>r-^--- NIVERSIW y»^'^- ■€|^x^^^ Cypt' t^ i I v. ^-i^- ID -Il4+ V, I UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS <' ^m Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092721921 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS NEW YORK UN I VERS ITY ITS HISTORY, INFLUENCE, EQUIPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF FOUNDERS, BENEFACTORS, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI EDITOR-IN-CHIEF GENERAL JOSHUA L. CHAMBERLAIN, LL.D. liX-PRESIDKNl' OF liOWDOIN COLLKGE AND liX-GUVEUNOR. OF MAINE SPECIAL EDITORS ApproueJ by Authorities of the University HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHICAL HENRY M. MacCRACKEN, D.D., LL.D. WILLIS FLETCHER (OHNSON, A.M., L.H.D. PROFESSOR IiRNEST G. SIHLER, Ph.D. Class of '79 Membek ok the Unmversitv Council INTRODUCTION BT HON. WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. UNITED STAIES CUMlllSSIONEK OF EDUCATION ILLUSTRATED BOSTON R. HERNDON COMPANY 1901 Copyright, IQOT, by R. HERNDON COMPANY Typography by C. J. Peters &> So?t Presswork by University Press Cambridge, U. S. A. li CONTENTS PUBLISHERS' PREFACE vii-viii PART I -HISTORICAL HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES . . 3-21 By Hon. WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 23-42 Bv JOSHUA L. CHAMBERLAIN, LL.D. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ............ 43-266 By Chancellor HENRY M. MacCRACKEN, D.D., LL.D. Professor ERNEST G. SIHLER, Ph.D. PART II-BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION ui-vi By the EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FOUNDERS, OFFICERS AND BENEFACTORS . . . . 1-227 Edited by WILLIS FLETCHER JOHNSON, A.M., L.H.D. INDEXES General Index, Part I Index of Subjects, Part I List of Illustrations, Part I Biographical Subjects, Part II The Concord, Washington, D. C, April i, ^897. R. Herndon Company, Sirs, — Your plan for "Universities and their Sons" greatly interests me. An effort was made by the United States Bureau of Education in preparing for the exhibition at the Centennial in Philadelphia to arouse among these institutions an interest in their own history and in the work accomplished by their alumni ; plans were carefully prepared and circulars issued, and gentlemen specially qualified were employed to visit and confer with trustees and faculties of a considerable number of institutions. This effort, in connection with that previously made, to make such study of the lives of tlie alumni as would enable us to find the true value of this grade of instruction, brought out surprising deficiencies in the records of many institutions. Some ha°75'°i6 $15,660,374 §16,687,174 ^'7.965,433 $19,108,107 North Atlantic Division 6,497,227 6,790,028 7,328,091 7,765.251 8.477,872 South Atlantic Division 1,312,890 1.446.695 1)395.97° 1,541-373 ',589,973 South Central Division . 1,233.982 i!i25-359 1,203,350 1,290,534 1,504,301 North Central Division . 4,890,267 5.°49>578 5.479,015 6,035,159 6,170,650 Western Division . . 1,140,650 1,248,714 1,280,748 i,333,"6 1,365.311 Of students admitted to universities and colleges in 1895-96, forty-one per cent came from public high schools, forty per cent from preparatory departments of colleges, seventeen per cent from private preparatory schools. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS COMPARED The American standard of what is called " Higher Education " is not precisely the same as that of Europe; there is a little more thoroughness of preparation, due perhaps to an earlier beginning in the strictly preparatory studies, in Europe as compared with America. In order to reduce the returns of higher education in the United States to the European standard it is necessary to omit the college students in the Freshman and Sophomore classes, and also omit all first year students in the professional schools except those that have recei\'ed the degree of A. B,, or its equivalent. The following table prepared on this basis from a study of the catalogues of the several States for 1896, shows a total for the United States of 62,974 university students, measured by the European standard : STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES, CORRESPONDING IN DEGREE OF ADVANCEMENT TO STUDENTS IN GERMAN OR FRENCH UNIVERSITIES It includes the uiideigracluates in tlie senior and junior classes, all students of theology, students of medicine and law in second and subsequent years, with all in the first year having the degree of 13. A. State SlUIlEN'TS. Territory. Juniors. Seniors. Post- graduates. L.1W. Medicine. Theology. Total. United States . . . 15.025 12,249 5.316 5-541 16,772 8,071 62,974 North Atlantic Division 5,293 4,690 2,148 2,234 6.155 2.891 23.411 South Atlantic Division 2,095 1.482 501 786 1,829 886 7.579 South Central Division '■9I5 1-314 305 242 1.67s 1,054 6,505 North Central Division 4,902 4.19*' 2,068 2,074 6.591 3-149 22,982 Western Division . . 820 565 294 205 522 91 2,497 UNIVERSiriES AND "THEIR SONS STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, V.TC. — Coiitimted State OR Territory. Students. Juniors. Seniors. Po.st- graduates. Law. Medicine. Theology, Total. North Atlantic Division Maine .... New Hampshire . Vermont . Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut . New York . . . New Jersey Pennsylvania . . South Atlantic Divis Delaware . Maryland . District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia . . North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia . . . Florida .... South Central Division Kentucky . . Tennessee . . . Alabama . Mississippi Louisiana . Texas .... Arkansas . Oklahoma . Indian Territory . North Central Division. Ohio Indiana .... Illinois Michigan . . . . , Wisconsin Minnesota 205 120 82 1,415 169 S3S 1,191 319 1,257 II 361 63 405 55 393 307 467 33 335 490 370 240 122 227 120 9 2 910 510 763 5°5 314 310 1 72 112 8r 1,260 121 566 1,000 324 i,°S4 14 313 49 -iS 38 288 18S 326 31 191 355 303 150 84 160 69 86s 468 649 455 262 231 4 6 4 692 126 239 626 123 328 260 93 56 I 54 24 ID 3 7 90 14 63 92 22 17 4'S 166 740 124 112 140 624 161 1,134 315 83 515 113 47 10 1 1 7 83 13 25 28 63 6 165 100 584 454 170 190 70 87 105 893 91 2,863 2,046 962 314 270 57 45 181 612 568 71 254 126 44 1,179 250 2,332 586 72 224 79 530 325 272 417 S'c>°-^ 416 1S9 1,781 924 7,738 479 1,24s 803 5,803 25 375 2-354 95 1,129 164 1,243 141 85 88 7 55 630 1 12 I, '03 67 564 ',733 385 1,971 53 824 478 20 600 32 630 256 9 4 492 4,026 178 .,672 281 6,349 79 2,203 223 i>'53 282 1,377 1 To avoid misapprehension it should be noted that many students of this grade from the smaller States attend the ;reat universities of Harvard, Vale, Princeton and Columbia. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, Kl^C. — Condu./ed State OR Territory. Iowa .... Missouri . . . , North Dakota . South Dakota . . Nebraska . . . Kansas .... Western Division. Montana . Wyoming . . . Colorado . . . New Mexico . . Arizona . . . Utah .... Nevada . . . , Idaho Washington . . Oregon California . . . , Juniors. 45° 584 21 202 2S3 1 10 3 I 4 48 121 481 Students. Seniors. 3^J9 415 19 36 157 272 / 4 60 6 I 14 18 4 39 5° 362 Post- graduates. 122 56 2 23 76 92 I 40 23 218 Law. 162 142 60 47 30 SI 124 Medicine. 451 1.346 12 2 29 ^35 21 366 Theology. 153 400 47 14 16 75 Total. 1,707 2'943 42 109 664 737 IS S 391 9 3 42 43 S 89 266 1,626 THE PRE-EMINENCE OF THE COLLEGE GRADUATE President Charles F. Thwing, of Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio, has taken some pains ("Within College Walls," pp. 156 to 184) to ascertain the facts with regard to the proportion of men of directive power who have come into the community from the college or university. Taking the six volumes of Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography he finds sketches of 15,138 persons; of these 5,322 are college men. One out of every three persons of sufficient distinction to claim a place in a biographical cyclopaedia is a college graduate. These 5,322 form, according to his estimate, one out of each forty graduates now living; while only one out of ten thousand of the population that has not received higher education has found a place in the Cyclopaedia named. " Into one group gather together ten thousand infants and send no one to college ; one person out of that great group will attain through some work a certain fame ; into another group gather forty college men on the day of their graduation and out of these forty, one will attain recognition. The proportion is in favor of the college men two hundred and fifty times." See Dr. Thwing's table on page 6. In view of the influence of higher education to secure success in life, it is of great interest to inquire what it is that gives higher education this value. Is it the branches of study chosen, 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS or is it the association with learned men as professors and with one's fellow-students in early manhood, or is it the discipline of work and obedience to prescribed regulations? Upon a little consideration it is evident that it is not a mere will training, not a life of obedience to regulations that gives its distinctive value to higher education. In elementary education a training in regularit}-, punctuality, self-restraint and industry, is perhaps the most important thing, but higher education gives directive power and this depends upon insight rather than upon a habit of obedience. This insight may relate to human nature, and a knowl- CLASSIFICATION OF 15,138 CONSPICUOU.S AMERICANSi Clergy Soldier Lawyer Statesman Business Navy Author Physician .Artist Educator Scientist Journalist Public Man Inventor Actor Explorer, Pioneer . . Philanthropist .... Whole Number of Persons ) named in Cyclopjedia ) College Graduates. 252 841 464 IS 415 427 66 6^5 341 96 I4S 19 4 9 29 S.322 From Academies. 59 436 68 65 60 34 39 36 39 42 25 1 1 IS 3 4 7 6 949 Non- College. i,oSo 1,264 769 811 S84 466 668 449 S2S 34S 164 206 605 144 99 233 I4S 8,867 Total. 2,644 i;952 1,678 1-340 I, IIS 51S 1,122 912 630 1,012 53° 313 765 166 107 249 180 15.138 Per cent representing college graduates. 56.92 12.91 50.12 34-63 15-34 2.91 36-99 46.82 10.46 61.76 6434 30.67 18.9s II-4S 3-74 3.61 16.1 1 3S-i6 edge of human nature is gained by association with one's fellow-students and with professors and teachers ; but it is gained more especially from books of science and literature. Or the insight may relate to physical nature, and in this case it is the man who re-cnforces his own observations by the records of others, that attains eminence. It is in fact the course of study in higher education that contributes the chief factor of this influence which college graduates exercise upon the community. Higher education in the Middle Ages was limited to the Trivinm (grammar, rhetoric and logic) and Qitadrivuim (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). Grammar as the science of language reveals the structure of the instrument of human reason ; rhetoric deals with the art of persuasion and studies the structure of the written discourse; while logic deals directly 1 By C. F. Thwing. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 9 with the structure of thought. The structure of thought, the structure of language and the structure of the written discourse furnish a proper study for the training of a critic of thought or of its exposition. Arithmetic was mathematics as understood in the Middle Ages; while geometry in the Ouadrivium signified an abridgement of Pliny's geography with a few definitions of geometric figures. Music signified poetry. Grammar, rhetoric, logic and music, dealt with language and literature and the laws of thought; their study could not but result in giving to the youth an intimate kind of self- knowledge. Three branches, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy, made the student acquainted with the world of nature in its mathematical structure and in its accidental features. The course of study in higher education has endeavored to make the j'outh acquainted with human nature and physical nature, and this more especially in their logical condition or permanent structure rather than in their accidental features. Directive power has for its func- tion to combine human beings with a view to realize institutions or to accomplish great under- takings. It makes combinations in matter directing the current of the world's forces into channels useful for man. To make these human combinations and these physical combinations possible the studies of the higher education are chosen. To realize how the colleges of this country have from the earliest times kept this in view, although perhaps unconsciously, a few examples of the requirements for admission are here offered. REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION I. — Harvard University, 1642. — When scholars had so far profited at the grammar schools, that they could read any classical author into P^nglish, and readily make and speak true Latin, and write it in verse as well as prose ; and perfectly decline the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek tongue, they were judged capable of admission to Harvard College. — Peirce's History of Harvard, Appendix, p. 42. n. — Princetox University, 1748. — None may be admitted into college but such as being ex- amined by the President and Tutors shall be found able to render Virgil and TuUy's Orations into English; and to turn English into true and grammatical Latin; and to be so well acquainted with the Greek as to render any part of the four Evangelists in that language into Latin or English ; and to give the grammatical connection of the words. — Princeton Look, 5. HL — BowDOiN College, 1802. — Principles of the Latin and Greek languages, ability to translate English into Latin, to read the Select Orations of Cicero, the .-Eneid of Virgil, and an acquaintance with arithmetic as far as the rule of three. — History of Bowdoin, XXXH. IV. — -South Carolina College, 1804. — For admission to the Freshman Class, a candidate shall be able to render from Latin into English, Cornelius Nepos, Sallust, Cffisar's Commentaries, and Virgil's /Eneid ; to make grammatical Latin of the exercises in Mairs' Introduction ; to translate into English any passage from the Evangelist St. John, in the Greek Testament ; to give a grammatical analysis of lo UNIVERSiriES AND THEIR SONS the words, and have a general knowledge of the English Grammar; write a good, legible hand, spell correctly, and be well acquainted witli Arithmetic as far as includes the Rule of Proportion. — History of South Carolina College, by Laborde, p. 19. V. — Dakjimouth College, iSii. — i. Virgil; 2. Cicero's Select Orations; 3. Greek Testament; 4. Translate English into Latin ; 5. Fundamental rules of Arithmetic. — Dartmouth College, by Smith, p. 83. It would seem that the main point in the entrance examination to Harvard University in the seventeenth century was to secure such facility in the Latin tongue that one could use it as the instrument for pursuing higher studies. One should be able to read any classical author and also be able to speak the Latin tongue. Some knowledge of Greek also was re- quired even from the beginning. Princeton, a hundred years later than Harvard, makes the same requirements in Latin and insists on a little more in Greek. Half a century later still, Bowdoin, South Carolina and Dartmouth colleges have practically the same requirements for admission as Princeton in 1748. THE COURSE OF STUDY Some of the earliest courses of study in American colleges show the prominence of the studies of the Trivium and the Quadrivium insisted on in the Middle Ages. In Harvard, for in- stance, in 1642 there were logic, algebra and grammar, besides the study of natural philosophy. Assuming that the course of study as given is complete, it is interesting to note that in this college Latin is supposed to have been completed before entering, and that the student takes up both Greek and Hebrew in his first year. This inference, however, may not be accurate. If the students were of the same age on entrance to college in 1642 as in 1897, it could be said that their studies in Freshman year were so difficult that one would hardly e.xpect more than a verbal memorizing of the te.xt. It is noticeable that mathematics begins to be studied in the third year and that arithmetic, geography and astronomy make their appearance at that time, the third and last year. Some branches of natural science and history belong also to this third year. Yale in 1702 required a strong course in Latin and Hebrew. And in 1726 it seems that Harvard had included Latin with its languages to be studied in college. One hundred years later South Carolina College had a course of study very much like that laid down at the present day. But Dartmouth at that time had arithmetic rather than algebra or geometry in its Freshman year and continued it even into the Sophomore year. SAMPLE COURSES OF STUDY HARV.4RD University, 1642.-^/^7 Yca?:—i. Logick; 2. Physicks ; 3. Disputes; 4. Greek — Etymologie and syntax; grammar; 5. Hebrew — Grammar; Bible; 6. Rhetoric. Second Ycar.— i. Ethics and politics; 2. Disputes; 3. Greek — Prosodia and dialects; Poesy, Nonnus, Duport ; 4. Hebrew, etc. ; Chaldee ; Ezra and Daniel; 5. Rhetoric. Third Year. — i. Arithmetic; Geometry; Astronomy; 2. Greek — Theory, style, composition; imita- tion epitome, both in prose and verse; 3. Hebrew, &c. ; Syriak ; Trostius New Testament; 4. Rhe- toric; 5. History; 6. Nature of plants. — Peirce's History of Harvard, Appendix, 6, 7. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES n Yale, 1702. — i. Latin; five or six orations of Cicero; five or six books of Virgil ; Talking College Latin; 2. Greek; Reading a portion of New Testament; 3. Hebrew; Psalter; 4. Some instruction in mathematics and surveying; 5. Physics (Pierson) ; 6. Logic (Ramus). — Yale Book, 25. Harvard University, 1726. — While the students are Freshmen, they commonly recite the Gram- mars, and with them a recitation in TuUy, Virgil, and the Greek Testament, on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, in the morning and forenoon ; on Friday morning Dugard's or Farnaby's Rhetoric, and on Saturday morning the Greek Testament ; and, towards the latter end of the year, they dispute on Ramus's Definitions, Mondays and Tuesdays in the forenoon. The Sophomores recite Burgersdicius's Logic, and a manuscript called New Logic, in the mornings and forenoons ; and towards the latter end of the year Heereboord's Meletemata, and dispute Mondays and Tuesdays in the forenoon, continuing also to recite the classic authors, with Logic and Natural Philosophy ; on Saturday mornings they recite WoUebius's Divinity. The Junior Sophisters recite Heereboord's Meletemata, Mr. Morton's Physics, More's Ethics, Geography, Metaphysics, in the mornings and forenoons ; WoUebius on Saturday morning ; and dispute Mondays and Tuesdays in the forenoons. The Senior Sophisters, besides Arithmetic, recite Allsted's Geometry, Gassendus's Astronomy, in the morning; go over the Arts towards the latter end of the year, Ames's Medulla on Saturdays, and dispute once a week. — History of Harvard University, by Quincy, p. 441. South Carolina College, 1S04. — The studies of the Freshman year shall be the Greek Testament, Xenophon's Cyropedia, Mairs' Introduction, Virgil, Cicero's Orations, Roman Antiquities, Arithmetic, English Grammar, and Sherridan's Lectures on Elocution. A part of every day's Latin lesson shall be written in a fair hand, with an English translation, and correctly spelled. The studies of the Sophomore year shall be Homer's Iliad, Horace, Vulgar, and Decimal Fractions, with the extraction of Roots, Geography, Watts' Logic, Blairs' Lectures, Algebra, the French Language, and Roman Antiquities. The studies of the Junior year shall be Elements of Criticism, Geometry, Theoretical and Practi- cal, Astronomy, Natural and Moral Philosophy, French, Longinus de Sublimitate, and Cicero de Oratore. The studies of the Senior year shall be Millots' Elements of History, Demosthenes' Select Orations, and such parts of Locke's Essay as shall be prescribed by the Faculty. The Seniors, also, shall review such parts of the studies of the preceding year, and perform such exercises in the higher branches of the Mathematics, as the Faculty may direct. From the time of their admission into College, the students shall be exercised in composition and public speaking, for which purpose such a number as the Faculty shall direct shall daily, in rotation, deliver orations in the College Hall. There shall also be public exhibitions, and competition in speaking, and other exercises, held at such times and under such regulations as the Faculty shall require ; and every member of the Senior Class shall, at least once each month, deliver an oration of his own composition, after submitting it to be perused and corrected by the President. — History of South Carolina College, by Laborde, p. 19. DARTMoaTH College, 181 i. — Frcsliman Class: i. Latin and Greek Classics; 2. Arithmetic; 3. English Grammar ; 4. Rhetoric. Sophomore C/ass : i. Latin and Greek Classics; 2. Logic; 3. Geography; 4. Arithmetic; 5. Geome- try; 6. Trigonometry ; 7. Algebra; 8. Conic Sections ; 9. Surveying; 10. Belles-lettres ; 1 1. Criticism. Junior Class: i. Latin and Greek Classics; 2. Geometry; 3. Natural and Moral Philosophy, 4. Astronomy. Senior Class: i. Metaphysics; 2. Theology; 3. Natural and Political Law. — Dartmouth College, by Smith, pp. 83, 84. 12 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS WHY LATIN AND GREEK ARE STUDIED But what is noteworthy in regard to the course of study for the higher education is the place occupied by the classic languages, Latin and Greek. Inasmuch as these are dead languages and not useful for oral communication in any part of the world, it would naturally be thought that a knowledge of them would have little practical value. Further, when we learn that the great works in these languages are all accessible in the various modern tongues of Europe, there would seem to be no excuse for retaining them in the course of study for higher education. One would adopt the word of Mr. Adams and call them " college fetiches." In the Middle Ages, it is true, the Latin was the language of learning and was the only language used at an institution of higher education. Moreover all learned people wrote their books in Latin. It was a matter of necessity that a student in higher education should begin his course of stud}' by learning to read, speak and write the Latin; but this condition exists no longer, very few books are now written in Latin and few colleges or universities conduct their class exercises in Latin. Not^\■ithstanding all this it remains a fact that the higher education of all modern civilized nations has devoted the lion's share in the course of stud}" to the mastery of the Latin and Greek languages. The few persons who attain national and international reputation for directive power in various departments come from the small quota of society that studies these dead languages. Out of a million of persons who have come from our colleges and universities more than two hundred times as many persons attain distinction as from a million of people who have not entered them. The presumption therefore must be in favor of the study of these classic languages. It is therefore probable that they contain some educative element not to be found in other languages, ancient or modern, — it is likely in fact that the study of these languages gives to the student some peculiar insight into himself or his civilization. Looking at it from this point of view we discover the cause of the potency of these languages in higher education. For it occurs at once to any one acquainted with the history of the world that Rome and Greece hold an altogether unique relation to the civilization of Europe. The dead languages Latin and Greek are the tongues once spoken by the two peoples who originated the two threads united in our modern civilization. The study of Greek puts one into the atmosphere of art, literature and science in which the people of Athens lived. It is not merely the effect of Greek literature; it is also the effect of the language itself, in its idioms and grammatical structure, for these are adapted to express the literary and artistic point of view of the mind. The Greek mind looks upon nature and seizes its spiritual meaning; it expresses this in the art forms of sculpture, architecture and poetry. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 13 It is not an accidental frame of mind out of a great number of possible mental attitudes held by that people, but it is the supreme form, the highest potence, of the Greek mind. Whenever it comes to its flower it blossoms into art and poetry; if it is arrested in lower stages, as in Sparta or Thebes, still it manifests an aesthetic individualism, a sort of ger- minal form of the art-consciousness. For all Greeks celebrated the games and strove to attain gracefulness and beauty of body. Moreover the science and philosophy of the Greeks are merely a sequel to their art and literature. This will appear from a consideration of the chief trait of the Greek mind, namely the genius for portrayal. The human mind in its attitude of artist is able to seize and portray an object by a few lines ; it can neglect the thousands of other lines or traits, which do not count because they do not individualize, and it can select out with felicity just the lines which por- tray character. The Greek can do this both in sculpture and in poetry. It is clear that this ability to seize the characteristics of an object is a power that needs only a little modification to produce the scientific mind. For science also discovers the essen- tial characteristics and unites scattered individuals into species and genera. For it is the classifying intellect. More than this, the ethical intellect is simply a further developed poetic intellect. For the poet has a unital world-view. Homer, Sophocles and ^Eschylus are able to describe the infinite multiplicity of human personages and events, unifying them by an ethical world- view. Carry this ethical world-view over into prosaic reflection and we have philosophy. Philosophy discovers how the fragmentary things and events of the world should be pieced together in order to form a whole. It discovers how they can be made consistent as explained by the ethical principle of the world. Both their genesis and their ultimate purpose are contained in the world-principle. That this esthetic, philosophic and scientific principle should be indigenous in the Greek mind and that it should be manifested not only in the prose, scientific and philo- sophic literature of the Greeks, and more especially in their poetic literature and in their sculpture and architecture, should be a reason for giving a unique place to the study of the Greek language in higher education. But the case becomes still stronger when one sees that the language is itself a primary and immediate expression of the idiosyncrasy of the Greek mind. No one could study the grammar of the language and become acquainted with the words in its vocabulary without inducing upon his mental activity some of the proclivities and tendencies of that beauty-loving people. So on the other hand the study of Latin puts the mind in a similar manner into the stern, self-sacrificing, political atmosphere of Rome. The Romans invented laws for the protection of life and property and also the forms of social combination known as corpora- tions and city governments. To study Latin makes the pupil more attentive to the side 14 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS of his civilization that deals with combinations of men into social organizations. It makes him conscious of this institution-forming instinct which has been inherited from Rome and exists now as an unconscious proclivity in all the races that enter modern civilization. The raw material of our civilization, our national stocks, Celtic, Teutonic, Norse, Gothic, Scythian, Slavic, or whatever we call them, enter into civilization only by adopting the forms of art and literature, science and philosophy, borrowed directly or indirectly from the Greeks, and assuming forms of government and codes of laws (civil and criminal) borrowed directly or indirectly from Rome. To know one's self has two meanings, the Socratic and the Sophistic. According to the Sophist, to know one's self is to know one's individual idiosyncrasies ; it is to know one's whims and caprices. But according to Socrates, to know one's self is to know the substan- tial elements of our human personality. It is to know ethical principles and see them as necessities of human nature, uniting individuals into institutions or social wholes. For by moral principles alone are social institutions, such as the family, the state, the church, and the industrial community, able to exist. The logical principles which form the structure of mental activity, these as well as the ethical structure of conscience have to be known if man would know his deeper self in a Socratic sense. The study of the classic languages is therefore a sort of revelation of our deeper selves, the self which forms our civiliza- tion and which gives rhythm to our social life. But the study of the classics does not give one a world-view about which he can dis- course in simple and plain language to uncultured persons. The initiated cannot explain the mysteries to the uninitiated. Higher education with its Greek and Latin is a process of initiation which enables the individual to enter into this kind of self-knowledge. He comes, only through this, to know his deeper social self, the institutional self-hood of his civilization. If this view, which I have here traced in outline with some difficulty, is the true one, it will explain why it is that Latin and Greek (and no other language, ancient or modern) have so prominent a place in higher education, and why higher education has been and is so potent in preparing the individual for the office of social leader and director of his fellow-men. At the risk of many repetitions I venture to expand this thought with the (perhaps vain) hope of making it clear. LATIN AND GREEK — THEIR PECULIAR FUNCTION IN EDUCATION FURTHER EXPLAINED e m Modern civilization is derivative ; resting upon the ancient Roman civilization on the on hand, and upon the Greek civilization on the other. All European civilization borrows fro these two sources. To the Greek we owe the elementary standards of aesthetic art and literature. They have transmitted to us the so-called perfect forms. All culture, all taste, HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 15 bases itself upon familiarity with Greek models. More than this, the flesh and blood of litera- ture, the means of its expression, the vehicles in which elevated sentiment and ideal convictions are conveyed, largely consist of trope and metaphor derived from Greek mythology. Before science and the forms of reflection existed, the first method of seizing and expressing spiritual facts consisted of poetic metaphor and personification. Images of sense were taken in a double meaning; a material and a spiritual meaning in inseparable union. Not only Anglo-Saxons but all European nations, even the ancient Romans, are indebted to Greek genius for this elementary form of seizing and expressing the subtle, invisible activi- ties of our common spiritual self-hood. One can never be at home in the realm of litera- ture without an acquaintance with this original production of the Greek people. More than this, the Greek people, essentially a theoretically inclined race, advanced themselves historically from this poetic personification of nature towards a more definite, abstract seizing of the same in scientific forms. And hence with the Greek race philosophy and science are also indigenous. The Greek language is specially adapted to the function of expressing theoretical reflections, and in the time of the historical culmination of the Greek race, appeared the philosophical thinkers, who classified and formulated the great divisions of the two worlds, man and nature. All subsequent science among European peoples has followed in the wake of Greek science; availing itself of Greek insight, and using the very technical designations invented by the Greek mind for the expression of those insights. This may be realized by looking over the works of Aristotle and taking note of the technical terms and the names of sci- ences derived from him. The theoretical survey of the world in its two phases of development, aesthetical or literary, and reflective or scientific, is therefore Greek in its genesis ; and a clear conscious- ness of the details and of the entire scope of that side of our activity, requires the use of the elementary facts — the primitive points of view that belong to the genesis or history of the development of this theoretical survey; just as a biological science explains the later forms as metamorphoses of the earlier. A knowledge of Greek life and literature is a knowledge of the embryonic forms of this great and important factor (the philosophy and poetry) in modern civilization. The Roman contribution to modern civilization is widely diff"erent from that of the Greeks. Instead of aesthetic or theoretic contemplation, the Roman chooses the forms of activity of the will for his field of view. He has formulated the rules of civil activity in his code of laws. He has seen the mode and manner in which man must limit his prac- tical activity in order to be free. He must act in such a manner as to reinforce his fellow-men and not lame or paralyze their efforts, and thereby also destroy the products of his own activity by cutting himself off from the help of his neighbors. 1 6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Let each one act so that his deed will not be self-destructive if adopted by all men. This is the Kantian formula for free moral activity. Man is placed in this world as a race, and is not complete as a single individual. Each individual is a fragment of the race, and his solu- tion of the problem of life is to be found in a proper combination with his fellow-men, so as to avail himself of their help, theoretical and practical. Theoreticall)- they will help by giving him the results of their experience in life ; of their pains and pleasures ; of their mistakes and successes ; of the theoretical inventory which they have taken of the world in its infinite details ; and of the principles they have discovered as the units which reduce those details to a system. Without this combination with his fellows he remains an outcast, a mere rudimentary possibility of man. How important, then, is this invention of the civil forms which make possible this combina- tion and co-operation ! Other people, before the Romans or contemporar}- with them, may lay claim to this invention of the civil code. But their claims cannot be sustained. Moral and ethical forms, in sufficiency, they have ; but the civil form which gives and secures to the indi- vidual the circle wherein he shall exercise supremely his free will, and beyond the limits of which he shall submerge his individuality utterly in that of the State — the supreme civil institution — such a civil form elaborated into a complete code of written laws, we do not find elsewhere. It is, moreover, a settled fact in history that modern nations have received their jurispru- dence from the Roman peoples, modifying the same, more or less, to accommodate it to the developed spirit of the Christian religion. It is essential for a correct view of this subject to consider carefully the nature of the forms of expression which must be used in order to define the limits of the free will. The code which expresses such limits must deal with prohibitions only, in so far as it defines crime. But it must furnish positive forms in which all agreements and contracts are to be defined. The full exercise of free-will within the sphere allotted to the individual is accomplished only by means of the institution of property. The complete idea of property renders necessary the possibility of its alienation, or transference to others. Con- tract is the forrn in which two or more wills combine, constituting a higher will. The Roman law furnishes the varied forms in which this higher will, essentially a corporate will, is realized. This is the most important contribution of Rome to the civilization of the world. So important is contract to the Roman mind, that, it deifies soulless abstractions in which it sees incorporated civil powers. Its Jupiter, Mars, Juno, Venus, each personifies Rome. The word rcligio (bind- ing obligation) et}'mologically expresses the highest spiritual relation as conceived by the Roman. He makes a \-ow, proposes a contract to his gods, and the gift of the god being obtained he will faithfully fulfil his vow. The Roman people possess, as individuals, a sort of double consciousness, as it were a consciousness of two selves, a private and a public self: first, the self as supremely free within the circle of what it owns as its personal property, its "dominium; " second, the self as utterly HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 17 submerged in a higher will, that of the State, beyond its personal limit. All modern civilization, rooting as it does in that of Rome which had conquered the world, receives as its heritage this double consciousness, and can never lapse back into the naive, childish consciousness of pre- Roman civilization. Just as the technical terms and expressions, the very categories in which literary and art forms or philosophical and scientific forms are possible, are derived from a Greek source, so too, on the other hand, these most important civil forms of contract, corporation, and criminal definition, are borrowed from Rome, and were originally expressed in Latin words, and Latin derivatives in most of the European languages still name and define these distinctions. Seventy-five per cent of the words of the English language are of Latin origin, those expressing refinements of thought and emotion, and deliberate acts of the will. As soon as one begins to be cultured he requires the Latin part of the English vocabulary to express himself To study Latin, just the mere language and its grammar, is to study the revelation of this Roman spirit in its most intimate and characteristic form. Language is the clothing of the invisible spiritual self of the people, a revelation of its primary attitude towards the universe. A study of the politics, history, religion and law-making of the Roman people is a still further initiation into the mysteries of this phase of modern civilization, but not so effective as the immediate influence of the language itself Comparative philology and sociology owe to us the duty of investigating the Greek and Latin languages with a view to discover (what must certainly exist) a grammatical and logical adapta- tion of those languages not only to express the fundamental point of view of those peoples, the one theoretical and the other practical, but to explain also how those languages stimulate by their reaction upon the minds of those using them, the original theoretical or practical tendency of the people who spoke them. The modern youth, by common consent in all civilized countries, is trained upon Latin and Greek as special discipline studies. Little or no mention is made of the rationale of this process, to the pupil. Very little is done to point out the relation between the facts seen through the Roman world-view and the facts Avhich surround him. Nevertheless these ancient facts concern in one way or another the genesis of the modern facts, and the experience of life subsequent to school goes to the constructing of bridges of relation from the one fact to the other. Merely by thinking the modern facts through the colored spectra of the ancient facts, the classically educated man is able to decompose the compound rays united in the modern. All unconscious that the classical material of his education performs the function of a decom- posing prism, or that the ancient facts are embryonic stages of the modern facts, the student finds that he has a superior power of analysis and generalization, that he is able to divide his complex life and to fix his attention upon a single strand of modern civilization, its political and legal forms, or its theoretical or aesthetical forms. He, by this, learns how to direct the same practically. This ability is a real possession of the highest practical value, but he may VOL. I. — 2 1 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS not have any true theory of its existence or of its origin. He may even call the source of his talent " a college fetich." It is this subtlest and least observed, or most rarely formulated expression of the spirit of the Greek and Roman peoples, namely, their impression upon the grammatical forms and categorical terms of their languages, that exercises the surest and most powerful effect on the classical student. One may say that of a hundred boys, fifty of whom had studied Latin for six months and fifty of whom had not studied Latin at all, the fifty with the smattering of Latin would possess some slight impulse towards analyzing the legal and political view of human life, and surpass the other fifty in this direction. Placed on the distant frontier, with the task of building a new civilization, the fifty with the smattering of Latin would furnish most of the law-makers and political rulers, legislators and builders of the State. In the same way a slight smattering of Greek through the subtle effect of the vocabulary and forms of grammar would give some slight impulse not otherwise obtained towards theo- retical or aesthetical contemplation of the world. On the highest mountain ridge a pebble thrown into a rill may divide the tiny stream so that one portion of it shall descend a water- shed and finally reach the Pacific Ocean while the other portion following its course shall reach the Atlantic. It requires only a small impulse to direct the attention of the immature mind of youth in any given direction. A direction once given, the subsequent activity of the mind follows it as the line of least resistance, and it soon becomes a great power, or even what we may call a faculty. Certainly it will follow that the busying of the mind of youth with one form or phase of Roman life will give it some impulse towards directing its view to laws and institutions or the forms of the will, and that the occupation with the Greek language and life will communicate an impulse towards literary and philosophical views of the world. The specialist in snakes and turtles would not deserve the title of profound naturalist, if he had happened to neglect entirely the study of the embryology of these reptiles. A knowledge that takes in a vast treasury of facts, but knows not the relation of those facts so as to bring them into systems of genesis and evolution does not deserve to be called profound. It is replete with information, doubtless, but not with the most valuable part, even, of information. It cannot be too carefully noticed that one fact differs from another in its educative value, and that a knowledge of German or French is not a knowledge of a language which belongs to the embryology of English-speaking peoples, and hence is not educative in that particular respect, although it may be educative in many other ways. The revelation of man to himself is certain to be found in the history of the race. He who will comprehend literature and art and philosophy must study their evolution by peoples with whom they are or were indigenous. The study of Latin and Greek therefore prepares the mind of the European or American to recognize and comprehend the most important element in his civilization. What these studies do for human nature, mathematics does for physical nature. The mathematics studied HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 19 in college enable him to comprehend quantity as it exists in time and space. All material exist- ence in time and space is subject to mathematical laws. These laws can be discovered in advance of experience. The study of geometry, trigonometry, the calculus, and mechanics, in our col- leges furnishes the mind of the student with a number of powerful tools of thought with which he can subdue nature. ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY AND HIGHER STUDIES A comparison of the methods of instruction and the course of study in the three grades of school, elementary, secondary and higher, will show us more clearly in what the special advantages of higher education consist. The child enters the elementary school when he is of proper age to learn how to read. He has not yet acquired an experience of life sufficient for him to understand very much of human nature. He has a quick grasp of isolated things and events, but he has very small power of synthesis. He cannot combine things and events in his little mind so as to perceive processes and principles and laws, — in short, he has little insight into the trend of human events or into logical conclusions which follow from convic- tions and principles. This is the characteristic of primary or elementary instruction, that it must take the world of human learning in fragments and fail to see the intercommunication of things. The education in high schools and academies, which we call secondary education, begins to correct this inadequacy of elementary education; it begins to study processes; it begins to see how things and events are produced ; it begins to study causes and productive forces. But secondary education fails, in a marked manner, to arrive at any complete and final standard for human conduct, or at any insight into a principle that can serve as a stand- ard of measure. It is the glory of higher education that it lays chief stress on the compara- tive method of study ; that it makes philosophy its leading discipline ; that it gives an ethical bent to all its branches of study. Higher education seeks as its goal the unity of human learning. Each branch can be thoroughly understood only in the light of all other branches. The best definition of science is, that it is the presentation of facts in such a system that each fact throws light upon all the others and is in turn illuminated by all the others. The youth of proper age to enter upon higher education has already experienced much of human life, and has arrived at the point where he begins to feel the necessity for a regu- lative and guiding principle of his own, with which he may decide the endless questions that press themselves upon him for settlement. Taking the youth at this moment, when the appetite for principles is beginning to develop, the college gives him the benefit of the ex- perience of the race. It shows him the verdict of the earliest and latest great thinkers on the trend of world history. It gathers into one focus the results of the vast labors in natural science, in history, in sociology, in philology, and political science in modern times. The person who has had merely an elementary schooling has laid stress on the mechan- ical means of culture, — the arts of reading, writing, computing, and the like. He has 20 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS trained his mind for the acquirement of isolated details. But he has not been disciplined in comparative stud}-. He has not learned how to compare each fact with other facts, nor how to compare each science with other sciences. He has never inquired, What is the trend of this science? He has never inquired, What is the lesson of all human learning as regards the conduct of life? We should say that he has never learned the difference between knowl- edge and wisdom, or what is better, the method of converting knowledge into wisdom. The college has for its function the teaching of this great lesson, — how to convert knowledge into wisdom, how to discern the bearing of all departments of knowledge upon each. It is evident that the individual who has received only an elementary education is at a great disadvantage as compared with the person who has received a higher education in the college or university, making all allowance for imperfections in existing institutions. The individual is prone to move on in the same direction, and in the same channel, which he has taken under the guidance of his teacher. Very few persons change their methods after leaving school. It requires something like a cataclysm to produce a change in method. All of the influences of the university, its distinguished professors, its ages of reputation, the or- ganization of the students and professors as a whole, these and like influences, combined with the isolation of the pupil from the strong tie of family and polite society, are able to effect this change in method when they work upon the mind of a youth for three or four years. The graduate of the college or university is, as a general thing, in possession of a new method of study and thinking. His attitude is a comparative one. Perhaps he does not carry this far enough to make it vital ; perhaps he does not readjust all that he has before learned by this new method ; but, placing him side by side with the graduate of the common school, we see readily the difference in types of educated mind. The mind trained according to elementary method is surprised and captivated by superficial combinations. It has no power of resistance against shallow critical views. It is swept away by specious arguments for re- form, and it must be admitted that these agitators are the better minds, rather than the weaker ones, which elementary education sends forth. The duller minds do not even go so far as to be interested in reforms, or to take a critical attitude toward what exists. The duller, commonplace intellect follows use and wont, and does not question the established order. The commonplace intellect has no adaptability, no power of readjustment in view of new circumstances. The disuse of hand labor and the adoption of machine labor, for instance, finds the common laborer unable to substitute brain labor for hand labor, and it leaves him in the path of poverty, wending his way to the almshouse. The so-called self-educated man, of whom we are so proud in America, is quite often one who has never advanced far beyond these elementary methods. He has been warped out of his orbit by some shallow critical idea, which is not born of a comparison of each de- partment of human learning with all departments. He is necessarily one-sided and defective HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 21 in his training. He has often made a great accumulation of isolated scraps of information. His memory pouch is precociously developed. In German literature such a man is called a " Philistine." He lays undue stress on some insignificant phase of human affairs. He advocates with great vigor the importance of some local centre, some partial human interest, as the great centre of all human life. He is like an astronomer who opposes the heliocentric theory, and advocates the claims of some planet, or some satellite, as the centre of the solar system. There is a conspicuous lack of knowledge of the history of the development of social institutions in many of the revolutionary theories urged upon the public. The individual has not learned the slow development of the ideas of private property in Roman history, and he does not see the real function of property in land. Again, he does not know the history of the development of human society. He has not studied the place of the village community and its form of socialism in the long road which the State has travelled in order to arrive at freedom for the individual The self-educated man, full of the trend which the elementary school has given him, comes perhaps into the directorship over the entire education of a State. He signalizes his career by attacking the study of the classic languages, the study of logic and philosophy, the study of literature and the humanities. It is to be expected of him that he will prefer the dead results of education to an investigation of the total process of the evolution of human cul- ture. The traditional course of study in the college takes the individual back to the Latin and Greek languages in order to give him a survey of the origins of his art and literature and science and jurisprudence. In the study of Greece and Rome he finds the embryology of modern civilization, and develops in his mind a power of discrimination in regard to elements which enter the concrete life of the present age. It is not to be expected that the commonplace mind, which is armed and equipped only with the methods of elemen- tary instruction, shall understand the importance of seeing every institution, every custom, every statute in the light of its evolution. In this series of volumes which contain studies on universities, colleges and higher institutions of learning in the United States, with special attention to the biographies of the Sons of these institutions, ample opportunity will be afforded to investigate this great ques- tion of the nature and influence of the course of study adopted in our higher education. Only in the careers of graduates of a college may one trace with clearness the influence of its teachings. These volumes will do more than any other instrumentality to demonstrate what the higher education of this country has done to give shape to its business, its politics and its literature, and to show how it has furnished the directive power of the nation. UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 23 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING By JOSHUA L. CHAMBERLAIN, LL. D. EX-PRESIDENT OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE CORRESPONDING with the desire of the human mind for knowledge, either to give it enlarged consciousness of its capacities or enlarged scope of positive power, is the impulse to preserve its acquisitions and communicate them to other minds. This disposition has been manifest in the institutions which have marked the flourishing epochs of nations and the ascendency of great minds. In the earlier times of history of which there are records, — these very records in fact being examples of this tendency, — some nation has appeared to have an acknowledged eminence above others in this regard, more than commen- surate with its relative extent or physical power. This would betoken the exercise and enjoy- ment of a mastery more than the merely material. But this supremacy has not held its place and power. It seems to have passed from time to time from nation to nation, until in more modern times communication has been more free, and the human sympathies and rivalries stronger, so that knowledge has been more quickly and more evenly diffused. Perhaps it would be impossible to trace in determinate lines a vital relation between the great schools and centers of learning which ha\'e illustrated the prominent ages and places in the progress of civilization. Still there has been a certain continuity in the history of educa- tional institutions, either by inheritance, or adoption, or imitation. All along the dim horizon of history the lights of learning are reflected on the clouds, a brooding token of moving yet continuous life. The torch of knowledge passing from people to people and from shore to shore, might seem to the casual observer to have but a broken and fitful course, yet when these points of radiance are joined by closer attention and deeper intelligence, they disclose the pathway of a persistent motion, in curves not wanting in grace or significance, and a sequence suggestive at least of continuity of influence, if not of the more intimate relations of cause and effect, ASSYRIA AND EGYPT In the early civilization of the East, the libraries were the centers of learning. They were also symbols of political power, or of national glory. Their prestige was such that although sometimes made objects of the vengeance of contending dynasties and races, they were oftener 25 26 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS borne away as spoils and trophies of war, or served as royal gifts between friendly powers. We are astonished to read of the vast libraries which adorned the splendid civilizations of Babylon and Assyria, in that long period from the time of Sargon of Akkad 3800 years before Christ, to that of Sardanapalus more than thirty centuries later. In ancient Egypt the temples were scats of learning and literary activity; the sacred books gathered in them con- necting human things with the divine with so liberal a scope that they have been called " an encyclopedia of religion and science." Here too the great kings signalized their magnificence by the collection of treasures of literature and science and art \n libraries and museums, which became schools of learning and culture. The library of Rameses I, in the fourteenth century before Christ, showed the scope of its purpose in the inscription it bore over its gates, " The Dispensary of the Soul." In the times of the Ptolemies the library at Alexandria was one of the wonders of the world. This was a working school as well, where with breadth of vision as well as of scholarship, many choice works of old Egyptian or Hebrew lore were trans- lated into the Greek language. GREEK AND SARACEN LEARNING The Greek in turn gave to the Arabian. We can scarcely help associating the Academy and Lyceum where Plato and Aristotle held their delighted followers in familiar though deep discourse, with those centers and circles of learning which from the eighth century marked the course of Saracen domination on three continents, with the declared purpose of enabling and attracting its subjects to share the treasures of philosophy and science then the patrimony and the glory of the Greek language. Whether this movement was in response to a clearly indi- cated intellectual demand of the Arabian mind, or as it is most probable, a measure of good government and regard for the general welfare, — -not without some aspiration for glory, — on the part of those memorable caliphs Haroun Al-Raschid and his son Al-Mamoun, it must be confessed that this impulse had reached a remarkable height when, — if we may believe the Moslem records of those times, — the latter of these ambitious spirits offered to the Emperor at Constantinople, with whom he and his predecessors had been waging fierce wars, a treaty of perpetual peace and a pa}'ment of five tons of gold, for the services of the philosopher Leo, if he would impart to him the m\'steries of knowledge then in the keeping of the Greek. Whatever may ha\'e been the exact truth in this instance, a brilliant fame remains to the Saracen in such great schools as those at Bagdad and Bokhara and their offshoots ; in the rich libraries in these places and at Cairo, and the restored library at Alexandria, rivalling that of Ptolemy, in which in turn were preserved in translations into Arabic many valuable works whose originals have been lost in the wave and fire of war, or through the discouragement and degeneracy of the peoples in their ancient home; in the schools also which followed its con- quests in Europe, — -first in Sicily, reacting on the shores of Italy to quicken the impulse UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 27 towards classic learning scarcely then reviving there, and finally in Cordova in Spain, which became a powerful attraction and example for all Europe. Thus the spirit of learning, having passed down the eastern end of the Mediterranean and illumined the shores of Asia and Africa for a season, while Europe lay under a shadow which has given to that period the penitential name of " the dark ages," now returned again by the western end of that sea, in something like an ecliptic path. Having made that circuit and passed on that torch, the Saracen genius, overborne by the dark power of the Turk, relapsed into shadow not even yet lifted, while a new day was dawning on Europe in the " revival of learning " led by Petrarch and Boccaccio, and broadening into the " renaissance " of all the arts, even that of recovering the ancient liberties of Rome, as was attempted by the high-souled but ill-fated Rienzi and Bussolari. Whether this wavering path of the light and dark ages is by force of some " natural law in the spiritual world," or perchance by a force acting in the converse of this order, — the natural being but the manifestation of the spiritual, — a certain autonomic will, akin to instinct, domi- nating amidst the seeming play of the vibrations of human motive and circumstance which covers the linking of the iron chain of hidden cause and effect, — we cannot fail to discern beneath all the successions of phases and transitions, dissolution and reconstitution, a certain transmitted influence, or high, transcendent ruling, which determines the persistent ongoing and identity of human life. Nothing seems to be lost to man ; we live from all the past, and for all the future. And there may be in this course of learning a closer continuity than that of influence and stimulus. The very words we employ to mark the rise of modern conceptions of methods of study in the arts and sciences, in history and literature, — " revival " and " renaissance," — imply something like a resurrection — a continuity, but also newness, of life. The vital germs planted long before, held in darkness and inert, and seeming lost, were only slumbering until the times were ripe for taking on the new life. Humble means were sometimes working out greater ends. It was for no momentary satisfaction that those recluse scholars in the ancient libraries busied themselves in translating precious works otherwise lost. It was not without some forecast that treasures of ancient lore were guarded in the seclusion and sanctity of cathedral and monastery, while the clergy and monks were forbidden or unable to read them. Truly the cloisters held some rare and chosen spirits, touched with higher lights than those by which they went their daily round. THE MEDI.ffi;VAL SCHOOLS When the schools of the Roman Empire were swept away before the flood of Barbarian invasion, their places were taken by the cathedral and monastic schools. The conquerors thought it good policy to respect the Church, which held the prestige of a divine authority. 2 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS But the old Roman schools, after which the new schools patterned, devoted chiefly to the study of grammar and rhetoric, thus preserving the fame and influence of the Greek and Roman masters, opened also to a literature full of the praises of heathen gods, and the recitals of heathen mythology; and hence these studies did not find much favor with the Church author- ities, and were not pursued far. Still this buried life was preserved and carried over. Out of it rose mighty institutions. Thus the little school of Salerno, kept alive by peculiar monastic care, when touched by the genial influences of the Saracens on the neighboring shores of Sicily in the ninth century, rose rapidly into a vigorous medical school and university. Bologna also, a great law school at the beginning of the twelfth century, and a university of world-wide fame within the two centuries following, is said to have taken its rise under the fostering hand of Thcodosius II, in the fifth century, and recognized by Charlemagne three hundred years later, to have been finally " established " by Irnerius three centuries later still. So too, there are positive and lasting results of that characteristic measure of the broad-minded Charlemagne, when he invited to his court at Aix-la-Chapelle the English scholar, Alcuin, the most accomplished man of his time. In the school he set up in his palace, this great master of men made himself and all his family pupils of Alcuin, who doubtless imparted to them what they were able to receive of his learning, and quickened their spirits for greater things. From this example, and the force of edicts from time to time issued by him requiring that candidates for orders in the church should be well instructed in all the knowledge then available, and that they should no longer be admitted from a servile class, but be sons of freemen, with a counter-balancing provision that gratuitous instruction should be given to the children of the laity in all schools, a mighty impulse was given to the character, the honor and the extension of education, through all his vast empire. One particular result appears in the school which grew up to become the renowned University of Paris. This, in turn, became prototj-pe of many others, among which we may no doubt count the University of Oxford, and afterwards of Cambridge. But here again appears a thread which indicates the continuous working of purposes and efforts, although in long obscurity and slow of result. It is not improbable that the first seeds of the higher learning were sown at Oxford by the illustrious Alfred, and it is well established that a school of arts, as then understood, existed there in the time of Edward the Confessor, in about the year 1050. And to the influence of these universities we know how much our early educational institutions in America are indebted. Thus, even when the close connection of steps cannot be traced, we can see from the high ground of the present that all the paths of the past, small or great, direct or circuitous, lead into our own ; and that we arc made sharers of the knowledge, as well as of the spirit and impulse, which have quickened and strengthened other minds wide and far away in place and time. UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 29 The medijEval schools, following the traditions of the Roman, had for their type and measure a curriculum then supposed to comprehend the arts and sciences, the former divi- sion of which was the " trivium," regarded as elementary, consisting of grammar, rhetoric and logic; and the latter " quadrivium," embracing arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. The first of these divisions represented what we call in our day, language and literature. In the second group, the subjects classed as sciences seem to have been treated chiefly in an abstract manner, as mental concepts more than positive knowledge, which now deter- mines what we regard as the peculiar field of science. These, indeed, had been treated only in the most elementary and superficial manner. Even astronomy, the earliest of the sci- ences, passing from Chaldea through Egypt to the Greeks, had, after the grand guesses at truth by Pythagoras, been suffered to fall into neglect, scarcely broken by the discoveries of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, until revived by the Arabians in the eighth century, and received no adequate attention until the advent of Copernicus nearly seven centuries afterwards. THE UNIVERSITIES The advance in the spirit as well as in the subject;; of learning which marked the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, demanded great extension and indeed complete transfor- mation. At about the beginning of the thirteenth century, the whole old curriculum, termed the " liberal arts," was gathered under a new general title, — " philosophy," and we find the universities starting out with four "faculties," — philosophy, theology, jurisprudence and medicine. All these departments now took new depth and scope. The sphere of medicine was wide indeed. There was no other science which compre- hended any of the branches afterwards embraced in " natural history," including a descrip- tion of all the phenomena of the animal, vegetable and mineral world. Under the name of " physics," these formed the basis of the science applied in the art of the practitioner of medicine, the tradition of which survives among English-speaking peoples in the title of " physician" among the learned professions of the present day. It seems not a little strange that Europe owes to a race or order of the Oriental mind combining poetic tendencies, almost amounting to the romantic, with an active and positive temper, the impulse which led to the wide-spread and eager study of the more practical sciences so deep in their reaches and useful in their effects, — chemistry, physics and medicine, — in the very nomenclature of which lies a lasting recognition of obligation to Arabian genius and achievement. The studies of theology and law were pursued with such vigor that they came to dominate the minds of almost all Christendom. The two positive, interpenetrating, almost rival powers, — the prestige of the old Roman Empire, and the actual, potent authority of 30 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS the Roman Church, — demanded of their intelhgent subjects accurate knowledge of at least their positive edicts. There were thus two branches of the law, — the civil and the eccle- siastical. We can well understand why the study of the civil law, tracing not only the literal, positive precepts of the imperial codes, and their historic origin in the " twelve tables," but also the application of the principles of natural equity as applied to the con- ditions of a growing ci\'ilization, comprising thus both the constitution and the law, and lying at the very foundation of the social order, should be regarded as of the highest dig- nit)' and importance. We can also understand why the study of theology, deriving its authority from the express sanctions of God himself, and claiming jurisdiction over every act and faculty of the human mind, and formall}' declared in the creeds of the church and the edicts of its recognized head, — a power commissioned from the spiritual spheres, rival, if not arbiter, of human law, — should assert itself as supreme in rank among the studies possible to man. Well may it be said that " these studies of the civil and canon law did more during the middle ages than all others put together, to shape and control the opinions of mankind." SCHOLASTICISM In connection with this, one branch of the old " trivium," that of logic, now embraced under " philosophy," received remarkable extension. The habit of limiting this sphere of study to the powers of words was not wholly unreasonable nor without profit. For if all the meanings and relations of words are followed out, the mind cannot but advance in its powers both of definition and of comprehension. But when it comes to deal with abstract terms and general concepts, the mind wanders in a world of its own creation. Words are names of things; and what are "things"? This speculative application of logic was adopted as a method of ascertaining truth ; and under the title of " dialectics " became the master-science of the middle ages. As it had its chief theatre in the schools, this method of reasoning was called " scholasticism." Its importance was in the fact that it was applied to the discussion of some of the most momentous doctrines of theology. Curiously enough the turning-point of the determination was the reality of the objects denoted by abstract terms, and general concepts, sometimes called " universals " as includ- ing under them in extension many particulars. The question was whether these terms represented real existences in and of themselves, or were only names of concepts — forms fashioned in and by the mind, and having no existence outside of it. The adherents of the former view were called " realists " ; and those holding to the latter view, " nominalists." In these discussions, such writings as those of the Aristotelean logic, and Plato's obscure Timaeus, which formed a good part of their scanty philosophical literature, and those of St. Augustine on the controverted points of theology, were appealed to as final authorities. UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 31 But the necessity of dealing with words which cannot be otherwise than ambiguous and the imperfect apprehension of logical and real distinctions, could not fail to carry these metaphysical discussions into inextricable confusion. For Plato meant by his "idea" not the conception of the mind, but the object to which that conception con- formed. And Aristotle seems not clearly to have perceived that that distinction between matter and form which he makes so important a part of his definitions, represents no actual, objective difference in things, but only sets forth the very same things apprehended under different modes of thought. We may smile at these " quiddities " and " hacceities," but they mark analytical abil- ities of a very high order, and great power of sustained thought; and the controversy, while engaged upon the finest and most recondite doctrines of theology, involved almost every relation below these, from Pontifical authority and ecclesiastical orthodoxy to pro- fessional and personal relations. So that our respect cannot be withheld, and our sur- prise is forestalled, — though not our sorrow, — when we learn that noble men like John Huss were sent to the stake for opinions having their ground in the intellectual appre- hension of the nature of the entities lying behind general concepts and abstract ideas. It may not be easy to explain why so many able men devoted the keenest powers and utmost energies for century after century to these discussions, nor why such multitudes of young men flocked to the universities from all parts of Europe to listen to them ; but it is by no means a barren passage of history. While the spirit of an age in which such things were possible has passed away, and while perhaps no more positive gains than the exhi- bition of the possible permutations of terms and concepts have been added to the solid sum of knowledge, yet the enthusiasm resulting in and from these controversies undoubtedly led to the wide extension of the interest in learning, and to the founding of many great and noble schools the influence of which has enriched all later means and methods of study, and in many ways beyond those manifest has a world-wide potency to-day. ORGANIZATION The point of time, or determination, as to the name universities is not easy to ascertain. We know that the extension of the courses of study so as to constitute the four faculties was denoted by the term " studium generale," or " universale." Hence, no doubt, the title " univer- versity." But whether first adopted by the heads of institutions upon their wider organization, or a current appellation descriptive of their new departure, or whether the title was first obtained by virtue of special acts of recognition of the form or effect of charters conferred as franchises by the authorities of Church or State, it may not be possible or material to determine. Tt is clear that the matter of internal organization was of the first necessity. The great num.ber of students resorting to these centers of learning from all quarters of Europe rendered it necessary 32 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS to adopt regulations and declarations of rights and powers equivalent in many respects to that of a corporation, or almost a body politic. We find at Bologna in the middle of the fourteenth century more than thirteen thousand students ; and shortly afterwards at Paris more than thirty thousand, — a number equal to that of the whole body of resident citizens. The regulation and governance of so many aliens must ha\e been matter of no small concern. Under such cir- cumstances the students and professors of a common country organized themselves into societies, or student guilds, somewhat after the fashion of the Teutonic guilds of Northern Germany, — " confederations of aliens on a foreign soil," each following its own peculiar customs, and adopt- ing its own laws and regulations. Thus within these great schools were three or four distinct bodies, or " nations," as the}' called themselves, which enabled them in some manner to secure protection and cnjo}-ment of rights which they could not claim as citizens, nor enforce by process of local municipal laws. It would be curious if we could trace to this practice and custom that somewhat exclusive student-spirit, and that easily provoked jealousy between " town and gown," and that now baseless and misleading notion that students are not amenable to the municipal laws, still lurking in the older American colleges. TENURE AND POWER But beyond this interior, self-sufficing organization, in notable instances special privileges and immunities were granted to students of the great schools by the civil, political and religious authorities. Such an instance is that of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who, importuned no doubt by the crowds of students at Bologna in the year 1 155 complaining of the oppression of the landlords in whose houses they were domiciled, won high favor by conferring upon them substantial privileges, which were afterwards embodied in the "Corpus Juris Ci\'ilis " of the Empire. In similar manner the University of Paris, besides its interior organization of " nations," received from the Pope not only authority for the joint faculties to " regulate and modify the entire constitution of the university," but also the privileges of sending a representative to the Papal Court, which conferred upon it rights as a corporate body before the courts of justice. In England, Oxford, which began its practical organization in the endowment of " halls " and " houses " for the maintenance of scholars, was referred to as a university in a document of King John in the year 1201 ; and a royal charter was soon after granted, which established its rights as a public institution under the patronage and protection of the State. In the next century it is formally recognized by the see of Rome as an authorized place of public instruc- tion, in the category of Paris, Bologna and Salamanca; and various regulations are laid down respecting the professors and graduates of these institutions. Following the precedent perhaps of Paris in its representation at the Papal Court, England in 1603 granted to her universities the right of representation by membership in the House of Commons, and in that capacity, by a remarkable extension of political privilege, participation UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 33 in the legislation and government of the nation and empire. The great prestige of the univer- sities is also attested in the fact that they- ranked among the powers of Church and State. The University of Paris was an arbiter between these. Philip the Fair invoked its aid when refusing the claim of Pope Boniface that by the ordinance of God all kings, including the King of France, owed complete obedience to the Pope, not only in religious affairs but in secular and human as well. And Charles the Wise, justly estimating the glory it had shed upon his throne, declared it to be the eldest daughter of the kings of France, and gave it precedence at court immediately after princes of the blood. In the great " schism of the West " it was under its advice that the French church formally withdrew itself from the dominion and authority of the Pontiff. And in the famous Council of Constance called to determine questions of utmost moment, its chancellor, John Gerson, was ambassador of the king, and wielding the prestige of the university with masterly diplomacy and dignity became the recognized oracle of the Council. Remarkable authority seems to have been accorded to Oxford, when in the turmoil over the Divine Right of Kings in the last years of Charles II, the university published a decree asserting the duty of passive obedience, and condemning the works of John Milton and others, demonstrating to the contrary, to be publicly burned. SOUTH AMERICA From these examples of the rise and character of the universities of Europe, we pass to the institutions of higher learning in the New World which have been more or less directly influenced by them. In South America they followed mostly the pattern of those of Spain. Whatever reproaches may be laid against the Jesuits, it cannot be denied that in their early wide-spread missions they did good service in the cause of education. It was by their efforts, conducted with self-denial, zeal, tact and patience, exercised among the people as well as towards the political authorities, that schools of learning in South America followed so closely the Spanish conquests. Through these efforts arose the University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru, which received the royal confirmation of Charles V in 1551. Next, in 1553, appears that of San Paulo near Bahia, Brazil, which as a source of knowledge and of civilization, was a power beyond any other in the history of that country. Nearly at the same time arose the University of Santiago de Chile, under the protection of Valdivia, the successful general of Pizarro, and in Mexico a university founded by the Jesuits, largely an ecclesiastical institution after the model of Salamanca and the Sorbonne, which maintained its place and character until on the separation of Church and State in 1857 it was dissolved, and its foundations distributed among special schools of all the arts and sciences, more suited to the needs of the times. In the province of La Plate, — formerly embraced in the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, and now a State in the Argentine Republic, — by struggles truly heroic the Jesuits founded in 161 1 the College of San Francisco Xavier at Cordova, which eleven years afterwards recognized as the University VOL. I. — 3 34 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS of Cordova, began a famous career as the center of Jesuit missions and the most powerful seat of learning on the continent. The course of study here was typical of the class. At first the old mediaeval curriculum was followed, based on the Latin language. The higher courses were the scholastic philosophy and theology. By degrees the faculties of medicine and of jurispru- dence were added. At length, in comparatively recent times, under the popular demand for ■' more practical and useful knowledge than that which makes priests, nuns, and pettifogging lawyers" so their protest and petition ran, — the faculties of mathematics and the physical sciences in all their branches and applications, took an important place in the constitution of the university. However, the early prominence given in the university to the study of the civil law has had its later fruits in the proficiency in the political sciences attained in these countries. In general public law, and especially in international law, statesmen and jurisconsults of South America rank with the ablest modern masters. CANADA In Canada the celebrated Laval de Montmorency founded in 1663 the Catholic Seminary of Quebec, and after many vicissitudes of experience he made over all his property to this institution, where he exercised a powerful influence over the civil as well as the ecclesiastical affairs of that important province of the French Crown. This was raised into a university in 1854, perpetuating his name; and still holds vital relations to the educational system of the Province. King's College in Winsor, Nova Scotia, has the singular prestige of owing its origin to distinguished "loyalists" from the United States, who took refuge there after the Revolution. The rigor of its theological requirements led to the establishment of Dalhousie College at Halifax in 1821. Among modern institutions of the highest class are McGill Univer- sity in Montreal, founded in 1825, and the University of Toronto, founded as King's College in 1827, with "university privileges," since realized in its reorganization in 1849, on the model of the University of London. Other important institutions have affiliated themselves with this. These universities hold a very high rank among the directive influences of the Dominion. UNITED STATES But it is the universities of the United States which chiefly engage our interest. The blessings of education were prominent objects before the eyes of the founders of these colonics. The same feeling which in all early history appears to associate closely educa- tion and reh'gion, had remarkable manifestation in this country. And there is a special reason for this in the wonderful development of religious and civil liberty hand in hand, which characterized the first century of Colonial history. The deep experiences of Prostestant Christians in England, France and the Netherlands had awakened a resolution not to be repressed. Instinct, observation, conscience, understanding, reason, faith, — nay, memory. UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 35 hope, and far-cherished ideals, — conspired to impel the colonists at the very first, to es- tablish schools of learning adapted to the new situation, but naturally holding to some tradi- tions of those of the old world to which they, and the cause of liberty so dear to them, owed so much. Many of them were graduates of old Cambridge in England, which in the profound revolt against absolutism had become a stronghold of Puritanism. The spirit of the Baconian philosophy had not more transformed the subjects and methods of study, than had the open Bible revealing the worth of the individual soul transfused men's minds with the spirit of freedom. All our early colleges were grounded on religious principles, and inspired by religious purpose. Harvard, founded in 1636, was dedicated to Christ and the Church, and was especially designed to prepare young men for the ministry. Yale, following in 1700, with deep religious motives in its origin, as in its development, was entrusted to the guidance of Congregationalist ministers. Nor was it only Puritans and Independents who held fast to the religious element in higher education. The College of William and Mary in Virginia, founded in 1692, had for one of its chief objects to provide suitable instruction for such as intended to take orders in the Established Church. The College of New Jersey also, though embracing many religious sects and the traditions of several nationalities, declared its purpose to be the intellectual and religious instruction of youth, and especially the thorough training of candidates for the holy ministry. And the Academy at Philadelphia, which in 1751 grew into the University of Pennsylvania, was founded by the sons of William Penn, who though a graduate of Oxford, became a stout defender and almost martyr of the cause of spiritual liberty, and the sons no doubt were actuated by that high teaching and example. Columbia too, though not perhaps the lineal descendant of the Dutch classical school which fol- lowed close upon the first steps of colonization under the auspices of the Reformed Church of the Netherlands, — which, it is worthy of remark, holds its unbroken line from 1643 unto these times, — owes much to this influence and example. At the capitulation in 1673, the English recognized the religious allegiance of the Dutch schools, and desiring a simi- lar one of their own in 1754 founded "King's College," patronized by all Protestant denom- inations and by the Government of England. Rising with new life after the Revolution as " Columbia," it bore upon its seal mingled emblems of instruction and religious faith and doctrine, and legends in Hebrew, Greek and Latin under the mystic symbol of the Holy Trinity, with the testimony — both pledge and prayer, — " In Thy Light shall we see light." The influence of these schools of learning who can doubt,- — who can measure? Edmund Burke in his speech for the conciliation of the Colonies bears this testimony: "Another circumstance which contributes towards the growth and effect of this intract- able spirit; — I mean their education. In no country in the world is the law so general a study. All who read, — and most do read, — obtain some smattering in that science. 36 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS This study makes men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defence, full of resources. In other countries the people, more simple, judge of an ill principle in go\'ernment only by an actual grievance; here, they judge of the pressure of the grievance by the badness of the principle." The libraries and teachings of the colleges kept the fountain full. Writes Thomas HoUis of England, one of Harvard's earliest bene- factors : " More books, especially on government, are going for New England. Should these go safe, no principal books on that first subject will be wanting in Harvard College from the da}'s of Moses to these times. Men of New England, use them, for yourselves, and for others ; and God bless you ! " President Stiles of Yale — himself a noble patriot — gives testimony: "The Colleges have been of singular advantage in the present day. When Britain withdrew all her wisdom from America, this Revolution found above two thousand in New England only, who had been educated in the Colonies, intermingled with the people, and communicating knowledge among them." Well may we understand this when we see at their head such men as the Adamses, the Bowdoins, the Otises, the Quincies, Ames, Gerry, King, Par- sons, for Harvard; the Livingstons, Silas Deane, Oliver Walcott, Wooster, Morris, Sedg- wick, Wadsworth, Johnson, Hall, Baldwin, Ingersol and Nathan Hale for Yale, — the Dyers and Trumbulls and Wyllyses dividing their patronage between these two; Madison, John Dickinson, Ellsworth, Luther Martin, Reeve, Rush, Henry Lee for Princeton ; Jay, Hamil- ton and GouN-erneur Morris, Troup, Rutgers, Lispenard, Richard Harrison, Egbert Benson, Moore, Cruger and Stevens for Columbia; Hopkinson, Mifflin, Morgan, General Dickinson, Tilghman, and the Cadwalladers, and we might add Nixon, McKean and Robert Morris, for Pennsylvania; Jefferson, Monroe, Peyton and Edmund Randolph, Harrison, Wythe for William and Mary. And how many others as worthy to be named, not participating directly in the forma- tion or exposition of the new government, — preachers and ministers of the Gospel, teachers in the colleges, academies and schools, writers for the press, orators at town meet- ings, — did these colleges furnish for the country's need and honor! Some of the leading minds of the Revolutionary times had been educated in the mother country. Especially was this the habit in the Southern Colonies. Of these were the Pinckneys, the Laurenses, the Rutledges, of South Carolina; the Lees and John Wilson, of Virginia, as also the Winthrops of Massachusetts. Many too were what is styled, in distinction from college graduates, "self-made men," but perhaps still largely indebted to the influence of the college. Our patriots were not without education. They found a way or made it. Patrick Henry was privately educated by his father, a man of liberal education in the Old World, and ambitious for his son. John Marshall, though not a college graduate, received a classical education. So too Ellas UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 37 Boudinot. Henry Knox was a good scholar. Winthrop Sargent, Ethan Allen and Israel Putnam in one way, and Roger Sherman and John Mason in another, made their part in great events their means of education. George Washington had the whole country for his university. Benjamin Franklin was a university in himself. There can be no doubt that the old classical colleges were well fitted to bring out the best powers of mind and character, — to build up a well-rounded manhood. This was not by the multitude of studies; it was by their character, and that of the noble men directing them. No student could fairly enter into fields then laid open without wakening in the mind a sense of its possibilities, and enforcing a certain discipline which gives the self-reliance and strength characteristic of manliness. The Greek language opened the long vista of the aspiration for freedom. The Greek genius was spiritual. It saw the soul of things, and sought to embody it, in science as in art. Blending in its conception, as almost in its words, the ideas of the beautiful and the good, it set on wing those powers of the imagination which conceiv^e and construct according to high and noble ideals. Loving the sunshine, yet with deep ethical instinct, it dealt with the profoundest mysteries of human life and destiny. We read to-day with stirring sympathy the tragedies of human will and fate wrought out in the soul of its great poets. The Latin breathed the spirit of law. Its genius was essentially virile. It carried the impressive sense of strength, through order and obedience. It set forth in bodily form the relation of the individual and the State, which to the Greek was an endless problem or elusive image. Through restraint of will and regulation of power, it won the mastery of the world. Mathematics touched the harmonies of the universe. It stirred the sublimest conceptions. The culture that came through it trained the power of sustained attention and connected thought, and formed the mind to habits of both vigor and rigor of reasoning. The religious instruction, underlying all and reaching beyond all, revealed the dignity and destiny of the human soul, and its place under the moral government of the world. Its sacred teachings corrected the low moral tone of the classic literature. This gave to culture a balance where knowledge was sweetened by reverence, and at the same time quickened to power for noble achievement. Out of such influences, earnestly administered and seriousl)' cherished, we can well conceive what character of manhood would be wrought, and by this can understand the great examples of it which appeared in our early history. And not only for those that shared these privileges was the college an instrument of disciphne and culture. The mere existence of such an institution in the midst of a community has an educating power. It is a monument of achievement and monitor of 38 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS possibility. Even those who are not participant of its inner life are impressed by the familiar vision of an agency of power for good reserved and ready, and by that mys- terious influence of presence which does not wholly reveal its source or its goal, but is one of the most effective appointed means of moving the human mind. PRESENT ASPECT AND TENDENCY On these lines the old colleges of the United States have built themselves up accord- ing to their means and their guiding spirit, for some two centuries. Those which sprung up in all the States after the Revolution under the fresh impulse of the people were largely shaped by these. And of later times there is no more significant characteristic than the disposition of persons who have acquired wealth to establish great and gener- ously planned schools of higher learning, conceived and constructed after the same gen- eral ideals. Such modifications as have taken place have been in answer to the spirit of the times, or the advancement of science, or the ideas and purposes of the noble men who have established and guided them. Regarding the present aspect and tendency of our colleges it is manifest that the religious element in them has somewhat changed, in expression if not in character, from the t}'pe of former times. The spirit and method of the study of the sciences so largely prevailing, — especially the requirement of positive verification by experimental tests conclusive alike upon all minds, — has undoubtedly affected the habit of thought and feeling towards matters depending upon spiritual evidence, and tended to diminish respect for authority, even in religion. The spirit of freedom, too, has taken a new depart- ure. From revolt against absolutism it has extended to revolt against dogmatism. There is dogmatism everywhere, in science as in religion. Where truth is believed to be ascer- tained, it is to be maintained. But this reaction presses especially against religion, — or rather, against that form of it which is maintained by the church, — and not so much against the revelation and authority of spiritual truth in the individual soul. So both these influences combine at present to work against the simple faith and habitual reverence of the times of old. The lack of reverence is undoubtedly a serious loss. For the holding of something sacred, and the recognition of relations to a moral, spiritual superior, are necessary to the best exercise of all the faculties of our nature. And surely the colleges, aiming to bring out the complete manhood, should not suffer themselves to be in default in these things. But it does not appear, even in these days of swift-moving and all-engrossing materialistic civilization, that the Christian spirit is set at naught or held in slight esteem. On the contrary it is interpreted more largely and applied more closely. Every reformer proclaims that he is seeking to apply the prin- ciples of the Christ. And the sense of individual responsibility which is enforced by all UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 39 study of human life and action will tend to counteract the vague submission to relentless "natural law," which is so repressive of the noblest aspirations of the mind. We cannot but perceive that Christianity is about entering on a new epoch of demonstration in the larger life of man. And the colleges under the guidance of noble minds conscious of their trust, will be held loyal to their ancient consecration, ministering to that true culture which is expressed in highest character, and recognizing the followers of Christ as the true church and his spirit manifested in the life of humanity as the true religion. Closely related to this is the growing interest taken by all our institutions of learning in the pohtical and economic sciences. It is an important part of a school of liberal educa- tion to fit young men for their duties as citizens. This function reaches very wide. Ques- tions of government, of industry, of commerce, of finance, — questions arising from the manifold relations of our complex civilization, and pressing upon us for action, require inteUigent, independent judgment on the part of citizens. And in the stress of the coming times, the great schools of the country should be fountains of knowledge and influence for right understanding and far-looking motives on these vital questions. It is evidence of real advance in the " enfranchisement of humanity," and testimony to the practical effect of Christian principles, that the obligation is recognized of providing adequate instrumentalities for the higher education of women. There is no reason in nature, or in any revelation, why the mind of woman should not be admitted to the presence of highest truth, and why she should not be enabled to make full use of those delicate, spiritual powers, — the quick insight and almost divination of the true, the beautiful and the good, — which are a needful part of the directive forces of life, and for which it may be regarded a special provision of nature that in these attributes her endowments sur- pass those of men. In connection with this, we are reminded to say that if there is a lack in the balance and completeness of the courses of higher instruction now offered, it is in the culture of the imagination. Opening the sense and the soul to the perception of beauty not only trains the mind in good taste and correct judgment of art, but also leads to the comprehension of great and perfect works. The imagination is a true constructive power. It forms conceptions of the ideals of truth, beauty, fitness and proportion without which mere knowledge of facts and niceness of analytical skill will be weight instead of wings in rising to complete mastery in any of the great arts of expression. This may not be so apparent in mere imitations of nature, or in technical and industrial drawings, — which, however, have their commercial value, — but it is a part of highest culture to draw the mind to the perception and comprehension of the beauty and power manifest in the uni- verse, and in the works of human genius, which are also revelations of God. The marked characteristic of present tendencies is the great amplification of studies 40 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS in the natural sciences. Tlie wonderful advance in biology, chemistry and molecular physics, and the opening of new fields of interest and activity by reason of these dis- co\-eries and their practical applications, have created a demand for instruction in these departments, which the higher institutions of learning feel called upon to furnish. This cannot be adequately done except at the expense of a considerable inroad into the old, well-balanced " college course," especially designed to afford a general discipline and s)'mmetrical culture of all the personal powers. An expedient is resorted to by offering in the college course a liberal range of electives. A saving measure is adopted by so arranging these electives that a student who still desires the old course, or a moderately-modified new one, can find it by fol- lowing the proper lines among the so-called " advanced courses." As a provisional meas- ure this is, perhaps, the best that can be done. It certainly has the advantage of allow- ing the student to follow his natural inclinations and develop his special aptitudes ; pos- sibly also to gain a year or so in getting into his profession, or work in life, towards which there is now such hurry and rush. But the professional schools, meantime, are increasing their requirements, and the whole college course is none too much to give the elementary knowledge and fitting dis- cipline of rnind to take up the professional course. The conditions in this country require thorough education for its professional men. No narrow or superficial preparation will suffice in this day for the successful practitioner in law, or medicine, or the ministry, or for the peculiar work of the journalist and public teacher. The colleges of the liberal arts ought to be strengthened on their own lines, instead of being required to enter upon technical or professional instruction. The provisions of electives should not look to cutting short the general disciplinary course. Electives — if a personal opinion may be here permitted — should not be taken between principal departments, but only between particulars in the same department. Language and logic should not be sur- rendered for biology, nor modern languages wholly displace the ancient. Nor should modern history, and political and social science and philosophy be left at all to elec- tion or option, but these should be studied by all in the light of practical ethics, in the maturer years of the course, so that young men can go out under this preparation and impulse to take their part in the direction of life for themselves and the communit)'. Some of the colleges, feeling the necessity of preserving the great features of the proper college course, have met the imperative demand by creating distinct and separate scientific departments, or special schools of science. Schools of Technology are established with more complete instruments of instruction. These are admirable in their intention and results ; and although something of the breadth and symmetry of the college must be missed, such institu- UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 41 tions are the proper means of meeting those who for reasons sufficient to themselves prefer to waive the discipline of the college course, and move forward at once in the line of their pro- fessional work. In what has been presented thus far, no distinction has been attempted between the college and the university. A sufficient reason for this might be in the fact that in this country, as yet, no characteristic distinction has been maintained. Some of the largest of our old colleges are now deeming it just and fitting that they should receive the higher title in recognition of their increased amplitude of studies or departments ; and in rare instances, they have assumed this title in consideration of especial attention to depth, or advance, in study, rather than in the breadth of courses. Other recently established institutions, largely endowed and generously planned, providing for advanced and professional courses as their main object, have naturally, and not unjustly, taken the name of university. But still, there are no sharp or exclusive tests by which the name shall distinguish the thing. A college may multiply its course by dividing its studies into groups of electives. And any institution, by appropriate influence, may obtain the legal title of university, without evidence of any large range or profound reach of instruction. Perhaps there is no positive recognized test of titles. The universities of Bologna and of Paris had very different leading purposes and aims. Although the former was the great law school and the latter the great theological school of Europe, yet Bologna looked almost entirely to making itself a professional school, while Paris never lost sight of its original purpose and ideal, which was, by its breadth and balance of training, to afford a liberal culture, suitable for the character and station of a gendeman. This was the type of the English universities. So it was of our own early colleges. But of late our institutions seem to have been found lacking in means for advanced in- struction. For some years past no young man looking forward to securing a professorship in any department of our American colleges would deem his preparation finished until he had taken a degree at a German University. Something there may be in fashion about this ; for in fact, one so minded could find adequate instruction in our own universities, to which we should naturally look as the place for the pursuit of advanced study and original research. Such an enterprise as the " Chautauqua Assembly " for the promotion of knowledge and culture among the people, well entitled to be called a university in the breadth and sweep of its work, has the especial merit of meeting the people where they are, without requiring con- ditions impossible for them to fulfil. And the movements in " University Extension," though this is perhaps a misnomer as to the intrinsic character of the work, are deserving of high con- sideration as indicating the generous purpose of sending out as widely as possible the educa- tional benefits which they are capable of conferring. But it is evident also that the demand is strong for the intensive as well as the extensive. This means in such departments as language, history and philosophy, not only more indmate 42 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS knowledge of what has been said and done and thought, but a deeper insight into the nature and relations of man, and the reasons and incentives of his struggles with his environment. In the physical sciences it means a more positive knowledge of the elements and forces of the universe, and of their modes of action which we call laws. In the technical aspects of these sciences it means the study of man's practical relations to them, and the training of his faculties to skill in the use of them. This is a wide range for choice, but the work once chosen becomes a specialty, and is necessarily narrow. This field seems to belong to the university and the schools of technolog}' ; the former for original research and deep scholarship, looking to the mas- tery of knowledge ; the latter for the applications of science, looking to mastery in the material arts. But the sphere of the college is different from these. It is for that general, liberal culture, which looks to the excellence of the man himself, — his intellectual foundations, his intrinsic character. Whether in the "classical" or "scientific" department, an undergraduate course should have this aim. For the organization of our modern higher education we have then the college, somewhat conformed to modern demands, but never losing sight of its main objccti\'e ; and the university, fitted especially for advanced work or deeper study on special lines. The historic origin, however, is still recognized in the gathering around the university of schools of law, medicine and theology, as well as of politics, pedagogy, and the several branches of technology, to suit the demand of an advanced and progressive civilization. These professional schools might indeed exist separately and independently of the university and of each other, as in fact many do ; but there is no doubt a gain of power to the student in the breadth of environment, and the larger atmosphere, of an institution devoted to the widest range of study and deepest grasp of thought in many departments of knowledge. Whether or not the college can be a miniature university, it should at all events be a school of complete manhood, taking cognizance not only of what makes for good work in the world, but regarding also the culture of the moral and spiritual powers which are the noblest endow- ments of personality. Hence it is that in every school of discipline and culture its real worth must be measured not merely by its range of courses, or gauge of studies, but largely by the soul which animates it. CTT^lw ^ . -^^^^t^^-^v-^ E. MOEBIUS, CAMDEN, N. d. \EW YORK i;N!\'KRM FY E. MOEBIUS, CAMDCN, N. J. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SEVENTY YEARS A HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY BY CHANCELLOR HENRY M. MacCRACKEN, D.D., LL.D. ERNEST G. SIHLER, Ph.D. Professor of Latin Language and Literature in the University CONTENTS I. New York in 1830, and the Academic Con- vention OF that YEAI!. II. Chancellor Mathews and Washington Square. III. The Eucleian and the Philomathean. — Professor Samuel Finlev Bkeese Morse, and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph. — Some Earlier Alumni. — Ex-Attornev General B. F. Butler's Plan for a Law School. IV. Chancellor Frelinghuvsen, and the Earlier History of the University Medical School. V. The Interim of 1850-1S52. — Chancellor Ferris. — The Law School. VI. Chancellor Howard Crosby and the Crisis of 1881. Cfiai'Tfk VH. The Second Interim. —Chancellor John Hall. — Vice-Chancellor Henry M. MacCracken. Vlll. Chancellor MacCracken and Univer- sity Heights. — Perfecting of the Uni- versity System. — Veterinary School. — School of Commerce and Finance. — The Sandham Prize. IX. The Reorganization of the Medical School. X. The Reorganization of Law School, etc. XI. The Hall of Fame. XII. Social and Athletic Notes of Univer- sity Heights. 44 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MOTTO " Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after." — St. Paul, Phil. 3 : 12 CHAPTER I Magna Voluisse — New York in 1830 and the Academic Convention of that Year NEW York City in 1830 had a popu- lation of 197,112, — somewhat less than Milwaukee or Detroit had sixty years later. Brooklyn was yet a village (in its corporate aspect) and had 15,394 inhabitants. Between the Harlem River and Lake Erie, only Albany (24,209) and Hudson were fully organized as cities. Troy had a population of 11,551, Rochester 9269, Utica 8323. Phila- delphia had in 1830 a population of 167,325 ; the city of Eranklin had been compelled to yield the palm of supremacy which she had held from the beginning of National indepen- dence, to New York. Ne.xt in order came Baltimore, 80,620; Boston, 61,391 ; New Orleans, 46,310. Cincinnati, in the era of Mrs. Trollope, had 24,830; Washington, with Andrew Jackson in the White House, 18,827 ; Richmond, whose winters then had the reputa- tion of excelling in social gaiety, had 16,060 ; Pittsburg, which commercially was the point of entrance into the Mississippi Valley, was inhabited by 12,542 ; Louisville had 10,341 souls, St. Louis 6694. Detroit, so important in the recent war with England, had 2222, while Cleveland and Chicago were mere trading posts, both incorporated six years later (1836) and showing at the end of the subsequent decade (1840), the first one, Cleveland, a popu- lation of 6071, and Chicago of 4853. New York City, and in fact the whole country, was still ringing with the huzzas and plaudits of 1825, when the eminent Governor DeWitt Clinton, like a new Doge, married the waters of the Great Lakes with those of the Atlantic Ocean, ceremonies appropriately marking the inauguration of the Erie Canal, no longer to be dubbed "Clinton's Ditch" by his political enemies. This completion of the greatest of internal canals seemed to mark the establish- ment of a policy of arteries of commercial communication. P"ive years later (1830) saw the very infancy of railroads, — when first in America the line between Baltimore and Elli- cott City carried passengers by locomotive, and when the road between Albany and Schenec- tady was begun. New York was then substantially an Ameri- can rather than, as now, a cosmopolitan city. It is true the directories (as Longworth's) of 1830 show a proportion of Dutch, Huguenot and Walloon names vastly in excess of the pro- portion of such names as now exhibited. But these people were anglicized in 1830, although there was a perceptible social habit of main- taining Dutch spellings to some degree. The Rev. Dr. Thomas DeWitt (A. B, Union 1808) who sat in the academic convention of 1830, and who had then been connected with the Dutch Reformed denomination on Manhattan Island since 1827 (he died in 1874) was said to have been the last minister in that venerable and important body who could deliver a ser- mon in Dutch. We have Harlem spelled in the prints of 1830, Harleem, Haarlem, Harlaem. In this village then the most eminent family probably was that of the Dutch Varians. There was indeed even then the St. George's Society, 45 46 UNIl'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS the Saint Andrew's, the French Benevolent, the descriptions of 1827, '28, '31: St. Patrick's FriendlySons of St. Patriclv, the German Society Cathedral in Mott Street and St. Peter's in with Philip Hone (Mayor before 1830), Casper Barclay ; two minor places of worship in Ann Meier, Thootlore Meyer, Jacob Lorillard, Da\'id Street and in Sheriff Street brought the total Lydig, established in 1784 and chartered in up to four. There were two Lutheran churches, 1804. But it was not until 1848 that German of which St. Matthew's in Walker Street (now immii^ration became a steady stream, nor until Broome) was the oldest Lutheran corporation 1844 (potato famine in Ireland) that Ireland began to send hither myriads of new citizens. New York, I said, was in 1830 substantially an American city. This is best evidenced by a glance at the denominations. Of Presbyte- in America. There were two Unitarian and two Universalist churches. Three synagogues are given in Williams's Register, one of them Portu- guese, one Dutch, one German. It is clear then how strong was the preponderance of the rian churches there were twenty-four, with a great historic denominations that came out of single exception all soutli of Bond Street: e.g. in Wall, Beekman, Rutgers, Cedar (two). Canal, Laight, Broome (two). Spring, Bleecker, Bowery, Prince, etc. Their closest congeners, the churches of the Reformed Dutch confession, numbered fifteen. Active and distinguished in Great l^ritain and Holland, as over against the recent liberalizing sects ; and how substantial was the native character and the Anglo-Sa.xon type of the population, as over against the social forces of recent immigration. To ignore the churches in any enquiry con- this body was the Rev. Dr. James McP"arlane cerning higher education is to ignore the root Mathews of the South Church, then situated south of Wall Street, in I^xchange Place (Gar- den Street) ; he alone had an as.sociate, the Rev. Gerardus Kuypers, D.D. The Protestant Episcopalians had twenty-one churches : Wil- liams's Annual Register names only a single clergyman for each place of worship, even for Trinity, to which (Bishop) Onderdonk was at- tached. All these churches were south of the numbered streets. The most splendid structure was that of Trinity, in which the commence- ments of its beneficiary, Culumbia dillege, were generally held, the march southward from the College Green (Barclay and Murray streets) being short. Grace, St. George's, St. Thomas's, were all quite near to City Hall. The Baptists showed seventeen places of wor- ship. The Methodists were few and scattered, although that active denomination maintained even then in New York a religious editor and manager of a book concern. Dr. PLmory (after- wards Bisho]:) P^mory). But the slender propor- tion of citizens of Irish and of German parentage or extraction is best shown by the fact that fif of the whole matter. No project of higher education could in 1830, in New York, have attained even a respectable measure of vitality, the Hon. Albert Gallatin notwithstanding, without the support of churches. Almost all the substance, then available, of Columbia Col- lege (the vast gift by the state of the Hosack Botanical Garden had not yet become produc- tive) then came from the King's Farm lease of Trinity Church, dated May 12, 1755, and cor- rected by a second one of the following day, May 13. Even then, in 1830, Yale had not one regularly endowed Professorship except the Chair of Sacred Theology endowed for Presi- dent Dwight in 1822 by forty-eight donors : these together had raised a fund of ^27,612.44, of which total 1^9200 was swallowed up by the failure of the P^agle ]?ank of New Haven. One of the greatest, if not the greatest (apart from the great bequest of Stephen Girard), of single gifts for education recordable in 1830 was that of a Mr. Sherred, of some ^70,000 to the " Episco]-)al Seminary at Greenwich vil- lage," now better known as the General Theo- Roman Catholic churches there were but two logical Seminary, Chelsea Square, New York large ones, worthy in outward appearance of City. In this very year (1830, February 27), being delineated in the handbooks and pictorial died Colonel Henry Rutgers (b. 1750), uncle HISrORr OF NEir fork UNIJ'ERSITT 47 of Dr. Howard Crosby's mother : the great landowner of the Seventh Ward, the friend of the poor and the forsaken ; his timely gift of $5600 to the College of New Brunswick, New Jersey (formerly Queen's College, founded 1770), when made was probably one of the most substantial aids to the College which has long borne his name. And so too the first concerted effort towards endowing a Professorship in New York University was in E\idences of Revealed Religion. Nor may we overlook the important and continuous contri- bution toward higher education afforded by the American Education Society (recorded in the American Quarterly Register of that time), which assisted students in academies, colleges and theological seminaries, and had a strong interest in the work and performance of all institutions of learning in themselves. In New York at that time the present City Hall was considered the finest public building ; it had been finished eighteen years before, in 1S12. The present sub-treasury in Wall Street was the Custom-House. The present assay office of the government (now dwarfed amid the structural giants of Wall Street), then the United States Branch-Bank, was con- sidered one of the finer buildings of the city : its area, with sixty feet on Wall Street, had cost $40,000. The present Colonnade Hotel, on Lafayette Place, had been quite recently constructed as a row of private mansions, called LaGrange Terrace ; it \ery nearl)- marked the extreme northward limit of built- up civilization. Not far away was the junc- tion of Broadway and the Bowery (issuing into the present course of Fourth Avenue), which is happily preserved in a contemporary delineation : rubbish mounds, dumping carts, a few shabb)' cabins, a few poplars, appear, and every evidence of the zone which marks the beginning of the open country. Park Place was almost solidly occupied by fine residences, the type being three-story brick, slate roof, stoop, the hea\y main door topped with a low arch of glass panes, wedge-wise, converging to a center. The City Hall Park, then simply called The Park, was the center of fashion and gaiety. The pleasure-loving New Yorkers made a prosperous establishment of their main play- house, the Park Theatre, which paiil then an annual rent of $18,000 to the owners, Astor (John Jacob) and Beekman. This great figure of money for the rent of the theatre is full of significance for the town and the times, particularly when one ccm- siders the vastly greater purchasing power of money — of that epoch of sexenty years ago. And even twelve years later, in 1S42, not more than eleven or tweh-e citizens of New York, — of whom Cornelius \'anderbilt the first was not one — were reputed to be millionaires : one hundred thousand dollars marked the possessor a rich man. But it was a society in which' large individual bequests or dona- tions were not as yet made nor expected. William Bedlow Crosby e. g. was reputed a millionaire, but he had a family of some nine children. A glance at the salaries of some of the leading magistrates and officials of the commonwealth will great!)' aitl us ade- quately to esteem the value of mone}' seven t\- years ago, even in the most prosperous state of the Union. Goxernor Thnwip received a salary of $4000, the Comptroller of the State $1500, the Superintendent of Com- mon Schools $1500, the Atlorne)'-General $1000, and the Surveyor-General $800. Chan- cellor Walworth, at Albany, received $2000 ; the Hon. Samuel Jones, Chief-Justice of the Superior Court in New York Citv', $2500. And the necessary expenses at the three lead- ing Colleges of America were rated thus : At Harvard, $176 for the College year of forty-two weeks; at Yale College, ^140 to $190 (and the parents were warned not to give their sons too much pocket-mone)-) ; at Union (easily third seventy years ago, under Presitlent VA\- phalet Nott), the necessary expenses, includiiig tuition, board in the hall, fuel, light and wash- ing, amounted to the modest total of $1 12.50. The riches of the richer New Yorkers of that time came from transmarine mercantile pursuits almost entirely, together with grow- 48 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS ing- importance of real estate palpably prede- termined parti)- by the tremendous growth of population and by the peculiar conformation of Manhattan Island. Dealing in corporate stock was not even in its infancy ! The an- thracite treasures even of northeastern Penn- sylvania were not yet available for New York; her citizens burned Nova Scotia coal. The foreign trade of New York in 1S30 com- prised 1 5 10 ves.sels; of these, 1366 were American bottoms ! only 92 were British ; 12 from Sweden, 8 from Bremen, 7 Spanish, 6 from Hayti, 5 French, 2 from Hamburg, 2 Brazilian, 2 Dutch, i Portuguese. The city was assessed thus in 1830 : Real property, ^87,603,850 ; personal, $37,684,938; total, $ I 25,288,5 I 8 ; not greatly exceeding the valuation of Indianapolis or Louisville at the present time ; whereas Greater New York to- day has an assessed val- uation of $3,042,65 3,- 258. Physicians there were practicing in New York some 400 ; Valen- tine Mott and David Hosack probably stand- ing at the head of this profession in 1830. Lawyers there were 453, many noted names: Aaron Burr, David Banks, David Dudley Field, Philip Hamilton, Daniel Lord, Charles O'Con- nor, James Tallmadge. In this community then, and at this time, the movement for a new and strictly for a new kind of institution for learning was inaugurated. The call for a meeting to discuss the establish- ment of a University in the city "on a liberal and extensive foundation " (the first meeting having been held at the rooms of the Histori- cal Society) was signed by the following nine J. M. WAINWRTGHT men : J. M, Mathews, J. M. Wainwright, J. Augustine Smith, Valentine Mott, Joseph Delafield, Myndert Vanschaick, Hugh Max- well, Isaac S. Hone, John Delafield ; dated New York, January 4, 1830. Dr. Mathews of the South Dutch Church (A. B. Union 1803) was subsequently chosen first Chan- cellor. The Rev. Dr. J. M. Wainwright, thirty- seven years of age, was a graduate of Harvard and Rector of Grace Protestant-Episcopal Church at the time. Dr. John Augustine Smith was one of the leading physicians, resid- ing at 8 Park Place, and in 1826 had become Pro- fessor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Valentine Mott was the foremost American surgeon of his time (res. 25 Park Place). John Delafield was the Cashier of the Phenix Bank (res. 30 Varick, b. 1786, A.B. Columbia 1802) : to him Washing- ton Irving dedicated "The Wife" in his Sketch-book; he died 1853. Joseph Delafield (b. New York 1790, d. 1875, Yale A.B. 1808, Major in the War of 18 1 2) was a noted min- eralogist ; he established a very profitable limekiln on his estate " Field- st on," near Yonkers, in this very year 1830; he was President of the Lyceum of Natural History at this time. Myndert Vanschaick (this is the spelling in Longworth's Directory for 1830) is given as "merchant, 61 Wall, house 335 Broadway." Isaac S. Hone (a relative of ex-Mayor Philip Hone) probably was partner of the foregoing : given in Longworth as " mer- chant, 61 Wall, house 66 Greenwich." The Hon. Hugh Maxwell was District Attorney of New York (office 7 Pine, house 94 Hous- HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 49 CONSIDERATIONS TflE EXPEDIENCY AND THE MEANS OF UTISUHIITO A UNIVERSITY THE CITY OP NEW-YORK. ton, born Paisley, Scotland, 1787, d. New York 1873, A.B. Columbia 1808, elected President of the St. Andrew's Society) ; his fine library was a noted one. These nine founders then comprised two clergymen, one banker, two merchants, one lawyer, one gentleman of leisure devoted to science, and two physicians. As to their earlier training, they rep- resented Colum- bia, Harvard, Yale and Union colleges. As the move- ment promptly expanded, the founders' ideas, aspirations and hopes were ex- pressed in a pam- phlet a copy of which is still pre- served in the New York Historical Society's library, a pamphlet bear- ing the following title : " Considera- tions upon the ex- pediency and the means of estab- lishing a Univer- sity in the City of New -York. Ad- dressed to the citi- zens. New- York: Grattan, Printer, 22, Wall-Street. 1830." This pamphlet in lieu of preface pre- sents the following preliminary statement : " The establishment of a University in this city on a liberal and extensive foundation has for some time past occupied the attention of many of our respectable citizens. At a meet- ing held for considering the subject, General Morgan Lewis was called to the chair, and Hugh Maxwell, Esq., was appointed Secretary. ADDRESSED TO TlIE CITIZKVS. The object of the meeting having been stated, a communication was read upon the Expedi- ency and the Means of Establishing a Uni- versity. Whereupon it was unanimously re- solved. That it is highly desirable and expedient to establish in the City of New York a Uni- versity, on a liberal foundation, which shall correspond zv i t h t;>'»*i the spirit and 2vants of our conn- try, ivhich shall be conuncnsuratc with our great and grozuing pop- ulation and ivhich shall cnlaige the opportunities of education for such of our youth as shall be found qualified and in- clined to improve them. And it was further re- solved. That the communication read this evening be printed and distributed as ex- hibiting the views of the meeting and as prepara- tory to a more general call of the citizens of New York. Morgan Lewis, Chairman ; Hugh Maxwell, Secretary; New York, January 6, 1830." The words emphasized above are italicized by us, because they embody much of the chief matter uppermost in the consciousness of the founders. The communication itself brought forward these current ideas of the day : That the extant Colleges were the places of educa- tion of a privileged class ; that tliere was not the slightest hostihty (p. 7) towards Columljia NBW-irOBKl ORATTAS, tEIKTEB, K, WAl,lr!. 531 sq) to get the use of buildings belonging to the city for a few years, in which case tuition might have been lower : the desire was to purchase a site contiguous to the mass of the population, but it was unex- pectedly difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity 62 UNirERSiriES .-IND THEIR SONS of ground, otherwise buildings would alread}' have been in prdgress. Albert Gallatin how- ever did not e\'en await the beginning of instruction before he resigned. His biogra- pher, Ste\'ens, intimates that he was displeased with the influence and leadership of clergymen in the new scheme. Besides, we may add, his earnest desire of putting classics into a merely subsidiary or ojDtional place had failed. Morgan Lewis became President, and James Tallmadge Vice-President, of the Council. William Bedlow Crosb)' also had entered the same. The actual inauguration of Chancellor and instruc- tors t CI (J k place on Sep- tember 26, 1832, in the lecture room of Clinton Hall. These exercises passed off more quietly perhaps than would other- wise have been the case, on account of the dread \isi- tation of the cholera in the summer of 1832. In the City of New York alone five thousand fi\e hundred and fifty-seven persons had died fmm the first of July 1832 to the latter part of September. The country was in gloom : at Hamilt'.in College the public Commencement was omitted on this account : Saratoga .Springs had been almost deserted by the \'Mtaries of pleasure. Of these exercises of September 26, 1 8^2, we have accounts by the Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, September 27, and by the New York Commercial Advertiser of the same date. General James Tallmadge presided. The "Ifall was easily thronged to over-flowing with an audience of the first respectability." CLINTON HALL The exercises were commenced with prayer by the Rev. Dr. Milnor of St. George's Church, who in his prayer invoked the divine bless- ing upon the city (the columns of the daily papers were constantly filled with the acting of P'anny Kemble at the Park Theatre), still laboring under the visitation of the cholera. Dr. Milnor also stated that the University would be prejjared to furnish those who did not wish to pursue a full Academic course with the means of receiving instruction in such branches of Science and Literature as they desired to cultivate. The subscription list was rather commenced than com- pleted; the efforts of the council had been much in- terrupted by the late epi- demic. The Bible with its incomparable literature and the study of its antiquities were to be introduced as a classic ; and by furnishing the evidences of its truth to the students the Uni\'ersity would present a barrier against the progress nf infidelity. The Faculty with the exception of one or two gentlemen were present and were inducted by Dr. Milnor. The new Chancellor's inaugural address reveals the sanguine disposition which seems to have been a part of his character. After insisting upon the essentially Christian char- acter of the new institution of learning, he turned to the classics and the moral questions involved in their use; but to reject them on this ground was like rejecting the orders of ancient architecture in any building because the finest specimens in which they are exhib- HIST0R2" OF NEIV YORK UNirEKSITT 63 ited were once temples for pagan worship. He even noted the possibiHty of studying the "dead languages" in their historical sequence ; Hebrew, Greek, Latin. The importance which would be attached to the study of Mathematics and Physical Science in the Uni- versity " in an age so eminently practical and utilitarian," was briefly noted. The Chancellor finally addressed the Pro- fessors by way of greeting, and stated, that "the number of intelligent youths who yesterday pre- sented themselves for examination af- forded a flattering pledge for the fu- ture prospects of the Seminary. We learn that the num- ber is greater than might rationally have been or was expected. " As a matter of fact the figures in Williams's Annual Register for '33, '34. '35 are sur- prisingly large, soon exceeding 200; if it is said that the ma- jority were not can- ,. , . , TAMES M didates tor a degree, but studied some modern language, or Engi- neering, or Painting, then it must not be forgotten that for this very class was the new institution called into life. Hone's Diary shows how evenly the pursuits of the leaders of New York Society then were allotted to gain, to politics, and to social pleasures, and unconsciously the concluding flourish of the editorial writer to whom we owe this account ends with an anticipation of that future time "when the new University shall have become a great and flourishing emporium of learning and science, renowned . at home and abroad." Williams's Annual Register for '33, review- ing the data of the closing year '32, contains this statement (p. 202) : "A site for the Uni- versity on the eastern side of Washington Square (Dr. Ma- thews paid $40,000 for it). The erec- tion of the buildings is to be commenced during the present spring ('33). The. style of the archi- tecture will be Gothic. The num- ber of students now in the University (i.e., at Clinton Hall) is one hundred and fifty -seven." The catalogues from 1832-1835, if any were printed, are un- fortunately lost. In that age, when there were no training schools of profes- sional scholars, clergymen by taste and a\i>catii:)n were n a t u r a 1 1 }' most nearly fitted for the work of higher in- struct inn. And so we find in the first P'aculty the Rev. Edward B. R(jbinson. That eminent scholar was then thirty-eight years old and destined to become the foremost scriptural antiquarian of America. He had recently returned from European studies, and then spent a few years at Andover. His stay at the University did not extend beyond a year ; the Uninn Theological Seminary soon gained his services. Rev. Henry P. Tappan, A.M., was appointed Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy MATHEWS 64 UNIFERSITIES JND THEIR SONS and Belles-Lettres. An A.B. Union 1825, he was now twenty-seven years old, havini^ studied Theology at Auburn 1 825-27, and haxing minis- tered to churches at Schenectady and Tittsfield, and later had visited the West Indies fi.ir his heahh. John Torrey, M.D., born 1796, now thirty- six years of age, had never taken pleasure in the practice of medicine, but had taught Chem- istry, Mineralogy and Geology at West Point for a few years, to 1827. He became Profes- sor of Chemistry and Botany in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (in Barclay Street), which position he main- tained even while teach- ing at New York Uni- versity. Mis prominence in Botany in the course of time was destined to secure for him a national reputation. His fitness for this ]5ost had been probably fully recog- nized by Edward Dela- field, M. D., and by Joseph Delafield, as well as by Ur. Valentine Mott, who with Edward Delafield was asscjciated with Dr. Torrey in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Rev. John Mulligan, a native of Ireland, undertook the work in Latin and Greek. We shall hear of him a little further on from an alumnus who attended the inauguration. Major D. B. Douglas, A.M., is given as Professor of Natural Philosophy, Architecture and Civil Engineering. He had been active in the construction of the Morris Canal in New Jersey ; he was an important counselor in the designing of the University Building on Washington Square, and he laid out the general plan of Greenwood, where later he was buried. HENRY VETHAKE Henry Vethake, A.M., Professor of Mathe- matics and Astronomy, was born in British Guiana 1792, and was an A.B. Columbia 1808 at si.xteen. In 1813, at twenty-one, he became Tutor in Mathematics, which post he soon ex- changed for that of Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Queens College (Rutgers). He taught later at Princeton, 18 1 7-2 I, then at Dickinson, 1822-29. Evi- dently a somewhat restless man, his communi- cation to the Academic Convention of 1830 revealed him as something of a radical reformer, in many ways in close accord with Gallatin's views. George Bush was born at Norwich, Vermont, 1796, A. B. Dartmouth 18 18, then studied at Princeton Seminary, and ministered to a church in Indiana. " His elec- tion (Griswold, Prose Writers of America, p. 354) to the Professor- ship of Hebrew and Oriental Literature in the University of the City of New York in 1831 may ha\e had some influence on the direction of his studies, and is the one in which he was fitted to accjuire the greatest influence and reputation." Pro- fessor Bush in 1830 had published through Harpers a well-written v(.)lume on Mohammed. His decision to illustrate the theme from scrip- tural prophecy reveals perhaps the earliest illus- tration of that strain of visionary hermeneutics which in Frelinghuysen's administration ulti- mately carried the author into the Swedenbor- gian denomination. The activity of S. F. B. Morse in the field of art was simply continued in the precise locality where it had been established for some years, Clinton Hall. But neither he, nor Rev. HISTORl^ OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 6S William Ernenpeutsch for German, De Nevares for Spanish, Da Ponte for Italian, nor Parmen- tier for French, nor Major Douglass, the father of the Engineering School of New York University, were included in the governing- Faculty ; they were merely authorized to teach such classes as offered themselves, and collect the fees gatherable therefrom. This at the time was substantially the practice at Harvard and Yale, where those studies were optional, and a special fee was demanded of the student. George Ticknor of Harvard, I believe, was the first college professor in any department of modern languages at this time whose chair was endowed (the Smith foundation). Henry Bostwick, A. M., was Instructor in History, Geography and Chronology. A project of having popular lectures given on History, by Vethake ; on Moral Philosophy by the Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Cox, the father of Bishop Cleveland Coxe ; on the History of Commerce, Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts by Dr. Francis Lieber ; on Physical Astronomy by Major Douglass, and on Chemistry by Dr. John Torrey, was perhaps suggested by the special advantages of Clinton Hall, or also by the fact that James Tallmadge was President of the American Institute, which transacted its affairs in Clinton Hall. Dr. Cox actually did deliver lectures to the Young Men's Society. The cornerstone of the University Building on Washington Square was laid on July i6, 1833. An article in the New York Mirror of August 31, 1833, emphasizes the fact that the site was "so far to the suburbs" : thus an impetus would be given by Letters to a corre- sponding northward movement of Commerce, and Law as well. The New York Gazette of July 16, 1833, has a notice and invitation to attend the laying of the cornerstone, signed by "A. M'Lay," i.e. by Dr. Archibald Maclay, Secretary of the Council. The Courier of July 17, 1833, has a full description. The procession was formed of the officers, profes- sors and students of the University, the Pres- ident and professors of Columbia College, the clergy, the Mayor, Recorder and other city authorities. They assembled at the center of the scjuare and marched to the site. After an invocation and address by the Rev. Dr. James Milnor of St. George's, Chancellor Mathews spoke of the peculiar objects con- templated in the plan of instruction which had been adopted, namely to render education auxiliary to the practical purposes of life, with- out falling below the standard of scholarship maintained by the other institutions of the country. He then proceeded to perform the ceremony of depositing the cornerstone (in which were enclosed copies of the Scriptures, the charter and statutes of the University and several other publications relating to the institution and to the events of the day), and dedicated the structure "in the name of the Most High God, The P^ather, The Son and The Holy Ghost, to tlic cause of Freedom — of Freedom civil, intellectual and religious ; and to that high cause for which our fathers were first exiles and then warriors. May this institution furnish able and devoted sons who will appreciate and maintain the privileges transmitted to them as their heritage and their birthright. — We dedicate it : To the catise of Letters — of Scicnee and of Education : the brightest earthly ornaments of a nation free and happy as ours, and without which freedom itself soon degenerates into coarse licentiousness and results in anarchy and every evil work. We dedicate it : To the cause of Religion, for without this the tree of Knowledge is severed from the tree of Life ; but with it. Freedom and Knowledge alike become sanctified into blessings that endure forever. And firmly and permanently as we now have laid this cornerstone in its place, would we also lay this Institution deep in the affection and confidence of this community, and commit it confidently to the care and patronage of Him who sees the end from the beginning, and in whom we trust that after our names and memorials shall have passed away, this University will remain a pillar of light and 66 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS glory to our city and our Nation. Esto Perpctiia." The ceremony " closed with a prayer and benediction by the Rev. Mr. Cone." In the New \\)rk Mirror of September 13, 1834, there is an engraving by Adams made after a drawing by Alexander J. Davis, and an appreciative article (both engraving and part of letterpress are copied verbatim by Williams's Register for 1835). This page of the Mirror is now preserved in the Museum of University Heights through the thoughtfulness of one of the University's most generous bene- factors, William F. Havemeyer, Escp In that article we read of the edifice intended for the University of the city of New York as " nearly completed." As a matter of fact the work of erecting this fine College building — the finest of that era — did not proceed with uninterrupted smoothness. In the administration of Cornelius W. Law- rence, the first Mayor chosen by direct election of the people, riots marked the first year of fuller municipal autonomy. One of these was "the Stone-cutter's Riot." One of the local historians, William L. Stone, on p. 466 of his History of New York City, 1872, makes this relation of the matter : "While the University was building, the contractors for economy's sake chose to purchase the marble at Sing- Sing, and employ the State prisoners to cut and hew it before bringing it to the city. No sooner was this known than it raised the ire of the stonecutters' guild in the city to fever heat. Believing themselves aggrieved, they held meetings, paraded the city with incendiary placards and even went so far as to attack the houses of several worthy citizens. The Twenty-seventh Regiment (later the Seventh) was called out by the Mayor, Cornelius W. Lawrence. . . . The feeling however was so intense that it was thought best not to disband the troops entirely, and accordingly a p(jrtion of the regiment lay under arms in Washington Parade ground for four days and nights."' ^ N(jTE; The historian of this narrative although effici- ently aided by eminent local antiquarians like William Kelby In Williams's Annual Register for 1836 we read : " It [the University] is built of marble from Sing Sing," etc. This identification of an institution of learning with the building, as if thus the institution could be entirely seized, comprehended, appreciated and measured by the physical eye, was current in our land, and may still be observed in those parts of it whose civilization is of a more recent date. Clearly this stately and beautiful pile gained consider- ation for the University at the hands of those who, like the editors of the New York Mirror, had bestowed nothin"' but a brief and sneering" notice on that excellent achievement of the founders, the Academic Convention of October 1830. The Mirror, edited by G. P. Morris, N. P. Willis and Theo. Fay, and representing the best cultivation and ta,ste of that era, was evidently captivated by the noble structure and bestowed its good will on the institution itself. On p. 287, March 7, 1835, the Mirror discourses on "the progress, condition and prospects of this great institution: " — "never was a measure better qualified to give to educa- tion a great impulse toward the perfection of utility" : — it was our first efftirt to "combine facilities of instruction in everything that it becomes a man to know, whatever may be his destined pursuit in life." — After reciting the classes already formed, the article goes on to make this very remarkable statement: '■'■ aiui tlic income from tuition lias paid the salaries of all the professors engaged in these various branches of learning!' A pious wish, clearly, but we cannot say at this distance of time to whom this — economic ideal — may be traced. The building itself, so much in proportion beyond the resources of the young College, without doubt proved a severe drain on the founders, who were resolved in this mode to gain more directly the established position they coveted for the young College by presenting at once something palpable, splendid and appeal- of the New York Historical Society, has not as yet suc- ceeded in his efforts to verify these data from the daily press of the time. The author of the Memorial History of New York in his letterpress gives August '34, and in his chronological index August '35. HISTORY OF NEW TORK UNIFERSITT 67 ing to civic pride. The fact remains that the Treasurer's office, being largely managed by the Chancellor, must have afforded little satis- faction to the holder. The first Treasurer, in 1 83 1, was Samuel Ward, Jr.; in 1S32, Fred- erick A. Tracy; in 1834, Waldron B. Post; in 1835, Obadiah Holmes. The Mirror (March 7, 1835) goes on to say : "The superb build- ing, now in progress of erection near Waverley Place (Washington Square evidently was yet its parts was not yet completed, even at the conclusion of 1836. It was on Saturday the twentieth day of May 1837 only, that the build- ing was at last dedicated, " to the Purpose of Science, Literature and Religion," with an address by the President of the Council, the Hon. James Tallmadge. At that time (Mirror June 10, 1837), entering through the great central western portal and ascending t(_) the lower corridor runnintr the whole lensth of the FIRST UNIVERSITY BUILDINO, WASHINGTON SQUARE raw and new) will be finished, it is hoped, in the course of the year, and efforts are already making to pr(Kure apparatus of every descrip- tion that may be necessary in the several pro- fessorships of natural and mechanical science, and a library. P'or these jiurposes as well as for the completion of the building, /'/;/^^- are yet wanting, to obtain which an appeal is made to the judicious liberality of the citizens." Instruction indeed began at Wa.shington Square in 1835, but the building in many of building north and south, the first room upon the right was that of the janitor. Then fol- lowed the Department of Chemistry (Professor Beck), to which three rooms \\'ere devoted ; opposite these was the Department of Professor Mason, viz. of Belles- Lettres and Evidences of Revealed Religion ; "north of this are the apartments cif the Eueleian and J^I/ilonia tlican," which rooms were "fitted up in a style of taste and elegance highly creditable to the young gentlemen members." The 68 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS remaining rnnms of this basement story were then occupied by preparatory schools, " hut will probably soon be devoted to the departments of Lazu and Afedicinc." (Italics are ours.) Ascending the broad staircase ..." on the right and left are the rooms of the Professors of Modern Languages. The next apartments to these on each side are those of the Latin and the Greek Professors, Rev. G. Proudfit and Dr. R. Patton ; these rooms together with those of the Chancellor, Doctor J. M. Mathews, and the Professor of Intellectual Philosophy, Rev. H. P. Tappan, which are at the northern and southern extremities of the main part, and of noble dimensions, enjoy a delightful prospect upon Washington Square. Opposite the main staircase, upon the same corridor, is the small chapel capable of containing about four hundred persons and employed at present for daily prayers. A row of clustered oaken columns supports the centre of this apartment. The northern and southern apartments on this side of the corridor are of ample and beautiful proportions, and devoted, the one to Mathematicks, the other to Natural Philosophy and Astronomy ; the first containing a beautiful collection of mathematical models and instruments, the last a magnificent philosophical apparatus. These departments are under the care of two gentlemen. Professors Hackley and Norton, educated at West Point, and employed for some years as instructors in the Military Academy, whence they have introduced the system of the Polytechnick School of Paris into the University. "Ascending by two heavy staircases, we come on the north to the apartment of the Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Doctor L. D. Gale, containing a valuable cabinet in beautiful Gothick glass cases, and a large number of illustrative drawings, paintings and maps ; and to the ]orivate apartment of Mr. J. Davis, Architect, one of the chief objects of attraction in the building. On the south, and corresponding to these rooms, are the Library and private apartments of the Librarian. Upon the centre of this story is the floor of the great Chapel, from which it rises to the height of near Q) one hundred feet. This splendid apartment is modelled after King's College Chapel, and is in the pointed style of the Tudor age, furnishing, probably, the only specimen of a fine Gothick interior in the country. The ceiling, which is in imitation of light free-stone, is supported by highly ornamented corbels, and enriched by magnificent pendants, tracery and shields. The organ is in a richly-carved, colossal oaken case, with towers, buttresses and pinnacles. The great western window, twenty-five by fifty feet, is entirely of painted or stained glass. The large central compartment in the arch of this window is a painting of the Archangel Michael, treading Satan under his feet. The four surrounding compartments are paintings emblematick of the Seasons, and the whole is surmounted by the emblem of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove. The galleries are massive, oaken and richly carved. No one can enter this chapel without being at once arrested and filled with emotions of wonder and delight. The loftiness of the ceiling, the airy grandeur of the many-pointed arches, the beauty and brilliancy of the windows, especially the western, the sober religious light, the colours of the stained-glass thrown upon the walls and columns, combine to produce an impression in the highest degree sublime. " The rooms of the upper story adjacent to the Chapel, on the north side, are occupied by the Professor of the Literature of the Arts of Design, S. F. B. Morse, with his pupils ; those on the south by the Professor of Arabick, Syriack, Persian and Ethiopick, Doctor Isaac Nordheim " (Nordheimer). (Bush is not named in this recital.) We also learn from this article, that no less than forty scholarships had been founded by individuals of different religious denominations, and that no young man had ever been refused admission to the University for want of ability to meet the expenses of his education. P COUNCIL. Gen. JAMES TALLMADGE, President. Rev. JAMES MILNOR, D- D., Vice President. Rev. A. MACLAY, Secretary. O. HOLMES, Esq., Treasurer. MOSES ALLEN, Esq., JOHN JOHNSTON, Esq., CORNELIUS BAKER, Esq., ROBERT KELLEY, Esq., WALTER BOWNE, Esq., Rev. JAMES M.MATHEWS, D.D. WILLIAM W. CHESTER, Esq., VALENTINE MOTT, M. D., E. D. COMSTOCK, Rsq., Rev. ABSALOM PETERS, D. D., Rev. SPENCER H. CONE, W. B. POST, Esq., J. S. CRARY, Rsq., CHARLES STARR, Esq., W. B. CROSBY, Rsq., FREDERICK A. TRACY, Esq., EDWARD DELAFIELD, M. D., S. VAN RENSSELAER, Rsq., G. P. DISOSWAY, Rsq., MYNDERT VAN SCHAICK,Esq. J. LORIMER GRAHAM, Esq., STEPHEN WHITNEY, Esq., GEORGE GRISWOLD, Esq., B. L. WOOLLEY, Esq., J. PRESCOTT HALL, Rsq., WILLIAM W. WOOLSEY, Esq. Hon. CORNELIUS W. LAWRENCE, Mayor, (ex officio.) J. V. GREENFIELD, Rsq., F. A. TALLMADGE, Esq., I f ,, „ ^.. ^^ ..„ G. W. BRUEN, Esq., K^'oai ^^^ City Corporation. H. ERBEN, Rsq., CHANCELLOR AND PROFESSORS. Rev. JAMES M. MATHEWS, D. D., Chancellor. DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Professor of Civil Engijieering and Archi- tecture. S. F. B. MORSE, Profes.sor of the Literature of the Arts of. Design. Rev. HENRY P. TAPPAN, Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philo- sophy and Belle.s-Lettres. ROBERT B. PATTON, Professor of Greek Language and Literature. Rev. JOHN PROUDFIT, Professor of Latin Language and Literature. CHARLES L. PARMENTIER, Professor of French Language and Literature. LORENZO L. DA PONTE, Professor of Italian Language and Literature. MIGUEL CABRERA DE NEVARES, Professor of Spanish Language and Literature. CHARLES RABADAN, Associate Professor of do. ISAAC NORDHEIMER, Acting Professor of German Language and Rev. GEORGE BUSH, Professor of Hebrew. CHARLES W. HACKLEY, Professor of Mathematics. WILLIAM A. NORTON, Acting Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. LEWIS C. BECK, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Botany. Hon. B. F. BUTLER, Professor of Law, and Principal of the Law Faculty.* L. D. GALE, M. D., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. ISAAC NORDHEIMER, Professor of Arabic, Syriac, Persian, and Ethiopic. Rev. CYRUS MASON, Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion. * The other Professors in the Law Faculty will be appointed within a few weeks; and the course of legal instruction will be commenced simultaneously by Mr. Butler and the other Professors early in May, 1837. COUNCIL AND FACULTY, 1836 JO UNIJ^ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS The address of tliis functiim, we liave said, was deli\'ered by James Tallmadge, then fifty- nine years of age, Lieutenant-Governor of the State in 1825-1 826, and recently returned from a visit to Europe, particularly to Russia (1836). His address has been preser\'ed in print. It reveals the characteristic noteof utilitarianism, pitched in a very high key and gloritying " un- taught genius." We are told how many more patents were issued in the United States than in England ; education is conceived entirely from its c-coiiotnic aspi-it : the achievements of Eli Whitney, of Fulton, of Stevens, I^erkins and Eckford are justly extolled. But there is no adequate conception of the relation of education to the de\'elopment of personal or national character and taste. Latin and Greek are called pursuits that will be of no essential service to the student. This is the ever-recur- ring view of that generation. That certain liberal studies are more than others efficient to develop and mature the essential powers of mind and character, was a conception beyond the intellectual hoi'izon of those times. This same date of 1837, however, carries with it associations of national distress, of a storm, the floods of which did not fail to severely try the young craft of the University of the City of New York. E\'en before, in the latter part of 1833, had occurred the with- drawal of Vethake, Mulligan and Torrey. They charged the Chancellor ■' with "evils arising from the undue exercise by the Chancellor of those functions that belong to the province of the Faculty collectively, or of the Professors indi- vidually." The eminence of John Torrey in his further career, the honorable distinction of Vethake, who in time attained to the Provost- ship of the University of Pennsylvania, are a fair element of proof that there was cause for complaint. Chancellor Mathews evidently was decidedly lacking in firmness in dealing with students. Conscious of his centripetal position, if I may so designate it, in the new enterprise, 1 "An e.xposition of The Reasons fov tlie resignation of some of the professors in the University of the Cilyof New York." Printed by James Van Norden, fS^^. he entertained with lively apprehension the prospect of offending anyone, whether young or old, whose goodwill could be advantageous to the nascent College. Gale, Norton and Hackley had come into the Faculty before, as had Proudfit, the latter I believe through Union College connection. Cleveland took Mulligan's place. Charles W. Hackley (b. 1808, at Herkimer, New York, graduated from West Point in 1829) was Assistant in Mathematics at the Military Academy. During his coiniection with New York University he published several catechisms: of Trigonometry in 1834, and in the same year a "Catechism and Notes upon the Algebras of Bourdon and Lacroix." He took orders in the Protestant-lipiscopal Church in 1835, during his academic tenure in New York University. His more noteworthy mathematical books were issued after he joined the Faculty of Columbia College, in 1843. Professor Gale in 1837 pub- lished a textbook which admirably illustrates the practical versatility necessary for a College teacher at that time : " Elements of Natural Philosophy, embracing the general principles of mechanics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, pneu- matics, acoustics, optics, electricity, galvanism, magnetism and — astronomy." Of students' utterances of the earlier thirties little or nothing has been preserved in the way of characterization from the students' point of view. Fortunately George A. Macdonald (B. S. '91 N. Y. U.) has preserved in the Uni- versity Magazine (1892, Nov., p. 384)' the following sketch, written by Rev. Dr. John G. Hall of the Class of 1836: "They (the pro- fessors) were all in the mature and ripe years of life and all of impressive form and bearing ; two of them, at least, of quite unusual mag- nitude and stature, viz.. Chancellor Mathews and Rev. John Mulligan. Commanding in personal appearance much beyond the ordi- nary run of men, unusually afifluent in social intercourse, with a graceful dignity of de- meanor toward all, equals and inferiors alike, and eminent in general esteem. Chancellor Mathews was manifestly regarded by those who UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW- YORK. The Annual Course of Instruction In the Institution, will commence on Monday, the 3(1 of October, under the direction of the following Professors. Rev. JAMES M. MATHEWS, D. D., Chancellor. DAVID B. DOUGLASS, Professor of Civil Enpncering and Architecture. S. F. B, MORSE, Professor of tlic Literature of the Arte of Di^sio-n. Rev. henry P. TAPPAN, Professor of Intellectual and MorarPhilosophy ami BcUes-Lcttrcs. ROBERT B. PATTON, ProfeBsor of Greek Language and Literature. Rev. JOHN PROUDFIT, Professor of Latin Language and Literature. CHARLES L. PARMENTIER, Professor of French Language and Literature. LORENZO L. D.\ PONTE, Professor of Italian Languacre and Literature. MIGUEL CABRERA DE NEVARES, Professor of SpaSish Language and Literature. CHARLES RABADAN, Associate Professor of do. ISAAC NORDHEIMER, Acting Professor of German Language and Literature. Rev. GEORGE BUSH, Professor of Hebrew, and Oriental Languages and Literature. CHARLES VV. HACKLEY, Professor of Mathematics. WILLIAM A. NORTON, Acting Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. LEWIS C. BECK, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Botany. Hon. B. F. BUTLER, Professor of Law, and Principal of the Law Faculty.* L. D. GALE, M. D., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. ISAAC NORDHEIMER, Professor of Arabic, Syriac, Persian, and Ethiopic. Rev. CYRUS ALA.SON, Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion. • The other Professors in the Law Faculty will be appointed within a few weeks ; and the course of legal irislruction will be fiom- menced simultaneously by Mr. Butler and the other Professors early in May, 1837. Schedule op the Recitations, ajsv othek Exercises, during the Week. — (Prayers in the Chapel at half past nine o'clock a. m.) HOURS. MONDAY. TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY. THURSDAY. FRIDAY. SAT. From 10 to 1 1 A.M. Latin. RcUea-lettres. Natural Pbilosophy. Architecture and Civil Engineering- * Geology and Miner- alogy. Latin. Bellea-lctrrea. Natural Philosophy. Greek. Arrhitecture and Civil Engineerine:. Geology &.Minera]ogy Latin. Belles- lettr^s. Natural Philosophy. Chemistry. Architecture and Civil Kngineerin^. Geology ife Mineralogy Latin. Belles-lettres. Natural Philosophy. Chemistry. Architecture and Civil Engineering. Otology iV. Mineralogy Latin. Belles-lettres. Natural Philosophy. Chemistry. Ariihitectiire and Civil Engineering. Geology & Mineralogy 1 B ©■ „. S i o CD From ] I to 12 A. M. ^lathematics. Latin. Greek. Psychology and Moral Philosophy- Mathematics. Greek. Latin. Pavchology and Moral Philosophy, Mathematics. Greek. Latin. Psychology and Moral Philosopny. Mathematics. Greek. Latin. Psychology and Moral Philosi'phy. Mnlhcmatics. Greek. Latin. Psychology and Mora! Philosophy. From 12 lo 1 p. m. Greek. Mathematics. Loeic. Philosoph Y of Rhetoric and Criticism. Natural Philusophy. Greek. Mathematics. Logic. Philosophy of Rhetoric and Criiiciem. Chemistry. Greek. Mathematics. Logic. Philosophy of Rhetoric and Criticism. Natural Philosophy. Greek. Mathematics. Logic- Philosophy of Rhetoric and Criticism. Chemistry. Greek. Mothcinotics. Logic. Philosophy of Rhetoric and Criticism. Latin. From 1 to 2 p. m. Evidences of Revealed Reheion. Hebrew. New Testament as a Classic. Elementary Drawing. Belles-lettres. Chaldaic and Syriac. Evidences of Revealed Religion. Hebrew. Elementary Drawing. Bclles-lettrea. Chaldaic and Syriac Evidences of Revealed Religion. Hebrew. Elementary^ Drawing. From 2 to 3 p. M. Rabinical Hebrew. Rabinical Hebrew. From 4 to 5 p. m. Arabic. Hebrew. Hebrew. Hebrew. Arabic. From 7 to 6 p. m. Persian. Sanscrit Persian. Sanscrit. * The class in Geology will commence in April. NoTB.— There are also classes in French, Spanish, Italian and German, taught at auch hours as will be found most convenient to the studenu and professors. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION, 1 836 72 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS originated and guaranteed the new enterprise, as peculiarly fitted for the prominent and important station to which he was called. Also allied by marriage to one of the opulent families (the Hones) of the city, and standing among the foremost clergy of that day, his influence was wide and effectual among those citizens who possessed the pecuniary ability to set the nascent College well on its feet. Professor Mulligan was a native of the North of Ireland, where he was educated in some of their best schools and whence he emi- grated to this country a s early as 1825. After retiring from the University, Professor Mulligan resumed for awhile his old associ- ation as a teacher in this city, and here, after a few years, he died. He was a perfect master of Latin and Greek, and taught them with great facility and success." "Professors Torrey and Vethake were also men of mark in their several professions and well worthy of their high reputation. But perhaps the most en- gaging and attractive one to most spectators of the inauguration was the Rev. Henry P. Tappan, D.D., chosen as the Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy. He wns a handsome man. In mind and manners a thorough gentleman, he was ever a special favorite with all. . . . After his disconnec- tion from the University he had a fash- ionable private school for young ladies on Bleecker street, and subsequently became the Chancellor of the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. ... He indulged to some extent in public authorship, at one time ven- HENRY p. TAPPAN turing to cross swords with Jonathan Edwards on the great topic of the ' will.' Professor John Torrey possessed unusual eminence for that day as a chemist. Mild in manners and courteous always to his pupils, he enjoyed in return their perfect confidence and high esteem. He was a permanent resident of the city, handsomely domiciled in it, a communi- cant of what was then known as the Carmine Street Presbyterian Church, and for a succes- sion of years was Superintendent of the Sab- bath School there- of Professor Vethake it is safe to say that his mathematical abili- ties were quite phe- nomenal. With a mind luminous with the transmitted genius of the Alexandrian sage, any dulness or stupid- ity of the students went hard with him. Neither could he brook anything like pert be- haviour in the class- room, or approximate insolence, as we all saw exemplified on one oc- casion, in his helping a student to disappear hurriedly through the door, from which scarcely any one of us P'rom this alumnus of '36 we also learn that there was an interme- diate station between Clint(3n Hall and Wash- ington Square, viz. a vacated public-school building on Chambers Street a few doors from Chatham. But we must strive to bring this chapter to a close. Friends of education in New York city and state in the early fall of 1838 were astounded by the summary removal of the entire undergraduate Faculty with the excep- tion of the Rev. Dr. Cyrus Mason — not counting those who were not directly salaried did much dissent. HISrORT OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 73 but merely gathered the fees of their particular classes, i.e. in Modern Languages, Engineer- ing, the Arts of Design, Hebrew. These were the seven Professors who had made their further stay in the service of the institution dependent upon the retirement — must we say upon the removal .? — of Chancellor Mathews. We do not desire in this place to fight over again the bitter controversy between the Seven and the Chancellor's supporters in the Council. The management of the finances in the institution, managed as it was from hand to mouth, would have been a very severe task in normal and prosperous times : it became desperate and disastrous when credit became bad and the financial crisis of 1837 began to cast its black shadows ahead. The Council finally determined upon measures of retrench- ment. The withdrawing Professors intimated that these measures would not (sic) have been necessary, if a change in the Chancellorship had been effected before. This period of acute unrest and trouble really extended from February 1837 to Sep- tember 29, 1838, when, by a slender majority (ig out of 37) a resolution was adopted declar- ing vacant the places of Professors Tappan, Robert B. Patton (Greek), John Proudfit (Latin), Lewis C. Beck (Chemistry), Charles W. Hackley (Mathematics), Wm. A. Norton (Acting Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy) and L. D. Gale (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy). The publications on both sides did the University grievous harm, the one side going to extremes in the imputation of wrong-doing, the other in their haughty tone, in which a lofty patronizing air sought in a very unsuccessful manner to act as a surro- gate of dispassionate argument. — Under a Gallatin perhaps the finances would have been differently managed ; we may confidently say they would have been. With the subscription list principle the financial crisis of 1837 with its precursory calamities and its consequences in 1838 would even in that case have dealt a series of sharp and stunning blows to the young College. Incidentally we learn that the actual cost of the University Building as reported by the Finance Committee, including interest upon money borrowed, was $200,000 (inclusive of ground, we believe) ; that apparatus was re- ported by the same to have cost $5836; and — that the debt in May 1838 was $170,583. We also learn, incidentally, that Dr. Nord- heimer, whose students were not of the regular undergraduate classes, was at this time so noted an Orientalist as to count among his private pupils Professors Anthon, Whittingham and Turner ; also, that students of the Epis- copal Theological Seminary attended Dr. Nordheimer in Hebrew. The seven Profess- ors thus were removed after their keys had been demanded from them through two mem- bers of the Council. In this contention the Council lost men like Rev. Dr. Milnor, Wm. Bedlow Crosby, Edward Delafield, Robert Kelly, Samuel Hanson Cox (father of A. Cleveland Coxe) and others. And it must not remain altogether unsaid, even by the historian writing in the dispassionate third generation after the events, that Chancel- lor Mathews often erred in taking for granted financially what was merely possible, and reck- oning as assets verbal promises hastily given or not always fully understood on both sides. In the following spring, 1839, Chancellor Mathews having meanwhile (February 1 1, 1839) resigned his office, the Regents, having been re- quested to do so by a resolution of the Senate at Albany (prompted by a memorial of the Seven), of date April 23, 1839, appointed as a com- mittee to investigate the University, James King, John A. Dix and Gerritt Y. Lansing ; the first named being at that time Chancellor of the University of the State of New York. And they (see their Report to the Senate, January II, 1840) found "that (p. 8) there was no evidence presented to them, showing that any portion of the funds of the University had ever been fraudulently applied by any officer of the institution, or anyone else entrusted with the custody thereof, to private uses or unauthorized purposes." 74 UNII'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS But the committee also said (p. S) : " It is truly remarkable that from the date of the charter to the period when the testimony was taken by the committee, there were no regular books of account with the treasury of the University kept by anyone connected with the institutidu" ; — and the committee refers (p. 9) to the Continual negligence " of the Council to appoint a qualified bookkeeper." The personal honesty of Chancellor Mathews was found to be without a flaw (p. 12) ; nay it was found that on the 15th of March 1839 " there was a balance reported due to the late Chancellor, from the University, by the audit- ing committee, of ;^ 13,421." From this dcjcu- ment as well as from others we learn not only that rents were collected from certain parts of the University Building from the very begin- ning, but that this form egislature (Minutes of Council, January 28, 1S31) the following noteworthy para- graphs occur: "To those conversant with the existing state of our Common Schools, no defect is more prominent and serious than the want of capacity in the teacher. This is by no means owing to a want of competent knoT.vledge. Very many instructors, and we might probably add with justness a great majority of them, have acquirements sufificient for the instruction they are called to give. But where such is the case they have rarely a knowIeiii;e of tcactiiii!:. The art of presenting proper subjects to children, under proper arrangements, so as to enable their pupils to comprehend what is taught, and more especially to call into e.xercise the faculty of thinking, your petitioners apprehend is but little known to the great body of teachers." — " The Committee on provisional appointments" (Jan. 7, 1831) "beg leave to submit the names of the following gentlemen as persons who, in their opinion, would be suitable to deliver Lectures and e.xcite public attention in behalf of the University: Albert Gallatin, Francis Wayland, Joseph Story, Benjamin F. Butler, Daniel Webster, Samuel Miller, Thomas S. Gnmke, William Wirt, George Davis (Speaker of the Hou.se), Kli- phalet Nott, Benjamin Silliman, John Welch, Kdward Liv- ingston, J. McPherson Berrien, Robert Greenlow, Henry Bostwick." — May 24, iS3i,it was reported that of the sub- scriptions of #101,250, only ^(30,455 was actually paid in, leaving ^(70,795 outstanding. — On October 12, 1831, an offer of G. W. Bruen (for Matthias Bnien) was reported : no feet on Broadway, above Niblo's Garden, running through to Crosby street, were offered to the University for*!40,ooo: the bu.siness men of the Council were willing to take this, but trouble as to title induced lliem to aban- 76 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS don this property. — On December 6, 1S31, there were allowed for expenses incurred for and on account of the Literary Convention of October 1S30, $561.25, of which 550S.9S was for printing and paper. — Albert Gallatin's letter of resignation was dated October 22, 1S31, and is spread on the Minutes of November i, 1S31 ; To John Delafield, Sec'y. Sir: Having intimated at the last meeting of the Council of the University of the City of New York that the state of my health cUd not permit me to perform any longer the duties of President or Member of the Hoard, I beg leave hereby to re- sign my seat, and to pray that I may not be put in nomina- tion at the ne.xt election. It is with sincere regret that I feel myself compelled to take this step and to separate from the Gentlemen with whom I had the honor to be associated. I entertain a lively sense of their kmdness and partiality towards me, and I pray them to accept my best wishes for their personal welfare and for the prosperity of the impor- tant Institution entrusted to their care. I have the honor to be, Respectfully, your ob't servant Albert G.ill.^tin. On January 6 and iS and 27; on February 14 and 20, and April 7, 1S32, there was no quoruin at meetings of the Council, likewise on May i and 15. On May 16, 1832, a long and elaborate Report on a Professorship of Law' was submitted by Messrs. James Tallmadge and Prescott Hall ; this memorandum entering very fully into what seems to have been a current argu- ment of the day in opposition to Law Schools as such, viz. the incessant changing of Law. — The Minutes of June 5, 1S32 contain the following: " The Committee appointed at the last meeting to apply to the Judges of the Supreme Court in reference to a Pro- fessorship of Law in the University and certain privileges connected therewith, Reported that having laid before the Judges the views of the Council as e,xpressed in the report of the Committee on Law Professorship, the Judges were pleased to make a rule of the Supreme Court in the words following : "The Supreme Court, May 28, 1832. " In addition to the rules of January i, 1S30, regulating clerkships, it is hereby ordered that any portion of time not exceeding two years spent in a regular attendance upon the Law Lectures in the University of New York, shall be allowed in lieu of an equal portion of clerkship in the office of a practising attorney of this Court. By the Court, Wm. p. Hait.ett, Clerk." In the Minutes of same date, June 6, 1832, we read : " Could they have been furnished by the Honorable the Corporation with the use of Buildings for a few years, as was at first expected, the Institution might have gone into operation with the price of tuition at that moderate rate." On July 17, 1S32, during the Cholera Epidemic Mr. Wm. Bedlow Crosby was elected to the Council. — The meeting of the Council of July 24 was in the Cholera epidemic. The following attended : E. Lord, Jas. Milnor, Cyrus Mason, A. Maclay, C. Starr, Wm. B. Crosby, Th. Price, Sam. Ward, J. Labagh, W. W. Chester, M. Van Schaick, Wm. Van Wyck, Sam'l H. Cox, also Chancellor Mathews. On motion duly seconded it was " Xcsohrd, that whereas the prevailing epidemic renders it very doubtful whether a quorum of the Council necessary for an election of Profes- sors and other officers yet to be chosen can be assembled sufficiently soon to answer the purposes of the University, therefore Resolved that Doctors Mathews, Milnor, Maclay, Cox and Mr. Van Wyck be a special committee with power to make such provisional arrangements as may be necessary for a temporary supply of the Professorships of Languages and of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, provided that such arrangements can be made with the gentlemen already nominated for those professorships." E. G. s. FIRST ENROLLMENT OF STUDENTS, SEPTEMBER 1832 Wm. Mc Murray, Jr. Corns. Mathews Robert R. Crosby Clarkson F. Crosby Sam. A. Hammett George F. White Charles O. Baker James Henry Van Alen A. K. Post E. L. Ileyward J. W. (.'arrington, Jr. M. W. Weed J. Smith T. E. C. Doremus Henry A. Nitchie R. F. I )avison Albert Ward Samuel Pringle Daniel D. T. McLaughlin Isaac Dayton Henry Thomas, Jr. PAKENT OK GUARDIAN Rev. Dr. McMurray Abijah Mathews Wm. B, Crosby W. B. Crosby Augustus Hammett Geo. B. White EUsha Baker Jas. J. Van Alen Waldron B. Post Wm. Heyward J. W. Carrington Harvey Weed Dan'l Smith Francis Doremus Jno. Nitchie Jno. R. Davison Caleb T. Ward Thomas Pringle Edward McLaughlin Edward Dayton Henry Thomas HESIDENCE New York New York New York New York New York Brooklyn New York New York New York New York New York New York Middletown New York New York New York Staten Island New York New York New York Brooklyn N. Y. HISrORl^ OF NEfF TORK UNIVERSITT 77 NAME Samuel Kellogg Alfred Vail Jiio. B. Morton Jno. N. Coit Jao. Cragin F. A. Sterling Ransom Taylor James S. Evans Moses B. Maclay William B. Maclay W. Edward Bunce Washington Jiidah William C. Squier John G. Hall Daniel Higbie Edvv. W. Cone Benj amin Wood, Jr. Joha D. Shelton A. R. Van Nostrand Richard Goodman Fenelon Hasbrouck M. V. B. Fowler Amos B. Lambert Edward Hyde Charles Suydam Joseph Acheson Wm. A. Leonard John T. Ring G. W. Ring Wm. E. Allen Aaron K. Thompson Ferdinand S. Mumford James R. Greacen Henry S. Dodge Wm. H. Talbot S. H. Newbold James N. McEUigett Wm. H. Neilson Thos. W. B. Dawson Willm. Hall, Jr. Jeremiah S. Lord Cornelius Conkling Joseph G. Gilbert James B. Oakey Daniel H. Scully, Jr. X/)i(TT65ouXos Ei>a77eX7;s Aaron Henriques Aaron B. Belknap W. P. Wainwright George Gordon, Jr. George Griffin, Jr. Burtis C. Megie Charles S. Mills Wm. H. T. Russell R. J. Livingston George S. Wilson Jas. S. Wilson James H. Bell William R. Casey William P. Mason PARENT OR GIARUIAN Mrs. Matilda Kellogg Stephen Vail Archibald McCuUum Jno. Coit Benj. Cragin F. A. Sterling Theodore Taylor Jas. Evans Rev'd Archibald Maclay Rev. A. Maclay Nathaniel Bunce Aaron H. Judah Job Squier Wm. Hall Abm. Higbie Rev. S. H. Cone Benjamin Wood Nathan Shelton Jno. K. Goodman Doct. Stephen Hasbrouck P. V. B. Fowler Jno. Lambert Simeon Hyde Ferdinand Suydam Wm. Acheson Wm. B. Leonard Z. Ring Z. Ring M. Allen M. E. Thompson F. S. Mumford John Greacen Sam'l N. Dodge Benj'n Talbot Herman Le Roy Jane E. McEUigett Wm. Neilson Isaac Leek Wm. Hall Charles S. Lord Thomas \N . Conkling Joshua Gilbert Dan'l Dakey Daniel H. ,Scully, Senr. J. M. Mathews Joseph Henriques Aaron Belknap Eli Wainwright Geo. Gordon George Griffin Elizabeth Megie T. W. Mills C. H. Russell Maturin Livingston Amelia Ilicko.x Isaac Bell, Esqr. James K. Casty John Mason RESIDENCE New York N. Y. Morristown N. J. Elizabethtown " Brooklyn N. Y. Douglass Mass. New York N. Y. New York " New York " New York " New York New York New York Rahway N. J. New York " Jamaica New York Staten Island " Jamaica '' New York New York " New York " Shawangunk " South Reading Mass. New York N. Y. New York " New York " Matteawan " New York New York " New York " New York New York Brooklyn " New York " Brooklyn " New York " New York " New York " New York " New York " Brooklyn " Smith town, L. I. " New York " New York New York New York " New York " New Burgh " New York " Savannah " New York " New York " Hartford Conn. New York N. Y. New York " Clinton " Clinton " New York " Baltimore Md. New York N. Y. 78 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS NAME Edward C. llalliday Sidney M. Stone Stephen Bogardiis Edward M. Bedlow William Chalmers Rowland Bourne (Jarniss E. ]->aker Jedediah Huntington John L. r.artlett John D. Johnson Richard M. Chipman Robert R. Kellogg Wm. R. Gordon U W. Holly W. G. Megrath Augustus Pell James G. Evans Edward P.. Elgar James M. Fmrnham Daniel Dodd, Jr. John Knox Benj, R. Nichols R. T. Livingston PAKENT OH GUARDIAN Robert Halliday Wm. R. Kogardus Henry Bedlow James Chalmers Rev'd George Bourne Jacob S. Baker Benjamin Huntington Wm. M. Johnson Timothy Kellogg Elizabeth Gordon W. C. Holly M. Megrath A. D. I'ell B. J. Seward Matthias B. Edgar Michael Burnham Allen Dodd Ben]. Romaine R. S. Living.ston HESIDENl CE New York N. Y. New Haven Conn. Acquachanonk New York N. Y. New York " New "V'ork " New York " New York '• New York " New York " Mass. New York N. Y. New York " Bloomingdale " New York " New York " New' York " New York " New York " Orange N. J. New York N. Y. New York " Red Hook " CHAPTER III The Eucleian and the Philomathean. — Professor Samuel Finley Breese Morse AND THE Invention of the Electric Telegraph. — Some Earlier Alumni. — Ex-Attorney-General B. F. Butler's Plan for a Law School TME institutidn of literary as.sociations in American Colleges is organically connected with the spirit and the direction of American civilization. However limited erudition may ha\'e long remained with us, the faculty of utterance, graceful, forceful or profound, was always fostered by the prospect of the bar, the pulpit, the press and political canvass and campaign. The \'ery era of 1830 may in some respects be called the golden age f)f American oratory, when Web.ster, Clay and Calhoun, Benton and pA'erett, shone as stars of the first magnitude in the firmament of national life. The current view of the func- tion and importance of literary s(.icieties is well expressed by an article in the (weekly) Atlas of New "S'ork, of September 12, 1S33, called forth by a recent oration of Gulian C. Verplanck at Gene\-a (Hobart) College: " Most of the Colleges in the United States have one or more associations for cultivatintr the flowers and fruits of learning and bring- ing into active u.se the instructions acquired in the regular pursuits of the schools ; and it has grown into a custom with very many of them, in their emulation for superiority, to invite the most distinguished scholars of the country to enrich their harx'ests with the acquisitions of their talents and their fame." The predecessor of the Eucleian was the Adelphic Society, whtise organic law was com- pleted in February-March, 1833. In the preceding December (1832) the library com- mittee had reported a subscription of money and of i6g volumes. "Alfred Vail, a Fresh- man of that winter, afterwards so distinguished in assisting Morse in bringing out his electrical telegraph, was among the mo.st earnest workers in the young society. The janitor by March I, 1833, charged the )-oung gentlemen ^8.00 for candles and attendance. The young gentlemen promptly essayed a periodical, HISTORT OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 79 the Adelphic Monthly Magazine, on which in a very brief time they spent $103.00, and their pubhsher at a very early stage of his literary venture " showed contempt f ( ir the injunctions of the society." As the catalogues for the first years are lost, the records of the literary societies gain additional importance ; their list of members e. g. shows that, whereas the overwhelming majority were residents of the city, most of them had been born elsewhere : New York as a great city was of very recent growth. The rubric of "Native Place" exhibits New York City but rarely : we notice Massachusetts, the valley of the Hudson, Pennsylvania, West Indies, Long Island, Rhode Island, Gef)rgia, Vermont, South Carolina, "New Burgh," New York. A Greek, Photius Kavusales, was admitted March 28, 1835 ; he afterwards went to " Oberlin Institute," Ohio. Soon after the Adelphic body had completed its constitution, it perished ; perhaps, as was intimated at the time, through an excess of amendments pn.iposed ; \-ery possibly the Adel- phic Monthly was too great a task. The Eucleian Society, which succeeded, e.g. to the minute-book of the Adelphi, was in full existence on June 28, 1833, on which date M. V. B. Fowler in an address made before the Eucleians uses the phrase : " f(jr we cannot but denominate this a reorganization of the old society." It was customary for the retiring Presidents to copy their valedictories into the minute-book, which farewells often show a conscious striving after dignified expression and well balanced periods. The great point was the record of honorary members. These gentlemen generally took this attention seri- ously enough ; the annual oration or poem was often if not always delivered by one of them, and the current press paid much attention to them ; and these orations were often intellectual events in that generation. Among honorary members we notice Gov. Peter Vroome, Hon. Daniel Webster, Hon. William Wirt, Hon. Edward Everett, Hon. Theodore Frelinghuy- sen (all elected November i, 1833), Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck (April 25, 1834), Hon. B. V. Butler, Prof. Morse (October 23, 1835), His Excellency Andrew Jackson (April i, 1836), Hon. Caleb Gushing (October 28, 1836). From the Valedictory Address of J. E. Caldwell Doremus (a Senior then) of Decem- ber 18, 1835, we learn how they considered and estimated the first annual oration delivered by one of the Society's honorary members: " 'Twas the fir.st of those grand annual occa- sions which are calculated to give that dignity and eclat to our society which will rank it [the historian edits precisely] high in the estima- tion of the Public and give it an honorable name throughout the Literary world." (The speaker on that occasion was the Rev. Dr. John Breckenridge of Baltimore.) " On the sixteenth of July last the Eucleian Society fir.st attained to the standard of similar Insti- tutions in the old established Colleges of the land." In the fall of 1835 the Council had assigned them a hall in the new University Building on Washington Square, and the de- lighted members promptly furnished it " like a council chamber." As to honorary members we find no dimi- nution in the 40-'es ,,f distinguished names, e,g. President Wm. Henry Harrison (January 15, 1 841), Washington Irving, Esq. (June 10, 1 841), Speaker Winthrop, T. McElrath of the New York Tribune, Archbishop (later Cardi- nal) Hughes, former President Martin Van Buren, LL.D. (July 2, 1841), Jared Sparks, former President J. Ouincy Adams. Lack of space will not permit me in this place to even name all the members of Eucleian, who have added to the renown of the University or be- friended her when she needed cheer and help. A few must suffice. Benjamin Vaughn Abbott (November 6, 1 846), Charles Baird and Henry M. Baird (October 15, 1847), Austin Abbott (December 3, 1847), Lyman Abbott (December 3, 1847) \ ori the same day there entered A. Ogden Butler, born at Geneva (Editor, Standing Committee, Assistant Libra- rian), who in his will established a fund of JK5000, the income in part to encourage excel- 8o UNirERSITIES y^ND THEIR SONS leiice in essay writing. Mr. Ogden Butler was the only son of H<.)n. Charles Butler, to whom the New York University owes so much. Among- autograph acknowledgments of election there are preserved letters from the pen of Theodore Frelinghuysen, Newark, June 12, 1837; of William Dodge, New York, Janu- ary 12, 1S37; J. Nordheimer, "New York University, March 15, 1838;" of Cardinal Hughes; of Judge Betts, June 23, 1841, ad- dressed to Robert Ogden Doremus, Secretary ; from Alexander Reid, "Nassau Hall, Decem- ber 18, 1 84 1," from A. Cleveland Coxe, De- cember 14, 1843, and James W. Alexander, College of New Jersey, 13 December, 1843. A jewel in this collec- tion is a note from James Rus.sell Lowell, dated "Elmwood, Cam- bridge, March i, 1844," in which he de- clines an invitation to deliver the annual poem, saying, " I have always made it a prin- ciple to decline invi- tations of this kind, believing that in a publicly spoken poem one must necessarily disappoint either his hearers or himself." James Harper of the famous publishing house acknowledged, dating 82 Cliff Street, October 28, 1846; there is a note from Howard Crosby, New York, November 20, 1851 ; from Lyman Abbott, 203 West 34th Street, New York, 24 April, 1867. This is the last autograph so preserved. SAMUEL F. B. MORSE Samuel Finley Breese Morse, born 1791, at Charlestown, Massachusetts, inherited from his father, the Rev. Jedediah Morse, Pastor of the First Congregational Church, spiritual and moral earnestness and some didactic faculty. Andover Academy and Yale College have the distinction of enrolling him among their alumni. Day and Benjamin Silliman had kindled and furthered his scientific interests. He gradu- ated at Yale in 181 1. Still his aspirations long were of a twofold nature. It really was his first profession of painting which brought him into New York LJniversity. He had gone with Washington AUston to London, there to learn to paint under West and Copley. The gold medal which he won from the Royal Academy in London, on May 13, 1S13, may have had much to do in determining his career for the earlier part of his life. Nor had the encouragement of Benjamin West failed to urge him on in this career. Even- tually, after some slen- der success in New England, he settled in New York, from whose municipal authorities he had received a com- mission in 1824-1S25 to paint a full-length portrait of Lafayette. National Acad- emy of Design," in opposition to the older " American Academy of Fine Arts," of which the venerable Colonel John Trumbull was Presi- dent. M(jrse denied with much positiveness that any body which did not teac/i art had any right whatever to the name of Academy. His own "National Academy" was modeled after the Royal Academy of London, his own school ; it was primarily to teach, and also to give an annual exhibition (v. "Academics of Arts," "a Discourse, delivered on Thur.sday, May 3, 1827, in the Chapel of Columbia College, be- In 1826 he organized the HISTORY OF NEW T^ORK UNI VERS IT!" 8i fore the National Academy of Design, on its First Anniversary, by Samuel F. B. Morse ; on pp. 24-25 he speaks feelingly of the dis- couragements of American artists returning from abroad ; pp. 28 sqq show what work was actually done at the Academy of Design). In this School of Art, Anatomy was to be taught as well as Mythology ; William Cullen Bryant in the earlier years figured as Lecturer on Mythology. Clinton Hall, which received the classes of the University in 1832, had har- bored even before the rooms of the Academy of Design. Morse's appointment was that of " Professor of the Literature of the Arts of Design." The first of the preserved catalogues, that of 1836, announces on p. 12, under the general head of Literature of the Arts of De- sign : 1. Lectures on the principles of the .\tts of Design. 2. Painting as a Profession. In the same autumn of 1S32 in which the University began to teach, Morse returned from Havre to New York on the ship Sully, and on this voyage conceived and outlined his great invention, even drawing the instrument in his notebook. At the Alumni banquet of the New York University held at the Astor House on June 29, 1853, Morse made the fol- lowing statement (recorded in the New York Tribune of June 30, 1853) : — "The President (George H. Moore, later Librarian of the Lenox Library) now proposed the health of Professor Morse, inventor of the F^lectric Telegraph. This was received with loud applause. The Professor responded as follows : When I received the flattering invitation of your committee to be present on this occa- sion, and at the coming (.)f age of }'our hon- ored association (for it seems, this is your twenty-first anniversary) my first impulse was to decline, but on second thought I sent you my acceptance, for I had some ancient recol- lections and endearing associations connected with the University, which I wLshed to revive more vividly, and too — shall I say it .? — I was a little startled at the phraseology of your worthy President's note. He .say,s, ' The Alumni are justly proud of the name and fame of their Senior Professor.' Senior Professor ? Yes, it is indeed so. Sixteen years have brought me unconsciously to this position. Yesternight, on once more entering your Chapel, and while listening to the lucid and able address of my friend at the head of the Medical Department, I more than once realized a Rip Van Winkle sensation. There were the well-known walls of the venerable pile unchanged. The same marble staircase and marble floor I (jnce so often trod, and so often with a heart and head o\'erburdened with almost crushing anxieties. Separated from the Chapel but by a thin partition was that room I occupied, now your Philomathean Hall, whose walls — had thoughts and mental struggles with their alter- nation of joys and sorrows, the power of being daguerrotyped upon them — would show a thickly-studded gallery of evidence that there the Briarean infant was born, who has stretched forth its arms with the intent to encircle the world. Yes, my worthy friends, that room of the University was the birth- place of the Recording Telegraph. Attempts indeed have been made to assign it to other parentage, and its birthplace to other localities. Personally I have very little anxiety on this point, except that the truth should not suffer, for I have a consciousness which neither sophistry nor ign(.)rance can shake, that that room is the place of its birth, and a confi- dence too that its cradle is in hands that will sustain its rightful claim. You have been pleased to honor me by your attentions this day. Be assured it is one of the most gratifying amends for the many trials through which I have passed, that I have the gener- ous appreciation of the Alumni (.)f our Uni- versity. The credit of my invention does pertain to your Alma Mater, and if this fact adds character and name to our Institution, so that the memories that are awakened by the name of the University shall be influ- ential in restraining her sons from all that would tarnish her fair fame, and inspire ambi- 82 UNirERSITIES AND THEIR SONS turn t(i add to her iKinors, I shall experience a hiL;her gratification than any personal def- erence that has been, ur can be, bestowed upon me b)- foreign nations or my own countrymen. I would propose to you the following sentiment : Your Alma Malcr — may she never ha\'e occasion to blush for any of her sons, wox ask in vain their sympathy and aid." And we learn from the chief work on Morse's life ("The life of Samuel F. B. Morse, LL.U., Inventor of the l^Hectro-Magnetic Recording- Telegraph, by Samuel Ircnaeus Prime, Apple- ton %L Co., 1875 ") that, by September 1S37, a few months after the dedication of the fully comj^leted University Building, Morse consid- ered the invention fairly complete, though rude as yet ; and on September 2, 1837, Sat- urday, he exhibited the invention to Professor Daubeny of Oxford, England, in the (geol(jgi- cal) cabinet of the University, using a circuit of 1700 feet of copper wire stretched back and forth in that nxmi (as reported by our Professor Gale, Prime, p. 203). Professor Torrey also was present. "This exhibition of the telegraph, although of very rude and imperfect machinery, demonstrated to all present the practicability of the invention, and it resulted in enlisting the means, the skill and the zeal of Alfred Vail (A.B. N.Y.U. 1836), who earl)' the next week called at the rooms and had a more ]ierfect explana- tion from Professor Morse of the character of the invention." Soon after this Mr. Vail interested his father. Judge Stephen Vail, owner of the Speedwell Iron Works near M(jrristown, New York, and his own brother George. The Vails invested money in the enterprise and acquired one- fourth of the patent right. The supjxirt of A. Vail proved of decisive imjiortance in the final struggle before Congress and the actual opening of the Baltimore-Washingrton line ; Vail operating at the Baltimore end and Morse himself at the cajiital. From the famous painter Daniel Huntington (Prime, p. 308 .sq), we learn that his teacher. Morse, occupied his new quarters in the Uni- versity building (in July 1835), leaving Green- wich Lane, and that while he still resided in the latter " he was particularly ivipaticnt to get into tlic new rooms, in order to put into opera- tion his plan for an electric telegraph, allusions to which he continually made." In the early part of 1836, Hon. Hamilton I-'ish, in a room in the University building, witnessed the telegraph in operation. In the winter of 1 83 5- 1 836 James Fenimore Cooper, in com- pany with Commodore Shubrick, visited the University f(.)r the same purpose. For Morse's .splendid testimony as to Alfred Vail see Prime, p. 312 sqq. Morse's letter to Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury at Washington was dated " New York City University, Sep- tember 27, 1837." The noted dispatch, " Attention, the ITniveise ! " " l!y Kingdoms, Right \Vheel 1" was sent in a public test made in the Univer- sity on January 24, 1838. We hope some day to see a commemtirative bust, or a painting of Morse working in his studio, in Washington Square, adorning the Museum of the Hall of F'ame at University Heights. Morse and Vail belong to America and the world : in a special sense they belong to New York University. The strongest drift of that first era was towards the study of Divinity and the clerical profession : nearly one-half of the A.B.'s to 1839 followed that course.^ William R. Gordon, '34, who then studied Divinity at New Bruns- wick, wielded an active pen, particularly as a controversialist in dealing with the Roman Catholic Church, with Spiritualism and with Secession ; other writings were expository of 1 NoTK. — In glancing at the Alumni of the first admin- istration we express oiu" great obligation to the gentlemen who prepared the Hiographical Catalogue of 1S94 : John M. ^y Keid '39, Amasa S. Freeman '43, Wm. C. Ulyat '46, Wilson I'hraner '47, Robert Lowry '50, George Yi. Haker '60, John J. Stevenson '63, Israel C. Pierson '65, Theodore F. Burn- ham '7'. Charles R. Gillett '74. Albert W. Ferris '78, Charles S. lienedict 'So, Cephas Brainard Jr. 'Si, James Abbott 'S3, of whom several have passed away since that memorable year '94. V HISTORT OF NEIV YORK UNIVERSITT 83 points of creed. In the Protestant Episcopal Church Jedediah V. Huntington, '35, was active, becoming also an Editor of the Metro- politan of Baltimore and of the Leader oi St. Louis. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, one of the most noted divines of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, A.B. '38, ultimately ('65) became Bishop of Western New York. Of his theological writings and editorial labors, such as the edition of the Ante-Nicene Eathers, or his noted appeal ('69) for an Ecumenical Council, we cannot speak here. Some of his hymns, strong with the strength of spiritual earnestness and Christian truth, are found in many hymnals: as this one, written in 1839, when he was only twenty-one, and prefiguring his course — a noble hymn, kin to a vux'cstoso on a fine organ : "Oh, where are kings and empires now, Of old that went and came .' But, Lord, thy church is praying yet, A thousand years the same. We mark her goodly battlements. And her foundations strong; We hear within the solemn voice Of her unending song." Alfred Augustine Watson, '37, was conse- crated Protestant ILpiscopal Bishop of North Carolina in 1884. P'dward Hopper, '39 (d. '88), while Pastor of the Market Street Presbyterian Church in New York City, in 1S71, wrote the admirable hymn : "Jesus, Saviour, pilot me Over life's tempestuous sea; Unknown waves before me roll, Hiding rock and treacherous shoal ; Chart and compass come from thee, Jesus, Saviour, pilot me." Of the same Class of 1839 was the Rev. Wil- liam Weston Patton, whose bo(jk on Prayer ' was issued in twenty editions in the ten years from 1875-1885, and who, after having edited the Advance, at last became President of Howard University at Washington, 1877-1889. The Rev. John Morrison Reid, of the same class, having been active in the service of the Methodist Episcopal Church, became President of Genesee College (later the Syracuse Uni- versity) 1859-1864, and subsequently editor of important periodical publications of his Church, such as the Western Christian Advocate, and the Northwestern Christian Advocate. After the theologians come the lawyers — but somewhat less in number than one-half of the former, the most noted one perhaps of these years being John Taylor Johnston, '39. He studied law at Yale, '39— '41, and also with the eminent jurist Daniel Lord. Later he became a railroad president, as well as a patron of art, viz.. President of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Of his services as a member and as President of the Council, and of his benefac- tions, we will have to speak in the recital of later administrations. Other avocations were less marked among the earlier alumni, such as the medical professi<:)n, in which Dr. James Joseph Acheson, '33, may be mentioned. A few teachers: R. H. Bull, '39, taught Civil Engineering in the University from 1853 to 1885. A few were occupied in commerce or public life; R. R. Crosby, '34, and Clarkson Floyd Crosby, '35, were both older brothers of Howard Crosby. Of purely literary men two are noteworthy : Cornelius Mathews of '34, and Richard Grant White. The former was accorded a place in R. W. Griswold's "Prose Writers of America," 2d ed., 1847, P- 542- At twenty he began to contribute to the Knickerbocker and to the American Monthly magazines. His monthly, the Arcturus, lasted for a year and a half. His strivings for a distinctive Americanism in letters and culture were largely based on fac- titious and fanciful notions. Of more lasting fame and merit is the name of Richard (irant White, '39. His work in the domain of literary criticism is certain of an extended and honor- able life. His edition of Shakespeare, in twelve volumes, published by Little, Brown & Company of Boston, and his Words and their Uses (a keen study in purism of English), are probably his most noted achievements. Llis vigorous and incisive pen marks him a master of Enghsh Prose. 84 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS (95) The "Minute Rook of the Philomathean Society of the University of the City of New York " shows that this hterary society was founded on October 29, 1832, in the very month in which instruction began, and that the original members, of whom but few gradu- ated, were these: Fenelon Hasbrouck, '35, WilHam Edgar Allen, Joseph G. Gilbert, Sam- uel A. Hammett, Edward L. Heyward, Isaac P. Martin, \Vm. H. Neilson, A. Kintzing Post, John Ring, '36, Henry Thomas, James H. Van Alen, Marcus W. Weed, '36. The meet- ings for some time were held in the lecture- room of Dr. Mathews's church in " Garden Street " (Exchange Place). Some problems of their first winter were such as these : " Ought Honor or Wealth to be most sought after by Man .? " " Is Andrew Jackson or Henry Clay most fit for the office of President of the United States" (Nov. 15, 1832).? "Is the fear of punishment cr the expectation of reward the greater incentive to industry .'' " On January 28, 1833, they decided that "we are indebted to Education more than Nature for our Character and Talents." Agreeably to the swiftly-veering mood of diilcis iuvcntas the members swung easily from grave to gay. At one time they proposed this problem : "Were the English justifiable in sending Na- poleon Bonaparte to the Island of St. Helena .?" The very ne.xt subject was this (February 5, 1833) • "When a pig is led to market, with a rope tied about its neck, the other end of which is held by a man, is the pig led by the rope or by the man } " which Aristotle would have put in the category of the Sophistical Elcnclii. Very seriously they essayed this topic (March 25, 1833) : "Are all minds origi- nally equal } " which however on May 3 they "dropped." On June 7, 1S33, it was voted that members "wear a badge on all public occa- sions." On June 22, Mr. L.'s charges of $5.00 for gaslight and attendance at eight meetings were declared exorbitant. They also deter- mined after three debates on June 29, 1833, that Brutus -mts "justifiable in killing Caesar." In the first meeting of July 6, 1833, Christo- pher Evangeles (a Greek) was elected Presi- dent, the society reassembling on October 9, 1833. On October 14 Professors Hackley, Norton, Cleveland, Patton and Gale were elected honorary members. The topic for debate of that meeting strongly brings before us the political question which finally was set- tled in the Civil War : " Which is likely to do most good, the Colonization or Abolition Society.''" The Colonization Society won in the next meeting. They also put forward for debate (October 19, '33) "Whether the study of the dead languages is of use, or not, to those who do not intend to be professional persons." This was very generously decided in the affirmative. The poems of N. P. Willis (of the Mirror) were much declaimed by young people at the time. On December 12, 1833, the meetings were transferred to Professor Tappan's room, from the lecture-room of the Chancellor's church. Their topics on the whole remained very grave : e. g. " whether Intemperance or the Slave-Trade had proved more injurious to the human race." After discussing the advantage to women of a "polished education" versus "domestic acquirements," they despaired of settling it, and turned to the question (January 24, 1834) " Would the immediate emancipation of slaves in the United States be justifiable.-' " — decided in the negative. On Friday, Jan- uary 31, 1834, F"enelon Hasbrouck presented a Cjreek motto, " tol^ AtKatot? KaX./(.tn and Marshall), there is a passage which a student of the history of American education will surely welcome. Frelinghuysen distinctly states that the chief function of a liberal edu- cation is not to furnish superior knowledge, to find avenues to turn into wealth the re- sources of nature, which was the wearisome burden of many of the louder voices of that era, but that the chief work of education was ^ the training of the intrinsic powers of the mind, and to bring a youth to a true and sober esti- mate of his real powers : Frelinghuysen nobly disdained to play on the favorite and fashion- able chord of the economic advantages or possibilities of education. " And here we may find the appropriate service of education. As the term imports, it is designed to lead the mind into the proper use of its powers ; to train it to the best modes of thought and reflection; to teach it how to think and how to learn. Like the apprenticeship of the mechanic, who should first be taught the nature and use of his tof)ls, so the student must first learn the nature of the faculties which God has bestowed, and the way by which he is to bring them into exercise. He must be schooled to draw upon himself; to ta.sk his own strength ; to feel that he has a power within him which can reason, combine, compare and judge ; and that under heaven it rests with his own will whether these powers shall or shall not meet their exalted destinies. That system of education deserves tlic first place which, as much as may be, ca.sts the youth upon his own resources and constrains him to think soberly and justly. And, moreo\'er, by such discipline the man is brought to better acquaintance with himself." In the year 1X38-1839, preceding the sec- ond Chancellor's inauguration, the instruction in Greek was in the hands of Tayler I^ewis, Latin in that of Ebenezer A. Johnson ; Benja- min F. Joslin, M.D., taught Mathematics and Natural Philosophy ; Caleb Sprague Henry, Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. Dr. Cyrus Mason (Minutes of Faculty, November 23, 1838) was relieved from instruction, "except in the Evidences of Revealed Religion and Rhetorick, and that he be appointed, with his own assent, to perform the duties of Librarian, Aedile, and Assistant Treasurer." Da Ponte, who occasionally presided in F'aculty, was assigned to work in " Belles-Lettres : " in his case it meant History. John W. Draper, M.D., did not take his seat in the Faculty until October 1839. On April 30, 1S39, no recitations were held, in order that all might attend the semi- centennial exercises to commemorate Washing- ton's first inauguration ; this celebration being held under the auspices of the New York Historical Society. " Quarterly bills " report- ing on conduct and study were regularly sent to parents or guardians. The outward status of the College immediately before F'relinghuy- sen's inauguration was very feeble, the mem- bers having dwindled away, particularly as to the class that entei-ed amid the convulsions of 1838, September-October. But good and strong men had come into the place of those who retired in 1838. One of these was the Rev. Dr. Caleb Sprague Henry. \ Born in Massachusetts 1S04, A. B. Dartmouth 1825, and a Divinity student at Andover and New Haven, he ultimately in 1835 took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a stanch churchman he remained, largely iden- tified with the interests of his church as an editorial writer. Even before joining our University as Professor, he had published an English version of Cousin's Treatise on Psychology, which work saw four editions ; he also brought out Guizot's Hi.story of Civiliza- tion, and Bautain's Epitome of the History of Phi](isophy. His character and range of con- victions are fully revealed in his " Dr. Oldham at Grey.stones and his talks there," i860 and later. He lived for awhile after retiring from Washington Square at a home of his own in the Highlands of the Hudson. His " style is the man " ; jerky but forceful, a little given to surprises of quasi-paradox, but virile withal. HISTORl' OF NEfF TOKK UNIFERSm' 91 He is a foe to evil, and clear-minded in his con- ception of national dangers. The wide range of detailed and varied knowledge revealed by these dialogues is confirmed by the testimony of his pupils of Washington Square. He stands as a good type of the " accomplished scholar " who in American culture preceded the era of specialists in which we now live. His own clear-cut statement frum an address delivered before the literary societies of the University of Vermont in 1837 is full vi historical sig- nificance and deserves a place in this narrative (cf. p. 5 of his volume of Academic, etc.. Dis- courses. Appleton, 1 861) : " We have among us no IciDncd oi-Jcr of vicn. I use the expression for its convenient brevity, not meaning by it merely those who are devoted to the pursuits of learning in the strict sense of the word, but also all those who give their lives to intellectual enquiry and production in any of the higher departments of science and letters. We have a most respectable body of educated men, some of them engaged in the application of science to the arts of life, but most of them are exercising the different public professions. Whether or not they are all adequately appre- ciated and rewarded, still we have such a class employed in working with, combining and applying, — in explaining, communicating and diffusing, — the knowledge already pos- sessed. But in addition to these we want an order of men devoted to original enquiry and production, who without reference to the more palpable uses of knozvledge shall pursue truth for its own sake." (Italics our own.) Religion and Letters combined, Henry con- ceived to be the effective antidote against the excessive love of money or the evils of political strife. His American edition of W. C. Taylor's Manual of Ancient and Modern His- tory (2d eel, 184s, PP- 752-785), gives his own sketch of American History to 1844. How versatile and industrious a man ! An extraordinary man was his colleague Tayler Lewis. Born in 1802, in Northeastern New York, he graduated at Union 1820. In his class was William Seward of Auburn, whose name is writ in large letters m the Annals of American History. Tayler Lewis studied law but never practiced. He had the intense love of knowledge and the penetration and perse- verance which rest Content with nothing short of acquisition at first hand. His mastery of Greek went hand in hand with an absorbing study of Hebrew and other Oriental tongues which served a profound faith. He read not as a schoolmaster who sees illustrations of syntax or oddities of usage mainly, but as urged on by a soul impelled by a longing for eternal truth : with a keen sense for those elements of spiritual truth which one of the Greek Fathers has called the /(.oyos o-Trep/iuTiKo'c:. In 1833 Lewis opened a private classical school. His address in 1838 before the * B. K. of Union College on "Faith, the life of Science," attracted wide at- tention ; it was noticed by Chancellor Mathews; Hon. S. A. Foot of Albany and Hon. William Kent of New York championed his cause with energy. Thus Tayler Lewis was chosen Professor of Greek in New York University. Lewis's own sketch of Faculty meetings under Frelinghuysen (Chambers's biography of Fr., p. 97 sqq) : "Never shall I forget the beautiful harmony of our Faculty meetings as they were weekly held for nearly eleven years. We were of various denominations in religion. There was Ur. C. S. Henry, a profound thinker, an admirable writer, a noble man in every way, but a churchman of tow- ering altitude, even as his eloquent appeals now place him in the front rank for loyalty and patriotism. There was Professor Johnson, a man of the most precise New P^nglandism, but whose Latin and German scholarship are unsurpassed in our country. There was Professor Draper, of European celebrity ; Nordheimer, the distinguished Orientalist, and an Israelite truly in whom there was no guile. There were Presbyterian, Kpiscopalian, Dutch Reformed, Unitarian, Free-thinking (I use the word in no offensive sense). Old School and New School ; but in our weekly meetings there was the most perfect brother- 92 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS hood of thought and action. Mr. F"rehng- huysen presided so kindly, so genially, that there coidd be nothing sectional or sectarian in his presence. . . . Mr. F"relinghuysen was fond of treating things in a familiar, conver- sational manner, though no one could be more impressively dignified when the occasion demanded it. He had a touch of humor, quite a fund of anecdote, and in a word that easy sociability, such a well-known trait of gentle- men of the Bar, and which Mr. Frelinghuysen brought with him from his long practice in the courts of New Jersey. All this was very pleasant but still not in exact accord- ance with my high expectations. It was not the commanding character imagination had pictured. I would not retract the word already used ; it was indeed a fault in this great man and this pure Christian, that he had a way of so constantly deferring to others. It was carrying to e.xcess the Apostolic precept : ' Let each man esteem others better than him- self.' There were times when he would rise and we saw before us the man who had commanded the United States Senate ; but he was not now with politicians and corrupt party schemers and amid scenes that would arouse the eloquence of his indignant rebuke. Surrounded by a small company of literary men and teachers, he sat in our midst as primus inter pares, or rather as one who sought to learn from others rather than command, and who would substitute their professional knowledge for his own wide and catholic experience." The author of this retro.spect was also the ^ most eminent scholar in Chancellor Freling- huysen's administration. It is well known that Tayler Lcwi.s, through classical scholarship, ultimately passed into the sphere of biblical erudition — this mainly during his later period, his sojourn at Union College, just as his con- temporary Theodore Woolsey at New Haven passed through kindred pursuits to eminence in philosophical jurisprudence and political sci- ence. Tayler Lewis's Plato contra Atlieos (Harpers, 1845), or the Tenth Book of Plato's Laws, stands even today as one of the most noteworthy productions of American scholar- ship in the domain of Greek studies. It is not merely the sound commentary proper which deserves commendation, but the remarkable appendix, viz., the series of seventy-five chap- ters of diverse matter added by way of excur- sus, dealing with details of the text or suggested topics. The precision and range of Lewis's knowledge of the spiritual elements in Greek literature, of the aspirations after God, accep- tation or rejection of a Providence, the Ionic schools of materialism, the scepticism or agnos- tic siispiria in Euripides, the tenets of Plato and those of Aristotle, the atomism of Epicurus and Lucretius, all pass in review in these pages. Everywhere Lewis's statements and critical observations impress the reader with their originality. This is scholarship not comfort- ably gleaned from index or concordance : the scholar and critic is at the same time an ardent partisan for every classic utterance that has a spiritual direction, or is a manifestation of that feeling after God, as St. Paul (Acts 27, 17, \\iy)La<^riurses of evening instruction for young men desirous of securing higher literary and scientific training : and Pro- fessors Giraud, Bull (who had recently entered the P^aculty after a long experience of practice in teaching in the University Grammar School), and C. Murray Nairne be invited to form evening classes in I'^rench, Civil Engineering, Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, etc., respect- ively. Both expense and emiiluments were to belong to the lecturers. Professor Cummings in his studio was to give University Courses in the Arts of Design. The Council — what would be their share in this expansion and populari- zation of Education .-" They were to reserve to themselves a function eminently dignified and free from annoyance or trouble ; they were to grant Certificates of Proficiency, and publish the name of these proficients in the Catalogue. Even the small chapel might occasionally be used, and the janitor's services were put at the disposal of the lecturers — provided that the latter pay all incidental or additional expense. It was a scheme of free instruction, and still some one must always fay for it, — whether private bounty or public taxation. ii8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS In October 1853 the rents of the Uni- versity amounted to $8^4.4. Among the tenants recorded was the headmaster of the Grammar School, who now paid ^1000 rent; Dr. Gallaudet's Deaf-Mute Church, which paid $300 ; the New Yoric Academy of Music held monthly meetings in the small chapel at $84 per annum ; Professor Draper paid $300 for his private laboratory; The New York Historical Society had three rooms at $500 per annum ; The Christ Protestant-Episcopal Church paid $1050 for use of the large chapel. The house on Washington Place brought ^900, and that on VVaverly Place ^1200. It is some- where in the middle part of this decade that the novel of Cecil Dreeme, by Theodore Winthrop, is supposed to transpire, largely in the studios of the University Building. It is a morbid production in every way. The writer clearly is under the spell of Charles Dickens, without a trace of the deep spring of genius with which the great novelist swayed the emotions of his readers. The characters are overdrawn and the chronic efforts of the author to be witty or profound are very pain- ful to a matured reader : yet the designation of " Chrysalis College " is not without point. In his final report written June 21, 1854, of the actual and definite extinction of the debt, Chancellor P'erris, who had spent a most an.xious and laborious year in accomplishing this work, mentioned with particular warmth the name of Myndert Van Schaick, who stepped forward, when Dr. Ferris was on the point of abandoning the work in despair, and made a donation of Jjiooo instead of gioo, and this was in addition to a subscription of $5000 toward the debt. The Chancellor e.\pressed a hope that posi- tive endowment of various Professorships might now be secured, and that fellowships (the first occurrence of the term in the annals of the College) might be provided for the prosecution of scientific studies after a College course was completed. A little further below there is engrossed the final report of the Finance Com- mittee, consisting of Messrs. Myndert Van Schaick, William Curtis Noyes and Shepard Knapp, — a report written out with the elegance of a finished lithograph — which bespeaks the profound concern for the Univer- sity's welfare and shows that particularly to Mr. Van Schaick it had from the beginning been an object bound up with his very being. Alone of the founders he still sat in the Council. He raised a warning voice in these terms : " Mem- bers of this body should reflect maturely before they undertake to disturb the vital principle of our present safety by suggestions for a re- turn to the former ill-contrived and uncertain method of financial direction and arrangement, according to the partial and limited views of an occasional meeting of the Council, which, if it is again pursued, without a very large addi- tion to the income of the Corporation having been first obtained, will inevitably terminate in the ignominious disaster of a literary institu- tion being a second time degraded in its char- acter and obstructed in its progress by the servile incumbrance of monicd obligations." " A closing word as to the past, present, and future : Contrast the condition of a great literary institution, struggling for existence, agonized with fear, begging for grace and refused, seeking for repose and finding none, the Council breaking up in uncertainty of their safety, and afterwards eight times called together under the most pressing circum- stances without forming a cjuorum ; and that of the University of the City of New York free of debt and without anxiety maintaining its superiority, by its calm virtue and noble acquirements dispensing the light of knowl- edge to the eager ambition of youthful hopes and winning the affections of gratified crowds of friends. See the Council now moving to the commencement celebration, not with only two members to authorize the signing of diplomas, but a full representation smiling and happy in the enjoyment of a station and an intercourse among men inferior, for pure and cultivated minds, to none in the land. If we are unselfish and Christian freemen, we shall at least endeavor to promote the arrival of HISTORT OF NEW TORE UNIVERSITT 119 that day, though we may not hve to enjoy its glory " — ! At the commencement of 1855 the degree of Doctor of Music was bestowed upon Lowell Mason, then of New York City. On October 25, 1855, the Chancellor proposed a motion, that "from and after this date this Council will confer the degree of Bachelor in Science on such students as have successfully pursued the various branches of Science for three years and whose examination in the same shall be sustained by the Faculty of Arts," which was adopted. The first graduate however who received this degree was James J. Gillette of the Class of 185 i. Meanwhile the Faculty of the Medical Col- lege of New York University had accom- plished a great and laborious work ; i.e. the legalization of dissection of the human body in the State of New York. The versatile Dr. Draper had, in 1853, fortified the "Petition of the Medical Faculty of the University of the City of New York to the Honorable the Senate and Assembly of the State of New York, for the State of New York, for the Legalization of Anatomy" by an admirable Introductory Lecture. In vain he called attention to the glaring inconsistency of a commonwealth which imposed on Medical teachers the obligation to teach Anatomy, and yet by another law declared that whosoever should be convicted of dissecting the dead should be sent to the State Prison. In vain did the accomplished scientist show how in Italy, with freedom of anatomy, eminent discoveries had been made for the benefit of mankind, services associated with the names of Eustachius, of Fallopius, of Val- salva, Varolius, Vidius and Salvatella. In vain did Professor Draper in his argument marshal facts of charities accomplished and regularly offered by the medical profession ; not less than two thousand persons were relieved each year in surgical cliniques under Professors Mott, Po,st and Van Buren. In the obstetric clinique under Professor Bedford, there had been presented since its commencement, in October 1850, more than five thousand cases. But too strong and deep as yet was the popu- lar prejudice, for to hear named the very word "dissection," was to imagine human hyenas despoiling the graves of their dead. The substantial distinction of accomplishing the legal abrogation of that law must always be associated with the name of Dr. Martyn Paine, Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics at this time. Early in 1854 Dr. Paine went to Albany, for it was a statutory necessity that two-thirds of all those elected to the Legis- lature be recorded in favor of the bill to have it become law. It was necessary for Dr. Paine to prosecute the work at Albany for substan- tially the entire first three months of the year. "A bright prospect" (this narrative is that of Dr. Samuel Francis, Biographical Sketches of Distinguished Living New York Physicians, 1866) " seemed to shed its rays, but at the time of final voting a fierce opposition arose, and continuous argument was kept up, with a view to consume the time allotted to this matter. This however was brought to a close, and the 'bone bill,' as it was maliciously designated, was put to the vote. At the first roll-call there were wanting four affirmative votes, but when the absentees were called, two of them responded. A third call brought to hght a third affirmative man. And now suspense was painful, for by the temporary absence of this last afifirmative the bill might be lost, and the winter's labor become as naught. The ' faithful Clerk ' pronounced the names of the absentees once more, when three affirmatives came forward according to promise, and this all-important bill for the benefit of medical science became a law by the assistance of two additional and extra votes — sixty-seven yeas and forty-three nays. In the Senate the final vote was twenty-three yeas to three nays. The principal causes of this formidable opposition were local prejudices and a lobby influence which rejects any advance- ment for the melioration of mankind, until a very Midas lends his golden touch. Even at this time the Board of Councilmen of the City of New York presented a printed protest in which they urged ' The Representatives in the I20 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Legislature to oppose by every means the passage of ar/j hill legalir:iiig disseetion of dead bodies. ' Irish and German emigrant societies forwarded strenuous remonstrances, and printed denunci- ations of the bill were circulated throughout the City of Alban}', signed by individuals of certain power. Yet when the bill became a law it met with entire acquiescence." In the College of Arts things went on quietly enough, without much incident or matter recordable in this ac- count. A vacancy had occurred in the Italian department, Felix F o r e s t i n (> longer filling that post, which he by the way had held in Co- lumbia College as well, as is shown by the title page of his " Crestomazia Itali- ana " (New York, Appletons, 1S46). For this honorary post there now was chosen an Italian gentleman of more than common distinc- tion, Vincenzo Botta, lately of the Univer- sity of Turin. He married Miss Ann Lynch, and subse- quently Professor and Mrs. Botta made their house the abode of eminent literary men both from the United States and from abroad. Of both Professor and Mrs. Botta the reader will find further matter in the biographical part of this volume. Vincenzo Botta's association with New York University began on June 25, 1856. At this time the rents in the University Building had reached the total of ^10,249.17. In July 1856 the Hon. B. F.. Butler sent to the Council a letter formally dissolving the association of his name with a Professorship of VINCENZO BOTTA Law to which he had originally been appointed in 1835. In this letter Mr. Butler reviews the effort of 1838 to actually begin the work of legal instruction in the University, when "the number of students did not exceed thirty, and of these several were unable to make payment of tuition." And then the distinguished jurist went on to recite the facts we have recorded in a previous chapter. He goes on to say : " My opinions as to the necessity and impor- tance of a school in this city for a syste- matic and thorough course of instruction in legal science, as set forth in the plan above referred to and in my inaugural address, are unchanged ; but the state of my health and other circumstances will not permit me, at this time, to indulge the hope that I can take any part in the reorganization of a Law School in the Institution under your care. I hereby resign the office of Professor of General Law, of Real Property, and Principal of the Law Faculty, to which I was appointed. I am, Gentlemen, very respectfully your obedient servant, B. F. Butler." September 16, 1857, Professor Elias Loomis, after an absence of a year in Europe, had returned to his work in Mathematics with invigo- rated health, bringing with him "a variety of choice apparatus for his department as well as selected scientific works for University use." This was the year of the financial crisis and depression, and eleven names less than those of the preceding year were entered upon the rolls HISTORl^ OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 121 of the Undergraduate College. Dr. David Bendan, who brought flattering testimonials originally written by no less illustrious a per- sonage than Alexander von Humboldt himself, had succeeded to Mr. Parker as chief classical master in the Grammar School and Professor of German in the College. In the latter capacity he had become the successor of George Adler, of the Class of 1844. This industrious and splendidly-equipped scholar had been compelled from temporary men- tal aberration (due, we fear, in part, to overwork) to with- draw from the Fac- ulty, and we beg to refer the reader to the biographical part of this work. Fully twenty years after Attorney-Gen- eral Butler, assisted by a son of the famous Chancellor Kent, had vainly endeavored to bring into life a care- fuUy-consid er ed course of legal study in New York Univer- sity, the Council re- newed their active interest in the matter, and on May 27, 1858, the plan of a Law School was unani- mously adopted. The Council mainly designated the men who were to give instruction in Law in the proposed School, leaving to them the task of determining the kind and the amount of work to be done by Faculty or to be exacted from the students. The University entered into no financial lia- bility, and on the other hand demanded but a graduation fee of ^10 for every diploma of Bachelor of Laws. The Faculty designated were the following : The Hon. Thomas W. Gierke, Judge of the Supreme Court ; Hon. ANN LYNCH BOTTA Levi S. Chatfield, late Attorney-General of the State of New York ; Hon. Theodore Sedgwick, United States District Attorney, and Peter Y. Cutler and William 11 Wedgewood. These gentlemen expressed their apprecia- tion of their own selection in flattering terms, but prudently called attention to several im- portant matters the settlement of which should precede the actual work of beginning lectures on law. And as first point they mentioned the establishment of a Law Library of some considerable extent. This was one of the great attractions of the Law School at Harvard University. Some thousands of volumes were un- doubtedly recjuisite. Such a collection must be reserved for the exclusive use of the students; this library would be their place of resort and centre of union. Sec- ondly, suitable steps should be taken to give proper publicity to the new Law School, and have it widely advertised throughout the land, at least during the first year or two. The two matters mentioned would probably involve an outlay of ^10,000. These points were formulated in a communication to Chancellor Ferris, dated June 5, 1858. John Taylor Johnston came to the aid of the nascent Law School, by laying the foundation of the Law Library with generous helpfulness. As to the degree of publicity thrown upon the new enterprise, dates fail us. We cannot omit saying a word on one striking feature of the new department. Chancellor Kent, when he I 22 VNIIERSITIES JND THEIR SONS early in llic ccntur}' tcinductccl a sliort-lixccl Law ScliDiil in cunnection with Columbia College, had worn the ermine of the highest judicial office of the State of New York. B. F, Butler, who made the second effort towards estab- lishing a Law School in New York, had been Attorne)--General in Jackson's second adminis- tration. And now arain three out of the five language : " They (young men) enter a lawyer's office and commence the study of the Law. Books are put into their hands to be read. They generally pursue their studies unaided by any oral instruction, or examination, or explana- tion. They imbibe error and truth ; principles which are still in force with principles which have become obsolete ; and when admitted to proposed law-teachers were men invested with jsrnctice the)' find, often at the cost of their honors of official distinction. Clearly it was unfortunate clients, that their course of study considered desirable that in a tentative movement — for such it was even then — like this, tlie legal eminence of some of the teachers was con- sidered an element of strength before the public. In the opening cir- cular, attention is called to the extensive opportunities for studying actual litiga- tion : in the Sujireme Court, with its five judges, in the Supe- rior Court with six, in the Court of Common Pleas with three, be- sides the District and Circuit courts of the Federal Government. The I^aw School was commended to the JOHN TAYLOR JOHNSTON has jiot made them sound lawyers or cor- rect practitioners. The liberty and the property of the client are often sacrificed by the ignorance of the lawyer. A more ac- curate knowledge of the Law as a science, and of its jiractice as a professi(jn, can be imparted to the stu- dent in a well regu- lated Law School in four months, than is usually acquired in a lawyer's office in years." The tone and spirit of this note differ greatly from the milder manner of Mr. l^utler in his design of 1835, when the ap- prenticeship method future legislator, to men who looked forward to was treated with deference, whereas in the the administration of inherited wealth, to future circular of 1858 the gauntlet was thrown down merchants. The real competition of the Law to the exclusive claims of that system. At the School was in that day not so much with other same time the course given was of moderate law .schools, but with the apjirenticeship idea of length : from the third Wednesday of October accomjilishing the entire preparation for admis- to March 4. The work was allotted thus : Jus- sion to the War as clerks in the offices of lawyers, tice Clerke taught General Theory and Practice And thus the first circular of the Law School of American Law, including Municipal Law which marks the beginning of uninterrupted and Equity Jurisprudence; District-Attorney work in legal instruction in New York Uni- Theodore Sedgwick lectured on International, versity ]iresents the matter in the following Constitutional and Statutory Law, and Law of HISTORT OF NEH' YORK UNiyERSlTT 123 Damages ; Mr. Chatfield presented Criminal Law and Medical Jurisprudence ; Mr. Cutler figures as Professor of Civil Law, the Law of Evidence, Pleading and Practice, and the Law of Real Property ; William B. Wedgewood had as his departments Commercial, Maritime and Parliamentary Law, and Law of Personal Prop- erty. One particular paragraph carries with it the elements of antebellum problems now looming on the political horizon : It is intended to make the Law Depart- ment of the University truly national. By bringing together from all sections of the Union those young men into whose hands the destinies of this Republic are hereafter to be confided, sectional prejudices will be removed, and the bonds of union and national brotherhood greatly strengthened. For the present this branch of professional instruction was launched with very much less e'clat than the Medical School seventeen years before. It was proposed not only to hold moot courts, but also to organize legislative bodies. Whether the numbers however of students in the new department were adequate for effectively setting agoing the latter form of preparation for political life, we do not know. The numbers of " attendants on Law Course " were 56, whereas Medicine had 351 matric- ulated students. The first graduates of the University Law School, March 4, 1859, were these : Marcena M. Dickerson ; Gilead B. Nash ; Asa S. Lathrop, A.B. ; I. Solis Ritterband ; Chauncey Field, Jr. ; John Stevenson ; Nelson Taylor; Joseph E. Jackson, A.B. ; while the Medical School in the same month of 1859 recorded 128, and as far as the homes of the students and the names of some of the medical teachers were concerned, the Medical School could be called truly national. In this same month of March, exactly two years before the outbreak of the Civil War, there were bestowed the three medals, established in perpetuity by Dr. Valentine Mott : The Gold Medal, to the candidate who should prepare the best dried anatomical or anatomico-surgical preparation, was given to George K. Smith, New York ; the Silver Medal, for the second- best preparation of the same description, went to Lewis Fernandez, New York ; the Bronze Medal, to be awarded to the candidate who should furnish the best book of recorded cases and remarks of the Professor of either of the surgical clinics, was presented to Benjamin W. Sparks, of Georgia. Meanwhile the scientific equipment of appa- ratus used to illustrate Physics and Mechan- ics, or as it was then called, Natural Philosophy, had suffered a severe impairment through theft. While Professor Loomis was in Europe to recover his health, there was stolen from the " Philosophical Room " a large number of articles, amounting in value to about $600. These articles included nearly every instru- ment which was portable among the recent purchases (since 1854 additions had been made to the apparatus to the amount of ^650). The thief or thieves had proceeded with great deliber- ation, and made several visits. All efforts of detectives and all labors of police in places like Boston and Philadelphia, as well as the publica- tion of a promised reward of $100 were in vain. Professor Loomis, thus crippled, declared him- self unable to jjresent more than one-half of the ordinary number of his experiments before his classes. The practical point of Loomis's communication was to call attention to the full and complete equipment of institutions near and competing with New York Univer- sity, and the urgent need of appropriating ;^iooo to repair and replenish the resources of this department. A similar request was made by Professor J. W. Draper, who said that the original stock of apparatus possessed by the University was small, and in the course of twenty-five years the wear and tear and cor- rosion had nearly rendered it useless. It was a constant source of mortification to himself that his lectures in the University were not illustrated in a manner suitable to the expecta- tion of the public; jSiooo was required to make such a renovation as was absolutely needful, and more than twice that sum to place things in a proper state. These impor- I 24 UNIFERSJTJES AND THEIR SONS tant cdmnumiaitions were made in October 1S58. J. \V. Draper, in whose mind the faculty of patient and exact research was coupled with a very vivid practical sense of causing" to be felt what he desired to say through pen (_ir other- wise, and taking hold of his generation, had begun in the fall of this year to gix'C his oldest son, John Christopher Draper, an opportunity to begin to teach scientific subjects under his own guidance and support. In his School uf Analytical and Practical Chemistry, in his laboratory in the Medical College on Fourteenth Street, nineteen students were enrolled, — a fact very gratif)-ing to the father, — and six had already bespoken places for the summer course. Besides this encouragement a good deal of patronage in commercial and agricul- tural analysis was beginning to offer, and Professor Draper had no doubt, if the Council would favorably consider the plan, that there would not be any difficulty in shaping matters so as eventually to establish a School of Mines. This was Professor Draper's phrase. His earn- est recommendation of his son for the title of Professor of Analytical and Practical Chemistry was promptly acceded to by action of the Council on December 2, 1858. And in June following, 1859, the diploma of Analytical and Practical Chemistry was bestowed upon the following candidates : Valentine Mott P>ancis, New York ; Henry Coit Day, Georgia ; Samuel Pleet Spier, New York ; Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa, New York. Professor Howard Crosby resigned during the summer and accepted a call as Professor of Greek at Rutgers College. This brought into the P'aculty the honored Senior Professor and Dean of the College P'aculty of 1900, then named to the Council as " Mr. Henry M. Baird, one of our Alumni — who had been for four years a most successful tutor in Nassau Hall" — and this nomination was supported by a recommendation .sent by the President and members of the P\aculty of Princeton College. But a particular element of fitness was not mentioned in the nomination of Dr. Baird. Not long before the crisis of the Eastern cjuestion which found issue in the Crimean War, Dr. Baird, in the earlier twenties of his own life, had spent a whole year in Greece. Not only had he seen much of the resources of Athens, such as they were, and taken an active part in an audience of the Oueen of King Otho, but he had sought and gained association with the eminent historian Plnlay and Sir Richard Church, and the local and national antiqua- rians Pittakes and Rangabes. Few Americans of the generation after Navarino had more widely traversed Greece. In Attica herself he visited Marathon, Sunion, Eleusis and the quar- ries of Pentelikos ; he crossed Cithaeron and visited the sites of Plata^a, Thespiae, Thebes and Orchomenos, the field of Chaeronea, the heights of Parnassos and the site of Delphi. "Nor had the Peloponnesus remained a stranger " to his travels. Few were the classic spots which he did not examine; and both the ancient Pausanias and the modern Leake furnished him material for comparison. These observations were laid down in Dr. Baird's first work, " Modern Greece," etc. (Harpers, 1856), a work which admirably foreshadows the taste and faculty of the scholar and historian of the Huguenots. Long before there was an American school at Athens, therefore, New York University enjoyed the benefits of classic observations and the suggestions and deeper insight which never fail to reveal themselves to the direct contact with classic topography on the part of the sympathetic student. In March i860, the Law Faculty had been reduced to three members : Judge Gierke, and Messrs. Cutler and Wedgewood. Among the twenty-four graduates of that momentous year were two for whom a period of thirteen years each was recorded as "Time of Study"; prob- ably this means they had been practicing law for ten years after their original trioinium of office api^renticeship. One member of this class bore the historic name of Ethan Allen, and there were represented the Colleges of Brown, Yale, Georgetown, Columbia, Trinity, Bowdoin and the F"ree Academy of New York City. Henry M. Baird Howard Crosby R. H. Bull Elias Loomis Isaac Ferres John W. Draper COLLEGE FACULTY, 1859 Ebenezer a. Johnson John C. Draper Benjamin N. Martin I 26 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS At the suggestion of the Council made to the Faculty it was determined to limit the spring vacation to one week, and to fix the Commencement for the second Wednesday preceding the Fourth of July. The number of graduates in the Medical School, destined to be cut down heavily through causes inci- dental to the Civil War, was one hundred and thirty-three : of these there were representa- tives of Virginia, of North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Florida, Texas, Kentucky, Missouri and Tennessee. Nor was the actual proportion of Southern students in the total of graduates inconsider- able, being seventy-three, or fifty-four per cent of the whole number of graduates. No reader of this history will question the propriety of calling the year i860 momentous, for apart from the fact that it was the last year of national peace, it fairly may be called the point of termination of the older order of things in the sphere of higher education. And much of this is evidenced by a communication made by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences to the Council and embodied in the minutes of that corporation for March 5, 1 860. That commu- nication has a very positive liistvrical value on account of the wide survey which is involved therein, and on account of the emphasis it lays on the change then actively going on in the department of higher education in the country at large. We are told particularly of the practice of gratuitous instruction moving upward from the level of elementary schools; that the High School of Philadelphia, e.g. par- ticularly in the mathematical and physical branches, would compare favorably with the best Colleges of our country. At the Free Academy of the Municipality of New York, not only was the instruction gratuitous, but the use of textbooks, of dictionaries and books of reference, as well as stationery, was without cost to the pupils. Until recently the Colleges of the United States had been generally dependent upon the receipts from tuition, which ranged from $30 to $(jO per annum. At Yale $2500 was annu- ally applied for the relief of indigent students : a sum somewhat greater was annually bestowed on scholarships for meritorious students. At Michigan University instruction in both College and Medical departments was gratuitous. At Hobart College instruction was free. The same system was in contemplation at several of the Western Universities. In New York City, Columbia College had recently reduced its annual charge to ^50, and it was intended to abolish even this at an early day. Would it be possible for New York University to maintain her tuition fee of $90 .■' College students preferred large classes, and they would often desert an institution against which they could make no other objection than that its classes were small. A crisis was befoi'e the College of New York University, unless steps were taken to provide a permanent endowment, t(j furnish a permanent income of $20,000. During this year )? 1500 was raised by the Council and paid to the departments of Professors Loomis and Draper, to replenish or supply apparatus needed there. It is well that we should not omit to make some record of the University Glee Book, published in i860, and bearing the imprint of Wynkoop, Hallenbeck & Thomas, Printers, 49 Anne Street, as being some memorial of what was done in diilci juvoita of the epoch immediately preceding the Civil War. The editors were Edward Abbott, Albert C. Bishop, Charles Fitzsimmons, Charles W. Woolsey and James Stokes, and their preface is dated : " New York University, F"ebruary 8, 1 860. The Graduates of the University would testify that song was never known (this sounds odd to the present generation enjoying the privileges of University Heights) within its walls, and consequently it would be perceived how great had been the labor of the committee." The want of this bond to unite the students together more strongly had long been felt, and credit was due to the Eucleian Society for taking hold of the matter with so much earnest- ness and zeal. Among the authors were Edward Abbott ('60), Amasa A. Redfield ('60), HISrORl^ OF NEIV YORK UNIVERSITY 27 James K. Demorest ('63), George D. Baker ('60), J. Colman Shaw ('60), Albert C. Bishop ('60), and C. W. B. of '48 (Charles Washing- ton Baird, a brother of Professor H. M. Baird). A few quotations we believe will be heartily welcomed by New York University men of this and former generations. From "Medley," as sung on Examination Nights, tune of " Auld Lang Syne" : " Oh 1 Greek and Latin, get you gone. You never']] do for me, I'd rather be of know]edge shorn Than live in misery. With roots and paradigms and rules. You ma]oks about the audience, Wise as any sage. Then with careful utterance Says his compo.sition, Striving to do honor to Junior Exhibition. " When each one has spoken, Ladies hold their breath, Silence is unbroken, Juniors still as death. Then the reverend judges. Each a rhetorician. Name the ablest speakers a Junior Exhibition. " Then the pretty ladies Look to see the man, Wave their little handkerchiefs, Almost kiss their hand ; And the disappointed In the competition Curse their evil fortune at Junior Exhibition." A few stanzas from A. A. Redfield's Com- mencement Song No. I : (Air — " Vive VAmour.^'') " This is the final day, my boys, The last that we shall see, — This is the final day, my boys. In th' University. Chorus — Uni, TJni, Universe, Uni, Uni, Universe, Universe, Universe, University. " Adieu I thou stately marble pile. The home of education — Adieu thou stately marble pile. The best that's in the nation. Chorus — Uni, Uni, Universe, etc. *' Farewell to all the Theories, The Facts are what we wish — Farewell to all the Theories, For whales we're going to fish. Chorus — Uni, Uni, Universe, etc." Two of the songs were composed to fit the air of the famous " Cocacliehink." We will close this excerpt by giving the two last excerpts from "Retrospection" by "Quidam Treognitus : " (Air — " Villikcns and his Dinah") "But now I'm a Sen-i-or, with a beav-i-er so tall. And upon the Professors New- Year's day I call ; I walk with the ladies up and down on Broadway, And, 01 to be a Sen-i-or is gall-i-ant and gay." During the visit of the Prince of Wales to the United States, a visit which was really a 128 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS detour from Canada, though not without inter- national significance, he assumed the official title of Lord Renfrew. Having visited Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Washington, Baltimore and PhiladeljAia, he arri\-ed in New York City on Thursday the nth of October, i860. "On Friday, 12th" (we quote Harpers Weekly of October 20, i860), "the Prince of Wales and suite visited the New York University, the Woman's Library, the Astor Library, the Cooper Institute and the Free Academy ; and then rode to the Central Park, where he assisted at the transplanting of an English oak and an American elm. At most of these places addresses were presented to the Prince." At the University in particular addresses were made by Chancellor Ferris, by Mr. Henry Van Schaick in behalf of the Council, and by Pro- fessor S. F. B. Morse. The Prince drove down Fifth Avenue from the Plfth Avenue Hotel, were he resided during his visit. " A large party of ladies were specially invited to meet the Prince " (New York Herald of October 13, i860), " and all gentleman applicants for admission not officers of the institution were strictly e.xcluded, and long before the hour set forth iin the notes <>f invitation — ten o'clock, — the chapel of the institution was literally crammed " .• . . " Such a waving of feathers and fluttering of ribbons and motion of flowers and rustling of silks and agitation of fans, was never before witnessed within the sacred walls of the University Chapel " . "Within the main door the student.s, in academic costumes, were lined in double files stretching across the narrow hall along the balustrades, and on through the corridor to the chapel door. As the Prince advanced, the students respectfull)' saluted him by uncovering their heads, but no other demonstration whatever was made." Professor Wedgewood of the Law School had made these arrangements. At this distance of time the mere ceremonial notes of this function may be well omitted, but we may glean from the addresses several para- graphs which have a distinct educational or national bearing and purport. As the Prince entered the Chapel, Uodworth's Band played the Engli.sh anthem. The fair readers of this volume, if ever it should be favored by such, may be interested to learn that the Prince of Wales was dressed in plain clothes, — black frock, light vest and light-colored trousers, — "his slender youthful figure, and fair, bright, genial face, in contra.st with the tall and aged man beside him." P'rom the Chancellor's address we quote the following paragraph : " Lastly, I beg to convey through you to the British scientists our special thanks for the ver)' kind attentions and abundant courtesies shown to our Dra]>er on his \'isit to the annual meet- ing of the British Association, last summer, at O.xford, and at the several in.stitutions of learning." The third of the Resolutions of the Ctiuncil, read by Henry Van Schaick, Esq., the Secretary of the Corporati(.in, was as follows : " Resolved, that, as we are bound to England by the threefold chord of ancestry, of language, and our 'King James's Bible,' we feel we are brethren, and may claim it as a right to rejoice in every testimony of respect paid by the sovereign people of this land to the representative and heir of England's model Queen." Professor Morse in graceful words acknowledged the encouragement which in a former stage of his efforts for the electric- telegraph he had recei\'ed from the most eminent member of the Prince's suite, the venerable Duke of Newcastle, when the latter still bore his ]irevious title of Earl of Lincoln. Thereafter the Prince visited the Woman's Library (which then was in the University Building), where he shook hands with Miss Powell, who was in charge, and who addressed the royal visitor thus : " Baron, we are happy to welcome to a w HISTORT OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 133 conveyances. John Taylor Johnston had £;-iven Draper's scientific attainments. Particularly ^25,000 to endow a Professorship of the Latin in the domain of celestial photography, and in Language and Literature, and John C. Green the closely related sphere of spectrum analysis, had given the same sum for an endowment original work had been done by Dr. Henry of the Chair of Mathematics. It was a full Draper. Not longer before than in the pre- generation after the initial meeting of the ceding year, 1864, Henry Draper at Iwenty- " Literary Con- <^' ,^SXT <$ • Alini);i 'rfj.isc 'xxii JijZ 'e?; vention "of 1830. Mr. Johnston was an alumnus ; Mr. Green, who had learned the China trade in his early manhood at Can- ton, China, was not an alumnus. The Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby, who in the year before (1863) had returned from New Brunswick and had taken charge of the Fourth A\'enue Presbyterian Church of his native city, was elected to the Council at this same important meeting, in the place of the Rev. Dr. Potts, de- ceased. Howard Crosby was at this time thirty- eight years of age. On February 27, 1865, Pro- fessor John W. Draper presented to the Council the request that his second son, Henry Draper, M.D., be made Professor Adjunct of Chemistry and Natural History, the father suggesting this arrangement from considera- tions of his own health. Nor could there be Y I_,j&.\xr Lcuniiu'iu'ciiunit, '^, lff65, LARGE CHAPEL OF THE UNIVERSITY, ON WASHINGTON SQUARE -•♦►.. MXJ S I O 33 "ar 3D O I>-W O Xt 1" H ' S IS -^IW E> . COrOcv flf Cxcrcbrs. MUSIC. ■■ /ANNr.rrA." Oi''rlirrt, ..... AiriiKli :pi.--wi:jt ORATION. r™ii(i,n Tj MUSIC. COMMENCEMENT PROGRAM, LAW SCHOOL, 1 865 se\'en years of age had published in the Smithsonian Contributions a paper "on the Construction of a silvercd-glass tele- scope, I ^i inches in aperture and its use in celestial p h o t ography." The elder Dra- 1 per's request was promptly granted. The first com- munication of the eminent 1 a w- writer, John Nor- ton Pomeroy, now Dean of the Law Faculty, bears date May 1 7, 1865. Of this distinguished au- thority on Law the reader will find a more ade- quate sketch in the biographical part of this work. At the com- mencement of June 22, 1865, the degree of Bachelor of Philosoj^hy was fi.ir the first time conferred on candidates, graduates of the Draper Chemical Laboratory recommended by Profes.sor John Christopher Draper : Thomas Stokes and F. Le Roy Satterlee. The spring of this year, 1S65, was noted by the passing but one voice in the estimate of Henry away of Valentine Mott at the age of eighty. '34 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Early in December, Myndert Van Schaick passed away, leaving in the Council as his successor his son Henry, who for a number of years before this time had served as Secretary to the Council. Every alumnus of New York University must always utter this name as among the foremost who founded, served and supported this Institution, and stood by it when friends were few and hopes were low. On the night of Monday the twenty-first of May 1866, a fire started, or as some claimed was started, in the Academy of Mu- sic on Fourteenth Street and Irving Place. Whether fiends who calculated on the spoils of vast plunder in the panic of a great theat- rical audience planned it, or not, will probably never be known here. Fortunately the produc- tion of Halevy's La Juive had been concluded and the audience had all quitted the vast barnlike structure, when fire broke out at about 11.45 P-"^- The wind being from the west soon set on fire the building of the University Medical College, immediately east- ward of the Academy, on the site now occupied by the building of Tammany Hall. In an incredibly .short time the entire Medical College Building was destroyed. None of the pub- lished accounts of this catastrophe approaches in value this official one presented to the Council by the Medical Faculty and preserved in the handwriting of no other personage than that of Howard Crosby, the Secretary of the Council. Not only had that fire destroyed the edifice merely, but it had also destroyed the " Ana- tomical, Surgical and Obstetrical Museums ; the Chemical Apparatus, and the recently established Chemical Laboratory; the collec- tions of drugs and other objects of Materia Medica, with numerous and very valuable paintings relating to Materia Medica, Surgery, the Practice of Medicine, etc." Many of the.se were of such a nature as to make it impossible to replace them. None of these collections were insured. The loss in the Chemical Museum was rated at $15,000. There was the mortgage of $15,000 on the College, but no further debt. There was an insurance of $25,000. The Medical School had " been rapidly recov- ering from the temporary suspension it had suf- fered due to the loss of its Southern class. At the Commencement last March nearly one-fourth of the graduates were from Southern States. It was confidently expected that there would be a very great increase in the number of its stu- dents the coming year. In fact its prospects were at no time brighter." The Medical School, it was claimed, differed from the other (two) Medical Colleges of the city in this re- spect, that the latter depended to a considerable extent on local support, while the New York University Medical College had been drawing its students indiscriminately from all the differ- ent states. In professional position it ranked among the first American Colleges. Until the breaking out of the war, the Philadelphia Col- leges were its only rivals. It may not be im- proper to say that it probably stood among the first of American Colleges in foreign reputation. Many of its Professors (we may probably in that connection think of Mott and Draper, primarily) " were widely known in Europe. Its diploma was recognized in England, and many of its graduates " were then "practicing in that country." "Books written by its Professors on various professional topics" were "exten- sively used by other American institutions of learning; some of them " had " gone through as many as forty different editions," and were "regarded as authorities by foreign countries. Very many monographs, memoirs, and other scientific productions by these Professors " had "been republished and translated into different foreign tongues," and were " considered as hav- ing advanced the progi'ess of human knowledge in many particulars." Before the fire had died out, provision had been made for the holding of Professor Goulay's cliniques in wards at Bellevue Hospital. It was re.solved 7tot to rebuild in Fourteenth Street, because the College Building was too far from Bellevue Hospital ; the material for illustrating medical precept and theory at the HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 135 hospital being too far away from the point where lectures were held. Besides, the es- tablishment of a Medical School in connection with Bellevue was among the considerations rendering a change desirable. And besides all this, the character of Fourteenth Street had undergone a change ; it had become " more fashionable " (in 1866, n. b.), and so the rates of board in the vicinity in some cases had gone as high as eleven dollars per week. The Medical Faculty had deter- mined that any new College building should be as close as possible to Belle- vue Hospital. Should the Council see fit to make an appeal to the public, a very considerable amount of money, as much as ^150,000, could be obtained ; in which case it was proposed to dispose of the property on Fourteenth Street, pay off the mort- gage, and refund to each Professor the purchase money, $4500, which he had paid on his share, dividing among themselves the bal- ance, if any, that might remain, and cease to be the owners of real estate. Not long before this disaster Alfred L. Loomis, M.D., had been named for the Profes- sorship of the Institutes and Practice of Medi- cine, made vacant by the resignation of Prof. John T. Metcalfe, M.D. At the same time William Darling, M.D., was named for the Chair of Anatomy abandoned by the eminent Dr. Van Buren, who went to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, while Dr. Metcalfe went to the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. ALFRED L. LOOMIS In the Commencement of June 1866 the de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon I. Ghislani Durant, M.D., who had spent two years in advanced chemical studies in the Draper Chemical Laboratory after having com- pleted the ordinary course for proficients in that branch. Thus Dr. Durant is in a certain sense the first person on whom the highest degree for graduate work was bestowed. The real begin- ning, however, of systematic instruction for graduates of Col- leges must be ■ accorded to Vice- Chancellor Mac- Cracken's series of measures by which he strove to endow the New York Uni- versity with new forms of life. Clearly Dr. Draper and his sons, on account of the disaster of May 21-22, had to con- tent themselves for the present with the narrower accommo- dations of the Col- lege Laboratory on Washington Square. But the year 1866 was not only marked by a disaster, but by the greatest individ- ual act of beneficence as yet recorded by the struggling College. The donor, Loring Andrews, who from humble beginnings as a poor orphan boy had risen to wealth, made this gift largely to honor the memory of his mother. We will present to the reader the actual form of this donation : " To the Honorable, the Council of the University of the City of New York : Gentlemen : — It has been with me for some time past a pur- pose in some form to contribute to the interests of 136 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS the City of New York by a gift to one of its insti- tutions. In tliis city my life has been passed, and a kind Providence has most graciously crowned my labors, and 1 have felt 1 had a duty to perform as a steward. After careful inquiry and conference with your Chancellor 1 have resolved to make the LIniversity whose history I have followed, the object of what 1 would bestow ; hoping it may be a lasting blessing to the young men of this City and give greater efhciency to the institution which the merchants of the city have established ,and sustained. 1 place to-day in the hands of the Chancellor (for which I have his receipt). Fifty Thousand Dollars in Government Bonds and Fifty Thousand in a certified Check on the Fulton Bank, for the endowments I propose to make. [Here follows the designation of four professorships and of cer- tain prizes, that should be maintained, under easy conditions. But a little later Mr. Andrews and the Council agreed together that the fund should be kept as a unit, the income to be used for the general purposes of the work in Arts and Science. The endowment continues to-day in this form as "The Loring Andrews F"und." At the time when this fund was thus converted into a General Endowment of Arts and Science, the John C. Green and John Taylor Johnston endowments of professorships were also converted in like manner to the great benefit of the work of the University.] Mr. Andrews closed his letter by saying : With these expressions of my wishes, I am happy to place the whole matter in your hands, with the earnest desire that the University may prove, through the kind providence of God, a foun- tain of most blessed influence to this community and to our land. Witness my hand and seal, LoKiNc, Andrews. New York, this 15th tlay ul Octoliei, 1X66. This was a notable benefaction, and the reader will readily discriminate as to design and detail between the general purposes [due to the filial piety and to the municipal spirit] of I^oring Andrews, and the specific adjust- ments of the executive of that day. Chancellor P^erris. Even for the educational hi.story of New York it was a notable gift, for that day and year, a year rendered further memorable by George Peabody's g, gift of ^150,000 each to Harvard and Yale. For in New York City great fortunes were then more and more being made, but much of that wealth naturally found its way back, in the form of some beneficence, to the home of the benefactor, and returned to bless or strengthen the native place or region from which came to New York the men of enterprise and fortune to whom had come ])ro.sperity in financial or professional careers in that commercial center. At that time, due in no .small measure to the inflation caused by the Civil War, the return for money was very considerable, the revenue from the Messrs. John C. Green's and John Taylor Johnston's $50,000 being, in October 1866, $3420, or nearly seven per cent of income ; and in 1867, October, the total income from endowment was ;^io,500 for ;gi 50,000 of principal, at which figure it remained ior some time. The annual repairs of the University Building at this time impress one as not incon- siderable, for it seems the solidity of the inner structure was never c)uite in consonance with the outward stateliness of the Gothic Norman pile, which is a point of contrast with the newer structures in the better home of the University College. In November 1867 the " Committee, on the Chancellor's recom- mendations," of which Howard Cr(.i.sby was Chairman, made their report. It was in line with Dr. l^'erris's suggestions and with the mis- taken drift of many educational leaders oi that time. It is clear that Cfiancellor Crosby's measin"e a few years later, of free tuition an acc(.>mplished fact, was nothing at all sudden nor individual, but the regular consequence of the currents of those years. If only (thus the Committee held) $75,000 could be added to the endowment, then the tuititm fee could be remitted by statute. The ultimate horizon as it appeared to those deliberations (mistaken, as time proved) was bright with special promise if this were enacted: "Your committee feel confident that in this way the Institution wt7/ take an advaiiccd position before the coininiinitv and place itself on a stroni^er and broader HLSTORT OF NEW I'ORK UNU'ERSITT ^27 foinidation of usefulness and esteem [italics our own], by which it will nK^re fairly fill its appropriate place as the University of the City of New York." As a matter of fact the state had done a little for the University, the city nothing in particular ; municipal dependency in tlie era soon after the Tweed-Sweeney regime (a condition which the stupendous for- getfulness of those who hold the metropolitan suffrage rendered a fair contingency of fre- quent recurrence) — municipal dependency was a goal not at all devoutly to be wished for. Besides this, the Free Academy had (in 1854) been endowed by the Legislature with collegiate powers and privileges, and earlier in this very year of 1866 had by the Legislature had its name changed to that of " The College of the City of New York," and been in all respects [while fitting on directly to the system of the municipal grammar schools of the common school system] ranked with the Colleges of the State of New York. Listead of inquiring what indeed were the characteristic elements of intrinsic strength and attractive- ness of the foremost and most prosperous collegiate foundations of the country, the leaders of 1 867-1 870 sought to compete with local conditions of free instruction, clearly con- tent to be local, pure and simple, for all time. At this time, in January 1868 let us say, the financial status of the University College was most satisfactory ; the compensation to the Chancellor and Faculty had been liber- ally increased, that of the Chancellor being ^4884.37, and so on in proportion, and from the endowment revenue ^1382 was given as an additional compensaticm to Professor John Norton Pomeroy of the Law School f(ir in- struction in Political Science in the University College. At the end of 1867 there was a balance of $1431 in the treasury. Chancellor Ferris, out of whose policy the idea of free instruction had originally come, on January 27, 1868, submitted resolutions (which were unanimously adopted) providing for a "definite extension of the principle of free instruction in certain contiguous spheres : " Resolved, That this Council will admit to tuition without charge, in the Department of Science and Letters, such youth of good character as, having reached sixteen years of age, and having become fully qualified for admission, shall be recommended by the Board of Education of Brooklyn — and shall pass satisfactory examinations — to the number of twenty-five." "Resolved, That the same privilege be extended to the Board of Educa- tion of Hudson County, New Jersey." Surveying the chief data of 1 868 we notice this following resolution of the Faculty of Sci- ence and Letters of date June 16, 1868, and submitted to the Council on June 18, 1868. It must be kept in mind that at that time the plan was in modern languages to make a transition from the system of personal fee and optional work on the part of the student, to give a salary to teachers of modern lan- guages, a measure which was postulated with additional force by the general and far-reach- ing program of freedom from all fees for instruction. The resolution of the P'aculty is appended (adopted June 16, 1869): "Re- solved, That in the judgment of the Faculty it is exceedingly desirable that in making arrangement for permanent instruction in the Modern Languages the University should aim to obtain a Professor to whom the Eng- hsh language is vernacular ; and that a copy of this resolution be given by the Secretary to the Chancellor, to be respectfully presented to the Council." There had been a very long list of those who held the slender tenure of this optional power to teach. Particularly in German had the list been a long one: Er- nenpeutsch 1832-38, Nordheimer 1840-42, Adler 1844-54, Beleke 1862-63, Wrage, 1863-64, Schreibner 1866 to date. Of all these, George Adler of Buffalo, of the Class of 1844 and Valedictorian of the same, had clearly been the most eminent ; in fact, had been the one who through the solidity of his specific attainments as a philologer has up to the present day maintained a name in the annals of American work in Modern Lan- 138 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS guages. In the I'"inancial Report of March I, 1869, again there was a balance reported by the Treasurer of the Corporation, of $1567.79. 15ut with all this, the Under- graduate College did not seem to grow. As regards the Medical School for the three sessions after the fire, viz. from October 12 to March i, 1866- 1869, we note the following : During this triennium " the ^'acuity took up their quarters in the old New York Hospital, student's point of view, was the large number of cases, of which more than fifteen hundred were surgical ones, in connection with New York ll(.)spital. The degree of Doctor in Philosophy, we see by the Medical Circular of 1 868-69, was still associated with and acquirable at the Labora- tory for Practical Chemistry, being thus quite distinctly an appendix of, and properly to be assorted with the assets of, the Medical 01. n NEW YORK HOSPITAI. which then occupied the square between School. In that laboratory not only were Broadway and Chuich Street, and between persons desiring to prepare themselves for Duane and Worth streets. They rented one the duties of instructors or lecturers on of the large edifices, but were obliged to Chemistry fitted for such situations, but "as- abandon it in 1869, "h account of the sale of says and analyses of all kinds needed by busi- the property for commercial purposes." This ness men " were "made in the usual manner." southward movement of the Medical School for a three-)'ears period of time is, in my belief, fairly the only exception to the unvarying northward movement of educational institu- tions in the City of New York. One particular advantage of that sojourn, from the medical F"rom 1869 onward the new site of the Medical College was the structure on East Twenty-Si.xth street, near the Kast River, op- posite the Ciate of Bellevue Hospital. The course was partly given in the College build- ing and partly in the amphitheatres and wards HISrORl' OF NEW YORK UN I VERS ITT 139 of Bellevue Hi)spital, the Charity Hospital, and the Manhattan Kye and Ear Hf>spital. At this time, in May 1869, the Law Com- mittee of the Council recommended to that body two important changes. The first change did away with the provision that "no one re- ligious sect shall ever have a majority of the Board." The second change was designed to relieve an embarrassment which had existed for over seventeen years : the effect would be that while the conveyance of real estate would still require a vote of eleven in a meeting of seventeen, appointments might be made at an ordinary business meeting. The committee suggesting these changes consisted of Messrs. Wra. Allen Butler, '43, and Jno. E. Parsons,' 48. Among the tenants of the University Build- ing at this time had been the well-known Dr. Deems, who had organized his Church of the Strangers in the University Building. Soon after this time Dr. Deems acquired a prcjp- erty in Mercer Street near by, with generous support gi\'en him by Commodore Vanderbilt. The total of rents in the report of December g, 1869, reached the sum of ^16,817.00. At the beginning of the fall term of 1869 the work of instruction in Political Science was entrusted to the Rev. Dr. Ezra H. Gil- lett, who was then forty-seven years of age, a graduate of Yale 1841, and Pastor of the Harlem Presbyterian Church for twenty-five years, one of the most eminent writers in the Presbyterian Church, and indefatigable in his- torical research, more particularly in the pre- Reformation period. Some weeks before the termination of the courses in Law the ina- bility of Professor John Norton Pomeroy further to carry on the work of instruction made it necessary to find a substitute to carry to a proper completion the work of the year. This work was undertaken by E. Delafield Smith of the Class of 1846. This alumnus, who had been Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, and United States District Attorney, and was the author of Law Re- ports, not only performed this ta.sk but re- fused to accept any compensation. As a model for the present and the rising genera- tion of New York University men, I append a portion tif his report to the Council (dated May 18, 1 870): "As to the suggestion of compensation, I must frankly declare that I C(juld accept nothing but the hope that, while my services were of short duration and of little account, they may be accepted as a cheerful testimcjnial of my gratitude to the University for a material portion of my edu- cation." Among the LL. B.s who thus com- pleted their Law Course we find the name of Randolph Guggenheimer, and of the small Law Class of 1867 that of P^lihu Root, the present Secretary of War. Nor should we leave unmentioned of the alumni of Ferris's administration the geologist John J. Steven- son, who in 1867 acquired the degree of Doctor in Philosophy, and Charles B. Brush, B.S. and Civil Engineer of 1867, who subse- quently gained wide reputation in his jirofession. We have arrived at the end of the third administration. Chancellor P'erris resigned his office at a special meeting of the Council, held at 119 Liberty Street, the office of John Tay- lor Johnston, the Vice-President of the Coun- cil, on July 18, 1870, there being present at the meeting Messrs. John C. Green, John T. J(jhnston, William M. Vermilye the Treasurer of the Corporation, Howard Crosby, the Rev. Drs. Campbell and Hutton, and Messrs. Dodge, Charles Butler, William Allen Butler, Nielson, Leveridge, Norrie, Parsons, Martin, Doremus and Maclay, and the Chancellor himself. The latter had reached the ripe age of seventy-two. With just satisfaction he sur- veyed the contrast between 1852 and 1870, and recounted his services, particularly in fields not congenial to him. Here for the first time it is recorded that it was W'illiam Bedlow Crosby who in 1852 induced him to undertake the formidable task. A pardonable satisfaction is betrayed in the comparative glance directed toward the two preceding administrations in one particu- lar respect : "and especially, among my most 140 UNIIERSITIES AND THEIR SONS pleasant reminiscences, will l)e the fact that we had no cwitroxersies tn wage through the public press, or any others." — "Ours has been a reign of peace, of good feeling, of mutual confidence and coojieration, though we have as an instituti(.>n suffered and do suffer 10% Bond, $1,000 ; James Suydam fund, $4550 ; total, $175,550. Chancellor Ferris, entering upon the task of financial rehabilitation in the latter part of his life, may fairly be called one who fully discharged this task. That he did not more from the effects of the past newspaper and profoundly discern the true reason for the pamphlet war. Indeed, I have been amazed somnolent state of the Undergraduate Col- that the University has lived through it all." The Council in accepting the resitrnation bestowed upon Dr. Ferris the title of Chancellor Emeritus, and a pension of $3000, i. e. after October 1871, up to which time he was to receive $4000. It is difficult for the candid student of these chronicles to overstate the financial services of the third Chancellor, who found the institution in debt to the amount of m(jre than $87,000, while in the fall of 1870 the revenue producing assets stood thus : Washington Square property with rents producing $ 1 7,- 080.40 ; Loring Andrews fund, $100,000; John T. Johnston fund, $25,000; John C. Green fund, $25,000 ; James Brown fund, $5,000; William E. Dodge fund lege, — for this we are all the less justified in hold- ing him responsible, since a younger man, his suc- cessor, sought progress along the same lines. A notable incident in the history of American science recordable as be- longing to the Chancel- lor.ship of Dr. F'erris was the work in Solar Physics and optics undertaken by John William Draper. Daguerre's invention had been announced in 1839. Professor Draper, who was then twenty-eight years of age, at once took up the subject, and was the first physicist who ever se- cured a photograph of the human countenance ; this was a picture of his sister Catherine, whose face at first was dusted with white powder, a measure of cau- tion soon found to be un- 000 ; necessary. This notable souvenir in the history ARTOTYPE COPY OF THE EARLIEST SUNLIGHT PICTURE OF A HUMAN FACE Miss Dorothy Catherine Draper, taken by her brother. Professor John Wilham Draper, M.D., LL.D., of the University of the City of New York early in 1S40. The original daguerreo- type is the property of Sir William John Herschel of England. George Griswold fund, $10,000; United States of American physics is presented above. E. G. s. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER V The following is from the pen of the Rev. Dr. Edward Abbott of the Class of tS6o: " f)urs were the days of Chancellor Ferris, the grandest, most majestic specimen of the physical man whom I ever saw or expect ever to see ; of Professor Draper the elder, whose lectures in Physi- cal Science lent lustre to our Senior Year; of Dr. Howard Crosby, when he was Professor of Greek, and to whom, I fear, I was too often an irritating pupil ; of Professor I^oomis, whose mien and manner were Mathematics per- sonified ; of Professor Bull, who, good soul that he was, was probably the most laughed-at man in the Faculty ; of Professor Martin the elder, who certainly was one of the best informed and most instructive men I ever listened to in any connection ; of Professor Johnson, who was as hard HISTOR}" OF NEIF TORK UNU'ERSITT 141 and severe as one of Cicero's orations ; and of Janitors Halliday and Reed, one of whonii was as unpopular a mar- tinet as the other was an easy-going grandfather of an official. '' I well remember my entrance-examinations. They were, for personal reasons of convenience, special and private, and very different ordeals from entrance-examinations now. In Greek my paces were tried by Professor Crosby in the front basement of his dwelling, somewhere in one of the Twentieth streets, if I remember rightly ; in Mathematics by Professor Loomis, grim and sphinx-like, in his boarding house in University Place. My Latin examination I do not remem- ber. The scenes and experiences that most distinctly I do remember are the meetings of the students on the Univer- sity steps, of a morning, before prayers, when every new spring-suit was an object of common remark and observa- tion, and every first tall-hat a target for all sorts of shots ; the declamations in the chapel following morning prayers, when Poe's ' Raven ' and ' Spartacus to the Roman Envoys ' did unwearied duty year after year ; the tramp, tramp, tramp of the pacings to and fro on the marble floor of the great hall during the five-minute intermissions; the boyish and not very studious recitations that went on in Professor Martin's lecture-room; the honest a]id admiring respect that was always paid to ))r. Draper; the sturdy manliness of Professor Crosby's dealing with the class, both collectively and as individuals; and the racy meetings of the Eucleian Society, which came on Friday evenings, and invariably yielded entertainment, if not edification." . . . " There were Saturday boating trips on the Plarlem River towards High Bridge ; there was a slight attack of the base-ball fever, which spent itself on the plains of Weehaw- ken ; there were Sunday afternoon promenades on Broad- way, where all the young life and fashion of the city congregated, sweeping back and forth in long currents from Fourteenth Street to Canal ; there was a college paper, the University Item, of which our class, I think, was the founder, and which, I sadly remember, terribly wounded one of the professors in the Law School by a harmless pun upon his name. Our class, I think, inaugurated class meet- ings and class suppers and a class songbook. We had an imitation Junior Exhibition and a brilliant Commencement," CHAPTER VI Chancellor Howard Crosby and the Crisis of 1881 THE historian has this palpable and most delightful advantage over the man of action, and over those, who- ever they may be, who are called upon to act : these latter must be wise before acting or while acting, whereas the chronicler is free from these embarrassments and enjoys the privilege of being wise after the acts and events, inasmuch as he may calmly survey the train of consequences and examine the generative points whence issue new trains of events. And so it will be in the case of our dealing with the fourth administration of New York University. Immediately after the retirement of Isaac Ferris there was a — statutory — interregnum. In this interregnuin the most incisive and clear propositions were those emanating from the Pastor of the P'ourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, who had been a student, a Professor in the College Faculty, had for four years been connected with a most reputable foundation near by and thus enriched both his experience and his faculty of judgment, and had, im- mediately upon his return to his native city. resumed active relations with his College by accepting a seat in the Council. Moreover he was endowed with a personality the most gifted to engage sympathy, nay admiration, and his reputation had been for some time growing into a renown destined to become national. And the specific matter for which a remedy was sought, was the stationary or retrogressive position of the Undergraduate College in spite of the strong Faculty, in spite of the great betterment affected in the economic aspects of the College. On September 15, 1870, the Council held a meeting. They had upon examining the affairs of the University come to see "the necessity of some very radical changes in the conduct of the institution," and so there had been ap- pointed a committee to " revise the curriculum." Of this Committee, Howard Crosby was made Chairman. There was also appointed a com- mittee to confer upon the subject of the elec- tion of a new Chancellor. This Committee consisted of Messrs. William Allen Butler, John E. Parsons and William M. Vermilye. Both committees were to report on October 6, 1870. 142 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS On that date Dr. Cn)sl)y, for the Cummittee on Curriculum, reported as follows : "The Committee ajipointed to revise the Curricuhmi and sui;-i;"est such changes in the system of the University as may be expedient, beg" leave to repnrt — That they believe the public needs nf our da)', and the original design of the University, equally demand a much closer contact of the University with the Community, by a much broader exhibi- tion of the objects and means of Knowledge. To this end, as well as in view of a greater general efficiency in the Collegiate work, they present to the Council the following proposals : 1. That immediate steps be taken, as far as expedient, to locate the Meteorological Obser- vatory of the Government at the University, and to provide all the apparatus for such, at an expense of $75,000 if necessary, thus mak- ing the University a \aluable and energizing centre for the whole nation, placing it in the first rank of scientific institutions, and lifting it at once to a healthful popularity. 2. That, after the present academic year, the instruction in the Department of Science and Letters be given, freely, to all who may pass the proper examination, and in this way a inoir beneficent [italics our own] character and a more far-irae/iing usefulness be at- tained by the University. 3. That the Professorship of Evangelical Theology be, with the consent of Mr. Andrews, abolished, as unnecessary in a city where Theological Seminaries can much more thor- oughly furnish theological instruction, and as conflicting practically with the basis on which the University is founded. 4. That two courses of study be consti- tuted by the h'aculty of Science and Letters, to wit, a Classical Course, and a Scientific Course; the former to be known as compris- ing Freshman, Si.iphomore, Junior and Senior years ; and the latter as comprising First, Second and Third 3ear ; and that a student entering on either of these — be, as far as pos- sible, confined to the requirements of the courses, all elective privileges on the student's part being denied. 5. That at the close of the present academic year, the Grammar School be abolished as not a necessary part of the original design, and as in many points conflicting with the interests of the institution. 6. That the examinations of the Univer- sit)-, both as regards number and character, be regulated by the F"aculty, on a more thorough basis. 7. That the present prize system, as far as possible, be abolished: and the prize fund, with such other moneys as may be obtained for that purpose, be used to establish a system of fel- lowships. 8. That the Law Department be reconsti- tuted, under the direction of the Law Commit- tee, with power as speedily as possible. 9. That the salaries of the Professors be, after the present academic year, fixed if possi- ble at Four Thousand Dollars. 10. That, in order to accomplish the fore- going purposes, so necessary to the usefulness and life of the University, the Council en- deavor at once to raise the sum of Two Hun- dred Thousand Dollars." This was the plan of 1870, October 6 ; admirable in some ways, but completely ignoring the new social and athletic life, and the wider freedom in academic sites and that whole element in College life — at- tractive to youth — the academic home, and the environment so dear to youth, the associations so cherished ; elements of academic strength which in the current vernacular of academic youth mark the wide and deep difference be- tween "a real American College" and "a day school." On the tenth section, which dealt with the financial postulates of the new program, there was appointed a committee consisting of Messrs. Charles Butler, James Brown and William M. Vermilye, to which was added the President of the Council, John Cleve Green. Whether this eminent patron of higher education had or had not matured or was be- ginning to mature those bequests which uiti- HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY H3 mately placed scientific instruction at Prince- ton on a permanent foundation, we know not. Nor are we permitted to put on record tlie indirectness of hearsay in this respect. Had the University College, however, been in a sit- uation inviting- expansion, such as was not the case at Washington Square, nor possible there, perhaps his munificence would have taken a different turn or would have been divided. But to return to the important Council meeting of October 6, 1870. The Committee on the election of a new Chancellor presented their correspondence with Dr. Crosby, the latter having withdrawn from the meeting. It was Dr. Crosby whom the committee (Messrs. William Allen Butler, William M. Vermilye and John E. Parsons) had invited to accept the Chancellorship. And in doing so they did not ask him to withdraw from, or essentially reduce, that labor which was the main sphere of his life, viz., the Pastorate of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church. It was under- stood that Dr. Crosby was "to give to the gen- eral oversight and administration of the ajfairs of the University only such time and attention as" might "be compatible zvith the discltarge of" his "pastoral duties." [These words as well as those below are emphasized by us.] And they went on to say : " We are satis- fied that, in the present situation of the Uni- versity, the arrangement we have indicated affords the best // mt the only practicable so- lution of our difficulties. It is consistent with the original design of the ofhce ; it accords with the unanimous and strongly expressed wish of the Faculty ; it will be acceptable to the undergraduates, and to the Alumni ; and we believe that the friends of the Institution generally will recognize the wisdom and pro- priety of securing at once (although not to the exclusion of other duties and interests) the services of one of its own alumni and former Professors, who by his scholar.ship and literary ability, as well as by the deserved public es- teem in which he is held, is so well qualified to be the executive head of a prominent seat of learning." In accepting this call thus qualified, Howard Crosby, after reviewing what association he had had to the University, as a "grammar schoolboy" until he became a member of the Council and the Secretary of the same, used the following words, which we think are emi- nently characteristic of the noble impulsive- ness and intensity of his soul : " My course in connection with the University, thus briefly sketched, has not only brought me into most intimate acquaintance with the Institution, in all its character and history, but has begotten in me a devoted attachment to my Alma Mater, so that my interest in its welfare is as natural to me as my breathing of the air." And in surveying the duties of the Chancellor he noted that neither instruction nor any charge of the finances was expected of him. To "superintend the interests of the Uni- versity" he conceived to mean this, that "he is to put himself into magnetic relation with all its departments, to conceive, accept and mature plans for the development of its true life, to represent it judiciously before the community, and to contribute to the sympa- thetic and harmonious working of the Council and the P"aculties. The other specified duties of the Chancellor are mere matters of routine, and demand very little of his time." Dr. Crt)sby believed that the proposed additional responsibilities called rather " for the efficient interest of heart and mind, than the actual consumption of specific time." At the same time Dr. Crosby made one condition, viz., the matter of the additional endowment of ^200,- 000, towards the immediate acquisition of which vigorous efforts must be made. This was a sine qua ncn. Without it, "no man could do justice to himself or the Institution, in accepting the office of Chancellor." He did not close this important communication without calling attention to the statutory lim- itation of the Chancellorship to four years, strictly speaking, intimating that the service he could give was indeed given willingly, but merely to bridge over the present emergency. All this must be kept in mind by those 144 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS who would be qualified to pass judgment on Howard Crosby's administration. Clearly the men of 1S70 did not believe that the principle of "This one thins;- I do" was essential for the management and for the ad\-ancement t}f New York Uni\-ersit)'. We may perhaps say they took altogether too unbusinesslike a view, too spiritual a view of the situation ; the lustre of a distinguished and still rising name they trusted would prf President of that body. And as regards the Chancellor, the Council on that date, June 4, 1874, "Resolved, that the Council would earnestly request Dr. Crosby to continue nominally (Italics our own) at the head of the Institution, performing only such duties as his time and ability will permit. than a score of times between September 1873 and May 1874. On May 19, 1874, when the Chancellor was not present, the Eacult)', having learned that the ascertained income of the University fell short of its ex- penditure by the average sum of $4000 an- nually, " Resolved, that it is the desire of these Faculties to cooperate with the Council in any efforts that it may be thought wise to make, to bring the yearly expenses of the University within its available resources. Re- solved, secondly, that they hope this result can be accomplished without lr)ss of prestige, and without impairing the extent and effi- ciency of its courses of instruction. Resolved, HISTORT OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITl^ ^Si thirdly, that it is the earnest wish of the Faculties that the Chancellor whose four-years term of office expires with the close of the current year, will consent to continue with them in the exercise of his office for a further period." Thus the Commencement of 1874, which concluded an academic year of painful inci- dents, came on. The function was held in the Academy of Music, at Irving Place and Four- teenth Street, and before the exercises began Dr. Crosby was rec|uested by a special vote of the Council to act as Chancellor until an elec- tion for Chancellor should be held. The summer went by. On October 22, 1874, John Taylor Johnston reported that Dr. Crosby was unwilling to remain unless the endowments were made up. This the Coun- cil heard with deep regret and expressed their conviction that the very life of the University depended upon his not withdrawing at present and earnestly entreated him to continue to act as Chancellor ad intcriin. The baneful effects of the financial crisis of 1873, we may suggest, were still lying like a leaden weight on the land ; no man of proven excellence would probably have been found to step into the place of Howard Crosby twenty-five years ago, without positive improvement of the financial strength of the Corporation. The Council had no choice. Thus the Council had a Chancellor whose maintenance of the function was expressedly nominal, and even at that a favor to the Corporation ; in all waj's an arrangement of the most unsubstantial order and precarious to a degree. On November 19, 1874, the Hon. Abram S. Hewitt entered the Council, holding a seat in it to 1882. The University — if one may anticipate a little — will always be kept in grateful remembrance of Mr. Hewitt through the invaluable Turkish collection of books which it owes to him. On this same date, November 19, the Council decided to pro- vide an additional sum of $6000 for three years, to meet the deficiency in the current income, due to the enlargement of the work, and the Chancellor stated that if this subscription were made he w(juld accept the position of Chancellor ad intcriin. The Council thereupon voted their thanks to Dr. Crosby. Early in 1875 (February 4) the Rev. Dr. John Hall of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church was named to fill a vacancy in the Council, and John Taylor Johnston was placed in the chair of President of the Council. In April (8) 1875, in accordance with the recommendation submitted by the Medical Faculty, the title of " Dean " of the Medical Department was established, with the then registrar. Dr. Charles Inslee Pardee, as the first incumbent of the office. At the Com- mencement of 1875 there was conferred the degree of Master of Science on Israel Cook Russell of the Class of 1872, who in this very year 1875 attended the scientific expedition of the United States to New Zealand to observe the transit of Venus, and subse- quently after long service on the United States Geological Survey entered the service of the University of Michigan as an aca- demic teacher of that branch of science. Both Loring Andrews and John Cleve Green passed away in this spring, 1875. All friends of New York University owe both of them a grateful and perpetual remembrance, particularly to Loring Andrews, of whom the Council in their minute of June 17, 1875, said: "He was the mo.st liberal benefactor of the University and a valued member of its Council. His efficient help to the Institution most mod- estly bestowed in a time of great straitness will ever be gratefully remembered in its history." The examinations for the LL.B. degree ended, in the spring of 1875, it was seen that there was a class of forty, the largest in the history of that department. The encour- aging report on this work was signed not only by D, R. Jacques, Professor of Law and Secretary of the Faculty, but also by Chauncey B. Ripley, Chairman of the Executixe Com- mittee of Alumni Association of the Alumni ^54 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS Examining Committee." On September 2, 1875, Professor Ezra Hall Gillett had died and on Dr. Crosby's proposal Charles D. Morris, A.M., of Peekskill, and Borden P. Bowne were appointed, the former as Profes- sor of the English Language and Literature, the latter as Assistant Professor in Modern Languages. The stay of both gentlemen at Washington Square was brief : Dr. Bowne soon was tran.s- ferred to Boston Uni\'ersity, in which associa- tion his distinction as an exponent of theistic philosophy was gained ; Professor Morris joined the newly established Johns Hopkins Univer- sity in the following year, 1876, as Collegiate Professor of Classics. During his decade of service (1 876- 1886) in the Baltimore founda- tion his indefatigable industry and accuracy in classical scholarship was mo.st efficiently applied and appreciated, but even more the splendid moral impression he made on a large and steadily widening circle of young or younger men, both undergraduates, gradu- ate students and fellows, made him one of the recognized forces and figures in Balti- more. An Englishman by birth and training, a P"ello\v of Oriel College, Oxford, and a near kinsman of the late Admiral D' Urban, he was a typical exponent of the gentleman-scholar. Childless as he was, he bestowed the bounties of heart and home on many, of whom the present writer was one. His marble bust is in McCoy Hall, Johns Hopkins Uni\ersity. In this fall were completed the alterations in the large Chapel, changes designed to in- crease the revenue earning capacity of the property on Washington Square. In the spring t*^^'^ MEMORIAL MONUMENT 198 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS expense than could be met by the accumulation of income over and above the expense of main- taining the annual or biennial series of lectures, and any profits arising from the sale of such lec- tures, printed in book-form, was to be counted as, or added to, the income of the Institute. The month of May 1895 was memorable for University Heights for the gift of the Memorial Librar}', the generous giver's name to be with- held from publication until consent be obtained for its announcement. And the authorities of the University in accepting this munificent gift, the greatest single benefaction ever received by New York University, expressed in their acknowledgment of this superb donation their sense of " the timeliness with which it places the New York University by the side of sister Universities in promising to us that essential factor in higher education, a great Library; we appreciate the immediate value of the building to us, not only as a repository of our present library and museum collections, an auditorium and administration office, but also a beautiful architectural monument. Finally we recognize the filial and generous feelings which are prompting 'the donor,' in this gift." The outer wall of the museum, a ponderous peri- phery built of granite, of a little more than a semi-circle, was first undertaken according to the plans of Stanford White ; this structure is the most westerly part of the general building on the slope descending towards Sedgwick Avenue. During the summer of 1 896 the exca- vation for the main building was made in the rock. In April 1897 the beginning of the Library proper was made. The central hall of the Museum was in a certain way inaugu- rated by the annual sessions for 1 899, of the American Philological Association, on July 6-8, the members being in the main quartered at University Heights. On December 5, 1899, the auditorium with its fine organ was opened for the daily use of Faculty and Students of the Undergraduate College. At the present writing [December 1900] the Library proper is looking forward to completion by the close of the calendar year. As this University Library bids fair to assume a prominent place not only among the academic buildings of the United States but among the notable architec- tural monuments of the Greater New York, some lines of description may be pertinent. The "Museum of the Hall of Fame" may be first named. Its full description will be given below. Within its granite periphery there is now temporarily housed the geological collection of some twelve thousand specimens made by Professor John James Stevenson and presented by that scientist to New York Uni- versity ; galleries add much to the available space. A lecture-room of geology and a geo- logical laboratory of the Professor of Geology are here provided. The large central room contains the portraits of the first six Chancel- lors, of several noted Professors, and two landscapes from the Botta bequest. Further there are here preserved a fine oil painting of the Kocnigssce in the Bavarian Alps, and a marble statue of Judith, gifts of John R. Ford. Further there are memorials of the brothers of Mrs. R. L. Stuart, a benefactor of New York University ; busts of Professor Botta and of Professor Henry Draper, the original patent of Stephenson's first street car, bearing the autographs of Andrew Jackson and Roger B. Taney, a gigantic coral from the Bermudas secured by Professor Bristol, and other souve- nirs of the past, including a lithograph of the first Medical Faculty of New York University. From this Chancellors' Hall the Faculty, headed by the Chancellor, pass each morning into the auditorium for College prayers. To the north of this noble apartment we pass to a series of four halls with galleries, containing several thousand framed engravings, a notable collection made by Dr. Wallace Wood, Lecturer on Art in the University. This collection is arranged chronologically, and apart from the artistic and aesthetical value has many features of didactic opportunity to illustrate important epochs in the history of human civiHzation from the Attic Parthenon, the ruins of Pompeii, to Florentine renaissance and so down to Eliza- bethan interiors, the dress and habits of the 200 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Stuarts, to Hogarth and the rococo of Louis XV. and of Marie Antoinette. The last hall contains matter which eventually will find a place in some technological building at Uni- \crsity Heights, the most notable being a fine model of the switch and block system of railway practice, a gift of Frank Jay Gould, who for several seasons pursued technological studies at University Heights. In truth all eight hundred fixed seats. Space remains for seven hundred folding chairs, so that fif- teen hundred persons can be accommodated in this aula, which apart from the noble use for morning chapel service when Faculty and students are daily brought together, affords rare accommodation for academic functions, celebra- tions and entertainments, as College concerts, oratorical contests, commencement functions AUDITORIUM, UN these halls together with the corridors, form the ground floor to the " Hall of Fame " and must be devoted finally and exclusively to memorials of the Great Americans whose names shall be inscribed in the colonnade above. But some years are likely to pass before more than a single hall will be needed for patriotic memorials. The auditorium has over six hundred chairs, inside the circle of pillars, with some seventy chairs on the stage. The first row in the gallery adds about one hundred, making near IVERSITY LIBRARY and the like. The organ, built by Hook & Hastings of Boston, has three manuals, the combination of sweetness and characteristic individual purity of tone as well as strength and power, in the range of stops, being notable, from sixteen feet bourdon to the vox angelica of the echo organ. Lewis C. Haynes, New York University, 1900, was the first organist appointed for the new auditorium. The auditorium proper is a circular struc- ture, the outer walls being octagon and the HISTORT OF NEW TORE UNIVERSIT2' 20I lighting from sun and day is most effectively complete. Sixteen pillars carried a flexvaulted ceiling, the tcstiido of the Romans. Immedi- ately above the auditorium is the great Rotunda of the library, on the general lines of the Pantheon. Sixteen columns of green marble from Connemara County, Ireland, carry a deeply-vaulted dome, with entablature access to the upper seminar-rooms. With the most substantial metal casings and facades for eventual alcoves, the library is designed to be fire-proof. Eighteen seminar-rooms will be devoted, one each, to the different chairs of University work and their particular collections. The present nucleus of books at the Heights ROTUNDA, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY of squares and rosettes in the classic manner decorated in a gold-bronze effect. Likewise the vestibule is adorned both in its wings and above the great central staircase with a barrel- vaulted ceiling of decoration and architecture coordinate with the central dome. The floors of vestibule and rotunda are prepared of mosaic, or of marble in regular patterns. A gallery runs around the rotunda, affording is about forty thousand volumes, largely ac- quired in the last eight years. The collec- tions at Washington Square raise the total to fifty-five thousand volumes. Thus, at the time of writing, December 1900, this col- lection is exceeded by those of Amherst College, seventy thousand volumes, Bowdoin sixty-four thousand, Brown University one hundred thousand, Columbia University two 202 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS hundred and seventy-five thousand, Cornell two hundred and twenty-five thousand, Dart- mouth eighty-five thousand, Harvard five hun- dred and twenty-five thousand, Johns Hopkins ninety thousand, Lehigh one hundred thousand, Marietta sixty-five thousand, Oberlin fifty-two thousand, Princeton University one hundred and forty thousand. University of California seventy-nine thousand. University of Chicago three hundred and forty thousand, University of Michigan one hundred and thirty-three thousand, University of Pennsylvania one hun- dred and fifty thousand. University of Vermont fifty-five thousand, University of Wisconsin fifty-five thousand, Wesleyan fifty-five thou- sand, Western Reserve fifty-two thousand, Yale three hundred thousand. The facade proper of the Memorial Library is that of the Greek Corinthian order, with six columns of Indiana sandstone and Corinthian capitals. On both sides of the entrance proper, stairs descend leading to a corridor opening into the auditorium. On six marble slabs on both sides of this lower hall are en- graved the words "The Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Wisdom," in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, English, German and French languages. In the front part of the Library, i.e. the administration building, are the offices of the Chancellor, and rooms for Librarian and assist- ants. On the outer verge of the roof of the Museum is the ambulatory affording exquisite vistas to south, to west and to north. On the western granite wall of the museum is a foun- tain of lions' heads, with a wide bassin below, and the new coat of arms of the University, ancient runners striving for the goal, and the present motto " Perstare ct Pracstare," with the raised hand and arm of Liberty with the torch, in the upper half of the medallion, em- blem of the City of New York. Below upon the Avenue is a second Fountain, the gift of the University to the city. At both the north and the south end of the granite wall of ambulatory and museum there is a ponderous arch under which pass the driveways leading up from Sedgwick Avenue to the level of Library Facade, Hall of Languages and of the campus in general. A vaulted passage leads from the Hall of Languages to the southern arch en- trance leading to the auditorium, thus afford- ing a sheltered communication in all weathers and seasons. A similar passage from the north arch will lead to the Hall of Philosophy and Applied Science. For a monumental building the Library enjoys a particularly felicitous site, not only presenting a vast panorama from its dome, or from the ambulatory, but being for many miles the most conspicuous and dominating object in the landscape, whether viewed from Washington Bridge, from Fort George, from the Speedway, from Inwood and the wooded defiles leading to the Hudson, from Spuyten Duyvil, from Marble Hill and from Kings- bridge. The total cost will reach one million dollars. Among those who have generously aided the gathering and preservation of books at University Heights we must name particularly William F. Havemeyer, donor of the Have- meyer Laboratory of Chemistry ; Leveridge ; William Allen Butler, LL.D. ; Commodore David Banks ; the Rev. Dr. Rand, from whose gift the Department of Philosophy received a much needed equipment ; the Rev. Dr. Samuel Macauley Jackson, Professor of Church His- tory, has given many hundred volumes of value and importance. The Professor of Latin has aided the Classical Department according to the measure of his own resources as well as through the aid of friends such as James Loeb. Similar contributions have been made by the Professors of History and Political Science, by the Professor of Semitic Lan- guages and others. More recently William F. Havemeyer has taken steps for collection of books on American History. A wide field remains open to the alumni. The steady growth of the Graduate School renders im- perative an early expansion. The autonomy of an academic foundation should be emphasized preeminently in its library and its scientific apparatus. > > a m H a > ■< 204 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS The College Commencement of 1895 was held on a fair day in June, a day of exquisite beauty, in the Gymnasium at University Heights. The graduates of the Under- graduate College and Science School num- bered twelve Bachelors of Arts, five Bachelors of Science, seven Bachelors of Philosophy and six Civil Engineers. Among the honorary de- resources of the University at University Heights by his lyrics, a noble element of social life, particularly when sung as the free- dom of the Heights invites song. One of the most familiar smaller lyrics of Goethe cele- brates the violet, beginning thus : " Ein Veilchen auf der Wiese stand, Gebiickt in sich und unbekannt." nOME OF ROTUNDA, LIBRARY grees of 1895 was that of Doctor of Laws bestowed upon the distinguished publicist and philanthropist Oswald Ottendorfer, that of Master of Laws on Vice-Dean Clarence D. Ashley and Professor Frank A. Erwin of the Law School. Willis Fletcher Johnson of '79, who received the Master of Literature, a most loyal son of New York University, and one favored by the muse, has enriched the " A violet there grew npon the mead, alone, Bent in it.self and ail unknown." Willis Fletcher Johnson's Ode to the Violet of New York University is more robust and full of loyal aspiration : it is the most popular of New York University lyrics ; its fine lines have given vigor and energy to the student life at the Heights, and they well deserve a permanent place in this recital. And may we HISTORY OF NEW J^ORK UNIFERSITT 205 — as we are speaking of the particular emblem of New York University — make a remark upon the symbolism of the College color ? Violet is a compound tint made up of red and blue : red, the symbol of strong love and affec- tion ; blue, the calm and unvarying emblem of fidelity and unswerving devotion. But here is Mr. Johnson's poem : THE VIOLET. (Air, " Die Wacht am Rhein ") ■ The Violet blooms in springtime fair, And perfume sheds upon the air, The Violet — we sing its praise I The Violet — our voices raise I With steadfast faith and loyal manhood true, We pledge the Violet of N. Y. U. The Violet blooms within each heart, Safe cherished there with wisdom's art. Its sweet perfume in life to shed, On all the paths our feet may tread. The Violet — we sing its praise ! The Violet — our voices raise 1 With steadfast faith and loyal manhood ti-ue. We pledge the Violet of N. Y. U. In the autumn of 1895 the University Col- lege was strengthened throucrh the endowment ANTE-ROOM TO CHANCELLOR'S OFFICE, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY To vie with lily and with rose The sweetest flower the garden knows. The Violet — we sing its praise 1 The Violet — our voices raise ! With steadfast faith and loyal manhood true, We pledge the Violet of N. Y. U. The Violet blooms when life is new. The world just breaking on our view. Beside the garden-gate of youth. To bid God-speed in ways of truth I of seven scholarships, given by Miss Helen Miller Gould, at first $5000, but later enlarged to $6000 each ; three Jay Gould scholarships, the nomination to these to be in the gift of the founder ; further, a Delaware County Scholar- ship, a Ro.xbury Scholarship, a Western Scholarship, and a Southwestern Scholarship, these four to be competitive. The candidate for either the Delaware County Scholarship or 2o6 UNWERSITIES AND THEIR SONS the Roxbury Scholarship to be a resident of Delaware county, New York, and candidates for the Western Scholarship must be residents upon the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway system ; the candidate for the Southwestern Scholarship must be a resident upon the line of the Texas Pacific, the St. Louis Southwestern, or the International Great Northern Railway; a certain preference among candidates to be shown to sons of persons connected with the railways above named. Also Miss Helen Miller Gould strength- ened the School of Pedagogy by increasing to $5000 the scholarship founded in 1894, in memory of Jay Gould, and added four fur- ther scholarships in Pedagogy, two in memory of her mother, to be known as the Helen Day Gould scholarships ; the third, to be called the Western Scholarship, was to be open to teachers residing along the line of the Missouri Pacific and Iron Mountain railways, while the Southwestern Scholarship was to be given to teachers residing along the line of the Texas and Pacific, St. Louis Southwestern and the International Great Northern raihva)'s. At the same time Miss Ida Northrop endowed one Scholarship in Pedagogy with ^4000, and one in the University College with S5000, the nomination to be in the gift of the founder. Similar benefactions for the School of Peda- gogy were made by Mrs. Dr. John P. Munn. Dr. Samuel Weir was appointed in this fall of 1895 to teach the History of Education and Ethics in the School of Pedagogy, also to assist in the instruction in Philosophy in the Graduate School. In this autumn also there began his work as Professor of German, Law- rence McLouth, lately an Instructor at the University of Michigan. This incumbent of the German chair succeeded subsequently in securing from an eminent gentleman of Ger- man ancestry and earlier training, Oswald Ottendorfer, the foundation of a special library which is known as the New York University Germanic Library. This collection, which even at this writing is without a peer or parallel in America, is still making, liven now it contains some 9000 to 10,000 vol- umes. Its comprehensiveness is very remark- able : it contains more than sixty sets of periodicals specifically devoted to the philol- ogy or literary history of Germanic tongues, many of these sets being completed and termi- nated. It embraces lexical works which deal not only with Anglo-Saxon, Gothic, and the various stages of German proper, but also Netherlandish and the Scandinavian tongues, also the dialects of the various sec- tions of Germany. It contains furthermore the vast and costly collection of mediaeval records known as the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. A full collection of literature in German, dealing with art and its history as well as with the vast field of philosophy, is added, as well as the publications of some of the foremost academies of Germany, so that for the purpose of research we may well look forward to the time when University Heights will be one of the central points of resort for these studies. The official "opening " of University Heights was celebrated on October 19, 1895, being fa- vored by exquisite skies, when addresses were made by Chancellor Upson of the State Board of Regents, by Presidents Gates of Amherst and Hill of Rochester, by Dr. Charles Butler, Mayor William L. Strong, William Allen But- ler, LL.D., and by the Chancellor, who said at the conclusion of his address : " By request of the founder of the Library, the Chancellor will proceed to break ground for that edifice. It promises to be a memorial worthy every way of its giver, its position, its purpose and its architect. I recite the words which I shall repeat upon breaking the sod : We begin this Library to the glory of God, trusting that, as to-day we have marked its site by flags of all nations, so that they shall bring the glory and the honor of the nations into it ; and that the prophet's further word shall also be true, that ' there .shall enter into it nothing that defileth or worketh abomination, and may the blessing of Almighty God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit rest upon this work." HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 207 A special report of the entire celebration was published through the generosity of Com- modore Banks. In the fall of this year John E. Brodsky gave a Latin Prize of ^50 annually for five years : the work set being in Suetonius (1896), in autobiography and mythological and geographical range of Horace, in an elaborate Latin biography of the Elder Cato, in the six plays of Terence, and in the Odes and Epodes of Horace, with Commentary of Porphyrio. The winners of the prize were : in 1896, Eugene Mills of that year ; in 1 897, divided between W. J. Tompkins and Isaacs of 1897 ; in 1898, divided between Leslie Shear of 1900 and Thomas McClelland of 1899, also in 1899 to the latter in 1900 by J. Leslie Shear. On November 1 1, 1895, it was reported that Frank Russak, 1875, would give gioo annually for five years as a scholarship in the School of Engineering. Early in 1896 the name of this University was changed to New York University from " University of the City of New York " — with the immediate result of shortening the title by nearly one-half, and of making the legal title correspond with the popular designa- tion of the University, and further with some fair hopes of reducing the amount of confusion with the "College of the City of New York," and the "University of the State of New York." In the session of the Legislature of 1897 there was also passed a law protecting the property at University Heights against the cutting of any street or other public thorough- fare through the campus. Commodore David Banks and Senator Jacob Cantor rendered valuable services in this matter. Chancellor MacCracken, whose vacations for the past two years had been nominal, and whose labors had been excessive and exhaust- ing, took a much needed rest in the second half of February 1896, by sailing to Naples, whence he returned by way of France in April of the same year. Georges Cante, of Paris, was appointed a Professor of French Literature in the Grad- uate School. On February 3, 1896, the proposed exten- sion of the Medical Course to four years was for the first time officially brought to the attention of the Council. Almost immediately upon his return from Italy in April the Chan- cellor was called upon to aid those who offi- ciated at the funeral services of Dean Austin Abbott, of the Law School, at the Broadway Tabernacle, the distinguished Jurist having in the preceding winter with his zeal to promote right understanding of great public questions (as, e.g. that of international arbitration sug- gested by the Venezuela dispute) greatly ex- posed his health by excessive exertions. In May 1896 it was reported that R. G. Remsen had given ^2000 for a scholarship in the School of Engineering, as well as a Graduate School Scholarship. The Rev. Dr. Samuel Macauley Jackson was appointed Pro- fessor of Church History. The Class of 1896 in the Undergraduate College graduated thirty- three students. Professor Frank M. Colby was chosen to begin instruction in Economics in the sub- sequent autumn. In October a gift of $2000 for general purposes from Robert Schell was announced. In this same year, in October 1896, Clarence D. Ashley began his important work as Dean of the Law School. The University during this fall very much desired to make the work of its day-division of students in the Law School a course of three years, but it could not very well take this step as long as this had not been made obligatory upon all law schools in the state by the enactment of a specific statute at Albany, by the Board of Regents. The statute has not yet been enacted, but when we consider the requirements of medical edu- cation now in force we are sure that increased demands for Law as well, will be ultimately enacted. In December 1896 a gift of $3000 from Frank Jay Gould was announced, to be devoted to a scholarship in Engineering for students coming from the Union High School of Roxbury, Delaware county. New York. 208 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS The most notable occurrence of the academic annals of 1896 was the inauguration of the fine residence hall, on Thanksgiving Day. This beautiful College building was at first called East Hall, but in course of time the generous donor, Miss Helen Miller Gould, gave permission to have it assume the name it now bears, " Gould Hall,'' in memory ol her parents. It is built of Staten Island light brick and .sandstone, in the Renaissance style of archi- The view from the upper stories across the Bronx borough, largely a sylvan prospect, takes in also the silvery streak of the Sound and the distant blue line of the ridge of hills marking the backbone of Long Island. The cost of Gould Hall, besides furniture, has been some $175,000. In March 1S97 Professor Charles H. Snow was appointed Dean of the Engineering School, Professor Brush being made Professor Emer- GOULD HALL tecture, in lines both restful and pleasing, the roof of Spanish tiles, the long faqade pleasantly varied by pilasters setting off the north and south entrance. This building, of basement and four stories, fireproof within and equipped with both gas and electric light, can accom- modate one hundred and twelve students, and is particularly well equipped, inter alia, with fine showerbaths. A fine music room is provided for the work of the Glee Club and was furnished with a superb Steinway grand piano by the giver of this beautiful structure. itus. During the summer of 1897 Professor J. J. Stevenson visited the Scientific World's Congress at Moscow, Russia, and Professor Sihler made a professional visit to Naples, Pompeii, Rome, the Villa Hadriana near Tibur and other points of antiquarian interest. During 1 898 and 1 899 the work at Univer- sity Heights steadily advanced in efficiency and success, the superior environment of that rare site being most distinct and palpable in all seasons, including the summer, as was clearly shown by the summer schools of 1895, 1896, HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 209 1897, 1898, 1899 and 1900. This enterprise, in which Professor Robert W. Hall of the Chemi- cal Department was particularly active, was inaugurated in 1895, some thirty-five teachers being quartered at Charles Butler Hall. The work increased steadily. The enrollment of 1898 was abnormally increased by new require- ments made of city teachers, for which this school offered preparation. These require- ments were relaxed after one year. The mem- bers of 1899 were about one hundred. The attendance of those eminently qualified to utilize such opportunities of special training as well as expansion of general culture, has grown stead- ily. Courses in certain lines of Peda- gogy have always been given, besides Biology, American History, Ger- man Lan- guage and Literature, Mathematics, Physics and Latin, with a music room, course of Lectures on Roman History. To how great an extent such work may quicken and inspire the souls of teachers often jaded and worn, none but those can fully realize who have had the felicity of active furtherance of this particular work. Teachers after all work with and work upon teachers whose higher faculties of judgment and perception are whole- somely kindled or rekindled, and who are brought into close contact with personal re- sources ever enlarged by constant professional accumulation along definite lines of scholar- ship and scientific investigation. The fact that mature men take charge of this work at University Heights is important : for he who has accumulated much can best adjust his didactic giving to the particular needs of his pupils, particularly if these be themselves teachers ; and furthermore, such a one can best feel and maintain that sympathy and tact which must inform and enliven every didactic effort. The prospect of the approaching open- ing of the Memorial Library adds vastly to the assets of the Summer School. Among the institutions where the teacher- students of the New York University Summer School were originally trained or prepared before they took up teaching as a profession, we may men- tion the New York Normal College ; the College of the City of New York ; New York Univer- sity ; South Carolina Col- lege ; Magno- lia Classical and Normal College, Ala- bama ; Cor- n e 1 1 ; St. Francis Xa- vier ; Bridge- water Normal School ; Colby ; Union ; New Jersey State Normal School ; Albany Normal College ; Rockport State Normal School, New York ; Keystone State Normal School, Pennsylvania ; Kutztown State Normal School, Pennsylvania ; Rutgers ; Colorado State University ; Cooper Union ; Syracuse ; Smith ; Ursinus ; Illinois Wesleyan ; Shippensburg Normal School, Penn- sylvania ; Oneonta Normal, New York, and other institutions. In 1 896 Professor Bristol began to make a special study of the marine fauna of Bermuda, and being aided by some friends of New York University he has established a Summer School of Biology there, the conditions for such work GOULD HALL 2IO UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS being there exceptionally favorable, and he has furnished many of the rarer fishes now found in the public Aquarium of the City of New York. The School of Engineering was much im- proved and strengthened in 1898 through new endowments for technological work, some ^200,000 being particularly given for this end by Miss Helen Miller Gould. The name of the school was changed to the New York University School of Applied Science, in order that it might more truly designate its enlarged scope. It offers courses partly for technical training, partly for personal culture. Of the former are Mechanical Drawing, Mathematics, Surveying, Chemistry, Shop Work, Railway Engineering, Physics, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Geology, Highway Engineering, Strength of Materials, Graphical Statics, Hydraulics, Waterworks, Boilers and Engines, Thermodynamics, Kinematics, etc., while for personal culture and general training these serve : French and German (indirectly of tech- nological use also of course), English, liter- ature and rhetorical exercises. Philosophy ; the technological work gaining steadily in propor- tion as the courses proceed. There are now grouped in the School of Applied Science, in four chief departments in each of which a degi-ee may be attained, namely. Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineer- ing, Applied and Industrial Chemistry. Meanwhile the noble work of the Woman's Advisory Committee has never lagged. This great and decisive aid New York University has enjoyed from its first establishment in 1890, throughout the decade now closing and terminating the century. Miss Emily Butler was first President, and associated with her were Mrs. Mary J. Field, Vice-President ; Mrs. Alfred L. Loomis, Treasurer ; further Mrs. Alexander, Mrs. G. A. Herter, Miss A. B. Jennings, Mrs. Eugene Smith, Secretary, Mrs. Benjamin Williamson, Mrs. Richard M. Hoe, Mrs. Frederick W. Downer, Mrs. Henry Draper, Mrs. P^dward C. Bodman, Mrs. William F. Cochrane, Mrs. Benjamin S. Church. In 1S93-1894 there were added Miss Helen Miller Gould, Mrs. John P. Munn and Miss Stimson. In subsequent years there entered the committee Miss Ida M. Northrop, Mrs, I. Lovvrie Bell, Miss Frances E. Lake and Mrs. Welcome G. Hitchcock. In 1 895-1 896 Mrs. Henry Draper became President, Mrs. V. W. Downer Vice-President, and Mrs. C. A. Herter Treasurer. In 1 896-1 897 Mrs. Russell Sage and Mrs. Jefferson Hogan entered the Committee. In 1897-1898 Mrs. Joseph East- man joined. In 1S98-1899 Mrs. Lewis Lapham came in. The School of Pedagogy, in which so many women students are found, was more particularly the object which owes to these ladies very much of its substance and support, as well as much care and help bestovi^ed on such students as came from a distance. The Woman's Legal Education Society, as we briefly adverted to its beginnings in the 7th chapter of this recital, founded early in the nineties, lectures called " Lectures on Law for Non-Matriculants, and in particular for Business Women," Emily Kempin, LL.D., being the Lecturer, Mrs. Leonard Weber being President of the Society, and Dr. Mary Put- nam Jacobi Treasurer. The next year, 1891- 1892, Professor Christopher G. Tiedeman was Lecturer. In 1 892-1 893 Professor Isaac ¥. Russell became the Lecturer, and an examina- tion to be held in April was placed at the disposal of those members or auditors who had gone through the whole course. In 1 894-1 895 the Chancellors' Certificate was announced as to be awarded only to those students who passed a strict final examination. A prize scholarship, valued at $200, in the form of two years' free tuition in the University Law School, was to be awarded to the student who passed the best examination. An Association of Alumnae was formed. Twenty-nine stu- dents received the Chancellor's Certificate for 1894. The next year the Chancellor's Cer- tificate was awarded to almost fifty students among whom was Mrs. Martha Buell Munn and Miss Helen Miller Gould. The former of these ladies has since that time held the HISTORT OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 11 1 office of President of the Woman's Legal Education Society, and the latter that of Vice- President. Miss Isabelle Mary Pettus, who graduated at the same time, has since proven herself particularly efficient as Assistant Lec- turer of the Society. On April 29, 1896, the Chancellor's Certificate was awarded to forty- seven students, and on many more in the closing years of the century, the nineteenth after the Birth of our Lord, and the Fourteenth after Justinian, who took important steps to ameliorate the position of woman in the Roman Civil Law. In August 1899, and in August 1900, two new departments were grafted upon the grow- ing organism of the New York University. The first is the New York American Veter- inary College, the other the New York Uni- versity School of Commerce and Finance. THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE AND FINANCE. The School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance has begun its first year's work in the University Building on Washington Square, a location ideally fitted. The legal portion of this training — in Contracts, Trusts, Bills and Notes, International Law, Sales and Agency Partnership — is furnished by the regular Pro- fessors of Law in their several courses ; but besides this, instruction is given in Auditing and the History of Accountancy, Theory of Accounts, Public Finance and Banking, For- eign Commercial Relations and Consular Ser- vice, Domestic Commercial Relations and Transportation, Practical Accounting, Insur- ance, Economic Geography and Statistics b)- Messrs. Charles Waldo Haskins, C.P.A, ; Charles E. Sprague, M.A., Ph.D., C.P.A. ; Ferdinand William Lafrentz, C.P.A. ; Anson O. Kittredge, C.P.A.; Leon Brummer, C.P.A., and Francis W. Aymar, LL.M., and others, yet to be named. We append the official words of the Central Administration of New York University : "The School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance of New York University is a result of the present general movement in Europe and the United States in behalf of the higher commercial education. Its establishment is immediately due to enthusiastic action on the part of the professional accountants of the State of New York. Accountancy was raised to the dignity of a legally recognized and safeguarded profession in New York by the Certified Public Accountants Act of 1896 'to regulate the profession of public accountants ; ' and under this act certificates of qualification to practice as certified public accountants, with exclusive right to use the initials C.P.A. as a professional designation, are granted to those only who, having had three years' satisfactory experience in the practice of accounting, including one year in the office of an expert public accountant, pass an examination in the theory of accounts, in practical accounting, in auditing, and in commercial law. The Board of Examiners appointed by the Regents early resolved, in the spirit of the legislative enact- ment, to place the requirements of the exami- nation upon such an educational basis as would insure to the profession of certified public accountancy the confidence and respect. of the commercial and financial world ; and thus was created the necessity for a new institution for professional instruction. Experience had shown that professional education in the higher accountancy, as in law and medicine, must be placed, for the public welfare, under State care and University control. Accordingly, application was made to New York Univer- sity, looking to the establishment of a school or college of accountancy ; and on July 28, 1900, after mature deliberation of the matter by the Council, the Chancellor of the Univer- sity announced to the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants the official approval legalizing the foundation of the institution. " Coincident with the imperative and in- creasingly urgent demand for adequate educa- tion in all branches of the higher accountancy, there is being developed, by the multiplying exigencies of modern business, an important calling coming to be known as the profession 212 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS of administration ; a profession represented by men of affairs whose bent of mind and whose studies and experience fit them to grasp, in all its fuHness and in all its parts and ramifica- tions, any enterprise, of whatsoever kind, in the world of trade and commerce, and to take full charge of the venture and carry it forward to a successful issue. The administrator, the man of signal executive ability, handles the reins of a multifarious business on comprehen- sive principles ; principles which are to him of more importance than the knowledge of technical details possessed by his subordinates, however valuable this knowledge may also be to him as accessory to his administrative capacity. From these leaders of affairs in the world of commerce and finance — for them- selves as proprietors and managers, and for their assistants who are to succeed them in control of business — has come the present universal appeal to professional educators for university instruction in the sciences imme- diately connected with practical life." To meet, therefore, this twofold demand for the higher commercial education and for a school or college of accountancy, the Council of the University decided to establish the school on a broad basis of advanced instruction in ac- counting, commercial law, and economic sci- ence, and to name the institution The New York University School of Commerce, Ac- counts and Finance. "This school differs from the several schools of finance or commerce recently established by prominent Universities in America in that its entire instruction is intended to be professional in character. It is in no way to be confounded with or substituted for the course of liberal culture in a College of Arts and Science, but it may be advantage- ously connected therewith. The School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance is founded in the firm belief that business education, adequately to meet existing and future con- ditions of civilization, must be placed upon a scientific basis ; that traditional methods, office routine, and procedure of control must be traced to their underlying principles ; that native genius for trade and finance must be reinforced by a well-grounded knowledge of economics, accountancy and commercial law ; that not only administrators of affairs, but, in due proportion, their assistants, ought each to understand the philosophy as well as the art of his calling and be able intelligently to adapt himself and his work to the exigencies of the commercial and financial world. " The school is twofold in its aim : to ele- vate the standard of business education, and to furnish a complete and thorough course of instruction in the higher professional account- ancy. In accountancy, the Act of i8g6 and the rules of the Regents, substantially mark out the course of study ; which, however, includes the historical as well as the legal, practical and theoretical aspects of the sub- ject. In the more general higher commercial education, the plan of the school is elastic ; and the courses in economics and commercial law will be enlarged, and other studies will be added, as circumstances require. This plan of study is broad enough in scope, it is believed, not only to meet the wants of the prospective professional accountant, for whom it is primarily intended, but also for those who are to be administrators of affairs, and to whom a work- ing knowledge of accountancy, commercial law and economics is of the first importance. " The work of the school is carried on at the new University Building, Washington Square, New York City. In this building are located also the Administration Offices and three other schools of the University : the Graduate School, the School of Pedagogy, and the Law School. The position of the school in New York enables it to secure the services of practical business men and public account- ants as instructors and lecturers along lines in which they have arrived at eminence. The Library of the school contains the best works in English and the Continental languages — especially the French — on the Higher Account- ancy ; and others will be added as the present meagre bibliography of the subject may per- ENTRANCE, WASHINGTON SQUARE BUILDING 214 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS mit. The Law Library, containing about 14,000 volumes, including all the standard works on Commercial Law, and to which the students of the school have access, is located in the University Building ; and the Astor Library of 283,000 volumes, and especially rich in works on Commerce and Finance, is within three minutes' walk of the School." THE SANDHAM PRIZE. In 1899 Miss Anna M. Sandham, in com- memoration of her brother, the late Augustus Sandham, Esq., endowed two prizes in Oratory, with a fund of ^2500 ; one prize of ^75, and one of $25. The first public contest of this highly valued foundation was held in the Audi- torium at University Heights on the Monday of Commencement week, 1900. Months of preliminary trials and a severe process of grad- ual elimination of weaker condidates had preceded this final test. Distinguished gentle- men not connected with the Faculty of New York University acted as judges. E. G. s. CHAPTER IX The Reorganization of the Medical School. — The Veterinary College. IN 1885 the only school of New York Uni- versity under the immediate direction of the Corporation was the College of Arts and Science. The three professional schools. Medicine, Law and lingineering, were permitted to e.xist in many respects as if the private enter- prises of Professors. In each of the two last named a single Professor, as late as 1888, had the entire management, collected the fees, paid his assistants what he deemed expedient, and reserved the remainder, usually a meagre sum, for his own compensation. It need not be said that either school was a lilliputian when judged from a University point of vision. This state of affairs in these two schools was brought to an end about 1890, by the new advance movement of the University. But it continued in the Medical School and that in a very objectionable fashion. In this College instead of a single Professor, some half-dozen Professors were the virtual proprietors. This proprietorship had been authorized by the Council in 1841 at the organization of the school, as a temporary expedient. At that time the control of the finances of the school and of the nomination of Professors was given the governing Professors, but under the fol- lowing proviso offered by Charles Butler : "And the Council hereby also expressly re- serve the power of repealing and amending the plan of organization of the Medical Faculty." When in 1870 certain moneys were collected from the friends of the University, on behalf of a medical building, it was proposed to vest the title of the property in the corporation. Certain Professors had solicited funds in the name of the University and of its Faculty. The President of the Council and many of the members had made subscriptions. Also funds were raised from outside the Council. Thus the first nucleus, amounting to about $20,000, was secured. The followmg agreement re- corded March 27, 1870, contemplated the assumption by the Council of all liabilities upon the property : "The Council shall assume the entire indebtedness of the Faculty in said prop- erty, the transfer to be made when the sum of $40,000 shall have been paid to the Treasurer of the Council from subscriptions or donations made for the liquidation of such indebtedness." The subscriptions did not reach the amount named. The title of the property remained in the Professors, who paid for it partly by the above named $20,000, partly by a first mort- gage, and partly by moneys loaned by the Professors for which they issued to themselves certificates of stock. In order to perfect this arrangement, the governing Professors became HISTORT OF NEIV YORK UNIVERSITY 215 incorporated as the Medical College Laboratory. The Council acquiesced in the action of these Professors as in accord with the agreement of 1 84 1, by which the Governing Faculty had become the business agents of the University in the matter of the College of Medicine. Down to the year 1886, no outside element had come in between the Council and the Med- ical Faculty. In that year a third party was introduced, an intrusion which was effected without any consultation with the Council, — and which became the root of the schism of 1898. A giver of moneys appeared, who in- tended well, yet failed to see that he ought to repose trust in New York University if he purposed to concern himself with its affairs. This was O. H. Payne, a patient of Dr. Loomis, who decided to build the Loomis Laboratory, for the exclusive use, as Dr. Loomis declared at the time in writing, of the Medical Depart- ment of New York University. Its Trus- tees, by the special desire of the giver, were to be Dr. Loomis and his son, and three business men who were none of them related to the University. Such a laboratory would, however, be of no consequence standing by it- self. Therefore, it was to be joined to the Uni- versity Medical College. Dr. Loomis, who was the senior Professor of the Medical Faculty, appeared before his associates with the pro- posal to place this laboratory under its control. He put on file a paper which declared that he did this according to the expressed wish of his friend, the giver. Dr. Loomis said of the giver : " He designated that it should be known as the Loomis Laboratory of the Medi- cal Department of the New York University; that when completed it should be handed over to a Board of Trustees who should hold it in trust for the use of the Faculty and students. It was to be for 'the exclusive use of the Faculty and students of the Medical Depart- ment of the New York University.' " On the strength of this agreement. Dr. Loomis, as the agent of the giver, secured the announcement by the University and its Fac- ulty of the new laboratory as a University Laboratory. Wide fame was given it. Further, the University on motion of the Faculty bestowed upon Dr. Loomis's son the Professor- ship of Pathology. How these written decla- rations of Dr. Loomis were declared by his friend, Mr. Payne, on oath twelve years after- wards to be utterly void of foundation, will appear further on. A sad want of educational vision was here shown in bringing in a third corporation between the Medical F'aculty and the University Council, and between one por- tion of the Medical I'aculty and another portion. This lack of vision was further manifest when in 1 892 this same patient of Dr. Loomis gave, for the sake of his physician, a second sum of money. The state requirement of three years' study for a medical degree, made the proprietary school wholly unprofitable. The medical property was heavily indebted, espe- cially to Dr. Loomis. Mr. Payne agreed to pay this debt, but instead of placing the property under University ownership, he ar- ranged that it should remain in the hands of the Medical College Laboratory ; and that the three business men who were Trustees of the Loomis Laboratory should become Trustees of this corporation also. They, with two Profes- sors, easily made a working majority. Thus the Faculty, which under the agreement of 1 841 was appointed the agent of the Univer- sity Corporation, was virtually crowded out of this office by the intrusion of outsiders, at the dictation of a giver of moneys. This intrusion was effected entirely without the knowledge or consent of the University Council. The collecting and expending of the revenues of the Medical College were assumed by this hybrid corporation which was in part made up of Professors, and in part of an out- side element which at no time professed to have any regard for New York University. The Medical College did not prosper as expected. In 1896, when the other University schools were going forward with new life, the Medical School was falling back. The death of Dr. Loomis, in 1895, contributed to the decline of the Faculty and its work. They 2l6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS were hopelessly behind the great schools of Harvard and Pennsylvania Universities, which had placed themselves unreservedly upon the University system. The University Council, including the Chan- cellor, had been able to do little for them, albeit the latter had responded more than once to calls from the Medical Faculty for his help. In 1 88 1, when a serious condition of affairs was created among the students by a certain decision of the Professors, he had been asked to preside over the Faculty, and had recei\'ed their thanks for his assistance. He had se- cured subscriptions of money also for the aid of the medical work. Neither Chancellor nor Council had ever requested from the governing Faculty any return except that they would so labor as to advance the name of the University. They had scrupulously fulfilled the agreement of 1 84 1. They had kept silent at the viola- tion of this agreement by the bringing in of outsiders to take the place of Professors. The condition of the Medical College grew rapidly worse. This was made public in a form very trying to the other Faculties of the University, and to the Chancellor. For half a dozen years the State Regents had examined medical graduates applying for license to prac- tice in the State of New York, They published the results broadcast. Out of twelve schools they placed the University Medical College next the lowest, or number eleven for the whole period from 1891 to 1895. For the year 1 895-1 896 they placed it the very lowest. Among the Regents who authorized this report was Dr. Stimson, an active member both of the Medical Faculty and of each of the Boards of Trustees who had possession of the medical property. It was not, however, the low edu- cational condition of the school which most threatened the future (jf the school ; it was dissension between the Professors. After the death of Dr. Loomis, the next in age was Dr. William H. Thomson. He became the suc- cessor to his Professorship, and the object of severe assault upon the part of one of his associates. In the autumn of 1896, Dr. Stimson called upon the Chancellor with the one object, as he testified in Court, to secure " the removal of one member of the Faculty." "We dis- cussed," he said, "the possibility of removing him by the action of the Council." This con- ference was described by the Chancellor, testi- fying in the same case in the Supreme Court. He said, " Dr. Stimson stated as the main object for which he had come to see me, whether the University Council would not take measures that would result in the change of the personnel of the Medical Faculty to the extent at least of one member. He suggested as a possible way of securing the removal of this Professor, the establishing an age limit for Professors of the University in all of the Faculties." "I told him that the Council would, I thought, be utterly unwilling to en- ter on the making of a statute of that kind, when it would be plain that it was intended to affect that particular individual." " I further said that a precedent of fifty years was opposed to the Council touching the Medical College except upon the request of the Medical Fac- ulty. He then asked me whether there was not any way that we could get at this matter of making a change in the personnel of the Medical P"aculty. I said that no way pre- sented itself to me save by their placing them- selves on the same platform with the other schools of the University, namely, by the old arrangement of more than fifty years' standing from 1 84 1 being dissolved by their turning over the entire administration and also the pos- sessions that were used for medical instruction to the Corporation of the University." This suggestion of substituting University for outside control was not new. It had been seen by Dr. Loomis that New York University needed to follow Harvard and Pennsylvania in this direction. He had caused to be inserted in the charters of both the Medical College Laboratory and the Loomis Laboratory a clause empowering them to transfer their property to New Y(_)rk University. He had become a member of the Council and had brought in o o 2l8 UNirERSlTIES JND THEIR SONS Mr. Pa3'ne as a member, in the interests of medicine. They had taken places on the Medical College Committee, which however did no work because the outside control left no work to be done. Dr. Loomis's death left Mr. Payne the nominal head of this Committee. Now that there was promise of direct Univer- sity control of the College, two new members were added to the Council and to the Medical Committee, upon the endorsement of Mr. Payne. One of them, Mr. Dimock, became Chairman of the Medical College Committee. Upon March i, 1897, upon the recommen- dation of this Committee, the Council assumed the direct charge of the Medical College and accepted the transfer of the property of the Medical College Laboratory. As to the Loomis Laboratory, the Committee declared . " Dr. Loomis's statement shows the precise relation which the Trustees of the Loomis Laboratory sustain to the University Medical College." At this date it seemed that the Medical College was at last placed upon a University footing. An impartial Council of thirty-two men were to be the arbiters of its affairs. A Medical College Committee were to interest themselves especially in Medical Education. This Committee at once found themsel\-es face to face with the dissension between members of the P'aculty. They dis- liked the task of displacing one or other of the eight governing Professors. At this juncture occurred the partial de- struction by fire of the property of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, for near fifty years a competitor of the University College, and situated across the way. The Chancellor at once requested a member of the Committee, Dr. John P. Munn, an alumnus of Bellevue, to consult its Faculty upon the Cjuestion of uniting themselves with the University. Upon his re- porting them favorably disposed, the Chancellor brought the matter before the Chairman of the Medical College Committee and before Mr. Payne, both of whom at once endorsed the plan as a happy solution of the problem of directing the medical work of the University. The probable attitude of the Medical Faculty was also ascertained and found to be favorable. Thereupon the Council, March 18, 1897, in- vited the Bellevue College to join the Univer- sity. The invitation was unanimously accepted by both the Corporation and the P'aculty of that College. To an educator, the prospects of the Medical School of New York University now seemed ideal. The University Council was in control. The Medical School Committee was believed to be devoted to the building up of a great Medical School under New York University. All the Professors by resigning their places, at the request of the Council, professed their willingness to submit to the decisions of that body. All went smoothly till the time came for the distribution of appointments. In order to secure data for this, the Chancellor had invited and received opinions from every Pro- fessor of either school, to be held in confi- dence by the Medical College Committee. The Committee declined to consider these opinions, and adopted a roll of appointments framed by its Chairman from the recommendations of one or two former University Professors. The Medical College Committee adopted this "slate" of its Chairman against the Chancellor's plan of an impartial and extended inquiry into the merits of Professors. The Chancellor asked the consent of the Chairman to a minority report, He replied by threatening to resign should a minority report be presented. P\ir- ther, he and the Committee refused to give a hearing to the accredited representative of the Univer.sity to the Faculty of Bellevue. The Chancellor, hoping that the Committee's as- signment of Professors might be successful, refrained from a minority report. The majority report was adopted May 14, 1897. A memorial came back to the Council May 24, from the Professors-elect from the Bellevue side, asking the Council to revise the assignments. They noted that of the first seven chairs the University professors were given four, the Bellevue only one, while two were divided. The Council thereupon recon- HISTORl" OF NEIV TORK UNIVERSITY 219 sidered its action and required a new report from the Medical Committee, which was made May 26 and was adopted, excepting five sup- plementary resolutions upon which the Council were not prepared to act intelligently. The Council believed that they had accomplished an equitable assignment of appointments for the consoli- dated Fac- ulty. They set so high a value upon the consolida- tion of these two impor- tant schools, that they pur- posed to ar- rive at the very best plan, if it should " take all summer." At this juncture the work of the Council was interrupted by an extraor- dinary proce- dure of a ma- jority of the former Uni- versity Pro- fessors. CLINIC, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY AND BELLEVUfi HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE "Who, instead of patiently wait- ing for amend- ment by us of our decision as umpires, if sucli should prove best, caused the withdrawal of the sister Faculty from the consolidation by private communications, both oral and written, addressed to the latter." [See statement of Council in appendix,] The procedure of the Council towards the University Professors was not proportioned to their offence. They had all resigned office, as above noted, at the University's request, in order to prepare the way for the consolidation. They might justly have been left out of office Ijy the University, for the two reasons that the)' had degraded the school within the five years preceding to the lowest rank among the twelve schools of the state, as shown by the Regents' report, and that they had wronged the Council, who were sitting as umpires at great cost of time and effort, by driving off, with threats, the Profes- sors-elect from Belle- vue. But the Council were very forbear- ing. Here is their state- ment : They mildly asked the Pro- fessors from the University side " to go on by themselves under the statutes and officers that had been approved by thtm," Neither the disturb- ing Profes- sors nor the Medical Col- lege Commit- tee were con- tent to work under the Council. They had defeated this superior body in the matter of consolidation. They now made the demand that the Council should turn back the direct control of the Medical School to the same outside corpora- tion that had recently conducted it so unsuc- cessfully. The minority Professors of this outside corporation had resigned their places by reason of the plan of consolidation. This 220 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS rendered the Medical College Laboratory, so- called, more than e\er an unfit party to repre- sent the University, yet it asked to be put in possession once more both of the medical property and the medical instruction. In urging their request, the disturbing Professors put forth the theory that the property had been transferred to the University under a contract made by the Chairman of the Medical Com- mittee, and that this contract had been violated. This claim was made in the following language : " That the transfer was made with the under- standing that the control and management of the property should remain with the Medical Department, and for that purpose the interests of our Faculty should be represented by a Medical Committee of your institution, com- posed of gentlemen selected by the Faculty, to whom should be intrusted the entire and exclu- sive management of matters appertaining to it." An active canvass of the members of the Council was made by the disturbing Professors and their agents. A written threat was addressed to each member of the Council that the University would be publicly charged with violation of a trust. It was hoped that, even though no member of the Council believed the accusation, the majority of the Council would let go the Medical College rather than make a public issue, especially when the giver of the largest part of the property endorsed the dis- turbing Professors in their urgent demand. A special committee of the Council reported in favor of a partial surrender. According to this, the direction of medical education and of the property used for the same were to be returned to the Medical College Laboratory for fifteen years. This breaking up of the recently established University system, was opposed unanimously by the six Deans of the six Faculties, who presented the following paper ; " The undersigned Deans of the six Schools of the New York University beg to present to the Council the follow- ing memorial : — " We have been appointed by your body to be permanent members of the University Senate. This body is designed to have an educational oversight of the University, also it is to have the direction of certain University matters, as for e,\ample, Commencements. At our first meeting in Decem- ber, on motion of Professor Polk of the Medical School, we entered upon the question of arranging for a single Univer- sity Commencement, but our most important work is to present recommendations to the Council respecting the uni- fying and advancing of University education. We now learn that your body is considering the turning over of the Medical School to other than University con- trol. We respectfully ask that such action be not favored by your body, because it will cripple if not disorganize the University Senate and its entire work. We further request that if such a movement is seriously considered by you, we may be permitted a hearing by your body before final action is taken." Also the entire Faculty of Arts and Science entered their protest as follows : "The undersigned Professors of the New York Univer- sity College Faculty respectfully represent to the University Council as follows : — " We are informed that a Committee of your body are moving to place the Medical School as completely outside University control as it was a year ago. Such an act would seriously affect this College. We have the present year, for the first time, correlated the first year of Medical study with the fourth year of College study. We have done this with the hope that the University Council, with the help of the University Senate, would supervise this correlation and make it eminently helpful to both the undergraduate Col- lege and the Medical College. This system, adopted by us ■with your approval, will be seriously marred if you should resign control of the School of Medicine. Therefore we respectfully petition that before you surrender your pres- ent control of that school, a hearing upon this question may be granted to representatives of the College Faculty." The issue, after extended debate, was decided by the Council adopting, by a vote of thirteen to eight, the following action : "Resolved, that justice and faithfulness to its trust demand that New York University maintain its present statute relation to its School of Medicine." The minority with one or two exceptions resigned at various dates their seats in the Council. The disturbing Professors thereupon entered into a negotiation with Cornell University in the same state, to transfer themselves and as much of the New York University Medical College as they could carry with them to that corporation. They were sustained in this step by Mr. Payne with a pledge of money support. A confidential bargain was entered into HISTORT OF NEW TORK UNIVERSITT 221 between these parties and Cornell, whose terms have never been fully made pubUc. On the announcement of this combination, the New York University Council resumed its plan of consohdating with the University School its ancient neighbor, the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. At the Commence- ment, May 19, 1898, at the Metropolitan Opera House, the action of the Council was read by the Chancellor as follows : " The Council have further maintained that they are be- yond all possible question the rightful successors of the Trustees of the Medical College Laboratory, and are the only proper persons to execute that trust. Yet they have offered, without reserve, to submit all questions involving our equity in the entire medical property used by us, to arbitration. This offer has been rejected. " We here record as a subject of equal surprise and re- gret to this Council that a sister University some weeks ago began negotiations looking to the establishment of a new Medical School in this city, with what was plainly a combi- nation of Professors at variance with their own University, and this without any consultation with this University and LECTURE ROOM, NEW YORK. UNIVERSITY AND BELLEVUE HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE "The following action was unanimously adopted by the New York University Council on Monday, May i6th, being presented by Mr. William A. Wheelock on behalf of the committee preparing the same : "The Council of New York University regret to be obliged to announce that by reason of the failure of some of our Professors of Medicine since May 26, 1897, to observe the duties belonging to their relation to us under the Uni- versity system, as interpreted by the Council, we were constrained to condition their continuance as permanent Professors upon their acceptance of existing University rules and requirements. The six Professors who belonged to the former governing Faculty have rejected this offer, and, ac- cordingly, will cease at the end of this College year to be connected with New York University. without the slight delay which would have enabled these Professors decently to tender their resignations of their present Professorships. " The Council further announces that the Trustees of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College have to-day voted to complete the consolidation of that College with New York University. The strength of these two venerable founda- tions will henceforth be given to a single Medical School under the title of ' The University and the Bellevue Hospi- tal Medical College.' The alumni of the two schools, num- bering nearly ten thousand graduates, will be placed on the rolls of the University. The tw'O properties, together oc- cupying 225 feet fiont in East 26th street, near First Avenue, and costing about ^500,000, will be owned by the New York University and used by the united school. 222 UNIJERSiriES JND THEIR SONS " The Faculty of the new school will consist of Dr. Edward G. Janeway, Dean, and seven I'rofessors of the former University Medical Faculty and twenty-one Profes- sors and Adjunct Professors of the former FSellevue Medi- cal Faculty, together with such additional Professors as may hereafter be appointed. Besides these are thirty or more lecturers, instructors and assistants. The complete roll of the Faculty will hereafter be announced " The consolidated College was opened Octo- ber I, 189S, and has been notable for harmony, and as a model, of organization, breadth and thoroughness. The following winter the for- mer Trustees of the Medical College propert)' brought suit against the University, demanding its return. The issue was based chiefly upon the assertion of Mr. Dimock, former Chairman of the Medical Committee of the Council, that he had made certain promises on behalf of the University in consideration of the transfer, which promises the University had failed to , keep. He claimed to ha\'e made this bargain for the University at a date, December 19, 1896, when he had not )'et attended a meeting of the University Council. Further, he ad- mitted that he had not made any report of such bargain to the Council, but had presented a report that asserted the direct opi^osite of any bargain wdth conditions. Mr. Dimock was sustained in this assertion by the disturbing Professors. Yet one of the Professors, under cross-examination, acknowledged in Court that he had written a "brief historic note" to be used in a circular of the consolidated School, which said, "This s)-stem [that is the Univer- sity system] was, in March 1897, perfected by the unconditional transference of all the pro]!- erty of the Medical College to the parent University." The University resisted this suit. George A. Strong in his reply for the University, after an extended review of the testimony, spoke as follows regarding the assertion that the property had been deeded to the University in consideration of certain promises: " For vionths after tliis iiitcrviciv of December IQtIi, everybody, on both sides, was saying that the promises, now alleged to have been made, had not been made." Further, the University brought suit against the Trustees of the Loomis Laboratory, to com- pel them to employ their property according to the terms of the instrument filed by Dr. Loomis. Under this instrument, the Univer- sity Faculty had enjoyed the use of it for a decade of years. The issue in this latter suit turned chiefly upon the question whether Dr. Loomis' s statement was accurate and binding. The counsel for the University, Mr Strong, said in reference to this : " Colonel Payne him- self, then, did once fully and explicitly endorse Dr. Loomis's version of the terms of the original gift. In the face of this fact, which conclusion is necessary — that the great mass of evidence collected and emphasized under our first point is untrustworthy, or that Colonel Payne's pres- ent memory is untrustworthy .' We submit that the evidence cannot be weighed without C(.)ming to the conclusion that Dr. Loomis's statement contains the truth in regard to this trust, for every fact and circumstance in the case has corroborated Dr. Loomis in this and overthrown Colonel Payne." No decision has as yet been rendered by the Supreme Court in either of these cases. Should they be carried to the higher courts, and rec[uire years for their settlement, the chief benefit to New York University will accrue to that University Faculty which educates lawyers, and subsists chiefly because of litigation. The most nf)table features of the University Medical School to-day is the body of enthusi- astic young scientists devoted to the work of research and instruction. An Association has been formed by them entitled the New York University Medical Society, which will be a center of stimulus through conferences and the publication of papers. Though the Society is not a year old, it has made large plans and entered on their accomplishment. Great watchfulness and zeal are shown by the Fac- ulty in the perfecting of both curriculum and methods of instruction. They have the sym- pathy in their efforts of a very large proportion of the active alimini of either of the former schools. The number c)f these supposed to be HISTORT OF NEIV YORK UNIJ^ERSITT 223 still living and in practice is about ten thousand, scattered throughout the entire world. Upon the material side abundant room and equipment are provided. First of all the Medi- cal schools in this region it has been able to set apart quarters for the social or- ganization of the students. Three build- ings are at present under the control of the Faculty and utilized for teaching. This does not reckon a property on East Twenty- fifth Street in the immedi- ate rear of the East Col- lege Building, of one hun- d red and twenty-five feet front, which is at present held by the Uni- versity as a productive in- vestment. The East College building is directly opposite the entrance of Bellevue Hospital on East Twenty-si.xth Street, having a frontage of one hundred feet between Fir.st Avenue and East River. It contains two large lecture rooms, each capable of seating about three hundred students. One of the lecture CARNEGIE LABORATORY, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE rooms is especially designed for clinical teach- ing and illustrative lectures. There are a number of recitation rooms in which small sections of the classes are instructed by text- book recita- tions. The top floor is occupied by the classes in operative surgery, and is admirably lighted and ventilated. The New College build- i n g was planned by the Faculty of the Belle- vue Hospital Medical Col- lege in 1897 and 1898 to meet the demand for the larger classes and the increase in the curri- culum. It was trans- ferred to the New York University at the time of the consolida- tion. Situ- ated on the corner of First Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street, it adjoins the Carnegie Laboratory with which it is connected. It is diagonally opposite the grounds of Bellevue Hospital, and con\-enient to the Department of Charities pier, at the foot of East Twenty- sixth Street, from which boats connect the AND IJLLLEVUE 224 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS city with the large institutions on Blackwell's, Ward's and Randall's Islands. The building is six stories high. It contains on the ground floor a complete clinic for the outdoor sick poor. The dispensary is open at hours which are best suited for utilizing cases for clinical instruction to small sections of the senior classes. There are numerous small rooms for the various departments. This building also contains two large and splendidly lighted lec- ture rooms, completely equipped physiological and chemical laboratories, laboratories for clinical microscopy used in connection with the dispensary, and a large general laboratory used by the Department of Pathology. Work- ing libraries form portions of the equipment in the Department of Physiology and Path- ology, and are accessible to the students. The Carnegie Laboratory, the generous gift of Andrew Carnegie, is situated upon East Twenty-sixth Street, adjoining and commu- nicating with the New College Building. It is a five story edifice devoted exclusively to instruction and investigations in bacteriology, hygiene, and other affiliated subjects con- nected with medicine. There is one large auditorium for didactic teaching : a museum, well stocked with excellent specimens illustra- tive of disease ; three large and well lighted general laboratories for classes in histology, histological technique and chnical microscopy. The upper floors furnish commodious quarters for the Department of Bacteriology. A considerable part of the clinical teaching is given in Bellevue Hospital. The members of the Faculty who are Attending Physicians and Surgeons to the Hospital hold regular clinics in the large amphitheatre, and small sections of the class are taken into the wards where they are required to examine and study various medical and surgical diseases. The Hospital is one of the largest in the world. With its record of three score years, its situation in the metropolis, and its complete organization upon the University system, the New York University Medical College has the promise of all the future. THE NEW YORK AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE. Before 1850, graduates in Veterinary Med- icine were almost unknown in America. In some of the larger cities might be found a few veterinarians who had received their training in the veterinary schools of Europe. Attempts were made at schools in Philadelphia and in Boston between 1850 and 1855, but both of them failed after a short trial. The first of existing schools of Veterinary Medicine was chartered in 1857, ^^ t^he New York College of Veterinary Surgery, under the leadership of Dr. A. F. Liautard, well-known for his many works upon veterinary surgery which in more than one subject are still accepted as standard. The school had no endowment and no property. Like the majority of the medical schools of that day, it was proprietary in character. In 187s, Dr. Liautard severed his connection with this school and organized the American Veterinary College upon a similar pattern. These schools offered a course of study which extended through two winter sessions of five or six months each. In this they imitated some of the leading schools of medicine which offered as late as 1892 no longer course than this. The United States Veterinary Mechcal Asso- ciation, now known as the American Veterinary Medical Association, adopted in 1891, as a requirement for membership in its body, the fulfilment of two conditions. The first was the completion of a course of study of at least three years of six months each. The second was that this diploma must be from a recog- nized veterinary school with a Faculty of not less than four veterinarians. Four years later the New York Legislature enacted a law, which is now in force, requiring for entrance upon a course of veterinary study, a high school education or its equivalent. These advances in the standard of veterinary educa- tion were practically parallel with the advanced requirements established by law for Doctors of Medicine. They were very much in advance of the requirements in most of the states in the HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 225 Union. The consequence was an immediate falling off of attendance upon the two schools in New York City. The state demanded everything of these two schools. It gave nothing, not even a recognition of the very im- portant and useful work which they had been per- forming for nominal pecu- niary returns for more than a generation. The Ameri- can School was able to show a roll of six hundred and twenty- six graduates in thirty-nine states of the Union. A State Secre- tary of the Alumni Asso- ciation e.x- istedinnoless than thirty- seven states and in two territories, and in ten f or- eign coun- tries. The graduates of the New York School consisted of twenty-nine classes from 1867 to 1878 inclusive, and from 1883 to 1 899 inclusive. In 1899 the Faculty of either school became thoroughly convinced that the new conditions in existence urgently demanded that not more than one Veterinary College should be sup- ported in the City of New York. Neither school was quite ready to be merged in the other. Both were prepared to resign their proprietary character and become united in a single Faculty under the care and the charter of New York University. The follow- ing was the act of consoli- dation passed by the Corpo- ration of the University, August 7, 1899: Whereas, New York Uni- versity maintains the Principles now generally accepted in America tiiat each degree giv- ing professional school should be part of a Uni- versity, both to promote science and to enhance the value of pro- fessional degrees, Therefore, this University consolidates with itself the New York College of Veterinary Sur- geons and the American Veter- inary College under the name of the New York- American Veter- inary College, this school to be on a like footing THE VETERINARY COLLEGE with the other six schools of the University. The Professors of either Veterinary College having re- signed their positions to open the way for this union, the University hereby appoints the following Faculty: Henry M. MacCracken, D.D., LL.D., Chancellor; Alexander F. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Dean, Professor of Anatomy, Clinical Surgery, Veterinary Jurisprudence and Sanitary Medicine ; James L. Robertson, M.D., D.V.S., Professor of Principles 226 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS uiul Tract ice of W-lerinarv Medicinu ami Clinical Medicine; Hany I). Ciill, V.S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery and Clinical Surgery; William J. Coates, M.D., D.V.S., Professor of Anatomy, Clinical Sur- gery and Medicine; Koscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; J. Elmer Ryder, D.V.S. , Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Medicine; Richard W. Hickman, Ph.G., V M.D., Professor of Cattle Pathology and Meat Inspection; J. liethune Stein, M.D., Profe.ssor of Physiology; Wilfried Leilman, D.V.M., Professor of I-Ielmiii- thology and Canine Pathology ; John A. Mandel, Professor of Chemistry and To.\icology ; Edward K. Dunham, M.D., Professor of Comparative Pathology ; William If. Park, M.D., Professor of Bacteriology ; John A. Leighton, D.V.S., Professor of Diseases of the Foot and of Horse Shoeing ; Julius Hulesen, Jr., D.V.S., Professor of Sanitary Medicine; Ernst J. Lederle, Ph.D., Lecturer on Milk Inspection; Harry D. Hanson, D.V.S., Associate Professor of Theory and Practice and Clinical Medicine; George G. Van Mater, M.D., D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology ; Charles E. Clayton, D.V.S., As.sociate Professor of Clinical Surgery and Demonstrator of Anatomy ; Robeit W. Ellis, D.V.S., Lecturer on Zootechnics and Veterinary Jurisprudence; W, V. Bieser, D.V.S., Demonstrator of Anatomy and Curator of the Museum; Henry Henning, V.S., Assistant in Clinical Surgery. The University will seek to place this school, in regard to endowment, on a level with the Veterinary School of Har- vard or of the University of Pennsylvania. At a subsequent meeting of the University Corporation, all the graduates of either of the schools were adopted as alumni of New York University, and placed upon the roll of gradu- ates. The new Faculty immediately issued the following statement to the public : thousand veterinary surgeons. By the consolidation the new College becomes the only school of veterinary medicine in New York City. Like the Veterinary School of Harvard University and that of the University of Pennsylvania, it is placed upon a strictly University footing. Coordination and cooperation with the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College will thus be secured to the advantage of both schools and of medical science." The University promptly made application to the Legislature of the state for aid to this school. An Act was introduced by which the state would make agreement with New York University respecting veterinary education on lines similar to those embodied in the agree- ment made by the State with Cornell Univer- sity. The following memorial was addressed by the University Council to the State Legis- lature : " The following are reasons why the State of New York should adopt the New York-American Veterinary College to educate veterinarians for this portion of the state. " The state by its Regents, has recently enacted that no man can enroll as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine unless he can shovi' a complete high school education. Further that the student must after- wards spend three full years in study in order to obtain the degree. This law has so increased the time and e.xpense required for becoming a veterinarian that it has diminished by more than one-half the number of students of the two Veterinary Schools in New York City, which outrank in age all others in the United States. "The report of the Regents for 1898 published early in 1899, contains the following statement. " New York University has consolidated with itself (Aug- ust 7, 1S99) the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, chartered 1S57, and the American Veterinary College, char- tered 1S75, ^'^ '''^ Professors in either Faculty having voluntarily resigned their positions in order to the accom- plishment of this union. The united school, under the title of the New York-American Veterinary College, will open its next term Monday, October 2, 1899, at 8 p.m., at the College building, 141 West Fifty-fourth Street, between Si.xth and Seventh Avenues, under the Faculty hereinafter announced, with Dr. Alexander F. Liautard as Dean. The two Veteri- nary Hospitals formerly used by the respective schools will be continued, affording abundant material for clinical in- struction. " New York University will hereafter grant the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery to all students entering this College who meet the Regents' requirements as to prelim- inary education and who pursue successfully the three years' course of study. The fee for each year's course of study is one hundred dollars. " These two schools outrank in age all other veterinary schools in the country and have educated more than one VETERINARY STUDENTS IN NEW YORK STATE. Na^ie. 1893 1894 1S95 60 87 1S97 46 62 1S98 46 College of Veteiinary Surgeons .... American Veterinary College .... N. Y. State College of 75 149 109 124 107 84 Veterinary Medicine II 16 224 ^ii 191 147 119 95 " The continued decrease in veterinary students, though due in a measure to the three-year course and to the pre- liminary education requirement, calls attention emphatically to the necessity of a reorganization of the veterinary schools in New York City. It is hoped that something may be done this year in that direction, as New York City should have the best school of this kind in the world. Statistics for 1897, the latest available, show that there were only HISTORT OF NEW TORK UNIVERSITT 227 364 veterinary students in the United States of which number New Yorlc had 119 or 33%. " Accordingly the two schools in New York City decided that their best hope for the future was through consolida- tion with New York University. This was effected in the summer of 1899, the University adopting the schools and organizing them as one of its seven schools, upon a strictly University plan. The corporation of the University took this step from a sense of duty to higher professional educa- tion, with a frank statement to the new Faculty that they must teach for next to nothing until aid should be secured from the state or other sources outside the University. " New York City is and ought to be the most important center in veterinary science in the United States. A mono- graph prepared by James Russell Parsons, Secretary of the Regents, for the Paris Exposition 1900, says that New York State is in the lead in veterinary science. The two oldest schools in the United States were those just consoli- dated with New York University, the older having existed nearly half a century. Out of 373 students in the United States in 1898, nearly one-fourth were in the State of New York, and more than two-thirds of these in New York City. The best material for veterinary laboratories is found in a great city. It is furnished by the great slaughter houses with the aid of the otficial inspectors who are on the lookout for abnormal conditions. Also great aid may be obtained from the zoological gardens, also from the great number of horses and other animals in the city. Most valuable accessories are found here such as the bacteriological work of the Board of Health, the various pathological and other laboratories connected with medi- cal education. The fact that the most celebrated veteri- narians must reside and practice in the great city, must ever be one of the most powerful reasons for expecting the greatest work for veterinary science to be accomplished here. " The state at present is devoting much of its funds to encourage higher scientific education in the upper part of the state and nothing whatever in the metropolis, yet the latter pays more than two-thirds of the taxes of the state, and with the neighboring counties, comprises most of the population." The Legiislature of 1900 came to no decis- ion upon this question. It is likely to be presented to each Legislature until decided favorably unless private endowment should intervene. In the meantime the work of the Veterinary College is greatly embarrassed through lack of buildings and plant of a proper character, and no less by the inability of the University to remunerate adequately its Pro- fessors. They, like the most self-forgetful of their brethren in other professions, are willing to labor to the utmost of their ability, with slight regard to adequate pecuniary recom- pense, but neither the community nor the State Government can afford to depend upon the continuance of these conditions. A private endowment would be the far inore acceptable mode of placing veterinary education in New York upon a firm foundation. The University Corporation could then keep itself out of politics. Great is the pity when a University or its officers must bend to political parties in order to obtain the means of subsistence. The most important factors perhaps in main- taining a wholesome political atmosphere in America, throughout the twentieth century, will be the existence of great Universities not depending on state treasuries or State Legis- latures for the daily bread of their Professors. H. M. M. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IX PUBLIC STATEMENT BY THE COUNCIL MAY 19, 1S9S, REGARDING THE MEDICAL SCHOOL The Council of New York University reluctantly makes public documents and facts which have compelled us to maintain against opposing claims, the existence of an un- conditional University system of control of our Medical College. Our reluctance arises from the fact that these documents will show that our Medical Committee were negotiating from March 18, 1897, until May 26, with the Bellevue Hospital Medical College with the clear declara- tion on our part that our Medical Faculty and Medical Committee had agreed to the unconditional LIniversity sys- tem of control, and that the University Council had received the Medical property upon this basis, and that not until May 29, 1S97, when certain University Professors decided to destroy the almost completed consolidation, was there a suggestion to the Council that it was not possessed of the same authority over its Medical School as over the other five schools of the University. We are thus obliged to place those w^ho negotiated with the Bellevue Corporation, but who now claim that they intended to yield to the Council a very limited control of the Medical College, where they must accept one of these two alternatives. Either they are grievously mistaken as to what was their intention or else they combined to deceive both the Council and the Bellevue College as to the real situation. We believe that they are entirely mis- taken as to what their mind was at the time of the nego- 228 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS tiatioiis for consolidation. We do not believe that they consciously led the Council and an outside corporation to believe that unconditional University control had been established when such was not their own understanding. Before however, we ciuote the documents which place both the Medical Committee of the Council and the Medi- cal Faculty on record in regard to their negotiation with Bellevue on the basis of unqualified University control, we present a peculiar dilficulty in the way of accepting the claim of a verbal understanding. This claim is made in the following language, " That the transfer was made with the understanding that the control and managemeirt of the property should remain with the Medical Department, and for that purpose the interests of our Faculty should be represented by a Medical (.'ommittee of your institution composed of gentlemen selected by the Faculty, to whom should be entrusted the entire and e.xclusive management of matters appertaining to it." Such an understanding for men acquainted with Univer- sity organization, were an unlawful understanding and an unlawful bargain. It were unlawful for the University Council itself to bargain to abdicate their powers and violate their statutes. It were unlawful for any member to attempt such a bargain. The charter of said University which all the parties concerned had ample means of know- ing, states : " The government of the University shall be conducted by a Council. The Council shall have the power to appoint all officers." But the asserted understanding is that the Medical Com- mitte should appoint all MecUcal officers and Medical Pro- fessors. This were an unlawful understanding. If it were asserted that there had been a verbal understanding that this Council was to pay the Professors of Medicine, each a trebled salary or to build them a ten story laboratory, such an understanding would have been lawful because not opposed to the charter, but for University men to assert that they entered into an understanding that the Council should entrust " the entire and e.xclusive management of matter.": " to any Committee and especially a Committee selected by outsiders, is to claim the utterly illegal and impossible. When this demand was first presented. May 29, 1897, in a memorial to the Council of six Medical Professors through Dr. .Stimson, it was in these words, " A designated committee was to control our fortunes. All matters concerning us should be placed entirely in their hands and should be determined by them." To this the Chancellor officially replied June 7th, " I think it necessary to write you my dissent from a proposition of your letter of May 29th. To men acquainted with University organization, it must be plain that not even the Council, much less myself, could promise that any Committee should have the power of ultimate action. That would have been leaving the Council less power than it has had for fifty years, when it has had a veto upon the election of Professors. From a legal standpoint such an arrange- ment would be impossible." It might have been added that the Council had also had for fifty years the sole power of removing Professors of Medicine. Thus it appears that from the very first hint of any claim that University control over the Medical School was to be different from that over the other schools, such assertion was met by the Council with an emphatic denial and the denial was based on the ground of both the illegality and the impolicy of such abdication of its rights by the University Corporation. We come now to the documents referred to above, which show that both the Medical Committee and the Medical Faculty negotiated with Bellevue on the basis of unqualified control of the Medical College. The invitation to Bellevue of March 18, 1S97, was in the following words, "Therefore, the New York University invites the Faculty and Trustees of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College to join in the consolidation of their institution with ours, upon a plan similar to that recently adopted when the University Medical College placed itself under the imme- diate care of the University. We beg to enclose herewith a copy of the fonnal action taken between the University and the University Medical College Laboratory." The copy of the formal action of March 1st, enclosed, was as follows, " Your Committee upon the University Medical College reports as follows. In response to expressions of opinions from a large majority of the members of the Governing Faculty of Medi- cine in favor of the transfer of the property of the Medical College Laboratory and of the Loomis Laboratory, to the University Council, and of the latter accepting the direct responsibility of the organization and the conduct of the College, your Committee sought conferences with the two bodies above named. These conferences have resulted in the Medical College Laboratory executing a deed of its property to the New York University, which deed is here- with presented. The Loomis Laboratory has under con- sideration a like transfer of its property to the University. Meantime, the following statement is presented, being a transcript from the minutes of the Faculty of our Medical College, which was made by Dr. Alfred Loomis, at the date when the use of the Loomis Laboratory was ten- dered to our Medical Faculty, and was accepted by them. This statement shows the precise relation which the Trus- tees of the Loomis Laboratory sustain to the University Medical College. (Here follows Dr. Loomis's paper now- ignored by his Trustees.) " Your Committee therefore considering that it is the unanimous desire of the Faculty of Medicine that the con- trol of that School, as of the other schools of the Univer- sity, should be vested in the Council, and beheving that this is an advance step in the important work committed to the New York University, make the following recommen- dations : "I. That the University accept the deed which trans- fers the Medical College Laboratory property to the New York University. "2. That the University accept the immediate responsi- bility of the organization and support of the University Medical College, which heretofore it has undertaken in- directly through the members of the Governing Faculty." This report carefully prepared, was adopted without alteration, at a meeting of the Coirncil when all the mem- bers of the Medical Coinmittee were present and took part HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 229 in its adoption. There is not a hint in this communication to Bellevue of any conditions in respect to the Medical Faculty and they are requested to come in on the same terms. The Bellevue Faculty clearly understood the terms offered and h^d not a suspicion " that the entire and ex- clusive management of matters " was to be intrusted to the Medical Committee. On April 5th, the Medical Com- mittee of the Council reported that the terms of consohda- tion had been accepted by the Bellevue Trustees and Faculty, and further said, " Your Committee believes that the magnanimous action of the Professors of each school in placing themselves u)ider the direction of this University absolutely without conditions, calls upon us to respond by doing all that is possible in order to give such plant and facilities to the united Col- leges as shall be equal to those of the best equipped schools in America or in foreign lands." This places the Medical Committee upon record at a time when there were no differences of opinion to bias the judgment of any of its members. Among its members was the Vice-Pre.sident and legal adviser of the Corporation which had transferred the property to the University, and he was expected to be watchful that every act in regard to medical matters should be strictly correct. It is not claimed, we believe, that more than one or two of the corporation transferring the property, personally participated in any con- ference with the representatives of the University. The above places the Medical Committee on record in a document dated only five weeks after the transfer. We will now present a document which places on record a rep- resentative of the governing Professors of Medicine who was chosen along with a member of the Bellevue Faculty by a joint Committee of the two Faculties, to outline a circular for the consolidated school, when the consolidation seemed a certainty. This Professor prepared a manuscript which is in the possession of the Council, of which the first paragraph is entitled " Brief Historic Note." After speaking of the University School aiming at the adoption of the Uni- versity system and introducing it in partial measure, he says : " This system which has been in operation for the past five years, was in March 1897, perfected by the uncon- ditional transference of all the property of the Medical College to the parent University. In respect to the above statement of the Medical Com- mittee and that of the representative of the Governing Professors, it is notable that they were not loose descrip- tions for rhetorical purposes but statements intended for the inspection of a third party, the Bellevue College. Accordingly when the Bellevue Faculty protested against the first scheme of appointments, they addressed their pro- test not to the Medical Committee, but to the Council. This protest was written May 20, and was taken up by the Council, the Medical Committee entering no objection. Nor was there any suggestion at that time that the " en- tire and exclusive management of matters " was to be kept by the Medical Committee. On the one hand therefore, we have contemporaneous documents written to be utiHzed with an outside corpora- tion for the securing of its franchises and property which, from start to finish, take for granted unqualified control by the Council. On the other hand, no contemporaneous documents are presented to support the theory that the Committee on the Medical College was to differ in any respect in its powers or duties from the Committee on the Law School or any other of the schools of the University ; nor has any credible reason been assigned why any officer of the Council should have desired to give up the ancient power of the corporation to remove Medical Professors when necessary and to exercise a veto on the nomination of their successors, and instead thereof to entrust "the en- tire and exclusive management of matters " to " gentlemen selected by the Faculty." The Council recognizes the sensitiveness of certain of their members who would rather not keep property without meeting conditions which the former Trustees "claim that they affi.xed or meant to affix." But w-ith the Council at large, neither law nor equity permits us to hold real estate contingent on what we may after many months discover to have been possibly the mental intention of the grantors. In the present case to act on this theory would expose the University to discredit and loss in many directions, by reason of acts which they performed in the three months after March i, 1897, when they had no suspicion that their unconditional control was not accepted by all. They re- moved Professors ; they purchased property ; above all they announced to the world that they had undertaken the support and direct control of the Medical College. We thus committed ourselves to an undertaking involving effort and expenditure beyond all that we can now foresee, and involving our reputation for maintaining a like plat- form as to medicine with the oldest Universities of America. We thus have given in the kind of coin which should pass current between educational trustees a full and entire equiv- alent for the property which we have received. Nevertheless we have offered to enter into a complete aibitration in regard to our equity, both in the property which is held in trust by us, and the Loomis Laboratory property in which we claim an important equity, which ofler has not been accepted. The above statement by the Council of their complete rights treats the property as if the Trustees had been an independent body and had owned the property from the beginning. This was not at all the case. The property was first obtained by certain Professors who solicited as individ- uals in the name of the University, and virtually as its agent.s. The President and many members of the Council participated as givers. Thus the first nucleus of about $20,000 was secured. Such a nucleus is as valuable to a new cause as ten times that much given a generation after- wards. This first subscription was several years before the incorporation of the Professors, and was solicited under the following resolution, which is on the records of the Medical Faculty, March 27, 1870, "The Council shall as- sume the entire indebtedness of the Faculty in said property, the transfer to be made when the sum of $40,000 shall have been paid to the Treasurer of the Council, from sub- scriptions or donations made for the liquidation of such indebtedness." Seven or eight members of Council appear as givers in this plan. The corporation of the professors was at first a mere convenience for holding the property. At a later day 230 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS moneys were solicited in the name of tlie University and in one instance by an officer of the University, to improve the property, the whole amounting perhaps to $20,000 more. Who ought to be regarded as the Trustees of money given by John Taylor Johnston, William M. Vermilye, John C. Greene, and others, except the University Council of which they were members and for whose sakes it was given I The suggestion has been made that the Faculty taught poor students enough to wipe out the value of these gifts. Such views of trust funds will never commend themselves to University Trustees. The present demand that New York University sur render property for which her Council labored nearly a quarter of a century ago, that it may be used by a rival University, seems an incredible demand. But the parties who make this demand perfoi-m an equally ineredible act when they declare that Dr. Loomis's recorded statement of the intended use of the Loomis Laboratory property is of no value in deciding how his gifts to the Laboratory shall hereafter be used. The request of the University Council for an arbitration of its equity in the Loomis Laboratory did not obtain even the courtesy of an official reply. We are astonished that after this refusal of complete arbitration of the equities of both properties, the dissatis- fied party boldly publish that the University Council are not the rightful Trustees of the property held by them. Turning from the question of our Trusteeship of property to our educational work, we regret to be obliged to announce that by reason of the failure of some of our Professors of Medicine since May 26, 1S97, to observe the duties belonging to their relation to us under the University system as interpreted by the Council, we were constrained to condition their continuance as permanent professors upon their acceptance of existing University rules and requirements. The six Professors who belonged to the former Governing Faculty, have rejected this offer, and accordingly will cease at the end of this College year to be connected with New York University. The following facts and documents are presented in illustration of the failure of the University Professors to observe the duties belonging to their relation. On May 26, 1897, the Council consummated as it be- lieved the consolidation of the Bellevue Mospital Medical College with New York University. We had formed a ba-sis of consolidation which we deemed the best possible. We counted ourselves a boartl of umpires accepted by either Faculty as posses.sing the right to make a final decision. We had spared no time or pains to achieve a right decision. The chief differences were regarding the assignment of work to Professors. We had assigned the University Professors in every case the exact titles under which they continue to-day. We had not satisfied the P.ellevue Profes.sors, yet they had signified that they would accept our decision. It was with the utmost astoni.shment that we received information that the University Professors inslead of patiently waiting for amendment by us of our decision as umpires, if such should prove best, caused the withdrawal of the sister Faculty from the consolidation by private communications, both oral and written, addressed 'o the latter. The following letter from the Bellevue Professors informed the Council of this most unacademic and extraordinary proceeding. The letter was accompanied with the copies of the communications of the University Professors. New York, June 2nd, 1S97. To THE Chancellor and the Council OF THE New York University. Gentlemen, — We have received from the Secretary of the Council of the New York University notices of our appointments to professorships in the proposed Faculty of Medicine, and also, at about the same time, we have received oial and written communications from several of the fortrer professors in the University Medical College to the effect that if the consolidation of the two medical schools on the lines proposed is consummated, it will be contrary to their wishes, and that, in their judgment and opinion, such con- solidation will not be attended " with benefit, but with positive injury to the University," and that, in such case, " probably the Loomis Laboratory and its endowments would not be transferred to the University Council," and that it would be " extremely distasteful " to them " to enter upon an arrangement which would necessarily involve pro- longed efforts to harmonize conflicting interests." We beg to quote the following paragraph from the pro- test which we had the honor to forward to the Council on May 20th, and we desire to emphasize anew our continued adherence to the views therein expressed. " The Faculty of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, believing that a complete unity of purpose and perfect haimony among the members of the new Faculty was an absolute essential to the success of the plan proposed, refused to consider the proposition of the Council of the University, until they had been assured that the leading members of the Faculty of the Medical Department of the New York University had been fully consulted, and expressed hearty acquiescence in the union and an earnest desire for its consumrration on the lines laid down." As we believe this unity of putpose and harmony are absolutely essential to the success of the school, (and) in the absence of reasonable assurances that those can be secured in the proposed Faculty — we must beg to decline these appointments, and must lecjuest that the University Council shall arrange for our immediate withdrawal from the proposed union. (here follow unessential particulars.) Very respectfully, (Signed,) William T. Lusk, Austin Flint, A. Alexander Smith, Frederic S. Dennis, Herman M. Biggs, Austin Flint, Jr. This Council do not need to comment on the action which called forth this paper. Yet at the next meeting of the Council we simply repeated our invitation to our Faculty as well as to the Bellevue Faculty, to accept their positions under the consolidation. Nor when our Profes- sors refused, did we take any harsher step than to ask them to go on by themselves under the statutes and officers that had been approved by them and with a financial plan that was intended to be a copy of their own plan the pre- ceding year except that the Dean (who had been first named by themselves for the Deanship) was assigned a fixed salary and this for a business reason, that we could not afford to do without his very best work in the unfavor- able circumstances in which we were then placed. The Executive Committee conservatively followed as closely as possible the plan already approved including appointments and arrangements so that our Professors HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITT 231 might go on to do loyal service. But the very first Faculty meeting brought another instance of conspicuous failure by the Professors to observe their duties towards the Council. One of the statutes adopted was that " the Dean shall pre- side at every meeting of the Faculty." The Dean was excluded from presiding by the action of the Professors, nor have they ever accepted him as their presiding officer. The Council therefore felt constrained when they came to offer to these Professors permanent Professorships from which they could be removed only by a process before the Council and by a majority of eleven votes out of seventeen, to require the acceptance of the University statutes and requirements as a condition of such permanent election. The Council in maintaining this year the University system, have heard in addition to a complaint regarding the Dean and his salary, no other specific complaint except that the Council failed to re-elect to his seat in their body a cer- tain member of the Medical Committee. It happened that the terms of membership in the Council of three out of the four members of the Medical Committee expired Novem- ber I, 1897. One of the three failed of re-election because a large majority did not wish to retain him ; a second was elected unanimously by 26 votes, the third by 25 votes out of 26. To restrain free ballot to fill vacancies were to forbid the Council to exercise its charter obligations. The same logic would have compelled the Council to re-elect each one of this Committee no matter if they unanimously preferred another candidate, only provided that certain gentlemen of the Medical Faculty wanted to retain him. When it is considered that the Council re-elected two out of the three of the Committee, and that the Medical Committee was re- appointed to consist of the three remaining members, this second specification of the complaint becomes as insignifi. cant as the first named. The root difficulty in this whole matter has come from the neglect or the evasion of the wholesome state law which forbids Professors of a College to be Trustees of the property of the same. The fact that of our eight profes- sors, some came into control of one property used by the school, and others into virtual control of a second property, while a third division of the Faculty were without Trustee- ship in any of the property, could not but demoralize our Medical School and Medical Faculty. It was the fact of demoralization and dissension that constituted the chief argument for the Council undertaking the direct control. This foreboded such inefficiency in the school as would injure seriously the reputation of New York University. Neither the Council nor any officer thereof had any rea- son save this educational reason for taking up the burden of the Medical School at the request of its Faculty. The previous twelve years of our Chancellor's administration had been a period of kindly help on his part to the Medical School, without request or desire for any return save the advancement of New York University. His plan of a con- solidation was indorsed unanimously by the Medical Com- mittee of the Council as a wise method of bringing relief and strength to our Medical School and medical education. Like many reformers before him, he has found opposition where he had a right to expect aid ; he has met censure where he deserved praise. This Council . rejoices to con- tinue to him their cordial support and to pledge to him that they w'ill maintain the work of medical education vigorously on the same University system that we see achieving great results in the oldest University Medical Colleges in our land. E. G. s. 232 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS CHAPTER X Reorganization of the Law School. — Founding of the Graduate School, and of THE School of Pedagogy. — Expansion of the Course in Engineering into the School of Applied Science. THE School of Law, which had experi- enced varying fortunes for forty years, as this or that eminent jurist came as lecturer, and in some measure as proprietor of its resources, and after a while departed, was in 1S89 placed under direct University con- trol. The Council undertook to administer its finances and to organize anew its courses. The classes were for the first time separated one from another, in all their exercises. The two Professors and the several lecturers received their appointments direct from the Council. A Deanship of the School was created, to which Dr. Jacques was appointed. Enlarged and im- proved rooms were provided for the two classes upon the principal floor at Washington Square. From this date the Law School began a new epoch of progress. In 1 89 1 the work of the School of Law was further enlarged. Dr. Austin Abbott was called to the Deanship to succeed Professor Jacques, who had resigned. The number of Professors of Law giving daily in.struction was increased to four. A graduate division was established, in which thirty-three students were enrolled during the first year, 1 89 1- 1 892. The Law P'aculty, which was to conduct the work from autumn 189 1 on, was constituted thus : Dr. Jacques to be Professor of the Grad- uate Chair of Law ; Austin Abbott, LL.D., to be Senior Professor and Dean, and asso- ciated with him Isaac Russell, D.C.L., as Junior Professor and Secretary ; Christopher Tiedeman, A.M., being Senior Adjunct-Pro- fessor of Law ; H. W. Jesup, Professor of Law of Procedure and Torts. At the beginning of Dr. Abbott's term, the Council doubled the lecture-room space of the Law School by the addition of two lecture- rooms uprdham, at Ohio Field, on April 28, score 17-10, Ladue pitching for New York. On May 20, Trinity was defeated 12-10, Dunn and Keane being the battery. The last game was on May 28, in which Cornell was defeated, 6-5. Foster's pitching was so fine that for five innings no Cornell player made first base. The game was saved by a fine catch of a high foul captured by vania, 42-0. On March 8 and 10, 1898, Frank Belcher of New York won the Banks cup for all-round athletic excellence. Belcher is still considered the finest gymnast thus far trained at University Heights. The first game with Columbia, April 13, 1898, was lost by N. Y. U., who had merely their undergraduate body to draw from, i 3-10 ; the lack of steadiness in the chief pitcher of N. Y. U. that spring proving disastrous in every important contest. 1 ^ i "^ r^ — il BHi^B ' MJ^B -— — _— if, — ■ -_ — , — —> — -,~— — ,-«-_««w.,^^B ; L-y^^^ -grp^ ^^*^~-— • — ^ ^^^m .Mk. ^ *s '*^ ■ ^ ■■# # *.^^P%"^^"" ^1- '1^ '"*^ # ^^f ::|i*|1 lf-*%%%^-.R ^'■,;^r '>;.■::■'. ^K .'"'nR ■■-1', ' ™ FOOTBALL Van Vleck of N. Y. U. on the steps of the grand stand in the ninth inning. For the winter of 1 896-1 897 C. F. Foster (1900) won the all-round championship for athletic excel- lence, and gained the Banks cup especially established by Commodore David Banks. In the fall of 1897 the best football victory of N. Y. U. was over Stevens Institute, on October 9, 24-0, on Ohio Field ; the worst defeat suffered by the Violet being at the hands of Lehigh, at South Bethlehem, Pennsyl- TEAM, 97 Rutgers was defeated in a dual track and field meet, at Ohio Field, May 14, 1898, by a very one-sided score ; the winners for N. Y. U. being the following : Denchfield, 220 yards dash ; Reese in the 400 ; Reese again in the 880 ; Barron, in the mile run ; Fernald in the walk ; Barringer in the i 20 yards hurdles ; A. Smith in the 220 yards hurdles ; Young in polevault ; Mahoney in both the broad and the high jump ; Carey in the shotput ; Mahoney with the discus. HIST0R7' OF NEU' TORK UNIFERSITT 261 In the fall of 1898 many of the scheduled games had to be cancelled, as there were no adequate resources of substitutes to draw upon. Still the brawny team of Lehigh was defeated on October 8, lo-o, and the Freshmen" of N. Y. U. defeated the Freshmen of Columbia 32-0, on Ohio Field, November 21, having in Blunt, Thorne and others a particularly likely lot of athletic youths. The Banks cup for the winter's work of 1 898-1 899 was won by Jones, amenities and an entertainment followed after this contest on the wide and smooth floor of the gymnasium. But the crowning event — what were gym- nastics without events, something to come off in the physical, palpable and visible world .-' — the crowning event in the annals of the young gymnasium at University Heights was the first Interc-oUegiate Gymnastic Meet, held there on Friday evening, March 24, 1899. Entries BASEBALL TEAM, 97 of the Class of 1902. The gymnastic meet with Lafayette resulted in another illustration of Director Cann's good work. The competi- tive tests were had in horizontal bar, tumbling, club swinging, fence vaulting, rings, parallel bars, high jumping and side horse. The result was a victory for N. Y. U., whose cham- pions were T. C. Hermann at horizontal bar ; H. Noble MacCracken in club swinging ; W. A. Young and S. S. Jones in fence vaulting ; rings, F. J. Belcher ; high jumping, S. S. Jones ; side horse, F. J. Belcher. Social were made representing Amherst, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Haverford, La- fayette, Lehigh, New York University, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Rutgers, Swarthmore, Trinity, Union, Union Theologi- cal Seminary, University of Virginia, Wes- leyan, Yale. Twenty-one silver cups were offered by Commodore David Banks as prizes. At the west end of the Gymnasium a brilliant " N. Y. U. " formed by incandescent electric- Hghts stood abo\'e the words " P'irst Intercol- legiate Gymnastic Contest." This took place 262 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS at horizuntal bar, side horse, parallel bar, flying rini;-s, club swingintj, tumbling. In the all-round gymnastic contest the following scores were made, the points given being out of a possible 90 : R. G. Clapp, Yale, 67^ points; F. J. Belcher, N. Y. U., 59,^; E. L. Eliason, Yale, 56.^ ; W. L. Otis, Yale, 48,! ; J. De La Fuente, Columbia, 47^ ; E. S. Merriam, Trinit)-, 40 points. Other Colleges represented by those who w(in points were and later, on May 27, more decisively, 25-7. The last game on the old Ohio Field was that with the Yale Law School team, held on the occasion of the N. Y. U. Alumni meeting, on the first Saturday in June, the Yalensians being defeated by the wearers of the Violet, 1 3-7. The last game on the o/cil Ohio F"ield we said. For during the summer and fall of 1899 — almost to Christmas day, a vast level of some 400x350 feet was made before the TRACK TEAM, '98 Princeton and Harvard. At the conclusion of Memorial Library, to be a fine and wide lawn the gymnastic events a complimentary dinner before that noble structure, with a mall run- was given the visiting teams and the various ning directly from the portico of the new officials in the assembly room in Gould Hall, library, eastward to the north entrance of Eighty co\ers were laid. Gould Hall. The temporary Ohio Field has The baseball season of 1899 saw many substantially disappeared, there remaining of bright achievements of New York Univer- its high level but four tennis-courts. These sity. The first Columbia game was lost by are on a breezy jjlateau. The Gymnasium has one run, in the last inning, 9-S ; Trinity was been moved south nearly to the limit of the defeated 12-9, Taylor pitching for N. Y. U. ; campus, placed on a new sub-structure giving Syracuse was defeated 9-8 ; Lafayette, much to fine locker-rooms, bath, base-ball-cage, and their surprise, was beaten 20-19, Rutgers 4-2, rooms for the dining club. A new Ohio Field HISTORY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY has been created, running almost north and south with an oval considerably wider than the old Ohio Field. Overlooking the field from the west is grand-stand space for several thousands of spectators. For the present only a single grand-stand is provided. When May shall have covered the vast improvements and newly created levels with new verdure, Univer- sity Heights Campus will be indeed fair to see and sweet to remember. New York University thinks with grateful regard of the schools from which her students come. If we make four categories — Greater New York, New Jersey, New York State, other states, which are as convenient as any other classification — the following results will present themselves for our survey (the num- bers mean different preparatory schools, not students) : n Greater In In N.Y. In Other N.Y. New Jersey. State. States. IS94 14 9 7 I 31 IS95 16 10 5 12 43 1896 12 10 9 8 39 1897 21 1 1 4 2 38 1898 15 13 8 4 40 1899 13 8 1 1 13 45 From this it is obvious that the Undergradu- ate College of New York University is steadily becoming less local. As for the enrollment of new names for the six years, without regard to upper-class men, preliminary examinations or other categories, these were as follows : In 1894, 85 new names ; in 1895, 86 new names ; in 1896, 73 new names; in 1897, 79 new names ; in 1898, 94 new names ; in 1899, 102 new names. [. — PREPARATORY SCHOOLS NEW YORK. IN GREATER '94 '95 '96 '97 '9S '99 Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn . 2 - - - I - Barnard, New York . ■ 3 3 I 2 1 3 Berkeley, New York . . . . - I 3 - - 2 Brooklyn Boys' High . . . - 4 6 5 - 3 Brooklyn Man. Tr. H. . . . 1 - - - I - Chapin, New York . . . . I 2 - - I 3 College of the City of New York . 1 1 4 -> 4 8 Collegiate School . . _ _ I Columbia Grammar . . . . - - - I 3 3 Curtis, New York . . . . . - - - 2 I - 94 I '95 '¥-' '97 Dwight Flushing High Halsey, New York .... Hamilton Institute, New York Harlem Evening High . . Hebrew Technical Institute, New York Home and Private Tuition Long Island City High (Irv- ing School) M. W. Lyons Mt. Morris Latin J. H. Morse N. Y. Mixed High .... N. Y. Preparatory School . . Polytechnic, Brooklyn . . . Public Schools Dr. Julius Sachs's Collegiate Institute Dr. Samson School of Social Economics . Trinity, New York .... Trinity Chapel, New York Trinity, Staten Island . . . University Grammar .... University School Westerley Collegiate Institute, Staten Island Yale Preparatory School . . - i - - Since this record has been made up, important sions have come from the recently established Schools of Greater New York. 263 98 '99 7 9 6 3 6 7 6 I - 3 - - I 2 - - - I - I I I 3 3 I I 2 - I 3 - - - - I - - - I - 2 I 7 4 I 5 I 3 - I I I acces- High II. — PREPARATORY SCHOOLS JERSEY. '94 '95 '96 Bayonne High i - Blair Presbyterian Academy . - - - Bloomiield .Seminary .... - 2 - Boonton High - - Bordentown i - - Dearborn-Morgan i i - Dover High - E. Orange High i 2 2 E. Orange University School . - - - Hackettstown Institute ... 5 3 Hasbrouck Institute .... - - i Hoboken Academy .... - 2 i Jersey City High - i i Jersey City Institute .... - i LawrenceviUe - Newark High i ,2 Nutley - Faterson High - - 2 Faterson Classical Institute . - - i Paterson, Mac Chesney ... - - 2 Pennington Seminary ... - 1 i Plainfield High 1 Plainfield, Leal's School . . - - i Stevens High i - i IN NEW '98 99 264 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS III, — NEW YORK STATE. Andes, Delaware County. Babylon High. Eingliamton. Cayuga Lake Mililary Academy. Cazenovia Seminary. Delaware Academy, Delaware County. Dr. Holbrook's Military Academy. Mamaroneck High. Mohegan Lake. Mt. Morris Academy. Mt. Vernon High. Newburgh Free Academy. New Rochelle High. New York Military Academy. New York State Normal School. Patchogue, Long Island. Peekskill, Drum Hill School. Ro-xbury Union. Spring Valley Union. Tarrytown, Washington Irving High. Ulster Academy, Kingston. Utica Academy. White Plains High. Yonkers High. Yonkers Military School. IV. — OTHER STATES. Maine: Wesleyan Seminary, Waterville Collegiate Institute. Massachusetts : Korlh Attleboro Academy, Fitchburg High School, Pittsfield High School, Worcester High, Springfield High, Willislon Seminary, Mt. Hermon. New Hampsliire : Phillips-E.xeter Academy. Rhode Island : Friends' School, Providence. Connecticut : Bridgeport High, Hartford High. Pennsylvania: Wyoming Seminary. Virginia: Virginia Military Institute, Michigan : I'lymoulh High, Detroit School for Boys. Kentucky : Covington High. Wisconsin : Milwaukee Academy, Kansas : Eldorado High, Ohio: Coshocton High, Arkansas : Hope Institute, Texas: Fort Worth High, Fort Worth Polytechnic, Pal- estine High, El Paso High, District of Columbia : Washington High, Upper Class men have entered 1894- 1899 from Amherst ; l^rown ; Cohimbia College and School of Mines; City College, New York ; Columbian University, Washington, District of C(jlumbia ; Concordia, Fort Wayne, Indiana ; Cornell ; Dartmouth ; Fordham ; Geneseo Normal College ; German Wallace ; Indiana University ; Lafayette ; Manhattan ; Northeastern College, (Pennsylvania); Northern Illinois Normal College ; Oneonta Normal Col- lege ; Princeton; Rutgers; Southwestern Pres- byterian, (Tennessee) ; Syracuse ; Union ; Western University of Pennsylvania ; Wes- leyan ; Wooster, (Ohio) ; Yale, From Foreign institutions : Uni\'ersity of Palermo ; Eu- phrates College, Harpoot, Syria; Realschule, Gefle, Sweden; University of Petersburg; Gym- nasium of Mannheim, Baden ; Gymnasium of Quedlinburg, Prussia, It seems wise to spread on this record some exhibit of the actual operation of the Group System. Bachelors' Theses were presented for June 1899, as follows: In Engineering and Technology : The Effects of Irrigation on Civilization in the West ; The PZfficiency of Horizontal Tubular Boilers using Anthracite Coal ; An Economic Phase of Sewage Disposal ; Protective Coverings for Iron and Steel ; The Determination of a Choice between a Plate Girder and a Framed Girder for a Bridge. In History and Political Science : An Inquiry into the Causes of the Decline of our Merchant Marine ; Cooperation, as illustrated by the Society at Guise, France, founded by M, Godin ; Necessity for, and Importance of. Forestry Legislation ; Toryism in the Episcopal Church during the Revolution ; The Great Families of New York, a history of the famous struggle of the Schuylers, Clintons, Livingstons and Burrs for Political Supremacy in New York State at the Beginning of the Century ; The Negro in the South since the War : A Study of his Relations to Office-holding and the Franchi.se ; Recent Aspects of Penology ; Development of the American State Constitu- tions, particularly of Massachusetts from the English Trading" Company's Charters ; The Political Future of the Philippines ; The Impor- tance of Forests from an Economic Standpoint. In Biology: The Hi.stology of Certain Plndo- thelia ; The Ct)mmissures of the Sheep's Brain ; Examination of Renal Iqjithelium of ucctunis niaculatiis : A Comparison of the Blood of the Amphibians with that of Mam- mals. Philosophy: The Stoic Ideal of Life; A Defence of the Grecian Sophists ; The I'^thical Standard of PVancis Bacon, as set forth in his Essays. In Classics : The Incorrupti- HISrORl^ OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 265 bility of Demosthenes ; The CentraHzation of the Powers of Government under Augustus ; The Dramatic Art of Terence. In Scmitics and Church History: The Historical Devel- opment of the Creed of Nicaea ; The Historical Aspect of Cyprus ; The Poetry of Nahum. These themes are far removed from the pris- tine practice of rhetoric, or from the mere formal faculty of presentation. They illustrate how the American College to-day has been ad- vancing abo\-e the postulate of uniform compul- sory training of general and common powers, to the antechamber of specific professional train- ing and diversified preparation for life. The rhetorical faculty of a cruder and earlier stage of American Higher Education has been def- initely abandc.ined and left behind. As we now are about to lay down our pen and to close this recital, we revert to the memory of those benefactors, teachers and administrators who have passed away, and gone before, with reverent and grateful feelings, and with profound gratitude do we say to those ben- efactors and friends who have so forcefully and generously advanced the work of University Heights and all of New York University's work in the present day: "GOD BLESS YOU!" And as we all who may read these records are standing on the threshold of a new century, those who with the writer know that by far the greater part of their lives is spent, and who have faithfully labored for the growth and fame of New York University, all these may well j.oin in the fine lines of our Academic poet, Willis Fletcher Johnson, '79 : THE SONGS OF N.Y.U. We sing the Songs of N.Y.U. In youth's auspicious year, While hopes are bright and friends aye true And life is royal cheer — And life is royal clieer, my lad, And the world is fair and new, We sing with hearts and voices glad, The songs of N.Y.U. I Oh, City of the Sunrise Gate, Enthroned 'twixt land and sea. What everlasting glories wait To honor thine and thee — To honor thine and thee, and crown Our home with splendors true, While echo voices of renown. The songs of N.Y.U. 1 Imperial city, on thy brow A fadeless gem is set, A shrine at which our spirits bow, Where loyal sons have met — Where loyal sons have met, to bring Their meed of homage true, The while their voices blend to sing The songs of N.Y.U. I The strains of auld lang syne return In many a pensive hour, When heart-chords throb and spirits burn 'Neath fate's remorseless power — 'Neath fate's remorseless power. To-night The present bides us true, And no dark dreams of memory blight The songs of N.Y.U. ! Yet shall we .sing of N.Y.U. When these bright visions fail. And life is fading from our view Worn as a twice told tale. Worn as a twice told tale, my friends, — Still, still, with spirits true, We'll sing, till earth with heaven blends. The songs of N.Y.U. 1 E. G. S. New York City, DiceiidKr igoo. 266 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XII Tin Alpha Sigma, Alpha Chapter, was the first Medical College Fraternity founded at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. ])rs. II. A. Ilanbold, Jesse C^. Duryea, John K. Hutcheson, Frank Ilollister, Nat. P». Van Etten, Howard McFadden and Walter Wilkinson, founded ^.A.S. in the spring of iSSq. Soon afterwards Beta Chapter was estab- lished at the University of Pennsylvania ; in April, 1899, Gamma Chapter at Cornell University, Medical Depart- ment ; and in the fall of the same year, Delta Chapter at Jefferson Medical College. Its object is the furtherance of the interests, scientitic, social and moral, of its members. Its emblem is a clasp-pin consisting of a winged staff, en- compassed by two serpents, and upon the staff the Greek letter initials of its name. Its colors are black and white. Its flower is the Red Carnation. Among its Alumni may be mentioned Drs. John F. Erdman, C. G. Coakley, Austin Flint, Jr., George D. Stewart, H. Harlow Brooks, W. C. Lusk, Edward H. Carey, D. H. WcAlpin, W. S. Adams, Chas. B. Slade and W. E. Studdiford. Its officers are C. H. Chandler, G. J. Howell. E. I. Iluppert, W. F. Lorenz. In January, 1S99, the Epsilon Chapter of the Omega Upsilon Phi Fraternity was established in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, by Messrs. W. W. Palmer, G. C. Boughton, A. H. Beaman, G. H. Clough, A. E. Mun.son, J. S. K. Hall, H. II. Ilalliwell, W. B. Brooks, E. S. Vass and E. M. Thompson. From this small beginning the chapter rapidly increased in size until at the end of the year twenty-two students were enrolled on the membership list and also two honorary members. During the session of 1899-1900 the chapter made up the loss in numbers, due to graduation, and held their first annual banquet at the Hotel Marlborough, covers being laid for twenty-five. This year also marked the participation of the chapter in college "politics," with the election to the chair of Class President, of Mr. Vernon Blythe, one of the fraternity members. The College term of 1900-1901 marks the third year of the chapter's activity and shows a healthy Increase both numerically and financially. The chapter was successful in electing six out of present twelve officers. The second annual banquet was held at the Hotel Marlborough and was notable for the fact that it represented four chapters of the fraternity in New Vork City, " Epsilon," U. & B. H. M. C, " Theta " Cornell, " Iota " P. & S. Columbia, and the Henry C. Coe Graduate Chapter. The chapter will lose a large per cent of its membership this year by graduations, but there will be left a good working balance for the year of 190 1 -1902. The present membership roll includes: William B. Brooks, Harry H. Halliwell, Hugh H. Sha*, Jr., William V. Quinn, Philip J. Vetter, Jr., Arthur B. Bradshaw", George S. Corn- stock, James S. K. Hall, George A. Blake.slee, Alfred W, Love, 1901 ; George P. Paul, John J. Donovan, Stanton B. Drew^ 1902 ; Morris Hathaway, Clinton Hyde, Harry A, Lakin, Rudolf Herriman, Paul B. Brooks, 1903; Calder Johnson, David Haviland, Emerson C. Rose, Paul P. Swett, Frank Warricke, Palmer R. Bowditch, Roy Taylor, 1904. THE KND PART II BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION PERSONAL influence has large place amontr the factors of education. Some minds indeed by force of will or stress of circumstance will put themselves in direct contact with what we may call the " raw material " of knowledge, and by this discipline may acquire a mastery of facts and a strength of command over them which mark, if they do not make, greatness of character. But those charged with the care of youth see the need of other aids and influences to secure the best conditions for their mental growth and culture. And the far-seeing founders of States have made it one of the first measures for the public welfare to provide local centers of instruction, and to organize s}'Stems for the harmonious develop- ment of the minds and characters of their youth. These are among the cherished institutions of a Country. But the ancient libraries and museums, depositories of the materials for learning, were availing only for the few who could profit by them single-handed. For some time those so initiated into the mysteries of knowledge were regarded, or at least regarded thcmseh'es, as a class of superior rank and pretensions. A part of their dignit}' seemed to be to hold them- selves inaccessible to the common mind. Among more fax'ored races, or in more liberal spirit of the times, those who had achieved intellectual master}' b>' their personal efforts were prompted by a generous impulse to communicate their treasures to those capable of receiving them. This met an equal impulse on the part of aspiring minds to look for guidance and s\'m- pathy in fulfilment of their wishes by entering into personal relations with the li\-ing master. For there is that instinct in the ingenuous mind of j-outh to seek the sympathetic aid of a superior. The presence of one who has himself achieved, is a quickening and an inspiration; and living contact with a spirit that finds pleasure in communicating to those able to receive, not only its material acquirements, but also its experience in acquiring, both points the way and gives strength and cheer in following. \v JNTRODUCl'ION This contact with maturer minds and superior natures brings out deeper meanings in- things, deeper truths and deeper thoughts, than could be evident to the unassisted spirit, how- ever earnest. " Understandest thou what thou readest?" was the bold but kindly question of Philip to the powerful treasure-keeper of Candace, Queen of Ethiopia, riding in his chariot and reading, for something more than pastime surel}', the Prophecy of Esaias. " How can I, except some man should guide me?" was the answer of a sincere and modest spirit intent on truth. Striking illustrations of this influence of the personal superior, both in science and in art, are familiar in histor)-. The "Old Masters" in grammar, logic, rhetoric or dialectics, — in knowledge of nature's works and wa3's, once called philosophy, and later, science, — and in the rich fields of sculpture, painting and architecture, are shining lights in history. Disciples thronged around them in the Academ)', the L\'ceum, the Porch or the Garden, or in the studios and laboratories, or tra\'ersed with them the open fields of earth and sk)', quickened to newness of life b}- drinking of the master's spirit. The affection which sprang up from this personal intercourse, especiall}- on the part of the pupil towards the master, was itself no unimportant part of a liberal education, — if this means the harmonious development of all the powers and susceptibilities of the mind. " And what delights can equal those That stir the spirit's inner deeps, When one that loves but knows not reaps A truth from one that loves and knows." A curious illustration of the strength of such a feeling in the hearts of pupils, and in the acceptance of the community, appears in the habit among the pupils of the great masters of music in Italy and Germany a century or more ago, of calling themselves by their masters' surnames; — thus almost sinking their selfhood in the great communion of the master's spirit and ideal. That might indeed be giving too much way to adventitious or accessory influence, even though the spring of such action were in the wish to crave a portion of the master's merit, or on the other hand to waive all other merit than that which belongs to him, — both not unworthy motives ; for after all there can be no true personality without self-assertion and self- responsibility, and such personality is the highest estate in art, as in ethics, and in life itself. But it may be fairly doubted if something has not been lost in the modern tendency to introduce machine systems of classifications, rank-lists, and paper tests of proficiency, to dis- INTRODUCriON v place that old relation of pupil and master which carried along with growth of knowledge and skill that of the heart and soul. We shall surely miss something from the balance and symmetr}' of educational influences, if we do not make an effort to countervail or supplement existing tendencies in education by bringing students into contact with men of experience and noble character and personal magnetism, as well as of scholarly attainments. It is not multiplication of electives, however attractive, throwing the student back upon himself for choices in his most inexperienced and uncritical years, — it is not merel}' multiplication of tutors, or increased per- sonal inculcation and drill of faithful teachers, nor even of specialists in research on single lines or in narrow limits, which can best bring out the powers and aptitudes of personalit}-, or the practical value of knowledge as something better than earning power. What is of most importance in any large view of the subject is to secure for the youthful student the personal contact, or even presence, of a noble character, a mature mind, an experi- enced sensibilit)', a large and sympathetic personality, which takes hold on the impressionable and noblj'-tending spirit of youth, and draws it, as well as directs it, to its best. Such privilege of discipleship is a great boon. It is held be}-ond price by those capable of truly apprehending it. The importance of this element of education cannot be overestimated by those who are entrusted with the vital office of providing the best conditions for the training and culture of },'OUth. It was President Garfield ^\•ho said : " To sit on the other end of a log and talk with Mark Hopkins is a liberal education." Not only do the true masters wake new ideals and inspire new zeal for action in their followers, but by their sympathetic apprehension of the pupil's individuality, they bring out his best powers and help to build him up on his own foundations. One good thing about those old times of master and pupil was the close personal intimacy between them ; the daily contact of mind with mind, in questions and answers, the searching interest which detected weaknesses or disadvantages of habit or temperament, and offered correctives which would tend to a balance and symmetry, and afforded discipline which makes one master of himself, ready for any action to which the chances of life may call. For often we cannot follow choices, but must act as exigencies demand. It is one thing to flatter the wish, but quite another to discipline the will. Systems of education which offer to a student what is most to his liking, even when they are supported by written examinations and conventional tests for rank, which things cannot disclose lacks and weaknesses that must be overcome if one would win in the battle of life, do not make good the place of personal interest and friendly criticism of a large-hearted master, who fits one to meet things he does not like, even in the high career of the " learned professions." vi INTRODUCTION Recognizinfj the importance of the principles here adverted to, the pubHshers of Univcrsi- ih-s ami Their Sous ha\'e followed their stereoscopic presentation of New York University which constitutes the first half of this volume b)' a supplementar)' one, which sets forth in some de- tail the characters of the men who have had part in moulding the characters of the Univer- sity's Sons, and possibly in forecasting their careers. And these careers in the history of our Coimtr\', following them out in their branches and sequences, have had much to do in the active, formati\'c and directi\'e powers which ha\'e made the nation what it is, At all events these Presidents and Professors and Teachers noted here are the men whose spirit in their respective times has vitalized the educational system and carried forward the organic life of the institution which has now become a great University that is an honor and a power which the whole Country holds high, and which has sent its light over all the world. It is surely a worth}- object to turn attention to the noble characters which ha\-e wrought their worth into the very fiber of the nation's life. 'f!^^0'UeM.»'j*^^d::::^u^^ FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS OFFICERS AND ALUMNI THE short sketches which are presented in this volume are not intended as biog- raphies of the persons who are made the subjects of representation. The purpose is to bring together in a single group the names, faces and condensed records of the wise founders, generous benefactors, earnest teachers and faithful officers who have established, fostered and developed the great institution of learning to which this historical record is devoted. The number of men who have at one time or another filled positions which entitle them to a place in this galaxy is so very great, that merely to record their names would itself fill several hundred printed pages. Hence not only is the collective representation which has been attempted in these pages necessarily incom- plete, but from similar necessity the life-records given are in the main very brief. Yet it is believed, at least is hoped, that the work of selection and presentation has been done with a sufficient degree of intelligent judgment, painstaking thorouglmess and historical accuracy, to fulfil the plan outlined with reasonable completeness, and to secure results both interesting and valuable to all New York University Sons. From the very nature of the work herein attempted, any omissions or shortcomings must be too palpably evident and conspicuous to escape notice. Criticism as to general incompleteness, methods of selection, manner of treatment and matter treated of, is therefore anticipated ; in fact, is inevitable. That the strictures of the critics may be based upon just grounds, with a clear understanding of the limitations of the under- taking and the difficulties involved in its performance, this brief prefatory statement is made. It may also properly be added that, while authors may write and publishers may print whatever they please about the dead, they are debarred from taking such liberties with the living. Hence it is tliat the non-representation in this volume of a number of eminent teachers, and the exceedingly meager treatment accorded certain others, whose attainments and ofificial connections make them conspicuous subjects, are due solely to the excessive modesty of these men of learning, which would not permit them to sanction the publication of anything whatever relating to their personal or official careers. For these omissions the publishers can only express regret, while dis- claiming responsibility. The Public has certain claims upon every citizen which it can and does enforce at times in various ways; but with the Publisher, who is but a servant of the Public, the personal wishes of the Teachers of Men must be respected. THE PUBLISHERS. FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS OFFICERS AND ALUMNI GALLATIN, Albert, 1761-1849. First President of the Council, 1831. Born in Geneva, Switzerland, 1761 ; graduated Univ. of Geneva, 1779; came to America, 1780; member Pa. State Legislature, 1790-92; entered Congress, 1795; Sec. of U. S. Treasury, 1801-13; U. S. Minister to France, 1816-23; Pres. Nat. Bank of New York, 1831- 39; first Pres. of Council of N. Y. Univ., 1831 ; died 1849. ALBERT GALLATIN was bom in Geneva, Switzerland, January 29, 1761, and died in Astoria, Long Island, August 12, 1S49. Of those who in 1830-183 1 shared in the founding of the Uni\-ersity of the City of New York, he was the second in age and the first in national reputation. He graduated from the University of Geneva in 1779, standing first in Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Latin translation. His love of political freedom and an idealizing aspect of the nascent republic of the Western World in- duced him to sail for America from I'Orient late in May 1780. He reached Boston, July 14, 1780. In October 1781 he returned from a luckless trading venture in Maine. He then supported himself by giving French leSsons in Boston, and received $300 from Harvard for French instruc- tion to students. After the peace in 17S3 he went to Philadelphia and then made successful investments in land in Western Virginia, opening a country store in Fa3'ette county, Pennsylvania, (then a part of Virginia). From 1790 to 1792 he served in the State Legislature and was elected to the United States Senate in 1793, but was declared ineligible on the ground that he had been a citizen of the United States only eight years. In 1794 he was largely instrumental in bringing about a peace- ful settlement of the "Whiskey Insurrection." He entered Congress in December 1795, becoming identified with the Anti-Federalists, remaining in the House until he was made Hamilton's successor as Secretary of the Treasury in 1801. He was a most orderly and systematic financier, initiating the system of separate departmental appropriations, and the establishment of the Committee on Ways and Means was due to his suggestion. He pre- sided over the national treasury to 18 13, acquiring great and deserved renown in this career. He was one of the United States Commissioners who signed the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas day 1814, and was rewarded by the appointment as Minister to France in 1815, entering the duties of that post in 1816. He returned in 1823, refusing a seat in the Cabinet and the nomination to the Vice-Presi- dency by the Democratic party, choosing New York as his home. From 183 1 to 1839 he was President of the National Bank of New York. He urged in 1840, at seventy-nine years of age, in a pub- lication of his own, the " Right of the United States to the Northeastern Boundary." He was bitterly opposed to the annexation of Texas and the entire policy which led to the Mexican War. His publications had much to do with the estab- lishment of peace. The cosmopolitan sentiment which ran through his character and political phil- osophy was partly clue to his own career, but partly imbibed through the eighteenth century ideas ultimately deduced from Rousseau. His share in the Literary Convention of 1830, which was con- nected with the establishment of New York Uni- versity, has been fully presented in the first chapter of the History of New York University. His own position in the whole matter — popularization of education as a safeguard of democratic institutions — was stated by himself a few years after he with- drew from the movement, in a letter to his inti- mate friend Badollet, dated New York, February 7, 1833 : " I had another favorite object in view, in which I have failed. My wish was to devote what may remain of life to the establishment, in this UNIf'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS immense and fast-growing city, of a system of rational and practical education, fitted for all and gratuitously opened to all. For it appeared to me impossible to preserve our democratic institutions and the right of universal suffrage unless we could raise the standard of general education and the mind of the laboring classes nearer to a level with those born under more favorable circumstances. I became accordingly the President of the Council of a new University, originally established on the most liberal principles. But finding that the ob- ject was no longer the same, that a certain portion of the clergy had obtained the control, and that their object, though laudable, was special and quite distinct from mine, I resigned at the end of one year rather than to struggle, probably in vain, for what was nearly unattainable." Albert Gallatin is considered as the father of the science of American ethnology; Henry Adams says of him : "he devoted immense labor and many years of life to the routine work of collecting and sifting vocabularies, study- ing the grammatical structure of languages, and classifying the groups and families of our American Indians on the principles thus worked out. Thus it was he who first established the linguistic groups of the North American Indians on a large scale, and made the first ethnographical map of North America which Iiad real merit." e. g. s. [.See portrait page 57, Part I.] LEWIS, Morgan, 1754-1844. President of Council 1831-1834. Born in New York City, 1754; attended Grammar School, Elizabethtown, N. J. ; graduated Princeton, 1773; served in the Revolution Avith rank of Colonel; practiced law; Assemblyman, t783; Atty.-Gen. of N. Y., 1791 ; Judge of Supreme Court, 1792, and Chief- Justice, 1793; Gov. of N. Y., 1804-1807; a founder of N. Y. Univ., and and Pres. of Council, 1831-34; died 1844. MORGAN LEWIS was born in New York City in 1754. His name is one to be uttered with particular veneration by every friend and alumnus of New York University; for he it is who forms the link between our academic begin- nings and the era of the days and years of our incipient independence from Great Britain, the pioneer era of the Republic. Francis Lewis, his father, was born in Llandaff, Wales, in 17 13 and died in New York City in 1803. He emigrated to the New World and became a shipping mer- chant in New York, personally venturing to the African coasts in his trading enterprises. In the French and Indian war of 1756-1761 he was delivered by the cruel French to the Indians with some fifteen fellow victims of whom many were slain by the savages one at a time ; Lewis escaped. He shared not in the Tory sentiments after 1765 but joined the " Sons of Liberty " and later signed the Declaration of Independence. His second son, Morgan Lewis, went to school in the country where Morrisania now is, visiting his parents in New York (mainly south of Wall Street then) by a stage which went once a week. He once, as a young boy, lost himself in the woods where Green- wich Street now is, pursuing a squirrel. Later he attended a grammar school at Elizabethtown and graduated at Princeton in 1773, maintaining at College a friendship with young James Madison of Virginia. His law studies were interrupted by the war with England, at the beginning of which he was made Major in the Second New York Regiment, soon advancing to grade of Colonel and serving at Ticonderoga in the winter of 1776- 1777. He served on Gates's staff during the campaign which ended with the convention of Saratoga. His own father, by the by, who was then an influential member of the Continental Congress was largely instrumental in foiling the designs of a certain cabal of public men to depose George Washington and put Horatio Gates in his place. Morgan Lewis in May 1779 married Mar- garet Livingston of the New York family which then — taking all in all — was probably the most influential in the post-colonial generation of New York City and State — the autocratic era of our political history. Morgan Lewis thus entered that circle to which also belonged the Schuylers, Cortlandts, Rensselaers, Beekmans, Ten Broecks: mainly Dutch families. At Washington's inaugura- tion in 1789 Morgan Lewis was the Commander-in- Chief of the militia. Resuming law after 1783 he entered the Assembly for Dutchess county, hav- ing established himself at " Grassmere " on the Hudson. In 1791 he became Attorney-General; in 1792 was placed on the Bench of the Su- preme Court; in 1793, at thirty-nine, he became Chief-Justice. In 1804, at fifty, he was elected Governor. His farm at Staatsburgh-on-Hudson extended a full mile inland from the noble river, the " Kaatskills " constituting the western sky- line. He also built a winter home in Maiden Lane, New York City. His only child, Margaret UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Lewis, married Maturin Livingston, May 29, 1798; their daugliter Julia married Jolin Delafield, son of an Englishman, who came to New York in 1783 with the first copy of the Treaty of Peace in his pocket. The strong interest in education which Morgan Lewis exhibited in his old age in the founding of New York University he had evidenced as Governor twenty-six years before, when, advocating the establishment of a perma- nent fund for common schools, he uttered the fol- lowing : "In a government resting on public opinion and deriving its chief support from the affection of the people, religion and morality can- not be too strongly inculcated. To them science is a handmaid, ignorance the worst of enemies. Literary information should be placed within the reach of every description of citizens, and poverty should not be permitted to obstruct the path to the sacred fane of knowledge." (The phrase " sacred fane " occurs also in his centenary address of 1832 ; Lewis trained himself in his early man- hood in reproducing the Spectator of Addison and Steele.) " Common Schools under the guidance of respectable teachers should be established in every village, and the indigent educated at the public expense. The higher seminaries also should receive every support and patronage within the means of enlightened legislators ; learning would then flourish and vice would be more effectually restrained than by volumes of penal statutes." In 1807 Lewis was succeeded by Gov- ernor Tompkins. Of Lewis's important services in the War of 1812 no account can be given here; he suffered great privations in his expedition in the St. Lawrence country with General Wilkin- son, and was after the Peace of Ghent a member of the court-martial that tried that military func- tionary. About this time his brother-in-law. Chan- cellor Livingston, who had as United States Min- ister in Paris negotiated the Louisiana purchase, died and in his will gave to each of his six sisters twenty thousand acres in the " Hardenbergh Patent ; " thus General Lewis became the owner of a vast tract of land between what is now Delhi, New York, and Margaretville, New York, the name of the latter being derived from Mrs. Lewis or her daughter. In 1824 he received General Lafayette on his Hudson River estate. His descendants preserve letters from the eminent Frenchman bearing date December 29, 1828; and August 8, 1830. (Of his services as presiding officer in the meetings of 1829-1830 for the establishment of New York University we have spoken in the History : the reader will consult Chapter I. and appendix thereto.) In 1832 he was chosen to deliver the address in commemoration of the one- hundredth anniversary of George Washington's birth. After 1777 he had been not a little near the person of that revered man. And it is a note- worthy coincidence that in the fall of that year (1832) actual instruction in New York University began — in Clinton Hall ; whereas the first perma- nent home of the academic institution was on Washingion Square; while University Heights looks out upon Wasliington Heights. In his Wash- ington address the most venerable of our Founders thus — in part — spoke of George Washington from his personal knowledge : " His temper was by nature quick and his passions strong ; but by strict and constant discipline brought into subjec- tion to his reason and judgment and thus subdued, excited him to nought but deeds of high renown. His heart was warm and affectionate, his attach- ments firm and enduring, and his resentments disarmed by the slightest contrition. In his man- ners dignified without austerity, polite without affectation, easy of access, mild and affable in his intercourse with strangers as well as friends, giving confidence to timidity and dispelling restraint with- out diminishing respect ; of a temperament cheerful and social, convivial though abstemious, assiduous and laborious in the discharge of his duties he was rigid in the exaction of similar observances from others. In stature he was tall, his form and mien noble, his frame large, well-proportioned and athletic ; his physical powers great and his mental vigour adapted as well to civil as military pre- eminence." General Lewis died April 7, 1844, one year after the present President of the Coun- cil graduated from Washington Square. General Lewis was the President of the Historical Society and President of the Order of Cincinnati. The funeral was held at St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, and the interment was made at Hyde Park on the Hudson. E. g. S. [See portrait page 51, Part I.] BETTS, Samuel Rossiter, 1787-1868. Member First Council, 1830-1835. Born in Richmond, Mass., 1787 ; graduated Williams, 1806; studied law, and began practice in Sullivan Co., uNirERsrriEs jnd their sons N.Y. ; served in army during War of 1812, and ap- pointed Judge-Advocate ; elected to Congress, 1815 ; Dist.-Atty. for Orange Co., N.Y. ; Judge of U.S. Dist. Court, 1823-67; LL.D. Williams, 1830; member Coun- cil N.Y. Univ., 1830-35; died 1868. SAMUEL ROSSITER BKTTS, LL.D., was born in Richmond, Berk.shire county, Mas- sachusetts, June 8, 1786. He was grackiated at WiUiams College in 1S06, and after studying law in Hudson, New York, was admitted to the Bar of that state and entered upon practice in Sullivan county. At the outbreak of the War of 1S12 he left his professional duties to serve the country, and after a term of service in the army he was appointed Judge Advocate by Governor Tompkins. Elected to Congress for the district comprising Orange and Sullivan counties, he ser\'ed from 18 15 to 1S17, SAMUEL R. BEITS and then declined longer to abandon his pro- fessional work ff)r the re-election which was assured. At this time there were in active prac- tice at the New York Bar such eminent lawyers as Martin Van Buren, Elisha Williams, Thomas J. ( )akley, Prescott Hall, George Griffin, ( )gden Hoff- man, Thomas Addis I'lmmet, and fithers of equal note, and being in constant association with them, the young lavvj'er soon profited so far by their influ- ence and his own untiring effort that he became recognized as a peer of the master minds of the profession. For several years he was District Attorney of Orange county, and in 1S23 was ap- pointed Judge of the United States District Court, for the Southern District of New York, his con- tinual office during the next forty-four years, with his residence in New York City. At all times exer- cising the greatest care and patience in legal inves- tigation, and a singular profundity of knowledge of the law, and treating all with an affable, though dignified courte.s)-, he won the universal respect of all with whom he became associated. A notable achievement of his judicial career was the formula- tion into a definite code of the maritime laws of the United States, the obscure laws regulating sal- vage, general average, wages of seamen, freighting contracts, prizes, etc., being reduced to clear and adequate system. It is recorded that during the first twenty years of Judge Betts' connection with the District Court there was ne\er an appeal from his decisions. His opinions in his own court on maritime questions, and in the Circuit Court on patents, have been uniforml)- upheld. In the Civil \Var period, when the questions of neutrality laws, slave-trade and other new issues arose, involving an entirely new class of questions, affecting national and international rights, with no prece- dents established. Judge Betts, although nearly eighty years of age, applied himself vigorously to the task of meeting the new conditions, and many of his decisions on these questions are referred to as notable cases of constitutional judgment. Judge Betts was one of the first to serve in the Council of New York ITniversity and retained his seat there until 1835. He received the honorary de- gree Doctor of Laws from ^^'illiams in 1830. In 1838 appeared his work on Admiralty Practice, which became a standard. He resigned his judicial oifice in 1867, and removed to New Haven, Connecticut, where he died at his home, in his eighty-second year, November 3, r868. * MATHEWS, James M., 1785-1870. Councillor 1830-1847 —First Chancellor, 1831-1839. Born in Salem, N. Y., 1785; graduated Union Col- lege, 1803; graduated Theol. Sem. of Associate Re- formed Church, 1807; Assist. Prof. Ecclesiastic Hist, and Biblical Lit. at the Seminary, 1807-17; Pastor UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS South Ref. Dutch Church, New York City, 1812-40; First Chancellor N. Y. Univ., 1831-39; died 1870. JAMES M. MATHEWS, D.D., was born in Salem, Washington county, New York, March 18, 1785. His parents were Scotch Pres- byterians who emigrated to America before the Revokition against England. Dr. Mathews's father served in the war. James was educated in the Academy of Salem and entered the Junior Class at Union, graduating in 1803, at eighteen years of age. Spending some time then on his father's farm he joined the church of the Rev. Dr. Proud- fit in Salem, and in 1807 he graduated from the JAMES M. MATHEWS Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church. Attracting the attention of Professor John M. Mason of the Theological Seminary, he was after graduation appointed Assistant Profes- sor of Ecclesiastic History and Biblical Literature, which post he held for nine years. From 18 12 he held the Pastorate of the South Dutch Church in Garden Street (Exchange Place) New York, at first in connection with his Professorship, but ulti- mately alone. After the great fire of 1836 it was thought best to remove the place of worship. The wishes of the congregation were divided. A part of the members established a church on the corner of Murray and Church streets, near the College Green of Columbia College. Dr. Mathews how- ever established a new and thrifty organization on Washington Square, near the University building, the location and building of which had very largely been his work as first Chancellor. He was twice married, his second wife being Julia Hone, of a family which at that time was foremost in wealth and social standing. When Mathews was a young clergyman in New York in the earlier part of the century, there were old clerg)'men like the Rev. Dr. Livingston of the Dutch Church who in their outward carriage still manifested that palpable eminence freely accorded to leading clergymen at the time. In moving in the street Dr. Livingston walked " erect as a grenadier on parade, his gold headed cane carried upright before him, his spa- cious and broadbrimmed hat surmounting the white wig which spread its curls upon his shoul- ders, the ample scjuare skirts of his coat falling below his knees, and his shoebuckles glittering on his feet as though the dust did not dare to soil them." Dr. Hobart (afterwards Bishop) was par- ticularly active in the Episcopal Church. Temper- ance societies were not yet generally established ; in fact intemperance ruined probably a far greater proportion of college men than is now the case. Dr. Mathews recalled the exultation of Robert Ful- ton when the " Car of Neptune " and the " Para- gon " steamed to Albany, with wind and tide in their favor, in sixteen hours. Dr. Mathews knew De Witt Clinton well, as he did Chancellor Kent and Stephen Van Rensselaer. As to another New Yorker of a different kind of fame, Aaron Burr himself. Dr. Mathews was commissioned by a church society of ladies to luake a pastoral visit to Burr, at a time not long after Burr's return from a prolonged sojourn abroad. Dr. Mathews in his memoranda made at the time (but published only when the author was an octogenarian, in 1865) shows the weight of social proscription under which Burr suffered at the time. Colonel Burr, by the by, was a grandson of Jonathan Edwards. Dr. Mathews also was well acquainted with Colonel Henry Rutgers, the eminent phi- lanthropist. When John Quincy Adams passed through New York he generally spent an even- ing in a small circle, containing Albert Gallatin, James Kent and others, of whom Dr. Mathews was one. Gallatin and Adams " were about of the same height, both bald, with well developed heads, and notwithstanding the collisions of past 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS years in the political arena, you could see in every expression of their speaking countenances not only that mellowed benevolence which is a fitting ornament of old age, but a very hearty delight in the company of each other." Dr. Mathews was a very sociable man and in the quasi-literary circle, of which he was a frequent member in the free association at the different houses, the plan of a new institution of learning was first broached and ultimately brought to execution. He himself said in his memoirs (p. 192): "As these \-iews were constantly acquiring new weight among us, at the request of several gentlemen in December 1829 I invited a meeting of a few friends at my house, when the outline of a plan embracing these various objects was laid before them." These " various objects " were, in the main : (i) lines of suitable training for boys who had completed merely the public and common schools, with scholarships to be founded for this class of candidates ; (2) higher branches of learning for which Americans had been compelled to go abroad; (3) Pedagogy, then called " The Philosophy of Education " ; (4) a school for artists; (5) Medicine; (6) Law; (7) a school of Commerce and Finance ; (8) the appli- cations of science to all the great pursuits of life ; (9) public lectures; (10) harmony of science and religion. If Dr. Mathews and his friends had either limited their efforts to one or two of these, or if they had succeeded in creating an endow- ment nine or tenfold of what they actually achieved, substance and design would have been more in harmony. From 1840 to his death Dr. Mathews lived as a private gentleman in New York City, which, however, he frequently left to deliver lec- tures in the principal cities of the country, on the relations of the Bible and science, and on the Bible and civil government. Toward the close of his life he became greatly interested in the welfare of the medical students who thronged to New York from all parts of the country ; these he tried in every way to benefit. His last earnest work was bringing together the representatives of the vari- ous branches of Evangelical Churches in the Council which met in the autumn of 1869, at the invitati(Mi of the General Synod of his Church. This Council was his project, and over its as- semblage he watched with eager interest. Very soon after its adjournment he gave signs of rap- idly increasing infirmity and after a tedious sick- ness he passed away January 28, 1870, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. He was a man of superb physical development and wonderful vigor of health, with great native dignity and attractive courtliness of manner. He was, perhaps, in too great a degree that which he saw himself reflected in others — in the goodwill or encomiums bestowed upon him. He too easily transferred from the wonderful material growth around him a computa- tion of similar growth in the domain of higher edu- cation, his own ideals having never been subjected to, and modified by, a first hand knowledge of European education. e. g. S. GRISWOLD, George, 3rd, 1777-1859. Councilor 1830-1851 — Benefactor. Born in Giant's Neck, Lyme, Conn., 1777; with his brother formed firm of Nathaniel L. & George Griswold, merchants in foreign trade; member of first Council incorporated at the University, 1830-51 ; died 1859. GEORGE GRISWOLD, third, was born in Giant's Neck, Lyme, New London county, Connecticut, in 1777, his ancestor, Matthew Gris- wold, having in 1635 emigrated from Lyme, Eng- land, to Windsor, Connecticut. He began his com- mercial life as a clerk in a store in Hartford, and at nineteen years of age, in 1796, he followed his elder brother Nathaniel to New York. Early in 1798 he formed a partnership with that brother under the firm name of Nathaniel L. & George Griswold, which remained in the commercial nomenclature of New York until dissolved, January i, 1876. The firm in time acquired numerous vessels and directed their commercial operations to every port of the world. Not only was George Griswold eminently successful in the larger walks of com- merce but also his personal integrity and fairness commanded wide public confidence, so that his services were frequently sought by merchants who desired an arbitrator or umpire in the settlement of various disputes. He served as Director of in- surance companies, banks and railways and ever discharged his duties with diligence and ability. In the law of marine insurance he was so well versed that his opinion in difficult cases for many years carried a weight not surpassed by any con- temporary, lay or professional. He was a mem- ber of the first Council incorporated in the begin- ning of New York University, being, we believe, the third in age of the members of the original Council in 1830, Morgan Lewis and Albert Gal- UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS latin alone being his seniors. During the preva- lence of the yellow fever in 1S32 (the year in which instruction began in New York University), he re- mained in the city and gave of his means to the suffering. He had a very extensive acquaintance with the leading men of all professions and counted Daniel Webster among his intimate friends. Early in life he was a Federalist; later he joined the Whig party and remained devoted to it to the end. He was an Elector for the State of New York in 1848 when Zachary Taylor was chosen President of the United States. He was elected to the Chamber of Commerce in 18 17. GEORf.E GRISWOLD In person Mr. Griswold presented a fine specimen of vigorous manhood. Nearly six feet in height, with broad slioulders and chest, erect, muscular and well balanced, his carriage was graceful, and his activity and strength seldom surpassed. He died after a short illness in New Brighton, Staten Island, September 5, 1859, in the eighty-third year of his age, and was buried in Greenwood Cemetery. e. g. s. VAN SCHAICK, Myndert, 1782-1865. Member Council 1830-1865 — Benefactor. Born in Albany, N. Y., 1782 ; engaged in business in New York City at an early age; member Council of N. Y. Univ., 1830-65, founder and benefactor; member Bd. of Aldermen and Treas. Bd. of Health, New York City; active in building Croton Water Works as Pres. of Croton Water Dept. ; died 1865. MYNDERT VAN SCHAICK was born September 2, 1782, in Albany, New York, a year before the conclusion of peace with Great Britain, and died December i, 1865. The Van Schaicks are a Dutch Albany family, whose ear- liest known ancestor there was Gozen Gerritsen Van Schaick, Albany 1652. In the eighteenth century they had close associations with the Cuylers and Schuylers of that Dutch community. A Van Schaick was joint proprietor witlr Philip Pieterse Van Schuyler of the land on which Waterford now stands. Gozen Van Schaick, the father of the subject of our sketch, was in 1759 Major in a New York regiment ; in 1762 he was Lieutenant- Colonel and was wounded at Ticonderoga. On June 28, 1775, he received his commission from Congress as Colonel of the Second New York, serving on the Upper Hudson and Lake George. In 1777 he received orders to defend Cherry Val- ley against the Indian chief, Joseph Brandt, and then resumed command at Albany. In 1778 he was in the Battle of Monmouth. In 1779 he com- manded an expedition against the Onondaga Indian settlements, covering one hundred and eighty miles, going and returning without losing a man. During most of the remainder of the Revolutionary War he was placed at Fort Schuyler, Utica, suffering much from the extreme destitution and resourcelessness of the congressional administration. In October 1783 he received the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet and died on July 4, 1789. His son Myndert went to New York in his youth and entered the business of John Hone, whose daughter Elizabeth he married in 18 15. The great services of Myn- dert Van Schaick in the first three administrations of New York University have been repeatedly brought out in the history proper, especially in the crisis of 1850. A simple glance at the length of service of the members of the first Council will best emphasize the record of Myndert Van Schaick, a name which to all true sons of New York Uni- versity should be especially dear. Five members of that body served but one year ; three, two years; two, three years ; five ser\'ed four years ; two served five years ; two, six years ; two, seven years ; six served eight years ; one, Stephen Whitney, served nine years. Within the first decade, therefore, lO UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS t\vent}--eight out of the original thirty-two members of the Council had retired ; four remained : James Tallmadge, James M. Mathews, George Griswold and Myndert Van Schaick. Tallmadge retired in 1846, Mathews in 1S47, George Griswold in 1S51, Myndert Van Schaick in 1S65, only when his life itself was ended, after thirty-five years of service. As this patriarch of New York University thus ex- emplified a high devotion to virtues which at bottom are and are to be designated as civic virtues (for such is fostering education in any given community) so he manifested the same sturdy devotion to civic service in his labors for the establishment of the first general supply of water for New York City and the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. In 1832 the ravages of the cholera fearfully decimated the population of New York, Myndert Van Schaick being a member of the Board of Aldermen at the time and Treasurer of the Board of Health. The main water supply had been from pumps. Good drinking water from beyond Manhattan Island was hawked about by the bucket. Mr. Van Schaick, thirty years later said : " One of my daily offi- cial duties was to look after the dead and dying, and with my associates in the Board of Health to contri\-e such measures as would stay or remove this pestilence. Nothing struck us with so much force, so irresistibly indeed, as the conviction that New York must at once, if possible, be supplied with good and wholesome water." His chief com- rade in the task of convincing the others and in other forms of initiative was the Hon. James B. Murray, Chairman of the Committee on Water and Sewerage. In the fall of 1832 (not long after the inauguration of instruction in New York Uni- versity in Clinton Hall) an informal meeting of the Fire and Water Committee was held at Mr. Van Schaick's house, and then and there the first Bill was prepared by Peter S. Titus, Robert Emmet, counsel of the Corporation, and by Mr. Van Schaick himself; this bill was passed through the Board of Aldermen, and was made a law by the Legislature on February 26, 1833, and signed by Governor Marcy who appointed five Commissioners. We have every reason to believe that Mr. Van Schaick submitted the names of the particular men designated for this very important service. Some imperfections were promptly revealed. Mr. Van Schaick entered the State Senate in January 1834 as a member, and said, twenty-eight years later : " The enactment of the Organic Law of May 2, 1834, which I prepared and copied in my rooms in Congress Hall, Albany, handed to the Senate as reported and on its passage through the Legis- lature recommended to the Governor (Marcy) the appointment of the same commissioners," etc. The first general report by an expert was made by De- Witt Clinton, Jr., late in 1832 ; the first accurate and scientific observation of the volume of Croton and the survey of the route was made by D. B. Douglas, Professor of Engineering in New York University, who was succeeded in October 1836 by John B. Jervis, who carried the work through sub- stantially on the same lines. The Commissioners named by Myndert Van Schaick were Stephen Allen, William W. F"ox, Saul Alley, Charles Dusen- berry and Benjamin M. Brown. A municipal elec- tion on the Croton project was held in the City of New York on April 5, 1S35, when Mr. Van Schaick's project was adopted by an overwhelming majority. On June 22, 1842, the Aqueduct re- ceived the water from the Croton reservoir ; on June 27 the water entered the receiving reservoirs and on July 4 the distributing reservoir. On Octo- ber 14 a great celebration was held, a vast proces- sion in ten divisions tiu'ning the splendid fountain in lowest Manhattan Island ; the Professors and students of New York University marching in the third division (No. 7 ), being immediately pre- ceded by the members of the Bar, and followed by the New York Lyceum. " In 1848," said Mr. Van Schaick fourteen years later, " I recommended to the Council to purchase one hundred and twenty acres of land " (for the storage reservoir now at Eighty-Sixth Street, Central Park). On Saturday April 17, 1858, (under Mayor Tiemann) ground was broken and a statistical address made by Mr. Van Schaick to whom the contractors of the new Reservoir presented a shovel inscribed to him as President of the Croton Aqueduct Department. In 1862 on August 19, at last the new reservoir was completed and inaugurated and again the chief address was by Myndert Van Schaick the octogenarian. On August 16, 1862, the Hon. James B. Murray wrote from Saratoga : " You, who more than any other living man labored in this good cause." On August 11, 1857, the following letter was addressed to Mr. Van Schaick by ex- President Van Buren : " Lindenwald (Kinder- hook, New York, August 11, 1857). I cannot thank you too much, my dear Mr. Van Schaick, as well for your obliging letter as for the accompany- UNIFERSiriES AND THEIR SONS I I ing interesting pamphlet by Colonel Murray on the subject of the origin of the Croton Aqueduct. The good sense and good taste displayed by the Colonel in the preparation of his work cannot be overpraised. Without employing his time or tax- ing the attention of his readers in enlarging upon the importance of a work which speaks in that respect sufficiently for itself and which all admit to be the greatest boon conferred upon your city since the establishment of our independence, he proceeds at once to the designation of the indi- vidual to whose meritorious services New York is most indebted for its successful accomplishment. In selecting your name from those [literatim : E. G. S.] your public-spirited associates, among whom Colonel Murray himself occupied an honor- able position as the one best entitled to bear the palm, he has I am very certain, but avowed their united opinion as well as that of a grateful public. This is an honor upon which you have reason to con- gratulate yourself, and I beg you to be assured that among your numerous friends there is not one who derives more satisfaction from your success than myself. As a personal and political friend, — one who has steadily applauded the purity in act and intention with which you have for so long a period and through such perilous times resisted as well in public as in private affairs the corrupt in- fluences to which many strong minds have suc- cumbed — and as a brother Knickerbocker of the olden stamp I feel also that there cannot be many who have a better right than myself to indulge such feelings." (Mr. Van Schaick's son Henry, an alumnus of 1843 ^"<^ long a member of the Council, has kindly furnished the original matter from which this delineation has been derived.) e. g. s. [See portrait page 106, Part I.] DELAFIELD, John, 1786-1853. Member First Council, 1830-34 — Secretary 1831-32. Born in New York City, 1786; graduated Columbia, 1802; entered shipping business in New York City; banker in London, Eng., i8o8-ro; Pres. Phoenix Bank, New York City, 1820-38 ; Pres. N. Y. Banking Co., 1838; spent latter part of his life in agriculture; mem- ber Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-34; died 1853. JOHN DELAFIELD was born in New York City, January 22, 1786, son of John Dela- field, a wealthy merchant. He was educated in the city of his birth, graduating at Columbia in 1802, and at an early age commenced his commercial career as confidential clerk and supercargo in the shipping business. In 1808 after making various voyages he entered the banking business in Lon- don, England, where he was engaged in managing his large fortune until, in the financial crisis follow- ing the War of 1S12, his entire property was swept away. Returning to New York City in 1820 he became in that year Cashier of the Phcenix Bank and soon after its President. In that relation he remained until 1838, when he was chosen Presi- dent of the New York Banking Company, whose subsequent suspension again deprived him of his partially recovered fortune. He then withdrew from the commercial world and devoted himself to scientific agriculture, in which he had always taken keen interest, and at the " Oaklands " estate near Geneva, New York, which came to be known as the model farm of the state, he spent the remain- der of his life. In the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society for 1847, of which organization Mr. Delafield was for several years President, appears a description of this farm. This country seat at Hell Gate, upon which he spent much money and careful attention, was also noted as a place of great horticultural beauty. Mr. Delafield was the first Presiding Officer elected by the State Agricultural College. He was active in the movements leading to the establishing of New York llniversity and served as a member of the first Council, from 1830 to 1834, and as Secre- tary of the Council, 1831-1832; much of the money originally subscribed to the foundation was obtained through his efforts. He was the first President of the New York Philharmonic Society, and suggested the plan for the Musical Fund Society, of which he was one of the original mem- bers. It is an interesting circumstance that the author, ^^'ashington Irving, dedicated to Mr. Dela- field the narrative entitled The Wife, which is one of the Sketch-Book stories. Mr. Delafield died October 22, 1S53. * DELAFIELD, Joseph, 1790-1875. One of the Founders. Born in New York City, 1790; graduated Yale, 1808; studied law, and admitted to practice, 181 1; in U. S. Army service, 1810-14, gaining rank of Major; U. S. 12 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Agent engaged in placing northern boundary, 1821-28 ; a founder of N. Y. Univ.; scientist; died 1875. JOSEPH DELAFIELD was born in New York City, August 22, 1790, one of nine sons of John Delatreld, a ricli mercliant of tlrat city. He graduated Bachelor of Arts at Yale in 1808, studied law and was admitted to practice in 181 1. At the outbreak of the War of 181 2 he was a Lieutenant of the Fifth Regiment, New York State Militia, and in 18 12 became a Captain of drafted militia and was assigned to Hawkins's regiment for service under a United States commission. From that position he was advanced to the rank of Major of the Forty-sixth United States Infantry in April 18 1 4. Under the Sixth and Seventh articles of the Treaty of Ghent, Major Delafield was ap- pointed a government agent in charge of parties engaged in placing the northern boundary of the United States, and that work, which occupied the years from 1821-1S28, he performed with such notable efficiency as to win the special thanks of Congress and the President. It was while engaged in the northern region that he began the collection of minerals which was for many years one of the best in the country. Joseph Delafield and his brother, John Delafield, were among the nine citi- zens of New York City from whose meetings re- sulted the plan for founding New York University, and in the events incident to the establishment of the institution they were constantly active workers. Major Delafield attained a considerable reputation as a scientist aside from the fact of being the owner of the mineral collection. For fifty-two years a member of the New York Lyceum of Nat- ural Historjr, he served as its President from 1827 to 1866, in the latter year refusing re-election. At his coimty-seat in Yonkers he constructed a con- tinually burning lime-kiln, a contrivance at that time unknown in the United States. He died in New York City, Februaiy 12, 1S75. * LENOX, James, 1800-1880. Councilor 1830-1834. Born in New York City, 1800; graduated Columbia, 1818; A.M. Princeton, 1821 ; member first Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-34 ; founder of the Lenox Library, New York City, 1870; benefactor of Princeton and Trustee, 1833-57; LL.D. Princeton, 1867, and Colum- bia, 1875 ; died 1880. JAMES LENOX, LL.D., Founder of the Lenox Library, was born in New York City, August 19, 1800. His father, Robert Lenox, was of Scotch birth ; he accumulated a princely fortune as a merchant in the City of New York, and was actively interested in the wel- fare of Princeton; from 181 3 to the time of his death in 1839 he was a member of the Board of Trustees of Princeton. His son, James, graduated at Columbia in the Class of 18 18, taking the de- gree of Master of Arts in 1821, in which year Princeton also conferred upon him the same de- gree. The Lenox Library was founded by him in 1870. The large fortune which he inherited from his father had enabled him to make a valu- able private collection of rare books, manuscripts, paintings, engravings, busts, statues, mosaics and curios, the gathering of which consumed nearly half a century. These he presented to the City of New York, together with a substantial fire-proof building for their safe-keeping, the collection, land, structure and endowment, representing the sum of $2,000,000. James Lenox inherited not only his father's wealth, but also his devotion to the Presbyterian Church, and the various institu- tions connected with it. His contributions to re- ligious and educational objects included large gifts to Princeton College, the Princeton Theological Seminary, and the American Bible Society, of which last he was President for some years. He served as Trustee of Princeton from 1833 to 1857, when he resigned the position. In 1867 he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Princeton and in 1875 '^■'O'" Columbia. James Lenox served as a member of the first Council of New York University, from 1830 to 1834. He died in the City of New York, February 17, 1880.* WARD, Samuel, 1786-1839. Councilor 1830-34 —Treasurer 1831-32. Born in Rhode Island, 1786; engaged in banking as member of firm Prime, Ward, & King, New York City; founder and Pres. Bank of Commerce; founder N. Y. Univ. and member ist Council, 1830-34; Treasurer, 1831-32 ; died 1839. SAMUEL WARD was born in Rhode Island, May 21, 1786, son of Samuel Ward, a promi- nent officer in the Revolution, Lieutenant-Col- onel in the Rhode Island Line ; the father was also a delegate to the Convention in Annapolis, Maryland, for the regulation of inter-state com- merce, and President of the New York Marine Insurance Company. Samuel Ward, Jr., after a public school education entered a New York UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS banking-house as clerk, and thenceforth his career was intimately concerned with financial enterprises. At the age of twenty-two he was taken into the banking firm of Prime, Ward & King, as a member, so continuing until his death. He established the New York Bank of Commerce, and was its President. A notable negotiation was the securing of a loan of $5,000,000 through the Bank of England which enabled the United States banks to resume specie payments in 1838. Samuel Ward was a member of the first Council of the University, serving in that body from the time it convened in 1830 until 1834, and for the years 1831-1832 filled the office of Treasurer. He was a generous patron of various educational and beneficent institutions in various parts of the country, his benefactions being directed chiefly toward churches and Colleges of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He married in October 1812, Julia Rush Cutter, a writer of some notable verse.* MOTT, Valentine, 1785-1865. Councilor 1830-1836 — Medical Professor 1841-1865. Born in Glencove, L. I., 1785; graduated Columbia Medical School, 1806; studied abroad; Prof. Surgery Columbia, 1810-26; founded Rutgers Medical College, and Prof, there, 1826-30; Prof, at Columbia, 1830-35; traveled, 1835-41 ; Prof. Surgery and Relative Anatomy N. Y. Univ., t84i-65 ; Emeritus Prof, after 1852; Pres. Faculty of Medicine ; LL.D. Regents N. Y. State Univ., i85t ; died 1865. VALENTINE MOTT, M.D., LL.D, was born August 20, 1785, near Oyster Bay, Long Island, the son of Dr. Henry Mott, a mem- ber of the Society of Friends. His earlier training in general education he received in a private school at Newtown, Long Island. In 1804, at nineteen, he began the study of medicine and received his diploma as Doctor of Medicine from the Faculty of Physic of Columbia in 1806, at twenty-one years of age. His graduation thesis did not deal with any surgical topic. During his student period he was a pupil of his relative in New York City, Dr. Valentine Seaman. Immediately after graduation he went to Europe. The facilities for clinical experience, according to Samuel Francis, M.D., were at this time in the United States wo- fuUy inadequate ; prisonships, jails and almshouses being then mainly under the supervision of igno- rant and unprincipled politicians. Going to Lon- don, therefore, Valentine Mott pursued Therapeutics and Surgery in St. Thomas's, Bartholomew's and Guy's hospitals, under Abernethy, Sir Charles Bell and Sir Astley Cooper ; Practice of Medicine under Currie, and Gynecology vmder Haighton. At Edinburgh he pursued his professional studies under Hope, Playfair and Gregory, attending also philosophical lectures under the famous Dugald Stewart. On his return to our country Dr. Mott was at once called to fill the Chair of Surgery in Columbia. When this Medical School was merged into the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1813, under the Presidency of Dr. Samuel Bard, he retained that chair to 1826, when differences with the Trustees of Columbia led to the forma- tion on the part of Mott of a new medical body, known as Rutgers Medical College, with that im- palpable relation to that College in New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, which prevented a longer life than one of four years' duration. His associates were Hosack, Mitchell and others; the Albany Legis- lature put a stop to the work of the new Medical College after 1830. The fame of Dr. Mott was based on the fact that he performed more difficult and original operations than any surgeon of his time in America. This fame was further, (in the words of Samuel Francis) due to " his bold care- fulness and self-possession when undertaking that which was entirely new, and his great success in rescuing from prolonged torture the victims of a morbid growth." In 1818, when but thirty-three years of age, Dr. Mott placed a ligature around the bracheo-cephalic or arteria innominata (un- named artery) only two inches from the heart, for aneurism of the right subcla\ian artery, for the first time in the history of surgery. The patient survived the operation twenty-eight days, secondary hemorrhage having set in on the twenty- fifth day. In 1828 he cut out the entire right clavicle for malignant disease of that bone, forty ligatures being placed. The patient survived the operation more than thirty-seven years. Dr. Mott was the first to tie successfully the primitive iliac artery for aneurism. He tied the common carotid artery forty-six times, cut for stone one hundred and sixty-five times and amputated nearly one thousand limbs. He cured the immobility of the lower jaw by an original operation in 1822. In referring to him — we say this on the authority of Samuel Frances — Sir Astley Cooper once ex- claimed : " He has performed more of the great operations than any man living or that ever did 14 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS live." In 1S30, when the organization of the first Council of New York Unixersity was effected, \'alentine IVIott accepted a seat in that body, as he also attended the Literary Convention of Octo- ber, 1830, without, however, taking any personal or direct part in the discussions. In 1835 at iifty years of age Dr. Mott's health was greatly im- paired and he went off to Europe, but did not content himself with the beaten paths of tourists, but left Italy for Malta, the Grecian Archipelago, Greece, Egypt, Asia ISIinor, Turkey, Moldavia, Wallachia and Hungary. After his return in 1S42 Harpers published his Travels; this book VALENTINE JIOTT remains a valuable contribution to the history of medicine in the nineteenth century. For the ob- servations and judgments of a man of the very first rank are vastly more valuable than the most painstaking microscopic delineation of the general observer. He was, indeed, overworked, for con- trary to the vulgar opinion (as to the proverbial insensibility of surgeons) he had been nervously exhausted by the peculiar drain involved by the practice of his profession, so much more harrow- ing before the discovery and application of anaes- thetics. At London he visited his old preceptor, Sir Astley Cooper, whom he called " a mind not brilliant but sound, inductive and of sleepless energies and specially adapted for abstruse ana- tomical inquiry ; while also his dexterity with the knife enabled him to give to his operations a finish and a neatness seldom or never surpassed." Before leaving London Dr. Mott received from Sir Astley a beautiful case of surgical instruments of his own invention. Referring to the earnest Christian de- votion of Sir Astley's later years Mott says: "Of that religious faith, and in the daily observation of those ennobling duties which, when all worldly sources of consolation that ' keep the word of promise to the ear and break it to the hope,' have deserted us forever, can alone extract the thorn from the couch of pain, disarm death of its terrors, and bring hope and cheering joy to the wounded and wearied spirit." Among distinguished medi- cal men whom he met with in London were Law- rence, Travers, Sir Benjamin Brodie, Liston, and others. Of his Scottish teachers he speaks with affectionate regard, in fact, the great surgeon was so radically removed from cynicism that whatever remnant or memorial in the courses of his travels suggested something great of the past or some- thing admirable in the present time of his actual observation, roused in him lively emotions of sym- pathy and regard. He had in fact much of those elements of character, and that peculiar composi- tion of powers and impressibilities which consti- tute the artistic temperament. In Paris he met Lisfranc Roux, the successor of the great Dupuy- tren, Velpeau Ricord ; his remarks on the physio- logical medicine of Broussais are mo,st instructive, a system whose author claimed to hax-e utterly annihilated the science of past authorities such as Hoffman. Napoleon's great surgeon, Baron Lar- rey, was also met by Dr. Mott, Larrey being then of fourscore years ; Guerin's orthopa;dic institu- tion was visited. In Brussels Sentin's " Bandage Immobile " was noted. In Leyden he lingered over memorials of the immortal Boerhave ; the town struck him as almost sepulchral in its deso- lation. And so he passed on through Prussia and Austria to Italy and Greece, much interested in archaeological matters there, endeavoring even on occasion to give an interpretation of some of the legends e.g. of Hercules, and citing St. Paul when on the Isthmus of Corinth, and taking the ancient Pausanias into the traveler's equipment. His interests in the Peloponnesus were largely centred on Epidaurus, site of the most renowned temple of Aesculapius in the Grecian world. In UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 15 the orchestra of the amphitheatre Dr. Mott in an exuberance of professional and antiquarian reverence for the tutelary deity of Healing, sacri- ficed a cock, which he had brought on from Nauplia. When in 1841 the first Faculty in Medicine which actually entered upon didactic operations in connection with New York Univer- sity was definitely established, Mott had not actu- ally returned. It need not be urged that his was the greatest name in that Faculty, soon coupled for eminence with Draper, great in the lines of pure science. " He never," said Samuel Gross, " committed to memory or wrote out his lectures ; a few notes carefully digested and the dissection always before him furnished sufficient topics to carry him rapidly and pleasantly through the hour. His manner in the amphitheatre was quiet and dignified ; his voice clear and distinct. His great forte was clinical teaching, in which he was generally very animated, frequently facetious, al- ways edifying." In 1856 he founded the gold, silver and bronze medal which perpetuates his memory in the New York University. " I shall be cheered," he said, in connection with this matter in his will, " both now and hereafter by the thought that I have thus been enabled to show my regard for him [the successful student]. I shall be cheered by the thought that any little dis- tinction which the possession of this medal shall obtain for him may enable him more manfully and successfully to contend with the vicissitudes of life. I shall be still more cheered by the thought that perhaps the last words I shall ever utter, in relation to the recollections and associations which this emblem recalls and inspires, shall enable him to meet his fate with serenity, when, like me, he is preparing for the messenger of death." In personal appearance Valentine Mott was ex- quisitely scrupulous as to dress and urbane manners ; " the handsome Quaker doctor " was the appellation by which he was well known dur- ing the earlier decades of his professional career. The general course of his life was serene he es- chewed quarrels and quarreling. His son. Dr. Alexander Mott, was his constant assistant for the last sixteen years of his life. On April 22, 1865, he left his residence on Gramercy Park for the last time, dying of a typho-malarial fever and gangrene of the left leg, resulting from occlusion of the arteries of that lower extremity. He was attended by Austin Flint, M.D., Sr. He expired at his residence April 26, T865, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln having given him a shock which may have been conducive to the decline of the octogenarian. On the marble slab which seals the chamber of his tomb in Greenwood are in- scribed these words : " Valentine Mott, M.D., LL.D., born at Glencoe, Long Island, August 20, 1785 ; died in New York, April 26, 1865. My implicit faith and hope are in a merciful Redeemer Who is the Resurrection and the Life. Amen, Amen. — V. Mott." Dr. Mott was married in 18 19 to Louisa Den- more Mums, a lady of English descent, who in 1866 incorporated the Mott Memorial Library in memory of her husband. He took an active part in the es- tablishment of the New York Academy of Medi- cine, and was for some time President of the same. He was for fifteen years Senior Consult- ing Surgeon of Bellevue Hospital, also for some time at St. Luke's, the Jews', St. Vincent's and the Woman's Hospital. e. g. s. DELAFIELD, Edward, 1794-1875. CouncUor 1830-1838. Born in New York City, 1794; graduated Yale, 1812; College Phys. and Surgeons, r8r6; studied abroad; founder of N. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary, r82o, and Surgeon there tSzo-yo; Prof. Obstetrics, College Phys. and Surg,, r835-38; President, 1858-75 ; Pres. Roose- velt Hosp. Bd. of Governors; member first Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-38; died 1875. EDWARD DELAFIELD, M.D., Physician, was born in New York City, May 17, 1794. He was a son of John Delafield, who came to this country in 1783, established himself as a merchant in New York and became one of the wealthiest men in the country in his day ; of his nine .sons one, also named John, was a graduate of Colum- bia in 1802, a banker in London and New York. Edward Delafield was graduated at Yale in 18 12, studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, now the Medical Department of Colum- bia, and received the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine in 18 16. Dr. Delafield had obtained valuable experience from his service as Surgeon in the United States Army during the war with Great Piritain, before taking his degree, and soon after peace was declared he went abroad for further study. He became a pupil of Sir A.stley Cooper and Dr. Abernethy in London, passed several months in the hospitals of Paris, and returning to i6 VNll'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS New York in 1820, founded the E\'e and Ear Infirmary in tliat city, with which he retained liis connection as Surgeon for fifty years. His private practice was very large, and in 1838 lie was obliged to resign the Professorship of Obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons which he had held since 1S35, and also the position of Attending Physician at the New York Hospital, because of the pressing demands upon his time. In 1858, however, he accepted the Presidency of the College of Physicians and Surgeons and held that office until his death. He was one of the founders and the first President of the New York Ophthalmological Society and held professional and official connection with a number of hospitals, being a member of the Board of Governors of the Roosevelt Hospital from its organization and President of that body during the latter years of his life. He was a member of the first Council of New York University from its inception in 1830 until 1838. Dr. Delafield died in New York Cit)', February 13, 1875. * COX, Samuel Hanson, 1793-1880. Councilor 1830-1835, 1837-1838. Born in Rahway, N. J., 1793 ; studied law, and later divinity; licensed by N. Y. Presbytery, 1816; Pastor at Mendham, N. J., 1817-20; Spring St. Church, New York City, 1820; lectured at the University, 1831-32; Prof, at Auburn Theol. Sem., 1834-37; Pastor First Church Brooklyn, 1837-54; member University Council, 1830- 35. 1837-38; died 1880. SAMUEL HANSON COX, D.D., LL.D., Clergyman, was born August 25, 1793, in Rahway, New Jersey. While studying law in 18 13 he voluntarily withdrew from the Society of Friends in which he was born and joined the Presbyterian Church at Newark, New Jersey. Soon after he substituted the study of divinity for that of law and in October 1S16 was licensed to preach by the Presbyter)- of New York. The Rev. Dr. Gardiner Spring of the Brick Church, New York City, took a strong interest in j-oung Cox at the beginning of Cox's professional career. In July 18 1 7 Cox was installed Pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Mendham, New Jersey, and in 1820 was called to the Spring Street Presby- terian Church in New York City, the greater part of the congregation in 1825 removing to a new edifice on the corner of Laight and Varick streets, and being known thenceforth as the Laight Street Church. Dr. S. H. Cox was very active in the establishment of New York University, delivering himself a memorable course of lectures — popular lectures we would say now — on Moral Philosophy in the winter of 1831-1832. During the cholera season of 1832 he remained at his post until stricken down. Yisiting Britain in 1833 to restore his health he publicly defended his country when anti-slavery agitators attacked it. Still, soon after his return he delivered a celebrated sermon against slavery which ultimately made him one of the objects of the furious pro-slavery riots during Cornelius Lawrence's Mayoralty, although the SAMUEL H. cox systematic riots of that disgraceful year in the annals of New York City were directed not only again.st Abolitionists or their sympathizers. The motives of that mob of 1834 included hatred of Christianity, of temperance and of all moral re- forms. The free Presbyterian Church system had become hateful to the libertine element and was to be overthrown by violence. Dr. Cox's house and church were mobbed. " His windows were broken and his parlor strewn with stones but his family escaped uninjured, and he himself passed out through the crowd without molestation, receiv- ing only a sprinkling." From 1834 to 1837 he served as Professor of Pastoral Theology at the UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS ^7 Auburn Theological Seminary. He was a member of the first Council of New York University for one year, 1837-1838. From 1837 to 1854 he was Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn. In the latter year his health declining he returned to a pleasant property which the devo- tion of his parishioners enabled him to purchase, at Owego, on the Susquehanna, New York. In May 1846 Dr. Cox was chosen Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. He was a man of singular directness and of strong sympathies and antipathies, of quick impulses which, said Rev. Dr. Prentiss, " not infrequently found vent in extravagant words, but back of them all and beneath them all was a heart glowing with the piety and charities of the Gospel." For thirty-six years he was a member of the Board of Directors of the Union Theological Seminarjr, and for several years acted as Professor Extraordinary of Biblical and Ecclesiastical History. His faculty of memory was extraordinary. He died in 1880, having spent the closing years of his life in retire- ment at Bronxdale, New York, in Westchester county. Bishop A. C. Coxe of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Western New York, his oldest son, was one of the earliest Alumni of New York University. e. g. s. MILNOR, James, 1773-1844. Councilor 1830-1838, 1842-1844 — Vice-President 1834-1838. Born in Philadelphia, 1773 ; educated in Philadel- phia Academy and Univ. of Pa. ; admitted to Phila- delphia Bar, 1794 ; practicing lawyer in Philadelphia ; member Philadelphia City Council, 1800, 1805-09; mem- ber of Congress, 1811-1813; studied for ministry and ordained Deacon P. E. Church, 1814; Presbyter, 1815; Rector St. George's Church, New York City, 1816-44; founder of N. Y. Univ. ; member First Council, 1830- 38, and again member of Council, 1842-44; Vice-Pres. 1834-38; D.D. Univ. of Pa., 1819; died 1844. JAMES MILNOR, D.D., was born in Phila- delphia, June 20, 1773, son of parents who belonged to the Society of Friends. His educa- tion preparatory to College was had in the Phila- delphia Academy, and then he entered the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania as a student of the Academic Department. He did not graduate, as financial resources failed, and leaving the College work he applied himself to the study of law, in 1794 being admitted to the Bar in Philadelphia. He com- menced practice in Norristown, Pennsylvania, but soon after returned to Philadelphia where he be- came established in a large practice. Entering political life in 1800, James Milnor was elected a member of the Select Council of Philadelphia in that year and again in 1805, the latter term lasting until 1809; during the last year of that service he was President of the Council. He was also a member of Congress from November 181 1 to March 18 13, and being of strong Federalist principles, he opposed the second war with Great Britain. Soon after the close of his term in Con- gress he determined to prepare himself for the ministry. In August 1814 he was ordained Dea- con in the Protestant Episcopal Church and became a Presbyter in the following year. As Rector of St. George's Church in New York City he continued in professional duties from 1816 until his death in 1844. He was made a Doctor of Divinity by the University of Pennsylvania in 1819. Dr. Milnor may properly be spoken of as a founder of New York University, as he was one of that body who, elected by the citizens who endowed the foundation, composed the First Uni- versity Council, of which more adequate mention is to be found in the Histor}' of New York Uni- versity. Dr. Milnor's term of service in the Coun- cil extended from 1830 to 1838, and during the latter half of that period he acted as Vice-Presi- dent. He was widely known as a promoter of educational and beneficent institutions, and was one of the founders of the American Bible and American Tract Societies. His bibliography con- sists of various addresses and sermons. Dr. Mil- nor died in New York City, April 8, 1844. * MACLAY, Archibald, 1776-1860. Member First Council, 1830-1838. Born in Killearn, Scotland, 1776 ; educated in Univ. of Edinburgh; entered the University; emigrated to New York City, 1805; and there preached in a Baptist Church thirty years; Gen'l Agt. Amer. and Foreign Bible Soc. ; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-38; died i860. ARCHIBALD MACLAY, D.D., was born in Killearn, Scotland, May 14, 1776, and when but twelve years old by the death of his .father he was forced to provide for the support of the family. He managed to obtain educational advantages at the University of Edinburgh, and while there began to preach with immediate success. He became i8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS a regularly installed Pastor in Kirkcaldy in 1S02, and two years later received an appointment to engage in missionary work in India. This, how- ever, he was unable to do, and in 1805 he left for America, landing in New York City, where he soon assumed charge of a Congregational Church. In 1809 Dr. Maclay went over to the Baptist faith, to which he had been drawn by a change of view in regard to the scriptural mode of baptism. He was appointed Pastor of a Baptist Church which he continued to serve during the next thirty years. He resigned in 1837 to become General Agent of the American and Foreign Bible Society, a position which entailed extensive travel through- out the United States, Canada and Great Britain. The Bible Translation Society of England was organized mainly under Dr. Maclay's suggestion and direction. He was also active in the founding of the American Bible Union, of which he was elected General Agent. In the work of revision his views were at first opposed, but he finally suc- ceeded in winning cooperation and, raising by sub- scription large sums of money for the purpose, he became recognized as a leader in that movement. He occupied a seat in the fir,st Council of New York Unix'ersity from 1830 to 1838, and was an earnest friend of the institution. He also secured the funds for founding a Baptist College in Canada, called the Maclay College. Dr. Maclay died in New York City, May 2, i860. * CONE, Spencer Houghton, 1785-1855. Member First Council, 1830-1838. Born in Princeton, N. J., 1785 ; entered Princeton College, 1797; taught schools in Princeton, Burlington, N. J., and Philadelphia ; followed actor's profession, 1805-12; fought in War of 1812; publisher and part owner of The Baltimore Whig ; began to preach in ^A/ashington, and elected Chaplain U. S. House of Reps., 1815; Pastor Presbyterian Church, Alexandria, Pa., 1816-23; Oliver St. Baptist Church, New York City, 1823-41 ; First Baptist Church, New York City, 1841-55; Pres. American and Foreign Bible Soc, 1837- 50; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-38; D.D. Princeton, 1832; died 1855. SPENCER HOUGHTON CONE, D.D., was born in Princeton, New Jersey, April 30, 1 785. At the age of twelve he had passed through all the studies preliminary to College work and was admitted to the Freshman Class at Princeton. After two years, obliged by the permanent illness of his father to confront the problem of support- ing the family, he left College and applied himself to teaching. Until 1805 he was engaged as teacher in various schools — in Princeton and Bur- lington, New Jersey, and in the Academy at Phila- delphia, where he was associated with Dr. Aber- crombie, the Principal. The meagre salary to be earned in this work soon proved insufficient for the proper support of the family and the young man turned to the actor's profession, for which he was peculiarly adapted on account of a highly musical and powerful voice. In July 1805 he pre- sented the part of Achmet in the tragedy Ma- homet, and then for seven years acted with much success in various roles, appearing in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Alexandria, Virginia. This profes- sion, which he had entered rather from necessity than from choice, became, finally, entirely distaste- ful, and in 181 2 he entered the employ of The Baltimore American, soon after becoming, in asso- ciation with his brother, owner and publisher of the Baltimore Whig. The War of 18 12, in which Dr. Cone took active part, left the business of the city in a seriously constricted state, and though thou- sands of dollars were standing on the credit side of the newspaper's books, collections were all but im- possible and the enterprise was abandoned. Dr. Cone's first experiences in ministerial work were in Washington, District of Columbia, where he had obtained a position in the Treasury Depart- ment after the collapse of his paper. In that city he began preaching about 18 14 and with an immediate and striking success, so that in 1815 he was elected Chaplain of the House of Representa- tives. Seven years were spent with a Presbyte- rian Church in Alexandria, Virginia, and he \Yas then called to the Oliver Street Baptist Church in New York City, where he continued as Pastor until 1 841, in that year entering the Pastorate of the First Baptist Church in the same city, in which work he was engaged during the remaining four- teen years of his life. He was one of the original Council of New York University, serving from 1830 to 1838. In 1832 Princeton conferred upon him the degree Doctor of Divinity. From 1837 to 1850 Dr. Cone was President of the American and Foreign Bible Society, and at the foundation of the American Bible Union he was chosen Presi- dent, so continuing until his death. He was also President of the Baptist Triennial Conventions of 1832 and 1841. He died August 28, 1855. * UNIFERSiriES AND THEIR SONS 19 WAIN\A/'RIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew, 1792-1854. Councilor 1830-1831. Born in Liverpool, England, 1792; prepared for College at Sandwich Acad., Mass. ; graduated Harvard, 1812 ; Proctor and Tutor at Harvard ; studied divinity, and ordained Deacon, 1816; served in Christ's Church, Hartford, Conn.; Asst. Minister Trinity Church, New York City, 1819-1821 ; Rector Grace Church, New York City, 1821-34; Trinity Church, Boston, 1834-38; Trinity, New York City, 1838-52 ; Provisional Bishop, P. E. Diocese of N. Y., 1852-54; member N. Y. Univ. Council, 1830-31 ; founder ; died 1854. JONATHAN MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT, D.D., D.C.L., was born in Liverpool, Eng- land, February 24, 1792, son of Peter Wainwright, an English merchant, who had established himself in Boston not long after 1783, and had there married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., one of the earliest representatives of Unita- rianism in the Congregational Church of America. His earlier training Bishop Wainwright received in part at the school of Rev. Mr. Hughes, an Anglican clergyman of Ruthven, North Wales. In 1803 Peter Wainwright returned to America and his son Jonathan was prepared for College at the Sandwich Academy, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. He entered Harvard in 1808 and graduated in 18 1 2, at twenty. For several years afterwards he was a Proctor and Tutor at Harvard. Subse- quently he began the study of law but soon changed to divinity, studying chiefly under the care of the Rev. Dr. Gardiner, Rector of Trinity Church, Boston, and was ordained Deacon in 1816, at twenty-four. While serving at Christ Church, Hartford, he was ordained Priest by Bishop Hobart (then in provisional charge of the diocese) and in 1818, May 29, was instituted Rector of the same parish. In November 18 19 he was called to be an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York City, and in 182 1 accepted the Rectorship of Grace Church, which post he held from 1821 to 1834. It was as Rector of Grace that he was active in the plans and initial steps that led to the establishment of New York University, had a seat in the Literary Convention of October 1830, and became a member of the first Council in the same month of the same year. " He had collected," says Bishop William Croswell Doane of him, " an extensive library, admirably chosen. He found or made the leisure, amid his numerous and arduous duties, to be much among his books. . . . His hearth was the center of the most re- fined and generous hospitality and strangers of every clime were attracted about him by his culti- vated tastes, his wide and varied information, his elegant manners and his kind and sympathizing heart." In 1S34 he went to Trinity Church, Boston, but remained not long, returning early in 1838 to Trinity, New York City, the congregation of St. John's Chapel being more particularly assigned to him. In 1852 he, as Secretary of the House of Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, was sent to Canterbury, England, as a delegate to attend the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, receiving during his visit to England the degree Doctor of Canon Law at Oxford. He was also made a Doctor of Divinity by Union in 1823. On November 10, 1852, he was consecrated Provisional Bishop of the Protes- tant Episcopal Diocese of New York, the ceremony taking place in Trinity Church. The diocese had long been without a diocesan and the friends of Dr. Wainwright fondly hoped for him a long episcopate, but he died on September 21, 1S54, in the sixty-third year of his life, having visited in the first eleven months of his episcopate all the three hundred clergymen of his diocese. " His work," said Bishop Doane, " seemed just begun. And yet he had settled and harmonized a diocese which had been long distracted, and had given to the whole Church, till every life and heart was filled, ' assurance ' of a Bishop." The church edifice occupied by the Parish of St. John the Evangelist is regarded as the " Wainwright Memo- rial," but there never was any parish bearing the [See portrait page 4S, Part 1.] E. G. S. DISOSWAY, Gabriel Poillon, 1799-1868. Member First Council, 1830-1838. Born in New York City, 1799 ; graduated Columbia, i8ig; A.M. in course; merchant in New York City; a founder of Randolph-Macon College, Va. ; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1830-1838 ; writer and antiquarian ; died 1868. GABRIEL POILLON DISOSWAY was born in New York City, December 6, 1799, and was graduated at Columbia in 18 19, receiving the Master's degree in course. For several years he was a resident of Petersburg, Virginia, and subse- quently returned to New York City and there entered mercantile pursuits. He was a constant 20 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS student of antiquities, and freely contributed his learning to tiie newspapers and current magazines. He published in 1865 The Earliest Churches of New York and its Vicinity. Mr. Disosway was a member of the first Council of New York Univer- sity when that body convened in 1830 and so con- tinued until 1838. He was also a founder of Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia, established in 1832. He died on Staten Island, July 9, 1868. * McILVAINE, Charles Pettit, 1799-1873. First Lecturer in University College, Professor Evidences of Revealed Religion, 1832-1833. Born in Burlington, N. Y., 1799; graduated Prince- ton, 1816; Rector Georgetown, D.C., 1821-35; Prof- Ethics and Chaplain West Point Mil. Acad., 1835-37; St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1837; Prof. Evi- dences of Revealed Religion and Sacred Antiquities, N. Y. Univ., 1832-33 ; Bishop of Ohio, 1832 ; Pres. Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio, 1832; D.C.L. Oxford, England, 1853; LL.D. Cambridge, 1858; died 1873. CHARLES PETTIT INIcILVAINE, D.C.L., LL.D., was born in Burlington, New Jer- sey, January 18, 1799, and died in Florence, Italy, March 13, 1873. His father, Joseph Mcllvaine, was a native of Bristol, Bucks county, Pennsylva- nia, born 1768, died in Burlington, New Jersey, August 19, 1826. He was chosen United States Senator from New Jersey to take the place of the Hon. Samuel S. Southard, who resigned in 1823, and served from December 1823 to his own death. Charles Pettit Mcllvaine graduated from Prince- ton in 1 8 16 and took orders as Priest in the Prot- estant Episcopal Church in 182 i, serving as Rector of Christ Church, Georgetown, District Columbia, to 1835, when he became Professor of Ethics and Chaplain at West Point. After two years he was called to St. Ann's Church, in the (then) village of Brooklyn. He was in 183 1 appointed Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion and Sacred Antiquities in New York University and lectured as such to large audiences, a year before general instruction was begun in Clinton Hall. In 1832, October 31, he was in New York City consecrated as Bishop of Ohio and became at the same time President of Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio, and of the Theological Seminary connected with that institution of learning. He received the degree of Doctor of Canon Laws from Oxford, England, and that of Doctor of Laws from Cambridge, the first in 1853, the second in 1858. Bishop Bedell was appointed Assistant Bishop in 1859. Bishop Mcllvaine was a man of earnest evangelism and not friendly to the High Church movement in his own denomination. His lectures in the prelimi- nary work of New York University proved not only his own most successful work but one of the most successful American books dealing with so serious a subject. Published first in 1832, they were reprinted in 1833 in England under advice of Dr. Olinthus Gregory of the Royal Military Academy, (Woolwich). In 1844 the book had reached its sixth edition and altogether it has CHARLES p. McILVAINE passed through thirt)' editions. There is in this book a temperate form of statement, coupled with warm and spiritual eloquence. We take the follow- ing from the preface: "In the autumn of 183 1, when the LTniversity of the City of New York had not yet organized its classes nor appointed its instruc- tors, it was represented to the Council that a course of lectures on the Evidences of Christianity was exceedingly needed and would probably be well attended by young men of intelligence and educa- tion. On the strength of such representation the author of this volume was requested by the Chan- cellor of the University to undertake the work desired ; not, he is well aware, on account of UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 21 any special qualifications for a task which many others in the city would have executed much more satisfactorily, but because having lectured on the Evidences of Christianity while connected with the Military Academy at West Point he was sup- posed to be in a great measure prepared at this time for a similar effort." ..." The next thine was the honour of an appointment by the Coun- cil of the University to the office of Lecturer on the Evidences of Christianity." ..." Mean- while a class of many hundreds from among the most intelligent in the community and composed to a considerable extent of members of the New York Young Men's Society for Intellectual and Moral Improvement had been formed and was waiting the commencement of the course. A more interesting, important or attentive assemblage of mind and character no one need wish to address." ..." The idea of publication did not originate with the author. He began the work with no such view. Had it not been for the favorable opinion of the Council of the University as to the probable usefulness of the step, and the urgent advice of distinguished individuals of that body, he would have shrunk from contributing another volume to a Department of Divinity already so well supplied by authors of the highest grade of learning and intellect." e. g. s. TORREY, John, 1796-1873. Professor Chemistry, Mineralogy and Botany, 1832-33. Born in New York City, 1796 ; educated in public schools; graduated N. Y. College Phys. and Surg.; Asst. Surg. U. S. Army; Prof. Chem. Mineralogy and Geol. West Point, 1824-27 ; Prof. Chem. and Botany College Phys. and Surg., 1827-55, and Kmeritus ; Prof. Chem. Princeton, 1830-54 ; Prof. Chem. Mineralogy and Botany N. Y. Univ., 1832-33 ; U. S. Assayer in New York; Trustee and Emeritus Prof. Chem. and Botany Columbia; LL.D. Amherst, 1845; died 1873. JOHN TORREY, LL.D., Botanist, was born in New York City, August 15, 1796, son of Captain William Torrey, a Revolutionary soldier. After completing his early education in the public schools of his native city he seriously contemplated the adoption of mechanical pursuits, but through the influence of Amos Eaton he was taught the rudiments of Botany, Mineralogy and Chemistry. In 18 1 5 he began the study of medicine with Dr. Wright Post, and after graduating from the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons he engaged in practice, at the same time devoting his leisure to the accumulation of knowledge relating to Botany and other sciences. The simple practice of medi- cine was, however, far from being pleasant for one whose chief delight lay in the investigation of other sciences more congenial to his tastes, and entering the United States Army as Assistant Sur- geon in 1824, he was for the succeeding four years Acting Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology at the United States Military Academy. He was Professor of Chemistry and Botany at the College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1S27 to 1855, when he was made Professor Emeritus ; was Professor of Chemistry at Princeton from 1830 to 1854; and Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Botany at the University of the City of New York in 1832-1833. In 1853 the United States Assay office was opened in New York, and Dr. Torrey received the appointment of Assayer, which he filled with marked ability until his death. In 1856 he became a Trustee of Columbia College, to which he presented his herbarium containing some fifty thousand specimens. In i860 he was made Emeritus Professor of Chemistry and Botany, and after the consolidation of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons with Columbia, which took place in the same year, he continued to remain upon the Board of Trustees, and also held his Emeritus Professorship. Dr. Torrey died March 10, 1873. He was the last surviving charter member of the New York Lyceum of Natural His- tory (now the Academy of Sciences), of which he was at one time President, held the same office in the Torrey Botanical Club and the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, and was one of the original members of the National Acad- emy of Science, to which he was nominated by Act of Congress. Besides being the author of many books he contributed numerous articles upon botan- ical and other subjects to the various periodicals and made voluminous reports upon the plant speci- mens collected by different government and pri- vate expeditions. His report as Botanist of the Geological Survey of the State of New York sur- passes anything of the kind ever issued in the LInited States. The degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by Yale in 1823, and that of Doctor of Laws by Amherst in 1845. A sketch of his life by his pupil and collaborator, Asa Gray, was prepared and contributed to the Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science (Washington) in 1877. * 22 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS VETHAKE, Henry, 1792-1866. Prof. Mathematics, Astronomy and Natural Philosophy, 1S32-33. Born in British Guiana, 1792; came to U. S. 1796; graduated Columbia, j8o8; Instr. Math. Columbia, 1813; Prof. Math, and Nat. Phil. Queen's College, 1813-17; in Princeton, 1817-21 ; in Dickinson, 1821-29; in N. Y. Univ. 1832-33 ; Pres. Washington College, 1835-36; LL.D. Columbia, 1836; Prof. Math. Univ. of Pa., 1836-54; Provost, 1854-59; Prof. Higher Math. Philadelphia Polytechnic, 1859-66 ; died 1866. HENRY VETHAKE, LL.D., was born in British (Juiana in 1792 and was brought to this country b)- liis parents wlien a child of foin" years. He was educated at Columbia, graduating at that University in 180S and subsequently study- ing law. He was engaged for a short time as Instructor in Mathematics and Geography at Columbia in 1813, but resigned the position in that year to become Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Queen's College, New Jersey, where he remained four years. He then went to Princeton to fill a chair in the same branches, 1817-1S21, and occupied similar posi- tions at Dickinson College, 182 1-1829, and New York University, where he also taught Astronomy, 1832-1833. He was President of Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, during the year 1835-1836, taking the Chair of Litellectual and Moral Philosophy, and then accepted a call to the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Mathematics. He retained his connection with this University for twenty-three years, being chosen Vice-Provo.st in 1846 and Provost in 1854, when he resigned that office, together with the Chair of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and became Professor of the Higher Mathematics in the Phila- delphia Polytechnic College. This position he held to the time of his death. Dr. Vethake's published works include : Principles of Political Economy; a supplemental volume of the En- cyclopedia Americana, and numerous mono- graphs. Columbia gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1836. He died in Philadelphia, December 16, 1S66. * [See |)ortrait page 64, Part I.] guages N. Y. Univ. 1832-46; joined the Church of the New Jerusalem; contributor to religious literature; died 1859. GEORGE BUSH, D.I)., was born in Nor- wich, Vermont, June 12, 1796. The Bachelor's and Master's degrees were conferred upon him by Dartmouth, from which he was graduated in 18 18. His divinity studies were pursued at Princeton, where he acted as a Tutor in 1822-1833, and after his ordination to the Pre.sbyterian ministry he spent four years in Indiana as a missionary. In 1832 he accepted a call to the Chair of Oriental Languages at New York University where he taught courses in Hebrew language and literature until 1846. He subsequently withdrew from the Presbyterian faith and united with the Church of the New Jerusalem. Prior to his conversion to the latter faith he wrote : A Life of Mohammed ; Trea- tise on the Millennium and Illustrations of the Scriptures ; a Hebrew Grammar, and Commen- taries on the Exodus and other books of the Old Testament. He opposed the doctrine of the literal resurrection of the body in a work en- titled Anastasis which created no little excitement among theologians, and he responded to the at- tacks made upon it in a subsequent work called The Resurrection of Christ. After joining the New Jerusalem Church, he issued a translation of the Diary of Swedenborg and became Editor of the New Church Repository in 1845. His later works are : The Soul, an Inquiry into Scripture Psychology ; Mesmer and Swedenborg, in which he maintains that the developments of the former corroborate the doctrine of the latter ; New Church Miscellanies, and Priesthood and Clergy unknown to Christianity. Dr. Bush died in Rochester, New York, September 19, 1859. * BUSH, George, 1796-1859. Professor Oriental Languages, 1832-1846. Born in Norwich, 'Vt., 1796 ; graduate of Dartmouth and of Princeton Theol. Sem. ; Tutor at Princeton two years; missionary in Indiana; Prof. Oriental Lan- GALLAUDET, Thomas Hopkins, 1787- 1851. Professor Philosophy of Education, i832-r833. Born in Philadelphia, 1787; graduated Yale, 1805; studied theology at Andover, and licensed to preach, 1814; established School for Deaf-Mutes in Hartford, Conn., 1817, and remained in charge as President until 1830; Prof. Phil, of Education N. Y. Univ., 1832-33 ; Chaplain of Retreat for the Insane, Hartford, 1838-58; LL.D. Western Reserve, 1850; died 1851. THOMAS HOPKINS GALLAUDET, LL.D., founder of the system of in- struction of deaf-mutes in the United States, UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 23 was born in Philadelphia, December 10, 1787, of Huguenot descent. While he was yet a child his parents removed to Hartford, Connecticut, and he was sent to Yale and there graduated in the Class of 1805, receiving the Master's degree in course three years later, and serving as Tutor there from 1808 to 18 10. After hesitating for some time between business and professional life, he entered Andover Theological Seminary in 181 1, pursued the course there and was licensed to preach in 18 14. Meantime he had become im- pressed with the prevalent neglect of the deaf and dumb in this country and went abroad to ex- amine the methods of education pursued in France by the Abbe Sicard and in England by Dr. Wat- son. He brought back with him a pupil of Si- card, Laurent Clerc, as assistant, and in 18 17 opened in Hartford, Connecticut, a school for deaf-mutes. Beginning with seven pupils, his school grew to a large and prosperous institution, the pioneer of this great work of humanity in the United States and the most widely noted. Dr. Gallaudet remained in charge as President until 1830, when failing health compelled his retire- ment from active labors. In 1832 he again entered upon active duties as Professor of the Philosophy of Education at New York University, in which position he continued for one year. In 1838 he also took upon himself the duties of Chap- lain at the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford. Just before his death, which occurred in Hartford, September 9, 1851, the Western Reserve College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. MORSE, Samuel Finley Breese, 1791- 1872. Piof. Literature of Arts of Design, 1832-1882. Born in Charlestown, Mass., 1791 ; graduated Yale, 1810; M. A., 1816; engaged in art work in London, 1811-15, as member Royal Acad.; Pres Nat. Acad- Arts of Design, 1826-42 ; Prof. Lit. of the Arts of Design N. Y. Univ., 1832-72 ; inventor of Morse magnetic telegraph; LL.D. Yale, 1846; died 1872. SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE, LL.D., was born in Charlestown, Massa- chusetts, April 27, 1791, son of Jedidiah Morse, D.D. He died in New York City April 2, 1872. The career of Samuel Finley Breese Morse be- longs not to us, but to America, and indeed to the world. Still, so essential in his great career was his association with New York University and with the structure on Washington Square, that he must not be excluded from this part of this volume. We know that he cherished the title of Professor, which came to him from his honorary Professorship in New York Univer- sity. We have traced his life in the third chap- ter of the History of New York University. He is not recorded in John Delafield's volume as having sat in the " Literary Convention " of October 1830; although his older rival, Colonel John Trumbull, had a place there. Morse was thirty-nine years old when the first Council was chosen from and by the shareholders. During SAMUEL F. B. MORSE these initial years of organization Morse was on his second visit in Europe. In one of the earliest single sheets of announcement of courses, in the thirties, Professor Morse is placed second in the Faculty, as Professor of the Literature of the Arts of Design. Whether in that early period, if a proper endowment had been secured, the history of art as we now take it could have found fitting reception among professional or merely cuhure-loving auditors may be doubted. We may, in the absence of firsthand utterances, assume that while Morse in his divided allegiance to the useful and to the beautiful was in a measure try- ing to serve two masters, the telegraph clearly 24 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS kept gaining on tlie iine arts ; the latter were probabl)- conceived by him, in his phm of the immediate future, as a possible means of susten- tation for the former : curious and unicjue muta- tion of their proper relations. The names of Gale, professor, and Vail, student and partner, both of the Washington Square College, will always be associated with the name of Professor Morse in the annals of his life. The Morse of the last decade, with his features framed by a venerable beard, hardly permits the modern visitor to Central Park, who gazes' upon the familiar statue, to recognize the Morse of middle life, with closely shaven features, wan and spare, a mission- ary of a great idea, living on a minimum of physi- cal substance and sustenance ; endeavoring amid severe privations to support himself with the painter's brush while establishing telegraphic cir- cuits in the University Building. The date of fall 1832, when Morse returned from Europe with his design fairly matured in his mind, is coincident with the beginning of College instruction in Clin- ton Hall; twenty-one years later, in June 1853, when Morse addressed the Alumni Association of New York University, and referred to the (later) Philomathean room at Washington Square as the place where he perfected his invention — at this date we say — he could survey the battle of life and consider it won. Professor Morse late in 1852 sent to Myndert Van Schaick ^12000 in tele- graph stock, toward the extinction of the debt on the Uni\'ersity liuilding. e. g. s. TAPPAN, Henry Philip, 1805-1881. Professor Philosophy, 1832-1838. Born in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 1805; graduated Union, 1825; studied theology at Auburn (N. Y.) Seminary, 1825-27; Asst. Pastor Reformed Dutch Church, Sche- nectady, N. Y., 1827-28; Pastor Cong. Church, Pitts- field, Mass., 1828-32 ; Prof. Intellectual and Moral Phil, and Belles-Lettres, 1832-38 ; conducted school for young ladies in New York City ; first Pres. Univ. of Michigan, 1852-63 ; died 1881. HENRY PMILIP TAPPAN, D.D., Ph.D., was born in Rhinebeck, TXitchess county, New York, April 23, 1805. His College training was had at Union under President Eliphalet Nott, he graduating there in 1825, after which he studied theology in Auburn, New York, Seminary for three years. He served as Assistant Pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church in Schenectady and as Pastor of the Congregational Church in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, until, on account of impaired health, he was obliged to go to the West Indies. In 1832 he took his seat in the Faculty of New York University, as Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Belles-Lettres, and remained in the University for six years, carrying on his meta- physical and logical studies, and maturing those views on the topics of Psychology which he after- wards gave to the world in his several works on the Philosophy of the W'\\\. His work along these lines in the University College afterwards was elaborated in forms which attracted public atten- tion both at home and abroad. In the conflict of 1838 Professor Tappan severed his relations with the )'oung College. Professor B. N. Martin, writ- ing in February 1882, said of him : " He was then one of the most earne.st of the younger thinkers and writers of our country, and the central and influential position which he ocupied was one of the most favorable for the prosecution of such studies. The Chair of Philosophy has never found an abler student or a nobler man to suc- ceed him." For some fourteen years after this time Dr. Tappan conducted a private school for young women in the city of New York. During this time, in 1839, 1840, 1841, his great treatise on The Will was published : the first part being An Examination of the Doctrine of Edwards ; the second The Doctrine of the Will as Determined by Consciousness, and the third The Application of the Doctrine of the Will to Moral Agency and Responsibility. Professor Martin designated the second part as the most important, and says of it : " He shows the fatalistic doctrine to be incon- sistent with the dicta of consciousness directly, and at variance with the profoundest convictions of mankind. He carries the scheme out into its consequences with great directness and vigour, and presents a view of it which . shows bej-ond dispute its inconsistency with all moral distinc- tions. We. do not know anywhere in our philo- sophical literature, a more thorough and convincing discussion of the subject, or a more satisfactory exhibition of the moral bearings of the fatalist scheme, whether asserted in the interest of a theo- logical system as was the case with the reasonings of Edwards, or advocated on philosophical grounds, for its own sake. In all the criticisms to which his writings were subjected, we have seen no reply to this portion of Professor Tappan's work." These UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 25 treatises were very widely read and were subse- quently republished in a single volume in Glasgow. In 1852 Professor Tappan was again elected to the Chair of Philosophy in New York, June 28, conjointly with Howard Crosby who was desig- nated for Greek on the same date. But he never resumed his seat in the College Faculty of New York University, being called to a much greater charge, viz. the position of President of the University of Michigan, (v. History of Higher Education in Michigan by Andrew C. McLaugh- lin, Assistant Professor of History in the Uni\'ersity of Michigan, Washington, Government Printing Office, 189 1, pp. 47-58.) This foremost of the State Universities of the country had been opened in 1841, with a Faculty of two, and six students enrolled. Immediately before Tappan's advent the contention between the Faculty and the secret fraternities had reached such a point of bitterness that the number of students was reduced to fifty- seven. It was only in 1852 that Regents were elected, and these began their work with a clean sweep of retiring the entire extant Faculty — with one exception. Dr. Tappan (whose chief fellow candidate was Henry Barnard of Connecticut) was chosen on August 12, 1S52, the first President of Michigan University. In assuming this important task he said : " A young, vigorous, free, en- lightened and magnanimous people had laid the foundation of a State University ; they were aiming to open to themselves one of the great fountains of civilization, of culture, of refinement, of true national grandeur and prosperity." Among the ideas which he carried into action were e.g. these : to have the fixed four year course of the Literary Department and its frigid rigidity give place to a more liberal and inspiring system ; to keep the preparatory schools, i.e. the public high schools of the State of Michigan, in close union with the State University, which was the highest organic part in the educational system of the state. James R. Boise became Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages at first, the Rev. Erastus O. Haven taking the Latin Chair in the following year. An Astronomical Observatory was built and equipped at an expense of about ^22,000 and Professor Brunnow, an assistant of Encke of Berlin, was called to take charge : his most eminent pupil being James C. Watson. Henry S. Frieze in 1854 came from Providence to fill the Chair of Latin which he held until 1889. Andrew D. White of the famous Yale Class of 1853 became the first Professor of History in 1857, a chair which he held to 1867. In 1854 Alexander Win- chell began to teach engineering. In fact Presi- dent Tappan successfully combated the idea that the Professorships in the State University should be divided with some equality and fairness among the different denominations, his own standards being simply good character and professional superiority. He thus solved the sectarian prob- lem. A parallel course for the degree of Bachelor of Science, a course of four years and requiring no classics for entrance was established ; dormi- tories were done away with ; a " partial course " was announced. In 186 1 the requirements in Greek reached the limit which they have since maintained. In 1856 a Chemical Laboratory was built. In March 1859 the first Law Faculty was appointed, viz. James V. Campbell, Thomas M. Cooley and Charles T. Walker. The library of the Law Department in the first thirty-two years reached the number of ten thousand volumes. In 1863 the essential danger of the constitution of the State University was revealed in an Act prompted, so it is claimed, by personal rancour. At the June meeting, 1863, after the transaction of other business the following resolution was introduced : " Whereas it is deemed expedient and for the interests of the University that sundry changes be made in the offices and corps of pro- fessors : Therefore, Resolved That Dr. Henry P. Tappan be and he is hereby removed from the offices and duties of President of the University of Michigan and Professor of Philosophy therein." We quote from the Michigan historian to whom ■we owe this account : " Dr. Tappan withdrew " (he "was e.x-officio a member of the Board of _ Regents) " and the resolution was at once passed, as well as a number of others, making extensive changes in the Faculty. The Board was on the very eve of dissolution. Their duties closed De- cember 31, 1863, and their action was all the more spiteful and malicious, that, at the very last mo- ment, actuated almost entirely by personal motives, they removed from office him who had done so much for the University, him who had foimded a. College and created a University, who, with con- stant care, had nourished and protected the inter- ests committed to him until he could \\'ell say : " This matter belongs to history ; the pen of his- tory is held by Almighty Justice and I fear not the 26 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS record it will make of my conduct, whether private or public, in relation to the affairs of the Uni- versity." The Kegents in 1S74 and again in 1876 passed resolutions commending in the high- est degree the work of Henry Philip Tappan. Professor Tappan's daughter we believe was mar- ried to Professor Brunnow, and as this gentleman subsequently was appointed Astronomer Royal for Ireland, and Professor in Trinity College, Dublin, Dr. Tappan spent much of the remainder of his life in Europe. He died in Vevay, Switzerland, on the lake of Geneva, November 15, 1881. Pro- fessor Tappan's other noted work in philosophy was The Elements of Logic, 1S44, of which Victor Cousin, the distinguished P'rench philosopher, said : " It is equal to any work on this subject that has appeared in Europe." Professor Tappan had a fine countenance, a tall and commanding form and an air of great dignity and self-respect. He was at the same time cordial in feeling and genial in manner and commanded the respect and the love of his associates. e. g. s. [See portrait page 72, Part I.] DOUGLASS, David Bates, 1790-1849. First Prof. Natural Phil. 1832-33, Prof. Civil EngineeriBg and Architecture 1839-53. Born in Pompton, N. J., 1790; entered U. S. Engineer Corps, 1813 ; served in War of 1812, reaching rank of Major; Asst. Prof. Natural Phil. West Point, 1819-20; practicing civil engineer; first Prof. Natural Phil, at the University, 1832-33 ; Prof. Civil Engineer- ing and Architecture, 1839-53; Pres. Kenyon College, Ohio, 1840-44; Prof. Math. Hobart College, N. Y., 1840-49; died 1849. DA\ID BATES DOUGLASS, LL.D., Engineer, was born in Pompton, New Jersey, March 21, 1790. He graduated with high honors from Yale, September 18, 18 13. The need for men in the army was at that time great, owing to the war with England. Douglass ap- plied for an appointment in the Army Engineer Corps of the United States. He was at once successful, so that by October i, 1813, as Lieu- tenant of Engineers he was ordered to the front. After the battle of Luncly's Lane Douglass was assigned to duties at I'ort Erie where he con- structed and maintained entrenchments which were instrumental in saving the little army of defense from total annihilation. The sier^e of Fort Erie extended over a period of nearly six weeks. General Gaines writing of it in 1815, remarks that " among the brilliant scenes that enlighten the gloom of this period the defense of Douglass battery stands equalled by few : the constancy and courage of the young commander in this defense against a vast majority of num- bers cannot cease to be cherished in my memory as among the most heroic I have ever witnessed." This defense was followed by promotion. At the end of the war he became engaged in works in connection with the harbors of New Haven, New London, Stonington and Newport ; and he was then appointed Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Military Academy at West Point. The next fifteen years of his life were occupied with official duties and the practice of civil engineering. During this period he was interested in many canal constructions and other enterprises. Among the most important of these was one which finally caused his resignation from the army. The Directors of the Morris Canal wished him to assume charge of a large portion of their undertaking as chief engineer ; he several times applied for a furlough, but as the Secretary of the Navy was unwilling to grant it he wrote : " As this work is one of great importance to the civil engineer, I think it best to give it my whole time and attention. P'or this reason and not because the office is one of higher pay, I sub- mit to you my resignation." In 1832 he entered the University of the City of New York as its first Professor of Natural Philosophy. His outside duties so multiplied as to interfere with this work so that the year afterward he was obliged to re- linquish it. He was however retained on the roll of the University as Professor of Civil Engineer- ing and Architecture, and during 1836-1837 he delivered a course of eighty lectures upon these subjects. Professor Douglass designed the Uni- versity Building on Washington Square so lately familiar to us. This building was at the time of its erection one of the wonders of the city. In 1833 he was called upon to survey the route for the Brooklyn & Jamaica Railway, Long Island. In the same year (P'ebruary 26, 1833) an Act was passed, the most important features of which had been prepared by Hon. Myndert Van Schaick, one of the founders of New York University, for supplying New York City with water. Professor Douglass and Canvass White were immediately appointed engineers. Mr. White soon resigned and the whole responsibility devolved upon UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 27 Douglass. While the selection of the Croton as source of supply was determined upon by Myn- dert Van Schaick before Mr. Douglass was called in, the latter was the first expert who made a scientific computation of the volume of water passing in the bed of the Croton at a given point. While Douglass was relieved in October 1836 — largely it seems because Myndert Van Schaick's Commissioners demanded greater speed in the operations, the general plans of Douglass were not changed by his successor, John B. Jervis. Pro- fessor Douglass later laid out Greenwood Ceme- tery, whose beautiful surface is largely due to his artistic skill. Over $5,000,000 have been here expended since 1839. In January 1841 he with- drew to the Presidency of Kenyon College, Ohio, where he remained until 1844 when he again re- turned to important professional work. In 1848 he was called to the Chair of Mathematics at Geneva, now Hobart College. He accepted this appointment although many other propositions involving offers of greater remuneration were made to him. President Hale of Hobart states of Professor Douglass at this time that " he was a man who looked reverently upon books, reading not for amusement but for nourishment of mind and heart. He loved books, but was less a reader than a thinker. He possessed great power of analysis. He knew what he knew thoroughly and systematically, his views were therefore al- ways definite and hence the depth and clearness of his instruction. In conversation he was still a teacher and without any of the forms of argu- ment his discourse was clear and full of informa- tion." He died in Geneva, New York, October 21, 1849, at the age of fifty-nine, and is now buried at Greenwood. c. h. s. HACKLEY, Charles William, 1809-1861. Professor Mathematics, 1834-1838. Born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., i8og ; graduated West Point, r82g; Asst. Prof. West Point; studied theology, and ordained clergyman, 1835; Prof. Math. N. Y. Univ., 1834-38; Pres. Jefferson College, Miss.; Rector St. Peter's Church, Auburn, N. Y. ; Prof. Math, and Astronomy Columbia, i843-6t ; died 1861. CHARLES WILLIAM HACKLEY was born in Herkimer county. New York, March 9, 1809. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1829, and re- mained there as Assistant Professor until 1832. He then studied law, and later theology, and in 1835 ^'^'^s ordained as a clergyman of the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. Soon afterwards he be- came Professor of Mathematics in New York University, remaining in that position from 1834 to 1838, and subsequently President of Jefferson College, Mississippi. He was also for a time Rector of St. Peter's Church at Auburn, New York. He was appointed Professor of Mathe- matics and Astronomy at Columbia in 1843, 3"d in 1857 assumed the Chair of Astronomy alone, which he held until his death. Professor Hack- ley was particularly active in his efforts to estab- lish an astronomical observatory in New York City. He was a profuse contributor to secular and scientific journals and periodicals, and pub- lished a Treatise on Algebra, an Elementary Course in Geometry, and Elements of Trigonom- etry. He died in New York City, January 10, 1861. * NORTON, William Augustus, 1810-1883. Professor Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 1833-1838. Born in Bloomfield, N. Y., r8ro; graduated U. S. Mil. Acad., 1831 ; Asst. Prof, there two years ; served in the Black Hawk expedition as 2d Lieut. ; Prof. Natural Phil, and Astronomy N. Y. Univ., 1833-38 ; held same chair at Delaware College till 1849; Pres. Delaware College 1849-50; Prof. Nat. Phil, and Civil Engineering at Brown, 1850-52 ; Prof. Civil Engineer- ing at Yale, 1850-83 ; died 1883. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS NORTON was born in Bloomfield, New York, Octo- ber 25, 1810. Appointed a cadet at the United States Military Academy, West Point, he was graduated in 1831, and was detailed as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy for two years, during which time he served in the Black Hawk expedition as Second Lieutenant in the Fourth Artillery. Resigning from the army in 1833 to accept the Chair of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at New York University, he re- mained there until 1838, accepting in 1839 a similar Professorship at Delaware College, which he retained for ten years and was elected Presi- dent of that institution in 1849. Joining the Faculty of Brown LIniversity as Professor of Natural Philosophy and Civil Engineering, he served in that capacity until called to the Chair of Civil Engineering in the then recently organ- ized Scientific Department of Yale, and he con- tinued in active service there until his death, 28 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS which occurred September 21, 18S3. Professor Norton was made a Master of Arts by the Uni- versity of Vermont in 1S42. He was a member of several learned bodies, including the National Academy of Sciences. He contributed numerous papers on molecular and astronomical physics and terrestrial magnetism to the American Journal of Science, and to scientific societies to be read at the meetings ; and he was also the author of the First Book of Natural Philosophy, and An Ele- mentary Treatise on Astronomy. * BECK, Lewis Caleb, 1798-1853. Professor Chemistry, 1834-1838. Born in Schenectady, N.Y., 1798; graduated Union, 1817 ; studied medicine and entered practice in Sche- nectady, N. Y., 1818; Prof. Botany Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute, 1824-29 ; Prof. Botany and Chem. Vt. Acad, of Medicine, 1826-32; Prof. Chem. and Nat. Hist. Rutgers, 1830-37, and 1838-53 ; Prof. Chem. N. Y. Univ., 1834-38; Prof. Chem. and Pharmacy Albany Med. College, 1841-53 ; Mineralogist to N. Y. Geol. Surv., 1837 ; author scientific writings ; died 1853. LEWIS CALEB BECK, M.D., was born in Schenectady, New York, October 4, 1798, and graduated at Union in iSiy. He later studied Medicine and followed the physician's profession, commencing to practice in his native place in 18 18, and later living in St. Louis, Mis- souri, and in Albany, New York. In 1824 Dr. Beck became Professor of Botany in the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, where he remained five years, in the meantime receiving and accepting the additional appointment as Professor of Botany and Chemistry in the Vermont Academy of Medi- cine, retaining the latter position from 1826 to 1832. He was also Professor of Chemistry and Natural History at Rutgers College from 1830 to 1837, and again from 1838 to 1853, Professor of Chemistry in New York University from 1834 to 1838, and Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy in the Albany Medical College from 1841 until his death in 1853. He conducted a course of lectures at Middlebury in 1827. Dr. Beck was appointed Mineralogist to the Geological Survey of New York in 1837, and while serving the state in that office gained material and inspiration for the greatest of his notable scientific writings — The Mineralogy of the State of New York, 1842. This work, which constitutes Part III. of the Natural History of New York, presents detailed descriptions of the minerals of the state with comments as to their economic value. He also contributed to scientific literature : A Manual of Chemistry, 1831 ; A Gazetteer of Illinois and Missouri, 1823 ; An Account of the Salt Springs at Salina, 1826; On Adulterations, 1846; and Botany of the United States north of Virginia, N.Y., Harper & Brothers, 1848. Dr. Beck died in Albany, New York, April 20, 1853. * BUTLER, Benjamin Franklin, 1795-1858. Founder of Law School, and Law Prof, after 1837. Born in Kinderhook Landing, N. Y., 1795 ; prac- ticing lawyer in N. Y. State ; U. 8. Atty. Gen. under Jackson, 1833-38; revised N. Y. Statutes; U. S. Dist. Atty. So. Dist. N. Y., 1838-41 ; planned organiza- tion of the Law School of N. Y. Univ., 1835 ; Law Prof, after 1837 ; died 1858. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER, Lawyer, was born in Kinderhook Landing, New York, December 17, 1795, son of Medad Butler, an industrious painstaking man, who for a while held a seat in the Assembly at Albany. Favored by the support of his older townsman, Martin Van Buren, whom he soon followed to Albany, he rose rapidly to a high rank in the councils of the Democratic party of the State of New York as well as of the nation. The bitterness of the struggle about the United States Bank, the act of Jackson which most strongly embittered his political op- ponents, caused Mr. Butler too to become the object of political animosity which found vent in publications of unmeasured fury and reckless assaults, from all of which he emerged with per- sonal and political integrity unstained and unas- sailable. It was in Jackson's second term that he held the distinguished post of Attorney-General of the United States. He had before this mani- fested his fitness for higher work in jurisprudence as one of the three commissioners named by the Legislature of New York to revise the statutes of New York. Of this work Chancellor Kent said; "the plan and order of the work, the learning of the notes, the marginal references should be ascribed to Mr. Butler." From 1838 to 1841 he was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of New York. He was one of the men who lent dignity and strength to the Democratic party in the State of New York, but his strong sense of justice and equity could not UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 29 stomach the devices of the successful ultras in his own party to propagate slavery in the territories and to undo measures of compromise and delimi- tation in these grave issues. Although not the recipient of a Collegiate education in his youth Mr. Butler through reading and literary effort gained culture of the highest order ; his plan for a Law School in New York University, while far in advance of the actual demands of the law educa- tion in the thirties and forties, reveals a man at once of great penetration and great breadth. Mr. Butler belongs to those distinguished Americans who, like the Romans before the first and second Scipios, attained the highest personal eminence and lofty standards of judgment and faculty of expression in the service of the state, and very largely through that service. Mr. Butler died in Paris, France, November 8, 1858. He was a brother of Charles Butler, who was one of the chief patrons and perhaps of all men of his genera- tion the most consistent and faithful supporter of New York University. B. F. Butler's son is Wil- liam Allen Butler, the distinguished author and jurist. E. G. s. [See portrait page 85, Part I.] KELLY, Robert, 1808-1856. Member Council, 1835-38 and 1839-50. Born in New York City, 1808; graduated Columbia, 1826; had successful business career in New York City; Chamberlain New York City, 1856; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1805-08 and 1809-50; founder and Pres. Trustees Univ. of Rochester; Pres. Bd. of Edu., New York City; died 1856. ROBERT KELLY was born in New York City, December 15, 1808, and died April 29, 1856. His father emigrated from Ireland seeking American freedom about the time when Robert Emmet was tried, condemned and executed. The elder Kelly, Robert, Sr., engaged in mercantile pursuits and accumulated a considerable fortune. Robert Kelly, Jr., the subject of this sketch, entered Columbia in 1822. Here he devoted himself to classics with vigor, consulting many commentaries in. his study of allotted texts. His love of learn- ing, however, which he carried into mature life was a satisfaction of an inner impulse rather than an outward decoration. Upon graduation he entered the counting-room of his brothers, and in ten years was able to retire from it and assume that form of life which corresponded to his deeper and nobler impulses, viz., to take an active interest in every form of public amelioration, and his fortune was esteemed by him mainly as the support which gave him the freedom to do so. Even during his business career he kept his classics afresh, and, besides, made himself master of French, Spanish, Italian and German. Nor was he a mere book- worm but took a most honorable and active part in public affairs, serving at ward meetings and on General Committees, being identified with the Democratic party, holding at the time of his death the post of Chamberlain of the City of New York. In the work of the new New York Uni\'ersity his regular attendance in Council and his faithful and substantial work in Committee mark him one of the most active and useful members, particularly in the eleven years between 1839 and 1850, from his thirty-first to his forty-second year, when there were associated with him men like the Rev. Drs. Skinner, Phillips, and Gardiner Spring, and Messrs. Shepherd Knapp, George Griswold, John Cleve Green, Myndert Van Schaick and others, particu- larly Charles Butler with whom he was associated on the Committees which discussed and helped to organize the Medical School in 1841. He took also much interest in the establishment of the University of Rochester and of the Free Academy of New York City, and was for some time Presi- dent of the Board of Education. One of the central figures in the Columbia College Alumni Association, he still was of mind so broad as to welcome growth or birth at many other points in the field of education and of intellectual betterment. His home at 9 West Sixteenth Street, now the home of his daughter and son-in-law, Colonel and Mrs. W. P. Prentice, was gradually adorned with a library which at the time of his death was reputed to be one of the very best private libraries in New York City. Particularly in classics it remains to-day a notable collection. The second host of this house, Colonel Prentice, was for many years a member of the Greek Club which most fitly often met for its readings in the library gathered by Mr. Kelly. One of the grandsons of Mr. Kelly, William Prentice, now a junior mem- ber of the Faculty of Princeton, took a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Greek studies at the LIniversity of Halle, Germany. Robert Kelly and his brothers had the rare fortune of weather- ing the financial gale of 1837, and it is said by eminent authorities that they even steadied UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS by their counsels and their money several young: firms which they had encouraged to go into busi- ness and would not permit to fail. In March 1843, Robert Kelly was married to Arietta A., daughter of George Hutton, Esq., of Grasmere on Hudson, not far from ]''llerslie, the well known present seat of Hon. Levi P. Morton. At the time of his death (besides being Chamberlain of the City of New York) Mr. Kelly was Trus- tee of the Clinton Hall Association and of the Mercantile Library Association, being Chairman of its Board, Vice-President of the Bank of Sav- ings for Merchants' Clerks, President of the Board of Managers of the House of Refuge, President of the Board of Education, and a member of the Board of Regents of the Universit}' of the State of New York. E. g. s. BUTLER, Charles, 1802-1897. Councilor (1835-97), President of Council 1844-51 and 1886-97, Benefactor. Born in Kinderhook, N. Y., 1802; attended Green- ville Acad. ; studied Law with Martin Van Buren ; prominent in political campaigns ; one of the Found- ers of the University and of Union Theol. Sem. ; Pres. of the University Council; made important gifts to the University ; died 1897. CHARLES BUTLER, LL.D., was born in Kinderhook-on-the-Hudson, February 15, 1802, a few years after the death of Washington. He was the fifth son of Medad and Hannah (Tyler) Butler, in a family of twelve children. Among his ancestors he counted the Rev. Daniel Buckingham, one of the founders of Yale. The first American abode in the annals of the Butler family was Saybrook, Connecticut. His education was had in the district school of Kinderhook Landing and in the Greenville Academy. After this he studied law with Judge Vanderpool in Kinderhook, and with Martin Van Buren in Al- bany, to which place his brother, Benjamin Franklin Butler, had already preceded him and had become there the junior partner of Van Buren. At that time the western part of the State of New York was to a great e.xtent fresh territory and offering large possibilities to dili- gence and enterprise. At Geneva, New York, Mr. Butler settled as lawyer, and soon after married Eliza A. Ogden of Walton, Delaware county. New York. He soon entered upon the pursuit of furnishing, as agent and attorney of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Com- pany, loans to the farmers of that part of the state. It was then that many leaseholds, held from the so called Holland patent and other land grant interests, were converted into estates in fee simple. And in occupations of this type which ever expanded Mr. Butler came to invest great funds in the development of Michigan, of Indiana, of Illinois. In the summer of 1833 he visited Fort Dearborn (Chicago) ; his interesting letters are among the very iiiciinabiihi in the literary docu- ments of that great city. " At this time," he sa3'S, " there were perhaps from two to three hundred people in Chicago, mostly strangers to each other. The tavern was filled with eiuigrants and travel- lers, many of whom could only find a sleeping place on the floor Avhich was crowded with weary men at night." In 1834 Mr. Butler removed to New York City, and here he soon identified him- self with three very important movements, viz., the founding of the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church, the University of the City of New York and the Union Theological Seminary. Soon in his professional career vast interests came to be entrusted to him. His efforts to baffle the dema- gogues in Michigan and Indiana, who under guise of unimpeachable and politically irresponsible state sovereignty were openly or secretly clamor- ing for repudiation — these patriotic efforts of Charles Butler, in Michigan in 1843, ^""^ '" Indiana in the winter of 1845-1846, are remark- able. They reveal a character resourceful, large, well balanced, rigidly honorable and unyielding in matters of conscience and right, wise and endowed -^vith a freedom of soul which kept itself free from rancor and vindictiveness, no matter in what contact or however assailed. In Indiana particularly the task was one of appalling magnitude. He says in a letter to his wife dated Indianapolis, December 7, 1845: "This morning I heard a sound, practical discourse in Mr. Gurley's church, and this evening another like it from Mr. Beecher. ^^'hat a different world this would be if all its inhabitants were influenced by the simple principles of the gospel ! What a beautiful world it would be and how sweet would be our existence in it ! The Sabbath has come to me as a thing to be coveted. My spiritual nature was famishing and wearied and needed food and rest. I find that I am engaged in a great undertaking, involved in the most compli- cated and perhaps insuperable difficulties. I am UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 31 fully persuaded that it is only by addressing my- self to the conscience of the people, stirring that up, and bringing that to bear, that I stand the slightest chance of success ; and this cannot be done in a day. A revolution, a reformation, is required to be wrought. The whole population has got to be, in a sense, made over again, be- fore justice can or will be done to the holders of the pledged faith of the State. Who is sufificient for these things ? I am sure I am not. The difficulty in the way is radical ; it lies at the very heart of the people. Such is the sentiment produced by the efforts of heartless, unprincipled politicians, that it has become a cjuestion whether it would be honest and right to pay the debt I " This great struggle in the case of Michigan was crowned with success. The growth and pros- perity of our great commonwealths owe not a little to men like Charles Butler, who have stoutly urged them to maintain their credit and kee.p unsullied their financial honor. This intimate personal relation of Mr. Butler with the growing and advancing portions of the newer states of our common country had a powerful influence upon his disposition and bent of character. As he saw over and over again how the weakness of to-day became the strength and hopefulness of to-morrow he treated questions of design and construction with a broadness of view and an eye to the future, revealed in his services in connection with New York University. To her he gave a service of sixty-one years, during which he never, like many others, abandoned the institution or even tempo- rarily lost heart. The splendid benefactions which he bestowed upon New York University are recorded elsewhere. We owe to the Rev. Dr. Marvin R. Vincent a delineation of his charac- teristic traits, a delineation which was a part of his funeral address. " It has been truthfully said of Mr. Butler that a prophetic instinct dominated all his acts, and that each act was so conceived and so fulfilled as to insure increasing usefulness with the increasing lapse of years. This was manifest in that work by which he is best known — the promotion of liberal learning. He was one of the earliest patrons of the New York Uni- versity, and became a member of its Council six years after its organization. He completed the fiftieth year of his service in the Council in De- cember 1886, and was its President to the day of its death. During all these years, by the example of his character, by his wisdom and energ)', and by his generous gift he helped to prepare the way for that new and larger career upon which the institution has entered, the beginnings of which he lived to witness and rejoice in." His only son, Abraham Ogden Butler, founder of the Butler Eucleian Essay Prizes, a graduate of the Class of 1853, died at Mr. Butler's coun- try seat, Fo-x Meadow, Scarsdale, Westchester county. New York in June 1856. He was car- ried forth to rest out of the old city home on Fourteenth Street. Among the mourning friends were William C. Bryant, Samuel J. Tilden and a score more of the most eminent citizens of New York. Among the absent friends who despatched to the grieving father a message of sympathy in writing was Thomas Carlyle. For many years his only surviving child. Miss Emily Butler, cared for her venerable father with incessant and inde- fatigable care. Mr. Butler's features betrayed strength and firmness coupled with prudence and wisdom. A marble bust designed by his grate- ful friend, Mrs. Anne Lynch Botta, commemo- rates in the Council Room this noble benefactor. Mr. Butler passed away peacefully on the morn- ing of December 3, 1897, having almost com- pleted his ninety-sixth year, having lived under all the Presidents of the United States save the first two: for John Adams gave way to Jefferson only eleven months before the birth of Charles Butler, who lived to see the election and inaugu- ration of McKinley. The physical laboratory on the brow of the beautiful slope at University Heights overlooking Inwood and providing the delighted eye a skyline of the Palisades, is called the Charles Butler Hall.^ E. G. s. [See portrait page \o^, Part I.] FERRIS, Isaac, 1798-1873. Councilor 1837 and 185S-73, Chancellor 1853-70, Chancellor Emeritus 1870-73. Born in New York City, 1798; graduated Columbia, i8i5; graduated New Brunswick Divinity School, N. J., 1820; Pastor Reformed Dutch Church, New Bruns- wick, 1821-24; Second Reformed Church, Albany, N. Y., 1824-36; D.D. Union College, 1833; LL.D. Colum- 1 The Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York : Its Design and Another Decade of its History, with a sketch of the Life and Public Services of Charles Butler LL.D. by G. L. Prentiss. Asbury Park, N. J. M. W. & C. Pennypacker, 1899. 32 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS bia, 1853; Pastor Market St. Church, New York City, 1836-53; Councilor N. Y. Univ., 1837 and 1852-73; third Chancellor, 1853-70; Chancellor Emeritus, 1870- 73 ; Sec. Finance Com. of the Council ; Prof. Moral Phil, and Evidences of Revealed Religion, 1850-70; died 1873. I.SAAC FERRIS, D.I)., LL.D., was bom in New \'ork fit}-, (.)ctnber 9, 179S. He traced his ancestry to Cjuolsclieme de Feriers, wlio came into England with William the Conqueror in 106C, and wlio received lands in Staffordshire, Derby- shire and Leicestershire. Seven F^arls of Derby were descended from Henry de F'eriers, Lord of Tutbury. Lateral branches were scattered over England and Scotland, the name appearing as Ferrerr, Ferrers, F'erreis and F'erris. John F'erris emigrated from Leicestershire to F'airfield, Connec- ticut, and thence in 1654 removed to New York state, becoming one of the proprietors of Throck- morton's ('Ihrogg's) Neck in Westchester count}' on the Sound. The great-grandson of the immi- grant was John F'erris of New York, the father of Isaac Ferris. John Ferris was born in 177 i. The third of his ten children was Isaac F'erris. John Ferris had accunnilated a goodly sum of money in the form of Continental currency, which in the economic de\elopment of our early history, having no intrinsic value behind it, became a total loss, which fact threw young Isaac F'erris largely upon his own resources. His liberal education began by an act of barter ; he exchanged a pair of skates for a Latin grammar. His father, John F'erris, .was Captain and Quarter-Master in War of 1812, and although Isaac often aided his father in this work, the lad had the good fortune of enlisting the help of the noted blind classical teacher NeiLson, by whom he was prepared for College. Isaac Ferris graduated from Columbia in 1816, before completing his eighteenth year. Immediately afterward he became teacher of Latin in what was afterward the Albany Academy. He decided, how- ever, for a permanent vocation to follow theology and began that study under Dr. John M. Mason in the Associate Theological Seminary. Dr. Mason's failing health caused the closing of this seminary and so Isaac FY-rris turned to the Divinity School of New lirunswick whence he graduated in 1820. Flaving worked in home missions in the Mohawk Valley from Mannheim to Herkimer for part of a year he was in 1S21 installed as Pa.stor of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick. In 1822 he was elected a Trustee of Queen's (now Rutgers) College. In October 1824 he accepted a call to the Second Reformed Dutch Church at Albany, where he remained for twelve years, to 1836. His fidelity was particularly tested by the cholera epidemic of 1832, when during the whole summer he continued to search out and care for the sick and dying of all creeds and denominations. So strong was the impression which he left at Albany that, although in 1873, when he died, thirty-seven years had elapsed after he had dis- solved connection with his Albany church, the consistory adopted a suitable minute and the church edifice was draped in mourning. From Ilnion College in 1833 he recei\'ed the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and that of Doctor of Laws from Columbia in 1853. He left Albany in 1836 with the purpose of assuming the position of Secretary of the American Sunday School LTnion, but as matters turned out, he accepted an urgent call from the Market Street Reformed Church of New York, a field demanding much labor from the Pastor. It was pursuant to his advice that the Reformed Dutch Church had withdrawn in November 1832 from the American Board, and the Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Dutch Church was organized under his direction and through his exertions. He was the first Cor- responding Secretary of the Board under the present organization, and to his energy were due in great measure the extensive labors of the Board in India, China and Japan. The large girls' school in Yokohama, Japan, was named Ferris Seminary in memory of Dr. Ferris. In 1840 Dr. Ferris became connected with the American Bible Society. He was Chairman of the Committee on Distribution for the last twenty-six years of his life. His Jubilee Memorial, 1866, resulted in an extension of the distributions to cover all the southern states. In May 1852 he took a most active part in the organization of the Young Men's Christian Association of New York City, being one of the seven original honorary members and becoming later a life member of the Association. In the corner stone of the building of the Associa- tion on Twenty-third Street was placed a copy of the address delivered by Dr. Ferris at tiiat meet- ing of organization. Dr. Ferris furthermore planned and established the Rutgers F'emale Seminary in New York City, afterwards the Rutgers Female College. In the fall of 1852 Dr. Ferris made those arrangements to enter into the UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 33 Chancellorship of the struggling New York Uni- versity, which had been as to administration in an unsettled status since 1S50, and was inaugurated in 1853. The prospect was dark; only a man of great courage, strong self-reliance and marked ability would have dared to assume the responsi- bilities involved at that time. Of his service in the Chancellorship the history of New York Univer- sity gives a full account. During his seventeen and a half years of active labor some $215,000 was gathered into the University Treasury, the gifts of Loring Andrews, John T. Johnston and John C. Green marking the beginning of larger gifts. Besides, the debt was removed. Dr. Ferris did the College a great service in assuming the Secre- taryship of the Finance Committee of the Council, his practical mind clearly discerning the essential importance of such service at that stage of the University's career. /. Ferris, Scriba, is the signa- ture which he was wont to append to the transac- tions of that important committee. No undertak- ing was too great for his energy, no detail too petty to receive his attention. He saved in one instance $2000, nearly lost through the dishonesty of a collecting agent. It was his plan to obtain . further endowment so as to secure all the pro- fessorships, and then to make the Classical and Scientific departments free. Had he remained in the University a few years longer the plan would have been matured. After his retirement from the active duties of the Chancellorship, Dr. Ferris removed to Roselle, New Jersey, where he had built a home; and here his life ended June 13, 1873. Perhaps no more fitting close to this sketch can be found than these words, written by a graduate of the University at the time of the death of the Chancellor: "Wise in instruction; enthusiastic in encouragement; kindly in reproof; warm in praise ; just in punishment, the white- haired Chancellor was truly a model teacher ; and, oh, rarer type I a wise man. He returns now a pleasant picture to the memory as he stood at prayer in the College chapel, his tall form bowed with age, his snowy locks, his face beaming with the blessed knowledge of that fountain of divine goodness whence he sought a daily bounty for those committed to his care. Chiefly shall his memory be dear to those who drank knowledge from his teaching and profited by his faithful counsels." e. g. s. [See portrait page 114, Part I.] VAN RENSSELAER, Cortlandt, 1808^ i860. Professor Sacred Literature, 1837-1838. Born in Albany, N. Y., 1808; graduated Yale, 1827; studied at Union and Princeton Theological Semina- ries; missionary to the slaves in Virginia, 1833-35; Pastor in Burlington. N. J., and Washington. D. C, 1837; Prof. Sacred Literature, N. Y. Univ., 1837-38; Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Education, 1846-60; D. D. N. Y. University, 1845; Trustee of Princeton, 1846-60; died i860. CORTLANDT VAN 1-lENSSELAER, D.D., was born in Albany, New York, May 26, 1S08, and graduated at Yale, 1827. After study- ing at the Union Theological Seminary, Virginia, and at the Princeton Seminary, he went as a Mis- sionary to the slaves in Virginia in 1S33, laboring in that field until 1835, in which year he was ordained, and shortly after was called to the Pas- torate of a Presbyterian Church in Burlington, New Jersey. During the year 183 7- 1838 Dr. Van Rensselaer was Professor of Sacred Litera- ture at New York University. His next charge was the Second Presbyterian Church in ^^'ashing- ton. District of Columbia, which he assumed in 1841. During his Pastorate at Washington he was made Agent of the Princeton Theological Seminary and raised $100,000 for its endowment. He was Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Education for a number of years before his death, and was the founder and Editor of The Presbyte- rian Magazine. From his large pri\ate fortune he gave liberally to benevolent and religious enter- prises. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by New York llniversity in 1845. He was a Trustee of Princeton from 1845 to his death, which occurred in Burlington, New Jersey, July 25, i860. * JOHNSON, Ebenezer Alfred, 1813-1891. Professor Latin, 1838-1891. Born in New Haven, Conn., 1813 ; graduated Yale, 1853 ; taught school in Conn., 1833-35 ; Tutor in Yale, 1835-37 J studied law, and admitted to Bar, 1837 ; Prof. Latin Language and Literature, N. Y. Univ., 1838-91; LL.D., N. Y. Univ., 1867; L.H.D, 1888; died 1891. EBENEZER ALFRED JOHNSON, LL.D., L.H.D., was born in New Haven, Con- necticut, July iS, 1813, son of Ebenezer and Sarah Bryan (Law) Johnson, and died at Yonkers, New York, July 18, 1891. He was born near the old 34 UNIJ'ERSiriES JND THEIR SONS " brick row " of the famous campus of Yale, and there he graduated with credit in 1S33. P'rom 1S35 to 1837 he served as tutor at Yale, studying law meanwhile, and was admitted to the Bar in 183S. In the convulsions of i S3 7-1 838 at Washington Square the classical chairs became vacant. John- son was called to New York University in the fall of 1838, and served to his death in 1891, fifty- three years in all. Of his service and personality some account will be found in the History proper of New York University, with which indeed he was identified in a most extraordinary measure. " Professor Johnson's fondness," said his biog- rapher. Professor A. S. Isaacs, in 1891, "for rural life and occupations, as well as a constitutional inclination to avoid publicity, led him in 1857 to retire from his city home to what was then West- chester county where he resided until the end. Here in the intervals of College life he carried out the theories of his favorite Horace and to some extent the practice of the elder Cato. He was never happier than when working in his gar- den or exhibiting to a visitor the flourishing pro- ducts of his industry. On the last day of his life he had been busy some h-jurs with his \'egetables, and was found by his daughter, after the fatal stroke of apoplexy, lying by the garden gate with his garden tool in his hand." . . . "He taught more than the study of language — he taught the language of study — earnestness, thoroughness, high ambition, simple duty. He was strict, but not stern ; reserved but not unapproachable ; dig- nified, but kind; exacting, but always just." \\'e are greatly favored in being able to append the following lines from the pen of Dr. H. M. Baird, who was a pupil of Professor Johnson from 1846 to 1850, and was his colleague from 1859 to 1891 : " Professor Ebenezer Alfred Johnson was one of the most remarkable men in the history of the University, for over half a century a Professor, for all this time the senior Professor, and generally the most influential member of the Faculty. As a scholar, he was marked by the singular accu- racy that characterized his work, even to the mi- nutiae of the subject. He seemed to grasp it in every aspect. This was the impression he gave to the students under his charge. He was the enemy of slavish translation, and demanded of the student what he himself exhibited — a thor- ough appreciation of the spirit of the authors with whom he dealt. He taught English while teach- ing Latin. Men that possessed any literary taste and discrimination delighted in after years as they recalled the terse and forcible phrases into which he turned the Latin, whether prose or poetry, of the author in hand. In his treatment of the stu- dents he was always just, though leaning to what they were apt to regard as severity, more so dur- ing his earlier years than in the later years when mellowed by age. His temperament was calm. He was never perturbed. He saw clearly and with precision. He formed his judgments with judicial impartiality. He was as fair as possible, and having deliberately taken a position he never swerved from it. He was never discouraged and was a tower of defence in adversity. The faint- hearted gained fresh hopes from his wise and judi- cious suggestions. He was withal a man of great considerateness, ready to help the younger and weaker by his sound and wise counsel. These qualities exhibited themselves conspicuously in his intercourse with his colleagues his juniors in years and experience. The Council of New York Uni- versity which had conferred on him the Doctor of Laws degree in 1867, honored him with the degree of Doctor of Humanities in 1888, on the occasion of his completion of the fiftieth year of his professorate." e. g. S. [See portrait page 93, Part .1] DRAPER, John William, 1811-1882. Prof. Chemistry and Natural History, 1838-1882. Born near Liverpool, England, 181 1; attended Univ. of London; came to U. S., 1832; graduated, M.D., Univ. of Pa., 1836 ; Prof. Chem. and Nat. Phil. Hamp- den-Sidney College, 1836-38; Prof Chem. and Nat. Hist. N. Y. Univ., 1838-82; made many scientific dis- coveries ; first to use daguerreotype process in mak- ing portraits ; author of many writings on philosophy and science; LL.D. College of N. Y., i860; died 1882. J( )HN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., was born in the Parish of St. Helen, near Liver- pool, England, May 5, 181 1 ; his father, the Rev. John C. Draper, being a clergyman of the Wes- leyan denomination, who was greatly interested in chemistry and astronomy, and possessed a Grego- rian reflecting telescope. John W. Draper at the age of eleven was sent to a public school at Woodhouse Grove, then supported by the Wes- leyans. Here young Draper studied with marked success and distinguished himself so that he was selected in 1824 to deliver the customary address UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 35 from the school to the Wesleyan Conference which met in that year at Leeds. The University of London having been opened for instruction in 1829, Draper was sent there to study chemistry under Dr. Turner. The death of Draper's father cut sliort these studies and had otherwise a most incisive influ- ence upon his life. Tlie mother determined — it was in 1832 — to cross the Atlantic and join her kin- dred in the State of Virginia, where in fact there was a colony of Methodists. So they settled in Christiansville, Mecklenburg county, young Draper devoting himself entirely to research, for in him the impulse towards soh'ing the problems of na- ture directly and to pursue the vista of problems opened up by the solution of the initial problem was very strong. These early inquiries were largely concerned with the nature of capillary action. The winters of 1835 and 1836 he spent in Philadelphia, attending the medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, and gaining the friendship of Dr. Robert Hare, who taught phys- ics and chemistry in that institution, as well as of Dr. J. K. Mitchell, Professor of Chemistry in the Jefferson Medical College. He did much work of scientific observation in the laboratories of both, graduating as Doctor of Medicine in March 1836. His thesis clearly was in line with his pre- vious work. It dealt with Glandulai- Action, and discussed the passage of gases through various barriers not having visible pores, such as soap bub- bles. Two papers covering much the same ground appeared shortly afterward : The first, Experiments on Endosmosis, came out in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for March and July, 1836 ; the second. Experiments on Absorp- tion, was printed in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences for May, 1836. Draper was then twenty-five-years old. The attainments and powers thus manifested caused his appointment as Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philoso- phy in Hampden-Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Here he remained for three years. In 1839 he was called to New York. It was indeed the proposed organization of a Medi- cal School in connection with the University of the City of New York which caused the authori- ties of that institution to invite him to New York. With this was coupled the direct and definite post of teaching Chemistry in the Undergraduate College. As the organization of the Medical Faculty was delayed it was only in_ 1841 that his association with the chemical instruction in that school began. In both College and Medical School Draper lectured in conjunction with his own ex- periments ; the students themselves were not directly placed at the work of observing for them- selves. The necessity of entertaining not less than instructing, particuhirly in the case of the vast classes of the Medical College, really induced Draper at an early stage of his academic career into the pursuit of literary polish and excellence in many of his popularizations of scientific doc- trines, and laid the foundations of his authorship in lines of work which we may fairly designate as JOHN W. PRAPER digressions from his scientific pursuits. We are told that there was personal friendship between the elder Bennett and Dr. Draper, and that entire pages of the Herald were devoted to reports of the lectures and clinics ; and says Mr. Barker in his Memoir on Dr. Draper, " a strictly medical journal called the Lancet kept the doings of the LTniversity school constantly before the medical profession." As a matter of fact the puzzling vacillation of the New York Lancet in dealing with the " Stuyvesant Institute School" — the name of New York University never being men- tioned — and the tone of sneering malignity in the comparative references to the new school as 36 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS over against the operations of the older school, " the Crosby St. School," (Physicians and Sur- geons) as well as the incessant hounding of Patti- son and Bedford in that short-lived medical publi- cation — all this leads us to entertain some doubt as to the auxiliary importance of the New York Lancet. Up to 1850 Draper was Secretary of the University Medical School. In that year he succeeded Dr. Valentine Mott as President of the Medical College. In the tire of May 1866, Dr. Draper lost his extensive library, his lecture notes and the notebooks which contained the results of his experimental investigations, as well as his entire collection of chemical, physical and physio- logical apparatus ; he estimated his pecuniary loss at $15,000. A fire at Harper's in 1S53 destroyed almost the entire edition of his scientific memoirs and essays up to 1844. In 1873 Dr. Draper ceased to lecture at the Medical School, but con- tinued teaching chemistry in the College at Washington Square until 188 1, a year preceding his death. It cannot be seriously undertaken in this brief sketch to give an adequate presentation of the vast array of original contributions to science by Dr. J. W. Draper; it seems to be the consensus of opinion among scientific men now living that Draper's contributions to physics in solidity and importance far outweighed those which he made in the domain of chemistry. In the domain of physiology he held that the theses of physics and chemistry were absolutely sufficient to explain the biological processes noted in that science. This work was noticed, repro- duced, or reported in the scientific publications of Great Britain and France, and in a few journals of Germany as well as of Italy, particularly in the decade between 1840 and 1850. On May 25, 1875, Dr. Draper received the two Rumford Medals of gold and silver, bearing the following inscription : " Awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to John William Draper for researches on radiant energy." On present- ing these medals to Dr. Draper, the committee appointed by the society to ascertain who was deserving of the honor, reported, that " After a careful review of the service of Professor Draper in this great field of inquiry, the committee having the subject in their charge, have, for reasons given by them, recommended, through their Chairman, that the medals prescribed in the deed of trust should be presented to him as having fully deserved them." The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, Pres- ident of the American Academy of Sciences, on presenting these medals said : " In an elaborate investigation, published in 1847, Dr. Draper estab- lished experimentally the following facts : (We shall here only enumerate the five most important ; there are ten mentioned in the address). " i. All solid substances, and probably liquids, become in- candescent at the same temperature." "2. The thermometric point at which substances become red hot is about 977° Fahrenheit." "3. The spectrum of an incandescent solid is continuous ; it contains neither bright nor dark fixed lines." "4. From common temperature, nearly up to 977'^ Fahrenheit, the rays emitted by a solid are in- visible. At that temperature they are red, and the heat of the incandescing body being made continuously to increase, other rays are added, in- creasing in refrangibility as the temperature rises." "5. Dr. Draper claims, and we believe with jus- tice, to have been the first to apply the daguerreo- type process to taking portraits." Of European scientists who recognized and appreciated Dra- per's researches we may mention the Italian Melloni, the Englishman Herschel, the Swede Berzelius, the Germans Bunsen, Kirchhoff, and others. Among the learned societies of Europe who honored Dr. Draper with membership,' were the Academia dei-Lincei of Rome and the Physi- cal Society of London. Dr. Draper married when he was but twenty years of age, in 1831, Antonia, daughter of Dr. Gardner of Rio Janeiro, Attend- ing Physician of the Emperor Dom Pedro I. ; of his three sons John Christopher, Henry and Daniel, the second probably excelled in scien- tific research, particularly in the domain of astro- nomical photography. From 1848 to his death he lived at his own country-seat in Hastings on the Hudson, where he built a comfort- able home. His health, which throughout his life had been generally good, was disturbed dur- ing his later years by severe attacks of gravel, which incapacitated him from journeying. These attacks wore upon him and finally ended his life. He died in Hastings on the fourth of Jan- uary, 1882, and was buried at Greenwood. The most widely read of Dr. Draper's books, the History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Harper's 1863, exhibits the very deep grooves which long occupation with physiology had wrought in the author's mind. He brought for- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 37 ward what we may seriously call a philosophy of history from the point of view of a physiolo- gist ; i. e., to the infancy, childhood, youth, matur- ity and old age of the physical individual body he teaches that there correspond in the his- tory of every given unit of culture-development, a similar number of stages and phases and that these are ever recurrent ; some phases of which are : credulity, faith, reason, decrepitude. The individual man being a mere atom carried along in the particular phase of the movement in which he happens to be born and placed — the physiol- ogy and pathology of civilization so to speak — we look in vain for a place however narrow and humble for spiritual freedom, conscience, or moral responsibility in the mechanism. In fact Univer- sities themselves would, if Draper's tenets found practical application, be reduced to physical and chemical laboratories, the rest being mere pre- tense and delusion. An acute writer in the Atlantic Monthly who wrote a review, the most painstaking we have seen, at the time of the issue of the work said (May 1864) : " His aim is to establish a formula for all history, past, present, and to come ; and, in this view, the paucity of instances on which his induction rests becomes worthy of comment. And this disproportion be- tween induction and conclusion becomes still more glaring when it is observed that he expects his formula for all history to carry an inference much larger than itself. Dr. Draper is devoted to a materialistic philosophy, and his moving purpose is to propagate this. He holds that psychology must be an inference from physiology — that the whole science of man is included in a science of his body. His two perpetual aims are, first, to absorb all physical science in theoretical material- ism, second, to absorb all history in physical science. . . ." Dr. Draper also wrote a hi.story of the Civil War ; his main thesis is that the politi- cal convictions of the two great sections were, respectively, mainly due to the difference of cli- mate; physiological determination, in fact, thus illustrating his peculiar and particular philosophy of history. Draper as a College Professor is thus described by the Rev. Dr. F. N. Zabriskie (of 1850) : " He was remarkable for his reserve. His lectures were as impersonal as were the blow-pipes and retorts which he handled. He was genial to those who approached him (he himself never approached anybody) but we all felt that we were kept at arm's length. Not that there was any- thing stately in his manner. He was not built for that role. He was conspicuously short and square in figure, with a massive head. He was very " plain " in looks, and simple in manners. He showed his English birth in his face which was round and red and adorned with half-side whiskers. His voice was low and pleasant. It was delightful to listen to him as he flowed on during his hour, scarcely lifting his tone or his eyes, at rare intervals letting slip a quiet joke, the whole performance beginning and ending as one would draw out and cut off a certain length of telegraphic tape. It was in striking and rather refreshing contrast to the rampancy of Dr. Henry and the jerkiness of Dr. Lewis. He had the art of making every subject interesting by extreme clearness and simplicity of statement. He had none of the magnetism or mental stimulus and suggestion of the other two, but he undoubtedly imparted to us a great deal more of special infor- mation in the same time. In lecturing upon a specific science he confined himself so strictly to his theme that one could not suspect how wide and varied his range of study was, or how fasci- nating his literary style." E. G. s. LEWIS, Tayler, 1802-1877. Professor Greek and Latin, 1838-50. Born in Northumberland, N. Y., 1802; graduated Union College, 1820; practiced law; taught schools in Ogdensburg and Waterford, N. Y., 1833-38; Prof. Greek and Latin at the University, 1838-50; Prof. Greek and Lee. Biblical and Oriental Lit. Union College, 1850-77; LL.D. Union, 1844; died 1877. TAYLER LEWIS, LL.D., was born in North- umberland, New York, March 27, 1802, and died in Schenectady, New York, May 11, 1877. We have spoken of his earlier career elsewhere. From 1S3S to 1850 he taught Greek at Wash- ington Square ; then he returned to his Alma Mater, Union College, where he spent the last twenty-seven years of his life. He not only was a prolific contributor to Harper's Magazine, but after being immersed in Greek studies he merely con- verted the resources thus gained for the pursuit of biblical studies, devoting as much to Hebrew studies as he had done to classical in his earlier man- hood. These later pursuits are well evidenced by the titles of his later works : Six Days of Creation, 38 UNII'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 1855, dedicated to his successor in the Greek Chair at Washington Square, Howard Crosb)', then but twenty-nine j'ears old, a work which led to much sharp controversy with geologists of New Haven, we believe, and elsewhere. Other works were: The Bible and Science, 1S56; The Divine Human in the Scriptures, 1S60; State Rights, 1S62 ; The Light by which \\'e See Light, 1S75, and various additions to Lange's Commentary in the American edition. An admirable paper by Tayler Lewis read before the Regents' Convoca- tion in 1863 and published by them, on Liberal Education, remains as the quintessence of Lewis's wide and profound culture and of his conception of God, of man and the world. \\'e believe that in the generation immediately preceding that led in our country by Whitney, Hadley, Gildersleeve and Goodwin, Tayler Lewis was in the very first rank, in fact, one of a group in which Woolsey of Yale and Felton of Harvard were the others. \\'e owe a delightful sketch of his academic outward personality to the Rev. Dr. F. N. Zabriskie, New York University, '50. "Professor Lewis was a walking cyclopaedia. He was not only eminent in his own special department. . . . He was as well informed and as keenly interested in the current events and literature of the day as in the records of the remote past. He could lay down his Koran in the Arabic, or his I^abbinical folio, or his Plato, and turn with equal zest and aptitude to write an editorial for Harper's Monthly or a popular article for a daily paper. . . . He was certainly a very odd little man, quite as grotesque in his way as Dr. Henr)-. The latter's contortions were colossal, the former's resembled rather the twitchings of St. Yitus's dance. Dr. Henry's laugh was usually a guffaw, and his more e.xcited utter- ances a roar. Dr. Lewis's laugh was more like a sudden spasm of pain, and his I^elphic utterances were jerked out in a parenthetic and chuckling way, apparently in soliloquy and for his own enjoy- ment. His voice was indistinct and regardless of pitch. He seemed to be as deficient in teeth as Dr. Henr)''s exposed and resplendent ivories were the feature of his face. His little body was poorly supplied with blood, and he would sit wrapped in his cloak even in warm weather. Not less did he seem mentally self-enveloped, and rather rayed out the light upon us from behind a cloud than put a separate torch into each of our hands. He had little power of adapting himself to the individuality of his pupils and we sometimes doubted whether he knew who were present, except as they answered to his summons to recite when their names were read from the list before him. It always seemed a shame that such a man should be condemned to slave several hours a day with a lot of untamed and thoughtless boys, of whom he was only half conscious and who did not half appreciate him. Perhaps, though, it was a needed discipline for the abstracted and irritable scholar, for which he blesses us in heaven. And I am sure that some of us absorbed a great deal more of his Greek essence and his high thinking and literary enthu- siasm than we knew at the time, or than he had a right to suspect. As may be supposed, he was a wretched disciplinarian. He lacked the vigilance, the poise and the dignity for this part of his duties. He would be long oblivious of the most flagrant disorder, and then would suddenly explode over some small peccadillo with an indiscriminate and disproportioned vehemence, which chiefly served to afford the ofifender a gratifying assurance that his attempt at annoying the great little man had been successful. His was the favorite room for incense offerings of assafoetida, red pepper and tobacco, but the students would get the worst of such experiments, for the Doctor seemed to be as little sensitive to olfactory nuisances as a mummy, and would take an almost Quilpish delight in keeping the room closed tight and holding the class to the atmosphere which they had created. It was not uncommon for hand-organ-men, vendors of plaster images, mendicants and agents to be mysteriously ushered into his room during recita- tion, and to be ushered out by him in a manner which must ha\-e been overwhelming to their mis- led souls. There were traditions of a horse being found in his room on his entering one morning ; also of a whole army of tradesmen appearing there at a fixed hour in answer to a bogus business sum- mons. It was not uncommon for him to sit with the door of his lecture room locked against such in- truders. His extreme and rather comical exhibition of annoyance and his frantic endeavors to find the culprits furnished to the perpetrators the expected and wicked reward of such shabby tricks. . . . Some of his best work was done after three score and ten. He illustrated beyond most men what Wordsworth calls ' plain living and high think- ing.' . . . He has left a name which is an orna- ment to American scholarship, and made sub- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 39 stantial contributions both to the defence and the interpretation of Divine truth. And he has left his direct impress upon two generations of edu- cated men, who owned him as their master and wlio bless his memory as that of a sage and a saint." E. G. s. HENRY, Caleb Sprague, 1804-1884. Prof. History, Belles-Lettres and Philosophy, 1838-52, Born in Rutland, Mass., 1804; graduated Dart- mouth, 1825; Prof. Phil. Bristol College, Pa., 1835-37; conducted New York Review, 1837-40 ; Prof. Hist., Belles-Lettres and Phil. N. Y. Univ., 1838-52 ; Rector St. Clement's Church, New York City, 1847-50; St. Michael's Church, Litchfield, Conn., 1870-73 ; died 1884. CALEB SPRAGUE HENRY, D.D., LL.D., was born in Rutland, Massachusetts, Aug- ust 2, 1804, and graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1825. At first he was a Congregational minister but soon took orders in the Episcopal Church. Having been for two years, 1835-1837, Professor of Philosophy in Bristol College, Penn- sylvania, he migrated to New York City where he established the New York Review. This pub- lication he conducted until 1840. His successor in this post was Dr. J. G. Cogswell who sub- stantially — so to speak — at a later day created the Astor Library. Dr. Henry held the post of Professor of History, Belles-Lettres and Philos- ophy in New York University from 1838 to 1852, the place opening for him in 1838 through the secession of the seven professors and particularly of Henry P. Tappa-n. The latter curiously enough in 1852 would have resumed the chair had he not been called to the Presidency of the University of Michigan. Dr. Henry was from 1847 to 1850 Rector of St. Clement's Church, New York City. His incessant activity with his pen manifested a disposition to gain an actual survey of the various domains which in the cumulative practice of earlier American culture were generally entrusted to a single College Professor. He thus wrote a trans- lation of Cousin's Psychology ('4th ed. 1856); a Compendium of Christian Antiquities and many other works noted in Chapter IV. of New York University History when we spoke of Frelinghuy- sen's administration. Near the end of his life in 188 1 Dr. Henry vigorously opposed the project of disestablishing the undergraduate College. His attention to the general movement of American culture was keen and his judgments were apt and pointed. There is extant a description of this interesting man's personality, made by the Rev. Dr. F. N. Zabriskie, of the Class of 1850: " He was an intellectual force, charged to the full with animal vitality, sparkling vivacity, mental activity and literary enthusiasm. We felt him, whether he said anything or not. His uneasy attitudes, his uncouth gestures, his facial contor- tions, were eloquent. His satirical smile, disclos- ing his full set of white and regular upper teeth, was a stroke of lightning that hurt a great deal more than his thunder, which was apt to be abu- sive and overdone. He was without exception the most magnificently grotesque person I ever met — somewhat, I imagine, after the order of Dr. John- son. . . . Dr. Henry was an omnivorous reader, and in the departments of history, the mental sciences and general literature was one of the most thoroughly furnished Americans of his day. He was a great conversationist. Not fluent, often halting and spluttering in his speech ; always rugged in his movement as a corduroy road, but as breezy and stimulating and far-landscaped as a corduroy road in the Colorado mountains. And into his talk he threw, or rather tumbled, his entire pcrsonel — body, mind, heart and spirit. Never did he mumble and croak and hum and haw, never did he achieve such miracles of pitch and inflection, never did he gyrate and gesticulate with fist and eyebrow and shoulder and upper lip and head and torso (seldom with his legs, for he was of indolent habit, loving to lounge and loll) — as when he was in the full tide of private conversation. It was like sitting up with an electric battery. . . . The Doctor was of the vigorously nervous order of men, to which Ruskin and Carlyle and Dr. Johnson belonged, intensely sensitive to the incompatibilities and infelicities of his environ- ment, keenly alive to bores, with immense capa- city for disgust, and worried that any one should hold opinions differing from his own. . . . His clerical character, like his robes, never seemed to sit naturally or gracefully upon him. This side of him was rather a joke, if not a skep- ticism, among us, and we doubtless tended to exaggerate all his latitude of speech and opinion, and the general lack of starch in his manners and habits. Yet he would avow, along with the loosest theology, the most aggressive and imperious eccle- sia.sticism. Knowing that many of us were Pres- byterians and expected to enter Union Seminary, 40 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS he delighted to speak of that institution as ' the Gospel shop on the next block." ... He pri- vately expressed to nie a high respect for the Reformed Dutch Church, and sought to win me over to ' The Church ' as one whose position was not absolutely hopeless. . . . Another charac- teristic of the Doctor was his admiration of the American Commonwealth — though curiously taking exception to most of its specific institutions. It was to him almost as divine as his Church. And he was never weary of drawing magnificent pictures of the day when we should have absorbed and assimilated all nations and there should be a 'United States of the world.'" Dr. Henry died March i6, 1884, in Stamford, Connecticut. E. G. S. was for years the President of the Board of Publi- cation, also of the Board of Foreign Missions ; of the American and Foreign Christian Union ; of the New York City Tract Society ; and Vice-President DeWITT, Thomas, 1791-1874. Member Council, 1839-1874. Born in Kingston, N. Y., 1791 ; graduated Union, 1808; New Brunswick Theol. Sem., 1812; preached in Dutchess Co., N. Y., 1812-27 J minister in Collegiate Dutch Church, New York City, 1827-74; member of University Council, 1839-74; died 1874. THOMAS DeWITT, D.D., was born in Kingston on Hudson, New York, Sep- tember 13, 1791, graduating from Union in 1808, and being licensed for the ministry after completing his theological studies at the Theologi- cal Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 18 12. Having served in country parishes in Dutchess county, New York, he was installed as one of the ministers of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, New York City, September 16, 1827, remaining in the consistory up to his death in 1874, at which time he was the senior Pastor of the " Collegiate Church " of New York City. From 1633 to 1764 the ser- vices in this noted church organization had been in the Dutch language. In 1764 the Rev. Archi- bald Laidlie was installed " with the express view of meeting the wants of those who required the service to be in English." The last sermon in Dutch was preached in 1803. The first Chancellor of New York University as well as the second were closely connected with the Reformed Dutch Church. Dr. DeWitt was one of the five students with whom Dr. Living.ston opened the Theological Seminary in New Brunswick in 18 10. Dr. De- Witt was among the founders of the Board of Education of the Reformed Dutch Church. He THOMAS DeWITT of the New York Historical Society. He mastered the Dutch language to such a degree, we are told, that he could preach in that historical tongue in New Amsterdam. He was a member of the Coun- cil of New York University from 1839 to 1874. He died in New York City, May 18, 1874. E. G. s. KENT, William, 1802-1861. Councilor 1839-1852, Professor Law 1837-38. Born in New York City, 1802; graduated Union, 1820; practiced law; Judge of the Circuit Court; Law Professor at Harvard, 1846-47 ; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ., 1837-38 ; died 1861. WILLIAM KENT, LL.D., Justice, was born in New York City in 1802. His father, James Kent, an eminent Jurist and Professor at Columbia, was a graduate of Yale 1781, and was one of the founders of the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1780. His grandfather, Moses Kent, was grad- uated at Yale in 1752, and became Surrogate of Rensselaer county, New York ; and his great- grandfather Elisha Kent, also a Yale graduate, UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 41 Class of 1729, became a clergj'man. William Kent acquired his classical education at Union, taking his Bachelor's degree in 1S20 and his Mas- ter's degree in course. His legal studies were followed by an eminently successful practice, which he continued until appointed Judge of the Circuit Court of New York by Governor Seward. Retir- ing from the Bench in 1846 he accepted a call to the Royall Professorship in the Harvard Law School which he resigned the ensuing year, and returning to the metropolis, was thenceforward occupied in the adjustment of referee cases. He was a Professor of Law in New York University from 1837 to 1838. He died in Fishkill, New York, January 4, 1861. Professor Kent received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Hobart in 1843, and from Harvard in 1847. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society. * FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodore, 1787- 1862. Second Chancellor, 1839-1850. Born in Millstone, N. J., 1787 ; graduated College of N. J., 1804 ; A.M. in course, and LL.D., 1833 ; admitted to Bar, 1808; served in War of 1812; Atty.-Gen. of N. J., 1817-28; U. S. Senator, 1828-35; Chancellor N. Y. Univ., 1839-50; Pres. Rutgers College, N. J., 1850; died 1862, THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN, LL.D., was born in Millstone, Somerset county. New Jersey, March 28, 1787, son of Major-General Frederick Frelinghuysen. We have spoken with some fulness of Mr. Frelinghuysen in the fourth chapter of the History, so that we must confine ourselves here to supplementary notes. His place in the history of the United States Senate in his sturdy advocacy of matters of distinctly moral import, for the sake of the moral questions involved, alone gives him a unique position comparable in a measure to the figure of Charles Sumner of a later generation. His morality and advocacy of kin- dred questions was, however, not so much based on abstract humanitarian principle as it was inter- dependent with specific convictions strongly held by the senator as a member of the Reformed Dutch Church in the United States. He was per- haps in 1S39 the most prominent lay member of that church in the country ; his name was Dutch, his ancestors were Dutch. It is eminently fair in this historical view of his character to urge those elements of character which gave him such prominence in the thirties as " the Christian Statesman " whose sincerity disarmed every sneer ; because he stands as the typical College President of that earlier generation. Lofty moral exemplar with superb faculty of forensic power ; the two together constituted the chief essentials in the composition of the College aim sixty years ago. We will quote from Tayler Lewis's estimate com- posed after Mr. Frelinghuysen's death, (Schenec- tady, September 24, 1862.) "In his speeches on these occasions Mr. Frelinghuysen showed a knowl- edge of Constitutional law equal to that of Webster ; but that was the least part of their merit. The Democratic party had enlisted on its side the irre- ligious element in our land, and it was in rebuking this that the Senator from New Jersey rose above all others in that deeply interesting debate. Here was something new in that Senate. Christianity had often been mentioned with approbation, but here was an exhibition of its very spirit and power. There was something in the tone of those speeches, able as they were in other respects, which showed that religion was there in their midst — hearty, fervent, evangelical religion — religion as a higher law, first and before all things, instead of that mere political patronizing of Christianity which is so common among our public men. It is very easy to put forth the usual commonplaces about ' our holy religion ' and the value of Christian institutions and ' the importance of morality and virtue as the foundation of all good government.' Men may say this, men have said it, and are fond of saying it, who are not religious, who are not even moral. It is always safe to talk in this way ; it is sometimes a very popular course ; it gains favor on the one side, while, by throwing in a word now and then about bigotry and the ' preserva- tion of our religious liberties ' now so much im- perilled, it is careful to lose no ground on the other. This patronizing style assumes too at times a profound and philosophical look; it effects to go below the surface of things ; there seems presented a statesmanlike, senatorial view of religion, with which we are wonderfully pleased as coming from such a source ; and yet, after all, there is no heart in it, and even the knowledge it displays, though magnified from its position, is often less than many a teacher imparts and many a child acquires in the Sabbath-school room. No one however would thus judge of Mr. Freling- 42 UNII'ERSiriES AND THEIR SONS huj'sen. The living know the living. 'The spiritual man is judged of no one (who is not spiritual) while he himself judgeth all things.' But aside from this, even the worldly and the irreli- gious have a faculty for detecting the genuine here. They feel how much it differs from that which is either wholly false or but a passing sentimental emotion. Mr. Frelinghuysen's soul was in these speeches. He was pleading for Christ, his Saviour. The religious aspects of the questions were for him the main aspects ; the social and political had their value in subordination. Justice, humanity, national faith — ever to be esteemed the stronger THEODORE FRELINGHUVSEN when pledged to the weak — the forms of treaties, the substantial truth of covenants — all these were treated, not merely in their humanitarian economies, but as strictly religious — as having their sanctions from their never-to-be-sundered connection with the invisible and eternal." Of his oratory another witness of his life, the Rev. Dr. T. W. Chambers (who married his niece), said : " He usually began to speak in a slow, simple style, gradually warming as he proceeded. He never was at a loss, but went on with increasing fluency to the end. He was animated and impassioned and at times over- whelming. His eloquence was of that kind to which no report ever does or can do justice. The kindling eye, the heaving form, the expressive tones, the impetuous emotion, cannot be transferred to paper. The outward man responded in every muscle and fibre to the inward passion. The ear- nestness of the speaker, and his intense conviction of the truth and importance of what he was saying, took full hold of his audience, and made an im- pression which long outlasted the occasion. Men often admired and praised the speaker, but still oftener they forgot him and thought only of what they were to do. In speaking before benevolent and religious institutions, the effect produced depended entirely upon the frame of mind in which he happened to be at the time. If called upon at the first or in an ordinary state of mind, he never came up to his reputation. But if sud- denly stirred by some perilous crisis, or roused by the energy of some preceding speaker he seemed to break loose from all fetters and soar at once into the region of natural and vehement eloquence. His soul took fire. His logic was red-hot. His appeals were irresistible. Before the audience were aware the)- found themselves borne away at a master's will, and every thought and feel- ing absorbed in the rushing flow of the orator's voice." — " And when the stream Which overflowed the soul was passed away, A consciousness remained that it had left Deposited upon the silent shore Of memory, images and precious thoughts That shall not die and can not be destroyed." BEDFORD, Gunning S., 1806-1870. Founder Medical School— Professor Obstetrics 1841-62. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1806; graduated Mount St. Mary's College, Md., 1825; M.D. Rutgers, 1830; studied in Europe two years ; Prof, in Med. College of Charleston, S. C, 1833-34; Albany Med. College, 1834-36; entered practice in New York City, 1836; planned founding of N. Y. Univ. Med. Dept. ; Prof. Obstetrics N. Y. Univ., 1841-62; founder of N. Y. Ob- stetrical Clinic; author of medical text-books; died 1870. GUNNING S. BEDFORD, M.D., was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in i8c6. Promi- nent among his ancestors was a great uncle. Gun- ning Bedford, the distinguished Revolutionary patriot, a representative from Delaware in Con- gress, 1 783-1 786, and some time Attorney-General and Governor of the State of Delaware. Dr. Bedford graduated with high honors. Valedictorian UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 43 of his Class at Mount St. Mary's College, in Emmitsburg, Maryland, in 1825, and was made a Master of Arts by the same institution after three years. He was first led to an interest in the study of Medicine by association with Dr. John Godman and from him received that inspiration and coun- sel which resulted in matriculation at Rutgers Med- ical College in New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he graduated in 1830. Two years of study in the best hospitals of Europe followed, and in 1833 he commenced active duties as Professor in the Medical College of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1834 he accepted a more promising chair at GUNNING S. BEDFORD the Albany Medical College, where he remained two years, removing to New York City for private practice in 1836. Dr. Bedford may be called the founder of the University Medical School ; for he projected the plans upon which the school com- menced its existence and in concerted effort with Dr. Valentine Mott, his former preceptor, he carried those plans into execution in 184 1. Of the beginnings of the Medical School a more com- plete account may be found in the History of New York University. From the founding until 1862 Dr. Bedford occupied the Chair of Obstetrics, which he resigned to meet the demands of an ex- tensive obstetrical practice. It is an important fact in the medical history of this country that he introduced obstetrical clinics for the free treatment of poor women by founding, against strong opposi- tion, the New York Obstetrical Clinic. Dr. Bedford's writings are well known and widely used in this country and abroad. His Diseases of Women and Children, and the Principles and Practice of Medicine, of which the former has passed through ten editions and the latter five, have become standard text-books both in this country and abroad, translations in French and German having been made. Dr. Bedford died in New York City, September 5, 1870, survived by a widow and three sons. * PATTISON, Granville Sharp, 1791-1851. Professor Anatomy 1840-51. Born near Glasgow, Scotland, 1791 ; studied medi- cine in Scotland; asst. to Allan Burns; first lectured at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow; came to U. S., 1818; Prof. Anat. Univ. of Md. until 1828, in London Univ., 1828-31, in Jefferson Med. College, Philadelphia, 1831-40, in N. Y. Univ., 1840-51 ; died 1851. GRANVILLE SHARP PATTISON, M.D., was born near Glasgow, Scotland, in 1791, and was educated in that city, commencing the study of medicine at the age of seventeen. At twenty-one he became the assistant of Allan Burns, the eminent surgeon, founder of surgical anatomy in Great Britain. It was under the inspiring influ- ence of this distinguished man that Granville Pattison determined to devote his life to the teach- ing of anatomy, and to the complete wisdom of that decision his subsequent career bore ample testimony, for he became one of the greatest authorities on the science of anatomy. His thor- ough knowledge of visceral and surgical anatomy was probably unequalled in this country. He first lectured at the Andersonian Institute in Glas- gow, and in 18 18 came to the United States, soon entering the Chair of Anatomy at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, which his signal ability raised to a condition of high excellence. In 1828 the University of London commenced its existence and Professor Pattison was called to teach his specialty, but in 1831, some friction with certain members of the London Faculty having arisen, he returned to Philadelphia and there became Pro- fessor of Anatomy in the Jefferson Medical Col- lege. There he remained until 1840 when he was 44 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS called to New York City to assist in the movements leading to the founding of the Medical Department of New York University. He became Professor of Anatomy at the opening of the school and remained ORANVIIJ.E S, PATTISON in that position until his death in 185 1. Pro- fessor Pattison's literary work includes various articles in the Medical Recorder, and a translation of J. W. Masse's Anatomical Adas. He also edited Allan Burns's Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck, and Jean Auveilhier's Anatomy of the Human Body. * FORESTI, Elentario Felice, 1793-1858. Pi of. Italian Language and Literature, 1842-56. Born in Conselice, Italy, 1793 ; graduated Univ. of Bologna ; studied law, and practiced in Ferrara, Italy ; imprisoned for his political views, and later exiled to U. S. ; Prof. Italian Lang, and Lit. N. Y. Univ.,. 1842- 56; also Prof, at Columbia; LL.D. ; author; died 1858. ELENTARIO FELICE FORESTI, LL.D., was born in Conselice, near Ferrara, Italy, in 1793, and after graduating at the University of Bologna he studied law and entered practice in Ferrara. In 18 16 he became Praetor of Crespino, and from that time he was involved in political diffi- culties which finally led to his arrest and imprison- ment. Two years were spent in a wretched dungeon awaiting his sentence, during which time he attempted suicide. He was found guilty of the charge of treason and condemned to death on a public scaffold in Venice, but when he was led out with others who were under the death sentence a royal order arrived, commuting the penalty to imprisonment for twenty years in Spielberg. There on the island of St. Michael, Foresti and his com- panions remained incarcerated, until, on the death of the Emperor who had sentenced them, they were liberated and permanently exiled to the LTnited States. From a death scaffold and a prison of " hard confinement " to a Professor's Chair is a singular step, but such was the destiny of Elentario Felice Foresti. Coming to New York City he became, soon after his arrival, Professor of Italian Language and Literature at Columbia, and from that time for twenty years taught his native tongue in various positions. From 1842 to 1856 he occupied the Professorship of Italian Language and Literature at New York University. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on him. His bibliography includes : Twenty Years in the Dungeons of Austria, written for the Watchman and Crusader, 1856; Crestomazia Italiana, 1846; and his edition of Ollendorff's Italian Grammar, New York, 1846. It is probable that the Italian government granted a remission of the sentence of of life exile, for Professor Foresti was appointed United States Consul in Genoa and died in that city while acting in that office, September 14, 1858. PAINE, Martyn, 1794-1877. Prof. Medicine, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1841-67. Born in Williamstown, Vt., 1794 ; graduated Har- vard, i8r3 ; A.M. in course ; M.D., 1816 ; in practice in Montreal, Canada, 1816-22, and then in New York City ; a founder of the Medical School of N. Y. Univ., and Prof. Medicine, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1841-67; LL.D. Univ. of Vt., 1854; author; died 1877. MARTYN PAINE, M.D., LL.D., was born in Williamstown, Vermont, July 8, 1794, son of Elijah Paine, LL.D., United States judge for the District of Vermont. He graduated from the Academic Department of Harvard in the Class of 1 8 13, receiving the degree Master of Arts in course, and entering the Medical Department of the same University graduated with the Doctor's degree in 1816. F"or six years he followed his UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 45 profession in Montreal, Canada, at tlie end of that time removing to New York wliere he continued to practice witli great success during the rest of his lifetime. Dr. Paine will long be remembered as one of the most active promoters of the plan to found the Medical College of New York Univer- sity, and from his intimate association with the birth of that institution he may well be called one of its founders. With five others he occupied a position in the original Faculty when it commenced operations in 1841, and in that relation was Pro- fessor of the Institutes of Medicine and Materia Medica from 1841 to 1850, and Professor of Ther- ogy of Digestion, 1844; Defense of the Medical Profession of the United States, 1847; The Insti- tutes of Medicine, 1847, 9th ed. 1870; Organic Life as Distinguished from Chemical and Physical Doctrines, 1849; Physiology of the Soul and Instinct as Distinguished from Materialism, 184S, 1872 ; and a Review of Theoretical Geology, 1856. He also published for private distribution a memoir of his son, Robert Troup Paine, and wrote numerous articles in the medical journals, includ- ing a series appearing editorially in the New York Medical Press, 1859, discussing the superiority of medical education in the United States over that of Great Britain. Dr. Paine died in New York City, November 10, 1 87 7. * MARTYN PAINE apeutics and Materia Medica from 1850 to 1867. Of the beginning of the Medical College a detailed account is to be found in the Histor)' of New York University, with some mention of Dr. Paine's part in the proceedings leading to the establishing of the College. Dr. Paine was a member of lead- ing medical organizations of America and Europe, and was made a Doctor of Laws by the University of Vermont in 1854. A notably valuable bibli- ography includes : Medical and Physiological Commentaries, 3 vols., 1840-1844; Essays on the Philosophy of Vitality and on the Modus Oper- andi of Remedial Agents, 1842 ; A Therapeutical Arrangement of Materia Medica, 1842 ; Physiol- GREEN, John Clave, 1800-1875. Councillor 1824-74 — Pres. of Council 1851-74 — Benefactor. Born near Lawrenceville, N. J., 1800; engaged in foreign shipping business ; benefactor of the Univer- sity, and member of the Council, 1842-74; Pres. of Council, 1851-74; died 1875. JOHN CLEVE GREEN was born near Law- renceville, New Jersey, April 4, 1800. His paternal ancestors were English, on his mother's side he was descended from Holland. His father's mother was a grandaughter of the Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, first President of Princeton. His father was Caleb Smith Green and his mother Elizabeth (Vancleve) Green, a woman of excellent endow- ment of mind and will, and of fervent piety. To her influence and wise counsel Mr. Green attrib- uted much of his subsequent success in life. At fif- teen he departed from his father's farm and went to live with the Rev. Selah S. WoodhuU of Brooklyn, his uncle by marriage. Subsequently he entered the counting room of N. L. & G. Griswold, prom- inent at that time among the shipping merchants of New York whose vessels before the era of steam traversed every zone and traded with every part of the world. In 1823 he was sent by his firm to inspect the branches or representatives of the house in ports of Spain, and of South America. In the spring of 1S26 he returned but was again entrusted with an important commission and in a few weeks sailed in the ship Panama for South America and China, again being absent two j'ears. Until 1833 he annually made a voyage to China, superintending in Canton the loading and dispatching of the merchantmen belonging to 46 UNIIERSITIES J NB THEIR SONS Nathaniel L. & George Griswold. engaged himself to join the firm of Russell & Company at Canton for three }-ears from January I, iS34,but when early in 1S37 the first s\inptoms of the fearful crisis of 1837 became discernible in the East, he determined to stay on to guard the commercial interests of his house as well as of their correspondents and his own. Mr. Green in the end succeeded in renio^'ing in 1S39 his own funds to London and New York, thus closing his career in the East with a reputation for ability and integrity rarely equalled and never surpassed. In the fall of 1841 he married one of the younger daughters of George Griswold. In the next year, 1842, he took a seat in the Council of New York University which he relinquished only a short time before his death. His benefactions and constant support were freely given to the New York University, while in his will he made a princely bequest to Princeton, from which the John C. Green School of Science in that institution was estab- lished. None of his children survived him, and his widow as a particular memorial established in the Society Library on University Place, New York, a special department permanently endowed, for the particular acquisition of works dealing with the fine arts. As a member of the Chamber of Commerce which he joined on May 5, 1859, he generally remained in the background, but on two occasions, which strongly appealed to his philan- thropic and charitable nature, he took a position of active leadership : during the Civil War in the movement in behalf of the suffering poor of Lan- cashire, and in October 187 1 when Chicago had been laid in ashes. Mr. Green died at his home in New York City, April 29, 1875, ™ the beginning of his seventy-sixth year. e. g. s. SPRING, Gardiner, 1785-1873. Member of Council 1843-73. Councilor 1843-74 — President pro tern. 1846-49. Born in Newburyport, Mass., 1785 ; graduated at Yale, 1805; studied divinity in Andover, Mass.; Pastor Presby. Brick Church, New York City, 1810-1873 ; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1843-73; D.D. Hamilton, 1819; LL.D. Lafayette, 1853; died 1873. GARDINER SPRING, D.D., LL.D., was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, P'ebruary 24, 1785, and died in New York City, August iS, 1873. He was descended from John Spring, who in 1634 embarked from Ipswich, England, and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts, near Boston. One of his descendants. Colonel John Spring, was a leading citizen of LTxbridge, Massachusetts, in 1772, and owned two slaves, emancipated while held by Gardiner Spring's father, Samuel Spring ; the husband of the pair remaining with Samuel Spring when slavery was abolished by law in Mass- achusetts. Samuel Spring graduated from Prince- ton in 177 1, served as Chaplain in 1775 in the invasion of Canada, and was Pastor of a Congrega- tional Church at Newburyport, Massachusetts, from 1777 to 1819. Gardiner Spring graduated GARDINER SPRING at Yale in 1805, taught in Bermuda two years and was admitted to the Bar in Massachusetts in 1808. He studied divinity in Andover instead of prac- tising law and became Pastor of the Presbyterian Brick Church in New York City in 18 10, before the second war with England, which post he held as active Pastor for fifty years, relinquishing it entirely only with his death. The Brick Church was at first on the site of the present Times and Potter Buildings, Park Row, the congregation mov- ing to their new edifice on Murray Hill in 1856. His influence as Pastor and pastoral writer was fully commensurate to the extraordinary length of his Pastorate. During this pastoral career he UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 47 declined the Presidency of Hamilton College and of Dartmouth College. In the separation of New School and Old School in the Presbyterian Church, Gardiner Spring remained with the Old School, although he did not approve of the Exscinding Acts of 1837. Mrs. Spring survived their golden wedding (which was in the same year as the removal of the church to Thirty-seventh Street and Fifth Avenue) four years. In the same year, i860, on October 16, the fiftieth anniversary of Dr. Spring's Pastorate of the Brick Church was celebrated. On one occasion in his life Dr. Spring as an old man of seventy-six, was brought into a position of national prominence. It was at the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in May 186 1, held at Philadelphia under the Moder- atorship of the Rev. Dr. Backus of Baltimore. Dr. Spring moved a resolution setting a day of prayer in view of the national situation ; the second resolution was worded thus: " Resolved, etc.. That the General Assembly in the spirit of that Christian patriotism which the Scriptures enjoin and which had always characterized this church, do humbly acknowledge and declare our obligations to promote and perpetuate so far as in us lies, the integrity of these United States, and to strengthen, uphold and encourage the Federal Government in the exercise of all its functions under our Consti- tution ; and to this Constitution, in all its provis- ions, requirements and principles, we profess our unabated loyalty." To this was appended the fol- lowing paragraph on the motion of the Re\'. Dr. Edwards of Philadelphia : " And to avoid all mis- conceptions the Assembly do declare, that by the term ' Federal Government ' as here used, is not meant any particular Administration, or the peculiar opinions of any particular party ; but the Central Administration, which, being at any time appointed and inaugurated according to the form prescribed in the Constitution of the United States, is the visible representative of our national existence." There was a spirited parliamentary contention concerning this resolution : " there was a strong combination of a powerful minority to shut out all discussion and all action upon the state of the country." A special committee on these resolutions reported, eight to one, to abstain from any further declaration on this matter, but this was rejected by the Assembly, and Dr. Spring's resolutions were adopted by a vote of one hundred and fifty-six jms to sixty-six »ays. Dr. Spring served long and faithfully in the Council of New York University, but he was never Chancellor di/ interim. He died Augsut 18, 1873. The funeral took place at the Brick Church on Friday the twenty-second ; the remains were deposited in the crypt under the church. e. g. s. LOOMIS, Elias, 1811-1889. Prof. Natural Philosophy and Mathematics, 1844-1860. Born in Willington, Conn., 1811 ; graduated Yale, 1830; Tutor at Yale, 1833-36; studied in Paris, 1836-37; Prof. Math, and Nat. Phil. Western Reserve College, Ohio, 1837-44; Prof. Nat. Phil, and Math. N. Y. Univ., 1844-60; Prof. Nat. Phil, and Astronomy Yale, 1860- 89; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1854; died i88g. ELIAS LOOMIS, LL.D., was born in Willing- ton, Connecticut, August 7, 181 1, and died in New Haven, Connecticut, August 15, 1889. A pupil of Silliman and Day in New Haven, he was graduated from Yale in 1830, the year in which the corporation of New York University was definitely organized. He was never wedded but to science, and the simple needs of a life devoted to the teaching and promotion of science alone, together with his income from his text-books, permitted him in the course of a long life of seventy-eight years to amass a fortune of from $250,000 to $300,000, devised for the promotion of astronomical science. In November 1834 for two weeks from four to six A.M. with Alexander C. Twining of West Point he made observations for determining the altitude of shooting stars, this being the first systematic at- tempt in this line of research made in the United States. In 1834-1835 he made exhaustive and protracted observations on the declination of the magnetic needle. His scientific interests were divided between pure mathematics, astronomy and meteorology. The )'ear 1836-1837 he spent at Paris, having previously discovered Halley's comet on its return to perihelion in 1835, s"*^! having computed the elements of its orbit from his own observations. While in Paris he heard the lec- tures of Arago, Bios, Dulong, Poisson, Pouillet and others. He brought from Europe a collection of mathematical and physical instruments which he applied efficiently during a seven-years stay, 1837- 1844, as Professor in the Western Reserve Col- lege, Hudson, Ohio, a region in every way a colony of Connecticut, the educational interests being in close relation with the educational centre and apex of the mother country, Yale. From 1844 to i860 48 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS he was Professor of Natural Philosophy and Mathe- matics in New York University. Two years must, strictly speaking, be subtracted from this record of time : one, when he retired to Princeton, and another one, -when he went abroad for his health. As a producer of didactic books Loomis found this an eminently prolific time in his academic life ; his experience with the students at Washing- ton Square largely determined the cast and draft of many manuals which were issued from his unweary- ing pen and from his lucid mind. His students testified that he made it his business to teach mathematics : toward doing this efficiently and ELIAS LOOMIS adequately all tiis powers were devoted. Rarely did he need more in the way of disciplinary and monitory measures in his classroom than a mod- erate raising of the eyebrows. He lived in bachelors' quarters not far from Washington Square. During this time then he published : Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, New York, 1848; Progress of Astronomy, 1850 and 1856; Analytical Geometry and Calculus and Elements of Algebra, 185 1 ; Elements of Geometry and Conic Sections, first published in 1851 ; Tables of Logarithms, 1855; Natural Philosophy, 1858. His books, used in most of the Colleges and high schools of the country, reached in their spread and actual use the great number of half a million copies ; his treatise on astronomy has been used as a textbook in England ; that on analytical geometry and calculus has been translated into Chinese ; his treatise on meteorology into Arabic. He aided the authorities of the government and current geography by computations of the longi- tude of a number of important points in the east- ern part of the country. The first observations by which the velocity of the electric fluid on telegraph- wires was determined were made on January 23, 1849, between Washington, Philadelphia, New York and Cambridge, under the direction of Sears C. Walker, a clock in Philadelphia being employed to break the electric circuit. In i860 Professor Loomis became the successor of Olmstead at Yale, and it remains a significant and impressive lesson of the narrow limits of academic promotion forty and fifty years ago that a man of Loomis's calibre had to wait until fifty years old before a place for him opened at one of the two leading American foundations. At Yale Loomis lived for twenty- nine years further, his intellectual life, if we may so put it, being perpetuated by his splendid be- quests to his old College. E. G. S. ADLER, George J., 1821-1868, Professor German, 1846-1854. Born in Leipzig, Germany, 1821; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1844; A.M., 1847 ; Prof. German at the Univer- sity, 1845-54, and in Rutgers Female College, 1846- 49; compiled Adler's German English and English German Dictionary; died 1868. GEORGE J. ADLER, Author and Editor, was born in Leipzig, Germany, in 1821, from which place his parents emigrated to America in 1833, and settled in Buffalo, New York. Pro- fessor Adler entered New York University in the Class of 1844 and graduated as Valedictorian. He was not only a man of indefatigable indus- try but greatly excelled the average of his class- mates in age and positive maturity. Dr. Crosby frequently referred to him as the exemplar of the scholarly and brilliantly industrious student. With the narrow limitations of academic avocation in the United States in his day he could not do that which was his first choice, viz., devote him- self to classical or oriental pursuits. He had to content himself with a German Professorship, which at that time was purely honorary without UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 49 any salary attached ; giving merely the opportu- nity of teaching those who took German as an optional and gathering what fees there might be. German had then neither for scholars nor men of affairs the importance it now has. The most important of Adler's works was a compilation, a voluminous English-German and German-English Dictionary, which he made for Appletons, and which he completed at twenty-seven years of age, four years after he left College, 1848. It contained 1374 pages of small tricolumnar print, a vast labor for so young a man, albeit a compilation, a work of great and lasting utility. His preface closed with the semi-pathetic words : (it includes a revealing of the consciousness of his German ancestry) " Should the reception of this work prove that his aim has been a proper and useful one and that he has succeeded in contributing something {pro parte virili) towards bringing the Anglo as well as the Saxon to a new and proud consciousness of their primeval identity of origin and mind, the editor would feel himself in a measure requited for the many days and nights of toil which with only an occasional murmur, he has willingly sacrificed to his purpose — nay, he could almost entertain that his life had not been without a noble object." The most critical and scholarly production how- ever that came from Adler's pen was his Notes on Certain Passages of The Agamemnon of Aeschylus, 1 86 1. This series of critical and explanatory notes on this play (1-3 12) exhibits accurate and independent scholarship. To the classical scholar it is a sombre thought to realize that in 1861 in New York and Brooklyn in a joint population of some one million there were but two academic teachers who could devote their lives to Greek literature in its loftier and wider aspects, and that of these two Adler was not one. Adler died in 1868 at forty-seven years of age, having previously suffered for a while from temporary mental aber- ration, a suffering not inexplicable when we con- sider the excessive labor in which the faculties of young manhood were consumed in the vast labor of dictionary making. New York had no fit environment for this gifted and industrious scholar. e. g. s. Bar, 1843 ; Pres. Elizabeth and Somerville Railroad (now Central Railroad of N. J.), 1848-77; member Council of the University, 1846-93; Vice Pres., 1851- 72; Pres., 1872-86; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., i88g; died 1893. JOHN TAYLOR JOHNSTON, LL.D., was born in New York City, April 8, 1820, of old New York merchant stock. His father was John John- ston, one of the first shareholders of New York Uni- versity and subsequently a member of the Council, of the firm of Boorman, Johnston & Company. His mother was Margaret (Taylor) Johnston, daughter of John Taylor. Both of his parents were of Scotch birth. He received a part of his early edu- cation in the Edinburgh High School. Graduating from New York University in 1839 he studied law in the Yale Law School. He practiced law but a few years and in 1848 at twenty-eight years of age was induced to take the Presidency of the insignificant Somerville & Eastern Railroad which he and his associates developed into what is now known as the Central Railroad of New Jersey. He remained as President until 1S77 when he resigned and retired from active business. He was always interested in art, and his picture gallery was up to the time of its sale and dispersion in 1877 the most important in the United States. He was a natural leader in organizing the Metropolitan Museum of Art and gave, from its first inception until his infirmities incapacitated him from all business, his watchful and earnest care. He was the first President and continued to occupy this office until 1889. He married in 1851 F"rances, daughter of James CoUes, and died at No. 8 Fifth Avenue, New York, March 24, 1893. He was a member of the Council of the University from 1846 to 1893, Vice-President from 1851 to 1872, President of the Council 1872 to 1886; a Director of the Union Theological Seminary, President of St. Andrew's Society, and President of the Board of Governors of the Women's Hospital of the State of New York. His important services to New York University are more fully related in the history of the institution. e. g. s. [See portrait page 122, Part I.] JOHNSTON, John Taylor, 1820-1893. Councillor 1846-93, President of Council 1872-86. Born in New York City, 1820; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1839 ; attended Yale Law School, 1839-41 ; admitted to DICKSON, Samuel Henry, 1798-1872. Professor Practice of Medicine 1847-1850. Born in Charleston, S. C, 1798; graduated Yale, 1814; M. A. in course; M. D. Univ. of Pa., r8rg; practiced in Charleston ; Prof. Institutes and Practice 5° UNWEKSITIES JND THEIR SONS of Medicine Medical College of S. C, 1824-47 and 1850- 58; Prof. Practice of Medicine N. Y. Univ., 1847-50; Prof, in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1858- 72; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1853; author; died 1872. SAMUEL HENRY DICKSON, M.D., LL.D., was born in Charleston, South Carolina, September 20, 1798, of Scotch ancestry. His father, who came to this country from Ireland, fought during the Revolution under General Lincoln, the American officer chosen by Washington to receive the sword of Cornwallis at the Yorktown surrender. Dr. Dickson graduated from Yale in 1814, receiving the Master's degree in course, and after studying medicine for a time in Charleston he entered the Medical Department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, He received his medical degree in i8ig, and returning to his native city soon gained an extensive practice there. Dr. Dickson's first medical teaching was in 1823 when he lectured on Physiology and Patholog)' to a small body of medical students. The success of this course of lectures doubtless stimulated him to activity in promoting the foundation of a Medical College in Charleston, and in 1824, on the organi- zation of the Medical College of South Carolina, he became Professor of the Listitutes and Prac- tice of Medicine. From 1847 to 1850 he was Professor of the Practice of Medicine at New York LTniversity, and then returned to his former chair in the Medical College of South Carolina. In 1858 he accepted an appointment to a similar Professorship in the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, and there continued until his death. He was made a Doctor of Laws by New York University in 1S53. Dr. Dickson was a constant contributor to medical and general literature, his writings displaying an accurate knowledge ex- pressed in a finished and easy stjde. Among the numerous shorter articles of his bibliography may be mentioned : The Pursuit of Happiness, an address delivered before the Yale Society of Phi Beta Kappa, and a pamphlet on the slavery question, arguing the racial inferiority of the negro. His published volumes are: Dengue, its History, Pathology, and Treatment, Philadelphia, 1826; Manual of Pathology ; Practice of Medicine, 2 vols.. New York ; Essays on Pathology and Therapeutics, 2 vols., 1845 ; Essays on Life, Sleep, Pain, etc., 1852 ; Elements of Medicine, 1855 ; and Studies in Pathology and Therapeutics, 1867. He died in Philadelphia, March 31, 1872. DAVIES, Charles, 1798-1876. Professor Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 1848-49. Born in Washington, Conn., 1798; graduated U. S. Mil. Acad., West Point, 1815 ; Asst. Prof. Math. West Point, 1816-23, and Prof. 1823-37; Prof. Math. Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 1839-41 ; Paymaster, U.S.A. and Treas. Mil. Acad., West Point, 1841-46: Prof. Math, and Natural Phil. N. Y. Univ., 1848-49: Prof. Higher Math., Columbia, 1857-65; and Emeritus 1865- 76 ; A. M. (Hon.) Princeton, 1824, Williams 1825 ; LL.D. Geneva, 1840, Union, 1841; died 1876. CHARLES DAYIES, LL.D., Mathematician, was born in \\'ashington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, January 22, 1798. His early years were passed on a farm in St. Lawrence county, New York, at that time an unsettled section, Avhere his father removed while Charles was yet a boy. At the age of fifteen he received appointment as cadet in the United States Military Academy at ^Vest Point, where he completed the course of instruction in two years, graduating in 1815 and being assigned to the light artillery. He was transferred to the Engineer Corps the following )'ear and stationed at West Point, but soon resigned from the service to become Principal Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Natviral and Experimental Philosophy in the Military Academy there. He served seven years in this position and was then, in 1823, made full Professor of Mathematics, hold- ing that chair until failing health, consequent upon overwork in the preparation of his mathemati- cal text-books, forced him to resign and seek restoration in foreign tra\'el. After two years of rest he was able to resume his educational work as Professor of Mathematics at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticvit, but in 1841 was again com- pelled to relax his exacting labors. He was then appointed Paymaster in the United States Academy, with the rank of Major, and made Treasurer of the West Point Academy, a position which he held from 1 84 1 to 1846. After a short service as Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in New York ITniversity he occupied himself, from 1849 to 1857, in the completion of his series of text-books, and in the latter year accepted the Chair of the Higher Mathematics in Columbia, where he remained for the rest of his life. He retired from the active duties of the Professorship in 1865, retaining his connection as Emeritus Professor from that date. Professor Davies was one of the foremost scholars of the century in the field of pure mathematics, his text-books on this science UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 51 forming a complete series from a primary arith- metic to tlie calculus, and in applied mathematics his works on surveying and navigation and on shades, shadows and perspective hold an equally high place as standards. He received the honor- ary degree of Master of Arts from Princeton in 1824, and from Williams in 1825, and that of Doctor of Laws from Geneva College in 1840 and from Union in the following year. He died at Fishkill Landing, New York, September 17, 1876. GROSS, Samuel David, 1805-1884. Professor Surgery, 1850. Born in Easton, Pa., 1805; graduated Jefferson Medical College, 1828; Dem. of Anat. Medical College of Ohio, 1833-35, and Prof. Pathological Anat., 1835-40; Prof. Surgery Univ. of Louisville, Ky., 1840-56, in N. Y. Univ. one term in 1850, in Jefferson Medical College, 1856-82; D.C.L. Oxford, England, 1872; LL.D. Cam- bridge, England, 1872 ; a noted medical investigator and inventor, and author of many valuable writings; died 1884. SAMUEL DAVID GROSS, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1805. He graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1S28, and established a successful practice in the town of his birth. In 1833 his career as a teacher of medicine com- menced with an appointment as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio in Cincin- nati, from which position he was advanced to the Professorship of Pathological Anatomy after two years, and in that relation he presented the first regular course of lectures on morbid anatomy ever delivered in this country. In 1840 he resigned at Cincinnati to accept a place of higher promise at the University of Louisville, Kentucky. Dr. Val- entine Mott retired from the Chair of General Surgery at New York LTniversity in 1850, and Dr. Gross succeeded him ; destined, however, to continue but for one term, as the urgent request of his associates in the University of Louisville induced him to return to his former work there. Dr. Gross was a founder and at one time Presi- dent of the Kentucky State Medical Society, and while in that state he published a Report on Kentucky Surgery, in which he argued in favor of the claim of Dr. Ephraim McDowell to originating the practice of ovariotomy. In 1856 Dr. Gross entered the Professorship of Surgery in Jefferson Medical College and there continued until within two years of his death — a period of twenty-six years. On account of his deep learning, his many discoveries in relation to medical science, his abundant contributions to medical literature and his remarkable skill and inventive resource as a surgeon he became widely known on both sides of the Atlantic, and was allied with numerous medical organizations. In association with Dr. Da Costa he founded the Philadelphia Pathological Society, and was its first President, and was by unanimous vote elected President of the International Medical Congress which met in Philadelphia in September 1876. He was also a member of the Royal Medi- cal Society of Vienna, the American Medical Asso- ciation, of which he was President in 1867, the Royal Medico-Chirugical Society of London, and British Medical Association. In 1872, while he was on his second European visit, he was made a Doctor of Civil Laws on the occasion of the one- thousandth commemoration of Oxford, and received the degree Doctor of Laws from Cambridge. In surgical practice he was the first to suture divided nerves and tendons, to wire the ends of bones in dislocations of a certain order, to practice laparot- omy in treating rupture of the bladder and to employ various other surgical methods discovered by himself. Of his inventions of surgical instru- ments two of the most notable are a tourniquet for use in e.xtracting foreign bodies from the nose or ear and an apparatus for use in practicing the tranfusion of blood. Dr. Gross's authorship was extensive and of great value to the profession, beginning in early life and being continued for years with singular energy. In company with Dr. T. G. Richard.son he published the Louisville Medical Review in 1856, and subsequently they founded the North American Medico-Chirugical Review. A partial bibliography includes : Dis- eases and Injuries of the Bones and Joints, Philadelphia, 1830 ; Elements of Pathological Anatomy, 1839 ; Wounds of the Intestines, 1843 ; Results of Surgical Operations in Malignant Dis- eases, 1S53 ; Foreign Bodies in the Air-Passages, 1854 ; Report on the Causes which Retard the Progress of American Medical Literature, 1856 ; System of Surgery, 1859; Manual of Military Surgery, 1861 ; John Hunter and his Pupils, 1861 ; History of American Medical Literature, 1875 ; 3'''<^' ■^^''t'"' others. Century of American Medicine, 1876. Dr. Gross died in Philadelphia, May 6, 1884. * 52 UNII'EKSITIES AND THEIR SONS POST, Alfred Charles, 1806-1886. Professor Surgery 1851-75, Emeritus 1875-86. Born in New York City, 1806; graduated Columbia, 1822; M. D. College Phys. and Surg., 1827; studied in Paris, Berlin and Edinburgh, 1827-29; practicing phy- sician and surgeon in New York City, 1829-86 ; Dem. Anat., College Phys. and Surg., 1831-35; Prof. Ophthalm. Surgery, Castleton Med. College, Vt., 1842, of Surgery, 1843; Prof Surg. N. Y. Univ., 1851-75, Emeritus, 1875-86; Pres. Med. Faculty, 1873-86; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1872; inventor and author; died 1886. ALFRED CHARLES POST, M.D., LL.D., was born in New York City, January 13, 1806, son of Joel and Elizabeth (Browne) Post. The original American member of the famil}-, Richard Post, came from England in early colonial times and settling on Long Island became one of the founders of the town of Southampton. Joel Post, born on Long Island, was a prominent mer- chant, a member of the iirm J. & J. Post of New York City. He owned a country seat, which in- cluded the present site of Grant's tomb on River- side Drive. His son, Alfred C. Post, was at first educated in Nelson's Grammar School in his native city, and at the age of sixteen graduated in Arts at Columbia, a member of the Class of 1S22. In 1S27 he completed the course of medicine at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons (now united with Columbia) and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After two years of advanced study in Paris, Berlin and Edinburgh, he established himself in professional practice in New York City where his work continued until death ; he attained especial success as a surgeon in this private practice. For fifty years he was connected with the New York Hospital as attend- ing or consulting surgeon, and also held consulting relations with St. Luke's, the Presbyterian and the Women's Hospitals. Dr. Post commenced his teaching career as Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons where he remained from 1831 to 1835. In 1842 he was called to the Castleton Medical College in Ver- mont as Professor of Ophthalmic Surgery, becom- ing Professor of tiie Principles and Practice of Surgery in 1844. From 1851 to 1875 he was Professor of Surgery in Ne\v York University and upon his retirement from acti\'e duty in the latter year he was made Emeritus Professor. From 1873 he was President of the Medical Faculty. Pos- sessing great skill and an accurate knowledge of his subject he performed his operations in the University clinic with a singular dexterity and rapidity which attracted a large attendance of students, who listened eagerly to his lucid, enthu- siastic explanations of the cases as they came under his instruments. As the first surgeon to operate for stammering and as the discoverer of a new method of performing bi-lateral lithotomy, he oc- cupies a unique position in the history of Ameri- can surgery. A^arious instruments and surgical appliances also resulted from his inventive faculty ; notably a canula constructed to slide on a rod with knives on each side, for use in performing hthotomy to enter through the prostate gland. Dr. Post was a member of several important socie- ties both in this country and in Europe ; he was President of the New York Academy of Medicine in 1867-186S, President of the New York Medi- cal Missionary Association, and a Director of the Union Theological Seminary. In 1872 the degree Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by New York University. Among many important writ- ings are : Club Foot ; Stone in the Bladder ; Cicat- rical Contractions ; Contractions of Palmar Fascia ; Reports on Stricture of the ITrethra ; Strabismus, with an Appendix on Stammering, 1840. Dr. Post died in New York City, February 7, 1886, survived by seven of his eleven children. His son, George E. Post, of Beyrout, Syria, became a noted surgeon. * MARTIN, Benjamin Nicholas, 1816-1883. Professor Philosophy, 1853-83. Born in Mt. Holly, N.J., 1816; graduated Yale, 1837; studied at Yale Theol. Sem., 1837-40; Pastor in New York City, Hadley, Mass., and Albany, N. Y., 1840-52; Prof. Psychology, Ethics, Logic, Rhetoric, Hist, and Eng. Lit. N. Y. Univ., 1852-83; D.D. Colum- bia, 1862; L.H.D. Regents Univ. State of N. Y., 1869; died 1883. BENJAMIN NICHOLAS MARTIN, L.H.D., D.D., was born in Mt. Holly, New Jersey, October 20, 1816, and entered Yale at seventeen in 1833. He was graduated, says C. F. Halstead, New York ITniversity, 1884, " in the somewhat distinguished Class of 1837, together with Chief- Justice Waite of the Llnited States Supreme Court, Hon. William M. Evarts, Professors Lyman and Silliman the younger of Yale and other men who acquired prominence afterwards." Imme- diately after graduation he entered Yale Theo- logical Seminary. Here he was particularly UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS S^ influenced by Dr. N. W. Taylor to whom he owed much, particularly in Philosophy. From 1840 to 1852 he was engaged in pastoral duties in New York City, Hadley, Mass., and Albany, N.Y. In 1852 he became the successor of Caleb Sprague Henry in the Chair of Psychology and Ethics in New York University, and subsequently took in addition the Professorship of Logic, Rhetoric, His- tory and English Literature, work to-day assigned to five or six teachers. . At the time of his death Dr. Martin was an active and energetic member of the Society for Prevention of Crime, the Evan- gelical Alliance, the American Foreign Christian Union, the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Christian Philosophy. To that ceaseless activ- ity which characterized his whole life was due, in great measure, his sudden and unexpected death. Having contracted a severe cold while attending to his duties at the University on Monday, Decem- ber 24, 1883, he was seized on his return home with acute bronchitis, which resulted in death on Wednesday, December 26, 1883. As an instructor Dr. Martin was incomparable. Bringing to the professional chair such a variety of accomplish- ments together with a mildness and gentleness of disposition, he won not only the admiration and respect, but even the love of the students. Lucid in explanation, he yet avoided that excessive simplicity which so often offends undergraduate dignity. Comprehensive in discussion and accu- rate in analysis, he never indulged in that prolixity which often makes the class-room tedious. In the words of Chancellor John Hall: "He imparted his instruction not with pretentious eloquence, but with a manly simplicity born of a genuine Christian character." He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Columbia College in 1862 and that of Doctor of Humanities from the Regents of the State in i86g. "As a teacher," Dr. Crosby wrote of him after Professor Martin's death, " he was honored and beloved by his pupils. They both recognized his large learning and his keen insight into the relation of things, and appreciated his personal interest in their intellectual and moral improvement. ... In disposition he was gentle and loving, bearing patiently with the dull and the unruly alike, and amply rewarding the diligent by his sympathy and assistance. He was a friend to the poor and distressed, and out of his own circumscribed means was ever ready to communi- cate to the wants of others. His interest in public affairs was that of the patriot and philanthropist. . . . He was equally familiar with physical and metaphysical studies. Every department of nat- ural science attracted him into its paths of dis- covery, and botanist, zoologist, geologist and mineralogist found him conversant with the latest knowledge of their several special fields. His quick and active mind was always ready to spec- ulate wisely in the various fields of observation, and natural science is indebted to him for many valuable hints. His theory of the Unity of Force, which included the attractions of cohesion and gravitation in one formula, belongs to the highest order of philosophic thought." His discussions BENJAMIN N. MARTIN and re\'iews were published in the Biblical Reposi- tory, the New Englander, the Presbyterian Quar- terly Review, Christian Thought, Proceedings of Regents' Convocation, State of New York, and elsewhere. We have been favored by Professor Borden P. Bowne of Boston University, the dis- tinguished philosophical author and a former pupil of Professor Martin, with the following sketch : " I have always held Professor Martin in the high- est esteem both personally and for his work's sake. He was not indeed familiar with some of the pro- founder speculations which have sprung out of the Kantian philosophy, but he was far better fur- 54 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS nished for his work than most of the teachers of Philosophy in our schools at that time. Moreover he was enthusiastic in his work, both because of his own speculati^■e interest, and because of his conviction of its profound practical significance. My own College life, 1867-1871, was about at the deepest depth of the confusion in the speculative and religious Avorld, arising from the great physi- cal and biological generalizations of the last half century ; and Professor Martin was our great helper in maintaining or recovering our equil- ibrium. His work as mediator enabled us to pass from the old to the new by evolution rather than by revolution, and sa\'ed many of us from dis- astrous revolt. Other members of the Faculty were as good as he but their work did not lie so near the firing line. The great value of Professor Martin's work lies, I conceive, in this intellectual mediation. In addition his personal influence was great. He was a model of intellectual can- dor and fairness in his dealings with us. There was no attempt at intimidation, and he had bound- less patience with any objections that our ferment- ing intellects could conjure up. This was notably the case with regard to religious matters. He took our difficulties for what they generally were, marks of immaturity, and dealt with us so wisely and graciously that we suffered no harm. He would not defend the truth itself except in ways which commanded his own reason, and generally they commanded ours. And whatever changes of opinion later study may have brought about in my own case, they have in no way diminished my im- pression of Professor Martin's mental fulness, of his all-sided intellectual interest, of his deep prac- tical wisdom, of his warm-hearted humanity, and of a certain knightly candor and courage, which gave an especial charm to his character." The following extract is from J. J. Stevenson's obituary memorial of Benjamin N. Martin, published in Transactions New York Academy of Science, Volume III, p. 57, 1884: "Professor Martin's acquirements were remarkable. He began his studies in science when most of the branches now so important were in their infancy. With rare power he seized the salient points in each subject, and with careful, systematic study he kept himself well abreast with the advances of the succeeding thirty years. He was not an expert in Zoology, or Geology, or Mineralog}', or Molecular Physics ; but he was so well grounded in the general prin- ciples of each that no geologist, or zoologist, or mineralogist ever conversed with him for an hour without gaining some new conception, without feeling broadened, without feeling that he had talked with one who had reached the higher planes of Philosophy. This breadth of information gave him a wonderful power as an Instructor in Meta- physics — as an instructor in any branch. He was encyclopedic himself; he made his students so also. Other instructors taught their specialties, but Professor Martin, in addition to his own work, taught the student to gather all together, to assort the information and to put away every fact in its own place along with those related to it. So the thoughtful student, when done with Professor Martin's immediate instruction, went away a well furnished man, often surprising his seniors in age and acquirements by his stock of general informa- tion, so well assorted and so easily available. That ■ Professor Martin was a great thinker, his published essays prove ; that he was a great teacher, more than a thousand pupils affirm ; but more than thinker, more than teacher, he was great in those higher attributes which gain for a man not merely the respect but also the affection of those with whom he is brought into contact. Though knowing no fear of man in his defence of principle, his great heart was overflowing with kindness. Throughout his life he was a fitting exemplification of the religion which commands — ' Do ye unto others as ye would that they should do to you.' Like his great Master, he literally went about doing good. When he conferred a favor, he imposed no obli- gation; he demanded no gratitude, and therefore seldom failed to receive it. Wherever good could be done, he was there to do it. He visited the sick in hospitals ; he carried sunshine into many a dreary tenement ; he lifted the load from many a dreary heart. He believed, in his practice, that ' pure relig;ion, and undefiled, is to visit the widow and fatherless, and to keep one's self unspotted from the world.' " During the stormy season of 1878-1881 Professor Martin prepared the arguments presented by the Faculty to the Council. E. G. s. BULL, Richard Harrison, 1817-1892. Prof. Civil Engineering 1853-85, Emeritus 1885-92. Born in New York City, 1817 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1839; graduated Union Theol. Sem., 1843; Prof. Civil Engineering at the University, 1853-85 ; Emeritus Prof., UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 55 1885-92; Sec. and Pres. N. Y. Savings Bank, 1859-82; Ph.D. N. Y. Univ., 1885; died 1892. RICHARD HARRISON BULL, Ph.D., was born in New York City, September 28, 1817, graduating from New York University in 1839 with tlie degree of Baclielor of Arts. In that year lie entered Union Theological Seminary and graduated in 1843. He preached several times but was prevented from definitely entering upon the clerical profession by a chronic difficulty in the throat. He was appointed to teach civil engineering in 1853, which post he left in 1885 as Professor Emeritus. While being a mathemati- RICHARD H. BULL cian he was at the same time intensely practical. In his earlier life he made elaborate calculations for the use of life insurance companies and spent much time in preparing the tables for the American Nautical Almanac. He also furnished the exact astronomical time to the railways departing from New York and Jersey City, making his observa- tions both from his own residence in New York City and from his country seat at New Hamburg. He was constandy called upon to solve problems which had puzzled mathematical teachers through- out the country, and in spite of the great demands upon his time he never failed to return the solution desired, a form of diversion for Doctor Bull. One of his favorite ideas (in which he reminds one of the Pythagoreans and of Plato) was to conceive mathematics in all its branches as divine law and a revelation of God's nature. The work to which he principally applied his time and energies was the building up of the New York Savings Bank. Connected with this institution from its infancy, he retired from its Presidency in 1882 when it pos- sessed a larger percentage of surplus upon its deposits than any other savings bank in the state, its methods of book-keeping and transacting busi- ness being generally considered a model. During the panic of 1S73 he was made Chairman of the joint meeting of savings bank managers, and he formulated the policy followed by those institutions during that critical time. Possessed of robust health, untiring energy and strong individuality, everything he ever accomplished was brought about by sheer force of talent. In cjuestions of right and wrong he knew no yielding to expedi- ency and consequently was particularly well qual- ified to guard the great financial trusts committed to his care. He was actively engaged throughout his life in the Sunday-school work, and for sev- eral years preceding his death represented the First Presbyterian Church of New York in the Presbytery. He died at his residence, No. 34 Gramercy Park, New York City, February i, 1892. Funeral services were held at the First Presbyte- rian Church. Professor Bull at his death was the oldest hving alumnus of New York University, and the special minute of the Faculty of Arts and Sci- ences closed with the following paragraph : " The memory of a colleague of so pure a character, of such unblemished integrity and of so Christian a life will ever be cherished by those who were long and closely connected with him in the work of this institution with affectionate regard." e. g. s. SWETT, John Appleton, 1808-1854. Prof. Theory and Practice Medicine 1853-1854. Born in Boston, Mass., 1808; graduated Harvard, 1828; M.D. Harvard, 1831 ; studied in Europe; Physi- cian to N. Y. Hosp., 1842-54 ; Prof. Theory and Prac- tice Medicine N. Y. Univ., 1853-54; an editor of N. Y. Journal of Medicine ; died 1854. JOHN APPLETON SWETT, M.D., was born in Boston, Massachusetts, December 3, 1S08. He took the full academic course at Harvard, sraduating with the Class of 1828 and receiving s^ UNIl'ERSrriES AND THEIR SONS the degree Master of Arts in course. He then entered the Medical School of the same Univer- sity and there received his Doctor's diploma in 1S31. Foreign study followed a short term of dis- pensary service in New York City, and in the hospitals of Paris and various cities of the continent and England he perfected his professional training. He settled in practice in New York City, and there held the position of Physician to the New York Hospital from 1843 until his death. Dr. Swett was elected to the Chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine in New York University in 1853, and was so engaged at the time of his death. A not- able feature of his literary work was the editorship, in association with Dr. John Watson, of the New York Journal of Medicine. Some of his lectures delivered at the New York Hospital, originally printed in the New York Lancet, were published in book form, entitled Treatise on Diseases of the Chest. In the midst of a successful career he died in New York City, September 18, 1854. * ABBOTT, Benjamin Vaughan, 1830-1890. Professor of Law. Born in Boston, Mass., 1830 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1850; studied at Harvard Law School, 1851-52; ad- mitted to N. Y. Bar, 1852; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ.; practicing lawyer in New York City; author and edi- tor of important law works; died 1890. BENJAMIN VAUGHAN ABBOTT was born in Boston, Massachusetts, June 4, 1830, son of Jacob and Harriet (Vaughan) Abbott. His father was an eminent author, educator and his- torian. After early education in the scholarly home, under the careful instruction of his father, he was admitted to the Academic Department of New York University where he graduated in 1S50, receiving the Master's degree in cour.se after three years. He began law study at Harvard where he remained during the year following graduation at New York (University) and completed his prepara- tion for the Bar in New York City. He was ad- mitted as Attorney and Counsellor-at-Law in 1852, and at once entered active practice. He was soon joined in business by his younger brother, Austin Abbott, and the firm made rapid progress in the ac- quisition of a well paying practice, a third brother, Lyman Abbott, being taken into the firm in 1856. The latter part of his active career Benjamin V. Abbott devoted almost exclusively to legal author- ship for which he had always had conspicuous ability. Perhaps the most notable of his important works are the reports and digests of the New York State and the national law, known under the titles : The New York Digest and The National Digest. In June 1870, Mr. Abbott was appointed by Presi- dent Grant one of three commissioners, with Charles P. James and Victor P. Baninger, who were to undertake the immense task of revising the United States Statutes. This work continued for three years, and the result was one large octavo volume containing the condensed and carefully arranged material which had formerly occupied si.xteen volumes. In , association with his brother, Austin Abbott, Mr. Abbott compiled a Digest of the Laws of Corporations. His bibliography includes : A Treatise on the Courts of the United States and their Practice, 1877 ; ^'^ Dictionary of Terms in American and English Jurisprudence, 1879 ; Reports of Decisions of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, 1870; Judge and Jury, 1880; Travelling Law School and Fa- mous Trials, 1880, a book for juvenile readers. Soon after entering active practice Mr. Abbott was appointed Secretary of the New York Code Commissioners, and in that office he drafted a report of a penal code, which being submitted to the New York Legislature in 1875, became adopted as the basis of the New York Penal Code. For a few years Mr. Abbott occupied a Professorship at the University Law School. He married Eliza- beth, daughter of John Titcomb of Farmington, Maine. His death occurred in Brooklyn, New York, February 17, i8go. * BOTTA, Vincenzo, 1818-1894. Prof. Italian Lang, and Lit. 1854-94, Emeritus 1890-94, Born in Piedmont, Italy, 1818; Ph.D., Univ. of Turin ; Prof. Phil, at Lyceum of Cuneo ; Prof. Italian Lang, and Lit. N. Y. Univ., 1858-94; Emeritus Prof., 1890-94 ; author of important works on Phil., Hist., and Biog. ; died 1894. VINCENZO BOTTA, Ph. D., Author and Student of Public Affairs, was born in 18 18 in Cavallermaggiore, Piedmont, Italy. Hav- ing attained the Doctorate in Philosophy in the University of Turin, he served as Quiz-master (Ripctitnrc) of Philosophy from 1845 to 1848, afterwards being Professor of Philosophy in the Lyceum of Cuneo. In 1849 the Collegio of Carrii UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 57 sent him as deputy to the Parliament of Savoy. Under the auspices of the Sardinian government Dr. Botta in 1850 visited Germany in company with Dr. Lewis Parola, and on his return in 1S51 Botta with Parola published in Turin the impor- tant work entitled On Public Instruction in Ger- many, which was the first work to introduce the Italians to German educational methods. In 1853 Botta came to the United States. In 1858 he was appointed Professor of the Italian Language and Literature in New York University, becoming Emeritus Professor in 1890. In New York too Dr. Botta was married to Miss Anne Lynch. In i860 he worked earnestly to win American sympathies for the new kingdom of Italy, of which he could be regarded as the most active and authoritative non-official representative. In recog- nition of his special services rendered to Italy and the Savoyard dynasty, on the occasion of the recovery of Rome and of the American demon- stration at the death of the King Victor Emmanuel (1878) King Humbert caused a gold medal to be struck in his honor. The medal bears this beauti- ful inscription : "A Vincenzo Botta in ogni fortuna della patria sapiente interprete del pensiero Italiano presso il grande ed amico popolo degli Stati Uniti. Umberto, 1878." ("To Vincenzo Botta, in every fortune of his native land the wise interpreter of Italian thought among the great and friendly people of the United States. Humbert, 1878.") Besides the two books containing the Proceedings and Discourses in America Commemo- rative of the Unification of Italy (1870, The Unity of Italy) and matter written on the occasion of the death of the " gentleman king " (in memoriam 1878), apart also from the letters sent from the United States to the newspaper L'Opinione, the numerous essays and articles inserted in the jour- nals, the reviews and cyclopedias of America, Professor Botta on the occasion of the sixth century of Dante's birth (1865) pubhshed a work in English entitled Dante, Philosopher, Poet and Politician, with an Analysis of the Divina Corn- media, New York, 1865. After the death of Cavour he wrote a work entitled Life, Character and Politics of Count Cavour, New York, 1862. This was translated into Italian by Stanislaus Gatti and published at Naples. In this work the beautiful letter written by Azeglio to King Victor Emanuel (on the occasion of the ministerial crisis of 1855) saw the light for the first time. He also wrote an essay on the history of Italian philosophy, published in George Morris's translation of Ueberweg's Manual of the History of Philosophy from Thales to the Present Time, the contribu- tion of Botta being entitled Historical Sketch of Modern Philosophy in Italy, beginning with the renaissance and coming down to the present time. Dr. Botta died in October 1894, and bequeathed his library and a fund of money to New York University. This library of some 2200 volumes is particularly strong in Belles-Lettres, Italian philosophy, political science, and history. He was corresponding national member of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome, and American Correspondent of the journal L'Opinione. e. g. s. [See portrait page 120, Part I.] BOTTA, Anne Charlotte (Lynch), 1815-1891 . Patroness. Born in Bennington, Vt., 1815 ; graduated Albany Female Acad., 1834; taught at the Academy; conducted boarding schools in Providence, R. I., and New York City ; taught in Brooklyn Acad, for young ladies ; married Prof. Botta, 1855 ; for many years a patroness of the fine arts ; published poems ; died iSgr. ANNE CHARLOTTE (LYNCH) BOTTA was born in Bennington, Vermont, No- vember II, 1815. Her father was Patrick Lynch, a native of Lucan, near Dublin, Ireland. Hav- ing been implicated in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 he was at first imprisoned for some years, and later, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the British crown, was banished from Ireland at the early age of eighteen. He settled ultimately in Bennington, Vermont, and in 18 12 was married to Miss Charlotte Gray, who was the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Ebenezer Gray, a Revolutionary officer of the Connecticut line. Subsequently Mr. Lynch went to Cuba to secure some of the lands offered by the Spanish government to Irish refugees, but died while sailing from Havana to Puerto Principe in 1819. Anne at sixteen was sent to the Albany Female Academy, where she graduated in 1834, remaining there some time as a teacher. After some experience as a governess she joined her mother at Providence and con- ducted on a modest scale a boarding school for young women. " She inspired her pupils with love for intellectual occupation, strengthened their characters, and made them eager to improve in 58 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS every way." Having served in Pliiladelphia a year in superintending tlie studies of a young lady who desired to complete her education, and having become acquainted with Fannie Kemble, she took a house in Waverly Place, New York City, taking young women into her family as pupils, and teaching in the Brooklyn Academy for young ladies. About 1849, at thirty-four, she published lier poems in book form, some of these pieces being commended by Edgar A. Poe. When Frederika Bremer came to America she was the guest of Miss Lynch at her house in Ninth Street for several weeks. With indomitable energy for four successive years she urged at Washington her mother's claims of Revolutionary pensions on account of the services of Colonel Gray in that war. In 1853 at last this claim was granted and so wisely did her kind friend, Charles Butler, in- vest this fund that she was enabled later on to lead a life of comfort and indulge her best tastes, particularly in the strongest of her aspirations, that of hospitality to distinguished literary char- acters. Her innermost impulses drove her to seek fellowship with men and women of literary power ; she herself wielded a facile and forceful pen. \A'hen Daniel Webster in the Senate had, in 1850, uttered these words : " When I and all those that hear me shall have gone to our last home and when the mold may have gathered on our memories, as it will on our tombs . . .," her emotion was kindled by these grave words, finding expression in the poem entitled Ji^elister, of which we append three stanzas : "The mold upon thy memory 1 No, Not while one note is rung Of those divine, immortal songs Milton and Shakspere sung ; Not till the night of years enshrouds The Anglo-Sa.xon tongue. No ! let the flood of Time roll on. And men and empires die ; Genius enthroned on lofty heights Can its dread course defy. And here on earth can claim a share Of immortality; Can save from the Lethean tide That sweeps so dark along, A people's name — a people's fame To future time prolong, As Troy still lives, and only lives. In Homer's deathless song." Her gratitude to Mr. Butler and his family only died with herself and survived her indeed in some lines of warm and true feeling. Having visited Europe in 1853 with the family of Charles Butler, she established in New York, after her return, literary soirees, attended by noted writers. In these assem- blies, " it was her policy to arouse the brilliancy of cultured minds and keep the light burning by gentle suggestions." In 1855 she was married to Dr. Vincenzo Botta, late of the University of Turin, who in 1858 was appointed Honorary Professor of the Italian Language and Literature in New York University. For more than thirty- five years she shared with her husband the refined home which they established in West 37th St. Among the noted people who attended her literary receptions we may name Poe, Willis, Morris, Emerson, William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Bancroft, Fitz Greene Halleck, Grace Greenwood, Tuckerman, Stoddard, Dr. Holland, Stedman, Helen Hunt, Andrew D. White, Rich- ard Proctor, Froude, Charles Kingsley, Mat- thew Arnold, Lord Houghton, Lord Amberley, Madame Ristori, and George P. Marsh. Withal, she was not a nature passively yielding to aestheti- cal gratification ; but she lived on a high plan of robust action : " Do the duty " — this was her maxim — " that lies nearest thee, and thy next will be made plainer." Early in March 1891 Mrs. Botta began to make preparations for a festival, which was to have taken place on the thirty-first of the month, in commemoration of the thirt3'-sixth anniversary of her marriage. On the evening of March 17, 1891, having received the members of a literary society of which she was one of the directors, she took a severe cold which rapidly developed into pneumonia which caused her death on March 23, 1891. Letters of condolence and commemoration were received by Professor Botta from Henry W. Sage of Ithaca, Parke Godwin, Hon. Andrew D. White, James Anthony P'roude, Charles Dudley Warner, Andrew Carnegie, Dr. Wallace Wood, Hon John Bigelow and other noted literary persons. e. g. s. [See portrait page 121, Part I.] BAIRD, Henry Martyn, 1832- Prof. Greek Lang, and Lit. , Dean of College Faculty since 1892. Born in Philadelphia, 1832 ; attended Collegiate School of Forrest and Wyckoff ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1850; studied in Greece and Italy, 1851-53; studied at Union Theol. Sem. and at Princeton Theol. Sem., UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 59 1853-56 ; Prof. Greek, N. Y. Univ. since 1859; Dean of College Faculty since 1892; Ph.D. Princeton, 1867; D.D. Rutgers, 1877 ; LL.D. Princeton, 1882 ; L.H.D. Princeton, i8g5 ; author of important historical works. HENRY MARTYN BAIRD, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D., L.H.D., was born in Philadelphia, January 17, 1832. His father, Rev. Robert Baird, D.D., was a Presbyterian clergyman of Scotch descent, a scholarly man, who before and after his ordination to the ministry devoted himself to the work of classical education as Tutor in the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), and head of a school preparatory for College, but sub- sequently initiated large religious movements in America and abroad. These brought him into close relations with very many prominent men in both hemispheres, and particularly with a number of sovereigns, including Bernadotte and Oscar of Sweden, Frederick William IV. of Prussia, Nicho- las and Alexander of Russia, Louis Philippe of France, and others. Professor Baird's mother, Fermine (Du Buisson) Baird, was a cultivated woman of French Huguenot descent, and his father's mission to Europe led to his spending most of the time from his fourth to his twelfth years in Paris and Geneva. This long sojourn in French-speaking countries and among the descend- ants of the Huguenots not only gave him a full command of the language, but a taste for French Protestant history that has influenced his subse- quent studies to no inconsiderable extent. His preparation for College was completed in New York City in the well-known Collegiate School of Forrest and Wyckoff . He entered New York LTni- versity in 1846 and graduated in 1850, being assigned the Valedictory Oration at Commence- ment. The next year was occupied, in accordance with a favorite idea of his father,, in an extended course of historical study pursued at home, begin- ning with the best universal histories and ancient histories and carried on with great thoroughness down to the present time. Among other works studied with minuteness and careful examination of the most detailed maps accessible was Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Not a note, in whatever language written, escaped obser- vation, or (unless it was possibly an Arabic expres- sion) was left untranslated. Toward the end of the year a part of his time was given to the most minute study of the topography of Greece, espe- cially in the works of Colonel Leake (Athens and the Demi of Attica, Travels in the Morea, etc.). This was in pursuance of his purpose to go and study in Athens, and enabled him to recognize the ancient monuments lie there saw, to the no small astonishment of many whom he met. He spent a full year in Greece (1851-1852), attending two consecutive semesters in the University of Otho, at present the University of Greece. His princi- pal instructors were Professors Asopios, Papare- gopoulos, Rangaves and Manouses, but he became more or less acquainted with the aged Bambas, Philippos loannou, and others. He met and en- joyed the society of many distinguished men, who HENRY M. BAIRD were of great help to him, especially the veteran American missionary. Dr. Jonas King, and such survivors of the time of the Greek Revolution as Sir Richard Church and George Finlay, the eminent historian of Greece under the Romans and mediaeval Greece. For a few weeks he acted as private secretary of George P. Marsh, when the latter was sent by the United States Govern- ment to investigate the acts of injustice committed by the government of Greece against Dr. King. Professor Baird's travels in Greece were extensive, throughout the Peloponnesus and northern Greece as far as the Turkish frontier. It was said that no American had up to that time equalled them 6o UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS since the days of Edward Everett. Needless to say that he acquired great facihty in conversing in Greek. After a second year, 1852-1853, spent in Rome in the study of Itahan and of Roman an- tiquities, he returned to the United States. Here he entered upon theological studies which he pur- sued two years (1853-1855) in Union Theological Seminary, New York Cit)', and completed in the Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, where he went in 1855 to take a Tutorship of the Greek Lan- guage to which he had been chosen. Four years later (1859), he resigned and accepted the Profes- sorship of the Greek Language and Literature in his Alma Mater New York University, as the suc- cessor of Howard Crosby who had gone to Rutgers College, New Jersey. This Professorship he has occupied for forty-one years. Professor Baird's first published work was a volume entitled Modern Greece, the result of his observations during his residence in that country, but not issued until 1856. Ten years later he brought out a biography of his father, Life of the Rev. Robert Baird, D.D. In the year 1862 he set himself to the laborious and long protracted task which he had for some time contemplated as his life work — the preparation of a history of the Huguenots of France, more thor- ough and exhaustive than was to be found in any language of modern Europe. His hope at first was to complete it in eight or ten years, and his expectation was to fill but two or three volumes. In point of fact it was thirty-three years before the work was finished in six large octavo volumes. As time went on it assumed the form of three distinct works together constituting a trilogy. The first two volumes appeared in 1879 and were entitled History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. In recognition of this work Princeton College in 1892 conferred upon its author the degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1886 appeared the next two volumes, the Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. In 1895 appeared the last two volumes. The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, bringing down the story to its natural conclusion in the recognition and establishment of Protestantism in France by the Emperor Napoleon in 1802. In token of approval of the last two works Princeton University at its Sesquicenten- nial celebration in October 1896, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Letters as " Historian of the Huguenots." He had previously received from Princeton (1867) the honorary degree of Doc- tor of Philosophy and from Rutgers College (1877) the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. Pro- fessor Baird's latest book is a biography of the reformer, Theodore Beza (1899), written for the series of Heroes of the Reformation, edited by Professor S. M. Jackson. It always will remain a matter of particular honor to American scholarship that the long struggles in France for religious free- dom and for spiritual autonomy have received from the pen of an American scholar a study and an adequate recital, surpassing, we believe, all kindred works by English or German historians in the nineteenth centur)^ The critical reviews of Amer- ica, England, P'rance and Germany have done justice on the whole to the labors of Dr. Baird's life. The London Times, for example, said in reviewing the Rise of the Huguenots : " Professor Baird is entitled to a place among the distinguished Americans who take high rank among modern his- torians. Some of them, like Prescott, Motley and Bancroft, are become at least as popular abroad as with their countrymen. . . . Much must depend, no doubt, on the choice of a subject, and so far as the selection of his subject goes Mr. Baird has had everything in his favor." Of similar importance were the notices uttered in the British Quarterly Review for July 1880, and the Westminster Re- view, of the same date. The Literary World, Lon- don, for May 1880, aptly said : " His style is sober without being dull, it is quietly dignified without a suspicion of pretentiousness." How admirably the ma/! is portrayed in these words descriptive of his sfyk Professor Baird's friends will readily recognize. Monsieur Weiss in the Bulletin of the French Protestant Historical Society for June 18S0, said: "I have read them (the first volumes of Dr. Baird) attentively and not without a certain feeling of envy. There exists in truth nothing so complete in the French language . . . Though separated from us by the Atlantic Ocean, he has had at his disposal almost everything of importance printed in the sixteenth century, and whoever knows how difficult and costly it is, even in Paris, to form a French Protestant library will warmly congratulate him on having been able to collect all that he has made use of." e. g. s. DRAPER, John Christopher, 1835-1885. Professor Chemistry, 1858-1885. Born in Mecklenburg Co., Va., 1835 ; graduated M.D., N. Y. Univ., 1857 ; foreign travel and study. UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 6i 1857-58; Prof. Analytical Chem. N. Y. Univ., 1858-71 ; Prof. Chem. in Med. Dept., 1866-85 ; in Cooper Union, 1860-70; Prof. Nat. Sciences, College City of N.Y., 1863-85; LL.D. Trinity, 1873; author; died 1885. JOHN CHRISTOPHER DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., was born in Mecklenburg county, Virginia, March 31, 1835, son of Dr. John W. Draper, the eminent scientist. His mother, a daughter of Dr. Gardner, physician to Dom Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, was on the maternal side descended from the noted Portuguese family De Piva Pereiras. Educated in the preliminary branches by his learned father, John C. Draper entered the Academic Department of New York JOHN C. DRAPER University at the age of seventeen. Before gradu- ating in Arts, however, he went over to the De- partment of Medicine where he graduated in 1857, having had one year of duty as House Physician and Surgeon at Bellevue Hospital. He spent the year following graduation in foreign travel and study, returning in 1858 to take up the duties of the Chair of Analytical Chemistry in the Academic Department of New York University. In that position he continued until 1871, being in the meantime, 1866, appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Medical Department, which chair he held until his death. He was also Professor of Chem- istry at Cooper Union, 1860-1870, and Professor of Natural Sciences in the College of the City of New York from 1863 until his death. Professor Draper was made a Doctor of Laws by Trinity in 1873 and was a member of the New York Acad- emy of Medicine. He edited the Year Book of Natural Science in 1872-1873, and also the De- partment of Natural Science in Scribner's for three years, 1872-1875. His bibliography consists of twenty-four original papers, including The Produc- tion of Urea and Experiments in Respiration ; A Text-Book on Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 1866 ; A Practical Laboratory Course in Medical Chemistry, 1S82 ; A Text- Book of Medical Phys- ics, 1885. Professor Draper died in New York City, December 20, 1885. * DODGE, W^illiam Earl, 1805-1883. Councillor 1859-1876 — Benefactor. Born in Hartford, Conn., 1805 ; educated in public schools ; engaged in dry goods business in New York City at age of thirteen ; amassed large fortune ; Director in many large corporations ; three times Pres. N. Y. Chamber of Commerce ; Rep. in Con- gress from 8th Dist. N. Y. City, 1866-67 • member of Indian Commis. under Grant; benefactor of New York University and many educational and charitable institutions; died 1883. WILLIAM EARL DODGE was born in Hartford, Connecticut, September 4, 1805, son of David Law and Sarah (Cleveland) Dodge. The family is descended from William Dodge who emigrated from England, and settled in Salem, Massachusetts, in July 1629. David Law Dodge, a merchant and manufacturer, was the first to build a cotton mill in the State of Connecticut. His son, William E. Dodge, was educated in the public schools, and at the age of thirteen went to New York City, where he obtained a position in a dry goods house in Pearl Street. After one year, however, he returned with the family to Connecticut, and went to work in a country store in Bozralville. Such was the hum- ble beginning of the career of a man who subse- quently became the possessor of a fortune so large that at one time during a period of years he made gifts and benefactions amounting annually to jt 1 00,000. At the age of twenty-two he opened a dry goods establishment independently, and from that time progressed rapidly in business prosperity. June 24, 1828, he married Melissa, daughter of Anson G. Phelps, and five years 62 UNIFERSiriES JND THEIR SONS later fonned a partnership witli his wife's father under the firm name Phelps, Dodge & Company. This house conducted a metal business with great success and soon established a branch in Liverpool. Of this concern, which is now under the management of the sons of the original members, Mr. Dodge was the head partner until 1879 and it was while occupied in that capacity tliat his fortune was amassed. He became prominent in the different parts of the country where he had large interests, notably in the State of Georgia where Dodge county was so named in recognition of his continued interest in the progress of the state. Large investments were made in lumber industries and copper mines near Lake Superior and elsewhere, and he was for years identified, as official or stockholder, with a large number of leading corporations, such as : The Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Atlantic Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Bowery Insurance Company, the United States Trust Company, the United States Telegraph Company, and the Western Union Telegraph Company. He was also for twelve years a Director in the New York & Erie Railroad (now the New York, Lake Erie & Western) in the construction of which he had been a leading promoter ; he was one of the builders of the Houston & Texas Railroad, and was connected with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and the International & Great Northern. Mr. Dodge was for three successive times elected to the Presidency of the New York Chamber of Commerce. In politics he warmly advocated the principle of protection, and was at times a prominent figure in campaign struggles. He was actively engaged in the movement which elected Grant, and in 1872 was a Presidential Elector from New York. Representing the Eighth District of New York City he occupied a seat in the Thirty-fourth Congress, during his term serv- ing on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was also appointed by President Grant a member of the Indian Commission. His liberality as a phi- lanthropist was scarcely more striking than the eccentric modesty and unconcern with which he gave from his abundance ; it is said that during the years when he was making benefactions amounting to $100,000 annually he kept no record of his gifts. It is possible to mention but a few of the charitable and educational institutions with which he was identified and to which he directed his unselfish liberality. Always an urgent advo- cate of temperance, he founded the State Asylum for Inebriates in Binghampton, and the Christian Home for Intemperate Men, and was President of the National Temperance Society and Publication House from its organization until his death. To the cause of Foreign Missions he gave liberal sup- port, acting as Vice-President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1864 until his death, and being a member of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in the United States. He was a steadfast Presbyterian in faith. Mr. Dodge was a Trustee of the Union Theological Seminary, the Mercantile Library and Oahu College in Honolulu, Hawaii ; a founder of the Union League Club of New York Cit)?, the New York Museum of Art, and the Museum of Natural History. Mr. Dodge was a member of the University Council from 1859 to 1876. In 1867 he gave $5,000 to the University, establish- ing the fund which bears his name, to be applied to the uses of the LTniversity College. Mr. Dodge died in New York City, February 9, 1883. * BUTLER, William Allen, 1825- Member of Council 1862-1898, President 1898. Born in Albany, N. Y., 1825 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1841 ; admitted to N. Y. Bar, 1846; Pres. Council, 1898; practicing lawyer in New York City ; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1880. WILLIAM ALLEN BUTLER, LL.D., was born in Albany, New York, February 20, 1825, son of Benjamin F. and Harriet (Allen) Butler. His father, an eminent lawyer and scholar, was United States Attorney-General and Secretary of \\'ar under the administration of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren. Dr. Butler graduated in Arts at New York University in 1843, at graduation having the distinction of being one of the Commencement Orators. He studied law in his father's office from 1843 to 1846 and in the latter year entered the Bar of New York City, where, after more than a year spent in European travel of which he wrote arti- cles for the Literary World, he established him- self in practice. His practice, which was at first in association with his father, has for many years been conducted while at the head of the firm of UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Butler, Stillraan & Hubbard and succeeding firms. He has been counsel in many important cases, and has been concerned in the organization and management of some of the leading banking, trust and insurance corporations. He has been especially successful in practice involving admi- ralty law. In the following notable cases in the United States Supreme Court certain important rules were settled in each instance as a result of Mr. Butler's advocacy of certain law principles : The Pennsylvania, 19 Wallace, 125 ; The Lotta- wanna, 129 Id., 558 ; the Scotland, 105 U. S., 24 ; The Montana, 129 Id., 397. He has been con- nected with New York University as Lecturer on Maritime Law, Jurisdiction and Practice, and as member of the Council, in which office he served from 1862 to 1898. Dr. Butler was a member of the Commission on Cities, 1875-1876; President of the Bar Association of New York City, 1886- 1887, and of the American Bar Association, 1886. Not the least important work of his career has been a notable authorship extending over a period of more than forty years during which time his poems, humorous and satirical articles and notes of travel have appeared in leading periodicals such as the Literary World, when he wrote under the heading the Colonel's Club, the Independent, the Art Union Bulletin, the Democratic Review and Harper's Weekly ; he has also published several volumes. As a writer he is probably most widely known as the author of the poem "Nothing to Wear," a bright piece of satire on feminine foi- bles, originally published anonymously in Harper's Weekly in 1857 and acknowledged to be the work of Dr. Butler later in the same year. These verses immediately attained a wide celebrity in this country and later were extensively read in Eng- land and translated into French and German. Another example of his powerful satire is " Gen- eral Average," i860, which is a severe attack upon the methods and practices of unscrupulous business men. Other notable writings are : The Future, an academic poem, 1846; Barnum's Par- nassus, 1850; Two MiUions, originally written for the Phi Beta Kappa Society of which he is a member; The Bible by Itself, an address; Martin Van Buren ; Lawyer and Client, a lecture on the ethical relation between lawyer and client deliv- ered at the University Law School; a volume of collected poems, Boston ; Mrs. Limber's Raffle ; Domesticus, a novel, 1886. A revised edition of his poems was published by Harper & Bros, in 1899. Dr. Butler is a member of the New York Historical and Geographical Societies. * DRAPER, Henry, 1837-1882. Professor Chemistry and Physiology, 1862-1882. Born in Prince Edward Co., Va., 1837; attended N. Y. Univ., 1852-54; M.D., 1858; Prof. Analytical Chem. at the University, 1862-70, of Analytical Chem. and Physiology, 1870-82; of Chem. and Physiol- ogy, 1882 ; LL.D. N. Y. Univ. and Univ. Wisconsin, 1882; made silvered glass telescope, and invented ap- paratus for celestial photography; by photography discovered oxygen in the sun ; died 1882. HENRY DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., the second son of Dr. J. W. Draper, was born March 7, 1837, in Prince Edward county, Virginia, two years before his father settled in New York as Professor of Chemistry at Washington Square as well as (two years later) in the Medical College of the Universit}'. Henry Draper spent the two years from 1852 to 1854 in the two lower classes of the College and then from his seventeenth to his twentieth year studied medicine at the Univer- sity Medical College. As he could not under the statute receive the Medical degree before complet- ing his twenty-first year he was sent abroad in 1857 and on this tour, having attended the meet- ing of the British Association at Dublin in August, he accepted an invitation of the Earl of Rosse to join a party of scientific men in visiting the Earl's seat, Berr Castle, where they were to exam- ine the six-foot reflecting telescope there estab- lished. Even while a student of Medicine, Henry Draper had secured photomicrographs (of sections taken from the spleen) of rare perfection for those early days (George F. Barker), having in the course of this work discovered the remarkable power pos- sessed by palladious chloride in intensifying nega- tives, an observation which subsequently proved of much value in the photographic art. This early production coupled with the peculiar rewards of personal and direct observation and the pro- found impulse gained from the closer examination of Lord Rosse's telescope seems to have deter- mined in a general way the scientific interests of of Henry Draper's life. In September 185S upon his return from Europe he began the construction of a speculum, through which, on November 29, 1858, Jupiter's moons were seen with the naked eye. Early in the spring of 1859 the large mirror 64 UNirERSITIES AND THEIR SONS was reground, Henry Draper resolving to make various experiments of his own devising to accom- plish particular mechanical ends. In the summer of 1859, after much grinding and polishing, it was found that the mirror had a focal length of II feet loj inches, and that it gave fair results when tested upon the sun. In February 1S60 on account of the freezing of a few drops of water which had found their way into the sup- porting case, this speculum was found split entirely across. In June Professor J. \V. Draper visited Europe and by the advice of Sir John Herschel wrote to his son to make his mirrors of silvered glass. In November 1S60 such a one was put into the tube and during the month ten solar daguerro- types were obtained with it. Henry Draper's construction of three mirrors of the same focal length and aperture, all of which which were tested together in October 1861, was pronounced good, and consequently all were ultimately sil- vered. In the spring of 1863 Professor Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, visited Dr. Draper's laboratory and observ- atory in Hastings-on-the-Hudson and invited Henry Draper to write a monograph on the subject, which was published in July 1864 as No. 180 of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, entitled On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope 154 Inches in Aperture, and its Use in Celestial Photography. In 1867 Dr. Henry Draper married Mary Anna, the accomplished daughter of Courtlandt Palmer of New York. Upon Mr. Palmer's death in 1874 Dr. Draper became the managing Trustee of a large estate, the administration of which at first entailed an overwhelming mass of detail and exhaustive labor, which however soon was reduced to clearness and productive order by the new administrator. Eleven years before this time, in August 1863, he secured the best photograph of the moon obtained by any one up to that time, some fifteen hundred negatives of the moon being taken with the new telescope. During the summer of 1869 another dome was added to the Hastings labora- tory, and in 1873 a new telescope was used to photograph the full moon with an exposure of one-quarter second, and the image of Mars ap- peared quite round and distinct. Among the operations performed with this telescope was a study of Saturn and his system in conjunction first with Professor Newcomb and afterwards with Professor Holden. In 1875 Dr. Draper ordered from Alvan Clark of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a reflector which in 1880 was exchanged for an eleven inch achromatic, made by the Clarks for the Lisbon observatory. The first photograph of the nebula of Orion was taken with it in the same year. "The scientific reputation of Henry Draper in all probability, will rest chiefly upon his photo- graphic investigations : — First, upon the diffrac- tion spectrum of the sun ; second, upon stellar spectra ; third, upon the existence of oxygen in the sun ; and fourth, upon the spectra of the elements." (G. F. Barker.) A comparison made by Professor Pickering of Harvard in 1886 of Henry Draper's spectrum-work with that done by Professor Rowland of Johns Hopkins thir- teen years later with greatly improved appa- ratus and on a much larger scale, demonstrated the scrupulous accuracy of Henry Draper as an investigator. Secchi in Rome reproduced Henry Draper's spectrum on steel and intro- duced it into his monograph upon the sun. An excellent account of Dr. Henry Draper's " Re- searches on Astronomical Spectrum Photography," by Professors C. A. Young and E. C. Pickering, was presented to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in April 1883, and is published in its Proceedings. Mrs. Henry Draper since the death of her husband has made liberal provision for the continuation of his work, and for the endowment of astronomical research through, and in connec- tion with, the work of Harvard University. In his city residence a fine physical laboratory was established, being completed in January 1880. In 1878 Henry Draper organized an expedition to observe the total solar eclipse of July 29, 1878, the party consisting of himself as director, Mrs. Draper, T. A. Edison, President Henry Morton and G. F. Barker. Rawlins, Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railway, was chosen as the point of observation. The general conclusions reached by Dr. Draper were that the corona of the sun shines by light reflected from the solar mass by a cloud of meteors surrounding that luminary. He had not been able personally to join the expedition of the United States Commission to observe the transit of Venus, 1874. He was ap- pointed Director of the Photographic Department and he spent April, May and June in Washington, devising improved methods, testing instruments and materials and instructing the persons desig- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 65 nated to use them. He declined to accept com- pensation for his services and Congress ordered a gold medal struck in his honor, fort}'-six milli- meters in diameter, having on the obverse the representation of a siderostat with the motto " Famam extendere factis hoc virtutis opus." Upon the reverse there are inscribed the words : " Vene- ris in sole spectandae curatores R. P. F. S. Henrico Draper, M.D. Dec. VIII. MDCCCLXXIV," to- gether with the motto " Decori decus addit avito." He died on Monday, November 20, 1882, having spent many weeks in the saddle in September and the early part of October, traveling from Rock Creek on the Union Pacific to Fort Custer on the Northern Pacific Railway, riding, with his part)', some fifteen hundred miles in all, but encountering early in October a blinding snow storm with intense cold, above the timber line, and being obliged to camp without shelter. Professor Young of Princeton said of him : " Except his early death. Dr. Draper was a man fortunate in all things : in his vigorous physique, his delicate senses, and skillful hand ; in his birth and educa- tion ; in his friendships, and especially in his mar- riage, which brought to him not only wealth and all the happiness which naturally comes with a lovely, true-hearted and faithful wife, but also a most unusual companionship and intellectual sym- pathy in all his favorite pursuits. He was for- tunate in the great resources which lay at his dis- posal and in the wisdom to manage and use them well ; in the subjects he chose for his researches and in the complete success he invariably at- tained." E. G. s. CROSBY, Howard, 1826-1891. Professor Greek 1852-60, Councilor 1864-91, Chancellor 1870-81. Born in New York City, 1826; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1844; Prof. Greek in the University, 1852-60; Prof. Greek, Rutgers College, 1859-63 ; Pastor Presby- terian Church, New Brunswick, N. J., 1861-63; °f Fourth Ave. Church, New York City, 1863-91 ; D.D. Harvard, 1859; member University Council, 1864-91; Chancellor, iSyo-St ; LL.D. Columbia, 1872 ; Mode- rator Gen. Assembly, Baltimore, 1879 ; delegate to First Presbyterian Gen. Council in Edinburgh, 1878; died 1891. HOWARD CROSBY, D.D., LL.D., was born in New York City, February 27, 1826. His paternal grandfather, Dr. Ebenezer Crosby, a graduate of Harvard College, and of the Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania, was Surgeon on Washington's Staff during the Revo- lutionary War, and a Professor of Medicine and Trustee of Columbia College. Ebenezer Crosby died comparatively early of a pulmonary disease. His son, William Bedlow Crosby, married to a niece of Colonel Henry Rutgers, became the father of ten children, of whom Howard was the last, we believe. He was married to Margaret Givan in 1847. Howard Crosby himself, in the year 1883, the semi-centennial year of the first Com- mencement, when he had resigned the Chancellor- ship and reached the completion of his fifty- seventh year, wrote the following reminiscences (published at the time, November 1883, in the University Quarterly of New York University) : — "In 1835, before the University edifice was finished, Mr. Clough, an Irishman, opened a school in the basement, in which I had the honor of learning mathematics from Mr. O'Shaugnessey and French from Monsieur Parmentier. In the school at that time were (of those now living) Clinton Gra- ham and George R. Lockwood, with whom I read Sallust and Cicero. This was before the Univer- sity Grammar School was founded. — The Univer- sity, a new and popular institution, excited the admiration of the city at that time for the high aim of its founders (who were men of the first reputation) and for the symmetry of its edifice, then by far the finest building in New York excepting the City Hall. In 1840 I was admitted to the Freshman Class and spent thereafter four happy years on the University benches. During those years I looked up to many in the classes above me who have distinguished themselves in various departments of life. These were Eugene Law- rence, Robert Ogden Doremus, George H. Floughton, George H. Moore, Alexander R. Thompson, Samuel O. Vanderpoel, William P. Breed, William Allen Butler, George L. Duyckinck, Aaron J. Vanderpoel, William A. Wheelock and others, who have adorned society and benefited the community by their talents and industry, achieving deserved distinction in their several spheres of activity, during these forty years. In my own class was the genial Adler of omnivorous learning, who was faiile princcps among us in every department of study. In the classes below, while I was still on the benches, were William Aikman, George I. Seney, E. Delafield Smith, Wilson Phraner, John Sedgwick and others, who 66 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS have taken high position among their fellow- citizens. Of the Faculty of Arts of that day only two survive, the Rev. Dr. C. S. Henry the beloved and admired Professor of Philosophy, now residing at Stamford, Connecticut, and Dr. E. A. Johnson who is still seated in the Latin Chair which he has so ably filled for forty-five years. Quae cuia alumnonim Pleiiis honorum nuineribus tuas Johnsone, virtutes in aevum Aetemel ! HOWARD CROSBY Tayler Lewis, whose erudition in linguistic and philosophic lines put him in the first rank of scholars ; Joslin, wiser in mathematics than in governing a class; Draper, honored in all lands; Cyrus Mason, prominent in the inception of the University, and Frelinghuysen the good Chancellor and upright statesman, these ha\e all performed their allotted task and gone to their rest. In that olden time how different was the aspect of the city I There was no city above Union Square. Indeed Union Square was laid out only on the surveyor's map. There was scarcely a railroad in the whole country and our city cars were unknown. Whale oil supplied the city with light at night. Brooklyn gathered around Main and Fulton streets. The E. D. was the little hamlet of Williamsburgh. Jersey City had not much out- grown Powles Hook. Hoboken was an open country for afternoon promenades. The Battery was surrounded by the best private residences in the city. Chambers Street, Warren Street, Murray Street and Park Place were fashionable downtown streets, and Bleecker and Bond streets contained the choice residences uptown. Washington Square was Washington Parade Ground, and there the soldiery of the city was regularly drilled. Where now (1883) within a circle having the City Hall for its centre and with a radius of five miles there are two millions of people, there were then four hundred thousand at the highest count. There were no tramps, no street beggars, except the children who went from house to house to collect ' cold victuals.' Pigs roamed the streets ad libituvi. You could meet a dozen on a single square. There were no policemen. A few constables and a few night watchmen seemed to be all the city needed in the way of vojt.o(^vkaK(.%. The provincial city of 183s is the v?iS,t cosmopolis oi 1883. Society has changed from centre to circumference. Habits, methods, form and spirit, are all new — let us hope, for the better. May our University meet the new demand of a new age, imder the fostering care and grateful ministry of its Alumni." The earlier recollections of Howard Crosby dealt much with Colonel Rutgers, the uncle of his mother, from whom William Bedlow Crosby had inherited the substance of his fortune which in his commercial operations greatly increased, so that in 1842 William Bedlow Crosby was reputed one of the dozen millionaires in the city. Uncle Rutgers told little Howard of his own childhood recollections of the year 1755, the year of the earthquake of Lisbon, when certain iron stanchions in the Rutgers mansion were palpably bent. Another time the distinguished merchant, William B. Crosby, was accompanied by his youngest son, waiting in Nassau Street : " Do you see that man over there, Howard? That is Aaron Burr." At which the child shuddered. With pleasure Howard Crosby recalled frequent visits of Wash- ington Irving to his father's house. And still although reared in a house of great wealth and ease, after Crosby had reached his thirty-third year, when at Rutgers College, being Professor there, he entered the ministry, he began a life of vigorous service of his fellow men, and in this UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 67 work, largely done during his pastorate of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, he was essentially a representative of the church militant. He was combative by nature. It was not in him to yield or temporize. Nor was he given to abstruse or analytical labors when there was the opportunity of dealing a blow against evil or making a practical step of progress for that which was good and wholesome. In the twenty-eight years from 1863 to 1891 he steadily rose in the esteem of those elements of those citizens whose esteem is indeed an honor, so that at his death, March 29, 1891, he was without controver,sy the first citizen of New York. There was one of the noblest traits of this extraordinary man which was much abused. He was trustful beyond the limits of worldly prudence, trustful beyond his better knowledge of average human nature. Through the life and innermost strain of Howard Crosby there was traceable like a thread of fine gold that which was greater in him than his manifold and great gifts — the "more excellent way" of St. Paul — Charity. And as the great Apostle says, I Corinthians xiii. 4, " Charity suffereth long, and is kind;" — and Charity " Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth ; beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things ; " thus this was a positive and a great force in his soul. And coupled with it was a resoluteness of action and personal initiative which was characteristic of the man. To see a brutal man maltreating a child meant for him to rush upon the offender, clutch him firmly and take him along until he met a policeman, while being himself kicked or bitten in the process. There was in him this element of moral chi\-alry and the spirit of the reformer which placed him at the head e.g. of the Society for the Prevention of Crime and made him go to Albany with so many bills meant for the social and moral amelioration of the city which he loved and which he served. And so, on a noted occasion. Dr. Crosby was introduced by William E. Dodge " as the first citizen in New York in pluck and courage, one who is constantly going for everything that is wrong and the one above all others whom wrong- doers fear." Or again, to quote from a minute of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, (1891) : " Our President, the Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby, counted himself a debtor to every citizen of New York. This he did because he respected every man as his brother, committed to his care by the common Father. He met his debt in part as preacher, educator, author, honest taxpayer and voter. Still he counted himself debtor to aid specially the magistrates in two ways — first, encouraging, assisting and constraining them to execute existing laws ; second, in securing better laws. . . . He did much to create a standard of faithfulness in office. The ideal magistrate has been kept before New Yorkers by his efforts. He personally pursued the violators of the law in numberless cases. He was a terror to evil- doers. He was ubiquitous in his survey of events around him. . . . He stimulated us by his toils, patrolling sometimes by night to detect unfaithful officers or flagrant criminals. He led us in giving his means. He was always prompt, never wear}'. He harmonized differing elements. He forgot himself and made others forget themselves for the cause." Dr. Crosby was Moderator of the Gen- eral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1873. Every minute of his waking hours was filled with labor appointed or unappointed. His summer- vacations for many years were kept short by him- self : he insisted that heat or fashion should not close his church. His favorite abode in the latter years of his life was his summer home at Pine Hill, New York, in the Catskills, where his vigorous tours on foot sometimes actually carried him away from highways and by-ways even, so that he had to seek shelter with strangers. One of the secrets of the composition of the character of this extraorclinar)' man was this, that he could — and did — throw himself and all that he was, into what at the time was to be done. His sympathy was of the prac- tical and forceful order ; tens of thousands still living will utter at this day, and as long as they live, his name to couple it with a blessing coming from a grateful heart. Dr. Crosby had a striking presence. There was a finely chiseled face, a high forehead and every manifestation of a soul in which the highest and most spiritual emotions and motives held domination. His eyes often had lurking within their corners, when he was among friends, the ambuscading artillery of sudden sallies of wit or humor. He possessed a voice which like a fine violin or violoncello under the hand of a great master could resound in every key and its reverberations touch every emotion that ever is roused into life in the human heart. The simplest matter when told with the humor of Ho^^■ard 68 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Crosby and in the modulations of his exquisite barytone voice, charmed the hearers whether to solemn and serious emotions or may be to fits of uncontrollable laughter. In this faculty of imme- diate domination through his rare faculties of utterance and presentation he reminds one of Dickens. How vast was the sphere and how extensive the periphery of vital points at which he worked with and for his generation can best be seen by glancing at the bodies who enacted trib- utes of grateful recognition of his worth and his work when he passed away, on the anni\-ersary of the Resurrection, March 29, 1891. Among those who condoled with his immediate family were his church, the Council of New York University and the various Faculties of the same, the Press of New York City and of the country at large, the Presbyterian Union of New York, the Quarterly Meeting of the Ministerial Union of Pliiladelphia, the Presbyterian Ministers Association of New York, the Grace Chapel Helping Hand, the Gen- eral Assembly (May 1891), the Bible Society and other bodies. Of Dr. Crosby's services on the Bible Revision Committee President Timothy Dwight of Yale University said : " \^'e were both members of the New Testament section of the Committee on Revision, and we sat side by side ... at all the monthly meetings which continued for nearly nine years. Dr. Crosby was a man of as strong con- victions as any of the whole number. He held his beliefs as precisely, as firmly, as unquestionably as a man could hold them. He saw not only clearly but with the utmost distinctness, what he saw. He pronounced his conclusions as positively and emphatically as if no doubt respecting their abso- lute trutMulness had ever entered his own mind, or could enter any other well-balanced mind. . . . He instinctively turned away from the thought of a half-way speaking, because t/icre was only half-way believing. And yet there was no arrogance, and no bitterness, and no violence of opposition in his feeling, and no angry passion in his differences from others. He was a courteous gentleman after every description, and was as ready peacefully to be left in a minority, even in a minority of one, as any man whom I have known. He was good-tempered — immovably so — in all the discussions of those nine years, and I think he murt have been as truly so outside of those familiar and friendly meetings as lie was when attending them. I have heard that he said, not long before his death, to a gentleman with whom he had had what seemed to the public a sharp controversy : ■ You will find that there is no bit- terness of feeling in me.' As a scholar he was quick of apprehension. He possessed great power of working and of rapid working. He abounded in enthusiasm. He had read, again and again, the writings of the classical Greek authors. He had noticed carefully all matters of words and con- struction usage, and was ready with all that he knew at a moment's call. To some of us he seemed fanciful at times, in his interpretations, but he always defended them with vigorous argument and with strong confidence. He never resented the intimation that his opinion was wrong. He smiled his most genial and kindly smile when all the rest of the company voted against him. He had a wonderful appreciation of words, their mean- ing and likenesses and a wonderful power of play- fully using them. His humor, as connected with this gift, was unbounded. His mind delighted in its own joyous exercise, and as he delighted himself by his happy workings, he also gave pleas- ure to all who were associated with him." And this admirable sketch by President Dwight with but slight modifications could be fitted to a descrip- tion of what Howard Crosby was at the meetings of the Greek Club of New York. On December 30, 1857, Howard Crosby, Professor of Greek in New York University, and Henry Drisler, Pro- fessor of Greek at Columbia College, met in a barbershop and settled the beginnings of that noted organization of friends of Greek literature which lasted for forty years, lapsing soon after the death of Professor Drisler, November 30, 1S97. The club in its palmy days rarely had more than twelve members ; the meetings were held on Friday evenings at the houses of members in turn. Reading began about 8.15 and lasted for two hours more or less. One member was reader for the evening, being appointed one week in advance. There was a difference, roughly speaking, of some fifty per cent between the amounts covered by the slowest and by the fastest readers, respectively ; on the whole, in prose writers about ten pages of the Teubner text were covered by the readers, and about four hundred verses in poetry. The Club thus read, or reread. Homer, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, Pindar ; the dramatists, Aeschy- lus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes ; Herodo- tus, Thucydides, Plato, Demosthenes : in each UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 69 case traversing all the works extant ; most of the other nine orators ; Aristotle's Politics and Ethics ; of the post-classic writers : Polybius, Plutarch, Josephus, Lucian and others. Associated with the two founders were, in the course of time : Talbot W. Chambers, Charlton T. Lewis, W. P. Prentice, Eugene Lawrence, Eugene Schuyler, Austin Stickney, Isaac Hall, Herbert Morse, Robert Minturn, H. Overhiser, Julius Sachs, Seth Low, E. G. Sihler, Mr. Ferris of Bay Ridge, Brook- lyn, Messrs. Fr. Cope Whitehouse, tlie Egyptian explorer. Barrows, Leggett, Mytton Maury, and, towards the very end, Professors Perry and James Wheeler of Columbia. After the reading there was a supper furnished by the host, and general conversation, furnished by all or any one. Never we beheve (in the history of American culture) has the intrinsic force of the great writers of Greece so revealed itself not only as the inex- haustible source of the highest form of literary gratification, but as a noble and tenacious bond of social union. The death of Dr. Crosby, the one founder, in 1891 dealt the Greek Club a blow from which it never recovered ; the death of the other. Professor Drisler, caused its end. Howard Crosby is laid at rest in Woodlawn Cemetery. The monument erected to his memory in that peaceful abode is a modest shaft. But, as Mr. A. D. F. Randolph beautifully expressed it : " He in his life built his own Monument : We who remain the Epitaph indite : A citizen, chivalric as a Knight ; His mail — a courage wrought of pure intent That Civic wrong give place to Civic right. A Scholar ; he with Plato often trod The Academic groves in quest of light. Yet with a full clear vision of the God Great Plato dimly saw. A Teacher, wise, He held God's word as God's ; in its defense Stood as a rock. He made no compromise 'Twixt Truth and Error ; and where zeal intense Failed to persuade, he oft with love beguiled, Since in his Faith he was a little child." E. G. S. POMEROY, John Norton, 1828-1885. Professor Law, 1864-1870. Born in Rochester, N. Y., 1828; prepared for College at Rochester High School; studied in Hamilton Col- lege, 1843-46; taught school, 1846-51; admitted to Bar, 1851 ; practiced in Rochester, 1851-60; Prin. Kingston (N. Y.) Acad., 1861 ; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ., 1864-70; in practice and engaged in writing in Roches- ter, 1870-78; Prof. Municipal Law Univ. of Calif., 1878-85; author of valuable law works ; died 1885. JOHN NORTON POMEROY was born April 12, 1828, in Rochester, New York. His father, Enos, born in 179 1, was one of the early settlers of Rochester, having removed thither in 18 16. He was also one of the pioneer lawyers of western New York. For many years he was Surrogate of Monroe county. Professor Pome- roy's ancestors, on both his father's and his mother's side, lived for several generations in Con- JOHN N. POMEROY necticut and western Massachusetts. On his mother's side he was descended from President Clapp of Yale, and Governor Pitkin of Connecti- cut. Professor Pomeroy was prepared for College at the Rochester High School, then under the able management of Dr. Chester Dewey. He entered Hamilton College in 1843 at the age of fifteen. One of his classmates and a life-long friend was Senator Hawley of Connecticut. He left College a short time before the graduation of his class and taught for some months in the Rochester High School. Leaving Rochester, he took charge, for the space of three years, of the Academy in Leba- non, Ohio, near Cincinnati. While thus employed 70 UNirERsrriEs jnd their sons he studied law with Senator Thomas Corwin, a resident of Lebanon. On his return to Rochester he entered the oiSce of Judge Henry Selden. He was admitted to the Bar in 1851 and practiced in Rochester until i860. In i860 he removed to New York City and in 1S61, shortly after the out- break of the war, took charge of the Academy at Kingston, New York, the oldest in the state. P'rom this time on, his time was largely, and from 1S73 till his death, chiefly devoted to writing on legal and political subjects. His first treatise, Munici- pal Law, was published in 1864. In that year he assumed the post of Professor of Law in the New York University Law School, in the reorganization due to the retirement of Professor Wedgewood. In 1870 he returned to Rochester and resumed the practice of law. After the first two years of his residence there, however, his time was devoted almost exclusively to writing. In 1878 he was called to the Professorsliip of Municipal Law in the Hastings Law College of the University of California which had been established in that year. This position he held until his death. During the last two or three years of his life he was engaged on a few large and important cases, notably the famous Debris case and the Railroad Tax cases, both before the United States Circuit Court of California. At the same time he was Editor of the West Coast Reporter. His death occurred from pneumonia, after a week's illness, on the twenty-fifth of February, 1885. Pomeroy was one of the most prolific writers in American jurispru- dence ; he wrote on Municipal Law ; on Constitu- tional Law ; on Remedies and Remedial Rights by the Civil Action ; on Criminal Procedure, Plead- ing and Evidence ; on the Specific Perforiuance of Contracts as it is enforced by Courts of Equitable Jurisdiction in the United States; on Equity Juris- prudence ; his last work being Lectures on Inter- national Law in the Time of Peace, edited by Theodore S. Woolsey, 1886, after Professor Pom- eroy's death. In addition to these treatises Pro- fessor Pomeroy 's writings included numerous contributions to the North American Review, the American Law Review and the Nation ; also the majority of the legal articles in Johnson's Encyclo- paedia. Justice Stephen J. Field of the United States Supreme Court said of his writings ; " In the consideration and elucidation of every subject he brought to bear established principles without the slightest prejudice from past traditions, or undue reverence for old forms and opinions." . . . " His greatest work, and the one on whicli his repu- tation in the future will chiefly rest, is his treatise on Equity Jurisprudence. It exliibits immense labor in the examination of the adjudged cases ; and it presents what the author intended, in the clearest light, those principles which Jie at the foundation of equity, and which are the sources of its doctrines and rules." e.g. s. JESUP, Morris Ketchum, 1830- Member Council 1865-66, 1870-81, Treasurer 1875-81. Born in Westport, Conn., 1830; merchant and banker in New York City; prominent in philanthropic, chari- table and educational work; twice a member of the University Council, 1865-66, and 1870-81 ; Treasurer, 1873-81. MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP was born in Westport, Connecticut, June 21, 1830, son of Charles and Abigail (Sherwood) Jesup. He is a descendant of Edward Jesup who came to this country from Sheffield, England, and settled in Stamford, Connecticut, about the middle of the seventeenth century, and afterward moved to Westchester county. New York. His father was born in Saugatuck, Connecticut, in 1796, and shortly after graduating from Yale (181 4), made an extensive tour in Europe. LTpon his return he engaged in business in Connecticut, and was also closely identified with religious work. Abigail (Sherwood) Jesup, whom he married in 182 1, was a daughter of Samuel B. Sherwood of Fairfield county, Connecticut, a well-known lawyer of his day. After the death of his father in 1842, Morris K. Jesup accompanied his mother to New York City. He made good use of his educa- tional opportunities, and received his first business training in the office of Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor of the Paterson Locomotive Works. At the early age of twentj'-two he established the firm of Clark & Jesup in New York Cit)', and about 1856 founded the banking house of M. K. Jesup & Company, which has continued to the present day under successive changes in the firm name, now being known as Cuyler, Morgan & Company, with Mr. Jesup as special partner. As a financier Mr. Jesup has been extensively inter- ested in railways, and as Director has been closely identified with the development of several im- portant lines. Of late he has withdrawn from UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 71 active participation in tlie various enterprises with which he has been connected. In 1863 he be- came a member of the Chamber of Commerce, with which he has been actively identified to the present time, and is now its President. Mr. Jesup's interest in philanthropic and educational work, which began with the advent of his business prosperity, still continues. His benefactions have been -distributed over a wide field of usefulness, including the Forty-fourth Street Lodging House for Homeless Boys, erected by him in 1888; a liberal donation to the American Museum of Natural MORRIS K. JESUP History, of which institution he is President ; the presentation of Jesup Hall to the Union Theolo- gical Seminary; and a gift of $100,000 to the Women's Hospital in memory of his mother, the income of which sum is to be used to defray the expenses of women unable to pay for treatment. His beneficence to Yale has contributed much toward extending the usefulness of that University. In New York University he has at two different times served in the Council, 1865-1866, and 1870- 1881 ; he was also Treasurer of the University from 1873 to 1 88 1. Mr. Jesup was one of the founders of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, its President in 1872, and since that time he has been one of its Trustees. He is President of the New York Mission and Trust Society, the American Sunday School Union and the Five Point House of Industry ; Vice-President of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb ; Treasurer of the Slater Fund for the Education of the Freedman, and Trustee of the Half-Orphan Asylum. During the Civil War he was Treasurer of the Christian Commission. He is a member of the American Geographical Society, the New York Genealogical and Biographical Association, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Fine Art Society, the National Academy of Design, the Down Town Association, the New England Society, the Sons of the American Revo- lution, the Williams College Alumni Association and the Century, University, Metropolitan, City, New York Yacht, Mendelssohn and Riding clubs. A constant student in matters of scientific research, he has furnished the American Museum of Natural History with many valuable specimens, notably of rare fossils. He has presented a handsome hall to Williams College, from which institution he holds the honorary degree Master of Arts. He is also a Master of Arts of Yale. In 1841 Mr. Jesup married Maria Van Antwerp, daughter of Rev. Thomas De Witt, for forty years Pastor of the Collegiate Dutch Church of New York City. The De Witt Memorial Church in Rivington Street was erected by Mr. Jesup. * ANDREWS, Loring, 1799-1875. Councilor 1866-1875, — Benefactor. Born in Windham. N.Y., 1799 ; leather merchant New York City from 1829; Director Mechanics' Bank; founder and first Pres. Shoe and Leather Bank; one of the first to start endowment of the University ; mem- ber University Council, 1866-75; died 1875. LORING ANDREWS, Merchant, was born January 31, 1799, at Windham in White (now Greene) County, in the Catskills, New York. His first American ancestor, William Andrews, was one of the companions of John Davenport in the settlement of the Colony of New Haven in 1639. Later Wallingford, Connecticut, was the home of the Andrewses. From Wallingford about 1750 Laban Andrews migrated to the Catskill country in New York. His son. Constant Andrews, had two sons and two daughters, Loring being the second son. Constant in 1817 sought his fortune 72 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS ill the West leaving his family behind ; his son Loring apprenticed himself to a tanner and thus thoroughly acquired knowledge of that craft from 1S13 to 1S20. During this time his mother, Sara Andrews, had died in New York City, and it was to his maternal parent that Loring Andrews's mind \\as wont to return with grateful piety and affection when he had risen to importance and affluence. Young Loring spent the first two years of his freedom in search of his father, learning at last that both his father and his older brother had died at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Having amid many privations — by way of New Orleans — effected his return to New York he revisited \\'ind- ham and undertook for his old master, Foster J\forse, the management of one of the latter's tanneries. Thence in 1829 he migrated to New York City and settled there as a leather merchant, with a small capital at first, but with the trust and goodwill of the tanners of Greene count)'. His arrival in New York thus was almost coincident with the beginnings of New York University to which institution he gave later the largest single gift for endowment recorded in the first sixty years of its history. The panic of 1837 utterly swept away the fortune of Mr. Andrews, but his special partners, Gideon Lee and Sheperd Knapp decided to leave their money in his keeping with no other security than his word, to be repaid at his own convenience. The money was repaid in due time and henceforward the commercial prosperity of the distinguished merchant received no further check, his business generally being carried on without a partner except in 1S40 when Abiel Low of Boston was his partner. Mr. Andrews was described by his business associates as the soul of honor in all his transactions, and he possessed in a remarkable degree foresight and independent judgment, invest- ing largely in the property of the commercial sec- tion given up to the wholesale leather trade and known to the world of trade as the " Swamp." He was one of the early Directors of the Mechanics' Bank and one of the founders of the Shoe and Leather Bank and its first President. He sub- scribed largely to the stock of the Atlantic Cable Company at a time when the general public con- sidered it a most hazardous venture. It is a coincidence of singular fitness that the fine stone mansion in which at one time he resided is now the property of the sixth Chancellor of New York University, and that his name is perpetuated at University Heights by two streets, Andrews A\'e- nue and Loring Place, thoroughfares directly con- tiguous to the splendid campus of the northern Collegiate site. His son, William Loring Andrews, succeeded to his father's seat in the Council. As the foimder of the beginning of permanent endow- ment of New York University, Loring Andrews's name will always be cherished warmly by the students and alumni of the University. Mr. . Andrews was a member of the Chamber of Com- merce from July 6, 1865, to the end of his life. His portrait now adorns the gallery of that im- portant corporation. Li his social and more private relations Loring Andrews was self-contained and somewhat reticent, but kindly ; his benefac- tions were alike liberal and unostentatious. He died in New York City, Januaiy 22, 1875. E. o. s. RICHARDS, Thomas Addison, 1820- Professor of Art 1867, — Emeritus 1892. Born in London, England, 1820; came to U. S. at age of eleven ; studied at Nat. Acad, of Design; Asso- ciate of the Acad., 1848; Academician, 1851 ; Corres. Sec, 1852-92; Director Cooper Union School of Design for 'Women, 1858-60; Prof, of Art N. Y. Univ. since 1867; Emeritus since 1892; painter and author; A.M. N. Y. Univ., 1878. THOMAS ADDISON RICHARDS was born in London, England, December 3, 1820, and came to the United States with his father in 1831. Ten years of his early life were spent in Georgia, and in 1845 '"'^ removed to New York City, entering the National Academy of Design -where he spent two years in study. In 1848 he was elected an Associate of the Academy, in 185 1 an Academician, and in 1852 Correspond- ing Secretary, which office he retained until 1892. In 1858 he was appointed the first Director of the Cooper LInion School of Design for Women and remained in that position for two years. Since 1867 he has been Professor of Art in the University, having received two high marks of honor during his term of service : the bestowal of the honorary degree Master of Arts in 1878 and the title Professor Emeritus in 1892. Pro- fessor Richards' work in the field of art may be said to have begun at the age of twelve when he wrote an account of his voyage to America and illustrated it with water-color drawings. His next important work was published in Baltimore six years later — an illustrated volume on flower paint- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 73 ing, entitled The American Artist, and from that time his work as author and artist was continued with unflagging energy and notable artistic enthu- siasm. His Romance of American Landscape, a beautiful quarto volume of stories, fully illustrated in scenes of American scenery from paintings by himself and other Americans, was brought out in his early life. It was followed by the Appleton's Guide Book and bymany illustrated writings in Harper's Magazine, the Southern Literary Gazette and the Orion. A recent work is Pictures and Painters, a large volume of steel engravings by various artists, accompanied by a text of descrip- tive and biographical matter. Professor Richards' early painting was almost exclusively in portraiture, and many of his pictures of this class, made at a time when there was a taste and demand for painted portraits, may be found to-day on the walls of southern homesteads. His modern and more masterly work is, howe\-er, devoted to landscape painting, and he has found many delightful sub- jects in natural scenes in every part of America, in England, Germany, Switzerland, France and Italy. His paintings of highest merit are : The Edisto River in South Carolina ; The Spirit of Solitude, or Alastor; On the River Rhine; Lake Thun and Lake Brienz in Switzerland ; Souvenir of the Adirondack Lakes ; The Indian Paradise, or the Dream of the Happy Hunting Grounds ; The Deserted Village ; The Happy Valley ; War- wick Castle ; Lake Lucerne ; The Chateau of Chillon ; The Delaware Water Gap ; and The Live Oaks of the South; many of these have appeared in the exhibitions of the National Acad- emy of Design. Professor Richards married in 1S57, Mary, daughter of L. D. Anthony of Provi- dence, Rhode Island ; she died November 30, 1894, leaving no children. * GILLETT, Ezra Hall, 1823-1875. Professor Political Science, 1870-75. Born in Colchester, Conn., 1823 ; graduated Yale, 1841 ; A.M. in course; studied at Union Theol. Sem., 1841-44; ordained, 1845; Pastor First Presbyterian Church of Harlem, 1845-70; D.D. Hamilton College, 1864; Prof. Political Science, N. Y. Univ. 1805-81, 1870-75; died 1875. EZRA HALL GILLETT, D.D., was born in Colchester, Connecticut, July 15, 1823. On his father's side he was of Huguenot descent, his first ancestor in this country having landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1630. On his mother's side he was probably of Welsh stock which was transferred to New England soil in 1638. The evidence of both strains was manifest in his char- acter and in his moral and intellectual fibre. As a boy he attended Bacon Academy in his native place, a school with a wide and favorable reputa- tion under the guidance of Charles P. Otis, Myron N. Morris and Edward Strong, all alumni of Yale and able instructors. The avidity with which he learned is evident when it is stated that he not only did his share of farm work with his brothers in aid of his father, but was prepared to enter Yale when he was less than fourteen years of age. As he had not yet attained the statutory limit for ad- mission, he returned to the instruction of the Rev. Joel R. Arnold, Pastor of the Congregational Church, under whom he passed, to all intents and purposes, the work of the Freshman and Sopho- more years, for at the end of two years he applied once again and was admitted to the Junior Class at Yale in 1S39, when only a little more than six- teen years old. These two years spent with Mr. Arnold were important in his life and destiny. His reverence for his instructor was always deep and sincere, and his admiration for him remained undimmed. But not only was he influenced intel- lectually by the minister, but also spiritually, for when fifteen he united with the church. I"rom that time his life-work was perfectl}' plain to him, and he knew no ambition except to prepare him- self worthily to preach the Gospel. Though he spent only two years at Yale, he was one of the Commencement orators August 18, 1841. He spoke On the Limited Extent of Man's Acquisi- tions as Compared with the Objects of Knowledge. This theme was ever descriptive of his mental atti- tude and restless desire for further attainment. Throughout his life he strove to obtain the most exhaustive knowledge of whatever he touched. He did not essay everything, but what he did he did well. He spent four years in the Union Theologi- cal Seminary, 1841-1845 ; the final year as a graduate student. During his course he found time not only to support himself, but to read Latin and Greek in the realm of the higher classics, to acquire French and German, and to discharge for a part of the time the duties of assistant librarian under Dr. Edward Robinson, the orientalist and biblical scholar. He had access to the wonderful Van Ess Library, recently im- 74 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS ported from German)-, where it had previously been the secret library of the Marienmiinster in the diocese of Paderborn. Here he acquired a knowl- edge of the German of the sixteenth century as it was written and printed in the days of Luther ; and this knowledge he put to use in translating Luther's commentary on Peter and Jude from a black-letter original. The love of this library then acquired he ever retained, and to his energy and devotion the Seminary Library owes directly or in- directly some of its most precious treasures. These were years of preparation and they passed all too quickly for this ardent student. On April i6, 1845, he was ordained by the Third (New School) Pres- EZRA H. r,II,LETT bytery of New York, and installed over the First Presbyterian Ghurch of Harlem which had been organized on June 29, 1844. He occupied the pulpit of this church almost precisely twenty-five years ; it was declared vacant on April 4, 1870. The Pastor of a small struggling church in those days had many trials to endure. But the habits of thrift which he had learned in his youth and stu- dent days carried him through and gave him suc- cess. On one occasion he refused an offered increase of salary because, as he dryly said, he had trouble enough already in making collections. The animosities of the Civil War were felt in his church as well as outside, and they resulted in the organization of a Congregational Church. Later in his ministry an attempt was made to form a second Presbyterian Church, but after a feeble struggle the attempt failed. Under his successors it was repeated and eventuated in the present Church of the Puritans. At the close of his long service he retired with the love of a large and united flock. He continued to reside in their midst, and was an acceptable preacher in a large circle of churches in the city and vicinity, over which he seemed, as he playfully suggested, to have assumed the office of Presbyterial Bishop. During his pastorate in 1864, and in recognition of scholarly work in his volumes on The Life and Times of John Huss, he was the recipient of the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Hamilton Col- lege. He received several flattering calls to other fields of influence and activity, but his heart was with the church of his first love. At the close of a quarter of a century the necessity of a new edi- fice to accommodate his growing audience and his unwillingness to assume the consequent cares and burdens made the unexpected offer of a Professor- ship in the University doubly welcome. He en- tered upon his labors with the enthusiasm which always characterized him, and soon gained a warm share in the affections of his students as well as a high place in their esteem. They recognized and admired his spirit and aims, and they respected him for his scholarly acquirements and his intel- lectual strength. His only professional short-com- ings were due to his absorption in his subject, and his natural forgetfulness of the fact that students were students and that fun was the breath of their nostrils. His field was a varied one, and w'hile he was known as the Professor of Political Economy, he also gave instruction in international and con- stitutional law, in the relations between sacred and profane history, and in the evidences of revealed religion. In these fields he was an enthusiast as was shown by the numerous manuscripts which he left. The five years which he spent in the Uni- versity were all too short for the good which he might have accomplished had he been spared. He was cut off at the early age of fifty-two, when at the height of his powers and possibilities. He was a deep and exact student, with a special bent toward historical themes. His writings were many, and even the incomplete list of them given in the Biographical Catalogue, prepared by the UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 7S Alumni Association, contains seventy-eight entries covering volumes and review articles. Besides the books already mentioned he printed a volume of sermons, and another of lectures on the fulfil- ment of the Old Testament prophecies as seen in Ancient Cities and Empires. He was the official Historian of the Presbyterian Church under ap- pointment of the (New School) General Assembly, and the second, revised and partly rewritten edi- tion of the history of the denomination in two volumes was issued in the same week in which he died. His latest work was in his volumes on natural religion ; one. The Moral System, intro- ductory to Butler's Analogy, and the other, God in Human Thought, in which he traced the records of human recognition of the Deity in the literary remains of all ages. He gave much attention to the Deistic Controversy in England and the various controversies in New England in the eishteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The books which he gathered in these fields now form part of the collec- tions in the McAlpin and the Gillett Collections in the Library of the Union Theological Seminaiy under the charge of his elder son. On one occasion he was requested to lecture on the Deistic Con- troversy in the University Chapel. In spite of the subject the audience filled the room, and heard a lec- ture delivered without notes, but filled with names, titles and dates, and punctuated with conclusions which often depended for their force upon a differ- ence of date of only a month, perhaps. It was a marvel as a feat of memory, but with its graphic delineations and characterizations it was the effort of a master mind thoroughly at home in its sub- ject. As another instance of the availability of his knowledge and of his mastery of dates and facts, mention may be made of his composition, inside of twenty-four hours, of an article for the New York Tribune in 1S70, at the time of the re- union of the two branches of the. Presbyterian Church, descriptive of the history of the denomi- nation, its division and factions, of the efforts toward re-union, and of the action leading to the union then soon to occur. This article filled an entire solid page of the large broadside of the Tribune of that date. As a feat with a pen, not to say anything about composition, it was very re- markable. Dr. Gillett was impatient of shams ; generous to honest efforts ; without jealousy of others ; only intent upon the advancement of the truth. In theology he belonged to the New School or liberal branch of the Presb)'terian Church, and his sympathy and pen were alwa}-s engaged on the side of theological progress. He was twice mar- ried : to Maria H. Ripley, on October 15, 1851 ; and to Mary J. Kendall, on June 19, 1854. He had one daughter who lived only five months, and two sons who with his -wido-w survived him : Charles Ripley (New York University, Class of 1874) and Wilham Kendal! Gillett (Class of 1880). Dr. Gillett died September 2, 1875. <^- R- g. DAVIES, Henry Eugene, 1805-1881. Law Professor and President Law Faculty, 1870-1881. Born in Ogdensburg, N. Y., 1805; admitted to Bar in Utica, N. Y., 1826; Corp. Counsel of New York City, 1850; Justice N. Y. Supreme Court, 1855; Assoc. Judge Court of Appeals, 1860-66; Presiding Judge, 1866-68; Pres. Law Faculty at the University, 1870-81 ; died i88t. HENRY EUGENE DAVIES, Justice, was born in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence county, New York, January 12, 1805. He studied law with Judge Alfred Conkling, and was admitted to the Bar in Utica in 1826, in that )'ear entering practice in Buffalo. LTpon his resignation from the Presidency of the Law Faculty of New York LTniversity in 18S1 the following memoir was entered in the records of the University Council : " The Council reluctantly accepts the resignation of the Hon. Henry E. Davies as President of the Law Facult)' and it is ordered that this minute be entered on the records of the Council in evi- dence of its sense of value of his services in the Law School." Judge Davies consented to accept the Presidency of the Law Faculty when the Law Department was reorganized in 1870, He had then recently resvuned active practice on retiring from the Bench of the Court of Appeals to which he was elected in 1859 and where he had sat as Associate Judge from i860 to 1866 and as Presid- ing Judge until 1868 when he declined re-election. He had pre\'iously been a Justice of the Supreme Court and counsel to the Corporation of the City of New York, during a very active period in the affairs of the city. During the last ten years, in which Judge Davies has given to the Law School the benefit of his learning and ripe experience, he has been actively engaged in the duties of a prac- tice involving matters of large pecuniary amounts, great professional interest and grave responsibility. 76 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS His professional life now co\'ei"S a period of more than twice " twenty j'ears of legal lucubrations." To his energy, to his ability, shown at the Bar and on the Bench during this long and successful career, the common consent of the profession and the pages of the New York Reports (eight volumes of Smith and the twehe volumes of Tiffany) con- taining his opinions, in which cases and principles are reviewed and discussed with exhaustive learn- ing, bear ample testiinony. On leaving the high- est tribunal of the state, Judge Davies seems to have thought it no loss of dignity to preside over the moot-courts of law students -where in their mimic contests he gave to them the benefit of the experience gained in the real struggle of the forum with the same genial and sympathetic manner and richness of illustration with which Judge Story after adjourning the Circuit Court of the United States would preside over a moot court at Cam- bridge. Year after year Judge Davies has taken time from his profession to attend in the Law School, and by his encouraging words, the happy anecdote, the apt illustration, and 'his wealth of learning to make the moot-court exercises attrac- tive as well as useful." Judge Davies died in New York City, December 7, 1881. e. g. s. [See portrait page 149, T'ait I.] JACQUES, David Ralph, 1823- Professor Law 1870-gi , Dean of Law School 1887-91. Born near Woodbridge, N. J., 1823 ; graduated Har- vard 1842; LL.B. Harvard 1842 ; admitted to the Bar, 1846 ; practicing lawyer in New York City ; member Board of Councilmen, 1864-65; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ., 1870-91 ; Dean of Law Faculty, 1887-91 ; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1877; retired 1891. D.WID RALPH JACQUES, LL.D., was born near Woodbridge, New Jersey, April 20, 1S23, son of David Ralph and Catherine Shotwell Jacques. The first American ancestor of Professor Jacques was Henry Jacques who came from England to Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1640, a town named from old Newburv in Berkshire, England. Some of his descendants nroved into New Jersey, and Moses Jacques, grand- father of Professor Jacques, a farmer in Rahway, near Woodbridge, was first Lieutenant-Colonel and subsequently Colonel of the Second Regiment of Essex New Jersey militia during the entire period of the Revolutionary War. Da\-id R. Jacques, the Professor's father, devoted himself to business. Professionally the latter's son, Professor David R. Jacques, followed a line differing from his father's avocation; graduating at Harvard in 1842 he entered the Dane Law School of the same Univer- sity, listening to the Moot Court decisions of Story and Greenleaf, the one partictilarly present- ing the law of real property and evidence, and the other teaching mainly equity and mercantile law. After graduating at the Law School in 1S44 David Jacques entered the law office of John Anthon of New York City, then one of the leaders of the Bar, who was instrumental in procuring the pas- sage of the Act creating the Superior Court of the City of New York, and who furthermore was the author of a work on Nisi Prius. After being admitted to the Bar in 1849 he served for nine years as clerk or assistant to Surrogate Bradford. That jurist during his occupancy of the Surro- gate's office with his own hand wrote voluminous reports of testimony of the more important cases tried before him, and when a sufficient number of opinions had accumulated to form a volume Judge Bradford arranged with Messrs. Baker and Godwin for its publication. Professor Jacques superintended the publication of the entire series, carefully examining the authorities, verifying the citations and correcting the proof. After leaving the Surrogate's oflSce he entered upon the active practice of his profession, at first alone and after- wards conjointly with Cornelius Minor. He was, of course, strongly interested in Surrogate's prac- tice, although at first some fifteen actions, includ- ing an omnibus suit, growing out of an insolvent assignment, occupied much of his time. The case of Bascom ts. Albertson, in which the decis- ion of the Court of Appeals settled or was supposed to have finally settled the law in New York as to trusts for charity as affected by the rule against perpetuity, was argued by him in all its stages. Notable cases in which he was engaged were those of the will of Caroline Merrill, by which a large property was given to the Arch- bishop of New York, and in the Supreme Court the litigations growing out of the trusts of property valued at several millions of dollars, created by the will of the late D. A. Cushman. Professor Jacques was for about twenty years a Trustee of the Children's Aid Society, and thus brought into frequent association with the late Charles Loring Brace, author of Gesta Christi and soul of that charitable enterprise. Professor Jacques had pre- UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 77 viously taught a class of newsboys in the lodo-ino-- house of the society when it occupied the sixth floor of the Sun Building at the corner of Fulton and Nassau streets. As Trustee he rendered many gratuitous legal services in cases connected with this noble charity. He was sent to the Assembly at Albany by the Republican party where, however, he pursued a somewhat indepen- dent course, e. g., in voting against the so called Gridiron bills of street car line franchises, and a bill for reorganizing the Alms House Department. In i860 and once more, later, he was nominated for Surrogate by the Republicans. During the Civil War Professor Jacques was appointed by Governor Edwin Morgan a member of the recruit- ing commission for the County of New York. In 1864 he sat for a year in the Board of Council- men with William S. Opdyke as his sole Repub- lican colleague. In September 1S70 he was appointed Professor of Law in the University, with the Hon. Henry E. Davies as President of the Law Faculty. At that time a vigorous move- men, was made looking towards the re-invigoration of the Law School, an inaugural meeting being held in the Law Library at which addresses were made by Chancellor Zabriskie of New Jersey, Chauncey B. Ripley and William Allen Butler. At his first lecture Professor Jacques was met by a class of four students. Everything had to be done offhand and at once, scheme of studies elab- orated, text-books selected and method of legal education determined. The theory of legal edu- cation pursued in the school was the study — as Professor Jacques himself once expressed it — of system — of rules co-ordinated and classified, com- bined with the study of cases. As a method of teaching students law, the exclusive study of cases is simply impracticable ; and some systematic knowledge of principles is indispensable even to a profitable study of the reports. As a gymnastic, as an exercise in getting at cardinal facts, in deducing rules, in balancing and reconciling decis- ions, case study is invaluable. The reported case is like the moral tale or fable (but with the haec fabula docet in the head note and not at the end), the concrete statement making a more vivid impression than any abstract precept. After Judge Davies resumed practice and became counsel for the Mutual Life Insurance Company the pressure of business rendered further attendance at the Moots Courts impracticable, and all the incidental labor devolved upon Professor Jacques and was performed by him alone until 1S81 when he secured the services of Isaac Franklin Russell, Doctor of Civil Law ; (whose biography the reader will find elsewhere). On the death of Judge Davies, A. J. Vanderpoel, Esq., was appointed President of the Law Faculty. Mr. Vanderpoel died in Paris in 1887 and Professor Jacques was then appointed Dean of the Law Faculty. Pro- fessor Jacques retired in 1S91, being succeeded as Dean by Austin Abbott, and having received the degree of LL.I). from the University in 1877. Professor Jacques was a member of the New York Law Institute and is a member of the Bar Association both of the City and of the State of New York, the American Social Science Associa- tion, the Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Arts ; for many years also he was actively interested in the Association for Impro\ing the Condition of the Poor and The Children's Aid Society. Professor Jacques married in 1894, Elizabeth Hartshorne of Locust Grove near Rahway, New Jersey. e. g. s. CARROLL, Charles, 1832-1889. Professor French and German, 1871-1889. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1832; graduated Harvard, 1853; tutor in Boston High School, 1858; engaged in journalism and other writing; Prof. French and Ger- man N. Y. Univ., 1871-89; Ph.D. N. Y. Univ., 1872; died 1889. CHARLES CARROLL, Ph.D., was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1832, of an old New England family. After a private school training he entered his father's office to fit himself for mercantile life. Soon after this time, however, his father removed to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Charles Carroll changed the aims of his life and entering Harvard in 1849 '''^ graduated as Valedictorian of his Class in 1853. Having taught from 1853 to 1854, he went to Europe where he spent two years in travel and in study at German Universities. Returning in 1S56 he studied law in New York City and pursued journalism at the same time. In 1858 he v/ent to Boston and for a short time was a tutor in the Boston High School. In 1859 he married Mary Powell Caswell of Bos- ton, a brilliant and well educated woman who ably helped Professor Carroll in his many literary ven- tures. Her translations of Octave Feuillet and of 78 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Montaigne are notable for their grace and accuracy. In 1866 Professor Carroll on account of failing health went to Europe with Brander Matthews and afterwards with Messrs E. S.and E. M. Davison. On his return to America in 1870 he resumed his profession of journalism. In 1S71 he was elected to the Chair of French and German Languages and Literature in New York University which position he held to his death, February 15, 1SS9. His wife died in 1878, and he was survived by two daughters. Professor Carroll was connected with many of the New York papers either on the staff or as a contributor. His short stories and verse were largely published in Harper's, The Century and Scribner's. He also wrote for The Post, The Times and The Sun. His scholarly attainments were supplemented by a bright fancy and a sprightly temperament that gave him a most enviable literary style. His vocabulary was very extensive, and his range of expression and illustra- tion was enriched by the classics and many modern languages. His versatility was marvelous. He attacked the most varied subjects with an ease and skill vouchsafed to but few men. His work in the University left an impression upon all that came under his care. His discriminating taste required elegance as well as accuracy from the student. The funeral took place in the chapel of the Uni- versity on Sunday, February 17. The exercises were conducted by Vice-Chancellor MacCracken, assisted by Dr. Howard Crosby and Dr. H. M. Baird. A quartet of students sang " Abide with Me," and "Consolation." On the casket lay a wreath of white roses, tied with violet ribbon, the gift of the students. His remains were buried in Newton, Massachusetts. e. g. s. STEVENSON, John James, 1841- Professor Geology, 1871- Born in New York City, 1841 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1863; Ph.D., 1867; engaged in mining enter- prises, 1867-69; Prof. Chem. and Nat. Hist. W. Va. Univ., 1869-71; Prof, Geol. N. Y. Univ. since 1871 ; engaged as Geologist on National and State Surveys, 1871-82; author of works on Geology. JOHN JAMES STEVENSON, Ph.D., LL.D., was born in New York City, October 10, 184 1. His father, the Rev. Andrew Stevenson, D.D., a native of Ireland, was sent as missionary to Nova Scotia by the Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland, but afterwards came to New York, where for forty years he was Pastor of the Second Reformed Presbyterian Church. His mother was daughter of Rev. James R. Willson, D.D.,for many years Professor in the Theological Seminary of his denomination, and descended from Zaccheus Willson, who settled on Back River, Delaware, in 171 1. As was customary, his preparation for College began at a very early age so that he had completed the requirements in Greek before his eighth year and those in Latin before his tenth. As his father was training a class of theological students in Hebrew, he was entered in that class so that he read Isaiah in the original when nine JOHxNf J. STEVENSON years old. He entered the Sophomore Class of New York University in 1858 and took the Greek Prize for that year; but he did not graduate until 1863, as ill-health made absence for two years necessary. After graduating he pursued his studies in the University's School of Analytical Chemistry under the Professors Draper and received the de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1867, one of the first graduate degrees conferred by New York Uni- versit)'. Two years were spent in connection with a mining enterprise at the West, and in 1869 he became Professor of Chemistry and Natural His- tory in West Virginia University. This position UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 79 was retained until 187 1 when he returned to New York University as Professor of Geolog}'. The scope of tire chair was increased in 1SS2 so as to include Chemistry and Physiolog)-, and in i8gi so as to include Biology, but in i88g Chemistry was set off and in 1894 Biolog)', so that the chair now is the same as in 187 1. It is significant of the University's development that the subjects taught by Professor Stevenson in 18S2 are divided now among five Professors, with several Assistants and all recognize imperative necessity for further sub- division in more than one department. Professor Stevenson was an Assistant on the Ohio Geolo- gical Survey in 1871-1872 and 1874, continuing work on the upper coal measures, begun in West Virginia during 1869. In 1873 he was Geologist to the Colorado Division of the United States Geographical Surveys -west of the one-hundredth meridian. Severe illness in 1874 prevented his return to field work in the West and the summer was spent in studying the coal measures of West Virginia and Ohio ; but he remained in connec- tion with the Western work as Consulting Geolo- gist until the consolidation of the surveys in 1879. In 1875 he was appointed on the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania as Geologist in charge of the southwestern part of the state to continue his investigation of the upper coal measures. This work was completed in three years and he re- turned to the Western work, going into the iield during 1878 and 1879. The western surveys were consolidated in the latter year and he declined appointment as head of one of the divisions under the new organization. During 1880 he was em- ployed in study of newly discovered coalfields m southwest Virginia and central New Mexico. He returned to the Pennsylvania Survey, and during 1881-1882 he had charge of the work in the mountain area of the south central part of the state. In the latter year additional duties were imposed by the University ; and since that time he has had no connection with official surveys, but has made special studies in pure Geology in many portions of the United States. His publications consist of four large octave volumes on the Geol- ogy of Pennsylvania, a quarto volume upon the Geology of New Mexico, more than one hundred briefer memoirs upon Geology and very many contributions to journals upon other subjects. For the most part his studies have been confined to the coal measures, but the necessities of field- work have required investigations of problems in\'olving the whole geological column. Very early he was led to conclusions respecting the origin of coal beds, which were elaborated in later j'ears. These have been accepted and have been found applicable by observers in coal fields not examined by him. Some conclusions respecting the origin of anthracite, crudely suggested in 1877 but pub- lished in 1893, prove to hs.ve been anticipated in their final form by V. Giimbel of Bavaria in a publication made in 1883. His more impor- tant conclusions, respecting conditions within the Rocky Mountain region, presented in 1S74-1876, were disputed energetically for several years, but, with few exceptions, they have been accepted by the later observers and have passed into literature. He was the first to work oui the section of the upper coal measures within the Appalachian area and that of the Laramie in Colorado and New Mexico. Among the economic results of his work are the great development of the coal fields of southwest Virginia, involving the expenditure of many millions of dollars in mining operations and railroad construction, and the extraordinary growth of the coke industry of southwestern Penn- sylvania. When he came to the University, there was no material for illustration of lectures upon Geology and the institution's means were very limited. At the cost of much time, labor and several thousands of dollars Professor Stevenson gathered an extensive collection of geological specimens, of fossils and of material for use in Applied Geology. This he afterwards gave to the University and it now forms the nucleus of the Geological Museum, which is one of the best in the state and which he has gathered at insignifi- cant cost to the institution. Professor Stevenson has been Vice-President of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science and the Inter- national Geological Congress, President of the New York Academy of Sciences and the Geo- logical Society of America, as well as of the University Alumni Association. He is foreign, honorary or corresponding member of the Geologi- cal societies of Russia, Hungary, Belgium, Nord, Edinburgh, Australasia and America; the American Philosophical Society, the Kaiserlich I>eopoldinisch- Carolinisch Akademie and many other academies in America and Europe. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him in 1893 by Princeton University. * 8o UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS WHEELOCK, William Almy, 1825- Member Council 1871 — Benefactor. Born in Providence, R. I., 1825; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1843; teacher in the Univ. Grammar School, 1842-43; in wholesale dry-goods business, 1845-64; Pres. Central Nat. Bank, 1866-81 ; member N. Y. Univ. Council since 1871 ; and President of Council since i8g8. WILLIAM ALMY WHEELOCK, Merchant and Financier, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, March 23, 1825. His father, Joseph Wheelock, a native of Westboro, Massachu- setts, born June 25, 17S8, was of Welsh descent and for many years was cashier of the Merchants & Company, serving two years without compensa- tion in order to learn the business. Three years later he became a partner of the firm. In 1850 he married Harriet, daughter of Elijah U. Efner, of Bufi^alo, of what was then one of the oldest families of that city. From 1850 to 1855, he acted as purchaser for his firm (now changed to Merritt, Bliss & Company) at Manchester, England, and there both of his children were born. Having retired from this business in 1863 he became Director in 1865 of the Central National Bank and in 1866, President, which post he held to 1881, when he resigned. Mr. Wheelock's active fidelity to New York LTniversity has been deeply written into her history. Mr. Wheelock has been associated with the American Surety Company as Chairman of its Executive Committee, the Equit- able Life as one of its Finance Committee, the New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad, the Gold & Stock Telegraph Company and the Central National Bank. He is a member of the Union League and of the Lawyers' Club. He has served in the administration of the American Tract Society and has been an Elder of the Presbyterian Church at Washington Heights for nearly forty years, also a member of the Church Extension Committee of the Presbytery of New York. He was a Director of the Deaf and Dumb Institute for many years. His city residence is at Washing- ton Heights, the grounds covering two city blocks commanding a view of the Hudson. The children of Mr. Wheelock are : Dr. W. E. Wheelock who married the only daughter of the late Rev. John Hall, D.D., Pastor of the Fifth Avenue Church, and Harriet E., wife of George A. Strong, partner in the old law firm of Martin & Smith, e. g. s. WILLIAM A. WHEELOCK Bank of Providence. His mother, Amelia ("Ames) Wheelock, was of English descent and was born in Groton, Massachusetts, April 9, 1788. The family removed to New York City in 1837. William A. Wheelock entered College in New York Uni- versity in 1839 when Frelinghuysen became Chancellor and received the Bachelor of Arts degree with the noted Class of 1843, and that of Master of Arts in 1846. During a great part of his College course he supported himself by assisting in teaching in the LTniversity Grammar School and as private tutor. At nineteen he entered as clerk the jobbing house of Merritt, Ely BRUSH, Charles Benjamin, 1848-1897. Adj, Prof. Engineering, 1874; Prof, and Dean Engineering School, 1888-97. Born in New York City, r848; graduated B.S. and C.E. N.Y. Univ. 1867; practicing engineer; engaged in building many important bridges and water works ; Adjunct Prof. Civil Engineering at the University 1874-88; Prof, and Dean of Engineering School, 1888- 97; Sc. D. N. Y. Univ., 1895; died 1897. CHARLES BENJAMIN BRUSH, Sc.D., Civil Engineer, was born in New York City, February 15, 1848, the son of Jonathan Ethelbert Brush and Cornelia (Turck) Brush. He was graduated in the Class of 1867, Bachelor of UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 8i Science and Civil Engineer, being English Sal- utatorian at Commencement and having made the Phi Beta Kappa. He was at first a member of the engineer corps of the Croton Aqueduct, 1867- 1869. He began independent practice as a civil engineer in 1869 but in 1874 he became Adjunct Professor of Civil Engineering in New York Uni- versity, in 1888 advancing to the post of full Pro- fessor and Dean of the Engineering School. He was elected an Associate of the American Society of Civil Engineers September 6, 187 1, became a member September 6, 1877, was a Director from 1888 to 1891 and a A^ice-President in 1892. Among the more prominent water works on which CHARLES B. BRUSH he was engaged in his professional career were those of Cincinnati, Chicago, Memphis, James- town, East New York, Passaic, Easton and Mont- clair. He was Chief Engineer of the Hoboken Land & Improvement Company, of the North Hudson County Railway Company, of the Hoboken Ferry Company, and of the Hackensack Water Company. The development of the latter com- pany was especially due to his careful study and management. He served as expert on the foun- dations of the Second and Third Avenue bridges over the Harlem in New York City and the Thames River bridge at New London, Connec- ticut. He was engineer for the contractor in the construction of the Washington bridge, and Asso- ciate Engineer for the proposed New York and New Jersey bridge over the Hudson River in New York City. He was for a time Engineer of the Hudson River tunnel ; Engineer of sewers in North Hudson County in New Jersey, and in Irvington, New York ; and among the other water works upon which he was engaged in some engineering capacity may be mentioned those at Greenwood Cemetery, Plainfield, Highland Falls, Syracuse, Portsmouth and Suffolk, A'irginia, Far Rockaway, Alliance, Ohio, Kansas City, Missouri, and South Hampton, New York. In reporting his death to the Alumni Association, Dr. Henry M. Baird said in part: "the acute scholar, the thorough teacher, the master of his branch of activity, the courteous and genial Christian gentleman, Professor Brush. I am not going to relate step by step the course of patient, persevering, intelligent work, by which our dear friend placed himself at last among the men that won for themselves an honorable place at the very head of the profession in America." . . . " Any that may choose to read his numerous con- tributions to such works as the Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, or the American Water Works Association, will see how broad and intelligent his views were on all topics connected with his chosen profession." In 1895 New York University bestowed on him the degree of Doctor of Science. Even before this time his health had been greatly impaired and it was after a long and trying illness of three years' duration and over that he finally passed away on June 3, 1897, leaving a widow and three children. He was buried in Greenwood. It was characteristic of Charles Brush that in professional matters he never was content to be second and regarded his calling as above politics. He was never guilty of political truckling and won the respect of even those who opposed him on that account. He never sought his ends by indirection. Plain, outspoken truth was his invariable habit. He succeeded where others would ha\'e failed because all men believed him and trusted him. Resolu- tions of respect and commemoration were passed by the Hackensack Water Company, Reorganized, by the Charity Organization Societ)- of the City of New York, by the Queens County ^^'ater Com- pany, and by the Central Presbyterian Church, New York City. E. G. s. 82 UNII'ERSrriES AND THEIR SONS HALL, John, 1829-1898. Member of Council, 1875, 1C91, Chancellor, 1881-1891. Born in County Armagh, Ireland, 1829 ; graduated Belfast College, 1846, and in theology, 1849; appointed by Queen Victoria Commissioner of Education for Ireland; came to U.S., 1867 ; Pastor Fifth Ave. Presby- terian Church, New York City, 1867-98; Chancellor N.Y. Univ., 1881-91 ; Trustee of Princeton and Welles- ley; died 1898. JOHN HALL, D.D., LL.D., Clergyman, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, July 31, 1829, son of William and Rachel (Magowan) Hall. His ancestors were nati\-es of Scotland. He was graduated at Belfast College in Arts in 1846 and in Theology in 1849; having matric- ulated in 1S42 and won repeated prizes for proficiency in church history and Hebrew scholar- ship. He was licensed to preach in 1S49 and was a missionary in the province of Connaught, Ireland, 1S49-1852 ; Pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Armagh, 1852-1S67, where he edited the Evangelical Witness, built the Rutland Square Church, and was appointed by the Viceroy of Ireland Commissioner of National Education. He received from Queen Victoria the honorary ap- pointment of Commissioner of Education for Ire- land. He visited Americain 1867 as delegate to the Old School Pre.sbyterian Assembly of the United States, Cincinnati, Ohio, preached for the con- gregation of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, then worshipping in their old church in Nine- teenth Street, and received a call as Pastor which he accepted after his return to Ireland. His work in this church resulted in a new church edifice erected in 1S73, at a cost of over $1,000,000, the largest Presbyterian Church in New York city ; the Romeyn Chapel in Sevent3'-fourtli Street ; a mission on Sixty-third Street ; a Chinese mission on East Fifty-ninth Street and numerous other missions and charitable institutions supported by annual contributions of over $100,000 from the parent church. In January 1S98 he resigned the pastor- ate, but withdrew the resignation upon the earnest demand of the congregation. He was Chancellor of New York University, 1881-1S91; a member of the Council, 1875 ; a Trustee of Princeton Theolo- gical Seminary ; of the College of New Jersey, 186S; of ^^'ells College, Aurora, New York, and of Wellesley College, Massachusetts. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board of Church Erection ; Chairman of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, and Chairman of the Committee of Church Extension, New York Presbyter}'. He was a member of the New York Historical Soci- ety ; received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Washington and Jefferson College in 1865 ; Doctor of Laws from Washington and Lee Uni- versity and the College of New Jersey in 1885, Trinity College, Dublin, in 1890 and Doctor of Divinity from Columbia in 1886. He was married, June 15, 1852, to Emily, daughter of Lyndon Bolton of Dublin, Ireland, and of their children Robert William became Professor of Analytical Chemistry in New York University ; Richard John was Professor of Surger}- in the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York City, and died in Santa Barbara, California, January 23, 1897 ; Thomas Cuming became Professor of Theology in Union Seminary, New York ; Bolton was grad- uated at Princeton in 1875, author of books on economic and sociological subjects, and Emily C. was the only daughter. His published works include : F'amily Prayers for F'our Weeks, 1868 ; Papers for Home Reading, 1873; God's WoxA Through Preaching, 1875 ; F'amily Talks to Boys, 1876 ; A Christian Home, 18S3, and numerous tracts and contributions to the religious press. He died in Bangor, County Down, Ireland, September 17, 1898, whence the remains were brought back to New York and rest in \A'oocllawn Cemetery. " Men have often " (Rev. T. C. Johnston, M.A. Dublin) " endeavored to discover the secret of Dr. Hall's unique influence. Learning he did not possess as the pedants understand learning — as if the sphere of knowledge were no larger than He- brew roots, or metaphysical guessings, or the last new book !"..." One must name first a rare directness and simplicity of character. The great ones are always known by this. Your knave is at bottom a fool ; for he cannot conceal from the world that he is a knave. Your astute wirepuller is after all a poor, apish kind of creature, and his tricks are always found at last." ..." The wise- headed early understand this. So they pass among us frequently as rather simple folk, who do not need to be taken much account of. We com- placently shrug our shoulders, and half-compassion- ate them while we have the audacity to attempt to impose upon them and to wrong them. But at the end of the day they have far outstripped all com- petitors in life's race." . . . "Along with this simplicity and directness of character, and in- deed as the outcome of it, Dr. Hall possessed the UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 83 rare gift of great clearness of thought and speech. I do not know that I have ever heard anyone whom it required so little effort on the hearer's part to follow. Simple, orderly and to the point his utterances always were, no matter what the subject he was dealing with. Some people re- garded this as a want of profoundness, whereas it is really an evidence of the highest culture. We must put down as his next characteristic a patient earnestness and laborious fidelity in the doing of little things, in the performance of humble duties. Indeed he seemed to like best to do these. Was it to teach a few souls away in Roscommon, or preach to a few folk gathered in the little church at Queenstown when he was about to embark for home, or to visit a poor servant girl away up in an attic, it was done well and done with all his might. There was in him, too, a rare meekness and gentleness of spirit. ' We must bear it for Christ's sake,' he was wont to say to any one who came to him with a story of suffering. He had learned the meaning of that saying of a Kempis, so hard, alas ! to learn : ' If you gladly bear the cross, it will bear you and bring you to the longed- for end.' So he passed among us, a gentle, genial, noble spirit, not escaping the flouts of the unworthy ; and not without suffering, • that great Sculptor, without whose touch none of the saints is perfected.' We must note finally, and with peculiar emphasis, a great strength and tenacity of homely affection. After all, the heart is the meas- ure of the man and Dr. Hall's heart was big. If he knew you he never forgot you. If he loved you he loved to the end. Especially was this true of his feeling toward his own kin, and all the common homely things that twine themselves about a gentle heart: the old farm-house, the friends of youth, the ageing sisters. He and they had ' rin about the braes ; ' the ocean broad might roar between them but their hearts were one, united until death. Across that ocean Love had led him year by year to feast his eyes on the old familiar scenes, to hear in his heart the music of loved voices, to dream again forgotten boyish dreams." e. g. s. [See portrait page, 169, Part I.] N. J., 1839-40; N. Carolina Agent Am. Bible Co., 1840-42 ; Prof. Logic and Rhetoric Univ. N. C, 1842-47 ; Prof. Nat. Science Randolph-Mason College, Pa., 1847-48; Pastor in Newbern, N. C, 1848-50; Pres. Greensboro, N. C. Female College, 1850-54 ; removed to New York City, 1865; engaged in journalistic work; established Church of the Strangers, and Pastor until death ; Pres. Rutgers Female College, New York City ; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1876-93; established Deems Fund of N. Y. Univ. 1887 ; writer and editor ; LL.D. Univ. of N. C. ; D.D. Randolph-Mason College ; died 1893. CHARLES FORCE DEEMS, D.D., LL.D., was born in Baltimore, Maryland, Decem- ber 4, 1S20, son of George W. Deems, a clergy- man of the Methodist faith. He received early DEEMS, Charles Force, 1820-1893. Member Council, 1876-1893, Founder Deems Fund, 1887. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1820; graduated Dickinson College, 1839; preached in Methodist Church, Asbury, CHARLES F. DEEMS training in the preparatory studies at home, and graduated with high honors at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1839. In that year he entered the Methodist ministry, accepting a call to Asbury, New Jersey. After one year, however, he resigned to become General Agent representing North Carolina of the American Bible Company. In 1842 his occupation was again changed to that of Educator and he entered the Chair of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of North Carolina where he continued for five years. He taught as Professor of Natural Sciences at Randolph-Macon 84 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS College in Ashland, Virginia, 1847-1848, and then returned to pastoral work in Newbern, North Carolina, in 1S50 being chosen Delegate to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the South, held in St. Louis. While serving in that capacity he received two calls to educational positions — the Presidency of the Greensboro, North Carolina, Female College, and the Presidency of Centenary College in Jackson, Louisiana, and choosing the former remained at the head of the female College until 1854. At one time he was Presiding Elder in the North Carolina Conference of the Wilmington and New- bern districts. In 1865 Dr. Deems removed to New York City with the intention of devoting him- self to journalistic work, and at once became Editor and Publisher of The Watchman, a reli- gious weekly. Later he occupied editorial rela- tions with various journals, including Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine and Christian Thought. His church work continued and from July 22, 1 866, when he preached his first New York ser- mon to an audience of fifteen persons in the University Building, he was a prominent figure in the religious life of the city. Soon after his arrival in New York he organized the Strangers' Sunday Home Society, renting the University Chapel for a meeting place. Subsequently, through the generosity of Cornelius Vanderbilt he was enabled to found as the outgrowth of that Society the Church of the Strangers of which he remained Pastor until his death. After returning from a tour in Palestine in 1881 he founded the American Listitute of Christian Philosophy and acted as its President and as Editor of its organ, Christian Thought, from the founding until his death. He was for a time President of Rutgers Female College in New York City. Li connection with New York University, of whose Council he was a member from 1876 to 1893, he will long be remembered as the founder of the Deems Fund. It was upon the occasion of the celebration of the twenty-first anniversary of the Church of the Strangers, October 3, 1887, that Dr. Deems made this gift, stipulating that the money should always be used as a loan fund for needy students. The Deems Lectureship of New York University, endowed with $15,000, was established in his memory, in 1895, by the American Institute of Christian Philosophy. It secures every few years a series of lectures upon The Cherished Faith in the Light of Science and Philosophy, and their publication in book form. He also gave to the University of North Carolina a Deems Fund in memory of his son, Lieutenant Theodore Disos- way Deems, who was killed at the battle of Gettysburg. An important feature of his wonder- fully active and varied career was the performance of a large amount of writing for publication ; this took the form of sermons and articles con- tributed to periodical literature and of various volumes. Some of his books are : Triumph of Peace and Other Poems, New York, 1840; Life of Rev. Dr. Clarke, 1840 ; Devotional Melodies, 1842 ; Twelve College Sermons, 1844 ; The Home Altar, 1850; What Now?, 1853; Weights and Wings, 1874; A Scotch Verdict in Re- Evo- lution ; The Light of the Nations, 1872 ; the last named, originally published in 1868 under the title Jesus, is the most pretentious and by far the most powerful of his works ; he was occupied three years in writing it. Dr. Deems received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Randolph-Macon, and that of Doctor of Laws from the University of North Carolina. He was married June 20, 1843, to Anna, daughter of Israel Doty Disosway of New York City, one of the founders of Randolph- Macon College. He died in New York City, November 18, 1893. * RUSSELL, Isaac Franklin, 1857- Professor o( Law, 1881- Born in Hamden, Conn., 1857 ; attended Southold Acad. L.I. ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1875 ; LL.B., 1877 ; A.M., 1878; LL.M., Yale, 1879; D.C.L., Yale, 1880; LL.D., Dickinson, 1893 ; law lecturer at the Univ., 1880 ; Prof, since 1881 ; practicing lawyer. ISAAC FRANKLIN RUSSELL, LL.D., D.C.L., was born in Hamden, near New Haven, Connecticut, August 25, 1857. His father, the Rev. William H. Russell, born in New York City of English ancestors, has been for fifty years a Methodist minister belonging to the New York East Conference, and has served pastorates in many parts of the City of New York under the itinerant polity of that denomination. This worthy gentleman is now living in retirement in Hamil- ton, New Jersey, having sent four sons to the University, of whom three succeeded in taking degrees, to wit : Dr. William H. Russell, Jr., now of Grahamville, Florida ; Charles E. Russell, of the Bar of New York City ; and Professor Russell, UNIVERSiriES JND THEIR SONS 8S the subject of this sketch. l"he Rev. \\'iniam H. Russell was self-educated, having mastered Greek without an instructor, and prepared all his chil- dren to enter College. He received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Wesleyan Univer- sity in 1878. Susan Voorhees (Hiller) Russell, the mother of Professor Russell, was born in Rochester, New York, of Dutch ancestry, and recei\'ed her education in Michigan where her father, Isaac Hiller, settled early in life as a pioneer. Professor Russell received the major part of his preparation for College under home instruction. He attended for one. year the South- old Academy on Long Island. With his older brother, William H., he entered the University, passing the Junior examinations in 187 1. He graduated, with the highest honors of his class, in 1875, being at that time under eighteen years of age. In College he won distinction as a speaker and writer, became President of the Eucleian Society and was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa Society ; later he became the Secretary of the New York Beta Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa and served for over ten years in that capacity. He has also been active in the New York City Graduate Club of Phi Beta Kappa. On gradua- tion he won an essay prize (one of the Butler Eucleian prizes,) and was awarded a Fellowship of $250, dividing honors and emolument evenly with William D. Edwards, since eminent at the Bar and in the Senate of New Jersey. The young man then went to the Law School of the University, at that time under the administration of Professor David R. Jacques, whose only associate in the Faculty was the Hon. Henry E. Davies, ex-Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, who held moot courts on Fridays. He graduated in May 1877, winning a prize of $100 for passing the best written examination. After a brief clerkship with James D. Lynch, a distinguished real estate opera- tor, he entered the law office of Eugene Smith, a prominent practitioner, a Yale Valedictorian and a gentleman of the highest standing in the pro- fession. With the clear purpose of seeking prepa- ration for a scholastic career, Mr. Russell resumed study at Yale where he spent two years in post- graduate work. He graduated as Master of Laws at Yale in 1879, l^eing the only candidate for that degree and having enjoyed in many subjects the exclusive usufruct of the professorial toil of many distinguished teachers, such as Judge Robinson, now Dean of the Law Faculty in the Catholic University of Washington, District of Columbia, and Judge Baldwin of the Connecticut Supreme Court. His graduating thesis was on the " Lien of a Material Man on Vessels of Another State," in which he assailed the rule announced in the famous case of T/w Lottawaniia. The Faculty awarded him the Doctor's Oration, which he delivered on the theme "Napoleon as a Legislator," July i, 1880, when he received the degree of Doctor of Civil Law in the presence of a distinguished body including the President of the United States and two mem- bers of his cabinet, William M. Evarts and Post- ISAAC FRANKLIN RUSSELL master-General Key. Immediately on his return to New York he was appointed to lecture on Roman Law at the Law School of the University, and delivered a course of six lectures to the Class of 1881. Before the close of that academic year, 1 880-1 88 1, he was appointed Professor of Law and has since served at that post of duty. At the same time and until the l^niversity College moved to Llniversity Heights he was Professor of Politi- cal Science, meeting undergraduate Seniors in the study of International and Constitutional Law, and giving instruction to Juniors in Political Economy. When the (iraduate Seminary was organized he offered courses in Sociology. When 86 UNIl'ERSiriES AND THEIR SONS the School of Pedagog)' was projected he served on a committee to organize that department of University instruction, and himself took a small part in the actual labor of lecturing to pedagogical students. For four or five years he lectured regu- larly to the Senior Class at the Medical College on Forensic Medicine. He has also been very successful in administrative work, for many years serving as Secretary and Treasurer of the Faculty of Law, and conducting all the executive affairs of the Law Department. During the period of his Treasurership the Law School grew from what was substantially a one year's course with a single Professor till it reached in iSgi, its new develop- ment and had a genuine two years' course of study, ample quarters and library with a com- petent Faculty of four Professors, two for each class, and with annual classes of over one hun- dred each. Perhaps the greatest distinction that has come to Professor Russell has been through his direction of the work of the Woman's Law Class for the past eight years. This unique insti- tution was organized about ten years ago by the Woman's Legal Education Society, which has fur- nished the financial support for the Lecturer's Chair. The work of conducting this class has been severe and unremitting and by general con- sent has been most successful ; this work has been largely Professor Russell's with the aid and co-operation of Mrs. John P. Munn and Miss Helen Miller Gould, President and Vice-President of the Woman's Legal Education Society. Over four hundred women have taken the full courses of the Woman's Law Class. They include many well known authors, editors, journalists and women of affairs, as well as the wives and daughters of the most celebrated judges, physicians, clergymen and capitalists of the Greater New York. In fact students have been attracted from distant states and even from foreign countries to this branch of the University work. For five years Professor Russell has lectured at the Brooklyn Institute before the Department of Law, his lectures there being fully reported. Several years ago, at the suggestion of Frederic B. Pratt, he organized the course in Commercial and Business Law, now given in many English speaking countries under the auspices of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association. This work, which he has directed in detail from the begin- ning, involving much severe toil and great respon- sibihty, is largely a labor of love generously rendered in a favorite cause. Professor Russell has been for several years Secretary of the Juris- prudence Department of the American Social Science Association, and has acted also as Chair- man of that section, planning and executing the entire program for several meetings, and himself reading papers on International Arbitration, Legal Education and Codification which have attracted much attention and elicited numerous editorial comments. As a speaker Professor Russell has for many years appeared before patriotic, scholas- tic and learned societies, as well as at College commencements, at banquets, on the " stump " for political candidates and even in the pulpit, as he is a licensed local preacher in the Methodist denomination, and frequently appears before con- gregations of Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Con- gregational, Dutch Reformed and even Catholic and Jewish bodies. As a writer he has con- tributed to the Youth's Companion, the Albany Law Journal, the Brief, the Yale Law Journal, the American Lawyer, the Methodist Review and to many other periodicals. His work entitled " Outline Study of Law," of which fully three thousand copies have been sold and a third edition has just issued from the press, received flattering notices from jurists of high rank, includ- ing the Chief-Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the Lord Chief-Justice of England. Professor Russell has been in active practice at the Bar for over twenty years, appearing fre- quently at court and sometimes serving as referee and receiver on judicial appointment. He also has large interests in propert)' under his care as guardian and trustee. Dr. Russell is a member of the Sabbath Committee and has been a mana- ger of the Bible Society. He belongs to many scholastic organizations and also to social clubs, such as the LTnion League Club of Brookl)'n, the Lawyer's Club in Manhattan, the Quill Club and the Phi Delta Phi Club. He has always been active in religious and political circles, participat- ing in the public exercises of the Camp Meetings at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, where he has had his summer home for many years and serving on political campaign committees of the Republican party. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dickinson College in 1893. During the twenty years of his professional service he has seen many of his students elected to Congress UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 87 and to the Supreme Bench and also to College Presidencies. In 1SS6 he married Ruth, daughter of W. M. Ferriss of Bay Ridge, Long Island ; he has four sons. Mrs. Russell, daughter of an eminent scholar, is a graduate of the Woman's Law Class and Treasurer of the Alumnae. Pro- fessor Russell owes his interest in Economics and Sociology to the influence of Professor Sumner of Yale, his fondness for Philosophical Jurisprudence and Roman Law to the influence of Judge Bald- win, and ascribes his literary bent to the steady encouragement, the fatherly admonition and the eloquent example of Chancellor AlacCracken to whose initiative he is indebted for all the great opportunity of his life. The writings of Sir Henry Maine and Herbert Spencer have powerfully influenced his thought during his later years. His daily association at College and in his law office with the late Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor David R. Jacques, LL.D., for about a quarter of a century, has kept him reverential toward classical learning and the scholarship of Harvard in the time of Longfellow, Greenleaf and Story. Chan- cellor MacCracken, writing in i89i,said: "The secret of Professor Russell's success may be found in three facts : first, his assiduous study ; second, his ability to impart knowledge in a clear, forcible way ; third, his enthusiasm in the work of teach- ing, implying interest in the student and a per- sonal and living sympathy with him in his best aims." Professor Russell's bibliography includes: Methodism as it is to be, Church and Home, December 1890 ; Prospects in the Law, University Quarterly, April 1892 ; Thoughts on the Study of Law, Intercollegiate Law Journal, April 1892 ; The Right Use of Wealth, Church and Home, June 1892 ; Woman as a Bread Winner, Church and Home, February 1893; The Pastor and his Work, Church and Home, October 1893 ; Lec- tures on Law for Women, New York, L. K. Strouse & Company, 1893 ; Outline Study of Law, New York, L. K. Strouse & Company, 1894; The New New Woman, Church and Home, October 1895 ; Abraham Lincoln, Church and Home, February 1896 ; Austin Abbott, University Magazine, June 1896; Austin Abbott, Proceedings of American Bar Association for 1896, pp. 668; England's Chief-Justice and his Message, Church and Home, October 1896 ; The Declaration of Independence, Church and Home, July 1897 ; The Vendetta, Methodist Review, pp. 583-594 ; The Most Ancient Law, Yale Law Journal, June 1898 ; The Philosophy of Myth, Methodist Review, Septem- ber 189S; International Arbitration, Transactions of American Social Science Association, 1S98; Why Law Schools are Crowded, Albany Law Journal, September 16, 1899; The Legal Pro- fession, Youth's Companion, July 1900; Outline Study of Law, New York, Baker, Voorhis & Com- pany (Third Edition), pp. 363, 1900; Decline of Forensic Eloquence, The Brief, July 1900 ; Domain of the Written Law, The American Lawyer, Juh- 1900. e. g. s. SCHELL, Augustus, 1812-1884. Member Council, 1881-83. Born in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 1812; graduated Union, 1830; studied at Litchfield Law School; practicing lawyer in New York City; prominent in politics as a leader in Tammany Hall and as Chairman Dem. State Com., 1853-56 ; Collector Port of N.Y., 1857-61 ; Director in railroad and other corporations ; member University Council 1881-83; died 1884. AUGUSTUS SCHELL was born in Rhine- beck, New York, August i, 1S12. After academic education at Union College, where he graduated in 1830, he took up the study of Law in the Litchfield Law School, and soon after being admitted to the Bar entered practice in New York City. Here he won a conspicuous success in an extensive and lucrative business. He engaged in politics at an early age, and for many years was prominently identified with Tammany interests, for many years working for reform and purification in the organization. He became Chairman of the Tammany Hall General Committee in 1852, and for three years thereafter served at the head of the Democratic State Committee. Mr. Schell occupied the office of Collector of the Port of New York during the administration of President Buchanan, 1857-1861. During the Presidential campaign of i860 he joined the wing of the -Democratic party which pledged itself to the support of John C. Breckinridge, and was elected Chairman of the National Committee of that body. In 1872 he served in the same capacity for the Greeley cam- paign. In 1867 he was active in the convention meeting to revise the State Constitution, and in 1878 he ran unsuccessfully as the Tammany candi- date for the Mayorship of New York City. As his fortune increased Mr. Schell became extensively connected as Director, or otherwise, with many leading railroad corporations and other large 88 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS business interests. To him the University College is indebted for an endowment of $5000. known as the Augustus Schell Fund, given in 1867. * ALEXANDER, George, 1843 — Vice-President of the Council, 1889 — Born in West Charlton, N. Y., 1843; prepared for College at Charlton Academy; graduated Union Col- lege, 1866; Princeton Theol. Sem., 1870; Pastor East Ave. Presby. Church, Schenectady, N. Y., 1870-83 ; Prof. Logic and Rhetoric, Union College, 1877-83; D.D. Union College, 1884; Pastor Univ. Place Presby. Church, New York City, 1884; member Council N. Y. Univ. since 1887, and Vice-Pres. since i88g. GEOROK ALEXANDER, D.D., was born in West Charlton, Saratoga count)-, New York, October 12, 1843, son of Alexander F. and Margaret (Bunyan) Alexander, descended from Scotch ance.stry. His first education was received in tiie public schools and at Charlton Academy, GEORCK AT.F.X.^NDRR his studies in the latter institution leading to preparation for CcjUege. In 1866 he graduated bachelor of Arts at ITnion College, from which at a later date, 1884, he received the hf)nor of the Doctor of T)i\'inity degree. After two years of pri\ate tutf)ring, he entered the J'rinceton Theological Seminary, and there graduated in 1870 after two years of study. \n the same year he accepted a call to the East Avenue Presbyterian Church, Schenectady, New York, where he con- tinued as Pastor until 1883, during the last six years of that period filling also the position of Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in Union College. Dr. Alexander's appointment to his present posi- tion as Pastor of the University Place Presbyterian Church was in 1884. Since 1887 he has been associated with New York ITniversity as a member of the Council, of which body he is at present Vice-President. He is also a Director of the Princeton Theological Seminary, and a Trustee of Sao Paulo College, Brazil, and of Union College, Schenectady, New York. He is a member of the Union College Alumni and Century associations and the Adirondack League Club. * OPDYKE, William Stryker, 1836- Member Council, 1883-99, Founder University Heights, Born in New York City, 1836 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1856; studied in Albany Law School, 1856-57, and 1859-60; practicing lawyer in New York City; member Bd. of Councilmen of New York City, 1864; Assemblyman, 1873; member Council N. Y. Univ,, 1883-99 ; Sec, 1887-93 ; a founder of University Heights. WILLIAM STRYKER OPDYKE was born in New York City, October 6, 1836, son of George and Elizabeth Hall (Stryker) Opdyke. He is descended from Louis Jansen Op Dyck, who came to New Netherlands before 1653, and lived in New York City and Gravesend from 1655 until his death in 1659 ; also from Jan Str\'ker, who came to New Amsterdam in 1652. Mr. Opdyke received early education in the schools of Irvington and Newark, New Jersey, and in the University (iranimar School of New Y'ork City. He graduated as Bachelor of Arts from New York University in 1856, and for train- ing for professional life he attended the Albany Law School. Admitted to the New York Bar in 1859, he entered upon a practice in New York City in which he has since continued. He has twice held public office; in 1864 as a member of the Board of Councilmen of New York City, and in 1873 as a member of the New Y'ork Assembly. Mr. Opdyke has long been identified with the life of New Y'ork University, ser\-ing in its Council since 1883, and was Secretary of the body from 1887 to 1893, and in 1890 contributing to the founding of the new home of the Uni\-ersity at ITniversity Heights. He was President of the UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 89 University Alumni Association in 1897 and 1S9S. In politics Mr. Opdyke has been since 1884 of Democratic convictions, having previously voted the Republican ticket. He is a member of the Bar Association, the Metropolitan, Reform, and University clubs, and a life member of the Geo- graphical Society. He was married, October 20, 1863, to Margaret E. Post, and has one .son, Alfred Opdyke. * SKIDMORE, Lemuel, 1843 — Member Council, 1882-1900. Born in New York City, 1843; educated private schools; graduated N.Y. Univ., 1861 ; LL.B. Harvard, 1863; admitted to New York Bar, 1864; practiced in New York City ever since ; Civil Service Commissioner, 1893-94 : member Council N, Y. Univ., 1882-1900. LEMUEL SKIDMORE, Lawyer, was born in New York City, August 25, 1843, son of William Burtis and Harriet Ann (Bond) Skid- more. His first American ancestor was Thomas LEMUEL SKIDMORE Scudamore, who emigrated from Westerly, Gloucestershire, England, settling at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1640; and he is the fifth in descent from Thomas's grandson, John, who changed the name to Skidmore, and who in 1695 settled at Long Hill, afterward Newtown, in the Parish of Stratford, Connecticut. In early inscriptions and records the name is variously written Scudamore, Scidmore, and Skidmore. His preliminary education was obtained at various private schools in his native city and he received his College training at New York University, from which he was graduated with the Class of 1861. His legal studies were pursued at the Harvard Law School, where he received tlie degree of Bachelor of Law in 1863, and ever since his admission to tlie Bar which took place in New York City the following year, he has practiced his profession in the metropolis. In 1882 he was elected to the Count il of New York University to serve until 1900; during his term of service he was a member of the Committee on the Law School. Mr. Skidmore held the office of Civil Service Commissioner for New York City in 1893 and 1894. In 1888 he was united in marriage with Mary Johnson ; their children are : Anna, born October 30, 1889 ; Lemuel Jr., born May 7, 1891; Harriet B., born Decemlier 19, 1895, and James Bond Skidmore, born No\-ember 18, 1899. * TAYLOR, William M., 1829-1895. Member Council, 1882-95. Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland, 1829 ; graduated Univ. of Glasgow, 1849; graduated Theol. Hall of United Presby. Church, Edinburgh, 1852 ; Pastor in Scotland and England until 1872 ; Pastor Tabernacle Church, New York City, 1872-95; D.D. Yale and Amherst, 1872; founder Univ. Heights, and member Univ. Council, 1882-95 J died 1895. WILLIAM M. TAYLOR, D.D., was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland, October 23, 1829. Graduating at the University of Glasgow in 1849, he entered the Theological Hall of the United Presbyterian Church in Edinburgh and pursued a course of theological study for three years, graduating in 1S52. In the following year he was settled as Pastor in the village of Kilmaurs, Ayrshire county, Scotland, where he remained for two years, until called to the Derby Road Church in Liverpool, England. Dr. Taylor finst visited the United States in 187 i, and during a brief sojourn he made so pronounced an impression while preaching from the pulpit of the Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn, that upon the resignation of the Rev. Dr. J. P. Thompson from the Pastorship of the Tabernacle Congregational Church of New York, he was at once chosen to fill the vacant office. Seventeen years of useful work in his Liverpool church had been most fruitful, and his departure to the American position was marked 90 UNIJ'ERSiriES AND THEIR SONS by numerous tokens of the admiration of his former congregation. His success in New York was not less conspicuous, and he continued in cliarge of tlie Tabernacle Church until his death, which occurred in 1895. Dr. Taylor was for many 3'ears an ardent promoter of the interests of New York University, being active in the move- ment to found University Heights and occupy- WILLIAM M. TAYLOR ing a place in the University Council from 1882 until 1 89 5. He received the degree Doctor of Divinity from both Yale and Amherst in 1872. He published: Life Truths, 1862; The Miracles, 1S65 ; Helps to Faith not Hinderances ; and The Lost P'ound, a series of sermons on the fifteenth chapter of Luke. Dr. Taylor died February 8,1895. * BANKS, David, 1827- ' Benefactor, Memtier of the Council, 1884- Born in New York City, 1827; graduated Shay's Grammar School, 1842 ; entered business with his father in law-book publishing; now proprietor of the business ; member of the University Council since 1884; has made many gifts to the University; Chair- man of Athletic Association. DAVID BANKS, Publisher, was born Decem- ber 25, 1827, in New York City. His father was David Banks, a prominent lawyer and founder of the famous publishing house which bears his name. Mr. Banks's grandfather. Cap- tain Banks, served throughout the Revolutionary War, crossing the Delaware with Washington and taking part with distinction in many famous con- flicts. Mr. Banks attended Shay's Grammar School, graduating in 1842. His parents in- tended to have him take a College course, but he ultimately abandoned the plan and entered the employ of his father's firm. His advancement was very rapid, and on completing his twenty-first year he was made a partner in the firm. The New York house of David Banks was first located at the corner of Wall and Broad streets, whence it removed to the Tribune Building, Spruce and Nassau streets ; then to Nassau Street. Remain- ing here for over fifty years it grew to be of national importance. In 1894 it was shifted to Murray Street. Besides an enormous stock of law books, there are gathered here a unique col- lection of law publications of very great historical value, together with MSS. and documents of price- less worth. Mr. Banks's philanthropic and civic spirit has chosen for itself particularly New York University, the Council of which he entered in 1884. Mr. Banks is now Chairman of the com- mittees on University Heights, and on the Library, and is Chairman of the Athletic Association. He was one of the founders of University Heights. Through his liberality and personal effort the Law Library has been supplied with over four thousand volumes. Mr. Banks has always taken a very strong interest in athletics. The athletic life of New York University is very largely indebted to him ; he has given freely of his money and of his time to develop this important College interest. For many years Mr. Banks has ranked as one of the crack rifle and pistol shots of the country. For twenty years he was recognized as the champion fly-fisher of the United States. He served as Commodore of the Atlantic Yacht Club for four years, retiring in 1894 in favor of George Gould, and was again elected in 1901. Mr. Banks owns a number of water-craft, among which is the famous racing yacht Water-witch, the winner of many trophies, a yacht which Mr. Banks considers a priceless possession. Mr. Banks has himself offered many valuable trophies to encourage sports. New York University cherishes some twenty-one silver cups presented by him, of rare beauty and considerable intrinsic worth. Mr. Banks has been known all his life as a stanch Democrat, UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 91 and has served several times as a delegate to the state conventions. Throughout his career he has never held any political office though he has been offered the nomination for many important offices. The most important of these was the candidacy for the Mayoralty of New York City. Mr. Banks was the founder of the old Atalanta Boat Club, of which he is the oldest member and present DAVID BANKS Commodore. He is Commander of the Society of Foreign Wars, and a club member of the Zeta Psi Fraternity, of which the New York University Chapter is the original one. Although in his seventy-fourth year now, Mr. Banks is as active as most men in their fifties. He is still, as he always has been since his assumption of control, the life and soul of his business house and is evidently destined to maintain his authority there for many years, if mental and physical vigor may be taken as an index. e. g. s. HERING, Daniel Webster, 1850 — Professor Physics, 1885- Born near Smithburg, Md., 1850; studied at Western Md. College, 1867-69; graduated, Ph.B., Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, 1872; C. E., Yale, 1878; engaged in railroad engineering ; Prof. Math. Western Md. Col- lege, 1880-84; Prof. Physics Western Univ. of Pa., 1884-85; Prof. Physics N. Y. Univ. since 1885. DANIEL WEBSTER HERING, Ph.D., son of Joshua and Susanna (Harman) Hering, was born near Smithburg, Washington county, Maryland, March 23, 1850. Professor Hering's course as a student may be reckoned from the time of his family's locating near Johnsville, Maryland, in 1857. Here he was placed in the public school under the charge of John S. Repp, a teacher of wide and well-merited reputation. In 1861 Mr. Repp obtained the consent of the Board of Exam- iners for public school teachers to present this pupil and another some three years older to be examined by the Board for teacher's certificates. The candidates were awarded the certificate com- prising reading, writing, arithmetic, English gram- mar, geography, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and history, and dated Frederick, Maryland, August 23, 1861. The war from 1861 to 1865 interfered with the old order of things, and little more was to be gained from the public schools at this time by the subject of this notice. A desire for higher education had taken hold of him, how- ever, and his energies were bent apon preparing for a course in civil engineering. During the school year of 1866-186 7 he attended the West- minster Seminary, and frequently assisted in teaching the mathematical classes. The following year he was engaged as student and teacher in the Western Maryland College, then in the first year of its existence. He remained there another year as Instructor in Mathematics, and in 1869 entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale. To have come under the personal instruction of the Profes- sors he met there when they were at their best, means much to a real student, There were Whit- ney and Lounsbury giving lavishly to Freshmen of their keen insight into and profound knowledge of language and literature ; there were Lyman and Brewer and Eaton and Verrill and Brush in the sciences ; while Mathematics and Engineering were taught in great part by Professor W. A. Norton who had himself gone to the Yale Professorship from his Chair in the New York University and to whom, in a sense. Professor Hering is now a successor. As a student in the Sheffield School he won the prize for excellence in all the studies for Freshman year, and for the Mathematics of Junior year. He was a member of the Berzelius Society, and was graduated with distinction in 92 UNWERSITIES JNB THEIR SONS 1S72, as Bachelor of Philosoph)-, from the course m Civil Engineering, In the following spring he was employed on the Engineer Corps of the Berks County Railroad (now Reading and Lehigh Rail- road in Pennsylvania). After nearly two years' work on this line he left it upon its completion, as principal assistant engineer. Owing to the depres- sion in public enterprises following the financial crisis of 1873-1874, work in engineering was at a standstill, and he engaged chiefly in teaching again in Western Maryland College and elsewhere until 1876, when he was appointed to a Fellowship in Engineering in the Johns Hopkins l^ni\-ersity. D. W. HERINf; being one of the band of enthusiastic students, gathered together from the whole length and breadth of the land, who contributed to the lofty tone and high purpose with which this famous University began its work. In the two years here, devoted principally to Physics and Mathematics, pure and applied, and to Modern Languages, he profited richly by associating as fellow and student with many of the University staff, among whom may be named President Cjilman, Professors Sylvester, Hilgard (chief of the United States Coast Survey), and Rowland ; and more intimately among the Associates and Fellows, Flerbert 15. Adams, Henry C. Adams (now of Michigan I'ni- versity), Hastings (now of Yale), Brandt (now of Hamilton), Story (now of Clark), Elliot, Sihler (now of New York University), Royce (now of Harvard), and many others. In 1878, upon his work here and a thesis which, in the absence of any special engineering department in Johns Hop- kins, was submitted to the Faculty of Yale, and on the recommendation of the Johns Hopkins Faculty, the degree of Civil Engineer was conferred upon Professor Hering by his alma mater Yale. He entered shortly after upon professional work as assistant engineer in the con.struction of the Balti- more & Cumberland Valley Railroad where he continued until 1880. He was then appointed to the Chair of Mathematics in the Western Maryland College, which position he held until 1884. In 1895, when this College celebrated the completion of its first quarter of a century, it conferred upon Professor Hering the degree of Doctor of Phi- losophy. In 1 88 1 he married Mary Hollis Webster, a daughter of the eminent divine and scholar, the late Dr. Augustus Webster of Baltimore. In 1884 he was appointed to the Chair of Physics in the Western University of Pennsylvania, but left there at the end of a year upon his election to the Chair of Physics in the llniversity of the City of New York, now the New York University. LTp to this time, instruction in physics in this institution had been conducted in the old-fashioned way of lectures and recitations exclusively ; the physical laboratory and laboratory methods of studying physics, con- stituting the so-called " new physics " in America, being as yet confined chiefly to the new institutions. With the efforts to rejuvenate the Llniversity, following the resignation of Dr. Crosby from the Chancellorship, the curriculum was remodeled, and laboratory work in physics was announced for the first time, to be undertaken by the new appointee with neither laboratory nor funds to equip one. Professor Hering's work therefore was that of organizing a system of instruction with very scanty means. A beginning was made, however, and the work has been steadily advanced so as to keep pace with the progress of similar work in other Colleges, and what was little more than an incident in the work of the Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy prior to 1884 has become, under his direction, an important department of the Llniversity, with still larger promise by the conversion of the Charles Butler Hall into a physics building. Professor Hering has also sus- UNIVERSITIES ANB THEIR SONS 93 tained a share of the instruction in engineering, particularly the applied mechanics, and has con- tributed by his labors and his counsel to the development of the present School of Applied Science, with its valuable and growing experimental outfit. In 1886 he was elected a member of the American Astronomical Society, which soon after became the Astronomical Department of the Brooklyn Institute. For three years he was a member of the Council of the last named institu- tion, and during one year was President of the Department of Physics. It is as a teacher more than in any other capacity that he has applied himself, during the past twenty-five years, to scien- tific work. He has, however, engaged to some- extent in original investigation, and besides lec- turing frequently and presenting papers before various societies, he has contributed scientific articles from time to time to The Scientific Ameri- can, Science, The Popular Science Monthly, American Electrician, Electrical World, Engineer- ing News and other journals. He is an associate member of the National Institute of Art, Science and Letters, a member of the American Social Science Association, a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences and one of the original members of the American Physical Society. SLOAN, Samuel, 1817- Member Council, 1884- Born in Lisburn, Ireland, 1817 ; graduated Columbia Grammar School 1830; Supervisor Kings county, 1850- 51; State Senator, 1858-59; Pres. Hudson River Rail- road, 1855-62 ; Pres. Del., Lackawanna & W. Railroad, 1867-go; Pres. of various other roads; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1884- SAMUEL SLOAN wafe born in Lisburn, near Belfast, Ireland, December 25, 18 17, and came to the United States in his early childhood. He was educated in the Columbia College Gram- mar School, and at an early age was placed in a clerk's position to learn business methods. The history of his successful business career is one of constant advances through the various stages of commercial activity. He became President of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, an office which he held from 1867 to 1900, the Oswego & Syracuse, the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York, the Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley, the Fort Wayne & Jackson, the Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul, and other railroads. He was President of the Hudson River Railroad from 1855 to 1862. Mr. Sloan was Supervisor of Kings county. New York, in 1850-1S51, and State Senator in 1858-1859. In 1862 he was chosen Commissioner for all the trunk lines run- ning to the west, to direct the arbitration of rail- road disputes. Since 1884 he has been one of SAMUEL SLOAN the Council of New York University, and during the period of his service has proved an earnest friend and wise adviser of the institution. Mr. Sloan is a member of the Committee on Medical College and Property. * VAN SCHAICK, Henry, 1825- Member Council, 1856-72, 1898-, Secretary 1856-65. Born in New York City, 1825; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1843 ; A. M. in course ; practicing lawyer ; Mem- ber Council N. Y. Univ., 1856-72, i8g8-; Sec. Council, 1856-65 ; a founder of University Heights. HENRY VAN SCHAICK was born in New York City, November 10, 1825. His father was Alyndert Van Schaick, a benefactor of the University, and member of its Council for thirty- five years. His grandfather, Gosen Van Schaick, was a distinguished officer of the American Army during the Revolution and other early wars ; an account of these ancestors is to be found on another page of this volume. Mr. Van Schaick's 94 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS mother was Elizabeth Hone Van Schaick. His graduation from the University was with tlie Class of 1843, and the degree of Bachelor of Arts received then was followed after three years by the bestowal of the Master's degree. After the com- pletion of the College course he studied law and entered the practice of that profession in his native city. Here he has continued through a busy and successful career, becoming identified with many large interests of the city, notably as Director of the Manhattan Life Insurance Company and as Trustee of the Manhattan Savings Bank. Mr. Van Schaick has for years been devoted to the H. VAN SCHAICK University of which he is a graduate, holding at present a position in the Council in a term extend- ing from 1898 to 1902. This same body he has previously served, as a member from 1856 to 1872, and as Secretary from 1856 to 1865. His name will also be enrolled among the benefactors of the institution as one of the founders of University Heights. During a period of about twenty years Mr. Van Schaick spent the greater part of his time abroad, returning to New York for occasional visits. Mr. Van Schaick was married, April 9, 1857, to Charlotte Sargent Gray, daughterof Samuel C.Gray. His children have been: Mary, Henry Sybrant, George Gray, Elizabeth and Eugene Van Schaick. * VANDERPOEL, Aaron John, 1825-1887. Law Professor, Member Council, 1870-87. Born in Kinderhook, N. Y., 1825; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1843; A.M. in course; LL.D., 1881 ; practicing lawyer in Kinderhook and New York City; Sheriff of New York City; Prof, in Law Dept. ; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1870-87; died 1887. AARON JOHN VANDERPOEL, LL.D., was born in Kinderhook, New York, October 24, 1825, son of Dr. John and Sarah Wood (Oakley) Vanderpoel. He graduated from the Arts Department of New York University in 1843, and subsequently received the degree of Master of Arts in course, and that of Doctor of Laws conferred as a mark of honor in 1881. Following graduation Mr. Vanderpoel studied law, and for many years conducted a successful practice in Kinderhook and New York City. He was retained as counsel by the New York Board of Health and by the Police Department, and was at one time Sheriff of the city. He was identified with New York University as a Professor in the Law Depart- ment, and by service as a member of the University Council from 1870 until his death in 1887. Mr. Vanderpoel was married, August 3, 1852, to Adaline E., daughter of Henry C. Van Schaack, and had five children : Mary C, Augustus H., Lydia Beek- man, Aaron M,, and Margaret Vanderpoel. He died in Paris, France, August 22, 1887. * HEWITT, Abram Stevens, 1822- Member Council, 1874-1882. Born in Haverstraw, N. Y., 1822; graduated Colum- bia, 1842; Acting Prof, of Math., 1843; studied law and practiced for short time ; engaged in iron business with Peter Cooper; Sec. and Director Cooper Union; U. S. Commissioner to Paris Exposition, 1867; Representa- tive to Congress, 1875-79, and again 1881-86 ; Mayor of New York City, 1887-89; an organizer of the County Democracy, 1879; promoted U. S. Geol. Surv. ; Chair- man Democratic National Committee, 1876; Orator at the opening of Brooklyn Bridge, 1883; President Co- lumbia Alumni Association, 1883; President of Amer- ican Institute of Mining Engineers, 1876 ; recognized authority on finance, labor and development of national resources ; Member Council N. Y. Univ., 1874-82. ABRAM STEVENS HEWITT, LL.D., was born in Haverstraw, New York, July 31, 1822. Proficiency in his studies in the New York public schools gained for him a scholarship at Columbia during the progress of which he sup- ported himself by teaching. Graduating with honor in 1842, he remained at the College the fol- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 95 lowing year as Acting Professor of Mathematics. A warm friendship between him and his classmate, Edward Cooper, resulted in his allying himself by marriage with that well-known family, and he became the business associate of his College com- panion. He studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1845, but soon abandoned the profession to engage in the iron business with Peter Cooper whom he subsequently succeeded in company with Edward Cooper, and the firm of Cooper and Hewitt became the owners and operators of several large iron works. Having visited England solely for the purpose of familiarizing himself with the ABRAM S. HEWITT manufacture of gun-barrel material, Mr. Hewitt placed his resources at the disposal of the Govern- ment during the Civil War, and furnished gim- barrel iron to the War Department at a heavy loss to his concern. He has also kept his works in operation during periods of business depression, and as a result labor troubles have been avoided. His report on Iron and Steel as United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition in 1867 was published both in America and Europe, and his farewell address as President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1876) on a Century of Mining and Metallurgy in the United States, also created favorable comment on both sides of the Atlantic. Leaving Tammany and allying himself with Irving Hall, he assisted in 1879, in organizing the County Democracy. During his ten years in Congress his speeches carried weight with both parties, and he was mainly instrumental in reestablishing the United States Geological Survey. As Mayor of New York, 1887-1889, his administration was conducted upon a well organ- ized business basis, and marked by a determina- tion to hold the heads of departments accountable for the stewardships intrusted to their charge. Mr. Hewitt was Chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1876. He was President of the Columbia Alumni Association for 1883, was selected as Orator at the opening of Brooklyn Bridge the same year, and has long been con- sidered a high authority on labor, finance, the development of National resources, and numerous other business and political issues. He has been Secretary and Director of the Cooper Union from its organization, and for more than forty years his duties in these capacities equaled those of a Col- lege President. He was made a Master of Arts by Columbia in course, a Doctor of Laws in 1887, and has displayed his appreciation and loyalty by presenting the College with a substantial benefac- tion. He has been associated with the interests of New York University, serving as a Member of the Council from 1874 to 1882. * VANDERPOEL, Samuel Oakley, 1824- 1886. Medical Professor, Member Council 1875-1886, Born in Kinderhook, 1824 ; graduated College Dept. N. Y. Univ., 1842; studied in Albany Medical College, 1843-44; graduated Jefferson Medical College, 1845; studied abroad, 1847-49; practicing physician in Kinderhook, 1845-47, ^nd i" Albany, 1850-72; Prof. General Pathology Albany Medical College, i866-6g, and of Theory and Practice of Medicine, 1879-81 ; Sur- geon-General N. Y. State, 1857-58, 1861-62; Health Officer Port of N. Y., 1872-80; Prof. Public Hygiene Univ. Medical College, 1883-86; member Council N. Y. Univ., 1875-86; LL.D., N. Y. Univ., 1878; died 1886. SAMUEL OAKLEY A^ANDERPOEL, M.D., LL.D., was born in Kinderhook, New York, February 22, 1824, son of Dr. John and Sarah W. (Oakley) Vanderpoel. He graduated from the College Department of New York University in 1842, receiving the Master of Arts degree in course. His study of medicine was commenced in the 96 UNI I'ERSJ TIES JND THEIR SONS Albany Medical College, wheie he remained cluriny; one year, 1S43-1844, and in 1845 he graduated from the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. After two years of practice in his native town he was for two years, until 1849, engaged in profes- sional study at the University of Paris. Upon his return he settled in Albany, where he continued to practice for twenty-two years. He held two Pro- fessorships at the Alban)- Medical College, that of General Pathology from 1866 to 1869, and that of the Theory and Practice of Medicine from 1S76 to SAMUEL O. VANDERPOEL 1 88 1. Froin 1S83 to 1886 Dr. Vanderpoel was Professor of Public Hj-giene in the New York University Medical College, and from 1875 until his death in 1SS6 he was a member of tlie Council of the University. He was manager of the State Lunatic Asylum in Utica, New York, from 1867 to 1882 ; Surgeon-General of New York State in 1857-1S5S, and 1S61-1862 ; and Health officer of the Port of New York from 1872 to 1880. Among other hospital appointments were those of Visiting and Consulting Physician to the Albany City, St. Peter's, and the State Emigrant hos- pitals. In 1863 the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon liini by the Albany Medical College, and he recei\ed the Doctor of Laws degree from New York University in 1S78. He was a member of the Medical and Surgical Society of New York, the New York County Medical Society, of which he was President in 1884, and the New York State- Medical Society, of which he was Presi- dent in 1870. He was also a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. Dr. Vanderpoel was married, December 10, 1850, to Gertrude, daugh- ter of Dr. Peter Wendell; his children are : Wendell, Samuel Oakley, Jr., Herman Wendell, John, Eliza- beth Wendell, Lewis Morris and Gertrude Wendell Vanderpoel. Dr. Samuel O. Vanderpoel died in Washington, District of Columbia, March 12, 1886. ANDREWS, W^illiam Loring, 1837- Member Council, 1881- Born in New York City, 1837 ; educated in private schools; in leather business until 1875; engaged in literary and artistic pursuits ; Honorary Librarian Met- ropolitan Museum of Art, 1886- ; M. A. Yale, 1894; Member Council of N.Y. Univ., 1881-; author. WILLL\M LORING ANDREWS was born in New York City, September 9, 1837, son of Loring and Caroline Catherine (Dele- mater) Andrews. His father, a prominent leather merchant of New York Cit}-, was a Councilor and benefactor of New York University ; of his ances- try and career an account is to be found on an- other page of this volume. Mr. Andrews was educated in private schools, receiving the training necessary for equipment for a business life. At an early age he became engaged in his father's busi- ness, and so continued until 1875, when by the death of his father he was obliged to assume charge of the extensive estate, which was not settled until 1883. Since that date much of his time has been devoted to the collection of rare books and engrav- ings, and to literary studies. The results of this avocation have found expression in a number of books, published chiefly in limited editions, through Dodd, Mead & Company, Chas. Scribner's Sons, and other New York publishers ; of his bibliog- raphy the following books are of especial interest : The Old Booksellers of New York, and other Papers; Essays on the Portraiture of the American Revolutionary Wax ; A Prospect of the College in Cambridge, in New England ; New Amsterdam, New Orange, New York ; Fragments of American History. The illu.strations of these books are re- productions of some of the rare prints of Mr. UNIVERSiriES JNB THEIR SONS 97 Andrews's collection. In addition to his service in the Council of the New York University, of which body be has been a member since 1881, Mr. Andrews has been an active worker in various institutions of New York City devoted to the pub- lic good. He has been since 1876 a Trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and its Honorary Librarian since 1886. He was also for eleven years one of the Managers of the House of Refuge on Randall's Island. Yor about fifteen years he has been a Trustee of the Bank for Savings at Fourth Avenue and Twenty-second Street, and is well known as one of the founders and the second President of the Grolier Club. 'He is a member of the Century Association, the Union League, Church and Grolier clubs, the Savile Club of London, the St. Nicholas Society, the New York Historical Society, the Academy of Design, and the New York Chamber of Commerce. He is also an honorary member of the Eleventh Army Corps. His scholarly attainments were recognized by the bestowal of the honorary degree of Master of Arts by Yale in 1894. Mr. Andrews was married Octo- ber 17, i860, to Jane Elizabeth, daughter of Theo- dore Crane of New York City ; their two sons, Loring William and Theodore Crane Andrews, died, one at the age of 21, while a member of the Senior Class at Yale University, and the other 15. MUNRO, George, 1825-1896. Member Council, 1887-96, Benefactor. Born in Nova Scotia, 1825 ; early education in Pictou Acad., N. S. ; taught school, 1847-50; Rector Free Church Academy and Instr. Math. Halifax College, 1850-56 ; removed to New York City and entered pub- lishing business, 1856; publisher of the Seaside Library, The New York Fireside Companion, etc.; made gifts to Dalhousie College, N. S., and estab- lished Professorships ; member Council of N. Y. Univ., 1887-96; a founder of Univ. Heights, and benefactor; died i8g6. GEORGE MUNRO was born in the County of Pictou, Nova Scotia, November 12, 1825. At twelve he was apprenticed to the printer of the Pictou Observer. But before the expiration of two years he determined to further his own education, entering the New Glasgow School, studying Latin, Greek and Mathematics with great ardor for three years, then taking a school for his support, and in 1844 entering Pictou Academy, which later became Dalhousie College, and out of which came distinguished men like Sir William Dawson, the famous scientist. After 1847 on completing his course Mr. Munro taught for three years in the schools of New Glasgow and in 1850 he was called to Halifax as Rector of the Free Church Academy and Instructor of Mathematics in the College. At the same time he studied Theology. In 1S56 he came to New York, served for a while with the American News Company, then began business for himself, publishing Munro's Ten Cent Novels, an enterprise which grew into a large and profitable business. In 1867, Novem- ber 2, he put forward The New York Fireside Companion, which he edited from the beginning. In 1877 he began The Seaside Library which brought the best fiction to the humblest home, but which also reproduced works of literary criticism, and biography and history, including the Revised A^'ersion of the New Testament, May 21, 1881, as a number of the Seaside Library, in parallel columns with the St. James's version, Tischendorf's introduction and an account of the Vatican, the Alexandrian and the Sinaitic MSS. In time Mr. Munro became a millionaire. But in the use of much of this wealth he turned with benefi- cent affection to his own College, Dalhousie, beginning his benefactions in 1879 and gradually founding five Professorships, viz., those of English Literature, History, Physics, Metaphysics and Constitutional Law, furthermore he established Tutorships in Classics and Mathematics for poor and deserving students, a benefaction which was manifestly born of his own hard struggles for a liberal education. Besides these permanent bene- factions he gave annually nglish at the University of Cali- fornia. In 1888 he became Professor of the English Language and Literature at New York University. He received the degree of Master of Arts from Amherst College, and the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Western University of Pennsylvania. Professor Stoddard is, perhaps, best known to scholars as a student of the litera- ture of the Anglo-Saxon and early English periods ; but his writings extend over a much broader range, and some of his special studies in the field of modern literature are of interest to the general reader as well as to the special student. He is a member of many learned societies, and of the Authors' Club and the Century Association in New York City ; and has been prominent in many of the more recent educational movements. Pro- fesssor Stoddard is the author of numerous studies and monographs, among which may be mentioned: The Modern Novel, 1883 ; Women in the English Universities, 1886 ; The Caedmon Poems in MS., Junius IX, 1887 ; Conditions of Labor in England, 1887 ; Miracle Plays and Mysteries, 1887 ; Tolstoi' and Matthew Arnold, 1888 ; Literary Spirit in the Colleges, 1893 : The Study of the English Lan- guage, 1894; The Evolution of the English Novel, 1900. E. G. S. HALL, Robert William, 1853- Asst. Prof. Chemistry 1886-89, Prof. Analytical Chemistry 1889- Born in Armagh, Ireland, 1853; educated at private schools and with tutors; graduated Princeton, 1873; A.M. in course ; graduated School of Mines, Columbia, with degree of E.M., 1876; consulting chemist in private practice until 1886; Acting Asst. Prof. Chem. N. Y. Univ., 1886;. Asst. in Analytical Chem., 1887; Prof Analytical Chem., since 1889. ROBERT WILLIAM HALL was born April 25, 1853, in the city of Armagh, County Armagh, Ireland, a city long noted as the ecclesi- astical capital of Ireland. His father was the Rev. Dr. John Hall, his mother Emily (Bolton) Hall. On his father's side Professor Hall is of Scotch Irish extraction. " Scotch-Irish " by the way, does not mean half Scotch and half Irish, but the descendant of Scotch settlers kept from intermarriage with the Irish by the difference of religion. On the maternal side the subject of this sketch is descended from English stock but of a family settled in Ireland far earlier tlian the Scotch immigration. His early education was had I lO unu'ersities jnd their sons in private schools in Ireland. In 1869 he entered Princeton, graduating in 1873 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Dr. McCosh had just entered upon his work at Princeton. The elective .system just introduced was applied only to a limited extent and in the latter part of the course. The new influences had hardly begun to make them- selves felt. The College was still a typical old- fashioned American one ; no laboratories of any kind, Chapel attendance required twice daily, week days and Sundays, study of the Classics required even of the students least fitted for such studies with the usual result of lowering the standard of the whole class. From Princeton he went to the School of Mines, Columbia, where he received the degree of Mining Engineer in 1876. At that time the courses in the School of Mines differed less from each other than at present, and the students of Mining Engineering had almost the full amount of Chemistry. Robert Hall took up that branch and served as consulting chemist to several companies and conducted a general private practice until 1888. In 1888 he became associated with the Chemical Department of New York Uni- versity in which he now holds the Chair of Ana- lytical Chemistry. Professor Hall has bestowed much pains upon the establishing of a Summer School at University Heights, and has continued to attend to its welfare with unflagging interest. He is a member of the Chemists' Club, the American Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Indus- tries and the Association of Alumni of the School of Mines. His published writings consist of Cyclopedia articles and contributions to scientific journals. E. g. s. to Germany in the fall of 1881, and attended the University of Berlin until the spring of 1883. He left Berlin for Paris in April 1883 whence in July he went to Geneva, where he remained until Novem- ber. At the Commencement of June of that year his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. He passed the following winter and spring (1883-1884) traveling and studying in Italy. Returning in May to Geneva he remained there until the fall, when he went back to Paris intending to spend the winter studying at the Sorbonne, but was driven by circumstances to Berlin where he studied the rest of the winter. GILLETT, William Kendall, i860- Acting Professor French and Spanish 1891-98, Professor 1898-. Born in New York City i860; graduated N. Y. Univ. 1880; engaged in foreign study, 1880-85; Instr. French and German Lehigh Univ., 1885-88; studied in Spain, 1888-89, ^nd in France, 1890-91 ; Acting Prof. French and Spanish N. Y. Univ., i8gi; Prof, since 1898. WILLIAM KENDALL GILLETT was born May 16, i860, in New York City. He was prepared for College at home by his par- ents and a cousin, the Rev. Henry C. Alvord, class of 1876. He entered the Freshman Class of New York University in the fall of 1876 and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1880. Fie spent one year at the Columbia Law School, traveled in Scotland and Enidand in the sunnner of 1881, v^'ent WM. K. GILLETT He came home in 1885 and went as instructor in French and German to Lehigh University. There he remained in that position three years (1885- 1S88). Desirous of spending a year of study in Spain he gave up his work at Lehigh University and passed a year, 1888-1889, in Madrid and Seville, besides traveling about the peninsula. While in Spain he received an appointment for one year as Acting Professor of French and Span- ish in New York University. Permission was granted him to remain abroad one year more be- fore taking up his duties and this year he spent in Paris, studying at the Sorbonne and the Colle'ge de France. Since 1891, when he began his duties, UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS I I I he has continued his connection witli New York University and during the College year of 1898- 1899 was elected to the full Professorship. He spent the vacations of 1896 and 1899 in study in France. e. g. s. ABBOTT, Austin, 1831-1896. Dean of Law School, and Professor Equity, Pleading and Evidence, 1891-1896. Born in Boston, Mass., 1831 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1851, LL.D., 1886; studied law, and admitted to Bar, 1852 ; devoted many years to production of law books ; Dean of the Univ. Law School, and Prof. Equity, Pleading and Evidence, 1891-1896; founded the Univ. Law Review; died 1896. AUSTIN ABBOTT, LL.D., law author, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, December 18, 1 83 1. His father, Jacob Abbott, bore a name which was a household word to American boys and girls forty and fifty years ago, some two hun- dred books for young readers having come from his pen. Jacob Abbott was also for some years the occupant of a Professor's chair at Amherst and later the head of a noted boys' school, the " Little Blue School " at Farmington, Maine. Austin belongs to a unique band of four brothers, all of whom graduated from New York Univer- sity : his senior, Benjamin Vaughn Abbott (died in 1890), was of the Class of 1850; Austin himself of 185 1; Lyman of 1853; and Edward of i860. Admitted to the Bar in 1852, Austin Abbott almost immediately began to turn towards legal literature ; he, conjointly with Benjamin Vaughn, his older brother, began the production of Abbott's Digest of New York Decisions ; later they brought out thirty-five volumes of Abbott's Practice Reports; twelve volumes of Digest of National Decisions ; two volumes of Forms of Pleading, which proved itself a very useful work. After twenty years of joint labor Austin proceeded alone, publishing four volumes of Abbott's Court of Appeal Decisions ; thirty-one volumes of Ab- bott's New Cases ; an Annual Digest of New York Decisions. His first treatise was published in 1880 on Trial Evidence, a widely circulated book of reference. In this decade of 1880-1890 Austin Abbott published in all five volumes dealing with mode and method of legal operation, designated by him as Brief Books. His incessant productivity was enormous : for beside all this he acted as law editor of the Century Dictionary and wrote a daily article for the Daily Register (the predecessor of the New York Law Journal). In 189 1 he became Dean of the University Law School, occupying the Chair of Equity, Pleading and Evidence, and he threw himself at si.xty into this academic work with the enthusiasm of a man of thirty. He organized the Law Department and supplemented its required work with graduate courses. In the fall of 1893 he founded the Ihiiversity Law Review. As he carried in his very consciousness a summary of law on almost ex'eiy important point it is no won- der that his legal aid was retained in many very important cases, e.g. the Beecher-Tilton suit, and the prosecution of President Garfield's assassin ; he was also referee in the celebrated case of Griggs 7'^. Da}'. Lawyers consulted him when they were at their wits' ends. He was for twenty-five years a Deacon in the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City, and an active worker in the Young Men's Christian Association, of which he was a founder. In broad questions of public policy and reform, such as dealing with the Indians or in the question of international arbitration, kindled by the Venezuelan matter of 1895-1896, he took a most active part. There was in Austin Abbott a gentle- ness and patience bordering on excess ; the in- finite activity of his mind and the fine faculty of profound discrimination were weapons so purely spiritual and intellectual that a rude or angry word seemed unthinkable in conjunction with Austin Abbott. The following is from the pen of Carlos C. Alden, one of his most devoted pupils: "Progression in the law was a favorite theme. The law must and would keep abreast of the march of progress ; and legal practitioner, author or teacher must also move on or be left behind, must be ever (in his words) studying actual law, in its present life and motion, and the causes which are shaping and modifying it from time to time." In founding the Review, he announced for its purpose the presen- tation of the law of to-day: "If the law were not progressive, civilization would be stationary ; we review its past to ascertain its course and measure its advances, to learn precisely what it is to-day and prepare for its fresh and truer expression to-mor- row." Viewing jurisprudence as the greatest of powers for the advancement of civilization and the prosperity of the country, he urged its adoption as a general academic study. It was his constant endeavor to inculcate in the minds of his students that broad-minded appreciation of the science of the law which he so keenly felt. For many years Dr. 1 I 2 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Abbott stood as a commanding figure in tlie field of legal literature. Slight, though tall and erect in stature, his slender form supported a head of marked intellectual powers, impressing an ob- server with the complete domination in his per- sonality of the mental over the physical. This impression deepened upon e\ery advance in ac- quaintance. Those who knew him intimately found him unaffected by any conceit of knowledge, exceptionally modest and gracious of demeanor. No man of modern times has been so devoted to research in the law or has placed such rich stores of erudition at the command of his professional brethren. His life work will never be forgotten or outgrown, but will ever play an inseparable part in the progress of the law. He was made a Doctor of Laws by the University in 1886. Au.stin Ab- bott died April ig, 1896. e. c;. s. [See ]>(iitrait page 232, Part I.] AYRES, Winfield, 1864- Instructor Anatomy , 1894- Born at Oakham, Mass., 1864; graduated Mass. State Coll., 1886; M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1893; engaged in Bellevue Hosp., 1893-94; Instr. and Demons. Anatomy N. Y. Univ., since 1894. W INFIELD AYRES, M.D., was born at Oakham, Massachusetts, October 6, 1864, the son of Moses (). and Hannah I. (Farnhamj A3res. On both the paternal and maternal sides his ancestors were English, but were settled in this country as early as 1640. His primary and sec- ondary education was acc|uired in the excellent public schools of his native state, and from them he proceeded in due course to the Massachusetts State College where he was graduated in 1886 with the degree of Bachelor of Sciences. At a later date he decided upon the study and practice of Medicine, and accordingly entered Bellevue Hds- pital Medical College, from which institution he was graduated in 1893 with the degree of Doct(jr of Medicine. Following his graduation Dr. Ayres remained at Bellevue Hospital, as a member oi its staff, from iVpril 1893, to ( )ctober 1894. He then became an Instructor and Demonstrator in Anat- omy in the Faculty of his Alma Mater, and still retains that place in the Faculty of the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. For three years he has been Instructor in Cenito- Urinary Surgery at the New York Post (iraduate Medical School. Dr. Ayres is a member of the Bellevue Alumni Association, of the New York County Medical Society and of the New York Clenito-Urinary Society, and the esteem in which he is held by his professional associates is attested by his election as Vice-President of the last-named organization for the term 1900-190 1. Dr. Ayres was married in 1896 to Lucie L. Prudhomme. w. V. J. LOEB, Morris, 1863- Professor Chemistry, i8gi- Born in Cincinnati, O., 1863 ; early education in private schools, New York City ; graduated Harvard, 1883; Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, tSS?; with Prof. Wolcott Gibbs, Newport, R. I., 1888-89; Decent in Physical Chem. Clark Univ., Worcester, Mass., 1889-gi; Prof. Chem. N. Y. Univ. since iBgt. MORRIS LOEB, Ph.D., was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 23, 1863. His father, Solomon Loeb, son of Leopold, a merchant of Worms on the Rhine, came to America in 1849 and established himself as a merchant in Cincin- nati, moving to New York in 1865, as one of the founders of the well known banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Company. His mother, Betty (Gallen- berg) Loeb, was born in Mannheim, the daughter of Simon Gallenberg, first violin in the court orchestra. Their son Morris was educated at the private school of Dr. David J. Hull, and later at that of Dr. Julius Sachs in New York City. His early inclination ran to languages, four of which he is able to speak fluently, while familiar with five or six others ; gradually, how- ever, his taste for natural science became more marked, and finding himself prepared to enter the Columbia School of Mines in 1878, he passed the examination, but was not admitted on account of his youth. He spent one year as special student at the New York College of Pharmac)', and entered Harvard in the Class of 1883, credited with advanced standing in modern and ancient languages ; received Second-year Honors in the Classics, and was elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society in the first eight of his class. At graduation he received his degree magna cinii /ain/r and delivered a Commencement Dissertation on the History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century. While at College his atten- tion was chiefly devoted to the subjects of Chemistiy, Physics and Music ; his Chemical studies were mainly influenced by Professors I-I. B. Hill, Wolcott Gibbs and L. P. Kinnicutt. UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 113 While at College he was much interested in the musical societies, and was President of the Pierian Sodality in his Senior year. Immediately after receiving his Bachelor's degree, he entered Berlin University and was admitted to the Laboratory of Professor A. W. Hofmann — at first with tire intention of fitting himself for the Aniline industry. Becoming interested in the purely scientific aspects of the subjects he soon, however, resolved to devote himself to an Academic career. He is indebted to Hofmann for three years of the most inspiriting teaching, and the noble example of a man to whom every new discovery was a source of delight, quite irrespective of its practical or even theoretical importance and for whom there was no higher ideal than that of placing his pupils in a position to appreciate the beauties of the laws of nature. After three years of work in Hofmann's laboratory, Morris Loeb completed his research upon the " Deriva- tives of Phosgene Gas " and received the degree of Doctor of Philosopliy cum laiuie on April 13, 18S7. After a summer's vacation at home he entered Heidelberg University, to study Chemical Theory under Hermann Kopp and Analytical work under Robert Bunsen ; thence he went to Ostwald in Leipzig and pursued several inves- tigations in Physical Chemistry. In the fah ot 1888, he accepted the invitation of his former teacher. Professor Wolcott Gibbs, to become his assistant in his private laboratory at Newport, Rhode Island, and remained with him for nearly a year, tliereupon accepting the position of Docent in Physical Chemistry at the newly established Clark LTniversity of Worcester, Massa- chusetts. This institution was founded with prospects that have not by any means been attained, and after two years it became evident that in Chemistry, at least, little would be accom- plished under the conditions then existing. He consequently resigned and returned to New York, where he was soon offered the acting Professor- ship of General Chemistry at New York Uni- versity, with rather nominal duties at the outset. Accepting this offer he was later elected I'rofessor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratory. The conditions in the old Univer- sity building on Washington Square were most unsatisfactory, and there was hardly work enough for the two Professors of Chemistry. Whatever the Chemical Department may have represented in the time of the elder Draper, it had certainly been completely outdistanced, in facilities, by the laboratories of even the smallest country Colleges. Instruction began in the second third of the Junior year -with a course of one hundred lectures, and was continued in the Senior year as an elective, with about ten students working five hours a week for two terms upon qualitative analysis ; quantitative analysis was a graduate course. The laboratory was confined to a few small rooms on the southwest corner of the ground floor, and the lecture room had recently been constructed out of a portion of the cellar and MORRIS LOEB a back hall. Gradually improvements in the course of study were introduced by moving the beginning of the subject forward, one term at a time, until now the lectures which were formerly given to Juniors are begun in the second half of the Freshman year. When it was decided in 1894 to move the College to University Heights, Professor Loeb was instrumental in hastening the erection of the new Chemical Laboratory, and planned its details in all particulars, excepting the actual construction. Although by no means a large laboratory nor luxurious in its equipment, it is considered to be very complete and well adapted to the present wants of the University. One of 114 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS its merits is the possibility of expansion without disarrangement of the present construction. The popularity of the Chemical courses has naturally been advanced with the improvement of the facili- ties, and Professor Loeb and his colleague, Pro- fessor Hall, are now giving as many courses of instruction each term as there were students in the Laboratory in 1S91. Professor Loeb married Eda, daughter of the late Samuel and Regina Kuhn of Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 3, 1895. He is a member of various scientific societies ; has been at one time Secretary of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society and also Secretary of the Chemical Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Being considerably interested in charitable matters, he has held various positions on the boards, es- pecially of Jewish charitable institutions, and is at present Vice-President of the Hebrew Tech- nical Institute and President of the Hebrew Charities Building Corporation. He has written a number of essays on charitable topics. E. G. s. SHAW, Edward Richard, 1855- Prof. Institutes of Pedagogy 1892, Dean of School of Pedagogy 1895- Born in Yonkers, N. Y., 1855; taught schools on Long Island; Ph.B. Lafayette College, 1881 ; Prin. Greenport, L. L, Union School to 1883, of Yonkers, N. Y., High School, 1883-92; Ph.D. N. Y. Univ., 1890; Lee. on Educational Classics and Systems of Education N. Y. Univ., 1890-92 ; Prof. Institutes of Pedagogy since 1892; Dean of School of Pedagogy since 1895; author of several works. EDWARD RICHARD SHAW, Ph.D., was born at Bellport, Long Island, January 13, 1855, son of Joseph Merritt and Caroline Amanda (Gerard) Shaw. He began teaching early, holding positions in schools in Brookhaventown and at Blue Point and Sayville, Long Island. While teaching he made his preparation for College. He was graduated from Delaware College in 1878 with the degree of Bachelor of Literature, taught for a time, then resumed study and was graduated from Lafayette College in 1881, with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. After graduation he taught at Greenport, Long Island, and in 1883 was called to assume charge of the Central School at Yonkers, which in the second year of his Prin- cipalship was advanced into a High School. In 1887 while Principal of the Yonkers High School, he entered upon post-graduate work in New York LTniversity, and after three years of study received in 1890 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In the fall after receiving this degree he was made Lecturer in the School of Pedagogy on Educa- tional Classics and Systems of Education. In 1892 he was called to the Chair of the Institutes of Pedagogy, which position he has since retained. He also served for three years as Secretary of the Faculty. In 1895 he was made Dean of the School of Pedagogy. He has visited Europe sev- eral times to study schools, school systems and pedagogical training in Universities. Professor Shaw has published the following works : Selec- EDWARn R. SHAW tions for Written Reproduction, (New York, i88g) ; Inventional Geometry, (in Popular Science Month- ly, January 1S89) ; School Devices, (in collabora- tion) (New York, 189 1); Physics by Experiment, (New York, 1892); English Composition by Prac- tice, (New York, 1892); Legends of Fire Island Beach and the South Side, (New York, 1895) ; The pjnployment of the Motor Activities in Teaching, (in Popular Science Monthly, November 1896); Some Observations upon Teaching Children to Write, (in Child Study Monthly, February 1896); A Comparative Study on Children's Interests (in Child Study Monthly, July 1896); Two Years Be- fore the Mast, with introduction and notes, (New UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 115 York, 1897); Robinson Crusoe, with introduction and notes, (New York, 1897); Black Beauty, with introduction and notes, (New York, 1S9S) ; Fairy Tales for the Second School Year, (New York, 1899) ; The Peasant and the Prince, with intro- duction and notes, (New York, 1899); Three Studies in Education, (New York, 1899) ; Interest in Relation to Pedagogy, a translation of William Osterman's Das Interesse, (New York, 1899) ; Big People and Little People of Other Lands, (New York, 1900); Discoverers and Explorers, (New York, 1900). E. G. s. SNOW^, Charles Henry, 1863- Prof. Engineering 1894-, Dean Engineering Faculty 1897- , Dean School Applied Science i8gg-. Born in N. Y. City, 1863 ; graduated Dr. Chapin's Collegiate School, 1880; C.E. N. Y. Univ., 1886; Sc.D. Univ. Western Pa., i8g8; Practicing Engineer 1886 to date ; Asso. Prof. Engineering N. Y. Univ., 1891 ; Prof, and Vice-Dean Engineering Faculty 1894; Dean since 1897 ; a founder of Univ. Heights. CHARLES HENRY SNOW, Sc.D., was born in New York City in 1863, from old New England ancestry on his father's side and equally old New York City ancestry on his mother's side. He graduated from Dr. Chapin's Collegiate School in New York City in 1880, standing first in his class and completed pro- fessional studies in New York University in 1886, receiving the degree Civil Engineer. He first acted as rodman on a western railroad, now part of the Canadian Pacific system, resigning to become Engineer and later Assistant Manager of an iron mining company on Lake Superior. Later he undertook the work of organization at a group of zinc mines in the Mississippi Valley and at another group in New Mexico. He has con- ducted engineering enterprises in many portions of the country, including New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Arkansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Oregon, etc. His connection with New York University dates from 1891, when he became asso- ciated with Professor Brush in the work of instruc- tion, later forming plans for the re-organization of the Engineering School into the present School of Applied Science. He was appointed Vice- Dean in 1894 and became Dean upon the death of Professor Brush, in 1897. Dean Snow is one of the " founders " of University Heights. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engi- neers and of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, as well as of the Society for the I^ro- motion of Engineering Education, the National Geographical Society, the American Forestry Asso- ciation, etc. A paper on Marine Wood Borers was read at the 1S98 Convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and another on the Equipment of Camps and Expeditions at the 1899 annual meeting of the American In.stitute of Mining Engineers. He has also published nume- rous papers and magazine articles. In 1898 he married Alice Northrop, a niece of the late Jay Gould. He has one daughter and one son. Probably no one of the Departments of the Uni- CHAS. H. SNOW versity has made greater strides within the past few years than the School of Applied Science. This division of University instruction was begun in 1855 when engineering was made a substitute for certain subjects in the scientific course. No engineering degrees were given, but students were graduated as Bachelors of Science. Further developments took place and the degree Civil Engineer was given for the first time in 1862. During all of the years before and after this date until the move to University Heights, the classes were small and equipment meagre. Notwithstand- ing this fact, some of the most noted engineers of the period received their instruction at this school. ii6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Within tlie past five years the attendance has increased many fold. A quarter of a million dollars in endowment and equipment have been added. The entrance requirements have been raised, an entirely new curriculum has been pro- vided for the course in Civil Engineering, and new courses in Naval, Mechanical, and Chemical Engineering have been opened. The buildings now specially devoted to this Department are as follows : (i) The power house, with wooden exten- sions, in all about one hundred and fifty feet in length, for the office of the Dean, the Mechanical Laboratory and the Drawing Room. (2) The Havemeyer Laboratory for Chemistry. (3) The Charles Butler Hall for Physics and Mechanics. (4) The Mathematical Rooms in Language Hall. (5) The three south rooms of the Museum for Geological and Mineralogical Laboratory, Lecture Room and Museum. (6) The north room of the museum for engineering collections. (7) The Work Shops. Mr. Douglass was the first Pro- fessor of Civil Engineering, Professor Bull suc- ceeded him, but not directly. Professor Brush came next, to be in turn followed by Dean Snow. Dean Snow's bibliograplty includes : Turquoise in Southwestern New Mexico ("Am. Jour. Sci. Vol. xli.); Copper Crystallizations at The Copper Glance and Potosi Mine, New Mexico (Transactions Am. Inst. Mining Engineers, Vol. xxxvi.) ; Railroad Location (Discussion), Transactions American So- ciety Civil Engineers, etc., etc. e. g. s. Prussia, as a Captain of cavalry in the White Hussars of Silesia, when he received a civil appointment as Royal Controller for the sale of salt in the internal revenue district of Breslau. His youngest son, William, born 1801, after having completed his classical education in the gymnasium of Schweidnitz, entered the army and after a few years attained a Lieutenantcy. Dr. William Sihler recalled Marshal Bliicher, and his immediate superior at first was Major Keller who captured Napoleon's carriage in the rout after Waterloo. In that campaign a paternal uncle of SIHLER, Ernest G., 1853- Professor Latin, 1892- Born in Fort Wayne, Ind., 1853; graduated Con- cordia College, Fort Wayne, 1869; studied at Lutheran Divinity School, St. Louis, Mo., 1869-72; attended Berlin and Leipzig, 1872-75 ; Fellow in Greek Johns Hopkins Univ., 1876-78 ; Fellow in Greek Hist., 1878-79 ; Classical Instr., 1879-91; Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1878; Prof. Classics Concordia College, 1891-92; Prof. Latin N. Y. Univ. since 1892; author of Hist, of N. Y. Univ. ERNEST G. SIHLER, Ph.D., Historian of the University, was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, January 2, 1853, the second .son and one of nine children, of the Rev. Dr. William Sihler, Pastor of St. Paul's Lutheran Church, the oldest church of this denomination in the state of Indiana Professor Sihler's paternal grandfather, born in 1753, was honorably discharged from the Prussian army shortly before the Napoleonic wars with E. G. SIHLER Professor Sihler perished as a Prussian officer. Professor Sihler's father in the earlier years of the twenties, being then a Lieutenant in the Twenty-second Infantr)', was ordered to attend the Royal Kriegsacademie at Berlin when Moltke and Roon attended the same work as young Lieu- tenants. After completing this course, however. Lieutenant Sihler resigned his commission and entered the University of Berlin where he was particularly devoted to Schleiermacher's work in philosophy and Karl von Ritter's in geography. In 1829 WiUiam Sihler published at Berlin a volume entitled Symbolik des Antlitzes, a nota- ble contribution in the domain of empirical psy- chology for which the University of Jena gave him UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 117 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. During the thirties he was a member of the Faculty of the Blochmann Institut (now a governmental gymna- sium) in Dresden, and later was domestic tutor in the establishment of several Lutheran noblemen in the Baltic provinces of Russia. Early in 1843 he resolved to go to America to work in the Lutheran Church west of the AUeghanies. After having had charge of a Lutheran Church in Pome- roy, Ohio, he in 1845 became Pastor of St. Paul's in Fort Wayne, which charge he held for forty years, to his death in 1885. He established in Fort Wayne a Theological Seminary, now flourish- ing in Springfield, Illinois, and was from 1861 to 1872 President of Concordia College, Fort Wayne. Here Ernest G. Sihler received his classical train- ing, and was reared with Spartan simplicity and rigor. The Maumee afforded bathing in summer and skating in winter. Professor Sihler being so much devoted to the former that he later swam the Mississippi, the Rhine and the Tiber. The thorough mastery of Madvig's Latin Syntax in his boyhood presented to his mind the idea of subduing large units of classical work. His instructors at Concordia as well as later at the Lutheran Divinity School in St. Louis, now the largest and most important in the Lutheran church, were with few exceptions men of accu- rate German University training, graduates of Berlin, Erlangen, Konigsberg and Leipzig. The example of his father, who consecrated uncommon gifts of mind and willpower to spiritual ends and the service of others, presented to the boy a lofty ideal of devotion and fidelity to high aims, and the silent selfsacrifice of his revered mother was a mute condemnation of selfishness and worldliness. The lad's mind was firmly set at eighteen on classical scholarship ; the idea of close and fami- liar contact with the most imperishable utterances of the greatest minds of ancient history filled the youth's mind with rapture, and he gave himself no concern as to how he would li\'e or what profes- sional advantages would accrue to him from such pursuits. In the fall of 1872 he was sent to Berlin whither his older brother Christian, pur- suing medical studies at the University, had pre- ceded him. The vast erudition in Greek literature of Adolph Kirchhoff, successor of August Boeckh, at once presented a lofty ideal of power and attain- ment, while the helpfulness of Professor Emil Hiibner on the Latin side was gratefully enjoyed by the young student. In Hiibner's Seminar Professor Sihler was immediately enrolled an active member and held this post during his three semesters in Berlin. The greatest Aristotelian of the last generation, Hermann Bonitz, introduced him to Greek philosoph)'. The superb critical faculty of Moritz Haupt in Classical Exegesis, of Theodor Mommsen in Roman Constitutional Law, and of Heinrich Kiepert in Classic Geography and Ethnology proved splendid incentives ; it was clear to Sihler's mind however that not in the mere iteration of these eminent men's results, but in direct contact and first hand mastery of the entire literary tradition of antiquity (as far as his powers permitted) was to be the work of his own life. From spring 1874 to spring 1875 Sihler spent his time at Leipzig (where his room-mate was Charles Forster Smith, now Professor of Greek in the Uni- versity of Wisconsin) taking from Berlin a per- sonal note to the eminent Friedrich Ritschl of Leipzig, then suffering from bodily ailment but still indomitably active. He (foremost latinist of the nineteenth century), with Georg Curtius in Greek Grammar, Ludwig Lange, Lipsius, Schuster and others were his academic teachers at Leipzig where he worked particularly in Attic Comedy, in Plato and in writing Latin, in which domain he completed a written version of Lessing's Laocoon, 1874. In 1875 Sihler returned to Fort Wayne and in 1876 sent in a Greek paper on Attic Comedy for which he received a Fellowship in Greek at the newly established Johns Hopkins University, to which in 1877 his brother Christian followed him, gaining a scientific Fellowship for original work in histology. The incentive of almost daily confer- ences with the great Hellenist Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve for full three years was a personal and professional privilege of rare importance to Sihler, as was the kindly interest and hospitality of Charles D. Morris, a late fellow of Oriel, Oxford. Among those who held fellowships at the same time were Hering, now of New York University, Hastings of Yale, Hart of Lafayette, Lanman, now Professor of Sanscrit at Harvard, Royce of Har- vard, Bevier, now of Rutgers, Halsted of Texas University, Marquand, now at Princeton, Allinson, now of Brown, Hall of Harvard, Hall of Haver- ford, being distinguished in academic language by their darker and lighter complexion as White Hall and Black Hall. "You must light your own torch," said President Gilman to the twenty young ii8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS men in October 1876. In June 1878, Professor Sillier received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins for his dissertation on Metaphor and Comparison in Plato, having previously sus- tained an examination of about two hours in ancient philosophy, before the Faculty, and in Greek literature, with written work in Greek. This was the first bestowal of the degree at Johns Hopkins. At the same time the degree was recei^'ed by Henry C. Adams, now of Ann Arbor, Thomas Craig, late of Johns Hopkins, and Josiah Royce, now of Harvard. For twelve years, 1879- 189 1, Professor Sihler had to be content with doing preparatory work in classics in the City of New York, persevering, however, with his pen in writing several books and contributing papers to the American Philological Association in 1880, 1881, 1SS5, 1887 and 1S91. In 1891 he was called to the Concordia College at Milwaukee, and in the next year, 1892, was called to the Latin chair at New York Universit)', aiding in the reorganization of the Latin work in the elec- tive courses at University Heights, and in the upbuilding of the Graduate School. In the latter he has worked particularly in history of Roman literature, in Lucretius (to which one of his stu- dents. Dr. George P. Eckmann, has contributed a substantial study entitled The Controversial Elements in Lucretius, 120 pp. 1899), in Roman Constitutional Law, in Plautus, in Aristophanes, and in the Mythology of Homer. Several further studies of his graduate .students are now prepar- ing for publication. Professor Sihler was a mem- ber of the Greek Club of New York for many years, being invited to join this association of active reading scholars in 1879 by the Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby and by Professor Plenry Drisler of Columbia College, gentlemen to whose active goodwill he owes more than he has space to relate here. Professor Sihler was married in 1881 to Emily Johanna, daughter of Henry Pjirkner, Esq., of Brooklyn, and has two sons living, Henry, born 1883, and Howard, born 1890. In 1899 the American Philological Association held its annual meeting at University Heights when Professor Sihler served as Chairman of the Local Com- mittee. A list of Professor Sihler's publications is subjoined. C)n the (jreek side : The Protago- ras of Plato, with critical and explanatory notes and an introduction, Harper's, N. Y. 1881, and 1892 ; The Historical Aspect of Old Attic Comedy, American Philosophical Association Proceedings, 1876 ; Aeschylus and Herodotus, and their ac- count of the battle of Salamis, American Phil- osophical Association Transactions, 1877 ; The Technical Vocabulary of the Rhetorical Writings of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i7>id. Proceedings, 1879. The Verbal Nouns in -o-is in Thucydides, //■/(/. Transactions, 1881 ; a Study of Dinarchus, //'/V/,, 1885 ; Aristotle's Criticism of Spartan Insti- tutions, I'/uW. Proceedings, 1892, and in Classical Review, 1893- 1894 ; a Review of Choeroboscus's Scholia on Greek Grammar, with a study of Alexandrine and Byzantine Grammar, Classical Review, 1895 ; on the Essay on the Sublime, a technical and rhetorical treatise. Am. Philol. Assoc. Proceedings, 1899 ; on a certain matter in the earlier literary history of Aristophanes, I'/'id., 1900 ; De Parodiis quae inveniuntur apud Scriptores Comicos Atticos Antiquos, 1875. On the Latin side : The Character and Career of Tiberius, Penn Monthly, Philadelphia, March 1880 ; Virgil and Plato, Am. Philol. Association, 1880 ; The Tradition of Cassar's Gallic Wars, from Cicero to Orosms, /7>/i/., 1887 ; the Census- lists in Livy, I'h'd., 1891 ; a Study of Velleius Paterculus, ifi/d., 1894 ; St. Paul and the Lex Julia de Vi, i7>/W., 1894; Cicero and Lucretius, i7'/;/., 1897 ; Lucretius and Epicurus de Meteoris, i7>/W., 1898, published in full by the New York Academy of Sciences, 1898; on Latin ae and ai. Diphthong or Monophthong, Am. Philol. Ass., 1898 ; a Complete Lexicon of the Latinity of Caisar's de Bello Galileo, 1891 ; Studies in Caesar, Classical Review, 1890. Professor Sihler is at the present time preparing an edition of Cicero's Second Philippic for the University Pub- lishing Company. Besides the names of Eniil Hiibner, Friedrich Ritschl, B. L. Gildersleeve, C. D. Morris, H. Crosby, and H. Drisler, Professor Sihler desires to record here with thankfulness those of P'rancis A. March of Lafayette, and W. W. Goodwin of Harvard University. E. G. s. PRINCE, John Dyneley, 1868- Prof. Semitic Languages 1892- , Dean Graduate School 1895- Born in New York City, 1868; early education in private schools and under tutors ; graduated Columbia, 1888 ; Asst. to Director of Expedition to So. Babylonia, 1888-89; studied in Semitic Dept. Johns Hopkins Univ., 1890-92; Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1892; Acting Prof. Semitic Languages N. Y. Univ., 1892-94; Prof. UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 119 Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology since 1884; Dean of Graduate School since 1895; author of many writings. JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, Ph.D., son of John Dyneley and Anne Maria (Morris) Prince, of English race on both sides, was born in New York City, on April 17, 1868, being through his mother a great-grandson of Reverdy Johnson, the eminent statesman and jurist of Maryland. Professor Prince was educated first at private schools, notably that of the late Dr. Callisen, and afterwards by means of English and German tutors. Of these the late Cecil de Wilton Grey was a most important factor in developing his taste J. ]JYNELEY PRINCE for the classics and especially for Classical Philol- ogy, while Herr Eduard Schindelmeisser, for many years a well known instructor in German in New York, may be said to have been the first who led the young student to the fascinating study of Comparative Philology. To these two men Professor Prince owes the basis of his technical education and is particularly indebted to them for their care in forming in him the habit of consecu- tive application to one subject, so indispensable to the student of every branch of knowledge. Pro- fes.sor Prince entered Columbia (Arts T)epartment) in the autumn of 1884, having at that time fully determined to take orders in due course in the American Episcopal Church, a line of life to which he felt himself especially inclined owing to the thorough religious training which he had received both from his father, then recently deceased, but most of all from his mother. Having this object in view, he naturally elected, so far as possible, those courses which would be best calculated to train him for his subsequent calling. In this way he was brought under the influence of Dr. Richard Gottheil, the Professor of Semitic Languages at the College, to whose thorough foundation-work in Hebrew and Aramaic he owes much of his later zeal for the study of those languages. Having laid the basis with Professor Gottheil of all his later work in Semitic, he was appointed in 1888, when he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Columbia, as the Assistant to the Director of the Expedition to Southern Babylonia which sailed that June under the auspices of the University of Penn.sylvania. The Trustees of Columbia appointed him at the same time as the official representative of that University on the expedition. This marks an important turning point in Professor Prince's life. Sailing with Dr. John P. Peters, the Director of the expedition, and with Dr. Robert Harper, then of Yale, he pro- ceeded first to London where he spent several months in the study of Hebrew and in the exami- nation of the Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum. After a few weeks in Dresden and South Germany Dr. Peters and Professor Prince went at once to Constantinople, where they re- mained three full months, awaiting the granting of the Firman from the Sultan which should permit the party to proceed to its destination and under- take excavations in Southern Babylonia. During this period spent at Constantinople, Professor Prince devoted himself with assiduity to the study of Turkish and of the peculiar conditions existing in the Turkish Empire, in which he has always felt a deep interest. Finally, the long awaited Firman arrived and Dr. Peters and Professor Prince went at once to Aleppo, where they met the other members of the party, viz., Drs. Robert Harper and Hilprecht of the University of Penn- .sylvania, Mr. P. F'ield of Brooklyn, who acted as the engineering and architectural expert, and Mr. Daniel Zad Noorian, a cultivated Armenian from Asia Minor, who was the interpreter and dragoman for the expedition. The whole part)' then set I 20 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS out on a twenty-four clays' ride, accompanied by a large caravan of mules and pack-horses, from Aleppo to Bagdad, following the course of the Euphrates. This journey proved of great interest and value, as the members of the expedition passing through the territory of Kurdish and Arab tribes, were able to understand practically the conditions of nati\-e life in the desert. On arrival at Bagdad, however. Professor Prince was danger- ously ill as the result of the bad food and water of the country, and was compelled to claim the protection of the British Consular Resident, then Mr. (now Sir) Adalbert Cecil Talbot, under whose kind care he was soon nursed back to health. In the mean time the expedition had gone on to the ruin site of Niffer in Southern Babylonia, where it was not possible for Professor Prince to follow them, owing to the bad sanitary conditions and climate there prevailing. He accordingly left Bagdad in January i88g and sailed for Karachi and Bombay on a British India steamer plying from Basra at the head of the Persian Gulf. This voyage and the subsequent ones from Bombay to Hong Kong and from Hong Kong to Kobe in Japan completely restored him physically, and at the same time enabled him to make an important friendship with Colonel Willoughby Hooper, of the Madras Presidency, who was returning home to England on a pension. This gentleman proved a weighty factor in forming the young man's character and developing in him the faculty of observation. Professor Prince made a fortnight's trip through Japan with Colonel Hooper, seeing just enough of that charming country to enable him to form a superficial idea of the national character. He sailed for San Francisco from Yokohama in April 1889. It will be seen that all the influences of Profes.sor Prince's life had been leading him to a study of the Orient and its languages, and when he returned to New York he decided to make Orloitalia his life-work. In the autumn of 1889 he married Adeline, daughter of Dr. Alfred L. Loomis, since deceased, who had married Professor Prince's mother. To Dr. Loomis Professor Prince owes the most important moral influence of his life. It would be impossible to pay too high a tribute to the life and work of this great man who stood ever before him as a model of true manhood. Acting on Dr. Loomis's advice. Professor Prince and his wife went at once to the University of Berlin, where under Professors Schrader, Sachau, Dillman, Hoffory and others the young student followed still further his Oriental bent, and there decided on making Assyriology his specialty. In 1890 he returned to America and entered as a student the Semitic Department of Johns Hopkins University under the direction of Professor Paul Haupt. Professor Haupt was the crowning influence from the scho- lastic point of view in Professor Prince's life- training. From him he learned the true method of Philological study, as well as the proper point of view from which to approach the investiga- tion of the intricacies of Assyrian, Hebrew and Arabic. To Professor Haupt's zeal as a scholar and personal friend Professor Prince owes his ability to pass the extremely rigorous examinations required by the Johns Hopkins authorities for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy which he completed in June 1892, having as major subject Assyriology, and as first and second minors Hebrew and Germanic Philology. His Thesis for the Doctorate was entitled Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin, a study of the F"ifth Chapter of Daniel. Professor Prince held the Fellowship in Semitic in the Johns Hopkins University in 1890-1891 and was afterwards " Fellow by Courtes)' " until 1892. In the autumn of that year he was appointed Acting Professor of Oriental Languages in New York University which title was changed almost directly to that of Acting Professor of the Semitic Language. He taught in this capacity until 1894, when he was made full Professor with the title Professor of Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology, which he still holds. In 1895 he was elected by the Council of the University Dean of the then newly re-organized Graduate School. Since his appointment to a Professorship in New York University Professor Prince has endeavored to divide his energies between the duties of teach- ing and of writing articles etc. on his special subjects, a partial list of which includes : Notes on the Language of the Eastern Algonkin Tribes, (American Journal Philology, 1888, Vol. ix. pp. 310-316); Archaeology in Turkey, (The Inde- pendent, December 6, 1888); Political "Leader," (The Nation, May 30, 1890), on the Austrian- Czech crisis; The I^inguistic Position of Osmanli Turkish, (Johns Hopkins University Circular, April 1891); Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin, (Johns Hopkins University Circular, No. 98, pp. 94) ; On the Writing on the Wall at Belshazzar's UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 121 Feast, (Proceedings American Oriental Societ)', April 1892); The Book of Psalms, (J. Wellhausen, in Haupt's Polychrome Bible, English translation of Wellhausen's notes on the text, 1895) ; The Passamaquoddy Wampum Records, (Proceedings American Philosophical Society, xxxvi. pp. 479- 495, 1897) ; Old Testament Notes, (Journal Biblical Literature, xvi. pp. 175-6, 1897); Some Passama- quoddy Documents, (New York Academy Science Annals, xi. pp. 369-377, i8g8); A Critical Com- mentary on the Book of Daniel, designed especially for Students of the English Bible, (Leipzig, 1S99, J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung). e. g. s. ASHLEY, Clarence DeGrand, 1851- Professor Law 1895- , Dean of Law Dept. 1896- Born in Boston, Mass., 1851 ; early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. ; graduated Yale, 1873 ; studied in Germany ; graduated in law at Columbia, 1880 ; admitted to Bar, 1879 ; helped to organize Metropolis Law School ; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ. since 1895; Dean of the Law Dept. since 1896; LL.D. Miami Univ., 1898; Non-Resident Lecturer of Law at Bryn-Mawr College since 1899. CLARENCE DeGRAND ASHLEY, LL.D., was born in Boston, Massachusetts, July 4, 1 85 1. He comes of New England ances- try, his forefathers having taken an active part in Colonial affairs and served during the Revolu- tionary War. His parents are Ossian Doolittle and Harriet Amelia (Nash) Ashley. His father has been a financial writer for fifty years past, conducted a banking business for many years and since 1886 has been President of the Wabash Railway Company. In 1858 the family moved to New York City where the subject of this sketch has resided ever since. He was educated in pri- vate city schools until 1866, when he went to Phil- lips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, and was graduated from there in 1869. He at once entered Yale University and was graduated from there with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Class of 1873. The two years following graduation he spent in a banker's office, gaining business experi- ence, and during the same period gave private tuition, successfully preparing students for the en- trance examinations at Columbia and Williams. In August 1875 he went to Berlin, Germany, and devoted himself to the study of German. In April 1876 he matriculated at Berlin University, and studied there for the two following years tak- ing courses on Roman Law under Professors Bruns, Berner and Gneist and on International Law under Professors Dambach and Heffter. He returned to New York in July 1878, having trav- eled through the principal countries of Europe during his vacations. On August 12, 1880, at Geneva, Switzerland, he was married to Isabella Heyward Ripley, a native of New York City, and a descendant from the TrumbuUs of Connecticut. In the fall of 1878 he entered the Law School of Columbia University, and during his Law course was in the office of Scudder & Carter. In 1S79 he was admitted to the New York Bar, and in May CLARENCE D. ASHLEY 1880, was graduated from Columbia with the de- gree of Bachelor of Laws. He at once entered active practice and has been engaged in many prominent litigations, representing well known clients and estates, among the former being the venerable Pennsylvania statesman, Galusha A. Grow, and the Hon. Andrew H. Green, while among the latter were the estates of William B. Ogden, Samuel J. Tilden and Cortlandt Palmer. Dr. Ashley is now senior member of the law firm of Kennison, Crain, Emley & Rubino. In 1891 in co-operation with Abner C. Thomas, LL.D., since Surrogate of New York county, he organized the Metropolis Law School, becoming a member 122 UNU'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS of the Faculty and one of its Board of Trustees. In 1895 the Metropolis Law School became con- solidated with the Law Department of New York University and Mr. Ashley was appointed Professor of Law therein, and Vice-Dean of the Faculty in charge of the Evening Division. In 1895 he received the honorary degree of Master of Laws from New York University. In i8g6 upon the death of Austin Abbott, LL.D., he succeeded to the office of Dean of the Law Department of New York University, which position he still occupies. In 1898 Miami University conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1899 Dr. Ashley was appointed Non-Resident Lecturer on Law in Bryn-Mawr College, which appointment he still holds. E. G. s. BALLARD, Addison, 1822- Professor Logic, 1893- Born in Framingham, Mass., 1822 ; graduated Williams, 1842; Prin. Hopkins Acad. Hadley, Mass., 1842-43; Tutor at Williams, 1843-44; teacher Grand Rapids, Mich., 1845-46; Prof. Latin and Math. Ohio Univ., 1847-54; Prof. Rhetoric Williams, 1854-55 ; Prof- Astronomy, Math, and Nat. Phil. Marietta College, Ohio, 1855-57; '" ministerial work, 1857-72; Prof. Christian Greek and Latin Lafayette College, 1874-79 ; of Moral Phil, and Rhetoric in same, 1879-94; Prof- Logic N. Y. Univ. since 1893; D.D. Williams, 1867. ADDISON BALLARD, D.D., was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, October 18, 1822, son of John and Pamelia (Bennett) Ballard. He was graduated from WiUiams in 1842, the first honor man of his class, received the degree of Master of Arts in course, and in 1867 that of Doctor of Divinity as an honorary title from his Alma Mater. Immediately after graduation, he became Principal of Hopkins Academy in Hadley, Massachusetts, returning to Williams as Tutor in 1843, and remaining during one College year. In 1845 he taught in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the following year did missionary service in the Grand River Valley. For seven years, 1847-1854, he was Professor of Latin and Mathematics at Ohio University, and then returned to Williams for one year of service in the Chair of Rhetoric. From 1855 to 1857 he was Professor of Astronomy, Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio. The next eight years of Professor Ballard's life were spent in the Pas- torate of the First Congregational Church in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and for six years, from 1866 he occupied a similar position in Detroit, Michigan. In 1874 he was appointed Professor of Christian Greek and Latin in Lafay- ette, serving in that Chair until 1879, when at his own request he was transferred to the Professor- ship of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. The latest change in a singularly varied career, came in 1893 when he was appointed to the Professor- ship of Logic in New York University — his present position. During the former part of this period of service in the University, Professor Ballard gave instruction also in Psychology, Moral ADDI.SON BALLARD Philosophy, Ethics and Christian Evidences. His wife, whom he married August 7, 1851, was Julia Perkins Pratt, a woman of rare character and accomplishments — as an author, best known, perhaps, by her last book. Among the Moths and Butterflies, which has done much to popular- ize and extend the study of Entomology. Besides frequent contributions to secular and religious periodicals Professor Ballard is the author of a book entitled Arrows ; or Teaching a Fine Art. ERWIN, Frank Alexander, i860- Professor Law, 1893- Born in West Point, N. Y. , i860; prepared for Col- lege in N. Y. schools; graduated Williams, 1882; A.M., Williams, 1885; LL.B. N. Y. Univ., 1891; LL.M. 1895; UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 12 3 Head Master Peekskill Mil. Acad. 1882 ; Instr. Eng. Lit. Dr. Sachs's Collegiate Inst., N. Y. City, 1886; Instr Legal Hist. N. Y. Univ. Law School, 1891 : Prof. Law since 1893; Sec. to Justice of N. Y. Supreme Court; practicing lawyer. FRANK ALEXANDER ERWIN, son of William and Elizabeth (Stuart) Erwin, was born in West Point, New York, January 9, i860. His early education was obtained chiefly at three schools of New York State : Donald's Institute in Highland Falls ; the Peekskill Military Academy and Siglar's Preparatory School in Newburgh. From the last named institution he entered Wil- liams and there graduated with the degree Bachelor FRANK A. ERWIN of Arts in 1882 ; receiving the Master's degree in 1885. At Williams, Professor Erwin was one of the first men of his class, winning various honors distinctive of the prominent scholar. He was elected to the learned body of the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his Junior year ; took the German prize ; occupied the Editorship of The Athenaeum, and at Commencement delivered the Philosophical Oration. His professional study was performed at the Law School of New York University where he received the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1891, and that of Master of Laws in 1895. Here again he gained the rewards of high scholarship, being awarded the First F'aculty Scholarship in his Junior year and the first prize for the best written examination in his Senior year ; he was one of the Commencement speakers. Besides his profes- sional practice. Professor Erwin has had a notable experience as an educator. From 1882 to 1885 he was Head Master of the Peekskill Military Academy and later became an Instructor in Eng- lish Literature at Dr. Sachs's Collegiate Institute in New York City. In 1892 he was appointed Instructor in Legal History in the Law School of the University, and from that position was advanced to a Law Professorship in 1893. Pro- fessor Erwin also delivers lectures on the Evolution of Law before the Hartford School of Sociology. He is a member of the Chi Psi and Phi Delta Phi fraternities, the Williams Alumni of New York, the Phi Beta Kappa Alumni of New York, the New York University Law School Alumni, the New York Junior Law School Alumni, the Bar Association of the City of New York and the American Bar Association. His writings include : Cases on Sales, a Summary of Torts and Cases on Torts. * LADUE, Pomeroy, 1868- Acting Professor Mathematics 1894-98, Professor 1898- Born in Detroit, Mich., 1868; early education in public schools ; graduated B.S. Univ. of Mich., 1890; connected with U. S. Weather Bureau, Detroit, 1892-93; Instr. Math. Univ. of Mich., 1893-94 ; Acting Prof. Math. N. Y. Univ., 1894-98; Prof, since 1898; Sec. Faculty of Graduate School, 1894 ; Sec. Faculty of School of Applied Science, 1898- POMEROY LADUE was born in Detroit, Michigan, October 23, 1868. On his father's side his ancestry includes the first Ameri- can of the name Ladue, one of the Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle, New York. On his mother's side his ancestry is nearly pure English. His grandfather coming to Detroit in the late for- ties from New York, when the city had but fifteen thousand inhabitants, became actively interested in the city and state of his adoption, serving just before his death in 1854 as Mayor of the city. His father associated with his father's brothers continued the business which was that of tanners, dealers in wool, cattle, etc. Pomeroy Ladue, at- tending the public schools from the beginning of his school life through the successive steps of primary, grammar, high schools and the State University at Ann Arbor, is a product of that ad- mirably organized system of free schools which 124 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS has had so much to do with the development of the Middle West. At the University of Michigan he spent in all six and a half years, devoting a large part of his time from the beginning of his College course to specialization in Mathematics and allied sciences. The elective system which there has free scope encourages such specializa- tion, so that in the undergraduate course he was able to devote more than one third of his time to pure mathematics, thus securing a good founda- tion for further study. In College he was active in various student organizations. He joined a Greek letter fraternity, was active in the estab- lishment of the Mathematical Club and the Astro- nomical Club, and interested also in College jour- nalism, holding positions on the chief weekly papers from solicitor for advertisements to managing edi- tor. In the study of Mathematics he was asso- ciated with Professor Richard Olney, a most inspiring teacher. Professor W. W. Beman, now the head of the Mathematical Department at the University of Michigan, Professor F. N. Cole, who brought to the llniversity the enthusiasm resulting from recent contact with German mathe- maticians (he was one of Klein's first American students) now Professor of Mathematics at Colum- bia University, Professor Alexander Ziwet and a number of younger workers. The two years and a half from June 1890 to February 1893 following graduation were devoted to experimenting in sev- eral fields of labor. Tempted by the allurements of the life of a successful lawyer he studied law for a year at Ann Arbor in the Law Department of the University, followed by office work with some court room experience in Detroit. This not prov- ing congenial he accepted a position as Observer in the United States Weather Bureau stationed at Detroit. in February 1893 he accepted the appointment as Instructor of Mathematics at his Alma Mater. Upon returning to Ann Arbor he continued his study along advanced lines in asso- ciation with the other members of the corps of Instructors, taking some work in class with the students in the Graduate School and meeting fre- quently for seminar work his fellow Mathematical Instructors. During this period he continued his study along the lines of Applied Mathematics, Pro- jective Geometry, Theory of Functions, including some special work in the application of differential equations to surfaces. In May 1894 he was ap- pointed Acting Professor of Mathematics at New York University, changed to full Professor in 1898. Upon coming to New York, closer associ- ation with the work of the American Mathematical Society, whose meetings are held in New York City, became possible. In 1895 he was elected Librarian and as such a member of the Council of the Society, offices to which he has been reelected each year since 1895. Coming to New York University when the uptown movement was an accomplished fact he has been actively identified with the various lines of growth resulting from that movement. Of the P'aculty of the Graduate School Professor Ladue in 1894 became Secretary. Upon the establishment of the School of Applied Sci- ences in 1S98 he was appointed Secretary of its Faculty. He was one of the founders of the Sum- mer School, started in 1895, and he continues to offer courses each summer. Since 1894 the en- trance requirements in Mathematics have been in- creased so that they now compare very favorably with those of other Colleges of recognized stand- ing. In line with this general growth, the courses of study in the College the School of Applied Sci- ence, and the Graduate School have been changed under his direction to meet changed conditions. E. G. S. BROWN, Marshall Stewart, 1870- Professor History and Political Science, 1894- Born in Keene. N. H., 1870; graduated Brown, 1892; A.M., 1893 ; Instr. Hist. Univ. of Mich., 1893-94; Acting Prof, and Prof. Hist, and Political Science N. Y. Univ. since 1894. MARSHALL STEWART BROWN was born in Keene, New Hampshire, in 1870, the second of six children. His earliest American ancestor was Thomas Brown, who came to Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1630. He was one of the original grantees of Sudbury, Massa- chusetts, and one of the original settlers of Concord, Massachusetts. The family lived in Concord, Massachusetts, until about the middle of the eighteenth century, when an ancestor moved to New Ipswich, New Hampshire. Professor Brown's ancestor. Captain Josiah Brown, an officer in the Revolutionary War, was in com- mand of a New Hampshire troop at the Battle of Bunker Hill and had the distinction of being the last officer to leave the hill in the retreat from that famous field. He was later in command of a New Hampshire contingent that fought with UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 125 Stark in the Bennington campaign. Professor Brown's grandfather moved from New Ipswich to Keene, New Hampshire, where his father, Geor<^e A. Brown, was born. The hitter married Ida I.., daughter of Reuben Stewart, General Manager of the Clieshire Railroad and twice Mayor of the City of Keene. Marshall S. Brown, the sub- ject of this sketch, spent his early life (with the exception of a few years in Boston) in his native place, being educated in a private school, and then in the common and High School of his native city, and in Brown University where he was graduated in 1892. While in College he became MARSHALL S. BROWN a member of the Zeta Psi Fraternity, and at the end of his Junior year was chosen at the first election a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Fra- ternity. He spent the year following upon graduation as a graduate student and Fellow in History and Political Science, receiving the degree of Master of Arts, magna cinii laiide in 1893. He was appointed Instructor in History in the spring of 1893 at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and spent the year 1S93-1894 as the incumbent of that Instructorship. He came to New York University in September 1894 as Acting Professor of History and Political Science, was later promoted to the full Professorship and has been in charge of the Department of History and Political Science since 1894. Professor Brown has twice been abroad for the purposes of study and travel; studying in Heidelberg in 1893 and 1894 under Professors Frdmannsdorffer, ^^'inkelmann, Heydeck and George Meyer. He has been Registrar of the College Faculty for four years, and Chairman of the Standing Com- mittee on Scholarship for about the same length of time. He has been Secretary of the New York University Summer Courses for two years 1S99- 1900. He was Chairman of the Committee on Athletic and Social Organizations for two years and is Recording Secretary of the New York Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. Professor Brown is a member of the American Historical Association and of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He married, June 12, 1900, Margaret, daughter of Professor Henry M. Baird, I). I)., LL.D., Professor of Greek in New York University. e. g. s. BRISTOL, Charles Lawrence, 1859- Professor Biology, 1894- Born in Ballston Spa, N. Y., 1859 ; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1883; taught at Riverview Acad. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1883-88; Prof. Zoology State Univ. of Dakota, i888-gi ; Fellow in Zoology Clark Univ. Worcester, Mass., 1891-92; at Univ. of Chicago, 1892-94; Prof. Biology N. Y. Univ. since 1894 ; Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1896. CHARLES LAWRENCE BRISTOL, Ph.D., the son of Lawrence W. and Caroline (Haw- kins) Bristol, was born in BalLston Spa, Saratoga county. New York. He was educated in the pub- lic schools of that place, and while yet a lad, exhibited marked interest in mechanical and scientific subjects. He entered New York Uni- versity in 1879 and was graduated in 18S3, having won a Commencement oration and election to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. In his Sophomore year he won the Second Butler Essay Prize, and in his Junior year the First Butler Essay Prize. During his College life he was influenced especially by Professors Benjamin N. Martin and John W. Draper. The gentleness and culture of the former, his generous sympathy with the impulses of young men, his wide range of knowledge, and his keen sense of humor left their impress upon the subject of this sketch. Dr. John W. Draper, on the other hand, stimulated his latent scientific impulses. Draper's lectures aroused his curiosity and led I 26 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS him to read and stud)- to supplement them. At the close of a quiz in which Mr. Bristol had suc- cessfully described what was then considered a complex electrometer and its operations, Professor Draper asked him to remain ; and then began an intercourse between Professor and student that was ended only by the Professor's death. 'The conversations were not coniined to science — the author of the Intellectual Development of Europe had too vast a store of information to be con- fined to a single branch of learning — and gave freely of his knowledge to an eager listener in these out-of-hours meetings. He was an Editor of the University Quarterly during his Junior and Senior years, and this, together with an active participation in the meetings of the Eucleian Literary Society contributed not a little to the ordinary advantages of College life. After gradua- tion he taught Chemistry and Physics in Riverview Academy in Poughkeepsie, New York, until 1888. During this period an early liking for the study of plants and animals re-asserted itself and found opportunity for development. He joined the Vassar Brothers' Institute, a scientific and literary society in Poughkeepsie, was soon made Secretary of the Institute and afterward Chairman of the Scientific Section. Here he met Professors Dwight and Cooley of Vassar College and enjoyed their friendship. In 1888 he was called to the Chair of Zoology in the State University of Dakota at Ver- million, now in South Dakota. There he remained until 189 1 when he resigned to accept a Fellowship in Zoology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, offered to him at the in.stance of Professor Charles O. Whitman, then Professor of Zoology in that institution. At the end of the year, all the instructors and fellows in the zoologi- cal subjects resigned their positions in Clark University to take similar places in the University of Chicago at its opening session in 1892. Mr. Bristol continued his investigations in Chicago for two years when he was called back to his Alma Mater to inaugurate the new Department of Biology and to become Professor of Biology before he had completed his investigations. These were after- wards completed at the Marine Biological Labora- tory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Uni- versity of Chicago in 1896. This work at Woods Hole was done in conjunction with the work at Clark University and at Chicago, and there during several summers beginning in 1889 Professor Bristol formed acc]uaintances among and came into touch with men from all over the LTnited States who stand foremost among the biologists of this country. No influence, perhaps, has been so stimulating as these summer gatherings at the seashore in which, free from all the conventionali- ties attaching to formal instruction, the masters discussed the burning cjuestions of the science, or gave to their fellow-students the ripe results of their experience. Here he met Brooks of Johns Hopkins, Ryder of Pennsylvania, Minot of Har- vard, Morse of Salem, Kingsley of Tufts, and a great group of other men, all earnest workers in Biology. In the summer of 1897 at the suggestion of Professor Stevenson and by the aid of a number of the alumni of the University Professor Bristol made the first of a series of zoological expeditions to Bermuda, and his reconnaissances have led him to seek to establish there a permanent biological station under the auspices of the University. Pro- fessor Bristol was married in 1890 to Ellen, daughter of the Hon. N. S. Gallup of Ledyard, Connecticut. They have three children : Charles L., Jr., Elizabeth and Robert Gallup Bristol. * BOSTWICK, Charles Francis, 1866- Professor Law, 1894- Born in Tuckahoe, N. Y., 1866; educated in public schools ; Ph.B. Columbia, i885 ; LL.B. (cum laude), 1886; admitted to N. Y. Bar, 1887; Lecturer in N. Y. Univ. Law School, 1893-94; Prof. Law with subjects of Corporations and Special Statutory Procedure since 1894; LL.M. N. Y. Univ., 1894; practicing lawyer in N. Y. City; member of Seventh Regiment N. G. N. Y. for thirteen years. CHARLES FRANCIS BOSTWICK was born in Tuckahoe, Westchester county, New York, October 10, 1866, son of Charles Coffin and Mary Frances (Goodwin) Bostwick. He is descended from one of the oldest New England families which settled in Connecticut in 1640. He was educated in the public schools of his native place, and entered Columbia, taking the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy and his first law degree from Columbia Law School, cum laude, in 1886. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1887, and immediately began the practice in which he has since achieved such marked distinction. He is at present a member of the firm of Bostwick, Morrell & Bates. In 1893, on the invitation of Dean Austin Abbott, a personal friend, he lectured UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 127 in the New York University Law School on Special Statutory Procedure, and in the following year received the honorary degree of Master of Laws, and was made fifth member of the Law Faculty as Professor of Corporations and Special Statutory Procedure, which position he still holds. Professor Bostwick was Prosecuting Attorney for the New York City Bar Association in 1893, and is now Editor-in-Chief of The Brief, the official organ of the Phi Delta Phi Fraternity. He has contributed to various law and medical journals as follows : Is the Common Law Superior to the Civil Law, an answer to Judge Bermudez of Louisiana ; also the CHARLES F. BOSTWICK following articles in the University Law Review : Post-graduate Study ; Forms for Physical Examina- tion Before Trial ; What Liabilities may be pro- vided for in an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors; Husband's Rights in Wife's Property ; A New Tax Important to Corporations ; Corporate By-laws affecting Members' Shares and Interests ; The New Lien Law ; and in the New York Medi- cal Journal : The New Insanity Law, Part III. Cobb's Notes on the Code, 1897. Professor Bostwick delivered an address on Legislative Competition for Corporate Capital before the New York State Bar Association (1899) which was published in The American Lawyer. He has also published a Minute Book of New York Cor- porations, and a Manual of Corporation Minutes. He served for thirteen years in the Seventh Regi- ment of the National Guard of the State of New York. He is a member of the Phi Delta Phi Fraternity and the New York Bar Association, and IS an active Republican in politics. Professor Bostwick married, January 20, 1S98, Laura, daughter of Charles B. Bostwick of New York City. They have one son, Charles Francis Bost- wick, Jr. * L McLOUTH, Lawrence A., 1863- Professor German, 1895- Born in Ontonagon, Mich., 1863; attended Mich. State Normal School; graduated Univ. of Mich., 1887; Prin. High School, Danville, 111., 1887-gi ; studied in Germany, 1891-93; Instr. Univ. of Mich., 1893-95; Prof. German Lang, and Lit. N. Y. Univ. since 1895. AWRENCE A. McLOUTH, son of Dr. Lewis and Sarah (Doty) McLouth, was born January 19, 1863, in Ontonagon, Michigan, in the Lake Superior region, where his father was Principal of the Public Schools. After spending the earlier years of his childhood in Monroe and Battle Creek, he removed with his parents to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where his father had been elected Profes- sor of Physics and Chemistry in the State Normal School. He first attended a private school and then entered themodelschool connected with the Normal. When fourteen years of age he was admitted to the scientific course in the Normal. He made so good progress that at seventeen years of age he became pupil-assistant in Mathematics under that Nestor of teachers of Mathematics in Michigan, Professor C. F. R. Bellows. Later under the advice of his father he began the study of German under Pro- fessor August Lodeman, Professor of Modern Languages in the Normal. Becoming thus inter- ested in language study, he began Latin by himself, catching up with the regular class in Cssar during the first year. Then he changed from the scien- tific to the classical course, and followed the regular College preparatory work under the able and enthusiastic teacher. Professor Joseph Esta- brook, meantime acquiring by himself a fair reading knowledge of Italian and Spanish. During his Senior year in the Normal he was pupil-assistant to the Professor of Latin and Greek, and also taught for a time to fill a vacancy in the High School in Dexter, Michigan. During his entire preparatory course he took an active interest in 128 UNII'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS the literar)' societies and did considerable repor- torial work for Ypsilanti and Detroit papers. At close of his preparatory course he had an oppor- tunity to enter the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, but feeling that his tastes led him rather to literar)' and linguistic studies he decided to go to the University of Michigan, his father's Alma Mater, which he entered in the autumn of 1SS2. In the middle of his freshman year he was obliged to give up his studies on account of trouble with his eyes. Early in the following spring he was called to Cassopolis, Michigan, to finish the year as Principal of the High School. The foUow- LAWRENCE A. McLOUTH ing summer was spent in newspaper work in Os- coda, Michigan. Late in August he was offered the Principalship of the High School at Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, which he accepted and successfully filled for two years. Returning to the University of Michigan in October 18S5, he resumed his College work, paying particular attention to Latin and Greek. During these last years of his under- graduate course he came under the active influence of such men as Professors Frieze, D'Ooge, Patten- gill, Walter and Payne, whose accurate scholarship and friendly interest inspired him to careful and continued work. He graduated with tlie degree of Bachelor of Arts in June 1S87. The summer was spent as instructor in state teachers' institutes. In September he took up his duties as Principal of the High School at Danville, Illinois. After four j'ears of successful work he resigned and went to Europe. He entered the University at Leipzig, Germany, and choosing German as a major took up work imder such men as Hildebrand, \'on Bahder, Brugmann, Elster and Witkowski. The following year he went to Heidelberg to enjoy the instruction of Braune, Osthoff and Wunderlich. In Germany he took an acti\-e part in the semi- naries and became a member of the Verein fiir die Neueren Sprachen. He was then offered an instructorship at his Alma Mater, which he accepted. Besides doing his regular work of teaching he took an active interest in the Philo- logical Association and in the general literary afl^airs of the University. In May 1895, he was elected Professor of the German language and literature in New York University. He at once took an active participation in the Modern Language Association, the American Philological Society, the Academy of Sciences, the Gesellig-wiss- enschaftlicher Verein, the Nationaler Deutsch- Amerikanischer Lehrerbund and in other scientific and social organizations, presenting papers to several. In 1897 he succeeded in interesting a prominent German-American of culture, wealth and generosity, the late Oswald Ottendorfer, LL.D., in founding for the University what promises to be the best Germanic library in America. Also through his efforts funds for a Fellowship in Germanic Philology are being collected. If he has been at all successful in teaching and in study in his chosen field of labor, it is largely due to the strong influence toward accurate, independent scholarship exerted upon him by his father, by Professor A. H. Pattengill, University of Michigan, and by Profes- sor VVilhelm Braune, of the University of Heidel- berg, Germany. e. g. s. WEIR, Samuel, 1860- Professor History of Education and Ethics, 1895-1901. Born in London, Ont., i860 ; attended Provincial Normal School Toronto; Prin. Pub.. Schools, Tingal, Ont. ; First Asst. Central School, Port Hope, Ont. ; Pastor, Bay City, Mich., 1882-84; A.B. Northwestern Univ., 111., 1889; B.D. Garrett Biblical Institute, 111., 1887 ; Prof. Greek and Latin, Southwest Kansas Col- lege, 1889-go; Pastor St. Paul's M. E. Church, Wichita, Kan., 1890; First M. E. Church, Cheyenne, UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS I 29 Wy., i8gi ; Ph.D. 111. Wesleyan Univ., 1891 ; Instructor Math. Northwestern Univ., 1892; Ph.D. Univ. of Jena, 1895 ; Prof. Hist, of Education and of Ethics N. Y. Univ., 1895-1901. SAMUEL WEIR, Ph.D., was born in the township of London, County of Middlesex, Ontario, April 15, i860. He spent his early years on a farm where he learned to endure some of the hardships of country life, for the family was large and the luxuries were few. His early education was obtained in the common school situated near his home, which at that time enjoyed an enviable reputation for efficiency. At the age of sixteen he began life as a teacher in a neighboring district school. After two years employed in teaching and private study he attended the Provincial Normal School in Toronto. Having completed the prescribed course of study and obtained a Provincial Teacher's Certificate of the first class, he was appointed to the position of Principal of the Public Schools of Fingal, Ontario, and later he served as First Assistant in the Central School of Port Hope, Ontario. Having been invited in 1882 to become Pastor of a church in Bay City, Michigan, he accepted the invitation and removed to the United States. The same year he joined the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and settled down, as he supposed, to his life work. But it was not long before he felt the need of a more extensive course of training, and con- sequently he repaired in the year 1884 to Evanston, Illinois, where he spent five years, during which period he completed the Classical course in North- western University, and also the Theological course in the Garret Biblical Institute and obtained the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Divinity. While pursuing his studies at Evanston, Professor Weir earned his support by acting as Pastor of small churches in the vicinity of Chicago. Having immediately after graduation received a call to the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the Southwest Kansas College, Professor Weir removed to Win- field, Kansas, and took up the arduous duties of instructor in a new and struggling Western College. The situation not proving satisfactory owing to the financial straits and limitations of the institution, he resigned after one year and re-entered the ministry, as Pastor of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, Wichita, Kansas. A year and a half later, having received a call to the Pastorate of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Cheyenne, Wyom- ing, he removed to this new charge. But within a short time illness in his family compelled him to remove to a lower altitude. A temporary opening having occurred in the Department of Mathematics of Northwestern University, Professor Weir, who had meantime obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Illinois Wesleyan University by private study and examination, was appointed to the vacant place. On the completion of this engagement he repaired to Boston, and engaged in the study of Philosophy under the direction of Professor Borden P. Bowne. In the following spring he went to Germany where he spent a year and a half as a student in the Universities of Jena and Leipzig. From the LTniversity of Jena he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, siimma cum laude. On his return to America, in 1895, he was appointed Professor of the History of Education and of Ethics, in New York Uni- \'ersity, the position which he occupied to 1901. He has published : Historical Preparation for Christianity, Methodist Review, November 1892 ; Christianity in Civilization, Cincinnati, 1892 ; Der Monismus mit besonder Riicksicht auf die Kosmische Theorie Herbert Spencers, Jena, 1895 ; Hebrew Education, Educational Foundations, November 1897 ; The Place of the Ideal in Education, New York Teacher's Quarterly, April 1898; The Key to Rousseau's Emile, Educational Review, June 1898. e. c;. .s. JACKSON, Samuel Macauley, 1851- Professor Church History, 1895- Born in New York City, 1851 ; graduated College of City of N. Y., 1870; studied at Princeton Theol. Sem., 1870-71 ; graduated Union Theol. Sem., 1873 ; abroad, 1873-75; Pastor Presbyterian Church, Nor- wood, N. J., r876-8o; engaged in literary work, chiefly editorial, 1880-95 ; Prof. Church Hist. N. Y. Univ. since 1895; LL.D. Washington and Lee, 1892; D.D. N. Y. Univ., 1893. SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D., was born in New York City, June 19, 185 1. His father, George T. Jackson, was a merchant ; and the latter's father, a member of the Church of Ireland, at one time a prosperous linen manufacturer in Dublin, Ireland, and a prominent citizen. His mother, Letitia Jane Aiken (Macaule)') Jackson, was the daughter of Samuel Macauley, M.D., of New York City, where she was born. Mr. Jackson's father was born in Dublin, and as I ^o UNIFERSITIE.S AND THEIR SONS his maternal grandfather came to this country in 1798 or thereabouts from Coleraine in the North of Ireland, being a member of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, Mr. Jackson's roots in tlie United States do not go back very far. He was educated in a private sclrool in New York City between the ages of seven and twelve, then entered the Public Schools (Ward School No. 35), passed in 1865 to the Introductory Class of the Free Academy, which institution the next year became the College of the City of New York, whence he was graduated in 1S70. One year (1870-187 1) he was in Princeton Theological SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON Seminary and the next two in Union Theological Seminary and graduated thence in 1873. From 1873 to 1875 he was in Europe and the East, traveling most of the time. In 1876 he became Pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Norwood, Bergen county, New Jersey, and left the Pastorate never to resume it, probably, in 1880. lie was Assistant Editor of Schaff's Bible Dictionary, 1878 -1880 (American Sunday School Union); Asso- ciate Editor of Schaff-Herzog's Religious Encyclo- pedia, 1880-1884; Associate Editor Schaff and Jackson's Encyclopaedia of Living Divines (Funk & Wagnalls), 1885-1887 ; Editor-in-Chief of the Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge (May- nard, Merrill & Company), 1 888-1 891; Asso- ciate Editor of the Standard Dictionary, 1893 -1895 (Funk & Wagnalls) and the same of Johnson's Universal Cyclopa;dia (Appletons), 1892 -1895, in the former in charge of church terms, in the latter of the church history and biblical literature department. Since 1895 he has been Professor of Church History in the New York University. In 1884-1885 he worked on the elaborate chapter upon the Greek and Latin Christian Literature from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century in Volume IV of Dr. Schaff's Church History (Scribner's). In 1890 he brought out the most elaborate bibliography of foreign missions ever produced. It is in Volume I of Funk & Wagnalls' Encyclopa;dia of Missions. In 1896 he began the composition of a biography of Huldreich Zwingli, the Reformer of German Switzerland, for the series of Heroes of the Reformation, which was Mr. Jackson's own scheme, and is published by G. P. Putnam's Sons. Of the ten volumes pro- jected his will be the fifth in order of appearance, the preceding one being Professor Henry Martyn Baird's Theodore Beza. In 1899 he began the issue of a series of twelve small volumes : Hand- book for Practical Workers in Church and Phi- lanthropy, whose writers he secured and which he edited. The series will probably be finished in 1 90 1, and is published by Lentilhon & Com- pany. Mr. Jackson was Secretary of the American Society of Church History from its foundation in t88S to its amalgamation in 1896 with the Ameri- can Historical Association wherein he then be- came and still is Secretary of the Church History section. He is on the Executive Committee of the Charity Organization Society of the Prison Association and of the Huguenot Society. For the latter he edited the elaborate volume com- memorative of the Third Centennial of the Edict of Nantes published by the society in 1900. He belongs to the Century Association and to the National Arts, Reform and Bookbuilders clubs. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Washington and Lee in 1892 and that of Doctor of Divinity from New York LTniversity in 1893. E. G. s. ALDEN, Carlos Coolidge, 1866- Professor Law, i8g8- Born in Wilmington, 111., 1866; prepared for College in Bangor, Me. ; graduated in Law at N. Y. Univ., 1892; UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 131 LL.M., 1893; Assoc. Prof. Law, 1895-98; Prof, since 1898. CARLOS COOLIDGE ALDEN, LL.M., was born June 4, 1866, in Wilmington, Illinois. He was prepared in Bangor, Maine, for admission to Harvard, but financial considerations prevented completion of his educational plans. Professor Alden entered the New York University Law School in October 1890, receiving in 1892 the de- gree of Bachelor of Laws and in 1893 that of Master of Laws. He secured the Faculty Scholar- ship at the close of the Junior year and the prize John Alden of the Puritans. His paternal grand- father was Hiram O. Alden of Belfast, Maine, for many years one of the most prominent attorneys of that state, promoter and President of the first tele- graph company in the United States. e. (;. s. CARLOS C. ALDEN for oral examination at the close of the Senior year. He served in the following capacities : He was Quiz-master during 1893-1894 and 1894-1895 ; in 1895 he was made Associate Professor of Law; in 1898 he was made Professor of Law (Graduate Division). He was admitted to the Bar of New York State in 1892. He is a member of the New York State and Westchester County Bar Associa- tions. In his personal business relations he is a member of the firm of Alden & Carpenter. He was associated with Dr. Austin Abbott in prepar- ing and publishing Select Cases in Evidence and Select Cases in Code Pleading, and completed for publication after Dr. Abbott's death Abbott's Forms of Pleading. Mr. Alden is a descendant of SAYRE, Lewis Albert, 1820-1900. Prof. Orthopedic and Clinical Surgery, 1861-1900. Born in Bottle Hill (Madison), N. J., r82o; gradu- ated Transylvania Univ., Ky., 1839 ; M.D. N. Y. Col- lege Phys. and Surg., 1842 ; Prosector to Dr. Willard Parker, Prof. Surgery, College Phys. and Surg. 1842- 44, and Emeritus Prosector, 1844; Health Officer New York City, 1866; Surg. Bellevue Hosp., 1853-89; Con- sulting Surg., 1884-1900; Surg. Charity Hosp., 1855- 73; Consulting Surg., 1873-1900; Prof. Orthopedic and Clinical Surgery Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1861-98 ; Emeritus Prof. N. Y. Univ., 1898-1900; died 1900. LEWIS ALBERT SAYRE, M.D., was born f in Botde Hill (now Madison), Morris county, New Jersey, February 29, 1820. His mother was Martha Sayre of Orange county, New York, descended from a French Huguenot family. On the paternal side he traced relationship to Revo- lutionary soldiers, his grandfather, a Quarter- master, having placed his house at the disposal of General Washington for use as headquarters previous to the battle of Springfield. Dr. Sayre had early education in the schools of his native town and in the Wantage Seminary in Deckertown, New Jersey. When ten years old he was sent to live with his uncle, David Sayre, a banker of Lexington, Kentucky, and there received a thorough education, graduating at Transylvania University in 1839. He then removed to New York City to take up the study of medicine, toward which he had for some time looked with great interest and enthusiasm, in spite of the opposing wishes of his family. Studying at first in the office of Dr. David Green, where he had most fortunate opportunity to see the practical side of the subject, he later entered the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons and there took the Doctor's degree in 1842. In the same year he became Prosector to Dr. Willard Parker, the eminent Professor of Surgery at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and continued in that position until the increasing demands of a rapidly extending practice obliged him to resign in 1S44. He was then appointed Prosector Emeritus by the College. It was during his term of assistance to Dr. Parker, I 32 UN ITERS in ES AND THEIR SONS and indeed due to that service, tliat Dr. Sayre resolved to make surgery the special feature of his professional work. In this he made rapid strides, in 1853 becoming Surgeon to the Bellevue Hospital and in 1855 Surgeon to the Charity Hospital. His most notable work was in opera- tions for spinal and hip diseases, and in these specialties his successes became so widely dis- cussed that he was called to England in 187 i to lec- ture before the Medical schools, and again in 1877, while acting as delegate of the American Medical Association to the British Medical Asso- ciation, he was invited to lecture before the LEWIS A. SAYRE Enghsh hospitals on his methods of treating spinal diseases. 1 )r. Sayre was one of the original organizers of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and was chosen to occupy the Chair of Orthopedic Surgery, later becoming Professor also of Clinical Surgery. When the Bellevue College was united with the University Medical School in 1898, Dr. Sayre retained his position and was Emeritus Professor of Orthopedic and Clinical Surgery until his death. He was one of the founders of the New York Pathological Society and of the New York Academy of Medicine. He contributed to medical science many new instruments and methods of operation, notably the uvulmatome, the scrotal clamp, the club-foot shoe and an improved tracheotomy tube. He was also the first to use plaster of paris in treatment of spinal diseases. His numerous writings contrib- uted to the medical press comprise valuable dis- cussions of many important subjects. Some of the most notable are ; Chorea Induced by Mental Anxiety ; Cases of Chronic Abscess in the Cellular Tissue of the Peritoneum ; Spina Befida Tumor Removed by Ligature. His reports to the Board of Health while serving as Health Officer of New York City and his graduating thesis on Spinal Irritation have been widely read. His Manual of the Treatment of Club Foot, his Spinal Disease, and Spinal Curvature, and his Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery have been translated into French, German and Spanish. In 1872 he was decorated with the Order of Wasa by Charles IV of Sweden and Norway in grateful recognition of his advice in the treatment of one of the royal family ; at the same time he was elected an honorary member of the Medical Society of Norway. He was also an honorary member of the Surgical Society of St. Petersburg, and of the British Medical Association. In 1880 he was made President of the American Medical Association, and it was owing to his ad- dress in this year that the Journal of the Associ- ation was established. Dr. Sayre was married in 1849 to Eliza A. Hall, and had three sons and a daughter. He died in New York City, September 21, 1900. * ROBINSON, Beverley, 1844- Clinical Professor Medicine, 1878- Born in Philadelphia, 1884; graduated College Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1862; M.D. Univ. of Paris, 1872; in practice in N. Y. City ; Clinical Prof. Medicine N. Y. Univ. since 1897. BEVERLEY ROBINSON, M.D., was born in Philadelphia, March 22, 1844; his father, Moncure Robinson, being at the time a prominent civil engineer of that city. His mother, Charlotte (Taylor) Robinson, was a granddaughter of Edmund Randolph of Virginia, Attorney-General under Washington. Beverley Robinson graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1862, and served in the Old Gray Reserves State Volunteers as private, for emer- gency in 1863. He acquired the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Paris, France, in 1872 and served for a while as Interne in Paris Hos- UNIFERSiriES AND THEIR SONS 33 pitals. He is at the present time Clinical Pro- fessor of Medicine at the University and Bellevue Medical College, Attending Physician at St. Luke's BEVERLEY ROBINSON Hospital and Consulting Physician at the City Hospital. E. G. s. TOMPKINS, Leslie Jay, 1867- Libr. and Asst. Treas. 1892- , Registrar 1895- , Prof. Law 1899- Born in Salem, Minn., 1867 ; educated in public schools and Cazenovia Sem., N. Y.; taught school 1883-86; graduated, B.S. N. Y. Univ., 1890; M.S., 1894; attended Columbia Law School, 1890-91; grad- uated N. Y. Univ. Law School, 1892; LL.M., 1896; admitted to Bar, 1892 ; Librarian and Asst. Treas. N. Y. Univ., 1892 to date; Registrar since 1895; Prof. Law since 1899. LESLIE JAY TOMPKINS was born in Salem, Olmstead county, Minnesota, May 2, 1867. His father, Moses J. Tompkins, a native of Scho- harie county, New York, and his mother, Kate M. (Travers) Tompkins of Albany, New York, were married September 20, 1865, and immediately left for Minnesota and settled at the above place. Because of the ill health of the mother, they re- turned to New York State in 1869 where they have since resided. The son attended the public schools of the state until he was fifteen, when he went to Cazenovia Seminary and remained there during the years 1882 and 1883, and from there went to Michigan where he engaged in teaching school in Clarksville, Ionia county. The next year he taught in Plymouth, Indiana. He moved to New York in June 1886, and in September entered the University, where he remained four years, receiving in 1890 the degree of Bachelor of Science. In his class work he maintained a high standard, and as a consequence was awarded an oration at Commencement and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. During all of this time and from a very early age, Mr. Tompkins was thrown on his own resources and while pursuing his studies in College and even in the public schools was engaged in various kinds of business, from which he gained valuable experience that was to stand him in good stead in later years. The manner in which his various tasks were per- formed attracted the attention of the authorities of the University, and were influential in determining them to appoint Mr. Tompkins a University offi- cial, which they did in 1892. After graduating from the College, Mr. Tompkins entered Columbia Law School and remained there for one year. This was the last year of Professor Dwight's active teaching. In the fall of 1891 he entered the Senior Class of the University Law School, and graduated in June 1892, in the first class that was graduated under Dr. Austin Abbott, who had assumed the Dean's Chair under the reorganized Faculty which took charge of the I,aw School in 1891. In May 1892, previous to his graduation, Mr. Tompkins was admitted to the Bar of the State of New York. At this time it was his inten- tion to go West and enter into the practice of the law, but without any solicitation or even knowledge of the position, he was asked to accept the post of Librarian and Assistant- Treasurer of the Univer- sity, which he accepted, beginning his active duties in September 1892. From that time to this he has been with the University. The duties of his positions have grown commensurately with the growth of the University, as has also his indefati- gable zeal. In 1895 he was invested with the title of Registrar, the duties of that office includ- ing all those heretofore performed by the Assistant- Treasurer. The Librarianship remained to him and is still one of the offices filled by him. Dur- ing this time he has continued true to his early 134 UNIFERSiriES AND THEIR SONS training and desire for stud)', and in 1894 he received tlie Master's degree from the Graduate School and in 1896 the Master's degree in Law. He had not lost his desire for his chosen profes- sion, and while his numerous duties would not all(jw him to enter actively into the practice of the law, he pursued the work of the Law School in 189s, and in 1898 was requested by Dean Ashley to take charge of the instruction of the subject of Corporations in the School, and in 1899 of Bills and Notes. As Registrar and Assistant-Treas- urer, Mr. Tompkins has taken the business affairs of the University from their crude and scattered LESLIE J. TOMPKINS methods in 1892 and has worked out effective results. In 1897 Chancellor MacCracken said of him in his report to the Council : " The organiza- tion of the Registrar's Office, with Mr. Leslie J. Tompkins as Registrar, in charge of the collection of fees, the supervision of grounds and buildings, and other important business, has tended largely to thorough system and effective work. Mr. Tomp- kins has been unremittingly faithful, and .has accomplished most valuable results. His helpful- ness, especially in the installation of the various schools in their new homes, deserves the thanks of the Council." When asked where his key to success in the management of his duties lay, Mr. Tompkins has said : " In the proper selection of good men as subordinates, i.e., superintendents, engineers, etc., and the holding of them responsi- ble for the work and the conduct of the men under them. Hold a good man responsible for the work entrusted to him, and give him absolute power over the men under him, and results are bound to prove satisfactory." Mr. Tompkins has also been a successful Librarian. When he took charge in 1892 there were less than twenty thousand vol- umes in all the libraries, with no library economies of any kind in use, and a crude card-catalogue which was of little value. Knowing nothing of a Librarian's work, he went at his duties in a stu- dious manner. Modern library methods as to accession work, classification and cataloguing were introduced, and to-day the methods and the work of the University's libraries will compare favorably with those of any library in the state. In several departments the University Library .system is an actual and vital force, working in connection with the Faculties of the University to the advance- ment and enhancement of our educational system. Meantime the number of volumes has increased almost threefold, making Mr. Tompkins' labors the more difficult and the more important. The Law Library is particularly indebted to him and it is due to his constant care and thought that the Law School is so strongly equipped in this important branch. As a law instructor Mr. Tompkins has made a marked success, and has steadily gained the confidence and respect of his classes, e. g. s. PIFFARD, Henry Granger, 1842- Professor Dermatology 1875-98, Emeritus iSgg- Born in Piffard, N. Y., 1842 ; studied Churchill's School, Sing Sing, N. Y. ; graduated A.B. N. Y. Univ., 1862; M.D. Coll. Phys. and Surg., 1864; A.M. N. Y. Univ., 1865; practicing physician since 1864; Interne Bellevue and City Hospitals, 1864-65 ; Surg, and Brevet Major 71st Regt. N. G. S. N. Y., 1867-68; Lect. Urinary Analysis N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1873 ; Prof. Dermatol- ogy N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1875-98; Surg. City Hosp. since 1871 ; author various professional works ; Emeritus Prof. Dermatology N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1899; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1899. HENRY GRANGER PIFFARD, M.D., LL.D., was born in Piffard, New York, on September 10, 1842, the son of David and Ann Matilda (Haight) Piffard, and the descendant UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 135 of French, English and Dutch ancestors. His early education was acquired in Churchill's School, at Sing Sing, New York, whence he entered the University of the City of New York, now New York University, in 1858. He was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1862, and three years later received from his Alma Mater the degree of Master of Arts. On leaving the University he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Medical Department of Colum- bia College, and was there graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1864. Since that date he has practiced his profession with marked success, and has devoted much attention also to instruction. Dr. Piffard was an Interne in Belle- vue and the Charity (now City) hospitals in 1864-1865 ; and in 1867-1868 was Surgeon to the Seventy-first Regiment of the New York National Guard, with rank of Major. His career as an instructor began in 1873, when he became a Lecturer on Urinary Analysis in the New York University Medical College. Two years later, in 1875, he became Professor of Dermatology in that institution, and had a noteworthy career in that place, holding it vmtil after the consolidation of the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical schools, and then becoming Emeritus Professor of Dermatology in the united College. He has been a Surgeon to the Charity, or City, Hospital since 1 87 1. He was an active member of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. He is now a member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, honorary member of the New York Dermatological Society, and is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from New York University in 1899. He was married on June 17, 1868, to Helen Hart Strong, and has had four children : Henry, Helen, Charles and Susan Piffard, of whom the first named is now deceased. Dr. Piffard's bibliog- raphy includes Guide to Urinary Analysis, 1873; an Elementary Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, 1876; Cutaneous Memoranda, 1877; Materia Med- icaand Therapeutics of the Skin, 1881 ; and Prac- tical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, 1891. w. F. J. DUNHAM, Edward Kellogg, 1860- Prof. General Pathology, Bacteriology and Hygiene, 1892- Born in Newburg, N. Y., i860; early education at home; graduated Ph. B. Columbia School of Mines, 1881 ; M.D. Harvard, 1886; studied in Europe, 1886-87 ; Bacteriologist to Mass. Board Health, 1887-88; Instr. in Histology Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1888; Prof. General Pathology, Bacteriology and Hygiene, N. Y. Univ. since 1892. EDWARD KELLOGG DUNHAM, M.D., was born September i, i860, in Newburg, New York. His father, Carroll Dunham, M.D., was youngest son of Edward Wood Dunham, merchant, and later President of the Corn Ex- change Bank of New York City. His early education was given him by his mother Harriet Elvira Kellogg, youngest daughter of Edward Kellogg a merchant of New York. From his father Dr. Dunham derived his earliest ideas of Chemistry and Physics. After learning to read he derived most pleasure and information from books like Wagner's Chemical Technolog}', Lardner's Natural Philosophy, a life of Robert Stephenson, Chambers's Miscellanies and the British Essayists. When Dr. Dunham was about thirteen years of age his parents built a small workshop on their place where his younger brother and he had a printing press, a carpenter's bench and laboratory (including a charcoal furnace) in which chemical and physical experiments could be made. Within a few years they had become familiar with the properties of the common chemical elements and many of their compounds ; they had also gained some dexterity in the use of apparatus and had done considerable reading in connection with these occupations, good books being placed within their reach, but nearly all of their experimenting was of their own choice, there being no fixed lessons or formal instruction. During this time a small closet was given to the lad for a den. In this, with a drawing board and a few simple instruments and the help of Haswell, the rudiments of Geometry were acquired. At fifteen Edward and his brothers had a tutor who taught them a little Latin and Mathematics. German, Edward could talk and read as the result of having had German nurses and governesses until he was about seven years old. In 1877 he entered the School of Mines, Columbia, without conditions, and chose the course in Chemistry, taking all the Mathematics he could without a conflict of hours. Although belonging to the class in Chemistry he was unanimously elected President of the Undergraduate Engineer- ing Society, and obtained a prize for the most original mathematical article of the year — a short 136 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS study of the curves resulting from the projection of the lines of intersection of surfaces of revolution upon planes. He graduated at the head of his Class in 1881 ; being selected by the Faculty to give an oration at Commencement, the theme of which touched upon the mutual aid of kindred sciences, the title being Correlation of Sciences. Having always felt a desire to study medicine he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1881, where he studied for one year. During this time he became dissatisfied with tlie teaching which was almost entirely didactic, with very large classes, he therefore determined to see if the methods of Harvard were better. A visit of a few days to Boston decided him to go there, and in the autumn of 1882 he entered the Second Year Class of the Harvard Medical School, choosing the four years' course which at that time was optional. Inuring his third year he taught Histology to the students of the Veterinary School of Harvard, and also became interested in the study of malignant disease, spending much of his time in the Patho- logical Laboratory of the Medical School. This work occupied him during the next year also, little time being devoted by him to the courses in the regular curriculum of the school. In 1886 he received a degree cum laude and his thesis on a peculiar tumor of the breast was honorably men- tioned. In August of that year Dr. Dunham went to Europe and spent a year in Berlin studying in the Pathological Department of the University, spending, however, most of his time in the Hygienic Institute where he took an elementary course of instruction in Bacteriology. After the completion of that course Professor Koch permitted Dr. Dunham to work in the laboratory, assigning certain investigations in cholera to him. Dr. Dunham worked upon this subject for eight months, publishing a short article on Indol Pro- duction by the Cholera Bacillus, and in August 1887 accepted the position of Bacteriologist to the Massachusetts State Board of Health, which was then enlarging its work on the Purification of Water and Sewage. During that year Dr. Dunham was also Pathologist to one of the smaller hospitals in Boston. In 1888 he moved to New York and was appointed Instructor in Histology in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Subsequently he was made Professor of Cieneral Pathology, Bacteriology and Hygiene, retaining that chair when the College was merged with the New York University. No one seems to have mfluenced his career by direct advice, but the men to whose teaching he owes most and who have indirectly influenced him by their examples are Professor Van Amringe of Columbia, Professor Goodale of Harvard and Robert Koch of Berlin. Dr. Dunham also learned much in 1890- 1891 when he spent a year in Gottingen and Vienna. e. g. s. ISAACS, Abram Samuel, 1852- Professor German Literature, 1895- Born in New York, 1852; graduated N. Y. Univ. A.B., 1871 ; post-graduate courses Univ. of Breslau, and Jewish Seminary, Breslau, 1874-77; Prof. Hebrew N. Y. Univ., 1886-94; Prof. German N. Y. Univ., 1889-95; Prof. German Lit. Graduate Sem. N. Y. Univ., since 1895; Editor of The Jewish Mes- senger ; Rabbi, Barnert Memorial Temple, Pater- son, N. J., 1896- ABRAM SAMUEL ISAACS was born in New York City, August 3, 1852, the son of Samuel Myer and Jane (Symmons) Isaacs. In AURAM S. ISAACS early boyhood he was a student in the then cele brated Collegiate School of Dr. Quackenbos, in New York City, whence he proceeded to the University of the City of New York, now New UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 137 York University. From the latter he was duly graduated in June 187 1, after which he went abroad for further studies, in theology and in general literature. He spent three years chiefly at Breslau, in the University of that city and also in the well-known Jewish Seminary there. On returning to the United States he quickly won wide recognition for his scholarly attainments, and in 1878 became Editor of The Jewish Messenger, founded by his father in 1857, one of the foremost Jewish periodicals, which place he still fills. In 1896 he became Rabbi of the Barnert Memorial Temple, in Paterson, New Jersey, and retains that place at the present time. Dr. Isaacs (he received his degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of New York) resumed his active connection with his Alma Mater in 1886 as Pro- fessor of Hebrew in the University College, which chair he occupied until 1894. Meantime he was also appointed to the Chair of German in the same institution, in 1889, and occupied it until 1895. In the last-named year he was appointed to the Chair of German Literature in the Graduate Seminary of New York University, where he still remains. He was married on April 23, 1890, to Lily Lee Harby, and has two children : Arthur S. and Cyril A. Isaacs. His bibliography comprises : Stories from the Rabbis, 1894; A ISIodern Hebrew Poet, 1878 ; and numerous magazine and review articles on literary and educational topics, w. v. j. JANEWAY, Edward G., 1841- Professor of Medicine and Dean of Medical Faculty. Born in New Jersey, 1841; A.B. Rutgers Coll., i860; M.D. Coll. Phys. and Surg., 1864; acting medical cadet, U. S. Army Hosp., 1862-63 ; Interne Blackwell's Island Hosps., 1864, and Bellevue Hosp., 1864-66; medical practitioner in N. Y. since 1866; Visiting Physician Charity Hosp., 1868-71, to Hosp. for Epileptics and Paralytics, 1870-74, Bellevue Hosp., 1871-91; and later Mt. Sinai Hosp.; Consulting Phy- sician to Hosp. for Emigrants, and to French Hosp.; at present Consulting Physician to Bellevue, Presby- terian, Mt. Sinai, St. Vincent's, J. Hood Wright Memorial, Manhattan State, and Skin and Cancer hospitals. New York State Hosp. for Women, and Hosp. for the Ruptured and Crippled ; Lect. Path- ological Anatomy, N. Y. Univ. Med. School, 1872; Prof. Materia Medica and Therapeutics Bellevue Hosp, Med. Coll., 1873-76 ; Prof. Pathological Anatomy, etc. Bellevue, 1876-81; Asso. Prof. Principles and Practice of Medicine Bellevue, 1881-84, and full Prof., 1884-91 ; Pres. Faculty Bellevue, 1897 ; Dean Med. Faculty and Prof. Medicine, N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1898; Commis. of Health N. Y. City, 1875-81; LL.D., Rutgers Coll. EDWARD G. JANEWAY, M.D., LL.D., was born near the old city of New Brunswick, New Jersey, on August 31, 1841. His academic education was acquired at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, where he was graduated in i860 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Then, deciding to pursue the medical profession, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Medical Department of Columbia College, New York, and was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medi- EDWARn G. JANEWAY cine in 1864. Meantime, in 1862-1S63, he served as acting medical cadet in the United States Army Hospital at Newark, New Jersey. On receiving his degree. Dr. Janeway became an Interne in the public hospitals on Blackwell's Island, New York, in 1864, and in Bellevue Hospital in 1864-1866. Thus qualified, he began in 1866 the practice of medicine in New York City, which he has main- tained with noteworthy success ever since. His private practice did not, however, put a stop to his hospital work. On the contrary, he has for more than a third of a century been one of the most active hospital practitioners in New York. He 138 UNIJ^ERSiriES AND THEIR SONS filled the place of Visiting Physician to the Charity (now City) Hospital in 1868-187 i, to the Hospi- tal for Epileptics and Paralytics, conjointly with the late Dr. E. C. Seguin, in 1S70-1874, to Belle- vue Hospital in 1871-1891, and also to the Mount Sinai Hospital. For some years he was Consult- ing Physician to the Hospital for Emigrants, on Ward's Island, and to the French Hospital. He was also Curator and Pathologist to Bellevue Hospital for a number of years from 1867. At the present time Dr. Jane way is Consulting Physi- cian to Bellevue, the Presbyterian, the Mount Sinai, St. Vincent's, the J. Hood Wright Memorial, the Manhattan State, and the Skin and Cancer hospitals, the New York Hospital for Women, and the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled. His exceptional activity as a practitioner of medicine has not prevented Dr. Janeway from pursuing also an efficient and distinguished career as an instruc- tor in the same profession. This career was begun in the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York, now New York University. During the next three years, 1873-1876, he held the Profes.sorship of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and then became, in the same institution. Profes- sor of Pathological Anatomy, of Diseases of the Nervous System, and of Clinical Medicine. In 1 88 1, still at Bellevue, he became also an Associ- ate of the Chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine, with the late Dr. Austin Flint, and at the latter's death in 1884 was appointed to the full chair, which he filled until 1891. In the last- named year Dr. Janeway resigned his College connection, but resumed it again in 1897 as Presi- dent of the Faculty and Clinical Lecturer upon Medicine in the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege. In the following year, 1898, that institution was consolidated with the New York University Medical College, and Dr. Janeway thereupon be- came Dean of the combined schools and Professor of Medicine, which places he continues to fill with eminent success. It should be added, to complete the record of his professional achievements and services, that from 1875 to 1881 Dr. Janeway was Commissioner of Health of the City of New York, and in that important office did a work of incalcu- lable value for sanitation and public health. Dr. Janeway is a member of the chief medical socie- ties of New York, and has been President of the Pathological Society, of the Academy of Medicine (1897-1898), and of the Association of American Physicians (1900). He was married on June i, 1871, to Frances S., daughter of the late Rev. E. P. Rogers, D.D., and has three children : Dr. Theo- dore C. Janeway, a Lecturer in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College ; and the Misses Matilda S. and Frances R. Janeway. The degree of Doctor of Laws was fittingly bestowed upon Dr. Janeway a few years ago by his Alma Mater, Rutgers College. w. f. j. BELL, Roscoe Rutherford, 1858- Professor Materia Medica, etc., Veterinary Coll. Born in Augusta Co., Va., 1858; studied Norwood Coll., Va., graduated Amer. Vet. Coll., 1887; printer and editor; Vet. Insp. U. S. Dept. of Agri., 1888-1892; Prof, of Materia Medica and Therapeutics Amer. Vet. Coll., 1888-99; same chair N. Y.-Amer. Vet. Coll. of N. Y. Univ., since 1899; D.V.S., Amer. Vet. Coll., 1887 ; Editor of Amer. Vet. Review; Author. ROSCOE RUTHERFORD BELL, D.V.S., was born in Augusta county, Virginia, Sep- tember 16, 1858, the son of William H. and Eveline (Shields) Bell. He comes of old Dominion stock. ROSCOE R. BELL his grandparents having been Samuel Bell, of Augusta county, and Joseph Shields of Rockbridge county, Virginia. He acquired his early education UNirERSiriES JND THEIR SONS 139 in public and private schools in Richmond, Virginia and thence went to Norwood College, in the same state. Being bereft by death of both parents at an early age, he was thrown upon his own resources, and turned his attention to printing and writing upon the press of Virginia, studying as best he could, and in 1S80 came to New York, finally be- coming a member of the staff of the well-known New York paper, The Spirit of the Times, where he continued until he entered the American Vet- erinary College, in New York, from which he graduated with honors and the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery in 1887. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession, as a veterinary surgeon, and has continued uninterruptedly at the same location (Seventh Avenue and Union Street, Brooklyn, New York) ever since, with gratifying success. In 1888 his abilities were recognized in his appointment as Veterinary Inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture in its work of eradicat- ing contagious pleuro-pneumonia, which place he filled for four years in a most satisfactory manner, when the last case of that loathsome malady had disappeared from America, probably never to re- turn. In the same year, 1888, Dr. Bell became Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the American Veterinary College, and filled that chair in that institution until 1899, when the American and New York Veterinary Colleges were united and made a Department of New York University. In effecting that consolidation Dr. Bell was largely instrumental, and since it became an accomplished fact he has retained down to the present time in the University the same chair that he held for eleven years in the College. He was appointed Veterinarian to the Police Department of Brooklyn, New York, in 1894, and still holds that place. He has not lost his former fondness for literary work in connection with his chosen profession, and is now Co-Editor with Professor Liautard of The American Veterinary Review. He is the author of The Veterinarian's Call-Book, and of numer- ous articles upon scientific subjects in the periodi- cal press. His office in Brooklyn, New York, is recognized as an important centre of the veterinary profession in that city. Dr. Bell is a member of the Alumni Association of the American Veterinary College, and of the Veterinary Department of New York University ; of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association, of which he was Vice-President in 1896 ; of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County ; of the New York State Veteri- nary Medical Society, of which he is President ; and of the Long Island Veterinary Association, of which also he is President. He was married on November 29, 1888, to Rebecca Moss, and has two sons : Bellmont and Hollingsworth Bell. w. f. j. COE, Henry Clark, 1856- Professor Gynaecology, i88g- Born in Cincinnati, O., 1856; graduated Yale, 1878; graduated Harvard Med. School, 1881 ; M.A. Yale, 1881 ; M.D. N. Y. College Phys. and Surg., 1882; studied in Europe, 1883-84; practicing physician in New York City since 1884 ; Prof. Gynaecology N. Y. Polyclinic, 1889-97; N. Y. Univ. Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1897. HENRY CLARK COE, M.D., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 21, 1856, being descended on both sides from New England ancestry, viz., from a grand-daughter of John and Priscilla (Mullins) Alden of the Mayflower. His HENRY C. COE ancestors served on land and sea in Colonial wars, the war of the Revolution and that of 1S12. Since 1650 they have lived in Rhode Island. Dr. Coe's preparatory education was obtained in a private academy in Cincinnati whence he entered 140 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS Yale in 1874, graduating in 1878. In College he won several literary prizes and was Class Poet. He was particularly interested in Biology and received impetus in studies from Professors Thacher and Smith under whom he worked. Biological work naturally led him to the study of medicine for which he had had a strong leaning since boyhood. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1881. At this time he passed his examination in modern languages, after three years of study in advanced French and German, and received the degree of Master of Arts from Vale. In the fall of 18S1 he matriculated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he took a private course with Professor William H. Welch (now of Johns Hopkins University) who aroused his interest in Pathology. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1882, spent a year in foreign study, principally in London and \'ienna, receiv- ing two foreign degrees (M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P.). He returned to New York in 1884 where he has since been engaged in active practice, during the last six years limited to obstetrics and diseases of Avomen. He was for eight years Professor of Gynrecology at the New York Polyclinic and was connected with the Woman's, Infant's, Maternity and Manhattan hospitals. He is at the present time Professor of Gynfecology in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College (succeeding Professor Lusk in 1897); he is also Gyna;cologist to the Bellevue and General Memorial hospitals and Consulting Gyn;r;cologist to the Foundling Hospital. He has been connected with the staff of several prominent medical journals, and has contributed often to journals, society transactions, etc. He has written several articles for systems of ISIedicine and edited a work on Clinical Gyna;- cology. He belongs to the University, New York Athletic, Yale and Harvard clubs, the Society of Colonial Wars, the Sons of the Revolution, the Mayflower Descendants, the Order of Foreign Wars, the Order of Founders and Patriots, the Society of the War of 181 2, the New York County Medical Society, the Clinical Society, the Obstet- rical Society, the Harvard Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine and the American Gyneco- logical Society. He was married in 1882 to Sara Livingston Werden of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and has three sons, aged eleven, eight and three years. E. g. s. FISHER, Edward Dix, 1856- Professor Diseases of the Nervous System, i8go- Born, 1856; educated in public schools, N. Y. City, Coll. of City of N. Y., Med. Dept. of N. Y. Univ., and Universities of Vienna, Berlin, Strasburg and Lon- don; practicing physician; A.B. Coll. City of N. Y., 1875; M.D., N. Y. Univ., 1878; Prof. Diseases of the Nervous System, N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1890. EDWARD DIX FISHER, M.D., was born February 11, 1856, the son of Nathaniel Fisher, of Dedham, Massachusetts, and Mary Ann (Woodruff) Fisher, of Newark, New Jersey. His education was acquired, up to the date of beginning professional studies, in the public schools of New York City, culminating in the College of the City of New York, from which he was graduated with EDWARD D. KISHER the Baccalaureate degree in 1875. He then turned his attention to medical studies, and entered the Medical School of New York University, where he pursued the regular course, and was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1878. Subsequently he continued his studies at the Universities of Vienna, Berlin, Strasburg and Lon- don. On returning to New York he entered upon the practice of his profession, which he has since maintained with marked success. In 1890 he be- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 141 came Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System in the New York University and Bellevue Hospi- tal Medical College, which chair he still fills. Dr. Fisher has been President of the New York County Medical Society, the New York Neurological So- ciety, and the American Neurological Association, and is a member also of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Pathological Society, and the New York State Medical Society. He is also Consulting Physician to the Manhattan State Hospital for the Insane, Neurologist to Hospital for Nervous Diseases, City Hospital ; Consulting Neu- rologist to New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, Beth Israel Hospital and Columbia Hospital. In College he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, and was elected an honorary member of the fraternity of Phi Beta Kappa. He belongs to the University Club, the Union League Club, the Knickerbocker Athletic Club, and the D. K. E. Club of New York, the New England Society, etc. w. f. j. FORD, Willis EUard, 1850- Professor Electro-Therapeutics, 1893- Born in Belfast, N. Y., 1850; graduated Med. Dept. N. Y. University, 1872 ; Interne Charity Hospital, N. Y. City, 1872-73 ; on staff of N. Y. State Lunatic Asylum, Utica, 1873; in practice in Utica; Medical Director St. Luke's Hosp. since 1882 ; Prof. Electro-Therapeutics University of Buffalo, 1889; Lecturer, Med. Dept. N. Y. Univ., 1890-93; Prof, since 1893. WILLIS ELLARD FORD, M.D., was born in Belfast, New York, in 1850, and was educated in the Genesee Valley Seminary at that place. On his father's side he was descended from one of • Cromwell's troopers who settled in Rhode Island after the Restoration of Charles II. He is of Scotch descent on his mother's side. For moral ideals he is particularly beholden to the influence of a wise, religious, liberal-minded father. Lewis Ford was one who seldom talked religion but taught by example. From his mother he inherited the strength, indomitable energy and persistency of purpose, which are so peculiarly characteristic to the Scotch, as well as the high religious principle which is so characteristic of this people. In his professional career he was aided more by the late Dr. Darling, Professor of Anatomy at the Univer- sity, than by any other man. Dr. Ford was a good Greek scholar as a boy, and it was for this reason among many others that Dr. Darling took the interest in him which lasted during his life- time. He was fitted for College at the age of seventeen but did not enter, deciding it best to pursue his studies at the Seminary for two )'ears and then begin his course in medicine. He graduated from the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York with high honors, in 1872. He was employed for a time in demonstrating Anatomy there, after which by competitive examination he won a place on the Medical Staff of Charity Hospital, New York, serving the regular time as Interne. Just before WILLIS E. FORD the completion of his term of service in Charity Hospital he was summoned to Utica to see Dr. Gray, then the distinguished Superintendent of the New York State Lunatic Asylum at that place. The attention of Dr. Gray had been called to the unusual ability which Dr. Ford had displayed in Charity Hospital, and he appointed him to fill the vacancy on his staff. Thus began a warm friendship which was terminated only by the untimely death of Dr. Gray. After five years and more of service at the Asylum, Dr. Ford began a private practice in Utica. At the time he left the service at the Asylum, December 26, 1878, he married Mary Ledyard, daughter of the late 142 UNI FERS] TIES JND THEIR SONS John F. Seymour of Utica. In private practice his success was phenomenal. He was favorably known to all of the leading physicians in the state and was sought for, not only by sick people, but by physicians who desired him in council because of his unusual ability as a diagnostician. In 1882 he was made Medical Director of St. Luke's Hospital, an office which he now holds. After four years of service there the institution had so grown in importance that a new hospital building was needed. Dr. Ford was active and largely instrumental in securing the necessary subscrip- tions and in the building of the hospital, which as it now stands, is a source of pride to the city. He instituted, in 1SS8, the St. Luke's School of Instruction for Nurses, which is one of the most popular institutions in Utica to-day. For some years he has given much attention to Gynaecology, and his success in using electricity in this field caused his appointment in 1889 as Professor of Electro-Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the University of Buffalo, and the following year was made lecturer on the same topic in the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. From the latter position he was in 1893 advanced to his present rank of Professor. In 1S84 the degree of Master of Arts was con- ferred upon him by Madison University. He has contributed very largely to the current medical literature of the day. Dr. Ford, besides being a member of various local medical organizations, is a fellow of the American Gynaecological Society, a member and in the year 1892 Presi- dent of the American Climatological Society, a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, a permanent member of the Medical Society of the State of New York, and a member and in the year 1891 President of the Alumni Associ- ation of the Medical Department of New York University. e. n. s. NORTHRUP, William Perry, 1851- Professor Pediatrics, 1894- Born in Peterboro, N. Y., 1851 ; graduated Hamilton College, 1872; M.A. in course; Instr. Greek Knox College, 111., 1872-76; graduated N. Y. College Phys. and Surgeons, 1878; Interne Roosevelt Hosp., 1878-80; commenced practice in New York City, 1880; Prof. Pediatrics N. Y. Univ. since 1894. WILLIAM PERRY NORTHRUP, M.D., was born in Peterboro, New York, Jan- uary II, 1851, of English and Welsh ancestry ; his father was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, and his mother in Watervale, New York. He graduated. Bachelor of Arts, at Hamilton College in 1872, receiving later on the Master of Arts degree from his Alma Mater. From 1872 to 1876 he served in Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, as Instructor in Greek, Declamation and Composition. He studied Medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City from 1876 to 1878, and served as Interne in Roosevelt Hospital, New York City, from 1878 to 1880. In 1880 he began practice. He was connected with the New York Foundling Hospital as Pathologist and .--<■««**"■->». W. p. NORTHRUP Attending Physician from 1882 to the present time. He is, moreover, now Attending Physician at the Presbyterian Foundling and Willard Parker hospitals ; Consulting Physician to the New York Infant Asylum and Babies' Hospital of Newark ; and Professor of Pediatrics at the University and Belle vue Hospital Medical College. He is a member of the Association of American Phy- sicians and the New York Academy of Medi- cine ; ex-President of the New York Pathological Society ; ex-President of the American Pediatric Society ; and Associate Editor of Ashley, Wright and Northrup's work on Diseases of Children, published by Longmans, Green & Company. In UNIVERSITIES JNB THEIR SONS H3 general literature he has written two pieces for Scribner's Magazine : In the Steamer's Track, a Pilot-Boat Story, May 1888, and The Pardon of Sainte Anne d'Auray, a Story of Breton Life, December 1889; an article in the Forum for September 1896, Antitoxin Treatment of Diph- theria a Pronounced Success ; and in the Medical Record for August 1896, An Incident in Summer Practice (Aunt Betsy Hawkins). e. g. s. COLBY, Frank Moore, 1865- Prof. Economics 1895-1900, Assoc. Prof. Polit. Sci. i8g6-igoo. Born in Washington, D. C, 1865; early education in Detroit, Mich. ; studied at Columbian Univ. Wash- ington, D. C. ; engaged in business, 1882-85; taught schools in Indiana and on Staten Island, 1885-88; graduated Columbia School of Polit. Sci., 1888 ; engaged in study and tutoring, 1888-90; Acting Prof. History, Amherst, 1890-91 ; Lect. in Hist, at Columbia and Instr. Hist, and Polit. Econ. at Barnard College, 1891-95; Prof. Economics at N. Y. Univ., 1 895-1 900 ; Assoc. Prof. Pol. Science, 1896-1900; author and editor. FRANK MOORE COLBY was born in Wash- ington, District of Columbia, February 10, 1865, his father, the Hon. Stoddard Benham Colby being at that time Register of the United States Treasury. His parents were both residents of Vermont, though his mother, Ellen Cornelia Colby (nee Hunt), had passed the earlier years of her life in New Hampshire. He was educated in the schools of Newbury, Vermont ; Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia; and Detroit, Michigan. He graduated from the Detroit High School in 1880, and three years later entered the Sophomore Class of Columbian University, Washington, District of Columbia, to which city he had removed in 1882 on receiving an appointment as paymaster's clerk in the United States Army. The Paymaster under whom he served was ordered away in 1885, and Mr. Colby returned to Detroit where he obtained a position as corresponding clerk in a business house, but gave it up after a few months for a place in a small private school in Lima, Indiana. He taught there for a year and a half, and after a short interval, during which he worked in a New York publishing house, he succeeded in finding another position as a teacher in St. Austin's School on Staten Island. His object had been to carry on his work as a teacher in the vicinity of some large College in order that he might qualify for the Bachelor's degree. The position at St. Austin's School enabled him to do this, and with the degree of Bachelor of Arts he graduated at the School of Political Science of Columbia in 1888. The next two years were spent in private tutoring and in studying at the School of Political Science, after which he was appointed Acting Professor of History at Amherst College in place of Professor Morse who was on sick leave for a year. At the end of the year Mr. Colby became Lecturer in History in Columbia and Instructor in History and Political Economy in Barnard College, which positions he held for four years. He then received the appointment as Professor of Econo- mics in the New York University Graduate Semi- nar}', and a year later became Associate Professor of Political Science in the University College. He resigned these positions in the summer of 1900 to undertake the publication of a large cyclopedic work and become an editorial writer for one of the New York newspapers. Apart from teaching Mr. Colby has been engaged in editorial work and in writing for cyclopedias and periodicals. He was a contributor to the International Cyclopedia in 1890 and 189 1 ; was on the editorial staff of Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1893-1895 ; took charge of the 1898 revision of the International Cyclopedia, and planned and edited the annual publication known as the International Year Book, whose first volume appeared in 1898. He is also the author of a small historical text-book entitled Outlines of General History (1898). e. g. s. MILLER, George Alfred, 1853- Proiessor Law, 1895- Born in New York City, 1853; educated in New York Schools; graduated Columbia Law School, 1873; admitted to Bar, 1874; entered practice in New York City with Scudder & Carter (Carter & Ledyard) ; Instr. and Prof. Metropolis Law School, 1891 ; Prof. Law at the University since 1895. GEORGE ALFRED MILLER was born in New York City, August 30, 1853, son of Levi and Marianne Adeline (Demarest) Miller. The Miller family has been among the yeomanry of Westchester county since the beginning of the eighteenth century. George A. Miller's great- great-grandfather on his father's side, who was an old man at the beginning of the American Revolu- tion, was killed in one of the many small skirmishes between the Patriot and Tory bands in Westchester county. His son, Samuel Miller (great-grandfather 144 UNII'ERSJTIES AND THEIR SONS of Cleorge A. Miller), served as a soldier in the Revolutionary Army for about a year, as appears from the records of the War Department. On his mother's side (Jeorge A. Miller's descent is directly traced from David des Marest, a French Huguenot who settled in this country in 1663. Professor Miller's general education was had in public schools of New York until he was about fifteen years old. At that age he was obliged to gi\-e up attendance at school, and to forego thoughts of College on account of serious and long continued illness. He entered a law office of the old school at the very lowest round of the ladder of the GEO. A. MII.LEK profession, before he was sixteen ; and graduated in 1873 before he was twenty, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, from the Law School of Columbia, after two years of tuition by that cele- brated teacher of law, Dr. Theodore W. Dwight. He was admitted to the Bar in October 1874, and about the same time entered the office of Scudder & Carter, with which, and its succeeding firm of Carter & Ledyard, he has ever since been con- nected successively as clerk, managing clerk and partner. These firms, the present head of which, James C. Carter, is the recognized leader of the American Bar, during their fifty years of existence, have been connected with many of the most important litigations which have occupied the attention of the courts during that period. Professor Miller's special department has been practice and procedure in which thirty years of wide experience have given him the opportunity to become proficient. When an office boy and before entering Columbia I>aw School, he wrote a com- munication, published in the Albany Law Journal, suggesting a plan for an evening law school. More than twenty years afterwards he became an Instructor in the first realization of his boyish suggestion, the Metropolis ]^aw School, with which he continued as Instructor and Professor until its merger with New York University. He has been Professor of Law in that institution ever since, occupying the Chair of Code Practice and Procedure. The LTniversit}' conferred the hon- orary degree of Master of Laws on Professor Miller at Commencement in 1898, on which occa- sion he delivered the address in behalf of the Faculty to the graduates in Law. He was con- nected with the military service of New York State for nearly twenty years, from 1S73 to 1892, serving in the Twent^'-second Regiment through the ranks and subordinate grades to the position of Lieu- tenant-Colonel. Afterwards he became Lieutenant- Colonel of the Twelfth Regiment. He has been a wide reader of English and American literature, and is especially interested in History and Political Economy. He was a friend and follower of Henry George, whose first and famous book made a profound impression and exerted a lasting influ- ence on Professor Miller's views and principles. E. G. s. ROUNDS, Arthur Charles, 1862- Professor Law, 1895- Born in Cleveland, O., 1862; prepared for College at Hallowell Class. Acad., Me. ; graduated Amherst, 1887 ; A.M. and LL.B. Harvard, 1890; LL.M. N. Y. Univ., 1900; practicing lawyer in New York City; taught in Metropolis Law School, 1892-95 ; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ. since 1895; Lecturer in Harvard Law School since 1898. ARTHUR CHARLES ROUNDS was born in Cleveland, Ohio, December 28, 1862, his father, Charles C. Rounds, having been for many years Principal of the State Normal School in Farmington, Maine, and Plymouth, New Hamp- shire. His mother is Kate Nixon (Stowell) Rounds formerly of South Paris, Maine. His ancestors on both sides are of English descent and have been UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS H5 residents of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine since tlie seventeenth century. Arthur C. Rounds was educated partly in a three years' course in the Normal School in Farmington, Maine, and had also two years of College prepara- tion at Hallowell Classical Academy, Hallowell, Maine. He graduated from Amherst in 1887 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, spending the next three years, 1887-1890, at the Harvard Law School, receiving the degrees of Master of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. Professionally he has been connected with Carter, Hughes & Dwight, New York City, from 1 89 1 to the present time, and is a member of that firm. He taught law in the Metropolis Law School from 1S92 to 1895, and has been Pro- fessor of Law in the New York University Law School from 1895 to the present time, and in 1900 received the honorary degree of Master of Laws from that University. Since 1898 he has been Lecturer on New York Practice in Harvard Law School. E. G. s. BUCHNER,* Edward P., 1868- Professor Analytical Psychology, 1896-1901. Born in Paxton, 111., 1868 ; educated in public schools ; graduated Western College, Toledo, la,, i88g; Instr. in Western College, 1889-90; A.M., i8gi ; studied in Yale, 1890-93 and received Ph.D., 1893 ; Lect. on Pedagogy Yale, 1892-94; Instr. in Phil, and Pedagogy Yale, 1893-97 '> Prof. Analytical Psychology N. Y. Univ. 1896-1901. EDWARD F. BUCHNFR, Ph.D., was born of German parentage, in Paxton, Ford county, Illinois, September 3, 1868. His father, Christian Jacob Buchner, a native of Stuttgart, and his mother, Caroline Louisa (Lohmann) Buchner, of Hanover, were residents of their native towns until they were about twenty years of age. Their marriage occurred in 1859 in Urbana, Champaign county, Illinois. Edward was the fourth son in a family of six children, two of whom died in in- fancy, and one at the age of twelve years. The greater portion of the first four years of his life was spent on a prairie farm, where the environ- ment was such as a rather new country provides. In his fifth year the family removed to Gibson, three miles distant, a village which had been recently surveyed. The boy's early education was acquired in the schools of this town. The train- ing was such as was ordinarily provided in the better grade of primary, grammar and high schools of the period. In his fifteenth year he was gradu- ated, with Salutatorian honors, from the Gibson High School. The formative influences of these early years were derived from the home. The interests, activities and charitable gifts of the par- ents maintained a family circle steadfast in its appreciation of education and its estimation of true and worthy citizenship, of fine moral perceptions and of the value of a pietistic religious fervor. The parents and children were communicants in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. The local church of this sect in Gibson had been established and practically maintained through the activity of the father. The routine of religious EDWARn F. BUCHNER service and various church duties, readily re- sponded to by the youth, made deep impressions upon his mind, awakening interests in the conduct and meaning of life. He was not fond of play- mates, but preferred the dreamings which came as he sought his own amusements. His teachers in school and church were marked for their gentle- ness, but gave no decided turn to the young life. In 1885 he was admitted to Western College Toledo, Iowa, the oldest College in the Northwest, founded and conducted by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. His studies continued here for four years, upon the completion of which he was graduated, receiving the degree of Bachelor 146 UNIJERSITIES AND THEIR SONS of Arts. He was Secretary, Vice-President and President of the Young Men's Institute, and was its Annual Commencement Orator in 1888. Dur- ing his Senior year he was the Scholar Assistant in the Department of Natural Science. Being appointed to a College instructorship at graduation, he taught in his Alma Mater during the following year. At the same time he pursued graduate studies in Analytical and Quantitative Chemistry. This line of work was cut short by a disastrous Christmas-night fire, destroying the entire building in which the Chemical Laboratory was located. Re-equipment was slow with no promise of imme- diately resuming those studies with experimental aids. The young man then turned his attention to philosophical and educational subjects, an interest in which had been awakened, if not shapened by his studies in the latter portion of his Academic career. In 1891 he received the degree of Mas- ter of Arts from Western College. In 1890 he entered Yale University, thus realizing an am- bition cherished from childhood, and pursued studies in the Philosophical Department of the Graduate School. The student period in this in- stitution extended over three years, special atten- tion being given to Physiological Psychology, Analytical Psychology, Social Science, Ethics, History of Philosophy, History of Education, Phil- osophy of Religion and Theology. Among the various Professors under whose directions these studies were conducted. Professor George T. Ladd and Professor George M. Duncan (New York University, A.B. 1881), had, perhaps, the most in- fluence in shaping the trend of his intellectual interests. In final fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, which was conferred upon him in June 1893, he submitted a thesis entitled, A Study of Kant's Psychology with Reference to the Critical Philosophy, pub- lished as a monograph supplement by the Psycho- logical Review in 1897. He was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Yale Philosophical Club from 1S94 to 1896. In 1896 he spent sev- eral months with the Professors of Philosophy and in the libraries of the Universities of Konigsberg, Kiel, Berlin, Halle, Jena, Leipzig, Marburg and Giessen, in search of material relating to the his- tory of Kantian Philosophy and its modern inter- pretation, combining with this a special inquiry into the developments in Theoretical and Practical Pedagogy in the school system of Germany. In 1892 he received an appointment as Lecturer on Pedagogy in Yale, this being the first official recog- nition in Pedagogy as an academical subject by the Corporation of Yale. The recommendation to this appointment was made because of his meritorious attainments as a student. In the summer of 1893 he was Assistant in the Psychological Laboratory conducted by Professor Jastrow at the World's Fair in Chicago. He was advanced in 1894 to an Instructorship in Philosophy and Pedagogy in Yale, conducting courses for both undergraduate and graduate students. Dr. Buchner accepted a call in 1896 to the Chair of Analytical Psychology in the School of Pedagogy, New York University. He assumed its duties in September of that year, lecturing on the science of Psychology in its rela- tion to the principles of education and the prac- tical work of teaching. He continued his courses of instruction in Philosophy and Pedagogy at Yale until his resignation of that position in June 1897. Upon coming to New York in 1896, Dr. Buchner also became a member of the Faculty of the Grad- uate School, and as such has continued to give instruction in Philosophical subjects in that Department. In 1897 and in 1899 he represented the School of Pedagogy at the University Summer Courses, giving lectures on Ps)'chology to teachers. In 1898-1899 and 1899-igoo he represented the School of Pedagogy, with lecture courses on Psy- chology, in the extension work for teachers main- tained by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci- ences. In 1S96 he was elected to membership in the American Psychological Association, and in 1899 became a resident member of the New York Academy of Science. He was elected a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in igoo. Since 1898 he has been Sec- retary-Treasurer of the New York Society for Child Study. Dr. Buchner has been a frequent contributor to the literature of modern Philosophy, Psychology and Pedagogics ; his Bibliography is as follows : " Froebel from a Psychological Stand- point," Education, October and November 1894, Vol. XV., pp. 105-113, 169-173; "The School Curriculum," The School Journal, June 25, 1895, Vol. L. pp. 706-707; "The Third International Congress of Psychology," The Psychological Re- view, November 1896, Vol. III., pp. 589-602 ; " Study of Kant's Psychology with Reference to the Critical Philosophy," New York, The Macmillan Co. 1897, 8vo. pp. VIII., 208 (Issued as Mon- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS H7 ograph Supplement No. 4 to the Psychological Re- view, January 1897) ; " The Psychology of the Child, by Dr. W. Prayer," Translated for the School Journal, April 3, 10, 17, 1897, Vol. LIV., PP- 413-414, 449-451. 473-474 ; " Johann Gottlieb Fichte," A Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern, Charles Dudley Warner, editor, New York, The International Society, 1897, Vol. XIV., pp. 5673-5676; "Observations on the ' Principle of Identity,' " Science, N. S. Vol. VI., pp. 809-810; ■' The Province of Child Study," Educational Foundations, January 1898, Vol. IX., pp. 275-279; "Child Study and Com- position Work " (in collaboration). Educational Foundations, February and April 1898, Vol. IX., pp. 354-363, 503-513; "The Pestalozzi-Froebel House," School and Home Education, Septem- ber 1898, Vol. XVIIL, pp. 11-14; "Some Con- ditions of Progress in Pedagogy," The New York Teachers' Magazine, June 1899, Vol. II., pp. 26-35 i " '^'^^ Teacher and the Psychologies," School and Home Education, December 1899, Vol. XIX., pp. 165-169 ; " Volition as a Scientific Datum " ; and tire following reviews : " Adams's The Herbartian Psychology applied to Education," Educational Review, January 1898, Vol. XV., pp. 82-85 ' " Wenley's An Outline introductory to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason," The Philosophi- cal Review, March 1S98, Vol. VII., pp. 215-216; " Cornelius's Psychologieals Erfahrungswissen- schaft," The Psychological Review, May 1898, Vol. v., pp. 321-326; " Sneath's Ethics of Hobbes," The Philosophical Review, November 1898, Vol. VII., pp. 660-661 ; " Eldridge-Green's Memory and its Cultivation," The Educational Review, May 1898, Vol. XVII., pp. 494-496; "Stern's Psychologie der Veriinderungsauffassung," The Psychological Review, July 1899, Vol. VI., pp. 428-432 ; " Ziehen's Psycho-physiologische Er- kenntnistheorie," The Psychological Review, July 1899, Vol. VI., pp. 432-439 ; " Ladd's Philosophy of Knowledge," Die Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 1899 ; " Levy's L'Education rationnelle de la Vo- lonte," The Philosophical Review, igoo. Vol. IX.; and " Psychological Literature," The Psychological Review, July and November 1899, A^ol. VI., pp. 440-443, 662-664, January 1900, Vol. VII., pp. 94-97. Dr. Buchner married, June i, 1898, Hannah Louise, daughter of the late Rufus Dav- enport and Elizabeth Sanford (Morgan) Cable, of Westport, Connecticut. SOMMER, Frank Henry, 1872- Professor Law, 1895- Born in Newark, N. J., 1872; graduated Metropolis Law School, 1893 ; Instr. Metropolis Law School, 1893-94; Prof., r 894-95 ; Prof. Law in the University since 1895 ; LL.B. N. Y. Univ., 1895 ; LL.M. N. Y. Univ., igoo. FRANK HENRY SOMMER was born Sep- tember 3, 1872, in Newark, New Jersey, of parents born in this country. His maternal grandparents had immigrated from Switzerland, while his father's parents came from Germany. His preliminary education was had in public and private schools. At nineteen years of age in 189 1 Professor Sommer entered the Metropolis Law School from which in 1893 he was graduated with the second honor. In 1893 he was appointed in- FRANK H. SOMMER structor in the Metropolis Law School ; in the same year in November he was admitted to the New Jersey Bar as Attorney-at-Law. Having been in 1894 appointed Professor in the Metropolis Law School, he was in 1895 granted the Bachelor of Laws degree by New York University Law School, being in the reorganization and expansion of that year appointed a Professor of the New York University Law School, and lecturing now in that school. He was during 1897 Editor of the 143 UN//'ERS/r/ES JND THEIR SONS Universit)' Law Review, founded by Austin Abbott. In February 1S97 lie was admitted to tlie New Jersey Bar as Counselor- at-La\v. In 1S99 he pub- lished Condensed Cases on Property in Land. In 1900 he was granted the degree of Master of Laws b)- the New York Uni\'ersity Law School. E. G. s. EDMONDSON, Thomas William, i86g- Assistant Professor Physics, i8g6- Born in Skipton-in-Craven, England, i86g; A.B. London Univ., 1888 and Cambridge, Eng., 1891 ; gradu- ate study in Physics, Chem. and Botany Cambridge Univ., 1891-93; came to U. S., 1893; Fellow in Physics Clark Univ. Worcester, Mass., 1894-96; Ph.D. Clark Univ., 1896; Asst. Prof. Physics, N. Y. Univ., 1896- THOMAS WILLIAM EDMONDSON, Ph.D., eldest son of Thomas Edmondson, was bom in Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire, England, in 1869. He received his early education at one of the elementary schools of his native town, and,, in 1879, having gained an entrance scholarship, he entered the Skipton Endowed Grammar School, where he remained until 1SS8. During the last three years of his stay at this school, his studies were directed to the work rec]uired for the exami- nations leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Ijondon University ; and at the matriculation examination of June 18S6, he was placed first in the Honours List and was awarded the First Matriculation Exhibition. His degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred in 1888. In 1887 Professor Edmondson gained the Akroyd scholarship, a scholarship competed for annually by the strongest students of the endowed schools of Yorkshire, and tenable at any of the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge; and in i888 he entered Pembroke College, Cambridge, holding one of the Senior Mathematical Scholarships of.Jiisyear. Here his studies were devoted principally to Mathematics, and in 1891, he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, being placed eighteenth wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos Examination of that year. \A'hile an undergraduate at Cambridge Profes.sor Edmondson became connected with the University Correspondence College as Assistant Tutor in Mathematics and Pliysics, and in this position he continued after receiving his degree, at the same time pursuing graduate studies in Physics, Chem- istry and Botany at the University. In 1893 he came to this country and in 1894 was appointed to a F'ellowship in I'hysics at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. As a result of his study in Physics and Mathematics and research work in Physics the degree of Doctor of Philos- ophy was conferred upon him in i8g6, in which year also he was appointed to the Assistant Pro- fessorship of Physics in New York University. Professor Edmondson is the author (with W. Briggs) of Mensuration and Spherical Geometry, of Keys to Briggs and Bryan's Co-ordinate Geometry and Textbook of Dynamics (the latter with Bion Reynolds), and of other Mathematical textbooks published under the auspices of the University Correspondence College. He has also contributed to the Naturalist occasional notes on the flora of his native country. E. g. s. BRYANT, Joseph Decatur, 1845- Pioiessor Surgery, 1897- Born in East Troy, Wis., 1845 ; attended Norwich Academy, Norwich, N. Y. ; graduated Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1868; Lect. and Asst. in Bellevue Coll., 1871-78; Prof. Anatomy, 1878-83; Prof, of Anatomy, Clinical Surgery and Adjunct Prof. Orthopedic Sur- gery, 1883-97 ; Prof. Principles and Practice Surgery, Operative and Clinical Surgery, Univ. and Bellevue Med. Coll. since 1897; Visiting and Consulting Sur- geon to various hospitals. JOSEPH DECATUR BRYANT, M.l)., was born in East Troy, Walv.orth county, Wis- consin, March 12, 1845, son of Alonzo A. and Harriet (Atkins) Bryant. His ancestry on both sides is of English origin. Dr. Bryant's first edu- cational training was received in the public schools, including high schools, in the vicinity of his native town, and he later became a student in the Nor- wich Academy of Norwich, New York. Beginning the study of medicine in the office of the late Dr. George W. Avery of Norwich, he afterwards entered the Bellevue Llospital Medical College, and graduated there with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1868. After graduation he served as Interne at I5ellevue Hospital. After more than thirty years of professional life, during which time he has attained success as physician, surgeon and medical teacher, Dr. Bryant continues in active work — the incumbent of several important offices. First appointed to the teaching force of the Belle- vue Hospital Medical College as Prosector to the Chair of Anatomy in 187 1, he was continuously retained in the College, holding the several pro- gressive positions of Lecturer on Surgical Anatomy during the summer sessions from 1871 to 1874; UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 149 Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy from 1875 to 1877 ; Lecturer on General, Descriptive and Sur- gical Anatomy in 1877-187S; Professor of Anat- omy from 1878 to 1883 ; and Professor of Clinical Surgery and Adjunct Professor of Orthopedic Surgery from 1883 to 1897. At the time of the merging of the Bellevue College with the New York University Medical College, Dr. Bryant was appointed to his present position as Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, and of Operative and Clinical Surgery. In the civil and military life of New York he has held a number of important appointments, notably those of : Sanitary JOSEPH D. BRYANT Inspector of the City Health Department from 1873 to 1879 ! Surgeon, with the rank of Major, in the Seventj'-first Regiment National (iuard of New York in 1873 ; Post-Surgeon of the State Camp in Peekskill in 1882 ; Surgeon-General, with the rank of Brigadier-General, on the staffs of Gov- ernors Cleveland, Hill and Flower, 1882-1S91; Medical Health Commissioner of New York City in 1887 to 1892 ; Commissioner of the State Board of Health from 1887 to 1892. He was Visiting Surgeon to the Charity Hospital in 1881-1882 and has served Bellevue Hospital in that capacity since 1882, and St. Vincent's since 1887. He is also Consulting Surgeon to the following institu- tions : the New York Insane Asylum, the Hacken- sack Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital of Yonkers, the Manhattan, State and Women's hospitals, and the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled. Dr. Bryant is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, of which he was President in 1895, and a member of the American Medical Association, the New Y^ork State Medical Association, of which he was President in 1898, the New York County Medical Association, the American Surgical So- ciety, the Practitioners' Society of New York City, and the Anatomical Society. He has contributed freely to the leading medical journals, on medical topics of the day. In 1SS6 he presented to the profession Bryant's Manual of Operative Surgery, which is now going through the press in the third edition, in two comprehensive volumes. Socially he is allied with the Manhattan, Lotos and New York Athletic clubs. He was married, September 29, 1874, to Annette A. Crum ; his daughter is Florence Annette Bryant. * ROUNDS, Ralph Stowell, 1864- Professor of Law, 1896- Born in Cleveland, O., 1864; early education at State Normal School, Farmington, Me.; prepared for College at Hallowell Classical Acad., Me. ; graduated Amherst, 1887 ; LL.B. Columbia, 1892 ; practicing law- yer in New York City ; Instr. in Metropolis Law School, 1894 to 1895 ; Prof. Law N. Y. Univ. since 1896. RALPH STOWELL ROUNDS was born in Cleveland, Ohio, September 3, 1864, son of Charles C. and Kate N. (Stowell) Rounds, both of his parents being of New F>ngland origin. Pro- fessor Rounds had early education preparatory to College entrance in the State Normal School in Farmington, Maine, and in the Hallowell Classical Academy, Hallowell, Maine, and from there he entered Amherst. After graduating in 18S7 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts he taught for two years in the Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn. In 1889 he became a student of law at Columbia, where the degree of Bachelor of Laws was conferred upon him in 1892 after a three years' course. He was at once admitted to the Bar, and has followed his profession with much success in New York City, as a member of the firm of Rounds & Dillingham. For three years after graduation he was prize lecturer in Columbia Law School. In 1894 he became Instructor in the Metropolis Law School I50 UNlfERSlTlES JND THEIR SONS and late in the New York University Law School, and since 1896 he has been Professor of Law in tliat University. e. g. S. McALPIN, David Hunter, Jr., 1862- Professor Gross Pathology, 1897- Born in New York City, 1862; prepared for College at Phillips-Exeter Academy, Exeter, N. H. ; graduated Princeton, 1885; M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1888; Interne at Bellevue Hosp., 1888-90; Prof. Gross Pathology N. Y. Univ. since 1897. D.WID HUNTP:R McALPIN, Jr., M.D., was born in New York City, in 1862, the seventh son of David H. McAlpin (vide America's Successful Men, New York Tribune, Vol. L). He was prepared for College at the Phillips-E.xeter Academy in E.xeter, New Hampshire, and entered Princeton, whence in 1885 he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He studied medicine at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, receiv- ing the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1888 ; in the same year Princeton gave him the Master of Arts degree. He was Interne at Bellevue Hos- pital, 1888-1890, and in 1897 was appointed Professor of Gross Pathology in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, now the Medical De- partment of New York LTniversity. e. g. s. BANGS, Lemuel Bolton, 1842- Professor Genito-Urinary Surgery, 1898- Born in New York City, 1842; attended College of the City of New York ; graduated N. Y. College Physicians and Surgeons, 1872 ; Prof. Genito-Urinary Surgery N. Y. Univ. since i8g8; Surgeon to Bellevue Hosp. LEMUEL BOLTON BANGS, M.D., was born in New York City, August 9, 1842, son of Lemuel and Julia Anderson (Merwin) Bangs. His early education was fibtained by attendance at private schools in the City of New York and he was prepared for (College at a noted school on College Hill, Poughkeepsie, but business disasters of his father pre\'ented the fultillment of his plans, and he returned to New York and entered the public schools in order to obtain admission to the College of the City of New York, which in those days was known as the Free Academy. His academic course was interrupted in his Freshman year, and it became necessary for him to go into business to assist his parents, and later to obtain the means to complete his education. Subsequently he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, graduating in 1872. In one of the early years of the Civil War he passed the required examinations before the Board of Examiners of the State of New York and was qualified as line officer of infantry, but being considered too young for that service, he was enrolled in the Home Guard in the City of New York. Later on he was able to carry out his desires, and since his graduation in 1872 he has won conspicuous success in the practice of his profession, especially in a branch of surgery. He was formerly Surgeon to St. Luke's, the City LEMUEL BOLTON HANGS and Post Graduate hospitals, and at present he is Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to St. Luke's, the City, St. Vincent's and the Methodist Episcopal Hospital of Brook- lyn. He was at one time Professor of Genito- Urinary Surgery in the New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital. He is now, and has been since October 1898, Professor of Genito- Urinary Surgery in The University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, the Medical Depart- ment of New York University. He has edited (conjointly with Dr. FTardaway of St. LouLs) the American Text Book upon Genito-Urinary Dis- eases and Diseases of the Skin. He has written UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 151 extensively upon his branch of surgerj', liis articles having appeared in the medical journals of this country. Dr. Bangs is a member of the Century, University, Quill and Riding clubs, the New York Academy of Medicine and of several medical societies. He was at one time President of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Sur- geons, and he is now President of the Alumni Association of the New York College of Physi- cians and Surgeons. * BIGGS, Hermann M., 1859- Professor Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine, 1898- Born in Trumansburg, N. Y., 1859; graduated Cornell, 1882 ; M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1883 ; Resident Phys. Bellevue Hosp., 1883-84; studied in Germany, 1884-85; in charge of Carnegie Lab., 1885; Lee. on Pathology Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1886; Demonstrator of Anatomy, 1887 ; Prof. Pathology, i88g; Prof. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, iSga; Adjunct Prof. Gen. Med., 1897 ; Prof. Therapeutics and Clinical Med. N. Y. Univ. since 1898; holds im- portant hospital appointments. HERMANN M. BIGGS, M.D., is the son of Joseph H. and Melissa P. (Pratt) Biggs of Trumansburg, New York, where he was born, September 29, 1859. Having been prepared at Trumansburg Academy, Ithaca Academy, and Cornell University Preparatory School, he entered Cornell University in September 1879, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in June 1882. He was influenced to undertake the study of medicine by his uncle. Dr. S. H. Peck, of Ithaca, New York, and also by his own experience of work in the Physiological Laboratory of Cornell University under the direction of Professor Burt G. \A'ilder. He took the medical preparatory course in Cor- nell University during his course for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He received a leave of absence from Cornell and took his first course of medicine in Bellevue Medical College, 1S81-1882. Having graduated there in March 1883 he was, after a competitive examination, appointed to serve on the resident staff of Bellevue Hospital, holding the appointment for eighteen months. The in- fluence of Professor Austin Flint, Sr., and of Professor W. H. Welch, now of Johns Hopkins, induced him to study Patholog)- and Bacteriology at Greifswald and Berlin Universities in 1884 and 1885. Having returned he took charge of Car- negie Laboratory when it was opened in 1885, and was later sent by the Laboratory to study the treatment of rabies in the Pasteur Institute in Paris. He became in 1886 Lecturer on Pathology, in 1887 Demonstrator of Anatomy, in 1889 Pro- fessor of Patholog)', in 1892 Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, in 1897 Adjunct Pro- fessor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, — all in Bellevue Hospital Medical College. In 1898 in the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College he became Secretary of the Fac- ulty, Professor of Therapeutics and Clinical Medi- cine, and Adjunct Professor of the Practice of Medicine. He organized the Department of Path- HERMANN M. BIGGS olog}' and Bacteriolog)' of the New York Heahh Department in 1892, and has been the Director of its laboratories since that time. These laboratories were the first municipal bacteriological laborato- ries of the world, and the methods adopted have been widely followed. He introduced the general use of diphtheria antitoxin in this country and ob- tained the necessary legislation and appropriations, which enabled the New York Health Department to produce, use and sell it and other biological products. He was appointed Visiting Physician at Bellevue Hospital in 1893 and of St. Vincent's Hospital in 189S. He served as Pathologist to the Bellevue and to the City hospitals, 1 886-1 893 152 UNirERSiriES JND THEIR SONS and has acted in the same capacity to the Health Department hospitals since iS88. He was promi- nently identified with the work for the prevention of cholera in New York City in 1S92, and was at this time a member of the Conference Committee of the Chamber of Commerce and the New York Academy of Medicine. He has contributed to current medical literature. E. c. s. BOSWORTH, Francke Huntington, 1843- Professor Diseases of the Throat, 1898- Born in Marietta, Ohio, 1843 ; early education in Ohio ; graduated Yale, 1861 ; M.A. in course ; gradu- ated Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1869; practiced medicine in New York City; Lecturer and Prof, at Bellevue College, 1871-77; Prof. Diseases of the Throat at the University since 1898. FRANCKE HUNTINGTON BOSWORTH, M.D., was born in Marietta, Ohio, Janu- ary 25, 1843, of New England ancestry. His early education was received in Ohio. Later he Fk.^NL'KE H. HOSVVORTH entered Yale, where he received the dej;ree of Bachelor of Arts in 1862, and that of Master of Arts in 1865. He studied medicine in New York City and graduated at the Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College in 1869, being Valedictorian of the Class. He served as Interne in Bellevue, and afterwards practiced medicine in New York City. Having early devoted his attention to Diseases of the Throat he was appointed Lecturer on Diseases of the Throat in Bellevue Hospital College in 187 1, and Professor in 188 1, a position which he held until the union with New York University. He published in 1879 a Handbook of Diseases of the Throat and Nose, and in 189 1 a full and exhaustive treatise on Diseases of the Nose and Throat in two volumes, and again in 1S96 pub- lished a textbook for students on the same subject. He has been Professor of Diseases of the Throat at the University since 1898. e. c. s. BLISS, Collins Pechin, 1866- Assoc. Professor Mechanical Engineering. Born in Carlisle, Pa., 1866 ; early education at Pin- gry School, Elizabeth, N. J. ; graduated Princeton, 1888; A.M. in course; graduated, Ph.D., Columbia School of Mines, i8gi ; connected with Globe Iron Works Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Assoc. Prof. Mechanical Engineering, N. Y. Univ. ; practicing Architect, and Engineer. COLLINS PECHIN BLISS, Architect and Engineer, was born in Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, in 1866, and was brought up in Plainfield, New Jersey, whither his father. Rev. J. C. Bliss, D.D., had moved in 1868 to take the Pastorate of the Crescent Avenue Presbyterian Church. Dr. J. C. Bliss, who is a Doctor of Divinity of the University and a graduate of Western Theological Seminary, is now Pastor of Washington Heights Presbyterian Church in New York City. The name of Bliss is thought to have been originally Blois, and to be associated with the village of Blois, France, now famous for its chateau of the same name. The first authentic records are from England about 1600, when certain families of this name came to America to escape religious perse- cution. They first settled around Boston, but were more extensively known in Hartford and Springfield and the adjacent towns of Connec- ticut. Mr, Bliss was educated at the Pingry School in Elizabeth, New Jersey, there preparing for College, Princeton being selected as the natu- ral and most convenient place for that section of the country. Prior to entering Princeton a year was spent abroad. It was not until well on in Senior year that he made a decision as to his future line of work, although all the mathematical UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS ^53 and scientific branches were decidedly the most popular in his selection and standing. Largely through the influence of a classmate (now a prominent architect of New York City) a course in Architecture and Civil P^ngineering at the Columbia School of Mines was decided upon, and immediately followed for three years, his graduation as Bachelor of Arts at Princeton in 1888. Soon after starting upon this course Mr. Bliss discovered his aptitude for the engineering branches, especially those dealing with the actual construction of all classes of work. During the summer the time was spent in practical work in the offices of McKim, Mead & White, and others. To the interest shown by the late Elliott F. Shepard in employing Mr. Bliss for certain tech- nical investigations for the benefit of the Mail and Express, he owes his start along mechanical lines, which subsequently proved to be that field of engineering for which he was best adapted. The work alluded to comprised a thorough inves- tigation of all the mechanical devices used for the more complete combustion of bituminous coal and the prevention of smoke therefrom, particu- larly in the city of Chicago, the place then selected for the World's Fair. After graduating in 1891 from Columbia School of Mines and receiving the technical degree of Bachelor of Philosophy and also at the same time the Master of Arts degree from Princeton, he became Secretary and Engineer of a company handling the patents covering one of the best devices discovered during his connection with the Mail and Express. These patents were eventually controlled by the Globe Iron Works Company of Cleveland, Ohio, with which firm Mr. Bliss was connected three years prior to accepting a position in the Engineering Depart- ment of New York University. To the influ- ence and backing also of Mr. H. M. Hanna, President of this Company, he owes the oppor- tunity of a valuable practical experience in the shops and yards of this concern. During the fall of 1896 preceding the technical work undertaken at this University he spent considerable time at Cornell, making a thorough study and investiga- tion of their methods of conducting mechanical and experimental courses, all the privileges of Sibley College being offered through the kindness of Dr. Thurston, its Director. Having been a resident of New York City since 1884, Mr. Bliss has devoted his spare time including summers, to construction work in and around the city, thus keeping in toucK with llie practical and lucrative side of engineering. e. g. s. COAKLEY, Cornelius Godfrey, 1862- Clinical Professor Laryngology, i8g8- Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1862 ; graduated Coll. of City of N. Y., A.B., 1884, A.M., 1887; grad. N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., M.D., 1887 ; on House Staff Bellevue Hosp., 1887-88; Instr. Histology N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1889-96; Prof. Laryngology N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1893 ; Clinical Prof. Laryngology Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., since 1898; practicing physician ; Laryngologist Demilt Dispensary, and Con- sulting Laryngologist and Otologist to Columbus Hos- pital ; Author. CORNELIUS GODFREY COAKLEY was born in Brooklyn, New York, August 14, 1S62, the son of George Washington and Isabella Hoe (Godfrey) Coakley. His father, who is well CORNELIUS G. COAKLEY remembered by the Alumni of New York I'niver- sity and by the scientific world, was a native of the West Indies, the son of an English planter, who at the age of twelve years came to New York to get an education ; was graduated at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1836 ; taught school at Hagerstown, Maryland, and was Professor of M4 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Mathematics there until the fall of i860; then came to New York University as Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, and held that chair with distinction until his death in 1896. Dr. Coakley's mother, born Godfrey, was the daughter of an Englishman, the in\'entor of a method of galvanizing iron. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public school system of New York City, passing successively through the primary and grammar schools and the College of the City of New York. From the latter institution he re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1884, and three years later the degree of Master of Arts ; meantime, in the fall of 1884, he entered the Med- ical College of New York University, and there pursued a three years' course of study with distinc- tion, being graduated in 1887, with the highest honors of his class, and receiving, of course, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For eighteen months thereafter he served on the second medical division of the House Staff of Bellevue Hospital, and in the fall of 1888 began the regular practice of his profession. In January i88g, Dr. Coakley was appointed Instructor in Histology in the Med- ical College of New York University, and retained that place for seven years. Meantime, in the fall of 1893, on the resignation of Professor W. C. Jarvis, he was elected Professor of Larnygology in the same institution. He occupied that chair until the consolidation of the College with the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in 1898, when he be- came Clinical Professor of Laryngology in the united institution. This place he still occupies. He is also Laryngologist to the Demilt Dispensary, and to the Clinic of the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and is Consulting Laryn- gologist and Otologist to the Columbus Hospital, New York. Dr. Coakley is a member of the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital, and of the New York County Medical Society, and a fellow of the New York Acadeni}' of Medi- cine and of the American Laryngological, Rhino- logical and Otological Society. He was married on September 10, 1890, to Annette Isabelle Perry, a descendant of the famous Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, of the llniled States Navy. He is the author of a Manual of Diseases of the Nose and Throat, published by Lea Bros. & Company, Philadelphia, of which the first edition appeared in August 1899, and the second edition in March 1901. w. F. j. DENCH, Edward Bradford, 1864- Professor Otology, 1898- Born in Leedsville, Conn., 1864; fitted for College at Bridgeport High School ; graduated Shef. Sci. School, Yale, 1883; M.D. College Phys. and Sur., 1885; Interne St. Luke's Hosp., 1885-86; Interne Cham- bers Street Hosp., 1886-87 ; Prof. Otology, N. Y. Poly- clinic, 1890-93 ; Prof. Otology Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1894-97 ; Prof. Otology Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. College since 1898; Consulting Otologist to St. Luke's Hospital, 1896; Consulting Otologist and At- tending Surg. N. Y. Orthopaedic Hosp. and Dispensary and Attending Surgeon to N. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary. EI)\VAR1) BRADFORD DENCH, M.D., was born in Leedsville, Connecticut, January 16, 1864, son of Josiah Bradford and Frances M. (Lester) Dench. He fitted for College at the EDWARD B. DENCH High School of Bridgeport, Connecticut, and entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale in 1879, graduating in 1883 with the degree of Bachelor of Philoso]3hy. On his graduation he went to New York and took up the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, now the Medical Department of Columbia, and became a Doctor of Medicine in 1885. After his graduation there he had two years hospital service as Interne, part of the time in St. Luke's Hospital and later at the Chambers Street Hos- UNU'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS ^55 [liUil, New V'ork City, and has since, besides his educational duties, been engaged in the private practice of his profession in New York City. He was made Professor of Otology in the New York I'olyclinic in 1S90, resigning in 1893 to take the Chair of Otology in the Bellevue Hospital Med- ical College. ( )n the merger of Uelle\'Ue with the University Medical School in 1S9S he was called to the Chair of Otology in the combined Colleges. Professor 1 )ench is considered one of the best American authorities on Otology and kindred subjects, In addition to his other duties he has held the position of Consulting Otologist to St. Luke's Hospital since 1S96 and also that of Con- sulting Otologist and Surgeon to the New York Orthopedic Hospital and Dispensary, and Attend- ing Surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. He is a member of a number of societies, chiefly scientific and professional in their nature, among them : the American Otological Society; the American Laryngological, Rhinolog- ical and Olological Society; the New York Otolo- gical Society; the New York Academy of Medicine; the Society of the Alunnii of the New \'ork Hos- liital ; St. Lvike's ,\hmmi Society ; and among social organizations : the Metro]3olitan Club, the New \'(>rk .Vlldetic Club, the L'nion C'lub, and the "\'a]e Club. His engrossing professional duties June left him no time for active participation in the ])i)hlic;d struggles of the hour. Professor Dench married, October 3, 1SS8, Marie Antoinette Hunt. They have one child: Marie Catherine Dench. * ERDMANN, John Frederick, 1864- Clinical Professor of Surgery, i8g3- Born at Cincinnati, O., 1864 ; educated in public and high schuols; graduated M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1887; Capt. and Asst. Surg., National Guard N. Y., 1891-97; Clinical Prof. Surgery N. Y. Univ., and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since the combination of the two schools. JOHN FREDERICK ERDMANN, M.D., was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 27, 1864, the son of Zachariah and Maria Louisa (Lip|jen; lu-dmann. His early and academic education was acquired in the public schools and high school of Chillicotlie, Oliio, and at the age of f)nly fointeen years he began a business career as an employee of a wholesale dr\' goods and notions hrjiise. He worked in that business in 187S-1879, and then, in the latter year, began learning the profes- sion of a pharmacist. He remained in the diug business for four years, until 1884, becoming meantime a licentiate in pharmacy. With such preparation he came to New York City in 1S84 to study medicine in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. From that institution he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March 18S7, and forthwith began the practice of his pro- fession. In October 1888, he began to teach medicine and surgery, as an assistant to Professor J. D. Rayant in Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, was Professor of Practical Anatomy 1895 to 1899, and since the union of the two schools he has been Clinical Professor of Surgery in the New York University and Bellevue Hospit.d Medical College. Doctor Erdmann served from 189] to 1S97 as Captain and Assistant Surgeon in the Seventy-first Regiment of the New York National Ciuard. He is Attending Surgeon to Oouverneur Hospital, and St. INIark's Hospital; Assistant Yisit- ing .Surgeon to the (ieneral Memorial Hospital and IMontefiore Hospital. He was formeily a member of the ( )hio Society of New York, and of the Manhattan Athletic Club. He is now a member of the Academy of Medicine, of which he has Ijeen Assistant Secretarv, the Relle\ue Hos- pital Alunnii, the Hospital Grachuites' Chil), the New York State Medical jVssociation, the New ^'ork County Medical Association, the New "^'ork County Medical Societv, and the Surgical Society of New \'ork City. He was married on June 20, 1S94, to Georgiana T. Wright, of Providence, Rhode Island, and has two children: ( )livia S. and Sturtevant J. Erdmann. w. f. j. FORDYCE, John A., 1858- Professor Dermatology, i8g8- Born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, 1858 ; graduated Adrian College, Adrian, Mich., 1878; M.D. Chicago Medical College, i88i ; Interne Cook Co. Hosp., Chicago, 1881-83; practiced in Hot Springs, Ark., 1883-86; studied in Europe, 1886-88; M.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1888; practicing physician in N. Y. City since 1888; Instr. and Lee. N. Y. Polyclinic, 1889-93; Prof. Dermatology and Syphilology, Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1893-98; Prof. Dermatology and Syphilology N. Y. Univ. since i8g8. JOHN A. I'ORDYCE, M.D., was bom in Chiernse}' count\-, Ohio, both of his parents being natixes of Western Pennb)lvania. The 156 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS ancestors of his father came from Scotland in the eighteenth century. The ancestors of his mother were of German descent. His early education was had in public and private schools of Cambridge, Ohio, and \Mieeling, West Virginia. When he arrived at the age of College training he entered Adrian College, in Adrian, Michigan, where he studied from 1874 to 1S7S, graduating in the latter year with the degree of IJachelor of Arts. He then studied medicine at the Chicago Medical College (Medical Department Northwestern University), from 1S7S to iSSi, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the latter year. He held the post of Interne in Cook county Hospital, Chicago, JOHN A. FORDVCE 1SS1-1883, after which he practiced medicine in Hot Springs, Arkansas, from 1S83 to 1886. In that year he was married to Alice Dean Smith of New York City. Then he spent two years in Europe, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine from the University of Berlin in 1888, prac- ticing medicine in Ne* York City since the autumn of that year. In 18S9 he received the degree of Master of Arts from Adrian College. He was Editor of the Journal of Cutaneous and Genito- urinary Diseases from 1889 to 1897 and Instructor and Lecturer on Dermatology in the New York Polyclinic, 1889 to 1893. He was appointed Pro- fessor of Dermatology and Syphilology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College in May 1893, which position he occupied until July i, 1898, when he was appointed Professor of Dermatology in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College. He has written numerous mono- graphs on subjects connected with the special department of medicine in which he is interested, givinrr results of original investigation. e. g. s. HERTER, Christian Archibald, 1865- Professor Pathological Chemistry, 1898 - Born in Glenville, Conn., 1865; educated Col. Coll. of Phys. and Surg. (M. D., 1885) ; pursued professional studies at Johns Hopkins Univ. and Univ. of Zurich; served in Bellevue, City, Babies' and Lying-in hospi- tals, N. Y., and Craig Colony for Epileptics; prac- ticing Physician ; Prof. Pathological Chem. N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1898. CHRISTIAN ARCHIBALD HERTER, M.D., Neurologist and Chemist, was born at Glenville, Connecticut, September 3, 1865, the son of Christian and Mary (Miles) Herter. His father, who came from South Germany, was an artist and successfid business man, the son of an architect, and a descendant of the old Swiss family of Herder. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary Miles, was the daughter of a physician, and was de- scended from Simon Fiske, Lord of the Manor of Stradhaugh, Lo.xfield, England. His early educa- tion was acquired in New York Cit}', at the Co- lumbia Grammar School and mider private tutors. His intellectual bent was strongly toward scientific work, and he began laboratory studies in chemistry and physics at thirteen years of age. At Columbia College he pursued for two years a private course in physics and mathematics. Thence he pro- ceeded to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Medical Department of Columbia, and there pursued the regular course of studies, being gradu- ated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1885. The ensuing year was spent in the First Division of Bellevue Hospital, as Senior Assistant. The winter of 1 886-1 887 was spent as a pupil of Dr. William H. Welch, in the Pathological Depart- ment of Johns Hopkins University, and that of 1887-1888 as a pupil of August Forel, in the study of cerebral anatomy, at the University of Zurich. With such varied and expert preparation. Dr. Her- ter entered upon the practice of his profession in UNirERSITIES ANB THEIR SONS ^57 New York, combining private practice with a large amount of liospital work. He has been a Visiting Physician at the City Hospital, a Consulting Phy- sician at the Babies' Hospital, Consulting Neurol- ogist to the Society of the Lying-in Hospital, all in New York City, and Consulting Pathological Chemist to the Craig Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea, Livingston county, New York. Since June 1898, he has been Professor of Pathologi- cal Chemistry in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Dr. Herter is a member of numerous professional and other organizations, including the Association of Ameri- can Physicians, the Association of American CHRISTIAN A. HERTER Neurologists, the Association of American Physi- ologists, the New York Academy of Sciences (of which he is a Fellow), the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Pathological Society, the New York Neurological Society, the New York County Medical Society, the New York State Medical Association, the Century Associa- tion and the Riding Club of New York. In poli- tics he is a Republican, but he has held and sought no public office. Dr. Herter was married on De- cember g, 1 886, to Susan Dows, and has four children : Christine, Mary Dows, Susette and Albert Herter. w. f. j. JUDD, Charles Hubbard, 1873- Professor Experimental Psychology, 1898-1901. Born in Barailey, India, 1873; came to America, 1879; prepared for College at High School, Bingham- ton, N. Y. ; graduated Wesleyan, 1894; Ph.D. Univ. of Leipzig, Germany, 1896; Instr. in Phil. Wesleyan, 1896-98; Prof. Experimental Psychology in School of Pedagogy, N. Y. Univ. since 1898. c HARLES HUBBARD JUDD, Ph.D., was born p'ebruary 20, 1873, in Barailey, Northwestern Provinces of British India, of parents residing there at the time as missionaries, con- nected with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Both of his parents were native born Americans. His father, Charles Wesley Judd, was the son of a Methodist preacher and was educated for the ministry at Cazenovia Seminary. His mother, Sarah (Hubbard) Judd, was the daughter of a farmer living near Owego, New York. She was also educated at Cazenovia Seminary. At the age of six years the subject of this sketch was brought to America by his parents. After graduating in iSgo from the High School at Binghamton, New York, he entered Wesleyan University, Middle- town, Connecticut. In 1894 he graduated from V\'esleyan with highest honors in general scholar- ship and special honors for e.xtra work done in the Department of Philosophy. His special honor thesis was on the subject " A'isualization among American College Students." The ne.xt two years were spent at the University of Leipzig, and were devoted for the most part to lectures by Wundt and Leuckart, and to experimental investigations in the Institut fiir experimentelle Psychologic. On February 11, 1896, he passed the University examination magna cum latide, and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with P.sychology as major subject (Wundt), Comparative Anatomy (Leuckart) and History of Pedagogy (Volkelt) as minor subjects. The title of his thesis was " Ueber Raumwahrnehmungen im Gebiete des Tastsinnes." During the next six months he made an English translation of ^^'undt's Clrundriss der Psychologic. This appeared late in the year 1896 from the press of Wilhelm Engelmann in Leipzig under the title Outlines of Psycholog)-. In the fall of 1S96 he was appointed Instructor in Philosophy at Wesleyan University. In the spring of 1898 he accepted a call to the Professorship of Physiologi- cal and Experimental Psychology in the School of Pedagog)' of New York University. His bibliog- .58 UNIFERSlTfES AND THEIR SONS lapli)-, including tlic lilies already nientiiined, is as follows: Hhiitisophy in llic (icrnian Universilies, Science, August 2, i.'^95 ; Leber Rauniwahrneh- nuingen ini (lebiele des Taslsinnes, rhilosophische Studuen, Bd. XII, Heft. 3, 1896; Outlines of Psychology, a translation of W'nndt's (Irundriss der Psychologie, Wilhelin Kngciniann, Leipzig, 1897 ; Some Facts of liinocular Vision, Psycho- logical Review, \'ol, \'I, No. 4, 1.S97 ; \\'undt's System of Philosophy, l-'hiki.sophical Review, ^'ol. VI, No. 4, 1.S97 ; Binocular Factors in Monocular Vision, Science, February 25, J89S; ( )n ( iplical Illusion, Psychological Review, Vol. \\ No. 3, j8ia>ia imbricata) and Cocillana {Guarea Rushy i) were introduced by Dr. Rusby to American medicine. During the winter he began a novel and most difficult enterprise ; he traversed the South American continent laterally, from the Pacific to the Atlantic, associating himself with C. F. Kiernan who desired to investigate the feasi- bility of establishing a commercial route across the continent. The route was down the rivers Mapiri, Bemi, Madeira and Amazon. Botanical collections were continued without intermission. About forty-five thousand specimens, representing some four thousand species, a fifth of them prob- ably new to science, were subsequently distributed to the leading herbaria of the world. Many of the scientific results of this important tour were published by and through Dr. Britton in the Bulle- tin of the Torrey Botanical Club. The work is at the present time being brought to completion by Dr. Rusby himself. Further botanical material was gathered for about five years after Dr. Rusby's return by Miguel Bang, a Danish botanist, the publication of which material is now being brought to conclusion by Dr. Rusby in the memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. During his trans-conti- nental tour Dr. Rusby practiced medicine and was offered a permanent professional field by the settlers on the Beni River. Many lectures were delivered by Dr. Rusby after his return and several leading botanists of Great Britain and the conti- nent dedicated species and genera to the scientific explorer. He became a continuous contributor of articles relating to vegetable materia medica and during the summer of 1888 he was called to the Chair of Botany, Physiology and Materia Medica at the College of Pharmacy in New York, a position still held. From 18S9 to 1896 he lectured upon fodders and the principles of feeding in the Ameri- can Veterinary College of New York (now merged with New York Uni\'ersity). In 1890 he was elected a member of the Committee of Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, in which work he has been active to the present time. In 1893 Dr. Rusby with his family enjoyed a most delight- ful sojourn at the Kew Royal liotanical Gardens, near London, studying his Bolivian plants. One fruit of these studies was the article on Cinchona in the seventeenth edition of the United States Dispensatory, a piece of work which he regards as 174 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS the most finished he ever executed, llpon his return to New York lie was made Chairman of a Committee established by the Pan-American Medi- cal Congress to consider a plan for the systematic study of the entire American medicinal flora. This matter was embodied in a report adopted at the ne.xt meeting of this Congress in the City of Mexico in 1896, Dr. and Mrs. Rusby having attended that meeting. In the spring of that year Dr. Rusby explored for the Orinoco Company the vegetable resources of their immense tract upon the right bank of the lower Orinoco River, acting also as physician to the party, an account of this tour being subsequentl}' published in the Journal of Pharma- cology. In the summer of 1897 a second visit was made to Kew for the studies of these and additional Bolivian collections. In 1896 Pro- fessors Rusby and Jelliffe published a text book entitled Essentials of Pharmacognosy which was revised and greatly enlarged and brought out in October 1899 under the title of Morphology and Histology of Plants, a work which has met with great success. In 1897 Dr. Rusby was appointed Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College and kept this chair in the consolidation with New York Uni- versity. He holds important official relations to the New York Botanical Garden, of which he was one of the incorporators, and during 1898 and 1899 Honorary Curator of its collections. In 1900 it was found more satisfactory to arrange for the performance of definite duties and to assume specific responsibilities in the capacity of Curator of these collections; he is now Curator of the Economic Collections, and one of the six Scientific Directors. Membership in the Torrey Botanical Club, of which he was for many years Secretary, and has been since then Chairman of the Com- mittee on Programme, he has always regarded as one of his most important public functions. In this work he has taken special interest in aiding in the organization of botanical nomenclature upon a rational and systematic basis. Dr. Rusby is a fellow of the American Pharmaceutical Associa- tion and meiuber of its Research Committee ; fellow of the American Association for the Ad\ance- ment of Science ; corresponding member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; honorary member of the Instituto-Medico Nacional, Mexico ; member of the New York and New Jersey State Pharmaceutical Associations, and the New York Microscopical Society ; fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences ; member of the Council of the New York Scientific Alliance, and honorary member of the Practitioners' Club of Newark, New Jersey. He is at present engaged in editing the Materia Medica department, and writing the articles on the vegetable drugs, of the new editions of Buch's Reference Hand-Book of the Medical Sciences. e. g. s. RYDER, John Elmer, 1866-^ Prof. Obstetrics and Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Dept., 1899- Born in Jamaica, L. I., 1866; attended Vienot's French Collegiate School; graduated Am. Veterinary College, 1884; in general practice in Jamaica, L. I., 1885-89; studied abroad, 1889-gi ; in practice in New York City since 1892 ; Asst., 1886-89, and Prof. 1891-99 Am. Veterinary College; Prof. Obstetrics and Clinical Medicine N. Y. Univ. Veterinary Dept. since 1899. JOHN ELMER RYDER, D.V.S., was born in Jamaica, Long Island, April 10, 1866, son of Stephen and Magdalen (Van Wicklen) Ryder. On the paternal side the Ryders have J. E. RYDER married into the following families, previous to the generation of Stephen and Magdalen Van \^'icklen: Smith, Lane, Duryea and Eldert. Mater- nally, the descent is chiefly from the Whitney family, one of the oldest of Long Island. The UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 175 progenitor of the American line of the Whitneys was Henry Whitney, who was born in England in 1620, and came to this country in 1637, one of the thirty-seven settlers who made their homes at " Hashom mock," now called South Old Long Island. In this family Darling Whitney, grand- father twice removed of the present subject, was a resident of Stamford, Connecticut, and later, 1758, of Long Island; he enlisted for service in the Revolution at the age of eighteen and served at West Point and Fort Green ; his father, Daniel Whitney, was at the same time a Lieutenant of militia. Dr. Ryder had early education in the public schools of his birth-place, and in Vienot's French Collegiate School, then entering profes- sional study at the American Veterinary College, where he graduated in 1884. After one year as House-Surgeon to the American Veterinary Hos- pital, he opened an office for general practice in Jamaica, Long Island, where he continued until 1889, during which time he held the position of Inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States. He was also Assistant in Equine Pathology at the American Veterinary College from 1886 to i88g. In i88g he went abroad for special professional study, and was thus engaged for two years in England and France. LTpon his return to America Dr. Ryder was again called to the American Veterinary College as Professor of Obstetrics, to which subject was added that of . Cattle Pathology in 1893, and in 1899 he became Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Medicine in the Veterinary Department of New York Univer- sity. He has continued to conduct a general practice of his profession in New York City, where he has held several important offices, notably those of Veterinarian to the Queens County Board of Health, and Veterinarian to the National Horse Show Association of America. He is a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the New York State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion and the Veterinary Medical Association of New York county. Dr. Ryder was married, September 21, 1893, to Gertrude Schoomaker De Bevoise, and has one child: Helen Whitney Ryder. * CURTIS, Benjamin Farquhar, 1857- ' Professor Principles of Surgery, igoo- Born, Philadelphia, 1857; graduated Col. Coll., A.B,, 1878; Coll. Phys. and Surg., M.D., 1881 ; engaged in hospital work in Vienna and Wurzburg, 1881-82; hos- pital work in N. Y., 1882-83; N- Y. Hospital House of Relief, 1884-87; North Disp., 1886-89; Instr. N. Y. Polyclinic, 1884-86; Asst. Surg. N. Y. Cancer Hosp., 1886-88; Asst. Surg. Roosevelt Hosp., Out Pt. Dept., 1887-88; since 1888, Surg. St. Luke's Hosp.; Chief of Surgical Clinic Vanderbilt Clinic Col. Coll., 1890- 94; Surg. N. Y. Cancer Hosp., 1890-1900; Prof. Clini- cal Surgery Woman's Med. Coll. of N. Y., 1892-98 ; Prof. Surgery N. Y. Post-Graduate Med. School and Hosp., 1894-98; since 1894, Consult. Surg. N. Y. Ortho- paedic Disp. and Hosp. ; Adjunct Prof. Principles of Surgery and Prof. Clinical Surgery N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1898-99; Prof. Principles of Surgery N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1900 ; Consult. Surg. General Memorial Hosp., since 1900; member and officer of numerous professional societies ; author of numerous publica- tions on medical and surgical topics. BENJAMIN FARQUHAR CURTIS, M.D., was born in the City of Philadelphia, August 5, 1857, during the temporary residence of his par- ents in that place, their permanent home being in New York. His father, Benjamin Curtis, born in 1790, was descended from Agur and Huldah (Lewis) Curtis, of Stratford, Connecticut, the family being of Puritan origin. His mother, whose maiden name was Laura Hadden, was the daughter of David Hadden, merchant, of Aberdeen, Scot- land, and his wife, Ann (Aspinwall) Hadden, of New York. Benjamin Farquhar Curtis was brought to New York in his infancy by his parents, and has spent practically all his life in that city. He was educated at first in private schools in New York, and then at Columbia College, where he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1878. Thence he proceeded to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the Medical Department of Columbia, and was there graduated with the de- gree of Doctor of Medicine in 1881. A year of hospital work and study abroad, in Vienna and Wurzburg, followed, after which he returned to New York and spent another year at St. Luke's Hospital, Bellevue Hospital, and the House of Relief of the New York Hospital, giving a part of the year to each of the three. His regular pro- fessional practice began in 1884, when he entered the out door patients' department of the House of Relief of the New York Hospital, in Chambers Street, devoting himself to general surgery and to genito-urinary and venereal diseases. That en- gagement lasted until 1887. Meantime in 1886 he was also engaged, until 1889, at the Northern Dispensary, in New York, treating chiefly diseases of women and children. Fi-om 1884 to 1886 he 176 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS was also an Assistant Instructor in Diseases of Women at the New York Polyclinic, under Pro- fessor J. B. Hunter. From 1S86 to 1888 he was Assistant Surgeon at the New York Cancer Hos- pital ; in 1SS7-1888 he filled a like place at Roose- velt Hospital, Out Patient Department, and in 1 888 he became a Surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital, a connection which is still maintained. He re- turned to his Alma Mater in 1890-1894, as Chief of the Surgical Clinic in the ^'anderbilt Clinic, in the Medical Department of Columbia University. At the same time, 1890, he became an Attending Surgeon at the New York Cancer Hospital, and thus served until 1900. From 1892 to iSgS he was Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children ; from 1894 to 1898 he was Professor of Surgery in the New York Post-Gradu- ate Medical School and Hospital; and from 1894 to the present time he has been a Consulting Sur- geon at the New York Orthopaedic Dispensary and Hospital. With such extended and varied ex- perience and the knowledge which had come there- from, Dr. Curtis in 1898 entered the service of New York University as Adjunct Professor of the Principles of Surgery, and also Professor of Clini- cal Surgery in the New York University and Belle- vue Hospital Medical College, which had then just been formed by the consolidation of the two well- established and renowned schools of medicine and surgery. Two years later, in 1900, he was promoted to the full chair of Principles of Surgery in that institution, a place which he still occupies. He has also since 1900 been Consulting Surgeon to the General Memorial Hospital for Tumors, etc. With so notable a record of activity and achieve- ment, he has naturally become prominently identi- fied with the chief professional societies. He has been a member of the New York County Medical Society and of the New York Clinical Society since 1886, and was President of the latter in 1890 ; a member of the New York Academy of Medicine since 18S7 ; a member of the New York Pathologi- cal Society from 1889 to 1892 ; a member of the New York Surgical Society since 1889, and its President from 1899 to 1901 ; a member of the American Surgical Association since 1896; and a member of the New York State Medical Society since 1S98. He has also been a Trustee of the New York Dispensary since 1891. In his college days Dr. Curtis was a member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, Lambda Chapter, at Columbia. He has been a member of the New York Canoe Club, since 1884, and an honorary member of it since 1895, a member of the Century Association of New York since 1892 ; he was a member of the New York Athletic Club from 1894 to 1901 ; and in 1 90 1 he became a member of the New York Yacht Club. He was married in 1882 to Eva Hawks Bogert, who died in 1883. In 1897 he was married to Anabella Gierke. Dr. Curtis has been a voluminous writer on professional topics for the leading professional periodicals, the title of some of his essays being as follows : A Dis- pensary Dressing for Ulcers of the Leg, New York Medical Journal, November 8, 1884 ; Congenital Ankylosis of the Radio-LUnar Articulation, — Ih'd, September 19, 1885 ; Urethritis and Chancroid, a Report of Cases treated at the Chambers Street Hospital, Out Patient Department, — //>u/, May 20, 1886 ; Clinical Notes on Syphilis, New York Med- ical Record, December 11, 1886; Parotitis com- plicating Gonorrhoea, New York Medical Journal, March 26, 1887 ; Contusions of the Abdomen with Rupture of the Intestine, Cartwright Prize Essay, 1887, American Journal Medical Sciences, October 1887 ; The Results of Laparotomy for Acute Intes- tinal Obstruction, Transactions New York State Medical Society, 1888, and New York Medical Record, P'ebruary 1888 ; Enterotomy for Acute Intestinal Obstruction, New York Medical Record, September i, 18S8 ; The Surgeon's Handbook, translated from the German of Professor F'riedrich von Esmarch, Kiel, and London, 1888 ; Intussus- ception and Ulcer — Articles in Buck's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, Wood, New York, 1 885-1 893 ; Early Stages of Carcinoma, New York Medical Record, June 2, 1888; Some Cases of Perityphlitis, New York Medical Journal, Janu- ary 3, 1 891; The Treatment of Arterio Venous Aneurism with Two Cases Treated by Extirpation, American Journal Medical Sciences, February i8gi ; Laparotomy for Acute Intussusception, New York Medical Record, October 31, 189 1 ; Tumor of the Left Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum, Opera- tion, Recovery (neurological account by J. A. Booth, M.D.), Annals of Surgery, February 1893 ; Neglected Fractures in Children, New York Medical Record, May 20, 1893; Cases of Bone Implanta- tion or Transplantation, for Cyst of Tibia ; Osteo- myelitic Cavities and Ununited Fracture, American Journal Medical Sciences, July 1893 ; Intestinal UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS lyy Obstruction in Children, American Medical Surgical Bulletin, January i, 1892 ; The Cure of Cancer by Operation — a lecture by invitation before Chicago Post-Graduate Medical School — New York Med- ical Record, February 24, 1894; Thyroidectomy for Exophthalmic Goitre etc. International Clinics, 4th Ser. Vol. II, Philadelphia 1S94; Bending of Neck of the Femur, American Medical Surgical Bulletin, November i, 1894; The Curability of Cancer when the Lymph-Nodes are involved. Medical Record, February 1895 ; and Transac- tions New York State Medical Society 1895 ; Surgery in Children, the Post-Graduate, October 1897 ; The Practice of Surgery, by H. R. Wharton, M.D., and B. F. Curtis, M.D., Lippincott, Philadel- phia 1897 ; Diseases of the Peritoneum, in Vol. VIII., Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine — edited by Hedman, William Wood & Co., New York, i8g6 ; A Case of Bilharzia Hematobium treated by Resection of the Bladder, reported be- fore British Medical Association (Montreal), 1897, — British Medical Journal, 1897 ; Clinical Reports from the Surgical Clinic of Professor B. F. Curtis, Post-Graduate, March 1898 ; The Treatment of Chronic Empyaema, New York Medical Record, March 29, i8g8 ; the Ligation of the First Part of the Subclavian for Aneurism, Annals of Surgery, 1898, XXVII, 243; Posterior Thoracotomy for Foreign Body in the Right Bronchus, do., 1898, XXVIII. ; Fever in Antiseptic Surgery, Transac- tions New York State Medical Society 1899, Medical News, June 1899 ; Oesophageal Stricture treated by Gastrostomy and Elastic Dilatation, Annals of Surgery, March 1900 ; Fracture of the Neck of the Humerus with Dislocation — Annals of Surgery, March 1900; Cancer of the Stomach and Intestines, Medical Record, August 4, 1900; the Surgical Treatment of Dilatation of the Stomach and of Gastroptosis, Annals of Surgery, July 1900 ; Two Cases of Resection of the Stomach for Carcinoma, Yale Medical Journal, January 1900 ; Cicatricial Stricture of Pharynx cured by Plastic Operation, Annals of Surgery, February 1901. w. F. J. HASKINS, Charles Waldo, 1852- Dean School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, 1900- Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1852; graduated Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute; commenced business career in accounting dept. of Frederick Butterfield & Co., New York City ; traveled in Europe, studying two years in schools of Paris; accountant to North River Con- struction Co., and later. Auditor of Disbursements to West Shore Railroad; entered profession of public accountancy; Dean of N. Y. Univ. School of Com- merce, Accounts and Finance, and Prof. Auditing and the History of Accountancy, 1900- CHARLES WALDO HASKINS, President of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants, was born in Brooklyn, New York, January 11, 1852, son of Waldo Emerson and Amelia Rowan (Cammeyer) Haskins. He is a descendant of Captain John Haskins, a promi- nent Revolutionary patriot of Boston, whose daughter was the mother of Ralph Waldo C. W. HASKIN.S Emerson. Mr. Haskins was educated in his native city, where he graduated at the Brooklj'n Polytechnic Institute; after which he served an apprenticeship of five years in the accounting department of the importing house of Frederick Butterfield & Company of New York City. He afterward made the tour of the Continent of Europe, and devoted two years to further study in the schools of Paris ; and returning to New York he entered Wall Street in the banking and brokerage house of his father, Waldo Emerson Haskins, with the view to becoming a member of the Stock Exchange. A serious view, however, of the growing importance of accountancy in 178 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS respect to modern business conditions decided Mr. Haskins to devote himself permanently to this department of commercial and financial activity, and entering the accounting department of the North River Construction Company, then building the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railway, he soon had supervision of the con- struction accounts of the company. Upon the completion of the West Shore he became its general bookkeeper and Auditor of Disbursements, and when the road was absorbed by the New York Central, he entered the profession of public accountancy upon his own responsibility. In the carrying out of his professional work he has held, incidentally, several important administrative offices, among them, those of Secretary of the Manhattan Trust Company, and Comptroller of the Central Georgia Railway, of the Ocean Steamship Company and of the Chesapeake & Western Railroad. In 1893 Mr. Haskins and his partner, E. W. Sells, were appointed experts under the Joint Commission of the Fifty-third Congress to revise the accounting system of the United States. Their recommendations were adopted by the government, and are now in successful operation. Preparatory to the adoption of the Greater New York Charter, Mr. Haskins was placed at the head of the Committee of experts to make up the accounts of the City of Brooklyn. At the close of the war with Spain, the firm was selected by the United States authorities to investigate the finances of the City of Havana, and later, the accounts of the Island of Cuba. While making a tour abroad in 1900, Mr. Haskins devoted considerable attention to the study of European accountancy as connected with the higher commercial education, and upon his return he delivered a number of addresses upon the subject of Accountancy as a definite profession. These addresses and the concerted efforts of the professional accountants of the State of New York brought before Chancellor MacCracken and the Council of New York XTniversity the need of a school in the interest of higher commercial education. In July 1900, the decision to establish such a school was reached, and soon after, the New York University School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance was formally organized as a department of the University. Of this department Mr. Haskins was chosen Dean ; in connection with the duties of that office being also Professor of Auditing and of the History of Accountancy. He is President of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants, and President of the Board of Examiners appointed by the Regents under the act to regulate the profession of public accountants, and is allied with many historical and social organiza- tions. In 1884 he married Henrietta, daughter of Albert Havemeyer, the New York merchant ; their children are: Ruth, born in 1887, and Noeline Haskins, born in 1894. * BOUTON, Archibald Lewis, 1872- Instructor in English 1898-1901, Asst. Professor igoi- Born in Cortland, N. Y., 1872; graduated Amherst Coll., Mass., 1896; graduate study at Columbia; Greek Master Rutgers Prep. School, New Brunswick, N. J., 1896-98; Instr. English N. Y. Univ., 1898- ARCHIBALD LEWIS BOUTON was born in Cortland, New York, September i, 1872, son of Lewis and Emily (Lament) Bouton. On his father's side he is descended from a French ARCHIBAI.n L. BOUTON Huguenot family founded in America by John Bouton, who settled in Connecticut in 1636. His mother's ancestry is of Highland Scotch origin. Mr. Bouton is a graduate of Amherst College, having entered that institution from the Cortland UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 179 State Normal School, and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1896. Subsequent study at Columbia, with English as his major subject, brought him the degree of Master of Arts. He came to New York University as Instructor in English in 1898, after two years as Greek Master in Rutgers Preparatory School of New Brunswick, New Jersey, and was appointed Assistant Professor of English in March 1901- W.F.J. PARK, ^A^illiam Hallock, 1863- Professor Bacteriology and Hygiene, 1900- Born in New York, 1863; graduated A.B., Coll. City of N. Y.,1883; M.D. Coll. Phys. and Surg., 1886; Asst. Dir. Bacteriological Laboratories, N. Y. Health Dept., since 1895; Asso. Prof. Bacteriology and Hygiene Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1898; Prof. Bac- teriology and Hygiene N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1900. WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK, M.D., was born in the City of New York in 1863, the son of Rufus and Harriet (Hallock) Park, and the descendant of English ance,stors and of early New England colonists. He was educated in the pub- lic school system of New York, including the Col- lege of the City of New York, from which latter institution he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 18S3. Then, adopting the medical profession, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, and was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1886. At that time the highly im- portant science of Bacteriology was rising into prominence, under the masterful influence of Pas- teur and his disciples in many lands, and Dr. Park began to concentrate his attention upon it, and presently became one of the recognized authorities therein. He became Assistant Director in the Bacteriological Laboratories of the Health De- partment of the City of New York in 1S95, and is still thus engaged. In 1898 he was Associate Professor of Bacteriology and Hygiene in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Since 1900 he has been Professor of Bacteriology and Hygiene in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He is an independent Democrat in politics, but has held no public office beyond that named, and has taken no part in political matters beyond that of a private citizen. He is a member of the University and Century clubs, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. w. f. j. COLLINGWOOD, Francis, 1834- Lecturer on Foundations, 1895- Born in Elmira, N. Y., 1834; graduated, C.E., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1855; practicing Engineer in private work until 1869; City Engineer of Elmira, N. Y. ; Loan Commissioner Chemung Co. ; Asst. Engr. East River Bridge Construction, 1869-83; Consulting Engineer; Expert Examiner N. Y. Civil Service since 1895 ; Lecturer on Foundations N. Y. Univ. since 1895. FRANCIS COLLINGWOOD, C.E., was born in Elmira, New York, January 10, 1834, son of Francis and Elizabeth (Kline) CoUingwood. His father, who was born and educated near Llppingham, England, was of a family who lived F. COLLINGWOOD in or near that place for over two hundred years. His mother was descended both paternally and maternally from families near Easton, Pennsylvania, her father having been a drummer boy in the American Army during the Revolution. Mr. Collingwood's early education was that offered by the public schools and the academy of his native place. He learned the jeweler's and watchmaker's trade, and during spare hours prepared himself for entrance at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- tute in Troy, New York, from which he graduated in 1855, receiving the degree Civil Engineer. From then until 1869 he pursued private practice as i8o UNWERSITIES AND THEIR SONS an engineer in Elmira, serving for a portion of the time as City Engineer. In 1869 Mr. Colling- wood was appointed Assistant Engineer in the work of designing and constructing the first East River Bridge, and in this undertaking he was constantly engaged during the next fourteen years until the completion of the bridge. Among other important professional positions which he later held may be mentioned his service as a member of the Commission to examine the new Croton Aqueduct and report on fraudulent construction. He has also been Expert Examiner in the Civil Service of New York City since 1895 and Loan Commissioner of Chemung county, New York. Besides holding a regular appointment as Lecturer on Foundations at New York University he has delivered several lectures at the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute, also the annual address at the Commencement in 1880. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, (of which he has been Secretary), the American Institute of Min- ing Engineers, the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, of which he holds the Telford Medal, the New York Academy of Science, the New York Microscopical Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York Botanical Garden, the American Association of Forestry, the National Geographical Society, and the Engineers' Club. In politics he votes independently. Mr. Colling- wood was married June 5, i860, to Eliza W. Bonnett. * VAUX, Downing, 1856- Lecturer on Landscape Gardening, 1895- Born in New York City, 1856 ; studied in Columbia School of Mines, 1874; practicing landscape architect, New York City ; Lee. on Landscape Gardening N. Y. Univ. since 1895. DOWNING VAUX was born in New York City in 1856, son of Calvert and Mary Swan (McEntee) Vaux, and is descended from English ancestry through his father and from Dutch and Irish through his mother. His early education was obtained in various private and public schools in New York and Massachusetts and in New York City. The first of his profes- sional study was at Columbia where he was for one year a student in the School of Mines with the Class of 1878. This was followed by three years of study and work in the office of Vaux & Radford, architects and engineers, one year with McClay & Davies, engineers, both firms of New York City. Mr. Vaux then went into independent practice as landscape and building architect, and has continued to follow his profession in New York City since 1887. Since 1895 he has been Lec- turer on Landscape Gardening at the University. He is Secretary of the American Society of Land- DOWNING VAirX scape Architects, and a member of the Society for the Preservation of Scenic and Historic Places and Objects, the Architectural League and the National Arts Club, of New York City. He was married August 12, 1893, to Lillian Baker Andrews. * BIGGS, George Patton, 1867- Lecturer on Special Pathology, 1897- Born in Trumansburg, N. Y., 1867; early educa- tion in public schools, Trumansburg; graduated Bellevue Hosp. Medical College, 1889 ; on staff of Bellevue Hosp., 1889-91 ; Asst. Pathologist N. Y. Hosp., 1891-96; and Pathologist since 1896; Asst. in Pathology, Bellevue Medical College, 1891-94; Asst. in Materia Medica, 1894-97; Lecturer on Special Pathology since 1897 ; Prof. Physiology N. Y. Vet. College, 1892-98. GEOl^GE PATTON BIGGS, M.D., was born in Trumansburg, New York, October 26, 1867, son of David Simmons and Anna Sue (Camp) Biggs. His mother was the daughter UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS i8i of Frederick and Sarah (Piatt) Camp, the latter a descendant of Jonathan Piatt. His father was the son of Michael and Tabitha (Simmons) Biggs, who were children of Frederick Biggs and David Sim- mons respectively. Dr. Biggs entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College from the High School of his native town, and received the degree Doctor of Medicine in 1889. Until 189 1 he held a position on the regular staff of Bellevue Hospital, and then became Assistant Pathologist to the New York Hos- pital, where he has been Pathologist since June i, 1896. He first joined the teaching force of the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1 891, when he logical Society and the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hospital Medical College, all of New York City. He was married April 14, 1898, to Lucy Florence Browning; their son is George GEO. p. BIGGS was appointed Assistant to the Chair of Pathology ; in 1894 his subject was changed to Materia Medica, and in 1897 he was elected to a Lectureship on Special Pathology, which position he has retained since the merging of the Bellevue and University Medical Colleges. He was also Professor of Physiology in the New York Veterinary College from 1892 to 1898. He has held various hospital appointments, notably as Visiting Physician to the Alms House, and Work House Hospitals from 1894 to 1896. Dr. Biggs is Assistant Pathologist to the New York Health Department, having been in that office since Januarj' i, 1896. He is a member of the Academy of Medicine, the Patho- Browning Biggs. WEGMANN, Edward, 1850- Lecturer on Water Works Construction, 1896- Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1850 ; graduated, C.E., N. Y. Univ., 1871 ; practicing Engineer in various local- ities since 1871 ; now connected with Engineering Dept. N. Y. Aqueduct Commission, Croton River Div. ; Lecturer on Water Works Construction N. Y. Univ. since 1896. EDWARD WEGMANN was born November 27, 1850, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. His father, Edward L. Wegmann, was a Swiss merchant who came of a very old Swiss family, which according to the Swiss records settled in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1469. His grandfather was a Swiss officer who served in the Wiirtemberg Cavalry during the wars of Napoleon. His mother, Mary W. (Sand) Wegmann, was the daughter of Christian H. Sand, a German mer- chant who became naturalized and settled in New York City where he became very well known in business circles. While his son was still an infant Edward L. Wegmann moved with his family to New York City, where he engaged in business. During the Civil War he was obliged to go to Galves- ton, Texas. Before going there he took his family to Switzerland where Edward Wegmann was educated in the Cantonal Schools, from i860 to 1866. In August 1866, the family returned to New York, and Mr. Wegmann studied at the Brooklyn Polytechnic School for about two years, and then entered his father's business as clerk. He soon found that he had no taste for business and having made up his mind to become a Civil Engineer he took up studies at New York University, graduat- ing as Civil Engineer in 1871. His first engage- ment at practical engineering was as axeman on the preliminary surveys for the New York, West Shore & Chicago Railroad, and subsequent pro- fessional engagements have been as follows : rod- man on the New Haven, Middletown & Willimantic Railroad, 1872 ; Assistant Engineer on the same, 1873 ; engaged in the Wyandotte Rolling Mill, Michigan, studying practically the manufacture of iron, 1874; formed a partnership with R. Creuz- baur for the development of a steam street car and l82 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS other machinery invented by Mr. Creuzbaur, 1S75 ; engaged as meclianical engineer at the Danforth Locomotive ^^'orks in Paterson, New Jersey, where the Creuzbaur steam street car was being con- structed, 1876 ; had charge of half of the construc- tion of the Elevated Railroad on Sixth Avenue, New York, as engineer of the Keystone Bridge Company, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, who had the contract for building this work, 1877 ; engaged on the construction of the Elevated Railroad on Ninth, First and Second avenues, New York, as Assistant Engineer for the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad, 187S-1879 ; employed for a few months on the construction of the New York & New England Railroad in Waterbury, Connecticut, also located the Ohio River Railroad from Portsmouth to Ironton, Ohio, 1880 ; had charge as Resident Engineer of the construction of thirty miles of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad, fourteen miles in Rockland count}' and sixteen miles in Genesee county, 1881-1883 ; engaged as Division Engineer on the construction of the New Croton Aqueduct and of the New Reservoirs, New York, his work including the tunnel under the Harlem River and all the new work on Manhattan Island to the Central Park Reservoir, 18S4-1900. In 1888 Mr. Wegmann published a book on the design and construction of masonry dams in which he gave a new method of determining the profile of a masonry dam, which he had developed while making calculations for the proposed Quaker Bridge Dam. This book has passed through four editions. In preparing the fourth edition, which was published in September 1899, the work was enlarged so as to include the whole subject of dams, viz. : masonry, earth, rock-fill and timber structures, and also, the principal types of movable dams. In 1896 he published the book entitled Water Supply of the ('ity of New York, 165S- 1895. While writing this book Mr. Wegmann was engaged by tlie Board of General Managers of the Exhibit of the State of New York at the World's Columbian Exposition to prepare an exhibit illustrating the water supply of the City of New York for the Chicago F.xposition of 1893 ; he received a diploma for this exhibit. Besides the above literary work he has contributed articles to the Engineering Press and has written pamphlets on rapid transit, etc. Mr. Wegmann was appointed Lecturer on Water Works Construction at New York University in 1896. e. «. s. LEWIS, Charles Henry, 1857- Clinical Lecturer on Medicine, 1898- Born in Naugatuck, Conn., 1857 ; attended Wil- liston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass. ; graduated Yale, 1882; M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1884 ; St. Vincent's Hosp., 1884-86 ; studied in Europe, 1886- 87; practicing physician in New York City; Clinical Lecturer on Medicine, N. Y. Univ. since 1898. CHARLES HENRY LEWIS, M.D., was born in Naugatuck, Connecticut, April 8, 1857, son of William Beecher and Catherine Eliza- beth (Spencer) Lewis. His family is descended from Welsh-English ancestry, and for nine gener- ations the members have lived in New England. /r' CHARLES H. LEWIS After early attendance at the South Berkshire Institute in New Marlboro, Massachusetts, Dr. Lewis entered the historic Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, where he received preparation for College. He graduated in Arts at Yale in 1882, and in Medicine at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1884. After eighteen months of hospital work in St. Vincent's he went to Europe for further study and there remained during the year 1886-1887. Since the latter date he has been in practice in New York City, and holds the appointments of Visiting Physician to St. Vincent's and Columbus hospitals. Since i8g8 Dr. Lewis has been Clinical Lecturer on Medicine UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 183 at the University. He is a member of the Uni- versity, New York Athletic, Yale and Hospital Graduates' clubs, the New York County Medical Society, the Academy of Medicine and the Patho- lojrical Society. * SABIN, Alvah Morton, 1851- Lecturer, Oils, Paints and Varnishes, 1898-1900. Born in Norfolk, N. Y., 1851 ; early education in Wisconsin schools ; graduated Bowdoin, 1876 ; Prof. Chem. Univ. of Vt., 1880-86; State Chemist of Vt., 1882-86; Pres. Amer. Milk Sugar Co., 1885-87; Chem- ist in firm Edward Smith & Co., varnish makers. New York City, since 1888; Lect. on Oils, Paints and Varnishes N. Y. Univ., Mass. Institute Tech. and Univ. of Michigan ; author. ALVAH HORTON SABIN was born in Nor- folk, New York, 1851, son of Henry S. and Z. (Vernal) Sabin. He is descended from \\'illiam Sabin of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, who died in A. H. SAKIN 1687. The Vernal family at the time of the Revolution lived in and about Peekskill, New York. His maternal grandmother was a daughter of W. Spooner, a pensioner of the Revolution who had fought with Prescott's regiment at Bunker Hill. The lineage is also traced from Ann Spooner, 1635, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Richard Warren, a passenger on the Mayflower, Governor Dudley of Massachusetts, Captain Rug- gles of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and other promi- nent colonials. Mr. Sabin was first educated in the public and denominational schools of Wis- consin, and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1876 with the degree of Bachelor of Science, receiving the Master of Science degree in course. In 1880 he was called to the Professorship of Chemistry in the University of Vermont and continued in that chair until 1886, in the meantime, 1882, being ap- pointed State Chemist of Vermont. In 1885 he became President and Manager of the American Milk Sugar Company. He took his present place as Chemist and Director in the firm of Edward Smith & Company, varnish manufacturers. New York City, 1888. Since 1897-1898 Mr. Sabin has lectured at New York University on Oils, Paints and Varnishes, and also lectured on the same subjects at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, in 1898-1899, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, and University of Michigan. In 1892— 1893 he was Chairman of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society and in 1893 Vice-President of the Society ; he is a member also of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the International Society for Testing Materials, the Chemists' Club of New York, the Paint, Oil and A^arnish Club of New York and the Fireside Club of Flushing, New York, and is an associate member of the American Society of Civil Engi- neers and of the American Society of Naval Ar- chitects and Marine Engineers. Politically his views are in sympathy with the Republican party. Mr. Sabin married in 1880 Mary E. Barden, and has two children : Raymond E. and Warren D. Sabin. He is the author of Painting with Speci- fications, 1898, and various papers prepared for the American Society of Civil Engineers and other organizations ; some of these have been reprinted. STUBBERT, James Edward, 1859- Lecturer Tropical Diseases, i8g8- Born in Maiden, Mass., 1859; graduated N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll. M.D., 1881 ; Surg, in Central China, 1881-83 ; practiced in U. S., 1883-89; Chief Surg. Nicaragua Canal Co., 1889-94; Port Surg. City of America, Nicara- gua, 1890 ; Diplomatic Representative of Nicaragua Canal Co. to Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and Lieut. - Col. in Nicaragua Army, 1894; studied and practiced in tropical diseases in Central America, 1894-96; Physician in charge of Loomis Sanitarium, Liberty, N. Y., since 1 84 UNirERSITJES JND THEIR SONS 1896 ; Lect. Tropical Diseases N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., since i8g8 ; Prof. Pulmonary Diseases N. Y. Post Grad. Med. Coll., 1899. JAMES EDWARD STUBBERT, M.D., wa.s born at Maiden, Massachusetts, on January 14, 1859, the son of the Rev. \\'illiain Frederick Stubbert, D.D., and Mary Reed (Wyman) Stubbert; his father's family having migrated from England to Nova Scotia late in the eighteenth century, and his mother being descended from John Wyman and Ruth Putnam, who came from England in 1640. He was educated in the public schools of Massa- chusetts and New Jersey, and in the Medical J. EDWARD STUBBERT Department of the University of the City of New York, now New York University, being graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 18S1. The first three )'ears of his professional life, 1881- 1883, were spent as a surgeon in Central China, after which he returned to the I'nited States and engaged in private practice until 1S89. In the last named year he became Chief Surgeon to the Nicaragua Canal Company, and served in that capacity until 1894, meantime having an admirable opportunity to study the tropical diseases prevalent in Central America. He was in 1S90 Port Sur- geon of the City of America, in Nicaragua. In 1894 he became a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Nica- raguan Army, and was the Diplomatic Repre- sentative of the Nicaragua Canal Company to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. At the conclusion of his services to the Canal Company he spent two more years, 1894-1896, in the study and practice of tropical diseases in Central America, and then returned to the United States. Immediately upon his return he was made Physician-in-charge of the Loomis Sanitarium for Pulmonary Patients, at Liberty, Sullivan Count)', New York, and has remained in that place ever since. He was in 1898 appointed Lecturer on Tropical Diseases in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and still retains that place. In 1899 he was appointed Professor of Pulmonary Diseases in the New York Post Graduate Medical College. Dr. Stubbert became a member of the Essex District Medical Society, in New Jersey, in 1 886; of the Glen Ridge Club, New Jersey, in 1887 ; a Fellow of the University of Nicaragua in 1892, of the University of Salvador in 1894; and of the University of Guatemala in 1S95. He is now a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical Society, the New York County Association, the New York State Medical Society, and the American Climato- logical Association. He was married to Anne Baker in 1894. w. v. j. HANBOLD, Herman Arthur, 1867- Clinton Lee. Surgery and Demstr. Operative Surgery, 1900- Born in New York City, 1867 ; graduated Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., i88g; Interne St. Vincent's Hosp., 1889-go ; Asst. in Physiology Bellevue Coll., 1890-98; Clinical Lee. Surgery and Demst. Operative Surgery, N. Y. Univ., 1900. HERMAN ARTHUR HANBOLD, M.D., was born in New York City, December 2 1 , 1867, son of Arthur and Anna (Keppler) Han- bold, both of German ancestry. His early educa- tion was in the public schools, and from them he passed into commercial life, engaging in the in- surance business. After four years his desire for a professional career led him to enter Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and he received a de- gree there in 1889. He served the customary eighteen months as Interne, connected with St. Vincent's Llospital in New York City, and was then, in 1890, appointed an Assistant in Physi- ology at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, a position which he continued to occupy during the UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 185 next eight years. Since 1900 Dr. Hanbold has been Chnical Lecturer in Surgery and Demonstra- tor of Operative Surgery in the Medical Depart- ment of New Yorlv University. He has been Vis- iting Surgeon to the Harlem Hospital since 1S95. During the Spanish War Dr. Hanbold enlisted for military service as Captain and Assistant Surgeon of the 8th Regiment New York Volunteers Infan- try. He is a member of the Academy of Medi- cine, the Lenox Medical Association, the Hospital Graduates' Club, the New York Athletic Club and the Democratic Club. He was married August 7, 1S95, to Anna Elizabeth Nolan. * in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College and was appointed Lecturer on Medical Diagnosis in 1900. Dr. Janeway was married in 189S to Eleanor C. Alderson, and has one child, a daughter. w. f. j. JANE\A/AY, Theodore Caldwell, 1872- Lecturer Medical Diagnosis, igoo- Born in N. Y. City, 1872; graduated Sheffield Scien- tific School, Yale Univ. 1892, with degree of Ph.B. ; M.D. Coll. Phys. and Surg. Columbia Univ., 1895; Assist. Bacteriology Coll. Phys. and Surg. 1895-96; Interne St. Luke's Hosp., 1897; Instructor Medical Diagnosis N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll, 1898 ; Lecturer, 1900. THEODORE CALDWELL JANEWAY, M.D., is the son of Dr. Edward G. Jane- way, the distinguished Dean of the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and grandson of Dr. George J. Janeway, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. Nor was his ancestry less scholarly in other directions. His great- grandfather of the paternal side was the Rev. Jacob Jones Janeway, D.D., and his maternal grandfather was the Rev. Ebenezer Piatt Rogers, D.D., his mother's maiden name having been Frances S. Rogers. He was born in New York City in 1872, and was carefully educated at the Columbia Grammar School and at Cutler's School, whence he went to the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. There he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1892. He then began the study of medicine, both in the office of his father and at the same time in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. From the latter institution he was graduated in 1895, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and he remained there for another year, 1895-1896, as Assistant in Bacteriology. From January to October 1897 he was an Interne at St. Luke's Hospital. With such preparation he entered the service of New York University in 1898, in the capacity of Instructor in Medical Diagnosis STOWELL, William Leland, 1859- Medical Instructor, 1884-91, 1898-1900. Born in Woodbridge, Conn., 1859 ; graduated M.D. Med. Dept. N. Y. Univ., 1881 ; served two years in Charity and Maternity Hospitals, 1881-83; Phys. Hospital for Nervous Diseases and Epileptics, 1883; Instr. Diseases of Children, N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1884-91; Pathologist Dermilt Disp., 1885-88; Clinical Instr. N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. 1898- 1900. WILLIAM LELAND STOWELL, M.D., was born at Woodbridge, Connecticut, on December 24, 1859. His father, the Rev. Alex- ander David Stowell, belonged to a family which was settled in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1649 or earlier. At a date subsequent to the Revolu- tionary War the Government granted to John Stowell a tract of land now included in Paris, Maine, for service rendered in that war. Alexan- der Stowell, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a pioneer in Tompkins county, New York, whither he went from Worcester, Massa- chusetts, in 1817. He married Mary Goodloe Hyde, of North Carolina. His son, Alexander David Stowell, already named, was graduated at Yale in 1S53 and became a Congregational Minis- ter. Dr. Stowell's mother, wife of the Rev. A. D. Stowell, bore the maiden name of Louise Hender- son Leland, and traced her ancestry back to Henry Leland, who came from England in 1652, and to Captain James Leland, who received a grant of land comprising the present site of Graf- ton, Massachusetts. The families of Merriam and Putnam, of English origin, are also included in Dr. Stowell's ancestry. William Leland Stowell was educated in his early years privately, by his father, a most accomplished scholar and instructor. Then he was sent to the New York State Normal School at Cortland, in 1875-1876. Finally, he came to the University of the City of New York, now New York University, and was graduated from its Medical College in 188 1, with the degree of 1 )octor of Medicine. Two years of service in the Charity (now City) and Maternity hospitals followed, in 1881-1883, and then in 1883 he was i86 UNIJ'EKSITIES AND THEIR SONS Resident Physician to the Hospital for Nervous Diseases and Epileptics. From 1SS5 to 1888 he was Pathologist to the Demilt Dispensary, and since 18S8 he has been Visiting Physician to that institution. In 1895 he was Visiting Physician to the Infants' Hospital and to the Randall Island Hospital for children. He is also an Examiner in Lunacy. His services as an Instructor in New York University began in 1SS4, when he became an Instructor in Diseases of Children in the Medi- cal College, and he continued in that place until 1891. Again, in 1898-1900 he was Clinical In- structor in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Dr. Stowell is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, and in 1895-1896 was Secretary, and in 1901 Chairman of its Pediatric Section. He is a member of the New York County Medical Society, the Charity Hospital Alumni Association, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the New York State Medical Alliance, the Micological Society, and the Quill Club. He was married in 1891 to Louise Espencheid, of Brooklyn, New York, and has three children: Leland Espencheid, Kenneth Kingsley and William Curtis Stowell. w. f. j. SHIPLEY, James Henry, 1874- instructor French, 1896-igoo. Born in Boscobel, Wis., 1874; graduated B.S. N. Y. Univ., 1896; A.M., 1898; Instr. French N. Y. Univ., 1896-1900 ; expert Dept. Liberal Arts and Chemical Industries for U. S. Commissioner-General Paris Expo- sition, igoo; teacher Boys' High School, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1901. JAMES HENRY SHIPLEY was born in Boscobel, Wisconsin, in 1874, son of Joseph Twadell and Mary Ann (Desmond) Shipley. He is descended from English and Irish ancestors. His early school years were spent in Decorah, Iowa, where he graduated as Valedictorian of his class in the High School. In 1896 he graduated in Science at New York University, being granted the divided first honor, together with the Chemical Prize, the Butler Eucleian Prize, and the Inman Fellowship. He was at once appointed Instructor in French, and entered upon the duties of that position in conjunction with graduate studies lead- ing to the Master of Arts degree, which was con- ferred upon him in 1S9S. His achievements in scholarship also led to his election to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. In February 1900 Mr. Shipley left his position at the University to accept an appointment as Expert in the Department of Liberal Arts and Chemical Industries under the United States Commissioner-General to the Paris Exposition. Under this appointment he remained a year in Paris. He has recently been appointed a substitute teacher in the Boys' High School of Brooklyn. Delta Upsilon is his fraternity, w. f. j. CANN, Frank Howard, 1863. Director Gymnasium, 1895- Born in Danvers, Mass., 1863; Director Gymnasium N. Y. Univ. 1895- FRANK HOWARD CANN was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, November 14, 1863, son of Thomas and Mariah Tedford Cann. Since the completion of his education Mr. Cann has given his attention to athletic interests as expert trainer and director. He has been thus FRANK H. Cy\NN engaged in Boston and Lynn, Massachusetts; Newport, Rhode Island ; and Bridgeport, Connec- ticut. In 1S95 he was appointed through Com- modore David Banks to take charge of the athletics of New York University. Mr. Cann is Director of the College Gymnasium, in that capa- city meeting Freshmen three times a week for obligatory training, and Sophomores twice a week. UNIVERSITIES ylND THEIR SONS 87 He employs Dr. Sargent's (Harvard) system of measurements and development of special deficien- cies by special training. BOYNTON, Perry Sanborn, 1866- Demonstrator of Anatomy, 1897- Born at Lisbon, N. H., 1866; graduated Dart- mouth, A.B., i8go, A.M., 1893; Phi Beta Kappa, 1890; graduated N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., M.D., 1895; school teacher and principal; Interne N. Y. Post Graduate Med. School and Hosp., 1890-97; Demons. Anatomy N. Y. Univ. since 1897; Instr. Gynsecology, N. Y. Post Graduate Med. School and Hospital, since 1899. PERRY SANBORN BOYNTON was born at Lisbon, New Hampshire, December 6, 1866, the son of Dr. Oren H. and Alice Elizabeth (HoUister) Boynton. He is a descendant in the PERRV S. BOYNTON ninth generation from William Boynton, who came over in 1638 from Yorkshire, England, and settled at Rowley, Massachusetts, and in the seventh generation, from Lieutenant John Hollister, who came from England in 1642 and settled at Wethers- field, Connecticut. Until his nineteenth year he was educated only in the public schools of Lisbon, which were of a high grade. A year at the St. Johnsbury Academy, at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where he was graduated in 1886, fitted him for College, and he then entered Dartmouth. There he \\'as graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1890, at the same time being elected to the honorary fraternity of Phi Beta Kappa. Three years later, at the end of a post graduate course, Dartmouth conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. These three post graduate years were devoted largely to school teaching as well as to study. He had, indeed, taught in village schools of New Hampshire and Vermont while he was an undergraduate. In iSgo-1891 he was Principal of the High School at Antrim, New Hampshire, and from 189 1 to 1894 he taught in public schools in New York City. During the last of these teaching years he was also a student of Medicine in the Medical College of New York University, from which he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S95. In 1895- 1897 he was an Literne in the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital, and then, in the latter year, entered upon the practice of medicine in New York City. Dr. Boynton entered the service of New York University in 1S97, as a Demonstrator of Anatomy, and still occupies that place. He was appointed an Instructor in Gyne- cology in the New \'ork Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital in 1S99. He is a member of the Dartmouth College Alumni Association of New York, and also of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity with which he was connected as an undergraduate. He belongs also to the Medical Society of the County of New York, and to the Medical Association of the City of New York. He was married on June 23, 1900, to E.sther F. McCombs, of Clayton, New York. w. f. j. BRODHEAD, George Livingston, 1869- Instructor Obstetrics, 1898- Born in New Orleans, La., i86g; attended Cornell Medical Preparatory Course, 1886-88; graduated Co- lumbia Univ. Med. Dept., 1891 ; surgical work in Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1891-93 ; Instr. Obstetrics, Columbia, 1885-97; Prof. Obstetrics N. Y. Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital, 1900; Instr. Obstetrics, N. Y. Univ., 1898; practicing physician. GEORGE LIVINGSTON BRODHEAD, M.D., was born in New Orleans, Louisi- ana, October 14, 1869, son of Augustus Wacker- hagen and Sarah Blandina (Trumpbour) Brodhead. A part of his early education was received at Ulster Academy in Rondout, New York, where he graduated in 1886. From 1886 to 1888 he at- i88 VNII'ERSiriES JND THEIR SONS tended the Medical Preparatory Course at Cornell, and then entered the Medical Department of Columbia, graduating Doctor of Medicine in 1891. For two years after graduation he was occupied with surgical service at Mt. Sinai Hospital. Dr. Brodhead first became engaged in medical teach- ing in 1895, when he was appointed Instructor in Obstetrics at Columbia, a position which he held for two years. He is now Professor of Obstetrics in the New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital, and Instructor in the same subject at New York University, his dates of appointment having been respectively 1900 and 1898. Since 1897 he has conducted a private practice at 60 West Plfty-Eighth Street. He has from the be- ginning of his professional career been actively engaged in hospital service, having been from 1895 to 1897 Resident Physician to the Sloane Maternity Hospital, and holding at present an appointment as Attending Obstetrician to the New York Post Graduate Hospital. He is a member of the New York County Medical Society, the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, the New York Obstetrical Society, the Society of the Alumni of the Mt. Sinai and Sloane Maternity Hospitals, the Medical Society of New York University and the West End Medical Society. Dr. Brodhead was married, June 2, 1S97, to Frances Louise Clark. * BROWN, Samuel Alburtus, 1873- Instructor in Physical Diagnosis. Born in Newark, N. J., 1873; educated in public schools and High School, Newark, N. J. graduated with degree M.D., Med. Coll. of N. Y. Univ., 1894; In- terne Bellevue Hosp., 1894-96; practicing physician in N. Y., since 1896 ; Chief of Clinic Med. Coll. N. Y. Univ. ; Instr. Physical Diagnosis N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. SAMUEL ALBURTUS BROWN, M.D., was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1873, the son of Isaac Payne and Marie Antoinette (Aldridge) Brown. He is descended from George Brown, who was settled at Aniboy, New Jersey, in 1685, and from Thomas Brown, a soldier in the Revolutionary Army. His early education was acquired in the public schools of Newark, whence he proceeded to the admirable High School of that city. Thus equipped he entered the Medical College of New York University, and was duly graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1894. The next two years were spent as an Interne in Bellevue Hospital, and since 1896 he has been a practicing physician in New York City. Dr. Brown has served as Chief of Clinic in the Llniversity Medical School, and is at the present time enrolled in the P^aculty of the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College as Instructor in Physical Diagnosis. He is a member of the Alumni Society of Bellevue Hospital, the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Medical Association of the County of New York, the New York State Medi- cal Association, and the American Medical Associa- tion, and is a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. In College he was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta and Nu Sigma Nu fraternities, in which he still retains an interest. He was mar- ried on June 15, 1S9S, to Charlotte Cowdrey. GUERARD, Arthur Rose, 1851- Instructor Materia Medica and Therapeutics, i8g8- Born in Charleston, S. C, 1851 ; graduated A.M. Univ. of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1872 ; Royal School of Mines, London, 1875; M.D. Bellevue Hosp. Med. College, 1895; Prof. Chemistry, Charleston Med. College, 1885-86; Instr. Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics, N. Y. Univ., 1898- ; Asst., Bacteriologist, New York City Dept. of Health, 1896- ARTHUR ROSE GUERARD, M.D., was born in Charleston, South Carolina, July 4, 185 1, son of Octavius Jacob and Amelia Laura (Rose) Guerard. His paternal grandfather three times removed was Pierre Jacques Gue'rard, a Huguenot refugee, and leader of an expedition sent to Charleston by King Charles of England in 1680, to encourage the cultivation of silk. His two sons accompanied him : John, grandfather twice removed of the present subject, a member of the Royal Privy Council, and Peter, Collector of Revenues for the colony of Carolina, and the inventor of the first pendulum engine for husking rice. Maternally the descent is from the great- grandfather, Alexander Rose, son of Hugh Rose, fifteenth baron of Kilravock, Invernesshire, Scot- land ; Alexander came to America just before the Revolution, married a Miss Livingstone of New York and settled in Charleston, South Carolina, as merchant and factor ; his son, Arthur Gordon Rose, grandfather of the present subject, was for many years President of the Bank of Charleston. Dr. Guerard's first education was in the public schools of Charleston, a later study being per- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 189 formed abroad. He graduated Master of Arts at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1872, and three years later completed the course of study at the Royal School of Mines in London. Several years were then spent in extensive travel on the Continent, in the course of which he visited the principal German Universities and acquired a thorough knowledge of French and German. He also engaged in mining and metallurgical engineer- ing in Germany, Belgium, and Norway. Later he returned to this country and entered upon a study of medicine, making a specialty of Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine. In 1 885-1 886 he was ARTHUR R. GUERARD Professor of Chemistry in the Charleston Medical College. The degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him by Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1895. Since 1898 Dr. Guerard has been Listructor in Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics in the Medical Department of New York University. In the New York City Department of Health he has held the position of Assistant Bacteriologist since 1896. Among the more recent of his professional activities is a plan, now in progress, to establish at his country Iiome, " Hei- delberg," in Flat Rock, North Carolina, in the western North Carolina Mountains, a sanitarium or retreat, for convalescents, to be called the Heidelberg Sanitarium. Dr. Guerard is a member of the County Medical Society of New York and the Huguenot Society of Charleston. He was married in 1S78 to Eugenie, daughter of the late Captain Albrecht Engels of the German Army ; he has seven children : Arthur, Amy, Antoinette, Franz, Norman, Karl and John Guerard. H WINTER, Henry Lyle, i868~ Clinical Instructor Nervous Diseases. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y.,i868; graduated N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., M.D., 1892; general medical practitioner until 1898; since 1898, specialist in nervous and mental diseases ; Associate in Anthropology, Pathological In- stitute, N. Y. State Hospital; Clinical Inst. Nervous Diseases, N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. ENRY LYLE WINTER, M.D., was born in Brooklyn, New York, on July 7, 1S68, the son of John Brereton and Margaret (Boyce) Winter. His father came from the Winter family of Worces- tershire, England, and his mother from a Dutch family early settled in New Amsterdam. After receiving an academic education, he entered the Medical College of New York University, and was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1892. He then entered upon the general prac- tice of his profession, until 1898. Since the latter date he has devoted his attention solely and with signal success to the specialty of nervous and mental diseases. He is now Associate in Anthro- pology in the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospital, and Clinical Instructor in Nervous Diseases in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He was mar- ried on October 23, 1895, to Ida B. Mcllhanney of New Jersey, a direct descendant of Patrick Henry. He has one son, Henry Lyle \\'inter, Jr., born March 21, 190 1. w. f. j. TRIMBLE, William Burwell, 1870- Clinical Instructor Surgery. Born in Montgomery, Ala.; educated Univ. of Va. and N. Y. Univ.; graduated N. Y. Univ., M.D., i8gi ; House Surg, at Gouverneur Hosp.; on staff N. Y. Skin and Cancer Hosp. ; Clinical Inst. Surg., N. Y. Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. ; Clinical Asst. N. Y. Skin and Cancer Hosp. ; Attending Surg. Univ. Clinic Surg. Dept. ILLIAM BURWELL TRIMBLF:, M.D., Ai'as born at Montgomery, Alabama, on September 27, 1870, the son of Edward M. and Annie Burwell (Grigg) Trimble. He is a grand- w 190 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS son of JSenjamin Trimble, who was a banker at W'etumpha, Alabama, and a great-great-grandson of John Tardy, who was born in I'aris, France, came to America at the age of twelve with the Huguenots, fought in the Revolution, and was a Presbyterian Minister in ]\Iar)'lancl and Virginia. He is also a descendant of the Burwells of Virginia, of General Marmacluke Baker, of North Carolina, and of the English family of Cowper, of Norfolk, Virginia. Dr. Thomas Burwell Grigg, his ma- ternal grandfather, was a prominent physician and planter, who went from Dinwiddle county, Vir- ginia, to Alabama, before the Indians left the WILLIAM B. TRIMBLE latter state. Dr. Trimble was educated at the best private schools in Montgomery, including the High School of Professor George W. Thomas, where he spent several years. Next he pursued a course at the University of Virginia, and finally entered the Medical College of New York Univer- sity, where he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March 1891. He served the regular term on the house staff of Gouverneur Hospital, and as House Surgeon, and also in the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, and for more than seven years has practiced medicine in New York City. He is now a Clinical Instructor in Surgery in the New York irni\ersity and Belle- vue Hospital Medical College ; Attending Surgeon in the Surgical Department of the University Clinic, and Clinical Assistant in the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital. He is a member of the University Medical Society, the New York County Medical Society, the New York County Medical Association, the American Medical Asso- ciation, and the New York State Medical Associa- tion. v/. F. J. SCRATCHLEY, Francis Arthur, 1858- Clinical Instructor Electro-Therapeutics, i8gg- Born in Louisiana, 1858 ; graduated Washington and Lee Univ., 1877; Univ. of La., 1878; M.D. N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1881 ; served in various hospitals in La. and N. Y. City and State ; Clinical Asst. to Chair of Mental and Nervous Diseases N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1889-98; and in Univ. and Bellevue Hos. Med. Coll., 1898-99; Tutor Materia Medica and Therapeutics N. Y. Univ. Med. Coll., 1897-98; Chief of Clinic Diseases of Nervous System, and Instr. Electro-Diagnosis and Electro-Therapeutics Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., since 1899. FRANCIS ARTHUl^ SCRATCHLEY, M.D., was born in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, on July 13, 185S, the son of George and Mary Minor (Humphrey.s) Scratchley. His father was a practicing physician of high repute, and his grandfather. Dr. James Scratchley, was the author of The London Dissector, a work which ran through at lea.st eight editions. Other ancestors were the Rev. John Brown, once Rector of Liberty Hall Academy, afterward \\'ashington and Lee Univer- sity, Lexington, Virginia ; James Brown, who as Minister to France made known in that country the Monroe Doctrine and who was the first Attorney-General of the State of Louisiana ; and Major-General Sir Peter Scratchley, K.C.M.G., R.E., Special High Commissioner to New Guinea. Dr. Scratchley was at first sent to school in New Orleans, Louisiana, thence to Washington and Lee LIniversity, where he was graduated in 1877, and to the University of Louisiana, where he was graduated in 1S78. Finally he came to New York University, and was graduated from its Medical Department, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1 88 1. His practice of the medical profession dates from 1881. He served in the Charity Hospital in New Orleans. He continued his work in the New York City Hospital for the Insane, 1S86-1S90; the Hudson River State Hospital, 1890; the State Emigrant's Hospital, 1890; etc. His work as an Instructor began in 1889, as UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 191 Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Mental and Nervous Diseases, in the Medical Department of New York University. Tutor Materia Medica, etc. This work was continued until 1899, i" the consolidated University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Then, in the latter institu- tion, he became Chief of the Clinic of Dis- eases of the Nervous System, and Instructor in Electro-Diagnosis and Electro-Therapeutics. These places he still fills. He is also at the present time Attending Physician in Nervous Diseases in the Out Door Department of Belle- FRANCIS A. SCRATCHLEY vue Hospital, and in the University Clinic; Attending Physician in General Medicine at the Northwestern Dispensary ; and Consulting Neurol- ogist at the New York Home for Incurables. Dr. Scratchley is a member of various professional organizations, including the New York County Medical Society, the New York County Medical Association, the American Medical Association, and the Medical Society of the Greater New York. In College he was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity, and he now belongs to the Southern Society, the Democratic Club, and other organiza- tions of New York. He is married to Bella Kenner, daughter of George Harding, the well known patent lawyer of Philadelphia. w. f. j. FERRIS, Albert Warren, 1856- Assistant to Chair, Principles and Practice Medicine, 1898- Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1856; early education Adel- phi Academy, Newark Latin School, and Hasbrouck Institute; A.B. N. Y. Univ., 1878; M.D. College Phys. and Surg. N. Y. City, 1882; A.M. N. Y. Univ., 1885; Interne Kings Co. Hosp., 1883-85; Physician to San- ford Hall, 1885-91; private practice since i89r ; Asst. Neurology, Columbia Univ., since 1893; an Editor of Am. Medico-Surgical Bulletin, 1894-96; an Editor Year Book of International Cyclopedia, 1898, i8gg, 1900; Asst. to Chair of General Medicine, Univ. and Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll. since 1898. ALBERT WARREN FERRIS, M.D., was born in Brooklyn, New York, December 3, 1S56. He is the son of Richard B. Ferris, Class of 1844, New York University, Vice-President of the Bank of New York ; grandson of Isaac Ferris, D.D., LL.D., Class of 1816, Columbia, Chancel- lor of New York University, 1852-1870; and a lineal descendant of John Ferris, one of the first Patentees of the town of West Chester under Governor Nichols in 1667, and a grantee under Indian Deed of 1692. His mother was Sarah A. (Demarest) Ferris. He received his early educa- tion at the Adelphi Academy of Brooklyn ; the Newark, New Jersey, Latin School ; and the Has- brouck Institute, Jersey City, New Jersey; and entered New York University in 1874. He was a Junior Exhibition Orator and an Editor of the University Quarterly ; he represented the Univer- sity in the Intercollegiate Literary Association as Senior Regent in 1877-1878, and as contestant in Greek in 1878. He was graduated President of the Senior Class with the Greek Salutatory, with the Second Fellowship Prize ($200), and with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1878. In the spring of 1879, after a year's teaching, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Medical Department of Columbia, graduating in 1882. From 1883 to 1885 he was Interne at Kings County Hospital, Flatbush, Long Island, and dur- ing the following six years was Resident and Assistant Physician at Sanford Hall, a private insane asylum at Flushing, Long Island. Since 189 1 he has been engaged in the private practice of his profession in New York City, also holding his position as Assistant in Nervous Diseases at the Vanderbilt Clinic of Columbia University since 1S93, and his present connection with the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College since 1898. He was Secretary of the 192 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Alumni Association of the University in 1893- 1S95 and 1S95-1896, and has been President of the New Yorlc University Historical Society since its foundation in 1900. Dr. Ferris was Editor in col- laboration of the American Medico-Surgical Bul- letin during 1S94, 1S95 and 1896; Physician-in- charge of Dr. Choate's House. Pleasantville, New York, in 1896 ; and an Editor of the Year Book of the International Cyclopedia in 1898, 1899 and 1900, as well as the Medical Editor of the Cyclo- pedia in 1901. Dr. Ferris was Trustee and Treas- urer of Rutgers F'emale College, New York City, 1S91-1892, and has been Trustee and Financial ALHERT Wy\RREN FERRIS Secretary of the Pringle Memorial Home since its foundation in 1S99. He is a member of the African Colonization Society, the New York County Medical Society, the Medical Associa- tion of Greater New York, the New York Neuro- logical Society and the New York Delta llpsilon Club, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, in which he was Chairman of the Section on Neurology and Psychiatry from 1897 to iS(j8. He is also a member of the Delta Upsilon l''raternity and the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He married, September 29, 1897, Juliet Anne Gavette. w. f. j. MacCRACKEN, John Henry, 1875- Assistant Professor Philosophy, 1898-99- Born in 1875 ; studied Lyon's Collegiate School, N. Y.; graduated A. B. N. Y. Univ., 1894; won Butler Fel- lowship and Bennet Prize ; engaged in post-graduate study in N. Y. Univ., 1894-95; and at Univ. of Halle, 1895-96; A.M. N. Y. Univ., 1897; visited Halle in 1899, completed his course, and received degree of Ph.D.; Instr. Phil. N. Y. Univ., 1896-1898; Asst. Prof. Phil., 1898-99; Pres. Westminster Coll., Mo., since 1899. JOHN HENRY MacCRACKEN, the eldest son of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken, of New York University, was born on September 30, 1S75. He was prepared for College from 1S86 to 1890, under principal M. B. Lyon, of the Collegiate School, New York City. He entered New York University in 1890 in the classical course and was graduated in 1894. He won the Classical entrance prize, was Class President in his Senior year, and valedictorian, and Editor of the Universit}' Quar- terly, and President of the Young Men's Christian Association. He won the Butler Fellowship (of Three Hundred Dollars) in Philosophy, and the James Gordon Bennett Prize for his essay on the Interstate Railwa}' Commission. He spent the year 1894-1895 in graduate study in New York Uni- versity ; and the year 1895-1896 in the University of Halle, Germany. He returned to the latter University in May 1899, and completed his work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His the- sis, written in the German language, discussed the idealism of Jonathan Edwards, and has been pub- lished. In 1896 he became Instructor in Philos- ophy in New York University and continued three years in this work, being advanced the third year to the position of Assistant Professor of Philosophy. At the Commencement in 1897 he delivered the Master's Oration by appointment of the Faculty, on The Scope of Ethics. In May 1899, '^^ was elected to the Presidency of M'estmin.ster College, Missouri. His election was bi ought about by facts that were as old as the Civil War. The Presbyterians of Missouri at that time split into two parties, and the Westmin.ster C'ollege, which was well-estab- lished and flourishing, was carried by its Trustees into the Southern Synod. With the close of the century, after thirty-five years, the College resolved to win back the Northern Synod if possible to its support. To this end they decided to elect a North- ern man President, with the further conditions that he must be so young a man that he could not UNIVERSiriES JNB THEIR SONS 193 remember the war, and that he must be a layman and not a clergyman that he might be the less iden- tified with any ecclesiastical body, north or south. With these conditions and with the senior member of the Faculty an alumnus of New York University, turning inquiries towards his own College, the Trus- tees of Westminster agreed upon Dr. MacCracken. During his first year he was called to address the Synods north and south, with the result that a plan has been agreed on by which the Board of Trus- tees is to be equally apportioned between members of the two bodies. This joint ownership will se- cure new and powerful support for the institution. JOHN H. MacCRACKEN In the meantime he has addressed graduates and friends of the College in St. Louis, St. Charles, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and other important cities of the state. More than one hundred citizens, chiefly in the above cities, were persuaded to place in his hands sufficient means for a Hall of Science which is already near completion. Westminster College ranks among the first seven Colleges in the State of Missouri. Unlike nearly all the re- mainder, it rejects co-education and is a College for men only. The ideals of its youthful President are indicated in the published reports of recent addresses made by him. His theory of the work to which he has been called is indicated in the fol- lowing remarks found in the Christian Observer of February 7, 1901 : " The geneial propo.sition that the small College, the country College, the ChrLstian College, does a work in de- veloping and training strong, independent thinking men, which cannot be done by other institutions, need.s no de- fence." "When numbers are few, the student cnnies into per- sonal contact with the Professor, and enjoys the Professor's personal interest and legard." "The country College, removed from the dominating in- fluence of the world of business and of fashion, is more apt to be the home of thorough, searching, independent thought. The man will learn to rely more on himself, less on his fel- lows, consequently it is from the small country College that the leaders of future thought and action are likely to go forth." "Education cannot fulfill its highest aim when it is arbi- trarily prevented from caring for the religious nature, as in our State institutions. No education can equip a man for life which does not give him some positive faith or stand- point, according to which he can order his views of life. Teaching demands .some sort of faith. Religion will always manifest itself in the schools, whether the faith be that of Christianity or agnosticism." Dr. MacCracken 's view of the mission of his Col lege in bringing together the divided Synods of Missouri, is indicated in a speech at a dinner be- fore their committees in St. Louis, reported at length in the Globe-Democrat of St. Louis, Febru- ary 22, 1901 : "When the son of a Presbyterian elder told me sometime since that he was never so happy as when he was fighting, I said to myself, here is good stuff out of which to make a Presbyterian. But if there is one thing a Presbyterian loves more than a fight it is a ' making up,' a reconcilia- tion. As you read the history of the recent successful move- ments toward union among the Presbyterians of Scotland you will be amazed at the enthusiasm and emotion displayed by men, commonly stern and immovable. The fighter who hits hard and resolutely, generally gives his heart with his hand after the conflict," " Missouri Presbyterianism has not chosen strife and di- vision. It has suffered, as every border land must suffer, when the warring forces of the lands before and behind join battle in its territory," " But now the conflict is over, and we may congratulate ourselves that it has not left the border land dotted on this side and on that with frowning castles like the Rhine bor- derland. We have no need of an Ehrenbreitstein or of miles of grass covered rampart," "There is, however, one remaining bit of rampart built during the border raids with which we are especially con- cerned. It has been a source of annoyance and inconve- nience for almost a generation, and has greatly injured the country it was erected lo protect, cutting off needed supplies and preventing through lines of communication. Thee.xist- 194 UNIFEliSITIES AND THEIR SONS ence of this wall is no new discovery, nor have the dwellers under its shadow failed to recognize in the past the impor- tance of having it razed to the ground." (This obstructing wall, he goes on to show, is the rule that shut out the Nor- thern Synod from a share in the College.) " The question now before us is on the complete removal of this wall. Two attempts have been made. This is the third, and ac- cording to the old saying, the ' you will conquer,' goes with the third try." In clo.sing this argument he said : " It is with great hopes that we turn our thoughts toward the future and think of a new Westminster. The eyes of the world were fixed last week on that great group of build- ings from which our College indirectly derives its name. The palace of Westminster witnessed for the first time in many years all the brilliant pageantry and gay trappings which were designed to image the power and rank of those who participated in the ceremonies attending the beginning of the new reign. And to the world as it watched, it seemed an anachronism. Power no longer resides piincipally in splendid physique or in anything that appeals to the eye. Thought rules the world to-day as never before. If we seek power, we shall find it in mind, and the Presbyterian Church, if wise in its day and generation, discerning the signs of the time, will mightily resolve to have for itself a share in the great instruments of education." The practical and business side of an American College was presented in this same address in the following illustration : " It is said that in the early days St. Louis received from its neighbors the name ' pain court,' which may be freely rendered ' short loaf,' because it was not an agricultural community but depended on the surrounding district for its supplies. It would be an appropriate name for any College. No true College is or can be self sustaining. The higher education costs three or four times what students pay in tuition fees. Permanent endowment is then essential to higher education." p^ q c QUACKENBOS, Henry Forrest, 1870- Demonstrator Anatomy , i8g8- Born in New York City, 1870; attended Univ. of Va., and Columbia College ; graduated Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1893; Demstr. Anatomy Bellevue College, 1896-98; Demstr. Anatomy N. Y. Univ., 1898 to present time ; Physician and Surgeon to various hospitals. HENRY FORR?:ST QUACKENBOS, M.])., was born in New York City, February 18, 1870, son of Dr. Henry Feltus and Margaret Rogers Ross (Jack) Quackenbos. His paternal grandfather was Nicholas I. Quackenbos, A.M., M.D. He had early training in the Columbia Grammar School of New York City and St. Paul's School in Garden City, Long Island. His Aca- demic College work was performed at three insti- tutions : the Pennsylvania Military College, the University of Virginia and Columbia College. Professionally he was educated at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he took the Doctor of Medicine degree in 1893. In that year he was appointed House Physician to the Infants' Hospital and in 1894 House Surgeon to the Randall's Island Hospital. Dr. Quackenbos has made hospital work a particularly active fea- ture of his professional career, his further appoint- ments being : Assistant Physician to the New York Nose and Throat Hospital in 1894- 1895 ; HENRY V. QUACKENBOS Physician to the Amity Dispensary in 1894-1S95 ; and Surgeon to the same in 1896-1897. He was also Assistant in General Medicine at the New York Post Graduate Hospital and Medical School from 1893 to 1895. Since 1896 he has been an Examiner in Lunacy. He became an Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1896, continuing as Demon- strator from 1897 to 1898 ; and in the latter year, upon the union of the Bellevue College with the Medical Department of New York University, he was re-appointed to the same position in the Uni- versity. Dr. Quackenbos was the collaborator of the department of General Medicine, Pathology UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 195 and Bacteriolog}' in the American Medico-Surgical Bulletin for 1893, 1894 and 1895. He is a member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Phi Delta Theta, and Phi Alpha Sigma (medical) fraternities and the Holland So- ciety of New York. He was also a member of the American Geographical Society from 1895 to 1897. He was married, June 5, 1895, to Mary Grace Winterton. * HALL, Charles Cuthbert, 1852- Honorary Member Senate, 1898- Born in New York City, 1852 ; graduated Williams, 1872; member Class of 1875 at Union Theol. Sem.; went abroad to attend lectures at Presby. College, London, and at Free Church College, Edinburgh; ordained and installed Pastor of Union Presby. Church in Newburg, N. Y., 1875; went to First Presby. Church, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 1877; received D.D. from N. Y. Univ., 1880, and from Harvard, 1897; Pres. of Union Theol. Sem. since 1877; mem- ber of the Council of Columbia University since 1897; honorary member Senate of N. Y. Univ. since 1898. CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, D.D., Pres- ident of the Union Theological Seminary, was born in New York City, September 3, 1852. After early instruction under a private tutor he entered Williams College, where he graduated with the Class of 1872. The same year he entered the institution of which he is now President for the study of theology. He was there a member of the Class of 1875, but he left in the autumn of 1874 and went abroad for a course of lectures at the Presbyterian College in London, and at the Free Church College in Edinburgh. Upon his return to America in the summer of 1875 he was called to the Pastorate of the Union Presbyterian Church of Newburgh, New York, where he was duly ordained and installed the following December. Here he remained for two years until called in the spring of 1877 to the First Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, New York, where he was installed May 10 of that year. In 1890 New York University conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity, and he enjoyed the same honor again in 1897 when he was elected President of Union Theological Seminary, and Harvard conferred the Doctor's degree. President Eliot happily describing him as " eloquent divine, judicious hymnologist, lover of sacred music." Dr. Hall has been a permanent Trustee of Williams College for the past ten years ; he is also a Trustee of Atlanta University, in Georgia ; a member of the Council of Columbia University; and since 1898 has been one of the honorary and advisory members of the New York University Senate. In 1899 Dr. Hall was appointed by Chicago University, Barrows Lecturer to India on the Haskell Foundation, in succession to the Rev. Principal Fairbairn of CHARLES C. HALL Mansfield College, Oxford. This appointment matures in the autumn of 1901, when it is expected that Dr. Hall will visit India and the far East in the fulfillment of this duty. Dr. Hall has published several volumes, among them : a volume of ser- mons ; Into His Marvellous Light ; The Gospel of the Divine Sacrifice ; and Qualifications for Minis- terial Power, being the Carew Lectures at Hart- ford Theological Seminary. * HOFFMAN, Eugene Augustus, 1829- Honorary Member Senate, i8g8. Born in New York City, 1829 ; graduated Rutgers, 1847; A.B. Harvard, 1848; studied at General Theol. Sem. ; Rector Christ Church, Elizabeth, N. J., 1853-63 ; St. Mary's, Burlington, N. J., 1863-64; Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights, 1864-69; St. Marks, Philadelphia, 196 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 1869-79; Dean of General Theol. Sefti. New York City, since 1879; honorary member of Senate N. Y. Univ., 1898- EUGENE AUGUSTUS HOFFMAN, D.D. (Oxon.), LL.D., D.C.L., Dean of the Gen- eral Theological Seminary of New York City was born in that city, March 21, 1829, son of Samuel Verplanck and Glorvina Rossell (Storm) Hoffman. On the paternal side he traces his ancestry back through five generations to Martin Hoffman, a native of Revel, Sweden, who emigrated to America about 1657, and whose wife's maiden name was Em- merentje DeWitt. Nicolaes Hoffman, son of Mar- *»«#« E. A. HOFFMAN tin, married Janetje Crispel, daughter of Antoine Crispel, a Huguenot " in whose veins flowed some of the best blood in France," and the eldest of their children. Colonel Martinus Hoffman, born in 1706, married Tryntje Benson, daughter of Robert and Cornelia (Roos) Benson. Harmanus Hoffman (son of Martinus), born in 1745, married for his third wife, Catherine Verplanck, daughter of Philip and Effie (Beekman) Verplanck, and a descendant of the Van Cortlandt, Schuyler and Provoost fami- lies. Samuel Verplanck Hoffman, Dr. Hoffman's father, born in 1802, was united in 1828 in marriage with Glorvina Rossell Storm, daughter of Garrit and Susan (Gouverneur) Storm. Eugene A. Hoff- man prepared for College at the Columbia Grammar School, New York, and after graduating at Rutgers (1847) he studied a year at Harvard, taking the Bachelor's degree there with the Class of 1848. In the same year he joined a scientific expedition under Professor Louis Agassiz, organized for the purpose of exploring the then unknown wilderness lying north of Lake Superior. Commencing his Divinity studies immediately after his return, he pursued the regular three years' course at the General Theological Seminar)', and was ordained Deacon in 185 1, entering upon missionary work in Grace Church Parish, Elizabeth, New Jersey. Or- dained Priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1S53 and appointed Rector of the newly organized Christ Church, Elizabeth, he retained that charge for the succeeding ten years, during which time he secured the erection of a new church edifice, parish school-house and rectory. During his Rectorship at Elizabeth he organized the Parish at Milburn and built St. Stephen's Church; re- vived the congregation at Woodbridge which he also provided with a place of worship, and can- celled the debt on St. James's Church in Hacketts- town, New Jersey. While Rector of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New Jersey, (1863-1864) he cleared off a debt of $23,000 on the building and placed a peal of bells in the tower. He was then called to the Rectorship of Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights where he remained until his health com- pelled him to seek an inland parish, and from 1S69 to 1879 ^^ ^^'^s '^^ charge of St. Mark's Church in Philadelphia. In the latter year he was appointed Dean of the General Theological Seminary which position he has filled ever since with honor to him- self and benefit to the institution. Through his instrumentality the Seminary is now enjoying a financial prosperity unknown before in its history, and during his tenure of office he has not only raised the sum of $1,750,000 for its endowment and equipment, but has caused the erection of many new buildings and established two new Professor- ships and five Fellowships. Three important Chairs and the office of Dean have been amply en- dowed by himself and members of his family. The average attendance of the Seminary has been nearly doubled during his administration. By reason of his eminent position and high attainments and his constant interest in the welfare of New York University Dr. Hoffman occupies a place on the Board of Honorary and Advisory Members of UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 197 the University Senate. From 1856 to 1864 he was Secretary of the Diocesan Convention, and of the Standing Committee of the Diocese of New Jersey, and a Trustee of BurUngton College, and of St. Mary's Hall. He was President of the Stand- ing Committee of the Diocese of Long Island, 1 864-1 869, and a Trustee of the Church Charity Foundation during the same period. From 1869 to 1879 he was a Trustee of the Episcopal Hospital, the Episcopal Academy, the Diocesan and City Missions, and the Prayer-book and Tract societies, all of Philadelphia; and since 1879 has been a member of the Board of Managers of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, of the Clergyman's Retiring Fund Society, of the Society for Promoting ReUgion and Learning in the State of New York, and of the Corporation for the Re- lief of Widows and Children of Clergymen ; Presi- dent of Trinity School ; Chairman of the Building Committee of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine ; Deputy from the Diocese of New York to the Gen- eral Convention seven times ; member of the Joint Commission for the Revision of the Constitution and Canons of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; member of the New York Genealogical and Bi- ographical Society ; and Foreign Corresponding Secretary of the New York Historical Society. He is also a member of the Archaeological Institute of America, the American Institute of Christian Philosophy, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Geographical and Botanical Society, the New York Numismatical Society, the Century Association, the Riding Club, the South Side Sportsmen's, Jekyl Island, Restigouche, Robin's Island and St. Nicholas clubs, and the Huguenot Society. He is a fellow of the American Museum of Natural History, to which he recently presented a valuable collection of American butterflies. The degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by Harvard in 185 1 ; that of Doctor of Divinity by Rutgers in 1864, Racine in 1882, General Theological Seminary in 1885, Columbia in 1886, Trinity in 1895, and Oxford in 1895; that of Doctor of Laws by the University of the South in 1 89 1 and by Trinity, Toronto, in 1893; that of Doctor of Civil Laws by Kings College, Nova Scotia, in 1890. On April 19, 1852, Dr. Hoffman married Mary Crooke Elmendorf. His children are : Susan Matilda, now wife of the Rev. J. H. Watson; Mary Louisa, now wife of the Rev. T. W. Nickerson, Jr. ; Margaret Euphemia, wife of Charles L. Hackstaff ; Eugene Augustus, born in 1863 and died in 1891 ; and Samuel Verplanck Hoffman, who marled Louisa N. Smith. * SMITH, William ^/Vheele^, 1838- Member of Council, 1897- Born in New York, 1838 ; educated in N. Y. Schools and Univ. of London, England ; architect in N. Y. since 1864; Member of Council, N. Y. Univ. since 1897. WILLIAM WHEELER SMITH was born in New York City on June 12, 1838, the son of John Lewis and Elizabeth (Wheeler) Smith ; and comes of an ancestry settled in Orange county, New York, two hundred years, and coming from the North of Ireland and the South of England. He received a good academic education in private schools in New York City. His professional studies were begun in the office of James Renwick, of New York, one of the fore- most architects of his day and the designer and builder of many of the most noteworthy edifices in that city, and continued at the University of London and on Continent of Europe. Mr. Smith began his architectural studies in 1857, and began the practice of his profession in 1864. He has been constantly engaged in architectural and building pursuits in New York since that time. He has been a member of New York University Council since 1897. He is a member of the Union League, Grolier and Lawyers' clubs and of the Geographical Society, and is a life member of the Historical Society and of the Museums of Natural History. He was married in 1888 to Catherine H. Brower. w. f. j. BENEDICT, Charles Sumner, 1856- A Founder of University Heights. Born in New York City, 1856; graduated A.B., N. Y, Univ., 1880; M.D. Univ. of Vermont, 1882; M.D. N. Y. Univ., 1883; House Surgeon St. Vincent's Hosp. N. Y., 1882-83; Assistant to Prof, of Surgery N. Y. Post Graduate School and Hosp., 1883-90; Inspector, etc., N. Y. Dept. of Health, 1886- ; a Founder of Uni- versity Heights, and Pres. Alumni Association, N Y. Univ., 1900-01. CHARLES SUMNER BENEDICT, M.D., was born in New York City, December 9, 1856, the son of Joseph and Mary (Goldey) Bene- dict. His education was begun in jDublic school 198 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS No. 1 5 of Brooklyn. Thence he went successively to the Chappaqua Mountain Institute, at Chappa- qua, Westchester county, New York, and to the Centenary Collegiate Institute at Ilackettstown, New Jersey. In these admirable secondary schools he was prepared for entrance to New York Uni- versity, where he pursued the regular course in the School of Arts, and was duly graduated in 1880 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He entered the Medical Department of the New York Univer- sity in the following fall, and was graduated there in 1883 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Simultaneously he attended two summer courses CHARLES S. EENEIIICT of lectures at the University of Vermont, from which College he was also graduated in July 18S2, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In Octo- ber 1882, he became an Interne of St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City, serving as House Surgeon until October 1883, when he began private practice in New York City. From 1883 to 1890 he served as Assistant to the Professor of Surgery. Meantime, in 1886, he entered the service of the New York City Department of Health, and became successively Inspector, Diagnostician and Chief Inspector of the Division of Contagious Diseases. While an undergraduate in New York University he was an enthusiastic member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, and in after years has remained one of the most loyal and efficient of its alumni members, being particularly active in the building of the Delta Chapter House at University Heights. He is a member of the American Medical Association, New York State, and New York County Medical Associations, New York County Medical Society, Westchester County Medical Society, of which he was President in 1887, Harlem Medical Association, and of the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. He was President of the National Sanitary Association of the United States in 1898-1899. He has reached the highest degrees in Masonry and is an active member of the Supreme Council of the Royal Arcanum. When the " uptown movement " was begun, and several departments of New York University were removed from Washington Square to University Heights, Dr. Benedict gave his cordial co-operation and support and was one of the Founders of University Heights. He has ever been active in the affairs of the alumni of the University, and in 1900 was elected President of the Alumni Association. He was married on October 20, 1886, to Hannah Augusta, daughter of Anthony D. and Hannah (Thompson) Leaycraft, and has three children : Helen Story, Sumner Leaycraft and Dorothy Holton Benedict. w. f. j. BRAINERD, Cephas, Jr., 1859 1898. A Founder of University Heights. Born in Cromwell, Conn., 1859 ; studied at Mt. Washington Collegiate Institute, N. Y. ; A. B. N. Y. Univ., 1881; began law practice, 1883, and continued therein until his death ; for seven years a lecturer in the Public School Free Lecture Courses; member of Republican County Com. and active in politics ; mem- ber of International Com. of Young Men's Christian Assoc, and active in its work and in church duties; a Founder of University Heights ; died 1898. CEPHAS BRAINERD, Jr., the son of Cephas and Eveline Hutchinson Brainerd, was of old New England stock. Born at Cromwell, Con- necticut, December 28, 1859, he spent the greater part of his life in New York City, where his father was a practicing lawyer. He prepared for College at the old Mount Washington Collegiate Institute, on Washington Square, New York, and went thence to the University of the City of UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 199 New York, now New York University. He was Junior Orator, Class Orator and Commencement Speaker, graduating with the degree of Baclielor of Arts in 188 1, and receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1884. Entering upon the study of tlie law in his father's office, he was admitted to the Bar in two years and began in 1883 the practice of his profession, in which he actively continued until his death. Mr. Brainerd was one of the most popular lecturers in the free lecture courses of the New York Public School system, among his subjects being The Constitution of the United States, Daniel Webster, and The Civil In politics Mr. Brainerd was a Republican, a member of the County Committee of New York and earnest in party work. He belonged to the Delta Upsilon Fraternity, was President of the Philomathean Society in New York University, and the enthusiastic Secretary of the Alumni Association. He became a member of the Bar Associations of the city and the state, the Repub- lican Club, the New England Society, and the Society of Colonial Wars. Mr. Brainerd was married, October 4, 1888, to Harriet Tyler Arnold, of Haddam, Connecticut, and had one son, Cephas Brainerd 4th. He died in New York, July 26, CEPHAS BRAINERD, JR. War. He was deeply interested in the Young Men's Christian Association, and was a member of the Committee of Management of its Twenty- third Street branch in New York, and member of the International Committee. At sixteen, he became a member of the Congregational Church in Haddam, Connecticut. He was active for many years in the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, then under the charge of the Chancellor of the University, Dr. Howard Crosby. For the last twelve years of his life he was a member of the Broadway Tabernacle, and energetic in the work of the church and of its Bethany Mission. BULKLEY, Edwin Muhlenberg, 1862- A Founder of University Heights. Born in Groton, Mass., 1862; studied at High School of Plattsburg, N. Y., and for two years at N. Y. Univ. ; engaged in banking in New York since 1881 ; Direc. and Trustee of various corporations and philanthropic or- ganizations ; a founder of University Heights. EDWIN MUHLENBERG BULKLEY comes of an ancestry highly distinguished in both America and Europe. The Bulkley family is traced back to Robert de Bulkley, of England, in 1200, whose descendants still possess one of the ancestral seats in that country. The pioneer of the line in this country was the Rev. Peter Bulkley, who came hither from Odell, England, in 1634, to escape the persecution which was directed against him because of his earnest preaching and his out- spoken opposition to ecclesiastical tyranny. In the New England colonies he became one of the foremost men of his day. He was the founder of Concord, Massachusetts, and Pastor of its first church. In that church the first Provincial Con- gress was held, and there were made those stirring speeches by Adams, Hancock and others which hastened the outbreak of the Revolution. Mr. Bulkley was also one of the founders of Harvard College, and his son married a daughter of Presi- dent Chauncey of that institution. In a funeral sermon Cotton Mather spoke of Mr. Bulkley's noble ancestry, and praised his benevolence in spending his wealth, his eminent learning, and his devoted piety. On the maternal side the subject of this sketch is descended from Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, the Patriarch of the Lutheran Church 200 UmrERSITIES AND THEIR SONS in America, and the father of the two Muhlenberg brothers of Revolutionary fame — Henry Augustus Muhlenberg, first speaker of the First Congress, in New York, and General Peter Muhlenberg, whose statue has been placed by the State of Pennsylvania in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Edward Muhlenberg Bulkley, son of the Rev. Edwin A. Bulkley, D.D., and Catherine Frederica (Oakely) Bulkely, was born at Groton, Massachusetts, on September lo, 1862. His pre- paratory education was gained at the High School of Plattsburg, New York, whence he proceeded to the University of the City of New York, and there EDWIN M. BULKLEY spent two years as a member of the Class of 1882. He left College without graduating, and entered business life. For a short time he was in the ser- vice of the American Exchange National Bank, and then entered that of the well-known banking firm of Spencer Trask & Company. With the latter house he has ever since remained, and for the last ten years he has been a partner in it. Fie is also a Director or Trustee of various Railroads and other corporations, and of a number of phil- anthropic organizations. In the University Mr. Bulkley was a member of the Psi Upsilon Frater- nity, and he is now also a member of the Lawyers' Club and of the Midday City Club. In politics he is an independent Republican, but he has taken no public part in political affairs. He was married on June 12, 1895, to Lucy Warren, daughter of A. M. Kidder, the well-known banker of New York, and has three children : Harold Kidder, Katharine Frederica and Lucy Kidder Bulkley. Mr. Bulkley aided materially in the founding of University Heights, and is enrolled among its Founders. w. f. j. BONNER, Robert, 1824-1899. A Founder of University Heights. Born in Ramelton, Ire., 1824; came to America, 1839 ; learned printer's trade ; owner of New York Ledger; owner of Maud S., Sunol and other cele- brated horses; one of the founders of University Heights; died 1899. ROBERT BONNER, Publisher, was born at Ramelton, near Londonderry, Ireland, April 28, 1824, and died in New York, July 6, 1899. He emigrated to America in 1839 at the suggestion of a brother of his mother who was a prosperous farmer near Hartford, Connecticut. He was apprenticed to the printer's trade and worked on the Hartford Courant to 1844 when he came to New York and became assistant foreman on The New York Mirror, then edited by N. P. Willis. After a few years Robert Bonner purchased The Merchants' Ledger, a financial periodical, which he gradually changed to a family paper, substituting in 1855 the name of New York Ledger. His bold enterprise became the talk of the country and added enormously to the circulation of his paper; thus he paid $100 per column to Fanny Fern; $10,000 for a series of weekly articles by Edward Everett, the money to go to the Mt. Vernon Association ; Henry Ward Beecher received $30,000 for his novel Norwood, Charles Dickens $5,000 for his story Hunted Down, Tennyson $5,000 for a single poem, and Longfellow $3,000 for the same amount of literary work. He produced a series of articles on Advice to Young Men from the Presidents of our leading Universities ; another series by twelve of the most prominent United States Senators ; others on familiar topics by such men as Horace Greeley, George W. Childs, George Bancroft and Bishop Clark. He induced Dr. Stephen H. Tyng to write a novel for The Ledger. The matter which he published anonymously was of equally high cjuality, even the Answers to UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 2or Correspondents being written by such men as Dr. John Hall, Edward Everett and James Parton. In 18S7 Mr. Bonner gave the paper to his three sons. Mr. Bonner's noted devotion to trottino- horses originated in medical advice, which sug- gested to him driving and riding as a form of out-door exercise. Thus he gradually became the owner of horses of national renown, such as ROBERT BONNER Dexter, Rarus, Maud S. and Sunol. The death of one of his sons and of his pastor, the Rev. John Hall, seems to have hastened his physical decline. His surviving descendants were his sons, Robert Edwin and Frederick Bonner, and his daughter, Mrs. Francis Forbes. Mr. Bonner was a generous contributor to the founding of University Heights. E. G. s. DOREMUS, Robert Ogden, 1824- A Founder of Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1861- Born in N. Y. City, 1824; entered Columbia Coll., 1838; grad. N. Y. Univ. A. B., 1842; A. M., 1845; Univ. Med. Coll. M.D., 1850; Asst. to Dr. John W. Draper, N. Y. Univ., 1843-50; studied in Paris, 1847; Prof. Chemistry, N. Y. Coll. of Pharmacy, 1859; a founder N. Y. Med. Coll., 1850, and founder, at his own ex- pense, of first Analytical Chemical Laboratory for medical students in the United States ; Prof. Natural History Coll. of City of N. Y., 1853; a founder Long Island Hospital Med. Coll., 1859, and Professor for several years ; founder and Prof. Chemistry and Toxi- cology in Bellevue Hosp. Med. Coll., 1861-98; Prof. Chemistry and Physics Coll. of City of N. Y., since 1863 ; Pres. N. Y. Board of Examiners in Pharmacy, 1871 ; lecturer, inventor and chemical expert; LL.D. N. Y. Univ., 1874. ROBERT OGDEN DOREMUS, M.D., LL.D., is the son of Thomas Cornelius Doremus,' one of the foremost merchants of New York in the early part of the last century, and of Sarah Piatt (Haines) Doremus, his wife. Mrs. Doremus was a daughter of Elias Haines, and a grand- daughter of Robert Ogden, an eminent lawyer and member of a distinguished New Jersey family ; she was herself a noted philanthropist, being one of the founders of the institution for discharged female convicts now known as the Isaac T. Hopper Home, and of the Woman's Llospital in New York, of which latter she was President for many years down to her death in 1877; she was also promi- nent in hospital work in the Civil War, in mission- ary and Bible work, in relief work for Irish famine sufferers, in the promotion of education among the poor, and in innumerable other noble enterprises. One of the nine children of Mr. and Mrs. Dore- mus was Robert Ogden Doremus, who was born in New York City on January 11, 1824. After a careful preparation, and some preliminary study in Columbia College, he entered New York Uni- versity, or the University of the City of New York, as it was then called, and was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1S42. He came strongly under the influence of that illustrious scientist, John W. Draper, and in the year follow- ing his graduation became his assistant in the Medical Department of the University, and filled that place for seven years. He was thus asso- ciated with many of the researches and achieve- ments in light and heat which made Dr. Draper famous. He went to Europe in 1847 and studied Chemistry and Electro-Metallurgy in Paris and elsewhere. On his return to New York in 1848 he founded a Chemical Laboratory for giving instruction in Analytical Chemistry and also for commercial work. The next year he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the New York College of Pharmacy ; and began, in his own laboratory, ^ In 1630, his ancestor, Cornelius Tliomas Doremus, with two sons, came from Holland to New Amsterdam, in the same vessel with Rolof Jans and Anneke Jans. A grandson of his married one of the latter's grand-daughters. 202 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS his notable series of popular lectures on Chemistry and allied sciences. At the same time he was pursuing medical studies, and in 1850 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Uni- versity of the City of New York. He was in 1850 one of the founders of the New York Medical College, and at his own expense equipped the first laboratory in the United States for the instruction of medical students in Analytical Chemistry. He was elected in 1853 Professor of Natural History in the Free Academy, now College of the City of New York, and in 1859 was one of the founders of the Long Island Hospital Medical R. OGDEN DOREMUS College, in which latter institution he was a Pro- fessor for a number of years. In 1861 he was one of the founders of the Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College and Professor of Chemistry, Toxicol- ogy and Medical Jurisprudence, and held that place until that College was consolidated with New York University. During the Civil War he studied the subject of explosives, and patented with his assistant. Doctor B. L. Budd, the use of compressed granulated gunpowder. This dis- pensed with the serge envelopes of cartridges for muzzle-loading cannon, and avoided delay of spong- ing the cannon. For small arms the powder was attached to the bullet, and rendered water-proof with collodion. Millions of the cartridges were made by Dupont and Hazard for the United States Army and Navy. This method was adopted by the French Government. Doctor Doremus demon- strated their superiority at the Bois de Vincennes, before Emperor Napoleon III. and his generals. He also introduced it in Italy. The Mont Cenis Tunnel, eight miles in length, was blasted with compressed powder. While in Paris he was chosen to fill the Chair of Chemistry and Physics in the College of the City of New York, which place he continues to hold. He has for many years ranked as one of the foremost chemical experts in the world, and has been called upon to testify as an expert in many important murder cases in which poison was used, and in other cases. In 1858 he established the first Toxicological Laboratory. He was appointed in 187 1 President of a municipal board for examining druggists and their clerks. Doctor Doremus has long been known as a brilliant and scholarly lecturer on scientific topics, and as the inventor of various chemical devices and processes, both industrial and sanitary. His course of illustrated lectures on the Agreement between the Mosaic Account of Creation and that of Modern Science was first delivered in 1852, in the New York Medical Col- lege, then at the opening of the New York Young Men's Christian Association, also at Hartford, Connecticut, and at Chautauqua. An illustrated lecture on Light was given in the New York Acad- emy of Music, 1854, for the Church of the Deaf Mutes. Three illustrated lectures on the Progress of Science were delivered in 1865, for the Brook- lyn Mercantile Library, at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The experiments cost several thousand dollars. He published many articles in scientific and in popular journals on Expert Testimony, Toxicolog)', the Microscope, History of the Lique- faction of Gases, etc. He strenuously opposed the New York Board of Health, in the courts and in scientific articles, in the sole use of the " lactom- eter and the senses " in testing commercial milk, advocating the chemical analysis of milk, as the law now demands. He has delivered three lecture courses at Chautauqua, tons of apparatus being used for illustrations, and published a number of addresses and papers, including the noteworthy address delivered by him at the unveiling of the Humboldt statue in Central Park. He had the Obelisk in Central Park protected from " weather- UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 20' ing " by a coating of paraffine wax. He was en- trusted with the chemical definitions in The Stand- ard Dictionary. In 1865, by authority of Mayor Gunther, he disinfected the ship Atlanta (sixty passengers had died of cholera) by using enor- mous volumes of chlorine gas. This was applied also to other ships, and to disinfecting Bellevue and other hospitals. Doctor Doremus is a member and ex-President of the Philharmonic Society of New York, and of the Medico-Legal Society ; a fellow of the Academy of Sciences, and of the American Geographical Society ; and a member of the Union League Club, the St. Nicholas Society and other organizations. He married Estelle E., daughter of Captain Hubbard Skidmore, and a descendant of the famous colonial Captain John Underbill. She has borne him eight children, the eldest of whom. Dr. Charles Avery Doremus, has attained eminence as a chemist, serving as Professor of Chemistry for five years in Buffalo Medical College, Assistant Professor at Bellevue Medical College and in the College of the City of New York. w. f. j. DURYEA, Samuel Bowne, 1845-1892. Benefactor. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1845; educated at Poly- technic Inst., Brooklyn, and N. Y. Univ.; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1866; studied at Yale Theol. Sem. ; en- tered business life as manager of inheritated estate ; Major, National Guard, 1865-66 ; prominent leader of Republican party in Brooklyn ; Pres. of Tree Planting Society and of Children's Parks and Playgrounds Society, of Brooklyn ; Direc. of Brooklyn Library, of Brooklyn Art Association, and of Y. M. C. A. ; collec- tor of books and MSS. ; benefactor by bequest, of N. Y. Univ. and other institutions; philanthropist; died 1892. SAMUEL BOWNE DURYEA, a fine type of the pubHc spirited citizen, came of Huguenot and Dutch ancestry. His Huguenot ancestors were exiled from France because of their faith, and found refuge in Holland, where they inter- married with the Dutch. In 1675 one of them, Joost Durie, came to this country, and settled at New Utrecht, which is now a part of the Borough of Brooklyn, City of New York. In later genera- tions the spelling of the name was changed to Duryee, and to Duryea, as more correctly expres- sive of the pronunciation of the original French Huguenot name. A grandson of Joost Durie, named Abraham Duryea, was in Revolutionary times a member of the Provisional Committee of One Hundred in New York. John Duryea, a great-grandson of Joost Durie, married Jannetta, daughter of Cornelius Rapelyea, a member of one of the original Dutch families of Long Island ; and their son, Cornelius Rapelyea Duryea, was the father of Harmanus Barkaloo Duryea, who became Brigadier-General of the National Guard of the State of New York. General H. B. Duryea mar- ried Elizabeth Ann Bowne, whose father, Samuel Bowne, of Brooklyn, was descended from an English Quaker family, and who was also de- scended from the Pell and Rodman families of Westchester county. New York. Samuel Bowne SAMUEL B. DURYEA Duryea, the son of General Harmanus B. and Elizabeth Ann (Bowne) Duryea, was born in Brooklyn, New York, March 27, 1845, and re- ceived his early education in the schools of that city. He was prepared for College at the Brook- lyn Polytechnic Institute, and then entered the University of the City of New York, as New York University was at that time known, and was duly graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1866. His inclinations led him toward theo- logical studies, and he accordingly entered the Theological Seminary of Yale University, but was presently called away therefrom to manage the large estate inherited from his maternal grand- 204 UNIFERSITIES JND THEIR SONS father, Samuel Bowne. Thereafter he devoted his life chiefly to literary and philanthropic pursuits, being for many years a generous ad- vocate of many good causes of public interest. Some idea of his activities may be formed from the record of his connection with various public associations. Thus he was President of the Tree Planting Society of Brooklyn, and of the Children's Parks and Playgrounds Society of the same city. He was a Director of the Brooklyn Library, of the Brooklyn Art Association, and of the Young Men's Christian Association in Brook- lyn. He was also an active member of the Franklin Literary Society, of the Kings County Temperance Society, of the Long Island Histori- cal Society, of the Brooklyn Institute, and of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. He devoted much attention to the discriminating collection of books, especially of those on art and architecture, and also of missals and other manu- scripts. These valuable collections he bequeathed to the Long Island Historical Society. In politics he was an earnest member of the Republican party, and was for years a member of its General Committee in Kings county, and of the Executive Committee thereof. He did not seek public office, however, and held none, save that of Major on the staff of his father, General Duryea, of the National Guard, in 1865-1868. Mr. Duryea was a member of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity in New York University, and in later life was a member of the Holland Society of New York, the St. Nicho- las Society of New York, the Hamilton Club of Brooklyn, the Union League Club of Brook- lyn, the Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn, and the Robin's Island Shooting Club. He was married on September 23, 1869, to Kate Flan- ders, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he died June 7, 1892. Mr. Dur}'ea's bequest of his library to the Long Island Historical Society has already been mentioned. He devised to nine other insti- tutions and societies a landed estate which realized for each of them the sum of ^14,500. These bene- ficiaries were New York University, the Brook- lyn Polytechnic Institute, the Yale Theological Seminary, the Brooklyn Library, the Brooklyn Art Association, the Brooklyn Young Men's Christian Association, the New York Society for the Sup- pression of Vice, the Memorial Fund of Plym- outh Church, Brooklyn, and the National Tem- perance Society. As a result of this legacy, a Samuel B. Duryea Fellowship has been founded at New York University. GOULD, Jay, 1836 1892. Benefactor. Born in Roxbury, N.Y., 1836 ; learned and practiced surveying at an early age ; attended Albany Academy; published a History of Delaware County, 1856; con- ducted lumber business until 1857; in brokerage busi- ness in N. Y. City; Pres. of Erie Railroad, resigning in 1872; acquired control of Union Pacific Railroad, and later of Missouri Pacific and connecting lines ; Pres. Western Union Telegraph Co.; had controlling interest in elevated system of N. Y. City ; a liberal benefactor of New York University; died 1892. JAY GOULD, Financier, was born in Roxbury, New York, May 27, 1836; died in New York City, December 2, 1892. This sketch of Jay Gould, one of the principal founders of JAY GOULD At Twenty Years. LTniversity Heights, will employ original sources in treating of his school career, ending in his nineteenth year (1854); also in treating of his relation to New York University in the closing years of his life (1890-1892). The outline that will be given of the intervening years, which were years of strenuous business activity, is drawn from accredited publications. These thirty-six years UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 205 belong to the history of American commerce and finance, which is yet to be written. Tlie early years of Jay Gould are unique in the zeal for study that is shown, and the devotion to school and teacher. The renewal by him in later years of attention to education is, therefore, the less remarkable. Few men of business, indeed few men of any calling, are favored in the degree in which Mr. Gould is favored by the preservation of early letters to the comrades and teachers of their boyhood. The attempt after the death of Mr. Gould, made by a crafty woman, old in crime, to prove him to have been married at sixteen years of age, led to the careful gathering, by his older daughter, of his schoolboy letters. It more- over brought to the witness-stand one of his early teachers and certain of his schoolmates. This testimony in court, and these 3'outhful epistles, which were printed in full as part of the judicial process, constitute an unusually complete and interesting picture of the progress of a schoolboy from thirteen years of age until he was seventeen. Such a portrait is of a decided educational value. Jay Gould was the only son of John Burr Gould, of a family settled in New England since 1636 and in Delaware county, New York, since lySg ; and of Mary More, of a Delaware county family of Scotch extraction. In 1849, at thirteen years of age, he became a pupil of James Oliver, who taught a school in West Settlement, a community four miles west of Roxbury in Delaware county. New York. This school was known as Beech- wood Seminary, and had been recently built by the Gould family together with two neighboring families, for the education of their children. Teacher and pupil were separated after two years, when the boy's father removed from the farm to Roxbury, but letters passed between them for four years more. Mr. Oliver, who was in later life a merchant in Kansas, preserved these letters of his pupil, and presented them in the court proceed- ings already referred to, held at Albany in 1897. Before coming under Mr. Oliver the school life of the boy, according to the testimony in court of an older sister, consisted of going for one summer, a mile "over the hill," at five years of age, to " Meeker's Hollow," attending an occasional " quarter " nearer home, and early in 1849 attend- ing for a few months Hobart School, several miles away, returning home for each Sunday. His more earnest school life began in the autumn of 1849, "^^''th Mr. Oliver, as his letters to this teacher unconsciously establish. His time after leaving Oliver's School was divided for a period between his father's hardware shop in Roxbury, and the private study of surveying, in which he had the help of the instruments of a Roxbury neighbor. He was next employed by a country surveyor in an adjoining county. When not quite sixteen (May II, 1852), he writes his first letter to his old teacher. The exact punctuation and spelling of the original documents are given in the printed testimony, and need far less correction than the manuscript of the average College graduate of to-day : "Respected Friend, — It is by the silent speecli of the pen alone that we can hold converse together; time, which threw us together, has also, in her turn separated us ; a few short weeks has changed the situation of us both. It has greatly changed my own, wliether for better or worse, the future must decide. Change seems to me to be the one great prerogative of human nature. " I have been from home now four weeks. It is the longest time I have ever been from there but thanks to my good star I have not been homesick yet. I might have been, had it not been for the resolution I formed before I left Ro.xbury. I cannot say I am disappointed in my engagement with Mr. Snyder. He has a good deal of job surveying to do all over the country, to do which, we are obliged to postpone the commencement of the map survey. Last week, the live-long week we sur- veyed on the mountains of Sullivan ; wliole days we traveled without as much as seeing one friendly clearing, hut or shanty, to cheer the solitude of the one unbroken wilder- ness from morning till night. " It is after a half day's march like this, that I can sit down under the overhanging branches of the lofty oak, by some cool stream of water, and make a hearty repast as the heart could wish, on a piece of cold pork and a potato, which we are wise enough to store away in our knap- sacks, and what lover of nature would not envy us such a repast ? "We have one job of tw^enty-seven hundred acres of woodland of which we are to commence the survey the 24th of May. It will take us near three weeks, and through a country infested with rattle and black snakes to the brim. In fact, people do not pretend to venture into the woods without dangling to their boots some white ash bark or leaves. This is poison to them, and they will not trouble you." Besides mountain surveys, he worked for his employer upon a map of Ulster county. The following is his accurate description of his appara- tus and method : — " I must now try to give you a description of the ' modus operandi ' of the map which is somewhat different from 2o6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS what I expected when I came here. In addition to the com- pass, we use an odometer, an instrument, the only thing I can liken it to is a wheel-barrow, only there is a little more work about it, and it is got up on a little nicer scale. The wheel is half a rod in circumference to indicate tlie revolu- tions of the wheel. There is a complication of clock-work and a dial with three hands attached, one of which, as often as tlie wheel goes one rod, moves from one to two, etc., and in the same manner the other two give the distance in chains and miles respectively. The cost of this machine is ^25, and the advantage gained is evident. One person with his odometer and compass forms a company within himself. As we go through the county, we make a sort of a pano- rama sketch of the W'hole county, laying down every man's house, shops, school-houses, tanneries, public houses, and churches, also, correctly noting clown the courses of the dif- ferent roads and streams. Then these notes which we have taken during the day, we plot into a map at night, and to this add each day's work for a week. Perhaps then we make our returns to him (Snyder), and his business is to compile them all into his general map." He is already a student of natural resources and of means of transportation ; he dwells upon the valley of the Esopus : " Since I begin to get acquainted with these Dutch here, I begin to like the country better. We live half a mile from the Delaware and Hudson Canal, the great thorough- fare for the coal and produce from eastern Pennsylvania; and then here, within gunshot is the greatest millstone quarry in the United States, and this county exports more cement than all the State be.sides ; then too, the farmers of this county possess advantages far beyond those of Dela- ware County, in lime and plaster, which cost many of them comparatively nothing. A good deal of the land has a loamy soil, easy of cultivation, and yielding abundant har- vests of grain, which fetches the highest market price, at the option of the farmer to sell." This boy, not yet sixteen, closes this letter by a discussion of the treatment of his old teacher by the Beechwood district after the removal from the neighborhood of his father's family. He says : — " I at last received a letter from home last week. I began to think I had been forgotten, and I hope, by the way, I shall not be disappointed in hearing from you soon in an answer to this letter. Tetters come like oases in a desert, always welcome. I have heard of the disgraceful stigma the West Settlement District, by their proceedings, brought upon themselves and that district, which was the first in the town, and which heretofore has been justly noted for the energy as well as liberality with which it has sup- ported a school. This is a .shame. Some seem to prize a few jingling dollars more than the education of their chil- dren, and more than their reputation as a District. I con- sider that district greatly in your debt, and there is, I tntst, a rising generation, who by their honest exertions to do good, and be useful to the world, will prove to you their gratitude, and all who know you, know this is the brightest reward you would ask." A week later he writes to a schoolgirl friend in the village of Fergusonville in Delaware county, now studying under his old teacher Mr. Oliver. The letter shows the boy's observation of nature : — "I must confess that I have been a little homesick since I came to Ulster. The first two weeks, if you recollect, were cold and stormy after I got here. I was completely among strangers, even to Mr. Snyder I had to introduce myself. It seemed like being shut up from the world, friends and all. But now, I feel contented, the weather is warm and pleasant, the fields of grain and grass are coming forward nourished by frequent showers of rain. Fruit trees are white with blossoms. Everything shows pleasant now. We are traveling all over the countiy and have a fine chance to see the beautiful scenery. The only thing I fear are the snakes. Rattle and black snakes are pretty numerous, espe- cially in swamps and back places. " About a mile from here is a beautiful lake on the tip top of a high mountain, and projecting out almost to the center is a large rock called High Bluff. From this rock there is a beautiful view of the valley of the Hudson, and often pleasure parties from Kingston and Rondout visit it. Last week I had a fine sail on the Fifth Benna Water. Between Kingston and Rosendale there are five beautiful lakes ; these they call the Benna W^aters. Four of them have no outlets, the fifth has a small stream running from it. You can imagine nothing more beautiful or pleasant, than a sail on one of these lakes as they lay there in the bosom of the hills their smooth surfaces scarcely ever ruf- fled by a roving breeze. On one side of the Fifth there is a beautiful walk among the trees and on the other the bare rocks, sometimes white like marble and then a ridge of cement. In one of the rocks there is a beautiful piazza shaded by a grape vine. "I think our mapping promises very interesting employ- ment. I think too, at the same time, I am learning a good deal. My employer is a well-informed man and a good sur- veyor. At least, there is a fine chance to learn drawing, which IS pleasant if not very profitable business. It is not very hard work to survey. As we go through the country, we take down the roads, streams of water, dwellings and schoolhouses. Every dwelling we come to, we must ask, ' Who lives here '! ' he tells his name. ' How is it spelled ? ' Write it down and then off toward another. We have to be particular about spelling the names and then it is a bother to make out some of these long, droll Dutch names. Some of them are very particular, and ask a hundred ques- tions before you can get their names at all. " I suppose by this time, Mariah, you know pretty well how you are going to like your school. I think there are not nearly so many there as at Charlotteville, although the school must be equally as good ; it ought to be better since it costs more. Likely you see Mr. Oliver often. He is a good teacher. I expect a letter from him before long. He wished me to write to him and send my address. This I did last week, and I hope he will not wait to answer it at farthest any longer than this week." UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 207 August 2, 1852, he writes again to his teacher. The devotion he feels toward him breaks forth in the first sentence : — "My dear Friend, — Your letter of July 28th has made a quick trip and is here safely in my possession, and I read it through and can almost repeat it by heart. I hope you will e.\cuse this speedy answer, as the way I am com- pelled to do is to write when I get a chance sooner or later though it be. I do not often, however, have the chance to write upon a week day, and once in a w-hile I am compelled to dispense with church to comply with my engagements in that line. This I suppose I could not do at Fergusonville." He gives a humorous description at length, of the reception which the Dutch farmers of Ulster county gave him as he went through their neigh- borhoods, " shoving the odometer." They ask : " What sort of an instrument do you call this ere thing ? ha 1 ha! It looks like a Wheel Bar. We tell them the name and the object. Then they must go through a scrutinizing examination of all the different parts of the machine separ- ately, and often propound the following questions. " ' Is this ere brass wheel solid or "holler ? " How far is it around the outside ? Does it wear out very fast ? ' If these are all the questions they ask about the wheel, you may consider yourself fortunate. The distance clock ne,\t attracts their undivided attention, ' Well I do say what wont they contrive ne.xt for speculation ? What is this ani- mal anyway ? What do you do with such a thing as this, tells the time of day, or what? ' Explain to them its object, and as night follows day, so as a natural consequence in quick succession comes the inquiries, ' How often do you wind it up ? How often does it strike ? Does it go when you stand still ? Does it make any particular difference Avhether you go fast or slow?' Next comes, ' How much do you get a day for this business ? How many are there out at work ? When will you get through ? Is this a County or State e.xpense ? ' and a thousand other queries, and these in a thousand chfferent forms you are compelled to answer, I was going to say a thousand times every day." Then follow certain optimistic reflections upon the educational benefits he is receiving. " But after all, this business is to my notion at the same time one of the most agreeable as well as one of the most instructive employments that any person can engage in. It is a great field for a person to engage in. If the object of school is to improve the memory or discipline the mind, the greatest gawk cannot fail to do it here, and besides this, no one can be insensible to the benefit derived from con- tinually being questioned and questioning continually wth different natures. It is the only sure remedy for the effec- tual cure of bashfulness which disappears as suddenly as mist before the morning sun. And you may believe that this is no lightly expressed opinion, as I could easily con- vince you by telling you a little history of my e.xperience in Ulster." But a closing paragraph of the letter to his old teacher is pathetic in the longing that the boy of sixteen has to get away so as to escape from the long dull day's work of the surveyor, to the school- room and the companionship of his old school- mates. "I was very much pleased to get a letter from Johnny and more so to think that he is making such fine progress in his studies. But to speak of school seems to fire every feeling in my soul. It tells me that while my schoolmates are boldly advancing step by step up the ladder of learning, I have to hold both hands fast to keep myself upon the same round where I stood over fourteen months ago, since which, you recollect, I have not been at school a day." In September he is still tramping over Ulster county, and writes his old teacher now in Char- lotteville, September 12, 1852: " Not only is change working great changes with you, which you allude to in your letter, but with me his cease- less march is ever visible. Within the last weeks, he has been uncommonly attentive in his visits. Perhaps you are thinking that now I am in the employment of John J. Snyder, but this is not the case. Mr. Snyder could not support the expenses of the survey, and the whole concern was likely to fall to the ground, when Mr. Brink, the other gentleman surveying, and myself stepped in and took the responsibility of completing it. We quick found another partner, a Mr. Tillson of Rosendale. This is the secret of my going to New York and Philadelphia. At New York we secured a copyright and at Philadelphia procured the proper information and instruments to complete the map, but all the time I was sensible we were running a great risk if it should prove unsuccessful. It would cast an odious damper on all of our after undertakings. I anxiously looked for a favorable opportunity to dispose of my interest in the map, nor was I long in realizing the fulfillment of my wishes. " I made a sale of my surveys to the other gentlemen, at the rate of nine shillings per day, and have hired to them at the rate of thirty dollars per month and found, until the map is complete, or until I see fit to leave them although there are chances of making a fine thing out of the map, if they .should succeed according to their imaginations yet I think I have abundant reasons to justify the step I have taken. It is more of an enterprise perhaps, than they or I imagine. To speak plain, I tremble now at their chances of success considering their youth and inexperience, although I am determined to do everything in my power to help them, and I have a chance of observing at the same time, without risking, whether it is a business that will warrant a safe employment to those who would wish to make a little money. " I took the money I had spent to go to Philadelphia, and which they refunded to me, and last week I took a Httle trip to the State Fair, and I have come home with a satisfied heart, for if I was a farmer I would not let a single summer slip over my head but I would go and observe the improvements and inventions they are making in other 2o8 UNIVERSITIES ANB THEIR SONS parts of this great State to lighten the manual labor of the farmers. Sure we have in the eastern part of the State a monopoly of the great cities, rivers, seaports and railroads, but there is no fonvard movement to improvement like we see in the west. 1 was charmed completely by the beautiful scenery afforded, by the broad fertile valley of the Mohawk. It surpasses description and is well worth a voyage to see it. I saw nothing from Delaware or Ulster at the fair. Certainly Fergusonville w"ill miss you teachers, at least in my way of thinking, and I guess it may make a consider- able difference in the number of scholars, although I don't know. By the way I should like one of your catalogues if it would not be too much trouble. " I appreciate highly your kind advice. My youth or inex- perience are no excuses to sanction my falling into degraded y-m-:. wi^ H ^^ ^^1 p/ k.r JAY GOULD ^ t fifty years habits, or for yielding to delusive temptations. When I have such friend.s and good advice before me, he is deeply trifling with himself who remains unaltered, senseless to such reasonable advice." In December he writes his friend, OHver, now teacher of the Cliarlotteville Academy : " My dear friend, — I have not heard from you since I saw you at our house during vacation, but I imagine to a certainty that these several weeks have found you fulfilling your duties at Charlotteville Academy. The time nmst pass quickly with you I think, at school, else it does not keep pace with me, for the plain truth is I am growing old too fast ; my years are getting the advance of what of all things I value most, an education. There is something in the idea of possessing a refined and cultivated mind ; of its noble and mighty influence, con- trolling the human destiny ; in yielding happiness and enjoy- ment to its possessor, in placing him where he is capable of speaking and acting for himself without being bargained away and deceived by his more enlightened brothers ; something in the thought, I say, that is calculated to awaken and nourish resolutions that are worthy of a home in the human breast. I have determined (not concluded) as soon as I can earn the means to place within my reach a liberal education." The closing paragraph of this letter shows the boy again hungering for school : " We finished surveying the ne.xt week after I was home, and have ever since been plotting, but we intend to finish in two weeks or less, and then I have not decided to a certainty what I shall drive at ; in all probability go to school the best part of the winter." A few weeks later, when he was approaching his seventeenth birthday, he has executed his long- cherished plan in so far that he has entered the acadeiTiy in Albany. Busy with his studies, he delays writing to his old friend until March 6. He then writes : "My dear friend, — Your kind and very welcome letter of March 3d, I have just received and with it, the double conviction of my negligence in letter writing. I received your other letter just before I emigrated from Ulster County, and I would answer that in this, but it is so long ago that I must ask your forgiveness for I do sincerely promise never to be so negligent again for I do estimate your friendship as beyond an earthly price. I know that I am indebted to you, although I might have learned more and conducted myself better." He writes of the illness of his sister, who had become engaged to Mr. Oliver, but died not long after, before their marriage : " You speak of Polly's illness. You may well imagine my feelings as I waited in anxious suspense from day to day for a whole week ; the time that intervened between my first being apprised of her illness until I heard she was getting better. They did not tell me half how sick she was or I would not have slept until I had seen Roxbury, but thanks to a kind Providence she has recovered her health. Sickness will even make the resolution of the veteran of a hundred battles tremble." He records his school progress in brief terms, but it may be a question whether any boy ever ac- quired the elements of Latin more quickly when he was at the same time pursuing half a dozen other studies. He says : " By the way, what progress do you think I have made in Latin? I commenced ten days before the term closed. The Latin class that had studied for two terms Bullion's Grammar had luckily just commenced a rapid review. In tins class I went, and this cjuarter we took up the reader UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS log and are now translating fables from yEsop ; also last quar- ter I reviewed algebra, arithmetic, etc. This term I have Latin, Greek, History of Rome, and Book-keeping, double entry." He is looking forward to College, but his fate de- pends on whether the Legislature at Albany pro- vides for certain map making which is to give him employment for a year or two, and the means to go to College. He describes the pedagogic objects intended by these maps : " It provides for furnishing each school house in the State with a map of its own County, and a map of the State, for Nine dollars, per district. Now in the State there are about one hundred less than twelve thousand school districts making a sum total of $107,000. The bill does not ask .a direct tax to procure this survey, but the use of a fund already established and devoted to kindred purposes, the library fund, which yearly amounts to $55,000, and which in the two years required to complete the survey will amount to $110,000, thus covering the whole expense. I think the use of these maps is self-evident. In Albany County, the survey from the returns of the town superin- tendents, shows (hat of the twenty thousand scholars annu- ally taught, only fifteen were found who could bound correctly their County, and give the number and names of the towns. The reason is, they have no map to serve as a guide, and therefore a total ignorance prevails, which I think a good map will obviate, and therefore be of more benefit than the two years' library money expended for books. If this bill passes, I think I will realize enough to see me through Yale College, and that is the extent of my hopes. Perhaps it is an idle dream, but a vision of imagination. I say there is no room for idle specula- tions when they conflict with a deep resolution to accom- plish a worthy end, and I hope that a kind providence that has thus far sheltered me under her wing, will crown my, at least honest exertions with a sphere of usefulness." In this same letter he describes his first serious attempt in elaborate engineering. " I have done one job of sun-eying and engineering since I got to Albany. I think I made quite a debut. When I engaged to survey the route for a plank road from Albany to Shakers, I did not think they intended I should do the engineering, but still I thought there was nothing very difficult about the common level, and as they depended upon me to do it, I said nothing, but wrote off the descrip- tion of adjustment of the Y level in a neat little form, particulariy calculated as a reference on the field, ruled my field book, etc., and all the time I had not seen my partner elect, nor did I, until I got down to the Troy Road, opposite General Van Rensselaer's, where the Albany and Mohawk plank road now leaves it. Imagine my surprise when one of the directors came bringing up a monstrous theodolite with its complication of screws and what not ; the identical one that served an apprenticeship on the Hudson River Railroad, and for its valuable service there was afterwards promoted to Generalship on the Northern Railroad. I could not for a good while even unloose the needle, much less adjust the instrument. I was completely knocked in the head, but the snow turned to rain just as we got ready to commence. I managed to take one or two courses, when as I appre- hended, the motion was made to disperse and unanimously carried. I took the theodolite home, and it was two days before the weather would allow us to resume our opera- tions, when by the assistance of Davies, LL.D. I had got pretty conversant with the instrument and succeeded in satisfactorily taking the survey ; then came the profiles, maps, and all the after pieces new to me. I succeeded in everything without any trouble until I came to making the estimate of cost, embankments, excavations, and culverts, especially the excavations and embankments, when I came near being a second time floored, but luckily just then Gillespie stepped in with his ' Roads and Railroads,' where I found the proper information, and this is the story of my debut." Notwithstanding study and wage earning, he finds time for reading : "I spend two or three hours at the Capitol every day, Saturdays all day. I think it can be done with good result in the State Library." He has also visited the Normal School, attending their closing exercises. The boy of sixteen has his friendships with Legislators, and his opinion of them at the same time : " I think Albany has a good many charms, but the Maine Liquor Law I hardly think will pass, although I sincerely hope it will. One reason predominant in forming my opin- ion is that too many of those on whom its destiny hangs would be punishing themselves. You know Mr. Stewart is our Assemblyman, and he is a type of other members present, although he and I have got to be quite cronies." In June 1853, when he had just passed his seven- teenth birthday, he writes again to his old teacher, thanking him for a letter of advice : "Nothing do I weigh more carefully than the advice of those who are competent and advanced in life, and I think that every opportunity of conversing with the wise that is thrown away, will be answered for hereafter. You know when anyone starts in the world they are apt to think they know more than any one else, and would take a piece of wholesome advice from a superior as an insult more than a desire to do a benefit. I think I have learned one thing this winter from actual observation, although undoubtedly you found it out long ago, that happiness consists not so much in indulgence as in self-denial. I think too, I can support that to a certain extent from my own experiment, and I think if this opinion had a general ascendency in the minds of persons, there would be less dissipation than there is now." He refers in this letter to a visit that he had made to the World's Fair, in New York City, the first of April. It was not his first visit to the metropolis, 2IO UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS since he had bought goods in New York when he was but sixteen years of age, for the hardware store in Roxbur^'. It was on this visit that lie did ■a fihal service to his aged grandfather, by enter- ing a pet invention of the old man's in the World's Fair. On this same visit he made a tour of in- spection to four Colleges, Rutgers, Yale, Brown and Harvard, of which he writes April 4, 1853, to " Friend Champlin : " ^ " I took quite a trip about a week ago, went first to Saugerties, then to New York, from there to New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, back to New York througli to New Haven, and lastly from there through Providence, Rhode Island, to Boston and Cambridge, and then back to Albany. I had a fine time of it, visited four Colleges and the Crystal Palace, New York." On a second visit to the World's Fair, taking with him his grandfather's invention, he had the same stolen from the street-car platform by a thief. Immediately he leaped from the car, overtook him, handed him to the police and secured his punish- ment by a Magistrate. The beginning of his eighteenth year brought him to a decision that College was out of his reach, with absolutely no help from home or friends, but on the other hand with an obligation to his family in which he is the older son. He gives himself first to a map of Albany county which he has been studying, and next to a map and history of his home county, Delaware. He includes an educational purpose in publishing these maps. He writes to a friend Champion, the editor in Bloomville : "The Supervisors ought to encourage it by buying maps for each of the School Districts. I want you to give me an editorial to this effect. The ignorance prevailing through our public schools generally concerning the disposition of the County and towns is certainly suiprising, but unquestionably such a map hung in the school house for the scholars to be drilled upon, would obviate this difficulty entirely." He goes home to little Roxbury, hires the rooms above his father's shop and begins his survey and study of his native county. His elder sister testi- fies before the Court : " He had formed his plan for the survey of Delaware County, and had his whole arrangements completed before he disclosed them to his sisters. . . . But his plan of gathering 1 J. W. Champlin was his comrade for the next two sum- mers in mapping their native County. Later Champlin was Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, and a witness in the Court proceedings above referred to. the items of knowledge for compiling the history of Dela- ware County was his own. When they were surveying they would stop at night among the rural people in the county and get items of information." His friend, the editor, testifies : " He remained with me at Bloomville night after night, and we slept in the office together, and I slept and walked with him often and knew him very well as a crony, and as boys do we laid out plans to build bridges across the Rocky Mountains, and planned a road to the Pacific, made up our minds when we got money enough to build it. He was going to be the engineer and I was going to be the con- ductor. He said we could build a railroad anywhere where we could get a solid foundation, and money enough to hire the men to work it, and he believed it could be done. . . . lie said life was too short to go to College, and he thought he could jump by reading and getting posted up and attending lectures, and by observation sooner than by going through College. He was going to get his education he said as fast as he could and accomplish his object as an engineer. That seemed to be his aim and his business." But he had not yet wholly given up education. He writes his old teacher a few months later : " But I have something far nearer my heart than all this to write about, and I hardly know w^here to begin, so fear- ful that my object will meet your objection, and can you guess what it is ? " His object is to persuade him to establish a private school in Roxbury. He says : " I am very confident that if you will come here and commence a school, it will be the commencement of a new era in Ro.xbury. If you think of coming you must write that you will come and board with me and it shall not cost you anything, and besides I have a horse and wagon which will be as free to you as they are to me. If you will write that you have the faintest idea that you will come, I will come out immediately and see you, and besides I will pay you extra to recite to you. I want to look over my old studies a httle, and nothing shall be left undone that will conspire to ntake it pleasant." His friend did not come, and here seems to have ended before he was eighteen years of age, his last effort to go to school, but not his intense interest in school matters. The last day of 1854, having just risen from an almost fatal illness of five months, he writes from Roxbury to his old teacher : " I am just recovering from a violent attack of inflamma- tion of the lungs, and able to do nothing else but write, I hasten to answer your kind favor. . . . I am much obliged for your pressing invitation to come to Fergusonville and shall certainly improve it. I have awoke at last to the necessity of repose from business, at least for a season. I think the debates are a very interesting feature of your UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 21 I school. I would certainly think them worth going a good ways to hear. The debate of the propriety of the destruc- tion of Graytown, I think could be better discussed when the whole matter is laid before Congress. I think however, they cannot fail to justify the course of the Executive. . . . Our school is progressing finely, it numbers fifty scholars. . . . There is a project on foot to raise ^^5,000 to build a boarding hall. I hope it may succeed." A prospectus of the Roxbury Academy, dated a little before his nmeteenth birthday, makes the following annomicement : " The trustees have secured the services of Mr. Jay Gould as teacher of surveying, who is supplied with a set of excellent instruments. Young gentlemen wishing a practical, as well as theoretical knowledge of surveying, will here find facilities not inferior to the best and more expensive schools." So far as appears, this was his only personal endeavor as a teacher. He is urged by some of his friends to become a lawyer. He replies that he is not well enough educated. He believes not only in schools but newspapers as a means of education. On his twentieth birthday May 27, 1856, he writes his friend the editor: "Dear Champ, — Today is my birthday, or rather the anniversary of that important event, and it is almost the only leisure moment I have taken for a month. How very long it seems since we have enjoyed one of our friendly visits together, and when indeed will we meet again? I should like to come over very much. Can't you come over here ? Enclosed please find a kind of a birthday gift to the ' Mirror.' It is small indeed, but I will promise to do better in future. By the way, I think the friends of our paper ought to do something in order to sustain the enlarge- ment without an increase of price. Vou may put me down for a $5.00 annually and during the political cam- paign. I will send you a list of some of the poorer fami- lies to have the Mirror sent to them." All this while, from 1853 to 1856, he is pushing forward his map and history of his native county, and serving his neighborhood and family. As might be expected, he lays out many a possible plan for railways to connect that region of valley and mountain with the outside world. His last letters that appear in the court reports, refer to the fate of his history, the fruit of his three years of labor. He writes to James Oliver, April 29, 1856-. " I am under the unpleasant necessity of informing you of the total destruction by fire, of my history of Delaware County. I suppose the plates of Fergusonville have met the common fate. I shall leave for Philadelphia in the morning, to ascertain the exact state of affairs. If nothing less can be done, I shall set myself hard to work to rewrite it. As you know, I am not in the habit of backing out of what I undertake, and I shall write night and day until it is completed. Should the views of Fergusonville prove to be burned, I will get a sufficient number at my own expense." A month later. May 22, 1856, he writes again to his old teacher : " I am much obliged for your sympathy in the little misfortune I have met with. My loss is only about eight hundred dollars, and no insurance. Rather better than I anticipated, and I succeeded in recovering portions of the work, by the aid of which the little additional industry I may be able to bestow upon it, will amend it in due time." With the completion of this history, the school period of this youth of twenty, may be considered ended. The National Cyclopedia says of this volume, " Despite the hurried work, the book was and still remains monumental of its kind, an authority on the subject, and a remarkable pro- duction for so youthful and unpracticed a writer." Henceforth he devoted his chief energies to busi- ness. At twenty-one he organized a large tan- nery in eastern Pennsylvania. At twenty-four he acquired the controlling share of a railway between Troy, New York, and Rutland, Vermont, and became its President. At twenty-six he married in New York City, where he had taken up his residence and become a member of a firm of brokers. Later he was President of the Erie Railway, and after the close of the war, engaged in deep speculations. Afterwards he acquired control of the Union Pacific Railroad. From this he withdrew when he was about forty years of age, to take charge of the Missouri Pacific and its connecting roads, comprising about ten thousand miles. At about forty-five years of age, he became the leader in the consolidation of the telegraphic companies of the continent with the Western Union, of which he was made the President. When about fifty he was the largest owner and chief controller of the elevated railways of New York City. A writer in a recent popular work, referring to the spirit of daring and conquest that marked his efforts, believes that his action in disposing of paying property to engage in doubt- ful experiments can be explained only in his own words : that with him, railroads were a hobby, and he took them as a sort of a plaything to see what could be done with them, more even than as a means of making money. A prominent lawyer, the counsel to great railway corporations, has said 21 2 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS that ;\Ir. Gould cared more to win the game than to accumulate wealth. The earliest expression of interest by J\lr. Gould in New York University was gi\-en in i88S. The writer of this article, then making his summer home in Scarsdale, in Westchester, on an afternoon drive, asked a friend, Mr. Charles ISutler, to \isit Lyndhurst and intro- duce him to its owner. It chanced that Mr. Gould was found at home, and ready to devote an afternoon to his \isitors. The chief topic was College education and its condition in New York City. It was not, however, till after 1S90, when a new era in New York University was begun by the uptown movement, that the financial needs of the University were presented by the writer to Mr. Gould, in the same way as to some two hundred citizens of New York. Among this number, none was more hearty in his reception of the appeal. He put a morning hour, for an indefinite period, at the command of the Chancellor, for a discus- sion of education in general. He asked for com- plete financial reports of New York University, and very soon comprehended its entire material interests as well as any member of its corporation. Towards the fund of two hundred thousand dollars for a first payment on the new uptown site, he promptly subscribed the one-eighth part, and promised to pay at least an equal sum towards the remainder of the purchase price. He opposed earnestly encimibering an educational plant with debt, saying that it did not belong to education so long as any (jarty had a mortgage on it. He showed special sympathy with Professors, whom he counted in general to be but illy provided for in the matter of support. He suggested that New York University should aim to acc|uire sufficient ground to accommodate Professors' houses at some time in the future. During his protracted stay in the far Southwest, in the summer of 1892, he maintained his interest in the uptown movement. Upon his return, he resumed the discussion of plans with the Chancellor for University Heights, to which the University had taken title July i, 1 89 2. A portion of the holiday of October 14, which celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America, was devoted by him to this subject. It was made also a matter of serious discussion with trusted business associates upon what ])roved to be his final visits to his downtown office. In November 1892, he indi- cated to his trusted legal counsel his purpose to undertake the endowment of educational work upon a liberal scale, without defining the exact form which he would choose. He requested cer- tain legal investigations to be made in order to prepare the way. Before any report could be rendered, Mr. Gould was attacked by his fatal illness. Mr. (iould's interest in education, and in particular in New York University, has been care- fully remembered by his daughter, Helen Miller Gould. The personal service and liberal founda- tions given by her to more than one school of the University, owed their first suggestion to her rev- erence and deep affection for her father. Miss Gould is at this date an active member of the Woman's Advisory Committee of New York Uni- versity, and a Director of the Woman's Legal Education Society. She is also an officer of either organization. Mr. Frank Jay Gould, the youngest son of Mr. Jay Gould, is a member of the Council of the University, having taken his seat in 1898. H. M. M. INMAN, John Hamilton, 1844-1896. A Founder of University Heights. Born in Jefferson County, Tenn., 1844; commenced business career as clerk in a Georgia bank ; removed to New York City, 1865 ; founded firm of Inman, Swann & Co., cotton dealers, 1870; a founder of Uni- versity Heights ; died 1896. JOHN HAMILTON INMAN was born in Jefferson county, Tennessee, October 23, 1S44. His father was a business man of that sec- tion, engaged in banking and farming, and young Inman was started in business at the age of fifteen in the employ of a bank in Georgia. He served throughout the Civil War with the Confederate Army, and at the beginning of the reconstruction period, finding the family resources impoverished by the war, he removed to New York City, and obtained employment in a cotton house. In 1870 he founded the firm of Inman, Swann & Com- pany, associating with himself, in the cotton trade, his former employers. The business was at once successful, and so rapid was the extension of the firm's dealings that within but a few years John H. Inman had accumulated a fortune of several millions of dollars. As a financier he turned his efforts to the development of Southern interests, personally influencing the direction of more than one hundred millions of dollars to Southern enter- prises. Over five millions of this was invested in the transactions of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 213 Railroad Company, including the working of the bituminous coal mines in Birmingham, Alabama, the blast furnaces in that city, and the Bessemer steel works in Ensley City, Alabama. He was Director in several important railway lines. Mr. Inman was a founder of University Heights, con- tributing to the fund that made possible the re-establishment of New York University on its present site. He died on November G, 1896. * IRELAND, John Busteed, 1823- A Founder of University Heights. Born in 1823; educated in private schools, spent Freshman year at Columbia Coll., entered Univ. of City of N. Y., 1838, and was graduated, A. B., 1841 ; studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1845 ; prac- ticed law in New York; travelled extensively through- out the world, 1851-56 ; published in 1859, Wall Street to Cashmere; a Founder of University Heights and a frequent benefactor of New York University. JOHN BUSTEED IRELAND was born on Sep- tember 7, 1823, near Watkins, Schuyler (now Steuben) county,' New York. His father, John Lawrence Ireland, a graduate of Columbia Col- lege, and a successful farmer, was descended from Sir John de Ireland, one of the Barons who accom- panied William the Conqueror to England, and who received from that sovereign a grant of an estate called " The Hutt," on the Mersey River about thirty miles from Liverpool. Sir John's eldest son married Avena Holland, only child of Sir Robert Holland, owner of the adjoining estate, called Hale Hall. In the days of Cromwell the •■ de " was dropped from the name, and the famil)- has since been known simply as Ireland. One of the line, a second son, about 1630, married Mar- garet de Courcy, only sister of Almericus de Courcy, twenty-third Lord of Kinsale, and settled in Ireland. The great Sir Gilbert Ireland, who died about 1690, was the last titled member of the family. Mr. Ireland's grandfather, John Ireland, was a schoolmate of a son of Lord Howe, Ad- miral in the British navy. Young Howe also entered the navy, and through his persuasions, John Ireland became a midshipman. Just before the Revolutionary War young Ireland was sent with his ship to Boston, and while in that harbor was injured and had to be sent ashore an invalid. While thus ashore, he became engaged and was married to Fair Aikens on the very day of the Battle of Lexington. Being married, Ireland could not well rejoin his ship, and so, through young Howe's influence, he was transferred to the Commis- sary Department of the Navy, and was presently transferred to New York, the headquarters of the British Army and Navy. During the war his wife died, and in February 1789, he married Judith Lawrence, daughter of Jonathan Lawrence of New York, a member of the Continental Congress and afterward a member of first State Senate in New York. The son of John and Judith Lawrence Ireland was John Lawrence Ireland, who married Mary Floyd and through her was the father of JOHN K. IRELAND the subject of this sketch. Mary Floyd was a granddaughter of General \\'illiam Floyd, a mem- ber of the Continental Congress, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and a State Senator in the first Legislature of the State of New York. Coming from such parentage and ancestry, John Busteed Ireland grew up to be a true New Yorker. He was educated in the private school of Shepard Johnson, and in September 1837, entered the Freshman Class of Columbia College. In that institution he spent one year, and then, in Septem- ber 1838, entered the Sophomore Class of the ITniversity of the CMty of New York, which had then only lately been established as the germ from which was destined to spring in later j-ears the 214 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS present New York University. He completed his course in the University, and in June 1841, was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the law office of the Hon. Seth P. Staples as a student, and in January 1845, was admitted to practice at the Bar. He opened an office in New York, with the Hon. Benjamin NicoU, and began a prosperous career as a lawyer. In April 1851, he set out upon a noteworthy tour in foreign lands. His first objective was the great World's Fair of that year in London. Thence he proceeded to Egypt, the Holy Land and Asia Minor, on the way travelling through all the countries of Europe. His journey was extended to all parts of India, and Cashmere, to Java and China. He re- turned to Europe by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, stopping at the Isle of France and St. Helena, and finally reached New York again in the summer of 1856. Three years later, in 1859, he was pre- vailed upon to publish some of the most interest- ing parts of his journal, which he did under the title of Wall Street to Cashmere. The book has gone through three large editions. Mr. Ire- land has held no political office of any kind, nor indeed any public place save that of Vestryman of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Ascension, in New York, for twenty years, and that of a mem- ber of the Board of Managers of The Society of the Sons of the Revolution for about ten years. He is a member of the Union and Church clubs, the Sons of the Revolution, the St. Nicholas, His- torical, Geographical, Biographical and Archaeo- logical societies, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, the Botanical Garden and the Academy of Sciences. He was married on December 23, 1863, to Adelia Duane, only daughter of Robert Livingston Pell and Maria Louise Brinkerhoff Pell, his wife. Miss Pell was also a great-granddaughter of the Hon. James Duane, a member of the Continental Congress and the first Mayor of New York after the Revolutionary War. She was also a great- granddaughter of Colonel Robert 'I'roup, who was made Lieutenant-Colonel by Act of Congress for valuable services at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Ireland are as follows: John de Courcy, born 1865, and married to Elizabeth Maud Gallatin, great-grand- daughter of Albert Gallatin, and died 1895 ; Robert Livingston, born 1867, and married to Kate Benedict Hanna, daughter of the Hon. How- ard M. Hanna, of Cleveland, Ohio ; Maria Louisa, born 1870, and married to the Rev. E. Earl Ma- deria; Adelia Avena, born 1872 ; Augustus Floyd Ireland, born 1874; Laura Duane, born 1876, and married to Louis Henri Junod, of Neuchatel, Swit- zerland ; and James Duane Ireland, born 1878. All the sons were educated and graduated at Yale. Down to 1879 Mr. Ireland lived on Washington Square, New York, on property that had belonged to his family since 1796. In April of that year he removed to his present residence. Mr. Ireland was one of the founders of University Heights, and has in various ways frequently interested himself in the affairs of New York University for its benefit. w. f. j. ISAACS, Isaac Samuel, 1845- A Founder of University Heights. Born in New York City, 1845; graduated N. Y. Univ., 1865; A.M., 1867; LL.B. Columbia, 1867; ad- mitted to Bar, New York City, 1867; practicing lawyer; a founder of Univ. Heights. ISAAC SAMUEL ISAACS was born in New York City, November i, 1845, son of Samuel M. and Jane Symons Isaacs. His early educa- I. S. ISAACS tion was received chiefly in William Forest's Pri- vate School, and after preparation there he entered UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 215 the Academic Department of New York Univer- sity, from wliich he received the degree of Bache- lor of Arts in 1S65, and the Master's degree two years later. Mr. Isaacs was graduated at the Colum- bia Law School in 1867 and in the same year was admitted to the Bar of New York City, at which he has since continued to practice as a member of the firm M. S. & I. S. Isaacs. He was one of the contributors to the movement leading to the purchase of the site and the erection of buildings at University Heights. In the leading Hebrew interests of the city he has been for many years an active and prominent worker. He was President of the Young Men's Hebrew Association from 1875 to 1879, and was one of the founders; President of the Union of Jewish Congregations, 1898 to 1900; Vice-President of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, 1899 to 1900; President of the West End Synagogue, 1898 to 1900 ; and since 1878 he has been Secretary of the United Hebrew Charities, and President of the Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Association. He is also President of the Class of 1865 of New York University, and a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Republican and Freundschaft clubs." Mr. Isaacs was married in 1878 to Estelle Solomon, who died a year later, leaving one daughter : Isabel Estelle Isaacs. * MORGAN, John Pierpont, 1837- A Founder of University Heights. Born in Hartford, Conn., 1837; graduated English High School, Boston, Mass. ; studied at Univ. of Gbttingen; commenced business life in banking house of Duncan Sherman & Co., New York; since 1864 has conducted general banking and financiering business in that city ; philanthropist ; one of the founders of University Heights. JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 17, 1837. The Morgan family trace their descent back to Miles Morgan, a native of Wales, who removed to Massachusetts in 1636. The grandfather of the present financier was Joseph Morgan, a farmer and early settler of Springfield, Massachusetts. His mother was Juliet, daughter of the Rev. John Pierpont, of Boston. His father was the distin- guished banker, Junius Spencer Morgan. The latter, after a successful business experience both in the dry goods and banking business in Hartford and Boston, finally became the partner of George Peabody, the banker and philanthropist of London. In 1864 he succeeded Mr. Peabody in business, the resulting firm, J. S. Morgan & Company, becoming one of the leading banking houses of Europe. His son, John Pierpont Morgan, after graduating from the Boston English High School, took a course of study at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Returning to America at the age of twenty, he entered the banking house of Duncan Sherman & Company in New York City, in order to obtain a tliorough knowledge of the banking business. In 1864 he formed a partnership under the firm name of Dabney, J. PIERPONT MORGAN Morgan &r Company. They confined their atten- tion to safe investment securities, soon becoming known for conservatism and ability. In 1861 Mr. Morgan was appointed American agent and attor- ney for George Peabody & Company of London, a relation which he later retained with J. S. Morgan & Company. The firm and its London connection rendered substantial assistance to the Government during the Civil War. In 187 1 Mr. Morgan associated himself with Anthony J. Dre.vel of Philadelphia, under the firm name of Dre.xel, Morgan tS: Company. Mr. Drexel died in 1893, and on January i, 1895, tlie firm style was changed to its present form of J. P. Morgan & Company. 2l6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS Mr. Morgiin is also at the present time senior partner in the firm of J. S. Morgan & Company, London ; Morgan, Harjes & Company, Paris ; and DrexeliS: Company, Philadelphia. The New York firm, located in its building on Wall and Broad streets, has long been regarded as one of the power- ful influences for good on the street. It has stood resolutely against all forms of chicanery and stock- jobbing, and in times of panic and financial distrust has proved a tower of strength. For over twenty-five years j. Pierpont Morgan has been the actual head of the firm, and the name Morgan has long been a talisman of success, the mere fact of his connection with an enterprise invariably causing an appreciation of its values. Through his powerful clientele in this country and in Europe, together with the prestige of an unbroken series of successful operations, he has achieved a success of enormous proportions. One success has followed another with startling rapidity ; the history of his financial operations would fill a volume, and it is possible within the limits of this article to mention only the more important undertakings with which he has been identified. In 1869 he obtained control of the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, which had fallen into the hands of Fisk & Gould. In 1876 and 1878 the firm was prominently identified with the floating of the United States Government Ponds. In 1879 Mr. Morgan purchased stock of the New York Central Railroad amounting to twenty-five million dollars, and disposed of the same at a substantial advance, by this brilliant stroke cementing the already confidential relations existing between the Vanderbilt interests and himself. In 1S85 he gained control of the ri\'al West Shore Railroad, and subsequently made it a part of the New York Central System. For his services in the connection he was presented by the directors of the road with a gold and sih'er dinner service of three hundred pieces, valued at fifty thousand dollars. Again in 1895 he obtained control of the New York City and Northern Railway, which was also made a part of the New York Central System. He reorgan- ized the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad in 1888, and soon after placed the Big Four System on a solid basis. In 1891 he took up the decrepit Richmond Terminal, which through consolidation and intelligent development has grown into the splendid structure of the Southern Railway. He reorganized the Erie System in 1895, and in the same year accomplished a similar work for the Reading System. His services to the coal roads have been of inestimable value, and he has also been active in negotiations con- cerning the Lehigh Valley System and the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad. In 1896 he obtained control of the New England Railroad, and then leased it to the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad with which he has long been identified. In 1897 he undertook the reorganization of the North- ern Pacific which, with the aid of German capital and a satisfactory understanding with its rival, has been placed on a substantial basis. In this work of reorganization Mr. Morgan has enlisted the active assistance of powerful allied interests. He is at present the controlling power in the directorate of the following railroad systems: New York Central; New York, New Haven & Hartford; Southern Railway; "The Big Four"; Erie ; Chesapeake & Ohio ; Baltimore & Ohio ; Northern Pacific ; Reading ; and Lehigh Valley. He is also largely interested in the General Elec- tric Company, in various ferry companies, in the Boston J^levated Railway Company, and in many other important corporations. The important part which he played in the purchase of the Government Bond issue of 1895 is well remem- bered by the public ; in the summer following the pjond sale he made his annual trip to Europe, and through his personal exertions in the placing of American securities on the Continent, was an important factor in the returning tide of prosper- ity. Mr. Morgan inherited a large estate from his father, but his own fortune had been safely established long before that time by his own exertions, and in each succeeding year has been recorded the widened scope and increased value of his interests. As a public benefactor he has become well known for his abundant generosity, many charitable and other public institutions having been liberally benefited by his gifts. He was one of the subscribers for the grounds and buildings of New York University at Univer- sity Heights. His princely gifts of one million- dollars to the Society of the Lying-in Hospital of the City of New York, of five hundred thou- sand dollars to the New York Trade Schools, of the Steamer Stonington during the cholera scare, and his gifts to the American Museum of National History, to the Metropolitan Museum UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 217 of Art, to the Bronx Botanical Garden, to the Hartford Public Library and to many other public institutions, are fitting evidences of the munificence of his philanthropy. Mr. Morgan is an enthusiastic yachtsman, being Commodore of the New York Yacht Club, owner of the steam yacht Corsair, and member of the Seawanhaka Club. He is prominent in the social life of New York City, is a patron of the arts, and a member of the following clubs : Metropolitan, Union, Knickerbocker, Union League, Century, Lawyers', Tuxedo, Racquet, Riding and Players. He married Francis Louisa, daughter of Charles Tracy ; they have three daughters and one son. * OTTENDORFER, Oswald, 1826-1900. Benefactor, Founder of Germanic Library. Born in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria, 1826; studied at Universities of Prague, Heidelburg and Vienna ; active in the civil troubles of 1848-49 ; came to U. S. in 1850; became proprietor of the Staats Zeitung ; en- dowed charitable institutions in Zwittau ; established Germanic Library at N. Y. Univ. ; died igoo. OSWALD OTTENDORFER was born February 12, 1826, in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria, the son of a cloth-manufacturer. Having graduated from the gymnasium near his native city he entered the University of Prague and subsequently that of Vienna, studying philosophy, national economy and law. In the enthusiastic movement of March 1848, against the narrow fetters of absolutism the Vienna students were preeminent, and soon Oswald Ottendorfer joined a Freischaar, a band of patriotic volunteers who actively joined in the contest of Holstein and Schleswig against Denmark. In October 184S, he was back in Vienna actively sharing in the conflicts against the army of investment com- manded by Prince Windischgraetz. When the city was at last taken, Mr. Ottendorfer was fortunate enough to escape with his life, being concealed for several days by a second-hand book dealer in a most generous manner. Soon after he succeeded in escaping through the lines and passing the Saxon frontier. Half a year later, in May 1849, he shared in the revolutionary rising in Dresden, escaping to Baden. Here, however, he was prevented from any further military exploits by a severe attack of typhoid fever and when at last he regained his health he was not spared the sense of depression and reaction which succeeded to the revolutionary enthusiasm of the preceding period. After resuming University work at Heidelberg for a while he quietly made his way to Vienna. But when he learned, immediately upon his reaching the Austrian capital, that his own name had been placed on the list of those who were subject to summary trial by the military court if found, he quit Vienna for the third time, reached Bremen by a round-about route and sailed for America, arriving in New York in the spring of 1850. After a year of various hardships he became associated with the New Yorker Staats Zeitunsj, at OSWALD OTTENnORFER that time issued by Jacob Uhl and Mrs. Uhl, a woman of rare energy and wisdom. Not very long afterward Mr. Uhl died, when Mr. Ottendor- fer's judgment and management in the develop- ment of the publication became at once more important and productive. When in 1859 Mrs. Uhl married Mr. Ottendorfer the Staats Zeitung rapidly rose in efficiency and journalistic resources, Mr. Ottendorfer becoming joint proprietor of the paper. The paper joined the Associated Press, correspondents and contributors in all parts of America and in Europe were secured, and much was done to present original matter in the departments devoted to entertainment and 2l8 UNU'ERSITIES .iND THEIR SONS instruction, all the achievements of mechanical aids in presswoik were secured as they were developed by the improvements of invention. Thus the paper maintained _the preeminence which Mr. Ottendorfer's farsighted enterprise and incisive judgment had secured for it, and the decisive importance of it in many of the most important movements, both municipal and national, is a fact familiar to all students f)f contemporary American political history from the beginning of the Civil War to the beginning of the 20th century, the date of this sketch. In April 1884, Mrs. Ottendorfer died, a severe blow not only to Mr. Ottendorfer himself but to wide spheres of New York life, for Mrs. Ottendorfer had established a Polyclinic, while Mr. Ottendorfer had founded and endowed a free library contiguous to the former. A short time before her death Mrs. Ottendorfer had been honored by a decoration and a personal letter from the Empress Augusta, a mark of appreciation of the philanthropic service of the recipient. Mr. Ottendorfer greatly enriched the charities of his native city of Zwittau by extensive and well-endowed founda- tions, a home for the aged, a hospital, a free library and a monumental fountain. < )ne of the most noted charities of Mr. Ottendorfer is the Isabella Heimath for the aged. This foundation was begun by Mrs. Ottendorfer herself and named for a beloved daughter who died in youthful age. Mr. Ottendorfer transferred this charity from Astoria and established it in a very beautiful site near the northern extremity of Manhattan Island near Fort George, and endowed it for permanent ser\'ice. In 18S0 the Staats Zeitung was changed into a stock company. On the occasion of Mr. Ottendorfer's seventieth birthday, in F"ebruary i8g6, the writers on his staff presented a con- gratulatory memorial, which closed with this paragraph : " No one is more fitted than we, the collaborators of Oswald Ottendorfer, to appre- ciate the lofty conception of the mission of the press by which his management of the Staats Zeitung is distinguished, and which has secured for that paper an authority and an influence rarely enjoyed by any other paper. He has maintained the position that a German paper must preserve its place in the press of the country not only by the language itself but also by foster- ing German culture, and he has with all his power opposed the evil tendency of contemporary journalism, viz., to capture momentary successes at the cost of sound journalistic ethics." We have in chapter eight of the History of New York University in general outlines spoken of the rare gift and establishment of a Germanic Library in connection with New York University, a collection made with the cooperation of bibliographical experts in Germany, and embracing all the dialects and linguistic forms of utterance assign- able to the great Germanic branch of speech, embracing old Saxon, Gothic, Old- Middle- and New-High German, the Icelandic and other Scandinavian tongues and Dutch ; the periodical publications of learned societies or individual scholars devoted to German language and litera- ture ; lexical and grammatical works as well as those devoted to the history of literature ; the classic works of German historiography; and books dealing with philosophy and the fine arts. Of this endowment, unique in the history of American Universities, Mr. Ottendorfer was the giver and the designer. Mr. Ottendorfer consistently re- fused for himself political rewards. In 1868, 1884 and 1892 he served as a Presidential Elec- tor in the State of New York. For a number of years he served as member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. In 1884 he declined a seat in President Cleveland's Cabinet, but named Judge Stallo of Cincinnati for the post of United States Minister at the court of King Humbert of Italy. When the eyes of the lover of German culture have sur- feited themselves amid the superb resources of the Germanic collection at University Heights they sweep at a glance across the beautiful Harlem valley to the fine site of the Isabella Heimath — apt reminders of noble philanthropy and enlightened service due to the generosity of Oswald Otten- dorfer. He died December 15, 1900. e. g. s. STUART, Mary (Macrae), 1810-1891. Benefactress. Born in New York City, 1810; wife of Robert L. Stuart; gave large sums of money, fine art collection and books to the University; died i8gi. MARY (MACRAE) STUART was born in New York City in 18 10. Her father, Robert Macrae, was one of the wealthiest merchants of New York of his day. She married about 1840 Robert L. Stuart, head of the firm of noted sugar refiners, whose product was noted for its absolute UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 219 purity. The couple remained cliildless. In 1852 Robert and his brother began in a systematic way the work of bestowing considerable amounts of money on charities. From 1852 to 1879 ^'''s Part- ners and brothers gave gifts which jointly reached the sum of $1,391,000, and in the subsequent three years Robert gave more than half a million. Dying in 1882 he left his entire estate, about six millions, to his widow. She bequeathed by codicil the sum of $100,000 to New York University, a gift of the most eminent timeliness, made on the eve of the movement to the uptown site at Univer- sity Heights. To the Lenox Library, her near neighbor, she gave her fine-art collections, valued at half a million, as well as a residuary share in her estate and a large portion of her library with the provision that these collections should never be exhibited on Sundays. To mention all the in- stitutions receiving her gifts would be to name the most important and beneficent charities of the metropolis, many of them being connected with, and directed by, the Presbyterian Church, such as the Board of Foreign Missions, and that of Home Missions, the Princeton Theological Seminary, the Church Extension, the Bible Society and the Ameri- can Tract Society, the Young Men's Christian Association of New York, and much more than a score of others. Almost all of her great fortune was thus spent for spiritual and charitable work. E. G. s. POST, George B., 1837- A Founder of University Heights. Born in N. Y., 1837 ; graduated B.S., N. Y. Univ., 1858; studied architecture with Richard M. Hunt; Capt. and Col. in 22nd Regt. N. Y. Nat. Guard, in Civil War; practicing architecture in New York since 1865, and designer of many of the most noteworthy modern buildings ; a founder of University Heights. GEORGE B. POST was born in New York in 1837, the son of Joel B. and Abby M. (Church) Post. Mr. Post was educated in the Department of Arts and Sciences of the Univer- sity of the City of New York, now New York University, and was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Class of 1868. He then began the study of architecture under that most competent instructor, the late Richard M. Himt, and had begun practical work in that call- ing when the Civil War summoned him to his country's service. He went both in 1862 and 1863 to the front as a Captain in the Twenty- second Regiment of the New York National Guard, and took part in several engagements, including the bloody battle of Fredericksburg, where he was on General Burnside's staff. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel. After the war he continued his work as an architect in New York, and soon made his way to the front rank of the profession. Many of the best known and most admired of the buildings erected in the last third of a century are to be credited to him. Among these may be mentioned Chickering Hall, the Produce Exchange, the Cotton Exchange, the New York Hospital, and the Equitable, Mills, Havemeyer, St. Paul and New York Times build- ings, the Cornelius Vanderbilt and C. P. Hunting- ton dwellings, the Prudential building in Newark, and the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, World's Columbian Exposition. He is at present engaged upon the new buildings of New York Stock Exchange and Department of Justice, Washington, District of Columbia. Mr. Post is a member of the LInion, Century, and other clubs of New York, and of the Architectural League and the American Institute of Architects, of which latter two he has been President. Mr. Post has been decorated a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur. He married Alice M., daughter of William W. Stone, in 1863, and he was a founder of University Heights. w. F. J. REID, John Morrison, 1820-1896. A Founder of University Heights. Born in New York City, 1820; graduated College Dept. N. Y. Univ., 1839; studied in Union Theol. Sem., 1839-42; M. E. Pastor in various churches in Conn, and N. Y. ; Pres. Genesee College (now Syra- cuse Univ.), 1859-64; a founder of Univ. Heights; secured for Syracuse Univ. the Von Ranke Library; D.D. N. Y. Univ., 1858; LL.D. Syracuse Univ., i88r; author and editor; died 1896. JOHN MORRISON REID, D.D., LL.D., was born in New York City, May 30, 1820, son of John and Jane (Morrison) Reid. He gradu- ated in Arts at New York University in the Class of 1839, receiving the Master's degree in course. After graduation he was for a time Principal of the Mechanics' Institute School of New York City. In 1842, after two years of study in the Union Theological Seminary, he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and continued to preach until his death in 1896, occupying pulpits 220 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS in Wolcottsville, Connecticut, Middletown, Con- necticut, Brool 176 • ■ ■ ■ 94. 95' 96 87 Almshiouse, Tiie Old S'l 5S Alumni Memorial ig6 Alumni, Some Early 82-84, 94-95 American Colleges in 1S30 60 American Philological Association 154, 198 American School at Athens 177 Andrews, Loring, Gift of '35^'36 Anthon, George C 105, 10S-109 Association Hall 243 Auditorium 243 Authors' Corner 252 Bachelor of Philosophy, Degree first conferred . . 133 Baseball 259, 262 Bellevue Hospital Medical College 218 Berkeley Oval 25S Biological Club 254 Botta, Ann Lynch 120 Botta, Vincenzo 120 Burning of the Medical College Building .... 134 Butler, B. F., his Plan for a Law Faculty .... 85-S6 Butler, Charles, elected President of the Council . . 103 241, 243, Calculus Club Camera Club Campus Carnegie Laboratory Chancellor's Residence Chancellor's Salary Change of Name Chapel, The Charles Butler Hall Chemical Laboratory Chess and Checker Club Chester Field Cholera of 1832 62, Churches of New York City in 1S30 45 Civil Engineer, the Degree of, first conferred . . . 68, 81, 87, 89 . . . 18S, -54 ^54 -53 224 192 105 207 ■ 93 209 186 -54 ^55 ,76 -47 130 Civil War, The Classics 54, 57, 58: Clinton Hall Cocoa Club Colonnade Columbia, Relations with 50 Commencement Cornerstone of Washington Square Building lai^l Council, The First Course of Instruction Crosby, Howard, inaugurated Chancellor . . . . Crosby, Howard, retired Crosby, Howard i Delta Phi Delta Upsilon Doctor of Philosophy, Degree first conferred Dormitories 130 62-63 61, 62 =54 43, 244 51, 97 93- 94 65-6^) 53,6: 71 144 165 1-113 255 355 135 243 Draper, Henry 133, 171 Draper, John W 90, 168 Elective System 54 Erie Canal 45 Eucleian Society, The . . . .67, 78-So, 84, 85, 126, iSS E.xecutive Committees of the Council . . . 58-59, 106 E.xaminations 93 Ferris, Isaac, inaugurated Chancellor 114-115 Ferris, Isaac, resigned 139 Finances of the University . 61, 73, 75-76, loi, 103, 105 First Enrollment of Students 76-7S First Photograph of the Human Face 140 Football 257-260 Founders' Day 179 Founders, The Nine 48, 49 Free Academy 101-102 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, elected Chancello: ... 87 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, inauguration of ... . 89-90 French Colleges 55-5^ Gallatin, Albert, elected President of Council ... 60 Gallatin's Educational Ideas 57 German Universities 55 Glee Club 20S, 254 Gould Hall 208, 262 231 9 "i "> UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS PAGH Graduate School, The 23S-240 Graduate Study 56 Grammar School 103 Gymnasium, The .... 94, 342, 243, 255, 256, 257, 261 Hackettstown Chib 254 Hall, John, inaugurated Chancellor 171 Hall of Fame 200, 243-253 Hall of Philosophy 246 Harpies 254 Honorarium 55 Incorporation of the University 61 Instruction, The Beginning of 61 Interim Plan of Myndert Van Schaick .... 107-10S Items from the Minutes, 1S41-1S44 94 Item, The . . . . • 254 Johnson, Ebenezer A 92 Johnston, John Taylor 121, 176 Jurists' Corner 252 La Crosse 17S LaGarde Library of Oriental Learning . . 194, 195, 239 Language Hall . 1S6, 18S, 190, 191, 194, 195, 202, 246, 252 Law Commencement 131-132 Law Faculty 85 Law Library 196 Law School . S5-S7, 121-123, 130, 139, 146-147, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 159, 177, 179, iSi, 191, 207, 214, 232-237 Legislative Grants 74, 102 Lewis, Morgan 51,62 Library 68, 243 Literary Societies 78-So Loomis, Elias ... 129 MacCracken, Henry M., elected Chancellor . . . 181 Mali Estate, purchase of iSi Martin, Benjamin 173 Mason, Cyrus 103-105 Mathews, James M., elected Chancellor 61-63 .Medical College, 96-100, [09-111, 123, [30, 134, 138-139, 150, 151-152, 154-156, 157, 159, 162, 169, 195, 207 214-224, 227-231 .Meeting to establish the University 48 .Memorial Library . . . 190, 198, 202. 206, 209, 25S, 262 -Morse, Samuel F. B 80-83, 115 Morse's Telegraph 81-83 Mott, Valentine 97, 133 MulHgan, Rev. John 64, 72 Museum of the Hall of Fame 19S, 344 National Academy of Design So-Si New York City in 1830 15-48 New York Historical Society 49 New Y'ork University Germanic Library 206 New Y'ork University Medical Society 222 New York-American Veterinary College . . . 234-227 Officers of the University, First 60-61 Ohio Field, 183, 188, 343, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262-263 Pamphlet Concerning Establishment 49—50 Phi Gamma Delta 255 Philomathean 67, S4-85, 177 Politics of the University in 1844 95 Population of Cities in 1S30 45 Preparatory Schools 263-264 Prince of Wales, The Visit of 137-129 Proceedings of Convention of 1830 53 Professors, Early 63-65, 70, 72, 75, 90-93 Proudfit, John 75 Psi Upsilon 177-178, 255 Quarterly, The 169, 172, 174, 175, 176 Railroads, The First 45 Removal of Undergraduate Faculty 72-73 Sandham Prize 214 School of Accounts, Commerce and Finance . . 211-314 School of Applied Science 242-243 School of Chemistry 131 School of Engineering 207, 208,210, 214, 343 School of Pedagogy .... 191, 196, 206, 232, 240, 343 Secret Societies 94 Septimi 353 Shareholders 53, 59-60, 61 Soldiers' Quarters 252 Statesmen's Corner 252 Stonecutters' Riot 66 Students, The First 76-78 Summer School 208-210 Suspension Considered, 105, 156, 157-159, 160-162, 163-165 Talmadge, James 70, loi Tappan, Henry P 61^, 113 Teachers' Corner .... 2s2 Teaching as a Profession 56 Trianele, The =54 Turkish Collection of Books 153 Union of Bellevue and New York University Medical Colleges 218-222 University Building, Washington Square, 63, 64, 65-70, 79, 89 University Glee Book 136-127 University Hall . 256 University Lleights, Official Opening of 306 Value of Money in 1830 47 Van Schaick, Myndert 134 Vethake, Henry 64 Violet, The 185, 204-205, 254, 356 Wainwright, Jonathan M 48 Washington Gallery 344 Woman's Advisory Committee . . . 180, 210, 240-241 Y. M. C. A ,88, 254 Zeta Phi 93 Zeta Psi 354, 355 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, PART I. University Seal 43 Titlepage Pamplilet at New York Historical vSociety . 49 Facsimile Titlepage Proceedings at Convention . . 53 Facsimile Titlepage of Charter bi Clinton Hall 62 First University Building, Wasliington Square ... 67 CouncU and Faculty, 1836 69 Course of Instruction, 1S36 71 First Medical Faculty, 1S41 99 Stuyvesant Institute — First Medical Building . iio College Faculty, 1859 125 Commencement Invitation, 1S64 131 Commencement Announcements, 1S64 132 Commencement Program, Law School, 1S65 .... 133 Old New York Hospital 13S Earliest Sunlight Picture of a Human Face .... 140 Bellevue Hospital in 1874 152 University Medical College, East 26th Street . . . 155 Charles Butler Hall 1S5 Hall of Chemisti-y 186 Bird'seye View of University Heights (as proposed) . 187 Looking South from University Heights 188 Looking North from Hall of Fame 189 University Building, Washington Square . . . . . 190 Council Room, Washington Square Building . . . 191 Chancellor's Residence 192 Biological Laboratories 193 School of Science Laboratories 194 Laboratory of Tests, School of Science 195 Hall of Languages 196 Memorial Monument 197 University Library 199 Auditorium, University Library 200 Rotunda, University Library . 201 Fa9ade, University Library 203 Dome of Rotunda, Library 204 Ante-Room to Chancellor's Office 205 Gould Hall -08 Music Room, Gould Hall 209 Entrance, Washington Square Building 213 Bellevue Hospital, 1900 217 Clinic, Medical College 219 Lecture Room, Medical College 221 Carnegie Laboratory, Medical College 223 The Veterinary College 225 Law Faculty, 1900 234 Class Room, School of Law 235 Law Library, School of Law 236 Library, School of Pedagogy 240 Assembly Room, School of Pedagogy 241 The Hall of Fame 245 Museum of Hall of Fame, Central Room 246 Fountain and Tablet, Hall of Fame 248 The Colonnade, Hall of Fame 250 Vase given by Miss Gould 252 Psi Upsilon House 255 Looking Fast from Library towards Gould Hall . . 257 Gymnasium and Association Hall 258 Gymnastic Team, 1S99-1900 251) Football Team, '97 260 Baseball Team, '97 261 Track Team, '98 262 Portraits : Wainwright, J. M 48 Lewis, Morgan 51 Gallatin, Albert 57 Mathews, James M 63 Vethake, Henry 64 Tappan, Henry P 72 Morse, Samuel F. B 80 Butler, Benjamin F 85 Frelinghuysen, Theodore 88 Johnson, Ebenezer A 93 Loomis, Ellas 95 Butler, Charles 104 Van Schaick, Myndert 106 Crosby, Howard 112 Ferris, Isaac 114 Botta, Vincenzo (bust) 120 Botta, Ann Lynch 121 Johnston, John Taylor 122 Loomis, Alfred L 135 Davies, Henry E 14S Hall, John 169 Abbott, Austin 233 233 BIOGRAPHICAL SUBJECTS, PART II. PAGE Abbott, Austin m Abbott, Benjamin V 56 Adler, George J 48 Alden, Carlos C 130 Allen, Jerome 106 Alexander, George SS Andrews, Loring 71 Andrews, William L 96 Ashley, Clarence D 121 Ayres, Winfield 112 Baird, Henry M 58 Ballard, Addison 122 Bangs, Lemuel Bolton .... 150 Banks, David go Beck, Lewis C 28 Bedford, Gunning S 42 Bell, Roscoe R 138 Benedict, Charles S 197 Betts, Samuel R 5 Biggs, George P 180 Biggs, Hermann M 151 Bliss, Collins P 152 Bonner, Robert 200 Bostwick, Charles F 126 Bosworth, Francke H 152 Botta, Ann C. (Lynch) .... 57 Botta, Vincenzo 56 Bouton, Archibald L 178 Boynton, Perry S 187 Brainerd, Cephas, Jr 19S Bristol, Charles L 125 Brodliead, George L 187 Brown, Marshall S 124 Brown, Samuel A i SS Brush, Charles B So Bryant, Joseph D 148 Buchner, Edward F 145 Bulkley, Edwin M 199 Bull, Richard H 54 Bush, George 22 Butler, Benjamin F 28 Butler, Cliarles 30 Butler, William A 62 Cann, Frank H. ...... 186 Carroll, Charles 77 PAGE Coakley, Cornelius G 153 Coe, Henry C 139 Colby, Frank M 143 Collingwood, F 179 Cone, Spencer H 18 Cox, Samuel H 16 Crosby, Howard 65 Curtis, Benjamin F 175 Davies, Charles 50 Davies, Henry E 75 Deems, Charles F 83 Delafield, Edward 15 Delafield, John .... . . 11 Delafield, Joseph 11 Dench, Edward B 154 DeWitt, Thomas 40 Dickson, Samuel H 49 Disosway, Gabriel P 19 Dodge, William E 61 Doremus, R. Ogden 201 Douglass, David B 26 Draper, Henry 6^ Draper, John C 60 Draper, John W 34 Dunham, Edward K 135 Duryea, Samuel B 203 Edmondson, Thomas W. . . . 14S Eljinwood, Frank F 107 Erdmann, John F 155 Erwin, Frank A 122 Ferris, Albert Warren .... 191 Ferris, Isaac 31 Fisher, Edward D 140 Flint, Austin, Jr 166 Flint, Charles R 102 Ford, Willis E 141 Fordyce, John A 155 Foresti, Elentario F 44 Frelinghuysen, Theodore ... 41 Gallatin, Albert 3 Gallaudet, Thomas H 22 Garmany, Jasper J 168 Gill, Harry D 16S 235 PACE Gillett, Ezra H 73 Gillett, WiUiam K no Gould, Jay 204 Green, John C 43 Griswold, George, 3d S Gross, Samuel D 51 Guerard, Arthur R 1S8 Hackley, Charles W 27 Hall, Charles C 195 Hall, John 82 Hall, Robert W 109 Hanbold, Hemian A 184 Haskins, C. W 177 Havemeyer, William F 9S Henry, Caleb S 39 Hering, D. W 91 Herter, Christian A 156 Hewitt, Abram S 94 Hoffman, E. A 195 Inman, John H 212 Ireland, John B 213 Isaacs, Abram S 136 Isaacs, I. S 214 Jackson, Samuel Macauley. . . 129 Jacques, David R 76 Janeway, Edward G 137 Janeway, Theodore C 185 Jesup, Morris K 70 Johnson, Ebenezer A 3:5 Johnson, Willis Fletcher . . . 104 Johnston, John T 41) Jndd, Charles H 157 Kelly, Robert 29 Kent, William 40 Ladue, Pomeroy 123 LaGarde, Louis A 169 LeFevre, Egbert 15S Lenox, James 12 Lewis, Charles H 1S2 Lewis, Morgan . ■ 4 Lewis, Tayler 37 Liautard, A. F 170 236 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS PAGE Loeb, Morris 11:: Loomis, Alfred L 10 1 Loomis, Elias 47 Lusk, Graham 159 Lusk, William C 171 Maclay, Archibald 17 MacCracken, Henry M 99 MacCracken, John H 192 MacDonald, Carlos F 160 Mandel, John A 161 Martin, Benjamin N 52 Mason, George C 171 Mathews, James M 6 McAlpin, David H 105 McAlpin, David H., Jr 150 Mcllvaine, Charles P 20 McLouth, Lawrence A 127 Miller, George A 143 Milnor, James 17 Morgan, J. Pierpont 215 Morrow, P. A ro6 Worse, Samuel F. B 23 Mott, Valentine 13 Munn, John P 102 Munro, George 97 Korthrup, W. P 142 Norton, William A 27 Noyes, Henry D 162 Opdyke, William S S8 C)sborn, George W 172 Ottendorfer, Oswald 217 Paine, Martyn ....,,. 44 PAGE Park, William H 179 Pattison, Granville S 43 Pierson, Israel C 226 Piffard, Henry G 134 Pomeroy, John N 69 Post, Alfred C 52 Post, George B 219 Prince, J. Dyneley 118 Quackeiibos, Henry F 194 Reid, John M 219 Richards, Thomas A 72 Robinson, Beverley 132 Roome, William J. ..... 220 Rounds, Arthur C 144 Rounds, Ralph S 149 Rusby, Henry H 172 Russell, Isaac Franklin .... 84 Ryder, J. E 174 Sabin, A. H 1S3 Satteriee, F. LeRoy 220 Sayre, Lewis A 131 Sayre, Reginald H 163 Schell, Augustus 87 .Schwab, Hermann C 221 Scratchley, Francis A 190 Shaw, Edward R 114 Shepard, Elliott F 222 Shipley, James H 1S6 Sihler, E. G 116 Skidmore, Lemuel 89 Sloan, Samuel 93 Smith, Abram A 164 Smith, William W 197 PAGE Snow, Charles H. . . ... 115 Sommer, Frank H 147 Spring, GarcUner 46 Stevenson, John J 7S Stewart, George D 165 Stoddard, Francis Hovey . . . loS Stowell, William L 185 Stuart, Mary (Macrae) . . . . 218 Stubbert, J. Edward 183 Swett, John A 55 Syms, Parker i65 Talcott, James 22^ Tappan, Henry P 24 Taylor, William M 89 Tiffany, Charles L 224 Tompkins, Leslie J \Tj^ Torrey, John 21 Trimble, William B 1S9 Vanderpoel, Aaron J 94 Vanderpoel, Samuel 95 Van Rensselaer, Cortlandt ... 1,;^ Van Schaick, Henry 93 Van Schaick, Myndert .... 9 Vaux, Downing iSo Vethake, Henry 22 Wainwright, Jonathan M. . . . 19 Ward, Samuel 12 Wegmann, Edward iSi Weir, Samuel 128 Wheelock, William A 80 White, Stanford 225 Winter, Henry L 1S9 ^^■«f,.-«,v >-- (v*'-. .,r ^>^ j<-ii V i-^< 4^x V WW '^1^ yy J ,^^t^% \ \ \ ^rlj^f IT l^J ( ^' X ^% > /■ )'