formation, probable process of 63 
 
 Pilot Knob furnace ; 329 
 
 Pilot Knob ore, origin of ' 36 
 
 analyses of 45, 46, 48 
 
 character of 34 
 
 composition of 45 
 
 massive 36 
 
 Pilot Knob ore bed, formation of 61 
 
 Pipe ore, at Cedar Bay mine 163 
 
 origin of 4 
 
 Pipes or iron ore, growth of 187 
 
 Plank mine, description of 223 
 
 occurrence of chert at 120 
 
 occurrence of limonite at 196 
 
 Plate and Sheet Mills 331 
 
 Plate and sheet iron and rolled iron, production of in Missouri 334 
 
 Plateau region, of the Ozark uplift 86 
 
 Plates, list of in this report xxiii 
 
 Poblicks bank, description of 235 
 
 POMEROY MINE, description of 223 
 
 Pondkr, A. J., limonite deposit on land of 212, 258 
 
 Ponder, D. K., limonite deposit on land of 258 
 
 Porphyry, apparent bedded structure of 18 
 
 atCedarhill 40- 
 
 color modified by proximity to iron deposits 18 
 
 decomposition of in situ at Iron mountain 25 
 
 origin of 17 
 
 Pilot Knob, structure of -. 39 
 
 relation of, to Cambrian rocks 20 
 
 spheroidal weathering of 25 
 
 ore region, work In xiii 
 
 Porphyry region, in Cambrian times 57 
 
 specular iron ores of the 16 
 
 Potter, Prof. W. B., analyses of ores furnished by 43,45 
 
 assistance rendered viii, ix, xiii 
 
 cited on occurrence of iron ores in Lincoln county 72, 82 
 
 information furnished by 34, 65, 305, 307, 318 
 
 Pratte, Jos., original grantee of Iron mountain tract 305 
 
 Pratt, Wallace, limonite deposit on land of 40 
 
 Preface, of this report XI 
 
 Primrose hill mine, description of 231 
 
 Prospecting for iron ore, results promised 68 
 
 for red hematite ores, how conducted 84 
 
 for specular ores 214 
 
 in sandstone region lines for 147 
 
 in the porphyry region 67 
 
 POLASKI COONTY, Roaring Spring , 91 
 
 specular ores in 116 
 
 Pcmpelly, Prof. E., cited on appearance of porphyry at Cedar hill 40 
 
 " description of topography of the porphyry region 16 
 
 " ■' erosion in Archsean and Cambrian rocks 59 
 
 " " occurrence'of maganese in Iron county 20, 94 
 
 Purcell, H. B., limonite deposit on land of... 264 
 
358 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Puxico, analysis of limonite ores near 177 
 
 occurrence of llmonite deposits near 161,176 
 
 Ptrite, ironfcund as 1,2 
 
 occurrence of , at CHerry Valley mine 136, 144 
 
 " "at Scotia bank 114 
 
 " " llmonite pseudomorph after 191 
 
 Quartz, occurrence of at Cherry Valley mine 137 
 
 " " at Iron mountain 20, 25 
 
 with magnetite iron ores 4 
 
 crystals, fluid cavities in 137 
 
 River BOTTOMS, in the Ozark uplift 87 
 
 Riverside, occurrence of Ozark fossils at , 110 
 
 section meassured near 104 
 
 Robbins BANK, description of 236 
 
 Roberts, T. W., occurrence of limonite reported by 267 
 
 Robertson, J. D., assistance rendered by ix, xiv 
 
 information furnished by 137 
 
 Rocks, iron as coloring matter of i 1 
 
 Rogers, H. D., cited on igneous origin of iron ores 50 
 
 Rogers mill land, description of ,. 230 
 
 Rogers mine, description of 225 
 
 Rolla, Lower Carboniferous rocks near 93 
 
 Rolling Mills and Steelworks 330 
 
 Roubidocx river, navigability of 86 
 
 Robidotjx sandstone, definition of 114 
 
 origin of term vii 
 
 specular ores in 117 
 
 Rowley, Prof. R. R., assistance rendered by 110,112 
 
 Rubottom, L., occurrence of llmonite on land of 275 
 
 Russell mountain., production of ore at 307 
 
 . Ravenden Springs, Arkansas, limonite deposits near 298 
 
 Ragan, T. B., occurrence of limonite on land of 249 
 
 Railroad bank, description of 275 
 
 Randolph countt, Fray's mill, bog iron ores near 14 
 
 Arkansas, analyses of iron ore in 283, 298 
 
 iron ores in 285 
 
 limonite deposits in ]82 
 
 Ranken, Thos. Jr., occurrence of limonite on land of 259 
 
 Raymond, Mr., occurrence of limonite deposits reported by 263 
 
 Reaser, J. B., occurrence of limonite reported by 262 
 
 Red Hematite district xiii 
 
 Red Hematite ores, accessibility of 83 
 
 cost of mining..'. 83 
 
 extent of deposits 82 
 
 geological horizon of 15 
 
 of Missouri, reference to 70 
 
 of Missouri,' source of 82 
 
 of Missouri, value of 82 
 
 production of 309 
 
 Red Hill mine, description of 225 
 
 Red Point land, description of 225 
 
 Reese creek bank, description of 275 
 
 Reynolds county, crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 deposits of epecular ore in sandstone in 230 
 
 limonite deposits in 284 
 
 porphyry in 18 
 
 Revelle, J. W., limonite deposit on land of 235 
 
 RHODE'S BANK, description of 236 
 
 RlCHWOOD'S BANK, description of 233 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 359 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Biplby county, Doniphan river bottom at 87 
 
 limonite deposits on land of 251, -258 
 
 Saccharoidal, origin of term 97 
 
 Saccharoidal ok Fikst sandstone, description of, by Swallow 103 
 
 identity of i 112 
 
 in Cape Girardeau county 99 
 
 in Crawford county ; 97 
 
 in Maries county " 97 
 
 in Miller county , 98 
 
 in Moniteau county 91, 97 
 
 in Morgan county 98 
 
 in Osage county 98, 112 
 
 in Phelps county 99 
 
 In Saline county 98 
 
 in Ste. Genevieve county 99, 100 
 
 origin of name 90 
 
 St. Charles Car Company 332 
 
 St. Clair bank, analysis of ore from 156 
 
 St. Clair county, limonite deposits in 260 
 
 occurrence of limonite in 174 
 
 occurrence of red hematite in 75, 80, 281 
 
 ST. Clair limestone, occurrence of in Arkansas 283 
 
 St. Olair county, ores of, accessibility of 83 
 
 Ste. Geneviete county, First Magnesian. limestone in 100 
 
 Magnesian series in , vii 
 
 occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in 99, 100 
 
 Second Magnesian limestone in 101 
 
 Second sandstone in 101 
 
 Third Magnesian limestone in 190 
 
 St. Francis bank, description of 239 
 
 analysis of ore from 177 
 
 St. Francois county, crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 Doe Bun, relation of granite to limestones 21 
 
 limonite, production in 316 
 
 Magnesian series in • vii 
 
 porphyry in... 18 
 
 total production of individual mines 322 
 
 St. Louis and San Francisco Railway, assistance rendered by ix 
 
 St. Louis artesian well, reliability of section of 104 
 
 St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Fort Smith Bailway, opens up limonite ore 
 
 districts 199 
 
 St. Louis Car Co 332 
 
 St. Louis Car Wheel Co 332 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Co 329,330,331 
 
 St. Louis Ore and Steel Works, organization of 307 
 
 St. Louis Sampling and Testing Works, analyses by 78, 170, 173, 177 
 
 St. Louis Shovel Co 330 
 
 St. Louis Steam Forge and Ironworks 330,332 
 
 St. Louis Wire Mill Co 331 
 
 Saline county, red hematite deposits in 75, 80 
 
 Saccharoidal sandstone in 98 
 
 Saline creek, Ste. Genevieve, Second sandstone on '. 101 
 
 Third Magnesian limestone on 102 
 
 Salem, analysis oi ore from near 154 
 
 Salem and Little Bock Bailway, opens up limonite ore district 200 
 
 Salisbury, Conn., llmouite ore of 184 
 
 Sanders, J . D., information furnished by 318 
 
 Sandstone, altitude of, at Cherry Valley 133 
 
 at Cherry Valley '. 133 
 
 ferruginous, often taken for iron ore 118 
 
 induration of 115 
 
360 IRON OEES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 v PAGE . 
 
 Sandstones, Ozark, thinning of 107 
 
 Sankey, Messrs., assistance rendered by xlv 
 
 Sankey, E . B., assistance rendered by ix 
 
 information furnished by 314,318 
 
 Santee and Clark's mine, description of 228 
 
 Schmidt, Dr. A., cited on analyses of limonite ores 175 
 
 cited on appearance of Iron mountain in 1872 24 
 
 cited on character of limonite ores of Mississippi district 176 
 
 cited on classification of supposed specular ore 180 
 
 cited on description of Cherry Valley mines in 1872 130 
 
 cited on descriptions of iron ore localities 218, 282 
 
 cited on description of Simmons mountain in 1872 123 
 
 cited on description of specular ore bodies 120 
 
 cited on flow of Meramec spring 91 
 
 cited on Iron Ore Eeport of 1872 v, xii 
 
 cited on origin of chert 129 
 
 cited on section of ore bank in Callaway county 77 
 
 referred to 47, 116 
 
 Schmidt, A., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 Scotia Iron Furnace 311, 329 
 
 Scotia banks, analysis of ore from 156 
 
 occurrence of pyrite at 144 
 
 Scotia Mines, Nos. 1 and 2, description of 202 
 
 Scott, Mr., information furnished by 318 
 
 Scott county, bog ore in : 217 
 
 Sea water, deposition of iron from 141 
 
 Seat, Judge A. J., information furnished by , 318 
 
 occurrence of limonite reported on land of 263' 
 
 Second Magnesian limestone in Ste. Genevieve county 101 
 
 Second sandstone, description of 103 
 
 character of ; 97 
 
 Ste. Genevieve county ." 101 
 
 specular ores in 117 
 
 Sedimentary deposits, altered, veins of iron ore are not 51 
 
 Segregation, veins of iron ore not veins of 51 
 
 Settle, E. P., occurrences of limonite reported by 278 
 
 Setz, G., information furnished by 316 
 
 Shaft hill, red hematite deposit at 280 
 
 Shannon county, Archsean rocks in , 94 
 
 Cave Spring 91 
 
 crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 Eminence, copper deposits near 95 
 
 Jack's Fork, occurrence of copper at 20 
 
 limonite deposits in. . . . .' 162, 261, 263, 271 
 
 occurrence of manganese in 20 
 
 porphyry in 18 
 
 Bound Spring 91 
 
 Sinking creek '.. ..' ,! 91 
 
 specular ores in v ... 116 
 
 Sharp county, Arkansas iron ores in. 283,295 
 
 analysis of 285 
 
 Shaw, David, limonite deposit on land of 275 
 
 Sheldon bank, description of 260 
 
 analysis of ore from 175 
 
 Shepherd mountain 16 
 
 analyses of ore from 47 
 
 character of ores at , 34 
 
 complete analysis of ores 49 
 
 description of .41 
 
 erosion of 41 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 36 L 
 
 Shephekd mountain— Continued. PAGE 
 
 large veins of hematite at 2'i 
 
 ore deposits of 4, 
 
 production of ore at 307 
 
 prospecting near 65 
 
 thickness of sedimentary rocks near 20 
 
 veins of hematite well exposed 19 
 
 veins of hematite well developed 21 
 
 Shepherd mountain obes 4 6 
 
 Shiokle, Harrison & Howard Iron Company 352 
 
 Shoemvte, Enoch, limonlte deposit reported on land of 266 
 
 ' Shrout's bank, description of 240 
 
 analysis of ore from j^ 8 
 
 Shuck and Munsell, Messrs, occurrence of limonite reported by 263 
 
 Shumard, Dr. B. F., cited on early history of Meramec ore bank 310 
 
 cited on Saccharoidal sandstone 97 
 
 cited on occurrence of fossils in Jefferson and Wright counties 111,112 
 
 cited on occurrence of fosBils in Maries county Ill 
 
 cited on occurrence of fossilB in Miller county HI 
 
 cited on occurrence of fossils in Ozark county Ill 
 
 cited on occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in Cape Girardeuu county 99 
 
 cited on occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in Saline county 98 
 
 cited on section of rocks in Ste: Genevieve county 102 
 
 cited on occurrence of Saccharoidal sandstone in St. Genevieve county 99, 100 
 
 section of Ozark series in Ste. Genevieve county 96 
 
 Shut-In, earliest furnace in Missouri erected at 304 
 
 production of ore at 307 
 
 Siderite 3 
 
 in Missouri 12 
 
 Silica, effects of in ore for steel making 9 
 
 in conglomerate ores 45 
 
 Silver, crystals of hematite often mistaken for 19 
 
 occurrence of in the Ozark region 94 
 
 Simmons Mountain and Cherry Valley, comparison of 136 
 
 formerly a lime sink 128 
 
 occurrence of chert at .' 119 
 
 occurrence of limonite at 196 
 
 occurrence of pyrite at 119 
 
 Simmons Mountain mine, description of 125, 148 
 
 product of '. 312 
 
 Simmons Mountain ore 154 
 
 Singer, Nimick & Co., occurrence of limonite on land of 276 
 
 Slate, at Pilot Knob 40 
 
 Sligo bank, description of 223 
 
 analysis of ore from 154 
 
 Slig,o Furnace 329 
 
 ore charged at 157 
 
 Sloan, W. C, tract, Arkansas, limonite deposit on 294 
 
 Smalley, II. H., occurrence of limonite on land of 266 
 
 Smith, David, limonite deposits reported on land of 242 
 
 Smith, Benj., limonite deposit on 265 
 
 Smith, Geo. C, assistance rendered Dy ix 
 
 Smith mines, description of 228 
 
 Smith, N. H., limonite deposit on land of 267 
 
 Smith, Pleasant, limonite deposit on land of 276 
 
 Smith, Tyree and Howard bank, occurrence of limonite reported at 246 
 
 Smithville, Arkansas, limonite near 290 
 
 Smith, W. J., limonite deposits reported on land of 266 
 
 Sneathen & Co., limonite deposits on land of 276,277 
 
 Soil, in southeast Missouri 18 
 
 iron as coloring matter of 8 
 
 of the Ozark Uplift 88 
 
362 IKON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 South Missouri Land Oo., limonite deposit on land of 263 
 
 limonite deposit No. 1 on land of 252 
 
 limonite deposit No. 2 on land of 253 
 
 Sooth St. Louis foundry 332 
 
 South St. Louis furnaces 329 
 
 Spain, yield of iron from ores of 197 
 
 Specular ore field, work in xiil 
 
 Specular ores, composition of 42 
 
 dehydration of 143 
 
 geological horizon of 15 
 
 of the porphyry region xii, 16 
 
 of the porphyry region of secondary origin 67 
 
 Specular ores in porphyry, total production of by counties 322 
 
 Specular ores op the sandstone region, origin of xiii, 138 
 
 composition of 152 
 
 contrasted with porphyry ores 1 18 
 
 distribution of 116 
 
 geological horizon 116, 117 
 
 production of \ 309 
 
 relation of, to sandstone 120 
 
 section of 121 
 
 total production of, by counties 322 
 
 Speers mountain, limonite deposit on 277 
 
 Spiegel iron 10 
 
 Spiva bank, analysis of ore from 178 
 
 Springs, of the Ozark mountains 90 
 
 Stanton bank, analysis of ores of 156 
 
 Stanton hill bank, description 245 
 
 Steel, open hearth process. 9 
 
 production of 8 
 
 uses of 8 
 
 Steelville iron mines, production of 220, 313 
 
 Stephen, W. W., occurrence of limonite on land of 259 
 
 Stewarts bank, description of 183 
 
 'Stimson mine, description of 228 
 
 Stoddard county, analyses of limonite ores from 193 
 
 limonite deposits in 161 , 263, 266 
 
 Puxico, river bottom at 87 
 
 Stone county, Marble Cave -. 91 
 
 Stoops, P. , occurrence of limonite on land of 259 
 
 Strawberry, Arkansas, supposed deposits of limonite near 294 
 
 Sulphur, abundance of, in Cambrian rocks 144 
 
 effect of on steel 1Q 
 
 in Arkansas, limonites 284 
 
 increase of in depth at the Lamons mine 170 
 
 influence of ore on relative values of iron ores '. 7 
 
 in iron ores 4 ' 
 
 injurious effects in steel 10, 11 
 
 in specular ores of the sandstone region 118, 153 
 
 notinjurious topig iron 10 
 
 Surface prospects, unreliability of data from xi 
 
 Sutton, T. J., occurrence of limonite on land of 267 
 
 Swallow, Prof. G. C, cited on correlation of the Ozark series 96 
 
 cited on description of Saccharoidal sandstone 103 
 
 cited on description of Second sandstone 103 
 
 cited on early attempts at iron smelting in Missouri 304 
 
 Swamps, on southern slope of the Ozark uplift 88 
 
 Swank, James M., cited on the history of iron smelting 303, 305 
 
 statistics quoted from, 333 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 36.3 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Swattler bank, description of . . ) 240 
 
 Taney county, fossils found In Hi 
 
 Tanner, Mr., occurrence of Iimonite deposits on land of 253 
 
 Taylor, Dr., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 Taylor mine, description of 223 
 
 Taylor's Rollamine, description of 229 
 
 Tennessee, yield of iron from ores in., , 197 
 
 Terre Blue creek, Second sandstone on 101 
 
 Tettrick, Henry, iimonite deposits on land of 244 
 
 Texas, yield of Iron from ores in 197 
 
 Texas county, deposits of specular ore in 116, 230 
 
 limonlte deposits in 27, 269 
 
 topography of 80 
 
 Thayer, Grand Gulf near 91 
 
 Thelbnius, G. C, Umonite deposits on land of 266 
 
 Theories, value of as bearing on the iron industry in this State vi 
 
 Third Magnesian limestone, occurrence of in Ste. Genevieve county 102 
 
 Thomas, Wm., Iimonite deposit reported on land of 263 
 
 Thomasville, Iimonite deposits near 171 
 
 Thompson mine, description of 220 
 
 Thornton mine, description of 229 
 
 Thurmond mine, description of 224 
 
 Tibes bank, description of '. 236 
 
 Timber, for charcoal, comparative value of 202, 203 
 
 Tin plate works : , 332 
 
 Titanic acid, influence of on relative values of iron ores 7 
 
 Titanic acid, in magnetic iron ores 3, 4 
 
 Thompson, F., occurrence of Iimonite reported by 260 
 
 Topographic changes involved in formation of iron deposits 57 
 
 Topography, changes in porphyry regions ' 57 
 
 of the porphyry region 16 
 
 of the Ozark mountains, development of 159 
 
 Towell, I. M., Iimonite deposit on land of 259 
 
 occurrence of Iimonite reported by 260 
 
 Tower, Geo. F., Iimonite reported on land of 277 
 
 Transportation facilities, of the Iimonite ore districts 199 
 
 Treat, C. A., manufacturing company 332 
 
 Trees, on the Ozark mountains 93 
 
 Trenton limestone, iron deposits in 72 
 
 Tripp, G. W., Iimonite deposits on land of 262 
 
 Tcdor Iron works . , ...'.' 330 
 
 Turgite, occurrence of ISO 
 
 Turkey hill, description of 236 
 
 Undermining, of Ozark sandstones 109 
 
 Union Steel and Iron Company 330, 331 
 
 United States Geological Survey, cited on production at Iron Mountain 306 
 
 Vallb Forge, iron manufactured at 305 
 
 Valleys, in the Ozark uplift > 87 
 
 Values of Missouri iron ores, estimates of 327 
 
 relative, of iron ores 6 
 
 " alteredby impurities 6 
 
 " factors determining 6 
 
 " influence of deleterious accessories on 75 
 
 << " . impurities on product 8 
 
 " " proximity to market 7 
 
 " " the precentage of iron 7 
 
 Vanausdall, Mr., information furnished by 26 
 
 Van HiSE, Pros'. C. K., assistance rendered by vlii 
 
 cited on formation of Lake Superior ores 1*5 
 
 cited on origin of Iron ores 5 ? 
 
364 iron ores or Missouri. 
 
 PAGE ' 
 
 Veins op iron ore, variations in 55 
 
 Versailles, Sacchoroidal sandstone near 98 
 
 Virginia, yield of Iron from ores in 195, 197 
 
 Volcanic structure of Pilot Enob rooks 61 
 
 Walker bank ._ 233 
 
 Warren, Judge Pinkne y, limonite on land of 253 
 
 Warsaw, deposit of red hematite near 82 
 
 Washington, yield of iron from ores in 197 
 
 Washington county, crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 deposits of specular ores in 231 
 
 limonite deposits in 267 
 
 Water, the amount in llmonites 5 
 
 solvent power of ■ 62 
 
 supply for blast furnaces 205 
 
 Wasson Tract No. 1, Arkansas, limonite deposit of 293 
 
 No. 2, Arkansas, limonite deposit of 296 
 
 Wayne county, analysis of iron ore from 193 
 
 Clark's mountain 22,42 
 
 crystalline rocks in 16 
 
 fossils found in Ill 
 
 limonite deposits in 162, 267, 278 
 
 limonite, production of 316 
 
 Webb, F., location of limonite deposits referred to 242 
 
 Wells land, limonite deposits on 253 
 
 West Plains, limonite deposits near 165, 170 
 
 West Virginia, yield of iron from ores of 197 
 
 White, J. B., assistance rendered by xiv 
 
 White bank, description and analysis of ore from ,175, 241 
 
 White horse ore 6, 12 
 
 White kiver, not reliable" for transportation 200 
 
 White sand cave, Saccharoidal sandstone- at 100 
 
 Whitman Agricultukal Company 332 
 
 Wigwam bank, description of 248 
 
 Wildy's, Isaac, mine, description of 246 
 
 Wilkerson BANK, description of 243 
 
 Williams, H. S., cited on horizon of rocks in Arkansas 283 
 
 Williams, J. L., limonite deposits on land of 259 
 
 Williams mine, description of 221 
 
 Williamsville, favorable location for furnace plant 201 
 
 occurrence of limonite near 174 
 
 WlLLiroKD MINE, description of 229 
 
 Wilson, Robert, limonite deposit on land of 260 
 
 Winchell, N. H., cited on Lake Superior ores 145 
 
 Winkler, mines, description of 229 
 
 Winslow, A., cited on relations between Coal Measures and Ozark rocks 94 
 
 information famished by 246 
 
 sketch of iron industry in Missouri 303 
 
 Wire MILLS 331 
 
 Wire nail works . 331 
 
 Wisconsin, yield of iron from ores in 197 
 
 Wommack,D. D., deposit of limonite on land of , 265 
 
 Wood, D. S., limonite localities reported by 212, 245 
 
 deposit of limonite on land of 244 
 
 Woodside, L. B.j limonite reported on land of 263 
 
 Woodson, C. C, cited on productions at Iron mountain mine 306 
 
 information furnished by 318 
 
 Work, plan of iron ore xi 
 
 Wrought iron, direct manufacture of 10, 304, 305, 309 
 
 impurities in ores used for '. 10 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 365 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wright county, occurrence of fossils in Ill, 112 
 
 saccharoidal sandstone in 99 
 
 topography of 86 
 
 Yancey Mountain bank 277 
 
 Zinc, in magnetic Iron ores 3,4 
 
 occurrence In Ozark region 94 
 
 occurrence of, with specular ores 153 
 
 ores, in New Jersey, similarity of origin to iron ores 50 
 
366 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 LIST OF ERRATA. 
 
 On page xiv, eighth line from 
 
 " " 4, fourth " " 
 
 " " 69, third " " 
 
 " " 91, first foot-note, 
 
 " " 96, eleventh line from 
 
 " " 100, second " " 
 
 " 107, fifteenth " " 
 
 " " 110, sixteenth " " 
 
 " " 113, fourt'nth" " 
 
 " " 139, in illustration read 
 
 " " 146, sixth line from 
 
 " " 155, first " " 
 
 " " 155, thirteenth" " 
 
 " " 155, first " " 
 
 " " 156, first " " 
 
 " " 163, fifth " " 
 
 " " 191, in foot-note 
 
 " " 250, second title, 
 
 " " 257, thirteenth line from 
 
 top, 
 
 for L. W. read L. L. 
 
 bottom, " more " less. 
 top, " Silurian" Cambrian. 
 
 " 6 " 90. 
 
 top, " these " three. 
 
 " " 40 " 96. 
 
 " " 29 " 28. 
 
 " " of " on. 
 
 bottom, " Plate I " Plate III. 
 — "Width of vein 8 feet, 
 top, for past read post. 
 
 " " Kalbe read Kolbe. 
 
 bottom, " Nos. 9 & 10 read Nos. 11 & 12. 
 , " " No. 11 read No. 13. 
 
 top, " Nos. 12 & 13 read Nos. 14 & 15. 
 
 bottom, " grades read geodes. 
 " 171 " 167. 
 
 " Lowell " Towell. 
 bottom, " acres " areas. 
 
L1.I..HBC 
 
 r' J\naunii 
 
"iTf yA-rri vvti vtci x"*- 
 
 ■v ;yviii .vtu -,vvr -vv :viv vi 
 
 .'il__ A' I X i^ \T» 
 
 • • » r 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI, 
 
 ARTHUR WINSLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 GEOLO GICAL MAP 
 
 : or the . 
 
 STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 SCALE 1 INCH TO 18 MILES. 
 
 9 It 27 
 
 I ' I l l 1 I 
 
 36 
 
 1892. 
 
 J^^^wwm^ 
 
 fa gi ccmnany the report of 
 
 Frank L .Nason on the 
 IRON ORES OF MISSOURI . 
 
 Vol. ii reports Missouri 
 GEOLOGtcALSuwey/892. 
 
 stxotos 
 
 Wfyiarcmttne 
 
 IK? 
 . {imin.swick 
 SnlptmrSptyS 
 
 WiPiuhbern 
 
 '^fran\et fflMoria 
 
 ffSottl 
 
LEGEND. 
 
 I] 
 
 Pleistocene or 
 
 Tcrtiarr. 
 
 Pn m.sfh wiian o> ' 
 Coal.- Wetsures. 
 
 ■ Ifississipfn a?i or , 
 
 / mirr • Oirboit ifer vi is. 
 
 u 
 
 eroiuan 
 
 \ ( •S'iluriiui- 
 
 anrl 
 
 i \ cm r.t 
 ' ^ Camto 
 
 tan. 
 
 ~Il(/oi>kuw,. 
 
 'iajt-hmudinlyidnhtM/ib 
 
 ■-Jj-c/ifn'cm. 
 
 CONVENTIONAL MARKS. 
 
 • LiMONiTss, 4-78 Localities 
 e Sphculah Ores, 139 " 
 
 > rise Hematites. 13 " 
 
 TOTAL 636 ~ 
 
 Iron Ore Localities mapped by CH.Lofisud/t 
 
 no tc . The Geokigy of 'litis map is <x>m?.)ilecl. with assistance. 
 of Mr. JD.Rvbertwn, fiwro the published maps ofprenou,s 
 Surreys (uidtrom the. results ofrecent work by ffu 'pmrefit Surrey. A M 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 SURVEY OF 1853 TO 1862. 
 
 G. C. SWALLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 The First and Second Annnal Reports ol the Geological Survey of Missouri, 
 
 by G. C. Swallow, State Geologist, Jefferson City. 1855. Parts I and II, 
 
 208 and 240 pp., 69 illustrations and 5 small county maps. 
 
 Contents: First Annual Eeport— Administrative — pp. 19-22. Second Annnal Re- 
 port: Introduction, pp. 25 to 58. Parti, Chapter I: Geology of Missouri, pp. 59 to 
 136, by G. C. Swallow. Chapter II: Economical Geology, Soils, pp. 137 to 170. 
 Chapter III: Special Eeport on Marion county, pp. 171 to 185. Chapter IV: Spe- 
 cial Eeport on Cooper county, pp. 186 to 204. Chapter V: Geology ol the South- 
 west, pp. 204 to 207. All preceding by G. C. Swallow. 
 Part II: Eeport on Lead Mines and Mining of Southeast Missouri, in the counties of 
 Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, St. Francois and Madison, pp. 1 to 94, by A. 
 Litton. Special report on Moniteau county, pp. 95 to 119, by F. B Meek. Descrip- 
 tion of the formations along the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, with a catalogue 
 of fossils collected, pp. 121 to 136, by F. Hawn. Geological Section on the Missis- 
 sippi river, pp. 139 to 157; Special report on Franklin county, with map, pp. 157 to 
 169; Special report on St. Louis county, with map, pp. 169 to 184; Paleontology, 
 including a description of 18 new species of fossils, with three plates of same, pp. 
 185 to 208, all by B. F. Shumard Appendix, 31 pp., containing a list of publications 
 previously made relating to the Geology of Missouri ; a paper on the use of fos- 
 sils, a catalogue of the fossils of Missouri and of her trees and shrubs, and a 
 glossary of geological and other scientific terms. . 
 
 The Third Eeport of Progress was transmitted in December, 1856, and is of 
 4 pages. It recites briefly what work has been done during the years 1855 
 and 1856. 
 
 The Fourth Eeport of Progress was made in December, 1858, and is of 14 
 pages. This describes, in greater detail, the operations of the Survey 
 during the years 1857 and 1858, and-gives, in tabular form, a statement of 
 prpgress to date. 
 
 The Fifth Eeport of Progress of December 30, 1860, is of 13 pages and is a 
 similar statement of operations during the years 1859 and 1860, with a brief 
 reference to the results reached concerning the coal, lead and iron deposits 
 and the soils of the State. In this report the product of the Survey to 
 that time is given in tabular form. 
 
 SURVEY OF 1870 TO 1874. 
 
 A. D. HAGAR, BAPHAEL PUMPELLY AND G. C. BROADHEAD, STATE GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 Annnal Eeport of the State Geologist of the State of Missouri (Albert D. 
 Hagar, Nov. 30, 1870), 23 pp., no iilu>trations. The progress of the Sur- 
 vey is described and the principal minerals and building stones are briefly 
 noticed. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Edition 
 
 -exhausted. 
 
 Report of the Geological Surrey of the State of Missouri, 1855-1871. By 
 G. C. Broadhead, F. B- Meek and B. F. Shumard, Jefferson City. 1873. pp. 
 323 and iv. 29 illustrations, 9 small county maps. 
 
 Contents: It contains chapters on Maries, Osage, Warren, Shelby, Macon arid Ean- 
 dolph counties by G. C. Broadhead ; on Miller, Morgan and Saline counties by F. 
 B. Meek; on Ozark, Douglas, Wright, Laclede, Pulaski, Phelps, Crawford, Cape 
 
 i Girardeau, Perry, ote. Genevieve, Jefferson any Clark counties by B. F. Shumard. 
 
 Preliminary Report on the Iron Ores and Coal Fields from the field work 
 of 1872, with 190 illustrations in the text, and an Atlas. 1873. pp. xvi, 
 214 and 441. Atlas accompanying, 22x28 inches, with 14 large sheets. 
 Jefferson City. 1874. 
 
 Contents: Part I, Chapter I.— Notes on the Geology of Pilot Knob and its vicinity, 
 by E. Pumpelly, pp.- 3 to 28. Chapter II: Analysis of Ores, Fuels and Pig Irons, 
 pp. 29 to 44. Chapters III, IV, V and VI, constitute a partial report on the Iron 
 Ores of Missouri, by Dr. Schmidt, pp. 45 to 214. 
 Part II, Chapters I, II, III, IV, V and VI, contain general matter relating to the 
 Coal FieldB, by G. C. Broadhead, pp. 1 to 213. Chapters VII and VIII are on the 
 geology of Lincoln county, by Wm. B. Potter, pp. 215 to 289. Chapters IX to XV, 
 are reports by G. C. Broadhead on Livingston, Clay, Platte, Buchanan, Holt, Atch- 
 ison and Nodaway counties, pp. 290 to 402. Appendices, A, B and C contain, re- 
 spectively, the results of some tests of strength of building materials, a note 
 . relating to Missouri rocks which admit of a fine polish, and a list of Coal Measure 
 fossils, pp. 403 to 420. 
 
 Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Missouri, including field 
 work of 1873-1874, with 91 illustrations and one Atlas, 13x15 inches, con- 
 taining 15 sheets. Garland C. Broadhead, State Geologist, Jefferson City, 
 Mo. 1874. pp.734; L. 4, 56. 
 
 Contents: Chapters I and it contain an historical introduction and a brief descrip- 
 tion of the General Geology of the State, pp. 5 to 34. Chapters III, IV and V treat, 
 in a general way, of Caves and Water Supply, and of Soils and Timber, and the 
 last Chapter contains a brief list of the Minerals of the State, pp. 35 to 56. Chapter 
 VI contains remarks on the Southwest Coal Field, and is accompanied by a gen- 
 eral section, pp. 56 to 61. Chapters VII to XXI, inclusive, are reports on Cedar, 
 Jasper, Barton, Vernon, Bates, Howard, Sullivan, Adair, Linn, Putnam, Schuyler, 
 Andrew, Daviess, Cole' and Madison counties, pp. 62 to 379, all the preceding by 
 G. C. Broadhead. Chapters XXII to XXVIII constitute a report on the Lead 
 Kegion of Southwest Missouri, in which the general characteristics of the region 
 and its ores are given, together with a description of a number of its deposits, pp. 
 381 to 502. by Dr. A. Schmidt. Chapters XXIX to XXXII treat similarly of the 
 Lead Deposits of Central Missouri, pp. 503 to 577, also by Dr. Schmidt. Chapter 
 XXXIII contains rules for the development of Iron Ore Deposits and Notes on the 
 Metallurgical Properties of Missouri Iron Ores, pp.578 to 600, by A.Schmidt. 
 Chapter XXXIV is on the Lead Region of Southeast Missouri, pp. 601 to 637, by J. 
 E Gage. Chapter XXXV is on the Iron Ore of the same region, pp. 638 to 671, by 
 P. N. Moore. Appendices A, B, O and D are brief papers on the " History of Lead 
 Mining in Missouri," on " Lead Mines in Upper Louisiana," on "Metallic Statis- 
 tics," and on " Mineral Springs of Missouri." Appendix K contains results of 
 analyses of ores, fuels and minerals, pp. 672 to 734. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 SURVEY OF 1876 TO 1879. 
 
 CHAS. P. WILLIAMS, ACTING STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Industrial Report on Lead, Zinc and Iron, together with notes on Shannon 
 county and its copper deposits, by Chas. P. Williams, Ph. D., Acting 
 State Geologist, Jefferson City. 1877. pp. 183 and xvi, 11 illustrations. 
 
 Postage 
 15 cts. 
 
 SURVEY OF 1889 TO DATE. 
 
 ARTHUR WINSLOW, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 SUBJECT REPORTS. 
 
 Vol. I.— A Preliminary Report on the Coal Deposits of Missouri from field 
 work prosecuted during the years 1890 and 1891. With 131 illustrations, 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 by Arthur Winslow, State Geologist. Published by the Geological Survey. 
 Jefferson City. Nov. 1891. 8vo., cloth, 227 pp. 
 
 Contents : Chapter I : The Coal Measures, their distribution, topography, lithology 
 and stratigraphy; the process of deposition, pp. 18 to 32. Chapter II: The Coal 
 Beds, their distribution and character; the conditions restricting distribution and 
 availability, pp. 33 to 41. Chapter IV: The Coal Industry, the «oal production and 
 market; the uses and adaptabilities of the coals; the available coal tonnage and 
 the value of coal and coal lands, pp. 42 to 51. Chapter V: A systematic descrip- 
 tion, by counties, of coal beds now operated, including 57 counties, pp. 62 to 172. 
 Appendix A: Notes on Coal Mining in thin coal beds, pp. 173 to 186. Appendix 
 B : List of the Coal Operators of Missouri, pp. 187 to 199. 
 
 AREA OF SHEET REPORTS. 
 
 JSTo. 1.— A Report on the Higginsville Sheet, Lafayette county, accompanied 
 by a Geologic and Topographic Map and a Sheet of Sections. From field 
 work prosecuted during the years 1890 and 1891. By Arthur Winslow, 
 State Geologist. Published by the Geological Survey. Jefferson City. 
 April, 1892. Folio, 22 pp. 
 
 Contents: Introduction, including Area, Railways, -Towns, Industries. Physio- 
 graphy, including Topography, Hydrography, Soils, Forestry. Geology, including 
 Stratigraphic, Structural and Economic Geology, the latter embracing Coal, 
 Building Stones, Clays and Shades. 
 
 Postage 
 12 cts. 
 
 BULLETINS. 
 BULLETIN No. 1. 
 
 Contents : Administrative Report, by Arthur Winslow, State Geologist, 13 pp. ; The 
 Coal Beds of Lafayette county, by Arthur Winslow, State Geologist, 8 pp. ; The 
 Building Stones and Clays, of Iron, St. Francois and Madison counties, by G. E. 
 Ladd, Assistant Geologist, 15 pp. ; A Preliminary Catalogue of the Fossils occur- 
 ring in Missouri, by Hamback, paleontologist, 15 pp., 8vo. Paper, 85 pp., 2 cuts. 
 Jefferson City. April, 1890. 
 
 BULLETIN No. 3. 
 
 Contents: A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri, by F. A. Sampson, 8vo. 
 Paper. 158 and xviil pp. 810 titles. Table of Contents, author and subject in- 
 dexes. Jefferson City. December, 1890. 
 
 BULLETIN No. 3. 
 
 Contents: The Clay, Stone, Lime and Sand Industries of St. Louis City and county, 
 by G. B. Ladd, Assistant Geologist. 80 pp. The Mineral Waters of Henry, St. 
 Clair, Johnson and Benton counties, by A. B. Woodward, Assistant Geologist. 
 8vo. Paper. 101pp. 4 cuts. 2 maps. Jefferson City. December, 1890. 
 
 BULLETIN No. 4. 
 
 Contents : A Description of the Lower Carboniferous Crinoids from Missouri, by S. 
 A. Miller. 8vo. Paper. 40 pp. 5 plates'. Jefferson City. February, 1891. 
 
 BULLETIN No. 5. 
 
 Contents: The Age and Origin of the Crystalline Rocks of Missouri, by Erasmus 
 Haworth. 42 pp. Notes on the Clays and Building Stones of Certain Western 
 Central Counties Tributary to Kansas City, by G. E. Ladd, Assistant Geologist. 
 Jefferson City. July, 1891. 86 pp. Paper. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted. 
 
 Postage 
 6 cts. 
 
 Postage 
 5 ets. 
 
 Postage 
 4 ets. 
 
 Postage 
 S cts. 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORTS -ADMINISTRATIVE. 
 
 Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geol- 
 ogy and Mines to the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. Small 8vo. Paper. 
 53 pp. 2 small diagrams. Consists of an historical sketch of the progress 
 of geological work in the State, and of a report of the progress. Jeffer- 
 son City. December, 1890. 
 
 Edition 
 exhausted.