THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH IS College ©f Arahitecture Library Cornell DaiTersky ajorneU ^tttvicraUa Etbrarg 3tl!ata, Kew fork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 ... Cornell Univeiiit, ^O'^. NA5461.H75 The English village church; exteriors and 3 1924 015 344 686 DATE DUE UCI ■■ ■; Sbl ^" ^^**^ "*«^., CAYLORO PRINTCO IN U.S.A. THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH EXTERIORS and INTERIORS S 17- ALFRED HOPKINS 112 PLATES WH. WILLIAM HELBURN IRC 41g MADISON AVE "NEW YORK 1 r,.l;l.l;^ THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH EXTERIORS and INTERIORS S 17^ ALFRED HOPKINS 112 PLATES WH. WILLIAM HELBURN IRC 41§ MADISON AVE NEW YORK l;'.i 1 ^ \c-\-"''' THE EHGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH EXTERIORS and INTERIORS V^ ALFRED HOPKINS 112 PLATES WILLIAM HELBURN INP 4lg MADISON AVE "NEW YORK Wis '--\% A- M-a^i^^ COPYRIGHTED 1921 BY WILLIAM HELBURN, INC. 4^ ! ;■ I i ' , I IT was during a recent trip through Oxfordshire, not in the fast going motor car, but on a bicycle, which method of transportation the author heartily commends to every lover of rural England, that he saw a very few of the vil- lage churches of that important county. He was so attracted by their almost invariably beautiful setting and their great variety of architectural expression that he set about to find a more competent photographer than himself and was directed to the interesting workshop of Mr. H. W. Taunt on the Cowley Road just outside of Oxford. Mr. Taunt, who has taken some five thousand pictures of English village architecture, from which these plates have been selected, knows every nook and corner of his beloved Oxon. He is no mean antiquarian and a delightful enthusiast over every subject of his work and I recall that during the selection I was making of the following plates, he put before me a photograph of a church with a beautiful east window, drawing my attention to its detail and its graceful proportion. "Yes," I replied, "but the tower and transept are bad." "Ah!" quoth he, "but you must not expect to find everything in one church." And the rebuke was a just one; and it is in this friendly appreciation of every part of the village church that the selection of subjects has been made and not by any means with the idea of presenting in each case a perfect en- semble. While many are perfection, yet others were chosen for any bit of outline or proportion or arrangement which seemed agreeable or suggestive. Even the casual observer who spends a holiday in the English country must be impressed with the number and excellence of these small churches, and every one is so rich with ancient history that it makes its appeal quite as strongly to the stranger as to those who have grown up under its benign in- fluence. To the practical and to the sometimes unpoetical American mind may come the casual query as to why there are so many of them and how the smallest hamlet could afford to spend so much money on a seemingly large and expensive building. The answer is primarily because of the real need of the church not only in the spiritual but in the practical life of the community. During the middle ages, the parish church was not only the center of those religious devotions for which it was consecrated, but it led also the com- munity life in its various aspects. It served the purpose now supplied by the church institute, the community houss and even the club room itself. The holding of fairs and the sale of merchandise within, or around churchyards, occasionally encroached on the porches of the very building itself and while such proceedings were deemed improper by ecclesiastical pronouncement, yet the church was the influence which dominated to a great degree the playing and the bargaining of the parishioners. In certain churches dancing in the nave undoubtedly took place at rare festival seasons and in the troublous times or when fires occurred, the parishioners were allowed to store wool and grain or chests of valuables and even household goods within the church, paying, of course, a small amount for the privilege. The church sometimes became the place of safety for valuable papers and records or deeds, these being stored in the strong chest, and in those fierce days when limbs were lopped off and life taken for comparatively trivial offences by a cruelly severe state, the church on the contrary bore perpetual witness to the spirit of mercy by insisting on all her consecrated churches and churchyards being regarded as hallowed ground and a safe sanctuary, under defined limits, for all wrong-doers, and Doctor Cox in his very interesting and instructive book, "The English Parish Church," from which the above is paraphrased, goes on to say, "there was probably not a single parish church in the whole length and breadth of Eng- land which has not exercised at some t'me or another in its history, the privi- lege of sheltering a fugitive and in eventually substituting banishment from the realm in the place of loss of life or limb." From the foregoing very brief outline, it will be seen why it was that the village church was the pre-eminent influence in every community, why it was beloved by all, reverenced by all and supported by all. That this early affection and devotion to a religious idea shouM change with time and alter with cir- cumstances, anyone with small knowledge of history and human nature will readily understand, but fortunately for those who are interested in building, a great quantity of these ancient fabrics remain, delightful examples and ingrat- iating histories of an early day. Nor can anyone interested in architectural de- sign look at these little buildings without being conscious of the straightfor- ward, earnest artistry which produced them. They ought to be seen with the loving eye through which a connoiseur regards a perfect piece of old furniture. Many have been hurt by improper restorations and additions of a less appre- n dative age, but they all teach a lesson of sincerity of purpose which the mod- ern architect will learn, only if he goes about his latter day problem in the same simple, unaffected way and forgetting in a great measure the tiresome technique of our modern fashion of doing things. The mathematical perfection of construction, which we deem so important now, seldom existed in the early days, and it is in the settling of uneven loads and in the tireless thrusts of the stone vault or arch on inadequate supports that soften the rigid straight line and the flat masonry plane into the modelled and flowing surface which is so delightful a quality in the old work. Mathematical precision has at the best only a limited artistic value. With respect to their plans, the simplest form was that of the nave and chancel with the north door opening directly into the former. Perhaps the next step at enlargement and embellishment was the south porch, then the westerly tower. Then the nave was given a single side aisle, the most inter- esting type of all for the village church because of its delightful variety, in that the arches between the nave and side aisle are thrown into greater promi- nence and effectiveness by not being duplicated on the opposite side. Then with the cruciform plan and the central tower it is only a few steps onward into the scheme of the great cathedral, but even they — though they surpass in size, in grandeur and in the technical knowledge of building the smaller struc- ture — do not dim its lustre as a work of art and a sincere solution of a beautiful architectural problem. What for instance could be a more fascinating type than the little Gothic church shown at Ampney (Plate 3). The belfry or bell-cote is hardly larger in size than a chimney yet it comes in exactly the right place and adds inter- est to the whole composition. Similar, though perhaps not quite so suggestive, is the church at Binsey (Plate 11), wh'ch is likewise a perfect specimen and the designer must not overlook its protecting and enclosing church yard wall, which is a real and a frequent embellishment of the English village church. At Kelmscot (Plate 64), we have to the simple nave and chancel the addition of a transept and here is found the compelling charm of the high proportion for the little building and the effectiveness of the simplest possible detail. The groupmg is also excellent and the belfry again, a happy point of interest. The simplicity of the three lighted window in the chancel should not be overlooked in and it is just this naive rural way of attending to detail which is the chief charm of the beautiful works of art we have under consideration. At Bascot (Plate 6), the fine old roofs have just the quality of color and texture which every American architect would like to get into his own work. It cannot be done, unfortunately, for no art, however subtle, can reproduce the softening influence of time, stretched over a period of centuries. Though the roofs are old, the stucco on the side walls is quite new but well done, showing what an excellent surfacing medium this is. The south porch is in good scale though the tower would be improved by being larger, but perhaps a camera with a wide angle lense is responsible for this disproportion. At Northmoor (Plate 86), we have one of the simplest as well as one of the most satisfac- tory of all our examples of the pleasant art of church-building, an art long since laid to rest with the old builders some of whose work we have been en> joying. At Upper Swell (Plate 101 ), we have a charming church of the simple type of nave and chancel, the former embellished with a beautiful perpendicular window of a later period which comes out with fine effect, the south porch here is in an excellent scale and lends dignity and interest to the whole struc- ture. These little buildings are not only beautiful on the outside but on the inside as well. In the interior of Coin Roger (Plate 33), nothing could be sim- pler than the wall surfaces made effective by the deep reveals of the windows. The disposition of the American designer has been to reverse this system and to emphasive the. thickness of the walls of his structure from the outside. This, however, is a mistake and the method shown here is by all odds the better meth- od. We find a beautiful interior in Sunningwell (Plate 98), beautiful in its de- sign, beautiful in its texture and beautiful in its lighting. Not the least effective points of interest are the pews, though many if not most are new. They have, however, been well restored, and the old form of the pew end is the designer's only attempt at elaboration though we advis_e caution and a reduction in scale in any attempt to reproduce it. What would seem to be a delightful fragment in a telling setting is the little chapel at Water Eaton (Plate 105), but it makes up into a delightful village church. The simplicity of the planting is commend- ed and we cannot point out too forcibly the great necessity of this kind of em- bellishment, for Nature will always adorn the masonry wall in her own manner IV and more effectively than the architect of today is able to do in his. At Kingsey (Plate 67), we give the only classical building in our selection, but it is a dig- nified and reposeful structure and shows what may be done in the simplest classical vocabulary. At Castle Eaton (Plate 20), is a much restored edifice which perhaps is the reason that it is lacking in the embellishment of ivy and yew, which one is accustomed to see growing vigorously in the village church- yard. This building also suffers from the agonizing restoration of the ridge, a ghastly way to treat the beautiful old stone slate carefully graduated in the thoughtful way of the period. If the old roof leaked, and not unlikely, a lead ridge would have been a better way to overcome the difficulty. At Daglingworth (Plate 37), it will be noted that the path to the church door is not a straight one, nor does it come at right angles to the building and we would like to point out that in every instance, the walk to the church door takes this general direction and it is this simple way of accomplishing the necessary thing without affectation or ostentation which gives to these little buildings their potent charm. And at Shipton (Plate 90), v/here we find a beautiful setting and a fine structure, the designer did not feel the necessity of putting his building parallel to its street, to the great advantage of both. At Kidlington (Plate 66), we have a fine proportioned interior with an excellent ceiling, one which is easily and, we trust, may be successfully copied, as well as the excellent plaster work of the walls, which has just the right roughness. Note also that the chancel arch does not come in the center of the nave. And at Kelmscot we have the interior of the beautiful church shown in Plate 63, though we resent, somewhat, the intrusion of the short marble shafts under the clear story arches, or perhaps the simulation which makes them ap- pear to be marble. The mason's whitewash brush which has done such good service on the walls could be used to excellent advantage in this difficulty. We could not resist the temptation of publishing the well-known and beautiful church at Iffley (Plate 59). Though charming in its type and anti- quity, it is no more attractive than many others hsre shown, though they are less celebrated in the histories and text books of architecture. The interior plate is perhaps the most attractive and here the sturdy masonry walls are felt in all their primitive force and charm. At Hampton (Plate 52), we have a perfect church in a perfect setting. One of the many examples which the lovely English country-side furnishes to the traveler almost at every turn. Here we have the level lines of the nave and chancel broken by the beautiful tower. Note well the simple windows and the fine wall space which their narrow compass yields. The excellent tower does not seem to need the pinnacles at the four corners, but the church is a masterpiece and its setting is perfect. In St. Peters-in-the-East (Plate 97), we have an interesting structure which like the old parson's egg is quite good in parts. It would seem as if one path might be made sufficient but the two certainly emphasize the point already noticed, that the walk leading up to the village church is never at right angles to the building itself, nor is it ever carried out in the modern man- ner which frequently leads to commonplace results. At Farmington (Plate 42), we have a useful and a very satisfactory type of design, encompassed by the ever satisfactory church yard wall, and at Duck- lington (Plate 38), is seen a cramped location for the little building, but none the less interesting on that account and it does not take much imagination to construct the pleasant village streets, whose cross roads are indicated in the foreground. At Chedworth (Plate 26), is perhaps the most ambitious church of the series. It has a fascinating location on high ground where the broad walk leading up to the south porch is an effective feature. The exterior suf- fers more from the hand of the restorer than the interior, and here we see again the pleasing variety of the single aisle church and the fine effect of the long narrow nave. A pleasant study may be found in the varying height of the south windows and it would seem as if the short ones coming over the porch were the better. Letting the light in near the ceiling and illuminating the clear story wall from above is always effective. Another most attractive interior of a single aisled church is that of Black Bourton (Plate 12), and although it has been much restored it is well done and the proportions are beautiful and the texture of the end wall is excellent. At Bidford (Plate 10), we have the perfect location and in quite a different though quite as delightful a spot is the beautiful church at Bampton (Plate 5). As will be noted, our views are those which show the general mass and scheme of the village church, but we could not, however, resist the temptation VI of showing the beautiful detail of the church at Abingdon (Plate 1). Here is perfect stone work and design. It is only the Master who can do things like this, so let the tyro beware. A church which is interesting in the way it adopts itself to the contours may be seen at Aldsworth (Plate 2), and the architect of today does not realize how great a variety he can give to his work, if he will only build to the land and not make the land conform to his building. He is too prone to first construct a plateau and then start his work upon it. Here is an instance where the architect has not troubled nature by changing her con- tours, and his composition has been greatly benefited thereby. Though we have already been led to a further consideration of the in- dividual plate than we intended, we cannot refrain from a closing paragraph on the beautiful church at Chesterton (Plate 28), a structure with low, repose- ful outline in a perfect setting. This church shows perhaps more than any other how much architectural effect may be obtained by the simplest means, and un- der its influence of quiet and repose it is easy to project the mind backward to the early days of religious enthusiasm, when life was less complex than now and to realize that what the church stood for became then, in a more encom- passing and absorbing manner than now, the veritable hope of the world, and to understand why it was that the structures which were erected as a conse- quence of that hope, should be the beautiful and incomparable examples of church building which we find them. vtt LIST OF PLATES Frontispiece Church at Berkshire Plate 1 Abington, Berkshire 2 Aldsworth, Gloucestershire 3 Ampney, Gloucestershire 4 Asthall, Oxfordshire 5 Bampton, Oxfordshire 6 Bascot, Berkshire 7 Berrick Salome, Oxfordshire Interior 8 Bibury, Gloucestershire 9 Bicester, Oxfordshire 10 Bidford, Warwickshire n Binsey, Oxfordshire 12 Black Bourton, Oxfordshire Interior 13 Bledlon, Buckinghamshire Interior 14 Blockley, Worcestershire 15 Broadway Wore, Oxfordshire 16 Broadwell, Gloucestershire 17 Broadwell, Oxfordshire 18 Buckland, Berkshire 19 Bucknell, Oxfordshire 20 Castle Eaton, Wiltshire 21 Castle Eaton, Wiltshire Interior 22 Chadlington, Oxfordshire 23 Charlgrove, Oxfordshire 24 Charney Basset, Berkshire 25 Checkendon, Merton, Berkshire Oxfordshire 26 Chedworth, Gloucestershire 27 Chedworth, Gloucestershire Interior 28 Chesterton, Oxfordshire ... 29 Chilton, Berkshire Interior Nuneham Murren, Oxfordshire Interior 30 Cholsey, Berkshire VIII 31 Coggs, Oxfordshire 32 Coleshill, Berkshire 33 Coin Roger, Gloucestershire Interior 34 Coombe. Oxfordshire 35 Coombe, Oxfordshire Interior 36 Crowmarsh. Oxfordshire 37 Daglingworth, Gloucestershire 38 Ducklington, Oxfordshire 39 East Hagbourne, Berkshire Interior 40 East Leach Martine, Gloucestershire 41 Fairford, Gloucestershire 42 Farmington, Gloucestershire 43 Faringdon, Oxfordshire Marston, Oxfordshire 44 Fritwell, Oxfordshire Westwell, Oxfordshire 45 Fulbrook, Oxfordshire 46 Fulbrook, Oxfordshire Interior 47 Garsington, Oxfordshire Waterstock, Oxfordshire 48 Great Barrington, Gloucestershire 49 Great Hampden, Buckinghamshire Wanborough, Berkshire 50 Great Milton, Oxfordshire 51 Great RoUright, Oxfordshire 52 Hampton, Worcestershire 53 Hampton Poyle, Oxfordshire 54 Handborough, Oxfordshire Interior 55 Headington, Oxfordshire Interior 56 Hook Norton, Oxfordshire 57 Ickford, Buckinghamshire Quennington, Gloucestershire 58 Ickford, Buckinghamshire Interior 59 Iffley, Oxfordshire 60 Iffley, Oxfordshire Interior IX 61 Islip, Oxfordshire 62 Ipsden, Oxfordshire 63 Kelmscot, Oxfordshire 64 Kelmscot, Oxfordshire ^ Interior 65 Kencott, Oxfordshire 66 Kidlington, Oxfordshire Interior 67 Kingsey, Buckinghamshire 68 Langford, Oxfordshire 69 Latton, Wiltshire 70 Latton. Wiltshire Interior 71 Launton, Oxfordshire 72 Little Barrington, Gloucestershire 73 Little Barrington, Gloucestershire Interior 74 Little Coxwell, Berkshire Interior 75 Little Faringdon, Oxfordshire 76 Little Rissington, Gloucestershire Interior 77 Long Crendon, Buckinghamshire 78 Longworth, Berkshire WQolstone, Berkshire 79 Longworth, Berkshire Interior 80 Marsh Baldon, Oxfordshire 81 Minster Lovell, Oxfordshire 82 Mongwell, Oxfordshire Interior 83 North Cerney, Gloucestershire 84 North Cerney, Gloucestershire Interior 85 North Hinksey, Oxfordshire Wantage, Berkshire 1 86 Northmoor, Oxfordshire 87 Ogbourne, Wiltshire 88 Rowsham, Oxfordshire Interior 89 Saintbury, Gloucestershire Interior 90 Shipton, Oxfordshire 91 South Cerney, Gloucestershire 92 South Newington, Oxfordshire 93 Southrop, Gloucestershire Interior 94 South Stoke, Oxfordshire, 95 Spelbury, Oxfordshire, 96 Standlake, Oxfordshire, 97 St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxford 98 Sunningwell, Berkshire Interior 99 Taynton, Oxfordshire 100 Thame, Oxfordshire 101 Upper Swell, Gloucestershire 102 Upper Swell, Gloucestershire Interior 103 Wallingford, Berkshire Interior 104 Warborough, Oxfordshire Interior 105 Water Eaton, Oxfordshire, 106 Welford-on-Avon, Gloucestershire 107 Wellersey, Gloucestershire 108 Wiggington, Oxfordshire, 109 Windrush, Gloucestershire 110 Withington, Gloucestershire 111 Withington, Gloucestershire Interior 112 Wolvercot, Oxfordshire, XI m u m ft C/3 H O oi C/J CQ H < U D X u H < a, X u a D u w o < I — I > X CO I — I a z u tu X H £ U oa Z o Q O Z 3 < :%y i/i,^: J * "*?t, < X u D d: a < *— H > o z w w X a; X CO a; M H tu u D o -1 o DC H O CO Q ►J < X u a; D X u ca O < t— * > DC CO !»-< o z m tu H X Qi U H C/3 tu O D O ij a >^ u z a < X u D X u tp o < ►J > X 1/1 o 2 tq m X H Q o X O J ►J < X H < X u a D X u w a < X 1-1 u 2 u u l-H X Q O u. X o z o H a, 2 < tu < a, U Qi D X u m O < X '■A o 2 u X H m s W H O u CO < CQ h < X u a D X u a < o z w m a! X to Q o X o 1/1 u 3 aa u D X u m O < X in O z u H X to c^ ta H 1/) cu u D O _i o a!. D oa -# X u oi D PC u a O < I— < > 2 m u X H s CO Q O X o tu H w tu y 3 '■r< < X u « D rc u ta < > or) a 2 w w a: tu a; X to u o Q s X u D X u m a < > CO t— t O m a: m Q a; O X o >-■ Z < X u « D u < ►J ►J > a 2 la tq X H w S CO Q a; o uu X O z" o H D O m H < X u D X u w < > X a z a H a: £ CO < X z 2 u D CQ z o Q tu 'MM H < a, X u a D :c u u o < I— I o 2 u u p: h ffl s to oi to H (J oi O u o -J pa < a, X u u a < ►J > X o z m m H S w Q O X o u O < Q < O oi ffl < X u « D n: u < I-H > a 2 w X H ta s to U H u D O Q < O tu H < a, X u D X u m O < 1/1 n: t— t I CO Q O b X o J J u Q < O a, X u P X u m < X o z w in H Rbir tu a; £ Q .-I u D < a, X u D u m a < > 2 m oi H s CO Q oi O lu X O Z u D 03 ^ _€?«.- tu H < -J a, X u D X u o < I — I > X m O z a a X H to ai X H z o < tu ta -I H 00 < X u D X u < > X z m a: s H z w -J H on < u tu H < X u D X u m a < I — I > X I— < m a: 1/1 Q a; o tL, X o z" o H o z ►J Q < u < ►J X u Qi D u m o < > a z w w :i: s Q o< O u. X o > o oi O ►J < X u m < X u D :r u < 3: z H H O^ I— ( i; Vi m H H w < CQ 2 < X u < X u Qi D u w a < I — t > X to o z w X H I (« :\ »- < u D X u m a < I — I > X CO a 2 m d X to u H to u D O J e? H oi O ^ Q tu X u ca H < a, X u oi D X u m < > o z 1/1 oi ttj H u u D O ►J o X H o< O w f- < -i a. X u D 3: u w a < > I — I o z m to a: a: Q a S o z o H tu H U X u THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH PLATE 29 NUNEHAM MURREN. OXFORDSHIRE CHILTON, BERKSHIRE -- ^-c ,7tsia«<«5«!^!iB!|Sl|^i|ip. H < a, X u X u ua O < > X I— I O z m X H m oi X a; tu ta >^ tu CO -I O X o H < S3 X u « D u a < > X o z w n: tQ s CO Q Di o X o CO O O O U H < a. X u D X u < X tu a; Ol 03 -J tu O o X u D X u u O < ►J ►J > 1/1 ►— t o 2 m u H X CO a; UJ H ui U u D O pj o tq O 2 ►J O u LU H < X u « D X V a O < ■J X (A ^—^ .J o z w X H ai £ Q oi O u. X o m CO 2 O O U < X u D X u O < > O 2 m X H S to Q O X o tu CQ s O O O < X u a D X u in O < o 2 w H s I/) Q o O OO < s o oi. o tu H < 0. X U ai. D X u < o z a w X 2 CO u H o D O H oi O < Q m h <; a. u oi D X u a O < ■J X t— ( i-l O z X H a oi S Q oi 2 X o z o H O z l-H D Q ■"&' iwH:'- < X u « D u m a < 1-1 X t-H z Oi X H w 1^ Q^ W CQ to Z ai D O CQ O < H < H < X u D X u tu O < > I— t a m u oi X tu H u u D O _j o a I— I H < X u < m H < a. X u Oi D d: u m < X to 2 w a X 1/1 u H u u D O _i d a! O < a, X u a D u u <: i-i X a z u 2 w ai m H tu u D O o 2 o H Z < H < IX X u D u w o < > CO a w X Q O tL, X o z o H I/) a; < d I— I X w 1^ a! tu OQ 2 O Q O Z 2 X u oi D X u a < < Q o X o J u H u a u tu X CO Q O u. X o H < a. X u D u u O < o 2 w u t-H c/3 Q Qi o X O w" o o oi 09 -J H < X u a; D X u u < a 2 m s Q o< O X O i4 O o oi aa D w H < a, fffTlMJ^ > X Z m m s 1/1 Q oi O u. X O i4 U o H in ai. tu H < tu H < X u D X u m O < > a z X H tu a; 1—4 X u H 1/1 u u D O J z o H O Z 3 < PQ H < u oi O THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH PLATE 49 GREAT HAMPDEN, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE WANBOROUGH, BERKSHIRE < X u « D u o <: l-H > O m m X H s w Q Bi o X o 2 O H < O < a. X u oi D X u < i-j > X z m d: s Q oi O PU X o H o 2 o H < m oL O '11 X u OS D X u m < w >-l o z £ CO a! u H tu U O 2 O <,t'' i ■-. y ;•■> ■' ■ '■:. 1 -J a.1 .t: < X u « D X u < a ai s Q o< O u, X o O a, 2 O H a. < X to X U OS D X u a < .J X w ■-I o 2 u u a: I— I DC Q O a. X O d: D o a o CO Q Z < X < X u oi D X u o <: ►J DC O 2 va Ui X H »— < X to Q oi O a. X O 2 O H O Z 3 < X u cm D X u tu < X w H-l o z h X to Q a!, O b X o z o H o 2 o o X u D X u ta O < X z m m X u a D X u w < > o 2 tq ra X H a; »— t X z u D a Q ol. O u, i^ U < X U oi, D X u w < > X to O 2 u a: Q q! O X O u f-.-^ w H < a. u « D X u O < w -I a z u u X H w Qi X m Q O X O >^ tu < a, X u D u m O < l-l a I— t d: CO Q a^ O a, X O 5 X u a D X u IXI a < i-i DC .-I o z m o^ X 1/1 Q o X o 2 tu Q i/i a. »»saaT"> < u D X u < l-H > O IXI tu X H Pi X w Q O X o H" O u to 2 m tu H < a, X u a D u u a < o s 1/1 Q ai O lu X o H O U (/) _i h < DC u a D u u O < X 1— ( z u a; S to Q a; O u. X O H H O o Z tu tp H < Cu X u a; D X u m O < > I— ( O Z tu va X H s CO Q O tL, X o z o H o z Q r^i X u d D X u a < I— < O 2 u w X h kD < a, \ ??iJ--^' ^ -tv' V. N. < Z I— I u D 05 >^" 01 1/) O Z 2 to H < a. X u « D X u u o < I — I > X I — I a m w X w o^ X CO Q ai O 0-, X o Q a; O B. O z < X u D a: u tu o < 1 — I > I — I Z m m a: h S H z o H H < H < X u oi X u u < l-H z m H I— ( I CO H -1 Z o H H < m H < a. X u u O < 1-1 i-l O 2 £ to Q oi. O IX, X O z o H z D < tu < X u a D X u u < l-l o H oi X I/) tu H co m u D O a z o H O z 2 < CO tu H H tu H < a, X u d: u m O < > X m a z m X H S to u H w u u D O kj z o H 2 2 < < X U Oi D a: u w a < 3: a z a a X H to X I/) ;^ a tu X o ►J H H X u oi D X u u a < ►J > O 2 u H Ml^ ^ X u « D X u m < I — I m I— ( H to u u D O o 2 O H O 2 CO w IB J H m H <; CLi X U D a: u m O < o z u X H w < DC o 2 2 u D CQ Z o Q Z III u o 2 O J u < J J > X I — I o 2 ffl w X H < a X u a D X u a < > to O 2 X H tu oi £ U, U M CQ DC H O O 2 O < X u Di D u a < ,1-1 t-H > o m to X h u oi X to Q o< O X o z o Q < 03 < 2 m < a. X u O _! Oi U H w Z X u « D X u a < ►J X w ►J o z u m 2 CO Q O X o _) o z o X u ai D X u tq < i-i X 1/1 1—4 o 2 m H H w u o D O o >-■ u z a; u d: H X u D u u O < DC tn _] O 2 u u d: u oi s I/) U h 1/1 tP u D O o >-" m Z oi w u H O z THE ENGLISH VILLAGE CHURCH WANTAGE, BERKSHIRE PLATE 85 NORTH HINKSEY, OXFORDSHIRE < X u ai D ■ X u a O < X l-H ,-1 o z tq cq a: s Q ai O [X, X o o o X H a; O 2 X U a! D X u m a < i-l X a 2 u u a: s to H .-I m Z a!, D O OQ o H < ►J X u D u u < X I— I 2 u u X pa £ to Q ai O ti. X o < CO O tu h < X U ai D X u w o <: hj i-i o z a m 3 CO oi u H w u D O ►J >^' D CQ H Z pa H < X u D u m a < 2: CO o 2 IXI H u s to Q o X o z o H a *~t X w < X u D X u u o < I— I a z a: UJ H CO u u D O o >-" ttJ 2 a! U H D O CO < X u ca X u a a < X w a z u m X H DC Q oi O tu X O z o H O z z D O tu < X u ca D X u w < I — I 2 u w X H tu s I/) d tu H 1/1 tu u D O _i oT O H o 75 a> I X u a D X u < z u X H tu oi I Q a: O u. X O ul O H D O w m H < X u en D X u u O < X w i-i o z a X H Di X to Q U o X o oi D CQ to .J w a. H < ►J Cli X U D X u a O < X w l-l O z u 1—1 w Q O b X o < Q 2 < H X u oi D X u tu < > X CO a z m Vi X H Q O u. X O H < tu m X H z k u H ta H to < a, X u a D X u m O < i-i X >-l 2 u X H X oi m -J m Z z D X u a D X u u a < CO l-l o z u m X H o^ X Q O X O z o H 2 < tu H < a, X u cm D X u m O < .J X t-H O z a: £ to Q o u. X O w S < < a, X u Qi P X u m < 1-1 X o 2 m u n: X CO oi m H CO m u D O o _l CO a!, at a, D H < -J a. X u Pi D X u a O < i-i i-i X o w UJ I 1/1 u H w w o D O J O UJ a; u a, D H C -) a z m Ui X m £ to Q a; O ti. X o X o D o O CQ h X U oi X u a < X o 2 u X H g to Q O tu X o z o H < a oC H < s X u D u to O < i-i a: 1-1 z u X H M X CO «: UJ H w u D O o 2 o > < z o Q o< O IX, ►J m h < a, X u a D u va O < > X a z m tu I u £ H u u D O .-I o >^ w oi u ►J ►J CO O a < (X X u D X u m O < to J O 2 ta u oi X Q a: O a. X o z o H a g 3 a X u D X u u CI < rJ w I— t O 2 m u a:- St--.- - X CO u H W U D O i-i o DC" w D a! Q 2 , J^>.,fJ'JSrd^^ H < a, X u ai D a: u < I— I > X o z w u Kl a; u H c« UJ U D O o z o z X H w < X u OS D I u ia < z va a X H u oi, X Vi oi. m H V) M U D O _! z o H a z tu < i-i X u Qi D X u u o < >-l 3: l-J a z w u X H s C/l Q a; O u. X o H O u a; tu > o