w Cornell University 
 B Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924079618504 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSnV LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 079 618 504 
 
Cornell University Library 
 
 reformatted this volume 
 
 to digital files to preserve 
 
 the informational content 
 
 of the deteriorated original. 
 
 The original volume was scanned 
 
 bitonally at 600 dots per inch 
 and compressed prior to storage 
 using ITU Group 4 compression. 
 
 1997 
 
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 Henrg HI. Sagl^ 
 
 1S91 
 
 A'lUHm i^lijis'^y 
 
AN 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GAELIC LANGUAGE 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXANDER MACBAIN, M.A. 
 
 J.nbexn£BB : 
 
 THE NORTHERN COUNTIES PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
 1896. 
 
DebicateJ) 
 
 MEMORY 
 
 REV. ALEXANDER CAMERON, LL.D, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This is the first Etymological Dictionary that has appeared of 
 any modem Celtic language, and the immediate cause of its 
 appearance is the desire to implement the promise made at the 
 publication of Dr Cameron's Reliquim Gelticce, that an etymo- 
 logical dictionary should be published as a third or companion 
 volume to that work. Some learned friends have suggested that 
 it is too early yet to publish such a work, and that the great Irish 
 Dictionary, which is being prepared just now by a German savant, 
 •should be waited for ; but what I hope is that a second edition of 
 this present book will be called for when the German work has 
 appeared. Celtic scholars, if they find nothing else in the present 
 Dictionary, will, at least, find a nearly pure vocabulary of Scotch 
 ■Gaelic, purged of the mass of Irish words that appear in our 
 larger dictionaries ; and, as for my countrymen in the Highlands, 
 who are so very fond of etymologising, the work appears none 
 too soon, if it will direct them in the proper philologic path to 
 tread. "With this latter view I have prefaced the work with a 
 brief account of the principles of Gaelic philology. 
 
 The words discussed in this Dictionary number 6900 : deriva- 
 tive words are not given, but otherwise the vocabulary here 
 presented is the completest of any that has yet appeared. Of this 
 large vocabulary, about two-thirds are native Gaelic and Celtic 
 words, over twenty per cent, are borrowed, and thirteen per 
 ■cent, are of doubtful origin, no etymology being presented for 
 them, though doubtless most of them are native. 
 
 The work is founded on the Highland Society's Gaelic 
 Dictionary, supplemented by M'Alpine, M'Eachan, and other 
 sources. I guarded especially against admitting Irish words, 
 ■with which dictionaries like those of Shaw and Armstrong swarm. 
 
VIU. PREFACE. 
 
 Shaw, in 1780, plundered unscrupulously from Lhuyd (1707) 
 and O'Brien (1758), and subsequent dictionary-makers accepted too> 
 many of Shaw's Irish words. Another trouble has been the getting 
 of genuine Irish words, for O'Reilly (1823) simply incorporated 
 Shaw's Dictionary and MTarlane's Scotch Gaelic Vocabulary 
 (1815) into his own. For genuine modern Irish words I have had 
 to trust to Lhuyd, O'Brien, Coneys, and Foley. For early Irish, 
 I have relied mainly on Windisch, Ascoli, and Atkinson, supple- 
 menting them by the numerous vocabularies added by modem 
 editors to the Irish texts published by them. 
 
 For the etymologies, I am especially indebted to Dr Wbitley 
 Stokes' various works, and more particularly to his lately published 
 Vrkeltischer Sprachschatz. I have, however, searched far and wide, 
 and I trust I have not missed anything in the way of Celtic 
 etymology that has been done for the last twenty or thirty years 
 here or on the Continent. In form the book follows the example 
 of Mr Wharton's excellent works on Latin and Greek philology^ 
 the Etyma Latino, and the Etyma Oroeca, and, more especially,, 
 the fuller method of PreUwitz' Etymolgisches Worterhvch der 
 Griechischen Sprache. 
 
 The vocabulary of names and surnames does not profess to be 
 complete. That errors have crept into the work is doubtless too 
 true. I am sorry that I was unable, being so far always from the 
 University centres, to get learned friends to look over my proofs- 
 and make suggestions as the work proceeded ; and I hope th& 
 reader will, therefore, be all the more indulgent towards such 
 mistakes as he may meet with. 
 
 ALEXANDER MACBAIN. 
 iNVEKNBSSj 13th January, 1896. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1. LANGUAGE TITLES. 
 
 Ag. S. . — Anglo-Saxon 
 
 Arm. . — Armenian 
 
 Br. . . — Breton 
 
 Bulg, . — Bulgarian — O. Bulg. = 
 
 Ch. SI. 
 Ch. SI. — Church Slavonic 
 Corn. . — Cornish 
 Dan. . — Danish 
 Dial. . — Dialectic, belonging to a 
 
 Dialect 
 Du. . . —Dutch 
 E, . . — Early as Early Eng.= 
 
 E. Eng. 
 Eng. . — English 
 Er. . . —French 
 G. . . . — GaeUc 
 Gaul. . — Gaulish 
 Grer. . . — German 
 Got. . . —Gothic 
 Gr. . . —Greek 
 H. . . . — High, as High German = 
 
 H.G. 
 Heb. . — Hebrew 
 Hes. . . . — Hesychius 
 I. E. . . — Indo-European 
 
 Ir. . . . 
 
 — bish 
 
 Ital. . . 
 
 — Italian 
 
 Lab. . . 
 
 — Latin 
 
 Lett. . 
 
 — Lettic 
 
 Lit. . . 
 
 — Lithuanian 
 
 M. . . 
 
 — Middle, as Middle Irish 
 
 
 =M. Ir. 
 
 Mod. . 
 
 ■ — Modern 
 
 N. . . . 
 
 — Norse 
 
 K. . . . 
 
 — New, as New Slavonic = 
 
 
 N. Slav. 
 
 N. Sc. 
 
 — Northern Scotch 
 
 0. . . . 
 
 —Old, as Old Irish = 0. Ir. 
 
 0. H. G 
 
 . — Old High German 
 
 Pers. . 
 
 — Persian 
 
 Pruss. . 
 
 — Prussian 
 
 Sc. . . 
 
 —Scotch 
 
 Skr.. . 
 
 — Sanskrit 
 
 SI. . . 
 
 — Slavonic 
 
 Slav. . 
 
 — Slavonic 
 
 Slov. . 
 
 — Slovenic 
 
 Span. . 
 
 —Spanish 
 
 Sw. . . 
 
 — Swedish 
 
 W. . 
 
 —Welsh 
 
 Zd. . . 
 
 — Zend or Old Bactrian 
 
 A. M'D. 
 Atk. . 
 
 Arm., Arms. 
 B. of Deer 
 Bez. Beit. . 
 
 C S 
 
 Celt.' Mag.' 
 Con. . . 
 Corm. . . 
 
 D. of L. 
 
 2. BOOKS AND AUTHORITIES. 
 
 — ^Alexander Maodonald's Gaelic Songs,with vocabulary.. 
 — Atkinson's Dictionary to the Passions and Homilies 
 
 from the Leabhar Breac, 1887. 
 — Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary, 1825. 
 — Book of Deer, edited by Stokes in Goidelica, 1872. 
 — Bezzenberger's Beitrdge zwr Kunde der Idg. SpracheUy. 
 
 a German periodical still proceeding. 
 — Common Speech, not yet recorded in literature. 
 — The Celtic Magazine, 13 vols. , stopped in 1888. 
 — Coneys' Irish-English Dictionary, 1849. 
 — Cormao's Glossary, published in 1862 and 1868,, 
 
 edited by Dr Whitley Stokes. 
 —The Dean of Limwre's Boole, edited in 1862, 1892. 
 
X. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Four Mast. . . — Annals of the Four Masters, published in 1848, 1851. 
 
 Fol — Foley's English-Irish Dictionary, 1855. 
 
 Heb — Dialect of the Hebrides. 
 
 H. S. D. . . . — The Highland Society's Dictiona/ry of the Gaelic 
 
 Language, 1828. 
 Inv. Gael. Soc. Tr. —Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 19 
 
 . vols. , still proceeding. 
 L. na H. . . . — Lebor na h-uidre, or the Book of the Dun Cow, an 
 
 Irish MS. of 1100. 
 
 Lh — Lhuyd's Archmologia Brittanica, 1707. 
 
 Lib. Leinster . — Book of Leinster, an Irish MS. of 1150. 
 
 M'A — Macalpine's Gaelic Dictionary, 18.32. 
 
 M'D. . . . - -Alexander Macdonald's Gaelick and English Vocab- 
 
 vZary, 1741. 
 
 M'E — M'Eachan's Fadair, 1862. 
 
 M'F — M'Farlane's Focalair or Gaelic Vocabulary, 1815. 
 
 M'L. . . . — M'Leod and Dewar's DictioTiary of the Gaelic Lan- 
 
 guage, 1831. 
 
 N. H - North Highlands. 
 
 Nich. . . . — Sheriff Nicholson's Gaelic Proverbs. 
 
 O'Br —O'Brien's Irish-English Dictionary, 1768 and 1832. 
 
 O'Cl — O'Clery's Glossary, republished in Revue Celtique, 
 
 Vols. IV. v., date 1643. 
 
 O'R —0''^ei\WB Irish-English Dictionary, \%2Z. 
 
 Kev. Celt. . . . — Revue Celtique, a periodical published at Paris, now 
 
 in its 17th vol. 
 S. C. R. ... — The Scottish Celtic Review, 1 vol., edited by Dr 
 
 Cameron, 1885. 
 
 Sh — Shaw's Gaelic and English Dictionary, 1780. 
 
 Stew. . . . — Vocabularyat the end of Stewart's Gaelic Collection. 
 Zeit — Kuhn's Zeitschrift f. vergl. Sprachforschung, a 
 
 German periodical still proceeding. 
 
 An asterisk (*) denotes always a hypothetical word ; the sign (t) 
 denotes that the word is obsolete. The numeral above the line denotes 
 the number of the edition or the number of the volume. 
 
AUTHORS QUOTED. 
 
 Adamnan, abbot of lona, who died in 704, wrote a life of St Columba. 
 
 edited by Reeves 1857, re-issued by Skene in 1874. 
 Ascom is publishing in connection with his editions of the MSS. of Milan 
 
 and St Gall a " Glossary of Ancient Irish," of which the vowels and 
 
 some consonants are already issued. 
 Bezzenbesgek edits the Btz. Beit, noted above, has contributed to it 
 
 Celtic articles, and has furnished comments or suggested etymologies 
 
 in Dr Stokes' Urheltischer Sprachschatz. 
 Bradley's Stratmann's Middle English Dictionary. 
 Brugmann is the author of the "Comparative Grammar of the Indo- 
 
 Germanic Languages," a large work, where Celtic is fully treated. 
 Cameron : The late Dr Cameron edited the Scottish Celtic Review, where 
 
 he published valuable Gaelic etymologies, and left the MS. material 
 
 which forms the basis of the two volumes of his Eeliquiai Celticce. 
 Cameron : Mr John Cameron of the Gaelic Names of Plants, 1883. 
 CabmichaeiJs Agrestic Customs of the Hebrides, in the Napier Commission 
 
 Report. 
 Edmonston is the author of an Etymological Glossary of the Orkney Dialect. 
 Ernault, author of an Etymological Dictionary of Middle Breton, and 
 
 contributor to the Bev. Celt, of many articles on Breton. 
 FiCK, compiler of the Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Germanic 
 
 Languages (not translated yet), completed in 1876. The fourth 
 
 edition was begun in 1890 with Dr Whitley Stokes and Dr Bezzen- 
 
 berger as coUaborateurs : the second volume of this edition is Dr 
 
 Stokes' Urkdtischer Sprachshatz — Early Celtic Word-Treasure, 1894. 
 Jamieson, author of the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, 
 
 2 vols., 1808, Paisley edition, 5 vols., 1879-1887. 
 De Jubainville, editor of the Bev. Celt. , has written much on Celtic 
 
 philology in that periodical and otherwise. 
 GuTERBOCK, author of a brochure on Latin Loan-words in Irish, 1882. 
 Hennessey, who offered some etymologies in his Criticism of Macpherson's 
 
 Ossian in the Academy, August 1871. 
 Kluge, compiler of the latest and best Etymological Dictionary of the 
 
 German Language, 5th edition here used mostly. 
 Loth, author of inter alia the Vocdbulaire Vieux-Breton, 1884, the work 
 
 usually referred to under his name. 
 MACKINNON : Prof. Mackinnon in Inv. Gael. Sac. Tr., in Celt. Mag. and in 
 
 the Scotsman. 
 M'Lean : Hector Maclean, lately dead, virrote many articles on Gaelic 
 
 philology in newspapers and periodicals ; here quoted as an authority 
 
 on the language. 
 K. Meyer, editor of Cath Finntrdga, 1884, Vision of MacOonglinne, 1892, 
 
 &c., all with vocabularies. 
 Murray, editor of the Philological Society's Nezo English Dictionary in 
 
 process of publication. 
 ■OsTHOFF : especially in Indogermanischen Forschungen,* 264-294. 
 
Xll. AUTHORS QUOTED. 
 
 Prellwitz, compiler of an Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 1892. 
 Rhts : Prof. Rhys is author of Lectures on Welsh Philology, 1879, Cdtic 
 
 Britain, 1884. Hibbert Lectures, 1886, and a colophon to the Marac 
 
 Prayer Booh, 2 vols., published last year, on the Phonetics of the 
 
 Manx Language. 
 Skbat, author of the Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 
 Stokes : Dr Whitley Stokes, author of books and articles too numerous 
 
 to detail here. His Urkeltiicher Sprachschatz was used throughout 
 
 the work ; it is to this work his name nearly always refers. 
 Stuachan : Prof. Strachan's paper on Gompensatory Lengthening of'Vomds 
 
 in Irish is the usual reference in this case. 
 Thubneysbn, author of Kelto-ramanisehes, 1884, the work usually referred 
 
 to here, though use has been made of his articles in Zeit. and Sev. 
 
 Celtique. 
 Whaeton, author of Etyma Orceca, 1882, and Etyma Latina, 1890. 
 WiNDisCH, editor of Irische Texte mit WOrterhuch, used throughout this 
 
 work, author of a Concise Irish Grammar, of Keltische Sprachen in the 
 
 Allgemeine EncyUopcedie, of the Celtic additions to Curtius' Greek 
 
 Etymology, &c. 
 Zeuss, Grammatica Oeltica, second edition by Ebel. 
 ZiMMEE, editor of Glossoi Hibemicae, 1881, author of Keltische Studien, 
 
 1881, 1884, pvirsuedin Zeit., oi Keltische Beitrage, in which he discusses 
 
 the Norse influence on Irish, and many other articles. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Gaelic belongs to the Celtic group of languages, and the Celtic is 
 itself a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan family of speech ; 
 for it has been found that the languages of Europe (with the 
 exception of Turkish, Hungarian, Basque, and Ugro-Pinnish), and 
 those of Asia from the Caucasus to Ceylon, resemble each other 
 in grammar and vocabulary to such an extent that they must all 
 be considered as descended from one parent or original tongue. 
 This parent tongue is variously called the Aryan, Indo-European, 
 Indo-Germanic, and even the Indo-Celtio language. It was 
 spoken, it is believed, some three thousand years B.C. in ancient 
 Sarmatia or South Russia ; and from this as centre the speakers 
 of the Aryan tongue, which even then showed dialectical differ- 
 ences, radiated east, west, north and south to the various countries 
 now occupied by the descendant languages. The civilization of 
 the primitive Aryans appears to have been an earlier and more 
 nomadic form of that presented to us by the Celtic tribe of the 
 Helvetii in Ceesar's time. Here a number of village communities, 
 weary of the work of agriculture, or led by the desire of better 
 soil, cut their crops, pulled down their lightly built houses and 
 huts, packed child and chattel on the waggons with their teams of 
 oxen, and sought their fortune in a distant land. In this way 
 the Celts and the Italians parted from the old Aryan home to 
 move up the Danube, the former settling on the Rhine and the 
 latter on the Gulf of Venice. The other races went their several 
 ways — the Indians and Iranians eastward across the steppes, the 
 Teutons went to the north-west, and the Hellenes to the south. 
 
 The Aryan or Indo-European languages fall into six leading 
 groups (leaving Albanian and Armenian out of account), thus : — 
 
 I. Indo-Iranian or Abian, divisible into two branches : 
 
 fa) Indian branch, including Sanskrit, now dead, but dating 
 in its literature to at least 1000 B.C., and the descendant 
 modem (dialects or) languages, such as Hindustani, 
 Bengali, aud Mahratti. 
 
XIV. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 (h) Iranian branch, which comprises Zend or Old Bactrian. 
 (circ. 1000 B.C.), Old Persian and Modem Persian. 
 
 II. Greek or Hellenic, inclusive of ancient and modem Greek 
 
 (from Homer in 800 B.C. onwards). Ancient Greek was 
 divided traditionally into three dialects — Ionic (with Attic or 
 literary Greek), Doric, and ^Eolic. 
 
 III. Italic, divided in early times into two main groups — the 
 Latin and the Umbro-Osean. From Latin are descended 
 Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Ehoeto-romanic and 
 Eoumanian, called generally the Romance languages. 
 
 IV. Celtic, of which anon. 
 
 V. Teutonic, which includes three groups — (a) East Teutonic or 
 
 Gothic (fourth cent, a.d.) ; (bj North Teutonic or Scandi- 
 navian, inclusive of Old Norse and the modern languages 
 called Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish ; and (c) 
 West Teutonic, which divides again into High German 
 (whence modern German), the Old High German being a 
 language contemporary with Old Irish, and Low German, 
 which includes Old Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, English, Dutch, and 
 Frisian. 
 
 VI. Balto-Slavonic or Letto-Slavonic, which includes Lithu- 
 anian, dating from the seventeenth century, yet showing 
 remarkable traces of antiquity, Lettic, Old Prussian of the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, now extinct, Old Bulgarian 
 or Church Slavonic, into which the Bible was translated in 
 the ninth century, and the Slavonic modern languages of 
 Russia, etc. 
 
 These six groups cannot, save probably in the case of Latin 
 and Celtic, be drawn closer together in a genealogical way. 
 Radiating as they did from a common centre, the adjacent groups 
 are more like one another than those further off. The European 
 languages, inclusive of Armenian, present the three primitive 
 vowels a, c, o intact, while the Indo-Iranian group coalesces them 
 all into the sound a. Again the Asiatic languages join with the 
 Balto-Slavonic in changing Aryan palatal k into a sibilant sound. 
 Similarly two or three other groups may be found with common 
 peculiarities {e.g., Greek, Latin, and Celtic with oi or i in the nom. 
 pi. masc. of the o- declension). Latin and Celtic, further, show 
 intimate relations in having in common an i in the gen. ■sing, of 
 the 0- declension (originally a locative), -tion- verbal nouns, a 
 future in b, and the passive in -r. 
 
OUTilNES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XV,. 
 
 The Celtic group at present comprises five living languages j 
 last century there were six, when Cornish still lived. These six 
 Celtic languages are grouped again into two branches, which may 
 be named the Beittonic and the Gadelic. The former includes 
 the Welsh, Cornish, and Breton; the Gadelic comprises Irish^ 
 Manx, and (Scotch) Gaelic. The main difference between these 
 two branches of the Celtic group consists in this : the velar 
 guttural of the Aryan parent tongue, which we represent here by 
 the symbol q, when labialised, that is when the sound w or m 
 attaches itself to it, becomes in Brittonic a simple p and in 
 Gadelic a c {k. Ogam qv). Thus the Welsh for " five " is pump,. 
 Cornish pymp, and Breton pemp, Gaulish pempe, whereas the 
 Gaelic is c6ig, Manx queig, and Irish cAig : the corresponding 
 Latin form is quinque. Professor Rhys has hence called the two 
 branches of the Celtic the P group and the Q group (from Ogmic 
 g'M = Gaelic c). The distinction into P and Q groups existed 
 before the Christian era, for the Gauls of Csesar's time belonged 
 mainly, if not altogether, to the P group : such distinctive forms 
 as Gaulish petor, four (Welsh pedvjar, Gaelic ceithir), epos, horse 
 (Welsh ehol, Gaelic each), and pempe, five, already noted, with 
 some others, prove this amply. At the beginning of the 
 Christian era the Celtic languages were distributed much as 
 follows : GAincJSH, spoken in France and Spain, but fast dying 
 before the provincial Latin (and disappearing finally in the fifth 
 century of our era) ; Gallo-British or Beittonic, spoken hi 
 Britain by the conquering Gaulish tribes ; Pictish, belonging to 
 the Gallo-Brittonio or P group, and spoken in Scotland and, 
 possibly, in northern England ; and Gadelic, spoken in Ireland 
 and perhaps on the West Coast of Scotland and in the Isles. The 
 etymologj' of the national names will be seen in Appendix A. 
 Our results may be summed in a tabular form thus : — 
 
 [Irish 
 
 [Gadelic J Manx 
 
 Q GroupJ [Gaelic 
 
 [Dialects in Spain and Gaul (?) 
 
 Celtic. 
 
 P Group 
 
 [Breton 
 GaUo-Brittonicf Brittonic . . -v Cornish 
 
 Gaulish— various 
 Pictish 
 
 •- [Welsh 
 
 There are no literary remains of the Gaulish language existent;, 
 but a vast mass of personal and place names have been handed 
 
XVI. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 'down, and also a few words of the ordinary speech have been 
 recorded by the Classical writers. The language of Brittany came 
 from Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries, and it may have 
 found remains in Brittany of the kindred Gaulish tongue. The 
 Brittonic languages — ^Welsh, Cornish, and Breton— appear first in 
 .glosses as early as the eighth century. These glosses are 
 marginal or super-linear translations into Celtic of words or 
 phrases in the Latiti texts contained in the MSS. so " glossed." 
 The period of the glosses is known as the " Old " stage of the 
 languages — Old Breton, Old Cornish, Old Welsh. Eeal literary 
 works do not occur till the " Middle " period of these tongues, 
 commencing with the twelfth century and ending with the six- 
 teenth. Thereafter we have Modern or New Breton and Welsh, 
 as the case may be. In this work. New Breton and New Welsh 
 are denoted simply by Breton and Welsh without any qualifying 
 word. 
 
 The Gaelic languages — Irish, Manx, and Scotch Gaelic — 
 have a much closer connection with one another than the 
 Brittonic languages. Till the Reformation and, indeed, for a 
 century or more thereafter, the Irish and Scotch Gaelic had a 
 common literary language, though the spoken tongues had 
 diverged considerably, a divergence which can be traced even in 
 the oldest of our Gaelic documents — the Book of Deer. In the 
 eighteenth century Scotch Gaelic broke completely with the 
 Irish and began a literary career of its own with a literary dialect 
 that could be understood easily aU over the Highlands and Isles. 
 Manx is more allied to Scotch Gaelic than it is to the Irish ; it 
 is, in fact, a remnant of the Gaelic of the Kingdom of the Isles. 
 
 The oldest monuments of Gadelic literature are the Ogam 
 inscriptions, which were cut on the stones marking the graves of 
 men of the Gaelic race. They are found in South Ireland, Wales 
 and Eastern Pictland as far as the Shetland Isles, and belong mostly 
 to the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries. The alphabet, 
 which is formed on a proto-telegraphic system by so many strokes 
 for each letter above, through, or below a stem line, is as 
 Joliows : — 
 
 I M il l nil mil ' " '" "" ""■ 
 
 b, 1, f, s, n ; h, d, t, c, q ; 
 
 I II III lilt Hill I II III n i l iii i i 
 
 m, g, ng, z, r ; a, o, a, e, i. 
 
 Examples of Ogam inscriptions are : — 
 
 Sagramni maqi Cunotami 
 
 " (The stone) of Sagramnos son of Cunotamus." 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. Xvil. 
 
 Maqi Deceddas avi Toranias 
 
 " Of the son of Deces 0' Toranis." 
 
 Cimanettas m[aqij mucoi Nettasegamonas 
 
 " Of Cunanes son of the son of Nettasegamon." 
 
 Tria maqa Mailagni 
 
 " Of the three sons of Maolan." 
 
 These examples show that the state of declensional inflection was 
 as high as that of contemporary Latin. The genitives in i belong 
 to the declension ; the i, as in Old Irish, is not taken yet into 
 the preceding syllable {maqi has not become maic). The genitives 
 OS and as belong to the consonantal declension, and the hesitation 
 liotween a and o is interesting, for the later language presents 
 the same phenomenon — the o in unaccented syllables being 
 dulled to a. The Ogam language seems to have been a preserved 
 literary language ; its inflections were antique compared to tho 
 spoken language, and Old Irish, so near it in time as almost to be 
 contemporary, is vastly changed and decayed compared to it. 
 
 Irish is divided into the following four leading periods : — 
 
 I. Old Irish : from about 800 to 1000 a.d. This is the period 
 
 of the glosses and marginal comments on MSS. Besides 
 some scraps of poetry and prose entered on MS. margins, 
 there is the Book of Armagh (tenth century), which contains 
 continuous Old Irish narrative. 
 
 II. Early Irish, or Early Middle Irish : from 1000 to 1200 a.d 
 
 — practically the period of Irish independence after the- 
 supersession of the Danes at Clontarf and before the English 
 conquest. The two great MSS. of Lebor na h-uidre, the- 
 Book of the Dun Cow, and the Book of Leinstor mark this- 
 period. Many documents, such as Cormac's Glossary, claimed 
 for the earlier period, are, on account of their appearance in 
 later MSS., considered in this work to belong to this period. 
 
 III. Middle Irish : from 1200 to 1550 (and in the case of the- 
 Four Masters and O'Clery even to the seventeenth century in 
 many instances). The chief MSS. here are the Yellow Book of 
 Lecan, the Book of Ballimote, the Leabar Breac or Speckled 
 Book, and the Book of Lismore. 
 
 IV. Modern or New Irish, here called Irish : from 1550 to the 
 present time. 
 
 As already said, the literary language of Ireland and Scotlar.d 
 remained the same till about 1700, with, however, here and there 
 an outburst of independence. The oldest document of Scottish. 
 Gaelic is the Book of Deer, a MS. which contains half a dozen, 
 entries in Gaelic of grants of land made to the monastery of Deer.. 
 
XVm. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 The entries belong to the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the most 
 important being the first — the Legend of Deer, extending to 19 
 lines of continuous prose. These entries form what we call Old 
 Gaelic, but the language is Early Irish of an advanced or phoneti- 
 cally decayed kind. The next document is the Book of the Dean 
 of Lismore, written about 1512 in phonetic Gaelic, so that we may 
 take it as representing the Scotch vernacular of the time in 
 inflexion and pronunciation. It differs considerably from the 
 contemporary late Middle Irish ; it is more phonetically decayed. 
 We call it here Middle Gaelic, a term which also includes the 
 MSS. of the M'Vurich seanachies. The Fernaig MSS., written 
 about 1 688, is also phonetic in its spelling, and forms a valuable 
 link in the chain of Scotch Gaelic phonetics from the Book of 
 Deer till now. The term Gaelic means Modem Gaelic. 
 
 Scotch Gaelic is written on the orthographic lines of Modem 
 Irish, which in its turn represents the orthography of Old Irish. 
 The greatest departure from ancient methods consists in the 
 insistence now upon the rule of " Broad to broad and small to 
 small." That is to say, a consonant must be flanked by vowels of 
 the same quality, the " broad" being a, o, u, and the " small" e 
 and i. Gaelic itself has fallen much away from the inflexional 
 fulness of Old Irish. Practically there are only two cases — nom. 
 and gen : the dative is confined to the singular of feminine nouns 
 (a-declension) and xo the plural of a few words as laid down in the 
 grammars but not practised in speech. The rich verbal inflexion 
 of the old language is extremely poorly represented by the 
 impersonal and unchanging forms of the two tenses — only two — 
 that remain in the indicative mood. Aspiration, which affects all 
 consonants now (though unmarked for /, n, r), has come to play 
 the part of inflection largely ; this is especially the case with the 
 article, noun, and adjective. Eclipsis by n is practically un- 
 known ; but phonetic decay is evidenced everywhere in the loss of 
 Inflection and the uniformising of declension and conjugation. 
 
 There are two main Dialects of Gaelic, and these again have 
 many sub-dialects. The two leading Dialects are known as the 
 Northern and Southern Dialects. The boundary between them 
 is described as passing up the Firth of Lorn to Loch Leven, and 
 then across from Ballachulish to the Grampians, and thence along 
 that range. The Southern Dialect is more Irish than the 
 Northern, and it has also adhered to the inflections better (e.g., 
 -the dual case still exists in feminine a nouns). The crucial dis- 
 tinction consists in the different way in which the Dialects deal 
 with e derived from compensatory lengthening ; in the South it is 
 tu, in the North ia (e.g., feur Against Jiar, b reng Agaimst briag, <fcc.) 
 The sound of long ao differs materially in the two Dialects, the 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XIX. 
 
 :Southern having the sound opener than the Northern Dialect. 
 'The Southern Dialect is practically the literary language. 
 
 Modem Gaelic has far more borrowed words than Irish at any 
 stage of its existence. The languages borrowed from have been 
 .mainly English (or Scotch) and Norse. Nearly all the loan-words 
 taken directly from Latin belong to the Middle or Old period of 
 ■Gaelic and Irish ; and they belong to the domain of the Church 
 and the learned and other secular work in which the monks and 
 the rest of the clergy engaged, Many Latin words, too, have been 
 borrowed from the English, which, in its turn, borrowed them 
 •often from French (such as pns, cunntas, cuirt, spors, &o.) Latin 
 words borrowed directly into English and passed into Gaelic are 
 few, such as post, plasd, peur, &c. From native English and from 
 Scotch a great vocabulary has been borrowed. In regard to 
 Scotch, many words of French origin have come into Gaelic through 
 it. At times it is difficult to decide whether the Teutonic word 
 was borrowed from Scotch (English) or from Norse. The con- 
 tributions from the Norse mostly belong to the sea ; in fact, most 
 of the Gaelic shipping terms are Norse. 
 
 I. PHONETICS. 
 Under the heading of Phonetics we deal with the sounds of 
 the language — the vowels, semi-vowels, and consonants, separately 
 and in their inter-action upon one another. 
 
 § 1. Alphabet. 
 
 The Gaelic alphabet consists of eighteeri letters, viz., a, b, c, d, 
 e, f, g, h, i, I, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, and u. Irish, Old and New, have 
 the same letters as the Gaelic. As this number of letters in no 
 way adequately represents the sounds, signs and combinations are 
 -necessary. 
 
 Firstly, the long vowels are denoted by a grave accent : a, \, 
 u, e, 6, the latter two having also the forms S, 6, to denote sounds 
 analogous to those in English vein, boar. Whereas a, %, ii, which 
 have only one sound, represent corresponding Indo-European 
 .sounds (d, I, u), none of the long sounds of e or o represent a 
 simple corresponding I. E. sound. 
 
 The Gaelic vowels are divided into two classes — Abroad and 
 .small. The broad vowels are a, o, u ; the small, e, i. The Gaelic 
 •diphthongs represent (1) simple sounds, (2) real diphthong sounds, 
 or (3) modification of the consonants and carrying out of the law 
 of " broad to broad and small to small." They are as follows : — 
 
 ai, ao 
 
 di 
 
 ea, ei, eo, eu, eb 
 
 ei, ei 
 
 ia, io, iu, iu 
 
 \o 
 
 oi 
 
 hi 
 
 ua, ui 
 
 ill 
 
XX. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Here ea, ei, eu represent 0. Ir. e, i, and are practically simple 
 sounds, as certainly is ao whether long or short. The forms ia, 
 ua are genuine diphthongs, as are usually the long vowel com- 
 binations. The rest may he diphthongs, or may be a trick of 
 spelling, as in the word ^os (0. \r.fis), where the o shows that the 
 s has its normal sound, and not that of sh, as fis would imply. 
 
 Triphthongs occur in the course of inflection, and in the case 
 of ao otherwise. These are — aoi, eoi, iai, iui, uai, ehi, iid. 
 
 The consonants are classified in accordance with the positioQ 
 of the organs of speech concerned in their utterance : — 
 
 I. Liquids. — The liquids are I and r, with the nasals n and m. 
 In writing, m only is " aspirated," becoming to the eye mh, to the 
 ear a v with nasal influence on the preceding vowel. The other 
 liquids, I, n, and r, are really aspirated in positions requiring- 
 aspiration, though no h is attached to show it. There is, however, 
 only a slight change of sound made in these letters by the aspira- 
 tion — a more voiced sound being given them in the aspirating 
 position. 
 
 II. Mutes and Explosives. — These all suffer aspiration when 
 intervocalic. They are classified as follows :^- 
 
 Tenues. Mediae. Aspirates. 
 
 Labials p b ph,bh 
 
 Dentals t ^ d th, dh 
 
 Gutturals c g ch, gh 
 
 The dentals d and t become spirants when in contact with, or 
 flanked by, the " small" vowels e and i. The other mutes are not 
 afiected by such contact. The aspirate sounds are — ph=fy 
 bh = v, th = h, dh and gh=y, cA = German and Scotch ch. 
 
 III. The Spirants. — These, outside the above spiraut-made 
 mutes, are / and s. The sound sh is represented by s flanked with 
 " small" vowels. The aspirate forms of these are — fh ( = the 
 Greek open breathing or nothing, practically), sh ( = A). 
 
 Celtic Alphabet. 
 
 The Celtic alphabet, as deduced from tho Neo-Celtic dialects, 
 checked by Gaulish, possessed the following sounds : — 
 
 I. Vowels : — 
 
 Short — i, u, e, o, a 
 
 Long — I ( = 1, e), u, e ( = ei), o ( = au), a,_{ = d, a) 
 
 Diphthongs — ei, oi, ai, eu, oi, au 
 
 II. Liquids — r, I, m, n 
 
 III. Spirants — (A), s, j, v 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETTMOLOGT. XXI, 
 
 IV. Explosives : — Tenues. Medis. 
 
 Labials — b 
 
 Dentals t d 
 
 Gutturals k, hv (p) g, gv (b) 
 
 It has to be noted that Indo-European /> initial and intervocalic 
 is lost in Celtic. Before another consonant, it manifests its former 
 presence by certain results which still remain. Thus I. E. septn 
 is G. seachd, swpno-s becomes suan. 
 
 Indo-Evjropean Alphabet. 
 By a comparison of the six Indo-European or Aryan language 
 groups, the sounds possessed by the parent tongue may be 
 inferred. The following is the form of the I. E. alphabet which is 
 used in the present work : — 
 
 I. Vowels : Short — i, u, e, o, a, 9 
 
 Long — I, u, e, 0, a 
 Diphthongs — ei, oi, ai, eu, ou, au 
 ei, oi, ai, eu, ou, an 
 
 II. Semi-vowels : i, u, represented in this work always by 
 
 j, V. See the spirants. 
 
 III. CONSONANT-VOWELS : r, I, Vl, 11, f, I, m, n 
 
 IV. Liquids and Nasals : r, I, m, n 
 
 V. Spirants -.j, v, s, z 
 
 VI. Explosives : — Tenues. Mediae. Aspirates. 
 
 Labial p h ph, bh 
 
 Dental t d th, dh 
 
 Palatal k g kh, gh 
 
 Velar q g gh, gh 
 
 § 2. Vowel Modification. 
 In Gaelic the vowel or vowel combination of a syllable may 
 undergo " mutation" (German umlaut) in the course of inflection 
 or word-building. This mutation is caused by the influence 
 exerted backward by the vowel of the next syllable now or previ- 
 ously existent. There are three classes of mutation in Gaelic 
 caused either by a following (1) e or i, (2) a or o, or (3) u. 
 
 Mutation by " e" or " i." 
 a becomes (1) ai : cat, gen. cait, damh, g. daimh. 
 
 (2) oi (with double liquids usually) : dall, pi. doill, 
 
 clann, g. cloinne. 
 
 (3) ui (with liquids) : ball, pi. buill, allt, g. uillt. 
 
 Also where Irish shows o : balg, 0. Ir. bole, 
 pi. builg ; so clag, fait, gal, fuil, car. 
 
XXU. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 (4) i : mac, g. mic. Dialectically ai becomes ei,. 
 especially with liquids, and in ordinary G.. 
 eile represents 0. Ir. aile ; so^seiUach, too. 
 becomes (1) oi : sgoltadh, sgoilte. 
 
 (2) ui : bonn, g. buinn, post, g. puist. 
 u becomes ui : dubh, comp. duibhe. 
 e becomes ei : beir for *bere, catch thou. 
 a, b, u become ai, bi, ui : laimhe, bige, diiin. 
 ao, eo, iu, ua become triphthongs. 
 ea becomes (1) ei : each, g. eich. 
 
 (2) i : ceann, g. cinn ; the usual mutation. 
 eu, with liquids, becomes ebi : beul, g. bebil. It sometimes 
 
 becomes ao : eudann, aodann. 
 ia is restored to ^i : fiadh, g. feidh ; irregularly — -fiar, crooked, 
 
 comp. _/iaire, biadh, g. bvlh. 
 io becomes i : fionn, g. jinn. 
 
 Mutation by "o" or "a." 
 becomes a, a mutation of principal syllables rare in Irish : 
 
 cas, Ir. cos, original *coxa ; cadal for codal. 
 u becomes o : sruth, g. srotha ; nuadh, nodha. 
 e becomes ea : cearc from cerca. 
 i becomes ea -.fear from *virc-s. 
 ei becomes ia : the stem feidh becomes fiadh in the nom. 
 
 (J'veido-s). 
 \ becomes lo : fior from *viro-s. 
 
 Mutation by "«.'' 
 A succeeding u affects only i or e ; it is a mutation which does 
 not now operate. Thus iiodh comes from *vidu- (0. Ir. fid) ; bior 
 from *beru (0. Ir. bir) ; sliochd from slektu- ; cionn from the dat. 
 *eennu, from *cenno. 
 
 § 3. Indo-Eueopean and Gaelic Vowels. 
 
 The representation in Gaelic of the I. E. vowels is very com- 
 plicated owing to the principles of mutation discussed above. 
 
 I.E. i. 
 
 (1) Gaelic i, 0. Ir. i, W. y. 
 
 bith, world, O. Ir. bith, W. byd, Br. bed : * bitu-s, root gi. So 
 ith, fidir, nigh, fir (gen. and pi. of fear, as also nid from nead, 
 etc.). 
 
 (2) G. ea, 0. Ir. e. 
 
 beaiha, live, 0. Ir. bethu : * bitus, stem * bitdt-, root gi. S 
 eccdh, it, fear, geamhradh, meanbh, nead, seas, seasg, sleamhuinn 
 sneachd. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XXIU. 
 
 (3) G. io, 0. Ir. i. 
 
 G. fiodk, wood, 0. Ir. fid, W. ywydd, Br. gwez : *vidu-. So 
 fix)s, iodh-. The io of fionn, 0. Ir. find is due to the liquid 
 and medial mute, which together always preserve the i and 
 even develop it from an original n or en (nb, iid, ng). 
 
 (4) G., 0. Ir. in. 
 
 This is a mutation by u : fliuch, wet, from *vliqu- : tiugh, 
 
 * tiffllnS. 
 
 I.E. II. 
 
 (1) G., 0. Ir. u, W. w< (o). 
 
 G., 0. Ir. srutk, stream, W. frwd : *srutu-s. So bun, dubh, 
 guth, viuc, rausach, slugadk, smug, tulach. 
 Here add G. ui : cluinn, luibh, uisge. 
 
 (2) G., 0. Ir. 0. 
 
 bonn, bottom, 0. Ir. bond, W. ban, *bundo-s. So bothan, con, 
 dogs', do-, so-, domhan, dorus, torn, os, trod. 
 
 IE. e. 
 
 (1) G., 0. Ir. e, W. e. 
 
 Simple e is rare in G. : leth, side, 0. Ir. leth, W. lied, *letos. 
 So teth, hot. 
 
 (2) G. ea, 0. Ir. e. 
 
 G. eac/t, horse, 0. Ir. ech, W. ebo!, Lat. egwres. So numerous 
 words — eadh, space, bean, heart, cearc, ceart, dearc, dearg, 
 deas, fearg, geal, geas, meadhon, meamna, tneas, neart, reachd, 
 seach, seachd, sean, searg, teach, teas, treabh. 
 
 (3) G. ei, 0. Ir. e. 
 
 G. beir, take, 0. Ir. berim, W. adfer, Lat. fero. So heil 
 (meil), ceil,- ceirtle, ceithir, creid, deick, deis, ready, meirbh, 
 seinn, teich, teine. 
 
 (4) G., 0. Ir. i. 
 
 G., 0. Ir. fine, tribe, root ven, 0. H. G. wini, Ag. S. wine, 
 friend. So cineal, gin, ite, mil, misg, sinnsear, tigh. 
 
 (5) G. io, 0. Ir., i. 
 
 G. bior, spit, 0. Ir. bir, W. ber, Lat. veru. So iol-, sliochd, 
 smior, hiolaire, ciomach, tioram. 
 
 (6) Compensatory long vowels in G. and 0. Ir. These arise from 
 
 loss of one consonant before another, one of which must be a 
 liquid. 
 
 a. ent becomes G. eud, 0. Ir. et. G. cevd, first, 0. Ir. cet, W. 
 cynt. So seud, journey. Similarly enk ; G. breug, lie, 
 
XXIV. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 0. Ir. hrec, *hrenM : enkt; G. euchd, E. Ir. echt (Of. 
 creuchd, *crempt- ?) : ens ; G. ceus, crucify. Parallel to 
 these forms in ent, enh are those in nt, nk, such as ceud, 
 one hundred, 0. Ir. cl«, W. cant, Lat. centum (so deud, 
 eug, geug). 
 
 h. ell : in G. neul, cloud, 0. Ir. nSl, W. niwl. 
 egr : in G. feur, grass, 0. Ir. fer, W. gwair. 
 egn : in G:. feun, 0. Ir. /era : *vegno-s. 
 etl : in G. sgeul, 0. Ir. seel, W. chwedl. 
 etn : in G. e«», 0. Ir. dn, W. erfw. 
 
 c. G. eadar and t^i^' show short vowels for original *enter and 
 e«.i. This is due to sentence accent in the case of eadar 
 and to the word accent in the case of thig or to both. 
 
 For cewn, levm, etc., see under n. 
 
 I.E. 0. 
 
 (1) G., Ir. 0. 
 
 G. CO-, comh-, with, 0. Ir. co-, com-, W. cy-, cyf-, *lcom-; so ro- 
 ( = Lat. •pro), fo ( = Gr. vno), nochd, naked, night, ochd, mol, 
 hodhar, gonadh, gort, roth. 
 
 (2) G., 0. Ir. u, ui. 
 
 G., 0. Ir. muir, sea, W. m6r, Br. mor, from *mari. So dmim 
 (*dros-men), guidhe, guil, guin, sguir, smidke, uidhe, uileann, 
 uircean, gu, to, cii,-, fit-, fw- (for = *vor). 
 
 (3) G. a, 0. Ir. o. 
 
 G. cas, foot, 0. Ir. co«, W. coes, *cqxd. So amA, halg, call, faU, 
 gart, garadh, calltuinn. So, too, compounds. With con as in 
 cagnadh, cadal, cagar, caisg, as against coguis (0. Ir. concubus), 
 with its u sound terminal. 
 
 (4) Compensatory long vowels. 
 
 G. dual, lock of hair, *doglo-. Got. tagl, Eng. tail. So 6Z 
 (*potlo-), huain, (*bog-ni- or *bongni-), cluain, citan, hruan, 
 srbn, comh-. 
 
 I.E. a. 
 
 (1) G. a, ai, 0. Ir. a, W. a. 
 
 G., 0. Ir. can, sing, W. cana, Lat. can.o. So many words, 
 such as abhainn, ad-, agh, air, altrum, anail, anarn, cac, 
 damh, gad, mac, maide, Tnarc, nathair, salann, ifcc. 
 
 (2) G. ft before rd, rn, m. 
 
 See ^rd, bard, barr, cam, sgaird, cd,m. am, mam. 
 
 (3) G. i. 
 
 In two cases ojily : mac, g. mic ; sile, saliva, 0. Ir. saile. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XXV. 
 
 (4) G. U, ui. 
 
 This happens in contact with liquids. The prep, air becomes 
 ur-, uir-, uireashhuidh, urchar. So muigh from *magesi. 
 Common in obhque cases : allt, g. uillt, ball, built, <fec. 
 
 (5) G. ea, ei for e. 
 
 G. seileaeh, willow, E. Ir. sail, W. helyg, Lat. salix. So 
 ealtuinn, eile, eir- for air-, eilean, training, deigh, ice. 
 
 (6) 6. oi. 
 
 This change of I. E. a into Gaelic oi is due mostly to a liquid 
 followed by a "small" vowel. 
 
 G. oil, rear, E. Ir. ailim, Lat. alo. So oir for air-, coileach, 
 goir, iroigh, coire, loinn, &c., and goid, oide. 
 
 (7) Compensatory lengthenings in G. 
 
 a. As a, ai : 
 
 G. dail, meeting, 0. Ir. ddl, W. dadl, where -atlo- is the 
 original combination, -agr- appears in naire, sar, ctr. 
 
 b. As eu, ao, ia : 
 
 It has been seen that ceud, hundred, corresponds to W. 
 cant, Lat. centum. The Celtic, in these cases, is regarded 
 as having been nt, nh, (*knto-n). See under n. 
 An undoubted case of a landing by compensation into 
 eu { = e) is deur, tear, 0. Ir. der, 0. W. dacr, 1. E. dakru. 
 Prof. Strachan has extended this analogy to words like 
 m.eur, breun, leine, sgeun, meanan. The case of deur 
 seems rather to be an anomaly. 
 
 LE. 5. 
 
 This is the I.E. "indefinite" vowel, aijpearing in Celtic as a, 
 in the Asiatic groups as i, and generally as a in Europe (Greek 
 showing also e). Henry denotes it by a, a more convenient form 
 than Brugmann's s. Some philologists refuse to recognise it. 
 
 G. athair, father, 0. Ir. athir, I. E. pster-, Gr. Trar-qp, Skr. 
 pitar. 
 
 It is common in unaccented syllables, as G. anail, breath, 
 W. anadl, *ansi-tla, Gr. o.vi.^s.o'i. In the case of syllables with 
 liquids it is difficult to decide whether we have to deal with a, s, 
 or a liquid vowel ; as in G. ball, member, *bhal-no-, root bhsl, 
 whence Gr. ^aA.Aos, Eng. bole. 
 
 1. E. Long Vowels. 
 
 I. E. ^ and u are so intimately bound with ei and eu (ou) 
 that it is difficult to say often whether we have to deal with the 
 simple vowel or the diphthong as the original. For i see li, sin, 
 sgith, brxgh ; for u, see cm/, dhil (element), dun, cliu, much, muin, 
 rim, ur. The W. in both cases (f, u) shows simple i. 
 
XXVI. OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 I. E. e appears ia Celtic as l, G. \ : as in G. fior, fir, true, 
 0. Ir. fir, W. and Br. gudr, Lat. verus. So lion, mial, mios, righ, 
 sith, stol, sior, tir, sriiomh. 
 
 I. E, o and a appear both as a in the Celtic languages — 
 Gadelic a, W. aw, Br. eu. For o, see Math, gnhih, lar, dan, snath. 
 For d, see han, brathair, cnaimh, car, clar, ddtimh, faidh, gair,. 
 maihair, shth, tamh.. 
 
 I. E. Diphthongs. 
 
 I. E. ei appears in G. in two forms — as ei and ia. Thus — 
 
 a. G. ei, 0. Ir. ei, W. toy, Br. oe, oa. See feith, geill, mdith, 
 reidh, s4id, smeid. 
 
 h. G. ia, 0. Ir. ia. This is due to the influence of a succeed- 
 ing broad vowel. See da, eiall, diat/iach, criathar, fiadh, 
 flanuis, giall, iarunn, liagh, riadh, riar, sgiath, sliabh. 
 Consider these — feuch, lean, gli, and, possibly, geadh. 
 
 I. E. oi. This consistently appears in G. as ao long, 0. Ir., di, 
 6i, later oe, ae, (6e, d'), W., Br. u. See caomh, claon, fraoch, 
 gaoth, gaol, laogh, maoin, maoth, taobh. 
 
 I. E. ai can with difficulty be differentiated from oi ; certainly 
 not on Celtic ground, nor, indeed, outside Greek and Latin. The 
 following are real cases : G. aois, caoch, santhair, taois. 
 
 I. E. eu and ou are also confused together in the modern Celtic 
 languages. They both appear as either G. ua or b. 
 
 a. G. ua, 0. Ir. ua, W., Br. u. 
 
 G. buaidh, victory, 0. Ir. buaid, W. bud, Gallo-British 
 Boudicca, "Victoria." See also buachaill, duas, luath, 
 ruadh, ruathar, truagh, tuath, uasal. 
 
 b. G. b; as bdidheach from buaidh, trbcair from truagh, 
 
 Ibchran, cos for cuas. 
 I. E. au appears in G. as b or ua, much as do eu, ou. Thus — 
 G. go, a lie, 0. Ir. go, gdu, W. gau, Br. gaou. Also bigh, virgin, 
 from axigi-, fuachd, uaigneach. 
 
 § 4. I. E. Semi- Vowels and Consonant Vowels. 
 
 The semi-vowels are denoted by Brugmanu as i and u, by 
 Henry as y and w ; and these forms are used by them " not m'erely 
 for intervocalic semi-vowels but also for the diphthongs which we 
 have printed as ei, oi, ai, eu, ou, au, which Henry, for instance, 
 prints as ey, ew, etc. In this work Fick is followed in the forms 
 of the diphthongs, and also, where necessary, in his signs for the 
 semi-vowels, viz., y and v, with/ and v as signs for the spirants. 
 
 I. E. y, j, V. 
 I. E. y and j disappear in Gadelic, but are preserved in the 
 Brittonic as i. Thus loc, heal, 0. Ir. iccaim, W.jach, I.E. yahos, Gr. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XXVH. 
 
 ci/cos, Skr. ydgas; see deigh and bg. For I. E. y, compare G. ebrna, 
 for ed-ma, *jevo-, Gr. feta, spelt, Skr. ydva : also ewe/, jealousy, 
 *jantv^, Gr. f^Aos, zeal, Skr. yatnd. 
 
 I. E. i; is thus dealt with : — 
 
 (1) Initial v : G., 0. Ir. /, W. gw, as in G. fait, hair, Ir. folt, W. 
 
 gwalt ; also faidh, Lat. v(?ie«, feackd, fear, Lat. ■uir, fiadh, 
 fichead, fine, fiodh, with succeeding consonant in ^a<A l*vlati-), 
 fliuch, fraoch, fras, freumk, etc. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic i). This disappears iu G. leaving the vowels to 
 
 coalesce with varying results, thus : — 
 
 a. -ivo- produces ed, as in ieb, *givo-s, Lat. vivus, or ia in 
 
 hiadh (*bivoto-n), dian. 
 
 b. -evo- produces eb, as in ceb, *skevo-, Eng. shower, deb, W. 
 
 dywy, *devo-, Lat. fdmus, ebrna. Stokes gives cLiii as 
 *Mevos, Thumeysen as /doves-. 
 
 c. -ovi- gives nuadh, *novios, -ovo- in crb (*krovos), -ovn- in dg. 
 
 d. -avi- in ogha (*pavios), dath (*david), -avo- in clb. 
 
 e. -eivi- in gle, -eivo- in dia. 
 
 (3) Post-consonantal v. 
 
 a. After liquids it becomes bh. See garbh, marbh, searbk,. 
 
 tarbh, dealbh, sealhh, meanbh, banhh. 
 
 b. After explosives. It disappears save after d, (gv) : feadhbh, 
 
 widow, 0. Ir. fedb, faobh, baohh. For gv, see g below. 
 
 c. After s, it sometimes disappears, sometimes not. Thus 
 
 piuthar is for *svesdr, 0. [r. siur, whereas in searbh 
 (*svervo-s), solus (but follas), seinn, etc., it disappears. 
 
 The Consonant Vowels. 
 
 These are r, I, n, m ; f, I, n, in. The regular representation 
 of r, I in G. is ri, li (mutated forms being rea, rei, lea, lei). See 
 the follovdng regular forms : bris, britheamh, fri, lit ; also the 
 modified forms — bleath, bleoghainn, breith, cleith, dreach, leamhann, 
 leathan (?), sreath. 
 
 The numerous Gaelic a forms of I. E. e roots containing 
 liquids fall to be noticed here. Some of them Brugmann explains 
 as glides before sonants, somewhat thus : G. mar, remain, 0. Ir. 
 maraim, would be from mrra-, root rrur, Lat. mora ; so sgar from 
 sker ; garbh, marbh. 
 
 Add the following : — alt, carbad (Lat. corbis), barr, bhrd, cairt, 
 garg, mall, dall, sgaird (Lat. muscerda), tart, tar ; fras, fiath, 
 fraigh, graigh, braieh. With modified vowels in — coille (*caldet-),. 
 doire, foil, goile, goirid, sgoilt. 
 
 The long vowels f and I appear regularly as ra (?), la. See Ian 
 (*pf^o-, Skr. pumas), slan, tlath, blath. Long f seems to appeal^ 
 as dr in dddr, maireach, faireag (?). 
 
-XXVlll. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Vocalic n and m may be looked for in G. samhail, which 
 Brugmann explains as smmlli-s, in tana, thin ; reversed in magh 
 and nasg. 
 
 Compensatory n plays a great part in G., appearing usually as 
 -eu (ao). We have ceud, hundred, W. cant, deud, W. dant, tend, 
 «ud, eug, eudann, eiginn, geug. The negative ■>}, appears before 
 vowels as an, before c, t, and s, as eu, ei : eutrom, ^islean, &a. 
 The most curious result arises from -ngm-, which ends in G. as 
 eum^; see cewm, W. cam, leum, W. lam, and add tewm, W. tam, from 
 *tnd-men. 
 
 Before the medials b, d, g, both n and m become in (ion), im 
 ■{iom), and original in retains its i (cL fionn). Thus we have im-, 
 ■iom- from mhi, Lat. amhi, also \m, ionga, imleag, ciomach. 
 
 I. E. "r" and" l" Liquids. 
 
 Gaelic r and I represent the I. E. liquids r and I. Initially we 
 may select ramh, reachd, ruadh, rim, loch, laigh, labhair, leth ; 
 after p lost — ro, rhth, lamh, ikn, lar. Medially r and I are 
 " aspirated," but the sounds have no separate signs — dorus, tulach, 
 geal, meil, eile, seileach, etc. Post-consonantal r and I appear in 
 sruth, srath, etc., cluinn, fiiuch, slugadh, etc. In -ir, -tr, ^r, the 
 combinations become -bhar, -thar, -dhar, while in -cr, -gr, -hi, -tl, 
 -dl, -cl, -gl the respective explosives disappear with lengthening 
 of the preceding vowel. For -si, see below {-It). 
 
 Ante-consonantal r and I preserve the explosives after them — 
 ■ard, hard, ceart, mart, dearg, dearc, allt, calltuinn, gilh, halg, cealg, 
 olc, etc. 
 
 Gaelic -rr arises from -rs ; see harr, earr, carraig ; from the 
 meeting of r with r, as in atharrach ; from rih, as in orra from 
 ortha, Lat. orationem. Again -II comes from -si, as in uaill, coll, 
 ciall, etc. ; especially from -In-, as in follas, hall, feall, etc, ; from 
 -Id-, as in call, coille, and many others. 
 
 I. E. " n" and " m" JVasals. 
 
 I. E. n and m appear normally in G. as n and m, save that I. E. 
 terminal m in neuter nouns, accusative cases, and genitives plural, 
 became in Celtic n. (1) Initial n appears in nead, Eng. nest, 
 neart, neul, nochd, naked, night, nathair, nuadh, nasg, na, not, etc. 
 (2) After an initial mute, n appears in cndimh, cneadh, cnb, gnath, 
 €tc. After s, in snath, smomh, snuadh, snigh, sneachd. After b it 
 changes the 6 into m (mnatha for *bnds). (3) Intervocalic n is 
 preserved — bean, Ian, maoin, dd/n, run, dun, sean, etc. (4). Pre- 
 consonantal n is dealt with variously : 
 
 a. Before the liquids, n is assimilated to m and I, and dis- 
 appears before r. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. xxix.. 
 
 b. Before the labials, n becomes m in modern Gaelic, though 
 
 words like inhhir show the old phonetics. Before t, c, 
 the n disappears with lengthening of the previous vowel, 
 as in ceud, first, hreug, c6ig. Before d and g, it is- 
 preserved, as iu cumhang, fulaing, muing, seang,. 
 but it assimilates d—fionn (*vindo-s), honn, inn-, binn. 
 For -ngm, see under n and g. 
 
 c. Before s, n disappears as before t and c. Compare mios,. 
 
 feusag, gnos, sk>s. 
 
 (5) Post-consonantal n disappears after I, leaving U (see under I),. 
 but is preserved after r, as in cam, ebrna, tigheama, etc. 
 
 a. After s, that is, -sn becomes -nn ; as in dronn for- 
 *dros-no-, dorm, uinnsean, cannach, hruinne, etc. 
 
 6. The mutes, t, d, c, g, p, disappear with compensatory 
 lengthening of the previous vowel : -<ji-, as in eun, buan, 
 iiin ; -dri^, as in bruan, smuxiin ; -en is doubtful — cf. ixm, 
 also sgeun, breun, lebn ; -gn, as in feun, brbn, nan, srbn ; 
 -pn, as in suain, clvmn, cuan. 
 
 c. After b, that is, hn changes into mh-n, as in domhan 
 (*dubno-), sleamhuinn. 
 
 The G. combination -nn arises therefore from (1) Ji before n, 
 (2) n before d, and (3) from sn ; or (4) it is a doubling of n in an 
 unaccented syllable at the end of a word (fighinn, etc.), or, rarely,, 
 of a one-syllable word like cinn, chdnn, linn. 
 
 Initial m appears in Tnhos, muir, mil, maide, etc. Before the 
 liquids r and I, the m becomes b, as in braich, brath, hrvigh, blath, 
 hleath, bleoghainn. Intervocalic m is always aspirated — geimheal, 
 amhuil, like, cruimh, amh, dawk, cnaimh, laimh, caomh. In com- 
 binations with other consonants, various results occur : — 
 
 (1) Pre-consonantal m. 
 
 a. Before liquids, m is preserved in an aspirated form 
 {geamh^adh, etc), but there are no certain ancient cases.. 
 Of course, m before m, results in preserved m (cf. amxidan, 
 comas, comain). 
 
 h. Before s, m should disappear, but no certain Celtic cases 
 seem to occur. In the historic language, m before s 
 results in mp or p as usually pronounced, as in rompa 
 for row, + so, that is, *rom-sho ; so iompaidh, umpa. 
 
 c. Before the explosives. Original mb is now m, as in the 
 prefix im-, iow,-, in imleag, torn. I. E. m before t and h 
 {q) became n (as in cevd, breug), and disappeared with 
 compensatory lengthening. Compare also dhdean^ 
 eridinn. Prehistoric mg, wd fail ns ; in the present 
 language both appear aspirated (mhgh, whdK). 
 
3XX. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 (2) Post-consonantal m. After the liquids r, I, and n, the wi is 
 preserved. Whether an intermediate s is in some oases to be 
 postulated is a matter of doubt (as in gairm, from *gar-s- 
 men ? W. garm). See cuirm, (W. cwrw), gorm, seirm, deilm, 
 calma, ainm, meamna, anmoch. 
 
 After s, m becomes in the older language mm, now m ; druim 
 comes from *dros-men. But s is very usual as an intermediate 
 letter between a previous consonant and m : many roots appear 
 with an additional s, which may originally have belonged to an -es 
 neuter stem. We actually see such a development in a word like 
 snaim, which in E. Ir. appears as miaidm (d. snaidmaimm), from a 
 Celtic * snades-men. In any case, a word like rvmm postulates a 
 Pre-Celtic *rovd-s-men. See also gruaim, seaman, riim, lom, trom. 
 
 After the explosives the m is aspirated and the explosive dis- 
 appears, as in the case of freumh (vrdmd) ; but seemingly the 
 accented prefix ad- preserves the m : cf . amas, aTnail, aimsir. 
 
 Preserved G. m, intervocalic or final, may arise from (1) m or 
 n before m, (2) s before m (also -hsm, -tsm, -dsm, -csm, -gsm), (3) 
 -ngvi or- ngTn, as in ceum, leum, beum, geum, or -ndm as in teum, 
 (4) ng becoming mh as in im, tumadh, torn, etc., or (5) -mb (-mbh), 
 as in im^, iom-. 
 
 § 5. Vowel Gradation oe Ablaut. 
 
 The most characteristic roots of the I. E. languages are at least 
 triple-barrelled, so to speak : they show three grades of vowels. 
 The root pet, for instance, in Greek appears as pet, pot, pt 
 (ireTo/iat, fly, Trordofiai,, flutter, Trrepov, wing). The first grade — 
 e — may be called the " normal" grade, the second the " deflected" 
 grade, and the last — pt — the "reduced" or "weak" grade. The 
 reason for the reduced grade is evident ; the chief accent is on 
 another syllable. Why e interchanges with o is not clear. The 
 leading I. E. series of vowel gradations are six in number, as 
 follows : — 
 
 Normal. Deflected. Weak. 
 
 1. e-series e o nil 
 
 but ei oi i 
 
 2. e-series e o s> 
 
 3. a-series a o s 
 
 4. o-series 605 
 
 5. a-series a a, (a) 
 
 6. o-series o (o) 
 
 Corresponding to the e, 0, nil series are the two " strong" 
 vowel grades e, o, as in sed, sit, sod, sed, sod, si-zd, found in Latin 
 ■sedeo (sed), G. suidhe {sod), G. svlh, peace {sed), Eng. soot {sod), 
 Xat. sedi {si-zd). 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. SXXl. 
 
 The e-series in full is as follows : — 
 
 Normal. Deflected. Weak. 
 
 e simple e o nil 
 
 ei ei oi i 
 
 eu eu ou u 
 
 er (or el, en, em) er or r 
 
 To all these correspond " reduced" long forms — to ei belongs i, to 
 eu belongs u, and to the consonant- vowels correspond the longs f, I, 
 n, m. We may also here add the triple ve, vo, u {vet, vot, ut, as in 
 G. feitheamh, uine, uiridh). 
 
 Some Gaelic examples will now be given. 
 
 (1) The p-series. G. eadh, uidhe from *pedo-, *'podio- ; tigh, tugha 
 from *tegos, *tngio-; geas, guidhe from ged, god; cleachd, 
 cleas, clutch, etc. In ei we have the complete set rneit, moit, 
 mit in meith, maoth, meata or miosa ; further cliathach, daon 
 from klei, kloi ; fianuis, fis from veid, vid , gaoth, geamhradh 
 from ghoi, ghi ; and others. The diphthongs eu, ou cannot 
 be differentiated, but the short form of the root occurs, as in 
 ruadh, roduidh from roud, rudd ; huail, huille from hhoud, 
 bhud ; cluas, cluinn from kleu, klu ; nuadh, nodha (?). The 
 liquids show the changes also : heir, breith from ber, br, and 
 in the sense of speech we have also brath, judgment (bftu-). 
 The root pel is especially rich in forms : iol {*pelu-), uile 
 (*polio-), lion {*pleno-, Lat. plenus, from pie), Ian (either 
 *pl6no, plo, Eng. flood, or * pl-no-, from pV), that is, root 
 forms pel, pol, pi, pie, plo, pi, meaning " full." In n we have 
 teann, tana (*tendo-, tnnavo-, according to Brugmann), and 
 teud ; from gen we get the long forms gne in gn\omh and gno 
 in gnath. In nem we have neamh, heaven, 0. Ir. nem, and 
 namhaiJ, foe, from nom (Gr. vtafidui). 
 
 {2) The e and other series. One of the best examples of the e 
 series is sne, sno (sua), spin, which gives snlomh {*snemu-) and 
 snath, thread (^sndtio-). From se come siol (*sglQ-) and, 
 possibly, sd,th, transfix (soto-). The a- series is not differ- 
 entiated in G. nor is the o- series ; but from a short we get, 
 among others, the root dg, lead, in aghaidh, etc., and dg in 
 agh, success, d,ghach, warlike. The diphthong ai has as its 
 " reduced" grade I. The name Aoidk in Mackay represents 
 0. Ir. Aed, aed, fire, Gr. atOb), I bum. 
 
 § 6. The Spieants. 
 
 The I. E. spirants were j, v, s, and z. We have already dis- 
 cussed j and V under the heading of semi- vowels, from which it is 
 
XXXll. OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 difficult to differentiate the consonantal 7' and v. Here we deal 
 with s and z, and first with s. 
 
 (1) Initial s. Before vowels and the liquids, I. E. s remains intact 
 
 in Gadelic. In Brittonic s before vowels becomes h, before 
 I, n, and m, it disappears, while before r-it or its resultant 
 effect is preserved (see s,rv,th, srath, srbn). 
 
 a. I. E. sv appears in Gadelic as s usually, more rarely as / 
 
 and p or t; in W. the form is chw. See searbh, seal, sia, 
 sihh, s^id, etc. The G. piuthar appears in Ir. as siur, 
 fiur, from *svesor, while pill (*svelni-) gives fill and till -y 
 compare also s^ist and t^is. 
 
 b. I. E. sp (sph) is treated in Celtic much as sv. And spr 
 
 appears as sr ; cf. srbn, straighlich. 
 
 I. "El. St appears in Gadelic as t, as in tigh, fa, tighinn, taois. 
 But str, stl, become sr, si, as in srath, sreothart, sreang, 
 slios, slat, sloinn, slaid. Some hold that st may appear 
 as simple s, which is the case in Welsh, but the instances 
 adduced can be otherwise explained (cf. seirc, sd,ir). 
 
 I. E. sq, sqh appear in Gaelic as sg, 0. Ir. sc, as in sgcbth, 
 sgath, sguir, etc. The W. precedes the sg with a y as in 
 ysgwyd, Ir. sgiath, G. sgiath, shield : I. E. sqv is in W. 
 chw, as G. sgeul, W. chwedl, sgeith, W. chwydu. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic s. This becomes h and disappears ; compare tagh. 
 
 (^to-gus6), do-, ch\, etc. 
 
 (3) Terminal s disappears altogether ; but in closely connected 
 
 combinations of words its former existence is known from the 
 so-called euphonic h, as in the article genitive feminine and 
 nom. plural before vowels (na li-bighean = * sendds augeis), and 
 it may be the origin in most cases of prothetic s. 
 
 (4) Pre-consonantal s. A pre-historic case of -sr is not forth- 
 
 coming, but ^irich comes from *ek-s-reg6. Before I, m, and n 
 the s disappears, and the liquid is doubled (m of Gaelic being 
 for older mm), as already shown under these letters. Medial 
 sv appears as / in the older language (see seinn), and it is 
 still seen in tabhann {*to-sven-), feabhas. 
 
 Before the explosives, s is preserved before the tenues, which 
 in the modern language become mediae. The combination 
 -sp is not certain ; but -sc becomes -sg (see fasgadh, seasg, 
 measg, etc.), st becomes s (older ss) simply, as in seas 
 (^ = *sisto-), fois, fds, dos, etc. Before the medials s becomes 
 z, which see for the results in Gaelic. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XXSiii. 
 
 (5) Post-consonantal s. After the liquid r the s is assimilated to 
 the r, and the result is rr, as in barr, earr, etc. From -Is- 
 seemingly s results, at least in the later language ; -ms, -ns 
 become 5 ynth compensatory lengthening for the previous 
 Towel. For msh = mp, see under m. 
 The explosives combine with the s and disappear into 0. Ir. s-', 
 now s, as in itasal (^ = *oups- or *ouks-), lits, leas {*led-so-), 
 lios, as. out ( = eks), and many others. 
 
 Gaelic preserved s intervocalic, therefore, arises from (1) st, as 
 in seas ; (2) from -ms, -ns, as in mtos ; and (3) from -ps, -ts, -cs. 
 Gaelic -st arises from this s by a sort of modern restoration of 
 previous st, only, however, x may also become modern st (as in 
 aisde, out of her). 
 
 I. E. z. 
 
 Even in I. £. this is assured only before the medial explosives. 
 Thus G. neud, nest, is from I. E. nizdo-s ; so maide, brod, cead, 
 gad, siid. Again -zg seems to have developed in G. into g; compare 
 beag, biog, meag, griogag, eagal ( = ex-gal-). 
 
 § 7. The Explosives or Mutes. 
 
 The I. E. explosives formed a possible sixteen in number 
 between tenues, mediae and the double set of aspirates (ph, bh, tk, 
 dh, kh, gh, qh, gh). The tenues aspirate were " rare and of no 
 importance " in the resulting languages, save only in Sanskrit and 
 Greek. The mediae aspirates are the predecessors of aspirates of 
 the modem languages. But in the Celtic languages these mediae 
 aspirates were merged into the mediae themselves, so that b and 
 b/i appear in Celtic as b, d and dh as d, g and gh as g, and g and 
 ffh as g. The Balto-Slavonic, in this matter, shares the peculiarity 
 of the Celtic. 
 
 All the explosives, when intervocalic, are " aspirated" in Gaelic 
 — p to ph, b to bh { = v), t to th { = h), d to dh { = y), c to ch, g to 
 gh { = y') ; the corresponding Welsh changes are the tenues to 
 mediae, and the mediae to /, dd, and nii in the case of g. Inter- 
 vocalic preserved explosives in Gaelic arise from a doubling of the 
 explosive, the cause of which in many cases is obscure. The fol- 
 lowing are the leading cases and causes of intervocalic G. mutes : 
 
 (I) Doubling of the explosive in the course of inflection or word- 
 building. 
 
 a. Inflection. The participle passive in -te preserves the t or 
 d of the root as t ; thus caith gives caite, bath (for bMh) 
 gives bdite, radh gives raite, etc. 
 
 c 
 
XXXIV. OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 b. Word-building. The prepositional prefixes which end or 
 ended in a consonant preserve the succeeding explosive ; 
 even vowel-ending prepositions like air {*are), aith- 
 {*ati) do the same, if the accent is on the preposition. 
 Thus — abair is for ad-ber, aitreabh is for ad-treb, aidich 
 is for ad-dam, faic for ad-ces-, agair for ad-gar. In the 
 way of affixes, we have ruiteach from rudr-t and ruicean 
 from rud-c, creid from *cred-dhd ; compare the compounds 
 boidonn, lao'cionn, and craicionn. 
 
 (2) After sunk n or m. Thus devd comes from dijt, and so with 
 
 ceud, tend; eeud, first, from * cento-, so sevd ; eug iiom. Tpko-, 
 etc. 
 
 (3) After sunk spirant z. This is assured for zd, as in brod 
 
 (*broz-do-, Norse hroddr), cead, gad, maide, nead ; but zg 
 giving g is doubtful — eagal seems for *es-gal or * ex-gal-, 
 beag for gvezgo-s (Lat. vescus), meag for mezgo-. 
 
 (4) Cases corresponding to double explosives in other languages : 
 
 cat and Lat. catta (borrowing ?), cax: and Gr. kukkt;. Compare 
 also slugadh. 
 
 (5) Doubtful cases. Many of these cases can be satisfactorily 
 
 explained as due to suffixes immediately affixed to consonant- 
 ending roots. Thus brat may be for grat-to-, trod for trud-do-, 
 IOC for *yak-ko; breac for mrg-ko-. Even suffixes in -bho- and 
 -go- are not unknown, and they might account for reub 
 {*reib-bo-, *reib-bho-, Eng. reap, rip), slug for slug-go-, etc. Dr 
 Whitley Stokes has given a different theory founded on the 
 analogy of a Teutonic phonetical law, stated thus by Brug- 
 mann : " bn, dn, gn became bb, dd, gg before the principal 
 accent in primitive Teutonic, thence pp, tt, kh (by Grimm's 
 law), which were further treated just the same as pp, tt, kk, 
 which had arisen from pn, tn, qn, and from I. E. bhn, dhn, 
 gkn, ghn. . . . 0. H. G. sluccko, slukko, glutton \^sluk-no-^, 
 M. H. G. sluchen, gulp, have hiccup, allied to Gr. Xv^o, 
 X.vyyavdo[jMi, I have hiccup." These last words are allied to 
 G. slugadh, which Dr Stokes refers to a pre-Celtic *slag-n6-, 
 the accent being on the suffix -no-. The weakness of this 
 hypothesis lies in the fact that uniform results are not found 
 from it. Thus breac, from mrg-n6-, should be breag, not breac, 
 on the analogy of slug. 
 
 I. E. p. 
 Initial and intervocalic I. E. p disappears in Gaelic, as in 
 
 athair, Lat. pater, eun for * pet-no-, eadh for pedo-, iasg against Lat. 
 
 piscis, ibh against bibo (for pibo), Ian against Lat. plenus, Idr and 
 
 Eng. floor, etc. For intervocalic p, see fo (^upo), for, teth, 
 
 caora {* kaperax), saor (^sapiros), etc. 
 
OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. XXXV. 
 
 Lat. and G. agree in the initial of the numeral five — quinque 
 and cbig, though the I. E. was penqe. In feasgar the G. guttural- 
 ises an original vesperos without Latin countenancing it. Initial sp 
 appears as s ; see sealg, spleen, sonn, sliseag, sine. 
 
 When p appears before the liquids and t, c, or s, it is not lost 
 in G. ; it leaves its influence either in a new combination or in 
 -compensatory lengthening. Thus suain is for supno-s, and see 
 cluain, cuan. G. dias seems from *steip-s-d, W. twt/s, and itasaZ 
 may have had an original form like vxf/rjXos, Eng. up. In seachd, 
 Lat. septem, the p is gutturalised ; we may add here,* neachd, 
 
 0. Ir. Tiecht, Lat. neptis, Eng. niece; cretichd, reaahd. Possibly 
 ■leac may be for lep-kd. 
 
 G. intervocalic p is, of course, due to some combination. In 
 leapa, genitive of ledbaidh, it arises from * leh-tha ; and we must 
 explain similarly tap {*tabaidh becoming *tab-tha i ; so raip, streap. 
 
 For t taking the place of p through an initial h compare the 
 ■derivations offered for tore, turlach, tuil, tlam, tlits for luths. 
 
 LE. b, bh. 
 
 These two become h in Gaelic and the other Celtic languages. 
 
 1. E. b is rare in any language ; in G. it appears in ibhim {*pibd), 
 treabh, domhain and driichd (* dhreub-tu-). 
 
 (1) Initial I. E. bh, G. b. See beir, halg, ball, bd,n, blath, bloom, 
 
 hragh, bruthainn, buaidh. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic I. E. bh, G. bh ( = v), 0. Ir. b, W. / See abhainn, 
 
 crabhach, dubh, gobhal. 
 
 (3) Pre-consonantal bh or b. 
 
 a. Before r it remains — abhra, gabhar, dobhar, Gaul, dubrum. 
 
 b. Before I it disappears with compensatory lengthening — 
 
 neul for neblo-s. 
 
 c. Before n it becomes mh now — sleamhuinn is for *slibno-s, 
 
 Eng. slippnry ; so domhain. These are I. E. 6. 
 
 d. Before t, I. E. b becomes ch as in druchd. 
 
 ■(4) Post-consonantal 6, bh. It is preserved after the liquids r and 
 I — carbad, cearb, earb, gilb, sgolh. After m it preserves the 
 m, as in im-, iom- from mbi, ambi. After s it is preserved 
 in eabar; after d in abair, lebb, faob, aobrann; perhaps after 
 g in leabaidh, *leg-buti- (?). 
 
 {b) Gaelic intervocalic b. In reub and gob we seem to have a 
 suffix -bo-, *reib-bo-, gob-bo ; also cliob from clib-bo-, root qlg, 
 Gr. KoXoySos, stumpy (?). Oftenest b is produced from a 
 previous d, especially of the prefixes — as abair, abadh, faob, 
 etc. (see the paragraph above). 
 
XXXVl. OUTLINES OF GAEUC BTTMOLOGT. 
 
 I.E. t. 
 
 Initially this is Celtic t; intervocalic, it is aspirated, and 
 otherwise it is yariously modified. 
 
 (1) Initial t, G., 0. Ir., W. t. See, among many, timgh, tar, teth, 
 
 teich, tais, tora, tlkih, tnilth, tri, treahh. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic t, G. th ( = A), O. Ir. th (d), W. d. See athair, 
 
 mathair, ith, roth, ceithir, letk, etc. Sometimes in non-accented 
 syllables it appears as dh, as in biadh from *bivoto-s, and this 
 is always the case with the infinitives in -atu- (glan-adh). 
 Irregularly fdtidh for faith. 
 
 (3) Pre-consonantal t not initial. Before r it is preserved, as in 
 
 eriathar, hriathar, etc. Before I it disappears with com- 
 pensatory lengthening — sgeul, W. chwedl, bl, beul, etc. ; so 
 before n, as in eun. Before $ the t disappears and the f is 
 preserved, as in miosa, ris, sets. Words like fios are from 
 vid-s-tvr-, formerly explained as from vid-tv^. Before anotlier 
 t, t is preserved in the resultant t of G., as in ite, etc. ; -td- 
 seems to become -dd- ; -tc- becomes 0. Ir. cc, G. c, as in 
 freiceadan; -tg- becomes gg, that is g, as in freagair. 
 
 (4) Post-consonantal t. After r and I it is preserved, as in heart, ■ 
 
 ceart, ceirtle, alt, fait ; after n and m it sinks to d, as in ceud, 
 etc. As seen -ht becomes -chd, as in driichd, while -pt is in 
 seachd. After c or g, the t sinks in G. to d, preserving the 
 guttural as an aspirate : ochd, nochd, bochd, reachd. 0. Ir. 
 has -cht here and W. th. 
 
 (5) Gaelic intervocalic *. The « of a root is preserved when the 
 
 suffix begins in *, as in caite, spent, in ite, 0. Ir. ette, *pet-tid, 
 lit, *plt-tion^. The d of the prefixes preserves it, as in aitreabh, 
 taitinn, ruiteach. The t of the following does not belong to 
 the ultimate root : ciotach, * sqvi-tto-, Eng. skew, croit, root 
 hur, lot, root lu. 
 
 I. E. d, dh. 
 
 This is a uniform Celtic d initial ; Gaelic dh between vowels 
 and W. dd. 
 
 (1) Initial d, dh. See deas, dearc, deich, druim, ditn, damh, etc., 
 
 for d ; for dh, dubh, domhan, dearg, dorus, dall ; also dlighe, 
 druim. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic d, dh. See jiodh, *vidu-, eadh, suidhe, fiadh, 
 
 guidhe, etc. 
 
 (3) Pre-consonantal d, dh non-initial. Before r, I, n, the d dis- 
 
 appears with compensatory lengthening, as in d,ireamh 
 (* ad-rim-), aros, arach, buail (*boud-lo-), but buille is for 
 *bud-s-lio- ; smuain for smoud-no-. Before m it sometimes 
 
ODILINES OF GAELIC ETTMOLOGY. XXXvii. 
 
 disappears, as in frewmh, *vrd-md, but with an accented 
 prefix the d and m become m, as in aimsir, amal. With s it 
 coalesces into s, as in musach, or in uisge for *uds-qio-, or fios 
 for *vid-s-tv^. Before the explosives, with b it coalesces to bb, 
 now 6, as in abair, etc. So with t, as in aitreabh ; with d, as 
 in aidich ; with c, as in faic ; with g, as in agair. 
 
 (4) Post-consonantal d, dh. The liquid r preserves a following d, 
 
 as in ard, bard, sg&ird, ord, etc. It assimilates with I, as in 
 coille, call, moll, mullach ; and with n, in ftonn, 0. Ir. ji?«(^, 
 6o»re, 0. Ir. bond, binn. For zd, see next paragraph. The 
 explosives before d are unusual, save f and t^, for which see 
 next paragraph. 
 
 (5) Intervocalic G. d. There are three sources at least for this 
 
 di— 
 
 a. The d from nt in ceud, tevd, bend, etc. 
 
 6. The d arising from the spirant z before d, as in brod, 
 
 "^brozdo-, cead, gad, maide, nead, druid. 
 c. From -dd- as in creid, goid, rodaidh, trod, etc.; also aidich, 
 
 *ad-dam-. 
 
 I.E. "k" and"q." 
 
 These appear in G. uniformly as c / but in the Brittonic 
 languages q, iJE labialised, becomes p as in Greek. 
 
 {1) Initial k. See cluinn, cit, ceud, hundred, cac, cridhe, caomh, 
 com. 
 Initial q simple. See caraid, W. cdr, cevd, first, W. cynt, coille, 
 
 W. celli, COS, W. coes, coileach, W. ceiliog, etc. 
 Initial q labialised, that is, qv : casd, W. pds, ciall, W. pWyll, 
 ceithir, W. pedwar, ceann, W.peti, coire, W.pair, co, W.pa, 
 cruimh, W. pryf. 
 It seems clear that G. g at times respresents I. E. k, q, as W. 
 has the latter. Compare G. geug with W. cainc, Skr. Qanku; 
 but W. ysgainc shows the reason for the anomaly — an s 
 initial has been dropped, and in dropping it the G. reduced 
 c to g. Further compare garmainn, giomach. Cf . dias. 
 
 i2) Intervocalic k, q. The G. is ch, W. g, b. Compare cruach, W. 
 cr&g, fichead, deich, loch ; also each, W. ebol, seach, W. heb, 
 etc. 
 
 (3) Pre-consonantal k, q. Before r, I, n, the c disappears with com- 
 pensatory lengthening as in deur, Lat. dacrima, meur, dual, 
 muineal, tdn ; and compare Prof. Strachan's derivations for 
 meanan, breun, cd,in, leana. With s, the result in G. is s, 
 0. Ir. ss, W. ch, as in uasal, W. uchel. Before explosives, 
 cb, cd, eg do not appear ; ct becomes chd, for which see 
 under t (4) ; for c-c, see paragraph (5) here. 
 
XXXVm. OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 (4) Post-consonantal Tc, q. After r and I, the guttural appears as 
 
 c, as in cearc, uircean, male, olc, falc, etc. After n (tn), it 
 sinks to g, with a preceding long vowel, as in eug, breug, 
 already discussed. After s, the c is preserved, but in G. it 
 is written as g, as in Ttieasg, nasg, teasg, etc. After explo- 
 sives, the t and d of the prefix or root preserves the c 
 following, for which see under t and d pre-consonantal. 
 For c or £r before c, see next paragraph. 
 
 (5) Intervocalic Gaelic c. It may arise from -tk, -dh, -lek, -gk. 
 
 From -tk in freiceadan (^frith-com-it-dn) ; -dk in faic, 
 acarach, ruicean, acuinn ; -kk in muc, *mukkus, eac, 
 craicionn, \oc, leacainn; from -gk in bac, hoc, hreac, cnocy 
 gleac. The word ttioc, son, postulates a Gadelic makko-s as 
 against the Ogmic maqvi (gen.) and W. mab ; it is difficult 
 to account for the G. form. 
 
 I.E. g, gh; g, gh. 
 
 These consonants all, save in one case, appear in G. as g, 
 
 aspirated to gh, and W. shows g and nil in similar circumstances. 
 
 The exception is in the case of g, which, when labialised, becomes 
 
 G. and W. b. But gh, whether labialised or not, becomes g in G. 
 
 (1) Initial I. E. y : in guth, gin, gnath, geimheal, gb. I. E. gh is 
 
 in geamhradh, gabh, gag, geal, white. I. E. g simple appears 
 in geal, leech, goir, goile, gearan, guala, gradh ; I. E. gh in 
 gar, grian, gaol, guidhe, geas, guin. Labialised g appears in 
 bean, Eng. queen, bior, beb, bb, bra, quern, braghad. 
 
 (2) Intervocalic Celtic g. See deigh, aghaidh, greigh, triuigh, 
 
 bleoghainn, tigh, bragh, etc.. In the termination of words it 
 appears often as ch : teach {*tegos), mach (^magos), imlich^ 
 imthieh, e'irich, fuirich. Intervocalic g labialised does not 
 seem to exist in modern G. 
 
 (3) Pre-consonantal Celtic g. Here -gr, -gl, -gn become -r, -I, -n 
 
 with vocalic lengthening, as feur, *vegro-, ar, nMr, fuar, al, 
 fual, feun, *vegno-, srbn, uan, tain, brbn, etc. Before m, g is 
 found in the combination ng-m, which results in m with a 
 preceding long vowel, as in ceum, leum, geum. Before s it 
 becomes x and modern s, W. ch, as in uasal, W. iu:hel, as for 
 ex, OS, deer, W. ych, cas, lot, uiseag. Before explosives the g 
 is variously preserved : -gb, -gd may be passed over ; -ct, -gt 
 appear as chd, as in seachd, hliochd, smachd, nochd, sneachd, 
 etc. ; -gk ends in -kk, now c, for which see post-consonantal k ; 
 -gg appears as g, as in slug, hog, dag, lag, slige, smugaid. 
 (4). Post-consonantal Celtic g. After r and I the g is preserved 
 in G., but often in W. becomes y ; see dearg, fearg, searg, 
 garg, lorg, balg, cealg, dealq, tulg. After n ordinary g is pre- 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC BTYMOLOQT. XXsix. 
 
 served, as in cwmhang, long, muing, seang, fulaing. But 
 labialised g became h, and then coalesced with the n into mm, 
 now m, as in \m, butter, Lat. unguentum, turn, cam, torn, 
 ciomach, and in modem times cum, keep, from *congv in 
 conghhail. For ng-m see the foregoing paragraph. For sg 
 see the next paragraph. After the explosives, the g is pre- 
 served in the combinations -tg (freagair), -dg (agair) and -gg, 
 which see below. 
 (5) Intervocalic Gaelic g. It arises from -sg firstly, which in pre- 
 Celtic times was -zg, as in heag, mogul, griogag, neag, eagal, 
 etc., which see under I. E. z above. From the explosive 
 combinations we have tg in freagair, * frith-gar-, eagna, eagar ; 
 dg in agair, agus. The -gg must arise from a suffix in -go-, 
 which was operative in early Gadelic, if we discard Dr Stokes' 
 view already set forth. For this -gg see paragraph third 
 above. 
 Intervocalic g may arise from a lost n before c, as in breug, geug, 
 eug, etc. The previous vowel is lengthened save in a few 
 cases where the word — or sentence — accent has brought about 
 a short syllable. Thus tliig has short i, and in G. leig is 
 short. This is regularly the case with the results from the 
 prefix con, confused with cos, as in cogais, Ir. concubus, 
 cadal, cagar, cogadh, etc. 
 
 §8. Accent. 
 
 In Gaelic, only the stress accent exists, and it is placed always 
 on the first syllable. The accent of the Old Gaelic was likewise 
 on the first syllable, save in the case of the verb. Here in the 
 compounded verbs the stress accent rested on, as a rule, the 
 second syllable ; but the imperative placed the accent on the first 
 syllable, and this also took place after the negative and interroga- 
 tive particles and after the conjunctions gu'n and na'n (da 'n). 
 Thus faic, see thou, is for f-aid-c, with accent on the preposition 
 ad, for it is imperative ; the future chl stands for the old present 
 at-cM, videt, where the accent is on the root ci. Again in cha 'n 
 fhaca the negative brings the accent on the prefix ad, that is, 
 f-ad-ca. When the accent is on the prefix, its ending consonant 
 and the initial consonant of the root coalesce and result in a pre- 
 served G. intervocalic consonant, but the root sufiers truncation : 
 when the accent is on the root, these consonants are aspirated, and 
 the root is preserved. The ten irregular verbs in G. present 
 sufficient illustrations of this rule. The preposition con, when 
 accented, was always con, when unaccented it was com (comh). In 
 the unaccented syllables, long vowels become short (aireamh from 
 *dd^m, anail for 0. Ir. andl), and in many cases change com- 
 
s]. OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETTMOLOGT. 
 
 pletely their grade, as from small to broad {e.g. comhnadh, 0. Ir. 
 congnam, from gtCiomh, and the compounds in -radh and -loch). 
 
 n. WOKD-BUILDING. 
 Word-building consists of two parts — composition and deriva- 
 tion. The first deals with the compounding of separate words ; 
 the second deals with the suffixes (and prefixes) that make up the 
 stem of a word from its root. 
 
 (1) The compound may be two stems welded together : righ-theach, 
 
 palace, *rigo-tegos, "king's house ;" righ-fhctidh, royal prophet 
 — " king who is a prophet ;" cean-fhionn, white-headed, 
 Penno-vindo-s ; ceithir-chasach, four-footed ; dubh-gklas, dark- 
 blue ; crannchw, lot, " casting the lot." These are the six 
 leading relationships brought out in compounds. In Celtic 
 the first stem is nearly always in o-, as Teuto-bodiaci, G, sean- 
 mhathair (but Catu-slSgi, MorudHnum, G. Muirgheal). Con- 
 sider the following compounds : iodhlann, mialchu, dirckeard, 
 brtarach, ceardach, clogad, bathach, eilthire, gncUh-fhocal, 
 moirear, leth-chas, lethrtrom, etc. 
 The following are common prefixes : athr-, re-, athr-ghlac, re- 
 capture ; 6a»-, she-, bati-altrum, hantrach ; bith-, ever-, bith- 
 bhed, bith-hhuan ; it-, iol-, many ; ion-, fit ; sir-, sior-, ever-, 
 fir-, fwr-, very, saobh-, pseudo-. 
 The following suffixes belong to this branch of word-building : — 
 -lack, from *sl(mgo-, now sluagh ; seen in teaghlach, dbrlach, 
 
 bglach, youth, etc. 
 -radh, from *rSda, W. rwyd (see rdidh) ; seen in reabhradh, 
 
 madraidh, dogs, bigridh, youth, maeraidh, sons, righre, 
 
 kings, gniomharra, deeds. 
 -mJior, -or, from m6r, great ; it makes adjectives from nouns, 
 
 etc. : llonmhor, etc. 
 -ail, -like ; from samhail, amhail : rloghail for r\ogh-amhail, 
 
 king-like. 
 -an, diminutive masculine, 0. Ir. dn, Ogmic -agnos, for *apo- 
 
 gno-s, root gen, bear (Stokes) : as in fearan, truaghan, 
 
 etc. 
 -ag, diminutive fem. in G., 0. Ir. -6c (masc. and fem.), from 
 
 6c, 6g, young : seen in caileag, etc. 
 -seach. This feminine termination has been explained by 
 
 Stokes as from 0. Ir. es, a fem. form, with the adjectival 
 
 addition *iqd, and this es he deduces from W. es, which 
 
 comes from Lat. issa. 
 
 (2) The compound may be one noun governing another in the 
 
 genitive : mac-leisg, and all the personal names in mac, gille, 
 maol. 
 
OUTLINES OP GAELIC ETTMOLOGY. xli. 
 
 ■(3) Uninflected prefixes : 
 
 o. Negative prefixes — I. E. n, G. an before vowels, aineol, 
 
 ioTi-, in- before 6, d, g {iongantas), eu- (ao-) before *, c, s 
 
 (aotrom for &-trom, *iv-trom.mo-s). 
 To this negative add also mi-, neo-, as- (eas-), di- {der- = 
 
 di-air-). 
 b. Prefixes of quality : do- (do-char), and so- (so-char) ; and 
 
 the intensive ro-. 
 
 .{4) Old adverbial forms and all prepositions. These prepositions 
 
 are often combined with one or two other prepositions. 
 
 ad-, Lat. ad : faie =f-ad-ci ; hireamh ( = ad-Hm-), 
 
 aith-, ad-, *ati-, re-, continually confused with the above 
 prep. : abair (*ad-ber-), agair, aithreachas (*ati-rec-), etc. 
 Compounded with to- in tagair, tapaidh, taitinn, taitheasg, 
 taisg, etc. ; with fo- in fclg (fo-ad-gab). 
 
 air, by, on; air-leag, eir-idinn, dvr-dheirc, oir-thir, vrchar, 
 iirlar. Compounded with com in comhairle ; with to- in 
 tairis, tairy, tearinn ; with di- in dearmad ; with mwi- 
 in ioTnar-bhaigh, iomarehur. 
 
 as, out, es- : as-eirigh, as-creideamh, eas-bhuidh, Si-rich, Com- 
 pounded with air : uireasbhuidh ; with to-, teasairg ; 
 with to-for- in tuairisgeul ; with to-fo-ar in ttiarasdal ; 
 with to-fo- in tuasgail. 
 
 eadar, between ; eadar-igaradh. 
 
 iar, after; in *iarfaighim, no^w febraick / iarogha. 
 
 in, in ; with to- in tional and comhthional. With a double 
 nn in ionnsuidh. 
 
 inn-, ionn^, to, Gaul, ande- : in jUmnogha ; with to- in tionn- 
 sgainn, tionndadh (Zeuss). Confused with in, ind, above. 
 
 im^, iom^, about : ioTnair, iomradh, imich, iompaidh (*imb-sK). 
 Compounded with com in caochladh ; with to- in timchioll, 
 tiomsach, tiomnadh. 
 
 odr, ud-, out, Eng. out : obann, obaidh. Compounded with 
 aith- in \obairt ; with di- in dixisg ; with fo in fdgair ; 
 with to- in tobar, tog. 
 
 con-, comhn, co- : coimhead, comaidh, caisg, eogadh. Com- 
 pounded with im- in iomchorc ; with con in cogais (0. Ir. 
 concubus) ; with to-aith- in teagasg, teagamh. 
 
 di-, de, de : dimeas, dwghail, dwmhain, direach; also deach, 
 dean. 
 
 do-, to : this is the unaccented form of to-, 
 jfo, under : in foghnadh, foghlum, falach, fulaing. Com- 
 pounded with to- in tbrachd, tuisleadh (to-fo-ess-), tuarasdal 
 (to-fo-ar-as-), tuasgail (to-fo-as-). 
 
Xlii. OUTLINES OP GAELIC BTTMOLOGT. 
 
 for, far, super : in forail, forradh, fardorus, farmad, furtachd. 
 
 Compounded with to in tormach, tuairisgeul. 
 fri-, ri, to, *vrt, Lat. versus ; it appears as frith, fris : in 
 
 freagair, friiheil freiceadan {frith-com-). 
 ro-, before : in robhas, rosg, rabhadh, radharc. Compounded 
 
 in rug (ro-ud-). 
 tar, across, tairm- : in teirig, toirmisg. 
 
 Stem Suffixes. 
 
 The following are the most important suffixes used in Gaelic 
 for stem formation : — 
 
 1. 0-, d-, as in cul (*adlo-), aitreabh, cos (*eoxd). 
 
 2. tro-, tlo-, trd-, tld- : criathar, Jcrei-tro-, anail (*anartld), sgeul, 
 
 cineal. 
 
 3. jo-, jd-, ijo-, ijd- : eile, suidhe, (*sod-i-on). See no-, ro-, tjo-, sqio-. 
 
 4. V0-, vd-, UVO-, uvd- : tarbh (*tar^o-), each {*ek-vo-), bed (bi-vo-). 
 
 5. no-, nd-, nno-, eno-, ono- : Ian, sldn, daian, domhan, lethan 
 
 (letano-s). It is secondary in iarunn ; cf. tighearna l*teg- 
 er-nio-). 
 
 6. mo-, md- : trom, lorn, caomh. 
 
 7. ro-, rd-, rro-, etc. : sior, mdr, lar, dr, bodhar. Here comes the- 
 
 Gaelic numeral stem -dro-n, as aonar, one person, cdignear, 
 five persons ; it is allied to Lat. -drius, -drium, Gaelic -air, 
 -eir, denoting agents or doers — cldrsair, harper, etc. 
 
 8. tero-, ero- : in sinnsear, uachdar, eadar. 
 
 9. lo-, Idr, llo-, etc. : coll (*cos-lo-), siol, neul, doll, giall. 
 
 10. dhro-, dro-, dhlo-, dlo- : odhar, uallach. 
 
 11. bho-, bhd- : earb, gob (* gob-bo-). 
 
 12. to-, td-. This is the participial termination in most I. E. 
 
 languages. In G. it is used for the past passive. Also in 
 the adjectives nochd, bochd, gndth, etc. ; nouns dligheadh, 
 dearmad, gort. 
 
 13. tjo-, tjd- : Gr. d/i/S/jocrtos. This forms the passive participle in 
 
 G. : briste, caite, etc. 
 
 1 4. td- of abstract nouns : \obart, now \obairt. 
 
 15. to- comparative. This appears in the ordinal numerals : 
 
 deicheamh, 0. Ir. dechmad, for *dehnimeto-. 
 
 1 6. ko-, led- : dg, young, juvn-ko-. 
 
 17. qo-, qd-, qio-, dqo- ; suileach for * suli-qo-s ; cuimhneach, 
 
 creidmheach. Especially the adjectives and nouns in -ach, 
 as marcach, buadhach. Further, the form iche (-iqios) 
 denoting agent ; maraiche, etc. 
 
 18. sqo-, sqio- : as in measg, seasg, uisge. 
 
 19. go-, gd : see muing, Danish mauke. 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. xliii.. 
 
 20. Stems in i- : &ird, muir, maith, deigh. In ni-, t&in, cluain,. 
 
 huain ; in mi-, cruimh, enaimh ; in li-, samkail, duil ; in ti-, 
 faith, f^ith, breith, bleith, etc. — a form in ■which some 
 infinitives appear. 
 
 21. idii-, that is, Celtic tdt-, tils : heatha, life, *hit4s, g. *hi-tdt-os. 
 
 22. Stems in u- : tiugh, fliuch, dub, loch. In nth, linn, 0. Ir. Un, 
 
 Mnvr; in «ti- there are many — bith, iodh-, fios {*vid-s-tu-), 
 guth, cruth ; especially reaehd, and its like in chd. Here 
 come the infinitives in adh {-atvr). 
 In G. -eas, as of abstract nouns, the form arises from <u- being 
 added to an -es stem : aois, *aiv-es-tu- ; so dorus, follus. 
 
 23. Stems in -w : eft, ara, vm, ionga. In -ien, there is 'Eire, 
 
 'Eireann. The stems in tio are very common ; the oblique 
 cases are in -tin^ ; see eiridinn, faotainn, etc. : common in 
 infinitives. Similarly common is -men, -mon, in ainm, 
 cuirm, druim, leum; and masculine in britheamh, ollamh, 
 talamh. 
 
 24. Stems in -r ; only the family names athair, m&thair, etc. 
 
 25. Stems in -t, -nt : nochd, night; caraid, friend — a participial 
 
 form. 
 
 26. Stems in k or q : G. nathair, g. nathrach, so Ictir, lasair, 
 
 cathair, etc. 
 
 27. Neuter stems in -es : teach, leth, magh, gleann. 
 
 28. Comparative stems in -jes, -is-, -jds : mJo, greater *md-j6s, sine, 
 
 Skr. sarir-yas-. 
 
 Two or three stems peculiar to Gaelic may be mentioned. 
 Adjectives in -idh, 0. Ir. -de, as diadhaidh, come from an original 
 -dio-. Endings like maireann, firionn have been correlated with 
 the Lat. gerund, itself a much disputed form. The preserved d in 
 words X^^flichead, moisture, 0. Ir. fliuchaidatu, has been variously 
 referred to *-a»«M- or -ato-tUt ; possibly the latter is its origin. 
 
 nL SYNOPSIS OF GADELIC ACCIDENCE. 
 A. Declension. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 DualN., 
 
 1. 0- 
 
 stems. MaE 
 
 ic. o-stem ball, n 
 
 lember. 
 
 
 Gaelic. 
 
 Old Irish. 
 
 Gadelic. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ball 
 
 ball 
 
 hallos 
 
 Gen. 
 
 buiU 
 
 baill 
 
 balll 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ball 
 
 baull 
 
 ballu 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ball 
 
 ball n- 
 
 ballon 
 
 Voc. 
 
 bhuill 
 
 baiU 
 
 balle 
 
 G.,A. 
 
 dk bhall 
 
 da ball 
 
 ballo 
 
 Dat. 
 
 da bhaU 
 
 dib mballaib 
 
 ballobin 
 
iliv. 
 
 OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 
 Gaelic. 
 
 Old IriBh. 
 
 Gadelic. 
 
 Plur. Nom. 
 
 buiU 
 
 baill 
 
 balll (balloi) 
 
 G. 
 
 ball 
 
 ball n- 
 
 ballon 
 
 D. 
 
 ballaibh 
 
 ballaib 
 
 ballobis 
 
 A. 
 
 buiU 
 
 baullu 
 
 hallos (ballons) 
 
 V. 
 
 bhalla 
 
 bauUu 
 
 hallos 
 
 
 Neuter io-stem cridhe, heart. 
 
 S. N., A. 
 
 cridhe 
 
 cride n- 
 
 kridion 
 
 G. 
 
 cridhe 
 
 cridi 
 
 kridii 
 
 D. 
 
 cridhe 
 
 cridiu 
 
 kridiu 
 
 V. 
 
 chridhe 
 
 cride n- 
 
 kridion 
 
 PI. N., A. 
 
 cridheachan 
 
 cride 
 
 kridia 
 
 G. 
 
 cridheachan 
 
 cride n- 
 
 kridion 
 
 D. 
 
 cridheachan 
 
 cridib 
 
 kridiobis 
 
 V. 
 
 chridheaohan chride 
 
 kridia 
 
 2. <i-stems : all feminine, cas, 
 
 a foot. 
 
 S. Nom. 
 
 cas 
 
 coss 
 
 coxa 
 
 G. 
 
 coise 
 
 coisse 
 
 cozies 
 
 . D. 
 
 cois 
 
 coiss 
 
 coxl (coxai) 
 
 A. 
 
 cas 
 
 coiss n- 
 
 coxin 
 
 V. 
 
 chas 
 
 choss 
 
 coxa 
 
 Dual A. 
 
 d^ chois 
 
 di choiss 
 
 coxe 
 
 G. 
 
 dA, chois 
 
 da choss 
 
 coxo 
 
 D. 
 
 d^ chois 
 
 dib cossaib 
 
 coxabin 
 
 PI. ISf. 
 
 casan 
 
 cossa 
 
 coxas 
 
 G. 
 
 cas 
 
 coss n- 
 
 coxan 
 
 D. 
 
 casaibh 
 
 cossaib 
 
 coxabis 
 
 A. 
 
 casan 
 
 cossa 
 
 coxas 
 
 V. 
 
 chasa 
 
 chossa 
 
 coxas 
 
 3. i 
 
 -stems. Feminine noun shil, eye. 
 
 .S. Nom. 
 
 suil 
 
 Sliil 
 
 stilis 
 
 G. 
 
 sula 
 
 siila 
 
 sulos (stilous) 
 
 D. 
 
 suil 
 
 suil 
 
 suli 
 
 A. 
 
 suil 
 
 siiil n- 
 
 sulin 
 
 V. 
 
 shuil 
 
 shiiil 
 
 suli 
 
 D.N. 
 
 d^ shuil 
 
 di shiiil 
 
 suli 
 
 G. 
 
 da shiiil 
 
 da siila 
 
 sulos 
 
 D. 
 
 Ak shuil 
 
 dib sulib 
 
 stilibin 
 
 PI. N. 
 
 siiilean 
 
 Slili 
 
 suleis (sulejes) 
 
 G. 
 
 suil 
 
 siile n- 
 
 sulion 
 
 D. 
 
 suilibh 
 
 Slilib 
 
 sulibis 
 
 A. 
 
 suilean 
 
 Slili 
 
 suleis 
 
 V. 
 
 shtiilean 
 
 shiih 
 
 suleis 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETTMOLOGT. 
 
 xlv,. 
 
 4 
 
 :. It-stems. Mai 
 
 aculine noun bith 
 
 , world. 
 
 
 
 Gaelic, 
 
 Old Irish. 
 
 Gadelic. 
 
 S 
 
 . N. 
 
 bith 
 
 bith 
 
 bitus 
 
 
 G. 
 
 bith 
 
 betho 
 
 bitous 
 
 
 D. 
 
 bith 
 
 biuth 
 
 bitu 
 
 
 A. 
 
 bith 
 
 bith n- 
 
 bitun 
 
 
 V. 
 
 bhith 
 
 betho 
 
 bitou 
 
 PI 
 
 . N. 
 
 bithean 
 
 bithi 
 
 bitois, bitoves 
 
 
 G. 
 
 bith 
 
 bithe n- 
 
 bition, bitovon 
 
 
 D. 
 
 bithibh 
 
 bithaib 
 
 bitubis 
 
 
 A. 
 
 bithean 
 
 bithu 
 
 bitus 
 
 
 V. 
 
 bhithean 
 
 bithu 
 
 bitus 
 
 
 
 5. Consonantal Stems. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (a). Stem in r / athair, father. 
 
 Sing. Nom. 
 
 athair 
 
 athir 
 
 atir 
 
 
 G. 
 
 athar 
 
 athar 
 
 atros 
 
 
 D. 
 
 athair 
 
 athir 
 
 atri 
 
 
 A. 
 
 athair 
 
 athir n- 
 
 atren 
 
 
 V. 
 
 athair 
 
 athir 
 
 ater 
 
 Dual N. 
 
 ,A. 
 
 da athair 
 
 da athir 
 
 atere 
 
 
 G. 
 
 d^ athair 
 
 da athar 
 
 atro 
 
 
 D. 
 
 d^ athair 
 
 dib n-athrib 
 
 atrebin 
 
 PI 
 
 , N. 
 
 athraichean athir 
 
 ateres 
 
 
 G. 
 
 athraichean athre n- 
 
 atron 
 
 
 D. 
 
 athraichean athrib 
 
 atrebis 
 
 
 A. 
 
 athraichean athrea 
 
 ateras {aterns} 
 
 
 V. 
 
 athraichean athrea 
 
 ateras 
 
 
 (5). 
 
 Stem in men ; neut. ainm, ] 
 
 name. 
 
 S. K: 
 
 ,A. 
 
 ainm 
 
 ainm n- 
 
 anmen 
 
 
 G. 
 
 ainme 
 
 anma, anme 
 
 anmens 
 
 
 D. 
 
 ainm 
 
 anmaimm 
 
 anT/inoi 
 
 PI. N. 
 
 ,A. 
 
 ainmeannan anmann 
 
 anmena 
 
 
 G. 
 
 ainmeanuan anmann n- 
 
 anmenon 
 
 
 D. 
 
 ainmeannan anmannaib 
 
 anmenobis 
 
 (c). 
 
 Stem in guttural e; fern, nathair, serpent. 
 
 S. Nom. 
 
 natbair 
 
 nathir 
 
 natrix 
 
 G. 
 
 nathrach 
 
 nathrach 
 
 natracos 
 
 D. 
 
 nachair 
 
 nathraig 
 
 natraci 
 
 A. 
 
 nathair 
 
 nathraig n- 
 
 natracen (natrcn) 
 
 al N., A. 
 
 Ak nathair 
 
 di nathraig 
 
 natrace 
 
 G. 
 
 Ak nathair 
 
 da nathrach 
 
 natraco 
 
 D. 
 
 Ak nathair 
 
 dib nathrachaib natracobin 
 
 PI. N. 
 
 nathraichean 
 
 nathraig 
 
 natraces 
 
 G. 
 
 nathraichean 
 
 nathrach n- 
 
 natracon 
 
xlvi. 
 
 OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETYMOLOOT. 
 
 Gaelic. Old Irish. Gradelic. 
 
 D. nathraioheau natbrauhaib natracobis 
 
 A. natbraichean uatbracba natracas 
 
 V. natbraicbean uatbracba natracas 
 
 
 (d). Neuter stem in -es ; 
 
 tigh, 
 
 house. 
 
 Sing. N., A. 
 
 tigb 
 
 teg, tech 
 
 
 tegos 
 
 G. 
 
 tigbe 
 
 tige 
 
 
 tegesos 
 
 D. 
 
 tigb 
 
 tig 
 
 
 tegesi 
 
 Dual N. 
 
 dk tbigb 
 
 d^ tbech 
 
 
 tegese 
 
 G. 
 
 dA, thigh 
 
 da tbige 
 
 
 tegeso 
 
 D. 
 
 Ak thigh 
 
 dib tigib 
 
 
 tegesobin 
 
 PI. N. 
 
 tighean 
 
 tige 
 
 
 tegesa 
 
 G. 
 
 tigb 
 
 tige n- 
 
 
 tegeson 
 
 D. 
 
 tigbibh 
 
 tigib 
 
 
 tegesobis 
 
 6. Adjectives. 
 
 Adjectives belonged (1) to the o- and the a- declensions, as 
 *iiiarvos, *marv4, *marvon, now marbh, declined like the nouns 
 •of 0- and a- declensions ; (2) i- declension, as maith, *inatis, 
 *matis, *mati, the neuter nom. being the stem ; (3) u- declension, 
 as *tigus, *tigus(?), *tigu, now tiugh ; and (4) consonantal adj., 
 *tepens, etc. Comparison was in two ways — (1) caomh : 0. Ir. 
 c6em, coemiu, coemem : *koimos, *koimj6s, *koimimos; (2) IviOth : 
 0. Ir. Math, liiathither, Mathem : *loutos, *loutiteros, *loutimos. 
 
 The numerals may be seen in the Dictionary in their Celtic 
 form : *oinos, *dv4, *treis, etc. 
 
 The pronouns are so phonetically gone astray that they cannot 
 be restored. 
 
 B. Conjugation. 
 
 ctive " 
 
 V^oice. Indicatr 
 
 ve — Present. 
 
 Verb heir, bear. 
 
 S. 1. 
 
 beridh mi 
 
 berimm 
 
 berommi 
 
 2. 
 
 beiridh tu 
 
 beri 
 
 . beresi 
 
 3. 
 
 beiridh e 
 
 berid 
 
 bereti 
 
 Eel. 
 
 beireas 
 
 beres 
 
 beret-se 
 
 P. 1. 
 
 beiridh sinn 
 
 bermme 
 
 berommesi 
 
 2. 
 
 beiridh sibh 
 
 berthe 
 
 berete 
 
 3. 
 
 beiridh iad 
 
 berit 
 
 berenti (beronti) 
 
 Eel. 
 
 beireas 
 
 berte 
 
 berent-eis 
 
 
 Dependent Present. 
 
 
 S. 1. 
 
 bheir mi 
 
 do-biur 
 
 ber6 
 
 2. 
 
 bheir tu 
 
 do-bir 
 
 beres 
 
 3. 
 
 bheir e 
 
 do-beir 
 
 beret 
 
 P. 1. 
 
 bheir sinn 
 
 do-beram 
 
 beromos 
 
 2. 
 
 bheir sibh 
 
 do-berid 
 
 berete 
 
 3. 
 
 bheir iad 
 
 do-berat 
 
 beront 
 
OUTLINES OF GAELIC ETTMOLOGT. 
 
 xlvii. 
 
 Secondary Present or Subjunctive. 
 
 S. 1. 
 
 Gaelic, 
 bheirinn 
 
 Old Irish, 
 no berinn 
 
 Gadelic. 
 berin (?) 
 
 2. 
 
 bheireadh 
 
 no bertha 
 
 berethis 
 
 3. 
 
 bheireadh e 
 
 no bered 
 
 hereto 
 
 P. 1. 
 
 bheireamaid 
 
 no bermmis 
 
 berimmiss (?) 
 
 2. 
 
 bheireadh sibh 
 
 no berthe 
 
 berethi 
 
 3. 
 
 bheireadh iad 
 
 no bertis 
 
 berintiss (?) 
 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 
 S. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 P. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3! 
 
 do ghabh 
 
 ghabh 
 
 ghabh 
 
 ghabh 
 
 ghabh 
 
 ghabh 
 
 ro gabus 
 ro gabis 
 ro gab 
 ro gabsam 
 ro gabsid 
 ro gabsat 
 
 gabassu 
 
 gabassi 
 
 gabas-t 
 
 gabassomos 
 
 gabassete 
 
 gabassont 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 S. 1. 
 
 beiream 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2. 
 
 beir 
 
 fbeir 
 \ berthe 
 
 here 
 berethes 
 
 3. 
 
 beireadh e 
 
 berad 
 
 hereto 
 
 P. 1. 
 
 beireamaid 
 
 beram 
 
 — 
 
 2. 
 
 beiribh 
 
 berid 
 
 berete 
 
 3." 
 
 beireadh iad 
 
 berat 
 
 beronto 
 
 
 Passive. Indicative — Present. 
 
 S. 3. 
 
 beirear e 
 
 berir 
 
 beretor 
 
 P. 3. 
 
 beirear iad 
 
 bertir 
 
 berentor 
 
 
 Secondary Present or Subjunctive. 
 
 S. 3. 
 
 bheirteadh e 
 
 no berthe 
 
 
 
 P. 3. 
 
 bheirteadh iad 
 
 no bertis 
 
 — 
 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 
 S. 3. 
 
 chanadh e 
 
 ro chet 
 
 cantos, "cantus" 
 
 P. 3. 
 
 chanadh iad 
 
 ro cheta 
 
 cantas (n.f.) 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 S. 3. 
 
 beirear e 
 
 berar 
 
 — 
 
 P. 3. 
 
 beirear iad 
 
 bertar 
 
 — 
 
 cainte 
 
 Participle, 
 cete 
 
 cantjos 
 
AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 
 
 a, vocative particle, Ir. a, 0. Ir. a, a : AV., Corn., Br. a ; Lat. o ; 
 
 Gr. Z. 
 a, his, her, Ir., a, 0. Ir. a, di (accented), W. ei, Br. e, Celtic esjo, 
 
 esjds ; Skr. gen. aspd, asyds. The gen. pi. is an, their, 0. Ir. 
 
 a n-, Celtic esjnn (Stokes gives esan = Skr. fern. gen. pi. dsdnij. 
 a, that (rel. pron.), Ir. a, 0. Ir. a, a n-, Celtic san, neuter of the 
 
 article an, whose s is restored after ri, gu, and ann : ris^Mn 
 
 ( = ri san), anns a?j ( = ann san). 
 a, out of, ex : see as. 
 a, from, in the adverbs a nail, a nios, a nuas, a null ; Ir., 0. Ir. 
 
 an-, as amias, &c. : Celtic afpjona, a derivative from I. E. 
 
 apo, whence Lat. ab, Gr. a-Ko ; Ger. von, from, is the exact 
 
 equivalent of the Celtic. The a before sios and .mas is due 
 
 to analogy with a nios, a nuas. 
 a, in, to, as in a bh^n, a bhos, a nis, a stigh, a steach, is the 
 
 prep, an, in, into, q.v. 
 a, as in a ris, &c., and before verbs, is the prep, do, q.v. 
 a', the, at ; see an, the, and ag, at. 
 ab, or ab ab, fie ! The Ir. ab ab, M. Ir. abb, is an interjection of 
 
 defiance, obo, of wonder ; cf. Lat. babce, Gr. ^afiai Hence, 
 
 doubtless, M'A.'s abab, dirt. 
 aba, abbot, Ir. ab, 0. Ir. abb, W. abad; from Lat. abbas, abhatis, 
 
 whence also Eng. abbot. Hence abaid, abbey. 
 abadh, syllable, utterance ; E. Ir. apod, proclamation : ad-ba-, 
 
 Celtic ba, speak ; Lat. fatur, fama, Eng. fame. 
 abaich, ripe, Ir. abaidh, M. Ir. abaid, E. Ir. apaig, 0. Ir. apchugvd, 
 
 autumnatio ; *adrbog-, Celtic root bug, as in bog, q.v. The 
 
 W. addfed is from a root met. 
 
 1 
 
2 BTTMOT.OGrOAL DTCTTONARY 
 
 abaideal, colic (M'A.) : 
 
 abair, say, so Ir., 0. Ir. epiur, Celtic dd-herS ; Lat. re-fero ; see 
 
 root in beir. 
 abalt, expert (M'A.) ; from Sc. apert 1 See aparr. 
 t abar, confluence ; only in Pictish place names ; 0. Gaelic (B. of 
 
 Deer) abhor, W. aher, 0. W. aper, Celtic ad-hero-, root her ; 
 
 see heir. Modem Gaelic pronounces it obair (so in ITth 
 
 cent.), which agrees with the 0. W. oper ; this suggests 
 
 od-hero-, "out flow," as against the "to flow" of ad-hero-. 
 
 The od is for ud, allied to Eng. out. 
 abarach, bold ; see abair above. 
 abardaii, dictionai-y (Shaw) ; from abair, q.v. 
 abartach, talkative, bold ; from abair, q.v. 
 jtbh, hand net ; from Norse hdfr, pock-net. Also tibh, q.v. 
 
 Spelt less correctly ^mh and abhadh. 
 abh, bark of dog ; an onomatopoetic word. 
 abhainn, river, Ir. abhann (gen. abhann, now aibhne), 0. Ir. ahann, 
 
 W. afon, Br. av,on, Gallo-Brit. Abona ; Lat. amnis {*ah-nis). 
 abhacas, sport, irony ; see the following word, 
 abhachd, humour, sport, Ir. adhhhachd : 
 abhag, terrier, Ir. abhach ; from abk, q.v. 
 abhagas, rumour, false suspicion : 
 abhaist, custom, Manx oaysh, Ir. ahhest (O'K.), ahaise (O'B.), 
 
 ad-i-beus? See beus, custom. Ascoli compares the 0. Ir. 
 
 -abais of duahais, teter, and suabais, suavis. 
 abharr, silly jest (M'A.): 
 abharsair, Satan, Ir. aidhhherseoir, E. Ir. adbirseoir ; from Lat. 
 
 adversarius (Eng. adversary). Also aibhistear. 
 abhcaid, a jest ; see abhaclid. 
 abhlan, wafer, so Ir., 0. Ir. ohla, g. oblann ; from Lat. oblationem, 
 
 an oblation. 
 abhra, eyelid; seefabhra. 
 
 abhras, spinning, produce of distaff', Ir., M. Ir. abhras : 
 abhsadh, the slackening of a sail ; from Norse hdlsa, clew up sail, 
 
 from hdls, neck, allied to Lat. collum. Eng. hawser is also 
 
 hence. Also allsadh. 
 abhsporag, a cow's stomach, tripe (H.S.D.), allsporag, cow's 
 
 throttle (M'A.) ; borrowed evidently from a Scandinavian 
 
 compound of hdls, neck. Cf. abhsadh above. 
 ablach, a mangled carcase, Ir. ablach, carcase : * dd-bal-ac-, from 
 
 root bal, bel, die, I. E. gel, whence Eng. qiiell. Irish has 
 
 abailt, death, 0. Ir. epeltu, atbail, perit, from the same root 
 
 and prefix ; the first of them appears in our Gaelic dictionaries 
 
 through Shaw. From Gaelic comes Scotch ablach. 
 abran, an oar-patch on a boat's gunwale ; see aparan. 
 
OP THE GAELIC tANGUAGE. 3 
 
 Abraon, April, so Ir. ; founded on Lat. Aprilis (Eng. April). 
 abstol, apostle, Ir. ahsdal, 0. Ir. apstal, W. apostol ; from Lat. 
 
 apostolus, whence Eng. apostle. 
 acaid, a pain, stitch ; *dd-conti- ; see urchoid. 
 acain, sigh, complaint, E. Ir. acedine, W. achvyyn ; dd + caoin ; see 
 
 caoin, weep, 
 acair, anchor, Ir. ancaire, 0. Ir. ingor, W. angor ; from Lat. 
 
 ancora, whence Eng. anchor. For Gaelic, cf. Norse ahkeri. 
 acair, acre, Ir. aera ; from Eng. acre ; Lat. ager. 
 acarach, gentle ; W. achar, affectionate ; dd-car- ; see car, friendly. 
 acaran, lumber : 
 
 aoartha, profit, so Ir. ; see ocar, interest. 
 
 acastair, axle-tree ; borrowed word from So. ax-tree of like mean- 
 ing — ^Eng. axle, &c. 
 ach, but, Ir. cMhd, 0. G. (B. of Deer) a^t, 0. Ir. act, acht, * elcstos 
 
 possibly, from eks = ex ; cf. Gr. Jktos, without. For the 
 
 change of vowel, cf. as, from elcs. The Welsh for "but" is 
 
 eithr, from ekster ; Lat. exter-. 
 ach, interjection of objection and impatience ; founded on above 
 
 with leaning upon och, q.v. 
 achadh, a field, so Ir., 0. G. achad, 0. Ir. ached (locative 1), 
 
 campulus (Adamnan), *acoto- ; Lat. acies, acwim, field. 
 achain, prayer ; dialectic for ackwinge, q.v. 
 acharradh, dwarf, sprite : 
 
 achd, statute, so Ir., M. Ir. acht ; from Lat. actum, Eng. act. 
 achd, manner, condition, Ir. acM; same as above. There may be 
 
 a native aktu- {*ag-tu-, *pag-tu- ?) underlying some meanings 
 
 of the word, especially in Irish. 
 acUaid, chase, pursuit, so Ir. (O'B, Sh.) : 
 aehlais, arm-pit, Ir. ascall, M. Ir. oc/isal, W. cesail. The 
 
 divergence from regular philologic equivalence here proves 
 
 borroTsdng — from the Lat. axilla ; Norse oxl, Ger. achsel, 
 
 Sc. oxter. 
 achlan, lamentation (M'L.) ; for och-lan 1 from och. 
 achmhasan, a rebuke, Ir. achmhus&n, E. Ir. athchomsdn ; cf. aithis 
 
 for root. 
 achuinge, supplication ; also athchuinge, so Ir., E. Ir. athchuingid; 
 
 ath + cuinge ; 0. Ir. cuintgi-m, peto, con-tek- ; Eng. thig. See 
 
 atach. 
 acras, hunger, Ir. ocnts, E. Ir. accorus, occorus : * ad-co-restu-, 
 
 possibly the root pres of Lat. premo. 
 acuinn, acfhuinn, apparatus, accoutrements, Ir. acfuinn, E. Ir. 
 
 accmaing, means, apparatus : ad-cumang, 0. Ir. cumang, 
 
 potentia ; see further under cumhachd. 
 ad, hat, M. Ir. at, W. het ; from Eng. hat, N. hattr. 
 
4 ETYMOtOGICAt DICtlONAEt 
 
 ad-, adh-, inseparable prefix, in force and origin the same as Lat. 
 
 ad. It is to be separated, though with difficulty, from the 
 
 ad- arising from aith- or athr, q.v. 
 adag, shock of corn, Ir. adag ; cf. Sc. hat, hot, hut, "to put up 
 
 grain in the field, a small stack built in the field ;" M. E. 
 
 hutte, heap. 
 adag, a haddock ; from the English, 
 adamant, adamant, so Ir. ; from the English. 
 adha, ae, liver, Ir. aeghe, g. ae, 0. Ir. 6a, ae, W afu, Br. avu, 
 
 root av. 
 adhan, proverb (M'A.) ; rather aghan, root agh, Lat. ajo, adagio, 
 
 adage ; Skr. ~ah, say. 
 adhal, flesh hook (Sh.), so Ir. : 
 adhaltrach, adulterous, Ir. adhaltranach, E. Ir. adaltrach ; from 
 
 Lat. adulter, whence Eng. adulterous. 
 adharc, horn, so Ir., 0. Ir. adarc : ad-arc ; root arq, defend, as in 
 
 teasairg, q.v. ; Lat. arceo, &c. 
 adhart, pillow, so Ir., E. Ir. adart : adrart ; art, stone ? See 
 
 airtein. 
 adhart, aghart, "progress" (Diet.). This is a ghost-word, made 
 
 from the adverbial phrase air adhart, which in M. Ir. is 
 
 araird, forward, bring forward ; in 0. Ir. arairt, prorsum. 
 
 Hence it is air + ourd, q.v. 
 adhastar, halter, Manx eistyr, Ir. aghastor, M. Ir. adastar ; cf. W. 
 
 eddestl, steed. 
 adhbhal, vast, awful, so Ir., O. Ir. adbul : *ad-bol- ; I. E. root 
 
 bhel, swell, as in Eng. bloom, &c. Zimmer compares it with 
 
 Skr. bala, strength. 
 adhlac, burial, Ir. adhlacadh, 0. Ir. adnacul, sepulcrum : ad-nank- 
 
 otlo {*ad-nagtlo-, Zim.) ; root verb nankd, I bring ; Lat. 
 
 nanciscor ; further I. E. nenk, enk, as in thig, q.v. 
 adhna, an advocate (Macd.) : H.S.D. cfs. Heb. adhon, sustentator. 
 ag, at, with inf. only ; see aig. 
 ag, agadh, refusal, doubt ; E. Ir. ac, refusal, 0. Ir. ace, no ! 
 
 W. acorn, to deny. It is onomatopoetic ? See next. 
 agadh, hesitancy in speech, Br. hak, hakal ; cf. Skr. ac, speak 
 
 indistinctly. See foregoing word, 
 agair, plead, so Ir., 0. Ir. acre (n.), from ad-gar- ; root gar, cry ; 
 
 see goir. 
 agalladh, conversation, Ir. agallamh, 0. Ir. acaldam, for ad-gldd-, 
 
 0. Ir. ad-glddur, I converse ; for root, see glaodh. 
 agh, a hind, Ir. agh, 0. Ir. ag, W. ewig {*agiko-), Celtic agos- ; 
 
 Skr. ajds, buck ; Lit. ozys, goat. 
 jlgh, happiness, luck, Manx aigh, Ir. dgh ; root ag-, bring ; see next, 
 aghach, warlike, so Ir., E. Ir. dgach, ag, war, *dgu- ; Skr. djis, 
 
 contest; Gr. dytov, Eng. antagonist. 
 
Of ME GAELIC tAlfGUAGS:. 5 
 
 aghaib, essay (M'A.) ; see oidheirp. 
 
 aghaidh, face, so Ir., 0. Ir. aged, *agitd ; I.E. root ag, lead. It is 
 usually referred to the root oq, Lat. oculus, &c., but the 
 phonetics are unsatisfactory. 
 
 aghann, pan, so Ir., 0. Ir. aigen, Celtic agind ; Skr. aga, water jar ; 
 Gr. ay 7 OS, a vessel. 
 
 agus, and, so Ir., 0. Ir. (wu,i, ocvs, B. of Deer acus, 0. W. ax, Br. 
 hag ; allied is fagus, near, 0. Ir. ocus, W. agos, Br. hogoz : 
 * aggostVr, ad-gos- ; root ges, gos, carry ; Lat. gero, aggestu-s, 
 mound (Zimnier). Stokes refers it to the root angh, choke, 
 narrow ; Celtic aggiist-, from pre-Celtic aghnustu- (Lat. 
 angustus), with accent on syllable after the root — gn with 
 the accent on the following vowel being supposed, as in 
 Teutonic, to produce gg. The derivation from root onh, enk, 
 as in ikig, is not tenable in view of the Welsh. 
 
 aibheis, sea, the deep ; Ir. aibheis, sea, abyss ; E. Ir. aiMis, sea. 
 This Stokes refers to a Celtic abensi-s, abhent-ti-s ; root abh, 
 as in abhainn. But cf. 0. Ir. obis, from Lat. ahyssus : W. 
 affwys, bottomless pit. 
 
 aibheis, boasting ; aibhsich, exaggerate ; Ir. aibhseach, boasting : 
 from the foregoing ? Another form of aibhsich is aillsich. 
 
 aibhist, an old ruLti (Stew.) : 
 
 aibhistear, the Devil ; another form of abharsair, q.v. 
 
 aibhse, spectre, so Ir. ; see taihhse. 
 
 aibidil, alphabet, Ir. aibghitir, 0. Ir. abbgitir, from L. Lat. 
 abgetorium, abecedarium, the a, b, c, d, or alphabet. A 
 dialectic form, aibirsidh, comes from the old learning system, 
 beginning " A per se," a by itself = a, Eng. apersie. 
 
 aice, proximity, Ir. aice ; see taic. 
 
 alee, a lobster's hole : 
 
 aicheadh, deny, Ir. aithcheo, contradicting, M. Ir. aithceSd : *ati- 
 cotid-{T), "go back on;" cf. 0. Ir. atchuaid, exposui, which 
 Stokes refers to the root of chaidh, went, q.v. 
 
 aicheamhail, reprisal ; cf . Ir. athghabh&il ; ath + gabhail. 
 
 faicme, race, Ir., 0. Ir. aicme, W. ckch, pedigree, *aM-, from ak, 
 edge ; Lat. acies 1 Stokes cfs. Skr. anhi, lap, but this 
 would give G. ac- (a) and a W. anc. 
 
 aidheam, joyous carol : 
 
 aidich, confess, Ir. admhuighim, 0. Ir. addaimim, W. addef : 
 ad-dam- ; root dam ; Lat. domo, Eng. tame. 
 
 aifrionn, mass, so Ir., E. Ir. oifrend, W. offeren ; from Lat. 
 offerendwm (Eng. offer). 
 
 aig, at, Ir. ag, 0. Ir. oc ; for root, see agus. 
 
 aigeach, young or entire horse ; also oigeach = bg + each, q.v. 
 
 aigeann, the deep, Ir. digeun, E. Ir. oician, W. eigion : from Lat. 
 oceanus, Eng. ocean. There is also a by-form aigeal. 
 
6 ETYMOLOGICAL DiCTIONASt 
 
 aigeannach, spirited, E. Ir. aignech ; see aigneadh. 
 
 aiffhear, mirth, Manx aigher ; *ati-gar- ; see gairdeachas for root. 
 
 Yet Ir. aiereach, merry, aerial, from ai^r, air, from Lat. aer, 
 
 makes the matter doubtful, 
 ai^lean, ear-ring, tassel ; cf. Sc. aiglet, tagged point, jewel in 
 
 one's cap ; eglie, needlework, from Fr. aiguille, needle ; Lat. 
 
 acus. 
 aigne, aigneadh, mind, so Ir., 0. Ir. aicned : dd-gn-eto-, root gnd, 
 
 know, Gr. yiyvwa-Kw, Eng. know. Stokes refers it to the root 
 
 of aicme, as he gives it. Ascoli makes the root cen, as in 
 
 cineal. The Gaelic g is against any root with c. 
 ail, will ; better Mil, q.v. 
 ail, aileadh, ailt, a mark, impression : 
 t ail, rock, Ir. and 0. Ir. ail, *alek-, allied to Ger. fels ; see further 
 
 under mactalla. 
 ailbheag, ring ; see failbhe. 
 allbhinn, flint, precipice ; from ail, rock. 
 aile, air, scent, E. Ir. ad, ahel ; W., C, Br. awel, wind ; cf. Gr. 
 
 aeAAa, storm ; * avel-, root ave, ve, wind ; Lat. au-ra, Gr. ar^p, 
 
 Eng. air. 
 aileag, hiccup, Ir. fail ; cf. Lat. halo, breathe, Eng. in-hale. 
 ailean, a green : *ag-li- ? Cf. Lat. ager. 
 ailear, porch : 
 ailis, blemish, reproach : 
 aill, desire, so Ir., 0. Ir. ail, W. evn/ll, Br. ioul, Celtic avillo-; 
 
 root av, desire, Lat. aveo, Eng. avidity. 
 aille, beauty, E. Ir. aide, for Alnde ; see dlainn. 
 ailleas, MIgheas, will, desire ; Ir. dilgheas, E. Ir. ailges, dilgidim, 
 
 I desire ; from ail and geas, request, q.v. 
 ailleagan, root of the ear, hole of the ear ; also faillean, q.v. 
 Mlleagan, darling, so Ir. ; from aille, q.v. 
 aillean, elecampane : cf. Gr. eAcviov, Lat. inula. 
 allleant, shy, delicate ; M. Ir. ail (O'Cl.), shamefaced. 
 ailleort, high-rocked ; from aill, rock ; see mactalla. 
 aillse, diminutive creature, fairy, Ir. aillse : 
 aillse, cancer, Ir. aillis, 0. Ir. ailsin, cancerem : 
 aillseag, caterpillar ; from above. 
 ailm, the letter A, elm ; Ir. ailm, palm (fir ?) tree, letter A ; 
 
 borrowed from Lat. ulrmcs, Norse dlmr, Eng. elm. 
 ailt, stately, high ; Ir. ailt, Lat. alius. 
 aim-, aimh-, privative prefix ; see am-, amh-. See its use in 
 
 aimhleas ( = am-leai), hurt, aimhrea, confusion, for am-reidh, 
 
 «Ssc. The vowel in the root is " small," and hence affects the 
 
 a of am. 
 
OF THE GAEIiTC LANGUAGE. 7 
 
 almheal, grief, Ir. aithmkeal, repentance ; aith + mdala, grief, 
 
 E. Ir. me'la, sorrow, reproach ; *meblo-, a shorter form of 0. Ir. 
 
 mebul, dedecus ; Gr. [i^fi<f)OfiaL. 
 aimhfheoil, ainfheoil, proud flesh ; from aimh- and feoil, q.v. 
 aimlisg, confusion, mischief : 
 aimrid, barren, so Ir. ; am-ber-ent-, " uon-producing ; " root ber of 
 
 beir ? 
 aimsichte, bold (Arms.) ; am-meas-ichte. " un-mannerly 1" See 
 
 meas. 
 aimsir, time, so Ir., 0. Ir. amser, W. amser, Br. amzer, possibly a 
 
 Celtic ammesserd ; either a compound of am, time {ammen- 
 
 drd, from sir, long ?), or amb-mensura, root mens , measure, 
 
 Lat. mensus, Eng. measure. Ascoli and Stokes give the 
 
 Celtic as dd-messera, from ad-mensura. 
 aimsith, missing of aim, mischance : am-mw-ith, Gaelic root mis 
 
 of eirmis, q.v. 
 ain, heat (Diet.), light (H. M'Lean), 0. Ir. dne, fulgor, from dn, 
 
 splendidus, latter a Celtic dno-s ; Got. fdn, fire (from pdn) ; 
 
 Pruss. panno. Stokes suggests rather * agno-s, allied to Lat. 
 
 Ic/nis, Skr. affni, fire. 
 ain-, privative prefix ; see an-. 
 ainbhtheach, stormy, M. Ir. ainbthech, * an-feth-ech, Gaelic root 
 
 feth, breeze, from vet, Eng. weather, Lat. ventus, &c. See 
 
 anfadh. 
 ainbi, ainbith, odd, unusual : an-hith, " un- world-like." See bith. 
 aincheas, doubt, M. Ir. ainches, E. Ir. ances, dubium : 
 ainchis, a curse, rage, Ir. aingeis, E. Ir. aingcess, duces, curse, 
 
 anguish; an-\-geas, q.v., or Lat. angustia ? 
 aineamh, flaw, so Ir., E. Ir. anim, W. anaf, blemish, 0. Br. 
 
 anamon, mendfe ; Gr. ovofiau, blame. 
 ainean, a liver ; see adha. 
 
 aineartaich, yawning (aineartaich, M'A.) ; see dinich below. 
 aineas, passion, fury ; an-theas, from teas, heat. 
 aingeal, angel, so Ir., 0. Ir. angel, W. angel, Br. ael ; from Lat. 
 
 angelus, whence also the English. 
 aingeal, light, fire, Ir. aingeal (Lh., O'B.), further ong, fire, 
 
 hearth ; Lit. angiis, coal, Skr. angdra, glowing coal ; I. E. 
 
 ongli, ongSl ; allied is I. E. ognis, fire, Lat. ignis. See 
 
 Fick * 14. Skeat derives Sc. ingle from the Gaelic. Also 
 
 ainneal, a common fire. 
 aingealachd, numbness : ang-eal-ach-, root ang, choke (Lat. 
 
 ango) ? 
 aingealtas, perversity, malignity; from. the following. 
 aingidh, wicked, Ir. aingidhe, malicious, 0. Ir. andgid, angid, 
 
 nequam, wicked, andach, sin ; * an-dg-id, root deg of deagh, 
 
 good,- q.v. 
 
fi E'lTMOl.OCICAIi DICTIONARY 
 
 iinich, panting, also aonach ; root an-, long form of an, breath 
 
 (see anaiV); Skr. dnana, mouth ("breather"). 
 ainid, vexing : 
 
 ainis, anise ; from the English. 
 ainm, name, Ir. and 0. Ir. ainm, pi. anmann, B. of Deer anim, W. 
 
 enw, Br. hanv, *anmen-; Gr. ovofia ; Pruss. emmens, Ch. SI. 
 
 im§ ; root ono, allied to no in Lat. nomen, Eng. name. 
 ainmhide, a rash fool ; see binid. 
 ainmhidh, beast, brute, Ir. ainmhidhe, M. I. ainmide, * anem-itio-s, 
 
 *anem-, life, soul ; Lat. animal, &c. Ir. is also ainmhinte, 
 
 " animans." 
 ainmig, rare ; an-minig, q.v. 
 ainneamh, rare ; see annamh. 
 ainneart, force ; ain-, excess (see an-), and neart. 
 ainnighte, tame, from ainneadh, patience (Sh.) ; possibly from 
 
 an-dam, root dam, tame. 
 ainnir, virgin, E. Ir. ander, W. anner, heifer, M. Br. annoer (do.), 
 
 *anderd ; cf. Gr. avd-qpos, blooming, dOdpLot, virgins (Hes.), 
 
 *vOap-. 
 ainnis, ainniseach, needy : an + dlth, want ? 
 air, on, upon. This prep, represents three Irish ones : 
 
 (a) air = 0. Ir. ar, air, ante, propter, W. ar, er, Br. er, Gaul, are-, 
 Celtic ari, arei ; Gr. Trapd, irapai, by, before ; Lat. prae ; Eng. 
 fore, for. This prep, aspirates in Irish, and in Gaelic idioms 
 it still does so, e.g. air chionn. 
 
 (b) air = 0. Ir./or, " super," 0. W. and 0. Br. gv/rr, Br. voar, oar, 
 Gaul, ver- ; Gr. I'Trep ; Lat. s-uper ; Eng. over. This prep, 
 did not aspirate ; it ended originally iu r in Gaelic ; as an 
 inseparable prefix (vero-, viro- in Gaul.) it aspirated, as in the 
 modem form of old names like Fergus, now Fearghuis or 
 Fear'uis (gen. case). 
 
 (c) air = 0. Ir. iar n-, after, pre-Celtic eperon ; Skr. apardm, 
 afterwards, aparena, after ; Got. afar, after, Eng. a/-ter. 
 Further come Gr. otti-, behind, eTrt, to, Lat. ob-, op-. See iar. 
 This is the prep, that is used with the inf. to represent a 
 perfect or past participle in Gaelic — Tha mi air bvaladh : " I 
 have struck." 
 
 airbhinneach, honourable ; air + beann ? 
 
 aire, distress, so Ir., 0. Ir. aircur, pressura ; cf. Lat. parous, 
 
 sparing. 
 4irc, the Ark, Ir. aire ; from Lat. area. 
 aircill, to watch, listen, Ir. aircill ; see fairciU. 
 aircleach, a cripple ; *airc-lach, from aire, q.v. 
 aird, point (of the compass), Ir. dird, E. Ir. aird; Gr. cipSis, a 
 
 point. Hence So. airt. 
 
OP iHBi GAELIC LANGtTAGl!. 9 
 
 &irde, height, Ir. &irde, E. Ir. arde ; see ard. 
 
 ibirdeil, ingenious : 
 
 aire, heed, Ir., 0. Ir. aire. Old Brit. Areanos, native watchers who 
 
 gave intimation to the Romans (Ammianus), pre-Celtic parjd, 
 
 par, seek ; Gr. irdpa. ; trial, Lat. ex-perior, Eng. experiment. 
 iireach, keeper of cattle. There is confusion in Gaelic between 
 
 aireach and 0. Ir. aire{ch), lord ; the b6-aire, cow-lord, was 
 
 the free tenant of ancient Ireland. For 0. Ir. aire, see 
 
 airidh. G. aireach owes its long vowel to a confusion with 
 
 araich, rear. See airidh for root. 
 aireamli, number, so Ir., 0. Ir. dram, W. eirif, *ad-Hm-, Celtic 
 
 rtmd, number ; Ag. S. rim, number, Eng. rhyme ; Gr. 
 
 dpt6[ws, number, 
 t airfid, music, harmony ; see oirfid. 
 airgiod, silver, so Ir., 0. Ir. arget, W. ariant, Br. arc'hant, Gaul. 
 
 Argento-, Argento-coxus (a Caledonian prince) ; Lat. argentum ; 
 
 Gr. apyvpos. Eng. argent is from the Lat. 
 airidh, hill pasture, sheiling (airghe, in Lh. for Gaelic) ; cf. E. Ir. 
 
 airge, dirge, place where cows are, dairy, herd of cattle ; E. Ir. 
 
 airgech, herdswoman (of Brigit) ; Ir. airghe, pi. dirighe (O'B.), 
 
 a herd of cattle ; airgheach, one who has many herds ; *ar- 
 
 egia ; Lat. armenMmi ? But see araich, rear. 
 airidh, worthy, Ir. airigh (Ulster), airigh, nobleman (O'B.), 0. Ir. 
 
 aire{ch), primas, lord ; Skr. drya, good, a lord ; drya, Aryan, 
 
 dryahxn, honourable man. 
 airilleach, a sleepy person ; from \aireal, bed, M. Ir. airel (O'C.) : 
 airleag, lend, Ir. airligim, 0. Ir. airliciud, lending ; from leig, let, 
 
 which is allied to Eng. loan, Got. leihvan, Ger. leUien. See Leig. 
 airleas, pledge, earnest, arles ; from Sc. arles, older erles, which, 
 
 through 0. French, comes from Lat. *arrhula, dim. of arrha, 
 
 pledge. Eng. earnest, whence W. ernes, is probably from the 
 
 same origin. See edrlas. 
 airleig, a strait : 
 airmis, hit ; see eirmis. 
 &irne, a sloe, so Ir., M. Ir. ami, sloes, W. eirin, plums, Br. irinenn 
 
 sloe, Celtic arjanio- (Stokes) ; Skr. arani, tinder-stick 
 
 " premiia spinosa," araiika forest. 
 airneach, miirrain in cattle : 
 airneis, furniture ; Ir. dirneis, cattle, goods, &c., M. Ir. aimis, 
 
 tools, furniture. The word can hardly be separated from tlic 
 
 Romance arnese, accoutrements, armour, whence Eug. harness, 
 
 armour for man or horse. The word is originally of Brittonic 
 
 origin (Br. harnez, armour), from *eisarno-, iron ; see iarunn. 
 airtein, a pebble, so Ir., E. Ir. arteini (pi.), 0. Ir. art ; possibly 
 
 Gaul, arto- (Arto-briga), Artemia, name of a rock. 
 
 2 
 
10 tiTYMOtOGiOAL DICTiONAEf 
 
 airtneal, airsneal, weariness : 
 
 ais, back, backwards ; so Ir., E. Ir. aiss, daraaiss, backwards ; Gaelic 
 air ais. The forms ais, rithisd (ris), thairis, seem compounds 
 from the root «<a, sto, stand 3 ci.fois, hhos, ros ; ais maybe 
 for ati-sta- or ati-sti-. Ascoli refers ais to an unaccented form 
 of eis, track, which is used after tar and di {di a ^is, post 
 eum ; see d^is) for " after, post," but not for " back," as is 
 air ais, with verbs of rest or motion. 
 
 aisead, delivery (obstetrical), E. Ir. asait, vb. ad-saiter, is delivered; 
 *ad-sizd-; Lat. sldo, assldere ; a reduplication of the root 
 sed, of suidhe, q.v. 
 
 aiseag, a ferry, Ir. aiseog (Fol.) : 
 
 aiseal, axle ; it seems borrowed from Eng. axle, Norse iixull, but 
 the W. echel, Br. ahel, *aksila, makes its native origin 
 possible, despite the absence of the word in Irish. 
 
 aiseal, jollity (Sh., Arms.) ; see aisteach. 
 
 aisean, rib, Ir., E. Ir. asna, W. eisen, asen. Cor. asm; cf. Lat. 
 assula, splinter, asser, beam (Stokes). Formerly it was 
 referred to the same origin as Lat. os, ossis, bone, Gr. oa-reov, 
 but the root vowel and meaning are both unfavourable to 
 this etymology. 
 
 aisearan, weanling (Argyle) ; from ais ? 
 
 aisg, a request (Sh.), E. Ir. ascid ; *ad-skv-, root seq-, as in sg 
 q-v. 
 
 aisgeir, a ridge of high mountains, Ir. eisdr, aisgeir (Lh. for 
 latter) ; *ad-sker- (?), as in Eng. sherry, G. sgeir, q.v. 
 
 aisig, restore, so Ir., E. Ir. assec ; possibly = * as-ic, " out-bring," 
 ic = enh ; see thig, come. 
 
 aisir, aisridh, passage, path ; see astar. 
 
 aisith, strife ; as-sith, as-, privative, and sith, q.v. 
 
 aisling, a vision, dream, so Ir., 0. Ir. aislinge ; possibly *ex-ling-ia, 
 " a jump out of one-seU, ec-stasy," the root being leng of 
 leum, q.v. Nigra suggested the root sil or sell of seall, see, 
 q.v. ; he divided the word as as-sil-inge, Stokes as ad-sell-angia 
 (Beitrage, Vol. VIII.). 
 
 aisneis, rehearsing, tattle, E. Ir. same, 0. Ir. disndis ; aisnedim, I 
 relate, as-ind~Jiad-im, 0. Ir. in-fiadim, I relate ; fiad = veid, 
 know ; see innis. 
 
 aisteach, a diverting fellow, Ir. aisdeach, witty : 
 
 ait, glad, Ir., E. Ir. ait, 0. Ir. ait, euge ! adverbium optantis : 
 
 aite, a place, Ir., E. Ir. dit. Possibly pre-Celtic pod-ti-, root pod, 
 ped, Lat. oppidum, Gr. TreSov, ground, Skr. paddm, place ; as 
 in eadh, q.v. Stokes has referred dit to the root that appears 
 in Ger. ort, place, Norse oddr, 0. Eng. ord, point, Teutonic 
 md; I. E. mdh- ; but this in Gaelic would give i«Z or od. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 11 
 
 iiteag, a shy girl ; see fditeas. 
 
 aiteal, breeze, ray, small portion. In the sense of " ray," cf. Gr. 
 oKTts, ray ; in the sense of " quantulum," it may be divided 
 as ad-tel, 0. Br. attal, an equivalent, root tel, weight, money ; 
 see tuarasdal. 
 
 aiteam, a people, a tribe (Arms.) : 
 
 aiteamh, a thawj *aitli-ta-m, W. toddi, melt; Lat. tabes; Gr. 
 TijK<o, melt ; Eng. thaw. The Ir. word is tionadh (0. Ir. 
 tinaid, evanescit), Manx tennue, the root of which is ten, Lat. 
 tener, Eng. thin. 
 
 aith-, " re-" ; see ath-. 
 
 aitheamh, fathom, 0. W. cUent, filum ; *{p)etem.d ; Eng. faOiom ; 
 I. E. joei, extend, Lat. pateo, <kc. 
 
 aithinne, fire-brand, Jr., O. Ir. aithinne : * aith-te'n-io- ? Root of 
 teine ? The root and, kindle, as in 0. Ir. anducl, accendere, 
 adandad, lighting up, is also possible, * aith-and-io- being the 
 form in that case. 
 
 aithis, a reproach, affront, so Ir., O. Ir. athiss ; *ati-^id-tu- ; Got. 
 idveit, Eng. tiidt ; root vid, wit, know. 
 
 aithlis, a disgrace ; cf. lean in leas-mhac. 
 
 aithne, knowledge, so Ir., 0. Ir., aithgne, W. adwaen : ati-gn-io- for 
 Ir. ; I. E., gen, gna, gno, to know ; Lat. cognosco ; Gr. ■yvyvwrKm ; 
 Eng. hiww. 
 
 aithne, command, Ir., 0. Ir. aithne, depositum, command; immdnim, 
 delego, assign ; W. adne, custody ; the root seems to be an 
 or an, judging from the verbal forms, though these scarcely 
 agree with the noun forms. See tiomnadh further. 
 
 aithreach, repentant, so Ir., 0. Ir. aitlirech, Corn, edrech, repent- 
 ance, Br. azrec (do.), * ati-{p)reko-, *ati-(p)rekid ; root pt'ek, 
 Lat. precor, Ger. fragen, ask, &c. Ascoli makes the root reg, 
 come (see rach). 
 
 aithris, tell, so Ir., *ati-ris, E. Ir. ris, a story, *rt-ti-, rat, ret, 
 Ger. rede, speech. Got. rathjo, speak, Lat. ratio. 
 
 aitidh, damp : 
 
 aitionn, juniper, Ir. aiteann, 0. Ir. aitenn, W. aith, eithin. Cor. 
 eythinen, 0. Br. ethin (gl. rusco), *ak.to-, I. E. root ok, sharp, 
 Lat. acldus, Eng. acid, edge, Gr. aicpos, extreme, &c. The 
 nearest words are Lit. dkstinas, sting, Ch. SI. ostinu. Also 
 aiteal. 
 
 aitreabh, a building, Ir. aitreibh, E. Ir. aittreh, W. adref, home- 
 wards, Gaul. Atrebates ; *aclrtreh-, the Celtic root treb con-es- 
 ponding to Lat. tribus, Eng. thorpe. 
 
 al, brood, Ir. dl, W. ael, al : *{p)aglo- ; cf. Lat. pi-<ypdgo, Eng, 
 propagate. Hence Claire, brood mare, 
 
12 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 alach, nails : *al-lach, al- from {p)agl-, Lat. paiiis, stake ; root 
 
 pag, pag, fasten, whence Gr. n-iyyi/v/it, Lat. pango, fix, Eng. 
 
 page. 
 alachag. alachuin; see ealachainn. 
 
 drlainn, beautiful, Jr. dluin, 0. Ir. dlaind ; * ad-lainn ; see loinn. 
 all-, over ; see tkall. 
 allaban, wandering : 
 
 allail, noble, M. Ir. all, aill, *al-no-s, root al, as in Lat. alius. 
 alladh, fame (either good or bad), Ir. alladh, excellency, fame, 
 
 E. Ir. allud ; see above. 
 allaidh, fierce, wild, Ir. allta, 0. Ir. allaid ; possibly from all-, 
 
 over, the idea being "foreign, barbarous, fierce;" cf. W. 
 
 nllaidd of like meanings, from W. all, other. See next, 
 allmharach, a foreigner, foreign, fierce ; Ir. allmharach, foreigner, 
 
 transmarine ; E. Ir. albmaraxh. From all-, beyond, and 
 
 miiir, sea, " transmarine" (K. Meyer), 
 allsadh, a jerk, svispending, leaning to one side ; see ahlisadh. 
 allsmuain, a float, great buoy : 
 allsporag, cow's throttle (M'A.) ; see ahhtporng. 
 allt, a stream, Ir. alt, height, (topographically) glen-side or cliff, 
 
 0. Ir. alt, shore, cliff, 0. W. allt, cliff. Cor. ah, Br. aot, shore ; 
 
 all allied to Lat. alius. The Gaelic form and meaning are 
 
 l^ossibly of Pictish origin. 
 aim, alum ; from the English. 
 alp, ingraft, join closely together : 
 alt, joint, Ir., E. Ir. alt, * {p)aUo-s ; root pel, whence Eng. fold, 
 
 Norse, faldr, Ger. falz, groove ; Gr. -TrAotrtos, doubled, for 
 
 7rAaT6os. 
 altach, a grace (at food), Ir. altugluidh, 0. Ir. attlugud, rendering 
 
 thanks, atludmr bude, I give thanks: *ad-tluk6r, root, tluq; 
 
 Lit. tulkas, interpreter ; Lat. loquor for tloquor. 
 altair, altar, Ir., 0. Ir. alttir, W. allor. Cor. altor, Br. auter ; from 
 
 Lat. altare, altar, " high place." 
 altram, fostering, Ir. altrom, 0. Ir. altram, W. alltraw, sponsor ; 
 
 root al, nourish, whence Lat. alo. Got. alan, grow, Eng. old. 
 Jim, time, Ir. am, pi. amarerea, E. Ir. am, *ammen-,iTom *at-s-men-, 
 
 root at. Got. apn, year; possibly Lat. annus (at-s-no-). 
 am-, privative prefix ; this is the labialised form of an-, q.v. ; and 
 
 being labialised, it is also aspirated into amh-. The forms 
 
 before " small " vowels in the subsequent syllable are aim-, 
 
 aimh-. 
 amach, vulture, so Ir. : 
 amadan, fool, Ir. amaddn : am-^ment-, "non-minded," Celtic root 
 
 ment (dearmad, farmad, &c.), mind ; Lat. mens, menti-s, Eng. 
 
 mind, &c. The shorter root men is found in meanmna. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 13 
 
 amail, mischief ; E. Ir. admillim, I destroy : ad + mill, q.y. 
 
 amail, hindrance : ad + mall, q.v. 
 
 amal, swingle-tree ; *ad-mol ; mol, a beam, especially " a mill 
 
 shaft," E. Ir. mol : 
 amar, channel, mill lead ; E. Ir. ammor, ammlmr, a trough, 
 
 * amb-or- ; Gaul, amies, rivos, rivers, Ambris, river name ; 
 Lat. imber ; Gr. oyu,yS/oos„ rain ; Skr. ambu, water. Zimmer 
 considers the Ir. borrowed from Ag. S. dmber, amphora, Ger. 
 eimer ; but the Gaelic meaning is distinctly against his 
 theory. A borrowing from Lat. amphora is liable to the same 
 objection. 
 
 amarlaich, blustering (M'A.) : 
 
 amas, hitting, 0. Ir. ammvs, an aim: *ad-mes-; see eirmu. 
 
 amasguidh, aimsgith, profane, impure; * ad-mesc-id-, "mixed;" 
 see measg. 
 
 amh, raw, Ir. amh, E. Ir. om, W. of ; root om, dm, whence Gr. 
 w/xos ; ■ Got. amsa ; Skr. arasaa. 
 
 a mhain, only, Ir. amhdin, E. Ir. amdin ; cf . 0. Ir. nammd ( W. 
 namyn, \ya.tf) = na-n-md, "lit non sit major" (?). The main 
 root is mA or mb, more, with the negative, but the exact 
 explanation is not easy ; "no more than" (?). 
 
 amhainn, river ; better abliainn, q.v. 
 
 amharc, looking, seeing, so Ir. : 
 
 amhaltach, vexing ; see aimlveil. 
 
 amhartan, luck, Ir. amhantur, abhantur ; from Fr. aventure, Eng. 
 adventure. 
 
 amharus, suspicion, so Ir., 0. Ir. crazajVess, iufidelitas, am + mw.'!, 
 the latter meaning "faith;" 0. Ir. iresa = nir-e.w, and ''''ens is 
 from *sistd, standing, root std, stand, reduplicated ; cf. Lat. 
 sisto, itc. The whole word, were it formed at once, would 
 look like *am^(p)are-sistu, or *am-are-sutd. 
 
 amhas, amhusg, wild man, beast-man ; Ir. amhas, a wild man, 
 madman ; E. Ir. amos, amsach, a mercenary soldier, servant. 
 Conchobar's amsaig, or mercenaries, in the E. Ir. saga of 
 Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our amhusgan, monsters ; 
 there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse " bear-sarks." 
 Borrowed from Gaul. Lat. ambactus ( = servus, Festus), through 
 
 * ambaxus ; Csesar says of the Gaulish princes : " Circum sc 
 ambactos clientesque habent." The roots are ambi- (see mti) 
 and ag, go, lead (see aghaidh). Hence many words, as Eng. 
 ambassador, Ger. amt, official position, &c. 
 
 Amhghar, affliction, Ir. amhgar ; am- (not) -I- gar ; cf . 0. Ir. ingir, 
 tristitia, from gdire, risus. See gciir, laughter, for root. 
 
 amhlair, fool, boor, Ir. amlMir, 0. Ir. amlahar, mute ; from am- 
 (not) and labhair, speak, q.v. Of. suilbhir. 
 
14 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AEY 
 
 amhlaisg, bad beer, taplash : 
 
 amhluadh, confusion : 
 
 amhran, song, Ir. amhrdn, abhrdn, M. Ir. ambrdn, Manx, arrane ; 
 see bran. 
 
 amhuil, like, as, Ir. amhlmdh, 0. Ir. amail, amal, 0. W. amal, 
 W. mal, Br. evel; from a Celtic samali-, which appears in 
 samhail, q.v. 
 
 amhuilt, a trick, deceit (H.S.D. imhuilt) : 
 
 ^mhuinn, oven, Ir. 6igheann ; borrowed from Eng. oven. 
 
 amlach, curled, amlag, a curl, M. Ir. amlach; from the prep. 
 ambi-, as in mu, q.v. 
 
 amraidh, cupboard, Ir. amri (O'B.), W. almari; all borrowed 
 from Eng. (Gaelic from Sc. aumrie ?) amhry and M. E. almarie, 
 from 0. |fr. almarie, from Lat. armarium, place of tools or 
 arms, from arma. 
 
 an, a', the, Ir. an, 0. Ir. in (mas. and fem.), a n- (neut.) ; a t- 
 appears before vowels in the nom. masc. (an t-athair), and it 
 is part of the article stem; a Celtic sendo-s (m.), sendd (f.), 
 sa7i (n.). Sendo-s is composed of two pronominal roots, 
 dividing into sen-do- ; sen, judging by the neuter san, is a 
 fixed neuter nom. or ace. from the Celtic root se (I. E. sjo, 
 beside so-), allied to Ag. S. se, the, sed, now she. The -do- of 
 sendo-s has been referred by Thurneysen and Brugmann to 
 the pron. root to- (Eng. thort, Gr. to) ; it is suggested that tn- 
 may have degenerated into do- before it was stuck to the 
 fixed form sen. Sen-to- could not, on any principle otherwise, 
 whether of accentviation or what not, produce the historical 
 forms. It is best to revert to the older etymology, and 
 refer do- to the pronominal root appearing in the Latin fixed 
 cases (enclitic) -dam, -dem (qui-cZawi, i-dem, i&c), the Gr. Se, 
 -8c (as in o-Se, this), Ch. SI. da, he. The difference, then, 
 between Gr. o-Se and Gaelic sendo-s is this : the Gr. inflects 
 the first element (o = so) and keeps the Se fixed, whereas 
 Gaelic reverses the matter by fixing the sen and inflecting the 
 do- ; otherwise the roots are the same ultimately, and used 
 for almost similar purposes. 
 an, in, Ir. a n- (eclipsing), 0. Ir. i, i n-, W. yn, Br. en ■ Lat. in ; 
 Gr. Iv ; Eng. in, &c. Generally it appears in the longer form 
 ann, or even as ann an ; see ann. 
 an, interrogative particle, Ir. an, 0. Ir. in ; Lat. an ; Got. an. 
 an-, negative prefix, Ir. an-, O. Ir. an-, in- ; W., Cor., Br. an- ; 
 Celtic an, I. E. n-, Lat. in-, Gr. a-, av-, Eng. un-, Skr. a-, an-, 
 (fee. It appears before labials and liquids (save n) as am-, 
 aspirated to amh- ; with consequent " small" vowels, it 
 becomes ain-, aim-, aimh-. Before g, it becomes ion-, as in 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 15 
 
 iongantas. Before c, t, s, the an- becomes evr and the t and c 
 become medials (as in beud, hrcug, fe'osag). See also next 
 word, 
 ana-, negative prefix, 0. Ir. an-, sometimes aspirating ; G. 
 anacreidimh, disbelief, 0. Ir. ancretem, but ainfhior, luitrue ; 
 M. Ir. ainfhir. This suggests a Celtic anas- for the first, and 
 ana- for the second, extensions of the previous an- ; cognate 
 are Gr. avis, avev, without ; Ger. ohne, Got. inu, without. 
 ana-, an-, ain-, prefix of excess ; Ir. an-, ain-, M. Ir. an- ; Ir. 
 aspirates where possible (not t, d, g), Gaelic does so rarely. 
 Allied are Gr. ava, up. Got. ana, Eng. on. Hence ana-barr, 
 excess ; ain-neart, violence ; ain-teas, excessive heat, &c. 
 anabas, dregs, refuse : 
 anabhibrach, centipede, whitlow : 
 anacail, defend, save ; Ir. anacail, protection, E. Ir. anacul (do.). 
 
 This Ascoli refers to the same origin as adnacul ; see adhlac. 
 anacair, sickness, affliction, so Ir. See acarach. 
 anail, breath, Ir. and 0. Ir. anal, W. anadl, anal, Cor. anal, Br. 
 alan, Celtic anatld ; root an, breathe. Got. anan, to breathe, 
 Skr. anila, wind. See anam also. 
 anainn, eaves, top of house wall : 
 
 anam, soul, so Ir., 0. Ir. anim (d. anmin). Cor. enef, M. Br. eneff, 
 Br. ene, Celtic animon- (Stokes) ; Lat. animus, anima; Gr. 
 avefjioi, wind, 
 anart, linen, Ir., E. Ir. anairt, 0. Ir. annart *an-arto-; root pan, 
 pan ; Lat. pannvs, cloth ; Gr. tttjvos, thread on the bobbin ; 
 Got. fana, cloth, Ag. S. fana, small flag, Eng. vane, fane. 
 anart, pride : 
 
 anasta, stormy : * anrfadh-asta ; see anfadh, storm, 
 an drasta, now ; for an-trdth-sa, " the time here," q.v. 
 t anfadh, storm ; proper G. is onfhadh, q.v. 
 anfhann, weak, Ir. anbhfann, M. Ir. anbfann, anhand ; an+fann, 
 
 " excessive faint." Seefann. 
 anlamh, annlamh, misfortune ; an- (not) + lamh ; see uUamh for 
 
 lamh. 
 ann, there, Ir., 0. Ir. and, *anda (Stokes) ; Cyprian Gr. avSa 
 ( = avrt], this, she) ; Lit. dndai^ newly, ans, ana, ille, ilia ; 
 Ch. SI. onH, that; Skr. ana, this (he), 
 ann, ann an, in, Ir. ann, E. Ir. ind, 0. Ir. ind-ium (in me), Celtic 
 endo (Stokes) ; Lat. endo, indu, into, in ; Gr. tVSov, within, 
 iv&oOtv ; Eng. into. The roots are en (see an), in, and do 
 (see do), to. In ann an, the two prejjositions ann and an 
 are used. The form anns is used before the article and 
 relative ; the -s properly belongs to the article ; anns an, 
 in the, is for ann san. 
 
16 ETTMOLOGiOAL DICTIONARY 
 
 t annaid, annoid, a church, M. Ir. anndit, 0. Ir. andodit, mother- 
 church. Stokes refers it to L, Lat. antitas, for antiquitas, 
 "ancient church." In Scottish place-names it appears as 
 Annet, Clach na h-Annaid, (fee. 
 
 aunaladh, era, calendar, Ir. analacli, chronicle ; from Lat. annalia. 
 
 aunamh, rare, M. Ir. annam, E. Ir. andam ; * arirdam.-, " non- 
 tame ;" root dam, home, (fee. ; Eng. domestic, tame. Hence 
 annas, rarity. 
 
 annlamh, vexation, (fee ; see anlamh. 
 
 annlan, condiment, E. Ir. amdand, W. enllyn ; possibly an + leann. 
 
 annrach, anrach, wanderer, stranger ; either from *ann-retlirach, 
 root reth, run (see Yuith, faondra), or from * arwrath-ach, 
 " unfortunate," root rath, luck, q.v. 
 
 annrath, distress, Ir. anrath ; an + rath ; see rath, luck. The 
 E. Ir. andro appears to be of a different origin. 
 
 annsa, dearer, better liked, so Ir., M. Ir. andsa, preferable : 
 
 ao-, privative prefix ; for eu-, that is, for an- (not), before c and t. 
 See an-. 
 
 aobhach, joyous ; see aoihhinn. 
 
 aobhar, cause, Ir. adhhhar, 0. Ir. adbar, *ad-hero-n; root her, I.E. 
 bher, whence Lat. fero, Eng. bear, (fee. 
 
 aobrann, ankle, 0. Ir. odbrann, W. uffarn : *od-bronn, *ud-hrunn-, 
 "out-bulge;" Mc?- = Eng. out, and brunn-, see brU, belly. 
 Stokes {Academy, June, 1892) makes odr to be 'for -pod, foot, 
 Gr. Ttov'i, TToSS's, Eng. foot, (fee. 
 
 aodach, clothes, Ir. etcdach, 0. Ir. etach, *ant-a-c-os ; root pan, as in 
 anart, q.v. Cf. Lit. pinti, plait, twine, Ch. SI. p§ti, wind, 
 Lat. pannus, (fee. Strachan cfs. Alb. ent, int, weave, Gr. 
 a.TTOjiaL, weave. 
 
 aodann, face, Ir. eadan, 0. Ir. etan, Celtic antano- (Stokes) ; Lat. 
 ante ; Gr. avrl, against ; Eng. and ; Skr. dnti, opposite. 
 
 aodraman, bladder, Ir. eadtromdn ; see aotrom. 
 
 aog, death ; see eiig. 
 
 aogas, aogasg, face, appearance, M. Ir. ecosg (O'Cl.), 0. Ir. ecosc, 
 habitus, expression, *in-cosc ; see casg, check. " Cf. 0. Ir. 
 irhcho-dg, siguificat. 
 
 aoghaire, shepherd, so Ir., M. Ir. aegaire, 0. Ir. augaire, *oiji-gar- ; 
 for ovi-, sheep, see oisg. The -gar- is allied to Gr. dydpui, 
 dyopd, meeting place, market. 
 
 aoibh, civil look, cheerful face, Ir. aoibh, pleasant, E. Ir. deb, 0. Ir. 
 diph, beauty, appearance, *aibd (Thurneysen), mien, look, 
 Prov. Er. aib, good manners. Ascoli refers it to the root of 
 eiblieall (q.v.), a live coal, the underlying idea being "shining, 
 sheen." This would agree as to the original force with 
 taitinn, please, taitneach, pleasant. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 17 
 
 aoibhinn, pleasant, joyful, so Ir., E. Ir. dibind, Aihind. See above 
 word for root. 
 
 aoigh, guest, Ir. aoidhe, pi. acndheadha, 0. Ir. 6egi, pi. 6egid, 
 * (p)oig-it ; cf . the Teutonic *faig-ip-, -whence Norse feigr, 
 doomed to die, Ag. S. fdege, doomed, Eng. fey (Schriider). 
 Stokes gives the Celtic as (p)oik-it, poik, whence Eng. foe 
 (cf. Lat. hostis, hospes) ; but the Gaelic gh of aoigh is against 
 this otherwise satisfactory derivation. As against Schrader's 
 etymology, might be put a reference to the form found in 
 Gr. otxo/tat, go, Lit. eiga, going, further root ei, go ; the idea 
 being " journey-taker." Commonly misspelt aoidh. 
 
 aoine, fast, Di-haoine, Friday, Ir. aoine, Friday, 0. Ir. oine, fast, 
 Br. iun ; from Lat. jejunium, a fast, fast-day, Eng. jejune. 
 
 aoineadh, a steep brae with rocks, Manx eaynee, steep place : 
 
 aoir, a satire, Ir. aor, E. Ir. der, 0. Ir. dir. Ascoli refers this word 
 and 0. Ir. tathdir, reprehensio, to tdir, q.v. 
 
 aoir, sheet or bolt-rope of a sail : 
 
 aoirean, farmer, herd ; see aoghaire. 
 
 aois, age, Ir. aois, 0. Ir. dss, dis, 6is, W. oes, *aivest'Ur- ; Lat. 
 mvuTn, cetas, Eng. age ; Gr. ales, aid, always ; Eng. aye. 
 
 aol, lime, Ir. aol, 0. Ir. del : 
 
 aolach, dung, Ir. aoileaeh, 0. Ir. ailedu, stercora, W. add-ail, 
 eluvies. Ascoli compares 0. Ir. dil, probrum, but this word is 
 probably cognate with Got. agls, aglus, difficult, shameful, and 
 may not be allied to aolach. 
 
 aolais, indolence : 
 
 aolmann, ointment ; founded on the Eng. ointment 1 
 
 aom, incline, Ir. aomadh, inclining, attracting : 
 
 aon, one, Ir. aon, 0. Ir. din, den ; W., Cor., Br. un ; Lat. unus 
 ( = oinos) ; Got. ains, Eng. one. 
 
 aonach, moor, market place, Ir. aonach, fair, assembly, 0. Ir. 
 dinach, denach, fair, *oiji-acos, from aon, one, the idea being 
 " uniting, re-union." Some have compared the Lat. agonium, 
 fair, but it would scarcely suit the Gaelic phonetics 
 
 aonach, panting ; see dinich. 
 
 aonagail, aonairt, aoineagan, wallowing ; see uainneart. 
 
 aonais, want ; see iimais. 
 
 aorabh, bodily or mental constitution : 
 
 aoradh, worship, Ir. adhradh, 0. Ir. adrad ; from Lat. adoratio, 
 Eng. adoration. 
 
 aotrom, light, Ir. dadtrom, 0. Ir. itromm ; * an + tram, " non- 
 heavy." See trom. 
 
 ap, ape, Ir. ap, W. ab ; from Eng. ape. 
 
 aparan, apron ; from the Eng. 
 
 aparr, expert ; from Sc. apert, from 0. Fr. aparte, military skill, 
 from Lat. aperio, open, Eng. aperient, expert, &c. 
 
IS ETYMOTXJGICAT. DICTIOXAnY 
 
 aparsaig;, knapsack ; from Eng. haversack. 
 
 ar, ar n-, our, so Ir. and 0. Ir., *{s)ar<m; this form may have 
 
 arisen from unaccented ns-aron, like Got. uns-ar {us of Eng. 
 
 and ar), Ger. unser, Eng. owr (Thurneysen). Stokes refers it 
 
 to a Celtic {n)osl/ron, allied to Lat. nostrum. See further at 
 
 bhwr. 
 ar, seems ; ar learn, it seems to me ; E. Ir. indar limm : 
 hi, plough, E. Ir. ar, W. ar, ploughed land ; Lat. arc ; Lit. ariii ; 
 
 Got. arjan, Eng. ear, plough. 
 ar, battle, slaughter, Ir. and 0. Ir. dr, W. aer, *agro- ; root ag, 
 
 drive ; Gr. ay pa, chase ; see agh. 
 ^ra, kidney, Ir. dra(nn), O. Ir. dru, g. dran, W, aren, * nfron- ; 
 
 Lat. nefrones ; Gr. ve^po's ; Ger. nieren. Stokes refers dra to 
 
 ad-rSn, the ren being the same as Lat. ren. 
 arabhaig, strife ; cf. 0. Ir. irbdg, arhag, * air-bag-, Norse hdgr, 
 
 strife. 
 4rach, rearing ; see airidh, shealing. It is possible to refer this 
 
 word to ^ad-reg-, reg being the root which appears in &rich. 
 ^rachas, insurance, so Ir., E. Ir. drach, bail, contract, * ad-rig-, 
 
 root rig, bind, which see in cuihhreach. 
 ^radh, a ladder, Ir. aradh, E. Ir. drad : 
 araiceil, valiant, important, Ir. drach, strength, drachdach, 
 
 puissant, *ad-reg-, root reg, rule, direct. 
 ^raidh, certain, some, Ir. dirighe, M. Ir. diridJte, *ad-rei- ; cf. W. 
 
 rhai, rhyw, some, certain, which Khys compares to Got. 
 
 fraiv, seed. 
 aran, bread, Ir., M. Ir. ardn ; root ar, Gr. apros. See next. 
 arbhar, corn, so Ir., E. Ir. arbar ; 0. Ir. arbe, frumentum ; Lat. 
 
 arvuvi, field. Also Gaul, arinca, " frumenti genus Gallicum" 
 
 (Pliny), Gr. a/oaicos, vetch, Skr. arakas, a plant. 
 arbhartaich, dispossess; *ar-bert-; ar for ex-r6? 
 arc, fungus on decayed wood, cork, arcan, cork, stopple, Ir. 
 
 arcan, cork (Lh.) : 
 archuisg, experiment (Sh.) : 
 arcuinn, cow's udder : 
 
 4rd, high, Ir., E. Ir. drd, Gaul. Ardvenna ; Lat. arduus ; Gr. 6p66i. 
 ard-dorus, lintel, Ir. ardorus. fardorus ; drd- here is a piece of 
 
 folk etymology, the real word being ar, air, upon. See air 
 
 and dorus. 
 arfuntaich, disinherit ; *ar-fonn-. See arbhartaich. 
 argarrach, a claimant; * air + gar ; see goir. 
 argumaid, argument, Ir. argumeint, 0. Ir. argumint ; from Lat. 
 
 argumentvmi. 
 d.rlas, chimney, E. Ir. forles, roof light ; air + leus, q.v. 
 arm, weapon, Ir., 0. Ir. arm, W. arf ; from Lat. arma, whence 
 
 Eng. arms. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 19 
 
 armadh, working wool in oil, the oil for working wool : 
 
 ^rmuiin, a hero, Ir. armann, an officer, E. Ir. armand, from an 
 
 oblique case of Norse dniia&r (g. drmanns), harmost, steward. 
 aroch, hamlet, dwelling : 
 aros, a dwelling, Ir. drus, M. Ir. aros, W. araws, aros ; *ad-roslu- ; 
 
 Eng. rest is allied to rostu-. 
 arpag, a harpy ; from Lat, harpyia, Eng. harpy. 
 arraban, distress : *ar-reub-? 
 arrabhalach, treacherous fellow ; see farhhalach. 
 arrachar, rowing, steering (Arm.) : * ar-reg-, root reg, direct, 
 arrachd, spectre, Ir., E. Ir. arracht ; *ar-rig- ; see riochd for root. 
 
 Ir. has also arrack, contour, spectre. 
 arrachogaidh, the first hound that gets wind of, or comes up to 
 
 the deer (Sh.) : 
 arraghaideach, careless (Sh.) : 
 arraideach, erratic ; from the Eng. ? 
 
 arraing, a stitch, convulsions, so Ir.; *ar-vreng-'i 'Eng. wrench, &c 
 anal, foolish pride : 
 arronta, bold; %ee farranta. 
 arrusg, awkwardness, indecency, arusg (M'A.) : 
 arsa, quoth, Ir. ar, E. Ir. ar. The s of the Gaelic really belongs 
 
 to the pronoun se or si, said he, said she, " ar se, ar si." Of. 
 
 M.G., "ar san tres ughdar glic" — said the third wise author 
 
 {san being the full art. ; now ars' an). The E. Ir. forms bar 
 
 and for, inquit, point to the root sver, say, Eng. swear, 
 
 answer. 
 arsaidh, old, Ir. drsaidh, 0. Ir. arsid : * ar-sta- ; sta, stand ? 
 arsnaig, arsenic ; from the Eng. 
 arspag, large species of sea-gull, larus major : 
 artan, a stone ; see airtein. 
 artlaich, baffle ; see fairtlich. 
 
 ^ruinn, a forest ; *ag-ro-ni-, root ag, Gr. ay pa, the chase, 
 as, a, out of, from, Ir. as, 0. Ir. ass, a, W. a, oc, Br. a, ag, Gaul. 
 
 ex- ; Lat. ex ; Gr. e^, &c. As- is also used as a privative 
 
 particle, 
 asaid, delivery ; see aisead. 
 
 asair, the lierb " asara bacca ;'' borrowed from Latin name, 
 asair, harness, shoemaker, Ir. asaire, shoemaker, assain, greaves, 
 
 &c., 0. Ir. assa, soccus ; Gr. -ira^, sandal (Hes.), Lat. baxea ; 
 
 root pdg, fit, Gr. ir-qyvvfii, (Stokes). 
 asal, an ass, so Ir., M. Ir. assal, W. asyn, Cor. asen. G. and Ir. 
 
 are borrowed from Lat. assellus, the W. and Corn, from Lat. 
 
 asinus. 
 asbhuain, stubble ; *as-buain, " out-reaping," q.v. 
 ascaoin, unkind ; as-, privative, and caoin, q.v. 
 
20 ETTMOLOaiCAL DICTIONART 
 
 ascart, tow, Ir. asgartach, M. Ir. eseart, W. earth, Br. skarz, 
 
 *ex-sha/rto-, *skarto-, dividing, root sker, separate; Gr. a-K^p, 
 
 dung ; Eng. sham ; (fee. 
 asgaidh, present, boon, E. Ir. ascad ; for root, see taisg. 
 asgailt, a retreat, shelter; seefasgadh, sgail: *ad-scath-. 
 asgall, bosom, armpit, so Ir., Br. askle, W. asgre, bosom. The 
 
 same as achlais (q.v.) by metathesis of the s. 
 asgan, a grig, merry creature, dwarf (Arm.). See aisteach. 
 asgnadh, ascending, so Ir. ; *ad-sqendd ; Lat. scarido, &c. 
 aslach, request, Ir., 0. Ir. aslach, persuasio, adsliy, persuades ; for 
 
 root, see slighe, way. 
 aslonnach, prone to tell (Arm.), E. Ir. asluindim, I request; *ad- 
 
 sloinn, q.v. 
 asp, an asp, W. asp ; from the Eng. 
 asran, a forlorn object, Ir. asrannach, astrannach, a stranger: from 
 
 astairl 
 astail, a dwelling ; see fasdail. 
 astail, a contemptible fellow (M'A.) : 
 astar, a journey, Ir. asdar, astar, E. Ir. astvr : 
 ^suing, isuinn, ^suig, apparatus, weapon ; see asair (?). 
 at, swell, Ir. at, 0. Ir. aft, *{p)at-to-, root pat, extend, as in 
 
 aitheamh, q.v, Stokes gives Celtic as azdo- (Got. asts, twig, 
 
 &c.) ; but this would be in Q&eXve'ad. 
 t atach, request, B. of Deer attdc, E. Ir. atach, 0. Ir. ateoch, I 
 
 pray, *ad-tek- ; Eng. thig. 
 ataig, atuinn, a palisade, stake : 
 atamach, fondling, caressing (M'A.) : 
 ath, next, again ; see ath-. 
 
 ath, flinch ; from ath-, back. Hence athach, modest, 
 ath-, aith, re-, so Ir., 0. Ir. ath-, aith-, ad-, *ati, W. ad-, Br. at-, 
 
 az- ; Gaul, ate ; Lat. at, but, at- {atavus) ; Lit. at-, ata-, back, 
 
 Slav, otu ; Skr. ati, over. Stokes divides Celtic ati- into two, 
 
 meaning respectively "over" and "re-;" but this seems 
 
 unnecessary, 
 ath, a ford, Ir., 0. Ir. ath, *jdtiu- ; Skr. yd, to go ; Lit. j6ti, ride 
 
 (Stokes). 
 4th, a kiln, Ir. dith, W. odyn. Stokes refers this to a pre-Celtic 
 
 apati-, apatino-, parallel to Eng. oven. Got. auhns, Gr. Ittvos. 
 
 Bezzenberger suggests the Zend dtar, fire, as related. 
 athach, a giant, Ir. fathach, alhach ; root, pat, extend ? 
 t athach, a breeze, Ir., 0. Ir. athach ; Gr. arfw-s, vapour, Eng. 
 
 atmosphere ; Ger. atem, breath ; &c. 
 athainne, embers, so Ir. ; *at/ir-teine (?). See aithinne. 
 athailt, a scar ; ath-ail ; see ail, mark. 
 
OF TH8 GAELIC LANGtJAGE. 21 
 
 athair, father, so Jr., 0. Ir. athir ; Lat. pater ; Gr. Tcar-qp ; Skr. 
 
 pitdr- ; Eng. father. 
 athair-neimli, serpent, Br. aer, azr ; for nathair-neimh, q.v. 
 athair-thalmhaiun, yarrow, milfoil, Ir. and M. Ir. athair talmhuin ; 
 
 "pater-telluris !" Also earr-thalmhainn, which suggests 
 
 borrowing from Eng. yarrow. 
 athais, leisure ; ath +fois, q.v. 
 athar, sky, air, Ir. ai^tir, air, sky, 0. Ir. aer, aier, W. awyr ; from 
 
 Lat. aer, whence Eng. air. 
 atharla, heifer ; possibly aih-ar-Laogh, " ex-calf." 
 atharnach, second crop ; *ath-ar-nach, root ar, plough. 
 atharrach, alteration, Ir. atharrach, 0. Ir aitherreeh, Br. adarre, 
 
 afresh, arre, * ati-ar-reg-, root reg of eirich. Stokes analyses 
 
 it into ati-ex-regd, that is, ath-dirich. 
 
 ba ! part of a lullaby ; onomatopoetic. Cf. Eng. baby, Ger. bube, 
 
 &c. 
 ba, bath, foolish, Fernaig MS. bah : " deadly ;" root bd-, kill ; see 
 
 bas. Cf. Lat. fatuus. 
 babag, tassle ; see pab. 
 
 babhsganta, baosganta, cowardly ; see bodhbh. 
 belibhun, bulwark, enclosure for cattle, Ir. bdbhun, whence Eng. 
 
 bavm, M. Ir. bddhiin (Annals of Loch Ce, 1199) ; from bo and 
 
 dim, q.v. 
 bac, hindrance, Ir. bac, M. Ir. bacaim (vb.). See next word, 
 bac, a crook, Ir. bac, 0. Ir. bacc, W. bach, Br. bac'h, Celtic bakko-s ; 
 
 *bag-ko-, Norse bak, Eng. back. Hence bacach, lame, E. Ir. 
 
 bacach, W. bachog, crooked. 
 bacag, a fall, tripping ; from bac, q.v. 
 
 bacaid, ash holder, backet ; from So. backet, from Fr. baqtiet. 
 bacastair, baker, bacaladh, oven, Ir. bacail, baker ; all from the 
 
 Eng. bake, baxter. 
 bacan, stake, hinge, Ir. and E. Ir. bacdn From bac. 
 bach, drunkenness, Ir. bach ; from Lat. Bacchus. 
 bachall, shepherd's crook, crozier, Ir. bachul, 0. Ir. bacliall, W. 
 
 bagl, crutch ; from Lat. baculum, staff ; Gr. /SaKTrjpid, Eng. 
 
 bacteria. 
 bachar, acorn, " Molucca bean," Ir. bachar ; borrowed from or 
 
 allied to Lat. baccar, Gr. /Sa/cKa/sis, nard. 
 bachlag, a shoot, a curl, Ir. bachldg ; from bachall (Thumeysen). 
 bachoid, the boss of a shield, Ir. bocoide, bosses of shields ; from 
 
 L. Lat. buccatus, Lat. biKca, cheek. See bucaid. 
 
22 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONART 
 
 bad, a cluster, thicket ; cf. Br. bot, bod, bunch of grapes, thicket ; 
 
 common in Breton and Scotch place names ; probably a 
 
 Pictish word. Cf. Eng. bud, earlier hodde. 
 badhal, a wandering, bMharan ; possibly from the root ba, go, as 
 
 in bothar, q.v. H.S.D. suggests ba + dol. 
 bag, a bag ; from the Eng. 
 bagaid, a cluster, troop, W. bagad, Br. bagod; from Lat. bacca 
 
 (Thumeysen, Emault). 
 bagaire, a glutton ; from hag in the sense of " belly." 
 bagair, threaten, so Ir., E. Ir. bacwr, a threat. The W. bygwl, a 
 
 threat, &c., is scarcely allied, for it comes from bwg, a spectre, 
 
 bogie, whence possibly the English words bogie, boggle, &c. 
 
 G. bagair may be allied with the root underlying Aac ; pos- 
 sibly bag-gar-, " cry back." 
 b^gh, a bay, Ir. bddh ; from Eng. bay, Romance baja. 
 baghan, a stomach (baoghan, with ao short) : 
 baibeil, lying, given to fables ; from Eng. babble. 
 baideal, tower, battlement, ensign, baidealach, bannered ; from 
 
 M. Eng. battle, battlement, which is of the same origin as 
 
 battlement. 
 baidh, love, Ir. bdidhe, M. Ir. bdid, bdde, * bddi-s (Stokes). Cf. 
 
 Grr. KJiioTLov, friendly (Hes.), for (fxodiov ; root hha : blw, whence 
 
 Gr. <^(os, man. 
 baidreag, a ragged garment ; see paidreag. 
 baidse, musician's fee ; from the Eng. batch ? 
 baigeir, a beggar ; from Eng. 
 
 bail, thrift, Ir. bail, success, careful collection, M. Ir. bail, good- 
 ness ; I. E. root bhel, swell, increase. See huil, bile. Hence 
 
 baileach. 
 bailbheag, a corn poppy ; also beilbheag, mealbhag, meilbheag. 
 bailc, a ridge, beam, W. bale ; from Eng. balk. 
 bailc, seasonable rain, showers : 
 bailceach, strong, a strong man, E. Ir. bale, strong, W. balch, 
 
 superbus, Br. baldh; Lat. fulcio, support, Eng. fulci~imi 
 
 (Stokes). Likely a Celtic bal-ho-, root hal, as in bail. 
 baile, town, township, Ir., E. Ir. baile, * balio-s, a pre-Celtic 
 
 bhv-alio-, root bhvr, be ; Gr. (fxakeos, a lair ; Norse b6l, a 
 
 " bally," further Eng. build, booth. 
 baileach, excessive ; see bail. Also baileach. 
 b^ilisdeir, babbler, founded on Eng. Scandinavian balderdash. 
 baillidh, a magistrate, bailie ; from Sc. bailzie (Eng. bailiff), Fr. 
 
 bailli. 
 baineasag, a ferret, Ir. baineasdg ; ban + neas, " white weasel," q.v. 
 baillidh, madness, fury, Ir. bdinidhe ; see ba. 
 bainisg, a little old woman ; from ban, bean, q.v. 
 
OF THK GAiJI.TC LANGUAGE. 23 
 
 bainne, milk, Ir., M. Ir. bairme ; also boinne, milk (Sutherland- 
 shire), a drop, Ir., M. Ir., hainne, milk, 0. Ir. banne, drop. Cor., 
 Br. banne, gutta; root bha; O.Slav, banja, bath ; ^ng. bath, &c. 
 
 biir, a game, goal, Ir. bdire, hurling match, goal, M. Ir. bdire : 
 * bag-ro-, root bag-, strive ; see arabhaig. 
 
 baircinn, side timbers of a house (Sh.) : 
 
 fbairgMn, bread, cake, Ir. hairghean, E. Ir. bargen, W., Cor., and 
 Br. bar a, panis, * bar go- ; li&t. ferctum, oblation cake ; Ag. S. 
 byrgan, to taste, Norse hergja, taste. 
 
 bd,irich, lowing ; root of b6, cow. Cf. bidrich. 
 
 bd,irig, bestow : 
 
 b^irleigeadh, b&imeigeadh, warning, summons ; from the Eng. 
 warning. 
 
 bMrlinn, rolling wave, billow ; bhir-linn, from t b4ir, wave, bor- 
 rowed from Norse bdra, wave, billow. For linne, see that 
 word. 
 
 bMrneach, a limpet, Ir. bdimeach (FoL), W. brenig. Cor. brennic ; 
 from M. Eng. bemehke, now barnacle, from Med. Lat. bernaca. 
 Stokes takes bdimech from barenn, rock, as Gr. AeTras, limpet, 
 is allied to XcTras, rock. 
 
 bairneachd, judgment (Sh.), Jr., W., Br. bam ; root ber in brath, 
 q.v. 
 
 bairseag, a scold (Sh.), Ir. bairseach, M. Ir. bairsecha, foolish 
 talk,' bara, wrath, W. bar, wrath. Stokes refers bara to the 
 same origin as Lat. ferio, I strike, Norse berja, smite, &c. 
 
 baisceall, a wild person (Sh.) ; root in ba, foolish ? 
 
 baiseach, a heavy shower, Ir. bdisdeach, rain, bais, water; cf. 0. Ir. 
 baithis, baptism, which may be borrowed from, Lat. baptisma 
 (Windisch). The root here is bad, of bath, drown. 
 
 baist, baptise, Ir. baisd, 0. Ir. baitsim ; from Lat. baptizo, which 
 is from Gr. fiairTL^u), dip. 
 
 baiteal, a battle ; from Eng. battle. 
 
 balach, clown, lad, Ir. balach, clown, churl ; cf. Skr. bdlakas, a 
 little boy, from bdla, yoimg. But cf . W. bala, budding, root bhel. 
 
 balaiste, ballast ; from the Eng. 
 
 balbh, dumb, so Ir., E. Ir. balb ; borrowed from Lat. balbus. 
 
 bale, ridge, &c. ; see bailc. 
 
 balcach, splay-footed (H.S.D.). Cf. Gr. ^oAkos, bandy-legged (?). 
 
 balg, belly, bag, Ir. bolg, 0. Ir. bole, W. bol, boly, belly, Cor. bol, 
 Gaulish bulga (Festus), sacculus ; Got. balgs, wine-skin, 
 Norse belgr, skin, bellows, Eng. belly. 
 
 balgair, a fox : 
 
 balgum, mouthful, M. G. bolgama (pi.), Ir. blogam ; from balg. Cf. 
 0. Ir. bole uisce, a bubble. 
 
 ball, a member, Ir., 0. Ir. ball ; Gr. ^aAAds, Eng. phallus ; root 
 bhel, swell. 
 
24 BTTMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 ball, a spot, Ir., M. Ir. hall, white-spotted on forehead (of a horse), 
 Br. bal (do.) The Gaelic suggests a stem bal-no-, Celtic root 
 hal, white, Gr. <^aA.os, shining, <j)dXapos (phalaros), white- 
 spotted (of animals) ; I. E. bhel : hhale, shine ; whence Eug. 
 bale-faB. Stokes says the Irish ball seems allied to the 
 Romance balla, a ball, Eng. bale and ball (?). Hence ballach, 
 spotted. 
 
 ball, a ball ; from Eng. 
 
 balla, wall, Ir. balla (Four Masters) ; from M. Eng. bailly, an 
 outer castle wall, now in Old Bailey, from. Med. Lat. ballium. 
 
 ballaire, a cormorant ; from hall, spot. 
 
 ballan, a vessel, tub, Ir. balldn, E. Ir. ballan. Stokes cfs. Noree 
 bolli, bowl, Eng. bowl, and says that the Gaelic is probably 
 borrowed. 
 
 ballart, boasting, clamour ; probably from Norse hallra, strepere, 
 baldrast, make a clatter (Eng. balderdash), Ger. poltem. 
 
 b£i,n, white, Ir., 0. Ir. h6n ; I. E. root hhd, shine ; Gr. <l>av6s (a 
 long), bright ; Skr. bhdnil, light ; further away is Eng. bale 
 {bale-&re). 
 
 ban-, bana-, she-, female- ; see bean. 
 
 banachdach, vaccination : 
 
 banair, sheep fold ; see rather mainnir. 
 
 banais, a wedding, wedding feast, Ir. bainfheis, wedding feast ; 
 from ban +f^isd ? 
 
 banarach, dairymaid ; from ban- and aireach. 
 
 t banbh, a pig, Ir. banbh, E. Ir. banb, W. banw, Br. banv, hano, 
 *banvo-s. The word appears as Banba, a name for Ireland, 
 and, in Scotland, as Banff. M'L. & D. gives the further 
 meaning of " land unploughed for a year." 
 
 banc, a bank ; from the Eng. 
 
 binchuir, squeamishness at sea (H.S.D., which derives it from 
 bhn and cuir). 
 
 bangadh, a binding, promise (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. hangadh. H.S.D. 
 suggests Lat. pango, whence it may have come. 
 
 bangaid, a banquet, christening feast ; from Eng. banquet. 
 
 bann, a belt, band ; from Eng. ftarerf. It also means a " hinge." 
 Dialectic spann. 
 
 bannag, a Christmas cake ; from the Sc. bannncJc. See honnach. 
 
 banqag, corn-fan ; from Lat. vannws, Eng. fan. 
 
 bannal, a troop, gang, Ir. banna ; from Eng. band. Also pannail. 
 
 bantrach, a widow, E. Ir. hantrehthach, landlady : ban + trebthack, 
 farmer, from treb in treabhadh, aitreabh. 
 
 baobh, a wicked woman, witch, Ir. badhbh, hoodie crow, a fairy, a 
 scold, E. Ir. badb, crow, demon, Badba, the Ir. war-goddess, 
 W. hod, kite, Gaul. JBodv-, Bodvo-gnatus, W. Bodnod ; Norse 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 25 
 
 bo&, g. bo&var, war, Ag. S. beadu, g. beadwe, *badwa- (Rhys). 
 
 In Stokes' Diet, the Skr. bddhate, oppress, Lit. bddas, famine, 
 
 are alone given. Also baogh. 
 baodhaiste, ill usage from the weather : 
 baoghal, danger, so Ir., 0. Ir., baigul, baegul ; cf. Lit. bai-me, fear, 
 
 bai-gus, shy, Skr. bhayate, fear. 
 baoghan, a calf, anything jolly : 
 baogfram, a flighty emotion (Dialectic) ; founded on baogadh, a 
 
 dialectic form of biog, q.v. 
 baoileag, blaeberry ; cf. Eng. ftiiberry, Dan. biiUehmr. 
 baoireadh, foolish talk ; founded on baotliaire, fool, from baoth, q.v. 
 t baois, lust, so Jr., E. Ir. baes, *baisso- (Stokes) : compared by 
 
 Bezzenberger to Gr. (paiSpos, shining, and by Strachan to the 
 
 root gheidh, desire. Lit. geidu, desire, Ch. SI. zi.da, expetere, 
 
 Goth, gaidw, a want. Possibly allied to Lat. foedus, foul. 
 baois, madness, so Ir., E. Ir. bdis ; see baoth. 
 baoisg, shine forth ; see boillsg. 
 baoiteag, a small white maggot ; see boiteag. 
 baol, nearness of doing anything (M'A.) : 
 baoth, foolish, so Ir., O. Ir. bdith, baeth ; root bai, fear, as in baoglial 
 
 Cor. bad, Br. bad, stupidity, are not allied, nor is Goth, bauths, 
 
 dumb, as some suggest. Hence baothair, fool. 
 bara, a barrow, Ir. bara, E. Ir. bara ; from M. Eng. barowe, Eng. 
 
 barrow. 
 barail, opinion, Ir. baramhuil, M. Ir. baramail : bar + samhail ; 
 
 for bar-, see bairneachd, brdtk. 
 baraill, a barrel, Ir. bdirille, E. Ir. barille, W. haril ; from M. E. 
 
 barel, from 0. Fr. baril. 
 baraisd, barraisd, borage ; Ir. barraist ; from the Eng. borage. 
 bar an, a baron, Ir. bariin, W. barwn ; from the Eng. 
 barant, surety, warrant, Ir., M. Ir. bardnta, W. gwarant ; from 
 
 M. Eng. warant, now warrant. 
 barbair, a barber, Ir. bearrb6ir (Fol.)j W. barfwr : from the Eng. 
 barbarra, barbarous, Ir. barbartha ; from Lat. barbarus, Eng. 
 
 barbarous. 
 bar-bhrigein, silver-weed (Arm.) ; also brisgean (from brisg) : 
 barbrag, tangle tops, barberry ; from Eng. barberry. In Lewis, 
 
 the former is called bragaire. 
 bd.rc, a bark, boat, Ir. bdrc, E. Ir. bare, W. barg, Br. bare. These 
 
 words are all ultimately from the Late Latin barca, whence, 
 
 through Fr., comes Eng. barL 
 bare, rush (as water), Ir. bdrcaim, break out ; cf. M. Ir. bare, 
 
 multitude ; Lat. farcio, cram, frequens, numerous. 
 bird, a poet, Ir. bdrd, E. Ir. bard, W. bardd, Br. barz, Gaul. 
 
 bardos, * bardo-s ; Gr. 4>pa.('a (cjipaS-), speak (Eng. phrase). 
 
 4 
 
26 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 b^rd, dyke, inclosure, meadow, Ir. hdrd, a guard, garrison ; from 
 
 Eng. ward. 
 bargan, a bargain, W. hargen ; from the Eng. bargain. 
 birlag, a rag, tatter-demalion ; cf . Ir. barlin, sbeet, for braith-lin, 
 
 q.v. 
 b^rluadh, a term in pipe music ; from Eng. bar + G. luath. 
 b^rnaig, a summons ; from the Eng. warning. 
 barpa, barrow, cairn (H.S.D., a Skye word). Cape Wrath is 
 
 Am Parph in Gaelic ; froip Norse Hvarf, a turning, rounding, 
 
 Eng. wharf. 
 bto, top, Ir. bdrr, 0. Ir. barr, W., Cor. bar, Br. barr, * barso- ; 
 
 Norse barr, pine needles, Ag. S. byrst, Eng. bristle, burr ; Lat. 
 
 fastiguim (for farstigium), top ; Skr. bhrshti, a point. Hence 
 
 barrachd, overplus. 
 barra, a spike, bar, Ir. bdrra, W. bar, nail, ifec. ; all from the Eng. 
 
 bar. 
 barra-giig, potato bloom. See gucag. 
 barramhaise, a cornice (A. M'D.) ; barr + maise. Also barr- 
 
 maisich, to ornament (M'A.). 
 bas, palm of the hand, Ir., 0. Ir. bos, bass, boss, Br. boz, * bostd ; 
 
 Gr. d-yocrTos. 
 bis, death, Ir., 0. Ir. bas ; Celtic root bd, ba, hit, slay, whence 
 
 Gaul. Lat. batuere (Eng. battle, &c.) ; Ag. S. beadu, war. 
 basaidh, a basin ; from Sc. hassie, Eng. basin. 
 bascaid, a basket, Ir. basgaod, W. basged ; from the Eng. basket. 
 basdal, noise, gaiety ; from Eng. bustle ? 
 basdard, a bastard, so Ir. and M. Ir., W. basdardd ; all from the 
 
 Eng. bastard. 
 basgaire, mourning, Ir. bascarrach, lamentation, clapping with 
 
 the hands, M. Ir. basgaire ; bas + gaire, " palm-noise ; " for 
 
 gaire, see goir. Also basiaich. 
 basganta, melodious : 
 basg-luath, vermilion ; from the obsolete adj. basg, red, E. Ir. 
 
 base, and luath, ashes, q.v. Stokes cfs. base to Lat. bacea 
 
 (for bat-ca), berry. 
 bat, bata, a stick, Ir. bata; from M. Eng. batte, stick, now bat, 
 
 which comes from 0. Fr. batte, from Gaul. Lat. battuere, as 
 
 under bas, q.v. The Br. baz seems borrowed from the Fr., 
 
 though it may be native. 
 bata, a boat, Ir. bad, M. Ir. b&t, W. bdd ; all from Ag. S. hdt, Eng. 
 
 boat, Norse bdtr (Stokes). K. Meyer takes Ir. and G. from the 
 
 Norse. 
 batail, a fight ; see baiteal. 
 b&th, drown, Ir. bdthaim, 0. Ir. bddiid (inf.), W. boddi, Br. beuzi ; 
 
 I. E. ffddh, sink, Gr. ^advs, deep, -^Sya, sink, Skr. gdhds, the 
 
 deep. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 27 
 
 bathaich, a byre, Ir. hothigh, W. heudy ; bd+tigh, "cow house." 
 
 bathais, forehead, Ir. baithis, pate, E. Ir. baithes, crown of the 
 forehead ; * bat-esti-, from bat, I. E. bhd, shine, Gr. c^atris, 
 appearance, phase. See ban further. Lat. fades, face, 
 appearance, may be allied, though the latest authorities 
 connect it with facio, make. 
 
 bathar, wares ; from the Eng. wares. 
 
 t beabiar, beaver, Ir. beabliar (Lh.), Cor. befer, Br. bieuzr, Gaul. 
 Bibrax ; Lat. fiber ; Eng. beaver, Ag. S. beofor. Gaelic and 
 Ir. are doubtful. 
 
 beach, a bee, so Ir., 0. Ir. bech, W. begegyr, drone, *hiko-s ; a root 
 bi- appears in Eng. bee, Ag. S. be6 { = *bija). Gar. biene 
 { = *bi-nja). Lit. bitis. Stokes makes the Celtic stem beko-s, 
 but does not compare it with any other language. 
 
 beachd, opinion, notice, Ir. beacht, certain, E. Ir. becht, bechtaim, I 
 certify : 
 
 beadaidh, impudent, fastidious, Ir. beadaidh, beadaidh, sweet- 
 mouthed, scof&ng : 
 
 beadradh, fondling, caressing, beadarrach, pampered : 
 
 beag, little, Ir. beag, 0. Ir. becc, W. bach, Cor. bechan, Br. bic'han, 
 bian, *bezgo- ; Lat. vescus (= gvesgus) ? Some have connected 
 it with Gr. iiiKpoi, Dor. Gr. /jllkko's, and Dr Cameron suggested 
 Lat. irix, scarcely. 
 
 beairt, engine, loom ; see beart. 
 
 beairtean, shrouds, rigging ; see beart. 
 
 bealach, a pass, Ir. bealach, pass, road, E. Ir. belach ; cf. Skr. 
 bila, gap, mouth. See bile. 
 
 bealaidh, broom, Ir. beallyi (Lh. Gomp. Voc.) ; cf. Br. balan, 
 M. Br. balazn, O. Fr. balain ; also Fr. balai, a broom. This 
 might be referred to the common root bhel, bloom (prolific as 
 a root, like the corresponding root of broom, as in W. balannu, 
 to bud), but the W. for " broom" is banadl, Cor. banathel, 
 which M. Ernault has compared with Lat. genista, broom 
 (root gen, beget ?). The Br. might be a metathesis of W. 
 banadl (cf. Br. alan v. anait). It is possible that Gaelic is 
 borrowed from the Pictish ; the word does not appear in the 
 Ir. Dictionaries, save in Lh.'s Lat. Celt, part, which perhaps 
 proves nothing. 
 
 bealbhan-ruadh, a species of hawk (Sh., O'R.) ; for bealbhan, cf. 
 t bealbhach, a bit, from beul, mouth ? 
 
 bealltuinn. May-day, Ir. bdalteine, E. Ir. beltene, belltaine, * belo- 
 te{p)nid (Stokes), " bright-fire," where belo- is allied to Eng. 
 bale ("bale-fire"), Ag. S. bael, Lit. baltas, white. The Gaul, 
 god-names Belenos and Belisama are also hence, and Shake- 
 speare's Cym-beline. Two needfires were lighted on Beltane 
 
28 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEt 
 
 among the Gael, between which they drove their cattle for 
 purification and luck ; hence the proverb : " Eadar da theine 
 Bhealltuinn" — Between two Beltane fires. 
 
 bean, wife, so Ir., 0. Ir. ben, W. bun, benyw. Cor. benen, sponsa, 
 Celtic bend, g. bnds, pi. n. bnds ; Gr. yw^, Boeot. Gr. ^ava. ; 
 Got. gino, Eng. queen, Sc. qveyn ; Skr. grm. 
 
 bean, touch, Ir. beanaim, beat, touch, appertain to, 0. Ir. benim, 
 pulso, ferio, Br. bena, to cut, M. Br. benaff, hit ; *bina, root 
 bin, bi (0. Ir. ro bi, percussit, bithe, perculsus), from I. E. bhi, 
 bhei, hit ; Ch. SI. bija, Uti, strike ; 0. H. G. What, axe ; Gr. 
 <j)i.Tp6i, log. Further is root bheid, split, Eng. bite. Usually 
 bean has been referred to I. E. ghen ghon, hit, slay ; Gr. <f)ev-, 
 slay, €ire<jivov, slew, (jiovo^, slaughter, Oeivw, strike ; Skr. han, 
 hit ; but ffh = G. b is doubtful. 
 
 beann, top, horn, peak, Ir. beann, 0. Ir. benn, pinna, W. ban, 
 height, peak, M. Br. ban, also benny, horn, pipe (music), 
 Gaul, canto-bennicus mons, " white peak" mount ; proto-Gaelic 
 bennd ; root gen-, gn-, as in Eng. knoll, Sc. knowe. In Scotch 
 Gaelic, the oblique form beinn has usurped the place of 
 beann, save in the gen. pi. 
 
 beannachd, blessing, so Ir., 0. Ir. bendaeht, W. bendith ; from Lat. 
 benedictio, whence Eng. benediction. 
 
 beannag, a skirt, corner, coif, Ir. beann6g ; from beann. 
 
 beantag, a corn-fan ; see bannag. 
 
 bearach, dog-fish (M'A.) : 
 
 bearachd, judgment (Sh., O'R.) ; root bera, bra, as in brath, q.-«. 
 
 bearbhain, vervain ; from Eng. vervain, I^at. verbena. 
 
 beam, a breach, cleft, Ir. beama, E. Ir. bema ; I. E. bher, cut, 
 bore ; Lat. forare, bore ; Gr. 4>°-po% a plough, <j>apb}, split ; 
 Arm. beran, mouth ; Ch. SI. bar, clip ; Eng. bore. 
 
 beirr, shear, Ir. bearraim, 0. Ir. berraim, 0. W. byrr, short. Cor. 
 ber, Br. berr, short, *berso- ; Gr. <j>dpcroi, any piece cut off ; root 
 bhera, as in beam. 
 
 bearraideach, flighty, nimble ; from bearr ? 
 
 heart, a deed, Ir beth-t, load, action, E. Ir. bert, bundle, birth ; Gr. 
 <f>6pTos, burden ; root, bher, in beir, q.v. Also beairt, engine, 
 loom. It is used in many compounds in the sense of "gear," 
 as in cais-bheart, foot-gear, shoes ; ceann-bheart, head-gear, 
 helmet, &c. 
 
 beartach, rich ; from beart. 
 
 beatha, life, so Ir., 0. Ir. bethu, g. bethad, Celtic stem bitdf-, 
 divided into bi-tdt ; see bith (i.e., bi-tu-) for root. It is usual 
 for philologists to represent the stem of beatha as bivotdt, that 
 is, bi'vo-tdt-, the bi-vo- part being the same as the stem bivo 
 of beb. While the root bi is common to both beatha and beb, 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 29 
 
 the former does not contain -vo- ; it is the O. Ir. noni. beothu 
 
 i^hi-tAs) that has set philologists wrong. Hence G. and Ir. 
 
 beathach, animal, 
 beic, a curtesy ; from Sc. heck, curtesy, a dialectic use of Eng. 
 
 heck, beckon. Hence beiceis, bobbing, &o. (M'A.). 
 beil, grind ; a very common form of meil, q.v. 
 beil, is ; see hheil. 
 
 beilbheag, corn-poppy ; see mealhhag. Also bailbheag. 
 b^ileach, a muzzle, Ir. beulmhach, a bridle bit ; from heul. 
 beilleach, blubber-lipped, b6ileach (H.S.D.) ; from heul. The 
 
 first form suggests a stem hel-nac-. Cf. b^ilean, a prating 
 
 mouth. Also m^illeach. 
 beilleag, outer coating of birch, rind ; also meilleag, q.v. 
 beince, a bench ; from Sc. bink ; Eng. bench. Cf. Ir. heinse, W. 
 
 mainc, Br. menk. 
 beinn, hill, ben ; oblique form of beann (f.n.), used as a fern, nom., 
 
 for beann sounds masculine beside ceann, &c. See beann. 
 beinneal, binding of a sheaf of corn, bundle ; from Sc. hindle, a 
 
 cord of straw or other for binding, Eng. bundle ; from bind. 
 beir, catch, bring forth, Ir. beirim, 0. Ir. berim, W. cymmeryd, to 
 
 take, accept, Br. kemeret ( = com-her-) ; I. E. hher, whence 
 
 Lat. fero, Gr. ^e/jco, Eng. bear, Skr. bharami. 
 beirm, barm, yeast ; from Sc. harm (pronounced herm), Eng. harm ; 
 
 Lat. fermentum. 
 beist, a beast, Ir. blast, peist, 0. Ir. heist, W. hwystfil ; from Lat. 
 
 bestia (Eng. beast). Also blast, 
 beith, birch, so Ir., 0. Ir. bethe, W. bedw. Br. bezitenn, Celtic betvd ; 
 
 Lat. betula, Fr. boule. 
 beithir, a serpent, any wild beast, monster, a huge skate, 
 
 Ir. beithir, wild beast, bear, E. Ir. beithir, g. hethrach. In 
 
 the sense of " bear," the word is, doubtless, borrowed ; but 
 
 there seems a genuine Celtic word betrix behind the other 
 
 meanings, and the beithir or beithir heimneack is famed in 
 
 myth. Cf. Lat. hestia, for bet-tia ? 
 beitir, neat, clean (M'F.) : 
 bed, living, Ir., 0. Ir. beb, W. byw, Br. beu, *hivo-s ; Lat. vtims, 
 
 living, vita ; Gr. jStoros, a living ; Eng. quick ; Skr. jivd, 
 
 living : I. E. gei-, gi^, live. See also heatha, hith. 
 beoir, beer, Ir. beor ; from Ag. S. he6r, Norse bjorr (Eng. beer). 
 beolach, ashes with hot embers (M'A.) ; from heb + luathach, 
 
 "live-ashes." Another bedlach, lively youth, hero, stands 
 
 for beb-lach ; for -loch, see bglach. 
 beuban, anything mangled : 
 beuc, roar, Ir. bdic, O. Ir. becdm, W. beichio, haich, *beikki6; Cor. 
 
 begy, Br. begiai, squeal, baeguel, bleat, *baiki6 (Stokes). The 
 
30 ETYMOLOOICAL DICTtONARt 
 
 difficulty of the vowels as between G. and W. {6 should give 
 wy) suggests comparison with creuchd, W. craiih, *crempt- 
 (Straohan). Thus bew, haich suggests henh-ko-, further 
 gnh-ho-, root gem, Lat. gemo, &c. The same result can be 
 derived from the root geng- of geum, q.v. 
 beud, mischief, hui-t, Ir. head, E. Ir. het, * bento-n ; allied to Eng. 
 
 beul, mouth, so Ir., 0. Ir. b^l, *bet-lo-, I. E. get-, whence Eng. 
 quoth, Got. qithan. The idea is the " speaker." Some con- 
 nect W. gwefi { = vo-bel), but this is probably *vo-byl, hyl, 
 edge (Ernault). 
 
 beulaobh, front, E. Ir. ar-bekiib, 0. Ir. belib ; dat. pi. of beul ; also 
 mixed with this is the 0. Ir. ace. pi. heulu. 
 
 beum, a stroke, cut, taunt, Ir. and O. Ir. b4im, nom. pi. bemen, 
 blow, from the root beng, hong, which appears in buain; cf. ceum 
 from ceng-men, leum from leng-men. This agrees with Cor. 
 bom, blow. Some suggest beid-men or heids-men, root hheid, 
 Eng. bite, which suits G. best as to meaning. The favourite 
 derivation has been *ben-s-men, root ben of bean. 
 
 beur, beurra, beurtha, sharp, pointed, clear ; cf. Ir. Marriha, 
 clipped, from bearr ; from berr-tio-s, with i regressive into 
 berr, giving beirr. 
 
 beurla, EngHsh, language, Ir. heurla, speech, language, especially 
 English ; 0. Ir. belre ; bel + re, hel, mouth, and the abstract 
 termination -re (as in luihhre, buidhre, &c.). 
 
 beus, conduct, habit, so Ir., 0. Ir. b4s, Br. boaz, *beissvr, *beid-tu-, 
 root beid, I. E. bheidh, Gr. vret^w, persuade, Lat. fides, English 
 faith. Others derive it from bhend, bind, giving bhend-tu- as 
 the oldest stem. Windisch suggests connection with Got. 
 bansts, barn, Skr. bhdsa, cowstall. The Breton oa seems 
 against these derivations. 
 
 bha, bhi, was, Ir. do bhdmar, we were {bhd-), do bhi, was, M. Ir. 
 ro b6i, was, O. Ir. bbi, bdi, bdi, a perfect tense, *hove{t), for 
 behove ; Skr. babhuva ; Gr. iretj^v-Ke ; I. E. root bheu, to be, as 
 in Lat. fui, was (an aorist form), Eng. be. 
 
 bhd,n, a bMn, down ; by eclipsis for a{n) bh-fan, " into declivity," 
 from fdn, a declivity, Ir., 0. Ir. fdn, prochve, W. gwaen, a 
 plain, planities montana, *vag-no-, root vag, bow, &c., Lat. 
 vagor, wander, Ger. wackeln, wobble. Ir. has also fdn, a 
 wandering, which comes near the Lat. sense. In Suther- 
 landshire, the adj. fin, prone, is still used. 
 
 bheil, is, Ir. fuil, bh-fuil, 0. Ir. fail, fel, fil, root vel {vat), wish, 
 prevail, Lat. volo, valeo, Eng. will. 
 
 bho, 0, from, Ir. 6, ua, 0. Ir. 6, ua, *ava ; Lat. au-hro, " away"- 
 take ; Oh. SI. u- ; Skr. ava, from. 
 
OF THK GAELIC LANGUAGE. 31 
 
 bhos, a bhos, on this side ; from the eclipsed form a{n) blirfos, " in 
 station," in rest, Ir. abhus, 0. Ir. i foss, here, 0. Ir. foss, 
 remaining, staying, rest. See fois, rest, for root. 
 
 bhur, bhur n-, your, Ir. bhar n-, 0. Ir. bar n-, far n-, *svaron 
 (Stokes), * s-ves-ro-n. For sves-, see sibh. Cf . for form Got. 
 izvara, Lat. nostrum (nos-<ero-, where -tero- is a fuller com- 
 parative form than Celtic -(e)ro-, -ro- of sves-ro-n, svaron). 
 
 bi, bi, be, Ir. bi, be thou, 0. Ir. biu, sum, bi, be thou, 0. W. hit, 
 sit, bivyf, sim, M. Br. bezaff. Proto-Celtic b/iv-ijd, for 0. Ir. 
 biu, I am ; Lat. Jio ; Eng. be ; I. E. root bheu, be. See bha. 
 Stokes diifers from other authorities in referring bite, M, to 
 Celtic beid, root bei, bi, live, as in bith, beatha, Lat. vivo, &c. 
 
 biadh, food, so Ir., 0. Ir. biad, *bivoto-n, whence W. bywyd, vita. 
 Cor. bibit, cibus, Br. hoed, food. Bivoto-n is a derivative from 
 hivo- of heb, living, q.v. 
 
 bian, a hide, Ir., E. Ir hian, *heino-; root bhei^, as in Eng. bite, 
 Lat. findo. For force, cf. Gr. Sepfia, skin, from der, split, 
 Eng. tear. Cf., for root, bean, hit. 
 
 biasgach, niggardly ; from biast. In some parts biast is applied 
 to a niggardly person. H.S.D. refers it to biadh + sgathach, 
 catching at morsels. 
 
 biast, a beast, worthless person ; see heist. The word biast, 
 abuse, is a metaphoric use of biast. 
 
 biatach, a raven (Sh.) ; cf. biatach, biadhtach, a provider, farmer, 
 from biadh. 
 
 biatas, betony, beet, Ir. hiatuis, W. betys ; from Lat. betis, beta, 
 Eng. beet. Also biotais. 
 
 biathainne, earth-worm, hook-bait, biathaidh (Dialectic) ; from 
 biadh. Cf. Lat. esca, bait, for ed-sca, ed = eat. The word 
 biathadh in many places means "to entice." 
 
 biatsadh, provisions for a journey, viaticum ; formed from biadh, 
 with, possibly, a leaning on viaticum. 
 
 bicas, viscount (Arm.). Founded on the Eng., and badly spelt by 
 Armstrong : either biceas or biocas. 
 
 biceir, a wooden dish ; from Sc. bicker, Eng. beaher. Also bigeir, 
 bigein. 
 
 bid, a very small portion, a nip, a chirp. In the sense of " small 
 portion," the word is from the Sc. hite, bit, Eng. bite, hit. In 
 the sense of "chirj), a small sound," O'R. has an Ir. word 
 bid, " song of birds." See biog. Hence bidein, diminutive 
 person or thing. Cf. W. Lidan, of like force. 
 
 bideag, a bit, bittie ; from Sc. hittock, dim. of Eng. bit. 
 
 bidean, a fence (Stew.), bid (Sh.), Ir. bid, bidedn (O'K.), W. bid, 
 quickset hedge, hidan, a twig ; * bid-do-, root bheid, split 1 
 
 bidhis, a vice, screw, so Ir. ; from Eng. vice. 
 
32 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 bidse, a bitch ; from the English. 
 
 bil, bile, edge, lip, Ir. Ml, mouth, E. Ir. Ul, bile, W. hyl, *biU-, 
 
 bilio-. Eoot bhi, bhei, split ; cf. Skr. bila, a hole, mouth of a 
 
 vessel, &c. 
 bileag, bile, a leaf, blade, Ir. billedg, biledg, *bilid, I. E. root bhela, 
 
 bhale, bMe, bhlo, as in blhth ; Lat. folium ; Gr. <j)vX.Xov, a 
 
 leaf; further, Eng. blade. 
 bilearach, bileanach, sea-grass, sweet-grass ; from bile. 
 bileid, a billet ; from the Eng. 
 bilistear, a mean, sorry fellow, a glutton, Ir., E. Ir. bille, mean, 
 
 paltry. In the Heb. it means " rancid butter" (H.S.D.). 
 binid, cheese rennet, bag that holds the rennet, stomach, Ir. 
 
 binid, 0. Ir. binit, rennet ; *binfn,ti-, " biter," root of bean ? 
 binn, melodious, so Ir., 0. Ir. bind, *bendi; Skr. bhandate, joyful, 
 
 bhand, receive loud praise, bhanddna, shouting (Stokes, who 
 
 adds Lat. fides, Ija-e). The idea may, however, be " high," 
 
 root of beann, peak, binneach, high-headed. See next also. 
 binn, sentence, verdict ; *bendi-, *benni- ; cf. E. Ir. atboind, 
 
 proclaims, *bonn6, I ban. Cf. Skr. bhan, speak, Eng. ban. 
 
 It is clear that Gaelic has an ablaut in e:o connected with 
 
 the root bha, speak. 
 binndich, curdle ; from binid, q.v. 
 binnein, pinnacle ; from beann, q.v. 
 bioball, pioball, Bible, Ir. biohla, W. bebil ; from Lat. biblia, 
 
 Eng. bible. 
 biod, pointed top ; root in biodag, hidean. 
 biodag, a dagger, Ir. bideog (O'E.), mioddg, W. bidog, O. Br. bitat, 
 
 resicaret, *biddo-, bidrdo-, Celtic root bid, beid, I. E. bhid, 
 
 bheid, Lat. findo, Eng. bite, Skr. bhid, split. Hence Eng. 
 
 bodkin, possibly. 
 biog, biog, a start, Ir. biodhg, E. Ir. bedg, 0. Ir. du-bidcet, 
 
 jaculantur, *bizgo-, root bis-, gis, root gi- of bed. Consider 
 
 biogail, lively, quick. 
 biog, biog, chirp ; onomatopoetic ; cf . Lat. pipe, chirp, Eng. pipe ; 
 
 also Eng. cheep. Also bid, q.v. 
 biogarra, churlish ; " cheepish," from btog, cheep, 
 biolagach, melodious (M'F.) ; from thiol, violin ; from Eng. viol, 
 
 Fr. viole, violin, 
 biolaire, water-cresses, Ir. Molar, E. Ir. biror, W. berwr. Cor., Br. 
 
 beler, *beruro-, Lat. berula (Marcellus), Fr. berle, Sp. berro. 
 
 Possibly allied to the root of Celtic bervS, seethe, 0. Ir. tipra, 
 
 well, G. lobar, Eng. burn. Cf. Ger. brunnen kresse, water- 
 cress, i.e., " well" cress. The dictionaries and old glossaries 
 
 (Cormac, &c.) give Mr, bior, as water or weU. 
 Ijiolar, dainty, spruce (Sh.) ; for bior-ar, from bior, " sharp 1" 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 33 
 
 biolasgach, prattling, so Ir. (Lh., O'B.) ; from Ul, lip. 
 
 bior, stake, spit, Ir. bior, 0. Ir. bir, W. her, Cor., Br. ber, Celtic 
 
 heru- ; Lat. veni, ; Gr. fiapveq, trees (Hes.) ; Lit. gire, forest. 
 
 Hence biorach, sharp. 
 biorach, a heifer, colt, Ir. biorach, cow-calf : 
 bioras, water-lily ; same origin as biolar, q.v. 
 biorg, gush, twitch, tingle ; from the roots of biolar {bior-) and 
 
 bior. 
 biorraid, a helmet, cap, Ir. birreud, cap ; from Eng. biretta, from 
 
 Late Lat. birretum. 
 biorsadh, a keen impatience : " goading ;" from bior. 
 biorsamaid, a balance ; from Sc. bismar, Norse bismari. 
 biota, a chum, vessel ; from Norse bytta, a pail, tub, Ag. S. bytt, 
 
 Latin buttis, Eng. butt. 
 biotailt, victuals, E.Ir. bitdill, W. bitel, M. Br. bitaiU; from 0. Fr. 
 
 vitaille, from Lat. victtialia. Eng. victuals is from the French, 
 bir linn, a galley, bark, M. Ir. beirling ; formed from the Norse 
 
 byrtSingr, a ship of burthen, from byrfSr, burden, vb. bera, 
 
 Eng. bear. The Sc. bierling, birlinn is from the Gaelic. 
 birtich, stir up ; from bior, goad, 
 biseach, luck ; see piseach. 
 bith, the world, existence, Ir., 0. Ir. bith, W. byd, Br. bed, Gaul. 
 
 bitvr, *bitv^s; root hi, hei, live, I. E. gei, gi, whence Lat. 
 
 vivo, Eng. be, &c. Hence beatha, bed, biadh, q.v. 
 bith, being (inf. of bi, be), Ir., E. Ir. beith, 0. Ir. buith. The 0. Ir. 
 
 is from the root bhu (Eng. be, Lat, fui) = *huti-s, Gr. cjiva-K. 
 
 The forms bith and beith, if derived from bhu, have been 
 
 influenced by bith, world, existence ; but it is possible that 
 
 they are of the same root gi as bith. Stokes, in his treatise 
 
 on the Neo-Geltic Verb Substantive, takes Idth and beith from 
 
 the root ga, go, Gr. /Joo-ts (Eng. base), a root to which he 
 
 still refers the 0. Ir. aorist bd, fui (see bu). 
 bith, resin, gum, birdlime, Ir. high, 0. Ir. bi, pix, adj. bide, *geis-, 
 
 a longer form of gis-, the root of giuthas, tir (Schrader.) 
 
 Otherwise we must regard it as borrowed from Lat. pix, picis, 
 
 whence W. pyg, Eng. pitch, against which b and i (i long) 
 
 militate. 
 bith, quiet (Arm.) : 
 bith-, prefix denoting "ever-," Ir., 0. Ir. hith^, W. byth-; from 
 
 bith, world, 
 biuc, difficult utterance : 
 
 bifithas, fame, biuthaidh, hero ; see fiu, fiubliaidh. 
 blabaran, stammerer, Ir. hlahardn ; from the Eng. blabber, speak 
 
 inarticulately. It is of onomatopoetic origin. Cf. Eng. 
 
 babble. 
 
 5 
 
34 teTYMOLOGICAL DtCTIONABf 
 
 bladair, a wide mouth, a flatterer, Ir. hladaire, flatterer ; from 
 the Eng. blatterer, bletherer, blusterer, blatter, prate ; from 
 Lat. hlaterare, prate. Also blad, a wide mouth (M'F.). 
 
 bladh, fame, Ir. blddh, E. Ir. blad ; root blad-, blat-, speak, as in 
 Lat. blatero, babble, Norse blaSr, nonsense, Sc. blether. See 
 bladair. Cf. glaodh, shout. Hence bladhair, expressive, a 
 boaster. 
 
 bladhail, strong, from bladh, pith, W. blawdd, active ; *bldd- ; 
 root bid-, swell, bloom, as in blath, q.v. 
 
 bladhm, a boast, &c. ; see blaomadh. 
 
 blad-sbronacli, blad-spigach, flat-nosed, flat-footed ; blad- is from 
 Eng. flat. 
 
 blaisbheum, blasphemy ; from Lut. J)laspkemia, Eng. blasphemy. 
 
 blanndaidh, rotten, stale ; from Norse bldnda, whey " blend." 
 
 blanndar, flattery, dissimulation, so Ir. ; from Lat. blandiri, 
 vSc. blander, Eng. blandish. 
 
 t blaodh, a shout, noise, Ir. blaodh, M. Ir. blaeded, W. bloedd. 
 Hence blaodhag, noisy girl, blaoghan, calf's cry, &c. 
 
 blaomadh, loud talking, Ir. blaodhmanaeh, noisy person; from 
 *blaid-s-men ; see blaodh. 
 
 t blaosg, a shell, Ir. Uaosc, M. Ir. blaesc, testa, W. blisg ; see 
 plaosg. 
 
 blar, a field, battle, peat-moss ; from blar, spotted, the idea being 
 a " spot." See next word. 
 
 blar, having a white face, or white spot on the face (of an animal) ; 
 *bld-ro-s, root bid-, from I. E. bhale, shine, bhd ; Gr. (f)aXap6s 
 (second a long), having a white patch (on the head, as on a 
 dog's head). Cf. Dutch blaar, a white spot on the forehead 
 (whence Fr. hlaireau, badger), M. Dutch, blaer, bald. See 
 for roots bealltuinn, ban. Welsh has blawr, grey, iron-grey, 
 which seems allied. 
 
 bias, taste, Ir. bias, 0. Ir. mlas, W. bids, Br. bias, *mlasto- ; Czech 
 mlsati, lick, be sweet-toothed, Russ. molsatf, suck (Bezzen- 
 berger). Ultimately the root seems to be mel, as in meli-, 
 honey, G. mil, and even meil, grind. Hence Fr. blase? 
 
 bl4th, bloom, blossom, Ir., E. Ir. bldt/t, W. blawd, blodau, Cor. 
 hlodon, M. Br. hleuzenn, *hldto-n; I. E. root bhela :bhlo, 
 blossom forth ; Lat. flos, flower ; Eng. bloom, &c. 
 
 blath, warm, kind, Ir., E. Ir. bldith, soft, smooth, mldith, *mldti-; 
 root mela, mid, to grind. The original idea is " ground soft." 
 Cf. W. blawd, meal. 
 
 blathach, buttermilk, Ir., M. Ir. bldthach ; mld-tac-, root mel, mid, 
 as in Math. The idea is " pounded, soured." Cf. braich, 
 from mrac-, " soured," and Eng. malt, " soured," from melt. 
 Hence Sc. bladach. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 35 
 
 bleachdair, a soothing, flattering fellow, Ir. bleachdaire, flatterer, 
 
 cow-milker; a metaphoric use of the last word, "cow milker;" 
 
 from bliochd, milk, q.v. 
 bleagh, milk (vb.), Ir. blighim ; see hleoghainn. 
 bleaghan, a dibble for digging up shell-fish, a worthless tool; 
 
 possibly from Norse hlats, Eng. blade. 
 bleid, impertinence, solicitation, Ir. bleid, cajolery, impertinence. 
 
 This seems another word formed on the word bladair, blad, 
 
 just like Eng. blatant, blate (talk, prate). 
 bleidelr, coward ; from Norse bleycTi, cowardice, and Sc. blate ('?). 
 bleith, grind, Ir. bleithim, E. Ir. bleith, inf. to 0. Ir. me.lini, I 
 
 grind, W. malu, Br. malaff; root mel, grind, liat. molu, Eng. 
 
 meal, &c. , 
 
 bleoghainn, milking, E. Ir. blegon, inf. to bligim, for mligim ; Lat. 
 
 mulgeo ; Gr. a-fji.kkyu> ; Eng. milk ; Lit. mdlzu. 
 bliadhna, year, Ir. bliadhain, 0. Ir. hliadain, W. blydd, blwyddyn, 
 
 Br. bloaz, blizen, *bleidni-, *bleido- ; I. E. ghleidh, whence 
 
 Eng. glide: " labuntur anni" (Stokes). It is doubtful if 
 
 I. E. gh becomes Celtic b. 
 blialum, jargon ; from the Sc. blellum. 
 blian, the flank, groin, Ir. blein, E. Ir. ble'n, 0. Ir. melen, for mleen, 
 
 *jnlakno- ; Gr. /xaAaKos, soft (Strachan, Stokes). The mean- 
 ing, if not the phonetics, is not quite satisfactory, 
 blian, lean, insipid, blianach, lean flesh ; cf. W. blin, tired, 0. Br. 
 
 Minion, inertes. These may be referred to *gleghno-, Lit. 
 
 gleznus, tender, weak, Gr. pXrjxpo^, languid. See, however, 
 
 the derivation suggested for blian, above. For the Brittonic 
 
 words, Stokes has suggested the stem bleno- ; Skr. gl&na, 
 
 tired. 
 bligh, milk ; see bleagh. 
 bliochan, yellow marsh, asphodel, Ir. bliochan ; from * blioeh = 
 
 *mjelgos-, milk. For phonetics, cf. teach, from tegos-. 
 bliocM, milk, Ir. bleachd, E. Ir. blicht, W. blith, "'mlctvr, root 
 
 melg, mUk. See bleogliainn. 
 blionadh, basking (Islands) : " softening?" See blian. 
 bliosan, artichoke (Sh., O'B.), Ir. bliosdn : *blig-s-an-, "milk- 
 
 curdler?" Its florets were used for curdling. 
 blob, blubber-lipped (Sh.) ; from Eng. blub, puffed, protruding, 
 
 blubber, <fec. 
 blocan, a little block, blog, block (Dialectic), Ir. bloc, blocdn ; from 
 
 Eng. block. 
 bloigh, fragment, half, Ir. blogh, bl6gh, fragment, E. Ir. blog, pre- 
 
 Celtic bhlog ; Eng. block, further away Eng. balk, Gr. 
 
 <f>a.Xay^. Stokes refers it to the root of Eng. plttck, 
 
36 ETYMOLOGICAL DrCTIONARY 
 
 bloin'gein, any plant with crisped leaves, Ir. Udineagean ; G. and 
 
 Ir. bloinigean garraidh is " spinage." Cameron refers the 
 
 ■word to hlonag, fat. 
 blomas, ostentation (Sh.), Ir. blomas ; see bladhm. Ir. blamaire, 
 
 means "boaster." 
 blonag, fat, Ir. Monog, bluinic, M. Ir. blonac, W. bloneg, Br. bloneh, 
 
 *bl6n-, *blen-, root bhle, bhel, swell ; a very proMc root, 
 t blosg, sound a horn, Ir. blosgaidhim, resound, sound a horn, 
 
 M. Ir. blosc, voice. Cf. Gr. i^XoutPo's., din ( = <^A.oo--yos), Lit. 
 
 bldzgu, roar. 
 b6, a cow, Ir., 0. Ir. b6, W. buw. 0. Br. bou-, *bov-s; I. E. gdus, 
 
 whence Lat. bos, Gr. j3ov?, Eng. cow, Skr. go. 
 boban, bobug, a term of affection for a boy ; cf. M. Ir. boban, calf, 
 
 bdban, from bd. Eng. babe, earlier boban, of uncertain origin, 
 
 may be compared, 
 boban, a bobbin ; from the Eng. bobbin. 
 bobhstair, bolster ; from Sc. bowster, Eng. bolster. 
 boo, a buck, Ir. boc, he-goat, 0. Ir. bocc, W. bwch, Cor. boch, Br. 
 
 boue^h, *buhko-s ; Skr. bukka, goat. These may be analysed 
 
 into bug-ko-, root bug, Zend bUza, buck. Arm. biic, lamb, Eng. 
 
 buck, Ger. bock. 
 boc, swell, Ir. bdcain ; cf. W. boch, cheek, from Lat. bucca, puffed 
 
 cheek (Eng. debouch, rebuke). 
 bdcan, hobgoblin, Ir. bocdn, E. Ir. boccdnach. With these are 
 
 connected W. bwg (l)wci. Cor. bucca, borrowed from M. E. ?), 
 
 Eng. bug, bugbear, bogie; the relationship is not clear (Murray). 
 
 For Gadelic a stem btikko-, from bug-ko-, would do, allied 
 
 possibly to Norse ptiki, a Puck, Ag. S. puca, larbula. 
 bochail, proud, nimble ; cf. the interjection tboch, Ir. boch, 
 
 heyday ! "0 festum diem." 
 bochd, poor, so Ir., 0. Ir. bocht ; *bog-to-, a participle from the vb. 
 
 (Irish) bongaim, break, reap, Celtic bongo, break ; Skr. bhanj, 
 
 break, Lit. banga, breaker (wave). See buain. 
 bocsa, a box, so Ir., pronounced in Ir. bosca also, W. bocys ; from 
 
 Eng. box. Hence bocsaid, a thump, Eng. box. 
 bodach, an old man, a carle, Ir. bodach, a rustic, carle; *bodd-aco-, 
 
 "penitus," from bod, mentula, M. G. bod (D. of Lismore 
 
 passim), M. Ir. bod, bot, *boddo-, *bozdo-; Gr. xdcr^ij, mentula. 
 
 Stokes suggests the alternative form butto-s, Gr. /Svttos, vulva, 
 
 but the G. d is against this. He also suggests that bodach 
 
 is formed on the 0. Fr. botte, a clod. 
 bodha, a rock over which waves break ; from Norse botfi, a breaker, 
 
 over sunken rocks especially. 
 bodhag, a sea-lark ; 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 37 
 
 bodhaig, body, corpus ; from the Sc. bouk, body, trunk, Norse 
 
 Imkr, trunk, Ger. hauch, belly. The G. word has been compared 
 
 by Fick with Eng. body, Ag. S. bodig, and Murray says it is 
 
 thence derived, but the d would scarcely disappear and leave 
 
 the soft g ending now so hard. 
 bodhan, ham, breech, breast : * boud-dno, * boud, bhud- ; cf . Eng. 
 
 butt, buttock. 
 bodhar, deaf, so Ir., 0. Ir. bodar, W. byddar, ^or. bodkar, Br. 
 
 bouzar ; Skr. badhird. 
 bodhbli, bobh, a fright (Perthshire), E. Ir. bodba, dangerous, 
 
 * bodv-io-s ; from bodvo- in baobh, q.v. 
 bog, soft, Ir. bog, 0. Ir. bocc, Br. bouh, 0. Br. 6mc, putris ; *buggo-, 
 
 *b'ug-go-; I. E. bkvg, bend, Skr. bhugna, bent, Got. bmgan, 
 
 Eng. bow, from Ag. S. boga. 
 bogha, a bow, so Ir., M. Ir. boga ; from Ag. S. boga, Eng. bow. 
 
 For root, see under bog. 
 bogus, a timber moth, bug ; from Eng. bzcg. 
 boicineach, small-pox ; root in bucaid, q.v. 
 boicionn, a goat skin, skin; *boc-cionn, "buck-skin;" the word 
 
 feionn is in 0. Ir. cenni, soamae, W. cen, skin. Cor. cennen, 
 
 Br. kenn-, pellis ; Eng. skinn, Norse skinn. 
 bold, vow, Ir. moid, M. Ir. m6it, * monti-, root mon, men, think. 
 
 A borrowing from, or leaning on, Lat. voium seems possible 
 
 in view of the Gaelic form. 
 bcidheach, pretty; for buaidheach, "having virtues/' from buaidh, 
 
 q.v. 
 boidheam, flattery (H.S.D.) : 
 boigear, puffin, ducker ; also budhaigir, q.v. 
 boil, boile, madness, Ir. buile, E. Ir. baile : 
 boilich, tall talk, boasting ; cf. Eng. bawl, cry like cows {b6). 
 boillsg, gleam ; * bolg-s-cio- ; Lat. fulgeo, shine, Eng. effulgent. 
 boineid, a bonnet, Ir. boineud ; from Eng. bonnet. 
 boinne, a drop, Ir. bain (d. pi. bainnibh), 0. Ir. banne. Cor., Br. 
 
 banne; Celt, bannjd (Stokes). See bainne. Hence boinneanta, 
 
 healthy, well-built, 
 boirche, a buiFalo (Sh., Lh.), so Ir. ; perhaps allied to Lat. ferus, 
 
 Eng. bear. 
 boireal, a small auger (M'F.) ; founded on Eng. bore. 
 boirichs, rising ground, back (M'D.) ; same root as Ger. berg, 
 
 mountain, Eng. ice-ier^. 
 boirionn, female, feminine, Ir. boinionn ; * bani-, from the word 
 
 bean, ban, q.v. Hence boirionnach, a female, which is masc. 
 
 in gender, having been originally neuter. 
 bois, the palm ; see bas. 
 bpigeid, a belt, budget ; from the Enghsh. 
 
38 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 boisg, gleam ; see hoillsg. 
 
 boiteadh, boiled food for horses (H.S.D.) : 
 
 boiteag', a maggot ; see botus. 
 
 boitean, a bundle of hay or straw ; for boiteal, from Sc. buttle, 
 
 Eng. bottle, bundle of hay, from 0. Fr. botte. 
 boitidh, the call to a pig, boit, a taste for (Dialectic) : 
 bol, a bowl ; from the English. 
 boladh, smell, so Ir., 0. Ir. bolad, *bulato-; Lit. bu'ls, dusty air 
 
 (Bezzenberger). Stokes has compared Lit. bulls, buttock, 
 
 Skr. buli, vulva. 
 bolanta, excellent ; root bol, as in adhbhxil, q.v. 
 boUa, a boll ; from Sc, Eng. boll. Hence also bolla, a buoy, 
 bolt, a welt, Ir. balta, welt, border ; from the Lat. balteus, girdle, 
 
 Eng. belt. Cf. Eng. welt, W. gwald. 
 boma, a bomb ; from the English. 
 bonn, foundation, so Ir., 0. Ir. bond ; Lat. fundvs ; Skr. budhnd ; 
 
 Eng. bottom,. 
 bonn, a coin, so Ir. ; possibly from Lat. pondo. 
 bonnach, cake, bannock, Ir. bonnbg. This word, like the Sc. 
 
 hannoch, appears to be founded on Lat. panicum, panis, bread, 
 borb, fierce, so Ir., 0. Ir. borp ; allied to, or, more probably, 
 
 borrowed from, Lat. barbams. 
 borbhan, a purling sound ; *borvo-, a stem identical with bervo-, 
 
 seethe, Fr. Bourbon, Lat. ferveo, &c. Hence borbhanacli, 
 
 base, deep. 
 b6rc, sprout, swell ; see bare. 
 bdrd, a table, Ir., M. Ir., bord, W. hwrdd ; from Ag. S., Norse 
 
 bord. 
 bdrlum, a strip of arable land (Hebrides) ; a frequent place name ; 
 
 from M. Eng. bordland, mensal land, especially the royal 
 
 castle lands in the Highlands, 
 bbrlum,. a sudden flux or vomiting : 
 tborr, knob, pride, greatness, great, Ir., E. Ir. borr, *borso-, bhorso-; 
 
 Lat. fastus (for farstus), pride ; 0. H. G. parrunga, superbia ; 
 
 alUed to barr, q.v. Hence borrach, a haughty man, a pro- 
 truding bank, a mountain grass. 
 bdsd, a boast, Ir. b6sd (O'E.), W., Cor. bost ; all from Eng. beast, 
 
 itself of unknown origin. 
 bdsdan, a little box, Br. bouist ; the G. is from early Sc. boyst, 
 
 M. Eng. boiste, from 0. Fr. boiste, Med. Lat. bwoida (bossida), 
 
 which is the Gr. Trii^tSa. Hence also Eng. box, G. bocsa. 
 bosgaire, applause (Sh.) ; bas+gaire, q.v., "palm-noise." 
 bot, a mound, river bank : 
 b6t, a boot ; from M. E. bote, Eng. boot. Also bdtuinn, from Sc, 
 
 booting, Fr. bottine, half boot, 
 
OB' THE GAELIC LAKGUAGS. 39 
 
 botaidh, a wooden vessel (size, half anker) ; formed from M. E. 
 
 butte, Eng. butt, Fr. botte. 
 both, perturbation, a plash ; see bodhbh. 
 both, bothan, a hut, bothie, Ir., M. Ir. both&n, both, W. bod, 
 
 residence, Gor. bod, bos, *buto- ; Lit. bhtas, house ; Eng. booth, 
 
 Norse btitS, Ger. bude ; root bhu, be. Hence Eng. bothie. 
 bothar, a lane, street (A. M'D.), Ir. bothar (Con.), b6thar, E. Ir. 
 
 bdthar, *bdtro-, *bd-tro-, root bd, go; Gr. e-yS^/v, went, ^aiv(o, 
 
 go ; Skr. gd, go ; Eng. path. 
 botrumaid, a slattern (MT.) ; see biUrais. 
 botul, a bottle, Ir. buideul, W. potel ; from Eng. bottle. 
 botus, a beUy-worm ; from M. E. bottes, pi. of bot, bott, of like 
 
 meaning ; So. batts. Origin unknown (Murray). 
 bra, brsLth, a quern, Ir. br6, g. br6n, E. Ir. brb, g. broon, mill-stone, 
 
 *brevon^, *bravon^; Skr. grdvav^; Lit. girnos ; Eng. quern. 
 brabhd-chasach, bow-legged : 
 brabhdadh, bravado, idle talk, brabhtalachd, haughtiness 
 
 (A. M'D.) ; from Eng. bravado ? 
 bracach, grayish, braclach, brake : see words in broc-ach, -loch. 
 brachag, a pustule ; from brach, rot (vb.) ; see braich, malt. 
 
 Also brachan, putrefaction, 
 bradach, thievish, braid, theft, Ir. bradach, thievish, roguish, 
 
 E. Ir. broit, g. braite : *mraddo-, allied to brath, betray ? 
 
 Scarcely from br-ont-, root bher, carry, Lat. fur, &c. 
 bradan, salmon, Ir. brad&n, E. Ir. bratan. Of. Lit. bradh, water, 
 
 Ch. SI. brozda, wade through, 
 bradan, a ridgy tumour on the surface of the body (H.S.D.) ; 
 
 metaphorically from above word 1 
 bradhadair, a blazing fire, kindling of a fire (Hebrides). Possibly 
 
 braghadair, from bragh, q.v. Cf. braghadaich, crackling. 
 bragaireachd, vain boasting, Ir. bragdireachd, from bragaire, 
 
 boaster ; from the Eng. brag. 
 bragh, an explosion, peal, 0. Ir. braigim, pedo ; Lat. fragor, crash, 
 
 fra^rare, Eng. fragrant. See bram. 
 braghad, neck, throat, Ir. brdighid, 0. Ir. brdge, g. brdgat, W. 
 
 breuant, O. Br. brehant, *brdgnt- ; Eng. craw, Ger. kragcn, 
 
 coUar, M. H. G. krage, neck ; Gr. /S/adyxos, windpipe, Eng. 
 
 bronchitis. Bezzenberger (Stokes' Diet.), refers it to the root 
 
 of Norse ba/rki, weazand, Gr. <j>dpvy^, Eng. pharynx. Brdtghad 
 
 is really the gen. of brdighe. 
 bragsaidh, braxy ; from Sc, Eng. braxy. 
 braich, malt, so Ir., E. Ir. mraich, W., Cor. brag, Br. bragezi, 
 
 germinate, Gaul, brace (Plin.), genus f arris : *mraki ; Lit. 
 
 merkti, macerate, md/rka, flax-hole for steeping ; Lat. marcere, 
 
 fade, marcidus, decayed, rotten. From W. bragod, comes 
 
 Eng. bragget. 
 
40 ETYMOLOfllCAL DICTIONABY 
 
 braid, theft ; see bradach. 
 
 brd.id, horse-collar ; see braigluleaeh. 
 
 br^ighde, captives, pledges, Ir. hrdigke, pi. brdighde, E. Ir. braga, 
 
 g. bragat, hostage, prisoner, braig, a chain ; Gr. fBpoxos, 
 
 noose ; Eng. crank, Ger. hringel ; I. E. gregh, possibly allied 
 
 to I. E. gregh, neck, as in bragJiad. Hence braighdeanas, 
 
 captivity, also dialectic braigh, hostage, pledge. 
 briighdeach, horse-collar, M. Ir. hraigdeeh, older brdigtech ; from 
 
 br&ghad. Also br^id. 
 br^ighe, upper part (of places) : this is the nom. case of braghad, 
 
 which also appears in place names, as Bra'id-Albainn, Braid- 
 
 albane. 
 braile, a heavy rain (Sh.) : 
 
 brailis, wort of ale, Ir. braithlis, M. Ir. hraichlis, from braich. 
 braim, bram, crepitus ventris, Ir. broim, 0. Ir. braigim, pedo, W., 
 
 Cor., Br. bram, *bragsmen-, root brag, I. E. bhrag ; Lat. 
 
 fragor, crash, fragrare, &c. Hence bramaire, a noisy fellow. 
 braisleach, full-formed, bulky man, M. Ir. bras, great, W., Cor., 
 
 Br. bras, grossus, *brasso- ; Lat. grossus, Fr. gros, bulky, 
 braist, a brooch ; from the Eng. 
 
 braithlin, linen sheet, so Ir. : *brath + tin ; but brath 1 
 braman, misadventure, the Devil ; also dialectic broman. M. Ir. 
 
 bromdn means a " boor," bromdnach, impertinent. The root 
 
 seems to be breg, brog, brag of breun, braim. 
 bramasag, a clott-burr, the prickly head of a thistle (H.S.D.) : 
 t bran, a raven, Ir., 0. Ir. bran, W. brdn, crow, Br. bran, crow : 
 
 *brand, for gvrand, with which cf. 0. Slav. gavranU, raven, 
 
 but not vrana (do.), as is usually done. The further root is 
 
 gra, gera, cry, whence Eng. crane, Gr. yepavos, crane, W. and 
 
 Cor. garan. Used much in personal and river names. 
 bran, bran, Ir., W. bran, Br. brenn ; G., Ir., and W. are from Eng. 
 
 bran, from 0. Fr. bren, bran, whence Br. 
 brang, a slip of wood in the head-stall of a horse's halter, resting 
 
 on the jaw ; horse's collar ; brangas, a pillory ; from the Sc. 
 
 branks, a head pillory (for tongue and mouth), a bridle with 
 
 two wooden side pieces, brank, to bridle ; allied to Ger. 
 
 pranger, pillory, Du. prang, fetter. 
 branndaidh, brandy ; from Eng. brandy, that is, " brand or burnt 
 
 wine." 
 branndair, a gridiron ; from Sc. brander, from brand, bum, ifcc. 
 biaodhlach, brawling, braoileadh, loud noise, Ir. brabilleadh, 
 
 rattling ; a borrowed word, seemingly from Sc, Eng. brawl, 
 
 confused with Sc. brulye, Eng. broil. 
 braoileag, a whortleberry, Ir. broilebg, breilebg. Sc. brawling, 
 
 brylochs, comes from the Gaelic. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 41 
 
 braoisg, a grin, Ir. braos : 
 
 braolaid, raving, dreaming ; from breathal ? 
 
 braon, a drop, rain, so Ir., 0. Ir. brnen ; cf. Eng. brine. The 
 attempt to connect it with Gr. ^pex'^^ or with Lat. rigare, 
 Eng. rain, is unsatisfactory. 
 
 braouan, praonan, an earth-nut, bunium flexuosum. Perhaps 
 from braon, a drop — " a bead, nut." 
 
 bras, brais, active, rash, Ir. bras, E. Ir. bras, W. brys, haste : 
 *brsto-, I. E. gredh-, as in greas, q.v. ? See also brisg, active. 
 
 brasailt, a panegyric (M'A.) : " magnifying," from 1 6ms (O'Cl.), 
 great, Lat. grossus. See braisleach. 
 
 brat, a mantle, Ir. brat, 0. Ir. bratt, W. brethyn, woollen cloth, Br. 
 broz, petticoat, *bratto-, *brat-to-. For root brat, brant, see 
 br^id. Ag. S. bratt, pallium, is borrowed from the Celtic. 
 Hence bratach, flag. 
 
 bratag, the furry or grass caterpillar, Ir. bratog : "the mantled 
 one," from brat. Cf. caterpillar = " downy cat," by derivation. 
 
 brath, information, betrayal, Ir. brath, E. Ir. brath, treason, and 
 mrath also, W. brad, treachery. Cor. bras, Br. barat, 0. Br. 
 brat, *mrato-; Gr. afiaprdvo} (-/ia/ar-), sin, miss, rfjijipoTov (past 
 tense). Cf. mearachd. 
 
 br^th, judgment, gu brath, for ever (pron. gu brack) " till Judg- 
 ment," so Ir., 0. Ir. brdth, judgment, W. brawd, M. Br. breut, 
 Gaul, bratu-, *brdtu- ; *brd, *bera, judge, decide, from I. E. 
 bher, in the sense of " say," as in abair. The Ir. bam, judge, 
 and W. bam, judgment, are hence, and may be compared 
 to Cxr. <^/3^v, <^pev£s, soul, phrenology. Hence also breath or 
 breith {*brt-), q.v. The sense " conflagration" given in the 
 Diet, is due to "Druidic" theorisings, and is imaginary. 
 
 brathair, brother, Ir. brdthair, 0. Ir. brdthir, W. brawd, pi. brodyr, 
 Cor. broder, pi. bredereth, Br. breur, breuzr, pi. breudeur, 
 *brdtir ; Lat. frdter ; Eng. brother ; Skr. bkrdta ; &c. 
 
 breab, a kick, Ir. preab, M. Ir. prebach, kicking ; perhaps from the 
 root form of the following word. 
 
 breaban, a patch of leather, Ir. preabdn, parcel, piece, patch ; 
 from, or allied to, 0. Fr. bribe, a piece of bread, alms, Sp. 
 briba, alms ; also 0. Fr. bribeur, mendicant, briberesse, female 
 vagabondage and harloting ; cf. Ir. preabdg, a wenching jade 
 (O'B.). Eng. bribe is from the French. 
 
 breac, speckled, so Ir., E. Ir. brecc, W. brych, Br. brec'h, small-pox, 
 *mr&ko-s, *mrg-ko-, root mrg ; Lit. mdrgas, speckled, pied; 
 Gr. apapva-a-bi, twinkle. There is an 0. Ir. mrecht, W. brith, 
 of like meaning and origin, viz., mrk-to, from mrg-to-. Hence 
 breac, small-pox, W. brech, and breac, trout, W. brithyll. 
 
 6 
 
42 ETYMOLOGICAL DICMONAHY 
 
 breacag, a paucake, W. brechdan, slice of bread and butter, 
 
 brg-ho-, brg, as in hairghin, bread ? See nej^t. 
 breaciidan, custard (Lh.), M. Ir. brechtdn, W. brithog ; from 
 
 mrg-to-, Ir. brecht, W. brith, motley, mixed. See under breac. 
 br6agh, fine, Ir. bredgh, M. Ir. breagha (O'CL), *breigavo-s, root 
 
 breig, brig as in brigh, q.v. ? 
 t breall, knob, glans mentulse, D. of Lismore bret/l, Ir. breall, 
 
 brs-lo-, root bers, bors, as in G. bm-r, bdrr, Eng. bristle. Hence 
 
 brilleanach, lewd, q.v. 
 breaman, tail of sheep or goat, podex ; cf. Ir. breim, by-form of 
 
 braim, q.v. 
 breamas, mischief, mishap, the Devil ; an e vowel form of braman? 
 breanan, dunghill (Sh.) ; from breun, q.v. 
 breath, row, layer : *brtd, a slice, root bher of beam. 
 breath, judgment, so Ir., 0. Ir breth, *brtd, Gaul, yeigo-bretus, 
 
 *brto-s. For root, see brath. Spelt also breith. 
 breathas, frenzy (M'A.) ; see breisleach. 
 br6id, a kerchief, so Ir., E. Ir. breit, *bren,ti-, roots brent, brat ; 
 
 Skr. granth, tie, knot, grathndti ; Ger. kranz, garland, Eng. 
 
 crants (Rhys). The Skr. being allied to Gr. ypovOos, fist, 
 
 seems against this derivation (Stokes), not to mention the 
 
 difficulty of Gr. 6 and Skr. th corresponding to Celtic t. 
 
 Possibly from root bhera, cut, Gr. c^a/oos, cloth (Windisch). 
 breisleach, confusion, delirium, nightmare, Ir. breisleach (O'R., 
 
 Fol.), breaghaslach (Lh.), from breith-, *bret, *bhre-t ; bhre, 
 
 mind, as in Gr. 4'prji', mind ? 
 breith, bearing, birth, so Ir. and E. Ir., *brt{-s ; Skr. bhrti- ; Eng. 
 
 birth ; ifec. : root bher, bear ; see beir. 
 breitheal, confusion of mind ; from breith-, as in breisleach. Also 
 
 breathal aud preathal. 
 breitheanas, judgment, Ir. breitheamhnus, E. Ir. brithemnas ; from 
 
 briiliem, a judge, stem britlieman, to which is added the 
 
 abstract termination -as ( = ostii-). From britheamh, q.v. 
 breo, breoth, rot, putrefy : 
 
 breochaid, any tender or fragile thing (M'A.) ; from breo. 
 bredcladh, clumsy patching, bredclaid, sickly person : breodh + 
 
 clad ( = cail of \)\i.&chail). See bredite. 
 bre6ite, infirm, Ir. bredite, breodhaim, 1 enfeeble (Keat.), *brivod- ; 
 
 cf. W. briw, break, *br%vo-, possibly allied to Lat. frivolus. 
 breolaid, dotage, delirium ; cf. breitheal, &c. 
 breug, briag, a lie, Ir. breug, breag, 0. Ir. brec, *brenkd ; Skr. 
 
 bhramga, loss, deviation, 
 breun, putrid, so Ir., E. Ir. bre'n, W. braen, Br. brein ; *bregno-, 
 
 *bragno-, foul, from root, breg, brag of braim. Strachan takes 
 
 it from *m,rak-no- ; Lat. marcidus, rancid, as in braich, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 43 
 
 briathar, a word, so Ir. and 0. Ir., *hretr& (0. Ir. is fern. ; G. is 
 mas., by analogy ?), *brg, ablaut to brd- of hrhth, q.v. Bezzen- 
 berger would refer it to 0. H. G. ehweran, sigh (see gerain) 
 and even to 0. H. G. chrdjan, Eng. crow. 
 
 brib, a bribe, Ir. brib ; from the Eng. 
 
 bricein-, a prefix to certain animal names ; from hreac. 
 
 tbrideach, a dwarf (Arm., Sh.), Ir. hrideach (Lh., O'B.). See 
 Mdeag, little woman. Shaw also gives it the meaning of 
 " bride," which is due to Eng. influences. 
 
 brideag, a little woman, Ir. brideag, a figure of St. Bridget made 
 on the Saint's eve by maidens for divination purposes. See 
 Brighid in the list of Proper Names. Shaw s'ives bridag, 
 part of the jaw, which H.S.D. reproduces as brideag. 
 
 brideun, a little bird, sea-piet (M'A. for latter meaning) : seem- 
 ingly formed on the analogj^ of the two foregoing words. 
 
 brig, a heap (H.S.D., M'A.) : " brig mh6ine," a pile of peats : cf. 
 Norse brik, square tablet, piece, Eng. brick. 
 
 brigh, pith, power, Ir. brigh, 0. Ir. brig, W. bri, dignity, rank. 
 Cor. bry, Br. bri, respect, *brigd, *brtgo- ; Gr. /3pi = ftpiapos, 
 strong, mighty, jipl'i^'q (' long), strength, anger ; Skr. jri, 
 overpower, jrayas, extent ; an I. E. gri-, grl-, grei-. Bezzen- 
 berger suggests Ger. Jcrieg, war, striving : * greigh ? This 
 may be from the root bi4 above. 
 
 brilleanach, lewd, brioUair, brioUan, from breall, q.v. 
 
 brimin bodaich, a shabby carle ; for breimein, a side form of 
 braman ; root breg, brag ? But cf. Norse brimill, phoca 
 fetida mas. 
 
 briobadh, bribing ; see brib, which also has the spelling briob. 
 
 briodal, lovers' language, caressing, flattery ; also brionndal 
 caressing, brionnal, flattery ; possibly from brionn, a lie, 
 dream (Ir.), as in brionglaid, q.v. M. Ir. brinneall means a 
 beautiful young maid or a matron. 
 
 briog, thrust, Ir. priocam ; from the Eng. prick. 
 
 briogach, mean-spirited : 
 
 brioghas, fervour of passion ; cf. W. bryvnis, bryw, vigorous. 
 
 briogais, breeches, Ir. brigis ; from the Eng. breeks, breeches. 
 
 brioUag, an illusion (Sh.) ; Ir. brionn, dream, revery. The G. 
 seems for brion-lag. See next. 
 
 brionglaid, a confusion, dream, Ir. brionnglSid, a dream ; from 
 brimin, a dream, a lie. In the sense of "wrangling," 
 brionglaid is purely a Scotch Gaelic word, from Sc, Eng. 
 brangle, of like force. 
 
 brionnach, pretty (M'F.), fair (Sh.), glittering, Ir. brinneall, a 
 beautiful young woman, a matron : 
 
 brionnach, brindled, striped ; from the Eng. brinded, now brindled. 
 
ii ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 brios, mockery (A. M'D.), half-intoxication (M'A.) : 
 
 briosaid, a girdle (Arm.) ; from Eng. brace ? 
 
 briosg, start, jerk, so Ir. ; from brisg, active, q.v. 
 
 briosgaid, a biscuit, M. Ir. hrisca (F. M.) ; founded on Eng. biscuit, 
 but by folk-etymology made to agree with hrisg, brittle 
 (Gaidoz). 
 
 briosuirneach, ludicrous ; cf. brios, mockery, Ac. 
 
 briot, briotal, chit-chat, Ir. ^briot, chatter, briotach, a stammerer : 
 *brt-to, *br-t, root bar, ber, as in Lat. barbarus, Gr. ^dp^apo's, 
 /Sep/Sepi^b), 1 stammer. The reference of briot to the name 
 Breatnaich or Britons as foreigners and stammerers is scarcely 
 happy. 
 
 bris, break, so Ir., 0. Ir. brissim, *brest8, I break, root bres, bhres ; 
 0. H. G. brestan, break, Ag. S. berstan, Eng. burst, Fr. briser, 
 break. Distantly allied to *berso-s, short, G. bearr. Brug- 
 mann has compared the Gaelic to Gr. TrkpOto, destroy, from 
 bherdho-, giving a Celtic stem brd-to-, and brd-co- for brisff. 
 
 brisg, brittle, Ir. briosg, E. Ir. brisc, Br. bresq : *bres-co-; root bres 
 of bris above. 
 
 brisg, lively, Ir. brisc, W. brysg ; all from the Eng. brisk, of 
 Scandinavian origin (Johansson, Zeit. xxx.). 
 
 brisgein, cartilage ; from Norse brjdsk, cartilage, bris, Sw. and 
 Dan. brush ; Ger. brausche, a lump (from a bruise). 
 
 brisgein, brislein, white tansy ; from brisg, brittle. 
 
 britheamh, a judge, Ir. breitheamh, 0. Ir. brithem, g. britheman ; 
 root brt-, of breath, judgment, q.v. 
 
 broc, a badger, so Ir., E. Ir. brocc, W., Cor. broch, Br. broc'h, 
 *brokko-s : *bork-ko-, "grey one;" root bherk, bhork, bright, 
 Gr. (popKOi, grey. Lit. berszti, Eng. bright 2 Thurneysen cfs. 
 the Lat. broccus, having projecting teeth, whence Fr. broche 
 (from Lat. *brocca, a spike, &c.), a spit, Eng. broach, brooch ; 
 he thinks the badger was named broccos from his snout, and 
 he instances the Fr. brocket, pike, as parallel by derivation 
 and analogy. If Gr. fipvKw, bite, is allied to Lat. broccus, the 
 underlying idea of broc may rather be the " biter," " gripper." 
 Bezzenberger suggests Russ. barsuku, Turk, pormk, Magyar 
 borz ; or *brckko-s, from *bhrod-ko-s, Skr. bradhnd, dun. 
 
 brocach, greyish in the face, speckled, Ir. brocach, broc, W. broc, 
 grizzled, roan ; from broc. 
 
 brochan, gruel, porridge, Ir. brochdn, 0. Ir. brothchdn ; broth-chdn, 
 *broti-, cookery; root bru, I. E. bhru, whence Eng. broth, 
 Lat. defrutum, must. See bruith. 
 
 br6chlaid, trash, farrago ; root bhreu, bhru, as in brochan ; bh-eu 
 varies with bhrou, G. brb. 
 
 brdcladh, spoiling, mangling ; see brebclaid. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 45 
 
 brod, a goad, prickle, Ir. brnd, E. Ir. brott, W. brath. Cor. broz, Br. 
 
 hrout, *broddos, from hroz-do- ; 0. H. G. brort, edge, Norse 
 
 broddr, sting, Eng. irorf, SracJ, Ag. S. brord, sting. 
 brod, the choice of anything; from the above, in the sense of 
 
 " excess." Of. corr. 
 brdd, pride, brodail, proud, Ir. brdd, &c. In Arran (Sc.) we find 
 
 protail, which is a step nearer the origin. From the Eng. 
 
 proud. 
 brod, a crowd, brood, brodach, in crowds ; from the Eng. brood ? 
 brog, a shoe, Ir. br-bg, M. Ir. brocc, E. Ir. brdc, pi. brdca, used in 
 
 compounds for various nether garments ; from Norse brSkr, 
 
 Ag. S. brdc, pi. brec, Eng. breech, breehs (Zimmer, Zeit. xxx.). 
 
 See briogais. 
 brog, stimulate, an awl ; from Sc. brog, prog. Cf . W. procio, 
 
 thrust, poke, from M. E. prokien, stimulare. Thumeysen 
 
 takes Sc. and G. from Fr. broche, Lat. *brocca (see broc). 
 brogach, a boy, young lad, brogail, active, " in good form ;" from 
 
 brog ? 
 broidneireachd, embroidery, Ir. broidineireachd ; from the Eng. 
 
 broider, embroidery. 
 t broigheal, cormorant, Ir. broighioll : 
 broighleadh, bustle ; from Sc. hrulye (Eng. broil), Fr. brouiller, 
 
 It. broglio. See braodhlach. 
 broighleag, whortle-berry ; see braoileag. 
 broigileineach, substantial ; from broigeil, a by-form of brogail ; 
 
 see brogach. 
 broilein, king's hood ; pig's snout (Badenoch) : root bhru, brow ? 
 broilleach, a breast, Ir., E. Ir. brollach : *bron-lach ; for *bron, see 
 
 bruinne. 
 broineag, a rag, ill-clad female, bronag, a crumb (Dialectic) ; pos- 
 sibly from the root of bronn, distribute. Shaw spells it 
 
 broinnag, M'F. as above, 
 broinn, belly (Dialectic) ; the dat. of brii used dialectically as 
 
 nom. ; see brii. 
 broit. the bosom ; properly the breast covering (H.S.D., for latter 
 
 meaning) ; cf. G. brat, 0. Ir. broitene, palliolum. The word 
 
 appears to be from brat, mantle, with a leaning for meaning 
 
 on bruinnej breast. 
 brolaich, incoherent talk (as in sleep), brolasg, garrulity, Ir. 
 
 brolasgach, prattling ; cf. W. brawl, brol, boasting, Eng. 
 
 brawl, Du. brallen, boast, 
 broluinn, brothluinn, boiling, " sestus," tide-boiling ; from broth, 
 
 boiling, as in brollach, &c. 
 brollach, a mess ; cf . E. Ir. hrothlach, the Fenian cooking pit, from 
 
 broth, as in brochan, q.v. 
 
46 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 bromach, a colt, Ir. bromach : *brusmo-) *brud-, *bru, as in 
 Eng. em-Sryo ? 
 
 brdn, grief, Ir., 0. Ir. brSn, W. Jynuyn, smarting, sorrow, *brug7io-s; 
 Gr. Iipvx<» {v long), gnash the teeth ; Lit. grduziu, gnaw, 
 Pol. zgryzota, sorrow. 
 
 t bronn, grant, distribute, M. G. hronnagh (1408 charter), Ir. 
 bronnaim, E. Ir. bronnaim, brondaim, bestow, spend : *brundo-, 
 *bhrvd-no-, I. E. root bhrud; Ag. S. bryttian, deal out, Norse 
 liryti, a steward (cf. Gr. rafjilas, steward, " cutter"), brytja, 
 chop, Eng. brittle, Teut. brut, chop ; perhaps Lat. frustum, 
 bit. 
 
 brosdaich, stir up, Ir. brosduighim, E. Ir. brostugud, inciting. The 
 word is from the root broa- in brosdo- of brod, q.v., being here 
 bros-to-, which becomes brosso-, and later reverts to brost, 
 brnsd, or remains as in brosnaich. Stokes says it is founded 
 on Low Lat. brosdus, brusdus, broidery, "done by a needle" 
 or brosd, which is of Teutonic origin and cognate with G. 
 brod, already given as the root. Hence brosgadh, stimula- 
 tion, &c. The Ir. brosna, 0. Ir. brosne, faggot, may be hence ; 
 the root bhrud-, discussed under bronn, has also been suggested. 
 
 brosgul, flattery, fawning (especially of a dog) ; possibly from the 
 root form brost, in brosdaich, brosgadh. 
 
 brosnaich, incite ; see brosdaich. This is the best G. form ; 
 brosdaich is rather literary and Irish. 
 
 brot, broth ; from the Eng. broth. 
 
 brot, a veil, upper garment, 0. Ir. broitene, palliolum ; G. is a by- 
 form of brat. 
 
 broth, itch, Ir. broth, *bruto- ; see bruthainn for root. Also 
 (rarely) bruth. 
 
 brothag, the bosom, a fold of the breast clothes; *broso-, root 
 brus of bruinne, breast. 
 
 brothas, farrago, brose, Ir. brothus, from M. E. brewis, Sc. brose. 
 See bruthaist, the best G. form. 
 
 brd, g. bronn, belly, so Ir., 0. Ir. br4, brond, W. bru : *bras, 
 *brus-nos, root brus, I. E. bhrus, bhreus ; Teut. breusl^, Norse 
 brj6st, Eng. breast, Ger. brust. Stokes refers it to the root 
 bru,, to swell, Gr. jipvm, am full, kft^fipvov, embryo (whence 
 Eng. embryo), or to Skr. bhrund, embryo. See bruinne. 
 
 bruach, a bank, brink, Ir., 0. Ir. bruanh : *brouko-, I. E. bhrA, 
 brow, Gr. d^/)w, eyebrow, Eng. brow, Lit. bruvis, O. Ir. brdad, 
 (dual). Also E. Ir. brii, bank, border. Stokes suggests 
 either the root of briith, bruise, or Lit. briau^, edge". 
 
 bruachaire, a surly fellow, one that hovers about, Ir. bruach- 
 aireachd, hovering about ; from bruach. 
 
OF TSE GAELIC LANGDAGE. 47 
 
 bruadar, bruadal, a dream, Ir. bmadair, W. brevddwyd : *hravd- 
 
 or *brav- : 
 bruaillean, bruaidlean, trouble, grief ; from bruadal above. 
 bruais, crush to pieces, guasb (Dialectic) : *broug-so ; cf.' Gr. 
 
 /3pvx<i>, gnasb. See bron. 
 bruan, thrust, wouud ; from the root of IrutL 
 bruan, a fragment ; * bhrotuPno-, from *bhroud, break, Ag. S. 
 
 breostan, break, Eng. brittle, &c., as under bronn. Strachan 
 
 also suggests *bhr(mcno-, Lett, brukt, crumple, and Stokes the 
 
 root of briith. 
 brucacb, spotted in the face, smutted, Ir. brocac/i : "badger-like;" 
 
 see broc. The Sc. broukit, brooked, is of uncertain origin 
 
 (Murray). Hence brucachadh, irregular digging, brucanaicb, 
 
 the peep of dawn (M'A.), &c. 
 brucag, brucbag, a chink, eylet (Sh.), dim candle light (H.S.D.). 
 
 Sh. gives bruchag, H.S.D. briteag, which appears only to apply 
 
 to the " dim candle light ;" from brucach. 
 brticlld, belch, burst out, so Ir., E. Ir. bruchtaim, eructo, vomo, 
 
 W. brytheiro (vb.), brythar (p..). 
 bruchlag, a hovel ; from brugh, q.v. 
 bruchlas, the fluttering of birds going to rest (Sh.) : 
 brucborcan, stool bent, heath rush ; said to be derived from ^bru, 
 
 a hind, and corc-an, oats, " deer's oats." Also bruth-chorcan. 
 briidhacb, a brae ; see bruthach. 
 brudhaist, brose ; see brutkaist. 
 brugh, large house, a tumulus, so Ir., E. Ir. brug, mrug, land, 
 
 holding, mark, W. bra, country region, land, Cym-mro, a 
 
 Welshman, pi. Cymmry i^cow^mroges), Br. bru, country, Gaul. 
 
 Brogi^: *mrogi- (for Gadelic) ; Lat. mar go ; Got. marka, 
 
 border-country, Ag. S. mearc, border, Eng. mark, march. 
 bruich, boil, cook ; gutturalised form of bruith (cf. brath, brack). 
 
 See bruith. The Ir. bruighim appears in O'R., and has been 
 
 compared to Lat. frigo, Gr. ^pi!yw, roast ; but it is evidently 
 
 a bad spelling of bruith. 
 bruid, captivity, Ir. bruid, M. Ir. *brat, g. braite, E. Ir. ace. broit, 
 
 *braddd. For root, see bradach. 
 bruid, bruidich, stab, goad, Ir. bruidighim : the verb from brod, a 
 
 goad, 
 bruid, a brute, Ir. br-did ; from Eng. brute. 
 bruidheann, bruidhinn, talk conversation, Ir. bruighinn, scolding 
 
 speech, a brawl (also bruitheann), 0. Ir. fris-brudi, reuuit, W. 
 
 cyfrau, song, 0. Br. co-broval, verbialia, * mru, say ; Skr. bru, 
 
 bravati, says, Zend mril, speak. 
 bruidlicb, stir up; see bruid, stab, goad, 
 briiill, bruise, thimip ; a derivative from briith, q.v. 
 
48 Etymological bicrioNAET 
 
 briiillig, a person of clumsy figure and gait (H.S.D., which refers 
 the word to brii, belly) ; from brii ? 
 
 bruim-fheur, switch grass, so Ir. : from braim-fheur, a tenn to 
 denote its worthlessness. 
 
 Brtiinidh, the Brownie ; from Sc. Brownie, the benevolent farm- 
 house goblin, from Eng. brown. Cf. the Norse Svart-dlfr or 
 Dark elves. 
 
 bruinne, breast, 0. Ir. bruinne, W. bran, Cor. and M. Br. bronn, 
 *brws-no, root bhrus, bhreus ; Norse brydst, Ger. brvst, Eng. 
 breast. Stokes gives the root as hrend, from I. E. grendh, 
 swell, be haughty, Gr. ^pe/jbOofiai, strut, bear oneself loftily, 
 Lat. grandis, Cli. SI. gr<}d'i, breast. Usually correlated with 
 Got. brunjd, breastplate, M H. G. briinne, N. brynja, coat of 
 mail, M. Eng. brynie, Sc. byrnie : a satisfactory enough deri- 
 vation, and ultimately from the same root as the first one 
 given above (I. E. bhru). Indeed Stokes says the Teut. is 
 borrowed from the Celtic. 
 
 bruinneadh, the front (Dialectic), 0. Ir. bruinech, prow. Cor. 
 brenniat, prow, *bronjo-, to which Bez. compares Ger. grans, 
 prow (I. E. gh = G. b ?). From root of bruinne. 
 
 bruis, a brush, Ir. bruis (vulg.) ; from the Eng. brush. 
 
 bruiteach, warm ; from * bruth, heat ; see bruthainn. 
 
 bruith, boil, cook, so Ir., E. Ir. bruith, cooking, * broti-, from the 
 root bru, I. E. bhru ; Eng. broth (Teut. bropo-, I. E. bhrato-), 
 and brew (I. E. bhreu) ; Lat. defrutum, must ; Thrac. Gr. 
 fSpvTov, beer. 
 
 bmnsgal, rumbling noise ; bronn + sgal .? From brii in any case. 
 
 brusg, a crumb, particle of food, Ir. bruscdn, brusgar, broken ware, 
 useless fragments, brw, refuse of corn : from *brus, short 
 form of *brus in briith. 
 
 brutach, digging, the act of digging (N. H. according to H.S.D.) : 
 *brutto-, *bhrvd-tn-, root bhrud, break 1 See bronn. 
 
 briith, bruise, pound, Ir. bniighim, E. Ir. briiim, *brus, strike, 
 graze, pound ; Pre. Celt, bhreus ; Ag. S. brysan, bruise, Eng. 
 bruise (influenced by Fr.) ; perhaps 0. Slav, brusnati, corrum- 
 pere, radere. 
 
 biuthach, a brae : * brut-acos, root bru, from bhru, brow ; see 
 bruach. Sc. brae is of a similar origin, founded on Norse 
 brd, eyelid, brow (Murray). 
 
 bruthainn, sultriness, laeat, Ir., 0. Ir. bruth, fervor, W. brwd, hot, 
 Br. brout, hot (fire), 0. Br. brot : *brutu-. For further root, 
 see bruith. Wider are Lat. ferveu, fervor, Eng. burn, &c. 
 
 bruthaist, brose ; from early Sc, Eng. browes, Sc. brose ; from the 
 Fr., but allied to Eng. broth. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 49 
 
 bu, was, Ir. ludh, 0. Ir. hu : Proto-Gaelic *bu for a Celtic bu-t ; 
 
 Gr. e<f>v (v long), aorist tense ; Lat. fuit ; Skr. dbhitt, was ; 
 
 I. E. e-bhu-t. The root is bheu, bhu ; Eng. be, &c. Both G. 
 
 and Ir. aspirate, which shows the t of the 3rd sing, disappeared 
 
 early. 
 buabhall, unicorn, buffalo, M. Ir. buabhaU, W. bual ; from Lat. 
 
 bubaliis, buffalo, gazelle, whence (bu/alus) Eng. buffalo. 
 buabhall, a trumpet, Ir. bubhall, buadhbhall, M. Ir. buaball, W. 
 
 biial, bugle ; cf. M. Ir. buabhall, horn, W. bual, buffalo horn, 
 
 M. Ir. com bvabkaill; whence the further force of "trumpet." 
 buachaill, a herdsman, so Ir., 0. Ir. bdchaill, buachaill, W. hugail, 
 
 Cor., Br. bugel ; Gr. ^ovkoAos, cowherd (Lat. bucnlicus, Eng. 
 
 bucolic), ^ov-, cow, and -koAos, attendant, Lat. culo, cultiv&te. 
 buachar, cow-dung, Ir. buacar, buackar (Con.), Br. beuzei ; for the 
 
 stem before the suffix -ar, cf. W. bicwch {*boukM), though 
 
 bovH:or- or bouk-cor-, " cow-offcast," may properly be the 
 
 derivation for the Gadelic. See b6 and, possibly, cuir. 
 buadhghallan, buaghallan, ragwort, Ir. buadhghallaD, M. Ir. 
 
 buathbhallan : " virtue bearing wort ?" More probably it is 
 
 buaf-bhallan, " toad-wort," from huaf, toad, reptile, from Lat. 
 
 bCkfo. The Welsh call it " serpent's weed," llysiau'r nedir. 
 
 Ir. bvAifanan is " mugwort." 
 buaic, a wick, Ir. buaic ; from Eng. wick, Ag. S. loeoca 1 
 buaic, bleaching lees, Ir. buotc ; from M. E. bouken, steep in lye, 
 
 Eng. buck, Ger. bauchen; Fr. bv^r, from a Lat. type *hucare. 
 
 See fuaadh. 
 buaicneach, small-pox (Suth.) ; founded on a later form of Lat. 
 
 bucca, as in bucaid, q.v. 
 buaidh, victory, virtue, so Ir., 0. Ir. hiiaid, W. bvdd, 0. Br. bud, 
 
 Gaul, boudr, in many personal names, whether as the only 
 
 root (cf. Boudicca, " Victrix") or in compounds, either initial 
 
 or as second part : * boudi- ; Norse byti, exchange, Ger. heute, 
 
 booty, Eng. booty, Fr. butin (do.). 
 buaidheam, fits of inconstancy ; cf. Imathadh. 
 buail, strike, so Ir., E. Ir. bualaim : *budlo- or *boudlo-, *boud, 
 
 Pre-Celt. bhoud, bkeud ; Ag. S. bSatan, Eng. beat, beetle, Ger. 
 
 beutel, beetle (Strachan). See buille. Stokes gives the form 
 
 * buglao, root bug, bhug, as in Ger. pocJien, Eng. poke. 
 buaile, a fold, pen, so Ir., E. Ir. buale; Lat. bovile; from *bov-, cow. 
 buain, reap, Ir., 0. Ir. buain, inf. of bongaim, I'eap, break : *bogni- 
 
 or *bongni- ? For root, see bochd. 
 buair, tempt, vex, Ir. buaidhirim, E. Ir. buadraim, 0. Ir. bicadartha, 
 
 turbulentus : * boud-ro- ; possibly from bhoud, strike, the idea 
 
 coming from a form *boudro-, a goad, goading ? G. has 
 
 buaireadh, buair, a rage. 
 
 7 
 
50 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 buamastair, a blockhead : 
 
 buan, lasting, Ir. bimn, lasting, fixed, E. Ir. biian : "being, 
 
 during," from * bu, be, I. E. bhu, be ; Lit. hitinas, being, 
 
 during, from buti, be ; Norse btia, dwell. Got. bawan, &c. 
 
 Stokes gives the G. stem as buvano-s, and cfs. Skr. bhUvana, 
 
 existence. Hence buanaich, persevere, 
 t buanna, a mercenary, a billeted soldier, so Ir. : 
 buannachd, profit ; from buain, reap, with irregularly doubled n 
 
 (see cinne, linn, seann, bann- for 6ara-, miann) ? 
 buar, cattle, so Ir., E. Ir. biiar, cattle of the cow kind ; from b6, 
 
 cow : * bovdro- ; cf. Lat. boarius. 
 buarach, cow-fetter, Ir., E. Ir., buarach : for bd-drach, " cow-fetter," 
 
 drach being for ad-rig-os, root rig of cuibhreach, q.v. 
 buathadh, a rushing, a mad fit : 
 btib, roar, Ir. hub : onomatopoetic. Cf. Lat. baubor, bay, Gr. 
 
 jSav^w, bark, Lit. bubauti, roar. 
 bdban, coxcomb, Ir. bubdn ; cf. Eng. booby. 
 bucach, a boy (dial.) : " growing one ;" founded on Lat. bucca as 
 
 in the following word, 
 bucaid, a pustule, Ir. bocdid, a spot, E. Ir. boccdit ; from Brittonic 
 
 Lat. buccdtus, from bucca, puffed cheek (Eng. debouch, rebuke). 
 bucall, a buckle, Ir. bucla, W. bwcl ; from M. Eng. bukyll, Eng. 
 
 buckle, from Fr. boiicle, from Lat. bucula, cheek-strap, from 
 
 bv<:ca, cheek, 
 btichd, size (Sh. buc) ; from So. bo^^k, i.e., bulk. 
 buchainn, melodious (A. M'D.) : 
 
 buchallach, nestling (adj., M'A.) : *buth-ckal, "house tending?" 
 budagochd, snipe (M'L.), woodcock (H.S.D.). It seems a reminis- 
 cence of Eng. woodcock. 
 budhaigir, the puffin, buigire (M'A., for St Kilda), Sc. bowger, the 
 
 coulter-neb; somehow from Norse bugr, curve, "bent-bill?" 
 budhailt, a window-like recess in a wall ; from Sc. bowall, boal, 
 
 hole. Origin unknown (Murray). 
 budhag, a bundle of straw : root bud, which underlies Fr. botte, 
 
 bundle 1 See boitein. 
 buideal, a bottle, cask, Ir. buideul, W. potel ; from Eng. bottle. 
 
 See hotul. 
 buidealaich, a conflagration, Ir. buite, fire, buitealach (Lh.-f, O'Cl., 
 
 O'B.), bott (O'Cl.) : * bud-do-, root blmd (Lat. fustis, hhud-tis, 
 
 Eng. beetle), giving the idea of " faggot, firewood ?" 
 buidhe, yellow, so Ir., 0. Ir. buide ; Lat. badius, Eng. bay. 
 buidhe, now buidheachas, thanks, Ir. buidhe, 0. Ir. buide [W. 
 
 boddaw, please, bodd, will?], *budo-, 1. E. hhudh, bheudh; Gr. 
 
 Trevdofiai, learn by inquiry ; Ag. S. beodan, command, Eng. 
 
 for-6irf. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 5l 
 
 buidhe, glad to, had to, 0. Ir. buithi, participle of necessity, from 
 
 the verb bi, be : " Is amlid is buithi do chach " — Thus ought 
 
 it to be with every one (9th Cent, glosses) ; G. " Is buidhe do 
 
 gach neach." 
 baidheann, a company, Ir. buidhean, 0. Ir. buden, W. hyddin, 
 
 0. Br. bodin, manus, * bodind ; 0. H. G. chutti, troop, band, 
 
 0. Fries. Iixdde, Ger. kette, covey ; I. E. go : go, drive ; of. Lit. 
 
 g&tas, herd, 
 buidhinn, gain, win, buinnig, act of gaining, gain ; from the Eng. 
 
 ^oin, winning. 
 bull, effect, use, Ir. boil, * bol, * bel : Pre-Celt. bliel, bkol ; Gr 
 
 o^eXos, advantage, axfieXeb), help. 
 buileastair, a buUace or sloe (M'D., Sh.) ; from M. E. bolaster = 
 
 bullace-tree, from bolace, now buUace. 
 builionn, a loaf, Ir. builin; from 0. Fr. *boulange, ball-shaped 
 
 loaf (?), which Diez suggests as the basis of Fr. boulanger, 
 
 baker, 
 buille, a blow, so Ir., E. Ir. bulle, buille = bollia = bus-lid = bhud-s-lid; 
 
 root bhitd, beat, as in buail, q.v. Stokes gives the stem as 
 
 * boldja, allied to Lit. be'ldziu, belsti, give a blow, baldas, a 
 
 beetle ; Ger. poltern. 
 buillsgean, centre, Ir. boilscean, M. Ir bolscen, middle, midriff = 
 
 bolgdn, from balg, bolg, belly. 
 buiu, belong to, Ir. beanaim. The Ir. is from the verb bean, 
 
 touch ; the G., which has the idea of relationship or origin 
 
 {Gha bhuin e dhomh : he is not related to me), seems to 
 
 confuse bean and bun, stock. 
 buinne, a cataract, tide, Ir. buinne, a spout, tap, E. Ir. buinne, 
 
 wave, rush' of water: G. bliinneach, flux, diarrhoea, so Ir. ; 
 
 see boinne. 
 buinneag, a twig, sprout, Ir. buinnedn, E. Ir. buinne : *bits-nid ; 
 
 root bus, as in Eng. bush, bosky, Ger. busch, &c. 
 buinnig, winning ; see buidhinn. 
 
 t buinnire, a footman, so Ir. ; from bonn, sole of the foot. 
 btlir, buirich, roar, bellow (as a bull), Ir. buireadh, roaring ; E. Ir. 
 
 buraim ; * bu-ro-, I. E. root gevo, gii, cry ; Gr. /3oaa), shout ; 
 
 Lit. gauju, howl ; Skr. gu, cry. Strachan gives as G. stem 
 
 bucro-, root bvq as in Lat. buccina, horn. Gr. jBvKTrj^, howling, 
 
 Skr. bukkdras, lion's roar. 
 buirdeiseach, a free man, burgess, Ir. buirgeiseach ; from the Eug. 
 
 burgess. 
 buirleadh, language of folly and ridicule ; from the Eomancc 
 
 burla, to jest, &c. See burraidh. 
 buirseach, a deluge of rain ; a rousing fire (Heb.) : 
 buiseal, a bushel, Ir. buiseul ; from Eng. bushel. 
 
52 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 buit, bashful (Badenoch) : " fugy," as a fowl ; see piit. 
 
 btiiteach, a threat (Suth.) : a form of hbidich ? 
 
 buitseach, a witch, so Ir. ; from Eng. tuitch. 
 
 biilas, pot hook ; from the Sc. boots, a pot hook in two parts or 
 
 " bools," M. Eng. boot, a pail handle, round part of a key, 
 
 Ger. biigel, arc ; from Teut. beugan, bend, Eng. bow. Dialectic 
 
 ptilas. 
 bumailear. a bungler ; from Sc. fnommeler, from bummil, btmgle, 
 
 Eng. bumble ; of onomatopoetic origin (Murray). Cf. Ger. 
 
 bww/mler, a lounger, 
 bun, root, stock, bottom, Ir., E. Ir. 6mm, W. bon, stem, trunk, 
 
 0. W. boned ; Armen. bun ; N. Pers. bun, Zd. buna- (Bugge). 
 
 Rhys has suggested a connection with Ger. hiihne, a stage, 
 
 boards. Ag. S. bwne, " stalk, reed," may be allied. It cannot 
 
 be connected with bonn, for the stem there is bhudh-no-, root 
 
 bhudh. The ultimate root of bun, in any case, is simply bhii, 
 
 bhu, grow, swell, Gr. (^vo), cfrnXov, a tribe, Eng. boil (n.), Ger. 
 
 beuU, a swelling, Skr. bhumis, earth ; bhu, grow, is identical 
 
 with bhu, be. 
 bnnach, coarse tow, refuse of flax, so Ir. ; from bun. 
 bunait, foundation, Ir. bundit : bun + dit., jj.v. 
 bunndaist, a bounty, grassum, Ir. bunntaiste ; from Eng. poundage. 
 bunnlum, steadiness, bunntam, bunntamas, solidity, shrewdness ; 
 
 from bun, foundation. Cf. Ir. buntomhas, well founded 
 
 opinion : bun + tomhas, q.v. 
 buunsach, a twig, so Ir., E. Ir. bunsach ; see buinneag. 
 bunnsach, a sudden rush ; from buinne. 
 bunntam, solidity ; see bunnlum. 
 bunt^ta, potato, Ir. potdta ; from the English. It contains a piece 
 
 of folk-etymologising in the syllable bun-, root, 
 buntuinn, belonging ; see huin. 
 bUrach, turning up of the earth, digging ; from the Sc. bourie, 
 
 Eng. burrow. The Sc. bourach, enclosure, cluster, knoll, 
 
 heap, &c., is the Eng. bower. 
 burgaid, a purge, Burgadoir, Purgatory ; see purgaid, Purgadoir. 
 burmaid, wormwood ; from the Eng. 
 btirn, water ; from Sc. burn, water, spring-water, Eng. bourne, 
 
 burn, a stream, Teut. brunnon-, a spring, Norse brunnr, well, 
 
 Ger. brunnen. 
 burraidh, a blockhead, Ir. biirraidh; from Lat. burrce, nonsense, 
 
 Eng. burlesque, ifec. 
 burral, a howl, lamentation, so Ir ; for the root, which is here 
 
 short {*bv/r-ro- ?). see buir. Cf. bururus, however, 
 burras, a caterpillar : 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 53 
 
 burr-, as in burr'caid, clumsy person, burr'ghlas, a torrent of 
 
 rage, &c., seems from borr, great, excessive, q.v. Burrs'gadh, 
 
 a burst of passion, may be from Eng. borasco, squall of wind. 
 burt, mockery ; from Sc. bov/rd, M. Eng. bowd, jest, Fr. bourde, 
 
 a lie. 
 bururus, infant lisping, warbling, purling ; cf. Eng. purr and purl 
 
 (Skeat). Evidently onomatopoetic. 
 bus, a mouth, kiss, Ir., M. Ir. bus, *bussu-; Pre-Celt. guss- ; Teut. 
 
 kuss, Ger. kiissen, kiss, Eng. kiss (Kluge). Bezzenberger cfs. 
 
 Lit. bucziiti, kiss ; others give buc-sa, allied to Lat. bucca, 
 
 cheek, 
 busgadh, dressing ; from the Sc, Eng. busk. 
 busgaid, a bustle (M'D.) ; formed from Eng. busy ; cf. Ag. S. 
 
 bysgu, business. 
 bustail, puffing, blowing (Heb.) ; from bus. 
 butadh, a push ; see putadh. 
 butag, oar pin ; see putag. 
 buth, a shop ; from the Eng. booth, Norse biiS, shop, root bhu, be. 
 
 See bothan. 
 biithainnich, thump, thrash, bang ; from the root bhvd, beat 
 
 (Eng. beat) ? 
 buthuinn, long straw for thatch ; from buto-, the stem of bothan, 
 
 a bothie 1 
 butrais, butarrais, a mess : 
 
 C 
 
 c', for CO, da, who, what, q.v. 
 
 ca, ca, where, Ir. cd, how, where, who ; a by-form to da, ce, q.v. 
 
 cab, a gap, indentation, mouth, Ir. cab, mouth, head, gap, cabach, 
 babbling, indented. The word is borrowed from two English 
 words — gap and gab (M. E. gabben, chatter) ; G. has also gab, 
 directly from gab of the Sc. Hence cabach, gap-toothed. 
 
 C^bag, a cheese ; Sc. cabback, kebbock. The latter form (kebbock) 
 is probably from a G. ceapag, cepac, obsolete in G. in the sense 
 of " a cheese," but still used for the thick wooden wheel of 
 wheel-barrows ; it is from G. ceap. Sc. cabback is a side form 
 of kebbock, and it seems to have been re-borrowed into G. as 
 cabag. The real G. word for " a cheese" is now mulachag. 
 
 cabaist, cabbage, Ir. gabdisde ; from the Eng. 
 
 caball, a cable, Ir. cabla ; from Eng. cable, which, through Fr., 
 comes from Lat. capulum. 
 
 cabar, a rafter, caber, deer's horn, Ir. cabar, W. ceibr, rafters, 
 0. Br. cepriou, beams; from a Med. Lat. *caprio, a rafter, 
 capro, caprones (which exists as a genuine 8th century word), 
 Fr. chevron, rafter. Caprio is from caper, goat ; Lat. capreoli. 
 
54 BTfMOLOGlCAL DICTIOUART 
 
 goat-lets, was used for two beams meeting to support some- 
 thing, props, stays. 
 
 eabasdar, cabstar, a bit, curb, W. cehystr, Br. kabestr ; from Lat. 
 capistrum, halter, " head-holder," from caput. 
 
 cabhag, hurry : 
 
 cabhiach, a fleet, Ir. eobhlach, cabhlach, E. Ir. cohlach ; *cob-lach ; 
 from *kub, *qug., curve, root of Lat. cymba, boat, Gr Kv/M/Br], 
 boat, cup, especially Lat. cybaea, a transport (* KvfSata). 
 
 cabhruich, sowens, flummery, Ir. cdthbhruith ; from chth and 
 bruith, q.v. 
 
 cabhsair, causeway, Ir. cabhm ; from Eng. causey, causeway, from 
 0. Fr; caucie, from Lat. calciata (via). 
 
 cabhsanta, dry, snug ; from Sc. cosie, colsie, Eng. cosy, whose 
 origin is unknown. 
 
 cabhtair, an issue, drain in the body (M'D., who, as cautair, 
 explains it as " an issue or cauter") ; from Eng. cauter. 
 
 cabhuil, a conical basket for catching fish ; from M. Eng. cawell, 
 a fish basket, still used in Cornwall, Ag. S. cawl. Cf. Br. 
 havell, bow-net, 0. Br. cauell, basket, cradle ; from Lat. 
 cauuella, a vat, &c. (Loth, Emault). 
 
 cabon, capon (M'D.), Ir. cab4n ; from Eng. capon. 
 
 cac, excrement, so Ir., E. Ir. cacc, Cor. caugh, Br. hic'h, *kahho-; 
 Lat. caco ; Gr. KaKK-q ; Skr. fdka, g. (aknds. 
 
 C&ch, the rest, others, Ir., O.Ir. each, quivis, W. pawb, all, Br. pep, 
 *qdqe ; root qo, qo, qe of co and gach, q.v. 
 
 cachdan, vexation, Ir. cacht, distress, prisoner, E. Ir. cachtaim, I 
 capture, W. caeth, slave, confined : *kapto-, caught ; Lat. 
 capio, captus ; Got. haban, Eng. have. 
 
 cachliadh (Arm.), cachaleith (H.S.D.), a gate; co + eUath, "co- 
 hurdle;" see cliath, death, hurdle, wattle. Also cachliag 
 (C. S.). It has also been explained as cadha-chliath, " hurdle- 
 
 cadadh, tartan cloth, hose tartan, Manx cadee, cotton ; Eng. 
 
 caddow (16th cent.), an Irish quilt or cloak ; doubtless from 
 
 Eng. caddis, worsted, crewel work, &c., Fr. cadis, woollen 
 
 serge. See also catas. 
 cadal, sleep, Ir. codladh, 0. Ir. cotlud, vb. contulim : *con-twl-, root 
 
 tol ; Ch. SI. toliti, appease, placare. Lit. tilas, quiet (Persson). 
 
 The root tol, tel, appears in tlath, gentle, Lat. tolerare, Sc. thole. 
 cadan, cotton (Sh.) ; from Eng. cotton. Properly codan, which is 
 
 the usual dialect form. See cotan. For Ir. cadds, cotton, 
 
 see catas. 
 cadha, a pass, narrow pass, entry ; cf. Ir. caoi, way, road, E. Ir. 
 
 cdi, which Stokes, however, refers to the root a as in Lat. 
 
 do, move, Gr. kioj, go, a derivation which does not suit the G. 
 
 phonetically. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 55 
 
 cadhag, jackdaw, Ir. cabhdg, M. Ir. caog ; *ca-tg, the ca-er or 
 
 crier of ca, caw ; of onomatopoefcic origin. Cf . Eng. caw ; 
 
 also choiLgh, from a West Teut. kdtoa-. 
 cadhag, a wedge (M'A. for Skye) : 
 cadhan, wild goose, barnacle goose, so Ir. ; cf. Eng. caw, for possibly 
 
 the name is ouomatopoetic. 
 cadh-luibh, the cud-weed (Sh. gives cad-luibh, and O'B.), Ir. 
 
 cadh-luihh ; from M. Eng. code, a cud. M'A. omits the word; 
 
 it is clearly Irish. The G. is cn^mh lus, which is its Lat. 
 
 name of gnaphalium in folk etymology, 
 cadhmus, a mould for casting bullets ; from Sc. cawmys, calmes 
 
 (16th century), caums, Eng, calm, came. 
 cagailt, a hearth, Ir. cagailt, raking of the fire (O'R.) : 
 cagar, a whisper, Ir. cogar, M. Ir. coccv/r : * con-cor, root k&r, set ; 
 
 see cuir. 
 cagaran, darling : * con-car- ; root car, dear, as in caraid. 
 cagnadh, chewing, Ir. cognadh, M. Ir. cocnum : '^ covrcndmh ; see 
 
 cnd,mh. 
 caibe, a spade, turf cutter, Ir. coibe, cuibe (O'R., FoL), W. caib, 
 
 0. Cor. cep. 
 caibeal, a chapel (M'D.) ; from Lat. capella. The G. really is 
 
 seipeal, q.v. 
 caibheis, giggling, laughing : 
 caibideil, caibdeil, a chapter, Ir. caibidil, E. Ir. caiptel, W. 
 
 cabidwl ; from Lat. capitulum, whence 0. Fr. chapitre, Eng. 
 
 chapter. 
 caidir, cherish, so Ir. See the next word, 
 caidreabh, fellowship, aiFection, vicinity, so Ir., M. Ir. caidrebh, 
 
 Celtiberian Contrebia: * con-treb- ; see aitreabh, treabh. 
 caigeann, a couple (of animals), coupling : *con-ceann ; from 
 
 ceann, q.v. 
 call, condition, vigour, appetite, Ir. cdil, W. cael, to have, get, 
 
 enjoy, *hapli^, *kapelo- : root qap ; Lat. capio, Eng. have. 
 cailbhe, a partition wall (of wattle or clay, &c.) ; from calbh, q.v. 
 cailc, chalk, Ir., E. Ir. cailc, W. calch ; from Lat. calx, calcis, 
 
 whence also Eng. chalk 
 caile, girl, wench, Ir. caile, hussy, E. Ir. caile ; cf. Br. pla£h, girl ; 
 
 Gr. iraAAttKij, concubine, Lat. pellex. Usually caileag, girl. 
 CJlileach, husks, Ir. cdithleach : cdith-lach ; see cath. From cath 
 
 comes also cailean, a husk. 
 caileadair, philosopher, star-gazer ; from the Eng. calender, a 
 
 mendicant dervish, from Pers. qalander. 
 cailidear, snot, rheum (M'F., cailidhir in Sh.). O'R. improves this 
 
 into cailidear. 
 cailis, chalice, Ir. cailis ; from Lat, calix, cup, Eng, chalice. 
 
56 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cailise, kails, ninepins (M'D.) ; from Eng. kails, M. Eng. eailis, 
 
 from heyle, a peg, Gar. kegel, a cane, ninepin. 
 cailleach, old wife, nun, so Ir., 0. Ir. caillech, " veiled one ;" from 
 
 caille, veil, which is from the Lat. pallium, cloak, Eng. pall. 
 caillteanach, eunuch, so Ir. ; from caill, lose. See call. 
 ciimein, a mote, Ir. cdim, a stain, blemish ; from cam. 
 caimleid, camlet ; from the Eng. 
 cain, a tax, a tribute, Ir. cdin, E. Ir. cdin, statute, law : *kap-ni-, 
 
 root qap, as in cail ? Stokes refers it to the root kds, order, 
 
 Skr. gas (do.), Lat. castigare, castus, Got. hazjan, praise. 
 
 Hence Sc. cain. 
 ckin, white ; from Lat. cdnus. 
 ciin, scold, revile, Ir. cdin, M. Ir. cdined, scolding : *kag-nid or 
 
 * kaknid (?) ; Gr. /caxafw, laugh, Kayxa^d), Lat. cachinnus ; 
 
 0. H. G. huohdn, mock ; Skr. kahhati, laugh, 
 cainb, hemp, Ir. cndib, M. Br. canap ; from Lat. cannabis, allied to 
 
 Eng. hemp. 
 caineal, cinnamon ; from Sc. and obsolete Eng. cannel, canel, 
 
 cinnamon, from 0. Fr. canelle, from Lat. canella, dim. of 
 
 canna, cane, 
 caingeann, a fine (Heb.), Ir. caingean, a rule, case, compact, &c. : 
 Caingis, Pentecost, Ir. cingcis, E. Ir. Cingcigais ; from the Lat. 
 
 quinquagesima (dies, 50th day from the Passover). 
 cainneag, a mote : 
 cainneag, a hamper (Skye) : 
 cainnt, speech, Ir. eaint ; from can, say, q.v. Stokes gives the 
 
 stem as *kan{s)ti, root hans, Skr. casti, praise, from pams, 
 
 speak, Lat. censeo. 
 caiptean, a captain, Ir., M. Ir. caiptin ; from M. Eng. capitain, 
 
 from 0. Fr. capitaine, Lat. capitaneus, caput, head, 
 ciir, a blaze, sea foam, &c ; see rather caoir. 
 ciir, the gum, Ir. cdir (cairib, Fol.) : 
 Gkit, a peat moss, dry part of the peat moss (Dial.) ; from Eng. 
 
 carr, boggy ground, Norse Tgarr, brushwood. Also catkar, 
 
 q.v.. 
 cairb, the bent ridge of a cart saddle (srathair). Shaw gives 
 
 further the meanings "plank, ship, fusee, chariot;" Ir. corb, 
 
 coach. The word is the primary stem from which carbad, 
 
 chariot, springs ; see carbad. As " fusee" or " fusil," i.e., 
 
 " musket," it seems a curtailed form of cairbinn. 
 cairbh, a carcase ; allied to corpus ? 
 cairbhist, carriage, tenants' rent service ; from M. Eng. cariage, 
 
 in all senses (Of. the charter terms — -" Areage and cariage 
 
 and all due service"), now carriage. 
 cairbinn, a carabine ; from the Eng. 
 
of THE GAELIC LANGtJAGB. 57 
 
 cairbinneach, a toothless person (Sh.) ; from teairb, a jaw, gum, 
 
 Ir. cairb. See cairb above. 
 C^ird, a delay, respite, Ir. edirde ; cf . 0. Ir. cairde, pactum. A 
 
 special legal use of a word which originally means " friend- 
 ship." See next. 
 cairdeas, friendship, so Ir., 0. Ir. cairdes ; from caraid, q.v. 
 ciireag, a prating girl (Sh., who gives caireog) ; probably from 
 
 cair, gum : " having jaw." 
 caireal, noise ; see coiriolL 
 tcairfhiadh, a hart or stag, Ir. cdirrfhiadh : * ewrhh-f kiadh. For 
 
 *carbh, a deer; cf. W. carw, hart, stag, Cor. caruu, Br. caru ; 
 
 Lat. cervus ; Gr. Kepaos, horned. 
 cairich, mend, Ir. e6irighim, E. Ir. cdraigim, arrange, from coir, q.v. 
 cairidh, a weir, Ir. cora, M. Ir. coraidh for cora, g. corad, W. 
 
 cored, 0. W. and 0. Br, coret, from Celtic horjd, I set, put. 
 
 See cuir. 
 cairgein, sea moss, Irish moss, Eng. carrageen, so named from 
 
 Carragheen (Waterford), in Ireland. This place name is a 
 
 dim. of carraig, rock, 
 cairis, corpse, carcase ; founded on M. Eng. cars, Sc. corrssys (pi. 
 
 in Blind Harry), now corse. 
 cairmeal, wild liquorice ; see carrameille. 
 cairnean, an egg-shell : 
 cairt, bark (of a tree), Ir. cairt ; Lat. cortex ; root qert, cut, Lit, 
 
 kerbk, cut, Eng. rend. 
 cairt, a cart, so Ir., W. cart ; from the Eng. cart. 
 cairt, a card, so Ir. ; G. is from the Sc. carte, which is direct from 
 
 the Fr. carte. The Eng. modifies the latter form into card. 
 
 They are all from Lat. charta, paper. E. Ir. cairt meant 
 
 " parchment." 
 cairt, cleanse, Ir. cartaighim, E. Ir. cartaim, W. carthu, purge, 
 
 kar-to-. The root idea is a " clearing out ;'' the root ker, kar, 
 
 separate, is allied to sker in dscart, and especially in sgar. 
 cairteal, a quarter ; from Late Lat. quartellus, Norse kvartill, 
 
 Lat. quartus, fourth, 
 caisbheart, cais'eart, foot gear (shoes or boots), Ir. coisbheart ; 
 
 from cas + beart, q.v. 
 caisd, listen, Ir. coisteacht, listening, E. Ir. coistim, 0. Ir. coitsea, 
 
 auscultet : co-^tsim, co and eisd, listen, q.v. O'R. gives the 
 
 modem Ir. cdisdeacht with o long, which would seem the 
 
 most natural result from co-disd. 
 caise, cheese, Ir., E. Ir. cdise, W. caws, Br. kaouz ; from Lat. 
 
 cdseus, whence Eng. cheese. 
 caiseal, bulwark, castle, Ir. caiseal, E. Ir. caisel, caissle ; from Lat, 
 
 castellum. 
 
 8 
 
58 ETtMOLOGlCAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 caisean, anything curled, &c. ; from cas, curled, q.v. 
 
 caisg, check, stop, Ir. coisgim, 0. Ir. cose, castigare, W. cosp, *k(m^ 
 sqo-, *seqd, I say ; Lat. inseqiie ; Gr. hiveire., say, evi-crire, dixit ; 
 Eng. saff, Ger. sagen. 
 
 Caisg, Easter, Ir. Gdisg, 0. Ir. cdsc, W. pasc ; from Lat. pascha, 
 Eng. paschal. 
 
 caisil-chro, a bier, bed of blood, M. Ir. cosair ehr6, bed of blood — 
 to denote a violent death, E. Ir. cosair, bed. The expression 
 appears in the Ossianic Ballads, and folk-etymology is 
 responsible for making G. cosair into caisil, bulwark. The 
 word cosair has been explained as co-ster-, root ster, strew, 
 Lat. stemere, Eng. strew. 
 
 caisleach, a ford, footpath ; from cas-lach, rather than cas-slighe, 
 foot- way. 
 
 caislich, stir up, caisleachadh, shaking up, &c. ; from cas, sudden. 
 
 caismeachd, an alarm (of battle), signal, march tune. The cor- 
 responding Ir. is caismirt, alarm, battle, M. Ir. caismert, E. Ir. 
 cosmert. 
 
 caisrig, consecrate ; see coisrig. 
 
 caisteal, a castle, M. Ir. caste'l, E. Ir. castiall ; from Lat. castellum, 
 whence Eng. castle. 
 
 caiteach, a rush mat for measuring corn, Ir. cditeack, winnowing 
 sheet ; from ccdte, winnowed, from. cd,th. 
 
 caiteag, a small bit (H.S.D.), a basket for trouts (M'A. for 
 Islands), basket (Sh.), a place to hold barley in (M'L.). For 
 the first sense, cf. W. cat, a piece, Sc. cat,, a rag. In Irish Lat. 
 the trout was called catus (Giraldus). 
 
 caiteas, scraped linen, applied for the stoppage of wounds (M'F.) ; 
 from Sc. caddis, lint for wounds, M. Eng. codas, caddis, cotton 
 wool, floss silk for padding, from 0. Fr. cadas. See G. catas. 
 
 caitein, nap of cloth, shag, Ir. caitin, catkin of the osier, little 
 cat. The Eng. words caddis, catkin, and cotton seem to be 
 mixed up as the basis of the G. and Ir. words. Cf. W. ceden, 
 shaggy hair. 
 
 caith, spend, cast, Jr., 0. Ir. caithim, *katj6, 1 consume, castaway; 
 Skr. cAtayoti, sever, cast down, destroy, gdt-ana, causing to 
 fall, wearing out, root cat. Allied to the root of cath, war. 
 
 caithear, just, right, Ir. caithear (Lh.), cait/ifidh, it behoves, 
 M. Ir. caithfid ; from caith, doubtless (Atk.). 
 
 caithream, shout of joy, triumph, Ir. caithreim ; from cath, battle, 
 and reim, a shout, E. Ir. rem. This last word, Strachan 
 refers to the root req l*rec-m or *rec-s-m), Ch. SI. relc<i., speak, 
 Lith. rekiu. 
 
 caithris, watching : 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 59 
 
 C^l, kaU, cabbage, Ir. cdl, W. cawl, Cor. caul, Br. kaol ; from Lat. 
 caulis, a stalk, whence likewise Etig. cole (cole-wort) and Sc. 
 kail. 
 
 cala, caladh, a harbour, Ir. caladh, M, Ir. calad. It is usual to 
 correlate this with It. cala, Fr. cale, bay, cove (Diez, Thur- 
 neysen, Windisch), and Stokes even says the G. and Ir. words 
 are borrowed from a Romance * calatum. It. calata, cala, Fr. 
 cale, cove. More probably the Celtic root is gel, qal, hide, as 
 in Eng. hollow, M. Eng. holh, hollow, cave, also Eng. liole, 
 possibly. The root of eladh, has also been suggested. 
 
 caladair, a calendar, Ir. calaindiir ; from M. Eng. kalendar, 
 through Fr. from Lat. calendarium, an account-book, from 
 calendas, the Calends or first of the month. 
 
 calaman, a dove ; the common form of the literary columan, q.v. 
 
 calanas, spinning of wool ; seemingly founded on Lat. colus, 
 distaff. See cuigeal. 
 
 t calbh, head, pate, bald, Ir. calb, head, calbh, bald, E. Ir. calb ; 
 from Lat. calva, scalp, calvus, bald. H.S.D. gives as a mean- 
 ing " promontory," and instances " Aoineadh a' Chailbh 
 Mhuilich," which surely must be the Calf of Mull ; and Calf 
 is a common name for such subsidiary isles — from Norse 
 kdlfr, Eng. calf. 
 
 calbh, a shoot, osier twig, Ir. colbha, plant stalk, sceptre, hazel 
 tree, E. Ir. colba, wand ; see colbh. 
 
 calbh, gushing of water or blood : 
 
 calbhair, greedy of food (Suth.) ; from cdil ? 
 
 cale, drive, ram, caulk, Ir. calcaim ; from Lat. calco, calx, the heel, 
 Eng. in-culcate. 
 
 caldach, sharp, pointed (Sh., M'L.) : 
 
 calg, awn, beard of corn, bristles, Ir. calg, colg, E. Ir. colg, a sword, 
 0. W. colginn, aristam, W. cola, beard of corn, sting, caly, 
 penis, Br. calc^h (do.), *kalgo-, *7colgo- ; Gr. KoAo/3ds, stunted ; 
 Got. fialks, poor ; further is Lat. cellere, hit, culter, knife ; <fec. 
 The main root is qel, qld, hit, break ; see claidheamh, cladh. 
 The Caledonian hero Galgacos derives his name hence. 
 Hence calg-dhireach, direct, " sword-straight" to a place. 
 
 call, loss, Ir. caill, E. Ir. coll, W. coll. Corn, colled, jactura, M. Br. 
 coll, *koldo- ; Eng. halt. Got. halts, 0. H. G. halz, lame ; root 
 qel, as above in calg, q.v. 
 
 calla, callda, tame, callaidh (M'A., also Sh., who gives the 
 meaning "active" to the last form); cf. W. call, wise ; from 
 Lat. calliduB ? 
 
 callag, calltag, the black guillemot, diver ; compare Eng. griail, 
 Fr. caille. 
 
 callaid, a partition, fence ; the same as tallaid, q.v. 1 
 
60 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 callaid, a wig, cap (M'F.) ; from Eng. calotte, skull-cap. 
 
 callan, a noise, Ir. calldn, caU6ich ; from Eng. call ? 
 
 calltuinn, hazel, Ir., E. Ir. coll, W. collen. Cor. collwiden, M. Br. 
 
 q^bel-vezenn, *koslo- ; Lat. coryhis ; Norse liasl, Eng. hazel. 
 Calluinn, New Year's Day, Ir. calldin. Calends, or first day of the 
 
 month, E. Ir. callaind, the Calends, particularly the first Jan., 
 
 W. calan. Calends ; from Lat. calendce (Eng. Calends). 
 calm, a pillar (M'A.), Ir. columhan, colbh ; from Lat. columna, &c. 
 calm, calma, brave, Ir., E. Ir. ealma. Cf. W. celf, skill, art, 
 
 celfydd, skilled, 0. Br. celmed, efficax. The root cal is to be 
 
 compared with that in Ger. held, hero, *haleth or *calet. The 
 
 I. E. root is qel, as in Lat. celsus, high, columna, column, Eng. 
 
 excel. 
 caiman, dove ; see calaman. 
 calpa, the calf of the leg, so Ir., E. Ir. calpda, bonus pes (Conn.), 
 
 colpa, tibia ; from the Norse Mlfi, whence also Eng. calf. 
 calum, hardness on the skin (H.S.D. ; cathlum in M'D.) ; from 
 
 Lat. callum, callus. It is not the obsolete caladh, hard, 
 
 E. Ir. calad, W. caled, 0. Br. calat, *Icaleto-, root kal, hard ; 
 
 Got. hallus, stone, Norse helle, liallr ; Skr. eild, stone. 
 cam, crooked, one-eyed, Ir. cam, 0. Ir. camm, W. cam, Br. ham, 
 
 Gaul, cambo-, root kemb, wind ; Gr. xd/i/Sos, a band, bond ; Lit. 
 
 hinge, door-bar. It has been referred to the root of Gr. 
 
 a-Ka/j./So's, crooked (see ceum), and to Lat. camera, whence Eng. 
 
 chamber. Hence camag, club, camas, bay. 
 camag-gharuidh, hollow above the eye, Ir. camdg-ara, '' the bend 
 
 of the ara," 0. Ir. aire, g. arach, tempus ; Gr. iraptid, cheek, 
 camhach, talkative ; *com-ag-ach, root ag in adhan "i 
 camhal, a camel, Ir. camhall, E. Ir. camail, W. camyll ; from Lat. 
 
 cam^lus. 
 camhan, a hollow plain, Ir. cabhdn (County Cavan) ; from the 
 
 Lat. cavus. 
 camhanaich, break of day, twilight, Ir. camliadir : 
 camp, campa, a camp, Ir., M. Ir. campa ; from the Eng. camp. 
 campar, vexation, grief ; from Sc. cummar, Eng. cumber. 
 can, say, sing, Ir. canaim, 0. Ir. canim, W. cana, sing, Br. hana ; 
 
 Lat. cano, sing ; Gr. /cavafco ; Eng. hen. 
 canach, mountain down, cotton, Ir. canach, 0. Ir. canach, lanugo ; 
 
 Gr. Kvr)Ko^, thistle, kv7]k6s, yellow ; Skr. hancanas, golden, a 
 
 plant; *qonah-. Stokes refers it to *casnaka, Lat. cdnm, 
 
 white (*casno-), Ag. S. hasu, grey, Eng. hare. 
 canain, language, Ir. cdnamhuin. Seemingly a long-vowel form 
 
 of the root qan, sing, cry. See cainnt. 
 canal, cinnamon ; see caineal. 
 canan, a cannon ; from the Eng. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 61 
 
 canastair, a canister ;' from the Eng. 
 
 cangaruich, fret ; from Sc. canker, fret, Eng. canker. 
 
 cangluinn, trouble, vexation ; from Sc. cangle. 
 
 canna, a can, so Ir. ; from Eng. can. 
 
 cannach, pretty, kind ; *cas-no-, root, qas, Lat. cdnus, white (cas- 
 mts), Ag. S. hasu, grey, Eng. haze ? Or it may be allied to 
 Lat. candidus, white, Skr. cand, shine. 
 
 canntaireachd, articulate music, chanting, Ir. cantaireachd, sing- 
 ing, cdntaire, a singer ; from Lat. cantor, cano, I sing. 
 
 canran, wrangling, grumbling, muttering, Ir. cannrdn ; from can, 
 say, sing. 
 
 cantal, grief, weeping (Sh., M'L.), Ir. cantlamh : 
 
 caol), a clod, a bite, Ir. caob, clod, M. Ir. coep, E. Ir. caip, cdep, 
 clot, lump, 0. Ir., caebb no, jecur. 
 
 caoch, empty (as a nut), blind, so Ir., 0. Ir. caech, W. coeg, foolish, 
 Cor. cuic, *kaiko-s ; Lat. caecus ; Got. haihs, one-eyed. 
 
 caoch, caothach, rage ; see cuthach. 
 
 caochan, a streamlet ; from caoch, blind 'I 
 
 caochail, change, die, caochladh, a change, Ir. caochluighim, 
 0. Ir. coimchldim, c6em-chl6im : irnchloud, imchldad, inversio ; 
 for co-imm-cl6im ; from cldim, muto : see claoidh. The aspira- 
 tion of the mn of imb is unusual, but the history of the word 
 is also unusual, for it actually appears as claemchldd in E. Ir. 
 oftener than once, and Ir. claochlddh, claochladh. 
 
 caod Chaluim-chille, St John's wort (Sh.) : 
 
 caog, wink ; apparently from Eng. cock (the eye). 
 
 caogad, fifty, so Ir., 0. Ir. c6ica{t), *qenqehont; Lat. quinqaaginia; 
 Gr. TrevTijKovTa. See c(>ig. 
 
 caoidh, lamentation, Ir. caoi, caoidh, E. Ir. cdi, cdi, inf. to dim, 
 ploro, *keid, root qei, which appears in caoin, q.v., and in 
 Eng, whine, whisper, etc. Bezzenberger suggests *keipt, and 
 compares Lit. s^ptis, grimace, Ch. SI. 0-sipnq.ti, raucescere. 
 
 caoillean, a twig or osier for wicker, M. Ir. cdelach; from cool, slender. 
 
 caoimheach, a bedfellow (Sh.), Ir. caoimhthech, E. Ir. com-aithech, 
 neighbour ; see aitheach. Also caomhach, friend, bedfellow. 
 The latter seems from, or influenced by, caomh. 
 
 caoiinhneas, kindness. This word is supposed by folk etymology 
 to be from caomh, kind, whereas it is really allied to 0. Ir. 
 coibnes, affinitas, * co-ven^estii-, root ven at fine, q.v. The ao is 
 short in caoimhneas and long in caomh. 
 
 caoin, kind, mild, so Ir., 0. Ir. cdin, kind, beautiful [W. cain ?] : 
 *koini-, root koi, kei of caomh, q.v. Stokes gives base as 
 kainl-, and Bezzenberger compares Gr. Kaivva-Oai, excel, Ch. 
 SI. sinati, gleam forth. If the base idea were " beauty," Eng. 
 shine might be compared. 
 
62 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 caoin, the exterior surface of cloth, right side, rind, sward ; from 
 caoin, gentle, polished ? 
 
 caoin, weep, so Ir., 0. Ir. c6inim, edinim, 0. W. <yidnhaumt, 
 deflebunt, Br. ccyiten, queiniff, *koinid ; qein, qin ; Eng. whine, 
 Norse hvina, whirr ; Gr. Kivvp6% wailing. See caoidh. 
 
 caoinich, dry, make dry (as hay by the sun), caoin, seasoned ; 
 from the adj. caoin 1 
 
 caoir, a blaze, stream of sparks, a coal, Ir. caor, E. Ir. cder, *kairo; 
 Eng. hoar (*kairo-), Teat, root hai in Norse hei&, atmospheric 
 clearness, 0. H. G. Jiei, heat, Eng. heat ; Skr. kitus, light. 
 More near are Gr. ki/jis (lamp, Hes.), Skr. Mrdna, a ray, 
 Mrikd, sparkling. The root skei of Eng. shine, Got. skeirs, 
 clear, has been also suggested. 
 
 caoirean, a plaintive song ; also caoi-rd.n,. moaning (H.S.D.). The 
 root word is caoidh ; possibly ran, roar, forms the latter part. 
 
 caoirnean, a drop of sheep or goats' dung, a drop or globule ; cf. 
 Ir. caoirin, a little berry, little sheep, from caor, berry, caora, 
 sheep. The two ideas seem confused in Gaelic. 
 
 caol, slender, so Ir., 0. Ir. c&il, W., Cor. cul, 0. Br. cided, macies, 
 *koilo- ; Lett, kdils, naked ; Lat. caelebs, single ? Gr. koiXos, 
 hollow 1 Hence caol ; caolas, a firth or Kyle. 
 
 caolan, gut, intestine, Ir. caoldn, E. Ir. coeldn, 0. W. coition, exta ; 
 from caol. 
 
 caomh, tender, kind, so Ir., E. Ir. coem, 0. Ir. cdim, W. cu, 0. W. 
 cum, Br. cuff, cun, debonnaire, *koimo-, root kei, lie ; Gr. 
 Koifhaw, put to rest, Kiifxai,, lie ; Got. hdims, a village, Ag. S. 
 hdm, Eng. home. The idea is " restful." 
 
 caomhach, bedfellow, friend, Ir. caomthach, friend ; see caoimlieach, 
 and cf. Ir. caomhaighim, I protect, cherish, from cacrnih. 
 
 caomhain, spare, save, caomhnadh, sparing, Ir. caomhnaim, 
 preserve, keep, protect, caomhaighim, caomhnuighim, preserve. 
 The last form seems the most original, if we refer the root to 
 0. Ir. anich, protegit, aingim, I protect {a^nah), root nak and 
 nank, as in adhlac, thig, etc. The form nak is more particu- 
 larly allied to Skr. nd^ati, reach, Lit. neszii, draw. The G. 
 verb may have been * com-anich-. It is possible to derive it 
 from caomh with caomhuin as an inf. form which usurped the 
 place of the present stem. 
 
 caonnag, strife, tumult, Ir. caonndg, strife, a nest of wild bees : 
 *kais-no-, root kais, hai, heat, Eng. heat, G. caoir ? 
 
 eaor, berry of the rowan, a mountain berry, Ir. caor, 0. Ir. cder, 
 bacca, W. cair, berries, ceirion, berry, *kaird. It is seemingly 
 the same word as caoir, blaze, the idea arising probably from 
 the red rowan berries. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 63 
 
 caora, a sheep, Ir. caora, g. caorach, 0. Ir. cdera, *cairax, from 
 
 *ka{p)erax, allied to Lat. caper, a goat, Gr. Korrpos, a boar, 
 
 Eng. heifer. Of. W. caerivirch, roebuck, 
 caorrunn, the rowan tree, Ir. caorthann, E. Ir. caerthann, W. 
 
 cerddin, Br. kerzin, * eairo-tann, from caor, berry, and *tann, 
 
 tree, Br. tann, oak, Cor. glas-tannen. The connection with 
 
 0. H. G. tanna, fir, oak, M. H. G. tan, wood, Ger. tarme, fir, 
 
 Eug. tan, tanner (Gr. 6a.fi,vos, bush ?) is doubtful ; it would 
 
 necessitate the idea of borrowing, or that the Celtic word was 
 
 dann. 
 capa, a cap ; from the Eng. cap. 
 capuU, a horse, mare (more commonly), so Ir., E. Ir. capall, Br. 
 
 caval ; from Lat. caballus, whence Eng. cavalry, etc. caple (M. 
 
 Eng. capil, from Celt.). Norse kapall, nag, seems borrowed 
 
 from Gaelic. The W. is ceffyl, with remarkable vocalisation. 
 car, a turn, twist, Ir. cor, M. Ir. cor ( = cuairt, O'CL), 0. Ir. curv., 
 
 gyros, W. cor-wyni, turbo, M. Br. coruent, *huro- ; Lat. curvus ; 
 
 Gr. KUjOTos, curved. See cruinn. 
 car, friendly, related to, Ir. cdra{d), a friend. See caraid for the 
 
 usual root, 
 caraich, move, stir, Ir corruighim, from corrach, unsteady. The 
 
 G. confuses this with car, turn. 
 oaraid, a friend, so Ir., 0. Ir. cara, g. carat, *harant- ; 0. Ir. verb 
 
 carim, caraim, I love, W. caraf, amo, Br. quaret, amare, Gaul. 
 
 carantus, Garactacus, etc. ; Lat. cdrus, dear, Eng. charity, etc. ; 
 
 Got. kdrs, meretrix. 
 caraid, a pair, couple, Ir. cdraid, E. Ir. corait : 
 carainnean, refuse of threshed barley, Ir. carra, bran ; see 
 
 carthuinnich. 
 caralst, catechism ; from Sc. carriteh, a corruption of catechise. 
 caramasg, contest, confusion (Arm., M'F.) : from car and measg ? 
 caramh, beside ; see caruihh. 
 carbad, a chariot, so Ir., 0. Ir. carpat, W. cerbyd, 0. Br. cerpit, 
 
 Gaul. Carpentoracte, Carbantia, *lcarhanto- ; Lat. corbis, a 
 
 basket ; Norse hrip, pannier for peats on horse-back. Lat. 
 
 carpentum (Eng. carpenter, etc.), seems borrowed from Gaulish. 
 
 The root idea is " wicker," referring to the basket character 
 
 of the body of these chariots. 
 carbad, jaw, jaw-bone, so Ir., W. car yr Sn (car of the mouth), Br. 
 
 karvan. The idea is " mouth chariot," from the resemblance 
 
 between the lower jaw and the old wicker chariots, 
 carbh, engrave, cave ; from the English. 
 carbhaidh, carraway-seed ; from the English. 
 carbhanach, a carp, Ir. carbhdn, Manx carroo ; from Norse karfi, 
 
 Eng. carp. 
 
64 ETtMOtOGICAL DICTiONABY 
 
 carcair, a prison, sewer in a cow-house, Ir. carcar, prison, E. Ir. 
 
 carcair (do.) ; from Lat. career, prison, barrier, 
 carcais, a carcase ; from the English. 
 card, card wool, Ir. cardaighim ; from the Eng. card. 
 cargo, a cargo, load ; from the English. 
 Carghus, Lent, torment, Ir. Corghas, M. Ir. corgus, W. garawys ; 
 
 from Lat. quadragesima. 
 cirlag, a lock of wool (Sh., H.S.D), carla, a wool-card (Sh., Coneys 
 
 for Ir.); * card-la-, from card of Eng. For phonetics, cf. 
 
 birleach. 
 carlas, excellence, Ir. carlamh, excellent ; * co-er-lam-, erlam, 
 
 clever, * air-lam ? For lam, see ullamh. 
 cArn, heap of stones, cairn, Ir. cam, E. Ir, W. cam, Br. karn, 
 
 *kar-no-, root kar, be hard ; Gr. Kjoavads, rock (/c/Jot-, nap) ; 
 
 further Eng. hard, harsh. See carraig. 
 earn, a homing. The G. seems a confusion between com, horn, 
 
 Eng. horn, put to the horn, and cam. M'F. gives air cham 
 
 for " outlawed," c&m-eaglais, excommunication, 
 cam, a sledge, cart, peat cart (Dial.), Ir. carr, dray, waggon, 
 
 E. Ir. carr, biga, W. carr, biga, 0. Br. carr, vehiculum (gl.), 
 
 Gaul, carros, Latinised into carrus (whence, through Fr., 
 
 Eng. chariot, career, carry, cargo, charge) ; from Celt, karso- ; 
 
 Lat. currus (qvors-), from qrs : Eng. horse, hurry. 
 carnaid, red ; from Eng. carnation. 
 carnag, (1) a she-terrier, (2) a small fish found in stony shores at 
 
 ebb-tide. The first meaning seems founded on cam, flesh, 
 
 from Lat. caro, camis ; the latter from cam, cairn, 
 carr, the flesh of the seal and whale (Heb. ; Carmichael) ; founded 
 
 on obsolete cam, flesh ? 
 carr, the itch, mange, superficial roughness, Ir. carr ; carrach, 
 
 sdabby, M. Ir. carrach, *karsdko-, from *kars, be rough, hard ; 
 
 cf. Eng. harsh {*horsqs), and hard, Lit. krasta, the itch 
 
 (*kors-ta-) ; fm-ther root kar, to be hard, rough. For carr, 
 
 rocky shelf, Ir. carr, rock, see carraig. 
 carrachan, a frog-fish, called " cobler," Ir. carrachdn, the rock fish 
 
 called cobler (Coneys). From cmrr, a rock. Also the word 
 
 means " the wild liquorice root" — carra-m^ille, q.v. 
 carragh, a pillar stone, Ir. carrthadh, cartha, E. Ir. corthe. The 
 
 root, despite the vocalic difficulty caused by the E. Ir. form, is 
 
 likely the same as in carraig ; yet cf. kor of cuir, set. 
 carraid, conflict; from the root kars in carr, "rough-work?" 
 carraig, rock, so Ir., 0. Ir. carric, W. careg, 0. W. carrecc, Br. 
 
 karrek, *karsekki; from root kars, hard, rough ; Norwegian 
 
 herreti, hard, stiff, harren, hard, Eng. harsh, hard (root kar). 
 
 See carr. 
 
OF THB GAELIC LANGUAGE. 65 
 
 carra-meille, wild liquorice, wood pease, Ir. carra-mhilis. The 
 
 name is explained as " knots of honey," the carra being the 
 
 same as carr, and meille the gen. of mil. Hence Sc. carmele, &c. 
 carran, spurrey, spergula arvensis, Ir. carrdn, scurvy graas. From 
 
 the root Tears of carr. Carran also means a " shrimp," and is 
 
 of the same origin, 
 carran-creige, the conger ; see carran above. 
 carrasan, hoarseness, wheezing, Ir. cars&n ; from the root kars, be 
 
 rough. See cd,rr. 
 cart, a quart, Ir. cart ; from the Eng. qva,rt, Lat. quartus. 
 cartan, a small brown insect that eats into the flesh, Ir. cartdn, a 
 
 small brown insect that eats into the flesh, a crab. A 
 
 Gadelicised form of partan, q.v. 
 carthannach, affectionate, charitable, Ir. cdrthannach ; from Lat. 
 
 caritas. 
 carthuinnich, dwell apart as in a cave, separate (M'F.). Cf. 
 
 caruinnean, refuse of threshed corn, caruinnich, winnow. 
 
 Possibly from the root kar, separate, a form of the root in 
 
 sgar, q.v. 
 caruibh, an caruibh, beside, near. This is the dat. pi. of car. 
 cas, foot, leg, Ir. cos, 0. Ir. coss, W. coes, *koksd ; Lat. coxa, hip ; 
 
 M. H. (ir. hahse, bend of the knee ; Skr. kdkshas, armpit. 
 cas, steep, sudden, Ir. casach, an ascent, M. Ir. cass, rapid, *kasto-; 
 
 Eng. haste. 
 cas, curled, Ir., M. Ir. cas, curly, casaim, flecto ; *qasto-, root qas ; 
 
 Norse Iwddr (has-da-), hair, Eng. hair ; Lit. kasa, hair-plait, 
 
 Ch. SI. kosa, hair (Kluge). Stokes compares it with Lat. 
 
 quasillum, a basket, root quas. 
 cas, gnash the teeth, Ir. cais, hate, W. cds, hate, Br. cas, *cad-s~to- ; 
 
 Eng. hate, Ger. hass, Got. hatis. Of the same ultimate origin 
 
 as cas, sudden (Strachan). 
 cas, a difficulty, Ir. cds ; from Lat. casus (Eng. case). 
 casad, casd, a cough, Ir. casachdach, W. -pds, peswch, Br. pas, 
 
 *qasto-; Eng. host, Ag. S. hvdsta, Ger. kusten.; Lit. kdsiu; 
 
 Skr. kdsaie, coughs, 
 casag, a cassock, Ir. casdg ; from the Eng. The E. Ir. word is 
 
 casal, from Lat. casula. 
 casaid, a complaint, accusation, Ir. casaoid, 0. Ir. cossdit. The 
 
 word is a compound, beginning with con, and seemingly of 
 
 the same origin as faosaid, q.v. Stokes thinks that the word 
 
 is borrowed from the Lat. causatio ; this is not likely, however. 
 casair, sea drift, Ir. casair, a shower, E. Ir. casair, hail, W. cesair 
 
 (do.), Br. kazerc'h (do.), *kassri-, *kad-tri- ; from root cad as 
 
 in Lat. cado, fall. The Ir. and G. (?) casair, phosphorescence, 
 
 seems to be the same word. 
 
 9 
 
66 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 casan, a path, Ir. casdn ; from cas, foot. 
 
 casan, a rafter, roof-tree ; from cas ? 
 
 casgair, slay, butcher, so Ir., 0. Ir. coscar, victory, destruction ; 
 
 * CO -scar ; see sgar. 
 casnaid, chips of wood (Arm.), Ir. easnaidh ; *co + snaidh, q.v. 
 caspanach, parallel (Sh.), Ir. cospanach (O'E.) ; *co-8pann ; see 
 
 castan, a chestnut ; from Lat. castanea, through M. Eng. castane, 
 chesnut. 
 
 castaran, a measure for butter (^ stone) ; from the Eng. castor. 
 
 castreaghainn, the straw on a kiln below the grain (Arm., not 
 H.S.D.) : 
 
 cat, a cat, so Jr., E. Ir. catt, W. cath, Cor. hat, Br. Tcaz, Gaul. 
 Cattos ; Lat. catta, perhaps also catulus ; Eng. cat, Ger. hatze, 
 ifec. It is a word of doubtful origin ; possibly, however, 
 Celtic, and applied first to the wild cat, then to the tame 
 Egyptian cat introduced in the early centuries of the Chris- 
 tian era. 
 
 cata, c^ta, sheep-cot, pen ; from Eng. cot. 
 
 eatadh, catachadh, taming, catadh (M'F.) ; cf. tataich. 
 
 catag, potato cellar (Dialectic) ; see cata. 
 
 catas, refuse at carding of wool, Ir. codas, cotton, scraping of 
 linen rags ; from Eng. caddis. See further under caiteas. 
 
 cath, battle, Ir., 0. Ir. cath, W. cad, 0. W. cat. Cor. cas, Gaul. 
 catu- ; 0. H. G. hadu-, fight, Ag. S hea<?o-, Ger. hader, con- 
 tention ; Skr. catru, enemy ; Gr. kotos, wrath. 
 
 cath, chaff, husks of corn, Ir., 0. Ir. cditk, W. coden, a bag, husk, 
 pod (?), *huti-, root kdt, kat, as in caith, spend, cast. 
 
 cathachadh, provoking, accusing, fighting, Ir. cathaighim ; from 
 cath, fight. 
 
 cathadh, snow-drift, Ir. cdthadh, snow-drift, seardrift ; cf. M. Ir. 
 cila, gen. cuadh, W. cawod, O. Cor. cowes, nimbus, Br. kaouad, 
 *havat (Stokes) ; allied to Eng. shower. It is possible to 
 refer the G. word to the root of caith, cath. 
 
 cathair, a city, Ir., E. Ir. catJiair, 0. Ir. cathir (*kastrex), W. 
 caer, Br. kaer, *kastro- ; Lat. castrum, fort (Stokes). The 
 root seems to be cat, cats ; the phonetics are the same as in 
 piuthar for the final part of the word. 
 
 cathair, a chair, Ir. cathaoir, E. Ir. cathair, W. cadair, Br. hador ; 
 from Lat. cathedra, whence also, through Fr., Eng. chair. 
 
 cathan, a wild goose with black bill (Heb.) ; see cadhan. 
 
 cathan-aodaich, a web (M'D.) : 
 
 cathar, mossy ground ; see cair. 
 
 cathlunn, a com (Sh. ; not in H.S.D.) ; formed on Lat. callum. 
 See calum. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 67 
 
 catluibli, cudwort ; see cadhluibh. 
 
 cb, c^ath, cream, M. Ir. ceo, milk ; cf. Br. koavenn, which suggests 
 
 a form keivo- (cf. gle from gleivo-), root kei, sl-ei, shade, cover, 
 
 as in Gr. o-klo., shadow, Ger. schemen (do.) ? The Br. koavenn 
 
 has been referred to *co + hu,fen, W. hufen, cream. Cf. ceo, 
 
 mist, " covering." 
 ce, the earth, used only in the phrase an cruinne ce, the (round) 
 
 earth, Ir., E. Ir. ce, for hith ehe, on this earth. The ce is 
 
 supposed to be for " this," from the pronominal root kei, Gr. 
 
 KEtvos, he, Lat. ce, cis, Eng. he. The root kei, go, move (Lat. 
 
 do, Gr. Ki'o)) has also been suggested. 
 ceaba, ceibe, the iron part of a spade or other delving instrument ; 
 
 see caibe. 
 c^abhar, a fine breeze (Heb.) : 
 ceach, au interjection of dislike ; see the next word. 
 ceacharra, dirty, mean, Ir. ceachair, dirt, M. Ir. cecharda, *kekari- ; 
 
 from kek, the e form of the root kak seen in cac, q.v. 
 ceachladh, digging, Ir. eeachlaim, 0. Ir. ro-cechladatar, sufFoderunt, 
 
 *ee-elad-, a reduplicated or perfect form of the root clad of G. 
 
 cladh, q.v. 
 cead, permission, so Ir., 0. Ir. cet, *ces-do-; Lat. cedo, I yield (for 
 
 ces-do). 
 ceadan, bunch or lock of wool : 
 ceadha, the part of the plough on which the share is fixed. Also 
 
 ceidhe. Both words are used for Eng. qvuy. 
 ceafan, a frivolous person (Dialectic) : 
 ceaird, a trade, E. Ir. cerd ; see ceard. 
 ceal, stupor, forgetfulness, Ir. ceal, forgetfulness ; from the root 
 
 qel of ceil, conceal. Of. E. Ir. eel, death, 
 cealaich, the fire-place of a kiln : 
 
 cealaich, eat (Kirk), Ir. cealaim ; root qel as in Lat. colo 1 
 cealg, guile, treachery, so Ir., E. Ir. celg, *kelgd ; Arm. keXch'', 
 
 hypocrisy. The further root is qel of ceil. 
 ceall, g. cille, a church, so Ir., E. Ir. cell ; from Lat. cella, a cell, 
 
 a hermit's cell especially, whence the Gadelic iise. Hence 
 
 cealloir, superior of a cell, and the name Mackellar. 
 cealtar, broad-cloth, Ir. cealtair, clothes, E. Ir. cellar, celt, raiment ; 
 
 from qel, cover, as in ceil, q.v. 
 ceana, whither, for c'iona, c'ionadh ? Cf. Ir. cd h-ionad. See 
 
 ionadh. 
 ceanalta, mild, kind, so Ir. ; from *cen, as in don, jcean, love, 
 
 desire. See don. 
 ceangal, a tie, binding, so Ir., E. Ir., cengal, W. cengl ; from Lat. 
 
 dngulum, vb. dngo, I bind, Eng. cinctwre. 
 
OS ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 ceann, head, so Ir., 0. Ir. cend, cenn, W., Br. penn, Gaul. Penno-, 
 *qenno-. Perhaps for qen-no-, root qen (labialised), begin, 
 Ch. SI. koni, beginning, as in ceW, first. The difficulty is that 
 the other labialising languages and the Brittonic branch other- 
 wise show no trace of labialisation for qen. Windisch, followed 
 by Brugmann, suggested a stem kvindo-, I. E. root Icvi, Skr. 
 fvi, swell, Gr. IltvSos, Pindus Mount ; but the root vowel is 
 not i, even granting the possible labialisation of kvi, which 
 does not take place in Greek. 
 
 ceannach, , a purchasing, so Jr., E. Ir. cennaigim, I buy, 0. Ir. 
 cennige, lixa, caingen, negotium : 
 
 ceannairc, rebellion, turbulence, so Ir. ; * ceann + arc; for root 
 are, see adharc. For meaning cf. Eng. headstvong, W. 
 penSest (do.). 
 
 ceannard, commander, chief, Ir. ceannd/rd, arrogant, commanding : 
 " high-headed," from ceann and ard. 
 
 ceannrach, ceannraig (Cam.), a bridle or horse's head-gear, Ir. 
 ceannrach ; from ceann -I- rack. For rack (root rig), see 
 cuibhreach, arachas. 
 
 ceannsaich, subdue, tame, Ir. ceannsaighim ; from ceannas, superi- 
 ority, " head-ness," from ceann and the abst. termination as. 
 Similarly ceannsal, rule. 
 
 ceap, a block, so Ir., E. Ir. cepp, W. cyff, Br. kef; from Lat. cippus. 
 
 ceap, catch, stop. This word seems borrowed from the Sc. kep, of 
 like meaning, a bye-form of Eng. keep. The Ir. ceap, bound, 
 bind, stop (?), seems from ceap above. 
 
 fceapach, a tillage plot, Ir. ceapach. This Stokes refers to a 
 Celtic keppo-, garden, root kep, kdp, Lat. campus, Gr. k^ttos, 
 garden, Ger. liMbe, piece of land. Satisfactory though the 
 meaning be, the derivation is doubtful as involving the pre- 
 servation of p, even though flanked by a second /< (or -no-, 
 i.e., kep-no-, which is still more doubtful). Perhaps from 
 ceap, a block, in the sense of a " holding." Hence the common 
 place-name Keppoch. 
 
 ceapag, a verse, an impromptu verse, carelessly sung verse, E. Ir. 
 cepdc, a chorus song : a rare word in Ir., and said to be Sc. 
 Gaelic for Ir. aidhsi, great chorus. Prom ceap, catch ? cf. 
 Eng. catch, a chorus verse. Zimmer suggests that it staiads 
 for Ce P6c, " kiss here (?)", sung by the girls as a refrain at 
 gatherings ! 
 
 ceapaire, bread covered with butter, etc., Ir. ceapaire ; from ceap, 
 a block. Cf. ceapag, a wheel-barrow wheel. 
 
 cearb, a rag, piece, so Ir., E. Ir. cerp, cutting, cerbaim ; *krbh, 
 skrbh ; Gr. Ka.p^o% twig, Eng. shrub ; * {s)ker, cut, divide. Cf . 
 W. carp, rag, cerpyn. Bezzenberger cfs. M. H. G. herb, asper. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 69 
 
 cearc, a hen, so Ii\, M. Ir. cej-c, *cercd ; from I. E. qerqo, to sound, 
 heuce " a noise-making bird " ; Gr. KcpKo^, a cock, k/oe^, a 
 fowl ; Lat. (pierquedula, a teal, 0. Prus. kerku, a diver ; Skr. 
 krka-vdkus, a cock. 
 
 cearcall, a hoop, so Jr. ; from L. Lat. drculus, circuUus, a hoop, 
 from drculus, a circle. 
 
 ce^rd, a craftsman, Ir. c4ard, E. Ir. cerd, W. cerdd, art ; Lat. cerdo, 
 craftsman ; Gr. kc/jSos, gain. 
 
 ceardach, a smithy, Ir. ceardeha. 0. Ir. cerddchae ; from cerd + eae, 
 the latter word cae meaning a hovise in Ir., a Celtic kaio-n, 
 allied to Eng. home. 
 
 ceard-dubhan, scarabseus, dung-beetle, hornet (H.S.D. for form), 
 ceardaman (M'A) ; see ceamabhan. 
 
 cearmanta, tidy (Arm.) : 
 
 cearn, a comer, quarter, Ir. ceam, cearna, angle, corner, E. Ir. cern; 
 evidently an e form of the stem found in corn, horn, q.v. 
 
 ceamabhan, a hornet, Ir. ceamabhan ; from *cerno-. Of. Eng. 
 hornet (*h's-en-), Lat. crabro. 
 
 ce&rr, wrong, left (hand), E. Ir. cerr, *kerso- ; Lat. cerritus, crazed; 
 Gr. eyKaptrio^, slantwise ; Lit. skersas, crooked. 
 
 cearrach, a gamester, Ir. cearrhhach, a gamester, dexterous 
 gambler. Cf. G. cearrbhag, eearrag, the left hand, the use 
 of which was considered in plays of chance as " sinister." 
 
 ceaTt, right, so Ir., E. Ir. cert ; Lat. certus, certain, sure, cerno, 
 discern ; Gr. Kpivw, judge, Kpi-nj^, a judge, Eng. critic. 
 
 ceasad, a complaint (M'F.), Ir. ceasacht, grumbling, M. Ir. 
 cesnaighim, complain, ces, sorrow, *qes-to- ; Ijat. questus, 
 queror, I complain, querela, Eng. quarrel. 
 
 ceasnaich, examine, catechise, Ir. ceasnuighim ; from Lat. qucestio, 
 qucestionis, Eng. question. Stokes (Bk. of Lis.) has suggested 
 that the Lat. and Gadelic are cognate ; though possible (qais, 
 qis may become by umlaut ces in G.), it is improbable from 
 the stem form in n persisting in the G. verb. 
 
 ceathach, mist ; this is reiiUy the old stem of ceo, mist, E. Ir. 
 ciach, q.v. Ir. ceathach, showery, is from cith a shower. 
 
 ceathairne, yeomanry, the portion of a population fit for warfare ; 
 see ceatham. 
 
 ceatharn, a troop, so Ir., E. Ir. cdthem, *ketemd; Lat. caterva, 
 troop, catena, a chain ; 0. SI. ceta, company (Stokes). It 
 has also been regarded as borrowed from Lat. quatermio, 
 which in the Vulg. means a " body of four soldiers," quater- 
 nion. Hence Eng. cateran, kern. 
 
 ceidhe, quay, coulter-place, Ir. ceigh, quay. See ceadha. 
 
 ceig, a mass of shag, clot, ceigein, a tuft, a fat man. From 
 Scandinavian kagge, round mass, keg, corpulent man or 
 
70 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 animal, whence Eng. keg ; Norse kaggi, cask, Norwegian 
 kayge, round mass. 
 
 ceig, a kick ; from the Eng. 
 
 ceil, conceal, Ir. ceilim, 0. Ir. celim, W. celu, 1. E. qel ; Lat. cMu, 
 Eng. con-ceal ; Ag. S. Man, hide, Eng. Hell ; Gr. /caAwrw, 
 hide ; Skr. kdla, darkness. 
 
 ceile, spouse, fellow, so Ir., 0. Ir. cele, socius, W. cilydd {y gilydd 
 = a cliAile of G.=eguille of Br.), *keiljo-, " way-farer," from 
 kei, go (Lat. cio, move, Gr. kiu), go, Kiveia, move, kinetics). 
 The idea is the same as in Ir. setig, wife, from se't, way. 
 Strachan thinks that G. and W. demand a stem ceglio- ; and 
 Dr Stokes thinks that, if ce'le, servus, is different from cdle, 
 fellow, it must come from kak-lio- (better keklio-), and be 
 allied to Lat. eacula, a servant. Hence Ceilidh, a gossiping 
 visit or meeting. 
 
 ceileach, martial (H.S.D.), Ir. ceallach, war, M. Ir. cellack, war ; 
 Teut. hildi-, war, Lat. per-cellere, hit. 
 
 ceileir, chirping of birds, Ir. ceileabhar, ceileabhrach, musical, 
 M. Ir. ceilebradh eoin, singing of birds, E. Ir. celebrad, a cele- 
 brating or observance, a welcome of joy; from Lat. celebratio. 
 
 C^illidh, wise, sober, Ir. ceillidhe ; from ciall. 
 
 ceilp, kelp ; from Eng. 
 
 c6in, remote ; really the oblique form of dan, q.v. 
 
 c6ir, wax, Ir., M. Ir. ceir, W. cwyr, 0. W. kuyr. Cor. coir, Br. coar ; 
 from Lat. cera, wax. 
 
 c6ir, c6ire, the buttock ; see peire. 
 
 ceirein, a plaster, a " clout," Ir., M. Ir. ceirin, a plaster ; from 
 c^ir, wax. 
 
 ceirtle, a clew, ball of yarn, Ir. ceirsle (so G. too), ceirtlin, 0. Ir. 
 certle, glomus, * kertillid ; from I. E. qert, wind, bend ; Skr. 
 kart, spin ; Lat. cartilago, Eng. cartilage ; Gr. KapraXos, 
 basket ; Eng. hurdle. 
 
 ceis, a case, hamper ; from Eng. case. Ir. ceis, basket, M. Ir. ceiss, 
 is a different word, possibly allied to, if not borrowed from, 
 Lat. cista (Stokes). From Ir. ceis comes ceis-chrann, poly- 
 pody, given in H.S.D. from O'R. 
 
 ceisd, a question, so Ir., E. Ir. ceist ; from Lat. quosstio. Hence 
 ceisdein, a sweetheart, founded on " ceisd mo chridhe" — 
 darling (i.e., question, anxiety) of my heart. 
 
 c6iseach, large, corpulent woman ; see cebs. 
 
 C^itein, May, 0. Ir. cetam (g. cetaman), cetsoman (cetshaman) in 
 Cor. Gl., where it is explained as cdt-sam-sin, the first weather- 
 motion of sam or summer. The word means the " first of 
 summer" — c4t -H saw,-, the sam of samhradh, q.v. The termina- 
 tion is possibly influenced by other time words. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 71 
 
 ceithir, four, Ir. ceathair (n.), ceithre (adj.), 0. Ir. cethir, W. 
 pedwar, Cor. peswar, Br. pevar, Gaul, petor-, *qeiveres, I. E. 
 qetvor ; Lat. quatnor ; Gr. reTTapes ; Got. fidvdr, Eng. /oMr ; 
 Lit. keturi ; Skr. catot^rcw. 
 
 ce6, mist, Ir. ce8, E. Ir. ceo, g. ciacA, *cevox, g. *cevocos, I. E. sg'ew- 
 Lat. obscurus, Norse sAy, cloud, Eng. «>l:y. The idea is 
 " covering." 
 
 ceob, a dark nook, corner : 
 
 cedban, small drizzle : ceo + boinne or -bainne, "mist-drop." The 
 Ir. is cedbhrdn, for ceo + braon. This last is G. ciuran, q.v. 
 Hence ceopach (for cedbnach ?). Also ceopan. 
 
 eeol, music, Ir., E. Ir. cedl, g. ciuil, *kipolo-, a Gadelicised form of 
 *pipolo ; onomatopoetic root pip, Lat. ptpilo, chirp, pipilum, 
 outcry, pipo, chirp, Ag. S. pipe, Eng. pipe (hence W. pib, G. 
 piob, etc.) Stokes and Rhys have given a Celtic qeqlo- for 
 stem, allied to W. pib, pipe. For phonetics, see febil. 
 
 ce6s, the hip, podex ; see ceus, poples. Hence ceosach, broad- 
 skirted, bulkj', clumsy. 
 
 ceosan, burr or light down of feathers ; see ceuK, wool of legs, etc. 
 
 ceud, first, Ir. cecui, 0. Ir. cet, W. cynt, formerly, cyntaf, first, Br. 
 kent, kenta (do.), Gaul. Cinivr, '^kentu- ; allied to W. cann, 
 with, Gr. Kara, down, against { — knta), Lat. contra. Furtlier 
 allied is possibly (a.nd this is the usual derivation) I. E. qen, 
 begin, Lat. re-cens, Eng. recent ; Gr. koivos ( = Kavids), new ; 
 Skr. kand, young ; Ch. SI. koni, beginning. Some again have 
 compared Tout, kind as iu Eng. hindmost. 
 
 ceud, a hundred, so Ir., 0. Ir. cet, W. cant, Cor. cans, Br. kant, 
 *kiit(i-n; Lat. centum; Gr. e/cardv [ = se-knton) ; Got. hund, 
 Eng. hund-reA ; Lit. snmtas ; Skr. catdm. 
 
 ceudfadn, sense, Ir. ceadfadh, 0. Ir. cethaid, W. canfod, to perceive, 
 *cant-buti^, " with-being," from ceud, with, first, and bu, be. 
 
 ceudna, the same, so Ir., O. Ir. cetna, *centinio-s ; from ceud, first. 
 
 ceum, a step, Ir. ceim, 0. Ir. ceimm, W., Cor. cam, 0. W. cemmein, 
 gradibus, Br. kam, *kngmen-, verb *kengd, I go, Ir. cinyim, 
 Gaul. Cingeio-Tix, "king of marching men" — of warriors: 
 I. E. kheng, limp ; Ger. hinken, limp ; Skr. khanj, limp. 
 
 ceus, ham, poples : *cencso- ; Lit. kenkle, hough, bend of the knee, 
 kinka, knee joint ; Ag. S. h6h ( = hanx), Eng. hoitgh (Strachan 
 for Lit.). The gen. is cebis, whence cebs, etc. 
 
 ceus, the coarse part of the wool on sheep's legs (Heb.), M. Ir 
 ceslach ; from ceus, ham. 
 
 ceus, crucify, Ir. c^asaim, ceusaim, 0. Ir. cessaim, sufifer, * kentsd 
 sufler : I. E. qentho ; Gr. irkvdo^, TrdOo';, suffering, Eng. jMthos ; 
 Lit. kenczii, suffering. 
 
 centach, becoming ; see ciatach. 
 
I J, ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cha, cha'n, Ir. nocha n-, M. Ir. ni co n-, no co n-, 0. Ir. ni eon', ni 
 con. Cha, with the past tense, is for ni con, i.e., na gu'n, 
 q.v. ; elm, cha 'n, with the pres. and fut., is for ni co no, where 
 ni CO is the same as ni con or 6. na gu 'n, while the no is an 
 otherwise lost particle, nu or no of 0. Ir., going along with 
 the pres. and fut. to denote the now-nes& of the action. It is 
 allied to Gr. vv, now, Lat. nunc, Skr. nu. Got., Ger. nu, Eng. 
 now. Lit. nu. 
 
 chaidh, went, ivit, Ir. dochuaidh, 0. Ir. dochdid, he went, *coud- ; 
 Skr. codati, make haste, codayati, drive, c6da, a goad ; Eng. 
 slioot. ' See deach. 
 
 chaoidh, for ever, Ir. choidhche, E. Ir. chaidche, coidchi ; for co- 
 aidehe, gu oidliche, " till night." 
 
 chean', cheana, already, Ir. cheana, E. Ir. chena, in sooth, quidem, 
 jam, ol chena, ar chena, 0. Ir. cene, olchene, *Mnai, root M, 
 kei (Eng. he, Lat. cis, Gr. Ketx^os, he) 1 
 
 chi, will see, Ir. ehidhim, cMm, 0. Ir. atchi, videt, *ad-cesi6, 
 *kesid ; Skr. caksh, see, ior*ca-kas; Lat. canus (*cas-no-'l), 
 grey ; Ag. S. hasu, grey, Eng. hare. See chunnaic, faic. The 
 aspiration of chl is due to the lost ad- initial, which is con- 
 fused with the verbal particle do, a. 
 
 oho, CO, as, so, Ir. comh, W. cj/n ; from com, with. See comh-. 
 Gaehc " Cho dubh ri feannag" = Welsh " Cyn ddued a'r fran." 
 
 chon, to ; dialectic form of gu. The n belongs to the article. 
 Also thun ; q.v. Compare chugad and thugad to chon and 
 thun in phonetics. 
 
 chuala, heard, Ir. do chuala, 0. Ir. rochuala, W. cigleu, *kuklova ; 
 root kleu as in cluinn, q.v. 
 
 chugad, towards thee, so Ir., 0. Ir. chumit, *cu-aih-t, where the 
 prep. CM or gu, to, is reduplicated. See gu. The t or -ut is 
 for tu, q.v. So with chuga, chuige, etc. 
 
 chum, chum, a chum, to, for, in order to, Ir. chum, do chum, O. Ir. 
 dochum n-, docliom n- ; an idiomatic use of com, side ? Cf. 
 Eng. side, beside. 
 
 chun, to, until ; see chon. 
 
 chunnaic, saw, Ir. choncadar, they saw, 0. Ir. conaca, vidi ; from 
 con +faic ; for con, see comh-, and see faic. The old past was 
 chunnairc, still used in Ir. as chonnairc, from con-i-dearc, q.v. 
 
 eia, who, what, Ir. cia, 0. Ir. cm, W. pivy. Cor. pyu, Br. piu, * qei ; 
 Lat. qui (Old Lat. guei). See further under co. 
 
 ciabh, a lock of hair, so Ir., E. Ir dab : *kes-abu-, kes of cos ? 
 
 Ciadaoin, Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday, Ir. Ceadaoin, 0. Ir. cdtdin, 
 first fast, " Day of the First Fast." The first weekly fast was 
 the latter half of Wednesday, the next was Friday — 
 Bi-h-aoine. Thursday is the day " Between two fasts" — 
 Diardaoin, q.v. See further under Di-. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 73 
 
 ciagach, sly-humoured (Dialectic) : 
 
 cial, side or brim of a vessel ; see ciobhuU. 
 
 ciall, sense, understanding, Ir., 0. Ir. ciall, W. pwi/ll, Cor. pull, 
 
 Br. poell, *qeisld : I. E. qei, observe, see, shine ; Gr. tvlvvto's, 
 
 wise ; Skr. cetati, perceive, cittam, thought, cinoti, discover ; 
 
 further Ger. heiter, clear. 
 ciamhair, sad (Sh., Arm.), Ir. ciamhair, ciamlmire (O'Cl., O'Br.) : 
 cian, remote, so Ir., 0. Ir. dan, *keino- ; from the pronominal 
 
 root kei, there, Gr. keivos, ille, Lat. cis, citra, Eng. /le. Others 
 
 have referred it to root qei, qi, Skr. dras, long, Got. hveila, 
 
 time, Eng. while. Hence cianail, sad, lonesome, Ir. dan- 
 
 amhuil. 
 cianog, a small measure of arable land (Heb. : H.S.D.) ; see doncuj. 
 ciar, dusky, Ir., E. Ir. dar, *7ceiro-s, "shadowy;" root sqhei, Gr. 
 
 o-KtEjOos, shadj', a-Kid, shadow, Skr. ehdyd, shadow, Ag. S. 
 
 sdiruo (do.) It has been compared to Eng. hoar, Norse hwrr, 
 
 but the vowels do not suit. 
 cias, g. ceois, border, skirt, fringe : 
 ciatach, ciatfach, elegant, becoming, Ir. eeadfadhach, discreet, 
 
 belonging to the senses ; from ceudfadh, q.v. 
 cibein, rump (of a bird, M'D.), Ir. dbin, the rump (Con.). Cf. Ir. 
 
 gioh, a tail. 
 Cibeir, a shepherd ; from Sc, Eng. keeper. 
 cibhearg, a rag, a little ragged woman (Sh.) : 
 cidhis, a mask, vizard (M'D.), luchd cidhis, masqueraders ; from 
 
 Sc. gyis, a mask, gysara, masqueraders, M. Eng. ylsen, to 
 
 dress, Eng. guise, disguise ; all from 0. Er. guise, modus, 
 
 desguiser, disguise. Tlie Sc. was directly borrowed iu the 
 
 Stuart period, 
 cig^l, tickle (Sh.) ; see dogail. 
 cilean, a large codfish ; froui Norse keila, gadus lougiis or " lung 
 
 cod." Also cilig (Sutherland). 
 cill, a church ; locative case of ceall, q.v., used for the most part 
 
 in place-names, 
 cillein, a concealed heap, repository, Ir. dli'm, a piirse or store of 
 
 hoarded cash (O'B.), dim. of ceall, cell, church, (i-v. 
 cineal, offspring, clan, Ir. dnetd, 0. Ir. cenel, W. ceiiedl, 0. W. 
 
 cenetl. Cor. kinethel, *kenetlo-n : I. E. qen, begin ; Gr. Kaw6% 
 
 new (Kav;os) ; Lat. re-cens, Eng. recent ; Ch. SI. koni, begin- 
 
 ing ; Skr. IcanA, young. 
 cinn, grow, increase, spring from, Ir., E. Ir. cinim,, spring from, 
 
 descend of; root qenoi cineal, q.v. Also cinnich, grow, increase. 
 cinneadh, cinne, tribe, clan, Ir. dneadh, cine, E. Ir. dniud 
 
 (g. dneda) ; from root qen in cineal, q.v. Hence cinnich, 
 
 gentiles, Ir. dneadhach, a gentile. 
 
74 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cinnea^, a spindle (Sutherland) : 
 
 cinnseal, need, desire (Arm.), contact, origin (M'A.). In the first 
 
 sense, the word is from cion, want ; in the second, from cinn. 
 
 In the sense of " contact," as exemplified by M'A., the Sc. 
 
 kinches, correspondence, etc. (" to kep kinches wi' one"), has 
 
 to be remembered, a word apparently from kin. 
 cinnte, certain, so Ir., 0. Ir. cinnim, definio, ^cirUech infinitus ; 
 
 from ceann, head, q.v. 
 Ciob, bite, wound (Bib. Gl.) ; see caob. 
 ciob, coarse mountain grass, tow, Ir, ciob, coarse mountain grass, 
 
 scirpus csespitosus : 
 ciobhuU, the jaw (M'D., who writes " na ciobhuill"), ciobhal (Sh.), 
 
 more properly giall (Arm.), q.v. H.S.D. gives the pi. as 
 
 cibhlean. 
 Cioch, a woman's breast, Ir. cioch, E. Ir. cich , of. W. dg, flesh, 
 
 M. Br. quie (do.), *kikd (kekd ?). Bez. suggests (with query) 
 
 connection with Bulg. dca, teat, Polish eye. 
 Ciocras, hunger, longing, Ir. eioeras, hunger, greed, ravenousness : 
 eiod, what, Ir. ead, O. Ir. cote, eote. lit. " quid est," eo + ta, q.v. 
 ciogail, tickle, Ir. giglim ; see diogail. In the Heb., ciogailt, 
 
 tickling, also signifies terror, a crisis of timorous determination 
 
 (H.S.D.). 
 ciom, a comb, wool-card, Ir. domam, 1 comb (O'B., Sh.) ; from 
 
 M. Eng. kemb, to comb. H.S.D. has not the word. 
 ciomach, a prisoner, Ir. eimidh, 0. Ir. cimhid, * kmbiti- (Stokes), 
 
 root kemb, wind ; Lat. cingo, surround ; Gr. Ko/i|Sos, band, 
 
 Norwegian hempa (do.). See eeangal, from the same I. E. 
 
 root qeng. 
 ciombal, bell, cymbal, so Ir. ; from Lat. cymbalum, Eng. eymhal. 
 ciomboU, a bundle of hay or straw (Heb.) ; from Norse kimbill, a 
 
 bundle, kimbla, to truss, Sc. kemple, forty bottles of hay or 
 
 straw, kirwple, a piece (Banffshire). 
 cion, want ; from the root ken of gun, without. 
 cion, love, esteem, Ir. eion, cean, M. Ir. een, 0. Ir. fochen, welcome ; 
 
 root qino-, qi, I. E. qei, notice, as in eiall. Further, Gr. tiju.^, 
 
 honour, t'im, honour, TtVio, pay penalty. The sense of honour 
 
 and punishment is combined in the same word. See eiont. 
 cionag', a small portion of land, one-fourth of a cleitig or one-eighth 
 
 of a " farthing" land (Heb.), Ir. danJog, a small coin, a kernel ; 
 
 cf. W. ceiniog, a penny, 
 cionar, music (Arm. ; Sh. has cionthar ; H.S.D. has cion'thar 
 
 from A. M'D., querulous music) : 
 cionu, OS cionn, etc. ; this is the old dat. of ceann, head (■* qenno). 
 cionnarra, identical, idem ; Ir. cionda, (dial. Gaelic clonda), for 
 
 ceudna, by metathesis of the n. The G. -arra is an adjectival 
 
 form of the -ar in aon-ar, etc. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 7S 
 
 cionnas, how, Ir. cionnus, 0. Ir. cindas = co + indas ; see co and 
 
 ionnas. 
 ciont, guilt, Ir. cionnta, 0. Ir. cintach, injustice, cin, guilt 
 
 (* cin-at-), dat. pi. cintaib ; also G. t cion ; I. E. qin, Gr. 
 
 Tivvfiai, punish, TTotvij, punishment, Lat. poena, punishment, 
 
 Eng. pain. See cion. 
 ciora, a pet lamb or sheep, cireag', a petted sheep, ciridh, the call 
 
 to a sheep to come to one : all from a shorter form of the 
 
 root ka'er or kair (i.e , kir) of caora, q.v. 
 cioralta, cheerful, ciorbail, snug ; from Eng. cheerful. Cf. tlorail. 
 ciorram, hurt, damage, wounding, Ir. ciorrhliadh, E. Ir. cirriud, 
 
 cirud, * cir-thv^, root ker, destroy, Lat. caries, decay, Gr. kt/jp, 
 
 death, Skr. Qrndti, smash. 
 ciosaich, subdue : " make tributary ; '' from els, tribute, tax. 
 ciosan, a bread basket, corn-skep (M'D.), Ir. cisean, cis, basket, 
 
 M. Ir. ceiss, possibly allied to (if not borrowed from) Lat. cista 
 
 (Stokes). See ceis. 
 ciotach, left-handed, sinister, so Ir., W. chwith, *sqittu- (Stokes), 
 
 *sqit-tvr, and sqit is an extension of sqi, sqai in Gr. o-zcatdg, 
 
 Lat. scaevus {*sqai-vo-), left, 
 ciotag, a little plaid, shawl, 0. Ir. c^taig, ace. case (Bk. of Armagh) : 
 Cir, a comb, Ir. cior, 0. Ir. cir, *kensrd ; cf. Gr. Kret's, g. ktcvos 
 
 (from sJcens), Ch. SI. ceslii. Lit. kasyti, scratch (Stokes, 
 
 Strachau), root qes, shave, scratch ; cf. Gr. ^iui, ^vpov. Zimmer 
 
 refers it to the root qers, to furrow, Skr. karska, a scratch, 
 
 etc. ; but qer.i would give a G. cerr. A Celtic cera would be 
 
 the ideal form, suggesting Lat. cei-a, wax, " honey-comft." 
 cir, cud, Ir., E. Ir. cir, Manx ke^il, W. cil, Br. das-kiriat, ruminer. 
 
 Perhaps identical with the above (Windisch). 
 cis, tribute, tax, Ir. cios, 0. Ir. cis ; from Lat. census, whence Eng. 
 
 census. 
 cisd, cist, a chest, Ir. cisde, M. Ir. ciste, W. cist ; from Lat. cista. 
 cistin, a kitchen ; from the Eng. 
 clth, a shower, Ir. cith, doth, g. ceatha, *citu- : 
 cith, rage : 
 
 cithean, a complaining ; see caoineadh. 
 cithris-chaithris, confusion (M'L.) : " hurly-burly ;" an onomato- 
 
 poetic word. 
 ciubhran, citiraii, ciurach, small rain, drizzle, Ir. cedbhrdn. See 
 
 ceoban. 
 ciuchair, beautiful, dimpling (Sh., Arm. ; not H.S.D.) : 
 ciUcharaii, ciucran, a low-voiced plaint ; from Norse kjokra, 
 
 whine, kjokr, a voice stifled with tears, 
 ciuin, mild, Ir. ci-iiin, *kivo-ni-, I. E. kivo-, keivo-, akin, dear : Lat. 
 
 civis, Eng. civil ; Norse h'yrr, mild, Ag. S. hedre, Ger. ge-heuer, 
 
 safe ; Ch. SI. po-fivu, benignus ; Skr. (ivd, friendly. 
 
76 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION ABT 
 
 eitirr, hurt, Ir. dorrhhaigim, I maim, wound ; see dorram. Cf., 
 however, 0. Ir. dufiurrsa, adteram, dvr^furr, attriveris, 
 vArihund, to hurt, root org as in tuargan. 
 
 elab, an open mouth, Ir. dab ; from Eng. clap, a clap, noise, the 
 human tongue. Hence claban, a mill-clapper. 
 
 claban, top of the head, brain-pan (H.S.D.) ; cf. W. ctopen, G. 
 claigionn, q.v. Possibly Pictish ? 
 
 cUbar, filth, mire, clay, Ir. cldbar (whence Eng. clabber) ; cf . Idban. 
 
 clabog, a good bargain, great pennyworth : 
 
 clach, a stone, Ir., E. Ir. clock, W. clwg, a rock, detiched rock, 
 clog, a rock, clogan, a large stone, *hluhd ; root kal, kl-, hard ; 
 Got. hallus, stone, Norse hella, flat stone, Skr. pild, a stone. 
 Usually correlated with Lat. calcultis, a pebble, Eng. calculate. 
 
 clkA, comb wool, cl^d, a wool comb ; from Sc. claut, clauts, wool 
 comb, also a " clutching hand, a hoe or scraper ;" from claw. 
 
 cladach, a shore, beach, so Ir., * claddo-, "a score, shore;" from 
 clad of eladh, q.v. 
 
 clMan, a burr, a thing that sticks, Ir. claddn, burr, flake ; from 
 clad. 
 
 cladh, a churchyard, Ir. cladh, a bank, ditch, E. Ir. clad, a ditch, 
 W. cladd, clawdd, fossa. Cor. cledh (do.), Br. cleuz (do.), 
 *klado-, *klddo- : root kela. Ma, break, split, hit ; Gr. 
 KAa8a/)os, easily broken ; Lat. clddes ; Russ. kladu, cut. See 
 further claidheamh, sword. Hence cladhaich, dig. 
 
 cladhaire, a poltroon, so Ir. ; " digger, clod-hopper," from cladh 1 
 
 clag, a bell, Ir. clog, 0. Ir. clocc, W., Cor. clock, Br. kloc'k, *klokko-, 
 *kloggo- ; root, king, Mag, sound ; Lat. clango, Eng. clang ; 
 Gr. /v-Aafo), KAayy/J, clang ; Lit. Mageti, cackle. Bez. suggests 
 Bui. klucam, hit, giving the stem of dag as *Mukko-. Hence 
 Eng. clock, etc. 
 
 claideag, a lock, ringlet ; see clad, dadan. 
 
 claidheamh, a sword, Ir. cloidkeamh, 0. Ir. claideh, W. cleddyf. 
 Cor. cledhe, Br. Meze, * Madebo-s ; root Mad, Skr. khadiga ; 
 Gr. KXdSos, a twig ; Ch. SI. kladivo, a hammer. Further root 
 kela, kid, hit, split ; Lat. culter, Tper-cellere, etc. See cladh. 
 
 claidhean, the bolt of a door, Ir. claibin ; from the same source as 
 claidkeamh. 
 
 claldreach, a damaging, shattering : *claddo- ; root clad of claidh- 
 eamh. 
 
 claigionn, a skull, Ir. doigionn, M. Ir. cloicend, W. clopen, Br. 
 klopenn, *cloc-cenn, from dag and ceann, " bell-head, dome- 
 head." Stokes considers the Ir. borrowed from the "Welsh. 
 Of. claban. 
 
 clais, a furrow, ditch, so Ir., E. Ir. class, W. dais, *clad-s-ti- ; from 
 *dad of cladk. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE 77 
 
 claistinn, bearing, listening ; from *cl6sta, ear ; see cluas. 
 
 claiteachd, gentle rain (Arran) : 
 
 clambar, wrangling, Ir. clampar ; from Lat. clamor. 
 
 clamhan, a buzzard : 
 
 olamliradh, a scratcbing, so Ir. : *dam^ad ; see cloimh, itcb. 
 
 clamhsa, an alley, close, so Ir. ; from Eng. close. 
 
 cl&mhuinn, sleet : 
 
 clann, cbildren, clan, so Ir., 0. Ir. eland, W. plant, *qlanatd : I. E. 
 root qel ; Gr. teA-os, company ; 0. Slav, celjadi, family, Lit. 
 kiltis = Lett, zilts, race, stock ; Skr. hila, race. Some have 
 added Lat. populus. Usually regarded as borrowed from 
 Lat. planta, a sprout, Eng. plant, wbence G. clannach, 
 comatus. 
 
 claoidh, vex, oppress, Ir. claoidhim, 0. Ir. cldim, W. cluddio, over- 
 whelm, * cloid ; I. E. klei, incline, as in claon, q.v. Windisch 
 and Stokes refer it to *clom6, root qlov, qlav, qlu, shut in, 
 Lat. claiido, close, elavdus, lame, Gr. kAeis, kAeiSos, key. 
 
 claon, inclining, squint, oblique, Ir. claon, 0. Ir. cldin : *kloino-; 
 Lat. clvno, accllnis, leaning, Eng. incline ; Gr. kXIvio, (i long), 
 incline ; Eng. lean , Lit. szleti, incline ; Skr. crayati (do.). 
 
 clap, clapartaich, clap, clapping ; from the Eng. clap. 
 
 cMr, a board, tablet, Ir., 0. Ir. cldr, W. claivr, 0. W. claur ; Gr. 
 KXt'jpos (for KXapos), a lot, kXAw, break : root qela, qld, break, 
 etc., as in elaidheamh, coille, q.v. Hence, inter alia, cl^rach, a 
 woman of clumsy figure, " board-built." 
 
 cl^rsacb, a harp, Ir. cLdirseach ; from cldr. Cf. for meaning 
 fiodlicheall, chess-play, " wood-intelligence." 
 
 clasp, claspa, a clasp, Ir. clasha. ; from the Eng. 
 
 clathnMre, bashfulness (M'D., who writes clathnaire. H.S.D. 
 gives the form in the text) : clath + ndire ; see ndire. Clath 
 seems from the root qel, hide, as in ceil, q.v. (H.S.D.). 
 
 cleachd, a practice, custom, Ir. clecLchdadh, E. Ir. clechtaim, I am 
 wont, *Mcto-, root qel, as in Lat. colo, Eng. cultivate, Gr. 
 TreXofiai, go, be, etc. Cf., however, eleas. 
 
 cleachd, a ringlet, a fillet of wool, E. Ir. clechtaim, I plait (Cam.), 
 W. pleth ; from Lat. pleeto, Eng. plait. 
 
 clearc, a curl, lock of hair : 
 
 cleas, a play, trick, feat, so Ir., E. Ir. cle&s, *clessu-, *clexu- ; root 
 klek, klok, as in cluich, q.v. 
 
 death, concealment, hiding ; also cleith {*kleti-s) ; inf. to ceil, 
 hide, q.v. 
 
 cleibe, an instrument for laying hold of fish, or of sea-fowls, Ir. 
 clipe ; from Eng. clip, a gaff or cleek, a fastener, Norse kli/pa, 
 to pinch, 0. H. G. chluppa, tongs. 
 
 cleir, the clergy, Ir. cUir ; from Lat. clems. See the next word. 
 
78 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION ART 
 
 cl6ireaeli, a clerk, a cleric, 0. G. clerec (Bk. of Deer), Ir. cUireach, 
 E. Ir. cUrech, Br. hloareh ; from Lat. dericm, a clerk, cleric, 
 from Gr. kXtjpikos (do.), from kA^/oos, a lot, office : " the lot 
 (Kkfjpov) of this ministry" (Acts i. 17). 
 
 cleit, a quill, feather, down, Ir. cleite ; 
 
 cleit, a rocky eminence ; from Norse Mettr, rock, cliff. Common 
 in Northern place-names. 
 
 cleith, a stake, wattle, Ir. deith, death, E. Ir. cleth, tignum, W. 
 dyd, sheltering, M. Br. det, warm (place) ; root qleit, qlit, 
 0. Sax. hMtdan, cover. Got. hki&ra, hut, Ch. SI. kleti, house. 
 Hence cleith, roof; the E. Ir. det/ie, roof, roof-pole, appears 
 to be for kkitio-, the same root in its full vocalic form 
 (Schrader). 
 
 cleith, concealing, 0. Ir. deith ; see death. 
 
 cleitig, clitig, a measure of laud — an 8th of the "penny" land : 
 
 cleoc, a cloak, Ir. d6ca ; from the Eng. 
 
 cli, vigour : 
 
 oil, left (hand), wrong, Ir. di, E. Ir. di, de, W. dedd, 0. W. ded, 
 Br. kleiz, *hlijo- ; root klei, incline, Got. hleidwma, left, etc. 
 See further under daon. 
 
 cliabh, a basket, hamper, the chest (of a man), Ir. diabh, 0. Ir. 
 diah, corbis, *deiho-. Root klei as in diath. 
 
 cliadan, a burr ; cf. dadan. 
 
 cliamhuinn, son-in-law, Ir. diamhuin, G. and Ir. cleamhnas, 
 affinity ; root klei, lean, Lat. diens, Eng. dient, in-dine, lean. 
 
 cliar, a poet, hero or heroes, Ir., E. Ir. diar, society, train, clergy; 
 from Lat. dSrus, as in de'ir, q.v. Hence cliaranach, a bard, 
 swordsman. The Cliar Sheanachain (Senchan's Lot) was 
 the mythic bardic company, especially on its rounds (Gaelic 
 Folk Tales). Hence cliarachd, singing, feats. 
 
 cliatan, a level plot of ground : *diath-t-an, a participial formation 
 from diath, harrow — "harrowed, level." 
 
 cliath, harrow, hurdle, Ir. diath, E. Ir. diath, 0. Ir. Vadum died 
 (Adamnan), Dublin, W. dwpd, hurdle, Cor. duit, Br. Moned, 
 Gaul. *dSta, whence Fr. daie, hurdle, *kleitd ; root klei, lean ; 
 Lett, dita, wood fence, Lit. szlite, a rack (of a waggon). 
 
 cliathach, side, the side of the ribs, Ir. diathdn, side, breast, 
 *kleito-, "slope," root klei, incline; Norse hU&, a slope, 
 mountain side, Gr. kAitus (i long), a slope, hill-side. 
 
 clibeag, a trick, wile (H.S.D.) ; from deibe, dip, as dtcM from 
 deek. 
 
 clibist, a misadventure ; see diob. 
 
 clic, a hook, gaff : see the next word. 
 
 clichd, an iron hook ; from Sc. deik, Eng. deek, didc. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 79 
 
 clichd, a cunning trick ; from the above. Sc. cleiky, ready to take 
 the advantage, tricky, deek, inclination to cheat : " There's a 
 
 cleek in 'im" (Banffshire), 
 cliob, to stumble, cliobach, stumbling, awkward. Cf. Sc. dypock, 
 
 a fall. See next, 
 cliob, anything dangling, excrescence, cliobain, a dew-lap, Ir. 
 
 cliob, dibin , also Ir. diobach, hairy, shaggy, dioboy, a 
 
 (shaggy) colt, etc. Cf. Sc. dype, an ugly, ill-shaped fellow : 
 
 origin imknown (Mun'ay) ; dip, a colt, Ger. klepper, palfrey. 
 cliopach, halt in speech (H.S.D.). : 
 cliostar, a clyster ; from the Eng. 
 
 clip, a hook, clip, Ir. dipe, a gaff ; from the Eng. dip. See delbe. 
 clipe, deceit (H.S.D.) ; see dibeag. 
 t clis, active, Ir., M. Ir. diste, ready, quick. Cf. W. dys, impulse : 
 
 *cl-sto- ; root kd, as in Lat. celer, swift, etc. 1 Used only in 
 
 the phrase " Na lir chlis," the Merry Dancers. 
 clisbeach, unsteady of foot, cripple ; from dis. Also clisneach. 
 clisg, start, Ir. diosg (Meath Dial., dist) ; from dis. 
 clisneach, the human body, carcase, outward appearance (Arm. ; 
 
 not H.S.D.) : 
 clisneach, a bar-gate (H.S.D.) : 
 cliu, renown, praise, Ir., 0. Ir. dii, W. dyw, sense of hearing, dod, 
 
 praise ; Gr. kAeos, fame ; Skr. r^ravds, I. E. kleu, hear. See 
 
 further under duinn. 
 clivichd, mend nets . 
 cliud, a slap with the fingers ; from the Sc. dout, Eng. domt, a 
 
 cuff, " clout." 
 clitid, a small or disabled hand ; from Sc. doot, hoof, half-hoof ? 
 cl6, cloth, broad-cloth ; from Eng. doth, dothing, etc. 
 cl6, a print, printing press, M. G. do (Carswell), Ir. d6, dbdh 
 
 {dodhuighim. Coneys ; E. Ir. dod, mark ?) ; cf . the next word. 
 
 Also clodh. 
 t clo, a nail, Ir., E. Ir. d6, W. do, key, Br. Mao, tool, * klavo- ; 
 
 Lat. ddvus, nail, davis, key ; Gr. kX^is, key, etc. See daoidh. 
 clo-chadail, slumber ; see doth. 
 clobha, a pair of tongs ; from Norse kloji, a fork (of a river), a 
 
 forked mast, snuffers, klof, fork of the legs, "cloven, cleft." 
 
 The Ir. dobh{a) in Con. and FoL. and the domh of Lh., seems 
 
 a Scottish importation, for Coneys says the vernacular is 
 
 tlobh. In fact, the Ir. word is tl-d, Hugh : " lifter ;" root tl- as 
 
 in Lat. tollo ? 
 clobhsa, a close, lane, farm-yard, Ir. damhsa, W. daws ; from Eng. 
 
 dose. Also damhsa, q.v. 
 clochranaich, wheezing in the throat (M'F. ; Sh. has clochar, and 
 
 clochan, respire) ; from Sc. dodier, wheezing, doch, cough 
 
 feebly. It is an onomatopoetic word, like Eng. dtick, dock. 
 
80 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 clod, a clod, turf ; from the Eng. 
 
 clogad, clogaid, a helmet, Ir. dogad, M. Ir. ologat, at chluic, E. Ir. 
 
 clocatt ; from ad, hat, q v., and f clog, head, which see in 
 
 daigionn. 
 clogais, a wooden clog ; from Eng. dogs. 
 cloidhean, the pith of the box-tree or any shrub tree (Arm. ; not 
 
 H.S.D.). Cf. glaoghan. 
 cloimh, scab, itch, Ir. damh, scurvy, E. Ir. dam, leprosus, VV. 
 
 dafr, leprosy, daf, diseased, Cor. c/a/(do.), M. Br. c^a^ (do.), 
 
 Br. klanv, ^klamo-, sick ; Skr. klam, weary ; Gr. KXa/juapos, 
 
 weak (Hes.) ; Lat. dSmens. 
 cloimh, wool, down of feathers, Ir. diimh, down, feathers, E. Ir. 
 
 dum, pluma, W. pluf, plumage ; from Lat. plwma (Eng. 
 
 plumage). 
 cloimlldicll, rub or scratch as itchy ; same as damhradh in mean- 
 ing and root, 
 clbimhein, icicle, snot ; from dbimh. 
 clois, the herb " stinking marsh, horse tail," Ir. d6is, do-uisge 
 
 (O.'R.), " water-nail" (Cameron). 
 cloitheag, a shrimp, prawn (M'D.), Ir. doitheog. Possibly for 
 
 daidh-, *dadi-, root dad of dadh : "a digger." M'L. has 
 
 instead doidheag, a small shore-fish. 
 clomhais, cloves ; from the Eng. 
 
 clos, rest, sleep, stillness ; *dtid-to-, root Mu, klav ; see daoidh. 
 closach, a carcase ; from dos, q.v. 
 cldsaid, a closet, Ir. doseud ; from the Eng. 
 cldth, mitigate, still ; from the root klav, of daoidh, q.v. 
 cluain, a green plain, pasture, Ir. and E. Ir. duain : *dopni- ; Lit. 
 
 szlapti, become wet, szlapina, a wet spot ; (Jr. /cAejras (Hes.), a 
 
 wet muddy place (Strachau). 
 cluaineas, cluain, intriguing, deceit, Ir. diiainearac/id, duain, 
 
 *dopni- ; Gr. KXe7rru>, steal ; ICng. Lift, cattle lifting (Strachan) 
 cluaran, a thistle ; cf. W. duro, whisk. 
 cluas, ear, Ir., 0. Ir. duas, W. dust, *kloustd ; root kleus, klus, 
 
 kleu, hear ; 0. Sax. Must, hearing, Eng. listen, etc. See duinn. 
 clud, a patch, clout, Ir. ddd, W. dwt ; from the Eng. dout, Ag. S. 
 
 diit (Rhys, Murray), 
 cluich, play, Ir. dutdie, a game, E. Ir. cluclie, a game, 0. Ir. 
 
 duichedi, ludibundus : * klokjo- ; Got. hlahjan, Eng. laugh, 
 
 Ger. lachen (Windisch, Stokes). 
 clnigein, a little bell, anything dangling ; from dag. 
 cluinn, hear, Ir., E. Ir. duinim, W., dywed, hearing, Cor. demaf, 
 
 audio, Br. klevet, audire, *klev6, I hear ; Lat. dueo, am 
 
 reputed, indutus, famous ; Gr. kAvw, hear ; Eng. lotul, listen ; 
 
 Skr. frw, hear, crdvas, sound. Hence diii,, duos, etc. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 81 
 
 cluip, cheat : hardly * kloppi- ; Gr. Kkkirrto. 
 
 clupaid, the swollen throat in cattle : 
 
 cluthaich, cover, clothe, Ir. duthmhar, sheltered, warm. Cf. E. Ir. 
 
 clithaigim, I shelter, clith, clothing, W. clyd, sheltering ; root 
 
 qel of ceil, q.v. Ir. cMdaim, I clothe, cover, from Eng. clothe, 
 
 has possibly influenced the vowel both hi G. and Ir. 
 cluthaich, chase, Ir. cluthaighim : *Muto-, *klu ; see elaoidh ? 
 cnab, pull, haul ; see cnap. 
 cnabaire, an instrument for dressing flax, Ir. cnaib, hemp ; see 
 
 cainb. 
 cna^, a crack, Ir. cnag ; from the Eng. crack. 
 cna^, a pin, knob, Ir. cnag ; from the P^ng. knag, a peg, Dan. 
 
 knag, a peg, Sw. knagg, a knag. 
 cnaid, a scoff', Ir. (maid -. 
 cnaimh, bone, Ir. cndimh, 0. Ir. cndim, *kna/m.i-s ; Gr. Kv-qfir/, leg ; 
 
 Eng. /lam. 
 CHaimhseag', a pimple, bear-berry : 
 cnamh, chew, digest, Ir. cnaoi, cnaoidhim, E. Ir. cndm, gnawing, 
 
 W. cnui; Gr. kvwSuv, a tooth, /ci/atu, scrape ; Lit. kandu, bite ; 
 
 Skr. khdd, chew. Root qne, qnd, qen. Hence cnamhuin, 
 
 gangrene, 
 cnap, a knob, Ir. enap, E. Ir. cnapp ; from Norse Imappr, a knob, 
 
 M. Eng. knap. Hence also G. and Ir. cnap, a blow, Sc. knap. 
 cnapach, a youngster ; from cnap. But cf. Norse knapi, boy, 
 
 varlet, Eng. knave. 
 T cnarra, a ship, Ir. cnarra : from Norse knorr, g. knarrar, Ag. S. 
 
 cnear. 
 cnatan, a cold : *krod-to- ; Ger. rotz, catarrh ; Gr. Kopv^a (do.). 
 
 Also cneatan. 
 cnead, a sigh, groan, so Ir., E. Ir. cnet , from the root can of can, 
 
 say, sing. 
 cneadh, a wound, so Ir., E. Ir. cned, *knidd ; Gr. Ki/ifw, sting, 
 
 Kv'&Tj, nettle ; Ag. S. hnitan, tundere. 
 cneap, a button, bead ; see cnap. 
 cneas, skin, waist, Ir. cneas, E. Ir. cues ; from cen of cionn, skin ; 
 
 see boicionn. 
 cneasda, humane, modest, Ir. cneasda ; from cen as in cineal, kin. 
 cneisne, slender (M'D.) ; from cneas. 
 cniadaich, caress, stroke : 
 cno, a nut, Ir. cno, 0. Ir. cnii, W. eneioen, pi. cwaw. Cor. cnyfan, Br. 
 
 knoAJuenn, *knovd ; Norse hnot, Ag. S. hnutu, Eng. nut, Ger. 
 
 niLss. 
 cnoc, a hillock, Ir. cnoc, 0. Ir. cnocc, 0. Br. cnoch, tumulus, Br. 
 
 kreac'li, krec^henn, hill, '''knokko- ; from knog-ko-, Norse Ivnakki, 
 
 nape of the neck, Ag. S. hnecca, neck, Eng. reecA. Some 
 
 11 
 
82 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 have given the stem as *cunoceo-, and referred it to the root 
 of Gaul, cuno-, high, W. cwn, height, root ku, be strong, great, 
 as in curaidh, q.v. 
 
 cndeaid, a young woman's hair bound up in a fillet. Founded on 
 the Sc. cochernonny. 
 
 cnod, a knot, Ir. cnota ; from the Eng. 
 
 cn6d, a patch, piece on a shoe ; cf. Sc. knoit, knot, large piece. 
 
 cnodaich, acquire, lay up, Ir. cn6dach, acquiring (O'E.) ; see crwd. 
 
 cnodan, the gurnet, Ir. cn-dddn (Fol.) ; cf. Sc. crooner, so-called 
 from the croon or noise it makes when landed. The G. seems 
 borrowed from Sc. crooner, mixed with Sc. crout, croak. 
 
 cndid, a sumptuous present (Heb.) ; croid : 
 
 cnoidh, tooth-ache, severe pain ; see cnuimh. 
 
 cnomhagan, a large whelk, buckie ; cf. cnb, nut. 
 
 cnot, unhusk barley; from cnotag, the block or joint of wood 
 hollowed out for unhusking barley. The word is the Eng. 
 knot ? 
 
 CEuachd, head, brow, temple, Ir. cruaic (O'R.) ; cf. W. cnuwch, 
 bushy head of hair, cnwch, knuckle, cntich, joint, *cno%tcco-, 
 '' a prominence ;" root kneu, hiu ; Norse hniikr, hnjdkr, knoU, 
 peak, hnufSr, a knob. Hence cnuachdach, shrewd : " having a 
 head." 
 
 cauas, gnash, chew, crunch ; for cruas, cntain, founded on Eng. 
 crush, crunch ? 
 
 cnuasaich, ponder, collect, Ir. cnuasuighim, cnuas, a collection, 
 scraping together, G. and Ir. cnuasachd, reflection, collection, 
 *knousto- ; root knu, hne.vo, scrape, Gr. kvvw, scratch, Norse 
 hnoggr, niggard, Eng. niggard, Ag. S. hnedw, sparing. The 
 idea is " scraping together" : a niggard is " one who scrapes." 
 Stokes (Diet.) gives the root as knup, and compares Lit. 
 knupsyti, oppress. 
 
 cnuimh, a worm ; wrong spelling for cruimh, q.v. 
 
 cnumhagan, a handful (Heb.); for orohhagan, from fcrobh, the 
 hand ? See crbg. 
 
 CO, CO, who, 0. Ir. co-te, now G. ciod, q.v. ; W. pa. Cor. py, pe, Br. 
 pe, quia, root 170-, qa-, qe ; Lat. quod ; Gr. tto-Oi, etc. ; Eng. who. 
 
 CO, cho, as, so ; see cho. 
 
 cob, plenty (Sh.) ; from Lat. copia. 
 
 cobhair, assistance, so Ir., 0. Ir. cobir, *cohris, co + ber, root bher, 
 carry ; see beir ; and cf. for meaning Gr. crv[ji,<l>epei, it is of use. 
 
 cobhan, a coffer, box, Ir. cofra ; from Eng. coffin, coffer. 
 
 cobhar, foam, Ir. cubhar, E. Ir. cohur : co + bur ; for bur, see tobar, 
 well. 
 
 CDC, cock, to cock ; from the Eng. 
 
 cocaire, a cook, Ir. cdcaire, M. Ir. cocaire, Cor. peber, pistor ; from 
 the Lat. coquo, I cook. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 83 
 
 OOchuU, husk, hood, Ir. cochal, 0. Ir cochuLl, W. ojiojoll, hood, 
 
 cowl ; from Lat. cucullus, Eug. cowl. 
 cocontachd, smartness (A. M'D.) ; see coc, gog. 
 codaich, share, divide ; from codach, gen. of cuid. 
 cbdhail, a meeting ; see comhdhaiL 
 
 COgadh, war, so Ir., 0. Ir. cocad: *con-cath, " oo-battle" ; see cath. 
 COgais, conscience, Ir. cogus, 0. Ir. cuncubus : con + cvlius ; and 
 
 0. Ir. cubus, conscience, is for con-Jis, co and fiuis, knowledge, q.v. 
 cogan, a loose husk, covering (H.S.D.), a small vessel ; see gogan 
 
 for latter force. 
 COguU, tares, cockle, Ir. cogal; borrowed from M. Eng. cockd, 
 
 cohkul, now cockle. 
 coibhseachd, propriety, so Ir., coibhseccch, becoming ; uf. M. Ir. 
 
 cuibdes, fittingness, from cubaid ; see cubhaidh. 
 coicheid, suspicion, doubt : 
 coig, five, Ir. cuig, 0. Ir. cdic, W. pump, E. W. pimp, Cor. pymp, 
 
 Br. pemp, GwA. pempe, *qenqe ; Lat. quinque ; Gr. irivTe ; Lit. 
 
 penki ; Got. fimf; Skr. pdnca. 
 coigil, spare, save, so Ir., E. Ir. coiclim, eocill (u.).; '''cuv^cel, root 
 
 qel, as in Lat. colo, etc. Also cagail. The E. Ir. cocell, 
 
 concern, thought, is for con^dall ; ciall, sense. 
 coigreach, a stranger, Ir. coigcrigheach, cdigcriuch, * con-crich-ech, 
 
 "provincial," E. Ir. cocHcA, province, boundary. See cnocli. 
 
 The meaning is, " one that comes from a neighbouring 
 
 province." 
 coilceadha, bed materials, tcoilce, a bed, Ir. coUce, a bed, E. Ir. 
 
 coleaid, flock bed, 0. W. cUcet, now cylclied ; from Lat. 
 
 culcita, a pillow, Eug. quilt. 
 coilchean, a little cock, water spouting ; from coileach, (\.x. 
 coileach, a cock, so ir., 0. Ir. cailech, W. ceilioij, Cor. celiac, Br. 
 
 kiliok, "^kaljdkus, the "caller;" root qal, call; Lut. calarc, 
 
 summon, Eng. Calends ; Gr. /caAeoj, call ; Lit. kalbu,, spooch, 
 
 etc. 
 coileag, a cole of hay ; from the Sc. cole, a colo or coil of hay. 
 
 See gbileag. 
 COileid, a stir, noise (Heb.) ; cf. Eug. coil, of like force. The G. 
 
 seems borrowed therefrom. 
 coileir, a collar, Ir. coile'ar ; from the Eng. 
 coilioun, a candle ; see coinneal. 
 coiliobhar, a kind of gun ; see cuilbJieir. 
 coille, coin, wood, Ir. coill, 0. Ir. caill, W. celli, Cor. kelli, *kaldet- ; 
 
 Gr. KXafios, a twig ; Eng. holt, Ger. holz. Further root qla, 
 
 qela, split, hit, as in cladh, claidheamh, q.v. 
 COilleag, a cockle (M'D.), Ir. coille6g (O'E.), Cor. cyligi : 
 coilleag, a rural song, a young potato, a smart blow : 
 
84 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AET 
 
 coilpeachadh, equalizing cattle stock (Heb.) ; see colpach. 
 
 coilpein, a rope : 
 
 coimeas, comparison, co-equal, Ir. coimheas, E. Ir. coimmeas : 
 
 com + meas. See meas. 
 coimh-, CO- ; see co mh-. 
 coimheacli, strange, foreign, cruel, Ir. coimhtheach, cdimhthigheach, 
 
 c6imhightheach, strange, M. Ir. comaigtke, foreign, 0. Ir. 
 
 comaigtech, alienigena ; for comaitc/ie (Stokes). See tatlmich. 
 t Coirnhdhe, God, Ir. C6im.hdhe, God, the Trinity, 0. Ir. comdiu, 
 
 gen. comded (Bk. of Deer), Lord, * com-medios, " Providence," 
 
 root med, think, as in G. Toeas, esteem, Lat. modus, meditor, 
 
 meditate. See m^as. The fanciful " Coibhi, the Celtic arch- 
 
 druid," is due to a confusion of the obsolete Coirnhdhe with 
 
 the Northumbrian Coifi of Bede. 
 coimhead, looking, watching, Ir. cdimhe'ad, 0. Ir. comet, *com- 
 
 entvr. For eTtiu, see didean. 
 coimhearsnach, a neighbour, Ir. c6mharsa, gen. cdmharsan, E. Ir. 
 
 comurse ; from com and ursainn, a door-post (Zimmer). See 
 
 coimheart, a comparison; *com^bert, root ber, of beir. Of. Lat. 
 
 confero. 
 coimheirbse, wrangling : com +farpuis, q.v. 
 coimhliong, a race, course, Ir. cdimhling ; from com and lingim, I 
 
 leap. For root, see leum. 
 coimsich, perceive, Ir. coimsighim : com-meas ; see meas. 
 coimirc, mercy, quarter, so Ir. ; see comairce. 
 coimpire, an equal, match ; from Eng. compeer or Lat. compar. 
 coimrig, trouble ; from Sc, Eng. cumber, cumbering. 
 coimseach, indifferent (Sh.) ; from coimeas, co-equal. 
 ooindean, a kit (Arm. : not H.S.D.) : 
 cdineag, a nest of wild bees (M'L.), Ir. caonndg, nest of wild bees, 
 
 tumult. See caonnag. 
 coinean, a rabbit, coney, Ir. coinm, W. cvming ; from M. Eng. 
 
 cunin, from 0. Fr. connin, cbnnil, from Lat. cuniculus, whence 
 
 Eng. coney, through Fr. 
 coingeis, indifferent, same as, no matter ; con-geas, from geas, 
 
 desire, etc. Cf. ailleas, from ail-ges. 
 coingeal, a whirlpool (H.S.D.) ; 
 
 coingheall, a loan, Ir. coinghioll, obligation ; con+giall, q.v. 
 coingir, a pair (Sh.) : 
 coinlein, a nostril ; see cuinnean. 
 coinn, fit of coughing : 
 
 coinne, a supper, a party to which every one brings his own pro- 
 visions (Heb.). Cf. E. Ir. coindem, coinmed, coigny, conveth, 
 
 quartering, *kond, eat, as in cnamh, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 85 
 
 coinne, coinneamh, a meeting, Ir. coinne, E. Ir. conne, ^ con-nedd ; 
 
 root nes, come, dwell, Gr. veofxai, go, vai<i), dwell ; Skr. nas, 
 
 join some one. Stokes seems to think that Icon-d^- is the 
 
 ultimate form here, d^ being the I. E. dhe, set, Gr. tiOtjixi,, etc. 
 coinneach, moss, Ir. caonac/i, M. Ir. cdnnach, 0. Ir. coennivh, 
 
 muscosi : 
 coinneal, candle, so Ir., E. Ir. candel, W. cantvyU, 0. W. cannuill. 
 
 Cor. cantuil ; from Lat. candela, whence Eng. candle. 
 coinneas, a ferret ; *con-neas, "dog-weasel" ? See neas. 
 coinnlein, a stalk, Ir. coinlin, M. Ir. coinnlin, 0. Ir. cimnall, 
 
 stipiila, *honnaUo-; Lat. canna, a reed, Gr. Kawa. Stokes 
 
 also joins W. canm, reed, *kdno-. 
 e6ir, just, right, Ir., 0. Ir. coir, W. cywir . *ko-vero-, " co-true," 
 
 from vSro-, now /lor, q.v. Hence c6ir, justice, right, share. 
 
 Also in the phrase 'n an c6ir, in their presence. 
 coirb, cross, vicious, Ir. corbadh, wickedness, E. Ir. corpU, wicked ; 
 
 from Lat. corruptiis. Also see coiripidh. 
 coirceag, a bee-hive (Sh., O'R.) : 
 coire, fault, so Ir., 0. Ir. caire, 0. W. cared, W. cerydd, Br. carez, 
 
 *karjd ; Lat. earinare, blame, abuse ; Let. karindl, banter, 
 
 Ch. SI. karati, punish. 
 coire, a cauldron, so Ir., E. Ir. ewe, coire, W. pair. Cor., Br. jier, 
 
 *qerjo; Norse hverr, kettle, Ag. S. hwer ; Skr. carii ; Gr. 
 
 Kkpvo'i, a sacrificial vessel. 
 coireal, coral, from the Eng. 
 coireall, a quarry, Ir. coireul, coiler (F. M.) ; from Fr. carriers, 
 
 with dissimilation of r's (Stokes). 
 coireaman, coriander, so Ir. ; founded on the Lat. curiundrum, 
 
 Gr. Kopiavvov. 
 
 coirioll, a carol ; from the Eng. 
 
 coiripidh, corruptible ; from Lat. corruptus. 
 
 coirneil, a colonel, Ir. curnel, comiel (F. M.) ; from the Eng. 
 
 coirpileir, a corporal ; from the Eng. 
 
 coiseunich, bless (Sh.) ; eon + seun or sian, q.v. 
 
 coisich, walk, Ir. coiseachd (n.) ; from cos, coise, q.v. 
 
 coisinn, win ; see cosnadh. 
 
 coisir, a festive party, chorus. Ir. coidr, feast, festive party, coisir 
 
 (O'R., O'B., and Keat.), feasting, " coshering" : 
 coisrigeadh, consecration, 0. G. consecrad (Bk. of Deer), Ir. cois- 
 
 reagadh, 0. Ir. coisecrad ; from Lat. consecratio. 
 coit, a small boat, Ir. coit, E. Ir. coite. Cf. Lat. cotta, species 
 
 navis, Norse kati, a small ship, Eng. cat. Stokes suggests 
 
 that the G. and Ir. are from Low Lat. cotia, navis Indica. 
 
 Hence Eng. cot. 
 coitcheann, conunon, public, so Ir., 0. Ir. coitcJienn : * con-tech-en ? 
 
86 BTTMOLOGICAL DICTIONABY 
 
 coiteir, a cottar, Ir. eoitedir ; from the Eng. cottar. 
 
 coitich, press one to take something : * con-tec-, root tek, ask, Eng. 
 
 thiff ; see atach. 
 col, an impediment, Ir. colaim ; root qela, qld, break, split ? See 
 
 call ; and cf. Gr. Kiokvw, hinder, which is probably from the 
 
 same root. 
 col, sin, Ir., E. Ir. col, W. cwl, 0. Br. col, *kido- ; Lat. culpa, colpa, 
 
 faidt. Stokes hesitates between referring it to the root of 
 
 Lat. mdpa or to that' of Lat. scelus, Got. skal, Eng. shall, Ger. 
 
 schuld, crime, 
 colaiste, a college, Ir. colaisde ; from the Eng. 
 colamoir, the hake (Sh., O'B.), Ir. colamLir ; cf. Sc. coalmie, 
 
 colemie, the coal-fish. 
 colan, a fellow-soldier, companion ; cf. cbmhla, together. The 
 
 Ir. cfymklach is for comAach, the lack of bglach. 
 colann, a body, so Ir., 0. Ir. colinn, gen. colno, W. celain, carcase, 
 
 0. W. celein, cadaver, *colanni- (Brugmann) ; root qela, break, 
 
 the idea being "dead body"? Cf. for meaning Gr. vckvs, 
 
 corpse, from nek, kill. 
 COlbh, pillar, Ir. colhh, E. Ir. colba, W. celff, Br. keif; Lat. columna, 
 
 Eng. column ; root qel, high. G. colbh, plant stalk, Ir. colmh, 
 
 is allied to Lat. cfidrnvs. The Celtic words, if not borrowed 
 
 from, have been influenced by the Lat. 
 cole, an eider duck (Heb.) ; from Sc, Eng. colk, E. Fris. kolke, the 
 
 black diver, 
 colg, wrath, Ir. colg ; a metaphorical use of calff (i.e. cole/), q.v. 
 collachail, boorish (H.S.D. ; O'R. quoted as authority), Ir. collach- 
 
 amhuil ; from Ir. collach, boar. See cullach. 
 CoUaid, a clamour, Ir. colldid ; see coileid. 
 collaidh, carnal, sensual, so Ir., E. Ir. collaide ; for colnaide, from 
 
 colann, body, flesh. 
 coUaidin, codalan, white poppy (H.S.D. ; O'K. only quoted), Ir. 
 
 collaidin, codaldn ; from eolladh, codal, sleep. 
 collainn, a smart stroke ; also coilleag : 
 colman, a dove ; see caiman. 
 colpach, a heifer, steer, Ir. colpack, M. Ir. calpach ; apparently 
 
 founded on Norse kdlfr, a calf. Hence Sc. colpindach. 
 coltach, like ; for co-amhuil-t-ach. See amhuil, samhuil. 
 coltar, a coulter, Ir. coltar, E. Ir. coltar ; from M. Eng. cultre, 
 
 Lat. culter. 
 com, the cavity of the chest, Ir. com, coim, chest cavity, waist, 
 
 body. The G. is allied to W. cwm, a valley, " a hollow," 
 
 *kumJ)o- ; Gr. kC^os, a hump, Lat. cumbere ; Ger. haube, hood; 
 
 root kdhlw-, bend. The 0. Ir. coim, covering, is from the 
 
 root Icemb, wind, as in cam, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. S7 
 
 coma, indifferent, so Ir., E. Ir. cuma, 0. Ir. cumme, idem, is. cumma, 
 
 it is all the same ; 
 comaidh, a messing, eating together, E. Ir. commaid, *lcom-huti-H, 
 
 " co-being," from *bwti-s, being. See h\, be. 
 comain, obligation, Ir. comaoin, 0. Jr. commdin : * com-moini- ; Lat. 
 
 communis. See maoiti. 
 t comairce, protection ; see comraich. 
 comanachadh, celebration of the Lord's Supper ; from comann or 
 
 comunn, society, Lat. communio, Eng. communion. 
 comannd, a command ; from the Eng. 
 t comar, a confluence, Ir. comar, cumar, E. Ir. commar, W. cymmer, 
 
 Br. kemper, confluent, * hoTn-bero- ; Lat. corir-fero. Root hher, 
 
 as in beir. 
 comas, comus, power, Ir. cumas, E. Ir. commus, *com-mestu-, 
 
 *mestu-, from.. med, as in meas (Zimmer, Brugmann). 
 combach, a companion ; a shortened form of companach. 
 combaiste, compaiste, a compass, Ir. compds ; from the Eng. 
 comh-, prefix denoting " with, com-, con-," Ir. comh-, 0. Ir. com-, 
 
 *kom- ; Lat. cum,, com-, coiv-, Eng. com-, con-, etc. It appears 
 
 as coimh^, com- (before m and h), con- (before d, g), etc. 
 comhach, prize, prey : *com-agos- ; root ag, drive? 
 comhachag, owl, W. cwm, Br. kaouen, 0. Br. couann ; L. Lat. 
 
 cMvannus (from the Celtic — Ernault), Fr. chou^tte, 0. Fr. 
 
 choue. Cf. Ger. schuku, ulm. An onomatopoetic word 
 
 originally. 
 comhad, a comparison (Sh.) ; comh +fada, q.v. 
 comhaib, contention about rights (M'A.) : 
 comhaich, dispute, assert, contend : 
 comhailteachd, a convoy, Ir. comhailtim, I join ; from comhal, a 
 
 joining, so Ir., E. Ir. accomallte, socius, 0. Ir. accomol, cou- 
 
 junctio, W. cyfall, *ad-com-ol. For ol, see under tional, alt. 
 comhair, presence, e regione, etc., Ir. c6mliair, E. Ir. comair, W. 
 
 cyfer, 0. W. civer : com + air, the prep, comh and air, q.v. 
 
 (Asc). 
 comhairc, an outcry, appeal, forewarning, Ir. cdmhairce, E. Ir. 
 
 . . comaircim, I ask : com ■{■ arc. For arc, see iomchm-c. 
 comhairle, advice, Ir. cdmhairle, 0. Ir. airle, counsel, air -J- le. 
 
 This le is usually referred to the root las, desire, Skr. lash, 
 
 desire, Lat. lasdvus, wanton. Ascoli suggests the root Id of 
 
 0. Ir. Idaim, mittere, Gr. cAawco. 
 comhal, a joining — an Ir. word ; see comhailteachd. 
 comhalta, a foster-brother, Ir. comhalta, E. Ir. comalta, W. cyfaillt, 
 
 friend, *kom-altjos, root al, rear, Lat. alo, etc. See altrum. 
 comharradh, a mark, Ir. cdmhartha, 0. Ir. comarde ; from com and 
 
 0. Ir. airde, signum, W. arwydd, M. Br. argoez, * are-vidio- ; 
 
 root vid, as in Lat. video, here prce-video, etc. 
 
88 KTYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 comhart, the bark of a dog ; from wmh and aH, 0. Ir. artram, 
 
 latratus, W. cyfarth, arthio, to bark, 0. Br. arton. 
 comhdach, clothing, covering, Ir. ciimhdach, veil, covering, defence, 
 
 E. Ir. comtuch, cumtach, covering, " shiine" : * corir-vd-tog ; 
 
 root tecf, tog, as in tigh, q.v. 
 cdmhdaich, allege, pro;ve: *eonv-atach; see atach? 
 cbmhdhail, a meeting. Ir. cdmhdkdil, E. Ir. comddl : com + dail ; 
 
 see dail. 
 cdmhla, together, Ir. c6mhldmh : com + lamh, ■' co-hand, at hand." 
 
 See lamh. 
 comhia, door, door-leaf, Ir. cdmhla, E. Ir. comla, gen. comlad : 
 
 * com-lor, root (?/)^a-, fold, groove (cf. Lat. sim-plv^s, 0. H. G. 
 
 zwifal, two-fold) ; root pal, pel, as in alt, joint. 
 comhlann, a cOmbat, Ir. cdmhlann, E. Ir. comlann : *com + lann ; 
 
 see lann. 
 comhluadar, conversation, colloquy, Ir. cdmhluadar, company, con- 
 versation ; from luaid/i, speak (* com-luadrtro-). See Iruiidh. 
 comhnadh, help, Ir. cungnamh, 0. Ir. congnam, inf. to congniu, I 
 
 help : com + {g)n\, "co-doing." See m, do, gniomh, deed, 
 cdrnhnard, level, Ir. comhdrd -. com + ard, " co-high, equally high." 
 cdmhnuidh, a dwelling, Ir. c6mhnuidhe, a tarrying, dwelling, E. Ir. 
 
 comnaide, a waiting, delay (also imaide) : *com-naide ; root 
 
 nes, nas, dwell ; Gr. vatw, dwell, viofiai, go, vaeT'ijs, inhabitant ; 
 
 Skr. nas, join any one. 
 cdmhradh, conversation, Ir. cdmhrddh : com. -f- rddh ; see radh. 
 comhrag, a conflict, Ir. cdmkrac, E. Ir. comrac, battle, 0. Ir. 
 
 comracc, meeting, W. cyfrang, rencounter, ''' Tconwranko- ; root 
 
 renk, assemble ; Lit. rinkti, assemble, surinTAmas, assembly. 
 comhstadh, a borrowing, loan : * corti-iasad- ; see iasad? 
 compairt, partnership, Ir. c6mpd/rtas ; from cojn- a.n& pdirt, q.v. 
 companach, companion, Ir. c6mpdnach, M. Ir. companach ; from 
 
 E. Eng. compairumn, through Fr., from L. Lat. compdnid, 
 
 " co-bread-man," from p&nis, bread. Dialectic combach. 
 comradli, aid, assistance : 
 comraich, protection, sanctuary, Ir. cbmairce, E. Ir. comm,rche, 
 
 M. Ir. comairce ; from the root arc, defend, as in teasairg, q.v. 
 comunn, society, company, Ir. cumann ; from Lat. communio, Eng. 
 
 commmnion. 
 con-, with ; see comh-. 
 
 cona, cat's tail or moss crops (Sh.) ; see canach. 
 conablach, a carcase, so Ir. ; for con-ablach ; see con- and ablach. 
 
 "Dog's carcase" (Atkinson). 
 conachag, a conch (M'A.) ; from the Eng. 
 conachair, a sick person who neither gets worse nor better (M'A.), 
 
 uproar (M'F.) : 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 89 
 
 conair, a path, way (Sh., O'B.), so Ir., O. Ir. conar : 
 conaire, the herb "loose-strife," Ir. conair (O'E.); see conas. 
 conalach, brandishing (Sh. ; not H.S.D.) ; of. the nam Gonall, 
 
 * Cuno-valo-s, roots kuno (see cwrcddh) and val, as in flath, q.v. 
 conaltradh, conversation, Ir. conaltra (O'R. ; Sh.) : * con-alt-radh ? 
 
 For alt, see alt, joint. 
 conas, a wrangle, so Ir. (O'R., Sh.) ; from con-, the stem of cu, 
 
 dog : " eurrishness" ? 
 conas, conasg, furze, whins, Ir. conasg (O'R., Sh.) ; cf. conas above. 
 condrachd, contrachd, mischance, curse, E. Ir. contracht ; from 
 
 Lat. contractus, a shrinking, contraction. 
 confhadh, rage, Ir. confadh, M. Ir. confad : con+fadh ; ior fadh, 
 
 see onfhadh. 
 conlan, an assembly, Ir. conldn. H.S.D. gives as authorities for 
 
 the Gaelic word " Lh. et C. S." 
 conn, sense, so Ir., E. Ir. cowl : * cos-no-, root kos, kes, as in G. ch\, 
 
 see ; Gr. kovvcio, understand, koo-/xos, array ("what is seen"), 
 
 world. See further under chk for kes. Stokes equates cond 
 
 with Got. handngs, wise ; but this is merely the Eng. Imndy. 
 
 It has been suggested as an ablaut form to ceann, head. Got. 
 
 hugs, sense, has also been compared ; *cug-s-no- is possible, 
 connadh, fuel, so Ir., 0. Ir. condiid, W. cynnud. Cor. cunys, 
 
 *kondutu- ; I'oot kond, hid ; Lat. candeo, incendo ; Gr. 
 
 KavSttjOos, coal, 
 connan, lust : 
 connlach, straw, stubble, so Ir., 0. Ir. connall, stipula : konncdlo- ; 
 
 Lat. cannula, canna, a reed, canalis, Gr. Kavva, reed. See 
 
 coinnleiM. 
 connsaich, dispute ; see under ionnsaich. 
 connspair, a disputant : *cmv-deashair ; see deashair. 
 Gonnspeach, a wasp, Ir. coinnspeaeh (Fol.) ; see speach, wasp. 
 connspoid, a dispute, Ir. eonsptid ; from a Lat. * cormputatio, for 
 
 *eondisputatio. See deaslmd. 
 connspunn, conspuU, consmunn, a hero, Ir. conspullach, heroic 
 
 (O'R.) : 
 constabal, the township's bailiif (Heb.) ; from Eng. constable. 
 contraigh, neaptide, O. Ir. contrac/it ; from Lat. contractus, shrink- 
 ing (Zeuss, Meyer). See condracht and traogh. 
 contran, wild angelica, Ir. contran (O'R.) : 
 conuiche, a hornet (H.S.D.), cdnuich (Arm.), conuibhe, connuibh 
 
 (M'L., M'A.) ; used by Stewart in the Bible glosses. Same 
 
 root as conas. 
 cop, foam, M. Ir., E. Ir. copp ; from Ag. S., M. Eng. eopp, vertex, 
 
 top, Ger. kopf, head. 
 
 12 
 
90 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 copag, dofcken, Ir. cop6g, ewptg. Founded on the Eng. coip, head, 
 
 head-dress, crest, tuft ; W. copog, tufted. The same as c<yp, 
 
 q.v. 
 copan, a boss, shield boss, cup ; from the Norse Tcoppr, cup, bell- 
 shaped crown of a helmet, Eng. ewp. 
 copar, copper, Ir. c&par ; from the Eng. 
 cor, state, condition, Ir. cor, 0. Ir. c<yr, positio, •' jactus," *'koru-, 
 
 vb. *l(0'ri6, I place. See cuir. 
 cdram, a faction, a set (M'A.) ; from the Eng. qvorum. 
 core, a cork, so Ir. ; from the Eng. 
 core, a knife, Ir. core : *korkn-, *qor-go-, root qor, qer, cut; Lit. 
 
 kirwis, axe ; Gr. Kep/xa, a chip, Keipio, cut. Allied to the root 
 
 sqer of sgar, q.v. 
 core, oats, Ir. coirce, M. Ir. corca, W. ceirch, Br. kerc'h, *h>rigo-. 
 
 Bezzenberger suggests connection with Lettic kurki, small 
 
 corn. Possibly for kor-ko-, where kor, ker is the root which 
 
 appears in Lat. Ceres, Eng. cereal, Gr. ko/oos, satiety, lit. 
 
 sz^rti, feed. The meaning makes connection with Gr. 
 
 KopKopos, pimpernel, doubtful. 
 eoreur, crimson, Ir. coreur, scarlet, 0. Ir. corcur, purple, W. 
 
 porphor ; from Lat. pwrpurci (Eng. purple). 
 cord, a rope, Ir. corda ; from Eng. cord, Lat. corda. 
 cord, agree, Ir. cord ; from obsolete Eng. cord, agree, bring to an 
 
 agreement, from Lat. cord-, the stem of cor, heart, whence 
 
 Eng. cordial, etc. The Sc. has the part, as cordyt, agreed, 
 cordaidhe, spasms (Sh.) : " twistings," from cord. 
 corlach, bran, refuse of grain (M'D. ; O'E. has corlach), corrlach, 
 
 coarsely grounded meal, over-plus. A compound of corr, 
 
 " what is over " ? 
 corn, a drinking horn, Ir., E. Ir. com, W. corn, Br. korn, *komo- ; 
 
 Lat. comu ; Eng. horn ; Gr. Kipai, horn, 
 cdrnuil, retching, violent coughing : '''kors-no- ? For kors, see 
 
 carrasan. 
 cor on, a crown, Ir., E. Ir. cor din, cor6n, W. cor on ; from Lat. 
 
 corona (Eng. crown). 
 Corp, a body, Ir., 0. Ir. corp, W. corff, Br. korf; from Lat. corpus 
 
 (Eng. corpse, Sc. corp). 
 corpag, tiptoe (Arm.) ; seemingly founded on corr of corrag. 
 corr, a crane, Ir., E. Ir. corr, W. erychydd, Cor. cherhit, 0. Br. 
 
 corcid, ardea, *horgsd, korgjo-s ; Gr. kc/oxo), be hoarse, Ktpxvrj, 
 
 a hawk, 0. SI. kraguj, sparrow-hawk. Cf. W. cregyr, heron, 
 
 " screamer," from cregu, be hoarse ; Ag. S. hrdgra, Ger. 
 
 reiher, heron, Gr. Kpi^ui, KpUe, screech. 
 c6rr, excess, overplus, Ir. cnrr , G. corr, odd, Ir. cor, corr, odd ; 
 
 also Ir. corr, snout, corner, point, K. Ir. corr, rostrum, corner. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 91 
 
 The E. Ir. corr, rostrum, has been referred by Zimmer and 
 Thximeysen to corr, crane — the name of "beaked" bird doing 
 duty also for " beak." The modern meanings of " excess, 
 odd" (cf. odd of Eng., which really means " point, end") makes 
 the comparison doubtful. Refer it rather to kom-, stick out, 
 point, head ; Gr. K6p(rr], head ; stem keras- ; Lat. crista, Eng. 
 crest ; further is Gr. Kepa?, horn, Lat. cerebrum, Norse hjarsi, 
 crown of the head ; and also corn, horn, q.v. 
 
 corra-biod, an attitude of readiness to start ; from corr, point, and 
 biod=biog, start. 
 
 corrach, abrupt, steep, Ir., M. Ir. corrach, unsteady, wavering ; 
 " on a point," from corr, point, odd ? 
 
 corra-cliagailt, glow-worm-like figures from raked embers, Ir. 
 eorrchagailt ; from corr, a point, and cagailt. 
 
 COrradJuiil, first effort of an infant to articulate. An onomato- 
 poetic word. 
 
 corrag, a forefinger, finger ; from corr, point, etc. 
 
 corra-ghriodhach, a heron, crane, Ir. eorr-ghrian, heron ; from 
 corr, and (E. Ir.) grith, a cry, scream, *grtu-, root gar, of 
 goir, q.v. 
 
 corran, a sickle, Ir. corrdn, carrdn, M. Ir. corr an, *korso-, root 
 Tcors, hers, an extension of I. E. qero, Gr. Kupio, etc., as in core, 
 q.v. Cf. I. E. qerpo, cut, from the same root, which gives 
 Lat. carpo, cull, Gr. Kapiros, fuit (Eng. harvest). Lit. kerpu, 
 cut, Skr. krpana, sword. G. may be from a korpso-, korso-. 
 The Gaelic has also been referred to the root kur, round, as 
 in cruinn, Ir. cor, circuit (O'Cl.). 
 
 corran, a spear, barbed arrow (Ossianic Poems) ; from co7r, a 
 point, q.v. 
 
 corranach, loud weeping, " coronach," Ir. cordnach, a funeral cry, 
 dirge : co + rdn-ack, "co-weeping ;" see rdn. 
 
 corrghuil, a murmur, chirping (Heb.) ; see corradhuiL 
 
 corrlach, coarsely ground meal, overplus ; see cbrlach. 
 
 corruich, anger, rage. Ir. corruighe, vb. corrwighim, stir, shake ; 
 from corrach. The striking resemblance to M. Eng. couroux, 
 0. Fr. couroux (from Lat. corruptus), has been remarked by 
 I)r Cameron (Eel. Celt. II., 625). 
 
 cdrsa, a coast ; from the Eng. course. Cf. cdrsair, a cruiser. 
 
 cor-shiomain, thraw-crook ; from cor or car, q.v., and sioman, q.v. 
 
 COS, a foot, leg ; see cas. 
 
 o6s, a cave, Ir. cuas, topographically Coos, Goose, M. Ir. cuas, a 
 cave, hollow : *cavosto-, from eavo-, hollow ; Lat. caims. It is 
 possible to refer it to *covd-to, koudh, hide, Gr. Keidoi, Eng. 
 hide, hut. The Norse lg6s, a deep or hollow place, is not 
 allied, but it appears in Lewis in the place-name Keose. 
 
92 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cosanta, industrious ; see cosnadh. 
 
 COSd, cost, Ir. cosdius (n.), M. Ir. costm, W. cost ; from 0. Fr. cost, 
 Eng. cost. 
 
 COSgairt, slaughtering ; see casgairt. 
 
 eosgus, cost ; a by-form of cost. 
 
 coslach, like, coslas likeness, Ir. cosm/mil, like, 0. Ir. cosmail, 
 cosmailius (n. ) : con + samhail, q.v. 
 
 cosmhail, like ; see the above. 
 
 cosmal, rubbish, refuse of meat, etc. (M'A.) : 
 
 cosnadh, earning, winning, Ir. cosnamh, defence, 0. Ir. cosnam, 
 contentio, * co-sen-, root sen, Skr. san, win, sandy as, more pro- 
 fitable, Gr. evapa, booty. 
 
 costag, costmary ; from the Eng. 
 
 cot, a cottage ; from Eng. cot. 
 
 c6ta, a coat ; Ir. cdta ; from the Eng. 
 
 COtan, cotton, Ir. cotiin ; from the Eng. 
 
 cothachadh, earning support, Ir. cothuglmdh, M. Ir. cothugud, 
 support ; from teg, tog, as in tigh f 
 
 cothaich, contend, strive ; from cath, battle ? 
 
 cothan, pulp, froth ; see omhan. 
 
 cothar, a coffer, Ir. c6fra ; from the Eng. 
 
 cothlamadh, things of a diiFerent nature mixed together : 
 
 COthrom, fairplay, justice, Ir. comhthrom, equilibrium, E. Ir. 
 comthrom, par : com-\-trom, q.v. 
 
 crabhach, devout, Ir. crahhojch, 0. Ir. crdihdech, arabtid, fides, W. 
 erefydd, * krab, religion ; Skr. vi-p-ambh, trust. 
 
 crabhat, a cravat, Ir. carahhat ; from the Eng. 
 
 cracas, conversation ; from Sc, Eng. crcuclc. 
 
 cradh, torment, Ir. crddh, E. Ir. crdd., crdidim (vb.). Ascoli has 
 compared 0. Ir. tacrdth, exacerbatione, which he refers to a 
 stem acradr, derived from Lat. acritas. This will not suit the 
 d of crddh. Possibly it has arisen from the root leer, cut, 
 hurt {ker, krd). 
 
 crjl-dhearg, blood-red, E. Ir. cr6-derg ; see crb. 
 
 crag, crac, a fissure ; from the Eng. crack. 
 
 crag, knock ; from the Eng. crack. 
 
 craicionn, skin, Ir. croiceann, 0. Ir. croeenn, tergus, Cor. crohen, 
 Br. kroc'hen, * krokkenno-, W. croen, * krokno- {1). From 
 * krok-kenn : krok is allied to Ger. riicken, back, Eng. ridge, 
 Norse hryggr ; and kenn is allied to Eng. skin. For it, see 
 boicionn. 
 
 craidhneach, a skeleton, a gaunt figure, craidhneag, a dried peat ; 
 for root, see ereathach, crion (* krat-ni-). 
 
 criigean, a frog ; from crag, crbg, q.v. : " the well-pawed one." 
 
 craimhinn, cancer, Ir. cnarnhuin ; from cndmh, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 93 
 
 crain, a sow, Ir. crdin, M. Ir. crdnai (gen. case) : *r.rncni,i; 
 
 "grunter," root qreq, as in Lat. crocio, croak, Lit. kro/di, 
 
 grunt, 
 craiteag, a niggard woman ; likely from cradh. 
 cralad, torment ; for cradh-Lot, cradh and lot, q.v. 
 cramb, a cramp-iron, Ir. crampa ; from the Eng. 
 crambadh, crampadh, a quarrel : 
 cralaidh, crawl, crawling ; from the Eng. 
 crann, tree, a plough, Ir. crcmti, a tree, lot, O. Ir. crann, W. and 
 
 Br. prenn : *<frenno- ; cf. Gr. Kpdvov. cornel, Lat. comus, Lit. 
 
 keras, tree stump, 0. Pruss. kimo, shrub (Bezzenberger). 
 
 Windisch correlated Lat. quernun, oaken, but this form, satis- 
 factory as it is in view of the Welsh, rather stands for 
 
 quercnios, from qtiercus, oak. 
 crannadh, withering, shrivelling, Ir. crannda, decrepit ; from 
 
 crann : " running to wood." 
 crannag, a pulpit, a wooden frame to hold the fir candles, Ir. 
 
 crannog, a hamper or basket, M. Ir. crannoc, a wooden vessel, 
 
 a wooden structure, especially the " crannogs" in Irish lakes. 
 
 From crann ; the word means many kinds of wooden structures 
 
 in Gadelic lands. 
 Crannchur, lot, casting lots, Ir. crannchar, 0. Ir. cranchur ; from 
 
 crann and cuir. 
 crannlach, the teal, red-breasted merganser ; from crann and lack, 
 
 duck, q.v. 
 craobh, tree, so Ir., E. Ir. croeb, crdeh, *croih 1 " the splittable," 
 
 root krei, kri, separate ; as tree of Eng. and its numerous 
 
 congeners in other languages is from the root der, split ; and 
 
 some other tree words are from roots meaning violence of 
 
 rending or splitting (kAciSos, tmg, e.g.). For root kri, see 
 
 criathar. 
 craoiseach, a spear, E. Ir. croisech ; from craobh i 
 craoit, a croft ; see croii. 
 craos, a wide, open mouth, gluttony, so Ir., E. Ir. croes, crdes, 
 
 0. Ir. croii, gula, gluttony. Zimmer cfs. W. troesan, buffoon. 
 
 Possibly a Celtic krapestu-, allied to Lat. crdpula, or to Gr. 
 
 Kpanrdkrj, headache from intoxication, 
 crasgach, cross-ways, crasg, an across place ; for ctosg, from eras 
 
 of crois, a cross, q.v. 
 crasgach, corpulent (Sh. ; H.S.D. for C. S.) ;: from obsolete eras, 
 
 body (O'Cl.), Ir. eras, for *crapso-, *krps, root krp of Lat. 
 
 corpus ? 
 crath, shake, Ir. erathadh, 0. Ir. crothim, *krto- ; perhaps allied to 
 
 Lit. kresti, kratyti, shake. But it may be allied to crith, q.v. 
 
 It has been compared to (jr. KpaSdw, brandish, which may be 
 
94 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 for a-KapSdo), root sker in a-Kaipin, spring, Ger. sellers, joke. 
 
 This would suit G. crith, W. cryd and ysgryd. 
 cr6, clay, Ir., 0. Ir. ere, g. criad, W. pridd, Cor., Br. pry. Its 
 
 relation to Lat. creta, which Wharton explains as from crStus, 
 
 "sifted," from cemo, is doubtful. If cemo be for *crino, Gr. 
 
 Kpivio, we should have the root kri, krei, separate, as in 
 
 criathar, and it is not labialised in any language (not qrei). 
 
 The Celtic phonetics are not easily explained, however. Stokes 
 
 gives the stem as qreid-, but the modern G. has the peculiar 
 
 e sound which we find in gne, ce. This points to a stem 
 
 qre-jd, root qre, which is in agreement with Lat. creta without 
 
 doing the violence of supposing crino to give cemo, and this 
 
 again crStus. Cf. 0. Ir. cle, left. 
 cr6, creubh, body ; see creubh. 
 creach, plunder, so Ir., E. Ir. crech, plundering, hosting ; cf . Br. 
 
 kregi, seize, bite, catch (as fire). From the root ker, cut, 
 
 ultimately. See core, knife, and creuchd. 
 creachag, a cockle, Ir. creach, scollop shell (O'E.) ; cf. W. cragen, 
 
 a shell, Cor. crogen, Br. krog. 
 creachan, creachann, bare summit of a hill wanting foliage, a 
 
 mountain : " bared," from creach ? 
 creachan, pudding made with a calf's entrails (M'L.) : 
 creadhonadh, a twitching, piercing pain (Heb.) ; possibly for 
 
 cneadh-ghonadh, " wound-piercing." 
 creag, a rock, so Ir. ; a curtailed form of carraig. Also (Dialecti- 
 
 cally) craig. Hence Eng. crag. 
 creamh, garlic, Ir. creamh, earlier crem, W. craf ; Gr. Kpo/xvov, 
 
 onion ; Ag. S. hramse, Eng. ramsons ; Lit. kermiisze, wild 
 
 garlic, 
 creanair, sedition (Arm. ; not H.S.D.), so Ir. (O'R.) : 
 creanas, whetting or hacking of sticks (M-F. ; H.S.D. considers it 
 
 Dialectic), neat-handed (M'L.) : 
 creapall, entangling, hindering, so Ir. ; it is an Ir. word evidently, 
 
 from Lh. ; founded on Eng. cripple. 
 creathach, (faded) underwood, ' firewoood, Ir. creatliach, hurdle, 
 
 brushwood, faggots (O'R.) : *krto- ; cf. crwn. 
 creathall, cradle ; from Northern M. Eng. credil, Sc. creddle, Eng. 
 
 cradle, Ag. S. cradol. Further derivation at present uncertain 
 
 (Murray), 
 creathall, a lamprey : 
 creatrach, a wilderness, so Ir. (Lh., etc.) ; M'A. gives the word, 
 
 but it is clearly Ir. Cf. creatliach. 
 creic, sell, M. Ir. creicc, sale, E. Ir. creic, buying, 0. Ir. crenim, I 
 
 buy, W. prynn, buy ; Skr. krinami (do.). There seems a 
 
 confusion in G. and E. Ir. with the word reic, sell, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 95 
 
 oreid, believe, Ir. creidim, 0. Ir. cretim, W. credu, Cor. cresy, Br. 
 
 cridiff, *hreddi6 ; Lat. credo ; Skr. cradrdadhdmi. From 
 
 cred-d6, " I give heart to." 
 creigeir, a grapple (M'D.) ; from some derivative of Norse krcBlga, 
 
 to hook, krcekiil, a crooked stick, Eng. crook 'I 
 creim, creidhm, gnaw, chew, nibble, Ir. crevmitn, creidhmim, M. Ir. 
 
 mini. Ir. is also creinim, W. cnithio, end (which also means 
 
 "gnaw"): from knet, knen, kno, ken, bite, scratch, as in 
 
 cnhmh, q.v. The n of kn early becomes r because of the m 
 
 or n after the first vowel, 
 crein, suffer for (W. H.). Possibly allied to the 0. Ir. crenim, 
 
 buy : " You will buy for it !" See imder creic. 
 creis, grease ; from Sc. creische, from 0. Fr. craisse, cresse, from 
 
 Lat. crassa, crasstis, thick. Eng. grease is of like origin. 
 creithleag, a gadfly, so Ir. (FoL), M. Ir. crebar, W. creyr, root 
 
 ci-eb, scratch 1 Of. Lett, kribindt, gnaw off. 
 creoth, wound, hurt (Dialectic), Ir. creo, a wound (O'R.) ; from 
 
 krevo-, root of crb, blood ? Of. Gr. Kpovui, strike, 
 creubh, creubhag, cr6, the body ; cf. M. Ir. cri, *kreivo-, flesh, 
 
 body ; Got. hraiva-, Norse hrae, body, 0. H. G. hreo, corpse. 
 
 It is possible to refer cri, ere to *krepi-, Lat. corpus, 0. H. G. 
 
 Iiref, kg. S. hrif, body, Eng. mid-ri^. 
 creubh, dun, crave ; from the Eng. crave. 
 creubhaidh, tender in liealth ; seemingly from creubh. 
 creuchd, wound, Ir. cre'achd, 0. Ir. credit, W. craith, scar, creithen, 
 
 M. Br. creizemi (do.), *crempto- ; root kerj), ker. Lit. kerpii, 
 
 out, Skr. krjitin/j, sword (Strachau). Stokes gives the Celtic as 
 
 krekio-s, and Bez. cfs. Norse hrekja, worry. This neglects 
 
 the e of Gadelic. 
 creud, what, Ir. creud, cread, E. Ir. cret ; for ce ret. See co and 
 
 rud. 
 creud, creed, Ir. erdidh, M. Ir. credo, W. credo ; from Lat. credo, 1 
 
 believe ; the first word of the Apostles' Greed in Lat. 
 creutair, creatui-e, Ir. creatiir, W. creadwr ; from Lat. creatura. 
 criadh, clay, so Ir. Really the oblique form of ere, q.v. 
 criathar, a sieve, Ir., 0. Ir. criathar, 0. W. cruitr, Cor. eroider, 
 
 M. Br. croezr, '''kreitro- ; Ag. S. hridder, hriddel, Eng. riddle 
 
 Ger. reiter ; further Lat. (^brnm (*kri-6ro-n) ; root kri, krei, 
 
 separate, whence Gr. Kpivw, Eng. critic, etc. 
 criachadh, proposing to oneself ; from crtoch, end. Cf. Eng. 
 
 define, irora finis, and end, used for " purpose." 
 cridhe, heart, Ir. croidJie., 0. Ir. eride, W. craidd, Br. kreis, middle, 
 
 *krdjo-n ; Gr. KpaSla, KapSia ■ Lat. cor, cordis ; Eng. heart, 
 
 (Jer. ken : Lit. szirdu. 
 
96 ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONAEY 
 
 crilein, a small creel (M'E.), a box, small coffer (H.S.D.), crilein 
 (Arm., M'L.), a box, Ir. crilin, E. Ir. criol, coffer. Stokes 
 gives the stem as krepo-, and Bez. adds Skr. fUrpa, winnowing 
 basket (Cf. for j)honetics llort, and Skr. puma, full). Sc, 
 Eug. creel, which appears about 1400, is usually derived 
 hence ; but as the G. form itself is doubtful, and, from all 
 appearance, taken from Lh., it is best to look elsewhere for 
 an etymology for creel, as, through Fr., from Lat. craticida. 
 The G. criol exists Oiily in Sh., who found it in Lh. 
 
 crioch, end, Ir. crioch, 0. Ir. crich, *krika, from the root krei, 
 separate, as in criathar, q.v. Stokes and Bezzenberger join 
 AV. crip, a comb, and compare Lit. kreikti, strew, and, for 
 sense, appeal to the Ger., Eng. strand, " the strewed," 0. Slav. 
 atrana, side. It has also been referred to the root of Lat. 
 circus, circle, Gr. Kp'tKos. 
 criom, nibble, criomag, a bit ; see creim. 
 
 crion, little, withered, Ir. crion, E. Ir. crin, W. crin, fragile, drj', 
 Br. krin, *kreruiH ; root kre appears to belong to root ker, 
 k-erd, destroy, Skr. crii.dmi, break, rend, Lat. caries, decay, 
 Gr. aK-qpaTOi, pure, imtouched, (iot. hairus, sword. Stokes 
 allies it to Skr. ';rdna, cooked, ';rd, cook, possibly a form of 
 the root ker a, mix, Gr. KepapMi, mix. 
 
 crioncanachd, a strife, quarrelsomeness, Ir. cr'umcdnaclid : an Ir. 
 word from Lh., apparently. Perhaps crion-cdii, " small 
 reviling." 
 
 crionna, attentive to small thiug.s, prudent, so Ir. (crConna, Con.) ; 
 also dialectic crionda, whicli shows its connection with crion. 
 Cf. W. crintach, sordid. 
 
 criopag, a wrinkle, Ir. criopog ; foimded-on Eng. cTimp, crumple. 
 M'A. has criopag, a clew of yarn. 
 
 crios, a belt, girdle, so Jr., 0. Ir. criss, fo-chridigedar, accingat, W. 
 crys, shirt, E. W. crys, belt, M. Br. crisaff, succingere, Br. 
 kreis, middle. Bez. suggests comparison with Lit. skritiUf/s, 
 circle, knee cap, skreiste mantle. It has been referred also to 
 the root krid of cridhe, heart. 
 
 Criosdaidh, a Christian, Ir. Criosduighe, M. Ir. cristaige ; from the 
 G. Griosd, Ir. Criosda, Christ ; from Lat. Christus, Gr. 
 X/Dto-Tos, the Anointed One. 
 
 criostal, a crystal, so Ir. ; from the Eng. 
 
 criot, an earthen vessel (Dialect, H.S.D.), Ir. criotamliail, earthen, 
 made of clay (O'B.), criot, an earthen vessel (O'R.) \_ 
 
 criotaich, caress ; see cniadaich. 
 
 criplich, a cripple ; from the Eng. cripple. 
 
 crith, shake, quiver, Ir., E. Ir. crith, VV. cri/d, 0. W. crit, *kritu-; 
 Ag. S. hritSa, fever, Ger. ritten, fever. See crath, to which 
 crith has been suggested as cognate (root krt, krot, kret). 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 97 
 
 critheann, critheach, the aspen tree, Ir. crann-critheach ; from 
 
 orith. 
 cro, a sheep cot, pen, Ir. cro, M. Ir. cro caerach, ovile, cro na muice, 
 
 pig-Stye, W. craw, hovel, pig-stye, Br. kraou, cruu, stable, 
 
 *krdpo-s, a stye, roof ; Ag. S. ^rof, E^g. roof, Norse hrdf, a, 
 
 shed (Stokes). The Norse krd, small pen, Se. croo, seem 
 
 borrowed, 
 cro, the eye of a needle, Ir., E. Ir. cro, W. crati, M. Br. crdo, Br. 
 
 kraouenn. 
 t cro, blood, E. Ir. crd, crii, W. erau, Cor. crow, * krovo-s ; Lat. 
 
 cruor, gore ; Lit. kraujas, blood ; Skr. kravis, raw flesh ; Gr. 
 
 Kpeai, flesh ; Eng. raw. 
 J cro, death, Ir., E. Ir. cro. From the same origin as cro, blood. 
 
 This is the Sc. cro, the weregild of the various individuals in 
 
 the Scoto-Oeltic Kingdom, from the king downwards. 
 croc, beat, pound (Dialectic, H.S.D.) : 
 
 croc, a branch of a deer's horn ; cf. Norse krokr, Eng. crook. 
 crocan, a crook ; from the Norse krdkr, Eng. crook. 
 croch, hang, Ir. crochaim, crock, a cross, gallows, E. Ir. crock, cross, 
 
 ,W. crog ; from the Lat. crux, crucis. 
 crbch, saffron, Ir. erdch ; from Lat. crocus, from Gr. kjookos, crocus, 
 
 and its product saffron. 
 crodh, cattle, Ir. crodh, a dowry, cattle, M. Ir. arod, wealth (cattle) : 
 
 *krodo-, I. E. qordh, qerdh ; Eng. herd, Ger. licrde ; Lit. 
 
 kerdzus, herd (man), Ch. SI. credu, a herd ; Skr. gardhas, a 
 , troop, 
 crodha, valiant, Ir. tr6dha, E. Ir. croda, valiant, cruel, *crovdavo-s, 
 
 "hardy ;" root crovd of cruaidh, q.v. 
 crodhan, hoof, parted hoof, Ir. crobhdn, a little hoof or paw. See 
 
 crubh. 
 crog, an earthen vessel, crogan, a pitcher, Ir. crogdn, pitcher, 
 
 E. Ir. crocann, olla, W. crochan, * krukko- ; Gr. Kpts>u(j6<i., 
 
 pitcher {^KpinKJoi) ; to which are allied, by borrowing some- 
 how, Eng. crock, Ag. S. crocca, Norse krukka, Ger. krug. G. 
 
 and W. phonetics (G. g=W. ch) are unsatisfactory. 
 crog, an aged ewe ; from the Sc. crock ; cf. Norw. krake, a sickly 
 
 beast, Fries, krakke, broken-down horse, etc. 
 crog, large hand, hand in paw form, *erobhag, Ir. crobh, hand 
 
 from wrist to fingers, paw, hoof, 0. Ir. crob, hand. See crubh. 
 crogaid, a beast with small horns (M'A.) ; from crog ? 
 croic, foam on spirits, rage, difiicuhy, cast sea-weed : 
 croich, gallows, Ir. crock, gallows, cross, E. Ir. crock, cross, W. 
 
 crogbren, gallows ; from Lat. crux, crucis. 
 cr6id, a sumptuous present (Heb.) ; see cnbid. 
 
 13 
 
98 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 eroidh, pen cattle, house corn ; from crb. Dialectic for latter 
 meaning is crodhadli. 
 
 croidhleag, a basket, small creel ; see erUein. 
 
 crdilean, a little fold, a group ; from crb. 
 
 crois, a cross, so Ir., E. Ir. cross, W. croes ; from Lat. crux. 
 
 eroistara, cranntara, also -tara, -tarra, the fiery cross : crois + 
 tara ; see crois above. As to tara, cf . the Norse tara, war 
 (Cam.). 
 
 croit, a hump, hillock, Ir. croit, W. crwtli, a hunch, harp, croth, a 
 protuberant part (as calf of leg), *crotti- ; from Icrot, hurt, 
 root kur, round, as in cruinn, emit, q.v. 
 
 croit, a croft ; from the Eng. croft. In the sense of " vulva," cf. 
 W. croth, Br. courz, which Stokes refers to cruit, harp ; but 
 the G. may be simply a metaphorical use of croit, croft. 
 
 crolot, wound dangerously ; ero + lot, q.v. 
 
 crom, bent, Ir., E. Ir. crom, 0. Ir. cromm, W. crwm, Br. krom, 
 0. Br. crum, * krumho- ; from the same root as cruinn 1 The 
 Ag. S. crumh, crooked, Eng. crumple, Ger. krumm, have been 
 compared, and borrowing alleged, some holding that the 
 Teutons borrowed from the Celts, and vice versa. Dr Stokes 
 holds that the Celts are the borrowers. The Teutonic and 
 Celtic words do not seem to be connected at all in reality. It 
 is an accidental coincidence, which is bound to happen some- 
 times, and the wonder is, it does not happen oftener. 
 
 cromadh, a measure the length of the middle finger, Ir. cruma ; 
 from crom. 
 
 cron, fault, harm, Ir. cronaim, I bewitch ; cf. M. Ir. cron, rebuking. 
 The idea is that of being "fore-spoken" by witchcraft. See 
 next. 
 
 cronaich, rebuke, Ir. cronuighim, M. Ir. cronaigim,, cron, rebuking, 
 E. Ir. air-chron (do.), *kruno- ; cf. Teut. hru, noise, Norse 
 rdmr, shouting, Ag. S. hrdam, a din. 
 
 cronan, a dirge, croon, purring, Ir., E. Ir. crondn. O'Curry 
 (Mann, and Cust. III., 246) writes the Ir. as crdndn, and 
 defines it as the low murmuring or chorus to each verse of 
 the aidbsi or choral singing. Sc. croon, croyn (15th century), 
 corresponds to Du. krevnen, groan, M. Du. kronen,, lament, 
 M. Low G. kronen, growl, 0. H. G. chrdnan, M. L. G. kroenen, 
 chatter (Murray, who thinks the Sc. came from Low Ger. 
 in M. Eng. period). It seems clear that the Gadelic and 
 Teutonic are related to each other by borrowing ; seemingly 
 the Gadelic is borrowed. 
 
 crosach, crossing, thwarting, Ir. crosanta ; also G. crosan (and 
 crostan), a peevish man ; all from cros, the basis of crois, 
 cross, q.v. 
 
OF THK GAELIC LANGUAGE. 99 
 
 CTOSda, perverse, irascible, so Ir. ; from the G. base cros of crois, 
 
 cross, 
 crotal, lichen, especially for dyeing, cudbear : *crottal ; *krot-to-, 
 
 from krot ; cf. Gr. Kporwvq, an excrescence on a tree. Hence 
 
 Sc. crottle. M. Ir. crotal means " husk" (which may be G. 
 
 crotal above), " kernel, cymbal." In the last two senses the 
 
 word is from the Lat. erotalum, a rattle : the Irish used a 
 
 small pear-shaped bell or rattle, whence the Ir. Eng. crotal 
 
 (Murray). 
 cruach, a pile, heap, Ir., E. Ir. cruach, W. crug, Cor. ctuc, 0. Br. 
 
 criu:, *kroukd ; Lit. hrduti, to pile, Icruvi, heap ; Norse hniga, 
 
 heap. Others have compared the Norse hraukr, a small 
 
 stack, Ag. S. Mac, Eng. rick. 
 cruachan, cruachainn, hip, upper part of the hip, E. Ir. cruachait ; 
 
 from critach, heap, hump. Stokes translates the Ir, as " chine," 
 
 and considers it, like the corresponding Ger. kreuz, derived 
 
 from Lat. crucem, cross. The Gaelic meaning is distinctly 
 
 against this. 
 cruaidh, hard, Ir. cruaidh, O.Ir. cruaid, *k]'ovdi-s; root kreva, to be 
 
 bloody, raw, whence crb, blood, q.v. ; Lat. crudus, Eng. crude. 
 
 Hence cruailinn, hard, rocky, 
 crib, squat, crouch, Ir. crubadh, to bend, crook ; also G. criibach, 
 
 cripple, Ir. do. ; from Norse krjupa, to creep, kneel (Eng. 
 
 creep, etc.), kroppinn, crippled, root kreup, krup, as in Eng. 
 
 cripple, Sc. cruppen thegether, contracted, bowed. Cf. W. 
 
 crwh, bent. 
 criiban, the crab-fish, Ir. cniban, W. crwhan. From cruh above, 
 crubh, a horse's hoof, Ir. crobh, paw, hoof, E. Ir. crii, ""kruvo-, 
 
 hoof ; Zend nrva, cruva, nail, horn ; further Gr. Kepas, horn, 
 
 and com, q.v. (Stokes). 
 crudha, horse shoe, Ir. crudk : seemingly from the above word, 
 cruidein, the kiug-fisher, Ir. cruidin : 
 cruimh, a worm, Ir. cnuimh, 0. Ir. cruim, W., Cor. pry f, Br. prenv, 
 
 *qrmi- ; Lit. kirmis, Lett, serms ; Skr. krmis, krimis. 
 cruinn, round, so Ir., 0. Ir. cruind, W. crion, Br. krenn, *'krundi-s; 
 
 root kuro-, circle, turn, as in car, q.v. Cf. Lat. curvus ; Gr. 
 
 Kvprds, bent, Kopuivq, ring, Lat. corona, Eng. crown. Bezzen- 
 
 berger cfs. the form crundi- from kur to Lat. rotundus from 
 
 rota. 
 crtiisgeiB, a lamp, jug, Ir. cruisgin ; from M. Eng. cruskyn, from 
 
 0. Fr. creusequin, from Teut. knls, whence Eng. cruse. 
 criisle, cruidse, a mausoleum, hollow vault of a church ; from 
 
 M. Eng. cruddes, vault, crypt, crowd, by-form of Eng. crypt. 
 emit, a harp, so Ir., 0. Ir. crot, W. cnvth, fidicula. Late Lat. (600 
 
 A.D.) chrotta, *krotta : krot-tOr, from krot, kurt, root kur, as in 
 
100 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 G. cruinn, round, q.v., Gr. Kvpro's (do.) : " the curved instru- 
 ment." Stokes refers it to the root hrot, strike, as in Gr. 
 KpoT€to, rattle, clap. Hence Eng. crowd. 
 
 cruithneachd, cruineachd, wheat, Ir. cruithneachd, 0. Ir. cruitk- 
 necht : *krt-on-, root kert, ker, cut, "that which is cut ;" Lit. 
 keriil, cut ; Gr. Kfipio, Lat. eurtus, etc. (Rhys). It has been 
 compared to the Lat. Ceres, Eng. cereal, and Lat. cresco, creo, 
 as in cruth. 
 
 crftlaist, a rocky hill (H.S.D., from MSS.) ; from crv/iidh ? Cf 
 cruailinn. 
 
 CTumag, the plant skirret ; Sc. erummock. From Gaelic crom 
 (Cameron). 
 
 cruman, the hip bone, Ir. crumdn, hip bone, crooked surgical 
 instrument ; from crom. 
 
 criin, crown, Ir. crdn ; from M. Eng. crune, from 0. Fr. coronne, 
 from Lat. corona. 
 
 crunnluadh, a quick measure in pipe music : cruinn + luath. 
 
 crup, crouch, contract, Ir. crupaim ; founded on the M. Eng 
 eruppel, cripple, a root crup, appearing in Sc. cruppen, con- 
 tracted. See crikhaeh. 
 
 cruscladh, wrinkling : 
 
 cruth, form, figure, Ir., 0. Ir. cruth, W. pryd, *qrtu-s, root qer, 
 make ; Lat, cerus, creator, creo, Eng. create ; Lit. kuriu, build ; 
 Skr. kar, make, krtas, made. 
 
 cii, a dog, Ir., 0. Ir. cu, g. con, W. ci, pi. cwn. Cor., Br. ki, pi. Br. 
 koun, *kv£, g. *hunos; Gr. Kxmv ; Lat. canis ; Eng. hound; 
 Skr. fvd, g. funas. 
 
 cuach, a cup, bowl, Ir. aiMchdg, 0. Ir. ciiach ; Lat. cwuctis, Gr. 
 KdVKa ; Skr. koQa. It is generally held that cuach is borrowed 
 from the Lat., though phonetically they may be cognate. 
 The W. cawg is certainly borrowed. 
 
 cuach, curl, so Ir. ; from the above. 
 
 cuag, an awkward curve, kink, an excrescence on the heel ; also 
 guag (Dialectic) : *kouggd, *kouk-gd ; root qevq, bend ; Skr. 
 kuc, bend, Lit. kuku, hook ? 
 
 cu'ag, cubhag, cuckoo, Ir. ciiach, 0. Ir. cuach, W. cdg, of onomato- 
 poetic origin — from the cuckoo's cry of kuku, whence Eng. 
 cuckoo, Lat. cucMus, Gr. kokkv^, Skr. kdkilas, koha. 
 
 cuailean, the hair, a lock, curl, Ir. cuailen (Stokes). This Stokes 
 refers to a stem *koglenno-, and cfs. Gr. koxXos, a spiral- 
 shelled shell-fish, KoxAt'as, spiral-shelled snail, Lat. cochlea. 
 As the Gr. may be for xdxA.os, the derivation is uncertain. 
 Ir. cuailin, a bundle, faggot, suggests that a similar deriva- 
 tive from cual was used metaphorically for a " bundle or cord 
 of hair." 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 101 
 
 cuaille, a club, bludgeon, Ir., E. Ir. cuaille, *kaullio- ; Gr. KavXos, 
 
 stalk ; Lat. caulis, stalk ; Lit. Mulas, a bone (Stokes). It 
 
 may, however, be for *c(md-s-lio-, from qovd, Lat. cUdo, strike. 
 cuairsg, roll, wreathe, so Ir. ; from cwairt, with the termination 
 
 -sqd. 
 cuairt, circuit, so Ir., 0. Ir. cAairt. Stokes gives the stem as 
 
 *kukrti-, from hir, circle, as in cruinn. 
 cual, a faggot, burden of sticks, Ir. fMaZ,.M. Ir. cual, heap, *kuglo-, 
 
 root kitg, qeug ; Eng. heap ; Lat. cwmMlus ( = cub-lus ?) ; Lit. 
 
 hAgis, heap. 
 cuallach, herding or tending cattle : 
 cuallach, society, family, Ir. cuallaidheachd, society, cuallaidhe, a 
 
 companion : 
 cuan, the ocean, Ir., M. Ir. cuan, harbour, *copno- ; Norse hofn, 
 
 Ger. hafen, Eng. haven. 
 cuanal, cuantal, a company, a band of singers : 
 cuanna, cuannar, handsome, fine, Ir. cuanna ; also cuanta, robust, • 
 
 neat : * kaunr-navos, from kaun, skaun ; Ger. schon. 
 t cuar, crooked, Ir. cva,r, E. Ir. cAar, ^kvkro^, root kiie, bend ; Skr. 
 
 kitcati, bend. Lit. kukii, hook (Strachan). But cf. cuairt. 
 cuaradh, paining, tormenting ; cf. W. cur, pain, care, curio, beat. 
 
 The Dictionaries refer the word to ciitrr, as a Dialectic form, 
 cuaran, a brogue, sock, Ir. cuar6g, M. Ir. cdardn, W. cwran, a 
 
 covering for the foot and leg, *kourano-, "mocassin" : *keu- 
 
 ro- ; root keu, ku, as in Lat. cu-tis, skin, Eng. hide, Ag. S. h^d 
 
 (*kuti-). 
 cuas, a cave ; see cos. 
 
 ciib, a tumbril, box-cart ; from Sc. coop, coup, box-cart, etc., pro- 
 bably the same as Eng. coop, basket. Dialectic coba. 
 cfib, crouch, Ir. ciibaim ; founded on Lat. vuho, lie. 
 cvibaid, pulpit ; ultimately from Lat. pulpitum, a speaking plat- 
 form, whence Eng. •pulpit, Sc. poopit. Dialectic btibaid. 
 cubair, a cooper ; from the Eng. 
 cubhag, cuckoo ; see cu'ag. 
 cubhaidh, fit, so Ir., 0. Ir. cobaid, fit, cuhaithiu, concinnior : *eon- 
 
 vedo-, " suiting ;" root ved, bind, as in feadhainn. 
 cubhraidh, fragrant, Ir. cumhra, cwmhra, M. Ir. citmra, cumrae, 
 
 E. Ir. cumrai (i n-aballgort chumrai) ; *com-rae : 
 cubhraig, cubhraiiiii, a coverlet ; founded on the Eng. cover, 
 
 coverlet. Dialectic cuibhlig. 
 cuchailte, a residence (Arm. ; not H.S.D.), Ir. cuclaidhe ; * con- 
 
 cladh- ; from cladh, q.v. 
 cudaig, the fish cuddy, young of the coalfish, Ir. cudbg, c6dog, 
 
 haddock, *cod-do- ; Eng. haddock ? Sc. cuddy, cudden, may 
 
 be of G. origin (Murray). Also cudainn. 
 
102 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cMainn, a large bushel or tub; of. Norse Mtr, cask, So. coodie, 
 quiddie, small tub. M. Ir. cuidin, coithin, catinus, is probably 
 from a Celt, kotino-, Gr. kotvXt), cup, Lat. cattmis, a deep 
 
 cudrom, cudthrom, weight : * eorirtrom-, "co-heavy;" 0. Ir. 
 
 cutrumme, similis. See trom. Dialectic cnideam. 
 cugainii, delicacy, " kitchen," E. Ir. cuicen ; from Lat. coquina. 
 cuibheasach, tolerable, middling, Ir. cuibheasach, decent, cuibheas, 
 
 decency, cuibhe, decent. See cuhhaidh for stem. The Ir. 
 
 cuibhe shows that it is possible to derive the word from 
 
 * con-vesu-, root vesu of feabhas. 
 euibhle, cuibhill, a wheel ; from Eng. wheel. 
 ouibhne, deer's horn (Arm., M'L.), deer's tibia (H.S.D.) : 
 cuibhreach, a bond, chain, so Ir., 0. Ir. cuimrech, vb. cfmriug, ligo, 
 
 W. rhwym, vinculum, Br. rum, hevre, *kom-rigo-n ; rigo-, a 
 bond ; Lat. corrigia, shoe-lace ; M. H. G. ric, band, string. 
 
 cuibhrig, cover, coverlet ; see cubhraig. 
 
 cuibhrionn, portion, so Ir., E. Ir. cuibrend, W. cyfran : *com-rann; 
 see rann. 
 
 cuid, share, part, Ir. cuid, g. coda, 0. Ir. cuit, W. peth, res, pars, 
 Cor. peth, Br. pez, *qezdi-, *qozdi- ; qes, qos, seemingly from the 
 pron. root qo, qe (see co). Cf. Lat. quotidie, qaota, Br. ped, 
 how much. Bezzenberger compares Lit. kedeti, burst, SI. 
 c§sti, part ; root qed. Hence Eng. piece. 
 
 cuideachd, company, Ir. cuideachda, 0. Ir. eotecht, coitio, conventus : 
 
 * con-techt ; see teacht. 
 
 cuideag, a spider (H.S.D.), Ir. cuideog (O'R.) : 
 
 cuideal, pride (Arm.), cuidealas (M'A.) ; from cuid? 
 
 cuideam, weight ; see cudrom. 
 
 cuidh, cuith, inclosure (Barra) ; from Norse kvi, Orkney quoy, a 
 
 pen, Orkney and Shetland qiiep, qvM-y, enclosed laud. 
 cuidhe, wreath of snow ; see cuith. 
 
 cuidhtich, quit, requite, Ir. eaitighim ; from Eng. quit 1 
 cuidich, assist, Ir. cuidighim, M. Ir. cuitigim, share ; from cuid. 
 cuidtidh, common (Sh. ; not H.S.D.), Ir. cuidri{dh), entertain- 
 
 meut, commons : *con-trebi-, as in caidreabh ? 
 cuifein, the wadding of a gun ; from Sc. colfin. 
 cuigeal, a distaff, so Ir., M. Ir. cuigel, W. cogail. Corn, cigel, Br. 
 
 kegel ; from M. Lat. conucula, for colucula, from colus. From 
 
 Lat. conucula comes Ger. hunkel, Fr. quenouille. 
 ciiil, corner, recess, Ir. oAil, 0. Ir. cuil, W. cil, * kCdi-. See ciil. 
 cuilbheart, a wile, trick ; from ciiil + beart. 
 cuilbheir, a gun ; from the Eng. eulverin. 
 cuilc, reed, cane, Ir. aidlc, *kolki- ; root kol, as in Lat. culmus, 
 
 stalk, Gr. KciAa/ios, reed, Eng. haulm. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 103 
 
 cuile, au apartment where stores are kept ; from *kul-iij-, root qei 
 
 of ceall. 
 cuileag, a fly, Ir. and E. Ir. cuil, W. cylion, flies, Cor. helionen, Br. 
 
 guelyenen, *kuli-s, kulidno-s : Lat. cukx. 
 cuilean, a whelp, Ir. cuileann, E. Ir. culen, W. colwyn. Cor. coLoin, 
 
 catulus, Br. kolenn, young of quadmpeds ; Cr. KvkXa = crKvka^^ 
 
 whelp (Bez.). It may be from ca, ^kun, dog. 
 cuilionn, holly, so Ir., E. Ir. cuilenn, W. celyn. Cor. celin, Br. 
 
 kelenn (pi.), *kolenno- \ Eng. Iwlly, Ag. S. holegn. 
 Ciiilm, a feast ; Dialectic for cuirm, q.v. 
 cuimein, the plant cumin, Jr. cuiiain ; from Lat. cuminum, Eng. 
 
 cumin. 
 cuimhne, remembrance, so Ir., 0. Ir. cuman, cuimnech, memor, W. 
 
 cof, Cor. eov, M. Br. couff, * co-men ; root men, as in Lat. 
 
 memini, I remember, Eng. mention, mind, etc. 
 cuimir, brief, handsome, so Ir., E. Ir. cwmbair, * com-berro- ; for 
 
 berr, see bearr. 
 cuimrig, trouble ; see coimrig. 
 cuimse, a mark, aim, moderation, Ir. cuimse ; from com + meas ; 
 
 see meas. Cf. eirmis. 
 cuin, when, E. Ir. cuin, W., Br. ^)a» ; Lat. quum; Eng. when ; see 
 
 CO. The Ir. ca7i (O'Cl.) is allied to Lat. quando, and more 
 
 nearly than cuin to W., Br. pan. 
 cuing, a yoke, Ir., E. Ir. cuing : * con-jungi-, root jung, jug, as iu 
 
 Lat. jvmgo, Eng. joke ? For phonetics, see next, 
 cuinge, narrowness, 0. Ir. cum^e ; see cumkang. 
 cuinn, coin ; from the Eng. 
 cuinneag, a pail, milk pail, Ir. cuinneog, M. Ir. cuindeog, W. 
 
 cunnog, cynnog ; cf. Lat. congius, a quart. 
 cuinnean, a nostril : 
 cuinnlein, a stalk of corn, a nostril ; for the first meaning, see 
 
 connlach ; for the second, cuinnean above. 
 cuinnse, a quince ; from the Eng. 
 cuinnsear, a dagger, sword ; from the Eng. whinger. 
 cuip, a whip ; from Eng. whip. 
 cuir, put, Ir., E. Ir. cuirivi, 0. Ir. cuiriur, W. hebgor, put aside, 
 
 *korid, I put. The root is likely ker, kor, of cruth, q.v. 
 
 For meaning cf. Lat. facio and Gr. Ttd^ij/xt. Bezzenberger 
 
 compares it to Skr. kaldyati, drive, bear, do. Lit. karta, 
 
 position, lie. 
 cuircinn, a particular kind of head-dress for women, Ir. cuircin, 
 
 head, crest, comb (O'R.) ; from currachd ? Sc. courche, curges 
 
 (pi.), a covering for a woman's head, Eng. kerchief. 
 cuireadh, an invitation, so Ir. ; from cuir, q.v. 
 cuireall, a kind of pack-saddle (H.S.D. from MSS.) : 
 
104 ETTMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 cuireid, cuirein, txirn, wile ; from car, q.v. 
 
 cuirinnein, the white water-lily (H.S.D., which quotes only O'K), 
 
 Ir. (ymrinin (O'R.) : 
 cuirm, a feast, so Ir., E. Ir. coirm, cuirm, M. W. cwrwf, W. cwrw, 
 
 beer, Cor. core/, Gaul. KovpiJ.1,, cervisia ^kwrmen ; Lat. cremor, 
 
 broth (Eng. cream) ; Gr. Kepavvvfui,, mix ; Skr. grd, gr, cook ; 
 
 I. E. kera, kra, mix. 
 cuirnean, a small heap of stones, dew-drop, ringlet, Ir. cuirnedn, 
 
 head of a pin, brooch, ringlet. In the first sense, it is from 
 
 chrn, and possibly also in the other two senses, the idea being 
 
 "cluster, heap." 
 cuirpidh, wicked, corrupt ; see coirbte, coirb. 
 cdirt, court, Ir. cuirt ; from the Eng. 
 ctiirtein, a curtain, ciirteir, plaiding (Dialectic) ; formed on Eng. 
 
 curtain. 
 Otis, cause, matter, Ir., E. Ir. cAis, 0. Ir. c6is ; from Lat. causa. 
 cuisdeag, the little finger (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. cuisdeog (O'E.) : 
 cuiseag, a stalk, kind of grass, Ir. coisin, a stem, stalk, little foot ; 
 
 from cas, foot. But see next. 
 cuisle, pulse, vein, pipe, Ir. cuisle, E. Ir. cuisli, g. pi. cuislend, a 
 
 pipe for music, 0. Ir. cusle, g. euslen, cuislennach, a piper. It 
 
 has no connection with Lat. pulsus, and its etymology is 
 
 obscure (Stokes). Cf. Eng. hose. 
 cuiste, a couch, Ir. eiiiste, cidste (O'B.) ; from Eng. couch. 
 cuith, a wreath of snow, a pit, Ir., E. Ir. cuithe, a pit, W. pydew ; 
 
 from Lat. puteus, Eng. pit. 
 ctlitich, quit, requite ; see cuidhtich. 
 Ctil, back, Ir., 0. Ir. cAl, W. cil. Cor. chil, Br. kii, *k'dlo- ; Lat. 
 
 culadh, a good condition of the body, culach, fat, sleek : " well- 
 covered," from cul of cidaidh ? 
 
 culaidh, apparel, so Ir. ; root qel, qol, cover ; Ger. huUe, a cover- 
 ing, Lat. occulo. See ceil. 
 
 cfllag, turf for the back of the fire, sitting behind another on 
 horseback, a collop ; all from ciil. 
 
 ciilan, tresses, hair ; from cul. 
 
 culaobh, behind, the back ; E. Ir. cdlaib (dat. pL), ciilu (ace. pi.) ; 
 from cul. The dat. (and ace.) pi. of ciil used locatively — for 
 rest (and motion). Compare beulaobh. 
 
 cularan, a cucumber, Ir. culardn, W. cylor, earth nuts, Br. colore7i, 
 earth nut. Eniault makes the Celtic word to be *carul-an-, 
 and compares Gr. Kapvov, nut. 
 
 cuUach, a boar, Ir., E. Ir. cullach, 0. Ir. callach, cullach, caullach, 
 Br. kalloc'h, " entire," qellecq, epithet for stallions and boars, 
 * kalludko-s, from *kalljo-, testicle, W. caill, testicuius, M. Br. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. lOo 
 
 qv^ll ; root hd, hard, as in clach, q.v., Norse hella, flat stone, 
 etc. (Bezzenberger). Cf. Lat. culleus, bag, scrotum, whence 
 0. Fr. couillon, Eng. cullion, testiclus, Sc. culls. Hence 
 cullbhoc, wether-goat, Ir. culbhoc. 
 
 cullachas, impotence, cullach, eunuch ; from cull, call ; sec call. 
 
 culraoinidh, goal-keeper (Suth.) ; from cid and raon '/ 
 
 culuran, birth-wort, cucumber ; see cularan. 
 
 cum, keep, hold, Ir. congbhaighim, inf. congmhail, 0. Ir. congahin ; 
 from con and gabh, take. The G. cum is for congv or congbh, 
 and the gv becomes m as in Im, ciomach, turn, etc. 
 
 cuma, cumadh, shape, form, Ir. cunia, E. Ir. cumma, vb. cummaim : 
 
 cumail, keeping, Ir. cumail, congmhail ; inf. to cum, i.e., cuvi- 
 gabhail. 
 
 cuman, a mUking pail ; Ur. KVfjifirj, KVfjifio^, cup ; Ger. humpen, 
 bowl. 
 
 cumanta, common, Ir. cumann ; from the Eng. common. 
 
 cumha, mourning, so Jr., E. Ir. cuma : I. E. root qem, qoni ; Eng. 
 hum, Ger. humrnen. 
 
 cumha, a stipulation, Ir. cumha, E. Ir. coma, bribe, gift, condition : 
 *comHijo-, " co-saying," 0. Ir. ai, a saying, Lat. ajo 1 See 
 adhan. Cf. cunnradh. 
 
 cumhachd, power, so Ir., 0. Ir. cumachte, W. cyfoeth, power, riches, 
 *kom^akto-, root ag, drive, carry, Lat. ago, Gr. oiyw, Eug. act, 
 etc. (Stokes). The 0. Ir. eumang, potestas, is doubtless a 
 nasalised form of the root ag { = ang) ; it has been referred 
 to the root ang, Lat. angere, etc., as in cumhang below, but 
 the meaning is unsatisfactory. The word cumhachd has also 
 been analysed as co-mccg-iu-, where mag has been variously 
 referred to I. E. meg, great (Gr. jneyas, Eng. mitch), or I. E. 
 7negh (Eug. m,ai/, Lat. machina, machine). 
 
 cumhang, narrow, Ir. ciimhang, 0. Ir. cumang, W. cyfymj, *kum- 
 ango-s ; root ang ; Gr. ayyu), choke, ayx', near ; Lat. angu, 
 angustus ; Ger. eng. 
 
 Ciimhliant, covenant ; from M. Eug., Sc. conand, couenant, Eug. 
 covenant, from 0. Fr. convenant, Lat. convenire. M. Br. has 
 comanant, W. cyfammod. 
 
 cumraich, cumber ; from the Eug. 
 
 cunbhalach, constant, steady, Ir. cungbhailleaeh, firm, miserly ; 
 from cungbhail, keeping, Ir. inf. of cuin, q.v. 
 
 cungaidh, instrument, accoutrements : * con-gen-, root gen of 
 gnwmh, deed. See next. 
 
 cungaisich, help, co-operate, Ir. cunghas, co-operation, vb. 
 cungnaighim, I help, cungantach, helpful, E. Ir. cungnam, 
 assistance : *con-\-gniorm ; see cbmhnadh. 
 
 14 
 
106 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AET 
 
 cunnart, danger, M. G. ewmtahlmrt (MT.), Ir. cuntahhairt, con- 
 
 tabhairt, danger, doubt, 0. Ir. cumlmbart, cv/ndubart, con- 
 
 tubart, doubt, * con-to-bart, root ber, of beir, q.v. (Cam.). 
 cunnradh, cfinradh, bargain, covenant, Ir. connradh, cunnradh, 
 
 0. Ir. cundrad, cunnrath, Manx coonrey : *con-rdbdh; see radh, 
 
 say. 
 cunnt, count, Ir. cunntas, cuntas, reckoning, cuntaim, I count ; 
 
 from the Eng. 
 cunnuil, an objection (Sh.), Ir. cuwvbil (Lh.) : 
 Clip, box-cart, coup ; see mih. 
 cupa, a cup, Ir. c^dn, W. cih ; from Lat. cApa, tub, Eng. cup, 
 
 coop, etc. 
 cupull, a couple, Ir. eiipla, cupall, W. cwpl ; from M. Eng. couple. 
 cur, a placing, setting ; inf. to cuir, q.v. 
 curach, a boat, coracle, Ir., E. Ir. cwajch, Irish Lat. cwnicis, dat. 
 
 pi. (Adamnan), W. corwc, cwrwg, cwrwgl, *kuruko- (Stokes) ; 
 
 Armen. Jcur, a boat, 0. SI. korici, a kind of vessel. The Lat. 
 
 carina has been compared, but the vowels are unsuitable. 
 
 Hence Eng. coracle. 
 Cttradh, affliction, obstacle, curabh (Lh.), obstacle. In the sense 
 
 of affliction, cf. euaradh. 
 curaideach, frisky, cunning ; see cuireid. 
 curaidh, a champion, Ir. cv/radh, E. Ir. cur, g. curad, caur, W. 
 
 cawr, Cor. caur, gigas, Gaul. Kavapoi (Polyb.), Cavarillus, etc., 
 
 *kavaro-s, a hero, mighty, root keva, kit, be strong ; Skr. 
 
 favtra, mighty, g-dra, hero ; Gr. Kv/aios, lord, Kvpos, might. 
 ciiraing, c&rainn, a coverlet (Dialectic, H.S.D.) ; founded on Eng. 
 
 covering. M'A. has ctirainn, plaiding (felt) ; of the same 
 
 origin, 
 cdram, care, Ir. ciiram ; from Lat. cura. 
 cnrcag, sandpiper, M. Ir. cuirrcech, plover ; from currech, a marsh 
 
 (K. Meyer). See next, 
 curcais, bukush, so Ir. (O'B., etc.), E. Ir. eurcas, 0. Ir. curchas, 
 
 0. W. cors, cannulos, W. corsen, reed, Br. corsenn, reed, 
 
 * korokasto-, Icorkasto ; Lat. cdrex (Stokes, Emault). The 
 
 E. Ir. currech, a marsh, is allied {*korseko-1). 
 gUtt, comer, pit, Ir. curr, Keat. curr, pit, corr, well, cistern ; cf. 
 
 W. cwr, corner, 
 curracag, a bubble on the surface of liquids ; see currachd. 
 corrachd, hood, cap, night-cap, Ir. currach (O'K.), M. Ir. curracach, 
 
 cuculatus (Stokes, Ir. Gl. 598, who suggested connection 
 
 with W. pyrchwyn, crest of a helmet). Sc. curch, courchie, 
 
 Eng. kerchief, seem to be the origin of the G. word. 
 currachdag, peat-heap (M'A.) ; cf. gurra^ag. 
 cnrradh, a crowding together (Macpherson's Ossian) : 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 
 
 107 
 
 curraidh, exhausted (H.S.D.), currtha (Sh., O'B.), Ir. currtha ; of. 
 eiwrr. 
 
 curran, curral, a carrot, root, radish, Ir. currdn, any kind of tap- 
 rooted plant (O'E., Sh.) : *cors, head, as in corr ? Of. Eng. 
 carrot, ultimately from Gr. Kapotrov, carrot, from Kapa, head, 
 top ; *cors and kar of Kapa. are ultimately from the same 
 source.- 
 
 curran, curral, horse-panniers for heavy loads ; cf. Sc. currack, 
 corrack (do.), Eng. crooks. 
 
 currucadh, cooing of pigeons, Ir. currAcadh (O'R.), Sc, Eng. oirr, 
 cmring. The word is onomatopoetic. 
 
 currucag, the lapwing ; see cwrcag. 
 
 currusan, a milk-pail : 
 
 ciirsa, course, manner, Ir. e&r&a ; from the Eng. course. 
 
 curta, bad (Sh. ; not H.S.D.), ev^sta (O'E.) ; from Eng. curst, 
 cursed. 
 
 cus, sufficiency, overplus : 
 
 cusag, wild mustard (Sh., Arm. ; not H.S.D.) : 
 
 cusp, a kibe : 
 
 cuspair, an object, mark, Ir. cuspoir, M. Ir. cuspdir (Keat., Oss.° 
 296). Dialectic cuspair, a customer (see ctcspunn). 
 
 cuspunn, custom, tribute, also cusmunn ; founded on Eng. custom. 
 
 cut, hank of yam, Ir. cuta, one-twelfth of a hank of yam ; from 
 Eng. cut. 
 
 cut, to gut (fish) ; from Eng. gut. 
 
 cutach, bobtailed, so Ir., E. Ir. do-chotta, they cut short, W. avta. 
 The relationship, if any, existing between cut, cutach, and 
 Eng. cut, is one of borrowing ; the history of Eng. cut is 
 obscure, and the Celtic words mean " short, shorten," not "to 
 cut" with a knife. Besides, the E. Ir. appears a century and 
 a half eariier than the Eng. (1139 v. 1275). Stokes has 
 suggested a borrowing from Fr. couteau ( = cndteUus, knife) for 
 the E. Ir. form. 
 
 cuthach, caothach, rage, Ir. cuthach, * koti-aca- ; root kot, Gr. 
 KOTOS, wrath. See cath. 
 
 D 
 
 da, two, Ir. dd, 0. Ir. dd (m.), di (f.), da n- (n.), W. dau (m.), 
 dwi/ (f.), Cor. dou, diu, Br. dccou, diou (f.), *dvd, *dvdu (m.), dvei 
 (f.), dvabin (dat.) ; Skr. dvau, dvd, dve (f., n.) ; Gr. Svw; Lat. 
 dmd ; Got. tvai, Eng. two. 
 
 dabhach, a vat, a measure of land (either one or four plough- 
 gates, according to locality and land), 0. G. dahach (Bk. of 
 Deer), Ir. dabhach, a vat, *dahdkd , Gr. ^airrco, bury, Ta<^os, 
 
lOS ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 grave ; root dhahh, dhdbh, deepen, dig out. Cf. Lit. d'^iit, 
 hollow out. Bezzenberger suggests alliance with Eng. top, 
 Ger. topf. Eng. tub, if allied to the Ger. zuber, is from the 
 root of two, "a two-eared" vessel. Also dabhoeh, and in 
 place-names Doch-. 
 
 dacha, more likely ; see dbcha. 
 
 dachaidh, home (adverb), a home, Ir. do thigh, M. Ir. dia tig, 
 home, E. Ir. dia thaig ; from do and tigh. In Ir. the phrase 
 is a prepositional adverb ; in Gaelic it ceases to be a phrase 
 and becomes a welded noun. 
 
 dad, anything, aught, tittle, M. G. dad, mote (in sunbeam), Ir. 
 dadadh, dadamh, aught, a jot, etc., *darZ-dho-, root da, divide, 
 Lit. dahs, part, Gr. Scwiws, division ? See t dail. Hence 
 dadmun, a mote, and dadum = dad. 
 
 dag, a pistol ; from M. Eng. dag, a pistol, from Fr. dague, a 
 dagger, whence Br. dag. The change of meaning from 
 " dagger" to " pistol" is one which occurs in the history of 
 "pistol" itself, for it originally meant "dagger." Eng. 
 dagger is allied. 
 
 daibhir, poor, Ir. daidhhhir, M. Ir. daidber : *do-adberi-, from do- 
 and adber, *dd-bher6, Lat. adfero. See saoibhir. 
 
 d^icheil, handsome, Ir. ddigheamhuil, well appointed, decent; see 
 dacha, dbcha, dbigh. 
 
 daidein, daddy, Ir. daidin, daiJ, M. Ir. datdn, foster-father, datnait, 
 foster-mother, W. tad, Cor. tat ; Lat. tata ; Gr. reTra ; Lit. 
 tetf/tix, Ch. SI. teta , Skr. tatds. Eng. dad is borrowed from 
 the Welsh (Skeat). 
 
 dail, a wooden collar for cattle ; cf. W. dal, a hold, catch, Br. dal, 
 a holding ; root dM, dhd, set 1 Cf. Gr. OrjKri, repository, 
 TLdrjixi, place, Lat. facio, etc. But see dail, delay. 
 
 dail, a dale, meadow ; from Norse dalr, Eng. dale. 
 
 d^il, delay, credit, Ir. ddil, M. Ir. ddl, gen. ddla, respite, * ddli- ; 
 from dvol, dvel, whence Eng. dwell, Norse dvol, delay. 
 
 dail, a meeting, so Ir., 0. Ir. ddl, 0. W. datl, forum, W. dadl, 
 sermo, 0. Br. dadlott, curiae, Br. dael, *datld, root dha, dhe, 
 set, as in dail (Ernault). Stokes suggests connection with 
 0. SI. de-, dicere. 
 
 t dail, t dAl, portion, tribe, Ir. and 0. Ir. ddil, ddl, Bede daal = 
 part, Dalreudini, later Ddl-riata, Dalriada, the early Scotic 
 kingdom of Argyle, etc. : * ddlo-, root dd, divide, Gr. Sareo/Aot, 
 divide, Sacr/Aos, division, Lit. dalis, a part, Skr. ddti, cut off, 
 dalas, part. The verb dailich, distribute, is given In H.S.D. 
 as a Dialectic form ; the Ir. is ddilim. Zimmer thinks dail, 
 meeting, and ddil, part, are originally the same. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 109 
 
 dMmh, relationship, Ir. ddmh, tribe, family, E. Ir. dam: *ddmd, 
 tribe, company; Gr. S^pos, Dor. Sa/ios, people, tribe, Eng. 
 (democracy. It is usual to compare 0. W. dauu, cliens, W. 
 daw {dawf), son-in-law, M. Br. deuff, Br. den (do.) ; but these 
 words may be allied to Gr. 8d[mp, spouse, and be from the 
 root dam, dom, house. 
 
 daingean, strong, firm, so Ir., 0. Ir. daingen, W. dengyn, barbarous, 
 *dangeno-, firm, hard, verb *deng6, E. Ir. dingim, press. 
 Bezzenberger compares Norse tengja, fasten, tie together, 
 Ag. S. tengan, press, O.H.G. gi-zengi, conjunctus. Thumeysen 
 compares W. tengyn, obstinate, and Fr. tarigoner, press. It 
 is possible to connect daingean with Norse dyngja, heap, 
 women's apartment, Ag. S. ding, career. Lit. dengiu, cover ; 
 perhaps O. H. G. tunc, earth-house, Eng. dung. 
 
 d^ir, inire vaccam, Ir. ddir, M. Ir. dair, *ddr6, root dhf-, dhoro, 
 Gr. dpdxTKd), spring, dopo^, semen viri, Skr. dhdra, stream, 
 seed. 
 
 dairireach, rattling noise, E. Ir. der-drethar, cries, W. ddr, noise, 
 daredd, tumultuous noise, root der, dher, as in Gi". Oprjvo's, 
 dirge, Skr. dhran, sound, Eng. drone. See diird and 
 stairirich. 
 
 dais, a heap of hay or peats, 0. Ir. dais, a heap, W. dds, 0. AV. 
 das, M. Br. dastum, to mass, *dasti- (for G. and W.) ; Ag. S. 
 toss (whence Fr. tas). Bezzenberger and Stokes correlate it 
 with Norse des, hay heap, Sc. dass. 
 
 dais, dois, a blockhead (H.S.D.), daiseachan, insipid rhymer 
 (Arm.) ; seemingly borrowed from the Sc. dawsie, stupid, 
 dase, stupefy. For root, see ddsachd. 
 
 daithead, a diet ; from the Eng. See dwt. 
 
 dala, one of two ; see under dara. 
 
 dall, blind, Jr., E. Ir. doll, W., Br. dall, Cor. dal, *dvalno-, I. E. 
 dhvl-no- ; Got. dvals, foolish, Eng. dull ; Lat. fallo, cheat 
 ( = dhalni)) ; Gr. doXtpo's, turbid. Hence, inter alia, dallag, 
 a field shrew, a mole, Ir. dall6g. 
 
 dallanach, a winnowing fan ; from dall. 
 
 dalma, bold, forward, obstinate : " vigorous ?" root dhl in duille. 
 
 dalta, foster-son, god-son, 0. G. dalta (Bk. of Deer), Ir. dalta, 
 0. Ir. dalte, *daltaio-s, root dhi, dhil, suck ; Gr. dr/Xvs, 
 female ; Lat. fUo, suck, femina ; etc. (Stokes, Strachan). See 
 deoghail. It has been usual to refer dalta to the root al of 
 altram, the d being considered as the remains of de, the pre- 
 positional prefix {* de-altjo-s). 
 
 d^m, a dam ; from the Eng. 
 
 d^inais, draughts, bord dekmais, draught board ; from the Sc. dams, 
 dambrod, Ger. damhrett, from Fr. dame, dame, draughts, Lat. 
 
110 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 damh, ox, stag, so Jr., 0. Ir. dam, Cor. da, dama, M.. Br. dauat, 
 
 sheep, Br. danvad, sheep, demm, roe, *damo-» ; Lat. ddma, 
 
 damma, deer ; Gr. Sa/jtaXr/s, a stier, Sa/xaA.ts, a calf ; Skr. 
 
 damya, untamed stier. AUied is Eng. tame, Lat. domare, 
 
 Eng. domestic, etc. 
 d^mhair, rutting time ; for damh-dhair, from damh and dair 
 
 (H.S.D.). 
 dimhair (H.S.D.), damhair (Sh., Arms.), earnest, keen : 
 damhan-allaidh, spider, Ir. damhdn-alla, O. Ir. damAn n-allaid 
 
 (g. pi.), "wild little deer ;" see damh and allaidh. 
 damnadh, cursing, condemnation, so Ir., M. Ir. damnad ; from 
 
 Lat. damnatio. 
 d^n, fate, destiny, Ir. ddn ; cf. M. Ir. ddn, gift, W. dawn, gift, 
 
 talent, Lat. ddnum, root d6, Gr. StSw/xt, give, Skr. ddr, give. 
 din, a poem, Ir. ddn, song, 0. Ir. ddn, g. c^rfreo, ars, *ddsnu-, root 
 
 ddZs, know ; Gr. Sijvea, plans, arts, Ba-qnov, skilful ; Ch. SI. 
 
 danhanh, wisdom ; Skr. daaisdna, miracle (Stokes). 
 din, bold, Ir. ddna, 0. Ir. ddne, ddna, *ddsnavo-s, from the root of 
 
 dan above (Stokes). 
 danns, dance (thou), dannsa, damhsa, a dance, Ir. damhsa, W. 
 
 dawns ; from the Eng. 
 dao, obstinate, 0. Ir. doe, g. doi, tardus, *dav.sio-s ; Ag. S. dysig, 
 
 foolish, Eng. dizzy, 0. H. G. tudc, stultus, Ger. thor, foolish 
 
 (Stokes, Windisch). 
 daobiaidh, wicked, perverse (Heb.) ; see dao. 
 daoch, strong dislike, horror, daochan, anger (Sh.) : 
 daoi, wicked, a wicked man, Ir. daoi, a wicked or foolish person ; 
 
 opposite of saoi (with do-, *du-), which see for root. 
 daoimean, a diamond ; from the Eng. 
 daoi, daolag, a beetle, Ir. daoi, E. Ir. dael, doel, dail : *doilo-, root 
 
 dei, di, as in dian, q.v. 
 daolair, a lazy man, a niggard, Ir. daoi, lazy (O'R.) : 
 daonnan, daondan, continually, always, * d' aon-tan (?), " from one 
 
 time." Cf. ffreis. 
 daor, enslaved, so Ir., 0. Ir. d6ir ; opposite of saor (with negative 
 
 do-, *du-), which see for root, 
 daor, dear, Ir. daxyr, daoradh, making dear (Four Masters) ; from 
 
 M. Eng. deere, deore, dear (Stokes), 
 daorach, intoxication ; cf. Sc. deray, mirthful noise at a banquet, 
 
 M. Eng. derai, disorder, from Fr. desroi, dis-array. 
 dara, second, so Ir. ; M. G. darle (Oss. Ballad, Fernaig MS.), 
 
 *ind-araile, " the other," from ind = an, the, and 0. Ir. araile, 
 
 alius = ar + aile, air + eile, q.v. Also an dala, the one of two, 
 
 0. Ir. indala, from ind and aile, that is, an and eile. Further, 
 
 dirna { = dala), E. Ir. indarna, *ind-araile n-ai, the one of 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. Ill 
 
 them (two), 0. Ir. indain n-ai, vviieie di, coram, is tlie pi. of 
 
 a, his. 
 darach, oak, Ir. dair, daiack, E. Ir. daw, gen. darach, W., Cor. 
 
 dar, *darik-; Lat. larix, Eng. larch ; Gr. (Maced.) SapuXXos, 
 
 oak, 6/ous (do.), Sd/ov, spear ; Eag. tree ; etc. Hence darach, 
 
 body of a boat. 
 darcan, the hollow of the hand (Dialectic, H.S.D.) ; cf. dmrna. 
 darcan, a teal : 
 
 darna, one of two ; see under dara. 
 darnaig, darn, darning ; from the Eng. darning, which is itself 
 
 from W. dam, piece, patch (root dera, split, Eng. tear). 
 djtsachd, rage, madness, M. G. ddsacht (M'V.), Ir. ddsachd, 0. Ir. 
 
 ddsacht, insania / Ag. S. dwdes, foolish, Sc. dawsie, Du. dwaas, 
 
 senseless (Strachan). 
 dath, colour, Ir., E. Ir. dath, *datu-; from the root dha, dlie, 
 
 place, as in dail, etc. ? 
 dath, singe, Ir. doghaim, E. Ir. dothim, inf. doud, daif (n.), Br. 
 
 deuiff, to burn, *david, I burn ; Gr. Sato, burn ; Skr. du, 
 
 dundti, burn, davas, a brand, 
 dathas, fallow deer ; damhasg, dabhasg ; from damh + seasg (?). 
 de, of, Ir. de, 0. Ir. de., di, 0. W. di, W. y. Cor. the, Br. di, *de, 
 
 *di, *de; Lat. de ; from dve, a case-form from dvo, two. 
 
 Gaelic and Irish confuse this prep, with do, to ; a confusion 
 
 which even extends to 0. Ir. in pre-accentual de compounds. 
 
 Hence do of the past tenses : do chaidh, went, i.e., deach; do 
 
 rinn, did, from do-gniu, I do, etc. 
 d6, what ; also gu de ; a curtailed form of ciod e, " what is it ;'' 
 
 fromi ciod and e, q.v. 
 d6, an de, yesterday, Ir. ane, {andi), 0. Ir. indhd, W. y ddoe, Br. 
 
 deae^h, M. Br. dech, * sendi-gesi, art. an and *gesi ; Lat. heri 
 
 ( = *hest); Gr. x^^s j 'Eng. yesterday. The Celtic forms are 
 
 all influenced by the word for "to-day," G. an diu, O.Ir. inditi, 
 
 W. lieddyw, dyw , from diu, * divo, day, q.v. Zimmer in fact 
 
 refers the word to the root of diu (Zeit.^" 17). 
 d6abh, drain, dry up, d^abhadh (pronounced dje-v), shrinking (as 
 
 the staves of a wooden vessel). Dialectic deo' ; I. E. dhevo-, 
 
 run, Eng. dew, Gr. dkbi, run, Skr. dhav, run, flow. 
 deacaid, boddice, jacket ; from Eng. jacket. 
 deacair, difiioult, surly, Ir. deacair ; for di-acar : prep, de and acar, 
 
 as in socair, q.v. 
 deach, went ; the post-particle or enclitic form of do chaidh, q.v., 
 
 Ir. deachaidh, 0. Ir. dechud. 
 deachd, dictate, so Ir., deaclidadh (n.) ; from Lat. dicto, dictatio, 
 
 whence Eng. dictation. 
 deadhan, a dean ; from the Eng, 
 
112 Etymological bicTiONAKir 
 
 deagh, good, Ir. deagh, 0. Ir. deg-, dag-, W. da, Cor. da, bonum 
 (gl.), Gaul. Dagn-, * dago-, * dego; "good, acceptable;" Gr. 
 tkx&rdai, receive. Further allied to Gr. Series, right, B'eKOjxai, 
 receive ; Lat. dexter, right, decus, doceo ; Gaelic deas, 0. Ir. 
 deck, best (superlative to deagh or maith). 
 
 deaghad, living, diet, morals (Uist) ; see dhot. 
 
 deal, friendly (H.S.D., M'E.) ; see dUeas. 
 
 deal, deala,' a leech, Ir. deal, a blood-sucker (O'R.) ; from I. E. 
 root dhe, suck, as in deoghail, q.v. Cf. Lit. dele, leech ; also 
 Ir. (and G. in Diet, therefrom) deala, teat, E. Ir. del. 
 
 dealaich, separate, Ir. dealuighim, E. Ir. deligim, deil, separation ; 
 I. E. delo-, to split, Skr. dalitas, split, Gr. SeAros, tablet. Lit. 
 dalis, part. Cf. ^dail, part. 
 
 dealan, dealanach, lightning, Ir. dealdn, a spark, flaming coal, 
 *dilo- : root di, dei (dSi), deya (Fick), shine ; Gr. SeeAos 
 ( = 8£;-eAos), conspicuous, S'^A.os, clear ; Skr. di, shine ; further 
 is *dei-vo-s, whence G. dia, etc. 
 
 dealan-d6, butterfly, Ir. daldn-de, dealdn-de. The G. also means 
 the phenomenon observed by whirUng a stick lighted at the 
 end. Apparently the nieaning is " God's fire." For de, see 
 dia. 
 
 dealan-doruis, door-bolt (Sh., O'R.) ; see deil. 
 
 dealas, zeal, dealasach, zealous ; from the Eng. seal, zealous. 
 
 dealbh, form, so Ir., 0. Ir. delh, W. delw, Br. -delu, *delvo-, root 
 del ; Lat. dolare, hew, dole, a pike ; Gr. SaiSdXXoi, embellish, 
 work cunningly ; 0. H. G. zol, log ; Ch. SI. delt/, vat. 
 
 dealg, a pin, skewer, so Ir., 0. Ir. delg, M. W. dala, sting, fang, 
 W. dal, a catch. Cor. dele, xnonile, * delgos ; Ag. S. telgan, 
 virgultum, twig, Du. telg, M. H. G. zelge, Norse tjdlgr, a 
 prong ; Lit. dalgis, scythe (?). Bezzenberger compares Norse 
 ddlkr, a cloak pin ; cf. Ag. S. dale, buckle. 
 
 dealradh, brightness, so Ir., E. Ir. dellrad, jubar ; from deal-, as 
 in dealan, q.v. 
 
 dealt, dew, Ir. dealt, M. Br., Br. delt, moist, damp : 
 
 dealunn, loud barking (H.S.D.) ; see deileann. 
 
 deamhan, a demon, so Ir., 0. Ir. demon ; from Lat. daemon, from 
 Gr. Saifiiiiv, Eng. demon. 
 
 deamhais, deimheis, shears, Ir. d^imheas (pronounced dios), E. Ir. 
 demess, *di-mess, " two-edged ;" from di of da, two, and E. Ir. 
 mess, edge (Cormac's Gl.), " cutter," from root met, mow, cut, 
 as in meath, meith, cut, prune, Lat. meto. 
 
 d^an, do, Ir. dSan (imper.), 0. Ir. den, d^nim : enclitic or post- 
 particle form of 0. Ir. dogniu,G. nl, I do ; from de, of, and 
 gnt of gnlomh, q.v. Inf. d6anamh ( = de-gnimvr). 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 113 
 
 deann, haste, speed; cf. E. Ir. denmne, haste, which Cormac 
 explains as di-ainmne, "non-patience," from ainmne, patience; 
 root Tnen, wait (Lat. maneo, etc.). 
 
 deannag, a small pinch, a grain, deannach, mill dust, Ir. deanog, 
 a pinch, grain : 
 
 deannal, conflict, stir, so Ir. (O'K.) ; from deann. In the sense of 
 "flash" (H.S.D.), deannal seems a metathetical form of 
 dealan. 
 
 deanntag, a nettle, Ir. -neantdg, M. Ir. nmntdg, E. Ir. nenaid, 
 *nenadi-, for *ne-nadi-, a reduplicated form ; Ag. S. netele, 
 Eng. nettk ; Lit. nindre, pipe, tube. The t of G. and Ir. is 
 due to the same phonetic law that gives teine the pi. teintean. 
 
 dearail, poor, wretched, Ir. deardil, E. Ir. derail, feeble, 0. Ir. 
 derail, penuria, from der-, privative prefix (see deargnaidh), 
 and oil, abundance, which Windisch has referred to *pdli-, a 
 form of the root pi, pel, full, as in Idn. 
 
 dearbadan, dearbadan-de, butterfly (M'D., H.S.D.) : 
 
 dearbh, certain, so Ir., 0. Ir. derb, *dervo-; I. E. drevo-, whence 
 Ag. S. tre6we, Bug. tme, Ger. treu. 
 
 dearc, dearcag, a berry, so Ir., 0. Ir. derc, *derkes-, Skr. drdksM, 
 grape, vine (Stokes) ; root derh, see, the idea being " con- 
 spicuous." Cf. Gr. SpaKiav, dragon, Sop/cas, gazelle, from the 
 root derk, see. See dearc, behold. The 0. Ir. derucc, g. 
 dercon, glans, is, like Ger. eic/iel, glans (from eiche, oak), fron 
 the root of darach, oak (Zimmer). 
 
 dearc, dearc-luachrach, a lizard, Ir. earcluachra, the " earc of the 
 rashes," M. Ir. ere, speckled, red, Ir. earc, salmon, W. erch, 
 fuscus, darkish, *erko-s, for *perko- ; Gr. rrepKvos, dark-blue, 
 TrepKT], a perch ; Skr. pr-Qnis, speckled ; Ger. forelle, a trout, 
 
 0. H. G. forhana. For meaning, cf. breac, a trout, " the 
 speckled one." The d of G. dearc belongs to the article. 
 
 t dearc, an eye, a cave, hole, Ir. dearc (do.), 0. Ir. derc (do.) ; from 
 the root derk, behold. See verb dearc : " eye-pit" gives the 
 meaning " cave." 
 
 dearc, behold, see, Ir. dearcaim, 0. Ir. dercaim, video, derc, eye, 
 *derk6, I see, perfect *dedorka (cf. ehunvMirc = con-dare) ; 
 
 1. E. derk, see ; Gr. SepKo/iai, SeSopKa, have seen ; 0. H. G. 
 zoraht, bright ; Skr. darg, see. 
 
 dearg, red, so Ir., 0. Ir. derg, *dhergo-s ; Eng. dark, Ag. S. deorc. 
 deargad, deargant, a flea, Ir. deargdn, dreancuid, deargnuid, E. Ir. 
 
 der gnat : *derg-nat, "reddener," from dearg, red 'I 
 de^gnaidh, unlearned (Arm. ; M'A. says "Irish"), Ir. deargnaidh, 
 
 *der-gnadi- ; from der-, privative prefix (di -f air, see de and 
 
 avr), and root gn&, gen, know, as in aithne. 
 
 15 
 
114 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 de&rlan, brimful; *der-ldn ; from intensive prefix der { = de + ro) 
 and Iciti, full. 
 
 dearmad, neglect, forgetfulness, so Jr., 0. Ir. dermet, * der^n^t ; 
 from der-, priv. particle (see deargnaidh), and mdt, *m,ento-, 
 mind ; root men, think ; Lat. mens, mentio, comm^ntum ; Eng. 
 mind; etc. 
 
 dearmail, anxiety (M'D.), anxious (H.S.D.) : 
 
 de^rn, do, Ir. dedrnaim, 0. Ir. deminn, facerem, *di-ro-gni-, a side 
 form of dean with infixed to. See d^an. 
 
 de^rna, the palm of the hand, Ir. deama, E. Ir. dema ; Gl. Gr. 
 Biopov, palm, handbreadth, Sapis, the distance between the 
 thumb and little finger, a span (Hes.), Sapetp, the distance 
 between the big and little fingers (Hes.). It is further 
 referred to the I. E. root der, split, open (Fick, Prellwitz). 
 Hence deamagan, a small oaten or wheaten cake, a hand. 
 
 dearras, keenness, obstinacy ; see diarras. 
 
 dearrsadh, radiance, eflftilgence, Ir. dearsgaim, dearsgnaim, I 
 polish, burnish, M. Ir. derscnaigim, explain, make clear, 
 *de-ro-see-, root sec, see, Eng. see ? Hence de^rrsgnuidh, 
 burnished, brilliant. The word tded,rsgnaidh, excellent, is 
 allied to 0. Ir. dersigem, prseceUimus, dirdsci, excels, doroscai, 
 praestet, *di-Toscag- (Thur.), *roscag = ro-od-sec-, root sec, pass, 
 as in seach ? 
 
 deas, right, south, Ir. deas, 0. Ir. dess, W. deheu. Cor. dyghow, 
 M. Br. dekou, *dekso-s, *deksivo-s (Stokes) ; Lat. dexter ; Gr. 
 Se^ids ; Got. taihsva ; Lit. deszine (n.), Ch. SI. desinic, right ; 
 Skr. daksina-s. 
 
 deasbair, a disputant, deasbaireachd, disputation, Ir. deaspoirim 
 (O'R., Sh.) ; cf. cuspair. 
 
 deasbud, a dispute ; from the Eng. dispute, Lat. dispute. 
 
 deasgainn, rennet, banna, deasgadh, lees, yeast, Ir. deasgadh, lees, 
 
 0. Ir. descad, faex, fermentum, leaven, *desc-dtti:- (Z. 803) : 
 deasgraich, a heterogeneous mass ( = dreamsgal, H.S.D.) : 
 deasmaireas, curiosity, deasmas (Sh.), Ir. deismireach, deismis, 
 
 curious (O'B., O'R.) : 
 deasoireach, spicy (Sh., H.S.D.) : 
 deat, an unshorn year-old sheep or wedder, deathaid, *det-anti-, 
 
 "sucking one ;" from det, de, suck. See deoghail. 
 deathach, deatach, smoke, Ir., M. Ir. deatach, O. Ir. de, g. diad, 
 
 E. Ir. dethach, detfadach, smoky, W. dywy, vapour. From 
 
 1. E. root dMu, dheu, dhu, dhve, smoke, air : Lat. fumus, 
 smoke ; Gr. dv[ii6.(o, to smoke ; Ch. SI. dymu (n.) ; Skr. 
 dkumds. Ir. de' is for dlvd, from dheu or dkev ; the gen. diad 
 is phonetically like the nqm. hiad, food (*6i'WO«o-»). The 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 115 
 
 form deataeh is probably for * dett-acos, dett being from dkve 
 (cf. Gr. ^£05, for 0«r-os, from dhve-s-). The t { = tt) of deataeh 
 is difficult to account for. 
 
 deatam, anxiety ; cf . 0. Jr. dethitiu, dethiden, care. For root, see 
 didean. M'A. has also deatamach, necessary, which seems 
 allied. 
 
 d^ibhleid, a feeble or awkward person, M. Jr. deblen, E. Jr. dedblen, 
 weakling, from dedbttl, weak ; the opposite of adhhhal, q.v. 
 (di-adbul). Stokes allows the alternate possibility of its 
 being from Lat. dihilis ; see d\hlidh. 
 
 dele (cha deic), convenient ; cf. 0. Jr. tecte, becoming, anas tecte, 
 quod decet : 
 
 deich, ten, so Ir., 0. Ir. deich n-, 0. W. dec, W. deg, Cor. dek, Br. 
 dee, *dekn ; Lat. decern ; Gr. Seico ; Got. taihun, Eng. ten ; 
 Skr. ddcan. Deicheamh, tenth, 0. Ir. dechmad, W. decvet, 
 Cor. degves, Br. decvet, * dekrifimeto-s (Brug.), an extension (by 
 the superlative suffix -to-) of * dehnmo-s, Lat. decimus. 
 
 d^ide, deideadh, toothache, Ir. deideadh. See deud. 
 
 d^ideag^, a pebble, toy ; cf. eiteag. 
 
 d^idh, desire ; a noun formed from the adverbial phrase an deidh, 
 after. 
 
 deidh, an deidh, after, Ir. a n-diaigh, 0. Ir. i nrdead, post, E. Ir. 
 i n-diaid, from 0. Ir. de'ad, finis, W. diwedd, finis. Cor. deweth, 
 Br. diimz, *de-vedvn (Stokes) ; from the root ved, lead, as in 
 toiseach, q.v. (Stokes prefers ved of feadhainn). Also deidh, 
 d^igh, the latter a bad form etymologically. The 0. Ir. had 
 also the form degaid ( = di-agaid), the opposite of i n-agid, 
 now an aghaidh, against, adversus. 
 
 deidhina, mu dheidhinn, concerning, of ; cf. E. Ir. ddgin, daigind, 
 im ddgin, because of, because, ddig, deig, for the sake of, 
 because (prep, and conj.), 0. Ir. deg, quia. See dbigh. 
 
 deifir, haste, speed, Ir. deifir, deithfir, M. Ir. deithbhireach (O'CL), 
 speedy, busy ; to which Stokes and Ernault compare W. 
 difrif, serious, M. Br. adevry, seriously. 
 
 deigh, ice, Ir. oighear, snow, leac-oighir, ice, 0. Ir. aig, g. ega, 
 aigred, W. ia. Cor. iey, glacies, Br. yen, cold, *jagi^, ice ; 
 Norse jaki, piece of ice, jokull, iceberg, Ag. S. gficeZ, piece of 
 ice, Eng. icicle ( = is-gicel) ; Lit. izas, ice lump. The d of G. 
 is prothetic, arising from the art. : 0. Ir. indraig. 
 
 deighlean, a quire of paper (Sh., O'B.), Ir. deighledn : 
 
 deil, an axle, Ir. deil, an axle, rod, turner's lathe, 0. Ir. deil, rod, 
 Cor. dele, antempna, 0. Br. deleiou, antemnarum, Br. delez, 
 * deli-, * deljo- ; I.E. root del, split. See dealaich. Stokes 
 refers it to the root d?iel, whence Ger. dolde, umbel, 0. H. G. 
 tola, racemus, Gr. 6oA.os, a short twig ; as in duileag, q.v. 
 
116 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 deil, leech ; Dialectic for deal. 
 
 dellbh, a forming, warping (for weaving), so Ir. ; see dealhh. 
 
 d^ile, a plank, deal ; from the Eng. deal. 
 
 deileann, loud, sharp barkings, E. Ir. deilm, stem delmen, noise, 
 alarm : 
 
 deileas, a grudging, eagerness ; see dealas. 
 
 deilgneach, thorny, prickly, Ir. deilgneach, thorns ; from dealc/. 
 Cadal-deilgneach, the prickly sensation in a numbed limb. 
 
 dSilig, deal with, a dealing ; from Eng. dealing. 
 
 deillseag, a slap with the open hand, d^iseag : 
 
 deiltreadh, gilding, lacquering ; * deiUrrad, from t deilt, separa- 
 tion, root del of dealaich ? 
 
 deimheis, a shears ; see deamhais. 
 
 deimhinn, certain, Ir. deimhin, 0. Ir. demin, demnithir, certius, 
 *demeni-, I. E. root dhg, set, fix, dhemerir, setting, Gr. 
 OkfLivai, set, defxa, a pledge, theme, Okf^is, . law, " something 
 laid down;" Eng. doom, deem; etc. 
 
 d^ine, eagerness ; see dian. 
 
 deir, a deir, says (said), inquit, Ir. deirim, 0. Ir. adbeir, dicit ; deir 
 is the root-accented form {*ad-b4r6) of aJ)air (the preposi- 
 tional accented form, *dd-bero). See abair. The a of a 
 deirim belongs to tlie ad-, while the d of it takes the place of 
 h in the root {ber). 
 
 deirc, alms, so Ir., M. Ir. diare, desheirc, 0. Ir. dearc, deircc, 
 d^seree (caritas), for de-shercc ; see searc, love. 
 
 deireadh, end, so Ir., 0. Ir. dered, 0. G. derad (Bk. of Deer) : 
 * der-ved.o-n, root ved as in deidh, q.v. 1 Ascoli suggests that 
 der is the basis, the opposite of er, front, from the preposition 
 air {*pare). Hence deireas, injury. 
 
 deis, an d6is, after, so Ir., 0. Ir. di eis, retro, 0. G. daneis, after 
 them {* di-an-dis), 0. Ir. eis. footstep, track, *in-sti, root sto, 
 sta, stand, Lat. instare ? Strachan gives the stem as *encsi-, 
 from enff, footstep, as in eang, q.v. ; Stokes takes it from 
 *pend-ti-, root ped, as in eadh, Eng. foot. 
 
 deisciobul, a disciple, Ir. deisciobal, 0. Ir. descipul, W. dysgyhl, 
 Br. diskibil ; from Lat. discipulus. 
 
 deise, a suit of clothes ; from deas. Cf . for meaning Eng. suit. 
 
 d^iseag, a slap ; see deillseag. 
 
 deiseil, southward, sun-ward, E. Ir. dessel ; from deas and sel 
 l*svel), W. chwyl, versio. See deas and seal. 
 
 deismireach, curious ; see deasmuireas. 
 
 d^istinn, d^isinn, disgust, Ir. dSistion, edge (set the teeth on 
 edge), disgust. Cf. M. Ir. ddistiu, refuse of everything, 
 posterity, from ddis ? 
 
 deithneas, deithneamhach, etc. ; from d^ine, from dian. 
 
OF THE GABLIC LANSUAGE. 117 
 
 deo, breath, Ir. ded in gu deo, ever, *dveso- ; I. E. dhves, breathe ; 
 
 Lit. dvesti, breath, dvdse, spirit, breath, Russ. dvochati ; Gr. 
 
 6eos, god ( = ^eo--6s) ; M. H. G. getwds, ghost. 
 deoch, a drink, Ir. deoch, g. dighe, 0. Ir. deug, g. dige, *degv,-. 
 
 To degu- Bezzenberger cfs. Lit. dazyti, dip, wet, tinge. W. 
 
 died, M. Br. diet, are referred by Stokes to the root dhe, 
 
 suck, as in deoghail, or to *de-patu (Lat. potus). 
 de6dhas, deothas, eagerness, desire (deothas, M'F., O'R.) ; from 
 
 dhevo-, Gr. Oew, run, dvfws, soul, etc. See deathach. 
 deoghail, suck, Ir. diidlim, deolaim, M. Ir. diul (n., dat.). *delu-, 
 
 root del as in deal, leech ; I. E. dhe, suck ; Lat. fSlare, suck, 
 
 femina, woman, "suck-giver j" Gr. drjXvs, female, OtjXt^, teat, 
 
 drjXa^ii), suck ; Skr. dhdyati (do.). The Breton forms show 
 
 n ; Br. dena, suck. See dionag. 
 deoidh, fa dhe6idh, at last, finally, Ir. fd dheoidh, 0. Jr. fo diud, 
 
 postremo ; dat. case of 0. Ir. d^ad, end. See deidh for 
 
 derivation, 
 deoin, assent, Ir., E. Ir. dedin, *degni- ; I. E. root dele, degh ; Gr. 
 
 SoKeo), seem, 8o^a, opinion, fiiSax^, teaching, Lat. doceo, 
 
 doctrina, etc. See deagh, good, 
 debradh., an alien, Ir. dedraidh, a stranger, exile, M. Ir. deorad. 
 
 Stokes thinks the word is borrowed from Brittonic — Br. 
 
 devroet, depayse, " dis-countrified" (di-brog-, see brugh). Cor. 
 
 diures, exul. Hence the name Bewar. 
 detheine, a heated boring iron : *di-theine, the accent being on 
 
 the second portion teine, f5re. For de, see dealan-de. 
 detheoda, henbane (M'D.) : 
 
 detiach, deteigheach, the gullet, weasand (M'D., Sh., etc.) : 
 deubh, shrink ; see deabh. 
 deubhann, a fetter for a horse : 
 deuchainn, diachalnn, a trial, attempt, Ir. d' fMacliain, to see. 
 
 See fe%tch, feuchainn. 
 dead, a tooth, Ir. dead, 0. Ir. del, W. dant, Cor. dans, Br. dant, 
 
 dntd (Stokes) ; Lat. dens (dentis) ; Gr. dSous (g. oSovtos) ; Eng. 
 
 tooth. Got. tunjms ; Lit. danCia ; Skr. dant-. 
 deug, diag, -teen, e.g., coig-deug, fif-teen, Ir. deag, 0. Ir. d^c, 
 
 dea^, W. deng, ten (?). The exact relationship of deug to 
 
 deich is difficult to decide. The other I. E. languages, as a 
 
 rule, make 13 to 19 by combining the unit numeral with 10, 
 
 as Ger. drei-zehn, Ag. S. SHtene, Lat. iridecim. 
 deur, diar, a tear, drop, Ir. dear, dedr, 0. Ir. der, W., Cor. dagr, 
 
 0. Br. daci; M. Br. dazrou, tears, * dalcru , Gr. 8a.Kpv ; Lat. 
 
 lacrima, for dacrima ; Eng. tear. Got. tagr. 
 Di-, -day ; the prefix in the names of the days of the week, Ir., 
 
 0, Ir. dia, die (0. Ir.), W. dydd, Cor. det (for dedh), Br. dez, 
 
118 El'YMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 *dijas (*dqjes-?); Lat. diSs ; Skr. di/d4s, day, sky; Gr. Zew, 
 Atos, Jove. Allied to dia, god. Di-domhnuich, Sunday, Ir. 
 Domhnach, E. Ir. domnaeh, from Lat. (dies) dominica, Lord's 
 day — domimis, lord ; Di-luain, Monday, Ir. Dia-luain, M. Ir. 
 liMii, W. Dydd Llun, from Lat. dies Lunce, "day of the 
 moon ;" Di-mairt, Tuesday, Ir. Dia-mairt, E. Ir. mdirt, W. 
 Dydd mawrth, from Lat. dies Martis, "day of Mars;" Di- 
 ciaduinn, Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday, Ir. Diorciadaoine, 0. Ir. 
 cetdin, cdt6in, de cetain (rfe = dia = Lat. die), dia, cetdine, from 
 cevd, first, and anine, fast, q.v., E. Ir. dine : " day of the first 
 fast," Friday being the second and chief day; Diardaoin, 
 Thursday, Ir. Bia-dhardaoin, E. Ir. darddeti = etar dd oin, 
 "between two fasts" — the day between the two fasts of 
 Wednesday and Friday ; Di-haoine, Friday, Ir. Dia-aoine, 
 Dia-haoine, E. Ir. dine, dia dine, 0. Ir. dia oine didine (day of 
 the last fast): "day of the fast," from aoin, fast, q.v.; 
 Di-sathuirn, Saturday, Ir. Dia-sathuim, M. Ir. satham, dia 
 satliaim, from Lat. dies Saturni, day of Saturn. The days 
 of the week were originally named (in Egypt) after the seven 
 planets of the ancients— Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jove, 
 Venus, Saturn. 
 
 di-, negative prefix, Ir. di-, dio-, 0. Ir. di-, W. di, *de ; Lat. dS, 
 of. See de. Also dim-, diom- (dlmeas, dimljrigh, diombuaidh, 
 diomal). 
 
 dia, a god, so Ir., 0. Ir. dia, W. duw, 0. W. duiu. Cor. duy, Br. 
 doe, Gaul, devo-, Aetouova = Divona, '^d-eivo-s; Lat. divus (for 
 deivos), deified one, deus ; Gr. 8tos, divine ; Norse tivar, gods, 
 Eng. iT'ttes-day, "day of yiic," the war-god; Lit. devas, Pruss. 
 deiwas ; Skr. devd. Hence diadhaidh, pious, Ir. diadha, 
 0. Ir. diade, divinus. 
 
 diabhol, devil, Ir. diabhal, 0. Ir. diabul, W. diawl, Br. diaoul ; 
 from Lat. diabolus, whence also Eng. devil. 
 
 diachadaich, especially (Heb.) : 
 
 diallaid, a saddle, so Ir., M. Ir. diallait, cloak, 0. Ir. dillat, 
 clothes, W. dillad, M. Br. dillat. 
 
 dialtag, a bat, Ir. ialtdg. See ialtag. 
 
 diamhain, idle ; see diomhain rather. 
 
 diamhair, secret, Ir. diamhair, M. Ir., E. Ir. diamair, 0. Ir. 
 diamair, dimair : 
 
 dian, keen, hasty, so Ir., 0. Ir. dian, *deino-s; root dei, di, hasten ; 
 Gr. 8Ufj.aL, hasten ; Skr. di, diyati, hurry, allied to the root 
 dl, div, shine. 
 
 dianag, a two year old sheep ; cf. 0. Ir. dinu, lamb, from the root 
 dhe, suck. See deoghail. 
 
 Diardaoin, Thursday : see Di-. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 119 
 
 diardan, anger, Ir. diardain, E. Ir. diartain; from di-, intensive 
 
 prefix (E. Ir. di-, as in dimor, excessively great), from de, and 
 
 ardan, pride, 
 diarras, diorras, stubbornessjf vehemence, Ir. diorruisg, fierceness, 
 
 rashness : 
 dias, an ear of com, so Ir., 0. Ir. dias, W. twys (pi.) : *steipsd, 
 
 root steip, stifii Lat. stipes, stake, stipula, Eng. stiff? Cf. 
 
 geug and W. cang, ysgaine, for phonetics. 
 dibheach, an ant (H.S.D. quotes only O'E., while Arms, makes it 
 
 obsolete; M'A. has it), Ir. dihheach : *de + beach ? 
 dibhfliearg, vengeance, indignation, Ir. dibhfhearg, dibhfearg 
 
 (Keat.), E. Ir. diberg ; from dim and fearg ; see di- of 
 
 diardMn. 
 dibhirceach, diligent (Sh. ; H.S.D., which refers to C. S., but 
 
 neither in M'A. nor M'E.), Ir. dibhirceach, diligent, violent 
 
 (O'B., etc.) : 
 dibir, forsake ; see d\obair. 
 diblidh, abject, vile, Ir. dibligh, 0. Ir. diblide, senium ; semingly 
 
 from Lat. debilis, weak, feeble (Eng. debilitate, etc.). Zim. 
 
 (Zeit. ^*) has suggested *di-adbul, " un-great," from adbul, 
 
 i.e. adhbhal, q.v. 
 dibrigh, dimbrigh, contempt, Ir. dimbrigh , from dim-, di-, and 
 
 bmgh, q.v. 
 dicMoll, diligence, Ir. dithchioll : *di-cell- ; for cell, see tim^hioll. 
 
 Or from dall, sense ; " attention to" ? 
 Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday ; see Di^. 
 did, a peep ; an onomatopoetic word. 
 dldean, protection, a fort, Ir. didean, 0. Ir. ditiu, g. dilen, * di- 
 
 jem,tion- (Stokes) ; root Jem, cover, protect, Lett, ju'mju, ju'mt, 
 
 cover a roof. The 0. Ir. verb is do-emim, tueor. Ascoli 
 
 makes the root em, as in Lat emo, buy. Cf. eiridinn. 
 Di-domhnuich, Sunday ; see Di-. 
 difir, difference, Ir. dtfir, dithflr, M. Ir. dethhir ; from Lat. differo, 
 
 Eng. differ. 
 dig, a wall of loose stones, a dike ; from the Sc. dike, Eng. dike. 
 dil, dile, dilinn, a flood, Ir. dile, pi. dileatma, E. Ir. dili, g. dilenn, 
 
 diluvium ; from Lat. diluvium (Stokes), whence Eng. deluge. 
 dile, dill (M'D.); from the Eng. 
 dileab, a legacy, Ir. dilb (O'E.) : 
 dileag, a small drop ; from dMe, flood, 
 dileas, dear, faithful, Ir. dileas, 0. Ir. diles, proprius, own, *delesto-, 
 
 dil, I. E. dhel, dhS, suck, Lat. filius, femina, etc. See deoghal. 
 
 Zeuss has suggested di + les, from leas, advantage. 
 dileum (accent on Uum), a shackle ; di + leum, q.v. 
 dilinn, leac dMlinn, a stone in situ, a rock appearing above 
 
 ground : " natural," from dM- as in dileas. 
 
120 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 dilleachdan, an orphan, Ir. dilleachda, 0. Ir. dilechtu, orfani : 
 
 " derelict," from di- and leig, let go {di-lec-, let go). 
 dimbrigh, contempt ; see dibric/h 
 dimeas, contempt, Ir. dimlieas, 0. Ir.'dimess ; from di-, dim-, and 
 
 meas. 
 dinn, press, force down, squeeze, Ir. dingim, ding, a wedge, E. Ir. 
 
 dingim, perf. dedaig, *deng6; Ag. S. tengan, press, Norse 
 
 tengja, fasten (Bezzenberger). See daingean. Brugmann 
 
 refers it to *dking/i6, Lat. Jingo, mould, feign, I. E. dheigh, 
 
 Eng. dough. 
 dinnein, a small heap, Ir. dinn, a hill, fortified hill, E. Ir. dinn 
 
 dind (do.), *dindvr- ; Norse tindr, spike, peak, Ger. zinne, 
 
 pinnacle, Eng. tine. But cf. Gr. Qk, 6iv6s (c long), a heap, 
 
 Skr. dhanvan. 
 dinneir, a dinner, Ir. dinnear ; from the Eng. 
 diobair, forsake, Ir. dibirim ; for dk + \ohair, q.v. 
 diobhail, loss, Ir. dioghabhail, 0. Ir. digbail, deminutio ; dV and 
 
 gabhail, q.v. 
 diobhargadh, persecution, diobhargach, fierce, keen, Ir. dibhear- 
 
 gach, vindictive ; see dibhfhearg. 
 diobhuir, vomit : *de + beir, Lat. defero ; from de and beir. 
 dioeail, lower, diminish (H.S.D., which quotes MSS. only) ; 
 
 di + ad-cal ; from cail ? 
 diochain, forgetfulness ; Dialectic for dichuimhne, that is di- 
 
 and cuimhne. 
 diod, diodag, a drop ; from the Eng. jet ? 
 diog, a syllable, Ir. digim, ditigam, cluck as a hen : G. diug, the 
 
 call to hens. Onomatopoetic. 
 diogail, tickle, Ir. giglim, 0. Ir. fogitled (for fogicled ?). The G. 
 
 seems borrowed from the Eng. tickle, kittle ; and possibly all 
 
 are onomatopoetic, and reshaped in later times. Cf. Eng. 
 
 giggle, Lat. cachinnus. 
 diogair, eager, Ir. diogar (O'E.), E. Ir. digar (?) : 
 diogan, revenge, Ir. diogan (O'B., etc.) ; the word is Irish (not in 
 
 M'A. ; M'E. marks it doubtful) : ' 
 dioghail, diol, avenge, pay, Ir. dioghalaim, dktlaim, 0. Ir. digal 
 
 (n.), W., Cor. dial, *de-gald. See gal, valour, etc. 
 dioghluim, glean, diogbluim, a gleaning, Ir. dioghluim (n.) : 
 
 *de-glwim; ior gluim, seefoghlum. 
 diol, pay, Ir. diolam, M. Ir. dilaim ; see dioghail. 
 diolan, illegitimate, M. G. diolain (M'V.), Ir. diolanlas, fornication 
 
 (O'B.): * di-ldnamnas " non-con]ugmia" 1 See Idnain. 
 diomadh, discontent, pain, Ir. diomadh, diomdha ; see diiimach. 
 diomarag, clover seed : 
 
OP THI! GAELIC LANGUAGE. 121 
 
 diomasach, proud, Jr. diomus, pride, M, Ir. diumus, pride, "too 
 
 great measure " : dim-, excess, and meas. Cf. comas, " equal 
 
 measure," power (Atk.). 
 diombach, diombuidheach, displeased, Ir. dinmhuidheach, unthank- 
 ful ; from diom,-, dim-, un-, and buidlieach, thankful, q.v. 
 
 Confused with diiimach, q.v. 
 diombuaidh, unsuceessfulness, diombuan, transitory : negative 
 
 compounds of bvmdh and huan, q.v. 
 diomhain, idle, Ir. diomhaoin, 0. Ir. dimdin , from di- and maoin, 
 
 " office-less ;" see maoin. 
 diomhair, secret ; see diam/iair. 
 dion, protection, Ir. dion, E. Ir. dm, g. dina, *denu- ; root dhe, 
 
 set? 
 diong, match, equal, pay, E. Ir. dinybain, ward off, dinghdla, 
 
 v/oithj : * din-c/ab, " ofF-give." See gabh. 
 diongmhalta, perfect, Ir. diongmhalta, perfect, sure. See diong 
 
 above. 
 dionnal, a shot, fight ; see deannal. 
 dioraclid, ability (H.S.D.) : 
 
 diorras, vehemence, vehement anger ; see diarras. 
 diosd, a jump, kick with the heels (Dialectic) ; from Sc. jisk, caper. 
 diosg, barren, diosgadh, barrenness, not giving milk, Ir. dioxc, 
 
 diosg : * dl-sesc- ; see seaag. For its composition, see ddirc. 
 diosg, a dish ; from Lat. discus, Norse dish; Ag. S. disc, Eng. dish. 
 diOSgan, a creaking or guashiug noise, Ir. diosgdn. See giosyan. 
 diet, a meal, diot mhor, dinner, E. Ir. dithait , from Lat. diaeta, 
 
 Eng. diet. 
 dipin, a deepening (in a net), a certain measure of a net ; from 
 
 Sc. deepin, a net, Eng. deep. 
 dir, ascend ; curtailed from dlrich. 
 direach, strait, Ir. direaek, 0. Ir. direck, *de-reg, root reg, stretch; 
 
 Lat. rego, directus, Eng. direct, etc. The root is found also 
 
 in ^irigh, rarh, etc. Hence dirich, straighten, ascend, 
 dis, susceptible to cold, Ir. dis, poor, miserable, E. Ir. diss, dis, 
 
 weak, *de-sti- ? Root uta. 
 disleach, stormy, uncouth, straggling, Ir. disligheach, deviating, 
 
 dirslighe, slighe, path, q.v. In the sense of " stormy," the 
 
 derivation is doubtful. 
 disne, a die, dice, Ir. disk ; from M. Eng. dys, dice, 
 dit, condemn, Ir. diotach, condemnatory, diot&il, an indictment ; 
 
 from the M. Eng. dtten, indict, Sc. dite — a parallel form to 
 
 indict, endite, from Lat. indicto, dicta, dictate, dicu, say. 
 dith, press together, dithimh, a heap (Sh.) : 
 dith, want, defeat, Ir. dith, 0. Ir. dith, destruction, *dgto-, from de 
 
 (as in de, of, d\-, un-) ; Lat, Utv/m ( = ditwn), death (Stokes). 
 
 16 
 
122 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 dithean, daisy, darnel, blossom. M. Ir. dithen, darnel, Manx jean 
 
 (do.): 
 dithis, a pair, two, Ir. dis, 0. Ir. dias, g. desse, dat. and ace. d%ts 
 
 (also dias, diis), duitas, *dveistd, from the fern. *dvei, 0. Ir. 
 
 di, two. See ddi. 
 dithreabh, a desert, Ir. dithreabh, 0. Ir. diihrvh ; from d%- and 
 
 treh ; see treahh, aitreahh. 
 diu, diugh, (to)-day, an diu, to-day, Ir. andiu, aniu, 0. Ir. indiu, 
 
 W. heddyw, M. Br. Aizw, Br. Airio, *divo- (Stokes) ; Skr. 
 
 divd ; Lat. di'A. See i)i-, day. The an (0. Ir. in) is the 
 
 article. 
 did, worthwhile: *do-jm; seefiic. 
 ditibhaidH, diugha, refuse, the worst, dit (M'F., M'E.), Ir. 
 
 dioffha ; opposite of rogha. See roghainn. 
 ditibliail, mischief, loss ; see dwbhail. 
 ditibhras, difference, diubhar (Arm.) : *divr, *difr, from differ of 
 
 Lat. differo. See difir. 
 diuc, the pip, a sickness of fowls : 
 
 diiic, a duke, Ir. diuhhce, diuic (Keat.) ; from the Eng. duke. 
 diticair, a ducker, a bladder for keeping nets at the proper depth 
 
 under water ; from the Eng. ducker. 
 diucbaidh, addled : 
 diiidan, giddiness, diudan (Arm.) : 
 diug, an interjection to call hens, cluck, Ir. diugam, cluck : 
 
 onomatopoetic. See diog. 
 dlugan, mischance (H.S.D., which marks it as Dialectic) : 
 diagh, to-day ; see diu. 
 ditlid, tender-hearted, a spiritless person, Ir. diuid, 0. Ir. diuit, 
 
 simplex : 
 ditilanas, bravery, Ir. dioMntas, earlier diolmhaineach, soldier, 
 
 mercenarius ; from d\ol, pay. 
 didlt, refuse, Ir. diultaim, E. Ir. dluUaim, 0. Ir. diltuch, refusing, 
 
 doriltiset, negaverunt, *di-ilt (Thu.). Zimmer suggests the 
 
 root of Lat. lateo, lurk, Stokes gives *de-laudi (" Celt. Dec"), 
 
 and Ascoli hesitates between *di-la- {la, throw, Gr. eAavvw) 
 
 and *di-shlond. Possibly an active form of till, return. 
 difunach, displeased, Ir. diomdhach, M. Ir. dimdach, dimmdach : 
 
 *dim-7nedr, root med, mind, as in meas. 
 dleas, dleasnas, duty, Ir, dlisdeanas, legality, E. Ir. dlestanas (do.), 
 
 *dlixo-, * dig-so-, right ; see dligheadh. 
 dligheadb, law, right, Ir. dligheadh, 0. Ir. dliged, W. dyled, died, 
 
 debt, *dligeto-n. Cor. dylly, debere, Br. die, debt, *dlgd, I 
 
 owe ; Got. dulgs, debt ; Ch. SI. dlugw (do.). 
 dlo, a handful of corn, dlb (M'L., M'E.), Ir. dlaoigh, a lock of hair 
 
 or anything, E. Ir. dlai, a wisp ; cf. W. dylwf, wisp, and, Lat, 
 
 floeeus ? 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 123 
 
 dluigheil, handy, active (Dial.), Ir. dluigk, active (O'B.), M. Ir. 
 
 dlwigh, service, *dlogi- ; same root as digheadh. 
 dldth, close, Ir. dliith, E. Ir. dlHith, 0. Ir. diutai (pi.), dlilthe, 
 
 adhaerendi, *dliiti-. Cf. Gr. OXdm, crush, 
 dltith, the warp of a web, Ir., 0. Ir. dlHth, stamen, W. di/Hf 
 
 {*dLii-mi- ?) ; from the above root (dlli). 
 do, to, Ir. do, 0. Ir. do, du. Cor. dhe, 0. Br. do, Br. da , Eug. to, 
 
 Ag. S. t4, Ger. zu ; Lat. -do (endo, indu) ; Gr. -Sc. Stokes 
 
 derives the prep, do from the verbal particle do, to. See the 
 
 next word. 
 do, a verbal particle denoting " to, ad," Ir. do, 0. Ir. do-, dv>-, also 
 
 to-, when it carries the accent (e.g. dohiur, I give, *do-ber6, 
 
 but tabair, give, *td-bere) ; W. du-, dy-, y. Gf. Got. du, to, 
 
 prep, and prefix, for *}>u .? 
 do, thy, Ir. do, 0. Ir. do, du, W. dy, E. W. ten. Cor. dhe, Br. (fo, 
 
 *tovo ; Lat. tuus ; Skr. iwa, etc. See <m. 
 do-, du-, prefix of negative quality, Ir. do-, d6-, 0. Ir. do-, du-, *dus- ; 
 
 Skr. dus- ; Gr. Svtr- ; Got. taz-, Ger. zer-. Its opposite is so, 
 
 q.v. Following the analogy of so, it aspirates the consonants 
 
 though originally it ended in s. 
 dobair, a plasterer (M'D.), Ir. d6bad6ir, W. dwbiwr; from M. Eng. 
 
 dauber, Eng. c^zi&. 
 ddbhaidh, boisterous : *c?ji-i'ati-, root vet, as in onfhadh, q.v. 
 t dobhar, water, Ir. dobhar, E. Ir. dobur, W. c?w/r. Cor. (lo/er, Br. 
 ; dour, Gaul, dvhrwm, *dubro-n, *dub-ro-, root ditS, deep, as in 
 
 domhain, q.v. Cf. Lit. dumblas, mire, Lett. c^M^ii (do.) : Lit. 
 
 duhurys, a place with springs, dumburys ; Ger. tiimpel, a deep 
 
 place in flowing or standing water. Hence dobharchu 
 
 (" water-dog") and dobhran, the otter. 
 docair, grievous, hard, trouble, E. Ir. doccair, uusasiuess, trouble. 
 
 See socair. 
 docha, preferable, is docha, prefer ; see toigh. 
 docha, more likely, Ir. d6cha, 0. Ir. dochu ; comparative of d6igh, 
 
 0. Ir. d/iig, likely, *dougi-, *douki- ; Gr. StuKet, thinks, 
 
 aSevK^s, unseemly ; Ger. zevge, witness ; further allied is Lat. 
 
 duco. Connection with Gr. Sokeoj has been suggested, and 
 
 Zimmer has analysed it into *do-ech, *dosech, root sec, say 
 
 (as in casg, etc. : Cam.), citing the by-form tokh (G. toigh), 
 
 which is a different word. Hence dochas, ddigh. 
 dochair, dochar, hurt, damage, so Ir., E. Ir. dochm- ; from do- and 
 
 cor-, i.e., cor, state : dochar, " bad state." See cor, sochair. 
 
 Hence dochartach, sick. 
 dochann, injury, hurt, M. Ir. dochonach, ill-fortune, 0. Ir. conaichi, 
 
 felicior, from *cuno-, high, root ku (as in curaidh) ? 
 dochas, hope, Ir. dbchas, M. Ir. d^hus ; see docha. 
 
124 littMOLOGtCAL blCTiOJfARlr 
 
 docran, anguish (Sh., Arm. ; not H.S.D.) ; cf. docrach, hard, from 
 
 docair. ' 
 
 dod, a tantrum, fret, Ir. sdoid (n.), sdodach (adj.), dfdddeaeh, 
 
 quarrelsome (Con.). Cf. Sc. dod. 
 dodum, a teetotum (Dialectic) ; from the Eng. 
 dog, a bit ; from the Eng. dock. 
 dogail, cynical, doganta, fierce ; from the Eng. dog. 
 d6gan, a sort of oath (Dialectic, M'L.) : 
 
 dogha, a burdock, Ir. meacan dogha ; Eng. dock, Ag. S. docce. 
 doibhear, rude, uncivil, so Ir. (Lh., which H.S.D. quotes, O'B., 
 
 etc.) : " ill-bearing ;" from do- and heir 1 
 doibheas, vice, Ir. ddiblmus ; from do- and h&m. 
 doicheall, churlishness, E. Ir. dochell, gi-udging, inhospitality : 
 
 opposed to sochell ; from do- and ciall ? 
 ddid, the hand, grasp, Ir. ddid, E. Ir. dMt, 0. Ir. inna Tvdoat, 
 
 lacertorum, *dousenti-; Skr. dos {*daus), doshan, fore-arm, 
 
 Zend daosha, shoulder. Strachan, who cites the meanings 
 
 " hand, wrist," suggests a stem *doventi-, from I. E. dheva 
 
 (move violently), comparing Gr. /ca/Mros, wrist, from qrp, turn. 
 
 Hence d6ideach, muscular. 
 ddid, a small farm ; " a holding ;" from dbid, hand. Cf. 
 
 ddideach, firmly grasping. 
 d6ideach, frizzled up, shrunk (of hair) ; from dath, singe, 
 doigh, manner, tmst, Ir. doigh. For root, see dbcha. 
 doilbh, difficult (H.S.D.), dark (Sh., O'B.), Ir. doilbh, dark, gloomy : 
 doileas, injury ; from do- and leas. 
 doilgheas, sorrow, so Ir. ; from doiligh, sorry, the Ir. form of 
 
 duilich, q.v. 
 doilleir, dark, Ir. ddileir ; see soilleir. 
 
 doimeag, a slattern ; cf. Ir. doim, poor, and for root, see soimeaeh. 
 doimh, bulky, gross ; see dbmhail. 
 doimheal, stormy (Sh. ; not H.S.D.) : 
 
 doinionn, a tempest, Ir. doineann, 0. Ir. doinenn. See soineann. 
 doirbeag, a minnow, tadpole, Ir. dairh, a marsh worm, murrain 
 
 caterpillar, E. Ir. duirh (ace), worm, *dorhi- : I. E. derbho-, 
 
 wind, bend, Skr. darhh, wind, M. H. G. zirhen, whirl, 
 doilbh, hard, difficult, so Ir., 0. Ir. doirh ; see soirhh. 
 doire, grove, Ir. doire, daire, 0. Ir. daire (Adamnan), Derry, W. 
 
 deri, oak grove ; see darach. 
 doireagan, peewit ; Dialectic form of adharcan. 
 doireann, doirionn, tempestuous weather ; see doinionn. For 
 
 phonetics, cf. hoirionnach. 
 doirionta, sullen, so Ir. ; cf. the above word. 
 doirling, isthmus, beach, Ir. doirling, promontory, beach : * do-air - 
 
 ling- (for ling, see leum) ? For meaning, see fairbeart. 
 
Of THS GAELIC tANGXtAGE. l25 
 
 ddirt, pour, Ir. doirtim, dtrtadh (inf.), E. Ir. doirtim, 0. Ir. 
 dofortad, effunderet, dorortad, was poured out, *fort-, root 
 vor, ver, pour, E. Ir. feraim, I pour, give ; Lat. Urina, urine ; 
 Gr. oZpov ; Norse lir, drizzling rain, Ag. S. var, sea ; Skr. vdri, 
 water. To this Stokes refers braon (for vroen-, veroend ?). 
 
 doit, foul, dark (H.S.D. only) : 
 
 doit, a small coin less than a farthing ; from the Sc. doit. 
 
 del, going, Ir. dul, 0. Ir. dul, inf. to doluid, doUuid, ivit, from 
 luid, went, *ludd, from I. E. leudho, go, Gr. eXev(TO[i,ai, will 
 come, ^kvdov, came. Stokes and Brugmann refer luid to 
 *{p)lud6, root plu, plou of Ivath, q.v. 
 
 d61ach, destructive: "grievous;" from td61, grief, Sc. dool, from 
 Lat. dolor. 
 
 dolaidh, harm, so Ir., E. Ir. dolod, 0. Ir. dolud, damnum, 0. G. 
 dolaid, burden, charge ; its opposite is E. Ir. solod, profit : 
 *do-lud, " mis-go ;" from lud of luid-, go (Ascoli). 
 
 dolas, grief, Ir. ddlas : formed from solas, consolation, on the 
 analogy of other do- and so- words. See solas. 
 
 d61uiii, mean, surly, wretchedness, poverty. Of. dblach. 
 
 dom, the gall, gall-bladder ; see domblas. 
 
 domail, damage ; apparently founded on Lat. damnum. 
 
 domblas, gall, bile, Ir. domblas, M. Ir. domblas ae, i.e., " bitterness 
 of the liver;" from M. Ir. domblas, ill-taste; from do-mlas. 
 See bias. 
 
 domhach, a savage ; see doimh. 
 
 domhail, bulky : * domh-amhail, from *domh, bulky, doimh (do.) : 
 *domo-, "heaped;" Eng. dam ; Gr. ^tu/xos, heap? Koot dhe. 
 
 domhain, deep, so Ir., 0. Ir. domain, W. dwfn, Br. don, *dubni-s, 
 *dubno-s ; Eng. deep, Got. diups ; Lit. dubus, deep, dumburys, 
 a hole in the ground filled with water, dauba, ravine, Ch. SI. 
 dubri, ravine : I. E. dheub. See also dobhar. 
 
 domhan, the Universe, so Ir., 0. Ir. domun, Gaul. Dubno-, Dumno- 
 (in many proper names, as Dubnotalus, Dumnorisc, " World- 
 king," Gaelic Domhnall, * Dumno-valo-s, W. Dyfnuat), Celtic 
 *dubno-, the world, the " deep ;" another form of domhain 
 above. Cf. Eng. deep for the " sea." D'Arbois de Jubainville 
 explains Dubno- of Gaulish names as "deep," Dumnorix, 
 "deep king," "high king ;" and he has similarly to explain 
 Biturix as " king for aye," not " world king" : all which 
 seems a little forced. 
 
 Domlinacli, Sunday, so Ir., E. Ir. domnach ; from Lat. dominica, 
 " the Lord's." See under Di-. 
 
 don, evil, defect, Ir. don ; see next word. 
 
 dona, bad, so Ir., E. Ir. donae, dona, wretched, bad ; opposite to 
 sona, son, happy. See sona. 
 
i26 BTTMOLOGICAL DICTIOUART 
 
 dongaidh, moist, humid ; from the Sc. donJc, Eng. dank. 
 
 donn, brown, Ir., 0. Ir. donn, W. dvm, Gaul. Donwus, Donno- ; 
 
 *d(mnos, *dus-no-; lia,t. fuscus ; Eng. dusk, dust. Eng. dun 
 
 may be hence, 
 donnal, a howl, complaint; *donr^no-, I. E. dhven, whence Eng. din, 
 
 Skr. dhvana, sound, 
 dorbh, dorgh, a hand-line, Ir. darubha ; also drogha, q.v. 
 dorc, a piece (Dialectic) : *doreo-, root der, spht, Eng. tear. 
 dorch, dark, Ir. dwcha, 0. Ir. dorche ; opposed to sorcha, bright, 
 
 * do-reg-io-, root reg, see, Lit. regiu, I see. See rosg. The 
 
 root reg, colour, Gr. pefoi, colour, epe/3os, Erebus, Norse rokr, 
 
 darkness, Bagna^okr, twilight of the gods, is allied. Ascoli 
 
 and Zimmer refer it to the Gadelic root rich, shine, 0. Ir. 
 
 richis, coal, Bret, regez, glowing embers, Skr. ric, re, shine. 
 d6rlach, a handful, quantity : *dom-lach, from dbm, a fist. 
 dorn, a fist, Ir. dom, 0. Ir. dom, W. diorn. Cor. dom, 0. Br. dom, 
 
 Br. domm, hand, Gaul. Bwmaeos, *durno- ; Gr. Siapov, palm, 
 
 Sdpeip, Sdpiv, a span ; Lettic diirc, fist ; I. E. root der, split. 
 dorra, more difficult, , Ir. dorrach, harsh, M. Ir. dorr, rough, 
 
 *dorso- ; Czech drsen, rough (Stokes, Strachan). 
 dorran, vexation, anger, Ir. dorrdn, M. Ir. dorr, * dor so- ; see 
 
 above word. 
 ddruinn, pain, anguish, Ir. d6ghruing. Cf. E. Ir. dogra, dogra, 
 
 lamenting, anguish, dogar, sad, from do- and gar, q.v. 
 dorus, a door, Ir., 0. Ir. dorus, W. drws, Cor. daras, 0. Cor. dor, 
 
 Br. dor, *dvorestu-; Lat. fores; Gr. Qvpa; Eng. door ; Lit. 
 
 dii/rys ; Skr. dvdr. 
 dos, a bush, tuft, Ir. dos, 0. Ir. doss, *dosto-, root dus ; Lat. dumus 
 
 ( = dus-mtts), thicket ; Eng. tease, teasel. 
 dosdan, a kind of food given to horses ; from Eng. dust. 
 dosgadh, dosgainn, misfortune ; cf. Ir. ddsgathach, improvident. 
 
 From dp- and sgath, q.v. 
 dotarra, sulky ; see dod. 
 
 doth, a doating on one ; of. Sc. daut, dote, M. Eng. doten. 
 drabach, dirty, slovenly, Ir. drabaire, drabdg, slut, drab, a stain ; 
 
 from Eng. d/rab. See drabh. Hence drabasda, obscene. 
 drabh, dissolve, drabhag, dregs, drabhas, tilth, E. Ir. drabar-slog, 
 
 rabble ; from Eng. drajf, allied to Ger. treber, Norse draf. 
 
 Stokes thinks that the G. is allied to, not derived from, the 
 
 Eng. The Eng. word drab is allied to draff, and so is dregs. 
 ^r^C, a drake ; from the Eng. See rac. 
 dragh, trouble : *drago-, I. E. dregho-, Ag. S. trega, vexation, 
 
 Norse tregr, dragging, slovenly, trega, grieve ; Skr. drdgh, 
 
 pain, 
 dragh, pull, draw, Ir. dragdil ; from the Eng. drag, draw, Norse 
 
 drag'i . 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 127 
 
 dragon, a dragon, Ir. drag4n, E. Ir. drac, g. dracon ; from Lat. 
 draeo(n), Eng. dragon. 
 
 drMchd, a slattern (Arm.) : 
 
 draillsein, a sparkling light (Sh., H.S.D.) ; see drillsean. 
 
 draimheas, a foul mouth ; cf. Ir. drabhas, a wry mouth, dramhaim, 
 I grin. The G. seems from drahh above. 
 
 draing, a snarl, grin ; see dranndan. 
 
 dr^m, dram, a dram, Ir. dram ; from the Eng. 
 
 dramaig, a foul mixture, crowdie (Sh., H.S.D.) ; from the Sc. 
 draiaoclc. 
 
 drannd, dranndan, a hum, snarl, Ir. draint, dranntdn, M. Ir. 
 drantaigim, I snarl ; from a Celtic *dran, I. E. dhreno-, 
 sound, drone; Eng. drone; Gr. Oprjvo^, dirge; Skr. dhran, 
 sound, murmur. 
 
 draoch, a fretful or ghastly look, hair standing on end, Ir. driuch, 
 fretfulness, angry look : root dhrigh ; Gr. 6/)i£, Tptxas, hair. 
 For meaning, cf. snuadh, hue, hair. 
 
 draoi, draoidh, druidh, a magician, druid, Ir. draoi, gen. pi. 
 druadh, E. Ir. drai, drui, g. drvxid, Gaul, druides (Eng. 
 druid). Its etymology is obscure. Stokes suggests relation- 
 ship with Eng. true, G. dearbh, q.v., or with Gr. Opkojuti, cry 
 (as in dranrul, durd), or Gr. aOpeu, look sharp, Pruss. dereis, 
 see. Thumeysen analyses the word as drvr^id-, " oak-seer," 
 roots dru and vid (see darach and fios). Brugmann and 
 Windisch have also suggested the root dru, oak, as Plinj did 
 too, because of the Druids' reverence for the oak-tree. Ag. S. 
 rfr^, magus, is borrowed from the Celtic. 
 
 draoluinn, delay, tediousness, drawling ; from the Eng. drawling, 
 Sc. drawl, to be slow in action, drawlie, slow and slovenly. 
 Dialectic draghlainn, a slovenly person, a mess. 
 
 drapuinn, tape ; from the Eng. drape. 
 
 draos, trash, filth, Ir. draos. Cf. Eng. dross. 
 
 drasda, an drd.sda, now, Ir. drdsda, M. Ir. trasta, for an trath sa, 
 this time. 
 
 drathais, drawers ; from the Eng. 
 
 dreach, aspect, Ir. dreach, E. Ir. drech, W. drych, M. Br. derch, 
 *drkd, *drk]co-, root derk as in dearc, q.v. 
 
 dr^aehd, dreuchd, duty, office, 0. Ir. drecht, portio, *drempto-, 
 root drep, Gr. Spcxw, pluck, cull (Strachan). 
 
 dreag, dr6ag, a meteor or portent ; from the Ag. S. driag, appari- 
 tion, Norse draugr, ghost. Also driug. 
 
 dreall, dreoU, door-bar, dreallag, a swingle-tree : drs-lo-, root der, 
 split, Eng. tree ? 
 
 dreallaire, an idler ; see drollaire. 
 
 dreallsacb, a blazing fire ; see drillsean. 
 
128 KTYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 dream, a tribe, people, Jr. dn-eam, E. Ir. dremm; from dream, 
 bundle, handful, manipulus, Br. dramm, a sheaf, * dregsmo- ■, 
 Gr. SpdyiJM, a handful, Spaxra-ofiai, grasp ; Ch. SI. drazhaiti, 
 grasps ; Skr. dark, make fast, I. E. dergho-, fasten. Hence 
 dreamsgal, a heterogeneous mass. 
 
 dreamach, peevish, dream, snarl ; of. Ir. dreamhnach, perverse, 
 E. Ir. dremne, fierceness, from dreamh, surly, *dremo-, from 
 drem, drom, rush, Gr. Spofio?, a race. G. dreamach may be 
 for *dregsmo-, root dreg as in dreangan. 
 
 dreangan, a snarler, Ir. drainceanta, snarling, drainc, a snarl, also 
 draint, W. drengyn, a surly chap, dreng, morose, *drengo-, 
 root dreg, from dkre of dranndan. 
 
 dreas, bramble, bramble-bush, Ir. dreas ; see drii. 
 
 dreathan-donn, wren, Ir. dreadn, drean, W. dryw, *drivo-, *dr-vo-, 
 root der, dher, jump ? See dair. Of. for sense Gr. xpoxtAos. 
 Or from dkrevo, cry, Gr. 6peop,ai„ G. drannd, q.v. ? 
 
 dreigeas, a grin, peevish face, E. Ir. dric, wrathful ; "^dreggo-, root 
 dreg as in dreangan. 
 
 dreimire, a ladder, Ir. dreimire, E. Ir. dreimm, ascent, vb. dringim, 
 W. dringi), scandere, *dreng6. Bezzenberger compares the 
 Norse drangr, an up-standing rock (cf. cliff and climb). The 
 root dreg of dreimire has also been compared to Ger. treppe, 
 staircase, Eng. tramp. 
 
 dr^in, a grin : *dreg-ni-, root dreg of dreangan. 
 
 dreochdam, the crying of the deer ; from dhrevo, dhre, cry. 
 
 dredlan, a wren, Ir. dreblAn : *drivolo- ; see dreathan. 
 
 dredlan, a silly person, Ir. dredldn, W. drel, a clown ; from Eng. 
 droll ? Thurneysen prefers to consider these words borrowed 
 from Eng. thrall, Norse Jircel. The word appears as dredlan, 
 dreallaire, droUaire. In the sense of " loiterer," these words 
 are from the Norse drolla, loiter, Eng. droit. 
 
 dreas, a blaze : 
 
 dreugan, a dragon (Dialectic) ; see dragon. 
 
 driachan, plodding, obstinacy, Ir. driachaireachd : *dreiqo- ; cf. 
 Eng. drive, from dhreip. 
 
 driamlach, a fishing line, "Manx rimlagh, E. Ir. riamrmch : 
 * reimjnen- ; see reim. 
 
 drifeag, hurry (Heb.) ; see drip. 
 
 dril, a spark, sparkle, Ir. dril, drithle, pi. drithleanna, M. Ir. 
 drithle, dat. drithlinn, also drithre, *drith-renn- (for -renn-, 
 see reannag), *d'rith. Hence drillsean, sparkles, from 
 drithlis, a spark. 
 
 driodar, dregs, lees, Ir. driodar, gore, dregs : ^driddo-, *drd-do-, 
 root der, Eng. tear. Cf. So. driddle. 
 
 driog, a drop, Ir. driog {driog. Con.), driogaire, a distiller ; seem- 
 ingly borrowed from Norse dregg, M. Eng. dreg, dregs. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 129 
 
 driongan, slowness, Ir. driongan, a plaything, worthless pastime : 
 
 drip, hurry, confusion, Ir. drvp, bustle, snare : *drippi-, *drip, 
 Eng. drive ? 
 
 dris, a bramble, brier, Ir. dris, 0. Ir. driss, 0. W. drissi, W. 
 dryssien, Cor. dreis, Bi". drezen, *dreissi-. Bezzenberger sug- 
 gests a stem '^drepso-, M. H. G. trefi, Gar. trespe, darnel, 
 M. Eng. dratik ( = dravick of Du.), zizanium. It must be 
 kept separate from droighionn, 0. Ir. draigen, (keltic root drg, 
 though G. dris might be for *drg-u-, for the W. would be in 
 ch, not s. See droighionn. 
 
 drithlean, a riyet : 
 
 drithleann, a sparkle, Ir. drithlinn ; oblique form of dril. 
 
 driubMach, a cowl, so Ir. (O'R.) ; Sh. has dribhlach. 
 
 dritican, a beak, Ir. driuch. M'A. gives also the meaning, " an 
 incision under one of the toes." See draoch. 
 
 driuch, activity (M'A.) : 
 
 driucban, a stripe, as in cloth (M'A.) : 
 
 driug, a meteor, portent ; see dreag. 
 
 drobh, a drove ; from the Eng. 
 
 drobhlas, profusion, so Ir. : 
 
 droch, evil, bad, Ir. drocli, 0. Ir. drock, drog, W. drwg, Cor. drog, 
 malum, M. Br. drouc, *druko-. Usually compared to Skr. 
 druh, injure, Ger. trug, deception. Stokes has suggested 
 dhrubk, whence Eng. dry, and Bezzenberger compares Norse 
 trega, grieve, tregr, unwilling (see dragh). 
 
 drochaid, a bridge, Ir. droichiod, 0. Ir. drochet : 
 
 drogaid, drugget, Ir. drogdid (O'R). ; from the Eng. 
 
 drogha, a hand fishing line ; also dorgh, dorbh, Ir. doruhha, 
 drubha ; Norse dwg, an angler's tackle. 
 
 droich, a dwarf, Ir. droieh, *drngi-, allied to Teut. dtoergo-, Ger. 
 zioerg, Norse dvergr, Eng. dwarf. 
 
 droigheann, bramble, thorn, Ir. droigheann, 0. Ir. draigen, W. 
 draen, Cor. drain, drein, Br. drean, *dragino- ; cf. Gr. rpa\vi, 
 rough, OpdoriTb), confuse, Eng. dregs. Bezzenberger compares 
 Lit. drignes, black henbane, Gr. Spd/Sr], a plant. Ebel referred 
 it to the same origin as Gr. repxvos, twig. 
 
 droinip, tackle : 
 
 drola, a pot-hook, Ir. drol, droltha, M. Ir. drol, drolam, handle, 
 E. Ir. drolam, knocker, ring : 
 
 droll, an animal's tail, a door bar, unwieldy stick ; cf. dreallvg for 
 the last two meanings. 
 
 droll, droUaire, a lazy fellow ; see dreblan. 
 
 droman, the alder tree ; see troman. 
 
 drong, droing, people, tribe, Ir. drong, E. Ir. drong, 0. Br. drogn, 
 drog, factio, Gaul, drungus, whence Lat. drwnqus, a troop 
 
 17 
 
130 ETYSIOLOGICAL DICTIONAET 
 
 (4tli century), *drungo-; Got. driugan, serve as a soldier, 
 
 Ag. S. dryht, people, Norse dr6tt, household, people, 
 drongair, a drunkard ; from the Eng. 
 
 dronn, the back, Ir. dronndg : *dros-no-, root dros of druim, q.v. 
 dronng, a trunk ; from the Eng. 
 drothan, a breeze (M'D.) : 
 druabag, a small drop, druablas, muddy water, druaip, dregs, 
 
 lees. The first is from Eng. drop , druablas is from M. Eng. 
 
 drubli, turbid, Sc. droubly ; and drwaip is from Norse 
 
 drjvpa, drip, 
 drub, a wink of sleep, a mouthful of liquid ; from Norse drjupa, 
 
 drip. See the above words. 
 drtichd, dew, Ir. drdchd, E. Ir. drdcht, *drub-ttir, root dhreub ; 
 
 Ag. S. dr'ewpian, trickle, Eng. drip, drop, Norse drjiipa, drip, 
 
 Ger. triefen. 
 drddh, penetrate, pierce, driiidh ; see the next. 
 drtldhadh, oozing, soaking ; cf. Skr. dru, drdva, melt, run. Got. 
 
 ufar-tricsian, besprinkle. Cf. Gaul. Druentia (Gaelic Druu, a 
 
 river in Strathspey). 
 drngair, a drudge, Ir. drugairc , from M. Eng. dniggar, a 
 
 dragger, Eng. drudge. 
 druid, close, Ir. druidim, E. Ir. drut : *druzdo-, *drus, W. drivs, 
 
 door. See dorus. 
 druid, a starling, Ir. druid, E. Ir. truid, Manx truitlag, W. drudwy, 
 
 Br. dred, dret : *struzdi- ; Lat. turdus, thrush ; Lit. strdzdas 
 
 (Bohemian drazd), thrush, Eng. throstle. 
 druidh, a magician ; see draoi. 
 drtiidh, penetrate ; see drudh. 
 drnim, back, ridge, so Ir., 0. Ir. druimm, pi. dromand, W. trum, 
 
 *drosmen- ; Lat. dorsum. 
 drills, lust, drMseach, drtith, lecherous, Ir. dniis, adultery, E. Ir. 
 
 drdth, lewd, a harlot, *druto-. Cf. M. Eng. drii&, darling, 
 
 0. Fr. drud (do.), druerie, love, whence M. Eng. dTuerie, Sc. 
 
 drouery, illicit love. Mayhew refers the Fr. and Eng. to 
 
 0. H. G. dr4t, dear (also trdt, drUd) : a Teut. dreuS ? 
 drama, a drum, Ir., M. Ir. druma ; from the Eng. 
 druman, elder ; see troman. 
 dt, meet, proper, Ir., E. Ir. dii. This Stokes regards as borrowed 
 
 from 0. Fr. dil { = debntus), whence Eng. due. But see 
 
 diithaich, dual. 
 du-, do-, prefix denoting badness of quality, Ir., O. Ir. dv^, do-, 
 
 *dus ; Gr. Svs- ; Got. tuz-, Norse tor- ; Skr. dv^s-. See do-. 
 duaichnidh, gloomy, ugly, Ir. duaichniiighadh, to disfigure. See 
 
 snaicheantas. 
 duaidh, a horrid scene, a fight, Ir. duaidh, evil (O'B.) : *dtir-vid- ? 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 131 
 
 duairc, uncivil, Jr., E. Jr. duairc : opposite of suairc, q.v. 
 duaireachas, a squabble, slander : du-aireachas. See eireac/ulail. 
 duairidh, dubharaidh, a dowry ; from the Eng. 
 duals, a reward, so Ir., E. Ir. dtiass, gift : * dovestd ; Gr. Sovvai, to 
 
 give { = dovenai) : Lit. d-&ti (do.), dovana, a gift; 'L&t. duint 
 
 ( = dent). Boot dd, give. 
 dual, a look of hair,.Ir., E. Ir. dual, *doklo-; Got. tagl, hair, 
 
 Ag. S. taegl, Eng. tail, Norse tagl, horse's tail. 
 dual, hereditary right, so Ir., M. Ir. ddal, *dutlo- ; see diitliaich. 
 
 Stokes refers it to Fr. dil, as he does du, q.v. 
 duan, a poem, song, so Ir., E. Ir. diian, *dugno- ; Lettic dugdt, 
 
 cry as a crane (Bez.). 
 duarman, a murmur ; cf . torman from toirm. 
 dtibailte, double, Ir. dubdilie ; from M. Eng. dubk, 0. Fr. dohle, 
 
 Lat. duplex. 
 dubh, black, Ir. dubh, 0. Ir. dvh, W. du, 0. W. dvh. Cor. duv, 
 
 Br. du, *dvho-; Gr. tui^Aos ( = 6u<^A.os), blind; Got. daubs, 
 
 deaf, Ger. taub, Eng. deaf, also dumb. Cf. Gaul, river name 
 
 Dubis, now Dovhs. 
 dubhach, sad, Ir. diibhach, 0. Ii-. dvhaeli ; see suhhach. 
 dubhailc, wickedness, Ir. diibhailce ; see subhailc. 
 dubhailteach, sorrowful : founded on dubh. 
 dubhairt, said ; see ikuhhmrt. 
 dtibliaith, a pudding : 
 dubhan, a hook, Ir. dubJidn, M. Ir. dubdn : 
 dubhchlfein, the flank (H.S.D. from MSS.) : 
 dubhdan, a smoke, straw cinders, soot ; from dubh. Cf. Ir. 
 
 dubhaddn, an inkstand. 
 dubhlaldh, gloomy, wintry ; cf. dubhla, a dark day, day of trial. 
 
 From dvhh. 
 dubhlan, a challenge, Ir. dubhshldn ; from dubh and dan. 
 dubhliath, the spleen, 0. Ir. lue Had, lua Hath, Cor. lewUloit, W. 
 
 lleithon, milt of fish. Cf. Lat. lien. 
 dubhogha, the great grandson's grandson ; from dubh and ogha : 
 
 dubh is used to add a step to fionnogha, though fionn here is 
 
 really a prep., and iioiflonn, white. See fionnogha. 
 diic, a heap (Arm.) : 
 dfichas, hereditary right ; see dUthaieh. 
 dud, a small lump (M'A.) ; see tudan. 
 diid, a tingling in the ear, ear, Ir. diid. See next word. 
 dudach, a trumpet, M. G. doytichy (D. of Lis.), Ir. dud6g : 
 
 onomatopoetic. Cf. Eng. toot. 
 dudlacM, depth of winter : 
 dtlil, expectation, hope, Ir. diiil, *duli-, root du, strive, Gr. dvfw^ 
 
 soul ; Lit. dumas, thought (Stokes for Gr.). 
 
132 BTTMOIiOGICAL DICTION ART 
 
 duil, an element, Jr. Mil, O. Ir. ddil, Ml, *Mli-; Skr. dhUli-, 
 
 dust ; Lit. dulMs (do.) ; Lat. fidigo, soot. Stokes (Diet.) 
 
 refers it to *duMi-, root duk, fashion ; Ger. zevgen, engender ; 
 
 further Lat. dtuM. Hence Dialectic Na dull, poor creatures ! 
 
 Ir. d-dil means '' creature" also. Hence also duileag, a term 
 
 of affection for a girl, 
 duileasg, dulse, Ir. duileasg, M. Ir. duilesc, W. dylvsg, what is 
 
 drifted on shore by floods. Hence Sc. dulse. Jamieson 
 
 suggests that the G. stands for duiW uisge, " water-leaf." 
 duilich, difficult, sorry, Ir. doiligh, E. Ir. dolig ; cf. Lat. dolor, 
 
 grief. 
 duille, a leaf, Ir., M. Ir. duille, W. dalen, M. Br. del ; Gr. OvkXa, 
 
 leaves, Oakkb), I bloom ; Ger. dolde, umbel : root dhl, dhale, 
 
 bloom, sprout. Gaul. irtixTrfSovka, " five leaved," is allied, 
 duillinnean, customs, taxes (M'D.) : 
 dtlin, shut, Ir. diinaim, " barricading ;" from diin, q.v. 
 duine, a man, Ir., 0. Ir. duine, pi. ddini { = *dvdnji), W. dyn, pi. 
 
 dyneddon, Cor., Br. den, *dunj6-s : " mortal ;" Gr. daviiv, die, 
 
 Odvaros, death, dvrjTos, mortal ; Eng. dwine ; Skr. dhvan, fall 
 
 to pieces. 
 duircein, the seeds of the fir, etc., duirc-daraich, acorns. See 
 
 dorc. 0. Ir. deruec, glans, is referred by Windisch to the 
 
 root of darach, q.v. 
 duiseal, a whip ; from M. Eng. duschen, strike, of Scandinavian 
 
 origin, now dowse. 
 ddiseal, dusal, slumber ; from Norse diisa, doze, Eng. doze. 
 dnisleannan, ill-natured pretences, freaks (Dialectic, H.S.D.), 
 
 duisealan (M'E.) ; from duiseal : " dreaming?" 
 diiisg, awake, Ir. duisgim, diUsighim, 0. Ir. diusgea, expergefaciat, 
 
 *de-ud-sec-, root sec as in caisg, q.v. 
 dul, dula, a noose, loop, Ir. dul, dot, snare, loop, • W. dol, noose, 
 
 loop, doli, form a ring or loop ; Gr. SoAos, snare ; Lat. dohis, 
 
 etc. 
 dula, a pin, peg, Ir. dula ; cf. Lat. dole, a pike, M. H. G. zol, a log. 
 dfildachd, a misty gloom ; see dicdlachd. 
 dtimhlalch, increase in bulk ; see dbmhail. 
 dun, a heap, a fortress, Ir., 0. Ir. diin, W. din, 'Gaul. dUniim, 
 
 -8owov, *duno^, *dunos- ; Ag. S. tim, Eng. Uywn, Ger. zaun, 
 
 hedge, Norse ttin (do.) ; Gr. Svvaxrdai, can. Eoot deva, dH, to 
 
 be strong, hard, whence also dm: 
 dunach, dunaidh, woe ; from dona ? 
 ddr, dull, stubborn, Ir., E. Ir. dur, W. dir, force, Br. dir, steel, 
 
 Gaul, durum, fortress, *dtiro- ; Lat. durus. For further 
 
 connections see i 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 133 
 
 durachd, duthrachd, good wish, wish, diligence, Ir. duthracM, 
 0. Ir. (Mthracht, * devo-trahtu-s-, *trakh6, press; Ag. S. 
 thringan, Ger. dringen, press forward, Eng. throng (Stokes). 
 Windisch has compared Skr. ta/rk, think, which may be the 
 same as tark of tarJcMs, spindle, Lat. torqueo. Verb dtiraig. 
 
 ddradan, durradan, an atom, mote, Ir. dilrddn ; from the root 
 dur as in dior above : " hard bit ?" 
 
 durcaisd, pincers, nippers : 
 
 dtird, a syllable, sound, humming, Ir., E. Ir. ddrd, dordaim, mugio, 
 W. dvrrdd, souitus, tordd, ' dordo-s, root der, sound, I. E. dher; 
 Lettic dardet, rattle. Further Gr. ^p^vos, dirge, Tovdpvs, 
 muttering, Norse drynr, roaring, Eng. dn-one ; root dhre. 
 
 durga, surly, sour, Ir. dik-ganta. Cf. Ir. duranta, morose. G. 
 seems to be from Norse dwrga, sulky fellow, Eng. dwarf. 
 
 durlus, water-cress ; from dwr = dobhar and lus, q.v. 
 
 durraidh, pork, a pig, durradh ! grumphy ! Cf. dorra. 
 
 durrag, a worm : 
 
 durrghail, cooing of a dove, Ir. durdail ; also currucadh, q.v. 
 Onomatopoetic. 
 
 durrasgach, nimble (Dial., H.S.D.) : 
 
 dursann, an unlucky accident, Ir. dursan, sorrowful, hard (O'R.) ; 
 from the stem of dorra. 
 
 dus, dust, duslach ; from Eng. dust. 
 
 dusal, a slumber ; from the Eng. doze. See duiseal. 
 
 dtislainn, a gloomy, retired place : 
 
 dtith, hereditary ; see du. 
 
 dtithaich, a country, district, Ir. diithaigh, 0. Ir. duthoig, heredi- 
 tary (M. Ir. dicthaig), G. duthchas, hereditary right : root du 
 as in dun ? Cf. die. 
 
 duthuil, fluius alvi = dubh-ghalar ; from diobh and tuil. 
 
 E 
 
 e, accented 6, he, it, Ir. e, 0. Ir. 4 *ei-s : root ei, i ; 0. Lat. eis 
 
 ( = is, he, that), ea, she ( = eja) ; Got. is, Ger. er, es ; Skr. 
 
 ayam. The 0. Ir. neuter was ed, now eadh (as iu seadh, ni 
 
 h-eadh). 
 ea-, 6a-, privative prefix ; see evr. 
 eabar, mud, puddle, Ir. ahar, marshy land, Adamnan's stagnum 
 
 Aporieum, Loch-aber : *ex-bor, *ad-bor, the bor of tobar, q.v. 
 eabon, ebony, so Ir. ; from Lat. ebenum, Eng. ebony. 
 eabur, ivory, so Ir. ; from Lat. ebur. 
 each, a horse, so Ir., 0. Ir. eck, W. ebol, colt, Br. ebeul, Gaul. JSpo-, 
 
 *ekvo-s; Lat. eqwus ; Ag. S. eoh, Got. aihva- ; Skr. anva-s. 
 eaehdaran, eachdra, a pen for strayed sheep ; see eachdranach for 
 
 root. 
 
134 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 eachdraidh, a history, Ir. eachdaireacM, history, eachdaire, 
 
 historian, E. Ir. echtra, adventures ; from E. Ir. prep, echtar, 
 
 without, *ekstero, W. eithr, extra; Lat. extra, externus ; from 
 
 ex (see a, as). 
 eachdranach, a foreigner, Ir. eachdrannach, 0. Ir. echtrann, exter ; 
 
 Lat. extraneus, Eng. strange. From echtar, as in eaclidraidh. 
 eachrais, confusion, mess ; cf. Ir. eachrais, a fair, E. Ir. echtress, 
 
 horse-iight. See each and treas. 
 ead, jealousy ; see erid. 
 eadar, between, Ir. eidir, 0. Ir. eter, iter, etar, W. ithr, Oor. yntr, 
 
 Br. entre, Gaul, inter, * enter, i.e., en-ter, prep, en ; Lat. inter ; 
 
 Skr. antdr, inside. 
 t eadh, it, seadh, yes, 0. Ir. ed ; see e. 
 eadh, space, E. Ir. ed, root ped ; Gr. TreSiov, a plain ; Lat. op- 
 
 pidum, town ; Ch. SI. pad, tread. Root pedo, go, as in Eng. 
 
 foot, Lat. pes, pedis, etc. 
 eadha, the letter e, an aspen tree, Ir, eadhadh : 
 eadhal, a brand, burning coal (Bibl. Gloss.) ; see e'lbheall. 
 eadhon, to wit, namely, viz., so Ir., 0. Ir. idon, *id-souno-, " this 
 
 here ;" for id, see eadh, and souno- is from *sou, *so as in so. 
 
 Cf. Gr. o^-Tos. Stokes {Celt. Decl.) takes id from it, is, goes, 
 
 root i, go, of Lat. eo, Gr. e?jut, etc. ; he regards id as part 
 
 of the verb substantive. 
 eadraig, interpose, eadragainn, interposition, Ir. eadargdn, 
 
 separation ; from eadar. 
 eag, a nick, notch, Ir. feag, Manx agg, W. ag, cleft, *eggo- : 
 eagal, feagal, fear, Ir. eaguil, eagla, E. Ir. ecla, 0. Ir. ecal (adj.), 
 
 * ex-gal , see gal, valour, 
 eagan, perhaps ; Dialectic for theagamh. 
 
 eagar, order, row, so Ir., E. Ir. eeor, *dith-cor ; from aith- and cuir. 
 eaglais, a church, Ir. eagluis, 0. Ir. eclais, W. eglwys, Br. ilis ; 
 
 from Lat. ecclesia, Eng. ecclesiastic. 
 eagna, wisdom, so Ir., 0. Ir. ecne, *ailh-gen- ; see aitli- and gen of 
 
 aithne. In fact aithne and eagna are the same elements 
 
 differently accented i^aith-gen^, dith-gen-). 
 eairlig, want, poverty, airleig ; cf . airleag, lend, borrow, 
 e^irlin, keel, bottom, end : *air-lann ; see lann, land, 
 eairneis, furniture ; see airneis. 
 eala, a swan, so Ir., M. Ir. ela, W. alarch. Com. elerlic, *elaio, 
 
 *elerlco-s ; Gr. kXia, reed war bier, eXaeras, grosbeak, eAeas, owl, 
 
 lAeids, falcon ; Lat. olor, swan. Gr. irkkeia, wild dove, Lat. 
 
 palumba, dove, 0. Prus. poalis (do.), have been suggested. 
 ealach, ealachainn, a peg to hang things on : 
 ealadh, learning, skill, ealaidh, knack, Ir. ealadh, E. Ir. elatha, 
 
 gen. elathan, W. el, intelligence : root el : : al (of eilean) ? 
 
OF THE OAISI.TC LAXGUAGE. 135 
 
 ealadh, euladli, a creeping along (as to catch game), Ir. euloighim, 
 
 steal away, E. Ir. e'laim, I flee, 0. Ir. ^lud, evasio ; Ger. eilen, 
 
 hasten, speed ; root ei, i, go, Lat. i-re, etc. Strachan derives 
 
 it from *ex-ldj6, root Id, eta, go, Gr. eXavvo (as in eilid, etc.). 
 ealag, a block, hacking-stock ; see ealach. 
 ealaidh, an ode, song, music ; see ealadh. . 
 ealamh, eathlamh, quick, expert, Jr. athlamh, E. Ir. athlom, 
 
 athlam, *aith-lani ; *lam is allied to lamh, hand ("handy" is 
 
 the idea). See ullamh for discussion of the root Icvni. 
 ealbh, a bit, tittle, Ir. ealblui, a multitude, a drove, W. elw, goods, 
 
 profit, *elvo- ; cf. Gaul. Elvetios, Elvio, etc. ; *pel-vo-, root 
 
 pel, full ? 
 ealbhar, a good for nothing fellow (Suth.) ; from Norse ulfr, elf, a 
 
 vacant, silly person. 
 ealbhuidh, St John's wort, Ir. eala bhuidh (O'K.) : 
 t ealg, noble, so Ir., E. Ir. ekj . Innis Ealga = Ireland. Cf. Elgin, 
 
 Cr\eTi-elg. 
 ealla, nothing ado (" Gabh ella ris" — have nothing ado witli hiin) : 
 eallach, a burden, so Ir., M. Ir. ellach, trappings or losui ; cf. Ir. 
 
 eallaeh, a drove, 0. Ir. ellach, conjunctio, *ati-slogoi' (Zimmer), 
 
 from shiagh. See uallach and ealt. 
 eallsg, a scold, shrew : 
 ealt, ealta, a covey, drove, flock, Ir. ealta, E. Ir. elta : * ell-tavo-, 
 
 from peslo-, a brute. Cor. elial, pecus ; 0. H. G. fasal, Ag. S. 
 
 fdsl, proles (Stokes for Cor.). See al. Ascoli joins 0. Ir. 
 
 ellach, union, and Ir. eallach, a drove, cattle, with ealt. See 
 
 eallach. 
 ealltuinn, a razor, Ir. ealtin, 0. Ir. altan, W. ellyn, 0. Cor. elinn, 
 
 0. Br. altin, Br. aotenn, *{p)altani ; Ger. spalten, cleave ; Skr. 
 
 piat, split ; Old. SI. xaa-platiti, cut in two. 
 eaman, tail ; see feaman, q.v. 
 eanach, honour, praise, E. Ir. enech, honour, also face ; hence 
 
 "regard" (Ascoli) : *aneqo-, W. enep ; root oq of Lat. oc-ulus, 
 
 etc. 
 eanach, dandriff, scurf, down : 
 
 eanach-garraidli, endive, Ir. eanaoh-garraidh ; evidently a cor- 
 ruption of Lat. endiva (Cameron). 
 eanchaill, eanchainn, brains, Ir. inchinn, E. Ir. inchind, W. 
 
 ymmenydd. Cor. impinion ( = in +pe')v-), in + ceann, " what is 
 
 in the head." 
 eang, foot, footstep, track, bound, Ir. eang, E. Ir. eng, track : 
 eang, a gusset, corner ; cf. Lat. angulus, Eng. angle. 
 eangach, a fetter, net, Ir. eangach, a net, chain of nets. From 
 
 eang, foot. 
 eangarra, cross-tempered (H.S.D.) : "having angles ;""from eang. 
 
136 ETYMOI.OGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 eangbhaidh, high-mettled, M. Ir. engach, valiant ; from eang, a 
 
 step. 
 eangladh, entanglement ; possibly from the Eng. tangle ; not 
 
 likely founded on eangach. 
 eanghlas, gruel, milk and water, Ir. eanghlais, E. Ir. englas (fern. 
 
 a stem), milk and water, gi-een water (Corm.), from in and 
 
 M. Ir. glas, milk, *glagsa; Gr. yAayos, ja.Xa{KToi), milk, 
 
 Lat. lac ( = *glah-t). Cormac says it is from en, water, and 
 
 glas, grey. 
 eanntag, nettles ; see deanntag. 
 eanraich, eanbhruith, soup, juice of boiled flesh, Ir. eanhhruithe, 
 
 E. Ir. enbruthe, from in and bruith, boil. Corm. and O'Cl. 
 
 have an obsolete hroth, hruithe, flesh, and explain it as " water 
 
 of flesh." For en, water, see eanghlas. 
 ear, an ear, the east, from the east, Ir. soir, eastern, anoir, from 
 
 the east, 0. Ir. an-air, ab oriente ; reaUy " from before," the 
 
 prep, an (*apona) of a nail (see a, from), and air { = *ari), 
 
 before. The observer is supposed to face the sun. The 
 
 opposite is iar, an iar, from iar, behind, q.v. 
 earail, an exhortation, 0. Ir. erdil, irail, * air-ail ; from mill, 
 
 desire. Hence earal, provision, caution, 
 earar, an earar, the day after to-morrow, Ir. oirthior, eastern, day 
 
 following, day after to-morrow, O. Ir. airther, eastern, 
 
 *ariteros, *pareiteros (Cr. Trapotrepos), comparative of air, 
 
 before. 
 eararadh, a parching of com in a pot before grinding : *air-aradh, 
 
 root ar, as in Lat. aridus, arid ? 
 earasaid, a square of tartan worn over the shoulders by females 
 
 and fastened by a brooch, a tartan shawl : *air-asaid? Cf. 
 
 asair for root. 
 earb, a roe, so Ir., E. Ir. erb, 0. Ir. heirp, *erbi-s, *erbd; Gr. 
 
 epi(f>os. 
 earb, trust (vb.), earbsa ■ (n.), Ir. earbaim, 0. Ir. erbaim, nom- 
 
 erpimm, confido, *erbid, let, leave ; M. H. G. erbe, bequeath, 
 
 Ger. erbe, heir. Got. arhja, heir : all allied to Lat. orbus, Eng. 
 
 orp/ian. 
 ear ball, a tail, so Ir., E. Ir. erball, *dir-ball ; from air { = *ari) 
 
 and ball, q.v. 
 earcball, earachall, misfortune : *air-cdll; from air and call, q.v. 
 eargnaich, inflame, enrage : *dir-gon- ; from air and gon ? Also 
 
 feargnaich, which siiggests fearg as root. 
 e^rlaid, expectation, trust : *ari-lanti-, root lam of lamh. 
 e^rlas, earnest, arles ; see airleas. 
 ed.rnach, murrain, bloody flux in cattle : 
 ekVT, end, tail, Ir. earr, E. Ir. e?-?', *ersd; Gr. oppoi, rump; Ag. S, 
 
 ears, Eng. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 137 
 
 earrach, spring, so Ir., 0. Ir. errech, *persdko-, from p&rs, which is 
 from per, as eAs ( = ex) is from eh ; per, before, Lat. per, prce, 
 Eng. for, fore ; as in air ( = ari). The idea is the " first of 
 the year." Cf, Gev. friihling, spring, of like descent. Such 
 is Stokes' derivation. Another view is that earrach is from 
 earr, end (cf. for form tbs and toiseach, and earrach, lower 
 extremity), meaning the " end of the year," the eSitein, 
 May, " first of sli mm er/' being the beginning of the year. 
 Not allied to Lat. ver. 
 earradh, clothes, so Ir., E. Ir. err ad, eirred, ^dir-rM, * ari-reido-n ; 
 from reid of reidh. Eng. array comes from the Gaul, 
 equivalent (^ ad-rSdare), and Eng. ready is allied. Hence 
 earradh, wares. 
 
 earradhubh., the wane, the wane of the moon : earr + dubh ? 
 
 earrag, a taunt (a blow, Arms.) : 
 
 earrag, a shift, refuge, attempt (H.S.D., from MSS.) : 
 
 earraghldir, vain glory : * er-glbir ; the er is the intensive particle ; 
 Lat. per. 
 
 earraid, a tip-staff, tarraid (Dial.) : 
 
 earraigh, a captain (H.S.K.) ; see urra. 
 
 earrann, a portion, Ir. earrunn, M. Ir. errand, * dir-rann ; from 
 rann, portion. 
 
 earras, wealth ; see earradh. 
 
 e^rr-thalmhuinn, yarrow ; see athair-thalmhuinn. 
 
 eas, a waterfall, Ir. eas, g. earn,, E. Ir. ess, g. esso, * esti- '''pesti ; 
 Skr. d-patti, mishap (" mis-fall") ; Lat. pessum, down, pesti.i, 
 a pest ; Slav, na-pasti, casus (Bez.). 
 
 eas-, privative prefix, Ir. eas-, 0. Ir. es-, W. e/t-, Gaul, ex-, *eks. 
 See a, as, out. 
 
 easach, thin water-gruel ; from eas. 
 
 easag, a pheasant, a squirrel (M'D), Ir. easdg, pheasant (Fol.), 
 weasel, squirrel. For the " squirrel-weasel" force, see neas, 
 nios. As " pheasant," it may be founded on the M. Eng. 
 fesaunt, O. Fr. faisan. 
 
 easaraich, boiling of a pool, ebullition, bustle ; from G. and Ir. 
 easar, a cataract, from eas. 
 
 easar-chasain, thorough-fare ; cf. aisir. 
 
 easbalair, a trifling, handsome fellow (M'A.) : 
 
 easbaloid, absolution, Ir. easbaldid ; from Lat. absolutio. 
 
 easbhuidh, want, defect, so Ir., E. Ir. eshuid, *ex-buti-s, "being 
 out" of it ; from roots of as and bu, q.v. 
 
 easbuig, a bishop, Ir. easbog, 0. Ir. espoc, epscop, W. esgob, Br 
 eskop ; from Lat. episcopus, whence Eng. bishop. 
 
 18 
 
1-38 etymologicaij dictionary- 
 
 teasg, a ditch, fen, Ir. easgaidh, quagmire, ease, water, E. Ir. ese, 
 water, fen-water, 0. British 'Io-ko, the Exe [Scotch Esks\, 
 *isM, water, *{p)idskd; Gr jriSai, well, tri^vm, gush. The 
 W. wysg, stream, 0. W. uisc requires *eiik&, hompeid, ptd. 
 
 easg, easgann, eel, Ir. eascu, g. eascuinne, 0. Ir. eseung, "fen- 
 snake," i.e., ese, fen, and ung, snake, Lat. anguis. See easg, 
 ditch. 
 
 teasga, the moon (a name for it surviving in Braemar last 
 century), 0. Ir. ^sca, isce, cesca, *eid-skio-; from root eid, id, 
 as in Lat. idtcs, the ides, " full light," i.e., full moon (Stokes). 
 
 easgaid, hough ; better iosgaid, q.v. 
 
 easgaidh, ready, willing, Ir. easguidh, E. Ir. eseid, W. esgud, Br. 
 escuit ; from evr and sglth, q.v. 
 
 easg^raich, a torrent, coarse mixture ; see easg. 
 
 easradh, ferns collected to litter cattle, E. Ir. esrad, strewing, 
 *ex-sratVr, root ster, strew, Lat. sternere, etc. See eaisir, bed. 
 
 easraich, boiling of a pool, bustle ; see easaraieh. 
 
 eathar, a boat, Ir. eathar, ship, boat, 0. Ir. ethar, a boat, *itro-, 
 "joumeyer;" from ethaim, I go, "* itdo, go, root ei, i ; Lat. 
 eu ; Gr. hfi,i ; Lit. eimi ; Skr. dmi. 
 
 eatorra, between tliem, so Ir., 0. Ir. etarro, *etr-so, *enter-s6s. 
 For s6s, see sa. 
 
 6ibh, cry ; see Sigh. 
 
 eibheadh, the aspen, letter e, li: ead/ia ; also eadhadh, q.v. 
 
 ^ibheall, ^ibhleag, a live coal, spark, Ir. eilhletg, E. Ir. dibell, 
 spark, fire, W. ufel, fire, *oibelos, fire, spark (Stokes). 
 
 eibhinn, joyous ; see aoihhinn. 
 
 eibhrionnach, eiriounach, a young gelded goat ; from Sc. aiver 
 (do.), with G. termination of firionnach, etc. Aiver is also 
 aver, worthless old horse, any property, Eng. aver, property, 
 from Lat. habere. 
 
 eideadh, ^ididh, clothing, a suit ; see aodach. 
 
 eidheann, ivy, Ir. eidhean, E. Ir. edenn, W. eiddew, Cor. idhio, 
 * (p)edenno-, root ped, fasten, hold on ; Lat. pedica, a fetter ; 
 Eng. /e«er, etc. For sense, cf. Lat. hedera, ivy, from ghed, 
 catch, prcehendo, Eng. get. 
 
 eididh, a web ; apparently a shortened form of eideadh. 
 
 6ifeachd, effect, so Ir. ; from Lat. effecttis. 
 
 eigh, ice; see deigh. Hence eighre, oighre, Ir. oidhir, E. Ir. 
 aigred, W. eiry, snow. 
 
 eigh, a file, Ir. oighe : *agid ; root ag of Eng. axe. Got. aqizi. 
 
 6igh, a cry, Iv. eigheamh, 0. Ir. dgem, Celtic root eig ; Lettic ^gt, 
 Cf. also Lat. aeger (Stokes, Zim.). 
 
 eighreag, a cloudberry ; see oighreag. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 139 
 
 ^iginn, necessity, Ir. eigin, 0. Ir. ecen, W. angen, *enknd (Stokes) ; 
 
 Gr. dvayKT] ( = av-ayKij). Allied by root (ank : enh) to thig, 
 
 etc. 
 eildeir, an elder ; from the Scotch, Eng. elder. 
 eile, other, another, Ir. eile, 0. Ir. aile, W. aill, all, Br. eil, all, 
 
 Gaul, alio-, *aljo-, *aUo- ; Lat. alvus ; Gr. aAXos ; Eng. else. 
 eileach, mill-race, mill-dam : " weir, stone-place ?" See ail. 
 eilean, an island, Ir. oilean, E. Ir. ailen ; from Norse eyland, Eng. 
 
 eilean, training - see oilean. 
 
 eileir, the notch on the staves of a cask where the bottom is 
 
 fixed : 
 eileir, sequestered region, etc ; see eiUhir. 
 eilgheadh, levelling of a field for sowing, first ploughing ; cf. Ir. 
 
 eillgheadh, burial, to which Stokes cfs. Umbrian pelsatu, Gr. 
 
 6w!rT£Lv, pelsans, sepeliundus. H. Maclean compared the 
 
 Basque elge, field, 
 eilid, a hind, so Ir., 0. Ir. elit, W. elain, cerva, *elinti-s, *elani, 
 
 Gr. lAXos, fawn, IXac^os ( = eAv<^os), stag ; Lit. elnis, stag ; 
 
 Arm. ekn ; etc. 
 eilig, willow-herb, epilobium ; from Lat helix. 
 eilitriom, a bier (H.S.D. for Heb.), Ir. eletrom, eleathrain ; founded 
 
 on Lat. feret/rum, i 
 eilthir, a foreign land, eilthireach, a pilgrim, Ir. oilithreach, 0. Ir. 
 
 ailithre, pilgrimage ; from eile and tlr, q.v. 
 eiltich, rejoice : 
 eineach, bounty, Ir. oineach. Cf. 0. Ir. ainech, protectio, root 
 
 nak, attain, as in tiodhlac. Hence the H.S.D. eineachlann, 
 
 protection (from Ir.). 
 eirbheirt, moving, stirring ; E. Ir. airbert, use, airbiur, dego, 
 
 fruor : air and beir, q.v. 
 eirbhir, asking indirectly : " side-say ;"' air + beir ; cf. abair. 
 eirc-chomhla, portcullis (M'D.) : 
 eire, a burden, Ir. eire, E. Ir. ere, 0. Ir. aire : 
 eireachd, an assembly, Ir. direachdus, E. Ir. airecht, 0. Ir. airect, 
 
 *air-echf, eckt being from the root of thig. Stokes refers it to 
 
 the same origin as W. araeth, speech, root req, as in 0. Slav. 
 
 reka, speak, Lat. raccare, cry as a lion, 
 eireachdail, handsome, 0. Ir. airegde, prtestans, from aire(ch), 
 
 primas. See airidh. 
 eireag, a pullet, young hen, Ir. eireog (Fol., O'R.) M. Ir. eirin, W. 
 
 iaren. Cor. yar, galhna, Br. iarik, *jari-, hen ; Lit. jenibe, 
 
 heathcock, N. Slav, jertii, nuthatch (Bez.). 
 eireallach, a monster, clumsy old carle (Dial., H.S.D.); from 
 
140 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 eiriceachd, heresy, so Ir., E. Ir. eres, 0. Ir. heretic, heretious ; 
 from the 0. Ir. form somehow, which itself is from Lat. 
 
 6irich, rise, 6irigli, rising, Ir. eirighim, eirgke, E. Ir. erigim, 
 
 dirgim, inf. 0. Ir. Urge, erge, *eks-reg6; Ijat. erigo, erect, Eng. 
 
 erect, rego, 1 govern ; Gr. opeyu, extend ; Eng. right ; I. E. 
 
 root reg. See raeh. 
 eiridinn, attendance, patience, 0. Ir. airitiu, g. airiten, reception, 
 
 airema, suscipiat, *ari-em-tin , root em, grasp, take ; Lat. emo, 
 
 buy ; Lit. imil, hold, 
 eirig, ransom, Ir. Hric, E. Ir. eric, e'iricc : *es-recc, "buying or 
 
 selling out," from reic. Vb. as-renim, reddo, enclitic et-nim, 
 
 impendo. 
 eirmis, hit, find out, 0. Ir. ermaissiu, attaining, irmadatar, intelli- 
 
 gunt, irmissid, intelligatis, * air-mess-, *air-med- ; root med, 
 
 as in meas, judgment, q.v. 
 eis, delay, impediment ; founded on deis ? 
 6isd, listen, hear, Ir. eisdim, 0. Ir. etsim. Ascoli analyses it into 
 
 *^tiss, * aith-do-iss, animum instare ; the iss he doubtless 
 
 means as from the reduplicated form of the root sta (cf. 0. Ir. 
 
 air-issim, I stand), 
 eisg, eisgear, satirist, Ir. eigeas, pi. eigse, a learned man, E. Ir. 
 
 ecess : *dd-gen-s-to ? See eagna. 
 eisimeil, dependence, obligation : 
 eisiomplair, example, Ir. eisiompldir, M. Ir. esimplair ; from Lat. 
 
 exemplar. 
 eisir, eisiridh, oyster, Ir. eisir, oisre ; from M. Eng. oistre, from 
 
 Lat. ostrea. 
 eisleach, the withe that ties the tail-beam to the pack-saddle, 
 
 crupper : 
 eislean, grief : * an-slan ; cf. Ir. eislinn, weak, E. Ir. eslinn (do.) : 
 
 *ex-slan ; see sldn. 
 eislinn, boards on which the corpse is laid, a shroud (H.S.D., from 
 
 MSS. ; M'E.) : 
 eite, unhusked ear of com (M'E.), eitean, a kernel : 
 6ite, ^iteadh, stretching, extending : 
 eiteach, burnt roots of heath : 
 6iteag, white pebble, precious stone ; from Eng. hectic, lapis 
 
 hecticus, the white hectic stone, used as a remedy against 
 
 dysentery and diarrhoea (Martin, West. Isles, 134). Sfe 
 
 eitig. 
 eitean, a kernel, grain ; see under eite. 
 eithich, false, perjured, Ir. eitheach, a lie, perjury, O. Ir. ethech, 
 
 perjurium ; root pet, fall ? 
 eitich, refuse, Ir. eitighim. For root, etc., see ymdei freiteach. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 141 
 
 eitig^h, fierce, dismal, 0. Ir. Hig, turpe, adetche, abomination. 
 
 Scarcely *an-teg-, "un-wonted, un-Aotise-like" (Zim.), for G. 
 
 wovdd be eidigh. 
 eith, go (Sutherland), dh' eithinn, would go, Ir. eathaim, Vj. Ir. 
 
 ethaim, *itdd ; root ei, i ; Lat. ire, ituni ; Gr. elfju, etc. 
 eitig, consumption ; from Sc. etick, from Fr. etigtie, hectigue, Eug. 
 
 hectic. 
 eitreach, storm, s^orrow : *aith-ter- ? See tuirse. 
 eoisle, a charm ; a metathesis of eblas. 
 
 eol, edlas, knowledge, Ir. eol, edlas, E. Ir. edlas, 0. Ir. heulas : 
 eorna, barley, Ir. e6rna, E. Ir. eorna, *jevo-rnio-, *jevo- ; Gr. feta, 
 
 spelt ; Skr. ydva, com, barley ; Lit. jawai, corn. 
 eothanachadh, languishing (H.S.D. gives it as Dial. ; M'E.) ; see 
 
 feodhaich. 
 eu-, negative prefix, Ir. ea-, eu-, 0. Ir. e-. It stands for an- before 
 
 c, *, p, and s. See an-. 
 eucail, disease : an = cdil, q.v. 
 enchd, a feat, exploit, Ir. eachd, feat, covenant, condition ; E. Ir. 
 
 icht, murder, slaughter, from e^lg 1 
 euchdag, a fair maid, a charmer : "featsome one,'' from euchd, 
 eud, iealousy, zeal, Ir. ead, 0. Ir. et, W. addiant ( = add-iant), 
 
 longing, regret, Gaul, iantu- in lantumarus, *jantu- ; Skr. 
 
 yatnd, zeal ; Gr. fiyrew, seek, f^Aos, zeal, Eng. zeal ; root jd, 
 
 jot, strive. 
 eudail, treasure, cattle, Ir. eaddil, eudail, profit, prey, E. Ir. e'tail, 
 
 treasure, booty : *em-tdli-, root em, liold, as in Lat. emo (see 
 
 eiridinn). Also feudail. 
 eug, death, Ir. eug, 0. Ir. ec, W. angeu. Cor. and 0. Br. aTiecm 
 
 *eniu-ii, *enkevo- ; Lat. 7ieic, death ; Gr. v€kvs, corpse ; Skr. 
 
 nag, perish, 
 eugail, disease ; see eucail. 
 
 engais, eugmliais, as eugais, without, Ir. e'agmJmis, want, dis- 
 pensation, E. Ir. ecmais : *an-comas, "non-power"? 
 eug-, negative prefix, as in eugsamhuil = an-cen-samuil ; see 
 
 cosmhail. 
 euladh, creeping away ; see ealadh. 
 eumhann, a pearl (H.S.D. from MSS.) : 
 eun, a bird, Ir. eun, 0. Ir. 6n, 0. W. etn, W. edn. Cor. hethen, Br. 
 
 esn, *etno-s, *petno-, root pet, fly ; Gr. irerojuat, fly, Trerr^va, 
 
 fowls ; Lat. penna, wing ; Eng. feather ; Sks. pdtati, fly. 
 
 Hence eunlaith, birds, E. Ir. etdaith. 
 eur, refuse, Ir. eura, refusal, E. Ir. era, eraim, *ex-rajo- (n.), root 
 
 rd, give, W. rhoi, give, Cor. ry, Br. reiff, give ; Skr. rdti, give, 
 
 Zend rd. See rath, luck, favour. 
 
142 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 F 
 
 fa, under, Ir. fa, E. Ir. fa (as in distributive numbers) ; a side 
 form of /o, q.v., used in adverbial expressions. 
 
 tfa, was (past of is), M. G. /a (D. of Lis.), Ir. /a, fa h- (Keat.), 
 M. Ir. /a h-, E. Ir. bah-, '''bdt, * (e)bhv-d-t ; Lat -bat, -bamus, 
 of rege-bam, etc. ; root bheu, to be. See hu, the form now used. 
 
 fabhairt, fadhairt, forging, moulding ; Ir. faghairt, tempering 
 (Keat.) ; founded on Lat. faber, smith, whence, through 
 Fr., Eng. forge. 
 
 fabhar, favour, Ir. fdbhar, W. ffafr ; from Lat. favor. 
 
 fabhd, a fault ; from Sc. faut, from Fr. faute. 
 
 fabhra, fabhrad, abhra, eyelid, eyebrow, Ir. abhra, fabhra, eyelid, 
 E. Ir. abra, n. pi. abrait. Cor. abrans, Br. abrant, eyebrow, 
 Mac. Gr. d/3povTes ; further 6<f>pv^, brow, Eng. brou: There is 
 an E. Ir. bra, pi. brdi, dual hrHad, *bruvat-. The phonetics 
 are not clear. Stokes has suggested Lat. frons, frontis, as 
 allied, *bhront- with the prep. a{p)o ( = E. Ir. -a-), ab. 
 
 facal, focal, word, Ir. focal, 0. Ir. focul, from Lat. vocabulum 
 (through *focvul, Guterbock). Stokes and Wind, take it 
 from Lat. vocula. 
 
 fachach, the puffin — a water-fowl (Sh.) ; root va, blow ? 
 
 fachail, strife (Sh. ; H.S.D. marks it Dialectic) ; cf. Ir. fachain, 
 striving. 
 
 fachant, puny (H.S.D. for N. High.) : 
 
 fachaint, ridicule, scoffing ; from fo-cainnt, " sub-speaking.'' Cf, 
 W. gogan, satire, Br. goge, *vo-can, root can, sing, say, 
 
 fad, fada, long, Ir. fada, 0. Ir. fota, longus, fot, length, *vad'^ho- 
 or vaz-dho-, Lat. vastus, vast? Hence fadal, delay, desid- 
 erium, Keat. fadddil, " long delay," from fad and ddil. 
 
 fadadh, fadadh, kindling, Ir. fadadh, fadaghadh, faddgh (Keat.), 
 Mid. Ir. fatod, E. Ir. Atud, which Zimmer analyses as 
 *adrSOud (soud of iompaidh), but unsatisfactorily. Cf. fod. 
 
 fadharsaeh, trifling, paltry, fagharsach : 
 
 fadhbhag, cuttle-fish : 
 
 fafan, a breeze : , 
 
 fig, leave, Ir. fdgaim, 0. Ir. foacbaim, fdcbaim, *fo-ad-gab- ; root 
 gab of gabh, q.v. 
 
 fagus, faisg, near, Ir. fogus, E. Ir. focus, ocus, 0. Ir. acciis, W. 
 agos, Br. Mgoz, *aggostu-. See ctgtis. 
 
 faic, see, Ir./aic, O. Ir. im-aci, vides-ne, *dd-ci-, see cM. The /is 
 prothetic. 
 
 faich, faiche, a green (by the house), Ir., E. Ir. faithche, the field 
 nearest the house, E. Ir faidche, *ad-cdio-, " by the house," 
 Celtic kaio-n, house ; see ceardach. Ascoli refers it to 0. Ir. 
 aiih, area (an imaginary word), and Jubainville allies it with 
 W. gwaen, plain, Ger. weide (see bhdm, for W.). 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 143 
 
 falchd, lniliii,t>- place, doii ; soo aicc. 
 
 faicheil, statelj', showy ; cf. Ir. faiclieallach, lumiuous : 
 
 faicill, caution, guard, E. Ir. accill : * dd-ciall ; from ciall, sense ? 
 Cf. dhehioll. 
 
 faidh, a prophet, Ir. fdidh, 0. Ir. fdith, *vdti-s ; Lat. vates ; Norse 
 otSr, sense, song, M. Eng. loood, Sc. wud ( = mad), Ger. wuth, 
 rage. W. has gwawd, cai'men : *vdto-. 
 
 faidhbhile, a beech, Ir. feagha, fagh-vile (Lh., Gomp. Voc), W. 
 ffaviydden, Br. fao ; from Lat. fagus. G. adds the old word 
 hih, a tree, which is the same in origin as hile, leaf. 
 
 faidhir, a fair, Ir. faidhrin ; founded on Eng. fair, faire (from 
 Lat. feria). For phonetics, cf. paidhir from pair, and 
 staidhir from stair. 
 
 faidseach, lumpish (Sh.) ; &eefditeas. 
 
 faigh, get, Ir. faghaim, E. Ir. faghaim, 0. Ir. %% foghai, uon 
 invenis, from fo-gahim, root gah of gahh, q.v. 
 
 faighe, begging, etc. ; seefaoighe. 
 
 falghnich, foighuich, ask: *vo-gen-, root gen, know, as in aithne. 
 
 fail, foil, corrupt, putrefy, parboil ; root vel, bubble, boil ; Norse 
 vella, boil, Eng. well, Ger. wall-en, bubble. 
 
 fail, foil, a stye, Ir. fail, 0. Ir. foil, mucc-foil, hara, tret-fhoil, W. 
 gwdl, couch, *vali-, root vel, cover, encircle ; Gr. tlKvw, 
 envelop i^veln-), elXap, shelter ; Skr. vald, cave, vali, pro- 
 jecting thatched roof. In the sense of " encircling, rolling," 
 add Lat. volvo, volumen, Eng. volume, wallow, etc. Further 
 allied is G. olann, wool, Eng. wool, Lat. Idna, etc. 
 
 fail, fail, a ring, Ir. fail, 0. Ir. foil, g. f alack, *valex; Gr. lAt^, 
 a twist, spire, vine-tendril ; root iiel, " circle," as above in fail. 
 Cf. for vowel fdl, dike. Also failbhe, Ir. faille, for failghe ; 
 from the stem, f alack or falagk condensed to falgh. 
 
 failc, bathe, lave, Ir. folcadk, 0. Ir. folcaim, W. golchi, Br. goalc'hi, 
 wash, *volk6; Lettic wa'lks, damp, wa'lka, flowing water, 
 swampish place. Further allied is G. fUwik, q.v. Possibly 
 here place Volcae, the Ehine Gauls, after whom the Teutons 
 named the Celts ; whence Wales, Welsk, etc. 
 failcin, pot-lid (Arran) ; see faircill. 
 
 f^ile, smell, savour ; see dile. 
 
 fdiileag, dog-brier berry ( = rmieag) : 
 
 faileas, shadow ; from fo-leus ? 
 
 failleagan, ailleagan, faillean, root or hole of the ear, falllean, 
 sucker of a tree : *al-nio-, root al, nourish 1 
 
 fMUig, fiilnich, fail, faillinn, failing, Ir. failligkim, E. Ir. faill, 
 failure, W. gwall, Br. goall, *valni-; root val of feall, q.v. 
 Borrowing from ^ng. /ail, from Lat. fallo, is, however, pos- 
 sible in the modem languages. 
 
144 ETYMOI.OfilCAI, DICTIONAET 
 
 failm, a helm ; from the Norse hjdlm, Eng. helm. 
 
 fiilt, fsbilte, welcome, hail ! Ir., 0. Ir. fdilte, *vdletid, root vdl, vel, 
 
 glow ; W. gwawl, lumen ; Gr. aXia, warmth, sun's heat ; Got. 
 
 vulan, be hot, 0. H. G. walm, heat (Bez.). Of. Caesar's 
 
 Valetiacus. Borrowing from Lat. volute seems to be Zimmer's 
 
 view (Zeit. ^o 28). 
 fainear, under consideration ; " thoir fainear" = observe, consider, 
 
 from fo 'n air', " under heed," aire, heed ? 
 fainleag, ainleag, a swallow, Ir. dinledg, 0. Ir. fannall, W. 
 
 cfwennol. Cor. guennol, Br. gwenneli, *vanneUo-. Cf. Fr. 
 
 vanneau, lapwing, It. vannello, Med. Lat. vannelliis, which is 
 
 usually referred to Lat. vannus, fan. 
 fiinne, a ring, Ir. fdinne, dinne, 0. Ir. dnne, *dnmd ; Lat. drms, 
 
 Eng. annular. 
 fair, fair, far, fetch, bring ; a curtailed form of tahhair through 
 
 thabhair or {tha)bhair 1 Cf . thoir. 
 fair, dawn, E. Ir. fair, W. gwawr, Br. goitere-, morning, gwereleuen, 
 
 morning-star, *vdri-: 
 fair, fiire, ridge, sky-line ; from fair, dawn ? Cf., however, Ir. 
 
 fairedg, hillock, axidfdireag, below, 
 faire, bathe ; see fathraig. 
 fairc, links, lands sometimes covered by the sea (M'A., who says 
 
 that in Islay it means " hole") ; from Eng. park ? 
 fairce, fairche (M'D.), a mallet, Ir. farc/ia, farcha, fa/rca, M. Ir. 
 
 farca, E. Ir. forcha tened, thunderbolt ; root ark as in adharc ? 
 faircill, a cask or pot lid, E. Ir. farcle : * vor-cel-, root eel, cover, 
 faire, watching, Ir., E. Ir. faii-e ; see aire. 
 faireag, a gland, swollen ' gland, Ir. fdiredg (Fol.. O'K.); cf. W. 
 
 chwaren, gland, blotch, root sver, hurt, Ger. schwer, difficult. 
 
 The W. precludes comparison with Lat. varus, pimple, varix, 
 
 dilated vein, Eng. varicose. 
 fairge, the ocean, Ir. fairrge, 0. Ir. fairgge, Ptolemy's Vergivios, 
 
 the Irish Atlantic ; from the same root as fearg. In Suther- 
 land fairge means the " ocean in storm." Usually pronounced 
 
 as if fairce. 
 fairgneadh, hacking, sacking: 
 fairich, perceive, feel, Ir. airighim, 0. Ir. airigur, sentio ;, same 
 
 root as faire (Stokes, Beit. ^ 341). 
 fairleas, an object on the sky-line (H.S.D. from MSS.) ; *f-air- 
 
 leus ; from leus, light. 
 fairsing, wide, Ir., 0. Ir. fairsing, W. eang ( = *ex-ang, ehang), 
 
 *f-ar-ex-ang : "un-narrow," root ang, narrow (Stokes for W.). 
 fairtlioh, fairslich, baffle ; *vor-tl-, "over-bear," root tel, iol, bear 
 
 (Lat. tolero, Eng. tolerate ) ? 
 faisg, pick off vermin : for root see caisg. 
 
or THB GAliUC LANGVAGli. 145 
 
 faisg, near : see fagtbs. 
 
 f^sg, squeeze, wring, Ir. t'disg, E. Ir. faiscim, W. gwasgu, 
 
 premere, 0. Br. giiescim, Br. goascajf, stringere, *vaksh6; Skr. 
 
 vdhate, press ; Eng. wedge ; further Lat. vexo. 
 fiisne, a pimple, weal (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 f^isneachd, fd,istiiie, prophecy, omen, Ir. faisdineacJid, fdisdine, 
 
 0. Ir. fditsine ; for fdith-sine, where th is deaspirated before s ; 
 
 from faith, with the termination -dne {-stine'f) Zeuss^ 777. 
 faisneis, speaking, whispering, Ir. fdisn^is, rehearsal, M. Ir. faunAis, 
 
 E. Ir. aisneis, vb. aunddim, narrate, * as-irir-feid-, infiadim, 
 
 root veid, md, know ; see innis. 
 faite, a smile, Ir. faitbe (O'R.), laugh, 0. Ir. faitbim, I laugh, 
 
 * fo-aithAihim,, tibiu, I laugh, *stebi6 ; Lit. stebius, astonish. 
 faiteach, faiteach, timorous, shy, Ir. fditeach, faitcli^as, fear 
 
 (Keat.), 0. Ir. faitech, cautus : *f-ad-tech, "home-keeping"? 
 f^itheam, a hem, Ir. fdithim, fathfhuaim, ; fo and fuaim. See 
 
 fuaigh. 
 fil, turf, sods, dike, Ir. fdl, hedge, fold, 0. Ir, fdl, saepes, W. 
 
 gwawl, rampart, Pictish faliel, murus, *vdlo- ; Lat. vallum, 
 
 Eng. wall. See further under fail, stye. 
 fil, a spade, peat spade, Manx faayl, W. pal, Cor. pal ; from Lat. 
 
 pdla. 
 falach, a hiding, covering, Ir., E. Ir. folach, W., Br. golo, * vo-liogd, 
 
 *libg6, hide, lie; Got. liugan, tell a lie, Eng. lie (Stokes). 
 
 Emault refers it to the root legh, logh, lie, as in G laighe : 
 
 "under-lie," in a causative sense. 
 falachd, spite, malice, treachery, Ir. fala. See fdillig, feall for 
 
 root, 
 faladair, orts (M'D.) : 
 
 faladair, a scythe : " tm-f-cutter,'' from/d/, turf? 
 filadair, bare pasture (H.S.D. for Heb.) : "turf-laud," from/a^, 
 fala-dha, a jest, irony, fun ; see feallordha. 
 falair, an interment, funeral entertainment (Stew.) : 
 fi^laire, an ambler, mare, Ir. falaire, ambling horse ; seemingly 
 
 founded on Eng. palfrey. The form alalia exists, in the 
 
 sense of "brood-mare" (M'Dougall's Folk and Hero Tales), 
 
 leaning upon al, brood, for meaning. 
 falaisg, heath-burning, Ir. folosg (do.), E. Ir. foloisdm, I burn 
 
 slightly ; from/o and loisg, q.v. 
 falamh, empty, Ir.' folamh, M. Ir. folum, E. Ir. folom, folomm ; 
 
 cf . 0. W. guollung, M. Br. gollo, Br. goullo. Windisch derives 
 
 the G. from lom, bare, but the modern aspiration oi folamh 
 
 makes this derivation doubtful. Ernault refers the Br. to 
 
 the root of Lat. langueo. 
 
 19 
 
146 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 falbh, go, falbhan, moving about, walking, waving, Ir. foluamkain, 
 bustling, running away, E. Ir. foliiamain, flying ; see fo and 
 huiinech. 0. Ir. fuVumain, volubilis, allied to Lat. volvo. Eng. 
 wallow, would suit the phonetics best, but it does hot appear 
 in the later dialects. The verb falbh is made irova. falbhan. 
 Hennessey referred the G. tofalamh, empty. 
 
 falbhair, the young of live stock, a follower as a calf or foal ; from 
 the So. follower, a foal, Eng. follower. 
 
 falcag, common auk, falc (Heb.) ; from Norse dlka, Eng. auk. 
 
 fallaid, dry meal put on cakes : 
 
 fallain, healthy, Ir. falldln, E. Ir. folldn ; for fo + slan, q.v. 
 
 fallsa, false (M'D.), Ir., M. Ir. fallsa ; from the Lat. falms. 
 
 falluing, a mantle, so Ir., M. Ir. fallaing. Latinised form phalingis 
 (Geraldus), dat. pi., W. ffaling ; from Lat. palla, mantle, 
 pallium,. Cf. 0. Fr. pallion, M. Eng. pallioun. 
 
 fallus, sweat, Ir. fallus, alius, 0. Ir. alias : 
 
 falmadair, the tiller : " helm-worker," from falm, helm, from 
 Norse hjdlm, helm. Seefailm. 
 
 falmalr, a kind of fish (H.S.D. for Heb.) : 
 
 falman, kneepan : 
 
 fait, hair, Ir. folt, 0. Ir. folt, W. gwallt. Cor. gols, caesaries, 0. Br. 
 guolt, *valto-s (Stokes), root vel, cover; Lat. vellus, fleece, 
 Idna, wool ; Gr. Aacrtos, hairy ( = vlatios) ; Eng. wool ; Lit. 
 velti, hairs, threads. Stokes compares only Russ. voloti, 
 thread. Lit. waltis, yam, Gr. Aacrtos. 
 
 faltan, a tendon, snood ; for altan, from alt. 
 
 famhair, a giant, Ir. fomhor, pirate, giant, E. Ir. fomdr, fonwrach, 
 a Fomorian, a mythic race of invaders of Ireland ; *fo-ni6r, 
 " sub-magnus" (Zimmer). Stokes refers the -mor, -morach, 
 to the same origin as mare of nightwiare, Ger. mahr, night- 
 mare. Rhys interprets the name as " sub-marini," taking 
 mnr from the root of Twuir, sea. The 6 of m6r, if it is long 
 (for it is rarely so marked), is against these last two deriv- 
 ations. 
 
 famh-thalmhainn, fath, a mole, fadhbh (Lh.), W. gwadd. Com. 
 god, Br. goz ; M. Eng. wont, talpa. Dialectic ath-thalmhain. 
 
 fan, stay, Ir. fanaim, 0. Ir. anaim ; root an, breathe, exist, as in 
 anam, anail : " gabhail anail'' = taking rest. Stokes suggests 
 an = mn, root men, remain, Lat. maneo, Gr. /teva), a phonetic 
 change not yet proved for Gaelic. 
 
 fanaid, mockery, Ir. fonomhad, E. Ir. fonomnt : * vo-nom-anto-, 
 root nem, take, for which see ndmhad. 
 
 fanaigse, dog violet (H.S.D. quoting O'R.), Ir. fanaigse (O'R.) : 
 
 fi^nas, a void space ; from Lat. vanus. 
 
 fang, a sheep-pen, fank ; from Sc. fank. 
 
 fang, a vulture, Ir. fang, raven : 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 147 
 
 fann, faint, Ir., E. Ir. fann, W., Br. gwan. Cor. gwnn, debilis, 
 
 * vam,no-&, root v&, ven, spoil, wound ; Got. wunns, affiotion, 
 
 winnan, to suffer, Eng. wound, wan, ; Gr. axj;, infatuation, etc. 
 
 Others have connected it with Lat. vanus and with Eng. want. 
 fannadh, fishing with a feathered hook (H.S.D. for Heb.) : 
 faob, an excrescence, knob, piece, Ir. fadhb (Lh. t), 0- Ir- odb, 
 
 obex, W. oddf: *ud-bhv-o-, " out-growth," root bhu, be (see 
 
 6m). Stokes gives a Celtic *odb6-s, from e&go-s, ozgo-s{f), 
 
 allied to Gr. ocrxr), twig 1 Lat. obex ; or to Lit. Adega, tail, 
 faobh, booty, Ir. fadhbhaim, I despoil, 0. Ir. fodb, exuvias : *vodvo-, 
 
 from I. E. vedh, slay, thrust ; Skr. vadh, slay ; Gr. li^eu, push. 
 faobhag, the common cuttle-fish (Heb.) : 
 faobhar, edge, so Ir., E. Ir. faebur, 0. Ir., faibur, machera, 
 
 sword, *vaibro-s, Lat. vibro, vibrate, brandish. Lit. wyburti, 
 
 wag (Stokes). Cf. further W. gwaew, pi. gweywyr, a lance. 
 faoch, faochag, a periwinkle, Ir. faocMtg, M. Ir. faechdg ; cf. W. 
 
 gwiehiad. 
 faochadh, a favourable crisis in sickness, relief ; see faothaich, 
 faod, feud, may, Ir. fead-aim, I can, E. Ir. fdtaim, can, &etar, 
 
 seitir, potest, *sventd; Got. swings, strong, Ag. S. swic^ (do.), 
 
 Norse svinnr, clever, Ger. geschmnd, swift (Stokes). 
 faodail, goods found by chance or lost, waif : " foundling," E. Ir. 
 
 dtaim, I find, *pent6, Eng. find. 
 faodhail, a ford, a narrow channel fordable at low water, a hollow 
 
 in the sand retaining tide water : *vaddli-s'l Cf. Lat. vadwm. 
 faoghaid, faghaid, faodhailt, starting of game, hunting : 
 faoghar, a sound ; see rather foghar. 
 faoighe, faighdhe, begging, asking of aid in corn, etc., M. Ir. 
 
 faigde, 0. Ir. foigde, mendicatio, *fo-guide ; from fo and 
 
 gwidhe, beg, q.v. 
 faoilidh, liberal, hospitable, Ir. faoilidh, joyful, 0. Ir. fdilidh, 
 
 blithe, *vdleti-s, allied to fdilt, welcome (Stokes). Hence 
 
 faoilte, welcome, delight, 
 faoileag, faoileann, a sea-gull, Ir. faoiledn,, 0. Ir. foiknn, W 
 
 gwylan, Br. gwelan, whence Fr. goeland and Eng. gull. For 
 
 root, Stokes compares Eng. wail. 
 faoilleach, faoillteach, the month extending from the middle of 
 
 January to the middle of February, Ir. faoillidh (do.), 
 
 faoilleach (do.), holidays. Carnival. The idea is "Carnival" 
 
 or month of rejoicing ; from faoilidh. Usually referred to 
 
 faol, wolf : " wolf-month." 
 faoin, vain, void, Ir. faxin, M. Ir. faen, weak : 
 faoisg, unhusk, faoisgeag, a filbert, unhusked nut ; cf. W, 
 
 gweisgion, husks, gweisgioni, to husk. 
 
148 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 faoisid, faosaid, confession, Ir. faoisidin, 0. Ir. fdisUiu, *vo- 
 
 sestamtion- (Stokes), /iwomes«ar, confessus : fo and seasamh, 
 
 q.v. Cf. Gr. v^'uTTqfii, submit, 
 t faol, faolchu, a wolf, so Ir., E. Ir, fdel, fctel-ck-A, W. gweiigi, the 
 
 sea (" wild dog"), *vailo-s ; Arm. gail. 
 faolum, learning ; see foghlum. 
 faondradh, wandering, exposure, 0. Ir. aimdrethcuih, errantia 
 
 ( = air-indr-reth-) ; G. is for fo-ind-reihr, root ret, run, of rviih, 
 
 q.v. For ivd, see io»ra-. 
 faotainn, getting, E. Ir. foemaim, I receive, root em, grasp, hold, 
 
 Lat. emo. G. is for * vo-em-tin-. 
 faothaich, relieve, be relieved from fever, etc., Ir. faoihamh, 
 
 recovery after a crisis, alleviation : *fo-tlmmh ? 
 far, upon, far an, where. Far really means " on, upon," being 
 
 the prep. /or, Ir., 0. Ir. for, super, *vor. See under air(h). 
 far, with, far rium, -with me, Ir. a bh-farradh, with (lit. "in 
 
 company of," with gen.). Seefarradh and mar ri. 
 far, freight (a ship), Ir. faraim, faraighim, farthadh or faradh, a 
 
 freight : 
 far, bring ; see fair. 
 far-, over ; see far, upon, and air (b). Far-ainm, nick-name ; 
 
 far-cluais, listening ; etc. 
 faradh, a roost, Ir. faradh (do.), E. Ir. forvd, a bench, seat, sheK : 
 
 *for-svd, root sed, seat, as in suidhe, q.v. Cf. W. gor-sedd, a 
 
 seat. 
 iaraich, a cooper's wedge ; see fairce. 
 farail, a visit, inquiry for health ; from far or for and -ell-, -eln-, 
 
 go, root el, as in Lat. amb-ulare, Gr. eX^etr. See further under 
 
 tadhal. 
 farasda, easy, gentle, Ir. farasda, forasda, solid, reasonable, 
 
 " staid" : *for-asda ; for a&da, see fasdadh. Farasda is con- 
 fused ■m.th.furasda, q.v. 
 farbhail, a Ud ; hoia. far-bheul, " super-os," from beul, mouth, 
 farbhalach, a stranger ; ior falbhalach, iraaxfalhh ? 
 farbhas, a surmise ; *far-meas, from meas, judge. Cf. eirmis. 
 f&rdach, a mansion, hearth, home ; cf. daehaidh. 
 firdadh, alder bark for dyeing black (H.S.D., Dial.), lye, or any 
 
 colour in liquid (M'A.) ; from far and dath ? 
 firdal, delay ; from far and dail. 
 fardan, a farthing, Ir. fardin ; from the Eng. 
 firdorus, lintel, Ir. fdrdorus, E. Ir. fordorus, porch, W. gwarddrws, 
 
 lintel ; from for, far and dorus. 
 farfonadh, a warning (H.S.D.) : 
 fargradh, a report : *vor-gar, root gar as in goir. 
 f&rlus, chimney or roof-light, E. Ir. forles ; from for and leus, q.v. 
 
 Cf. arias. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 149 
 
 farmachan, a sand lark (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 
 farmad, envy, Jr. formad, 0. Ir. format : *for-mad, the mad being 
 
 for Tnenixi- {*ver-mento-, Stokes), root men, Lat. mens, Eng. 
 
 mind. See dearm.ad. 
 farmail, a large pitcher (Heb.) : 
 
 farpas, refuse of straw or hay (H.S.D., M'E.) ; cf. rapas. 
 farpuis, strife, co-fharpuis : 
 farr, off! be off! 
 
 farrach, violence, Ir. f arrack, forraeh ; see farran. 
 t farradli, company, vicinity, Ir. farradh, E. Ir. farrad, i fharrad, 
 
 near, 0. Ir. in arrad ; from ar-sod-, " by-seat," root sod, sed, 
 
 sit, as in suidhe. Hence Ir. compound prep, a hh-farradh; 
 
 and from the same source comes the G. mar ri, q.v. 
 farradh, litter in a boat : 
 
 farragan, a ledge ( Arran) : *fardhagan, from faradh. 
 farr aid, ask, inquire ; cf. iarr. 
 farral, farran, anger, force, Ir. farrdn, vexation, anger, forrdn, 
 
 oppression, M. Ir. forrdn, destruction, E. Ir. fnrranach, 
 
 destructive. Hence G. farranta, great, stout, Ir. farrdnta 
 
 (O'B.). Also farrach. The root seems to mean "superiority;" 
 
 root vers, vers, as in fe&rr, q.v. 1 
 farrusg, a peeling, inner rind ; M. Ir. forrusc , from for and 
 
 ritsff, q.v. 
 farruinn, pinnacle ; from far and rinn. 
 farsaing, wide; better /airsm^r, q.v. 
 farspach, farspag, arspag, a sea-gull : 
 farum, noise, Ir. fothrum, E. Ir. fothrom ; for fo-thoirm, from 
 
 toirm. Stokes suggests fo-thrond, from torann. The roots 
 
 are allied in either case, 
 fas, grow, Ir. fdsaim, 0. Ir. dsaim, fdsaim, root aux, aug, increase, 
 
 Lat. augeo, Gr. aii^w, Eng. eke, wax. Stokes and Strachan 
 
 refer fds to a stem (jp)dt-to-, pdt, pat, eat, feed, Gr. Trareoynai, 
 
 eat, Eng. feed, food. 
 fas, empty, waste, f^sach, a desert, Ir. fds, fdsach, 0. Ir. fds, fdas, 
 
 vanus, fdsach, desert : *vdsto-s, a waste ; Lat. vastus, vastare ; 
 
 Eng. waste, Ger. wiiste. Hence f^san, refuse of grain : 
 
 " waste." 
 &sair, harness, girth-saddle ; see a-sair. 
 fasan, fashion ; from the Eng, 
 
 fasdadh, hiring, binding, Jx. fastogh, hiring; see foisteadh. 
 fasdail, astail, a dwelling, E. Ir. fastud, holding fast, vb. astaim, 
 
 fastaim, 0. Ir. asstai, moratur, adsaitis, residentes, * ad-sod-, 
 
 root sed, sod of suidhe (Thur.). W. eistedd, sitting, is for 
 
 * ex-sod-ijo-. It is possible to refer astaim to *ad-std-, root 
 
 strr, stand, Lat. sto; the -asda of farasda, " staid," seems 
 
 from it (cf. tairis). 
 
150 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 fasgadh, shelter, Ir. fosgadh, 0. Ir. foscad, umbra : */o-; 
 " sub-umbra ;" see sgath, shade. 
 
 fasgaidh, a picking or cleansing oiF of vermin. See faisg. 
 
 fasgnadh, winnowing, fasgnag, asgnag, corn-fan, Ir. fasgnaim, I 
 purge : 
 
 faspan, difficulty, embarrassment : 
 
 fath, a mole ; see famh. 
 
 fith, a cause, reason, Ir. fath, fdth, E. Ir. fdth : *vdt-Vr- ; root vdt 
 as in faidh ? See next. 
 
 fathamas, a degree of fear, awe, a warning : *vdtK-, root vet, 
 understand, Skr. api-vatati, Zend vat, know, understand. 
 Allied to fdidh. Cf . Lat. ratio for meaning. 
 
 fathamas, occasion, opportunity ; see fdth. 
 
 fathan, athan, coltsfoot, Ir. fathdn (O'R.) : 
 
 iathanach, trifling, silly : 
 
 fathraig, fothraig, bathe, Ir. fothrijtgaim, 0. Ir. fothraicim, 
 fothaircthe, balnearum, fothrucud, a bath, * vo-tronkatv^ 
 (Stokes), W. trochi, mergere, balneare, Br. go-zronquet ; Lit. 
 trinkti, wash, bathe (Bez.). 
 
 fathast, yet, M. Ir., E. Ir. fodesta, fodechtsa, for fo-fecht-sa, the d 
 being otiose and caused by analogy (Zim., Zeit.^" 21). 
 Atkinson suggests with a query fo'ndiJk)echt-sa. The root 
 word is fecht, time : " under this time, sub hoc tempus." 
 See feachd, time. Hence also feasd ( = i fechtsa). 
 
 fathunn, news, floating rumour : 
 
 f6, f6ath (f6ith, fiath), a calm, M. Ir. feith, E. Ir. fHh, GadeUc 
 root vei, *ve-jo-, root ve, ve, blow, Gr. aij/o, air (whence Eng. 
 air), Ger. wehen, to blow, Eng. wind, especially weather (root 
 vet) for the G. sense. 
 
 feabhas, feobhas, goodness, " betterness," Ir. feabhus, 0. Ir. febas, 
 superiority, feib, distinction, *visus, g. vesv-ids (Thur., Zeit.^* 
 149, and Brug.), from vestir or vesv-, as in fiii, q.v. Stokes 
 doubtfully compares Lat. vigeo, Eng. vigour (Bez. Beit.^* 75). 
 
 feachd, an army, host, expedition, Ir. feachd, an expedition, E. Ir. 
 fecht {ar fecht 7 sluagad), W. gwaitfi, action, work. This 
 Zimmer refers to 0. Ir. Jichim, I fight (Lat. vinco. Got. veihan, 
 root iriq), as well as t feachd, time, Ir. feachd, E. Ir. fecht, 
 oenfhecht, once, W. gwaith, turn, vicem. Stokes separates 
 the latter (feachd, time, and E. Ir. fecht, journey), giving as 
 stem vektd, root vegh (Lat. veho, Eng. waggon) ; for fecht, 
 campaign, hosting, he gives the Celtic viktd, root viq, as 
 Zimmer does. The words seem, as Stokes has it, from two 
 roots, but now they are indistinguishably mixed. 
 
 fead, a whistle, Ir. fead, M. Ir. fei-, fetdn, a flute, a whistle, W. 
 chwi/thsU, a whistle, chwyth, a blast, breath, *sviddo-, *svizdo-, 
 Lat. sibilios, Eng. sibilant. See further under sM. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 151 
 
 feadli, length, extent, so Ir. ; see eadk. 
 
 feadhainn, people, some people, troop, Ir. feadliainn, E. Ir. fedain, 
 
 company, cobeden, conjugatio, W. gwedd, team, yoke, root ved, 
 
 I. E. vedh, Eng. wed, Lat. vas, vadls, surety, Skr. vi^vadhd, 
 
 shoulder-yoke. 
 
 fealan (M'A. feallan), itch, hives; it also means "worm" (see 
 
 fiolan) : 
 feall, treachery, Ir. feall, E. Ir. fell {*velno-), W. gwall, defect, Br. 
 goall (do.). Cor. gal, malus, malum, Br. gwall (do.), root vel, 
 cheat ; Lit. ap-vilti, vili6ti, cheat, Lett, mldt, deceitful ; 
 Norse v4l, a deceit, wile, Eng. ^Dile ; Zend vareta, error. 
 Stokes hesitates between the above and vel from u{p)el. Got. 
 ubils, Eng. evil. 
 fealla-dha, joking, irony : * feall + dhd, " double-dealing." 
 feallsanach, philosopher, Ir. feallsamhnach, feallsamh, philosopher, 
 
 0. Ir. felsub ; from Lat. philosophus. 
 feamach, gross, dirty (Sh., O'R.) ; from /ea»i, tail, as in feaman. 
 feamainn, sea-weed, Ir. feam/uin, E. Ir. femnach, W. gwymon, Fr. 
 goemon, * yit-s-mdni-, root vi, vei, wind, as in feith, vein? 
 Stokes gives the stem as vem/mdni- {vemhani- f), which suggests 
 *vegvo-, root veg, as in fetvr. 
 feaman, a tail, Ir. feam, M. Ir. feam, mentula, Manx famman ; 
 
 also G. eaman, *etigvo-, Lat. inguen, groin. 
 feannadh, skinning, excessive cold ; see fumnadh. The idea of 
 
 "cold" is metaphorical, 
 feannag, hooded crow, Ir. feannog, fiorvnJbg : cf. fionna, pile, for 
 
 root : " piled crow" 1 
 feannag, a lazy-bed : 
 
 fear, a man, Ir. fear, 0. Ir. fer, W. gvrr, 0. W. givr. Corn, gur, Br. 
 gour, *viro-s (Rhys thinks the Celtic start was ver : cf. W. 
 gwr = ver, super, and G. eadh, 0. Ir. erf = Lat. id, etc.) ; Lat. 
 vir ; Ag. S. wer, Norse verr, Eng. werwolf ; Lit. vryras ; Skr. 
 vWa. 
 fearann, land, so Ir., E. Ir. ferand, also farenn, a girdle, garter, 
 root vera, enclose, look after ; Skr. varatvA, wall, dam, vrnoti, 
 cover, enclose ; Gr. epvcrOai, draw, keep ; Ch. SI. vriti, 
 claudere : further Lat. vereor, Eng. ware. 
 fearg, wrath, so Ir. E. Ir. ferg, 0. Ir. fere, ferg, *vergd ; Gr. 
 °pyv j ''^0* vergo, swell, be pufied up. Hence feargnadh, 
 provocation. 
 fearna, alder tree, Ir. fearn, fearndg, E. Ir. fern, fernog, W. gwem, 
 Com. gwernen, Gaul, vemo-, Fr. verne, *verno- ; Or. epvia, wild 
 figs (? Bez.). 
 fearr, better, Ir. fedrr, 0. Ir. ferr, *vers, *ver{{)s, a comparative 
 in -is from the prep, ver ( = 6. far, for, super) ; now com- 
 
152 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARif 
 
 parative for math, but evidently once for fern, good, *vemo-s, 
 
 Lat. supernus (cf. -no- of magnus disappearing in major, and 
 
 -ro- of Celtic mdros in G. mo). Stokes refers ferr to vers, 
 
 raise, *'uersos-, height, top ; Lat. verruca, steep place. Lit. 
 
 wirzus, top, Skr. varshman-, height, vdrsMyas, higher. Cf. 
 
 W. goreu, best ( = Lat. svprem/us). 
 fearsaid, a spindle, Ir. fearrsaid, M. Ir. fersaid, *versatti- *verttati-, 
 
 W. gwerthyd. Cor. gurthit, 0. Br. gui/rtilon, fusis, M. Br. 
 
 guerzit, root wr*, turn ; Lat. ^^(J, vortex ; Ger. werden, to be, 
 
 Eng. worth, be, M. H. G. vnrtel, spindle ring. Skr. vdrtate, 
 
 turn, roll, var^wM, spindle ball, 
 feait, attention, notice ; Br. gortos, to attend, root vert, vort, ; 
 
 Ger. warten, attend, Eng. ward, from ivare, Nor. war-S'a, ward. 
 
 An extension of root ver, watch, Lat. vereor, etc. 
 feart, a virtue, efficiency, deed, Ir. feart, 0. Ir. firt, pi. ferta, W. 
 
 gwyrth ; from Lat. virtus (Windisch, Stokes). 
 t feart, a grave, Ir. feart, 0. Ir. fert, tumulus, *verto-; root ver, 
 
 cover, enclose, which see under fearann. Cf. Skr. vrti, 
 
 enclosiu-e, hedge, 
 fearthuinn, rain, Ir. fearthuinn, E. Ir. ferthain, inf. to feraim, 
 
 I pour, give, *vera6, rain : Lat. Urina, urine, Gr. c^pov (do.) ; 
 
 Norse lir, a drizzle, Ag. S. war, sea ; Skr. vdri, water, Zend 
 
 vara, rain. See dbirt. 
 feascradh, shrivelling, so Ir. (O'R.) : 
 feasd, am feasd, for ever, Ir. feasda, henceforward, E. ir. festa, 
 
 ifesta, now, from this point forward, i fecht-sa ; from feaehd by 
 
 metathesis of the s. See fathast. 
 feasgar, evening, Ir. feascar, 0. Ir. feseor, *vesqero-, W. ucher, 
 
 *uksero- for *usqero- ; Lat. vesper ; Gr. ecnre/sos. 
 ftile, generosity, hospitality, Ir. fe'ile, ¥,.li. file; iromfial, q.v. 
 tf^ile, charm, incantation, E. Ir. ele, hele ; from Norse heill, 
 
 auspice, omen, Eng. hale, etc. ; allied to 0. Ir. eel, augurium, 
 
 W. coel, omen, 0. W. coil (Zim., Zeit.^s 147). For G. feile, 
 
 see Inv. Gaelic Soc. Tr.^'' 243. 
 f^ile, ftileadh, a kilt : 0. Ir. ronjeladar, he might clothe us ; from 
 
 Lat. vilum, a covering, vilare, Eng. veil. 
 f^ill, a fair, feast, Ir. fdil, festival, holiday, 0. Ir. f4il, W. gwyl, 
 
 festum, Br. goel, *vegli-; Lat. vigilia, Fr. veille, a watch, 
 
 vigil, Eng. vigil, wake. The Celtic words are borrowed from 
 
 Lat. (Windisch, Stokes). Hence fiillire, an almanack. 
 Kin, self, Ir., 0. Ir. fein, *sve-j-sin, " self there," *sve-j, *sve, Pruss. 
 
 swais, Ch. SI. svoji ; Lat. suu^, se ; Gr. e, os. Zeuss explains 
 
 f^in as hi-shin, " quod sit hoc," hi being the verb to be. This 
 
 explanation is due to the divers forms of the 0. Ir. word for 
 
 "self, selves" : fisme { = be-sinre', sit id hoc), fisin, fadesin 
 
 ( = bad-e-sin), foden, etc. 
 
0# THE GAELIC LANGOAGI!. 153 
 
 P6inn, g. F6inne, the Fingalians, Ir. Fiinne, Fiann, E. Ir. fiann, 
 *veinnd, also E. Ir. fian, a hero, *veino-s, root vein, strive ; 
 Lat. vSnari, hunt ; Skr. vinati, go, move, desire. Zimmer 
 takes the word from Norse fjdndi, an enemy (Eng. fiend), 
 which he supposes the Irish troops called themselves after 
 the Norsemen. 
 
 feirm, a farm, Ir. feilm ; from M. Eng. ferme, Eng. farm, 
 
 feisd, f6is, a feast; better /ewscJ!, q.v. 
 
 feith, wait, Ir. feithim, E. Ir. fethim, inf. fetltem ( = G. feitheamh), 
 *vet(>, root vet ; Lat. vetus, old, Eng, veteran ; Gr. eVos, year ; 
 Eng. wether ("yearling"). 
 
 feith, a sinew, a vein, Ir., 0. Ir.fiith, fibra, *veiti-s, root mi, vi, 
 wind, bend ; Lat. vimen, withe, viti&, a vine ; Gr. irea (long t), 
 wUlow ; Eng. wiiAe ; Lit. i»y<M, willow-wand, Ch. SI. w'<«J, 
 res torta ; Skr. vayaii, weave, flecto. The W. shows a stem 
 *vittd, vein, W. gwythen, Br. gwazen. Cor. ^fmc?- ; cf. Lat. 
 vitta, fillet. Hence fe'ith, a bog channel, and feithleag, 
 honeysuckle, M. Ir. feithlend, woodbine, W. gwyddfid (do.). 
 
 feitheid, a bird or beast of prey (MfA.), Ir. feithide, a beast : 
 
 feochadan, corn-thistle, thistle (Arm., H.S.D.), Ir. feochadan 
 (O'R.), fedthaddn (O'B.), andfedthdn. Ci. fobhannan. 
 
 feocuUan, the pole-cat, Ir. feochullan (FoL, O'E. has feocullan like 
 Sh.). Cf . Sc. fethok,fithowe, pole-cat, M. 'Eiag.ficheu, now fitchew. 
 
 feobhas, goodness ; see feahhas. 
 
 feddar, pewter, Ir. peatar, W. ffevtar ; from the Eng. pewter. 
 
 feodhaich, decay, Ir. feodhaim, M. Ir. feodaigim, either : 
 " senesco;" ^vetv^, root vet, as in Lat. vetus, G. feith 1 
 
 feoil, flesh, Ir. feoil, E. Ir. feiil, 0. Ir. feuil, *vepoli-s ; Skr. 
 vapd, fat, vdpus, body, form ? 
 
 feoirlig, a farthing land, feoirling ; from Ag. S. feorpling, Eug. 
 farthing. 
 
 feoirne, chess, Ir. feoirne (Sh., O'E., Fol.) : 
 
 fedrag, a squirrel, Ir. feordg (Sh., O'E., Fol.), W. gwiwer, Br. 
 gwiher ; Lit. vovere, Lettic wdweris, Pruss. weware ; Lat. 
 viverra, ferret (Pliny). 
 
 feoraich, inquire, fiafraigh (Kintyre Dial.), \r. fiafruighim, 0. Ir. 
 iarfaigim : *iarfach, prep, iar and fach, E. Ir. faig, dixit, 
 *vakd, say ; Lat. voco, call, vox, voice ; Skr. vac, sa.j. The r 
 of G. and modem Ir. has shifted to behind the /, while a 
 prothetic / is added. 
 
 f edrlan, a firlot ; see febirling. 
 
 feothachan, a little breeze ; root vet, as in onfkadh. 
 
 feuch, fiach, behold, see, try, Ir. feuch, f^ach, E. Ir. fechaim, 
 fegaim, *reik6 ; Gr. etKwv, image (Eng. iconoclastic), eoiKa, 
 I seem, eiKafoj, conjecture ; Skr. vif, appear, arrive. 
 
 20 
 
154 JSTTMOLOGICAL DiOTIONAElf 
 
 feud, may, can ; see faod. 
 
 feudail, cattle ; usual spelling of evdail, q.v. 
 
 feudar, 's fheudar, it is necessary, M. Ir. is eidir, it is possible, 
 for is ed fMtir, it is what is possible. Feudar is the pres. 
 pass. Qi feud, may. In G. the "may" has become "must." 
 The negative, cha 'n fheudar, is common in E. Ir. as nifhMir, 
 ni dtiT, cannot be. 
 
 feum, use, need, Ir. feidhm, pi. feidhmeanna, need, use, duty, need- 
 service of a vassal, E. Ir. feidm, eflfort, *v6d-men-, " need- 
 service ;" root ved, as in feadhainn. Hence feumannaeh, a 
 steward : "a servitor." 
 
 feun, a waggon, wain, 0. Ir. fen, W. cywain, vehere, * vegno-, root 
 vegh, carry ; Lat. veko, vehiculum, vehicle ; Gr. oxos, chariot ; 
 Eng. waggon, wain ; Skr. vahati, carry. 
 
 feur, fiar, grass, Ir. feiM-, 0. Ir. f^r, W. gwair. Cor. gwyr, *vegro-, 
 I.E. root veg, increase, be strong; Lat. vegeo, quicken, 
 vigor, vigour, Eng. vegetation; Ag. S. wacan, nasci, Eng. 
 waken. Strachan and Stokes refer it to the root veg, ug, be 
 wet, moist, Lat. uvidus, moist, Eng. humour, Gr. vypoi, wet, 
 Norse vohr, moist ; but judged by the Latin, the Celtic should 
 be vebro-, which would not give W. gwair. 
 
 feuTsa, a canker, feursann, a worm in the hide of cattle : 
 
 feusag, fiasag, a beard, Ir. feus6g, fias6g, E. Ir. fesf)c, beard, fis, 
 hair, '''vanso, 0. Pruss., wanso, first beard, Ch. SI. va^u, 
 beard. 
 
 feusd, feusda (feisd, f6is), a feast, Ir. feis, feusda, E. Ir. feiss ; 
 from Lat. festia, Eng. feast. 
 
 feusgan, fiasgan, a mussel : 
 
 fhuair, found, invenit, Ii.fuair, 0. Ir. filar, isrveni, frith, inventus 
 est, *vovora, root ver ; Gr. evpov, I found, evprjKa (Strachan, 
 Prellwitz). The root ver is likely that found in Gr. opdia, I 
 see, Lat. vereor, Eng. ware. 
 
 fiabhras, a fever, Ir., M. Ir. fiabhrus ; from Lat. fehris. 
 
 fiacaill, a tooth, Ir., 0. li.fiacail. There is an E. li. fee ioi fee, a 
 tooth, a stem * veikkd : 
 
 £ach, value, worth ; see next. 
 
 fiach, iiachan, debt, Ir. fiach, 0. Ir. fiach, *veico-, "holy debts;" 
 Got. veihs, holy, Ger. weihen, consecrate (Windisch, de Jub"). 
 
 fiadh, a deer, Ir. fiadh, E. Ir. fiad, 0. Ir. fiadach, venatio, W. 
 gwydd, Br. guez, goez, savage, *veido-s, wild ; 0. H. G. weide, 
 a hunt, Ger. weide, pasturage, Norse veidr, hunting ; further 
 is G.fiodh, wood, Eng. wood. Hence fiadhaich, wild. 
 
 fiadhair, lay or fallow land ; from the above root of fiadh. Cf. 
 Ger. weide, pasture. Also G. fiadhain, wild, Ir. fiadhdin, 
 wild, uncultivated. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 155 
 
 fial, generous, Ir. fial, E. Ir. fial, modest, W. gwyl. Bez. suggests 
 *veiplo-, Teutonic viba-, Ger. weib, Eng. wife. Of. Ir. flalus, 
 relationship. The underlying idea is "kindness, relation- 
 ship." 
 
 fiamh, awe, reverence, Ir. fiamh, fear, reverence, ugly, horrible, 
 E. Ir. fiam, horrible : 
 
 fiamh, aspect, appearance, trace, Ir. fiamh, track, trace, chain, 
 fiamh (O'Cl.) =lorg, E. Ir fiam, a chain, *veim(j-, root vei, 
 wind, as in feith. Fiamh ghaire, a slight smile, is in 
 Ir. fdetheadh an ghdire, appearance of a smile, E. Ir. fSth, 
 aspect. 
 
 Fiann, the Fingalians; see Feinn. This is the real nom. case. 
 
 fiantag, the black heath-berry ; root v-in as in the above word. 
 
 fianuis, witness, a witness, Ir. fiadhnuise, fladhan, a witness, 0. Ir. 
 iiadnisse, testimony, Uadu, ace. fiadain, testem, *veidijn-, I. E. 
 root veid, vid, know, see, as in fios, q.v. ; Ag. S. witta, a witness, 
 Eng. witness, root wit, know. 
 
 fiar, crooked, Ir. fiar, E. Ir. fiar, W. ffwyr, Br. goar, gwar, *veir'>- ; 
 root vei, wind as in feith ; Eng. wire, Ag. S. wtr, wire. 
 
 fiat, fiata, wild ; a participial formation from fiadh. Also fi xdhta, 
 so Ir. 
 
 fiathail, calm ; see fe. 
 
 fiqh, an interjection denoting "nasty!" Eng. fi,e, Norse /y, Ger. 
 pfui. Also Dial, fuich, fuidh, which leans on Norse fui, 
 rottenness (" Cha bhi fuidh ach far am bi faile"). 
 
 fichead, twenty, Ir. fiche, ar fhichid, 0. Ir. ficlie, g. fichet, W. 
 ugeint, ugain. Cor. ugens, ugans, Br. ugent, *mhis, *viknfos ; 
 Lat. viginti ; Gr. euKoa-L ; Zend vifaiti. 
 
 fideadh, a suggestion (H.S.D.) : *vid-dho-, root vid, wit. 
 
 fideag, a small pipe, reed, flute, Ir. fidedg ; for root, see fead. 
 Shaw also gives the meaning "small worm." M'L. has 
 fideag. 
 
 f idhleir, a fiddler ; from fiodhull. Ir. fidiUir is Eng. fiddler 
 directly borrowed. Hence G. fidleireaehd, restlessness ; 
 " fiddling" about. 
 
 fidir, know, consider, Ir. fidir, knows, 0. Ir. fetar, scio, fitir, novit, 
 *viddetor, *vid-dho- (the -dho- as in creid, Windisoh) ; root 
 vid, see, as in fios. Thumeysen explains it as *vide.iar 
 (aorist stem vides-) becoming vid-shar, but d-sh does not pro- 
 duce t ov d without an n before it. 
 
 fige, figis, a fig, Ir. fige ; from Lat. ficus, Eng. fig. 
 
 figh, weave, Ir. fighim, E. Ir. figim, 0. W. gueig, testrix, W. gweu, 
 to weave. Cor. guiat, tela, Br. gwea, M. Br. gweaff, *vegid ; 
 Ger. wickeln, roll, wind, curl, wieche, wick, Eng. wiek, Ag. S. 
 wecca (Stokes). Usually referred to the root vei, vi, wind. 
 
156 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 file, fllidh, a poet, Jr. file, g. ftlidh, 0. Ir. flli, g. filed, *velet-, 
 
 "seer;" W. gwelet, to see, Br. guelet, sight, *vel6. Cf. Norse 
 
 volva, prophetess, sibyl, 
 fill, fold, It. JUlim, fold, return, 0. iT.fiUim, fleoto, *velvd; Lat. 
 
 volvo, roll, volumen, Eng. volv/me ; Gr. d\vu>, envelop ; Got. 
 
 af-^alvjan, roll away, Eng. wallow. Cf. W. olwyn, a wheel 
 
 (Stokes). Windisch {Curt. Et.) suggests vald as root, allied 
 
 to Norse velta, roll. Got. valtjan, Eng. welter, Ger. wahe, roll, 
 
 waltz. See especially till. 
 fiUein, a collop : a " roll ;" irora fill. 
 fine, a tribe, kindred, Ir,, 0. Ir. fine, 0. Br. coguerum, indigena, 
 
 *venjd, kinship ; Norse vinr, friend, Ag. S. mne, 0. H. G. 
 
 wini (do.) ; I. E. root ven, love, Lat. Verms, veneror, Eng. 
 
 •venerate, Skr. van, love, 
 flnealta, iine, elegant, Ir. finealta ; cf. M. Ir. fin- in Finscotlmch, 
 
 fair-flowered, Fin-shnechta, bright-snow, root svSn ; Gr. ^vo^i-, 
 . bright (Stokes for M. Ir.). 
 finiche, jet (M'D., M'A.), finichd, black as jet (M'F.) : 
 finid, end ; from Lat. finit, the colophon of so many tales when 
 
 written. 
 finideach, wise, so Ir. (Lh. Sh., H.S.D., which ' gives C. S. as 
 
 authority) : 
 finne, a maiden (Arm., M'A., M'E.) : "fairness, beauty ;" from 
 
 fionn (*vindid,). 
 finnean, a buzzard : 
 tfioeh, wrath, Ir.fioch, E. Iv. fich, feud, I.E. *veiqo-, fight; Got. 
 
 veihan, strive, O. H. G. wigan, fight ; Lat. vinco. Hence 
 
 fiochdha, angry. 
 fiodh, wood, so Ir., 0. Ir. fid, W. guid, gwydd, gwydden (sing.). 
 
 Com. guiden, Br. gwezenn, tree, gwez, trees, Gaul, vidn^, *vidii-; 
 
 Eng. wood, Ag. S. wvdu, 0. H. G. witu. Hence t fiodhcheall, 
 
 chess play, E. Ir. fidcheU, W. gwyddhwyll, " wood-sense," from 
 
 fijodh and ciall. Also fiodhag, wild fig, fiodhan, cheese-vat. 
 fiodhradh, an impetuous rush forward (Heb.) : 
 fiodhuU, a fiddle, E. Ir. fidil, from Low Lat. vitula, whence Fr. 
 
 viola, Eng; viol, violin. Cf. Tling. fiddle, from Med. liat. fidtUa, 
 
 Lat. fidis. 
 fioghuir, a figure, Ir. fioghair, M. Ir. figur ; from Lat. fi^ura. 
 fiolagau, a field-mouse (Arran) : 
 fiolan, fiolar, an earwig, nesscock, W. chwil, beetle, chwihr, 
 
 maggot, Br. c'houil ; Gr. o-t'A^T/, cockroach, Eng. sylph. 
 
 Cf. feallan. 
 fiomhalach, a giant (Sh.) ; iromfi^mh. 
 fion, wine, Ir. fion, 0. Ir. fin, W., Cor., Br. gwin ; from Lat, 
 
 vinum, 
 
OF THii GAELIC LANGUAGE. 157 
 
 f ionag, a mite, insect, a miser, Ir. finebg, a mite in cheese, etc. : 
 fionn, white, Ir. fionn, 0. Ir. find, W. gwyn. Com. guyn, Br. 
 
 gwenn, Gaul, vindo-, *vindo-, a nasalised form of root vid, veid, 
 
 see, as in fi^s. Cf . Servian vidn'Q, clear, 
 fionn-, to, against, Ir. fionn-, ionn-, 0. Ir. ind- ; see iomt-. 
 fionna, fionnadh, hair, pile, Ir. fionnadh, E. lT.finda,findfad, 0. Ir. 
 
 finnae, pUonim, *ves-nid, root ves, clothe, Lat. vestis, Eng. 
 
 vestment. Stokes has compared it to Lat. villus, hair, which 
 
 he takes from *vin-lus, but which is usually referred to the 
 
 root vel of vellus, lana, etc. The -fad of E. Ir. is for *vida, 
 
 aspect, W. gwedd, root vid, see. 
 fionnan-feoir, grasshopper, Ir.finnmfeoir (O'E.) : 
 fionnairidh, a watching : * ind-faire , see fionn-, to, and faire. 
 fionnar, cool, \r. fionnfhuar, M. Ir. indfhuar; from _^o?i»i- and /war. 
 fionnas-garraidh, parsley (M'L.) : 
 fionndairneach, rank grass, downy beard (H.S.D.) : 
 t fionndruinne, (white) bronze, E. Ir. findruine, white bronze : 
 fionnogha, grandson's grandson, Ir. fiotmiia ; from fiann-, ad-, and 
 
 ogha. 
 fionnsgeul, a romance ; from fi^nn- and sgeul. 
 fior, true, Ir. fior, 0. Ir. fir, W. gwir, 0. W. guir, Br. gwir, *vSrn-; 
 
 Lat. verus ; Ger. wahr. Eoot ver, vor, var, see, as in Eng. 
 
 beware, ward. Before the noun the word is fir. Hence 
 
 firean, righteous man, 0. Iv.firian, W. gwirion, *vSridno-s. 
 fios, knowledge, Ir. iios, 0. Ir. fiss, *vid-t'Ur, root vid, veid, know ; 
 
 Lat. video, see ; Gr. eTSov, i8eiv, saw, oiSa, know ; Got. 
 
 vitan, watch, Eng. wit ; Skr. vid, know, vetti, to know. Hence 
 
 fiosrach, knowing, 
 fir-chlis, the northern lights ; see fear and clis. 
 fir-chneatain, backgammon men : 
 fire faire, interjection — " what a pother ;" from the Sc. fiery-fary, 
 
 bustle, 
 fi reach, hill ground, mountain : 
 firead, a ferret, Ir. firiad ; from the Eng. 
 fireun, an eagle, Ir./i^r-^n..- "true-bird ;" from /lor and eww. So 
 
 in E. Ir. fir-iasc is the salmon, 
 firionn, male, so Ir. ; E. Ir. firend ; from fear. 
 fise, false, interjection — noise of things breaking, talking secretly. 
 fitheach, a raven, Ir., 0. Tr. fiach, *veiko-s ; Ger. weihe, kite, 
 
 0. H. G. viiho ; root vei, hunt, 
 fithreach, dulse, so Ir. (Lh., O'B., etc.) : 
 fid, worthy, Ir. fiH, 0. Ir. fiiSb, W. gwiw. Cor. guiii, 0. Br. uuiu, 
 
 Gaul, vesu-, *vesri-, vSsu-, good ; Skr. vdsu, good ; root ves, be, 
 
 Eng. was. Some give *visu (*visu-) as the stem, Gr. i'cros, 
 
 like ( = visvo-s), Skr. vishu, seque. Hence fidbhaidh, a prince. 
 
158 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 valiant chief, Jr. fi4bhas, dignity ; also fitighanta, generous, 
 Jr. fiughantach, Jv&ntach (Keat.), worthy. 
 
 fitlran, a sapling, Ir. fiiirdn (Sh., O'R., Fol.) : 
 
 fitithaidh (f tibhaidh), an arrow ; see iuthaidh. 
 
 flaiche, a sudden gust of wind (Sh., O'R.) : 
 
 flaitheaoas, heaven, glory, flaitheas, sovereignty, Ir. fiaith- 
 eamhnus, 0. Jr. flaithemnas, gloria ; from flaithem, lord, g. 
 jiaitheman ; seejlath. 
 
 t flann, red, blood-red, so Ir., E. Ir. fland, blood, red : *vl-ando-, 
 root vol oifuil, q.v. 
 
 flasg, a flask, W. fflasg ; from the Eng. 
 
 flath, a chief, prince, Ir. flaith, 0. Ir. fiaith, chief, dominion, 
 flaithem{an), chief {^vlatimori-), W. gwlad, region, M. W. 
 gulatic, rex, Corn, gulat, patria, Br. gloat, realm, Gaul, vlatos, 
 *vlato-s, *vlati-s, root vala, via, be strong ; Lat. valere, Eng. 
 valid ; Got. valdan, Ger. walten, rule, Eng. wield, Walter ; 
 Ch. SI. vladi}., rule, Euss. vladiete, rule, 0. Pruss. waldniJca-, 
 king. Also *valo-s as the final element of certain personal 
 names — Domhnall, * Dumno^alo-s (see domhan), Conall, 
 * Kuno-valo-s {*kuno-s, high, root ku, as in euraidh, q.v., 
 Teutonic HUrt^, Humbold, Humphrey, Hunwald, etc.), Cathal, 
 * KatVrvalo-s (see cath), etc, 
 
 fleachdail, flowing in ringlets (H.S.D., from MSS.); from Lat 
 plecto, plait. 
 
 fleadh, a feast, Ir. fleadk, 0. Ir. fled, W. gwledd, 0. W. guled, 
 pompae, *vldd, root vel, wish ; Gr. ilXaTrivr), feast, eXBojiai, 
 wish, IXttj's, hope ; Lat. voluptas ; Eng. will, well. 
 
 fleadhadh, brandishing; Eng. wield; seejlath. 
 
 fleasg, a rod, wreath, Ir. fieasg, garland, wand, sheaf, 0. Ir. flesc, 
 rod, linea, *vleska, from *vledska, root vld; Ger. wald, wood, 
 Eng. wold ; Gr. aAcros, grove ; Ch. SI. vladi, hair. From the 
 Celtic comes the Fr. fl^che, arrow, whence Eng. Fletcher, 
 arrow-maker. Beefleisdear. 
 
 fleasgach, young man, bachelor, so Ir., M..lr.flesgach: "wand- 
 bearer." From fl^asg, above. The Ir. fleasgaigh ealadhna, 
 itinerant medicine men, carried fleasgs to denote their pro- 
 fession. 
 
 fleasgairt, a barge or boat hung with festoons ; fromfleasg. 
 
 fieisdear, arrow-maker ; from Sc. fledgear, M. Eng. flecchere, now 
 fietcher, from 0. Fr. flechier. See fleasg further. 
 
 fleodradh, floating (Heb.), fleodruinn, a buoy ; from l^ar^e fljbta, 
 to float, Eng. float. 
 
 fleogan, an untidy, flabby person, a flat fish (Arms.), fleoidhte, 
 flaccid (Sh.) : 
 
 fliodh, chiekweed, a wen, Ir. fliodh, fljigh, chickweed, W. gwlydd, 
 ehickweed, soft stems of plants, *vldu-. Same root as in iieasg. 
 
Ot' THE GAELIC LANGUAGS. l59 
 
 fiiuch, wet, Ir., 0. Ir. fliuch, W. gwlyb, 0. W. gulip, Corn, glibor, 
 
 humor, Br. yloeb, wet, *vlqvrs, wet ; Lat. liquidus ( = vliqwidus) ; 
 
 Lit. wa'lks, wet, wdlka, swampy place. See/aifc. 
 £6, hallucination (H.S.D. for N.H.) : 
 
 flod, a state of floating ; from T^ng. float, Norse ^<i, a raft, 
 flodach, lukewarm ; see plodadh. 
 fltir, plvir, flower, Ir. plUr, M. Ir. plur ; from the M. Eng. flour, 
 
 0. Fr. flour, Lat. jlorem. G. Iliir is from the Scotch. 
 fo, under, Ir., 0. Ir. fo, W. go-. 0. W, guo-. Cor. go-, Cor., Bret. 
 
 gou-, Gaul, vo- : *vo, for *u,(p)o ; I.- E. upo ; Gr. wrd, ; Lat. 
 
 s-uh ; Got. m/ ; Skr. upa, hither, 
 fobhannan, (fothannan), a thistle, Ir. fdhhthdn, fothanndn, E. Ir. 
 
 omthann, * omo-tanno-, "raw or rough twig"? See amh and 
 
 caorrunn. Dial, fonntan (Arran). 
 focal, word ; see focal. 
 fochaid, scoffing, Ir. fochmhuid, foehuidbheadh, M. Ir. fochmaid, 
 
 E. Ir. fochuithivd, *fo-con-tih-, root- teb, smile, 0. Ir. tihiu, 
 
 laugh ; Lit. stebius, be astonished, 
 fochair, presence, am fochar, coram, Ir., M. Ir. fochair : *fo-char, 
 
 car being cor, put. 
 fochann, young corn in the blade, Ir. fochan, M. Ir. fochon : 
 
 *vo-i:uno-1 Boot kun, ku, increase, Gaul, cuno-, high, &c. 
 
 See curaidh. 
 f 6d, a peat, turf, Ir. fod, 0. Ir. fot : 
 fodar, fodder, Ir, fodar ; from the Eng. fodder. 
 fogair, expel, banish, Ir. f6gair, command, proclaim, 0. Ir. 
 
 focairim (do.), fdcre, monitio : *fo-od-gar- ; root gar of goir. 
 t fogh, quiet, careless (Stew.) : 
 foghail, a hostile incursion, Ir. foghail, E. Ir. fogal : *fo-gal ; root 
 
 gal, valour, war. See gal. 
 foghail, foghail, noise, bustle, merriment ; for first sense, see 
 
 foghair, for second, see othail. 
 foghainteach, valorous, Ir. fdghainteach, good, fit, serviceable, 
 
 f6ghaint, ability : " capable" ; from foghainn, suffice. See 
 
 foghnadli. 
 foghair, a sound, tone, so Ir., 0. Ir. fogur, sonus : *fo-gar- ; root 
 
 gar of goir. Strachan makes the root part/o^, and refers it 
 
 to fuaim, q.v. 
 foghar, harvest, Ir. foghmhar, M. Ir. fogamur, autumn, E. Ir. 
 
 fogamv/r, fogomur, last month of autumn : *fo-gamur, the 
 
 gamur being from the root of geamhradh, winter, q.v. The 
 
 idea is " sub hiemem." Cf. W. cyvMuaf, harvest, 0. W. 
 
 Icynnhajeaf, from cyn, before, and gavaf, winter. 
 foghlum, learning, Ir. foghlmm, 0. Ir. foglaim, vb. fogliunn : 
 
 * vo-glendd, *glendd, make clear ; Eng. glance, Ger. glam, 
 
 splendour ; Ch. SI. glgdati, show. 
 
l60 fiTinrfOLOGICAL blCTiONAKi? 
 
 foghnadh, sufficiency, service, Ir. foghnamJi, 0. Ir. foqnam, service ; 
 from fo and gniomh, deed. 
 
 foichein, a wrapper, infant's clout : 
 
 foichlean, a sprout, young com (Arm.), Ir. foichnin ; s^efochann. 
 
 f 6id, a peat ; see fbd. 
 
 f oidheach, a beggar ; see faoighe. 
 
 foidhearach, naked (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 
 foidhidinn, patience, Ir. foighid, 0. Ir. foditm, toleratio {*vo-dam- 
 tin-), vb, fodamim. patior, root dam ; Lat. domo, I tame, 
 subdue ; Gr. Safmo) (do.) ; Eng. tame ; Skr. ddmyati, tame. 
 
 foighnich, ask ; see faighnich. Also, more Dialectic, foinieh. 
 
 foil, macerate, broil ; see fail. Hence foileag, a cake suddenly 
 and imperfectly toasted. 
 
 foil, pig-stye; see fail. 
 
 f6il, slow, stately, f dill, composure, Ir. fdil, foill, softly ! a while, 
 M. Ir. CO fdill, slowly, for a while, E. Ir. co foill, slowly : 
 
 foill, treachery, 0. Ir. foile, astutia. G. is for *volnt^, Ir. 
 for *volid, both side-forms to feall, treachery, q.v. 
 
 foillsich, reveal, 0. Ir. foillsigim, * svolnestikid ; seefollus. 
 
 foinich, ask ; see faighnich. 
 
 foinne, a wart, Ir. faine, faithne, W., Cor. gwenan, blister, Br. 
 gwennkaenn, a wart ; Eng. wen, Ag. S. wenn (Em.). 
 
 foinneamh, foinnidh, handsome, genteel ; cf. next word, also Lat. 
 vinnulus, delightful, root ven, as in G. fine, etc. 
 
 foinnich, temper, Ir. foinnim, teuxper, knead, /oiw/iigfAte, tempered, 
 kneaded. Cf. above word. 
 
 foir-, prefix meaning " super," same as for- : see far, air{b). 
 
 foil, help, Ir. f6ir (vb. and n.), E. Ir. foriuth, I help, 0. Ir. don- 
 ftir, to help us : *vo^et- ; root ret of ruith, run. For force, 
 cf . fwrtachd. The W. gwared, release, Br. goret, are of like 
 elements. Similarly foirbheart (an Ir. word really), assist- 
 ance, is from foir- and heir. 
 
 foirbhillidh, acceptable (M'D.) ; from for and bail, good ? 
 
 foirceadal, foircheadal, instruction, catechism, Ir. foireheadal, 
 0. Ir. fordtal, doctrina, vb. forchun, doceo : *for-can- ; root 
 can, say, sing. See can. 
 
 foireann, foirionn, a band, crew, Ir. fuirionn, E. Ir. fairenn, O. Ir. 
 foirinn, 0. W. guerin, W. gwerin, people, M. Br. gueryn, 
 *vorind, *vorinni-, multitude, root ver, enclose ; Ag. S. vorn, 
 multitude, caterva ; Lit. word,, long row in Indian file ; Skr. 
 vrd, troop, company. Seefearann. 
 
 foirfe, perfect, Ir. foirfe, complete, old, 0. Ir. foirhthe, perfectus, 
 
 forhe, perfectio, vb. forbanar, perficitur, forfenar, consum- 
 
 matus : *for-hen- ; root ben, ba, go (Lat. venio, Gr. Palvm, 
 
 efSr/y, etc.), practically a verb " to be" (Stokes Neo-Celtic 
 
 Verb Subst.). 
 
€)F THE OAEIiiC LANOUAGl!. l6l 
 
 f 6irin, assistance, E. Ir. inf. dat, fmritmp, ; see fbir. 
 
 foirmeil, brisk, lively (Sh., etc.) : 
 
 f birneadh, intruding ; see teirinn, teat/rnadh. 
 
 f dirneis, a furnace ; see fidrruis. 
 
 foirneata, conspicuously brave ; see niaixL. 
 
 fois, rest, Ir. fois, 0. Ir. foss, residence, remaining, rest, W. ar-os ; 
 
 *vosso-; root ves, be, rest; Gr. oo-m, city (*vastu); Slsx.vdstn, 
 
 place ; Lat. Vesta ; Eng. was, Ger. wesen, be, Got. visa, 
 
 remain. So all etymologists till Windisch (1892) suggested 
 
 the root std, that is *vo-sto-. Hence foisdin, taciturnity, Ir. 
 
 foisdine. 
 foisteadh, wages, hire, Ir. foistig/him, I hire ; M. Ir. foss, servant, 
 
 W. ^was (Eng. vassal) ; from the same root as fois. Also 
 
 fasdadh. 
 folach, covering, hiding ; see falach. 
 f dlach, rank grass growing on dung-hUls ; *vog-lo-, root vog, veg 
 
 olfeur. 
 folachd, a feud, bloodiness ; see fuil. 
 
 folachdaiU, water-parsnip (H.S.D. quotes only O'B.), Ir. folachtain: 
 foUas, publicity, foUaiseach, public, Ir. follus, public, manifest, 
 
 0. Ir. follus, clear, shining, manifest, * svolnestVrS ; see soliis. 
 fonn, land, Ir. fonn, E. Ir. fond ; from Lat. fundus, which, again, 
 
 is connected with G. hon/n, q.v. 
 fonn, a tune, Ir. fonn, tune, desire, delight ; *svonno-, root sven, 
 
 sound, Lat. sonus, Eng. sound. See seinn. 
 fonnsair, a trooper (M'A.) : 
 
 for-, super-, Ir., 0. Ir. for- ; prep, for, for which see far, air (b). 
 forail, command, Ir. fordilim. See earail for formation and root. 
 forair, watch, Ir. foraire ; from for and aire. 
 forasda, sedate, so Ir. ; see farasda, in the sense of " staid." 
 forbhas, ambush (Sh., H.S.D., which quotes Lh. and C.S.), Ir. 
 
 forhhas, E. Ir. forbas, siege : 
 fore, a fork, Ir. /ore, E. Ir. /ore, {=gobul) ; from Lat. /twca, Eng. 
 
 fork. 
 forf hais, foras, information, inquiry, Ir. foras, E. Ir. foras, forus, 
 
 true knowledge : *forfiss, ixomfiss or fios, knowledge, q.v. 
 forgan, keenness, anger; from a side-form /or-gr (*vorg) oifearg? 
 f drlach, a furlough ; from the Eng. 
 foiluinn, spite, hatred (H.g.D.), Ir., M. Ir.forlonn; from /or and 
 
 lonn, fierce, 
 forman, a mould, Ir. formdn ; from Lat. forma. 
 ferradh, gain (H.S.D. ), excrescence, shift (M^E.) ; from /or and 
 
 rath 1 See rath. 
 forsair, a forester ; from the English. 
 
 21 
 
16,2; EtYMOLOOlCAt tIClIONAEt 
 
 fortail, strong, hardy (anir. word clearly), Ir. foirteamhail,/ortaU, 
 
 brave, stout, JE. Ir. fortail, predominant, strong ; from Lat. 
 
 fortis. 
 fortan, fortune, Ir. fortUn ; from Lat. fortuna. 
 fortas, litter, refuse of cattle's food, orts; from the Eng. orts. 
 
 Lh. has an Ir. fortas, straw, 
 f6s, yet, still, Ir. f6s, M. Ir. f6s, beos, 0. Ir. beus, beius. Stokes 
 
 makes it a comparative in s from beo-, allied to Lat. he6, 
 
 gladden, 6e-ne, well. 
 fosgail, open, so Ir., E. Ir. oslaicim : *f-od-as-leig ; Gaelic root 
 
 leic or leig, let. See leig and cf. tuasgail. 
 fosgarach, open, frank : 
 fosradh, pounded bark (or anything) to stop leaks ; cf . Ir. fosradh, 
 
 scattering, from *vo-ster-, root ster, strew, 
 fosradh, hand feeding of cattle (Heb.) : 
 fpthach, the glanders in horses, Ir. fothach, fothach : 
 fdtus, a flaw, refuse (M'A. says " rotten pus," and gives f6t, rotten 
 
 earth) : 
 fiachd, freight ; from Sc. fraught, Eng. freight. 
 fradharc, vision, sight, Ir. rddharc, E. Ir. rodarc : '''ro-darc ; root 
 
 derh, see, as in dearc, q.v. 
 fraigein, a brisk, warlike fellow ; see frogan. 
 fraigh, wattled partition, E. Ir. fraig:*vragi-, root verg; Skr. 
 
 vraja, hurdle ; Gr dpyia, shut in. 
 fraileach, sea-weed (Sh., O'R.) : 
 frangalus, tansy ; lus na Fraing (Cameron), the French herb ; 
 
 from Fraing, France, 
 fraoch, heather, Ir. fraoch, 0. Ir. froech, W. grug. Cor. grig, M. Br. 
 
 groegon, *vroiko- ; Gr. ipeUr). Hence G. fraoch, wrath, Ir. 
 
 fraoch, E. Ir. froech, furor. 
 fraolHhnidh, flourishing : 
 fraoidhneis, froinis, a fringe ; from the Eng. 
 fraoileadh, a flustering by liquor ; Dial, sraoileadh : 
 fraon, a place of shelter in the mountains (Sh., O'E.) : 
 fras, a shower, Ir. fras, E. Ir. frass, *vrastd ; Gr. €/xn/, dew ; Skr. 
 
 varsham, rain, 
 freagair, answer, Ir. freagairim, E. Ir. frecraim : * frith-gar-, root 
 
 gar of goir. 
 freasdal, serving, attending, Ir. freasdail, 0. Ir. frestal, fresdel : 
 
 *fris-do-el- ; for root see frithe.il. Dr Cameron referred it to 
 
 fris and tal, which see in tuarastal. 
 freiceadan, a guard, watch : *frith-coimhead-an ; from coimhead, 
 
 guard, look, q.v. 
 freiteach, a vow, interdictory resolution, E. Ir. fretech, fristdng, 
 
 repudiation, renunciation, 0. Ir. friitossam, renvmtiaverimus ; 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 163 
 
 root tong, tog, swear, Lat. tongeo, think, Eng. think. Stokes 
 
 gives the final root as tag, take, Lat. tangere. Ir. tong, 
 
 swear, is allied to W. tyngu. 
 fredine, fury, rage : 
 freumh, friamh, a root, Ir. friamh, E. Ir. frim, W. gwraidd, 
 
 gwreiddyn. Cor. grueiten, Br. grisienn, *vrd-md, *vrdjo-, 
 
 *vrdnu- ; Lat. radix, root ; Gr. pl^a ; Got. vaurts, Eng. wort, 
 
 root. 
 fride, a tetter, ring-worm, M. Ir. frigde, flesh-worm, E. Ir. frigit, 
 
 W. gwrairtt, M.Br, gruech, *vrgntid, root verg ; Eng. vrriggle. 
 frideam, support, attention : 
 frighig, fry ; from the Eng. frying. 
 friochd, a second dram, a nip : 
 friochdan, a frying pan, Ir. friochtdn ; cf. Ir. friochtalaim, I fry. 
 
 From fry of the Eng. 
 frioghan, a bristle, pig's bristle ; root vrg as in fraigh ? Of. W. 
 
 gwrych, hedge, bristles, *vrg-ko-. Hence frloghail, sharp, 
 
 keen. Spelt also friodhan. 
 frionas, fretfulness : *friogh'n-as, " bristliness ;'' from frioghan. 
 friotach, fretful (Stew.) ; see. frith, sour look, 
 t frith, an incantation to discover if far-away persons live (Heb.), 
 
 fate (Sh., O'R) ; from the Norse freti, enquiry of the gods 
 
 about the future, Sc. fret, freit. 
 frith, small, trifling (Sh. O'R.) : 
 frith, a sour or angry look (A. M'D.), frithearachd, peevishness, 
 
 Ir. frithir, peevish : *'urti- ; root of ri, " against f 
 frith, a forest, deer forest, Ir. frith, wild, mountainous place, W. 
 
 ffridd, forest ; from M. Eng. /ricT, deer-park, Ag. S. frits. 
 frith-, fre-, freas-, prefix = prep, ri by force and derivation ; 
 
 wliicli see. 
 fritheil, attend, Ir. friotholaim, (Oon. frloihblaivi), E. Ir. frithailim, 
 
 root -al- (Ascoli), go ; root al, el, eln of tad/ial, q.v. 
 frithir, earnest, eager (Stew.), Ir. frithir, earnest, peovish ; cf. 
 
 frith, sour look, 
 frog, a hole, fen, den : 
 
 frogan, liveliness, a slight degree of drunkenness : 
 froighnighe, a dampness oozing through the wall ; horn fraigh 
 
 and snighe. 
 froineadh, a sudden tugging, rushing at (M'D.) : 
 froinis, a fringe ; see fraoidhneis. 
 frdmhaidh, hoarse, rough : 
 fuachd, cold, so Ir., 0. Ir. uacht, ocht, *avkto-; Lettic" awisis, 
 
 cold (adj.), Lit. duszti, cold, be cold. 
 fuadaich, drive away, Ir. fuadaighim, drive away, snatch away, 
 
 E. Ir. fiiataigm ■.^fo-od^tech (1); see teich. Hence fuadan, 
 
 wandering. 
 
164 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 fiiadarach, hasty, in a hurry (Stew., Arm. and H.S.D.), Ir. fuadar, 
 haste; iiomfuad- oi fuadaich 1 Cf. Sc. /outre, activity. 
 
 fua^arthach, exiled ; see /6gair. 
 
 fuaigh, stitch, fualgheal, sewing, so Ir., E. Ir. fiiagaim, imgaim, 
 0. Ir. 4aimm (n.) : *oug-s-men- ; root pcyuff, jmg, stitch, 
 stick; Lat. pungo, Eng. punch. Zimmer (in 1882), referred 
 it to the root of high,, the idea, being "integrate," from 
 6g, uag, "integer." 
 
 fuaim, noise, so Ir., E. Ir. fdaimm (pi. fuamand). Neither 
 *vog-s-'nen (Strachan ; root vog of Skr. vagrvA, sound. Got. 
 vdf>jan, at J, Eng. whoop) nor *voe-s-men (Stokes ; root vnq, 
 voice, Lat. voco) can give vm, only o or a. 
 
 fual, urine, so Ir., O. Ir.fual: * voglo- or * voblo- ; rod)b vog, veg, ug, 
 be wet ; Gr. tiypds, wet, Eng. hygrometer ; Lat. humidus, uvea 
 (for ugveo), be moist, Eng. humour ; Norse vokva, moisture. 
 
 fuar, cold, Ir. fuar, E. Ir. uar, W. oer, Cor. air : *ogro-, root ug, 
 aug of fuachd, q.v. Stokes refers it to the root veg, ug, dis- 
 cussed under fy-al, especially Gr. vypo^, wet ; a root which 
 would rather be vob in Celtic (cf. Lat.), and this would not 
 give W. oer. Strachan suggests either Ch. SI. ogni, fire (Lat. 
 ignis) or Gr. wdyo's, frost (root pdg, fix, fit). Hence fuaradh, 
 windward side, fuaran, a well, fuarraidh, damp, fuarralanach 
 (Ir. fuardlach, chill), cold feeling, etc. 
 
 fnasgail, loose, untie, so Ir., E. Ir. fuaslaicim ; see tuasgail. 
 
 fuath, hatred, so Ir. M. Ir. fUath ; cf. E. Ir. uath, awe, terror, 
 terrible, and see tuiih for root. 
 
 fuath, a spectre, so Ir., 0. Ir. fdath, figura, forma: 
 
 fticadh, fuUing cloth, M. G. mnkM (D. of L.), Ir. ucaire, fuller ; cf. 
 piic. 
 
 fudag, a shoe-strap (H.S.D. says Dial.) : 
 
 fudaidh, mean, vile ; from Sc. footy, fouty. 
 
 fildar, powder, Ir. piidar ; from the Eng. 
 
 ftidraic, smart, in good condition : 
 
 fuidh ! an interjection. Seefkh. 
 
 fuidheall, remainder, Ir. fuigheall, E. Ir. fuidell ; also G. faidh- 
 leach, remains, E. Ir. fuidlech : * fo-do-ell, root ell, as in 
 tadhalJ 
 
 fMdreadh, commixing, pulverising ; from fudar. Dial, fddradh, 
 turning hay in the sunshine to dry it. 
 
 ftiidsidh, craven ; from Sc. fugie, one who flies from the fight. 
 
 fuigheag, a thrum, Ir. fughdg ; from a short vowel form of root 
 oifuaigh. 
 
 fuil, blood, Ir., 0. Ir. fuil, gen. fola, folo : *volir, root vol, vel, 
 well ; Eng. well. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAMS. 165 
 
 fuilear, cha 'n fhuilear dhomh, I need, must, Ir. fuldir, liberty, 
 
 excuse, ni fuldir dhomh, " not liberty to ine," I must : 
 
 *fo-ldthair, " in presentia " ? 
 fuilig, fulling, fulaing, suffer (thou), Ir. fulangaim, E. Ir. 
 fulangim, 0. Ir. fuloing, sustinet, inf. fulang : " under-go ;" 
 
 from/o and '''long, going, root leng, spring, go, as in leum, q.v. 
 
 Further allied is Ger. verlangen, desire, Eng. long, Lat. longus. 
 fuin, bake, Ir. fuinim, I knead, bake, boil, E. Ir. fuinim, bake, 
 
 cook. Zimmer takes the word to mean " to fire, bake," from 
 
 the Norse fwni, flame, fire, E. Ir. oc-/M?ie = Norse vit funa, 
 
 a-roasting ; but unlikely. Possibly *i;oJii-, "dress," root ven, 
 
 vun, Lat. Vemis, Eng. venerate 
 fuirbidh, a strong man, also fuirbearnach ; compounds of bi and 
 
 beir, with /or, super. 
 f airich, stay, Ir. fuirighim, E. Ir. fuirigim, noun fuirech, 0. Ir. 
 fuirset (s future) : *vo-reg; root reg, stretch, go ; Lat. porrigo, 
 
 rego. See rack. 
 fuirm, stools, a form, Ir. fuirm, W. ffurf ; from Eng. form. 
 f iiiTneis, f oirneis, a furnace, Ir. fwmeis ; from the Eng. 
 fuithein, a galling, taking off the skin by riding (M'D.) : 
 fulaing (vb.), fulang (n.) ; seefuilig. 
 fulaisg, rook; iioiafo + liiaug, q.v. 
 
 fulmair, a species of petrel, fulmar ; from Sc, Eng. fulmar. 
 fulpanachd, articulation, jointing (Sh., O'K., H.S.D.) ; cf. alp. 
 funntainn, benumbment by cold ; see punntuinn. 
 furail, incitement, command, Ir. furdil, Yj. Ir. urdil, fardil, 0. Ir. 
 
 irdil ; the same as earail, q.v. 
 furan, a welcome, Ir. fur dn, for an (Connaught) .; root ver, as in 
 
 E. Ir. feraim fdilti, I welcome. The root means in E. Ir. 
 
 " give, rain" (seefearthuinn). The root of fhuair seems mixed 
 
 with that oi fearthuirun. 
 furas, patience : *f-air-asta, asta (standing, staying) being for 
 
 adsta-, ad and sta, stand, 
 furasda (furas), easy, easier, Ir. furas, furasda, E. Ir. urusa : 
 
 *air-iisa, from usa, easier, q.v. 
 furbaidh, wrath (Sh., O'R.), furban (H.S.D., from MSS.); see 
 
 fuirbidh. 
 furbhailt, furailt, courtesy, kindly reception; also furmailt. 
 
 For the latter, Armstrong gives " ceremony" as force, which 
 
 may be from Eng. formjolity. The words, otherwise, seem 
 
 from for-failte. 
 furm, a stool ; see fuirm. 
 fiirlaich, hate, detest (Arms.) : 
 furtachd, relief, help, so Ir., 0. Ir. fortacht (gen. in -are) : *for- 
 
 tiacht ; for Gaelic root tiagh, Ugh, see tighinti, 
 
Ifi6 ETYJlOLOGlCATi DICTIONARY 
 
 fusgan, a heather brush ; cf . So, whisker, a bunch of feathers for 
 sweeping, Eng. whisk. 
 
 G 
 
 gab, a tattling mouth ; from So. gab (do.), M. Eng. gabben, to 
 chatter, mock, Norse gabb, mockery, 0. Fris. gabbia, accuse. 
 
 gabh, take, Ir. gabhaim, 0. Ir. gabaim, gaib, capit, ini. gabdil, W. 
 ga/ael, prehensio (Eng. gavelkind), Cor. gavel : *gai6, capio, 
 do, *gabagli ; Got. giban, give, Ger. geben, Eng. give ; Lit. 
 gahinti, bring. 
 
 gibhadh, danger, peril, Ir. gdbha{dh), E. Ir. gdba, gdhvd : 
 
 gabhagan, a titlark (Sh., O'E., H.S.D.) : 
 
 gabhal, fork ; see best G. form in gobhal. 
 
 gabhann, flattery (Kirk, etc. ; O'R.) ; from gabh : " take in" ? 
 
 gabhar, goat ; see best G. form in gobhar. 
 
 gabhd, a crafty trick ; from Sc. gaud, a trick. 
 
 gabhlan, a wandering, a man devoid of care (H.S.D., which makes 
 it Dial. ; M'E.) : 
 
 gach, each, every, Ir. gach, 0. Ir. each, cech, omnis, quivis, W. pnb, 
 0. W., Cor. pop, Br. pep, pob : *qo-qa, *ge-qa, root qo, qe of 
 interrogative co ; Lat. quisque ; Skr. kaf-ca ; etc. 
 
 gad, a withe, switch, Ir. gad, E. Ir. gat : *gdzdo- ; Got. gazd-f, 
 goad, 0. H. G. gart, sting, rod, Norse gaddr, sting, Eng. yard ; 
 Lat. hasta, spear (from ghaz-dhd f). 
 
 gid, git, an iron bar ; from Sc. gad, a bar of metal, Eng. gad, 
 wedge of steel, M. Eng. gad, spike, bar, Norse gaddr, as under 
 gad. 
 
 gadaiehe, thief, Ir. gaduigh, E. Ir. gataige ; see goid. 
 
 gadair, tie the fore feet of a horse, etc. (H.S.D., Dial.) ; from gad. 
 
 gadhar, gaothar, lurcher dog, Ir. gadhar, mastiff, hunting dog, 
 M. Ir. gadar, mastiff, E. Ir. gagar ; from Norse gagarr, dog 
 (K. Meyer) ? The Norse has gagg, the fox's cry, gaql, a wild- 
 goose ; this seems to prove that the Norse has a root gag, 
 howl, and is likely the original source of gagar. 
 
 gadluinne, a slender, feeble fellow, a salmon after spawning (Sh.) : 
 *gad+? 
 
 gadmunn, hair insect, nit (H.S.D., M'A.) : 
 
 gdidraisg, tumult, confusion (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 
 gafann, henbane (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. gafann, Cor. gahen : 
 
 gkg, a cleft, chink, Ir. gag : *gdhkA, I. E. root ghdg, further gho, 
 gha; Eng. gap, gape; Gr. x°^'^'^-> yawn, xaos, abyss, Eng. 
 chaos ; Lat. fauces, throat. Cf. W. gag. Skeat takes hence 
 Eng. jag. 
 
 gagach, stuttering (Sh., O'E.), Br. gak ; an onomatopoetic word. 
 Cf. Eng. gag, which Skeat queries if from G, 
 
of TflB (JASLIC LAiiGtJAGlS. 167 
 
 gagan, a cluster : 
 
 gaibhteach, a person in want, craver ; from gabh. 
 
 gailbheach, stormy, prodigious, E. Ir. gailbech, blustering ; cf. 
 
 Eng. gale, of Scandinavian origin, Dan. gal, furious, Norse 
 
 galinn (do.). Also gailbhinn, a storm at sea, a storm of 
 
 snow. 
 gailbhinn, a great rough hill (Sh., " gailebhein," H.S.D.) : 
 gain, surly look, etc. ; see goUl. 
 gailleach, gailleach, the gum, a swelling of the gum (in cattle), 
 
 seam of shoe uppers, or junction of inner and outer barks of 
 
 trees, Ir. gailleach (O'B.) : 
 gailleag, a blow on the cheek, Ir. gaiileog ; from gaill. Cf. 
 
 sgailhag. 
 gaillionn, a stoi-m ; cf. Norwegian galen, wind-storm, Norse galinn, 
 
 furious, Eng. gale. 
 gaillseach, an earwig, so Ir. : 
 gaillseach, a mouth overcharged so that the cheeks swell out, a 
 
 mouthful of flesh. See goill. 
 gaineamh, sand, so Ir., E. Ir. gane^i ; root gA of Gr. yaia, earth ? 
 
 Stokes gives the stem as gasnimd, root ghaK, Lat. harena, 
 
 sand. But grasw- should give G. gann. Also gainmheach, 
 
 E. Ir. ganmech. 
 gainne, a dart, arrow (Sh., O'B., H.S.D., M'E.), Ir. gainne : gas- 
 
 nid ; root gaB of gad, q.v. 
 gainntir, a prison, Ir. gaintir (Fol.) : 
 gair, near ; see gar. 
 gair, call, crow ; see goir. 
 gair, a shout, outcry, Ir., E. Ir. gdir, W. gav)r, clamor : *gdri- ; Gr. 
 
 ■yrjpvs (Dor. yapvs), voice ; root gar, ger, as in goir, q.v. 
 gair, laugh, g^ire, a laugh, Ir. gdirim, gdire, E. Ir. gdire (n.) ; 
 
 from root gar, as in the foregoing word. Stokes gives the 
 
 stem as *gdsrid, and cfs. Skr. hasrd, laughing, has, laugh, 
 gairbh, a greedy stomach, deer's paunch : 
 gairbheil, gaireal, freestone, gravel, Ir. gairbhdal, pron. grabheal ; 
 
 from Eng. gravel. 
 gairbhtheann, a species of wild grass (H.S.D.) : 
 gairdeachas, rejoicing, Ir. gdirdeachas, M. Ir. gdirdechad, delight- 
 ing ; from gdir, laugh, 
 gairdean, gaoirdean, an arm ; cf. Sc. gardy, gairdy. 
 gairgean, garlic ; from Eng. garlic and G. garg, bitter, by popular 
 
 etymology, 
 gairgein, stale wine, Ir. gairgin, dung ; from garg. 
 gaireas, goireas, convenience ; see goireas. 
 gairisinn, disgust, Ir. gairseamhuil, obscene, wanton : 
 
l68' ETYMOLOGICAL DICTlONABt 
 
 gairm, a call, office, Ir. gairm, pi. garmanna, 0. Ir. gairm, W., Br. 
 garm, a shout : *garsmeti- ; root gar of goir, q.v. 
 
 giirneal, a meal chest, Ir. gaimdal, a meal magazine, gamer; 
 from So. garnell, girnell, Eng. gamer, from 0. Fr. gemier, 
 from. Lat. granarium, granary. 
 
 gdiirneilear, a gardener ; from the English. 
 
 gais, a torrent (H.S.D. and Ir.), surfeit ; from Eng. gwh ? 
 
 gais, shrivel up ; from gas, twig ? For sense, cf. crannadh. 
 
 gaisde, a trap (Sh., O'R, H.S.D.), Ir. gaisde, 0. Ir. goiste, noose ; 
 from gaoisd, horse hair ? 
 
 gaisde, a wisp of straw (H.S.D.) ; cf. gaoisd. 
 
 gaise, a daunting (M'A.) ;: cf. gais, shrivel. 
 
 gaisge, valour, Ir. gaisge, bravery, E. Ir. gaisced, gasced, bravery, 
 feats of arms, armour, weapons ; the idea seems to be " feats" 
 and the root the same as in gasda, q.v. 
 
 gal, weeping, Ir. gul, E. Ir. gol ; I. E. gel, pain ; Ger. qiuil, pain, 
 qudlen, torment ; Lit. gelti, to smart. Cf . galar. 
 
 tgal, valour, war, E. Ir. gal, 0. Br. gal, puissance, *gald, W. gallu, 
 posse, Br. galloet (do.). Cor. gallos, might: * galno- ; Lit. 
 galiu, I can, Ch. SI. golemu, great. Hence the national name 
 Galatae, Galatian, also Gallus, a Gaul (but see Gall). 
 
 galan, a gallon, Ir. galun ; from the Eng. 
 
 galar, a disease, Ir., 0. Ir. galar, W. galar, grief, Br. glar, glachar 
 (do). ; *galro-n. Bez. suggests as allied Norse galli, flaw, 
 Umbr. holtu, Ch. SI. ziXlu, bad, sore. But cf. gal, weep. 
 
 gale, thicken cloth, fulling ; from the Eng. walk, wavlk. 
 
 &all, a Lowlander, stranger, Ir. Gall, a stranger, Engjiishmao, 
 E. Ir. gall, foreigner ; from Gallus, a Gaul, the Gauls being 
 the first strangers to visit or be visited by the Irish in Pre- 
 Boman and Roman times (Zimmer). For derivation see gal, 
 valour. Stokes takes a different view ; he gives as basis for 
 gall, stranger, *gallo-s, W. gal, enemy, foe : *ghaslo- 1 root 
 ghas, Lat. hos-tis, Eng. guest. Hence he derives Gallus, a 
 Gaul, so named from some Celtic dialect. 
 
 galla, a bitch ; cf. W. gast, a bitch. G. is possibly for * gas-lid. 
 Pott has adduced Spanish galgo, greyhound, which, however, 
 is founded on Canis Gallicus. See gasradh for root. 
 
 gallan, a branch, a youth (fig.) : *gas-lo-, root gas of gas, q.v. 
 Cf. W. gelin, a shoot. 
 
 galluran, wood angelica, so. Ir. : 
 
 galuban, a band put upon the dugs of mares to prevent the foal 
 sucking (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 
 gimag, a stride, Ir. gdmus, proud gait or carriage : * gang-mo- (?) ; 
 Sc. gang, Ger. gang, gait. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 169 
 
 gamhainn, a year-old calf, a stirk, Ir. gamhuin, a calf, E. Jr. 
 
 gamuin, year-old calf ; from gam, winter : " winter-old." For 
 
 root, see geamhradh. Confirmed by the proverb : " Oidhche 
 
 Shamhna, theirear gamhna ris nalaoigh" — On Hallowe'en the 
 
 calves are called stirks. Similarly and from the same root 
 
 are Norse gymhr, a year-old ewe lamb, So. gimmer, Gr. 
 
 xifjapoi, a yearling goat (Dor.). Hence gamhnach, farrow cow. 
 gamhlas, malice, gannlas, ganndas (Dial.) ; from gann ? 
 ganail, rail, fold (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. ganail : 
 gangaid, deceit (Sh., O'B., etc.), bustle, light-headed creature 
 
 (Sh.), Ir. gangaid, deceit, falsehood : 
 gann, scarce, Ir. gann, 0. Ir. gann, gand : *gando-s ; Skr. 
 
 gandhdyate, hurt ; Lit. gendii, be injured (Stokes). 
 ganradh, a gander, Ir. qandal ; from the Eng. 
 gslnraich, roaring noise as of billows or birds : 
 gaog, a lump as in yam or cloth ; cf. goigean. 
 gaoid, a blemish, ir. gaoid, a stain ; cf . E. Ir. g6et, a wound : 
 
 *gaizdo- ; Lit. zaizda, a wound. 
 gaoir, a noise, a cry of pain or alarm ; from gair, shout ? 
 gaoisd, gaoisid, horse hair, M. Ir. goisideach, crinitus, 0. Ir. goiste, 
 
 suspendium, laqueus : * gaissinti-, * gait-tinti ; Gr. xa.iTr\, 
 
 mane, flowing hair, 
 gaoistean, a crafty fellow (H.S.D. from MSS.), Ir. gaistin ; cf. 
 
 gaisde, a trap. 
 gaoithean, a fop, empty-headed fellow ; from gaoth, wind. 
 gaol, love, Ir. gaol, kin, family, E. Ir. gdel, relationship : *gailo- ; 
 
 Lit. gailus, compassionate ; Got. gailjan, gladden, Ger. geil, 
 
 wanton ; Gr. <^tAos, friendly. 
 gaOTi, fseces, ordure in the intestines, gore, Ir. garr ; probably 
 
 from Eng. gore, Ag. S. gor, dirt. Hence gaorran, big belly, 
 
 a glutton. 
 gaorsach, a bawd, slut : "dirty wench;" from gaorr and the 
 
 female termination -sack ? Cf. siursach. 
 gaort, giort, a saddle girth ; from the Eng. 
 gaoth, wind, so Ir., E. Ir. gaeth, goeth, 0. Ir. gdith : * gaito-, from 
 
 root gai, I. E. ghai, ghei, gki, drive, storm, as in G. geamli- 
 
 radh, q.v. Eng. glwst (I. E. ghoizdo-s) is allied. Stokes refers 
 
 it to the root of gath solely, which is ghai as above. 
 gar, warm, Ir. goraim, 0. Ir. gorim, Br. gor, burning, W. gwres, 
 
 heat : *gord, I warm ; Gr. dipo^, summer heat, depfw^;, warm, 
 
 Eng. thermo-meter ; Lat. furn'us, oven, furnace ; Ch. SI. 
 
 gariti, burn; further Eng. warra (I.E. * gh'^ormo-, Teut. 
 
 gwarm. 
 gar, gair, gaire, near, proximity, Ir. gar, near (adj. and adv.), 
 
 M. Ir. gar, shortly, W. ger, gar, near. See goirid for root. 
 
 22 
 
170 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AKY 
 
 gar, although (Dial.) ; *ga-ro. For ga, see ge ; ro is the verbal 
 
 particle, 
 garadh, garradh, a garden, Jr. gardJmdh, M. Ir. garrda ; from the 
 
 Norse gartSr, a yard, M. Eng. gard, garp, Eng. yard, garden. 
 garadh, garaidh, a den, copse, garan, thicket, Ir. gardn, under- 
 wood, thicket, ganrrdn, grove, root gar, bristle, be rough, I. E. 
 
 gher, stand stiff, tear, scratch ; Gr. X"P"|) * stake, x<*P"^/°°'5 
 
 ravine ; Lat. hvr-sutus, hirsute, her, hedge-hog, furca, a fork ; 
 
 Lit. zeriii, scrape ; etc. See garhli. 
 garbh, rough, so Ir., 0. Ir. garh, W. garw, Br. garu, hard, cruel : 
 
 *ga/rvo- ; I. E. gher, scratchy, rough, tearing ; Gr. xnP^ hedge- 
 hog, Lat. her (do.), hirsutus, hirsute, Skr hdrshati, be stiff. 
 
 See garadh further. Some join it with Lat. gravis, but as 
 
 this is allied to Gr. ^apvi, heavy, the G. would rather be 
 
 barbh. 
 garbhag, sprat, garvie (Dial.) ; from the Sc. garvie. In Arran, 
 
 garbhanach is the sea-bream, but this is from G. garbh. 
 garbhan, the gills of a fish (N. H.). See gvkran. 
 g&rcan, a hen's complaint ; onomatopoetic. See grachdan. 
 garg, fierce, angry, bitter, Ir. garg, 0. ir. garg, gargg : *gorgo-s ; 
 
 Gr. yopyos, rough, frightsome. There is an obsolete M. Ir. 
 
 geary, *gergo-s. 
 garlach, a screaming infant, little villain, vagabond, Ir. garlach ; 
 
 from gar, cry, with the termination -lacli (see bglach). 
 garluch, a mole (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. garluch : *gar-luch ; luch 
 
 And, gar (?). 
 garmainn, garman, a weaver's beam, Ir., E. Ir. garmain, 0. Ir. 
 
 gen. garmne, W. carjan, ; from the root of cuir, put ? 
 garrach, a glutton, gorbelly, dirty creature, Ir. garrfhiach, a 
 
 glutton (O'B.) ; allied to Eng. gorbelly, gore, by bon-owing (?). 
 gd.rradh, a garden ; better spelling than garadh, q.v. 
 garrag, a young crow ; cf. Eng. gorcrow, root gor of Eng. gore, as 
 
 in garrach. 
 garrag, a sudden yell, Ir. gartha, clamour, roaring ; from gar of 
 
 goir. 
 gart, surly aspect, gloom ; cf. goirt, sore, sour, 
 gart, standing com, Ir. gort, cornfield, 0. Ir. govt, seges ; Gr. 
 
 X0/3T0S, fodder. See goirtean further. 
 gartan, a garter ; from the Eng. 
 gas, twig, a stalk, Ir. gas : gastd ; Lat. hasta (see gad). Bez. 
 
 queries if not from *gaksd. Lit. zagarai, brushwood, 
 gasda, excellent, Ir. gasda, clever, ingenious, E. Ir. ga^ta (do.) : 
 
 *gassavo-s, *gas-tavo, root gad (gad-s) ; Gr. aya^os, Eng. good, 
 
 Lat. Iiabilis ? 
 gasg, a tail : *gad-sh)- ; Zend zadhaHh, podex, Gr. x^C'"> cacare. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGDAGE. 171 
 
 gasgag, a step, stride : *gad-sh)-, root gad, go, M. Jr. gaid, goes ; 
 Eng. gait, Ger. gasse, way. 
 
 gasradh, salacity in female dogs, W. gasi, a bitch ; root gas, gat-s 
 M. Br. gadales, meretrix, Fr. gouine, 0. Ir. goithimm, futuo. 
 
 gasraidh, rabble, mercenary soldiers, Ir. gasradh band of domestic 
 troops, from gas, military servant ; borrowed from the W. 
 gwas, whence Eng. vassal. Seefasdadh. 
 
 gat, an iron bar ; see gad. 
 
 gath, a dart, sting, Ir. gath, E. Ir. gai, gae, Gaul, qaiso-n ; Norse 
 gevrr, spear, Ag. S. gar, Eng. grar-lic ; Gr. xa.io%, shepherd's 
 crook ; Skr. heshas, missile. 
 
 ge, whoever, ge b' 6, whatever, whoever, Ir. gihh, E. Ir. ci M ; for 
 ge, see co, the interrogative pronoun ; be is the subj. of bl. 
 
 ge, though, Ir. gidh, 0. Ir. ce, ci, cia ; same root as above. See 
 also ged. 
 
 geacach, sententious, pert ; from So. geek, to sport, deride, Ger. 
 geclcen, hoax. 
 
 gead, a spot of arable land, a garden bed, a spot in a horse's fore- 
 head, Ir. gead : 
 
 gead, a lock of hair (H.S.D.) ; also " to clip" : 
 
 geadas, a pike, Ir. geadus ; from Norse gedda, Sc. ged, allied to 
 Eng. goad. 
 
 g^adh, a goose, Ir. geadh, E. Ir. ged, W. gwydd, 0. Cor. guit, auca. 
 Cor. goydh, goose, Br. goaz, gwaz : *gegdo-, root geg, cry like 
 a goose ; Norse gagl, wild goose, M. H. G. gage, gige, cry like 
 a goose, gigze, produce inarticulate sound ; Lit. gagdnas, 
 goose-like, Servian gagula, a water-fowl, Russ. gagara, silver- 
 diver (Stokes). It cannot be referred to the roots of Eng. 
 goose and gander {glmns-, ghandro-). 
 
 geal, a leech, E. Ir. gel, Cor. gJiel, Br. gelaonen; Gr. /3SeX\a, 
 j3\eTVis, leeches (Hes.) ; Skr. jaluka, blood-leech ; I. E. root 
 gel, devour, Lat. gula, throat, Eng. gullet, etc. 
 
 geal, white, Ir. geal, E. Ir. gel : *gelo-, I. E. root gkel, clear, shiue, 
 glow ; Lit. geltas, pale-yellow ; Eng. gleam, glow^ ; Gr. X'^''"j 
 be warm, X"^'S, unmixed wine ; etc. Stokes connects it with 
 Lit. zila-s, grey ; the usual derivation joins it with Lat. 
 helvus, light bay, Eng. yellow. Lit. eelti, grow, green, Ch. SI. 
 zelenu, green. Hence gealach, the moon, so Ir. ; gealan, a 
 linnet. 
 
 gealbhan, a fire, little fire : *gelvo-, I. E. ghel, glow ; Eng. glow, 
 gleam ; Gr. x^'X l*® warm. See geal. 
 
 gealbhonn, a sparrow, so Ir., M. Ir. gelbund, W. golfan. Cor., Br. 
 golvan : from geal, white. Cf. Gr. yjXi^bsv, swallow, Norse 
 gal (do.). 
 
 geall, a pledge, Ir. geall, 0. Ir. gell, pignus : '''gis-lo-, root gis, geis, 
 of giall, hostage, q.v. Stokes derives it thus : *geldo-s ; Got. 
 
172 KTYMOLOGIOAL DICTIONARY 
 
 gild, tribute, Ger. geld, money, Eng. yield, guild; Gr. 6<^XXu>, 
 
 owe, TcA6'os (Hes.), debt. 
 geall, desire, longing, Ir. geall : in the G. phrase, an geall air, 
 
 Keating's i ngeall, in need of ; from geall above, 
 gealtach, cowardly, Ir. gealtach, fearful ; see geilt. 
 geamhradh, Aviuter, Ir. geimhreadh, E. Ir. gemred, 0. Ir. gaimred, 
 
 0. W. gaem, W. gauaf. Cor. goyf, Br. gouaff, gowiti : *gimo- 
 
 (for Gadelic), *gaiamo-, *gaimo- (for Brittonic, Stokes) ; I. E. 
 
 ghim, gheim, ghiem ; Skr. himA, cold, Zend zima, winter ; 
 
 Ch. SI. iima ; Gr. x«'A«"i' ; Lat. hiems. The 0. Ir. gam, for 
 
 gew., has its vowel influenced by the analogy of samh of 
 
 samhradh (Thur.). 
 geamhta, geamhd, anything short and thick, Ir. geamJiddg, a little 
 
 cake of bread (O'E.) ; for root, cf. geimheal. 
 geamnaidh, chaste, Ir. geanmnuidh, E. Ir. genmnaid, 0. Ir. genas, 
 
 castitas ; from the root gen, birth, Eng. genteel, gentle. See 
 
 gin. 
 gean, mood, humour, good humour, Ir. gean, favour, approval, 
 
 affection ; cf. Lat. gtnius, ingenium, root gen, Eng. kin, kind. 
 
 E. Ir. gen, laugh, may be compared to Gr. yavos, joy (Bez.) ; 
 
 Stokes suggests *gesno-, Skr. has, laugh, 
 geangach, crooked, thick and short ; see gingein. 
 geanm-chno, chesnut, ir. geanmehnil : " chastity tree ;" a mistaken 
 
 translation of Lat. castanea, chesnut, as if from castus, chaste, 
 geannair, a hammer, wedge, Ir. geannaire ; see geini}e. 
 gearan, a complaint, Ir. geardn, M. Ir. ger&n, root ger, cry ; 
 
 0. H. G. gueran, sigh, ehara, weep, Ag. S. ceam, sorrow, Eng. 
 
 care ; further allied is root gar, sound, as in goir. . Cf. W. 
 
 gerain, cry, squeak, and Gr. Svpo/jMi, lament, 
 gearasdaiij a garrison, Ir. gairision ; from the Eng. 
 ge^rr, short, cut (vb.), Ir. gedrr, gedrraim, E. Ir. gej-j; gerraim : 
 
 *gerso-s. Stokes cfs. Gr. xv*""'', X^V*"") worse, Skr. hrasva, 
 
 short. Cf. M. Eng. garsen, gash, 0. Fr. garser. 
 gearr, a hare, Ir. geirrfhiadh : " short deer ;" from gearr and 
 
 fiadh, the latter word being omitted in G. 
 ge^irach, diarrhoea, bloody flux : 
 
 gearran, a gelding, Ir., M. Ir. gearrdn ; from gearr, cut. 
 geas, spell, taboo, charm, Ir., E. Ir. geis, taboo, gessim (vb.) : 
 
 *gesa6, *geJ-to , root ged of guidhe, q.v. 
 geata, gate, so Ir., M. Ir. geta ; from Ag. S. geat, Eng. gate. 
 ged, although : * ge-ta ; same as ciod. 
 g6ill, yield, submit, Ir. geillim, E. Ir. giallaim, 0. Ir. geillfit, 
 
 dedentur ; from giall, hostage, 
 geilt, terror, fear, Ir. geilt, a distracted person, wild, M. Ir. 
 
 geltacht, flying, E. Ir. geilt, mad by fear ; Norse verSa at 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 173 
 
 gjalti, to turn mad with terror (borrowed from Celtic, Stokes, 
 
 Thurneysen ; borrowed into Celtic, Zimmer). Stokes refers 
 
 it to a root gliel, fly, suggested by Gr. x^'^'S'ui', a swallow. 
 geimheal, a fetter, chain, Ir. gSirahiol, E. Ir. geimel, gemel : 
 
 *gevielo-, root gem, fasten ; Gr. yevro, grasjDed (*y6p-To), 
 
 ya/xos, marriage ; Lat. gemini, twins ; Ch. SI. zifiv^, com- 
 
 primere. 
 geimhleag, a crow-bar, lever ; from Sc. gaveloch, a spear, javelin, 
 
 Ag. S. gafeloc, spear, possibly from an early form of W. 
 
 gaflach, a dart, the root being that in gohhal, fork. 
 geinn, a wedge, so Ir., E. Ir. geind, W. going, Br. genn, 0. Br. gen, 
 
 M. Br. guenn . *genni-, root gen, as in Lettie d/enis, the wood 
 
 wedded into the fork of the ploughshare, d/enulis, sting, 
 
 Ch. SI. z§lo (do.), 
 geintleach, a heathen, Ir. geinteach, M. Ir. genntlige (adj.), gennti, 
 
 gentiles ; from the Lat. gens (gentis), gentilis. 
 geir, tallow, Ir., E. Ir. geir, W. gwer, gired, grease. Cf. Gr. xp'm, 
 
 anoint, 
 geisg, creating noise ; see giosgan. 
 
 geob, a wry mouth ; from tlie Eng. gape, Ag. S. geapian. 
 geoc, geoic, a wry neck ; formed on Eng. coch ? 
 geocaire, a glutton, Ir. geocaire, a glutton, stroller, parasite, M. Ir. 
 
 geocaeh, mimus ; formed on Lat. jocosus (Stokes). 
 geddh, geodha, a creek : from the Norse gjd, a chasm, whence 
 
 N. Scotch geo. 
 geola, ship's boat, yawl ; from the Scandinavian — Mod. Norse 
 
 jula, Swedish jidle, Dan. joUe, Sc. i/olle, Eng. yawl, jolly- 
 
 boat. 
 geolach, a wooden bier, the shoulder-bands of the dead ; for root, 
 
 see giidan. 
 geopraich, a torrent of idle talk ; cf. gebh above. 
 geolan, a fan, geulran (Sh.), Ir. gefyilrean ; from the root of 
 
 giulan ? 
 gedtan, a spot of arable ground (H.S.D.), a driblet or trifling sum 
 
 (M'A.). : 
 geuban, giaban, the craw or crop of a bird ; see gebb. 
 geug, a branch, Ir. geug, g'eag, E. Ir. gee : *gnM, *knkd, W. cainc, 
 
 ysgainc ; Skr. Qanku, twig, stake ; Ch. SI. saku, surculus. 
 geum, a low, Ir. geiTn, a lowing, roar, E. Ir. g^im, shout, gessim, I 
 
 low : *genqmen- ; Lit. zvengiu, neigh, Ch. SI. zv§g<f, sound. 
 
 Cf. Eng. squeak. 
 geur, glar, sharp, Ir. geur, 0. Ir. ger : 
 
 gheil3h, will get, Ir. gheihhim ; root-accented form oifaigh, q.v. 
 giaban, gizzard ; see geuban. 
 
174 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 giall, a jaw or cheek, jowl, Ir., M. Ir. gicM, faucibus ; the G. form 
 ciobhall seems borrowed from Ag. S. ceajl, Eng. jowl; perhaps 
 all are from the Eng. 
 
 t giall, a hostage, pledge, Ir. qiall, 0. Ir. giall, W. gvn/stl, hostage. 
 Cor. guistel, obses, Br. goestl, Gaul. Co-gestlos, *geislo-, 
 *geistlo- ; 0. H. G. gisal, Ger. geisel, Norse gisl, Ag. S. gtsel. 
 
 giamh, giomh, a fault, blemish : 
 
 gibeach, hairy, gibeag, a rag, bundle, Ir. giohach, giohog, and 
 gioh, tail, rag, 0. Ir. gibbne, cirrus : 
 
 gibeach, neat ; for sgibeach 1 See sgiobah. 
 
 gibein, a piece of flesh (M'E.) ; from gib of giblion. 
 
 giblean, April : 
 
 giblion, entrails of a goose, gibean (St Kilda), grease from the 
 solan goose's stomach : 
 
 gibneach, cuttle-fish : *gebbi- ; Ger. guwppe, turbot ? 
 
 gidheadh, nevertheless, Ir. gidheadh ; for an older dd + ed, 
 " though it (is) ;" Lat. quid id. See co and eadh. 
 
 gigean, a diminutive man, little mass ; native form of ceig, q.v. 
 
 gighis, a masquerade, so Ir. ; from Sc. gyis, a mask, gysar, a 
 harlequin, one that disguises himself at New Year, gys, to 
 disguise, M." Eng. gisen, dress, prepare, from O. Fr. (de)gviser, 
 Eng. dis-^mse. 
 
 gilb, a chisel : *glbi- ; cf. Gr. ■yXd<}xo, carve. But cf. W. gylyf, 
 sickle, 0. Cor. gilh, foratorium, allied to G. guilbneach, q.v. 
 
 g^lle, lad, servant, Ir. giolla, E. Ir. gilla; cf. Eng. child, Ag. S. did. 
 Zimmer thinks it is borrowed from the Norse gildr, stout, 
 brawny, of full worth, Eng. guild, Ag. S. gild, payment (see 
 geall), oilda, fellow, used in the names of Norsemen converted 
 to Christianity instead of maol, slave. 
 
 gilm, a buzzard : 
 
 gilmean, a fop, flatterer ; see giolam. 
 
 gimleid, a gimlet, Ir. gimlead- ; from the Enghsh. 
 
 gin, beget, Ir. geinim, M. Ir. genar, was born, 0. Ir. ad-gainemmar, 
 renascimur, gein, birth, W. geni, nasci, Br. ganet, born, 
 *gen6, nascor ; Lat. gigno, geniii, begat ; Gr. ■yiyvo/ji.ai, 
 become, ycvos, race ; Eng. kin; Skr. Jdna, race, stock, jdndmi, 
 beget. Hence gin, anyone. 
 
 gineal, ofispring, W. genill ; Ir. ginealach, a generation, G. 
 ginealach, M. Ir. genelach, genealogy, from Lat. qenealogia, 
 root gen as in gin. 
 
 gingein, a cask, barrel, thick-set person (not H.S.D.) : 
 
 giobag, gibeag, fringe, rag, Ir. giohbg. See gibeach. 
 
 gioball, vesture, cast clothes, Ir. giobdl ; see gibeach. 
 
 gioball, a chap, odd fellow ; a metaphoric use of gioball above. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 175 
 
 giodar, diing, ordure (H.S.D. for C.S.), Ir. giodar (do.), geadan, 
 
 buttock : *geddo-, root ghed, cacare ; Gr. x^C'^i dcarc, xoSavos, 
 
 the breech ; Skr. Jiad, cacave, Zd. zad/ianh, podex. 
 giodhran, a barnacle (bird), Ir. giodhrdn, 0. Ir. giuyrann, W. 
 
 gwyrain : * gegurannct ; root geg as in geadh, q.v. Fick has 
 
 compared Lat. gingrmn, goose. Also gidran. 
 giog, cringe ; also "peep" (M'A.) : 
 giogan, a thistle (Sh., O'fl. giogun) : 
 giolam, gileim, tattle, Jr. giolmhaim, solicit : 
 tgiolc, reed, Ir. giohacli, E. Ir. gilcach : 
 giolc, stoop, aim at (M'A.) : 
 giolcair, a flippant fellow : 
 giolcam-daobhram, animalcule (H.S.D.) : 
 giomach, a lobster, Ir. giomach, gliomach {?), W. ceimwach : 
 giomanacli, a hunter ; from the Eng. game. 
 gionach, greed, M. Ir. ginach, craving ; from f gin, mouth, 0. Ir. 
 
 gin, W. gen, gena, mentum. Cor. genau, os, Br. giien, cheek : 
 
 * genu- ; Gr. yei/us, chin ; Lat. gena, cheek ; Eng. chin. 
 giorag, panic, apprehension, noise, Ir. giorac, noise (giorac. Con.) : 
 giort, a girth, Ir. giorta ; from the Eng. 
 giosgan, creaking, gnashing, Ir. giosgdn ; also Ir. dioscdn. 
 giseag, a fret or bit of superstition, a charm ; see geas. 
 gith, a shower, series (H.S.D.) ; cf. E. Ir. gith, way of motion, 
 
 Skr. hi, sit in motion, impel, hiti, impelling, 
 githeilis, running to and fro on trifling errands, trifling, E. Ir. 
 
 gith, \ia,j, motion. See above word. 
 githir, gir, corn-reapers' wrist pain : 
 giM, a wile : 
 
 giiiig, a drooping of the head, languor : 
 
 glMan, a carrying : *gesu-lo-, root ges, carry, Lat. gero, gestum. 
 giuUa, giullan, a lad, boy, Ir. giolla, servant, footman. From 
 
 the same source as gille. 
 giullaich, prepare, manage well ; from giulla, the idea being 
 
 " serving ;" cf. Ir. giolla above, and Ir. giollas, service. 
 giiimsgal, flattery : 
 giiiram, complaining, mournful noise (H.S.D.) ; cf. I. E. gevo-, cry, 
 
 as in guth, q.v. 
 giuran, gills of a fish, garbhan : *gober-, root of goh ? 
 giiiTan, barnacle goose ; see giodhran. 
 giuthas, fir, Ir. givmhas, E. Ir. gi^l£ : *gis-osto-, root gis ; Ger. 
 
 kien, resinous wood, kien-baum, Scotch fir, kiefer {kien-fohre), 
 
 pine, Ag. S. cen, fir-wood, *kiz-n (Schrader). 
 glac, take, seize, Ir., M. Ir. glacaim, glaccad, grasping, E. Ir. 
 
 glace, band, handful : * glapko- (?), Eng. clasp. See glas. 
 
176 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AEY 
 
 gla,g, noise of anything falling, noise, horse-laugh, Ir. glagaire, a 
 babbler, glagan, mill clapper : *glag-ho- ; Gr. yAafo), (*gl(igj6), 
 sing, noise ; Eng. claclc, M. Eng. claclce, miU clack, Norse 
 Maka, chatter bird-like ; also Eng. clap. There is a degree 
 of onomato-poesy about these words. Cf. dag. 
 
 glaib, dirty water, puddle, Ir. gldit ; cf. IMb. 
 
 glaim, complaint, howling, Ir. gldim, M. Ir. gldimm : *glag-s-rnd- ; 
 Ger. hlagen, weep (Strachan, Stokes). 
 
 glainne, glaine, a glass, Ir. glome, E. Ir. gloine, glaine, W. glain, 
 a gem, what is pure ; from glan, clean. 
 
 glaisleiin, lesser spear-wort (Sh.), Ir. glaisleun; from glas and 
 lewn or lean, a swamp (Cameron). 
 
 glam, devour, Ir. gldmaim, devour, gobble, gldmaire, glutton : 
 * glad-s-mo- ; Ch. SI. gladu, hunger. 
 
 glamair, a smith's vice ; from the Norse klombr, a smith's vice, 
 Ger. klemmem, pinch, jam. 
 
 glamhsa, a snap as by a dog ; for form, compare Ir. glamhsan, a 
 murmur, which is an aspirated form of glaim, howling. The 
 G. is similarly from glam, devour, with possibly a leaning on 
 the idea of noise as in glaim. H.S.D. has glamhus, open 
 chops. 
 
 glan, clean, pure, Ir., 0. Ir. glan, W. glain, Br. glan, Gaul, river 
 name Glana : *glano-s, root gli, gel, gla, shine ; Gr. yXrjvta, 
 shows, yhqvr), eyeball, yeAetv, shine (Hes.), and yXaivol, bright 
 ornamentation (Hes.), from root glai, from which Eng. clean 
 comes (thus : gli, gla ; glei, glai). 
 
 glang, a ringing noise ; see gliong. 
 
 glaodh, a cry, call, Ir. glaodh, M. Ir. gloed, a shout ; cf. 0. Ir. ad- 
 gl&d-wr, appello, Skr. hrddate, sound, Gr. yAokrcra, tongue 
 (*yXm6m. ?). Ir. and G. would then be from an 0. Ir. *gldid, 
 from *glddi-. Hence glaodhar, glaoran, a noise, prating. 
 
 glaodh, glue, Ir. glaodh, M. Ir. gloed, E. Ir. glded : *gloi-do-, from 
 I. E. gloi, glei, be sticky ; Gr. yAoia, ykia, yXivq, glue ; Lat. 
 gluten ; Ch. SI. glenu, mucus ; Eng. clay, Ger. hlei, slime. 
 W. glvd and M. Br. glut are from the Lat. 
 
 glaodhan, pith of wood ; from glaodh, the idea being " resinous or 
 gluey stuff." 
 
 glaomar, a foolish person (Dial.) : "noisy one ;" from glaodh. 
 
 glaoran, blossom of wood-sorrel : * gloiro-, " bright," root glei of 
 gM? 
 
 glas, a lock, Ir., 0. Ir. glas : *glapsd ; Eng. clasp. 
 
 glas, grey, Ir. glas, green, pale, E. Ir. glass, W., 0. W., Br. glas, 
 green : *glasto-, green ; Ger. glast, sheen (Bez.), root glas, to 
 which Ger. glass, Eng. glass, are probably allied. 
 
OP THB GAELIC LANGUAGE. 177 
 
 gl6, very, Ir. glS, very, pure, 0. Ir. gle bright, W. gloew, bright, 
 
 0. W. gloiu, liquidum : *gleivo-, I. E. ghlei-, shine ; Eng. 
 
 gleam, glimmer, Ger. glimmen ; Gr. x^""5 X-^'^P^s^ warm 
 
 (Kluge). Bez. refers it to the root of Eng. clean (see glan). 
 gleac, a wrestle, fight, Ir., E. Ir. gleic : *glekM-, *gleg-Ico-, I.E. 
 
 glegh6, wager ; Ag. S. plegen, Eng. pledge, play ; Skr. glah, 
 , play at dice, cast in wappenshaw. 
 gleadh, an onset, deed (H.S.D.) ; cf. Ir. gle6, g. gliadh, tumult, 
 
 E. Ir. gliad, battle : 
 gleadh, tricks (Sh., O'B. gleddh, H.S.D. ), Ir. gleadh (O'R.) ; for 
 
 gleagh, gleg, root of gleac 1 
 gleadhraich, gleadhair, noise, rattling, clang of arms, Ir. gledgh- 
 
 rach, shout, noise ; cf. Norse gle&ir, Christmas games, gleSr, 
 
 merriment, Eng. glad. Ir. gliadraeh, loquacious, 
 gleann, a glen, so Ir., E. Ir. glenn, glend, W. glan, brink, shore, 
 
 M. Br. glenn, country, Br. glann, river bank : *glennos (a 
 
 neuter s-stem). Stokes compares M. H. G. klinnen, Swiss 
 
 klanen, to climb, Norse Munna, cling to. 
 glMdh, preserve, keep, Ir. gUiihim, keep, clear up, cleanse, E. Ir. 
 
 gUim, make clear, put in order, lay by. See gU for root, 
 
 and also gleus. 
 gleithir, a gadfly (M'D., Sh., O'R.) : *gkgh- ; cf. Sc. cleg, Norse 
 
 kUggi, gadfly. 
 gleog, a drooping, silly look ; cf. sgleogair. 
 gleoid, a sloven, Ir. gleoid. See sglebid-. 
 
 gleoisg, gleosg, a vain, silly woman, Ir. gleosg. See next word, 
 gleoman, a silly, stupid fellow, Ir. gleodhmdn : 
 gleorann, cresses, wild angelica, Ir. gledrann, wild angelica ; cf. 
 
 E. Ir. gle6ir, sheen, M. Ir. gleordha, bright ; the root is likely 
 
 that of gU {* glivo-ro-). 
 glens, order, trim, tune, Ir. gleus, E. Ir. gle's ; for root, see gleidh 
 
 and gle. Strachan adduces E. Ir. gldse, brightness, and takes 
 
 it from *glent-U, allied to Ger. glanz, splendour, Eng. glance. 
 
 Cf. W. glwys, fair, pleasant. Hence gleusda, diligent, 
 t glib, a lock of hair, Ir. glib : *glb-hi- ; cf. Eng. clip. Hence 
 
 Eng. glih. 
 glib, sleet, glibshleamhuinn, slippery with sleet (Sh., who gives 
 
 glib, slippery) ; from Sc. glii, slippery, Eng. glih. 
 glic, wise, Ir. glic, 0. Ir. glicc : *glkki^. Stokes compares Gr. 
 
 KaA.xatv(o, ponder, and takes from G. the Sc. gleg. 
 glidich, move, stir : 
 glinn, pretty (Strathspey Dialect for grinn), Ir. glinn, bright ; 
 
 Eng. glint, gleam, glance. 
 gliog, gliogar, a tinkling, clink, Ir. gliogar ; Eng. click, clack : an 
 
 onomatopoetic root, 
 
 23 
 
178 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONART 
 
 gliogram, a staggering; from gliogar, the idea being |' noise- 
 making" 1 Cf. Ir. glingin, drunkenness. Also G. gliogach, 
 
 clumsy, unstable. 
 gliomach, slovenly, a long-limbed fellow ; cf. Ir. glwmach, a 
 
 lobster, 
 gliong, ringing noise, Ir. glianc (O'R.) ; allied to, or from, the 
 
 Eng. clirik, Teut. hling. 
 gliostair, a clyster ; from the Eng. 
 gliflchd, a blubbering, crying : 
 gloc, the clucking of a hen, noise, loud note ; Eng. clock, chick, 
 
 W. clwc ; Lat. glodre ; etc. Onomatopoetic. 
 gloc, swallow greedily, glochdan, a wide throat; from the Sc. 
 
 gloch, gulp, glog, swallow hastily, E. Eng. glucchen, gulchen, 
 
 swallow greedily, Ger. glucken, gulken, khbcken. 
 glochar, a wheezing, difficult respiration, Ir. glocharnach ; cf. Sc. 
 
 glag, glagger, make a noise in the throat as if choking, 
 
 glugger, to make a noise in the throat swallowing. Allied to 
 
 gloc, etc. 
 gloc-nid, a morning dram taken in bed ; from gloc and Tiead. 
 glog, a soft lump, glogair, a stupid fellow : "unstable one ;" from 
 
 glug, gluig. 
 glog, a sudden, hazy calm, a dozing (M'A.) : 
 gloichd, gloidhc, a senseless woman, an idiot ; from the Sc. glaik. 
 gloin, gloine, glass ; see glain. 
 gldir, glory, Ir., E. Ir. gliir, Br. gloar ; from Lat. gloria, whence 
 
 Eng. glory. 
 gloirionn, spotted in the face (H.S.D.), drab-coloured (M'A.) : 
 gI6madh, gldmainn, the gloaming ; from the Eng. 
 glomhar, a muzzle, an instrument put into a lamb or kid's mouth 
 
 to prevent sucking, E. Ir. ghmar, bridle ; root glom, glem, 
 
 Ger. klew/men, jam, M. H. G. klammer, tenaculum, Lat. 
 
 glomus, a clew. 
 glomhas, a rock cleft, chink : 
 glong, a slimy substance ; root glen, be slimy, Gr. pXkwa, slime, 
 
 snot, 0. H. G. kletian, cleave. See sglongaid. 
 glonn, a deed of valour, Ir. glonn, E. Ir. glond, a deed : *gl-onno-, 
 
 root of gal ? 
 glonn, loathing, qualm, Ir. glonn, E. Ir. glonn, crime : " facinus ;" 
 
 extended use of the above word. 
 glothagach, frog's spawn (Sh., O'K.) : 
 gluais, move, Ir., E. Ir. ghtaisim, 0. Ir. gluas- : *gl-eusso-, from 
 
 root geli Lat. volo-, fly, Gr. /SaAAm ? So Dr Cameron, 
 glue, socket of the eye : 
 glug, noise of liquid in a vessel when moved, Ir. glug (do.), glugal, 
 
 clucking of a hen ; Eng. elv/ck, All are onamatopoetic. See 
 
6^ THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. l79 
 
 gloe. Also glugach, stammering : " clucking." Cf. Sc. 
 
 glugger, to make a noise in the throat by swallowing any 
 
 liquid, 
 gluig, addled (of an egg) ; from the above word. Cf. W. clwc, 
 
 soft, addled (of an egg), 
 glumadh, a great mouthful of liquid, glumag, a deep pool ; allied 
 
 to glug above, 
 glfln, the knee, Ir., 0. Ir. gliin, W., Br. glin : * gMnos. Stokes 
 
 compares Albanian g'u (g'uri, g'um), knee. Possibly by dis- 
 similation of the liquids for *gn'iino8, from *gn'd, *gneu, 
 
 allied to Eng. knee, Gr. yvu^, on the knee, 
 glut, voracity, glutair, a glutton, W. glwth (do.), Br. glout ; from 
 
 Lat. glutire, swallow, Eng. glutton. 
 gnaithseach, arable land under crop (M'A.) : 
 gnamhan, periwinkle (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. gnamhan : 
 g^ath, custom, usual, Ir. gndth, 0. Ir. gndth, solitus, W. gnawd, 
 
 custom : *gndto- ; Lat. {g)n6i/us, known ; Gr. -yvojTos (do.) ; 
 
 Skr. jndta (do.) ; root gn6, gnd, gen, know, Eng. know, etc. 
 gn6, nature, kind, Ir. gne, 0. Ir. gne, gen. gnie, pi. gndthi (neuter 
 
 s-stem) : * gneses- ; root gen, beget, Lat. genus, Gr. -yevicns, 
 
 genesis, ■yevos, Eng. kind. 
 g^lomh, a deed, Ir. gniomh, 0. Ir. gnim : *gnimv- ; root gn£, gnd, 
 
 gen, know ; Lat. gnavus, active, nosco, know ; Gr. yiyvwa-Kui, 
 
 Eng. know, ken, can. 
 gn6, gnodh, gruff (Arm.) ; cf. Ir., E. Ir. gnd, derision, 
 gnob, a bunch, tumour ; from the English knob. 
 gnog, a knock ; from Eng. knock. 
 gnogach, sulky (Sh., O'R., etc.), gnoig, a surly frown (H.S.D.) ; 
 
 cf . gnii, gruig, 
 gnoimh, visage, grin (Arm., M'D., M'A.) ; cf. gnuis. 
 gnoin, shake and scold a person (M'A.) : 
 gnomh, grunt of a pig (M'A.), for gromh, Ir. grossachd : an 
 
 onomatopoetic word, allied to Lat. grunnire, grunt, Gr. ypv, 
 
 swine's grunt, Eng. grant, gmmph. 
 gndmhan, a groaning (of an animal), grunting ; a long-vowel form 
 
 of gnomh ? 
 gnos, a snout (especially of a pig), Ir. gros, grossach, having a 
 
 large snout : *grupso- ; Gr. ypvtf/, a griffin, " hook-nosed," 
 
 ypvTTos, bent, Ger. krumm. 
 g^6sd, gndsad, gniisd, low noise of a cow, Ir. gmdsachd : *gnMnrSo- ; 
 
 see gnomh, grunt, and gndmhan. 
 gnothach, business, Ir. gndthuig (pron. gnaihadgh), gn6 (pi. 
 
 gndthaidhe) : *gnavo-, active, Lat. gnaims, active, Eng. know. 
 
 See gnwmA and gnhth, for root. 
 gnii, gno, surly, parsimonious, gatigach, surly. See gnb and gruig 
 
180 BTYMOiX)GICAL DiCTiONARir 
 
 gndis, the face, countenance, Ir., 0. Ir. gniiis (fern, i-declension) ; 
 *gnAsti- ; root gen, know, Eng. know, etc. 
 
 gntith, a frowning look ; see gnu. 
 
 gb, a lie, fault, Ir. g6, lie, fraud, 0. Ir. g6, gdo, gdu, W. gau, Br. 
 gou, gaou : *gavo-. Cf. Gr. -yava-os, crooked, yava-dSai, a liar 
 (Ernault). Bezzenberger gives several alternatives ; Lit. 
 pri-gduti, deceive, or Persian zur, false, or Gr. x"*'"''*, spongy, 
 Xaos, abyss. 
 
 gob, a beak, bill, Ir. gob, bill, mouth, E. Ir. gop-chJoel, lean-jawed : 
 *gobbo-, root gobh, gehh ; Gr. ■ya/i.<^Aat, yafi,<f>ai, jaws ; Cb. 
 SI. «^6m, tooth, zobati, eat ; Skr. jambhas, a tooth. Stokes 
 compares it (*gobh-n6-) to Zend, zafan, mouth. The relation- 
 ship to Eng. gobbet, gobble, Fr. gobet, 0. Fr. gober, devour, is 
 not clear. But cf. also Eng. gab, gabble, G. gai. 
 
 gobha, gobhainn, a smith, Ir. gobha, g. gobhann, 0. Ir. goba, g. 
 gobann, 0. W. gob, W. gof, pi. gqfion. Cor. gof, Br. go, Gaid. 
 Gobann- : *gobdn- ; root gobh, as in Gr. y6fi.<f>os, a bolt, Eng. 
 comb (Windisch), for which see gob. Lat. faber may, however, 
 be allied, and the root then be gJiob. 
 
 gobhal, a fork, Ir. gabhal, fork, gable, 0. Ir. gabul, W. gafl, Br. 
 gaol : *gabalu- ; Eng. gahle, Ger. gabel, fork ; Gr. Ke^aA.ij, 
 head. 
 
 gobhai, a goat, Ir. gabhar, 0. Ir. gabor, W. gafr, Corn, gauar, Br. 
 gabr, gaffr, Gaul, gahro- : *gabro- ; root gab of gabh, take, as 
 Lat. caper is allied to capio, take (Loth) ? Stokes gives the 
 stem as *gam.-ro-, root gam of geamhradh, winter, and 
 gamhuinn, I. E. g^Ai'm / but im of ^Ai'm could not change to 
 Gaul, ab in gabro-. 
 
 gOC, a tap, cock ; from the Eng. cock. 
 
 gocaman, an usher, attendant, sentinel, or look-out man ; Martin's 
 (Western Isles, p. 103) gockmin, cochman ; from Scandinavian 
 goh-Tnan, look-out man (Arms. ; Mackinnon says it is Danish). 
 For root, cf . Ger. gvchen, peep. 
 
 godach, giddy, coquettish (Sh., etc.) ; cf. gabhd. 
 
 gog, a nod, tossing of the head, Ir. gog ; from Eng. cock. 
 
 gogaid, a giddy female, Ir. gogaide ; from Eng., Fr. coquxite. 
 
 gogail, cackling, noise of liquor issuing from a cask, Ir. gogallach ; 
 Eng. cackle. The words are onomatopoetic. Also goglals. 
 
 gogan, a wooden milk-pail, also cogan; from Sc. cogue, cog, 
 apparently allied to M. Eng. coy, ship, Norse kuggi, a small 
 ship, Teutonic kuggon-, ship. 
 
 goic, a tossing of the head in disdain, a scoff, Ir. goic ; founded on 
 the Eng. cock, like gog, q.v. 
 
 gold, steal, Ir. goidim, E. Ir. gataim . *gad-d6 ; root gad, ghad, 
 ffhed, seize ; Gr. x<»''S«vw, ex"^'"') told, contain ; Lat. pre- 
 
bP tMb GABLI'C LANOtJAGfi. 181 
 
 hendo, seize, praeda, booty, hedera, ivy ; Eng. gd,. Thur. has 
 compared the Lat. hasta, spear, giving a stem *ghazdho-. 
 goigean, a bit of fat meat, cluster, thread tangle or kink ; cf. 
 gagan : * gaggo- ; cf. Gr. yayy kiov, ganglion, a " knot," Eng. 
 
 goil, boil, Jr. gailim, seethe, boil : *gali- ; I. E. ^el, well, Ger. 
 
 quellen, gush. See next. 
 goile, a stomach, appetite, Ir. goile, gaile, stomach, appetite, 
 
 throat, M. Ir. gaile ; also 0. Ir. gelim, I consume ; Lat. gula, 
 
 throat (Eng. gullet), glutire, swallow (Eng. glutton) ; Skr. 
 
 gilati, swallow ; I. E. gel, allied to root of goil. 
 goileag, a haycock, cole ; from the Sc. cole, Eng. coll. 
 goileam, tattle, chattering, also gothlam {I = le) ; see gothlam. 
 goill, distorted face, angry face, grin, blubber lip ; cf . Ir. gailledg, 
 
 a blow on the cheek, G. gailleag. Cf. for root Gr. x^'^os^ liP) 
 
 * X&rXo<; = Skr. ghas, eat, swallow. 
 goillir, a Lewis bird of the size of the swallow, which comes to 
 
 land in winter (Arms.) : 
 golmh, anguish, pain, Ir. goimh : *gomi-, root gom, gem, press, 
 
 Lat. gemo, groan, Ch. SI. zimq,, compress. 
 goin, gointe ; see gon. 
 goir, caU, cry, crow, Ir. goirim, E. Ir. gairim, 0. Ir. adgaur, 
 
 convenio : *gard, speak, I. E. ger, cry ; Gr. yipavoi, crane, 
 
 SeLptav, abuse ; Skr. jdrate, cry, crackle ; further Lat. garrio, 
 
 chatter (*gars-), Eng. garrulous. Lit. garsas, noise ; also root 
 
 gdr, as in Gaelic gdir, Gr. y^/ous, voice, etc. 
 goireas, convenience, apparatus ; from gar, near, and goirid. 
 goirid, short, Ir. gairid, 0. Ir. garit. For root, see gedrr (Skr. 
 
 hrasva, short, etc.), from which comes the comparative g^orra. 
 
 Also gar, near, q.v. 
 goirt, sore, sour, Ir. goirt, sore, salt, E. Ir. goirt, bitter : *gorti^, 
 
 I. E. gher, be rough, as in garhh. 
 goirtean, a little field of corn, croft, Ir. gwrtin, gort, garden, corn- 
 field, 0. Ir. gort, seges, W. garth, enclosure, Br. garz (do.) : 
 
 *gorto- ; Lat. hortus ; Gr. X°P'''°s, straw-yard ; Eng. garden, 
 
 garth, etc. 
 gdisinn, g6isne, a snare, Ir. gaisde, 0. Ir. goiste, suspendium. Cf. 
 
 gaoisid. 
 goisridh, company, people ; see gasraidh. 
 goisdidh, gossip, godfather, M. Ir. goistihe, godfather ; from 
 
 M. Eng. godsibbe, now gossip. 
 golag, a budget : *gulo- ; Gr. yvXios, wallet, 0. H. G. kiulla. 
 gdlanach, two-headed (H.S.D.) : "forked," ixom. gohhlan ? 
 gomag, a nip, pinch (M'L., gdmag) : 
 
182 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAET 
 
 gon, wound, Ir. gonadh, wounding, E. Ir. gonim : *gond, I wound, 
 
 I. E. ghen; Gr. (jiovos, slaughter, Ouvw, hit; Norse gunnr, 
 
 battle, 0. H. G. gundea (do.) ; Skr. han, strike, slay. 
 gdraoh, silly, Ir. gorach ; Gr. yaC/oos, exulting, skittish, haughty ; 
 
 root gav,, be free, Lat. gaudium, Eng. joy. 
 gorm, blue, green, Ir., E. Ir. gorm, blue, W. gwrm, dusky : gorsmo-, 
 
 root gor, warm ("warm colour"), as in G. gar (Stokes). 
 gorsaid, a cuirass, gorget ; from Eng. gorget. 
 tgort, a field, standing corn, Ir. gort ; see garf, goirtean. 
 gort, goirt, famine, Ir. gorta, 0. Ir. gorte ; I. E. gher, desire, 
 
 want ; Gr. xp'ws, necessity, Xf^lK*^) wish ; Eng. yearn. 
 goth, toss the head contemptuously or giddily (M'A.) ; gdth, airy 
 
 gait (Arm., gothadh, Sh., O'K.) ; possibly from Eng. go. Of. 
 
 W. goth, pride, 
 gothlam, prating noise, M. Ir. gothach, noisy ; from guth. 
 grab, interrupt, grabadh, hindrance, Ir. grabadh ; apparently 
 
 from Eng. grab. Of. W. crap, prehensio, Eomance graffo. 
 grabh, abhorrence : 
 
 g^rabh, grabhail, engrave, Ir. grahh&il ; from Eng. grave, engrave. 
 grsLchdan, querulous noise of hens, Ir. gragoill, clucking of a hen, 
 
 crow's crowing. See grag. 
 grad, sudden, Ir. grad, grod : *groddo-, root grod, gred, as in 
 
 greas, q.v. 
 gr&da, ugly ; usual form of grdmda, q.v. 
 gradan, snuff, com kilned by burning its straw, the meal derived 
 
 from the foresaid corn, Ir. graddn. Cf. greadan. 
 gradh, love, Ir. grddh, E. Ir. grad : *grddo-, *grd-dho-, root grd ; 
 
 Lat. gratus, Eng. grateful ; Skr. gurdhdya, praise ; Gr. ye/oas, 
 
 honour, 
 gridran, complaining noise of hens ; onomatopoetic. See grog. 
 gr&g, croaking of crows, Ir. grdg ; Eng. croak, crake. Onomato- 
 poetic words. Cf. I. E. grdq, Lat. graculus, gracillare, hen's 
 
 cry, M.. H. G. kragelen, cackle, 
 gragair, glutton (Sh., O'B., etc.), Ir. gragaire (O'B.), grdgaire 
 
 (Con.) : 
 graigh, stud, flock of horses ; see greigh. 
 griin, abhorrence, disgust, Ir. grdin, E. Ir. grain, W. graen, grief, 
 
 rough : *gragni- (Strachan, Stokes). Ch. SI. groga, horrible, 
 griineag, a hedgehog, Ir. grdinedg : the " horrent one ;" from 
 
 grdin above, 
 graing, disdain, a frown, Ir. grainc. Cf. sgraing. 
 gr^inne, a grain, small quantity, Ir. grdinne, 0. Ir. grdinne, 
 
 granulum, grdn, granum, W. gravm, Cor. gronen, Br. grevm,, 
 
 (pi.) : *qrdno- ; Lat. grdnum {*gfno-) ; Eng. cvm (Stokes), 
 
 Some hold that the Celtic is borrowed from the Latin. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 183 
 
 g^ainnseach, a grange, Ir. grdinseach ; from the Eng. 
 
 grainnseag, a cracknel (M'F.), bear berry (H.S.D. for N.H.) : 
 
 gr^is, prosperity, blessing (N.H.) ; from gras. 
 
 glhisg, a rabble, Jr. grdisg, gramhaisg, gramaisg : 
 
 gramaich, hold, keep fast, Ir. gramuighim, ; see greim. 
 
 gramur, refuse of grain (H.S.D.) : 
 
 gr^n, kiln-dried grain, Ir. gr&n, corn, 0. Ir. grdn ; see grainne. 
 
 granda, gr^da, ugly, Ir. granda, granna, E. Ir. grdnde, grdnna, 
 teter, dirus ; from grhin, q.v. 
 
 gr&pa, a graip, dimg fork, Ir. grdpa ; from Sc. graip. 
 
 gras, grace, Ir., M. Ir. grds, W. gras ; from Lat. gratia. 
 
 grath, terror (Dial., H.S.D.) : 
 
 grathuinn, a while ; for *trdthain, from trdth, influenced hj greis? 
 
 g^ead, wound, whip, burn, Ir. greadaim ; cf. W. greidio, scorch : 
 *greddo- ; root ghredh ; cf. Eng. grind. Swedish gradda, 
 bake, may be compared. 
 
 greadan, a considerable time with all one's might at anything 
 (M'A.) ; from gread. 
 
 greadan, parched com ; from gread. Cf. gradan. Ir. greadog 
 means " griddle." 
 
 greadhan, greadhuinn, a convivial party, happy band. Ir. 
 greadhanach, drolling, G. greadhnach, joyful ; root gred, go, 
 as in greas, q.v. ? 
 
 g^ealach, greallach, entrails : *gre-lach, root gr, I. E. ghr, gut ; 
 Gr. xop&ri, gut, Eng. cord ; Lat. haruspex, diviner, " entrails- 
 inspector," hernia, rupture. Shaw has greathlach. Hence 
 greallach, dirty, Ir. greallach, clay, dirty. Cf. Eng. gore. 
 
 greallag, a swingle-tree : 
 
 greann, hair, bristling of hair, surly look, Ir. greann, beard, fair 
 hair, E. Ir. grend, beard, W., Br. grann, eyelid, cilium : 
 *grenda ; Ger. granne, beard of com or cat, Norse grdn, 
 moustache. Span, grena, tangled hair, Prov. Fr. gren, 0. Fr. 
 grenon, beard of cheek and lip ; Albanian hrtpide. 
 
 greas, hasten, urge, Ir. greasuighim, M. Ir. gressim : *gred-to- ; 
 I. E. ghredh, step out, go ; Lat. gradior, gradus, step ; Got. 
 grids, a step ; Ch. SI. gr§d<}, stride, come ; Skr. grdhyati, step 
 out. The E. Ir. grisaim, I incite, is a different word, coming 
 from gris, fire. 
 
 greidil, a gridiron, Ir. greidil, greideal, W. greidel, gradell, 0. W. 
 gratell ; from Late Lat. graticula, from craiis, wicker-work, 
 Eng. crate, grate, grill, hurdle. Eng. griddle, M. Eng. gredel, 
 are the same as the Celtic words. Skeat has suggested gread 
 above as the origin of the Celtic forms ; cf. Ir. greaddg, a 
 griddle. Hence greidlean, an instrument for turning the 
 bannocks on the griddle. 
 
184: ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 ^£idh, prepare, dress, Ir. griasaim ; see grUs. 
 
 greigh, a stud of horses, Ir., M. Tr. groigh, E. Ir. graig, W. gre : 
 
 *gragi- ; Lat. grex, flock ; Gr. yapyapa, heaps ; 0. H. G. 
 
 quarter, herd, 
 greim, a hold, a morsel, so Ir., 0. Ir. greim, greimm, a hold, 
 
 strength, W. grym, force, strength : * gredsmen- ; root gher, 
 
 hold, Gr. x^Vi hand, Skr. hdras, grip. Stokes separates 
 
 greim, morsel, from greim, hold, strength. Greim, morsel, he 
 
 refers to *gresmen, a bite, Skr. grdsati, devour, Gr. ypdio, 
 
 eat, Norse krds, a dainty, 
 greis, prowess, onset, slaughter, a champion, E. Ir. gress, grdss, 
 
 attack ; from the root of greas above (Stokes). 
 greis, a while, Ir. do ghreas, always, 0. Ir. do gr4s, do gress, 
 
 semper, M. Ir. do-gres : *grend-to-, going on, root grend, gred, 
 
 1. E. ghredh as in greas. Strachan gives *grencs-, and com- 
 pares Norse hringr, round, Ger. kring. See treis. 
 gr^is, greus, embroidery, needle-work, Ir. ohair-ghr^is, from gr^as, 
 
 E. Ir. gress, any work of art or trade ; see greusaich. 
 greds, expansion of the thighs, gredsgach grinning (H.S.D.) : 
 
 '^grencs- ; Norse hringr, round, Ger. Taring . 
 greusaich, griasaich, shoemaker, any worker in embroidery or 
 
 furniture : *greid-to- ; Gadelic greid, dress, broider, I. E. 
 
 ghrei, rub ; Gr. xp°''"'i XP'^f^ hide, skin, colour, xP"^j anoint 
 
 (Christus). 
 grian, sun, Ir., 0. Ir. grian : * greind, ghr-eind, root gher, warm, 
 
 as in gar. Cf. Skr. ghrnis, sunshine, ghramsa, heat ; W. 
 
 greian, what gives heat, sun. See further under grlos. Hence 
 
 grianan, sunny place, summer house, solarium of Lat., from 
 
 sol, sun. 
 griasaich, a species of aculeatcd fish: "cobbler" fish; from 
 
 griasaich, shoemaker, 
 grid, substance, quality ; from Sc. grit, grain of stones, grit, grain, 
 
 Eng. grit. Hence grldeil, industrious (M'A.). 
 grigirean, the constellation of Charles' wain, grigleachan, a 
 
 constellation ; see grioglachan. 
 grlleag, a grain of salt, any small matter : *gris-il-, root greis, 
 
 gravel, as in grinneal. 
 grimeach, grim, surly ; from Eng. grim, Norse grimmr. 
 grlmeil, warlike (H.S.D. ), Ir. grim^amhuil (Lh., O'B.), grim, war; 
 
 from the Norse grimmr, fierce, wroth ? 
 grinn, pretty, Ir. grinn, E. Ir. grind : *grnni-, "bright;" root 
 
 gher, as in grian, grlos. Cf. glinn. 
 grinneal, bottom of the sea, gravel, Ir. qrinnioll, channel, bed of 
 
 a river, sand of the sea, sea-bottom, M. Ir. grinnell : *gris-ni-, 
 
 root greis, gris, gravel, E. Ir. grian, gravel (* greisano-), W, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 185 
 
 graian, gravel, greienyn, a grain of gravel. Rhys (Hib. Lect., 
 
 571) refers these words to the root of grian, sun, the particle of 
 
 gravel being supposed to be " a shining thing." This view is 
 
 supported by grioglachan and griogag, q.v. 
 griob, nibble (Heb.) ; from Sc. gnip, gnaw, eat, Eng. nip, nibble. 
 griobh, a pimple (M'A.) : 
 griobhag, hurry : 
 grioch, a decaying or lean young deer, g;riochan, consumption 
 
 (Dial., H.S.D.) : 
 griogag, a pebble, bead : *grizgo-, root gris, greis, gravel, as in 
 
 grinneal. 
 grioglaohan, Pleiades, grigleachan, a constellation, Ir. griogcMn, 
 
 constellation. For root, see griogag. 
 griomacach, thin-haired, griomagacli, shrivelled grass (H.S.D.) : 
 grioman, a certain species of lichen, malt bud (H.S.D.) : 
 grios, entreat, pray, Ir. griosaim, encourage, incite, rake up a fire ; 
 
 from, earher grios, heat, which see in grwsach. 
 griosach., burning embers, Ir. griosach, coals of fire, burning 
 
 embers, M. Ir. grissach, E. Ir. gris, fire, embers, Br. groez, 
 
 heat : *grens, *grns, heat ; Skr. ghrazasa, sun heat, sunshine ; 
 
 root gker of gar, q.v. Heuce gris, inflammation ; Ir. gris, 
 
 pimple, 
 gris, horror ; from Sc. grise, to shudder, M. Eng. gris-, horror, 
 
 griseful, grise, horrible, Eng. grisly. 
 grisionn, brindled, gris-fhlonn, "gray-white," gris (Sh. gris), 
 
 gray ; from M. Eng. gris, gray fur. 
 gritirach, the measles, griuthach (do.), griobhach (M'A.), 
 
 griuragan, indefinitely small particle, pustules on the skin ; 
 
 root ghru, as in grothlach. 
 grob, join by indentation, serrate ; cf. M. Eng. gropin, to groove, 
 
 also grovpe and grave. A borrowed G. word. 
 grobag, a poor, shrivelled woman ; from grbb. 
 groban, top or point of a rock, hillock : 
 groban, mugwort (N.H.) : 
 groc, croak, frown on ; from Eng. croak. 
 giod., rotten, E. Ir. grot, gruiten, stale butter, small curds in 
 
 whey : a metathesis of goirt 1 
 groganach, wrinkled (as heather), Ir. grug, a wrinkle ; cf. gruig. 
 groig, awkwardness, perverseness, groigean, awkward man ; see 
 
 _ grilig. 
 gr5iseid, a goose-berry ; from the Sc. groset, from 0. Fr. *grose, 
 
 grosele, gooseberry, whence Eng. gooseberry, for grooseberry. 
 grdmhan, a groaning, growling ; the same as gnbmhan. 
 gros, snout ; correct spelling of gnos, q.v. 
 gr6ta, a groat ; from the Eng. 
 
 24 
 
186 ETTMOLOQICAL ftlCrlONAKT 
 
 grothlach, a gravel pit, abounding in gravel (O'B., Sh., etc.), Ir. 
 
 grothlach, W. gro, pebbles, Cor. grow, gravel, Br. growm. 
 
 From these come Eng. gravel, 0. Fr. gravele. Cf. Norse 
 
 grjot, stones, Ag. S. grett, Eng. grit, root grut, Lit. griisti, 
 
 pound, bray, Gr. xpvcro'i, gold ( = xpi'S-o-os). 
 grotonach, corpulent (O'B., Sh., etc.), so Ir. : " heavy-breeched" 
 
 (Arms. ) — * grod-tdnach. 
 gruag, hair of the head, a wig, Ir. grdag : *grunkd, root gru, 
 
 Eng. crumple ? Hence gruagach, a maiden, brownie, 
 gruaidh, cheek, brow, Ir. gruaidh, cheek, E. Ir. gruad, W. grudd, 
 
 Cor. grud, maxilla : *grovdos. Bez. suggests the root ghrud, 
 
 ghreud, as in grothlach, above, the idea being "pounding, 
 
 mashing" (Lit. grusti, bray, pound), and the original force 
 
 "jaw" : cf. Lat. maxilla and macero, macerate. Stokes 
 
 queries if it is from the root of Eng. great. 
 gruaigean, a species of sea-weed (H.S.D. for Heb.), birses (M'A.) ; 
 
 from gruag. 
 gruaim, gloom, surly look, Ir. gruaim : *grox(,sm£n- ; root grevjt, 
 
 grut, Lat. brutus, dull, Eng. brute, Lettic grdts, heavy. 
 
 Stokes cfs. only Ch. SI. svrgrustiti s§, grieve over, 
 grddair, a brewer, Ir. grudaire, griiid, malt : *gruddi- ; Aug. Sax. 
 
 grii,t, coarse meal, Ger. griitze, groats, Dan. grod ; Lit. grddas, 
 
 corn. Eng. grit, groats are allied. Hence grtiid, lees. 
 grtiig, a drooping attitude, churlishness, churlish, Ir. gr^, a 
 
 grudge, anger, gruig, churlishness (O'B.), gruc, sulky (O'Cl.) ; 
 
 cf. Eng. grvdge, M. Eng. grucchen, 0. Fr. grouchier, grovjcier. 
 
 Also grdgach, wrinkled. 
 gruilleamach, prancing, leaping suddenly (H.S.D.) : 
 grunnaich, sound, fathom ; see grvnnd. 
 grunn, grunnan, a handful, lot, crowd (Dial, grainnean), 0. Ir. 
 
 grinne, fascis, fasciculum, Br. gronn, a heap : *grendio-, 
 
 *grondo- ; Gr. ypovdo's, closed fist, Skr. grantha, bind, etc. 
 
 (Stokes for 0. Ir.). Cf. for root briid. 
 g^unnasg, groundsel ; fonned on the Eng. 
 grunnd, bottom, ground, thrift ; from Sc. grund, bottom or 
 
 channel in water, Norse grunnr, bottom of sea or river, Eng. 
 
 ground. Hence grunndail, steadfast, solid, sensible. 
 grdnsgul, a grunting ; from * grunn, grunt, Lat. grunnire, Eng. 
 
 grunt. 
 gruth, curds, Ir., M. Ir. gmth : *grutu- ; Eng. curds, M. Eng. 
 
 criui, Sc. crowdie, croods ; Gr. ypvo-n, will malt, ypv-n) (y long), 
 
 frippery ; I. E. gru, Eng. crumb, Ger. krauen, Gr. ypv, morsel. 
 
 Hence gruitheam, curds and butter : gruth + im. 
 griithaii, grtian, liver, Ir. aev. gnlan (Lh. Comp. Voc. sub "jecur") : 
 
 *grilso- : root ghru, gritty, of grothlach. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 187 
 
 gu, to, ad, Ir. go, gu, 0. Ir. co, cu, W. bw in hivy gilydd, to its 
 
 fellow: *qos; Ch. S). Tcu, to; cf. Lat. usque for *quos-que2 
 
 (Bez.). Used adverbially in gu math, gu k-olc. 
 guag, a giddy, whimsical fellow, Ir. gtiag, guaigin, folly, silly one ; 
 
 from M. Eng. gowke, goki, a fool. So. gowk, Eng. gawky. 
 guag, a splay-foot ; see cuag. 
 
 guaigean, thick, little and round : *goug-go-, root gu, bend. 
 guaillean, a coal of fire ; see yual. 
 
 guaillich, go hand in hand : " shoulder to shoulder ;" see guala. 
 guaimeas, quietness ; see guamach. 
 guaineas, briskness, liveliness ; see guanach. 
 gaairdean, vertigo ; cf. Ir. gHairdedn, whirlwind ; from cuairt ? 
 guairsgeach, curled, crinitus, Ir. giiaire, hair of the head ; from 
 
 I. E. gu, bend, as in guala. 
 tguais, danger, guaiseach, dangerous, Ir. gtiais, 0. Ir. giiassacht: 
 guait, leave (" Gabh no guait e" — Take or leave it) ; from Eng. 
 
 quit ? 
 gual, coal, Ir. gnal : *goulo-, *geulo- ; root geul, gul ; Teutonic 
 
 *kola-, Norse kol, coals, Ger. kohle, Eng. coal. W glo, Br. 
 
 glaou, '^gldvo- (Stokes), is allied to Eng. glow. 
 guala, gualann, shoulder, Ir. guala, g. gualann, E. Ir. gualu, g. 
 
 gualand : *qoul6n-, root geu, gu, gu, bend ; Gr. yuiov, limb, 
 
 yvakov, a hollow, yvijs, ploughtree (Lat. hura) ; Old Bactrian 
 
 gdo, hand. Strachan and Stokes give the root gvh, bend, 
 
 stem *gubldn-, I. E. ghevhh, bend, Gf. /cv^os {v long), bent, 
 
 stooping ; Lettic gubt, stoop. 
 guamach, neat, snug, smirking ; also " plentiful" (Sh., O'R.) : 
 guanach, light, giddy, Ir. guanach, guamnach, M. Ir. guamnacha, 
 
 active (O'Cl.) ; root yuam of guamach above. 
 gucag, a bubble, bell, globule, bud : *guhko-, Ger. kugel, ball. 
 gtida, a gudgeon, Ir. guda ; formed on Eng. gudgeon, M. Eng. gojon. 
 guga, the solan goose, a fat, silly fellow, Ir. guga. See next word 
 
 for root. 
 gugail, clucking of poultry, Ir. gugailim : an onomatopoetic word. 
 
 Cf. Eng. chtcck. See also gogail. 
 guidh, pray, guidhe, a prayer, wish, Ir. guidhim, guidhe, 0. Ir. 
 
 guidiu, gude, guide : *godio-, root ged, god, I. E. ghedh, ask ; 
 
 Gr. TTodeto, desire, Oecrcraa-Oai, pray for ; Got. bidjan, ask, 
 
 Ag. S. biddan, Eng. bid. 
 guil, weep, Ir., E. Ir. guilim ; see gal. 
 guilbneach, the curlew : " beaked one,'' H Tr. gulbnech, beaked, 
 
 0. Ir. gulban, beak, 0. W. gilbin, acumine, W. gylf, bill, beak, 
 
 gylfant, Cor. gilb, foratorium, geluin, rostrum : *gulbano- ; 
 
 Ger. kolben, piston, knob, gun-stock. Bez. compares only 
 
 N. Slovenic golhati, gnaw. Cf. Lit. gulbe, swan. 
 
188 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AET 
 
 guileag, the swan's note, warbling (Sh. has guillag, chattering of 
 
 birds, O'E. guilleog); root gal, cry, call, Lat. gallus, cock, 
 
 Eng. cam 
 gain, a wound, 0. Ir. guin : *goni- ; see gon. 
 guir, hatch, lie on eggs, gur, hatching, Ir. gv/r, W. gori, to brood ; 
 
 from the root gor, gar, warm. See gar. 
 guirean, a pimple, gur, a festering, Jr., M. Ir. guirin, pustule, 
 
 E. Ir. gur, pus, W. g&r, pus, goryn, pustula : *gory^, fester, 
 
 "heat;" root gor, gar, warm, as in gar. 
 guisead, a gusset ; from the Eng. 
 guit, a corn-fan, unperforated sieve : *gottid : 
 guitear, a gutter, kennel ; from Eng. gutter. 
 gulm, a gloom, forbidding look ; from the Eng. ? 
 gulmag, sea^lark (H.S.D.) : 
 
 gun, without, Ir. gan, 0. Ir. een ; Gr. Ktvos, empty. 
 gu'n, gu'm, that, Gr. oVt, Ir. go, 0. Ir. co, con. Windisch con- 
 siders this the prep, con, with, and co, to ; Zim. and Thur. 
 
 regard it as from co, to (see gu). The latter explains the n 
 
 as the relative : *co-sn, a view supported by the verbal 
 
 accent being on the first syllable and by the occasional form 
 
 conn (?). See cha'n. 
 giin, gown, Ir. gii,7ia ; from the Eng. gown, from W. gton {*gwun), 
 
 from Celtic *vo-ov,no , root in Lat. ex-uo, dofiF, ind-%io, don, 
 
 Lit. aunii, put on shoes, duti. 
 gunna, a gun, Ir., M. Ir. gumma ; from M. Eng. gunne, Eng. gun. 
 gur, that, Ir. gur : *co-ro; see gu'n for co. Uses are : Gur 
 
 cfrvaidh e = 0. Ir. corrop cruaid i : corrop is now Ir. gtirab, 
 
 that is co-ro-ha (ba, verb " to be"). 
 guraiceach, a blockhead (Sh., H.S.D.) : 
 gurpan, crupper ; from Sc. curpoti, Eng., 0. Fr. crowpon. 
 gurrach, gurraban, crouching, crouching on the hunkers : *gur- 
 
 t?ia-, from gur, brooding, as in guir ? 
 gurt, fierceness, sternness of look ; also gart, q.v. 
 gus, to, Ir. gus, 0. Ir. cossin, to the, to which; prep, gu, co, and 
 
 the article or relative. The s of the article is preserved after 
 
 the consonant of co ( = qos). 
 gusair, sharp, keen, strong, Ir. gusmhar, strong ; from gus, force, 
 
 smartness : *gustu^, " choice," root gu, Eng. choose. 
 gusgan, a hearty draught : 
 gusgul, refuse, dirt, idle words, roaring : 
 guth, voice, Ir., 0. Ir. guth : *gutu- ; I. E. gu ; Gr. yoos, groan ; 
 
 Skr. ha, call, cry, liavate, calls ; Ch. SI. zova, to call. This is 
 
 different from I. E. g.u, Gr. ^o^, shout, Lat. bovare, cry 
 
 (Prellwitz, Osthoff). 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 189 
 
 i, she, Ir. i, si, 0. Ir. i, hi, si, W., Br. hi : *si; Got. si, ea, Ger. 
 sie, tliey ; Skr. syd : I. E. sjo-, sja- (Brug.). See sa, so, sin. 
 
 iach, a yell, cry, Ir. iac/idadh, 0. Ir. iacktaim : *eicto-, *eig-to-, 
 from eig of ^igh. 
 
 t iach, a salmon, E. Ir. e6, g. iach, W., Br. eog, W. ehawc. Cor. 
 ehog : *escue; Lat. esoa; .• Basque izohin (borrowed from Celtic). 
 
 iad, they, Ir. iad, E. Ir. iat, 0. Ir. only in olseat-som, say they, W. 
 hwynt : confusion of roots ei, sjo with the 3rd plur. in nt. Of 
 E. Ir. iat, siat, Brugmanu says : — " These have the ending of 
 the 3rd plur. of the verb ; later on iat, siat were detached, 
 and began an independent existence." Stokes similarly says 
 they are se and hwy with the nt of the verbal 3d pi. added. 
 
 iadach, jealousy, Ir. ead ; see eud. 
 
 iadh, encompass, Ir. iadJiaim, join, shut, surround, E. Ir. iadaim : 
 *eidd6, *ei-dho-, root ei, go ? Stokes analyses it into *ei- 
 ddmd, for *epi-ddmfi, Skr. api-ddnd, a lock : for epi, see Gr. 
 eTTi under iar ; and ddmd is from dho, dhe, place, Gr. TtOrjfii, 
 Lat. facio. It has also been correlated to Gr. Trie^o/jMi, press, 
 Skr. ptdapti, press {*pisdd), from pise, stamp, press, Lat. 
 pistor, etc. 
 
 ial, moment, season, gleam of sunshine ; a poetic word, seemingly 
 a metaphoric use of iall. 
 
 iall, a thong, Ir. iall, E. Ir. iall : 
 
 t iall, a flock of birds, Ir. iall, a flock of birds, E. Ir. iall, grex ; cf. 
 eallach, ealta. 
 
 ialtag, a bat, Ir. ialtdg, E. Ir. iathlu {iatlu, O'Cl.), W. ystlum : 
 *isatal- (Ascoli). Dial, dealtag aumoch : Lat. vesper-tilio. 
 
 ian, a bird ; see eun. 
 
 iar, after, Ir. iar, 0. Ir. iar re-, post : *e{p)eron ; Skr. aparam, 
 afterwards ; Got. afar, post ; further Gr. oKidiv, behind, tTrt, 
 to, on, Skr. dpi. Lit. ape, to, on, Lat. ob. See airlfi). 
 
 iar, an iar, siar, west, Ir. iar, siar, 0. Ir. iar, occidens, aniar : a 
 special use of the prep, iar above. See ear for force. 
 
 iarbhail, anger, ferocity ; from air and boile ? 
 
 iarbhail, a consequence, remains of a disease : 
 
 iargainn, pain, Ir. iargan, groans of a dying man (O'B.) ; from air 
 and gon. 
 
 iargail, the west, evening twilight, Ir. iargiil, remote district, 
 iargedl (Con.) ; from iar and ciil, back : " behind," west. 
 
 iargail, battle, contest, so Ir., 0. Ir. irgal : air + gal, the air being 
 air{a). See gal. 
 
 iarghuil, sound, noise ; see uirghioll. 
 
 iaria, an earl, Ir. iarla, M. Ir. iarla ; from Norse jarZ, Eng. earl, 
 W. has iarll. 
 
190 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 iarmad, ofifspring, remnant, Ir. ia/rmat, oflfspring (O'B.), iarmart, 
 
 consequences of anything, iarmhar, remnant ; root mar, 
 
 remain. See mar. 
 iarmailt, the firmament, for *Jiarmaint, Ir. fiormaimeint, M. Ir. 
 
 firmeint ; from Lat. firmamentum. 
 iarna, a hank of yarn, Ir. iarna, a chain or hank of yarn ; from 
 
 Eng. yarn. 
 iarnaich, smooth with an iron ; from iarunn. 
 iarogha, great grandson, 0. Ir. iarmui, ahnepotes ; from iar and 
 
 ogha : " post-nepos." 
 iarr, ask, Ir., E. Ir. iarraim, I seek, ask, iarrair, a seeking, iarair : 
 
 * iarn-ari^, "after-go," root {p)ar,per, go, seek, bring, through, 
 
 Gr. Trelpa, experience, Lat. ex-perior, try, Eng. experience, etc. 
 
 (Stokes). See aire further for root, 
 iariiitn, iron, Ir. iarann, M. Ir. iarund, 0. Ir. iam, W. haiarn, 
 
 heam, Com. hoem, 0. Br. hoiam, Br. houarn, Gaul, isamo- 
 
 dori, ferrei ostii : *eisarno- ; Got. eisarn, 0. H. G. isarn, Ger. 
 
 eisen, Eng. iron (all borrowed from Celtic according to Brug- 
 
 mann, Stokes, etc.). Shrader regards the eis or is of eisamo- 
 
 as only a different vowel-scale form of I. E. ayos, ayes-, metal, 
 
 whence Lat. des, Eng. ore. 
 iasachd, iasad, a loan, Ir. iasachd, E. Ir. iasacht : 
 iasg, fish, Ir. iasg, O. Ir. iasc, cesc, g. ^isc : *eisko-, *peisko- ; Lat. 
 
 piscis, fish ; Got. fisks, Eng. Jish. 
 t ibh, drink, M. G. ibh (M'V.). Ir. ibhim (Con. ibhim), 0. 1, ibim, 
 
 0. W. iben, bibimus, Cor. evaf, Br. eva : *ib6, *pibd ; Lat. 
 
 bibo ; Skr. pibami. 
 ic, cure, heal, so Ir. ; see ioc. 
 idir, at all, Ir. idir, 0. Ir. itir, etir : *enteri, a locative case of 
 
 enter, the stem of the prep, eadar, q.v. 
 ifrinn, hell, Ir. ifrionn, E. Ir. ifem{d), 0. Ir. ifumn ; from Lat. 
 
 infernum, adj. infemus, Eng. infernal. 
 igh, tallow (Sh.), fat (H.S.D., which marks it as obsolete), M. Ir. 
 
 ith, Manx eeh : 
 igh, i, a bum, a small stream with green banks (Suth) : 
 ilbhinn, a craggy mountain (" Mar ilbhinn ailbhein craige," Oss. 
 
 Ballad) ; if not mere jingle, it means " many-peaked " : 
 
 iol + beann. 
 ileach, variegated, Ir. ile, diversity ; see ioU. 
 im, butter, Ir. im (g. me. Coneys), E. Ir. imb, W. ymenyn. Cor. 
 
 amenen, Br. amann, amanen : * emben- or *7riben- ; Lat. unffuen, 
 
 Eng. unguent, vb. unguo, I smear : Ger. anke, butter ; Skr. 
 
 dnjas, a salve, ointment. 
 im-, about, also with intensive force, Ir. im-, 0. Ir. im-, imm- ; it 
 
 is the prefixive form of prep, mu, q.v. Also iom-. 
 
OP THii GAfiLIC LaNGTJAGE. 19l 
 
 imoheist, anxiety, doubt, 0. Ir. imchesti, contentiones ; from im- 
 
 and ceisf. 
 imeacM, journeying, imich, go, Ir. imtheachd, imthigUm, 0. Ir. 
 
 imthecht ; from im- and teachd, tighinn : imich is for im- 
 
 thigh, root tig, teig of tighinn, q.v. 
 imisg, a sarcasm, scandal : * im-isc ; for isc, see inisq. 
 imleag, navel, Jr. imleacan, imlinn, E. Ir. imbliu, ace. imblind, 
 
 imlec, imlecdn : * embilion^, * embilenho- ; Lat. umhiUciis ; Gr. 
 
 o/i^aAos ; Eng. navel ; Skr. ndbhi, ndhhtla ; I. E. onbhelo-, 
 
 nobhelo-. 
 imlich, lick, Ir. imlighim, lighim ; inb-lighim, " about-lick." With 
 
 lighim is cognate 0. Ir. ligim, I lick, W. llyaw, llyad, licking, 
 
 Br. leat (do.) : *leigd, *ligo; Lat. lingo; Gr. Xelyu) ; Eng. 
 
 lick ; Ch. SI. lizati (to lick) ; Skr. lihati. 
 imnidh, care, diligence, Ir. imnidhe, 0. Ir. imned, tribulatio : *mbi- 
 
 men-eto-, root men of menmna. Ascoli analyses the 0. Ir. as 
 
 * imb-an-eth, root an, breathe. 
 impidh, a prayer ; see iompaidh. 
 
 imreasan, controversy, Ir. imreasdn, 0. Ir. imbresan, altercatio, 
 imbresnaim, 1 strive, W. ymryson, contention, dispute : *imbi- 
 bres-, root bres of M. Ir. bressa, contentions, battles, Br., Cor. 
 bresel (from bris, break) ? Windisch suggests for Gadelic 
 
 * imm-fres-sennim (prep, imm or im and/ris, frith), from 0. Ir. 
 sennim, I drive. 
 
 imricli, remove, flit, Ir. imircim, E. Ir. invmirge, journey, expedi- 
 tion : *imbi-reg-, root reg, go, stretch (as in rach). Windisch 
 suggests imm^eirge, from eirigh. 
 
 in-, ion-, ionn-, a prefix of like force as Lat. in^, used especially 
 before medials, liquids, and s {ionn- only before s), Ir. in-, ion-, 
 inn^, ionn- (before s), 0. Ir. in- ; it is the Gadelic prep, in, ind, 
 now an, ann, in (q.v.), used as a prefix. 
 
 inbhe, quality, dignity, rank, Ir. inmhe, patrimony, estate, M. Ir. 
 indme, rank : *ind-m£d-, prep, ind (ann) and root nie, med of 
 meas ? 
 
 inbhir, a confluence of waters, Ir. innbhear, inbhear, E. Ir. indber, 
 inbir, inber, W. ynfer, influxus : *eni-bero-s (Stokes), from eni 
 or modem a»,- in, and bero-, stem of beir, Lat. fero. The 
 combination is the same as Lat. infero, Eng. inference. 
 
 inghean, a daughter, Ir. inghean, 0. Ir. ingen. Ogam inigena : 
 *eni-gend; root gen, beget (see gin) and prep, an; Lat. 
 indigena, native ; Gr. iyyovri, a grand-daughter. Also 
 nighean, q.v. 
 
 inich, neat, tidy, lively : 
 
 inid, Shrove-tide, Ir. inid, E. Ir. init, W. ynyd, Br. ened; from 
 Lat. initium. \jejunii\ beginning of Lent. 
 
192 BTTMOLOGtOAL DiCTIONAElr 
 
 inisg, a reproach ; cf. M. Ir. indsce, 0. Ir. insce, speech : *eni-sqid, 
 root seq, say, as in sgeul, q.v. Gr. evunre, Lai. inseque, say, 
 are exactly the same as Ir. in root and prefix. 
 
 inn-, ionn- (inat- before s), prep, prefix of Uke force with frith, ri, 
 against, to, Ir. inn-, ionn-, 0. Ir. ind- (int- before s), mw-, iri- : 
 *nde, Gaul, ande- : *ande, from ndh, Goth, und, for, until, 
 0. H. G. unt-as, until ; ^'kr. ddhi, up to (ndhi). 
 
 iune, a bowel, entrail, Ir. inne, innighe, E. Ir. inne, inde, 0. Ir. 
 imia, d. pi. innih, viscus, viscera : prep. in+ ? Cf. Gr. 
 evTepov, a bowel, Ger. innere, Skr. antaram ; also Dial. Eng. 
 innards (for inwards). 
 
 inneach, woof, so Ir., E. Ir. innech -. * (j))nr-mko-, root pan, thread, 
 Lat. jjanntcs, cloth, Gr. Trrjvos, woof thread on the bobbin ? 
 See further under anart. A compound with in or ind is 
 possible : in-neg-, Lat. in-necto ? 
 
 inneadh, want (M'F.) : 
 
 inneal, an instrument, arrangement, Ir. inneal, arrangement, dress, 
 E. Ir. indell, yoke, arrangement ; G. innil, prepare, ready, Ir. 
 innioUaim, arrange, E. Ir. indlim, get ready : *ind-el-, root 
 pel, join, fold, as in alt, q.v. Ascoli joins 0. Ir. intle, insidiae, 
 intledaigim, insidior, and G. innleachd, q.v. ; but gives no 
 root. 
 
 innean, an anvil, Ir. innedin, E. Ir. indedin, 0. Ir. indein, W. 
 einion [engion ?], Cor. ennian, Br. anneffn : *ande-bnis, " on- 
 hit," from inn- and bend, hit, as iu hean, q.v. 
 
 innear, dung, M. Ir. indebar : *ind-ebar ; cf. E. Ir. cann^bor 
 ( = cac, O'CL), on the analogy of which Stokes suggests that 
 ind- of indebar is ior find, white, but G. is against this. 
 
 innil, prepare, ready ; see inneal. 
 
 innis, an island, Ir. inis, 0. Ir. inis, W. ynys, Cor. enys, Br. enez, 
 pi. inisi : *inissi, from 7iss, Lat. *inssa, insula, Gr. v^cros 
 (Dor. voKTos). The connection of the Celtic, Lat., and Gr. is 
 almost certain, though the phonetics are not clear. Strachan 
 suggests for Celtic *eni-sti, " in-standing," that is, " standing 
 or being in the sea." 
 
 innis, tell, Ir. innisim, E. Ir. innisim, indisim : *indfiss-, from 
 fiss, now fios, knowledge ; root vid. Cf. adfiadim, narro 
 (*ve{d6), infiadim. 
 
 innleachd, device, mechanism, Ir. inntleachd, device, ingenuity : 
 * indrslig-iio-, root slig of slighe, v/aj ? Ascoli joins 0. Ir. 
 intle, insidise, intledaigim, insidior, and W. annel, a gin. Cor. 
 antell, ruse, Br. antell, stretch a snare or bow, and Ir. innil, a 
 gin, snare. The 0. Ir. intliucht, intellectus (with sliucht, 
 cognitio), is considered by Zimmer to be a grammatical word 
 from Lat. intellectus. Hence innlicb, aim, desire. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 193 
 
 innlinn, provender, forage : " preparation," from innil, prepare, 
 innsgin, mind, courage (H.S.D. from MSS.), innsgineach, sprightly 
 
 (SL, O'E.) : 
 inntinn, mind, Jr. inntinn : *md-seni- ; root sem or senn, as in 
 
 Ger. sinn, sense ? Kluge, however, gives ^sentno- as the 
 
 earliest form of the Ger. Possibly it may be a plural from 
 
 0. Ir. inne, sensus, meaning the "senses" originally. The 
 
 Gadelic words can scarcely be from a depraved pronunciation 
 
 of Lat. ingenium,. 
 inntreadh, inntreachduinn, a beginning, entering ; from Eng. 
 
 entering. 
 iob, a raw cake, lump of dough (H.S.D. for N.H.) : 
 iobairt, an offering, sacrifice, Ir. iodhhuvrt, M. Ir. edpart, 0. Ir. 
 
 edpart, idpart : * aith-od-bart-, root heri, her of heir, q.v. Cf. 
 
 W. aherth ( = ad-hert), a sacrifice. 
 ioc, pay, remedy, iocshlaint, a cure, salve, remedy, Ir. iocaim, 
 
 pay, remedy, iocsMdinte, a cure remedy, E. Ir. icaim, heal, 
 
 pay, O. Ir. iccaim, heal, W. iacJidu, to cure, iach, sound. Cor. 
 
 iaeh, sanus, Br. iac'h, healthy, 0. Br. iac : *jakko-, sound ; 
 
 Gr. ttKos, a cure ; Skr. yagas, grandeur. The long vowel of 
 
 the Gadelic forms is puzzling, and these have been referred 
 
 to *isacco-, from iso-, eiso-, Gr. lao/iai, heal, Skr. ishayati, 
 
 refresh. 
 iochd, clemency, humanity, Ir. iochd, clemency, confidence, E. Ir. 
 
 icht, progeny, children : 
 iochdar, the lower part, bottom, Ir. iochdar, 0. Ir. ichtar. It is 
 
 formed from ws, is, down, on the analogy of uachdar. See 
 
 \os. 
 iod, alas ! Cf. Eng. tut. Also ud, oh dear ! 
 iodhal, an image, Ir. iodhal, 0. Ir. idal ; from Lat. idolum, Eng. 
 
 idol. 
 iodhlann, a comyard, Ir. iothlann, granary, 0. Ir. ithla, g. ithland, 
 
 area, W. ydlan, 0. W. itlann, area: * (p)itit-landd, " coru- 
 
 land ;" 0. Ir. ith (g. etho), com, W., Cor. yd, Br. ed, it ; Skr. 
 
 pitu, nourishment, eating, Zend pitu, food. For further con- 
 nections, see ith, eat. For -lann, see lann. 
 iodhnadh, pangs of child-birth, Ir. iodluma, pangs, E. Ir. idu, pi. 
 
 idmn : *(p)id6n- ; Got. fitan, travail in birth. 
 logan, deceit, fraud : 
 ioghar, ioghnadh ; see iongar, iongnadh. 
 iol-, prefix denoting " many," Ir. ^o^, O.Ir. il, multus : *elu-, *pelu-, 
 
 many ; Got., 0. H. G. Jilv., Ger. viel, many ; Gr. ttoXvs, many ; 
 
 Skr. puni. The root is pel, pld, pU, as in G. Ian, lion, Eng. 
 
 full, etc. 
 iola, a fishing station (Heb. and N.H.) : 
 
 25 
 
194 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AEY 
 
 iolach, a shout, paean, Ir. iolach, merriment, 0. Ir. ilach, psean ; 
 
 cf. W. elwch, a shout. Cf. Ag. S. eald, oh, alas, 
 iolair, eagle, Ir. iolar, M. Ir. ilur, for irur, *eru/ros, W. eryr, Cor., 
 
 Br. er ; Got. ara, O. H. G. aro, Ger. oar, Ag. S. earn ; Lit. 
 
 erelis, Prus. arelie ; also Gr. opvis, a bird, 
 iolar, down (Perthshire) : a degraded adverbial form of wrlar ? Or 
 
 for *ior-ar, * air-air, "on-by?" 
 ioUagach, frolicsome ; see iuUagach. 
 ioUain, expert (H.S.D. ; Sh., O'K. ioUan) ; from eaZaidh. 
 iom-, the broad-vowel form of the prefix im-, q.v. 
 ioma, iomadh, maay, many a, Ir. ioTna, E. Ir. immad, multitude, 
 
 0. Ir. imbed, copia, immde, multus (*imbde), immdugud, 
 
 exuberantia : *m6e<o-, from the prep, imbi, embi, now im-, mu, 
 
 about (Z.^ 64). Bez. queries if allied to Lat. pinguis, thick, 
 
 Gr. iraxv's ; but gh or ghv gives in Gadelic a simple g (Ost. 
 
 Ind. For.*). Mso G. iomad, many, iomaididh, super- 
 abundance, Ir. iom/id, a multitude, much, 
 iomadan, concurrence of disasters, a mourning : 
 iomagain, imaguin, anxiety : *imh-ad-goni-, root gon of iargain ? 
 iomain, a driving (of cattle, etc.), Ir. iom4in, tossing, driving, 
 
 E. Ir. immdin, a driving (* embi-agni-), inf. to iramagim, 
 
 circumago ; Lit. ambdiges, going round, windings ; root dg, ag, 
 
 drive ; Lat. a^o, Gr. ajw, etc. 
 iomair, a ridge of land, Ir. iomaire, E. Ir. immaire, imbaire : 
 
 *embi-ario-, root ar, plough ; see ar. 
 iomair, need, behove: "serve;" Ir. timthire, servant, 0. Ir. 
 
 timmthirim, I serve. For force, cf. feum. The root is tlr, 
 
 land? 
 iomair, employ, exercise, play, noun iomairt, Ir. imirt, a game, 
 
 E. Ir. imbert, 0. Ir. vb. imbrim, infero, etc. ; for imb-berim, 
 
 root ber of beir, q.v. 
 iomall, a border, limit, Ir. imiol, E. Ir. imbel, W. ymyl : *imb-el, 
 
 " circuit," root el, go, Lat. amb-ulare, walk, which reproduces 
 
 both roots. See further under tadhal. Hence iomallacli, 
 
 remote. 
 iomarbhaidh, a struggle, Ir. iomarbhaidh, E. Ir. immarbdg : 
 
 *imm-ar-bdg- ; root bdg, strive, Norse bdgr, strife, 0. H. G. 
 
 bdga, vb. pdgan. See arahhaig. M'A. gives iomarbhuidh, 
 
 hesitation, confusion. 
 iomareach, very numerous, superfluous (Carswell's imarcach), Ir. 
 
 iomarcadi, M. Ir. imarcraid; superfluity (also " carrying," 
 
 from immuirchor, cor, place, as in iom/irchv/r). M'A. gives the 
 
 meaning as " in many distresses, distressed," and the root as 
 
 arc of aire. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 195 
 
 t iomarchur, a rowing, tumbling, straying, Ir. iomarchwr (O'B.), 
 
 E. Ir. immarchor ( = imm-ar-cor, from cor or cuir, put), carry 
 
 ing, errand, 
 iomchan, carriage, behaviour : 
 iomchar, carriage, behaviour, Ir. iomehar, E. Ir. immckor ; from 
 
 imm- and cuir, q.v. 
 iomchoire, blame, a reflection ; from iom^ and coire. 
 iomchorc, regards, -Siilutation, petition, also G., Ir. iomchomharc, 
 
 0. Ir. imchomarc, interrogatio, salutatio : * immr^iom^arc-, 
 
 from arc, ask, W. ar chaff, I ask, erchim,, Cor. arghaf, M. Br. 
 
 archas, will command: *(j>)arM, ask, root perk, prek, prk ; 
 
 Lat. precor, Eng. pray, posco ( =porcsco), demand ; Ger. frage, 
 
 forschung, question, inquiry ; Lit. prasz'^ti, beg ; Skr. pra^nas, 
 
 question. 
 iomchuidh, proper, Ir. iomchuhhaidh, M. Ir. immchviiaid ; from 
 
 iom- and cuhhaidh, q.v. 
 lomhaigh, an image, Ir. iamhaigh, M. Ir. iomdig, imagin, Cor. 
 
 auain ; from Lat. imago. 
 iomlag, the navel ; see imleag. 
 iomlaid, an exchange, Ir. iomlut ; possibly from the G. root lud, 
 
 go (see doV). 
 iompaidh, a turning, conversion, Ir. iompbgh, 0. Ir. impdd, 
 
 imp4ih, W. ymod, a turn : * imb-shouth, 0. Ir. s6im, averto : 
 
 *sovi6, root su, sou, Lat. sucula, windlass. It has also been 
 
 referred to the root sup, Lat. dissipo. Lit. supu, swing, 
 iomradh, fame, report, Ir. iomrddh, 0. Ir. immrddud, tractatio, 
 
 cogitatio ; from iom^ and radh, say. 
 iomrall, an error, wandering, Ir. iomrolladh, iomrulladh, E. Ir. 
 
 imroll, mistake : * ambi-air-al, root al, el, go, as in iomall. 
 iomram, iomramh, rowing, Ir. iomramh, iomrdmh (O'B.), E. Ir. 
 
 immram, vb. immrdim ; from iom- and ramh. 
 ion, fit, ion-, prefix denoting fitness, Ir. ion-, prefixed to passive 
 
 participles, denotes fitness (O'D., who quotes inleighis, curable, 
 
 inmheasta, believable) : a particular use of in^, in-, which see. 
 ion-, negative prefix an before b, d, g, Ir. io»-, 0. Ir. «'»- / see an 
 
 for derivation. The primitive n before b, d, g, becomes in in 
 
 Gadelic. 
 ionad, a place, Ir. ionad, ionnad ; the E. Ir. has inad only, point- 
 ing to modern ionadh : 
 iona(dh), in c'iona, c'ionadh, whither : co and ionadh or iona, 
 
 E. Ir. inad, place. See above. The Modem Ir. is ca Monad. 
 ionaltair, a pasturing, pasture ; from in- and *altair, a shorter 
 
 form of altrum. Cf. for form Ir. ingilim, I pasture, from in- 
 
 and gelim, I eat (root gel, as in G. goile). 
 
1,90 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 ionann, alike, Ir. ionnan, 0. Ir. inonn, innon, inon. Possibly for 
 *sin-dn, * sin-son,, "this-that;" see sin, and s6n of 0. Ir. is for 
 *sotir-n, *sou, hoc, Gr. oS-tos (for root, see sa). Cf. for form 
 Lat. idem = is-dem, Gr. o aurds. 
 
 ionbhruicli, broth ; see eanraich. 
 
 ionga, g. ingne, pi. Ingnean, inean, a nail, Ir. ionga, g. iongan, 
 0. Ir. inga, g. ingen, W. ewin, Cor. euuin, Br. iwrn ; *engind 
 (Stokes) ; Lat. unguis ; Gr. ovv^, g. oj/vxos ; Got. nagljan, 
 Eng. Jiai^ ; Skr. nakhd. Fick gives the" I. E. root as nogh, 
 ngh, with stems nogjilo-, nghlo-. 
 
 iongantach, wonderful, so Ir., ingantach ; formed from the noun 
 iongnadh, wonder. 
 
 iongar, ioghar, pus : *in^gor, root gor of guirean, q.v. Dr Cam. 
 compared Gr. '^■x'^p-, blood of the gods {Gael, No. 548). 
 
 iongnadh, wonder, so Jr., 0. Ir. ingndd, ingndth (adj. and n.) ; for 
 in-gndth, " not wont ;" see ion- (neg. prefix) and gndth. 
 
 ionmhas, treasure, Ir. ionmhas, ionnmhus, E. Ir. indmass ; from 
 in- and -mass of tomhas, measure, q.v. Ascoli connects it 
 witli 0. Ir. indeb, lucrum, M. Ir. indbas, wealth. 
 
 ionmhuinn, dear, Ir. ionmhuin, 0. Ir. inmain : * eni-moni-, root 
 mon, men, mind, remember, for which see cuimJme. 
 
 ionn-, prefix of the same force as fri, ri ; see inn- further. 
 
 ionnairidh, a watching at night ; from ionn- and aire. 
 
 ionnaltoir, a bath, Ir. ionnalt6ir (O'R.), bather (Con.) ; see 
 ionnlad. 
 
 t ionnas, condition, status, ionnas gu, insomuch that, so that, 
 cionnas, how, Ir. ionmts, so that, 0. Ir. indas, status : *i7id- 
 astu-, " in adstatu," from ad^sta, root sta, stand. Zeuss ^ 
 derives it from ind and the abstract termination -assu {-astu-), 
 seemingly giving it the idea of " to-ness." 
 
 ionndruinn, missing: * ind-reth-in, "wandering;'' se&faondra. 
 
 ionnlad, washing, Ir. ionnlat, 0. Ir. indlat, Ir. vb. innuilim, M. Ir. 
 indalim. There is also an E. Ir. indmat, washing of the 
 hands. From *ind-lutto-, *lutto from lu, lov, bathe, Lat. 
 lava, etc. ? 
 
 ionnsaich, learn, E. Ir. insaigim, seek out, investigate, noun 
 saigid, seeking out, saigim : in- and sag, root sag, seek ; Lat. 
 sagio, am keen, sagax, acute ; Gr. rjyeofjiaL, lead ; Got. sdhjan, 
 seek, Eng. seek ; I. E. sag, sag. The G. connsaich is from 
 co-in-saigim, sagim, say, dispute ; Got. sahan, dispute, Eng. 
 forsake, sake. 
 
 ionusuidh, attempt, approach, Ir. ionnsuigh, E. Ir. insaigiU, a visit ; 
 from in- and saigid, seeking out, visiting. See ionnsaich. 
 Hence the prep. dK ionnsuidh. 
 
 ionntag, a nettle ; see deanntag. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 197 
 
 ionntlas, delight (H.S.D.) ; from in- and tlath ? 
 
 ionntraich, miss (Dial.) ; see ionndruinn. 
 
 ionraic, righteous, Ir. ionnruic, 0. Ir. inricc, dignus : *ind-mcci- 
 (Ascoli) ; possibly *rMca- is for *rog-M, root rog, reg of 
 reacht. 
 
 ioras, down ; from air and %os. Dial, uireas. 
 
 iorcallach, a robust man : " Herculean ;" from lorcall, Hercules, 
 a Gaelic word formed from the Latin one. 
 
 iorghuil, fray, strife, so Ir., 0. Ir. irgal ; from air and gal, q.v. 
 Also iorgull. 
 
 iorrach, quiet, undisturbed : 
 
 iorram, a boat song : *air^dm,, " at oar" song. Cf. iomram for 
 phonetics. 
 
 t ios, down, Ir. t ioi, in phrases a nios, from below, sios, to below, 
 so Ir. ; 0. Ir. fe, iss, infra, W. is, comp. isel, sup. isaf, Br. is, 
 iz, isel, comp. iseloch. *en,so or *e'ndso, from en, now an, in; 
 Lat. i,mus, lowest, from *ins-mus, from in. Stokes cfs. rather 
 Skr. adfids, under (ndhas), Eng. under, giving the prehistoric 
 form as *endsd ; and there is much in favour of this view for 
 the meaning's sake, though most philologists are on the side 
 of en or end, now an, being root. Lat. imus or infimus would 
 then foUow the Celtic. 
 
 iosal, low, Ir. iosal, 0. Ir. isel : *endslo-s ; see ios above. 
 
 iosgaid, hough, poples, Ir. ioscaid, M. Ir. iscait : 
 
 iosop, hyssop, Ir. iosdip ; from Lat. hyssopum, whence Eng. 
 
 iotadh, thirst, Ir. iota, 0. Ir. itu, g. itad : *isottdt-, root is, desire, 
 seek ; Gr. tdrijs, wish, i/j.epo's, desire ; Ch. SI. ishati, seek ; 
 Skr. ish, seek, O. Bact. ish, wish. 
 iothlann, cornyard ; see iodhlann. 
 
 ire, progress, state, degree of growth, 0. Ir. hire, ire {ire), ulterior : 
 *(j))ereio-, from per, through, over; Gr. Trtpaios, on the other 
 side. Stokes makes the proportional comparison of these 
 forms thus : — (p)ereios : Trepalos = {p)arei (now air) : irapai. 
 
 iriosal, humble : *air-losal, q.v. 
 
 iris, hen-roost, basket or shield handle, M. Ir. iris, pi. irsi, sus- 
 pender, shield handle, satchel strap : *are-sfi-, from air and 
 sta, stand. See ros, seas. 
 
 is, is, Ir., 0. Ir. is, 0. Ir. iss, 0. W. iss, is — Gt. ecrrl; Lat. est, is ; 
 Eng. is, etc. 
 
 is, and, Ir., E. Ir. is ; seemingly an idiomatic use of is, is. Con- 
 sider the idiom : " Ni e sin is mise an so" — " He will do it and 
 I here ;" literally : " He will do it, T am here." It is usuallj- 
 regarded as a curtailment of agus, and hence spelt variously 
 as a's, 'us. 
 
198 BTTMOLOaiCAL DICTIONARY 
 
 isbean, a sausage ; from Norse ispen, a sausage of lard and suet 
 
 ( = irspen, from speni, a teat). 
 isean, a chicken, young of any bird, Ir. is^an, E. Jr. essine, 0. Ir. 
 
 isseniu, puUo : *ex-{p)et^io-1 Koot^^e*! fly ; that is, *ea!-&t-, 
 
 4n being eun, bird, 
 isneach, a rifle gun ; from oisinn, comer ? 
 ist ! whist ! Eng. whist ! hist ! Lat. st ! Onomatopoetic. 
 ite, a feather, Ir. iU6g, 0. Ir. ette : *ettid, *pet-tid, root pet, fly; 
 
 Gr. TreTOfjMi, I fly ; Lat. penna, a wing {*pet-7Ui), Eng. pen, ; 
 
 Eng. feather, Ger. fittich ; etc. See eun. W. aden, wing is 
 
 near related, 
 iteodha, hemlock. Cameron (29) suggests a derivation from ite, 
 
 the idea being " feather -foliaged." 
 ith, eat, Ir., 0. Ir. ithim : *itd, *pit6, I eat ; Ch. SI. pitati, feed ; 
 
 Skr. pitu, nourishment, Zend pitu, food ; further Gr. Trtrus, 
 
 pine. Also t ith, tioth, com, as in iodhlann, q.v. 
 iubhar, yew, Ir. iuhhar, E. Ir. ibar, Gaul. Ebwros ; Ger. eberesche, 
 
 service-tree {*ebarisc). So Schrader. It does not seem that 
 
 Ir. e6, W. yw, Br. ivin, * ivd-, Eng. yew, can be allied to 
 
 ivhhar. Hence iubhrach, a yew wood, stately woman, the 
 
 mythic boat of Fergus M" Ro in the Deirdre story. 
 iuchair, a key, Ir. eochair, E. Ir. eochuir, Manx ogher, W. egoriad, 
 
 key, egor, agar, opening : *eM,ri- : 
 iuchair, the roe, spawn, Ir., M. Ir. iuchair : *jekvuri- ; Lat. jecv/r, 
 
 liver ? 
 iuchar, the dog-days : 
 
 iugh^ a particular posture in which the dead are placed : 
 iill, guidance, Ir. iul ; cf . eblas. 
 iuUag, a sprightly female, lullagach, sprightly : 
 itinais, want, E. Ir. ingudis, O. Ir. ingnais, absence : *in-gndth, 
 
 from gndth, known, custom ; see gnctth. Also aonais. 
 iunnrais, stormy sky : 
 iunntas, wealth : 
 
 lurpais, fidgeting, wrestling ; cf . farpuis. 
 fiursach, suspensory (Oss. Ballads), applied to the mail-coat. 
 
 From iris. H.S.D. gives the meaning as "black, dark." 
 iuthaidh, fiuthaidh, itithaidh, arrow, gun, etc. : 
 iutharn, hell ; for * if hem, a side-form of ifrinn. 
 
 L 
 li,, latha, day, Ir. Id, g. laoi, 0. Ir. lathe, laithe, iae, g. lathi, d. 
 
 lau, I6u, 16 : * lasio-, root las, shine ; Skr. Idsati, shines ; Gr. 
 
 Aao), behold, 
 liban, lipan, mire, dirt, Ir. Idbdn ; also laib. Cf. for root 
 
 lathach {* Iclth-bo-). 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 199 
 
 labanach, a day-labourer, plebeian, Ir. lahdnach (O'B., etc. ; Sh.) ; 
 
 from Lat labor ? 
 labhair, speak, Ir. labhraim, E. Ir. labraim, 0. Ir. Idbrur, lahrathar, 
 
 loquitur, W. llajar, vocalis, lleferydd, voice. Corn, lauar, 
 
 sermo, Br. lavar, Gaul, river Labarus : *lab)-o-, speak ; Gr. 
 
 A(£/3pos, furious, AayS/Devojuat, talk rashly. Bez. prefers the 
 
 root of Eng. flap. Others have compared Lat. labrwm, lip, 
 
 which may be allied to both Celtic and Gr. (Xa^pevojjML). 
 
 Hence G. and Ir. labhar, loud, 0. Ir. labar, eloquens, W. 
 
 llafar, loud, Gr. Xd^p<ys. 
 lach, a wild duck, Ir., E. Ir. lacha ; cf. the Lit. root lah, fly. 
 lach, reckoning, contribution per head ; from the Sc. lauck, tavern 
 
 reckoning, lawing (do.), from the root of Eng. law. 
 lachan, a laugh ; from the Sc, Eng. laugh. 
 lachduinn, dun, grey, tawny, Ir., M. Ir. lachtua, grey, dun ; cf. 
 
 Skr. rakta, coloured, reddened, ranj, dye, whence Eng. lake, 
 
 crimson. 
 lad, lod, a load, Ir. Idd ; from the M. Eng. laden, to lade, 
 lad, a mill lead ; from the Eng. lead, lade. For the N.H. meaning 
 
 of " puddle," see lod. 
 ladar, a ladle ; from the Eng. ladle by disimilation of the liquids. 
 ladarna, bold, so Ir., M. Ir. latrand, robber, W. pi. lladron, 
 
 thieves ; from Lat. latro, latronis, a thief. 
 ladhar, a hoof, fork, so Ir., E. Ir. ladar, toes, fork, branch : 
 lag, a hoUow, Ir. log, a pit, hollow : *luggo-, root lug, bend ; Gr. 
 
 Xvyi^iD, bend ; Lit. lugnas, pliant. Stokes gives the basis as 
 
 *lonho-, root lek, lenk, bend. Lit. lankas, a curve, lanka, a 
 
 mead, Ch. SI. lakit, bent ; but this would give a in G. 
 lag, weak, Ir. lag, E. Ir. lac, W. Hag, sluggish : *laggo-s, root lag ; 
 
 Lat. langueo, Eng. languid ; Gr. Aa-yyafo), slacken, Aaya/jos, 
 
 thin ; Eng. slajdc, also lag, from Celtic, 
 lagan, sowens : *latag-ko- ? Koot lat, be wet, Gr. Aaro^, drop, 
 
 Lat. laiesc. See lathach. 
 lagh, law, Ir. lagh (obsolete, says Con.) ; from the Eng. The 
 
 phrase air lagh, set in readiness for shooting (as of a bow) is 
 
 hence also. 
 laghach, pretty, Ir. laghach ; cf. M. Ir. lig, beauty, root leg, Lat. 
 
 lectus, chosen, Eng. election ? Cf. 0. W. lin, gratia. 
 laidir, strong, Ir., E. Ir. Ididir : 
 laigh, Mgh, lie, Ir. luigh, E. Ir. laigim, 0. Ir. lige, bed, W. gwe-ly, 
 
 bed (Cor. gueli, Br. gmk), Gaul, legasii ( = posuit ?) : * logS, 
 
 leg6, to lie, * legos, bed, I. E. root legh, lie ; Gr. Aexos, bed, 
 
 Afxerai, sleeps (Hes.) ; Got. ligan, Ger. liegan, Eng. lie, etc. 
 laimhrig, landing place, harbour : 
 
200 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAET 
 
 laimhsich, handle, Ir. ImwJmghim : * Idm-asf^o-, from * lamas, 
 handling, from Idmh, q.v. 
 
 lainnir, brightness, polish, E. Ir. lainderda, glittering, glancing ; 
 also loinnear, bright, q.v. 
 
 laipheid, an instrument for making horn-spoons : 
 
 Ijtir, a mare, Ir., 0. Ir. Idir, g. l^ach : *ldrex. Stokes suggests 
 connection with Alban. pele, pele, mare. 
 
 lairceach, stout, short-legged, fat, lairceag, a short, fat woman : 
 
 lairig, a moor, sloping hill ; cf. M. Ir. laarg, fork, leg and thigh, 
 0. Ir. loarcc, furca : 
 
 laisde, easy, in good circumstances ; cf. Ir. laisti, a heavy, stupid 
 person ; from las, loose ? 
 
 laisgeanta, fiery, fierce ; from las, q.v. 
 
 laithilt, a weighing as with scales, Ir. laitke, scales ; *platio-, root 
 plat, plet, as in leathan. 
 
 lamban, milk curdled by rennet (Dial.) ; see slaman. 
 
 lamh, able, dare, Ir. lamkaim, E. Ir. lamaim, 0. Ir, -laimwr, audeo, 
 W. llafasu, audere. Cor. lavasy, Br. lafvaez : *plam6, a short- 
 vowel form of the root of Ictmh, hand, the idea being " Ttianage 
 to, dare to?" Stokes says it is probably from *tlanii, dare, 
 Gr. ToXfia, daring, Sc. ihole ; see tlctth. Windisch has com- 
 pared Lit. lemiii, lemii, fix, appoint. 
 
 14mh, hand, Ir. Idmh, 0. Ir. Idm, W. llaw. Cor. lof, 0. Br. lau : 
 *ldmd, *pldmd; Lat. palma, Eng. palm; Gr. Trakafjur) ■ Ag.S. 
 folm, 0. H. G.folm^. Hence limhainn, glove, E. Ir. Idmind. 
 
 lamhrag, a slut, awkward woman, lamhragan, awkward handling ; 
 from IdmA : " under-hand." 
 
 Ian, full, Ir., 0. Ir. Idn, W. llawn, 0. "W. lawn. Cor. leun, len, Br. 
 leun : *ldno-, *pldno-, or pl-no- (Brug.), root pi, pld, pel ; 
 Skr. puripds, full ; further Lat. plenus ; Gr. Trhjfyqs, iroX.vs, 
 many ; Eng. full ; etc. See also iol, Vwn, Vinn. 
 
 linain, a married couple, Ir. Idnamhain, E. Ir. Idnamain, 0. Ir. 
 Idnamnas, conjugium : * lag-no-, root log, leg, lie, as in laigh 1 
 
 langa, a ling ; from Norse langa, Sc. laing, Eng. ling. 
 
 langaid, a fetter, fetters (especially for horses), langar, Ir. lang- 
 fethir (O'B. ; Lh. has i langphetir), E. Ir. langfiter (Corm. Gl., 
 " English word this"), W. llyfethar, M. W. lawheihyr ; from 
 Eng. lang (long) and fetter. The Sc. has langet, langelt, 
 which is the origin of G. langaid. 
 
 langaid, the guiUemote (Heb.) ; from Sc. (Shetland) longie, Dan. 
 langivie (Edmonston). 
 
 langan, lowing of the deer ; from the Sc, Eng. lowing ? 
 
 langasaid, a couch, settee ; from Sc. langseat, lang-settle, " long 
 seat." 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 201 
 
 lann, a blade, sword, Ir. lann : *lag-s-na 1 Eoot lag, as in E. Jr. 
 laigen, lance, W. llain, blade, Lat. lanceo, Gr. Adyxij, lance- 
 point. Tliur. (Zeit. 26) suggestti *plad-s-na, "broad thing;" 
 Gr. TrXaOdvTj, Ger. fladen, flat cake, further G. kathann, 
 broad, etc. 0. Ir. lann, squama, is referred by Stokes to 
 *lamna, allied to Lat. lamina, lamna ; which would produce 
 rather 0. Ir. * lamn, Modern lamhan. Ii-. lann, gridiron, is 
 doubtless allied to 0. Ir. lann. 
 
 lann, an inclosure, land, Ir. lann, E. Ir. land, W. llan, 0. W. lann, 
 area, ecclesia, Br. lann: *land4; Teut. land, Eng. land. 
 See iodhlann. 
 
 lannsa, a lance, Ir. lannsa , from the Eng. 
 
 lanntair, a lantern, Ir. laindiar ; from the Eng. 
 
 laoch, a hero, Ir. laoch, a soldier, hero, E. Ir. laech, a hero, 
 champion: *laicv,s, soldier, "non-cleric," E. Ir. I6£ch, laicus, 
 W. lleyg ; all from Lat. laicus, a layman, non-cleric. 
 
 laogh, a calf, so Ir., E. Ir. Ideg, W. llo. Cor. loch, Br. leue, M. Br. 
 lue : *l6igo-s, calf, "jumper," root leig, skip, Got. laikan, 
 spring. Lit. Idigyti, skip, Skr. rejati, skip (see leum further). 
 It is possible to refer it to root leigh, lick : " the licker." 
 
 laodhan, pith of wood, heart of a tree, Ir. laodhan, laoidhean ; 
 also G. g laodhan, q.v. 
 
 laoighcionn, lao'cionn, tulchau calf, oalf-skhi ; from laogh and 
 t cio7in, skin, which see under hoicionn. 
 
 laoidh, a lay, so Ir., E. Ir. Ided, laid, 0. Ir. I6id : *liidir-'l Alliance 
 with Teutonic Hup, Eng. lay, Fr. lai, Ger. lied, is possible if 
 the stem is ludi- ; cf. for phonetics draoidk and ancient 
 druis, druidos, Druid, Gaul. Lat. druidce (Stokes). 
 
 laoineach, handsome ; cf . loinn. 
 
 laom, a crowd, lodge (as corn), Ir. laomdha, bent : 
 
 laom, a blaze, Ir. laom , from Norse Ijomi, ray, Ag. S. Mama, Sc. 
 leme, to blaze. 
 
 laosboc, a castrated goat : 
 
 laoran, a person too fond of the fire-side : 
 
 lapach, benumbed, faltering ; cf. lath. 
 
 lar, the ground, Ir., 0. Ir. Idr, W. llaivr, 0. Cor. lor, 0. Br. laur, 
 solum, Br. leur : *ldro-, *pldro- ; Eng. Jloor, Ag. S.fldr, Norse 
 flor, Ger. flur ; root pld, broad, broaden, Lat. pldnus, Eng. 
 plain, etc. 
 
 ld.racll, a site, Ir. Idithreach, 0. Ir. Idthrach , from Idthair, q.v. 
 
 las, loose, slack, W. llaes ; from Lat. laxus, Eng. lax. 
 
 las, kindle, lasair, flame, so Ir., E. Ir. lassaim, lasaair, W. llachar, 
 gleaming : *laksar- ; Skr. lakshati, see, show, 0. H. G. luogen 
 (do.). Also by some referred to *lapsar-, Gr. Xafiiroy, shine, 
 
 26 
 
202 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 Eng. lamvp, Pruss. lopis, flame. See losg. Windisoh has 
 
 compared Skr. arc, re, shine. Hence lasgaire, a youth, 
 
 young " spark ;" lastan, pride, etc. 
 lasgar, sudden noise : 
 lath, benumb, get benumbed : 
 l^thach, mire, clay, Ir., E. Ir. lathach, coenum, W. llaid, mire, Br. 
 
 leiz, moist : *latdkd, *latjo-, root lat, be moist; Gr. Xdra^, 
 
 Aarayts, drops ; Lat. latex, liquid, 
 lathailt, a method : 
 lathair, presence, Ir. Idthair, 0. Ir. Idthar, lathair : *latri-, *ldfro-, 
 
 root plAt, pld, broad ; Lettic pldt, extend thinly ; further in 
 
 G. lar above. Asc. refers it to the root of 0. Ir. Idaim, I 
 
 send, which is allied to Gr. kXavvw, I drive, etc. Hence 
 
 Urach. 
 le, by, with, Ir. le, 0. Ir. la, rarer le : * let ; from leth, side, 
 l^abag, a flounder ; see lebh. Also leobag. 
 leabaidh, a bed, leabadh, Ir. leaba, leahuidh, E. Ir. lepaid, lepad, 
 
 g. leptha: *lehhoti-, *leg-huto-, " lying-abode," from root leg, 
 
 Aex, lie, as in laigh i 
 leabhar, a book, so Ir., 0. Ir. lehor, W. llyfr ; from Lat. liber. 
 leabhar, long, clumsy, M. Ir. lebur, 0. Ir. lebor, long : *lebro-, 
 
 root leg, hanging, Gr. Xofio's, a lobe ; Eng. lappet ; also Lat. 
 
 liber, book, 
 leac, a flag, flag-stone, so Ir., E. Ir. lecc, W. llech : *liccd, *lp-M, 
 
 root lep, a shale ; Gr. AcTras, bare rock ; Lat. lapis, stone. 
 
 Stokes and Stiachan refer it to the root plk, flat, Lat. planca, 
 
 Eng. plank, Gr. irka^, plain, 
 leac, a cheek, leacainn, a hill side, Ir. leaca, cheek, g. leacan, 
 
 E. Ir. lecco, g. leccan : '''lekktin-; 0. Pruss. laygnan, Ch. SI. 
 
 lice, vultus. Root liq, lig, appearance, like, Gr. -Xlko% Eng. 
 
 like, lyke--w&k.e, Ger. leichnam body, 
 leadair, mangle, so Ir., E. Ir. letraim, inf. letrad, hacking : 
 
 *leddro- : 
 leadan, flowing hair, a lock, teasel, Ir. leaddn, teasel : 
 leadan, notes in music, Ir. leaddn, musical notes, litany ; from 
 
 Lat. litania, litany, 
 leag, throw down, Ir. leagaini, inf. leagadh : *legg6, from leg, root 
 
 of laigh, lie (cf. Eng. lay) ? The preserved g may be from 
 
 the analogy of leig, let ; and Ascoli refers the word to the 
 
 0. Ir. root leg, lig, destruere, sternere : foralaig, straverat, 
 
 dolega, qui destruit. 
 leagh, melt, so Ir., 0. Ir. legaim, legad, W. Uaith, moist, dad 
 
 leithio, melt, Br. leiz : * legd ; Eng. leak, Norse leka, drip, 
 
 Ger. lechzen. 
 
OF THE GAELIC IiANGUAGE. 203 
 
 leamh, foolish, insipid, importunate, Ir. leamh ; cf. E. Ir. lem, 
 everything warm (Corm. sub lemlacht, new milk, W. Uefrith, 
 sweet milk, Corn, leverid, liuriz , 0. Ir. lemnact, sweet milk) ; 
 consider root lem, break, as in Eng. lame, etc. 
 
 leamhan, elm, Ir. leamhann, leamh, M. Ir. lem ■."*lmo- ; Lat. ulmws, 
 Eng. elm : *elmo-. W. Uwi/f (*leimd) is different, with 
 which is allied (by borrowing ?) Eng. lime in lime-tree. 
 
 leamnacht, tormentil, Ir. neamhain : 
 
 leamhnad, leamhragan, stye in the eye, W. llefrithen, Uyfelyn : 
 *limo-, "ooze"? Cf. Lat. limus, mud, lino, smear, Eng. loam. 
 
 16an, l^ana, a lea, swampy plain, Ir. leana (do.) : *lekno-1 Cf. 
 Lit. lehis, lekna, depression, wet meadow (cf. Stokes on lag 
 above) ; this is Mr Strachan's derivation. The spelling 
 seems against referring it, as Stokes does, to the root lei, Gr. 
 Xufibn/, meadow. Lit. Idija, a valley ; though W. llwyn, grove, 
 favours this. Cf. W. lleyn, low strip of land. 
 
 lean, foUow, Ir. leanaim, 0. Ir. lenim, W. can-lyn, dy-lyn, sequi : 
 *linami, I cling to ; Skr. lindmi, cling to ; Lat. lino, smear ; 
 Gr. aklv<M (do.) ; root It, li, adhere. Inf. is leanmhuinii. 
 
 leanabh, a child, Ir. leanbh, E. Ir. lenah : * lenvo- ; from lean 1 
 Corm. gives also lelap, which, as to termination, agrees with 
 G. leanahan. 
 
 leann, ale ; see lionn. 
 
 leannan, a sweetheart, Ir. leanndn, a concubine, E. Ir. lennan, 
 lendan, concubine, favourite : lex-no-, root leg, lie, as in laigh I 
 
 lear, the sea (poetical word), Ir. lear, E. Ir. ler, W. llyr : '^ lira-, 
 root li, flow, as in lighe, flood. Stokes gives the Celtic as 
 lero-s, but offers no further derivation. 
 
 learag, larch ; from Sc. larick, Eng. larch, from Lat. larix {*darij:, 
 as in darach, q.v.). 
 
 learg, leirg, plain, hillside, Ir. learg, E. Jr. lerg, a plain ; cf . Lat. 
 largus, Eng. large. 
 
 leas, advantage, Ir. leas, 0. Ir. less, W. lies. Cor. les, Br. laz : 
 *lesso-, mot pled, fruit ; Slav, plodii, fruit (Stokes, Bez.). 
 
 leas-, nick-, step-, Ir. leas-, 0. Ir. less-, W. llys- (W. Uysenw = G. 
 leas-ainm), Br. les- ; same as leas above : " additional." Cf. 
 Fr. use of beau, belle for sUp-. Stokes suggests * lisso-, blame, 
 root leid, Gr. Xoi&opiu), revile (Lat. Ivdere ?) ; others compare 
 leas- to Ger. laster, vice (see Lodid) ; Bez. queries connection 
 with Ag. S. lesve, false, Norse lasinn, half-broken. 
 
 leasg, leisg, lazy, Ir. leasg, 0. Ir. lesc, W. llesg : *lesko-s , Norse 
 loshr, weak, idle, 0. H. G. lescan, become extinguished, Ger. 
 erloschen (Stokes). Brugmann and others give stem as *led- 
 SCO-, comparing Got. latz, lazy, Eng. late, to which Norse 
 loskr may be referred {*latkwa-z) ; root Hd, lad. 
 
204 HffTMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 leasraidh, loins, Ir. Leasruigh, pi. of leasrach; see leis. 
 leathad, declivity, hillside ; cf. Ir. leathad, breadth. See lend. 
 leathan, broad, so Ir., 0. Ir. lethan, W. llydan, 0. W. litan, Br. 
 
 ledan, Gaul, litano-s : *ltano-s ; Gr. irXarvs, broad ; Skr. 
 
 prdthas, breadth ; Lat. planta, sole of the foot, sprout : root 
 
 plet, plat, extend, 
 leathar, leather, so Jr., E. Ir. letJmr, W. lledr, M. Br. lezr, Br. ler : 
 
 *letro- ; Eng. leather, Ger. leder, Norse leSr. 
 leatrom, burden, weight, leatromach, pregnant, Ir. leathtrom, 
 
 burden, pregnancy ; from leth and trom. 
 leibhidh, race, generation (M° Ithioh, 1685) ; from Eng. levy ? 
 leibid, a trifle, dirt, leibideach, trifling, Ir. libideach, dirty, awkward : 
 leideach, strong, shaggy, Ir. Uidmlieach, strong (O'B.), 0. Ir. 
 
 I'etenach, audax : 
 leig, let, Ir. leigim, 0. Ir. leiccim, lecim : * leinqio , Lat. linquo ; 
 
 Gr. Aewrw ; Got. leihvan, Eng. loan. 
 I^igh, a physician, leigheas, a cure, Ir. leigheas, M. Ir. leges ; see 
 
 lighiche. 
 l^ine, a shirt, so Ir., E. Ir. lene, g. Unith, pi. Unti : *leinet-, from 
 
 lein, Itn ; Lat. linum, flax, Eng. linen, Sc. Under ; Gr. Afra, 
 
 cloth, Ai'vov, flax. See hon. Strachan refers it, on the 
 
 analogy of dewr = dakro-, to laknet-, root lah, of Lat. lacema, 
 
 cloak, lacinia, lappet, 
 leir, sight, Ir. l^ir, sight, clear, 0. Ir. leir, conspicuous. If 
 
 Strachan's phonetics are right, this may be for *lakri-, root 
 
 lak, see, show, W. llygat, eye. Cor. lagat, Br. lagad, eye, Skr. 
 • lakshati, see, show, O. H. G. luogen (do.), as in las, q.v. 
 leir, gu leir, altogether, Ir. leir, M. Ir. le'ir, complete, W. lltoyr, 
 
 total, altogether : *leiri-s : 
 16ir, torment, to pain : *lai:ro-, root lak, as in Lat. lacero, lacerate ? 
 leirg, a plain ; see learg. 
 
 leirist, a foolish, senseless person, slut (leithrist) : 
 leis, thigh, Ir. leas, leis, hip, 0. Ir. less, clunis. Nigra connects it 
 
 with leth, side. See slios. 
 leisdear, arrow-maker; from the Eng. jietcher, from Fr. Heche, 
 
 arrow, ^eejleasg. 
 leisg^, laziness, lazy, Ir. leisg (n.) ; see leasg. 
 leisgeul, excuse ; from leth and sgeul, " half-story." 
 leithid, the like, so Ir., E, Ir. lethet ; from leth, half, side, 
 leitir, a hillside, slope, E. Ir. lettir, g. lettrach, W. llethr, slope : 
 
 *lettrek-. It maybe iiora * leth-tir, " country-side," or from 
 
 let of leathan : cf. W. lleth, flattened, "broadened." 
 leob, a piece, shred, Ir. leab, a piece, leadhb, a patch of old leather, 
 
 M. Ir. ledb : * led-ho- ; for root led, cf . leatlwr ? Hence leob, 
 
 a hanghig lip, leobag, l^abag, a flounder. 
 
OF THK GAELIC LANGUAGE. 205 
 
 leobhar, long, clumsy ; see leahhar. 
 
 leocach, sneaking, low : 
 
 leodag, a slut, prude, flirt : 
 
 leogach, hanging loosely, slo'venly : 
 
 leoir, enough, Ir., E. Ir. leor, lor, 0. Ir. lour, W. llawer, many . 
 *lavero-, root lav, lau, gain, Lat. lucrum, gain, Laverna, Skr. 
 I6ta, booty, Eng. loot, etc. Stokes refers W. llawer to the com- 
 . parative stem of pie, full ; see liuth. 
 
 leth, side, half, Jr., 0. Ir. letli, W. lied, 0. Br. let : ^leton ; Lat. 
 latiis. Brugmann refers it to the root plet, broad, of leathan. 
 
 lethbhreac, a correlative, equal, match ; from leth and Ireac (?). 
 
 lethcheann (pron. lei'chean), the side of the head, cheek ; from 
 leth and ceann, with possibly a leaning on the practically 
 lost leac, leacann, cheek. 
 
 leug, a precious stone, Ir. Hag, a stone, M. Ir. leg, Ieg-I6gmar, 0. Ir. 
 lia, g. liacc : *levink-; Gr. Aaty^, g. Aat-yyos, a small stone, 
 Aaas, stone ; Ger. lei, stone, rock, Ital. lavagna, slate, schist. 
 
 leud, lead, breadth, Ir. leithead, 0. Ir. lethet ; see leathan. 
 
 leug, laziness, lazy, slow ; see sUig. 
 
 leugh, leagh, read, Ir. leaghaim, M. Ir. legim, 0. Ir. legim, roleg, 
 legit, legend, reading ; from Lat. lego, I read, Eng. lecture, 
 etc. 
 
 leum, a jump, Ir., 0, Ir. leim, Uimm, W. llam, Br. lam, 0. Br. 
 lammam, salio : *kng7nen^, 0. Ir. vb. lingim, I spring, root 
 leg, leng ; Skr. langhati, leap, spring ; M. H. G. lingen, go 
 forward, Eng. light, etc. The 0. Ir. perfect tense leblaing 
 has made some give the root as vleng, vleg, Skr. valg, spring, 
 Lat. valgus, awry, Eng. walk ; and some give the root as 
 svleng, from svelg. It is diificult to see how the v or sv before 
 I was lost before I in leum. 
 
 leus, lias, a torch, light, Ir. leus, E. Ir. les, Mss, 0. Ir. leshoire, 
 lightbearer : *plent-to-, from plend, splend, Lat. splendeo, Eng. 
 splendid (Strachan). Cf. W. llun/s, clear, pure. 
 
 li, colour, 0. Ir. K, Hi, W. Uiw, Cor. liu, color, Br. liou, 0. Br. 
 liou, liu : *ltvos-; Lat. livor, lividus, Eug. livid. 
 
 t lia, a stone, 0. Ir. lia, g. liacc ; see leug. 
 
 liagh, a ladle, Ir., M. Ir. liach, 0. Ir. liag, trulla, scoop, W. llivy, 
 spoon, spattle, Cor. loe, Br. loa : leigd, ladle, root leigh. Ugh, 
 lick (as in imlich, q.v.) ; Lat. ligula, spoon, ladle. 
 
 liath, gray, so Ir., E. Ir. Hath, W. llwyd, canus, 0. Br. loit, M. Br. 
 loet : *leito-, *pleito-, for * peleito- ; Gr. ttcAitvos, livid; Skr. 
 palitd, gray ; Lat. pallidus ; Eng. fallow, Ag. ^.fealo, yellow 
 Cf . 0. Fr. Hart, dark grey, Sc. lyaH (* leucardus ?). 
 
 lid, a syllable ; see Hod. 
 
 ligeach, sly ; from the Sc. sleekie, sleekit, sly, smooth, Eng. sleen. 
 
206 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 lighe, a flood, overflow, Ir., E. Ir. lia, 0. Ir. lie, eluvio, W. Hi, 
 
 flood, stream, lliant, fluctus, fluentum, Br. livad, inundation ; 
 
 root li, leja, flow ; Skr. riyati, let run ; Lit. leti, gush ; Gr. 
 
 XlfjiVT), lake, Aetog, smooth, Lat. levis, level, limits, mud ; etc. 
 
 Stokes hesitates between root li and roots pleu (Eng. Jlow) 
 
 and lev, lav, Lat. lavo, luo. 
 lighiche, a physician, Ir. liaigh, g. leagha, E. Ir. liaig, 0. Ir. legiO, 
 
 medicis ; Got. leikeis, Eng. leech. 
 linig, lining ; from the Eng. 
 linn, an age, century, offspring, Ir. linn, 0. Ir. linn, lin, pars. 
 
 Humerus : *lSnu-, from plen, as in lion, fill (Brug.), q.v. 
 linne, a pool, linn, Ir. linn, E. Ir. lind, W. llpn, M. W. linn. Cor. 
 
 lin, Br. ^«?ire : * linnos, root /i, ^i, flow ; Gr. X.ifivrj, lake, etc. ; 
 
 see lighe. 
 linnean, shoemaker's thread ; from Sc. lingan, lingel, from Fr. 
 
 ligneul, Lat. *lineolimi, linea, Eng. /me. 
 linnseag, shroud, penance shirt ; founded on the Eng. linsey. 
 liobarnach, slovenly, awkward, so Ir. ; founded on Eng. slippery ? 
 liobasda, slovenly, awkward, so Ir ; see slihist. 
 liomh, polish, Ir. liomhaim, liomhaim, M. Ir. limtha, polished, 
 
 sharpened, W. llifo, grind, whet, saw ; Lat. Wrno, polish, 
 
 whet, limatus, polished, root li, lei, smooth, flow. 
 lion, flax, lint, Ir. lion, E. Ir. lin, W. llin, Cor , Br. lin : * linvr ; 
 
 Lat. linum, flax ; Gr. XLvov, flax, Atra, cloth ; Got. lein, 
 
 0. H. G. lin ; Ch. SI. linu ; root lei, li, smooth, flow, 
 lion, a net, Ir. lion, O. Ir. lin ; from the above word. 
 lion, fill, Ir. lionaim, 0. Ir. linaim : * Un6, *plSn6 ; Lat. plenus, 
 
 full ; Gr. irXyprj?, full ; root pie, pld, as in Ian, q.v. Hence 
 
 lionar, lionmhor, numerous. 
 lionn, leann, ale, so Ir., 0. Ir. Ii7id, W. llyn : *lennu- , same root 
 
 and form (so far) as linne, q.v. This is proved by its 
 
 secondary use in G. and Ir. for '• humours, melancholy." 
 
 Stokes suggests for both connection with Gr. xAaSa/Dos, moist. 
 lionradh, gravy, juice; from lion, "fullness"? 
 lios, a garden, Ir. lios, a fort, habitation, E. Ir. liss, less, enclosure, 
 
 habitation, W. llys, aula, palatium, Br. les, court, 0. Br. lis : 
 
 *lsso-s, a dwelling enclosed by an earthen wall, root plet, 
 
 broad, Eng. place, Gr. irAariJs, broad ; O. H. G. jilezzi, house 
 
 floor, Norse ^«<, a flat. For root, siee leat/ian. 
 liosda, slow, tedious, importunate, so Ir., M. Ir. liosta, lisdacht, 
 
 importunity, E. Ir. lista, slow : *li-sso-, root li, smooth, Gr. 
 
 Akto-os, smooth, Aefos, as in lighe. 
 liosraig, smooth, press (as cloth after weaving), dress, sliosraig 
 
 (Badenoch) ; compare the above word for root and stem, 
 lip. Hop, Hob, a lip, Ir. liob ; from Eng. lip. 
 
OF THE GAEIilC LANGUAGE. 207 
 
 lipinn, lipinn, a lippie, fourth of a peck ; from Sc. lippie. 
 
 lirean, a species of marine fungus (H.S.D.) : 
 
 lit, porridge, M. Ir. lite, E. Ir. littiu, g. Utten, W. Uith, mash : 
 
 *littidn- (Stokes), *plt-ti6, irompelt, polt, Gr. ttoAtos, porridge, 
 
 Lat. puis, pultis, pottage. 
 litir, a letter, so Ir., E. Ir. liter, W. llythyr, Br. lizer , from Lat. 
 
 litera. 
 liubhar (H.S.D. liiibhar), deliver; from the Lat. lihero, Eng. 
 
 liberate. 
 liug, a lame hand or foot, sneaking look, Ir. Hug, a sneaking or 
 
 lame gait, liugaire, cajoler, G. liugair (do.) : 
 liuth, liutha, liuthad, many, many a, so many, Ir., 0. Ir. lia, 
 
 more, (). W. liaus, Br. liez : *(p)lejds, from pie, full, 6r. 
 
 Trkeimv ; ha,t. pliis, pMres, older pleores ; Norse Jkiri, more. 
 loban, Idban, a creel for drying corn, basket, wooden frame put 
 
 inside corn-stacks to keep them dry, basket peat-cart : 
 lobanach, draggled, lobair, draggle ; from lob, puddle (Arm- 
 strong) : */oi/t-6o-, loth of Ion, q.v. ? 
 lobh, putrefy, Ir lohhaim, 0. Ir. lobat, putrescant, inf. lobad, root 
 
 lob, wither, waste ; Lat. Wn, to fall, Idhes, ruin, Eng, lapse. 
 lobhar, a leper, so Ir., 0. Ir. lobar, infirmus, W. llwfr, feeble, 
 
 0. W. lobur, debile, M. Br. loffr, leprous, Br. laour, low, lor, 
 
 leper. For root see above word. 
 lobht, a loft, Manx lout, Ir. lota (Connaught) ; from Norse lopt, 
 
 Eng. loft. 
 locair, plane (carpenter's), Ir. locar , from Norse loiar, Ag. S. 
 
 I'icer. 
 loch, a lake, loch, Ir., E. Ir. loch : *loktir- ; Lat. lacus : Gr. 
 
 AaKKOS, pit. 
 lochd, a fault, so Ir., 0. Ir. locht, crimen : *l6ktu-, root lok, lak, 
 
 Gr. Aa/c-, Xaa-Kb), cry ; 0. H. G. lahan, blame, Ag. S. leahan, 
 
 Ger. laster, a fault, vice, Norse lostr. 
 lochdan, a little amount (of sleep), Ir. lochdain, a nap, wink of 
 
 sleep : 
 lochran, a torch, light, Ir. I6chrann, 0. Ir. I6cham, liiacham, W. 
 
 lltcgom, Cor. lugam : *loukamd, root louq, levq, light ; Lat. 
 
 lucerna, lamp, lux, light ; Gr. Aevkos, white. 
 lod, lodan, a puddle, Ir. lodan : *ltisdo-, *lut-s, root lut, la, Lat. 
 
 lutum, mud, Gr. AC/na, filth. 
 16d, a load, Ir. I6d ; from the Eng. 
 
 lodhainn, a pack (of dogs), a number : " a leash ;" see lomhainn. 
 lodragan, a clumsy old man, plump boy : 
 logais, logaist, awkward, unwieldy person ; from Eng. log. 
 logh, pardon, Ir. loghadh (n.), E. Ir. logaim, 0. Ir. doluigim. 
 
 Stokes refers it to the root of leagh, melt. 
 
208 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 loguid, a varlet, rascal, soft fellow, M. Ir. locaim, I flinch from : 
 loibean, one who works in all Aveathers and places ; cf. laib, under 
 
 lahan. 
 loiceil, foolishly fond, doting, Ir. loiceamhlaehd, Imceamhlachd 
 
 (O'B.), dotage : 
 loigear, an untidy person, ragged one : 
 Idine, a lock of wool, tuft of snow : 
 loinid, chum staiF, Ir. loinid : 
 loinidh, rheumatism, greim-16inidh : 
 
 loinn, good condition, charm, comeliness, joy, Ir. Ixrinn, joy : 
 loinn, glade, area ; oblique form of lann, the locative case in 
 
 place names, 
 loinn, a badge ; a corruption of sloinn ? 
 loinnear, bright, elegant, E. Ir. lainderda, glittering : *lasno-, 
 
 from las, flame, q.v. ? Cf. lonnrach. 
 loinneas, a wavering : 
 loirc, wallow : 
 
 loirc, a deformed foot, lorcach, lame ; cf. lure. 
 loireag, a beautiful, hairy cow ; a plump girl, pan-cake ; cf. lur, 
 
 Iwrach. 
 loireanach, male child just able to walk ; cf. luran. 
 Idiseam, pomp, show : 
 loisneach, cunning : "foxy;" Ir. loisi, los, a fox : *luxo-; Gr. 
 
 ^vy^, lynx, 0. H. G. luhs, Ag. S. lox, lynx, 
 loistean, a lodging, tent, Ir. loistin ; from the Eng. lodging. 
 lorn, bare, Ir. lom, 0. Ir. lomm, W. llwm : *lummo-, * lupa-mo-, 
 
 root lup, peel, break off' ; Lit. lupti, peel, Ch. SI. Ivpiti, 
 
 detrahere ; Skr. lurapaTni, cut off". Hes. has Or. Av^vos = 
 
 •yu/xvds, which Stokes suggests alternately. Hence lomradh, 
 
 fleecing, 0. Ir. lommraim, tondeo, abrado, lorn/mar, bared, 
 
 stripped ; which last Stokes compares rather to Lat. lamberat, 
 
 scindit ac laniat. 
 lombair, bare ; cf. 0. Ir. lommar, bared (see lom). Possibly the b 
 
 is intrusive, as in Eng. number, dumber. 
 lomchar, bare place ; from lom and cuir, cor. 
 lomhainn, a leash, Ir. lomna, a cord (O'CL), 0. Ir. Imnan, funis, 
 
 lorum, W. llyfan, Cor. louan, Br. louffan, tether : *lomand. 
 lomhair, brilliant : 
 lomnochd, naked, so Ir., E. Ir. lomnocht ; from lom and nocJid, 
 
 naked. 
 lompair, a bare plain ; see lombair, which is another spelling of 
 
 this word, 
 lompais, niggardliness, Ir. Inmpais ; from *lommas, from lom. 
 Ion, food, Ir., M. Ir. Idn, 0. Ir. l6on, adeps, commeatus, 0. Br. Ion, 
 
 adeps : * louno-. Strachan and Stokes cf . 0. SI. pluti, caro. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. ^09 
 
 Lit. pluid,, a crust, 'Lettic pluta, a bowel. Bez. queries'-if it is 
 allied to L. Ger.fldm, raw suet, 0. H. G:.floum. . It was' usual 
 to refer it to the same root as Gr. ttAoStos, wealth ; and 
 Emault has suggested connection- with fi/owagf (*Wo»), which 
 is unlikely. , , ' ' 
 
 Ion, marsh, mud : *lut-no-, root lut, muddy, 0. Ir. loth, mud, Lat. 
 lutum ; further root lu, lou, as in lod. ■ It may be from 
 *louno-, with the same root;cf. M. Ir. coaZware, hounds' 
 excrement. 
 
 Ion, lon-dubh, the blackbird, Ir., M. Ir., 0. Ir. Ion. Stokes refers 
 it to * lux-no- (root Irnq, light, Lat. lux, etc.), but this in the 
 G, would give lonn. 
 
 Ion, elk, M. G. Ion (D. of L.), Ir. Ion : *lono-; cf. 0. Slav, lani, 
 hind, and, further, Celtic *elant, roe (see eilid). 
 
 Ion, a rope of raw hides (St Kilda) : possibly a condensation of 
 lomhainn. 
 
 Ion, lon-chraois, gluttony, M. Ir. Ion crdis. Kuno Meyer ( Vision 
 of M'Conglinne) translates Ion separately as "demon." For 
 craois, see crcbos. 
 
 Ion, prattle, forwardness, Ir. lonaiyh, a scoff, jest, W. Uon, cheer- 
 fal : *luno-, root lu, lav, enjoy, win, W. llawen, merry ; Gr, 
 oTTokavdi, enjoy ; Got. laun, reward. See further under Ittach, 
 
 long, a ship, Ir, long, E. Ir. l<yng, vessel (vas), ship, W. /fowgi, ship j 
 *l<mgd; Norse lung, ship (Bez.); cf. Lat. lagena, flagon 
 (Stokes). Usually supposed to be borrowed from: Lat. (navis) 
 longa, war ship. Cf. Ptolemy's River Aoyyos, the Norse 
 ■ SMpaf jSr&r r nov Looh Long. 
 
 lonn, timber put under a boat for launching it j frbm Norse 
 hlunwf, a roller for launching ships. 
 
 lonn, anger, fierce, strong, Ir. lonn, 0. Ir. lond, wild. Stokes 
 {Zeit.^, 557) doubtfully suggests connection with Skr. 
 randhayati, destroy, torment. 
 
 lonnrach, glittering, so Ir. ; cf. loinnir. 
 
 lopan, soft, muddy place (Suth.) ; see laban. 
 
 lorg, a stafi', Ir., E. Ir. lorg. Cor. lorc'h, baculus, Br. lorc'hen, temo : 
 *lorgo-, Norse Iv/rkr, a cudgel (Bez., Cam.).. 
 
 lorg, track, footstep, Ir., E. Ir. lorg, 0. Ir. lore, trames, lorgarecht, 
 indago, W. llyr, course, duct. Cor. lergh, lerch, Br. lerc'h, 
 track : *lorgo-. Bez. compares L. Ger. lurken, creep. Rhys 
 adds W. llwrw, direction (Manx I'ray?, 127). 
 
 los, purpose, sake, Ir., E. Ir. los, sake, behalf, part : 
 
 losaid, a kneading trough, Ir. losad, E. Ir. losmt : *lossantd, 
 *lok-s-, root lok, lek ; Gr. Aekos, a dish, pot; Lit. lekmene, a 
 puddle ; Lat. lanx, dish, 
 
 27 
 
210 RTTMOLOaiCAL DICTIONARY 
 
 losgadh, a burning, Ir. loscadh, E. Ir. loscud, W. llosg, urere, Cor. 
 
 lose (n.), Br. losh : *losk6, 1 bum, *lopsM, root lop, lap ; Gr. 
 
 A,a/tffO), shine ; 0. Pruss. lopis, flame, Lett, lapa, pine-torch 
 
 (Stokes). See lasair, to whose root it is usually referred, 
 losgann, a toad, Ir. loscain, E. Ir. loscann ; from Insg above, so 
 
 named from the acrid secretions of its skin, 
 lot, wound, so Ir., E. Ir. lot, damrige, loitim, laedo : *loU6, *lut-to-, 
 
 root lut, lu, cut ; Skr. lii-, cut ; Gr. Xvta, loose ; Eng. loss, 
 
 lose ; Pruss. avAaut, die. Stokes refers it to a stem * lud-nS-, 
 
 root Ivd, Teut. root, lut, Eng. lout, little, Norse I4ta, to lout, 
 
 bow, Ag. S. lot, dolus, etc. 
 loth, a colt, Manx Ihi^, W. llwdn, young of deer, sheep, swine, 
 
 Jiens, etc.. Cor. lodn (do.), M. Br. lozn, beast, Br. loen, animal : 
 
 *pl'uto-, *plutno- ; cf. Lat. pullus, foal, Eng. filly. 
 lothail, the plant brook-lime, Ir. lothal (O'B.), lochal : 
 luach, worth, value, Ir. liuwh, 0. Ir. I6g, luac/i : *lougos, root lou, 
 
 lit, gain ; Lat. Idcrum, gain, Lwverna, the thieves' goddess ; 
 
 Got. laun, a reward, Ag. S. lian (do.) ; 0. Slav, lomi, catching, 
 luachair, rushes, Ir., E. Ir. luachair : " light-maker," from louh, 
 
 light (Lat. Ivnc, etc.), M. W. lieu bahir, rush-light. 
 Inadh, fulling cloth ; cf. Ir. luadh, motion, moving, root plovd. 
 
 (Lit. plaudzu, wash, Eng. fleet), a side-form of the root of 
 
 l%ath. But Qompare dol, 
 luaidhj caention, speaking, Ir. luadh, 0. Ir. luad, : ^laudo-; Lat. 
 
 lauSflavdis, praise. Hence luaidh, beloved one : " spoken or 
 _ thought of one." 
 luaidh, lead, Ir., M. Ir. luaidlie : *loudid; Eng. lead, Ag. S. l^ad 
 
 {*lauda-), Ger. loth. 
 luaimear, a prattler, Ir. luaimearachd, volubility ; see next word, 
 luaineach, restless, Ir. luaimneach, E. Ir. luamnech, volatile (as 
 
 birds), Mamain, flying; root ploiigi, fly; Eng._^y, Ger. fliegen, 
 
 Norse fljuga. 
 luaireagan, a grovelling person, a fire-fond child ; from liudth, 
 
 ashes : " one in sackcloth and ashes 1" 
 luaisg, move, wave, luasgadh (n.), Ir. luasgaim, M. Ir. luascad, 
 
 0. Br. hiscou, oscilla, Br. luskella, to rock : *loush6, * ploud-sko-, 
 
 root ploud or plout, plou, go, flow, move, as in limth, q.v. 
 
 Bez. queries connection with Lit. pMsTcdt, pliikt, pluck, tear. 
 luan, moon, Monday, so Ir. ; M. Ir., 0. Ir. Ivan, moon, Monday : 
 
 * kmkno-, Lat. Ivm, l-uceo, lUna, laoon. The Gadelic is possibly 
 
 borrowed from Lat. 
 luaran, a dizziness, faint : 
 luath, ashes, Ir. luaith, E. Ir. liiaiih, W. Ihidw, Cor. lusu, Br. Ivdu : 
 
 Houtvi-. Bez. queries if it is allied to Ger. lodern, to flame. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANOnAGE. 211 
 
 luath, swift, Ir. hiath, 0. Jr. Math : *louto-, root plout, plou, go, 
 flow, be swift ; ^ing. fleet, Norse fljdtr, swift (root pieud) ; Gt. 
 ttXco), I sail ; Lat. pluit, it rains ; Skr. plavate, swim, fly. 
 
 lib, bend, Ir., M. Ir. Mbaim, E. Ir. liipaim. {ro-liipstair, they bent, 
 L. Leinster) : Mbbd, root leub, luh ; Eng. loop, M. Eng. Icfwpe, 
 noose. Skeat regards the Eng. as borrowed from the Celtic. 
 Hence Itiib, a fold, creek, angle. 
 
 luch, a mouse, Ir., 0. Ir. luah, g. loekat, W. Uyg, llygoden. Com. 
 logoden, Br. logodenn, pi. logod : *lvJcot-, *pluko-, "gray one ;" 
 Lit. pilkas, gray, pele, mouse ; root pel, pol, gray, as under 
 liath. Stokes refers it to the Gadelic root luko-, dark (read 
 lau&o- or louko-), whence E. Ir. lock (read Idch), which he tabes 
 from I. E. leuq, shine (Lat. Itox, etc.), comparing W. llvjg, 
 livid, blotchy, to which add W. llug, blotch, dawning. From 
 this obsolete G. word Idch, dark, come the name of the rivers 
 Lbchaidh, Adamnau's Nigra Dea or Loch-dae, which we may 
 take as the G. form of it from another of his references. 
 
 luchairt, a palace, castle : 
 
 luchd, people, Ir. luchd, 0. Ir. lucht, W. llwyth, tribe : *lukto-, 
 from plug, pvlg, Eng. folk, Ger. volk, whence 0. Slov. pluku, 
 a troop. 
 
 luchd, a burden, Ir. luchd, E, Ir. liicht, W. llywth, a load : lukto-. 
 The 0. W. tluiih (or mawr-dluithruim, multo veote) has 
 suggested *tlukto-, allied to Lat. toUo, raise (Stokes). 
 
 ludag, the little finger, Ir. lughaddg, 0. Ir. Mta, dat. lutain : 
 *lMd&nr, root lud, hid, Eng. little, Ag. S. Iptel, 0, H. G. luzil ; 
 root lu, lu, Eng. loss, -less, Gr. Xvo>, etc. 
 
 liidag, l&dan, liidnan, a hinge, ludanan, hinges, Ir. ludrach (FoL), 
 ludach, ludann (O'R.) : 
 
 ludair, a slovenly person, ludraig, bespatter with mud, luidir, 
 wallow, Ir. ludar (n.), ludair (vb.) ; two words from lod, mud, 
 and luid, rag. 
 
 ludhaig, permit, allow ; from the Eng. 'lovdng, allowing. 
 
 lugach, having crooked legs, Idgan, a deformed person, liiigean, 
 a weakling : *l&ggo-, root leug, Iv^, bend, Gr. \vyi(w, bend. 
 Lit. lugnas, pliant. 
 
 lugh, swear, blaspheme, 0. Ir. luige, oath, W. llw, Br. le : *lugio-n, 
 oath, " binding ;" Got. liugan, wed, 0. H. G. urliugi, lawless 
 condition, Ag. S. orlege, war. 
 
 lugha, less, Ir. lugha, 0. Ir. lugu, laigiu, positive lau, 14, little, 
 W. llai, less, from llei, Br. lei, from lau : * legios, from *legvrs, 
 little : Lat. levis ; Gr. eXaxw, little ; Skr. laghd-s, light, Eng. 
 light. 
 
 luibh, an herb, Ir. luibh, 0. Ir. luib, lubgort, herb-garden, garden, 
 W. lluarth, garden, Cor. luvorth, Br. liorz, garden : *lubi-, 
 
212 E?rYMOLOGICAL DICTION AEY 
 
 herb; Norse Ipf, herh, Got. Mja-leisei, witchcraft, "herb- 
 lore," 0. H. G. Ivppi, poison, magic, Ag. S. Ipb (do.). 
 
 luid, luideag, a rag, a slut, Ir. Ivid : *luddi-, root lu, cut, lose, as 
 under lot. 
 
 luidhear, a vent, chimney, louvre; from M. Eng. lowre, lover, 
 smoke-hole, 0. Fr. lover. The Norse lj6ri, a louvre or roof- 
 opening, is from ijds, light. 
 
 luidse, a clumsy fellow ; from the Sc. lotch, lout, louching, louting. 
 
 liigean, a weak person ; see lugach. 
 
 luigh, lie ; see laigh. 
 
 luighean, an ankle ; of. E. Ir. Ivn, foot, kick, 0. Ir. lue, heel : 
 
 luighe-siiibhladh (laighe-sitbhladh), child-bed, Ir. luidhsiiihhail 
 (Fol.), M. Ir. hen siuil, parturient woman. Stokes refers siuil 
 to M. Ir. siul, bed, and compares the Eng. phrase to be brought 
 Orbed. The G. and Ir. seems against this, for the idea of 
 luighe-siiibhladh would then be " bed-lying ;" still worse is it 
 when leabaidh-shiiiladh is used. 
 
 luigheachd, requital, reward : *higi-, root, hig, long, as in luach. 
 
 luim, a shift, contrivance : 
 
 luimneach, active (Smith's S. D.) ; cf. luaineach. 
 
 luinneag, a ditty, Ir. luinnioc, chorus, glee, M. Ir. luindiuc, 
 /«?Wigr, music-making : *lundo-, root lud, as in laoidh, Eng. lay? 
 
 luinneanach, tossing, floundering, paddling about ; see lann, a 
 heaving billow. 
 
 luinnse, luinnsear, a sluggard, lazy vagrant, Ir. lunnsaire, idler, 
 watcher ; from Eng. lungis (obsolete), lounger. 
 
 IMreach, a coat of mail, Ir. liiireach, E. Ir. liiirech, W. llurig ; 
 from Lat. lortea, from lorum, a thong. Hence Itlireach, a 
 patched garment, an untidy female. 
 
 luirist, an untidy person, tall and pithless : 
 
 luman, a covering, great-coat, Ir. lumain. In some dialects it 
 also means a " beating," that is, a " dressing." 
 
 Itinasd, Itinasdal, Ifinasdainn, Lammas, first August, Ir. lughnas, 
 August, E. Ir. lUgnasad, Lammas-day : "festival of Lug ;" 
 from Lug, the sun-god of the Gael, whose name Stokes con- 
 nects with Ger. locken, allure, Norse lohka (do.), and also 
 Loki{1). E. Ir. nassad, festival (?), is referred by Ehys to the 
 same origin as Lat. nexus, and he trauslates Mgnasad as 
 " Lug's wedding" (Hib. Lect., 416). 
 
 lunn, a staff, oar-handle, lever ; from Norse hlunnr, launching 
 roller. See lonn. Dial. lund. 
 
 lunn, a heaving billow (not broken) ; also lonn. See lonn, anger. 
 
 lunndair, a sluggard ; cf. Fr. lendore, an idle fellow, from M.H.G. 
 lentem, go slow, Du. lentern. Br. landar, idle, is borrowed 
 from the Fr. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 213 
 
 lunndraig, thump, beat ; from the Sc. Imnder, beat, laundering, a 
 
 drubbing, 
 lur, delight, lurach, lovely, luran, darling, a male child : *luru-, 
 
 root lu, lav,, enjoy, as in Ion. 
 lure, a crease in cloth ; from Sc. lirk, a crease, M. Eng. lerke, wrinkle, 
 lurcach, lame in the feet ; see loirc. 
 lur dan, cunning, a slyfeUow ; from Sc. lurdane, worthless person, 
 
 M. Eng. lourdaine, lazy rascal, from 0. Fr. lowrdein (n.), lourd, 
 
 dirty, sottish, from Lat. luridum. 
 lurg, lurgann, a shank, Ir., E. Ir. lurga, g. lurgan ; cf. W. llorp, 
 
 llorf, shank, shaft, 
 lus, an herb, plant, Ir. lus, E. Ir. luss, pi. lossa, W. llysiau, herbs, 
 
 Cor. les, Br. louzaouen : *lunsik-, from *lubsu-, root lub of luibh. 
 luspardan, a pigmy, sprite, Martin's Lusbirdan ; from lugh, little 
 
 (see higha), and spiorad. 
 liltb, strength, pith, Ir. Mth, E. Ir. I4th ; cf. 0. Ir. lilth, velocity, 
 
 motion, from the root pl&u, plu of luath. Or tluth, from tel ? 
 
 M 
 
 ma, if, Ir. md, 0. Ir. md, ma, Cor., Br. ma (also mar) ; cf. Skr. 
 sma; smd, an emphatic enclitic ( = "indeed") used after 
 pronouns, etc., the -s»i- which appears in the I. E. pronoun 
 forms (Gr. d/xjci£ = jw-sme, us). 
 
 mab, a tassel ; a side-form of pab, q.v. 
 
 mab, abuse, vilify : 
 
 mabach, lisping, stammering ; cf. M. Eng. maflen, Du. mafelen, to 
 stammer. 
 
 mac, a son, Ir. mac, 0. Ir., mace, W. mab, 0. W. map. Cor. mab, 
 Br. jjiop, mab. Ogam gen. maqvi : *makko-s, *mahvo-s, son, 
 root mak, rear, nutrire, W. magu, rear, nurse, Br. maguet ; 
 I. E. mak, ability, production ; Gr. jxaKpos, long, ii.a,Kap, 
 blessed ; Zend wiapanA, greatness ; Lettic mdzu, can, be 
 able. Kluge compares Got. magaths, maid, Ag. S. mcegp, 
 Eng. maid, further Got. magvs, boy, Norse mogi", which, 
 however, is allied to O. Ir. mv,g (pi. mogi), slave. The Teut. 
 words also originally come from a root denoting " might, 
 increase," Gr. fi'5x°s, means, Skr. mahas, great. Hence 
 macanta, mild : " filial." 
 
 macamh, a youth, generous man, Ir. macamh, macaomh, a youth, 
 E. Ir. maccoem ; from mac and caomh. 
 
 mach, a mach, outside (motion to "out"), Ir. amach, E. Ir. 
 immach ; from in and magh, a field, mach being its accusative 
 after the prep, in, into : "into the field." Again a muigh, 
 outside (rest), is for E. Ir. immaig, in with the dat. of magh : 
 " in the field." See an, ann and magh. 
 
214 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKT 
 
 machair, a plain, level, arable land, Manx magher, Jr., M. Ir. 
 machaire, mocha : *makaijo-, a field ; Lat. mdceria, an 
 enclosure (whence W. Tumgwyr, enclosure, Br. moger, wall). 
 So Stokes. Usually referred to * magh-tKvr, "plain-land," 
 from mobgh and t%r. 
 
 machlag, matrix, uterus, Ir. machldg (O'B., etc.) ; cf. Ger. magen, 
 Eng. maw. 
 
 macnas, sport, wantonness, Jr.. macnas (do.), macrcbs, sport, 
 festivity ; from mac. 
 
 mactalla, macalla, echo, Ir., M. Ir. macalla ; from mac and 
 obsolete all, a cliff, g. aille {* alios), allied to Gr. iriWa, 
 stone (Hes.), Norse fjall, hill, Eng. fell. See also fail, 
 which is aUied. 
 
 madadh, a dog, mastiff, so Ir., M. Ir. madrad : *maddo-, * mas-do-, 
 the mas possibly being for m:at-s, the mMt of which is then the 
 same as math- of mxvthghamhuin, q.v. Connection with Eng. 
 mastiff, Fr. mMin, 0. Fr. mastiff, from *mmisatinvs, "house- 
 dog," would mean borrowing. 
 
 mdidog, madog, a mattock, W. matog ; from M. Eng. mattok, now 
 mattock, Ag. S. motive. 
 
 md,dar, madder, Ir. vnadar, the plant madder ; from the Eng. 
 
 madhanta, valiant, dexterous in arms, Ir. madhanta : " over- 
 throwing," from the E. Ir. verb maidim, overthrow, break, 
 from *mat6, Ch. SI. motyha, ligo, Polish motyka, hoe (Bez.) 
 
 maduinn, morning, Ir. maidin, 0. Ir. matin, mane, maten. ; from 
 Lat. matviina, early (day), Eng. matin. 
 
 mdig, a paw, hand ; from the Sc. Ttmig, to handle, maigs, hands, 
 mMcgs, seal flippers (Ork. and Shet.). 
 
 magadh, mocking, Ir. magadh, W. modo , from the Eng. mock. 
 
 magaid, a whim ; from Sc. maggai, magget. 
 
 magairle(an), testicle(s), Ir. magairle, magarla, E. Ir. macraille 
 (pi.) : * magar-aille, "magar stones j" mngar, and all of 
 mactalla : magar = * maggaro-, root mxig, m^g, great, powerful, 
 increase ? Cf., however, mx)gvl. 
 
 m^gan, toad; properly mial-mh&gain, "squat beast;" from mag 
 above. 
 
 magh, a plain, a field, Ir. magh, 0. Ir. Tnag, W. ma, jnaes 
 (*magestiir), Cor. mes, Br. matss, Gaul, magos : *magos, images-, 
 field, plain, " expanse," from root magh, great, Skr. rrwM, the 
 earth, mahas, great ; Gr. /t'ijxos, means, Lat. machina, machine ; 
 Got. magan, be able, Eng. may. 
 
 maghar, bait for fish, so Ir., P]. Ir. magar (Corm.), small fry or fish : 
 
 maibean, a cluster, bunch ; see mab. 
 
 maide, a stick, wood, Ir., E. Ir. matan, a club : *maddio-, 
 *mMS-do-; Lat. mdhts (^ = *mddus), mast; Eng. mast. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 215 
 
 mdiidhean, delay, slowness : 
 
 mdiidse, a shapeless mass : 
 
 m&idsear, a major ; from the Eng. 
 
 Maigh, May, E. Jr. Mai ; from Lat. Maim, Eng. May. 
 
 m^gean, a child beginning to walk, a fat, little man ; from mag. 
 
 maighdeag, concha veneris, the shell of the escallop fish ; from 
 
 maighdean I 
 maighdean, a maiden, so Ir., late M. Ir. maighden (F. M.) ; from 
 
 M. Eng. magden, maiden, Ag. S. maegden, now maiden. 
 maigheach, a hare, Ir. miol bhuidhe (for miol mkuighe), E. Ir. mil 
 
 maige, " plain beast ;" from mial and magh. The G. is an 
 
 adj. from magh : '^mageco-, " compestris." 
 maighistir, maighstir, master, Ir. maighisdir, M. Ir. magisder, 
 
 W. meistyr, Corn, maister ; from Lat. magiUer, Eng. master. 
 mdiileid, a bag, wallet, knapsack, Ir. mdileid, mdilin ; see mAla. 
 maille ri, with, Ir. Tnaille re, 0. Ir. immalle, malle ; for imb-an- 
 
 leth, " by the side," mu an leth now. 
 mdiille, mail armour ; from the Eng. mail. 
 mainisdir, a monastery, so Ir., E. Ir. manister; from Lat. monas- 
 
 terium. 
 mainne, delay, Ir. mainneacMna ; cf. 0. Ir. mendat, residence, 
 
 0. G. mandaidib (dat. pi.), Skr. mandiram, lodging, habi- 
 tation ; Lat, mandra, a pen, Gr. jxavhpa (do,). 
 jnainnir, a fold, pen, booth, Ir. mainreach, mainneir, M. Ir. 
 
 ^aaindir ; Lat. mandra, Gr. fidvSpa, pen, as under mainne, 
 
 K, Meyer takes it from early Fr, maneir, dwelling, Eng, 
 
 manor. 
 mair, last, live, Ir. mairim, 0. Ir. maraim : *mar6 ; Lat. mora 
 
 delay {*mr-). 
 md.ireacli, to-morrow, Ir. mdrach, E. Ir. imbdrach, to-morrow, 
 
 iamabdrach, day after to-morrow, W. bore, boreu, morning, 
 
 y /ory to-morrow, M. W. avory, Br. beiire, morning, *bdrego- 
 
 (Stokes, Zimmer) : *mf-ego-, root mfgh, mrgh {mrg ?) ; Got. 
 
 maurgins, morning, da mav/rgina, to-morrow, Eng. morrow, 
 
 Ger. morgen, etc. 
 mairg, pity ! Ir. mxiirg, E. Ir. mairg, vae : *margi- ; Gr. fidpyos, 
 
 niad, Lat. morbus (?). Usually referred to *mo-oirc, *mo 
 
 oirg, " my destruction," from org, destroy (See tuargan). 
 mairiste, a marriage ; from the Eng. 
 md^irneal, a delay, Ir. mairneulachd, tediousness, a sailing : 
 mairtir, a martyr, so Ir., E. Ir. martir, W. merthyr ; from Lat. 
 
 martyr, from Gr. jxAprvi, /lapTvpos, a witness. 
 maise, beauty, so Ir., E. Ir. maisse, from mass, comely ; root mad, 
 
 Tned, measure, Eng. m^et, Ger. mMSsig, moderate ; further Eng. 
 
 mete, etc. 
 
216 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 maistir, urine, so Ir. ; possibly borrowed, like the following word, 
 
 from Lat. mistura, mixture. Otherwise from *mixori-, root 
 
 migh, metgh, urinate, Lat. mingo, Gr. ofux^o}. Got. maihstus, 
 
 dung, 
 maistreadh, churning, so Ir. ; from Lat. mistura, Eng. mixture. 
 maith, math, good, Ir., O. Ir. maith, W. mad, Cor. mas, M. Br. 
 
 mat : *mati^, root mat, met, measure, I. E. me, measure, as 
 
 in meas, q.v. ? Bez. suggests as an alternative Skr. ■dpor-yndti, 
 
 affabilis, Gr. fiark ( = /*£yas, Hes.). 
 maith, math, pardon, Ir. mmtheam (n.), E. Ir. mathem, a forgiving, 
 
 W. madden, ignoscere, root mad, " be quiet about," Skr. 
 
 mddati, linger, Tnandas, lingering. Got. ga-m6tan, room ; see 
 
 . mainnir. 
 md.1, rent, tax, M. Ir. mdl, W. mxtl, bounty ; from Ag. S. mdl, 
 
 tribute, M. Eng. mat, now m^il, (black-mai7), So. niail. 
 m&la, a bag, budget, Ir. mdla ; from the M. Eng. mnle, wallet, 
 
 bag (now mail), from 0. Fr. rnale, from 0. H. G. malha. 
 mala, pi. malaichean, eyebrow, Ir. mal,a, 0. Ir. mala, g. malach, 
 
 M. Br. malvenn, eyelash : * malax ; Lit. blalcstenai, eyelashes, 
 
 blakslini, wink, Lettic mala, border, Alban. mxil', hill, border, 
 malairt, an exchange, so Ir., M. Ir. malartaigim, I exchange, also 
 
 " destroy" : in E, Ir. and 0. Ir. malairt means " destruction," 
 
 which may be compared to Lat. mains, bad. 
 .male, putrefy: *rnalq6', Lit. nvrsmelkiii, decay, Servian mlak, 
 . lukewarm (Straobau), 0, H. G, mola{h)win, tabere (Bez.) It 
 
 has also been referred to the root mel, grind, 
 mdilda, gentle, Ir. mdlta ; Gr. jxakdaKoi, so^ (see meall), 
 ■mall,, slow, Jr., 0. Ir. mall (W. mall, want of energy, softness!); 
 
 Gr. niXkm, linger {*melno-) ; Lat. pro-m^llo, litem promovere. 
 
 It has also been referred to the root of Gr. fiakOaKos, soft 
 
 (see meall) and to that of Lat. mollis, soft, Eng. mellow. 
 mallachd, a curse, so Ir., 0. Ir. maldacfU, W. mellith, Br. malloc'h ; 
 
 from Lat. maledictio, Eng. malediction. 
 m^m, large round hill, Ir. mam, mountain, M. Ir. mamm, breast, 
 
 pap (O'Cl.) : " breast, pap," Lat. mamma, mother, breast, 
 
 Eng. mamvia, etc. Hence mam, an ulcerous swelling of the 
 
 armpit, 
 mim, a handful, two handfuls, Ir., M. Ir. mdm, handful, W. 
 
 mawaid, two handfuls : *mdmmA (Stokes), from *manmd, 
 
 allied to Lat. manus, hand ! Cf., however, mag. 
 manach, a monk, Ir., E. Ir. manach, W. mynach, Br. manacli ; 
 
 from Lat. monaehus, Eng. monk. Hence manachainn, a 
 
 monastery. 
 manaoh, the angel fish : 
 manachan, the groin : 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 217 
 
 manadh, an omen, luck, E. Ir. mana, omen ; Lat. moneo, warn, 
 advise ; Ag. S. manian, warn, exhort. 
 
 manas, the portion of an estate farmed by the owner, a large or 
 level farm ; from the Sc. mains, Eng. manor. 
 
 mandrag, mandrake, Ir. mandrdc ; from the Eng. W. mandragar 
 is from M. Eng. mandragores, Ag. S. mandragora. 
 
 mang, a fawn, M Ir. mang, E. Ir. mang (Conn.) ; Celtic root mag 
 (mang), increase, Eng. maiden, Got. magus, boy (see mac). 
 
 mangan, a bear ; see mathghamhain. 
 
 mannda, manntach, lisping, stammering, Ir. manntajch, toothless, 
 stammering, E. Ir. mant, gum, W. mant, jaw, mmitach, tooth- 
 less jaw : *mMnds>to-, jaw ; Lat. mandere, eat, m/mdibula, a 
 jaw ; further is Eng. meat, Gr. ii.ajj-a.ofi,ai, chew, eat, root mad. 
 
 manran, a tuneful sound, a cooing, humming, Ir. manrdn : 
 
 maodail, a paunch, stomach, Ir. wAadail, maodal, meadhail (Lh.), 
 M. Ir. medhal (Ir. GL, 235), mdtail : *mand-to-'i Eoot mad, 
 mand, eat, as under mannda 1 
 
 maoidh, grudge, reproach, Ir. maoidhim, grudge, upbraid,, brag, 
 E. Ir. mdidim, threaten, boast, O. Ir. m6idem, gloriatio : 
 *mmdo- ; root m^id, meid; M. H. G. gemeit, grand, 0. H. G. 
 kameit, jactans, stolidus, 0. Sax. gemed, stupid, Got. gamaids, 
 bruised. See miadh. 
 
 maoidhean, personal influence, interest; from Sc. moyen (do.), Fr. 
 moyen, a mean, means, Eng. means, from Lat. medianus, 
 median, middle. 
 
 maoile, brow of a hill ; see maol. 
 
 maoim, terror, onset, eruption, surprise, Tr. mmdhm, a sally, 
 eruption, defeat, E. Ir. maidm, a breach or breaking, defeat : 
 *matesmen- (Stokes), *m^td, break ; Ch. SI., Pol. motyha, a 
 hoe. Some give the root as allied to Skr. math, stir, twirl. 
 Lit. mentiiris, whorl. 
 
 maoin, wealth, Ir. maoin, 0. Ir. main : * moini- ; Lat. munus, 
 service, duty, gift (Eng. munificence), communis, common ; 
 Got. gor-mains, common, Eng. Tnean ; Lit. mainas, exchange. 
 
 maoineas, slowness ; see mdidhean. 
 
 maoirne, a bait for a fishing hook (N.H.), maoirnean, the least 
 quantity of anything ; cf. magliar, root mag, grow. 
 
 maois, a large basket, hamper, maois-eisg, five hundred fish, Ir. 
 maois, W. mwys, hamper, five score herring. Cor. muis, moys; 
 Sc. m^e, five hundred herring, Norse meiss, box, wicker 
 basket, meiss sild, barrel-herrings, 0. H. G. meisa, a basket 
 for the back ; Lit. maiszas, sack, Ch. SI. mechH. The relation- 
 ship, whether of affinity or borrowing, between Celtic and 
 Teutonic, is doubtful. The Brittonic might come from Lat. 
 mensa, a table, and the Gadelic from the Norse. 
 
 28 
 
■■§i^ iTYMOLQOiCAL DICTIOiJARV 
 
 maoiseach, a doe, heifer : 
 
 maol, bald, Ir. maol, 0. Ir. mdel, mail, W. mod, Br. maol : *mailo-s ; 
 
 Lit. mailus, something small, smallness, Ch. SI. melulcu, small ; 
 
 further root mei, lessen (see maoth). The Ir. mug, servant, 
 
 has been suggested as the basis : *mag{w)lo-, servile, " short- 
 haired, bald ;" but this, though suitable to the W., would 
 
 give in G. mdl. Cf. Ir. mdl, prince, from *maglo-. Heuce 
 
 maol, brow of a hUl or rock, W. moel, a conical hill, 
 maolchair, the space between the eyebrows ; from maol. 
 maol-sneimheil, lazy, careless : 
 maor, an officer of justice or of estates, Ir. moor, an officer, 0. G. 
 
 moer, mdir (B. of Deer), W. mxner, steward ; from Lat. major, 
 
 whence Eng. mayor. 
 maorach, shell-fish, Ir. maorach ; cf. Gr. fjLvpaiva (v long), lamprey, 
 
 cr/jLvpo';, eel. 
 , maoth, soft, Ir. maoth, E. Ir. moeth, 0. Ir. moith : * moitirS ; Lat. 
 
 mJUis, mild ; further root mei, lessen (see mXn). 
 mar, as, Ir., M. Ir. mar, E. Ir., 0. Ir. immar, quasi : *amhi-are, 
 
 the prepositions imm (now mu) and air ? W. mor, as. Corn., 
 
 Br. mar, is explained by Eruault as unaccented Br. meur, G. 
 
 mbr, big. 
 mar ri, M. G. far ri (D. of L.), with, Ir. a bh-farradh, together 
 
 with, tiom. farradh, company, q.v. 
 marag, a pudding, M. Ir. mardc, hilla, E. Ir., mar, sausage ; from 
 
 the Norse miirr, dat. morvi, suet, bld'd-morr, black pudding. 
 marasga.1, a master, regulator, Ir., M. Ir. marascal, regulator, 
 
 marshal ; from M. -Eng. and 0. Fr. marescal, now marshal. 
 inarbh, dead, Ir. marbh, 0. Ir. marh, W. marw. Cor. marow, Br. 
 
 maro, M. Br. marv : *marvo-s, root mr ; Lat. mm'ior, die ; 
 
 Lit. mirti, die ; Gr. fiapaiva, destroy ; Skr. wm?; die. 
 marc, a horse, G. and Ir. marcach, a horseman, E. Ir. marc, horse, 
 
 W., Cor., Br. march, Gaul. ix.apKa.-v (ace.) : *marko-s, *markd ; 
 
 0. H. G. marah, mare, meriha, horse, Norse marr, mare, 
 
 Ag. S. mearh, Eng. mare and marshal. 
 marg, a merk : from the Eng. mark, Sc. merk, Norse mork, g. 
 
 Tnarkar, 
 margadh, a market, so Ir., M. Ir. margad, marcad, E. Ir. marggad, 
 
 from M. Eng. market, from Lat. mercatus. 
 marla, marl, Ir. wArla, W. m.arl ; from Eng. marl. The G. has 
 
 the sense of " marble" also, where it confuses this word and 
 
 Eng. marble together. 
 marmor, marble, Ir. marmur ; from Lat. marrrwr. A playing 
 
 marble is in the G. dialects marbul, a marble. 
 md.rsadh, marching, Ir. marsdil ; from the Eng. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 219 
 
 mart, a cow, Ir. mart, a cow, a beef, E. Ir. mart, a beef ; hence 
 
 Sc. mart, a cow killed for family (winter) use and salted, 
 
 which Jamieson derives from Martinmas, the time at which 
 
 the killing took place The idea of mart is a cow for killing : 
 
 *martd, from root mar, die, of marhh ? 
 Mart, March, Ir. Mart, K. ir. mairt, g. marta, W. Mawrth ; from 
 
 Lat. Martins, Eng. March. 
 martradh, maiming, laming, Ir. mairtrighim, murder, maim, 
 
 martyi-ise, O. Ir. martre, martyrdom ; from Lat. martyr, a 
 
 martyr, whence Eng. 
 mas, the buttock, Ir. mAs, E. Ir. mdss : *mdsto-; Gr. /xijSea, 
 
 genitals, /aoo-tos, /^afos, breast, cod, fiaSdu), lose hair ; Lat. 
 
 madeo, be wet ; root vidd, mad. 
 mas, before, ere ; see mus. 
 m^san, delay, Ir. masdn (U'B., etc.) : 
 masg, mix, infuse ; from the Sc. tnash, Swed. maske, to mash, 
 
 Fries, mask, draff, grains, Eng. m,ash. 
 masgul, flattery : 
 
 masladh, disgrace, Ir. masla, masladh, despite, shame, disgrace : 
 math, good, Ir. m,ath ; see maith. This is the commonest form in 
 
 G., the only Northern Dialect form, 
 math, forgive ; see maith. 
 mathaich, manure laud ; from math 2 
 m^thair, mother, Ir. mdthair, 0. Ir. mdthir, W. modryh, dame, 
 
 aunt, 0. Br. motrep, aunt: *mdter; Lat. mdter; Gr. fi'^Trjp, 
 
 Dor. fxar-qp (a long) ; Norse mttsir, Eng. mother ; Skr. mdtdr. 
 mathghamhuin, a bear, Ir. mathgliamJiuin, E. Ir. mathgaman, 
 
 from math- and gamhainn ; with math, bear (?), cf. W. 
 
 madawg, fox, and possibly the Gaul, names MatVrgenos, 
 
 JIatuus, Teuto-matus, etc. 
 meacan, a root, bulb, Ir. meaean, any top-rooted plant, 0. Ir. 
 
 meccun, mecon : * mehhon-, root Tnek, mah of rrmc 1 
 meachainn, mercy, an abatement, meachair, soft, tender, 
 
 msachran, hospitable person, Ir. meach, hospitality : 
 meadar, a woodeu pail or vessel, Ir. meadar, a hollowed-out 
 
 drinking vessel, churn, M. Ir. metur ; from Lat. metrun, 
 
 measure, metre, meter. 
 meadar, verse, metre ; for root, etc., see above word, 
 meadhail, joy ; see meadhrach. 
 meadh-bhl^th, lake- warm : "mid-warm;" 0. Ir. midr, mid-, root 
 
 med, medh, as in next, 
 meadhon, the middle, so Ir., 0. Ir. med6n, im-medon, M. W. ymeun, 
 
 W. mevm, within, Br. y meton, amidst ; cf. for form and root 
 
 Lat. medidnum, the middle, Eng. mean, further Lat. medius, 
 
 middle ; Gr. /^ecros ; Eng. middle ; etc. 
 
220 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 meadhracli, glad, joyous, Ir. meadhair, mirth, meadhrach, joyous, 
 
 E. Ir. Tnedrach : *medro- ; Skr. mad, rejoice, be joyful, mdda, 
 
 hilarity, 
 meag, whey, It. meadhg, E.Ir.medg, W. maidd {*me&jo-),Gor. 
 
 maith, 0. Br. meid, Gallo.-Lat. mesga, whey, whence Fr. megue : 
 
 *mezgd, whey ; 0. Slav, mozgu, succus, marrow (Thurneysen), 
 
 to which Brugmami adds 0. H. G. marg, marrow (Eng. 
 
 marrow). Lit. mazgoti, wash, Lat. mergo, merge. 
 meaghal, barking, mewing, alarm ; see miamhail. 
 meal, possess, enjoy, Ir. mealadh (n.), M. Ir. melaim, I enjoy : 
 
 possibly from the root mel, mat, soft, as in mealbJiag. Cf. 
 
 0. Ir. meldach, pleasant, Eng. mild. 
 mealasg, flattery, fawning, great rejoicing ; see miolasg. 
 mealbhag, com poppy ; cf. Lat. malva, mallow, whence Eng. 
 
 mallow ; Gr. /juiXaxi}, root m/xl, mel, soft, " emollient," Gr. 
 
 /lakaKos, soft, Lat. mulcere. 
 mealg, milt of fish; for *fealg = sealg? 
 meall, a lump, hill, Ir. meall, lump, knob, heap, E, Ir. mell, Gaul. 
 
 Mello-durmm (?), now Melun : *mello-, from *melno- ; 0. Slav. 
 
 iz-molSti, jut out, protuberate (Bez. with query). 
 meall, deceive, entice, Ir. meallaim, M. Ir. mellaim, deceive, E. Ir. 
 
 mell, error : melsd (Stokes), root m,el, mal, bad ; Lat. malus ; 
 
 Lit. mllyti, mistake, melas, lie ; Gr. /aeAcos, useless ; Armen. 
 
 j»eA, peccatum. 
 meallan, clach-mheallain, hail, Ir. mealldn (Fol., O'R.); from 
 
 meall, lump? 
 meambrana, parchments, Ir. meamrum, 0. Ir. membrum ; from 
 
 Lat. meTTibrana, skin, membrane, from membrum,. 
 meamhair, meomhair, memory, Ir. meamhair, 0. Ir. mebuir ; from 
 
 Lat. memoria, Eng. memory. 
 meamna, meanmna, spirit, will, Ir. meanma (n.), meanmnach (adj.), 
 
 0. Ir. menme, g. menman, mens ; *m,enmSs, g. menmenos, root 
 
 men, mind, think ; Skr. mAnmMn, mind, thought, manye, 
 
 think ; Lat. m^emini, remember, mens ; Gr. fiefiova, think, 
 
 f.vrjfm, monument ; Eng. mean, mind ; etc. 
 mean, meanbh, small, E. Ir. m^nbach, small particle : *mino-, 
 
 *minvo-, root min ; Lat. m,inus, Eng. diminish, Lat. minor, 
 
 minutus, minute ; Gr. fiivvdio, lessen ; Got. mins, less : root 
 
 mi, mei. See mi-. Stokes gives also an alternate root mere, 
 
 Skr. mandk, a little, Lat, mancus, maimed, Lit. menkas, little. 
 meanaohair, small cattle, sheep or goats (Dial ) ; for meanbh- 
 
 chrodh. 
 m^anan, a yawn, Ir. meanfach, E. Ir. mdn-scailim, I yawn, 
 
 " mouth-spread," v/iin, mouth, menogvd, hiatus ; cf. W. min, 
 
 lip, edge, Cor. min, meen, Br. min, snout. Strachan and 
 
OP THE GA.KLIC LANGUAGE. 221 
 
 Stokes suggest the stem * mdknd, *mehno-, root mak ; Ag. S. 
 
 maga, stomach, Ger. magen, Eng. ttmw. 
 meang, guile, Jr. meang, E. Ir. meng : *mengd; Gr. iiayyavov, 
 
 engine (Eng. mangle), /xayyaveuu, juggle ; Lat. mango, a 
 
 dealer who imposes, 
 meang, whey ; Dial, for meag: 
 meangan, meanglan, a twig, Ir. meangdn, beangdn . *mengo-, 
 
 Celtic root meg, mag, increase ; see under maiglidean, mac. 
 meann, a kid, Ir. meanndn, meann, W. myn. Cor. min, Br. menn : 
 
 *m£ndo-, kid, " suckling ;" Alban. merit, suck ; 0. H. G. 
 
 nianzon, ubera ; perhaps Gr. fia^os, breast (Stokes, Strachan). 
 
 It may be from the root min, small {*minno-), a form which 
 
 suits the W. best. 
 meannd, mint ; from the Eng. 
 meantairig, venture ; from Eng. venturing. 
 mear, merry, Ir. m^ar ; cf. Eng. merry, Ag. S. merge, m/yrige, 
 
 0. H. G. murg, murgi (root mrgh). The E. Ir. mer, mad, is 
 
 alUed to mearachd. 
 mearachd, error, Ir. mearaighim, I err, mearuglvadh, a mistaking, 
 
 erring, M. Ir. merugud, wandering, root merj mr ; Gr. 
 
 a/jiapTavw, miss (see Irrath) ; Eng. mar, (lot. marzian, cause to 
 
 stumble. Cf. E. Ir. mer, mad, meracM, mad act, 0. Ir. 
 
 meraige, a fool, 0. Br. mergidhaam, I am silly, which Loth 
 
 joins to Gr. fidpyo^, mad. 
 mearcach, rash ; from the root of m^ar. 
 mearganta, brisk, lively, meargadaich, be impatient (Suth.), Ir. 
 
 mearganta, brisk ; from mear. 
 m^arsadh, marching ; see marsadk. 
 mearsuinn, vigour, strength ; cf. marsainn, abiding, from mar, 
 
 remain, 
 meas, fruit, Ir. meas, fruit, especially acorns, measog, acorn, E. Ir. 
 
 m^ss, fruit, W. vies, acorns. Cor. mesen, glans, Br. mesenn, 
 
 acorn : *7nessu-, root med, mad, oat (see manntach), and, for 
 
 force, cf. Eng. mast, fruit of forest trees, Ag. S. maest, fruit 
 
 of oak or beech, Ger. mast. 
 meas, judgment, opinion, respect, Ir. meas, 0. Ir. mess, *messu-, 
 
 root med ; Lat. meditari, think, modus, method ; Gr. /xeSojuat, 
 
 think of ; Got. mitan, measure, Eng. mete : further root m£, 
 
 measure, Eng. metrr, meter, etc. 
 measan, a lapdog, Ir. measdn, E. Ir. mesan, meschu : 
 measair, a tub, measure ; see miosar. 
 measarra, temperate, modest, Ir. measarrd/ia, 0. Ir. mesurda : 
 
 "measured;" probably borrowed from the hsit. mensuratus, 
 
 mensura (Stokes). But it may be from meas, judgment. 
 
222 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARV 
 
 measg, am measg, among, Ir. ineasg, a measg, among, W. t/m mysg, 
 
 M. Br. e mesg : * med-slco-, root med, medh, as in meadhon, 
 
 middle, 
 measg, measgach, mix, Ir. measgaim, E. Ir. mescaim, W. mysgu ; 
 
 *misM, *mig-sh6, root mig, mik ; Gr. fiiyvo/jbc, fj-ia-yw ; Lat. 
 
 misceo ; Eng, mix, Ger. mischen ; Lit. maiszfiti ; Skr. miksh. 
 measgan, a dish to hold hutter, Ir. mlosgan ; see miosgan. But 
 
 cf. E. Ir. mescan, a lump of butter, M. Ir. mesgan, massa ; 
 
 from measg, mix ? 
 meat, feeble, soft, cowardly, Ir. mea.ta, E. Tr. m^ta, cowardly : 
 
 '''mit-tavo- ; see meath. W. has meth, failure, 
 meath, faU, fade, become weak, dishearten, Ir. meathaim, fail, 
 
 droop, soften, E. Ir. m^th, failure, decay : * mitO, root mit, the 
 
 short form of root m^it, moit (see maotli). 
 meidh, a balance, Ir. meadh, 0. Ir. med, d. rtuid : *medd, root 
 
 med, mete ; Lat. modius, a peck : Gr. [jteSifxvos, a measure 
 
 (6 modii); Eng. mete. See meas further. 
 meidhinnean, meigean, hip-joints : 
 meigead, the bleating of a goat or kid, Ir. meiqiodaigh ; Gr. 
 
 jttijKao/iai, bleat, /iij/cas, she-goat, " bleater ;" Ger. meelcem, 
 
 bleat ; Skr. makakas, bleating ; root mek, mek, mak, an 
 
 onomatopoetic syllable. 
 mMl, bleat, Ir. meidhlighim, M.Ir. meglim, I bleat, rn^giU, bleating; 
 
 Ger. meckern : see meigead. G. is for *megli- or *mekli. 
 meil, bail, grind, Ir. meilim, 0. Ir. melim, W. m^lu, Br. malaff: 
 
 *meld ; Lat. molo ; Gr. fivkkm ; 0. H. G. mala.n, grind, Eng. 
 
 meaZ, mill ; Lit. mAlti, molo. Hence meildreach, meiltir, a 
 
 quantity of' com sent to grind, meiltear, miller; 
 meile, the thick stick by which the quern is turned, a quern, Ir. 
 
 waVe, hand-mill : "grinder;" horn meil 'i 
 meilearach, long sea-side grass ; from Norse melr, bent, 
 meilich, become chill with cold, be benumbed ; from the root met, 
 
 crush, grind. See meil. 
 meiligeag, pea-pod, husk of peas, etc. : 
 meill, the cheek, Ir. meill ; G. m6ill, blubber-lip (M'L., M'E.), 
 
 m6illeach, beilleach, blubber-lipped (meilleaeh, H.S.D.) ; see 
 
 beilleach. 
 m^illeag, beilleag, outer rind of bark : 
 mMn, meinn, ore, mine, Ir. mein, mianach, E. Ir. mianach, W. 
 
 m,wyn: *meini-, meinni-, root mci, stoct', smi; 0. SI. m^di, 
 
 aes ; O. H. G. smtda, metal, Eng. smith (Schriider). 
 mein, meinn, disposition, Ir. m^in : " metal, mettle ;" seemingly a 
 
 metaphoric use of the foregoing word. A root m^in, mind, 
 
 mean, appears to exist in Eng. mean, Ger. m^inen ; cf . W. 
 
 myn, mind- Thurneysen compares Eng. mien, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 223 
 
 meineil, flexible, sappy, substantial ; from m^in, ore : " gritty" ? 
 
 meirbll, spiritless, delicate, so Ir., E. Ir. meirh, W. merw : *mervi-; 
 O. H. G. maro, soft, mellow, Ger. milrhe, Ag. S. mearo, Norse 
 inerja, crush ; Gr. frnpalvta, destroy, fmpvaf]i,ai, fight ; Lat. 
 martus, hammer, " crusher ;" etc. See marhh from the same 
 root \iltimately {mer, mar). Hence meirbh, digest. 
 
 meirean nam magh, agrimony, Ir. meirln na magh (O'B., meirin, 
 _ Con.): 
 
 meirg, rust, Ir. meirg, 0. Ir. Tneirg, meirc, Br. mergl : * mergi-, 
 "red, dark;" Eng. m/urk, Ag. S. miree, Norse myrhr (cf. G. 
 dearg and Eng. dark). Emault compares Gr. fidpyos, sense- 
 less ; and it has been joined to 0. W. mergid, debilitas, 0. Br. 
 mergidhekan, evanesco, root mar, mer, fade, die. 
 
 meirghe, a banner, Ir. meirge, E. Ir. mergge; from the Norse 
 merki, a banner, mark, Eng. mark (Zimmer). 
 
 meirle, theft, meirleach, thief, Ir. meirleach, E. Ir. merle, theft, 
 merlech, thief ; root mer, mra (as in bradach) ; see Tnearaclid. 
 Stokes compares Gr, dfieipo), deprive ; but this is likely 
 n-p-tpjui, privative w. or a and root raer {p^ipoi, share). 
 
 meirneal, a kind of hawk ; from the Eng. merlin. 
 
 meiteal, metal, Ir. miotal ; from the Eng. metal, Lat. metallum. 
 
 meith, fat, sappy, Ir. meith, meath, 0. Ir. rrteth, W. mwydo, soften : 
 
 * meito- ; the e grade of the root seen in * moiti- (in maoth, 
 q.v.), the root being mit, meit, moit (meath, meith, maoth). 
 
 meoraich, meditate, remember, Ir. mdamhruighim ; from Lat. 
 
 memoria. See meamhair, also spelt meomhair, with the 
 
 verb meomhairlch = medraich. 
 meud, miad, size, Ir. meid, mead, W. mami. Cor. myns, Br. merit : 
 
 * mnti-, merit, " measure," a nasalised form of the root met, 
 measure, Lat. mensus, having measured, metior (vb.), Gr. 
 jxkrpov, measure ; etc Bez. queries its alliance only with 
 Norse munr, importance. Usually referred to the root mag, 
 meg (* maganti-), great, or to that of minig, q.v. 
 
 meur, miar, a finger, Ir. meur, 0. Ir. mer. Strachan suggests the 
 stem *makro-, root mak, great, mighty, Gr. juaK/aos, long, 
 Lat. maeer, lean, maete, good luck, Zend mar^, great. Brug- 
 mann has compared it to Gr. /toK/otova (Hes.), shai^ (Lat. 
 muero). 
 
 mhain, a mhain, only, Ir. amhdin, E. Ir. amdin. It has been 
 divided into a prefix and root form : a-mdin, the latter being 
 parallel to Dor. Gr. /iui/os, Gr. fiovos, alone. Cf. 0. Ir. nammd, 
 tantum, " ut non sit magis" {na-ti-md, Zeuss). 
 
 mi, I, Ir., O. Ir. m^, W. mi. Cor. my, me, Br. me : *me, *me; Lat. 
 me; Gr. fie; Eng. me; Skr. md. 
 
224 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIoNABT 
 
 mi-, un-, mis-, Ir., 0. Ir. mi-, root mi, mei, mi, lessen ; Gr. fxumv, 
 less ; Lat. minus, less ; Eng. mis-. Got. missa^ (*mifito-). See 
 maoth, rmn. Stokes makes mi- a comparative like /ietW, 
 and rejects the Teutonic words. 
 
 miadan, miadar, miad, a meadow, mead ; from the Eng. Tneadow. 
 
 miadh, respect, esteem, so Ir., 0. Ir. miad, fastus, dignity, O. Br. 
 miwet, fastu : *m£ido-, fame ; O. H. G. kameit, jactans, 
 stolidus, M. H, G. gemeit, bold, 0. Sax. gemed, haughty (Bez.) 
 
 mial, louse, animal, Ir. miol, animal, whale, louse, E. Ir. mil, W. 
 mil, beast, Cor., Br. mil: *m£lo-n,, animal : Gr. ^iJqXov, sheep; 
 Norse smali, sheep, Eng. small. Hence G. mial-chu, grey- 
 hound, W. milgi. Cor. mylgy. 
 
 mialta, pleasant (H.S.I).), 0. Ir. Tneld, wMltach, pleasant ; Eng. 
 m.ild; Gr. ixakdaKos, soft. See jnalda. 
 
 miamhail, mewing (of cat), Ir. miamhaoil ; Eng. m,ewl, from 
 0. Fr., Fr. miauler : an onomatopoetic word. 
 
 miann, desire, Ir. mian, 0. Ir. mian: *meino-; Eng. mean, Ger. 
 m^inen, to mean ; 0. Slov. menji^ (do.) Cf. W. myn, desire, 
 Br. menna, to wish, which may be from the short form min 
 beside wieiw. (Otherwise Loth in Voc. Viewx-Br., 145). 
 
 mias, a dish, Ir. mias, a dish, mess, platter, E. Ir. mias; from 
 L. Lat. m^sa, mensa, a table, whence Ag. S. myse, table. Got. 
 mes, table, dish. 
 
 mil, honey, Ir. mil, 0. Ir. mil, g. Tnela, W. mil. Cor., Br. mU : 
 *meli-; Lat. mel ; Gr. fieA-t, ; Got. Tnilip ; Arm. m^Xr. 
 
 mile, a thousand, a mile, Ir. mile, 0. Ir. mile, a thousand, W., 
 Br. mil. Cor. myl, my II ; Lat. mMe (whence Eng. mile), m,ille. 
 The Celtic words are borrowed doubtless. 
 
 mileag, a melon ; from the Eng. 
 
 milidh, a champion, Ir. mileadh, milidh (O'B.), E. Ir. milid; from 
 Lat. miles, militis, soldier. 
 
 mills, sweet, Ir., 0. Ir. milis, W. m^lys : *melissi- ; from mil. 
 
 mill, destroy, Ir., 0. Ir. millim : *mel-ni-, root wieZe, fail, miss ; 
 Lit. mUyti, fail ; Gr. /AtAeos, useless, wretched, dfi,p\CarKto, 
 cause miscarriage. The root of Eng. Tnelt (^meld, Gr. 
 d/taA.8wo), destroy) has been suggested, the meZ of which is 
 the same as above. It may be root mel, crush, mill. 
 
 millteach, mountain grass, good grass ; Norse melr, bent grass. 
 
 min, meal, Ir. m.in, g. mine, 0. Ir. men : *mind, root min, lessen. 
 Strachan suggests two derivations ; either allied to (1) Lit. 
 mlnti, tread, Ch. Slav. m§ti, crush, Gr. /jLario), tread on, from 
 root men, tread, or from (2) *m^csn, root m^q, menq, grind, 
 Ch. Slav, w^ka, meal, Gr. fMra-m, knead. But mexn- would 
 give G. menn. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 225 
 
 min, soft, delicate, Ir., E. Ir. min, W. mwyn, gentle, Cor. muin, 
 
 gracilis, Br. moan, fine : *mino-, meino-, root mei, lessen ; Gr. 
 
 fidiav, less, fxivvdu), lessen ; Lat. miruyr, less, minuter. Hence 
 
 minich, explain. Stokes has apparently two derivations for 
 
 mW— the one above and *'niino-, allied to Gr. ;u.avds (a long), 
 
 thin. 
 minidh, an awl, Ir. meanadh, E. Ir. menad, W. mynaioyd, Br. 
 
 ■minaotied, M. Br. menauet : * minaveto- ; Gr. a-fiivvr), mattock, 
 
 crp.ihr] (l long), chisel. 
 minicionn, kid's skin ; from meann and *cionn (see hoicionn). 
 minig, minic, often, Ir. minic, 0. Ir. menicc, W. mynycli. Cor. 
 
 menough : *me7iekki-s ; Got. manags, many, Ger. manch, Eng. 
 
 many. 
 ministear, a minister, Ir. ministir ; from Lat. minister, servant, 
 
 whence Eng. minister. 
 miodal, flattery, Ir. miodal : 
 miodhoir, a churl, niggard one ; see mikghair. 
 miog, miog (H.S.D.), a smile, sly look, Ir. miog : * smincu-, root 
 
 smi, smile, Eng. smile, Gr. fieiSaw, Skr. smayate, laughs. 
 miolaran, low barking or whining of a fawning dog : see next 
 
 word, 
 miolasg, flattery, fawning (as a dog), keen desire ; from the root 
 
 smi, smile 1 See mhog. 
 mion, small, so Ir. ; root min, Lat. minor, etc. Also mean, 
 
 meanhh, q.v. 
 mionach, bowels, so Ir., E. Ir. m^nach ; cf. W. monoch. 
 mionaid, a minute ; from the Eng. 
 mionn, an oath, Ir. rnionn, g. m,ionna., E. Ir. mind, oath, diadem ; 
 
 the mmd was the " swearing reliques" of a saint, 0. Ir. mind, 
 
 a diadem, insignia, 0. W. minn, sertum : *menni-; cf. 
 
 0. H. G, m,enni, neck ornament, Ag. S. m^ne, neck chain, Lat. 
 
 monile. See muineal further. Stokes gives the stem as 
 
 *mindi-, but no etymology, 
 mlontan, a titmouse, Ir. miontdn ; from mion, small, *minu-, Lat. 
 
 minor, etc., as under mm. 
 miorbhuil, a miracle, Ir. miorbhuil, E. Ir. mirbail ; from Lat. 
 
 mirahile, Eng. m.arvel. 
 mlortal, myrtal, Ir. miortal (Fol.) ; from the English. W. has 
 
 myrtwydd, myrtle trees. 
 mios, a month, Ir. mi, mios, g. miosa, 0. Ir. mi, g. mis, W. mis. 
 
 Cor. mis, Br. mis, miz : *m£ns, g. *m6nsos; Lat. mensis ; Gr. 
 
 ivr'jv ; Skr. mds ; further Eng. month. 
 mios, miosa, worse, Ir. measa, 0. Ir. messa : *miss6s ; Got., 
 
 0. H. G. missa-, mis-, Eng. mis-, miss. See mi-. 
 
 29 
 
226 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 miosach, fairy flax, purging flax, Ir. miesach: "monthly;" from 
 
 ■mhos, "from a medicinal virtue it was supposed to possess" 
 
 (Cameron). 
 miosar, a measure (as of meal), Ir. miosiir ■ from the Lat. mensv/ra, 
 
 Eng. measure. 
 miosgan, butter kit, Ir. miosgdn ; from mias, a dish. 
 miosguinn, envy, malice, Ir. mioscuis (mioscuis, Con.), E. Ir. miscen, 
 
 hate, 0. Ir. miscuis ; Gr. /x«ros ( = mltsos) ; Lat. miser, 
 
 ■wretched ( = mit-s-ro-s) ; root mit, mi. 
 miotag, a mitten, Ir. miotdg, mitin, mittens ; from Eng. mitten, 
 
 0. Fr. mitaine. 
 
 mil, a bit, piece, Ir., 0. Ir. mir, pi. mirenn : *mSsren^, piece of 
 flesh ; Skr. mdmsd, flesh ; Got. mimz (do.) ; Lit. mesa, flesh 
 (Stokes, Thur., Brug.). Allied also is Lat. membrum, member ; 
 
 1. E. memso-m, flesh. 
 
 mire, pastime, Ir. mire, sport, madness, M. Ir. mire, madness ; see 
 
 mear. 
 mirr, myrrh, Ir. miorr, E. Ir. mirr, W. mt/r ; from Lat. myrrha, 
 
 Eng. myrrh. 
 misd, the worse for, Ir. misde, meisde, M. Ir. meste, E. Ir. mesai- 
 
 die = messa-de, "worse of ;" from mios and de, of. 
 misg, drunkenness, Ir. meisge, misge, E. Ir. mesce, 0. Ir. mescc, 
 
 drunk : *mesko-, *meihjA, from *med-sko-, also E. Ir. mid, g. 
 
 meda, mead, W. medd, hydromel, 0. Cor. m,ed, sicera, Br. met, 
 
 hydromel : * mediir- ; Gr. fieOv, wine ; Eng. m^ad ; Ch. Slav. 
 
 medu, honey, wine ; Skr. mddhu, sweet, sweet drink, honey, 
 misimean-dearg, bog-mint, Ir. misimin dearg : 
 mlslean, a mountain grass, sweet meadow grass (Cameron) ; for 
 
 milsean, from milis, sweet ; cf. Ir. milsean mara, a sort of 
 
 sea-weed, 
 misneach, misneachd, courage, Ir. meisneach, M. Ir. mesnech : 
 
 *med-s-, root med of meas : " think, hope." 
 mistear, a cunning, designing person ; from misd. 
 mith, an obscure or humble person ; from the root mi, mei as in 
 
 mi-, miosa. 
 mithear, weak, crazy, Ir. mithfir, weak ; see mith. 
 mithich, proper time, tempestivus, Ir. mithid, 0. Ir. mithich, 
 
 tempestivus : *meti-, Lat. maturus, Eng. mature. 
 mithlean, sport, playfulness : 
 
 mitighair, niggardly; from mi andj?M or fiic-mhort cf. miodhoir. 
 mnathan, wives, Ir., E. Ir. mnd, wives : *bnds ; see bean. 
 mo, my, 0. Ir. mo, mu, W. fy, M. W. my (from inyn). Corn., Br. 
 
 ma (which aspirates) : *mou, *movo: formed on the analogy 
 
 of do, du, from the pronominal root me (see mi). W. myn or 
 
 my n- is allied to Zend mana, Lith. mane (for me-n^, Ch. 
 
 Slav, mene. 
 
Ot" THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 227 
 
 md, greater, Ir. m6, 0. Ir. mda, mdo, mda, m6o, m6, W. mwy, 
 0. W. mui, Corn, moy, Br. mui : *mdj6s ; Lat. mdjor, greater 
 (Eng. Tnajor) ; Got. mais, more (adv.), maiza, greater, Eng. 
 more : root md of Trwr q.v. 
 
 mobainu, maltreating, handling roughly ; see moibean. 
 
 moch, early, Ir. mach, early, O. Ir. moch, mane : *moq- ; also 0. Ir. 
 mos, soon, W. moch, early, ready. Corn, meugh: *mx)qsu; 
 Lat. mox, soon ; Zend, moshu, Skr. makshu, soon ; also Gr. 
 iM^, idly, rashly. See mws. Hence mocheirigh, early rising, 
 mochthrath, early morning, M. Ir. mochthrath, 0. Ir. nwch- 
 tratae, matutinus. 
 
 mochd, move, yield (Oss. Ballads) ; cf. M. Ir. mocht, gentle, weak, 
 W. mwytho, soften, pamper, Eng. w^ek, Norse mjuhr, soft, 
 meek. 
 
 Ji^, a court, trial, meeting ; from the Norse mJbt, meeting, town- 
 meeting, court of law, Ag. S. tnot, gemot, Eng. m,oot, meet. 
 
 modh, manner, Ir. modh, 0. Ir. mx)d, W. modd ; from Lat. modus. 
 Hence modh, respect, E. Ir. mxid; cf. Eng. manners for sense. 
 
 modhan, th« sound of a bagpipe or other musical instrument 
 (H.S.D., also moghun) : 
 
 mddhar, soft, gentle (modhar, M'A.) ; from modh. 
 
 mog, clumsy hand or foot ; see mag, smog. 
 
 mogach, shaggy, hairy : 
 
 mogan, a footless stocking ; from the Sc. moggan, moggans. 
 
 mogul, a husk, mesh (of a net), Ir. mogal, cluster, mesh of a net, 
 husk, apple of the eye, E. Ir. mocoll (do.), 0. Ir. mocol, subtel: 
 *mozgvr, I. E., mozgho, knot, mesh; Lit. mdzgas, knot, mesh ; 
 0. H. G., mascd, Ger. masche, Eng. mesh ; Gr. juocrxos, sprout, 
 calf. Lat. macula, a mesh, is not allied. Dialect G. 
 mugairle, bunch of nuts (Glenmoriston). 
 
 mogur, bulky, clumsy : 
 
 moibean, moibeal, a mop, broom, Ir. moipal ; from Eng. mop. 
 
 moibleadh, a gnawing, half -chewing : "making a mop of ;" from 
 above. 
 
 mdid, a vow, Ir. moid, M. Ir. m6it, E. Ir. moit (Corm.) : *monti-, 
 W. gofuno, to vow, 0. Br. guomordan, polliceri, which Bugge 
 and Stokes connect with W. m,un, hand (cf. Ag. S. mund, 
 Lat. manus). But see bdid. 
 
 moid, the greater, Ir. moide, more, M. Ir. mdti : *md + de. Cf. 
 misd. 
 
 moighre, robust, handsome : 
 
 moil, matted hair ; see molach {*ml-). 
 
 moilean, a fat, plump child ; cf. Ir. moil, molan, a heap. To this 
 Lat. mdles may be compared. 
 
22g Etymological bici'iONARY 
 
 m6in, moine, peat, moss, Ir. moin, g. m6na, E. Ir. mbin, pi. mdinte, 
 W. mqwn, peat, turf: *mdn-; Lat. mdno, flow, Eng. emanate. 
 Straclian takes it from *moini-, root mok, mah, Ch. Slav. 
 mohru, wet, Lit. makone, puddle ; Stokes agrees, giving Celtic 
 as *mdkni^, mdkni-. It is doubtful if W. k would disappear 
 before n (cf. deur). W. has also a form migen, mign, a bog. 
 
 moineis, false delicacy (M'A.), moinig, vanity, boasting; f rom _ 
 root mon, Tnen, mind ? 
 
 moirear, a lord, 0. G. mormmr (Book of Deer), M. G. morbhair. 
 (M'V.), M. Ir. mormhaer (Muireach Albanach), murmor 
 (M'Firbis) ; from 7n6r and rnaor, "great steward." 
 
 moirneas, great cascade, streams (Oss. Ballads) ; from m6r and eas ? 
 
 moit, pride, sulkiness, Ir. moiteamhuil, sulky, nice, pettish (Con., 
 O'R, M'F.) ; cf. E. Ir. mochtae, magniiied, *mog-tio-s, root 
 mog, mag, great. 
 
 mol, praise, advise, Ir. molaim, 0. Ir. moHd, laudat, W. moli, 
 mawl, laus, Br. meuli: *mol6, *ndl6, "magnify;" root moL, 
 mel, be strong ; Gr. /taAa, very ; Lat. melior, better ; Lit. 
 milns, very many, Ch. Slav, iz-moleti, eminere (Stokes). 
 Windisch has compared it to Ch. SI. moliti, ask. Lit. myleti, 
 love, Gr. fikXe., friend, [idXixos, gentle. 
 
 mol, mal, a shingly beach ; from Norse mol, g. malar, pebbles, 
 bed of pebbles on the beach ; root mel, grind. 
 
 molach, hairy, rough, Ir. mothlach, rough, bushy (O'R.), muthalach, 
 shaggy (FoL). If the Irish form is right, it cannot be allied 
 to I. E. mlo-s, wool, Gr. fiaAAds, wool, tuft, Lit. millas, woollen 
 stuff. 
 
 moll, chaff, Ir. m/ill (O'E.), W. mwl ; *muldo- ; Eng. mould. Got. 
 mulda, dust, 0. H. G. molt, dust, mould ; root mel, grind. 
 
 mollachd, a curse ; the Northern form of mallachd, q.v. 
 
 m611tair, a mould ; from Eng. moulter, mould. 
 
 monadh, a mountain, range, W. mynydd, mons. Cor. menit, m,eneth, 
 0. Br. -monid, M. Br. menez, mountain : *monijo-, *menijo-, 
 root men, eminere, Eng. eminent. Cf. Welsh Inscription 
 Monedorigi, " mountain-king ;" also middle G. name of St 
 Andrews — Big-monatk (Chronicles). The Ir. monadh appears 
 only in Lh. ; O'Br. gives monadh. The G. word may have 
 been borrowed from the Picts along with the place-names in 
 which it appears. 
 
 monais, slowness, negligence ; root vien, stay, Gr. fi.kvix>. 
 
 monar, a diminutive person or thing, monaran, a mote ; see munar. 
 
 monasg, chaff, dross ; from the root of the above. 
 
 monmhuT, monag'har, a murmuring noise, Ir. monmkar, monhhar, 
 murmuring, mxmghair, monghar, roaring : * mon-mur ; cf . 
 Lat. mwrmur. 
 
OF TfliS GAELIC LANGUAGE. 22^ 
 
 in6r, great, Ir. mbr, 0. Ir. unhr, mar, W. mawr, 0. W., Cor. maur, 
 Br. imewr, Gaul, -m&ro-s ; Gr. -fiiopos, great, famed (iyxta-i- 
 /itu/jos, in spear-throw great : Got. -mSrs, famed, mSrian, 
 proclaim, 0. H. G. mdri, famed, -mar in Germanic names, 
 Ger. marchen, a tale, Norse mcerr, famous ; Slav, -meru 
 {Vladimir, etc.); Lat. merus, Eng. mere. A shorter form of 
 the stem {*mdro-) appears in mb, greater l*md-), q.v. 
 
 morbhach, land liable to sea flooding, Ir. mwrhhaah, M. Ir. 
 murmhagh ; from muir and magk. Hence the locative 
 A' Mhor'oioh, the G. name of Lovat. 
 
 morghath, a fishing spear : " sea-spear," from muir and gath 1 
 
 mornan, a small timber dish, Ir. m6man : 
 
 mort, murder, Ir. mort, M. Ir. martad, slaughtering ; from Lat. 
 mort- of mors, mortis, death. 
 
 mortar, mortar, Ir, mortaoil ; from the Eng. 
 
 mosach, nasty, dirty ; see musach. 
 
 mosgail, waken, arouse, Ir. miXsguilim, mUsglaim, M. Ir. romuscaiL, 
 he awoke, musclait, they wake : *imw^od-sc-al, root sec of 
 diiisg. 
 
 mosradh, coarse dalliance, mosraiche, smtittiness ; from mos with 
 suffix radh. See musach for root. 
 
 mothaich, perceive, Ir. mothuighim, M. Ir. mothaigim, perceive, 
 0. Ir. mothaigid, stupeat (?) ; root mot, met, Lit. mMyti, see, 
 Lettic matit, perceive, Ch. Slav, motriti, spectaie, Gr. [mTevio, 
 seek. 
 
 mothar, loud noise, swelling of the sea : 
 
 mu, about, Ir. um, im, 0. Ir. im,b, im.7n-, W. am. Cor., Br. am,-, em-, 
 Gaul, ambi : * amhi, *mbi ; Lat. ambi- ; Gr. d/x<^i ; Ag. S. ymb. 
 
 muc, a pig, Ir. muc, 0. Ir. mucc, W. moch, pigs, Br. moc'h, pigs : 
 *mukkv^ ; Lat. mucvs, mucous, mucus ; Gr. [i-v^a, phlegm, 
 aTTOftiJo-o-cu, wipe the nose, ixvKTrjp, nose ; Skr. muncdti, let 
 loose. 
 
 mucag, a hip or hep, fruit; of the dog-rose, M. Ir. mucora ; from 
 mue above. Cf. Gr. [ivkyis, a mushroom, from the same root. 
 
 much, smother, press down, Ir., 0. Ir. miichaim, also E. Ir. viuch, 
 smoke, W. mwg, smoke, Cor. moh, megi, stifle, Br. mik, sufib- 
 cation, miga, be sufibcated, moguet, smoke: *muko-, root 
 smak, smug {smUgh, smaugh), Eng. sm,oke, Gr. a-jutvx'") 
 smoulder {v long). Stokes suggests old borrowing from the 
 Ag. S. Hence muchan, a vent or chimney, Ir. miichdn (O'B.). 
 
 mudan, a covering, covering for a gun : 
 
 mugha, destruction, decay, Ir. m4gha, a perishing, straying, M. Ir. 
 mugud, slaying, mogaim, I slay : 
 
 mugharn, ankle, so Ir. ; cf. W. migwrn, ankle, joint, Br. migorn, 
 cartilage, which Stokes compares to Lat. mucro, point. 
 
2^6 EltYMOLOGldAL DICTiONARt 
 
 muidhe, a churn, E. Ir. muide, a vessel, huide, a churn, W. huddai, 
 
 churn. Stokes compares buide and huddai to Gr. ■n-tdos, jar, 
 
 Lat. fidelia, pot, which is related to Eng. body. The form 
 
 mmdhe has been compared to Lat. modius, a peck, Fr. muid, 
 
 hogshead. 
 muidse, a mutoh ; from the Sc. mutch, Ger. miitze. 
 mtig, miig, cloudiness, gloom, surliness, Ir. muic/ : *mwnM-, root 
 
 muk, smoke, as in miich ? Or *muggi-, allied to Eng. muggy 1 
 muigh, a muigh, outside ; see Tnach. 
 muilceann, fell-wort, Ir. muilcJiearm : 
 muileach, dear, beloved : *molico-, from mol, praise ? 
 muileag, a cranberry : 
 muileann, a mill, so Ir., 0. Ir. mulenn, muilend, W., Corn., Br. 
 
 melin ; from Lat. molina, a mill, molo, grind (see meil). 
 
 G. muillear, miller, E. Ir. muilledir, is ior * muilnedir. 
 mulled, a mule, Ir. miiille ; from Lat. mulus. 
 muillean, a husk, particle of chaff ; from moll. 
 muillean, a truss (of hay or straw) ; cf. Sc. mvllio (Orkney), and 
 
 see under wmI, heap. 
 mullion, a million, Ir. millivtn ; from the L. Lat. millionem, coined 
 
 from mille, a thousand. 
 muilteag^, a certain small red berry (Dial., H.S.D.). See muileag. 
 muime, a step-mother, nurse, Ir. huime, muime, a nurse, E. Ir. 
 
 mumme, nurse, stepmother: *mud-s-mjd, nurse, " stickler," 
 
 root mild, suck ; Lat. mulier, woman ; Gr. [J^v^o), suck, jutjSos, 
 
 damp ; Lit. mdudyti, bath. It has also been paralleled to 
 
 Lat. m/imma, Ger. muhme, mother's sister, stepmother. 
 muin, teach, instruct, Ir. muinim, 0. Ir. mimim : 
 muin, the back, Ir. muin, E. Ir. muin, back, neck, W. mwn, neck : 
 
 *moni-, neck; Skr. mdnyd, neck; 'Ld.t. monile, necklace; 
 
 0. H. G. menni, neck ornaments, Ag. S. mene, neck-chain ; 
 
 Ch. Slav, monisto, necklace. See muineal, muing. Gaulish 
 
 had also fiavidK-q^, collar or torque. 
 mtlin, micturate, Ir. miin, urine, E. Ir. miin, root meu, mH, befoul ; 
 
 Skr. m4ira, urine ; possibly also Lat. muto, mutto, penis, 
 
 E. Ir. moth, ball ferda. 
 muineal, the neck, Ir. muineul, E. Ir. muinel, W. mwnwgl : 
 
 *moniklo-; from *mon.i- of muin, back, q.v. 
 muing, a mane, Ir. muing, O. Ir. mong, W. myng (m.), M. Br. We, 
 
 Br. moue : *mongd, *mongo-, root mon of muin, back, q.v. 
 
 Further is Eng. mane, Norse mow, Ger. mMhne; Swed. and 
 
 Dan. manhe is especially close to Gaelic. 
 muisiichill, a sleeve, Ir. muinichille, muinckille, E. Ir. munchille ; 
 ■ from Lat. manicula, manica, long sleeve, from manus, hand. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 231 
 
 muinighin, confidence, trust, so Ir., E. Ir. muinigin; from *moni- 
 
 love, desire, Norse munr, love, 0. Sax. munilik, lovable ; root 
 
 men, think (Lat. mews, Eng. mind, etc.). 
 muinnte, munnda, beauteous ; of. Lat. m,wndus. 
 muinntlr, household, people, Ir. muinntir, 0. Ir. muinter, mimtar. 
 
 This is regarded by Stokes, Zimmer, and Giiterbock as an 
 
 early borrowing from the Lat. monasterium, monastery ; the 
 
 "word familia is often applied to monasteries by Irish writers. 
 muir, the sea, Ir. m,uir, 0. Ir. muir, gen. m,ora, W. Tndr, Cor., 
 
 Br. mor, Gaul, mori- : *mori-, sea; Lat. mare; Eng. mere, 
 
 Ger. meer ; Ch. Slav, morje. 
 mtiire, leprosy ; from mur, a countless number, q.v. 
 muirgheadh, a fishing spear ; see morgliath. 
 muirichinn, children, family : *mori-, care, charge, root mer, 
 
 smer, remember ; Lat. memoria, memory ; Gr. fiepifiva, care ; 
 
 Skr. smarati, think, mind. 
 muirn, joy, affection, Ir. miiim, miiirnin, darling (Eng. mavoumeen, 
 
 my darling), M. Ir. muirn, muirn : *morni-, root m/yr, mer, 
 
 smer, as in muirichinn above. 
 mtiiseag, a threat, muiseag (Arm.) ; from mus of musach. 
 muisean, a mean, sordid fellow ; see musach for tlie root, 
 muisean, a primrose, Ir. miiisedn (O'B.) : 
 muiseal, a muzzle, Ir. muisiall ; from the Eng. 
 miiisginn, an English pint, mutchkiu ; from the Sc. mutchhin, 
 
 Dutch mutsje, an eighth part of a bottle. 
 mill, a conical heap, mound, Ir. mul, moil, E. Ir. mul-, eminence : 
 
 *mulu- ; cf. Norse mMi, jutting crag, " mull," Ger. maul, 
 
 snout. Cf. Fr. mulon, little heap of dried grass. 
 mill, axle, Ir. mul, mol, E. Ir. mx)l, shaft ; cf. Gr. jueXny, ash, spear. 
 mulachag, a cheese, Jr., M. Ir. mulchdn : 
 mulad, sadness ; root mu, mutter ? 
 
 mulart, dwarf elder, Ir. mulahhurd, mxtlabhur, mulart (O.B.) : 
 mule, push, butt ; cf. Lat. mulceo, mulco, stroke, beat. 
 muUach, the top, Ir., 0. Ir. mullach : *mulddko-, *muldo-, top, 
 
 head ; Ag. S. molda, crown of the head ; Skr. mArdMn, top, 
 
 head. 
 mult, a wedder, Jr., 0. Ir. molt, W. mollt, Coi\ mols, vervex, Br. 
 
 ma/mt, a sheep (mas.) : *molto-, root mel, mol, crush, grind, 
 
 " mutilate ;" Euss. moliti, cut, exit up, 0. H. G. muljan, 
 
 triturate. Hence M. Lat. multo, whence Fr. mouton, a sheep, 
 
 Eng. mutton. 
 munar, a trifle, a trifling person, monar, diminutive person or 
 
 thing : 
 munganachd, bullying : 
 jntinloch, a puddle, Ir. miinloch, gen. miinlocha ; from miln and loch. 
 
232 ETTliOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 mur, unless, Ir. muna, M. Ir. m/an, moni, mona, E. Ir., 0. Ir. Tuani ; 
 
 from ma, if, aud ni, not : " if not." The G. r for n is possibly 
 
 due to the influence of gur and of the verbal particle ro- (in 
 
 robh) ; mun-rohh becoming Tuiur-robh. 
 
 mdr, a wall, bulwark, palace, Ir., E. Ir. miir, W. mur ; from 
 
 Lat. mUrus, a wall. 
 mdr, countless number (as of insects), E. Ir. miir, abundance ; Gr. 
 
 fivpios (v long), countless, ten thousand ; Skr. hkdri, many. 
 Stokes compares rather Gr. -juvpa of jrA^ju/xvyoa (v long), 
 TrXriimpk (v short or long), flood tide, flood. 
 muran, sea-bent, Ir. muraineach, bent grass ; from muir, the sea. 
 
 Norse has mura, goose-grass, 
 murcach, sorrowful, Ir. murcach, m-Arcach ; cf. M. Br. morcliet, 
 
 anxiety, now morc'hed, Cor. moreth, chagrin. Eng. murky, 
 
 Norse myrkr could only be allied by borrowing. Cf. Lat. 
 
 marceo, droop, 
 mtirla, a coat of mail : 
 murlach, the king-fisher : 
 murlag, murluinn, a kind of basket, murlach, fishing basket 
 
 (M'A.), Ir. muirleog, a rod basket for sand eels and wilks 
 
 (Donegal). Cf. Sc. murlain, a narrow-mouthed basket of a 
 
 round form, 
 murlan, rough head of hair : 
 murraeh, able, rich, Ir. murrtha, successful (O'B.), murthadh, much 
 
 wealth (O'R.) ; cf. miir. 
 murt, murder ; see mort. 
 
 murtachd, sultry heat, weariness produced by heat : 
 mus, before, ere ; cf . 0. Ir. mos, soon, mox, used as a verbal 
 
 particle : it is allied to modi, being from *m,oqsu, Lat. m.ox. 
 musach, nasty, Ir. mosach (O'R., Sh.), W. mws, effluvia, stinking, 
 
 Br. mous, muck, mouz, crepitus vcntris : *musso-, *mud-so-, 
 
 root mud, be foul or wet ; Gr. fivcros ( = ju.ijS-a-os), defilement, 
 
 f/.vSo's, clamminess, decay ; Lit. mudas, dirty sea-grass : root 
 
 mu (mu), soil, befoul, G. mitln, Eng. mMd, etc. 
 musg, a musket, Ir. m'Asgaid, L. M. Ir. muscaed (F. M.) ; from the 
 
 Eng. 
 miisg, rheum about the eyes, gore of the eyes ; from the root mu, 
 
 befoul, be wet, as discussed under musach, muin. 
 musgan, dry-rot in wood, Ir. musgan, mustiness, mouldiness ; Lat. 
 
 muscns, moss ; Eng. moss, mushroom ; Lit. musai (pi.), mould. 
 
 This word is not in H.S.D., but it is implied in Arm. and is 
 
 in M'E. ; also in common use. 
 miisgail, pith of wood, porous part of a bone (H.S.D.). Armstrong 
 
 gives also the meanings attached to musgan above ; the 
 
 words are evidently the same, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 
 
 ^33 
 
 musgan, the horse fish : 
 
 miisuinii, confusion, tumult : 
 
 mutach, short, E. Ir. mut, everything, short : *m.uUo-, root mut, 
 
 dock ; Lat. mMtilus, maimed (Eng. mutilate), mutmis, docked ; 
 
 Gr. /itruA.os, hornless, 
 mutan, mutan, a mufi", fingerless glove, also mutag (Arms.) ; from 
 
 miotag, with a leaning on mutach, short. Thurneysen takes 
 
 it from mutach without reference to Tniotag. Ir. has muth6g 
 
 (Con.), 
 muth, change, M. W. mvdaw ; from Lat. mUto, I change. 
 
 N 
 
 n-, from, in a nuas, a nios, Ir., 0. Ir. an- ; see a number 5. 
 
 na, not, ne, Ir., 0. Ir. na : used with the imperative mood solely. 
 It is an ablaut and independent form of the neg. prefix in 
 (see ion-, an-), an ablaut of I. E. ne, Lat. ne, Gr. vrj- ; shorter 
 form Lat. nS-, Got. ni, Eng. not (ne-cUviht), etc. ; further I. E. 
 n^, Gr. dv-, Lat. in-, Eng. un-, Gaelic an-. See nach, which is 
 connected herewith as Gr. ovk, ov ; the W. is nac, nag, with 
 imperative, Br. na. 
 
 na, or, vel, Ir. nd, E. Ir., 0. Ir. n6, W. neu : *nev (Stokes, who 
 allies it to Lat. niio, nod, Gr. vevu), Skr. ndvate, go, remove ; 
 but, in 1890, Bez. Beit.^^ 51, he refers it to the root nu, Eng. 
 now). It can hardly be separated from neo, otherwise, q.v. 
 
 na, than, Ir. nd, M. Ir. ind, E. Ir. inda, indds, 0. Ir. inda as, indds, 
 pi. indate (read inddte) ; from the prep, in and td, to be 
 (Zeuss^, 7 1 6-7, who refers to the other prepositional compara- 
 tive conjunction oldaas, from ol, de). The use of in in 0. Ir. 
 as the relative locative may also be compared. 
 
 na, what, that which, id quod, M. Ir. ina, ana, inna n-, E. Ir. 
 ana n- : " the that," the article and relative. In 0. Ir. the 
 rel. an is regularly used for id quod. 
 
 'na, 'na-, in his, in her, in (my) ; the prep, an with the possessive 
 pronouns : 'nam, 'nar, 'nad (also ad, E. Ir. at, it), 'nur, 'na, 
 'nan. 
 
 nabaidh, nabuidh, a neighbour ; from the Norse nd-hUi, neighbour, 
 " nigh-dweller," the same in roots as Eng. neighbour. 
 
 nach, not, that not (conj.), that not = quin (rel.), nonne? Ir., E. Ir. 
 nach, W. nac, nag, not, Br. na : *naho, from na, not, which 
 see above, and ko or k as in Gr. ovk against ov (Stokes). The 
 ho has been usually referred to the same pronominal origin 
 as -que in Lat. nequ£ ; it does appear in neach. 
 
 nadur, nature, Ir. ndMr, W. natv/r ; from Lat. natura. 
 
 naid, a lamprey (Sh., O'B)., Ir. naid : 
 
 30 
 
234 Etymological Dictionary 
 
 naidheachd, news, Ir. niiaidheachd, W. newyddion; from nuadh, 
 
 new. 
 naile, yea ! an interjection : 
 niird, a niird, upwards, Ir. andirde, E. Ir. i rv-ardi, i n-airddi ; 
 
 prep, in (now an), into, and airde, height : " into height." 
 
 This adverb is similar in construction to a hliAn, a mach, a 
 
 steach, etc., for which see a number 6. 
 naire, shame, Ir. ndire, E. Ir. ndre : *nagro-, shameful, root nacfh, 
 
 be sober, Gr. vij^to (do.), Ger. niichtern, fasting, sober. 
 nMsneach, modest ; compare the next word. 
 u^istinn, care, wariness ; from Norse nj6sn, spying, looking out, 
 
 Got. niukseini, visitation (eTrto-KOTrij), Ag. S. nedsan, search out. 
 uaitheas, harm, mischief : 
 nail, from over, to this side, Ir., O. Ir. anall ; from an (see a 5) 
 
 and all of thall, q.v. 
 nsimhaid, an enemy, Ir. ndmhaid, g. namhad, 0. Ir. ndma, g. 
 
 ndmat, pi. n. tidmait : * ndmant-, root nfym, new,, seize, take ; 
 
 Gr. vifna-us, wrath, nemesis, viafrnta, ve/iw, distribute ; 0. H. G. 
 
 ndma, rapine, Ger. nehvien, take, Eng. nimble ; Zend nemaxJi, 
 
 crime, AJb. nam, a curse. Cf. W., Corn., and Br. nam, 
 
 blame, 
 na'n (na'm), if (with false supposition), M. G. dane, dan-, dMirv- 
 
 (D. of Lis.), Ir. da, dd (for da n-, eclipsing), E. Ir. dd n-, 
 
 did n-, 0. Ir. dian : the prep, di or de and rel. an. The G. 
 
 form with n for d is puzzling, though its descent from da n- 
 
 seems undoubted. 
 uaoi, nine, so Ir., 0. Ir. ndi n-, W., Corn, naw, Br. ncto : *nevn ; 
 
 Lat. novem ; Gr. kv-vka. ; Eng. nine, Ger. neun ; Skr. ndvan. 
 naoidhean, an infant, so Ir., 0. Ir. ndidiu, gen. ndiden : *ne-vid-, 
 
 " non-witted " ? Cf. for force Gr. vijttios, infant ( = v7-;rtos, 
 
 not-wise one), from -irt/os, wise, ttwvto's (do.), root qei of ciall, 
 
 q.v. 
 naomh, holy, Ir. naomh, E. Ir. n6em, ndeh, 0. Ir. n6ih : * noibo-s ; 
 
 0. Pers. naiba, beautiful, Pers. niw (do.). Bez. suggests the 
 
 alternative of Lettic naigs, quite beautiful. 
 naosga, a snipe, Ir. naosga : *snoih-sko-, root sneih, snib of Eng. 
 
 snipe ? 
 nar, negative particle of wishing : *ni-air, for not ; air and nt. 
 nasag, an empty shell : 
 nasg, a band, tieband, collar, Ir., E. Ir. nasc : *nasIco-; 0. H. G. 
 
 nuRca, fibula, Norse nist, brooch : '^ndh-sho-, root ndh (Brug.). 
 
 The verb nasg, 0. Ir. -nascim, appears in Br. as nasha. The 
 
 root nedk is in Skr. nahyati. Others make the root negh of 
 
 Lat. nexvLS, etc., and the root snet of snath, q.v., has been 
 
 suggested. See snaim further. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 235 
 
 nasgaidh, gratis, free, Ir. o n-aisge, freely, aisge, a gift. See 
 asgaidh. 
 
 natar, nitre ; from Eng. natron, nitre. 
 
 nathair, a serpent, so Ir., 0. Ir. nathir, W. neidr, Corn, nader, 
 M. Br. azr : *nat'nx; Lat. natrix, water snake; Got. nadrs, 
 Norse natSr, Eng. adder. The Teutonic words are regarded 
 by Kluge as scarcely connected with Lat. natrix, whose root 
 is nat, swim. 
 
 -ne, emphatic particle added to the pi. of 1st pers. pron., sin-ne, 
 ar n-athair-ne, "our father;" 0. Ir. ni, -ni, used independ- 
 ently ( = nos) and as a sutfix. See further under sinne. 
 
 neach, anyone, Ir. neach, 0. Ir. nech, aliquis, W., Cor., Br. nep, neb, 
 qiiisquam : *neqo-, ne-qo- ; Lit. nelcas, something, nekurs, 
 quidam, Lett. M ne M, anyhow. Stokes takes the ne from 
 the negative root ne (see na) ; the qo is the pronominal stem 
 of the interrogative (of. Lat. -que, neque). 
 
 nead, a nest, Ir. nead, E. Ir. net, W. npth, Corn, neid, Br. nez, neiz : 
 *nizdo-s ; Lat. n%dv,i ; Eng. nest ; Skr. ni&as. Supposed to 
 be from *ni-sed~, " sit down." 
 
 Ii6amh, heaven, Ir. neamh, 0. Ir. nem, W., Corn, nef, M, Br. neff, 
 now env : * nemos ; Skr. na/nias, bowing, reverence ; Lat. 
 neimis, grove ; Gr. vefios, pasture : root nem, distribute, Gr. 
 vejuo) (do.), Ger. nehmen, take. Gaulish has ve/tr;Tov or 
 vifterov, 0. Ir. nemed, sacellum. Often, and lately (1895) by 
 Prof. Khys, referred to the root nebh, be cloudy, Gr. vc<^os, 
 cloud, Lat. nebula (see neul) ; but the Gaelic nasalized ea is 
 distinctly against this, as also is the Br. env (Stokes). 
 
 neamhniiid, a pearl, Ir. neamhunn, E. Ir. nemanda, pearly, 0. Ir. 
 nim, onyx (for nem. ?) ; root nem of neamh. 
 
 neanntag, nettle, Ir. neantdg, E. Ir. nenntai, nettles, nenaid. See 
 deanntag. 
 
 neapaicin, a napkin ; from Eng. 
 
 n^araclid, happiness, usually mo nearachd, lucky to, Ir. moigheaniar, 
 happy is he (O'B.), is meunar duit-se, happy is it for you 
 (O'Growney), M. Ir. mo ghenar duit, good luck to you (F. M.), 
 mongenar (L. B.), E. Ir. mogenar. The root seems to be mag 
 (I. E. magli), increase (see mac) ; cf. Lat. made, root mdk. 
 
 nearag, a daughter (Oss. Ballads) ; if a word properly handed 
 
 down, it is interesting to compare it with the root of the 
 
 following, 
 neart, strength, Ir. neart, 0. Ir. nert, W., Corn, nerth, Br. nerz, 
 
 Gaul, nerto-, root ner ; Skr. ndr, man ; Gr. a.vr)p (root ner) ; 
 
 Lat. Umbr. nerus, viros. Sab. Nero, fortis ; Tent. Nerthus, 
 
 Norse NjorSr ; Lit. noreti, to will. 
 
236 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 neasg, neasg^aid, a boil, Ir. neascdid, E. Ir. nescoit : * ness-contir, 
 from E. Ir. nes^, wound {*snit-so-, root snit, cut, Ger. schneide, 
 Sc. sned), and -conti- found in urchoid ? 
 
 neimh, poison, Ir. nimh neimh, 0. Ir. nem, pi. neimi : *ne7iies-, 
 "something given," root nem, distribute (as in neamh) ? 
 
 nMp, a turnip ; from the Sc. neep, M. Eng. tiepe, from Lat. ndpus. 
 
 neo, air neo, otherwise, alioquin (conj.) ; see next. 
 
 neo-, un-, Ir. neamfi^, neimh-, M. Ir. nem-, 0. Ir. neb-, neph- : * ne-bo-; 
 the ne is the negative seen in na, ni, but the bo is doubtful. 
 Zimmer suggests that b is what remains of the subj. of bu, 
 be : " be not." 
 
 ne6iiiean, ne6nan, the daisy, Ir. n6inin : " noon-flower,'' from 
 nbin, noon. Cf. the Eng. daisy for force. 
 
 nebnach, eccentric, curious : * neo-gnathach, "un-wont." 
 
 neoni, nothing, a trifle, 0. Ir. nephni ; from neo- and ni, thing. 
 
 neul, nial, a cloud, Ir. neul, 0. Ir. nel, pi. ace. niulu, W. niwl, mist : 
 *neblo-s ; Lat. nebula ; Gr. ve^kX-q ; Ger. nebel, mist ; 0. Slav. 
 nebo, sky ; Skr. nabhas, mist. 
 
 ni, hot, Ir. w.j, 0. Ir. ni, ni, W. ni : *nei ; 0. Lat. nei, Lat. wi-, m^/ 
 0. H. Ger. ni, Ger. nein ; 0. Slav, rei, neque ; Zend twA- ; 
 Gr. v»y-. 
 
 ni, a thing, [r. nidh, 0. Ir. w^, res, probably a curtailed form of 
 0. Ir. ani, id quod, from the art. ueut. and the pronominal 
 suffix ei, which Zimmer compares to Got. ei, that (conj.), 
 sa-a, that-ei, which is either the locative of pronominal o- 
 (Gr. ei, I. E. ei-so, this here), or the particle seen in Gr. 
 ovToa--t (t long), an instrumental of Lat. is, Gaelic e, he. 
 Some have regarded ni as from *gnithe, factum, which see in 
 ni, will do. 
 
 nl, cattle ; this is the same as ni, thing. 
 
 ni, will do, Ir. gnim, I do, 0. Ir. dogni, facit ; see dean, gniomh. 
 
 niata, courageous, Ir. nia, gen. niadh, a champion, niadhas, valour, 
 M. Ir. forniatta, brave, E. Ir. nia, g. niath, possibly Ogam 
 neta, netta i^neta 1) : *neid-, Gr. dvetSos, revile. Lit. ndids, 
 hatred, Skr. nind, mock, or *ni-sed-, down-setter ? Rhys 
 {Led.) cfs. the Teut. nanp, venture, strive ; this would give 
 Gaelic preserved d. 
 
 nic, female patronymic prefix, M. Gaelic nee (D. of L.), Ir. nl, 
 M. Ir. ini, an abbreviation of 0. Ir. ingm, now inghean or 
 nighean and m', nepotis (Stokes). The G. nie, really " grand- 
 daughter," stands for inghean mhic or ni mhic ; we have 
 recorded in 1566 Ne V Kenze (M'Leod Charters). 
 
 nigh, wash, Ir. nighim, E. Ir. nigim, 0. Ir. dofonuch, lavo, nesta, 
 laveris : *nig6, I. E. neigd ; Gr. vi((a, vitttw ; Eng. nick, Auld 
 Nich, a water power, Ger. nix ; Skr. nij, clean. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 237 
 
 nighean, a daughter ; a corruption of inghean, q.v. 
 nimh, poison, Ir. nimh; see neimh. 
 
 nior, not (witli perfect tense), Ir. nior, E. Ir. nir = ni-ro ; ro is the 
 sign of past tenses. 
 
 nios, neas, a weazel, Ir. neas, 0. Ir. ness : 
 
 nios, from below, up, Ir. anios, E. Ir. anis ; from an (see a number 
 5) and \o&. 
 
 nis, now, Ir. atiois, M. Ir. anosa, E. Ir. innossai, 0. Ir. indossa ; 
 ind (now an) of the article and G. fois, rest. The word 
 appears in a bhos, q.v. The form indorsa, this hour ( = now), 
 is rejected by Ascoli as a misspelling for indossa. 
 
 ni 's, id quod, the usual classical Gaelic with the verb substantive 
 to denote comparative state : tha i ni 's fhe^rr, she is better, 
 Ir. nios, M. Ir. ni is : " thing that is," from ni and is. The 
 usual Gaelic form is na 's, whose na is due to the influence of 
 na, id quod, na, in his, etc. 
 
 nitic, a comer ; from the Sc. neuk, M. Eng. noL Dial. iiic. 
 Skeat thinks the Eng. is the boiTOwer. 
 
 no, or, vel, Ir. nd, E. Ir., 0. Ir. n6, W. neu ; see na. 
 
 nochd, to-night, Ir. anochd, 0. Ir. innocht, hac nocte : the art. and 
 nocJid, night, W. henoeih, Corn, neihur, Br. neyzor, nos : 
 *nokti- ; Lat. nox, noctis ; Gr. vv^, vvktos ; Got. nahts, Eng. 
 night ; Lit. nakCis ; Skr. nalcti. 
 
 nochd, naked, Ir. nochdadh, manifestation, 0. Ir. noclit, W. noeth, 
 Corn, noyth, Br. noaz : *noqto- ; Got. Tuxqaps, 0. H. G. nacot, 
 Eng. naked ; further cf. Lat. nudus {* nogvidus) ; Slav, nagu ; 
 Skr. nagnd. 
 
 nodadh, a nod, suggestion ; from the Eng. 
 
 nodha, new ; see nuadh. 
 
 noig, the anus : 
 
 noigean, a noggin, Ir. noigin ; from the Eng. noggin. Skeat 
 thinks the English are the borrowers ; but this is unlikely. 
 
 noin, noon, Ir. ndin, g. ndna, evening, noon, E. Ir. n6in, ndna, W. 
 navm ; from the Lat. nSna hora, ninth hour of the day or 3 
 o'clock. 
 
 noir, the east, Ir. anoir, 0. Ir. anair, " from before," if one looks a't 
 the morning sun ; from an (see a number 5) and air. 
 
 noUaig, Christmas, Ir. nodlog, E. Ir. notlaic, W. nadolig ; from 
 Lat. natalicia, the Nativity. 
 
 norra, a wink of sleep (Arran) : 
 
 nos, a custom, Ir., E. Ir. nis, W. naws, M. Br. neuz : *nomso-, Gr. 
 vojjios, law, Lat. numems. Thumeysen thinks the Gadelic 
 words are borrowed from the Welsh naws, from gnaws (see 
 gndtth). Stokes gives *nomso- as stem for Gadelic alone ; the 
 W. he regards as from gnd, as above. The ideal stem would 
 be *ndsto-, root ndd. 
 
238 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 nos, a cow's first milk, E. Ir. nus ; from mta, new, and ass, milk. 
 
 ndtair, a notary, Ir. ndtaddir, 0. Ir. notire ; from Lat. notarius. 
 
 nothaist, a foolish person : 
 
 nuadarra, angry, surly ; see nuarranta. 
 
 nuadh, new, Ir. ndadJi, 0. Ir. »w, niiide, W. newydd, 0. Br. 
 
 nouuid, Br. neuez, Gaul, novio- : *novio-s ; Lat. novus, Novivs ; 
 
 Gr. v«os, young, new ; Got. niujis, Eng. new ; Lit. nailjas , 
 
 Skr. navya. 
 'nuair, when, " the hour that," Ir. anuair, E. Ir. innuair : the art. 
 
 and the word uair, q.v. 
 uuall, nuallan, a howling, cry, Ir. mtaill, E. Ir. nilall : *nouslo-n ; 
 
 Skr. nv, cry, navati ; Lettic nauju, cry ; 0. H. G. niumo, 
 
 praise, rejoicing. 
 nuarranta, sad, surly ; cf. the Ir. interjection mo nuar, my woe, 
 
 root nu as above, 
 nuas, down, from above, Ir. arntas ; see a number 5 and vas. 
 nuig, as far as, O. G. gonice (B. of Deer), Ir. nuir/e, go nuige, E. Ir. 
 
 conniei : *con-do-icci ; see thig, come. 
 niiimhir, number, so Ir. ; from Lat. numerus. Usually uimhir, 
 
 'n uiridh, last year, Ir. 'nuraidh, E. Ir. innuraid ; the art. and 
 0. Ir. dat. urid. See uiridli. 
 
 null, over, to beyond ; for nunn on the analogy of nail, and for 
 dissimilation of the ws. See nunn, the only Argyleshire form. 
 
 nunn, over, beyond, Ir. anonn, 0. Ir. inunn ; from the prep, an 
 (see a 5) and sund, here ("from here"), W. hwni, Br. hont : 
 *suno-fo-, pronominal roots sou and to ; for both cf. Gr. oStos 
 ( = so-u-to-s), this. The pronominal forms beginning in so and 
 to, or s and t without o, are all from the roots so and to 
 ultimately. 
 
 O 
 
 0, the interjection " ! oh ! " Ir. o ; see vocative a. 
 
 0, from, ab, Ir. 6, 0. Ir. 6, ua {ho, hud) : *ava ; Skr. dva, away, 
 
 off; Lat. au-, as in aufero, take away ; Ch. SI. it-, Pruss. 
 
 au-. Also bho, q.v. 
 0, since, when, with the rel. as o 'n, Ir. 6, 0. Ir. 6, ex quo ; it is 
 
 merely the prep, o used as a conjunction. 
 ob, refuse, Ir. obaim, 0. Ir. obbaim, ohbad (inf.) ; referred to ud- 
 
 bad, " out-speak," the prefix wl^, out (allied to Eng. ovi, Skr. 
 
 ud, out, of) and ba, speak, I. E. bha, Lat. fari, Gr. <f>a in 
 
 (^rifiL Ascoli gives the root as hen (see bean), repellere. 
 6b, a creek ; from Norse h6p, small land-locked bay, Sc. hope, 
 
 Ag. S. h6p, valley. 
 pbaidh, a charm ; see uhag. 
 
OF THE GAJELIC ijANGUAGB. 239 
 
 obair, a work, so Ir., E. Ir. opair, oper, 0. Ir. opred, operatio ; from 
 
 Lat. ojms (g. (^eris), opera. 
 t obair, a confluence ; the usual pronunciation of the Aber- in 
 
 place names. See abar. 
 obann, sudden, Ir. obann, E. Ir. opond : *od-bond, e vestigio, from 
 
 bonn 1 Stokes refers it to the root of Gr. a^vw, 0. Slav, ahije, 
 
 immediately, suggesting *ob-n6-. W. huan also suggests itself. 
 ocar, interest on money, Ir. ocar, W. ocr ; from Norse ohr, usury, 
 
 Ag. S. wocer, Got. wokrs, Ger. vmeher ; root veg. 
 och, an interjection, alas ! Ir. och, imh, 0. Ir. itcA, vae, ochfad, 
 
 sighing : *uh ; Got. adhjdn, make a noise, Norse ugla, Eng. 
 
 owl ; Let. aulca, stormwind, Serb, uka, a cry. 
 ochd, eight, Ir. ochd, 0. Ir. ocht n-, W. wyth (^ohti), Br. eiz : * oTcto; 
 
 Lat. octo ; Gr. oktu ; Got. aktau ; Skr. a&htaiii,. 
 ocboin, alas, Ir. och 6n ; literally "alas this !" From och and the 
 
 old pronoun &n, discussed under eadlion. 
 ocras, hunger, Ir. ocrvs, ocarus, E. Ir. accorus. See acras. The 
 
 Lat. careo, want, may be suggested as allied : root ker, kor. 
 od, yonder, yon ; see vd. 
 odhar, dun, so Ir., E. Ir. odar : *odro-s, for *odh-ro-, shady, Lat. 
 
 umbra ( = *o-n-dhra), dter, dark, Umbrian adro, atra. Bez. 
 
 suggests, with query, *jodros, allied to Lit. jSdas, dark. 
 
 Thumeysen has referred *odro-s to I. E. udro-, otter, hydra, 
 
 watery, the idea being "otter-like" or "water-like" (Gr. 
 
 {iSfc)/3, Eng. water). 
 ofrall, an offering, Ir. ofrdil, M. Ir. offrdil, E. Ir. oifrend ; from 
 
 Lat. offerendwm. 
 Og, young, Ir. 6g, 0. Ir. dc, 6ac, W. iewanc, Corn, ioiienc, Br. 
 
 iaouanh, Gaul. Jovinc-illos : *jovnko-s, comparative jov6s ; 
 
 Lat. juvenis, juvencus ; Eng. young, Got. juggs ; Skr. yuvafd, 
 
 juvenUe, yuvan, young. 
 Ogha, a grandchild, Ir. 6, ua, g. ui, a grandson, descendant, 0. Ir. 
 
 ua, aue, haue, g. haui : * (p)a'vio-s ; Gr. ;rats, for Jra/i's, boy ; 
 
 further Lat. puer, for pov-er ; W. wyr ; root pit, pav, pov, 
 
 beget. Brug. (Grund.^ 122) refers it to *avio-s, an adj. from 
 
 avo-s, grandfather, etc., Lat. avus. 
 t Oghum, the " Ogam" writing, so Ir., E. Ir. ogwrn, Ogma mac 
 
 Elatlian (son of Knowledge), the Hercules of the Gaelic gods, 
 
 Gaul. Ogmios, the Gaul. Hercules and god of eloquence : 
 
 *Ogambio-s. Cf. Gr. oy/j,os (*7-f<.os?), a furrow, line, Skr. 
 
 djmas, course, run, root ag : the comparison is very doubtful. 
 
 See oidheam. 
 dglach, a youth, servant, Ir. 6glach, 0. Ir. bclach ; from bg and 
 
 suffix -lack (see teaghlach). 
 
240 ETYMOLOGICAL biCTIOVAR^ 
 
 Ogluidh, gloomy, awful, bashful, Ir. ogluidh, bashful ; from Norse 
 
 uggligr, fearful, Eng, ugly. 
 oich, interjection of pain, Ir., 0. Ir. mcA. See och. 
 oide, foster-father, step-father, Ir. oide, 0. Ir. aite : *attio-s ; Gr. 
 
 axTa, father ; Got. atta, father ; Ch. SI. otid, father ; Skr. 
 
 attd., mother, 
 oidhche, oiche, night, Ir. oidhche, 0. Ir. aidche, later oidche, also 
 
 adaig : *ad-aqid, *ad-aqi, root aq, dark ; Lat. aquilus, dad^ ; 
 
 Lit. aklas, blind ; Gr. aKapov, blind (Hes.). Skr. andhas, 
 
 darkness, with root andh, adh, Lat. ater, etc., have been 
 
 suggested, the ad of *ad-aqia being made the root and not 
 
 the aq (see odhar). 
 foidheadh, tragical death, so Ir., E. Ir. oided, aided; root pad, 
 
 ped, fall, Lat. pestis (Stokes). See eas. 
 oidheam, a secret meaning, inference, idea (M'A., M'E.), a book 
 
 (M'F., H.S.D.). Properly oigheam, the same as ogham above 
 
 (Zeuss, Rhys' Hih. Led.). 
 oidheirp, oirpe, an attempt : *ad-erb-, root erb of earb, q.v. ? 
 oifig', an office, Ir. oifig, M. Ir. oifficc ; from Lat. officium (Eng. 
 
 office). 
 digeach, a stallion, young horse ; from bg and each. Commonly 
 
 digeach, q.v. 
 6igh, a virgin, Ir. digh, E. Ir., 0. Ir. 6g, uag, integer : *augi-, root 
 
 aug, increase ; Lat. awgeo ; Got. duhan, increase ; Lit. dugu, 
 
 (Brug.). Bez. (in Stokes' Urhel. Spr.) suggests Czech pouhp, 
 
 pure, and a stem *pougo-s. 
 oigheam, obedience, homage ; cf. taidhe. 
 oighionnach, aigheannach, a thistle (Perth, according to M'A.) ; 
 
 see fobhannan. 
 oighre, ice, Ir. oidhir, M. Ir. digred, E. I& aiqred, snow ; see deigh. 
 oighre, an heir, so Ir., M. Ir. oigir ; founded on Lat. heres, pos- 
 sibly on M. Eng. heir rather, which is from h^eres. 
 oighreag, cloudberry ; founded on Sc. averin. 
 oil, vexation, offence, Ir. t oil. The E. Ir. ail has a long, and is 
 
 for agli-, Got. agls, disgraceful (Strachan). The G. is perhaps 
 
 from the root of oilU. 
 oil, rear, educate, Ir. oilim, 0. Ir. ailim ; root al as in altrum. 
 oilbheum, offence, stumbling-block, Ir. oilbheim, M. Ir. aiMim : 
 
 "stone-dashing," "stone-stumbling;" from ail, rock, and 
 
 beum, blow, q.v. (Atk.). 
 oilean, eilean, training, nurture, Ir. oileamhuin, nurture, M. Ir. 
 
 oilemain, inf. to ailim, I rear; root al, as in altrum, q.v. 
 oillt, horror, disgust, Ir. oilt ■.*aleti-, toot pal, strike, whence Lat. 
 
 palma, palm, palpo, palpitate, etc. ? 
 oineach, liberality, Ir. oineach, mercy, liberality. See eineach. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 24l 
 
 oinid, a fool, Ir. 6inmhid, E. Ir. dinmit, dnmit ; from 6?i-, fooli^i, 
 
 and ment, mind. See next. 
 dinnseach, a foolish woman, Ir. oinseach; from dn^, foolish, and 
 
 the feminine termination -seach. 
 oir, edge, border, Ir., E. Ir., 0. Ir. or, W. gor-or, ora superior : *oro-. 
 
 Cf. Lat. ora, coast, from which Thur. regards it as borrowed ; 
 
 it is not allied to Ger. u/er, coast. 
 oir, for, 0. Ir. ar, air ; the prep, air (*are) used as a conj. The 
 
 Ir. Sir, because, for, 0. Ir. 6re, ■dare, abl. of 0. Ir. uar, huar, 
 
 is from Lat. h6ra, Gaelic vmr. 
 oir-, prefix denoting "ad" or "on," Ir. oir-, 0. Ir. air-, ar- ; this is 
 
 the prep, air {*are). Hence oirbheart, a good deed, Ir. do., 
 
 from heart ; oirbheas, act of charity, from heihs, conduct, etc. 
 
 Sometimes confused with 6r-, gold, as prefix ; cf. oirdheirc. 
 oircheas, pity, charity, Ir. oircheasachd, need, charitableness ; cf. 
 
 0. Ir. airehissecht, gratia, indulgentia, vb. airchissim, parcit, 
 
 indulget : air + cess- ; root of cead 1 
 oirde, a piece or lump of anything ; see ord. 
 oirdheirc, glorious, Ir. dirdhearc, 0. Ir. airdirc, erdirc ; from air 
 
 and dearc, see : " con-spicuous." See oir- for the oir-. 
 oirfeid, music, Ir. oirjid, E. Ir. air-fitivd., playing, inf. to arleitim, 
 
 arpeitim ; from air and peitim, M. Ir. peiteadh, music ; peit 
 
 or pet is from svettd, whistle, pipe, G. fead, q.v. 
 cirleach, an inch, Ir. drlach, ordlach, M. Ir. ordlacli, from ordu, 
 
 thumb, now G. ord-ag, q.v. 
 oirtMr, the east, so Ir., 0. Ir. airther ; comparative of air, ante — 
 
 " in front," as one faces the sun in the morning. 
 oirthir, border, coast, so Ir. ; from air and t\r. 
 oisg, a sheep, yearling ewe, E. Ir. disc ; for di-shesc, di, sheep, 
 
 and seasg, barren, q.v. The word 6i is from *ovi-s; Lat. 
 
 ovis ; Gr. ots ; Lit. avis ; Skr. Avis. 
 oisinn, a comer : *orf-s<awi-, " out-standing" (?). See ursainn, 
 
 tarsainn. 
 oisir, an oyster, Ir. oisre ; from M. Eng. oistre, from Fr. oistre, 
 
 from Lat. ostrea. 
 oistric, ostrich, Ir. ostrich ; from the Eng. 
 oit, an interjection to denote the sense of biiming heat ; cf. 0. Ir. 
 
 uit mo chroh, alas for my hand ! 
 oiteag, a breeze, puff of wind, Ir. oitedg : *aUi-, root at, as in Gr. 
 
 ar/ids, vapotu^, Eng. atmosphere ; Ag. S. aeSm, breath ; Skr. 
 
 dtmdn, breath, soul, 
 oitir, a ridge or bank in the sea, a low promontory, Ir. oitir : *ad- 
 
 tir, from tir, land, " toland." 
 61, drink, drinking, Ir. 6L, blaim, E. Ir. dl, inf. to ihim, 0. Ir. oul, 
 
 drinking : *potlo-, root po, p6, drink ; Lat. p6to, Eng. potate, 
 
 31 
 
^0 ETVMOLOGICAL bIC'i'iOKARV 
 
 etc. ; Skr. pd-, drink. Zimmer considers it borrowed from 
 
 Norse ol, Eng. ale. The root pele, plS, full, has also been 
 
 suggested ; but it is unlikely here, 
 ola, oil, Ir., 0. Ir. ola, W. olew, 0. W. oleu, Br. eol; from Lat. 
 
 oleum, Eng. oil. 
 diach, a hospitable person : "boon-companion ;'' from bl. 
 olann, wool, so Ir., E. Ir. oland, O. W. gulan, W. gwlan, Com. 
 
 gluan, Br. gloan ; * viand, *vlano- ; Lat. Idna ; Gr. \avos, 
 
 krjvo'i ; _ Eng. wool. Got. milla ; Lit. wilna ; Skr. M«i(i ; I. E. 
 
 vlnd, vlnd. 
 olc, bad, Ir. ok, 0. Ir. ofcc, o/c; cf. Lat. ulciscor, revenge, ulcus, 
 
 wound, Eng. ulcer ■ Gr. eAkos, wound. Bez. suggests 0. H. G. 
 
 ilJd, hunger. Lit. alkti, Ch. SI. allcati, hunger. 
 ollabhar, a great army (M'F.), Ir. ollarbhar : oll + arhJuir. For 
 
 oil, see next word ; E. Ir. arbar, a host, is from ber (see beir). 
 oUamh, a learned man, a doctor, so Ir., 0. Ir. ollam, g. ollaman ; 
 
 from Ir. oil, great (root pol, pel, pie, full, fill). 
 omar, amber, Ir. omra, W. amfer ; from the Eng. 
 omhail, attention, heed, Ir. limhail ; cf. G. umlial, obedient. 
 omhan, othan, froth of milk or whey, Ir. vun, E. Ir. lian, froth, 
 
 foam, W. ewyn, Br. eon : * oveno-, *poveno- ; Lit. putd, foam, 
 
 Lettic putas. 
 onag^aid, confusion, row (Dial.) ; cf. aonagail. 
 onfhadh, a blast, storm, raging of the sea, Ir. anfadh, E. Ir. 
 
 anfud, for an-feth, " excess-wind," feth, aura ; root vS, ven, 
 
 blow ; Skr. vdta, wind ; Gr. ciij/it, blow, arjp, Lat. aer, Eng. 
 
 air ; Lit. vejas, wind ; further Lat. ventus and Eng. wind. 
 onnchon, a standard (M'F., O'B.), so Ir., also Ir. oncM, leopard, 
 
 E. Ir. onchu, banner, leopard ; the idea of " leopard " is the 
 
 primary one. From Fr. onceau, once, Eng. ounce, leopard. 
 onoir, respect, honour, Ir. onoir, E. Ir. onoir, onoir ; from Lat. 
 
 honor. 
 onrachd, solitude, Ir. aonarachd ; from aonar, aon. 
 6r, gold, Ir., 0. Ir. dr, W. aur. Corn, our, Br. aour ; from Lat. 
 
 aurum. 
 or-, prefix air, oir, confused often with the prefix or-, gold ; e. g. 
 
 orbheart, good (golden !) deed, which is for oirbheart (see 
 
 oir-). 
 drag, sheaf of corn (H.S.D.), orag (M'F., Arm.) : 
 oragan, an organ, Ir., M. Ir. organ, E. Ir. organ, W. organ ; fron 
 
 Lat. organum, Eng. organ. 
 oraid, a speech, Ir. draid, prayer, oration, E. Ir. orait, prayer 
 
 orate ; from Lat. orate, pray ye, oratio, speech 
 6ran, a song ; this is for *auran, from the correct and still exist- 
 ing form amhrau, Ir. amhrdn, M. Ir. ambrdn, Manx arrane ; 
 
 from amb, i.e. mu, about, and rann ? 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 243 
 
 orair, a porch (orrar, M'D.) : "front," from air- or ar- and air, a 
 reduplication really of air, " on-before." 
 
 orais, a tumultuous noise (H.S.D. fiom MSS.) : 
 
 ord, a hammer, Ir., M. Ir. ord, 0. Ir. nrdd, W. gordd, 0. Cor. 
 ord, Br. orz, horz, Gallo-Brit. Ordn-vicfs (?) : *ordo-s, *urdo-s, 
 root verdh, urdh, raise, increase, whence or allied are Gr. 
 opdos, Lat. arduus, G. ard, etc ; especially Skr. vardhate, 
 raise, increase, grow. See ordag. Thur. thinks it perhaps 
 possible that Romance urtare, hit, thrust, Fr. heurter, Eng. 
 hurt, are hence, and Ascoli that Fr. ortail, big toe (orddu = 
 m'tv), is from ord, the basis of ordag, q.v. 
 
 ord, a mountain of rounded form (topographical only) ; from 
 above. 
 
 ordag, thumb, Ir. ord6g, 0. Ir. orddu, g. ordtn : *ordds, *urd6'> ; 
 same root as ord above. 
 
 ordugh, order, Ir. ord, ordughadh, 0. Ir. ord, ordaad, ordination, 
 W. urdd, urddawd, ordaining, Br. urz ; from Lat. ordo. 
 
 OTgan, organ ; see oragan. 
 
 orra, ortha, orr', or, a charm, incantation, Ir. orrtha (drrtJia, 
 Con.), ortka, prayer, charm (in this last sense pronounced 
 arrtha), E. Ir. ortha, ace. orthain, prayer (especially in verse) ; 
 from Lat. drdtionem, Eng. oration. 
 
 orrais, squeamishness, nausea : 
 
 OS, above, Ir. os, 6s, was, 0. Ir. os, uas, W. v^h, Br. a, ua ; see uasal 
 for root. 
 
 OS, an elk, deer, Ir. os (O'B.), E. Ir. os, nss, W. uch, pi. tichen, bos. 
 Corn, ohan, boves, IJr. oe'lien (do.), 0. Br. ohen, boum : *iihso-s 
 (for G.), *uksen- (for Brittonic) ; Got. auhsa{n), Eng. ox, oxen ; 
 Skr. ukshdn, bull. 
 
 OS, quoth ; for ors\ from or, ar, say ; see arsa. 
 
 OS, mouth of a river, harbour bar ; from Norse dss, river mouth ; 
 Lat. ostium. 
 
 osadh, desisting, Ir. osadh, truce, E. Ir. ossad (do.) : *ud^sta- 
 " stand out ;" root sta, stand. 
 
 osag, a blast, breeze ; see osnadh. 
 
 osan, a hose, stocking, Ir. assan, caliga, W. hosan. Cor. hos ; from 
 Ag. S. hosa, g. hosan, now hose, hosen, Norse hosa. 
 
 oscach, eminent, superior (Sh., O'B.), Ir. osedch ; from os and each. 
 
 oscarach, oscarra, bold, fierce, Ir. oscar, champion; from the 
 heroic name Oscar, son of Oisian (Ir. Oisin, little deer or os, 
 q.v.). Possibly Osear stands for *ud-scaro-, " out-cutter," 
 root scar of sgar, q.v. Zimmer derives it from Norse 'Asgeirr, 
 spear of the Anses or gods, and Oisian from the Saxon 
 'Oswine, friend of the Anses ; which should give respectively 
 'Asgar and 'Oisine, but the initial vowels are both o short in 
 Oscar and Oisian. 
 
244 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 dsd, 6sda, tigh 6sda, an inn, Ir. Ugh dsda ; from M. Eng. ooste, 
 
 h6st, hotel, house, hospitium, through Fr. from Lat. hospitium. 
 
 Stokes takes it direct from 0. Fr. oste. 
 osnadh, a sigh, so Ir., 0. Ir. osnad, W. -uchenaid, uch, Br. huanad. 
 
 Zimmer has analysed this into os, up, and an (root of andil), 
 
 breath: "up-breath;" of. Lat. suspirium, from sup-spirium, 
 
 "up-breath." But consider *ok-s, from uk of och. 
 ospag, osmag, a gasp, sob, sigh, pang, Ir. osp6 , uxpdg, osmdg ; cf . 
 
 osnadh. Also uspag, q.v. 
 ospaim, gasping quickly, sobbing, sighing; from os and spairn, 
 
 q.v. Cf. uspairn. 
 othail, confusion, hubbub, also (Dial., where pronounced ow-il) 
 
 rejoicing ; spelt also foghail, foghail ; root gal, as in gal 1 
 othar, ulcer, abscess, Ir. othar, sick : *putro- ; Lat. puter, Eng. 
 
 putrid ; root pH, pu, Eng. foul, etc. 
 6trach, dunghill, Ir., M. Ir. otrach, dunghill, 0. Ir. ochtrach 
 
 ( = othtrach ?), excrement : *pwttr-, root put, pu, Lat. p&teo, 
 
 puter, as under othar. 
 
 pab, shag, refuse of flax, woolly hair, and (M'A.) tassel ( = bab), 
 M. Ir. papp, popp, sprig, tuft, E. Ir. popp, bunch, which 
 Stokes refers to a Celtic *Jo66t^, *hhohh-K(h, from *bhobh, 
 , *hhabh, Lat. faha, bean, Gr. tto/x^os, blister, Trifi^i^, bubble, 
 Lettic hamba, ball, I. E. bhembho-, inflate. Eng. bob, cluster, 
 bunch, appears in the 14th century, and Sc. has bob, bah 
 correspondingly ; the Gadelic and Eng. are clearly connected, 
 but which borrowed it is hard to say. The meaning of pab 
 as "shag, flax refuse" appears in the Sc.pab,pob. Borrowing 
 from Lat. papula, pimple, root pap, swell, has been suggested. 
 
 pac, a pack, Ir. paca ; from Eng. pack. Hence pacarras, a mass 
 of confusion. 
 
 pacaid, a packet ; from the Eng. 
 
 padhadh, thirst, Manx paa ; seemingly formed by regressive 
 analogy from the adjective pd,iteach, thirsty, a side-form 
 of poiteacli, drinking, bibulous, from p6it, Lat. pdtus, drunk. 
 
 padhal, ewer, Ir. padhal, ewer, pail, W. padell, pan ; from Lat. 
 patella, a pan, whence Eng. pail. 
 
 p^ganach, heathen, Ir. pdganach, pdgdnta, M. Ir. pagdnta ; from 
 Lat. pojganus, villager, pagan, whence Eng. pa^an. 
 
 piidhneachas, a penalty, pledge ; from pdigh, with leaning on 
 peanas. 
 
 paidhir, a pair ; from English pair, M. Eng. peire, Fr. paire, from 
 Lat. par. Cf., for phonetics, /airfAir (fair) and staidhir (stair). 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 245 
 
 paidir, the Lord's prayer, so Ir., M. Ir. paiter, 0. Ir. pater, W. 
 
 pater, ■ from Lat. pater in Pater noster, etc., which begins 
 
 the prayer. 
 paidreag, a patch, clout : 
 paidrean, a cluster of grapes, posy, string of beads, Ir. paidirin, 
 
 rosary, necklace; iiova. paidir. 
 pdiigh, psiidh, pay, Ir. paidhe, payment ; from Eng. pay. 
 pail-chlaoh, pavement, Ir. pdil-chlach, stone pavement, pdil, 
 
 pabhail, pavement ; formed from the Eng. pave, pavement. 
 pailleart, a box on the ear, a blow with the palm : * palmA>heart, 
 
 " palm-action," from Lat. palma, palm ; of. W. palfad, stroke 
 
 of the paw, Br. palfod, blow on the cheek, 
 psiilliun, a tent, Ir. }>aiUiiin ; from M. Eng. pailyoun (Barbour), 
 
 pavilon, Fr. pavilion, from Lat. papilionem, a butterfly — 
 
 tents being called after the butterfly because spread out like 
 
 its wings. Stokes takes it direct from the Fr. 
 pailm, palm tree, Ir., M. Ir. pailm; from Lat. palma, whence 
 
 Eng. palm 
 pallt, plentiful, pailteas, plenty, Manx palchys, Cor. pals, 
 
 plenteous, M. Br. paout, numerous, Br. paot, many, much ; 
 
 the G. is in all likelihood a Pictish word — a root qalt, I. E. 
 
 qel, company, collection, as in clann, q.v. 
 paindeal, a panther; founded on the Eng. panther, M. Eng. 
 
 pantere. 
 painneal, a panel, Ir. paineul, W. panel ; from the Eng., M. Eng., 
 
 Fr. panel. 
 painnse, a paunch ; from the Sc. painch, pench, Eng. paunch. 
 painntear, a snare, Ir. painteur, M. Ir. painnter ; from M. Eng. 
 
 pantere, snare for birds, 0. Fr. pantiere. Hence Eng. painter, 
 
 boat rope, 
 paipeir, paper, Ir. pdipeur, W. papyr ; from Lat. papyrus, whence 
 
 Eng. paper. 
 paipin, poppy, Ir. paipin, W. pdbi ; from Lat. popaver, whence 
 
 Eng. poppy. 
 p^irc, a park, Ir. pdirc, W. pare, parwg ; from M. Eng. parh, 
 
 parroJc, now parh. 
 pairilis, palsy, Ir., M. Ir. pairilis, W. parlys ; from Lat. paralysis, 
 
 whence Eng. palsy. 
 pd>irt, a share, part, Ir. pdirt, E. Ir. pairt, W. parth ; from Lat. 
 
 pars, partis, a part, whence Eng. part. 
 p^iisd, a child, Ir. pdisde ; formed from M. Eng. pdge, boy, Sc. 
 
 page, boy, now Eng. page, 
 paisean, a fainting fit, Ir., M. Ir. pdis, E. Ir. paiss, passio, suffer- 
 ing ; from Lat. passionem, patior, suffer. 
 paisg, wrap; see pasgadk, 
 
246 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTiONAEY 
 
 pait, a hump, lump, Ir, pait, M. Ir. pait, mass ; also Ir. paiteog, 
 
 small lump of butter ; from Eng. pat. Skeat thinks the 
 
 Eng. is from the Gaelic, but the p is fatal to the word being 
 
 native Gadelic. 
 piiteag, a periwinkle (H.S.D., for Hebr.) : 
 palmair, a rudder, Ir. pcdmaire ; see falmadair. 
 pillas, a palace, Ir. pdlas, W. palai ; from Lat. palatium, whence 
 
 Eng. palace. 
 panna, a pan ; from M. Ei.g. panne, now pan. 
 pannal, pannan, a band or company, also, bannal, q.v. ; from 
 
 Eng. hand. 
 pip, the pope, Ir. pdpa, 0. Ir. papa, W., Br. pab ; from Lat. papa, 
 
 father, pope, Eng. pope. 
 paracas, a rhapsody (M'A.) : 
 paradh, pushing, brandishing ; cf. purr. 
 pd,rant, a parent ; from Eng. parent. 
 pardag, a pannier (Arm.) : 
 pirlamaid, parliament, Ir. pairlimiid, M. Ir. pairlimint ; from 
 
 Eng. parliament. 
 parraist, a parish, Ir. parraisde ; from Eng, parish, M. Eng. 
 
 parische. 
 pdrTias, paradise, Ir. parrthas, 0. Ir. pardus, W. paradwys, Br. 
 
 baradoz ; from Lat. paradisux. 
 partan, a crab, portan (Skye), Ir. partdn, portdn, M. Ir. partan ; 
 
 Sc. partan. 
 pasgadh, a wrapping, covering, pasgan, a bundle, pasg, a faggot ; 
 
 cf. Ir. faisff, a pen, W. JFa-iff, bundle, which last is certainly 
 
 from Lat. fasces. 
 pasmunn, expiring pang (H.S.D.) ; from Eng. spasm ? H.S.D. 
 
 gives also the meaning " cataclysm applied to the sores of a 
 
 dying person." 
 peabar, piobar, pepper, Ir. piobar, W. pubyr ; from Lat. piper, 
 
 Eng. pepper, Norse piparr. 
 peacadh, sin, so Ir., 0. Ir peccad, g. pectho, W. pechod, Br. pechet j 
 
 from Lat. peccatum, pecco, Eng. peccant. 
 p6a-chearc, pea-hen ; from the Eng. pea. See peucag. 
 peall, skin, hide, E. Ir. pell ; from Lat. pellis, hide, allied to Eng. 
 
 fell. 
 peallach, shaggy, matted in the hair, from peall, mat, hairy skin ; 
 
 see peall above. 
 peallaid, sheepskin ; from Scotch pellet, a wooUess sheepskin, 
 
 Eng. pelt, from Lat. pellis through Fr. 
 peanas, punishment, Ir. pioniis ; from Lat. poena, with possibly a 
 
 leaning on the English punish. 
 peann, a pen, so Ir., E. Ir. penn, W. pin ; from Lat. penna. 
 
OF TSe GAELIC LAKGUAGfe. 247 
 
 pearluinn, fine linen, muslin ; from Sc. pearlin, lace of silk or 
 
 thread, Eng. purl, edging of lace, from Fr. powfiler, Lat. 
 filum, thread, 
 pearsa, a person, Ir. pearsa, g. pearsan, 0. Ir. persa, g. perdne ; 
 
 from Lat. persona, Eng. person. 
 pearsail, parsley, Ir. pearsdil ; from M. Eng. persil, Eng. parsley. 
 peasair, pease, Ir. pis, a pea, p], piseanna, W. pi/s, Br. TpLpiz; 
 
 from Lat pisum, Eng. pease. 
 peasan, impudent fellow, varlet ; from Eng. peasant. 
 peasg, gash in skin, chapped gashes of hands, cranny, W. pisg, 
 
 blisters ; G. is possibly of Pictish origin. The Sc. pishet, 
 
 shrivelled, has been compared, 
 peata, a pet, Ir. peata, E. Ir. petta ; Eng. pet. Both Eng. and 
 
 Gadelic are formed on some cognate of Fr, petit, little, Eng. 
 
 petty (Stokes). 
 peic, a peck, Ir. peic, W. pec ; from Eng. pec. 
 peighinn, a penny, Ii. pighin, E. Ir. pinginn; from Ag. ^.pending, 
 
 Norse pennin^r, now Eng. penny. 
 peilig, a porpoise ; from Sc. pellack. 
 peileasach, frivolous ; cf. Sc. pell, a soft, lazy person. 
 peileid, cod, husk, bag : 
 peileid, a slap on the head, the skuU or crown of the head ; in the 
 
 last sense, cf. Sc. pallet, crown of the head, M. Eng. palet, 
 
 head-piece. In the sense of " slap," cf. Eng. pelt. 
 peileir, a bullet, Ir. peilewr, L. M. Ir. peler ; from some French 
 
 descendant of Lat. pila, ball, and allied to Eng. pellet, 0. Fr. 
 
 peloie, ball, Sp. pelute, cannon ball, 
 peilisteir, a quoit, flat stone ; formed from the above stem ? 
 peillic, a covering of skins or coarse cloth, Ir. peillic, a booth 
 
 whose roof is covered with skins, E. Ir. pellec, basket of 
 
 untanned hide ; from Lat. pelliceus, made of skins, from 
 
 pellis. 
 peinneag, a chip of stone for filling crevices in wall ; from Sc. 
 
 pinning, pinn (do.), allied to Eng. pin. 
 peinnteal, a snare ; another form of painntear, q.v. 
 peirceall, the jaw, lower part of the face, comer, Ir. peircioll, 
 
 cheekblade, comer : *for-ciobhull, " on-jaw" ? See ciohhull. 
 peirigill, danger, Ir. peiriacul ; from Lat. periculum. 
 p^ire, the buttocks, Ir. peire (O'E.) ; cf. Cor. pedren, buttock, W. 
 
 pedrain. The word peurs, lente perdere (M'A.), is doubtless 
 
 connected, 
 p^iris, testiculi (H.S.D.) ; apparently from Fr pierre. 
 peiteag, waistcoat, short jacket j from Sc. petycot, a sleeveless 
 
 tunic worn by men, Eng. petticoat. Manx has pettie, flannel 
 
 waistcoat, peddee, waistcoat. 
 
248 ETXMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEt 
 
 peithir, a forester (pethaire, M'D.), peithire, a message boy 
 
 (M'A.) ; cf. Sc. peddir, a pedlar, Eng. pedlar. 
 peithir, beithir, thunderbolt ; a mythic and metaphoric use of 
 
 beithir, q.v. 
 peitseag, a peach ; Ir. peitsedg ; from the Eng. 
 peddar, pewter, Ir. peatar, W. fimtwr ; from Eng. pewter. Also 
 
 feddar, q.v. 
 peucag, pear-hen, Ir. p&achg, peacock (Fol.) ; from Eng. peacock. 
 pear, a pear, Ir. piorra, piire (O'K.), W. peran ; from Eng. pear. 
 peurda, flake of wool off the cards in the first carding : 
 peurdag, piartag, a partridge, Ir. pitrug (Fol.) ; G. is from Sc. 
 
 pertrik, a side form of Eng. partridge, Lat. perdic-em. 
 pian, pain, Ir. pian, 0. Ir. pian, poena, W. poen, pain, Cor. peyn, 
 
 Br. poan ; from Lat. poena, Eng. pain. 
 pibhinn, lapwing ; from Sc. peeweip, Eng. peewit. The true G. is 
 
 adharcan, "horned one" (from adharc, because of the appear- 
 ance of its head), 
 pic, pitch, Ir. pic, W. pyg ; from M. Eng. pik, now pitch. 
 pic, a pike, Ir. pice, W. pig, from the Eng. 
 piceal, pickle, Ir. pidll (Fol.) ; from the Eng. 
 pigeadh, pigidh, earthen jar, Ir. pigin, W. picyn ; from Eng., Sc. 
 
 piggin, pig, which is a metaphoric use of Eng. pig, sow. 
 pighe, pigheann, a pie, Ir. pigke ; from the Eng. 
 pigidh, robin redbreast (H.S.D.) ; a confused use of Eng. pigeon ? 
 pilig, peel, peeling (Dial.); from the Eng. Seepiol. 
 pill, a sheet, cloth, the cloth or skin on which corn is winnowed ; 
 
 a particular use of the oblique form of peall, q.v. M. Ir. 
 
 pill or pell means "rug." 
 pill, turn, Ir. pillim, better fillim (O'B.) ; see till for discussion 
 
 of the root, 
 pilleau, pack-saddle, pillion, Ir. pillin, W. pilyn ; Eng. pillion is 
 
 allied, if not borrowed, according to Skeat. All are formed 
 
 on Lat. pellis (see peall). Sc. has pillions for " rags;" Br. 
 
 pill (do.). 
 pinne, a pin, peg, Ir. pionn (Lh.), W. pin ; from M. Eng. pinne, 
 
 now pin. 
 pinnt, a pint, Ir. piiint (Fol.) ; from the Eng. 
 piob, a pipe, a musical instrument, Ir. piob, E. Ir. pip, pi. pipai 
 
 (Lib. Leinster), (music) pipe ; from Med. Lat. pipa, whence 
 
 Ag. S. pipe, Eng. pipe, Ger. p/eife, Norse pipa. W., Cor., 
 
 and Br. have jnb, pipe, similarly borrowed, 
 piobar, pepper ; see peabar. 
 piobull, the bible (Dial.) : see hlobull. 
 pioc, pick, Ir. piocaim ; from Eng. pick. Thur. thinks that W. 
 
 pigo is ultimately from the Eomance picco (point), Fr. pique. 
 
Of THE GAELIC Language. 249 
 
 or allied thereto. Skeat takes the Eng. from Celtic ; but see 
 
 Bradley's Stratmann. 
 piocaid, pickaxe, Ir. piocoid ; from pioc, Eng. picJc, a pickaxe, from 
 
 Fr. pic (do.). Whether the termination is Gadelic or the Fr. 
 
 word piquet, little pickaxe, Eng. picket, was borrowed at once^ 
 
 it is hard to say. 
 piochan, a wheezing, Manx piaghane, hoarseness, Ir. spiochan ; 
 
 Sc. pech, pechin, panting, peught, asthmatic. Onomatopoetic. 
 
 Cf. Lat. pipire, chirp, pipe. W. has peiM, pant, 
 pioghald, pigheid, a magpie, Ir. pioghaid (Fol.), pighead (O'K.) ; 
 
 from Sc. pyat, pyet, diminutive of pie, M. Eng. pye, now 
 
 usually mag-pie. 
 piol, nibble, pluck ; from Eng. peel, earlier pill, pyll, peel, pluck, 
 
 ultimately from Lat. pellis. Also spiol, q.v. W. has pilio, 
 
 peel, strip. 
 pioUach, (1) neat, trim (M'F., H.S.D., Arm.), (2) hairy 
 
 ( = peallach, of which it is a side form, H.S.D., etc.), fretful, 
 
 curious-looking (M'A.). The second sense belongs topeallach, 
 
 the first to piol : " piUed." 
 pioUaiste, trouble, vexation: "plucked" state, from ^ioZ? 
 pioraid, hat, cap ; see hiorraid. 
 
 piorbhuic, piorrabhuic, periwig, Ir. peireabhuic ; from the Eng. 
 piorr, scrape or dig (H.S.D.), stab, make a lunge at one (M'A.) ; 
 
 the first sense seems from Sc, Eng. pare; for the second, see 
 
 pmr. 
 piorradh, a squall, blast ; from L. M. Eng. pirry, whirlwind, 
 
 blast, Sc. pirr, gentle breeze, Norse byrr, root Mr, pir, of 
 
 onomatopoetic origin (Skeat, svh piro^lette, for Eng.). 
 pios, a piece, Ir. piosa ; from Eng. piece, Fr. piece, Low Lat. 
 
 pettium, from Gaulish *pettium, allied to G. cuit, Pictish pet 
 
 (see pit). 
 pios, a cup, Ir. piosa ; from Lat. pyxis, box (Stokes). 
 piostal, a pistol, so Ir. ; from Eng. 
 piseach, prosperity, luck, Manx hishagh, Ir. biseach, M. Ir. bisech. 
 
 Cf. Ir. pise6g, witchcraft, M. Ir. pisoc, charm, Manx pishag, 
 
 charm, Cor. pystry, witchcraft, M. Br. pistri, veneficium, 
 
 which Bugge refers to Lat. pyxis, medicine box (see pws). 
 piseag, a kitten, Ir. puisin ; from Eng. puss. 
 pit, hollow or pit (Diet, only), kvo-Oos, M. G. pit (D. of L.), Manx 
 
 pitt, Ir. pit ; from Ag. S. pyt, pit, weU, now pit, from Lat. 
 
 puteiis, well. For force, cf. Br. fetan, fountain, fete, Kvcr6os. 
 
 The non-existent Diet, meaning is due to the supposed force 
 
 of topographic pit discussed in the next article. 
 Pit-, prefix in farm and townland names in Pictland, meaning 
 
 "farm, portion;" 0. G. pet, pett, g. pette (B. of Deer), a 
 
 32 
 
250 ^TifMOLOGlCAL blCTIOi^AEt 
 
 Pictisli word allied to W. peth, part, Gaelic mid. See further 
 
 under cuid and pios. 
 plug, a plaintive note (H.S.D.); cf. W. puch, sigh. Onomato- 
 
 poetic ? 
 piuthar, sister, Ir. siur, E. Ir. siur, fiur, g. sethar, fethar, 0. Ir. 
 
 siur, W. chwaer, Corn. AmV, Br. Aoar : *svesdr, g. g^wes^ro* 
 
 (Stokes) ; Lat. soror ( = nosor) ; Eng. si'sfer ; Lit. »esu ; Skr. 
 
 plab, soft noise as of a ' body falling into water ; from So. plope, 
 Dial. Eng. plop : onomatopoetic like plump. Skeat compares 
 Eng. hlab. See plub. 
 
 placaid, a wooden dish; through Sc. (?) from Fr. plaquefte, 
 plaque, a plate, whence Eng. placard, Sc. placad. M'A. 
 gives also the meaning "flat, broad, good-natured female," 
 which is a metaphoric use. 
 
 plaibean, a lump of raw flesh, a plump boy ; founded on Sc. 
 plope, as in plab above. Cf. Eng. plump. 
 
 plaide, a blanket, Ir. ploid ; Eng. plaid, Sc. plaiden, coarse 
 woollen cloth, like flannel, but twilled : all are founded on 
 Lat. pellis, but whether invented by Gadelic or English is at 
 present doubtful. Skeat says it is Celtic, a view which, as 
 the case stands, has most to say for it ; cf. G. peallaid, 
 sheepskin. 
 
 pl^igh, a plague, Ir. pldigh, E. Ir. pldg, W. pla ; from Lat. pldga, 
 disaster, M. Eng. pldge, Blng. plague. 
 
 plais, a splash ; from Sc. plash, to strike water suddenly, Eng. 
 plash, splash. 
 
 plam, anything curdled : cf. Br. plommein, a clot, as of blood. 
 See slaman. M'A. gives it the meaning of "fat blubber 
 cheek." 
 
 plang, a plack — a Scots coin ; from Sc. plack, a copper coin 
 equal to four pennies Scots, which came with the Flemish, 
 etc., and is allied to Fr. plaque, used of coin, though really a 
 " metal dish, etc." See placaid. 
 
 plangaid, a blanket ; Ir. plainceud (Fol.) ; from the Eng. 
 
 plannta, a plant, Ir. planda ; from Eng. plant, Lat. planta. 
 
 plaOBg, a husk, shell, Manx pleayse, Ir. plaosg, W. plisg (pi.), Br. 
 pluskenn. This Emault considers borrowed from Romance — 
 Fr. peluehe, shag, plush, Eng. plush, from Lat. * pilucius, 
 hairy, pilus, hair : an unlikely derivation. Seemingly 
 blaosg is another form (Manx bleayst, M. Ir. blaesc, W. blisg) : 
 * bhloid-sko-, root bhloi, bhle, bhel, swell, etc. ; Gr. ^Aotos 
 i*bhlovio-1), bark, shell, <^Xkhu>v, bladder. 
 
 pl^sd, a plaster, Ir. plasdruighim, ; from the Eng. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 251 
 
 pl4t, a sort of cloth made of straw ; from Sc. plat, plait, Eng. 
 
 jilait. M'A. has the meaning "thrust, clap on," from Sc. 
 
 plai, a stroke to the ground, blow with the fist, M. Eng. 
 
 platten, strike, throw down, Ag. S. plaettan. 
 plath, pladh, a flash, glance, puff of wind ; from *svl-, root svel of 
 
 soVus ? 
 pleadhag, a dibble, paddle ; also bleaghan, spleadhan, q.v. 
 pleadhart, a buffet, blow ; from pailleart ? 
 pleasg, a noise, crack, Ir. pleasg {pleasg Lh.) — an Ir. word (M'A.): 
 
 cf. Sc. pleesh, plesk, plash, pleesh-plash, dabbling in water or 
 
 mud. 
 pleasg, a string of beads : 
 pleat, a plait ; from Sc. plett, Eng. plait. 
 pleid, solicitation ; see bleid. 
 pleigh, quarrel, fight; fiom Sc. pley, quarrel, debate, M. Eng. 
 
 pleie, pLege, Ag. S. plega, game, fight, Eng. play. 
 pleoisg, plodhaisg, a booby, simpleton ; cf. W. Uoesg, a stam- 
 merer (mlaisqo-), Skr. mlecchati, talk barbarously, mlnccha, 
 
 foreigner, Lat. blaesus, Gr. /SAawros. 
 pleddar, pewter ; from Eng. spelter, with leaning on peddar. 
 pliad (H.S.D., Dial.), a plot of ground ; of Scandinavian origin — 
 
 Swed. plaetti, a plot of ground, Eng. plot, plat (Dr Cameron). 
 pliadh, a splay foot ; from Eng. splay. 
 pliaram, babbling (H.S.D.); for *biiaram , see hlialum, from Sc. 
 
 hlellum. 
 pliotair (pliodaire M'A.), a fawner, cajoler ; cf. Ir. pleadail, 
 
 pleading ; from Eng. plead. 
 pliut, a clumsy foot ; cf. Sc. ploots, the feet when bare (Shet.), 
 
 plootsacks, feet. Hence pliutach, a seal. See spliut. 
 ploc, a round mass, clod, block (rare), Ir. hloc, a block, W. ploc, 
 
 block, plug, Br. hloiih, block, mass : Gadelic and W. are from 
 
 Eng. hlock, from Fr. hloc, of German origin — Ger. Hock, clod, 
 
 lump, from the root of Eng. halh. 
 plod, a clod ; from Sc. plod, ploud, a green sod (Aberdeen). 
 plod, a fleet, Manx flod ; from Norse floti, Eng. fleet, float, etc. 
 plod, a pool of standing water, Manx, Ir. plod ; from M. Eng. 
 
 plodde, a puddle, Eng. plod, originally " to wade through 
 
 water," ploud, wade through water (Grose), Sc. plottt, plouter 
 
 (do.). 
 plodadh, parboiling ; from Sc. plot, to scald or bum with boiling 
 
 water, plottie, a rich and pleasant hot drink made of cinnamon, 
 
 cloves, etc. 
 ploic, the mumps ; see pluic. 
 plosg, palpitate, throb, Ir. plosg (O'E., Fol.), blosgadh, sounding, 
 
 E. Ir. blosc (" ro clos blosc-beimnech a chride," the hitting 
 
 sound of his heart). See blosg. 
 
352 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 plub, a plump, sudden fall into water; iromEng. plump.. Cf. 
 
 plab. Hence plubraich, gurgling, plunging ; etc. 
 plub, an unwieldy mass or lump ; from the Eng. plump. 
 plubair, a booby, one speaking indistinctly, blubberer ; from Eng. 
 
 blubber. 
 pluc, a limip, pimple, Manx plucan, pimple ; seemingly a side 
 
 form oiploc. M. Ir. has phice, club or mace. Cf. Sc. pluke, 
 
 a pimple, 
 pluc, pluck, Manx plvck ; from the Eng. 
 pltic, beat, thump ; from M. Eng. pluck, a stroke. 
 plucas, the flux ; founded on Lat. fluxus 2 
 
 pliich, squeeze, compress, Ir. plucliaim, Manx ploogh, suffocation : 
 pluic, cheek, blub cheek, Ir. pLuc : " puffed cheek ;" from ploc. 
 pluideach, club-footed ; see pLiut. 
 pluirean, a flower, Ir. plur ; from M. Eng. flour (now flower), 
 
 0. Fr. flmtr (now fleur). 
 plum, plunge into water ; see plumb. 
 pltim, one who sits stock still, dead calm : 
 pluma, plumba, a plummet, Ir. plumba ; from Eng. plwmb, Fr. 
 
 plomb, from Lat. plumbum, lead. . 
 plumb, noise of falling into water, plunge ; from Eng. plump. 
 plumbas, plumbais, a plum, Ir. pluma ; from M. Eng. ploume, 
 
 now plum. 
 plundrainn, plunder, booty ; from Eng. plundering. 
 plur, flour, Ir. fliir ; from M. Eng. flxiur ; same as Eug. flower, 
 
 flaur being for "flower of wheat." 
 plutadh, falhng down, as of rain ; from Sc. plout, Belg. jilotsen, 
 
 Gei. plotzlich, sudden, from *plotz, "quickly falling blow." 
 pobull, people, Ir. pobal, O. Ir. popul, W., Br. pobl, Cor. pobel ; 
 
 from Lat. populus, whence Eng. people. 
 poca, a bag ; from Sc. pock, Ag. S. poca, Norse poki, 0. Fr. poche. 
 poca, p6caid, pocket, pouch, Ir. p6ca, pdcait (F. M.), bag, pouch ; 
 
 from M. Eng. ^jrfie, Ag. S. poca, as above. Eng. pocket, 
 
 M. Eng. poket, is a diminutive. K. Meyer takes the Ir. from 
 
 the Norse poki. 
 pog, p4g, a kiss, Manx paag. Ir. pdg, 0. Ir. p6c, pocnat, osculum, 
 
 W. p6c, Br. pok ; from Lat. pdcem, " the kiss of peace," which 
 
 was part of the ritual for the Mass ; hence in Church Lat. 
 
 dare pacem, means "to give the kiss." The old Celtic liturgies 
 
 generally carry the rubric "Hie pax datur" immediately 
 
 before the Communion, 
 poit, a pot, Ir. pota, W. pot, Br. pod ; from Eng. and Fr. pot, from 
 
 Lat. potare ultimately. See next. 
 pdit, drinking, tippling, Ir. pbit ; from Lat. potw, drunk (Eng. 
 
 potatvm, poison, etc.). See bl. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 253 
 
 poitean, a small truss of hay or straw ; see boitean. 
 poll, a pool, hole, mud, Ir., E. Ir. poll, W. pwll, Cor. pol, Br. 
 poull; from Late Lat. padulus, pool, a metathesis of palus, 
 paludis, marsh (Gaidoz), whence It. padula, Sp. paiil. Teutonic 
 
 has Ag. S. pdl, Eng. pool, Du. poel, 0. H. G. pfuol, 
 
 Ger. pfuhl. Skeat considers that poll is from Low Lat. 
 padulis, and that the Ag. S. p6l was possibly borrowed from 
 
 the British Latin or Latin remains seen in place-names having 
 port, street, -Chester, etc. (Principles,^ 437). 
 poll, pollair, nostril, Ir. polldlre, poll-srSna ; from poll. 
 poUag, the fish pollock or lythe — gadus poUachius, of the cod and 
 
 whiting genus, Ir. pulldg ; from poll ? Hence the Eng. 
 
 name. The Irish Eng. pollan. So. powan, is a different fish 
 
 — of the salmon genus. 
 poUairean, the dunlin (Heb.), polidna alpina. Mr Swainson 
 
 (Folklore of British Birds) translates its Gaelic name as 
 
 " bird of the mud pits (poll)," an exact description, he says. 
 ponach, boy, lad (Dial.) ; of. Manx vonniar, a boy, a small fish 
 
 basket ! 
 ponaidh, a pony ; from the So. pownie, from 0. Fr. poulenet (I lost 
 
 as usual), little colt, now poulain, a colt, from Med. Lat. 
 
 pullanus, from Lat. pullus, foal, Eng. foal, filly. 
 p6nair, bean or beans, Ir. pbnaire, M. Ir. ponaire ; from Norse 
 
 baun, 0. H. G. pona, Ger. bohne, Eng. bean, Du. boon (Stokes' 
 
 Celt. Dec.). 
 pdr, seed, spore, Ir. p6r, seed, clan, W. par, germ ; from Gr. 
 
 OTTO/JOS, seed, Eng. spore. 
 port, harbour, port, Ir. port, harbour, fort, 0. Ir. port, W., Com. 
 
 porth, Br. pors, porz ; from Lat. partus, Eng. port. 
 port, a tune, Ir. port, M. Ir. ceudport, rhyme, prelude : " carry = 
 
 catch;" from Lat. porto, carry. Sc. port, catch, tune, is 
 
 from Gaelic. Cf. Eng. sport, from Lat. dis-porto. 
 p6s, marry, 0. G. pUsta, wedded (B. of Deer), M. Ir. p6saim ; from 
 
 Lat. sponsus, sponsa, betrothed, from spondeo, I promise (Eng. 
 
 spouse, respond, etc.). 
 post, post, beam, pillar, Ir. posda, posta, W. post ; from the Eng. 
 
 post, from Lat. postis. 
 prab, discompose, ravel (prab, H.S.D.), prabach, dishevelled, 
 
 ragged, blear-eyed, \r. prdbach (O'R.) : "suddenly arrayed," 
 
 from prap ? 
 pr^bar, pr^bal, a rabble ; from prab, prab, discompose. See 
 
 above word, 
 prac, vicarage dues, small tithes, which were paid in kind (N. H. 
 
 and Isles) : 
 pracas, hotch-potch ; cf. Sc, Eng. fricassee. 
 
254 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 prd,cais, idle talk ; from Eng. fracas ? 
 
 prd,dhainn, press of business, flurry (M'A. for Islay), Ir. praidhin, 
 
 0. Ir. brothad, a moment ; see priobadh. 
 prainnseag, mince coUops, haggis ; from prann, pound (M'A), a 
 
 side fornji of pronn, q.v. 
 prais, brass, pot-metal (Arm.), pot (M'A.), prais, brass (H.S.D. 
 
 M'L., M'E.), Manx prash, Ir. prdis, pros, W. pres ; from 
 
 M. Eng. bras, Ag. S. brces. Hence praiseach, bold woman, 
 
 concubine, meretrix. 
 praiseach, broth, pottage, etc, Ir. praiseach, pottage, kale, M. Ir. 
 
 braissech, W. bresych, cabbages ; from Lat. brassica, cabbage. 
 prd.mli, a slumber, slight sleep : 
 praonan, an earthnut ; see braonan. 
 
 prap, quick, sudden, Ir. jyrab, M. Ir. prap ; see under priobadh. 
 prasach, a manger, crib : 
 prasgan, brasgan, a group, flock ; cf. Ir. prosndn, a troop, com- 
 
 pany (O'R.) : 
 preachan, a crow, kite, moor-bittern, Ir. preackan, crow, kite, 
 ,xisprey (according to the adj. applied), M. Ir. prechan, crow, 
 ^^ raven : 
 preachan, a mean orator (M'A.), Ir. preachoine, crier, M. Ir. 
 
 prechoineadka, prsBcones ; from the Lat. praeco{ri), crier, 
 
 auctioneer, 
 preas, a bush, brier, W. prys, brushwood, covert : *qrst-, root qer 
 
 of crann ? The G., which is borrowed, is doubtless of Pictish 
 
 origin, 
 preas, a press, cupboard, Manx prest ; from the Eng. press. 
 preas, a wrinkle, fold ; from the Eng. press. 
 preathal, confusion of mind, dizziness ; see breitheal. 
 prighig, fry ; from the Eng. frying. 
 prine, a pin ; from the Sc. preen, M. Eng. preon, Ag. S. prion, 
 
 Norse prjdnn, Ger. pfriem. 
 priobadh, winking, twinkling (of the eye), Ir. prap in le prap na 
 
 siU, in the twinkling of the eyes (Keating), from prap, 
 
 sudden, M. Ir. prapud, brief space (as twinkling of the eyes), 
 
 la brafad siila, older friha brathad swte, where we get the series 
 
 prapud, brafad, brathad (g. brutto), 0. Ir. brothad, moment. 
 
 Stokes compares the similar Gothic phrase — in brahva augins. 
 
 where brahv might = a British *brap, borrowed into Irish. 
 
 The form brafad could easily develop into brap ; the difficulty 
 
 is the passing of th of brothad (which gives g. brotto) into / of 
 
 brafad (but see £ev. Celt.^" 57). The G. priobadh has its 
 
 vowel influenced by preabadh, kicking, that is, breabadh, q.v. 
 priobaid, a trifle, priobair, a worthless fellow ; from Sc. bribour, 
 
 low beggarly fellow, M. Eng. bribour, rascal, thief; fronj 
 
of THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 255 
 
 0. Fr. hribeur, beggar, vagabond, briber, to beg, bribe, morsel 
 
 of bread, Eng. bribe. Hence priobaid is from an early 
 
 Northern form of Eng. bribe. See breaban further. 
 priomh, prime, chief, Ir. priomh, a principal, primh, prime, 0. Ir. 
 
 prim, W. prif ; from Lat. primus, first, Eng. prime. 
 prionnsa, a prince, so Ir., M. Ir. prindsa ; from M. Eng. and Fr. 
 
 prince. (Stokes takes it from Fr. direct), 
 priosan, prison, Ir. priosiin, M. Ir. primn ; from M. Eng. prisoun, 
 
 from 0. Fr. prison (Stokes takes it from 0. Fr. prisun). 
 pris, price, W. pris ; from M. Eng. prls, from 0. Fr. pris, Lat. 
 
 pretium. 
 probhaid, profit ; from the Eng. 
 proghan, dregs, lees : 
 proinn, a dinner, 0. G. proinn (B. of Deer), Ir. proinn, 0. Ir. proind, 
 
 praind ; from Lat. prandium. 
 prois, pride, haughtiness ; from Sc. prossie, prowsie, nice and par- 
 ticular, Dut. prootsch, preutsch, proud, Eng. provd. The 
 
 Arran Dial, has protail for prdiseil. 
 proitseach, a boy, stripling ; from Eng. protege ? 
 pronn, food ; see proinn. 
 
 pronn, bran, Manx pronn ; see next word. Hence Sc. pron. 
 pronn, pound, bray, mash, Manx pronney, pounding ; see, for root 
 
 and form, bronn, distribute, from the root bhrud, break, which 
 
 thus in G. means (1) distribute, (2) break or crush. Hence 
 
 pronnag, a crumb, Sc. pronacks. 
 pionnasg, brimstone ; formed on Sc. brunstane, Norse brennisteinn, 
 
 Eng. brimstone. Dial, of Badenoch has the form pronnasdail. 
 pronndal, muttering, murmuring (Dial, brundlais) : 
 prop, a prop, Ir. propa ; from Eng. prop. 
 prosnaich, incite ; see brosnaich. 
 protaig, a trick ; from Sc. prattick, trick, stratagem, Ag. S. prcett, 
 
 craft, prcetig, tricky, Eng. pretty, Norse prettr, a trick. 
 prothaisd, a provost ; from the Eng. 
 pubull, a tent, Ir. pupal, g. puible, O. Ir. pupall, W. pabell, pebyll ; 
 
 from \&\,.papn,lio, butterfly, tent, Eng. pavilion. Seepailliun. 
 ptic, push, jostle ; from the Sc. powk, thrust, dig, M. Eng. pukken, 
 
 pouken, pdken, to thrust, poke, Eng. poke, Ger. pochen, knock. 
 
 Dial. ftic. 
 pucaid, a pimple; see bucaid. 
 pudhar, harm, injury, Ir. p4dhar (O'B.), M. Ir. pvdar, E. Ir.pddar, 
 
 pudar ; from Lat. pudor, shame. Usually taken as borrowed 
 
 from Lat. pHtor, rottenness, Eng. putrid. 
 piiic, a bribe : 
 
 puicean, a veil, covering, Ir. puicin : 
 puidse, a pouch ; from the Eng. 
 
256 fitTTMOtOGiCAL CiC*IONAEt 
 
 puinneag, sorrel : 
 
 puinneanach, beat, thump ; from M. Eng. pounen, now pound, 
 
 Ag. S. punian. 
 puinse, punch, toddy ; from Eng. punch. 
 puinsean, puision, poison ; from the Eng. Manx has pyshoon. 
 pviirleag, a crest, tuft, Ir. puirMgach, crested, tufted (O'B., Sh.), 
 
 pmirleog (O'K.) — an Irish word. See pkrlag. 
 pulag, round stone, ball, pedestal, also bulag ; from M. Eng. 
 
 h(mle, a ball or bowl, now iowl, Fr. boule. 
 pulas, pot-hook (Dial.) ; see hulas. 
 punc, a point, note, Ir. punc, 0. Ir. pone, W. pwnc ; from Lat. 
 
 punetum, Eng. point. 
 punnan, a sheaf, Manx hunney, Ir. punnann, E. Ir. punann ; from 
 
 Norse bundin, a sheaf, bundle, Eng. bundle, bind. 
 punnd, a poimd, Ir. punta, punt, M. Ir. punt ; from the Eng. 
 punnd, a place for securing stray cattle, a pound ; from the Eng. 
 
 pound. 
 punntainn, funntainn, benumbment by cold or damp : 
 purgaid, a purge, Ir. purgSid ; from Lat. purgatio, Eng. purga- 
 tion, purge. 
 purgadoir, purgatory, Ir. purgaddir, E. Ir. purgaioir, Br. purgator ; 
 
 from Lat. purgatorium, Eng. purgatory. 
 ptirlag, a rag, tatter, fragment : 
 
 purp, pnrpais, sense, ment,al faculty ; from Eng. purpose. 
 purpaidh, purpur, purple, Ir. purpuir, M. Ir. pwrpuir, W. 
 
 porphor ; from Lat. purpura, Eng. purple. The old Gadelic 
 
 form, borrowed through British, is corcur. 
 purr,^thrust, push : from Sc. porr, thrust, stab, Du. porren, poke, 
 
 thrust. Low Ger. purr en, poke about ; further Eng. pore. 
 pus, a cat, Ir. jms ; from the Eng. 
 put, the cheek (Stew., H.S.D.) ; from Eng. pout. 
 put, thrust, push ; from Sc. put, push, thrust, M. Eng. puten, push, 
 
 now Eng. put. Also G. but, butadh. 
 pdt, young of moorfowl ; from Sc. pout (do.), Eng. poult, chicken, 
 
 from Fr. poulet, from Lat. pulla, a hen, pullus, young fowl. 
 piit, a large buoy, usually of inflated sheepskin ; seemingly of 
 
 Scand. origin — Swedish Dial, puta, be inflated ; cf. Eng. 
 
 pudding, W. pwtyn, a short round body. Cor. pot, bag, 
 
 pudding, 
 putag, oarpin, also butag ; from Eng. hutt. 
 putag, a pudding, Ir. put6g ; from the Eng. 
 putag, a small rig of land (H.S.D.) : 
 putau, a button, W. botvm ; from Eng. button. 
 puth, , puffi sound of a shot, syllable ; onomatopoetic. Cf . Eng. 
 
 puff, etc. _ 
 puthaFj power'(M'A.) ; from the Eng. power. 
 
OP THE GAEEIC LANGUAGE. 257 
 
 R 
 r^bach, litigious, Ir. rdbach, litigious, bullying : 
 rabhadh, a ■warning, so Ir., E. Ir. robuth, forewarning : ro + huth, 
 
 latter from *hvio-, root gu, cry, Gr. /Sotj, shout, Skr. gu, be 
 
 heard. W. rhybvdd is from the root qu (Stokes, Rev. Celt.^^). 
 rabhairt, reothairt, springtide, Manx royart, Ir. romhairt, 
 
 rahharta, M. Ir. robarta, 0. Ir. roharti, malinas (sing. 
 
 *robarte); ro + bertio-, "pro-fero," root bher of bfiir. 
 rabhan, rhapsody, repetition, Ir. rabhdn, repetition ; from ro and 
 
 *ba, say, root bhd, Lat. fdri, speak, Eng. fame, fate. 
 rabbart, upbraiding, senseless talk ; from ro and ber of ahair, say, 
 
 q.v. 
 rabhd, idle talk : *ro-bant, root ba, speak, as in rabhan. 
 rac, the ring keeping the yard to the mast, the "traveller ;" from 
 
 Norse rahhi (do.). 
 rac, a rake, Ir. rdea, W. rhaean ; from M. Eng. rake, Eng. rake. 
 Tie, a drake ; from the Eng., earlier Eng. endrake. The loss of d 
 
 is due to the article. 
 racadh, tearing ; see sracadh. 
 racadal, horse-radish (Sh., H.S.D., Arm.), r^cadal (M'E.), Ir. 
 
 rdcadal ; see rotacal. 
 racaid, noise ; cf. the Sc, Eng. racket. Skeat takes the Eng. from 
 
 the Gaelic, referring the G. to rac, to make a noise like geese 
 
 or ducks. See next word. 
 rdiCail, noise of geese (H.S.D.) ; cf. Sc. rachle. See next word. 
 racain, noise, riot, mischief, r^caireachd, croaking, Ir. raean; cf. 
 
 Br. rakat, rakal, croak, raklat, cry as a hen ; Lat. raccare, cry 
 
 as a tiger. Lit. rekti, cry, root rak. The words are greatly 
 
 onomatopoetic. 
 racan, a bandy or crooked stick ; cf. rac. 
 racas, saU hoop ; see rac. 
 racb, go, Ir. rachad, I will go, E. Ir. ragat, ibo, 0. Ir. doreg, 
 
 veniam ; root reg, stretch. See dirich for the root connections. 
 racbd, vexation, moan, Ir. rachd, a fit as of crying or tears : cf. 
 
 racaid. 
 rachdan, a tartan plaid worn mantle-wise : 
 racuis, rack, roasting apparatus, Ir. raca ; from the Eng. rack, 
 
 M. Eng. racke. 
 radan, a rat ; from Sc. ration, M. Eng. raton, now rat. 
 radh, saying, Ir. rdd/i, 0. Ir. rdd, rdidiu, I speak : I. E. r6dJirdJd ; 
 
 Got. rddja, I speak ; Skr. rddhayati, brings about ; root redh, 
 
 re-dh, re- of Lat. reor, think, ratio, reason, 
 radharc, sight, Ir, radharc, E. Ir. radarc, rodare : ro + dare ; for 
 
 dare see dearc, behold, 
 rag, a wrinkle, Ir. rag (O'B., etc.) ; see roc. 
 
 33 
 
258 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 rag, stiff, benumbed, unwilling, Manx rag, stiff, Ir. rag (Fol.) ; 
 
 boiTowing from the Norse hrah-, wretched, has been sug- 
 gested. Hence rogaim (so Ir. in Lh., etc.), sneeze-wort (Cam.), 
 rag, a rag ; from the Eng. 
 ragair, extortioner, villain; from Eng. rack, as in rach^ent. 
 
 Dial. G. has rdgair, for and from " rogue." 
 ragha, raghadh, choice ; see roghainn. 
 raghan, churchyard (Sutherland) ; cf. Ir. rdih, baiTOW, the same 
 
 as G. rath. 
 raghar, radhar, an arable but untilled field (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 rd.ichd, impertinence, idle prating (M'F., etc.) : 
 r^ideil, inventive, sly, Ir. raideamhuil, cunning, sly : 
 r^ldse, a prating fellow ; founded on radh ? 
 r^inig, came, Ir. rdnaig, 0. Ir. rank, v§nit ; for r-dnic, ro-dnie ; 
 
 see thdinig. 
 raip, filth, foul mouth, raipeas, foul mouth, rapach, slovenly, 
 
 foul-mouthed; M. Ir. rap, animals that draw food to them 
 
 from earth, as the pig and its like (O'CL), E. Ir. rap (Corm., 
 
 rop tor cows, etc.) : rab-tho-, root rah, srab, Lat. sorbeo? Stokes 
 
 gives the stem as *rapno-, root rap of Lat. rapio, I seize. 
 
 The Ger. raffen, seize, snatch, has also been suggested. 
 raisean, goat's tail : 
 
 raite, a saying, dictum ; for radhte, a participial formation. 
 rMth, a quarter of a year, Ir. rdithe, M. Ir. raithe: * ratio-, from 
 
 fir-, Skr. rtu, season of the year, appointed time for worship, 
 
 Zend ratu (do.), 
 raithneach, raineach, fern, Ir. raithneach, raith, W. rhedyn, Cor. 
 
 reden, 0. B. raten, Br. raden, Gaul, ratis : *pratis ; Lit. 
 
 papartis, Euss. paporoti ; Eng. fern. 
 ramachdair, a coarse fellow : 
 ramasg, sea tangle : 
 ramh, an oar, Ir. rdmha, 0. Ir. rdme, W. rhaw, spade. Com. rSv, 
 
 oar, Br. roenv : *rdmo- ; root ere, re, ro ; Lat. remus (*resmo-) ; 
 
 Gr. epeT[ws ; Eng. rudder ; Skr. aritras. 
 ramhlair, humorous, noisy fellow ; from Eng. rambler. Also, 
 
 Badenoch Dial., ramalair, rambler. 
 T&n, roar, cry ; Skr. rd, bark, ran, sound, rdyana, crying ; Ch. SI. 
 
 raru, sonitus, Lettic rdt, scold ; and cf. Lat. rdna, frog, 
 rangoir, a wrangler ; founded on the English. 
 rann, a division, portion, Ir., 0. Ir. rann, W. rhan. Corn, ran, later 
 
 radn, 0. Br. rannmi, partimonia : *{p)rannd, *pratsnd, root 
 
 par, per ; Lat. pars, partis, portio ; Gr. wopdv, supply, 
 
 TreTrptoTai (perf. pass, of Tropilv). 
 rann, a quatrain, stave, Ir. rann, E. Ir. rann, rand ; from rann 
 
 above (^ann, stave, is mas. iq E. Ir., the other rann is fem.). 
 
til* THE GAELIC liANGTjAGil. 269 
 
 ranndair, a murmuring, complaining (H.S.D., Dial.) ; cf. ran. 
 rannsaicli, search, scrutinize, Ir. rannsuighim ; from Norse rann- 
 
 saka, search, a house, ransack, whence Eng. ransack. 
 ranutair, a range, extent of territory : "division," from rann. 
 raog, a rushing (H.S.D., Dial.) ; cf. ruaiq. 
 raoichd, raoic, hoarse sound or cry ; cf. rhc. 
 raoine, a young barren cow that had calf ; cf. Sc. rhind, as in 
 
 rhind mart, Ger. rind, cattle, beeves. 
 raoir, an raoir, last night, Ir. a raoir, a riir, 0. Ir. areir, from reir : 
 
 *retri-, *pretri-, from pre, a side form like pro of per. See 
 
 roimh further. The Skr. rdtri, night, has been compared, 
 
 but the phonetics do not suit, and also Lat. retro. Cf. also 
 
 earar, uiridh. 
 raoit, indecent mirth ; from Sc. riot (do.), Eng. riot. 
 raon, a field, plain, road, so Ir., E. Ir. roen, road, 0. Ir. roe, roi, 
 
 plain : *roves-m,o-, *roves-jd? Lat. rus, ruris ; Eng. room. 
 
 Norse rein, a strip of land, suggests the possibility of a 
 
 Gadelic *roino-. 
 rapach, dirty-mouthed ; see raip. 
 rapach, noisy, rdipal, noise, Ir. rdpal, noise, bustle ; founded on 
 
 Eng. rabble. 
 ras, a shrub (M'F., not M'A. or M'E.), Ir. ras (O'B., etc.) : 
 lasan, har.sh, grating noise, loquacity, rasanach, discordant, Ir. 
 
 rdscach, clamorous, talkative ; cf. ran for ultimate root, 
 rasdail, a rake, harrow, E. Ir. rastal ; from Lat. rastellus, rake, 
 
 hoe, rastrum, from rddo, scrape, Eng. raze, rash. etc. 
 rath, prosperity, so Ir., 0. Ir. rath, gratia, W. rliad, grace, favour: 
 
 *rato-n, root rd, give ; Skr. rati, gift, ras, rayis, property, 
 
 Zend rata, gift ; Lat. ris. 
 rath, a raft, Ir. rathannaihh, (on) rafts (F. M.) ; Lat. ratis. The 
 
 root is the same as that of rdmh ( = ret, rat here), 
 r^th, rathan, surety, vadimonium, Ir. ratfi (O'B., O'CL), 0. Ir. 
 
 rdth ; cf. 0. Br. rad, stipulationes, which Stokes equates with 
 
 Ir. raih, and says that it is from Lat. ratum, (ratwm facere = 
 
 "ratify"), a derivation to which Loth objects. Hibernian 
 
 Lat. has rata for surety. The Lat. and G. are ultimately from 
 
 the same root in any case (see rddh). 
 t rith, a fortress, residence, Ir. rdth, E. Ir. rdth, rdith, g. rdtha, 
 
 Gaul, ratin, Argento-ratum : *rdti-s, *rdto-n; cf. Lat. prdtum, 
 
 a mead, 
 rathad, a road ; cf. M. Ir. ramhad (O'Cl.), E. Ir. ramut (Corm.). 
 
 The G. may be from the Eng., however. 
 re, the moon, Ir., 0. Ir. re, luna : 
 re, time, space, Ir. re, 0. Ir. re, g. ree, space : *revesi-, the e form 
 
 of 0. Ir. ria, *rovesjd, discussed under raon, q.v. Hence the 
 
 prep. r6,. during, which governs the genitive. 
 
260 ETYMOLOGICAL BICTIONARf 
 
 reabh, wile, trick, reabhair, subtle fellow, reabhradh, disporting, 
 
 as boys (Badenoch), Ir. reabh (O'CL), reabhach, mountebank, 
 
 the devil, reabhradh, E. Ir. rebrad, boys playing, sporting ; 
 
 root reb, play. Bez. compares M. H. G. reben, move, stir, 
 
 Swiss rabeln, to brawl, be noisy, to which add Eng. rabble. 
 
 01. Zim. Stud.'^ 83, 84. 
 reachd, law, statute, so Ir., 0. Ir. -recht, W. rhaith, Br. reiz, just : 
 
 *rektvr, from the root reg ; Lat. rectum, right, rego, rule ; Eng. 
 
 right. 
 reamhar, fat, Ir. reamhar, ramhar, E. Ir. remor {remro-), W. rhef, 
 
 thick ] root rem, to be thick ; Norse ramr, strong, stark. 
 
 Stokes gives the alternatives of M. H. G. frum, worn, sound, 
 
 brave, 0. Sax. furm, or Gr. irpefjLvov, stem, thick end. 
 reang, a wrinkle in the face : " a rib ;" see reang, boat-rib. 
 reang, a rank, series ; from early Sc. renh, M. E. reng, now rank ; 
 
 Ir. ran,c, W. rheng, Br. renh ; 0. Fr. renc. 
 reang, a boafc-rib, rangan (Sutherland) ; from Norse rong, g. 
 
 vangar, a ship-rib. See rong. 
 reang, kill, starve (M'F.), E. Ir. ringim, I tear, reangadh, to hang, 
 
 reng, piercing or tearing. See tarruing. 
 reannach, spotted, striped : " starred ;" see reannag. 
 reannag, a star, Ir. reanndn, 0. Ir. rind, constellation, signum, 
 
 sidus : *rendi-, root red, rd, order; Lit. nnda, row, order, 
 
 Ch. Slav. r§du, ordo ; Gr. ifyqpiSerai, fixed ; Lat. ordo (Fick, 
 
 Prellwitz). 
 reasach, talkative, prattling (H.S.D., Dial.), Ir. reaseach, rdscach ; 
 
 see rdsan. 
 teasgach, stubborn, irascible, restive : 
 reic, sell, Ir. reic, a sale, 0. Ir. recc, a sale, reccaim (vb.), also 
 
 renim, I sell : root per, through, over (" sell over sea") ; Gr. 
 
 irepdto, sell, pass through, irnrpda-Kbi, ■jrepvrjp.i, I sell ; Lit. 
 
 pirkti, perku, buy. The Gadelic and Lit. show a secondary 
 
 root perk, prek, Gadelic *{p)rek-kd, while 0. Ir. renim and 
 
 Gr. Trepvr)[i,L give a stem pema-, prendr (Ir.). 
 r6ic, roar, howl (H.S.D.) : 
 r^idh, plain, smooth, Ir. rSidh, 0. Ir. re'id, W. rhwydd, 0. W. ruid, 
 
 0. Br. roed, M. Br. roez, Br. rouez : *reidi- ; Eng. ready, Ger. 
 
 bereit. Got. garaids, ordered. Also 0. Ir. riadaim, I drive, 
 
 Gaul, rida, waggon, allied to Eng. ride, Ger. reiien, etc. 
 r^ilig, a burying ground, Manx ruillick, Ir. reilig, roilig, E. Ir. 
 
 relic(c), relec(c), 0. Ir. reilic, cemeterium ; from Lat. reliquice, 
 
 relics, 
 reim, dominion, power, Ir. reim : 
 reim, course, order, Ir, reim, 0. Ir. reimm, inf. to refhim, I run : 
 
 ^reid-s-meti^, root reid of reidh, 0. Ir. riadaim,, I drive. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGJ!. 261 
 
 Strachan suggests as alternates root rengli, spring, leap (cf. 
 W. rhamu, soar), Gr. pifK^a, quickly, Ger. ge-ring, light, Lit. 
 rengtis, hurry ; or root ret, run (see ruith), *retmen, or, rather, 
 * ret-s-men, which would only give remm. 
 
 r6ir, a r6ir, according to, Ir. a reir, do reir ; dat. of riar, q.v. 
 
 r6is, a race ; from the Eng. (H.S.D.). 
 
 reis, a span, Ir. reise : *prendsid, from sprend. Lit. sprdsti, to 
 measure a span, root sprend (Strachan). 
 
 reisimeid, a regiment ; from the Eng. 
 
 reit, r6ite, concord, conciliation, Jr. reidhteach ; from reidh, with 
 terminal -tio-. 
 
 reithe, reath, a ram, Ir. reithe, E. Ir. vethe : *retio- ; cf. Lat. aries 
 (*eriet-), Umbrian erietu (from eri-), Gr. £pi<f>os, etc., as in 
 earh. 
 
 reodh, reotha, frost, Ir. red, reodhadh, E. Ir. reo, read, 0. Ir. reud, 
 W. rhew, Com. reu, gelu, Br. reo, rev. Stokes gives the stem 
 as *regu-, even suggesting that the Gadelic forms are borrowed 
 from the Cymric ; 0. Ir. rdiod he refers to *presatu-. I. E. 
 preus, whence Lat. pruina, Eng. freeze, has been suggested, 
 but the vowels do not immediately suit (preus would give 
 ma-, r6- or ro-, in G.) ; yet *prevo-, a longer form (with or 
 without s) of preu-s, can account for the Celtic forms. 
 
 reub, riab, tear, wound, Ir. reuhavm,, reabaim, E. Ir. rebaim, rep- 
 gaeth, rending wind : *reibbo-, root reib, Eng. reap, ripe, and 
 rip (?). Stokes gives the stem as *reip-n6-, root reip of Gr. 
 kpdirm, dash down, Lat. ripa, Eng. rive, rift, Norse rifna, 
 rumpi, rifa, break. G. reubainn, rapine, leans for its form 
 and force on Lat. rapina. W. rheihio, seize, is from Lat. 
 rapio. 
 
 reubal, a rebel ; from the Eng. 
 
 reudan, a timber moth ; cf. 0. Ir. retan, recula, small thing, from 
 ret, now rud, q.v. 
 
 reul, pi. reultan, star, Ir. reult, g. reilte, E. Ir. retla, g. retland, 
 retglu, g. retgland ("rdtgle, bright thing," Corm.) ; perhaps 
 rk, thing, and *gland, shining, Ger. glam (see gleus). 
 
 reumail, constant (Arms.) ; from rAm, course. 
 
 reusan, reason, Ir. reusun, M. Ir. resiin, from M. Eng. reisun, now 
 reason. 
 
 ri, to, against, Ir. re, 0. Ir. ri, fri, in composition friths, fris-, fre-, 
 W. gwrth, wrth, versus, contra, re-. Cor. orth, Br. ouz ; *vrti, 
 root vert, turn ; Lat. versus, against, to, verto, turn ; Eng. 
 -wards ; etc. 
 
 riabhach, brindled, greyish, so Ir., M. Ir. riab, a stripe : *reibdho- ; 
 Lit. raibas, mottled grey, Lett, raibs, motley, 0. Pruss. 
 roaban, striped. 
 
^6^ ^TTMOLOGtCAL DICTto^*ARt 
 
 riabhag, a lark, Ir. riahh6g : 
 
 riach, cut the surface, graze. Although there is I. E. reiko-, 
 
 notch, break (Gr. epeUb), tear, Lit. raikyti, draw a furrow, 
 
 etc., Ger. reihe, row, Eng. row), yet it seems most probable 
 
 that riach is a variant of slyrioch, q.v. 
 riachaid, a distributing : 
 riadh, interest ; from an older riad, running, course (see reidh for 
 
 root). Cf. for force M. Ir. rith, interest : " running." 
 riadh, a driU (as of potatoes, Badenoch) : " course, running," as in 
 
 the case of riadh above. See riamh. 
 riadh, a snare : *reigo-, root rig in cuibkreach ? 
 riaghailt, a rule, Ir. riaghail, 0. Ir. riagul, riagol ; from Lat. 
 
 rigula, Eng. rule. Hence also riaghail, rule thou, 
 riaghan, a swing, swinging ; cf. Ir. riagh, gallows, riaghadh, 
 
 hanging, gibbeting, 0. Ir. riag, gibbet. Cf. riadh, snare. 
 riamh, a drill (of potatoes, turnips, etc., M'A. for Skye) ; see 
 
 riadh. H.S.D. gives the meaning of " series, number," Ir. 
 
 riomh, 0. Ir. rim, number, W. rhif, as in d,ireamh, q.v. 
 riamh, ever, before, Ir. riamh, 0. Ir. riam, antea : * rdmo-, 
 
 preimo-, I. E. pri, prt, belonging as a case to jn-o, before, and 
 
 per ; Lat. pri- (in pris-cits, primus, etc.), Lith. pri, Got. fri-. 
 
 See roimh. 
 rian, order, mode, sobriety, Ir. rian, way or path, E. Ir. rian, way, 
 
 manner : *reino-, root rei; Lat. rtfus, Eng. rite (Strachan). 
 riar, wiU, pleasure, Ir. riar, 0. Ir. riar, voluntas : *prtjard 
 
 (Stokes), root pri, love, please ; Eng. friend, Got. frijon, to 
 
 love ; Ch. SI. prijati, be favourable ; Skr. priyate, be gratified, 
 
 priridti, enjoy. 
 riasall, tear asunder, riasladh, mangling, tear asunder : *rei&-so-, 
 
 root reik, notch, break ; Gr. epeUto, tear 1 Cf. riastradh, riach. 
 riasg, dirk-grass, morass with sedge, land covered with sedge or 
 
 dirk-grass, Manx recast, wilderness, Ir. riasg, moor or fen, 
 
 E. Ir. riasc, morass : *reisko- ; cf. Lat. ruscum (*roiscum ?), 
 
 butcher's broom, Eng. rtish. Sc. reesk, coarse grass, marshy 
 
 land, is from G. 
 riasglach, a mangled carcase (H.S.D., Dial.) ; from stem of 
 
 riasail. 
 riaspach, riasplach, confused, disordered ; see next word, 
 riastradh, turbulence, confusion, wandering, E. Ir. riastrad, dis- 
 tortion. For root, cf. riasail. 
 riatach, wanton, illegitimate ; cf. Eng. riot. 
 rib, hair, snare, Ir. ribe, ruibe, hair, whisker. See next words. 
 ribeag, rag, tassel, fringe, ribean, riband, Ir. ribeog, rag, tassel, 
 
 ribleach, a long line, anything tangled, ribin, riband ; from 
 
 M. Eng. riban, 0. Fr. riban (Br. ruban). 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 263 
 
 ribheid, a reed, bagpipe reed, musical note, Ir. rihheid ; from 
 
 M. Eng. reod, now reed. 
 ribhinn, rioghann, a nymph, young lady, quean, Ir. rioghan, 
 
 queen, E. Ir. rigan, a derivative of rlgh, king. Gaelic leans, 
 
 by popular etymology, on righ-hhean. 
 rideal, a riddle ; from the Eng. 
 ridhe, field, bottom of a valley (H.S.D.) ; better righe. See 
 
 ruighe. 
 ridir, a knight, Ir. ridire, E. Ir. ritire, W. rlieidyr ; from Ag. S. 
 
 ridere, horseman, ridda{n), knight, Ger. ritter, knight, Norse 
 
 riddari, rider, knight ; from the verb ride (see reidh). 
 righ, a king, Ir. rigk, 0. Ir. ri, g. rig, W. rhi, Gaul, -rix, pi. -riges : 
 
 *reks, g. regos ; Lat. rex, rigis ; Got. reiks, ruler, Eng. rich, 
 
 -ric ; Skr. rdj, king, our rajak 
 righil, a reel, dance ; see ruithil. 
 righinn, tough, pliant, tenacious, Ir. righin : *reg-eni-; root reg, 
 
 stretch, Gn 6pey(o, stretch, Lat. porrigo, rego, etc. See dirich. 
 rinn, a point, promontory, Ir. rind, 0. Ir. rinnd, rind, W. rhi/n, 
 
 penrhyn, cape. It has been analysed as ro-ind, "fore-end," 
 
 E. Ir. ind, end, Eng. end. Cf. reannag, however. 
 rinn, did, Ir. rinn, 0. Ir. rigni, fecit ; from ro and gni of nl, will 
 
 do, q.v. 
 riochd, appearance, form, Ir. riochd, 0. Ir. richt, W. rhith : *rikiu-, 
 
 *rktu- (?) ; for root, see that of dorch. 
 rioluinn, a cloud (Smith) : 
 riof, the reef of a sail ; from the Eng. 
 riomhach, fine, costly, handsome, Ir. rimheighe, finery, delicate- 
 
 ness : *rimo-, " measured ;" root rim of aireamh ? 
 rionnach, reannach, a mackerel : " streaked, spotted," from reann, 
 
 star, constellation. See reannag. 
 riopail, mangle, tear (H.S.D.) ; founded on Eng. rip. 
 rireadh, a rireadh, really, in earnest, Ir. rireadh, da rireadh or 
 
 riribh, revera ; from *ro-fKvr, very true ? 
 risteal, a surface plough used in the Hebrides, drawn by one 
 
 horse and having a sickle-like coulter, Sc. ristle ; from the 
 
 Norse ristill, ploughshare, from rista, cut. 
 rithisd, rithis, ris, a rittisd, etc., again, Ir. aris, 0. Ir. arithissi, 
 
 afrithissi, rursus. Ascoli suggests *frith-eisse, from dis, 
 
 vestigium (see deis). Others have derived it from *ar-fithis, 
 
 0. Ir. fithissi, absidas, fithis, a circle, orbit. The a at the 
 
 beginning is for ar- : * ar-frithissi, that is, air, by, on, q.v. 
 
 The root may well be sta, stand, reduplicated to *sistio- : 
 
 thus *frith-{s/i)issi; "resistere, backness." 
 ro, very, Ir. r6, 0. Ir. ro-, W. rhy-, Br. re, 0. Br. ro-, rit-, Gaul, ro- 
 
 (Bo-smerta, Bo-danos, etc.) : *ro-, *pro-, which is both a 
 
264 ETYMOLOGiCAL BICTIONABT 
 
 verbal and an intensive particle ; Lat. "pro ; Gr. irpo, before ; 
 
 Ehg. fore, for ; Skr. pra, before, 
 rdb, coarse hair ; founded on Eng. rope. 
 
 robair, a robber ; from the Eng. The Ir. has robail for " rob." 
 robhas, notification, information about anything lost ; cf. robhadh 
 
 for root, the old form of rabhadh, q.v. 
 roc, a rock ; from the Eng. 
 roc, a wrinkle, Ir. rocdn, ruff ; from the Norse hrukka, wrinkle, 
 
 fold, Eng. ruck, fold (Thurneysen). See rug. 
 roc, a hoarse voice ; founded on the Norse hriikr, rook, croaker, 
 
 G. rbc(u, crow, Norse hr6kr, rook. W. has rhoch, grunt, 
 
 groan, Br. roe ha, which Stokes refers to *rokka, Gr. peyKm, 
 
 snore. 
 rocail, tear, corrugate ; in the latter sense, it is from roc, wrinkle, 
 
 and, probably, the first meaning is of the same origin. See, 
 
 however, racadh. 
 r6cas, a crow ; from Norse hrbkr, rook, M. Eng. rook, Ag. S. hroc. 
 rdchd, a cough, retching (Dial.) ; see roc. 
 rod, a way, road, Ir. r6d, E. Ir. r6d ; from Ag. S. rdd, M. Eng. 
 
 rode, now road. 
 r6d, a quantity of sea-weed cast on the shore ; cf. Ir. r6d, a cast, 
 
 shot (O'R.), E. Ir. rout. 
 r6d, a rood (of land or mason-work) ; from the Eng. 
 rodaidh, ruddy, darkish, M. Ir. rotaide : *rud-do-, root rud, rovd 
 
 of ruadh, q.v. 
 r6g, rogair, a rogue ; from the Eng. 
 roghainn, a choice, Ir. rogha, g. roghan, E. Ir. rogain, n. pi., 0. Ir. 
 
 rogu : *ro-gu, root gu, gus of taghhadh, q.v. Stokes gives the 
 
 stem as *rog6n and the root as rog, which {Bez. Beit.^^) he 
 
 correlates with Lat. rogo, ask. Bez. suggests Lit. rogduti, to 
 
 cost. 
 roib, filth, squalid beard, filth about the mouth ; cf. rbpack for 
 
 root. 
 r6ic, a sumptuous but unrefined feast ; seemingly founded on the 
 
 Sc. rouch as applied to a feast — " plentiful but rough and 
 . ready." 
 roic, tear (H.S.D. ; Sh. and Arm. have roic) ; see rocail. 
 roid, bog myrtle, Ir. rideog (O'R.) : 
 roid, a race before a leap, a bounce or spring : *raddi-, *raz-di-, 
 
 root ras, as in Eng. race ? 
 roilean, snout of a sow ; really the "rolled" up part of the snout, 
 
 and so possibly from Eng. roll. 
 roileasg', a confused joy, roille, a fawning or too cordial reception ; 
 
 cf. Ir. rdthoil, exceeding pleasure, from toil, will. Also G, 
 
 roithleaS: 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 265 
 
 roimh, before, Ir. roimh, 0. Ir. rem- : *(p)rmo- (Stokes), root per, 
 as in ro ( =pro) ; in form, nearest allied to Eng. from. Got. 
 fruma. Lit. pirm, before. In the pronominal compounds, 
 ■where s begins the pronoun, the m and s develop an inter- 
 mediate p coincident with the eclipse of the s ■.rompa = *rom- 
 p-shu, where sm = sds (see sa). 
 
 rdin, roineag^ (also rdinn, roinneag), Ir. rdine, rdinne, a hair, 
 especially a horse hair, W. rhawn, coarse long hair, Br. reun, 
 a hair, bristle : *rdm- : 
 
 roinn, division, share, Ir. roinn, M. Ir. roinded, divided : *ranni-, 
 an i stem from rann, q.v. 
 
 rdiseal, surge of a wave, the impetus of a boat, an assault, boast- 
 ing ; from the Sc. rov^t, strong tide or current, Norse riist, a 
 stream or current in the sea. In the sense of " boast," it is 
 ■ from Sc. rouse, roose, Norse rausan, boasting. 
 
 rdisead, rosin ; from the Sc. roset, Eng. rosin. 
 
 roisgeul, a romance, rhodomontade ; from ro, very, and sgeul, a 
 tale, q.v. 
 
 rdist, roast, Ir. rdsdaim, W. rhostio ; from the Eng. roast, 0. Fr. 
 rostir, from 0. H. G. rdst, craticula. 
 
 roithlean, a wheel, pulley, Ir. roithledn ; from roth, q.v. 
 
 rol, rola, a roll, volume, Ir. rolla ; from M. Eng. rolle, 0. Fr. rolle, 
 Lat. rolula ; now Eng. roll. 
 
 rdlaist, a romance, exaggeration ; of. Sc, Eng. rigmarole. 
 
 romach, hairy, rough : 
 
 romag, meal and whisky (Sutherland) : 
 
 r6n, the seal, Ir. rmi, 0. Ir. rdn (before 900), W. moelron : *rdno- ; 
 Lettic rohns, seal (W. Meyer, Zeit.^^ 119). Stokes holds rdn 
 as an old borrow from Ag. S. hron or hrdn, hrdn, whale, while 
 the Lit. riiinis, Lettic ronis, seal, must be from Teutonic. 
 Zimmer suggests Norse lireinn, reindeer, Ag. S. hrdn. 
 
 rong, a joining spar, rung, boat-rib, rongas, rungas (Dial.), Ir. 
 runga ; from M. Eng. range, rung of a ladder, range, Ag. S. 
 hrung ; now Eng. rung. The words reang and rang or 
 rangan, " boat-rib," are from the Norse. 
 
 rong, the vital spark, life : 
 
 rongair, a lounger ; cf . next word. 
 
 rongair, rong, a lean person ; from rang, rung : " like a ladder." 
 The Sc. has rung in this sense : " an ugly, big-boned animal 
 or person." 
 
 Tonn, a slaver, spittle, E. Ir. ronna, running of the nose : *runno-; 
 cf. Eng. run. 
 
 r6p, a rope, Ir. rdpa ; from M. Eng. rope, roop, Ag. S. rdp ; now 
 Eng. rope. 
 
 ' ' 34 
 
266 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 rdpach, slovenly, squalid, Ir. rUpach, a young slut : *roub-tho- ; cf. 
 Eng. rub. 
 
 roram, dealing extensively with a family in provisions, etc., 
 liberality (M'A.) : 
 
 ros, seed, ros lin, flax seed (Armstrong's only use for it), Ir. ros, 
 flax seed, E. Ir. ross lin, flax seed (Corm.), ros, genealogy, to 
 which Strachan compares Got. frasts, a child. A usual word 
 for seed is fras, which also means a " shower," but both are 
 ultimately from * verso, flow, whence Gr. epo-rj, ipcrq, dew, and 
 apcrrjv, male. Dr Cameron compared Gr. ivpoxrov, leek {J'prso-), 
 Eng. furze. 
 
 ros, a promontory, Ir. ros, promontory (North Ireland), wood 
 (South Ireland ; its usual Ir. meaning), E. Ir. ross, promon- 
 tory, wood ; in the former sense from *pro-sto-s, " standing 
 out before," root sta., stand, Lat. sto, Eng. stand, etc. ; 
 especially Skr. prastha, plateau. In the sense of "wood," ros 
 is generally regarded as the same word as ros, promontory, 
 explained as " promontorium nemorosum," with which is com- 
 pared W. rhos, a moor, waste,- coarse highland, Br. ros, a 
 knoU. 
 
 r6s, rose, Ir. r6sa, M. Ir. r6s, W. rhosyn ; from the M. Eng. rose, 
 Ag. S. r6se, from Lat. r5sa. The word ros has also the meta- 
 phoric meaning of " erysipelas." 
 
 TOSad, mischance, evil spell : * pro-stanto-, " standing before, 
 obstruction," root sta. Cf. faosaid. 
 
 rosg, an eye, eyelid, Ir. rosg, 0. Ir. rose, oculus : *rog-slco-, root 
 reg, rog, see, Ir. reil, clear l*regli-) ; Lit. regiu, I see (Bez. 
 apud Stokes). See dorch. 
 
 rosg, incitement (to battle), war ode, Ir. rosg, E. Ir. rose : *ro-sqo-, 
 root seq, say, as in sgeul, cosg, q.v. 
 
 rot, a belch, bursting as of waves (H.S.D., Dial.) ; from Fr. rot. 
 
 rotacal, horse radish ; from Sc. rotcoll. 
 
 rotach, a rush at starting, a running : 
 
 rptach, a hand rattle to frighten cattle : 
 
 rotach, a circle of filth on one's clothes (M'A. for Islay), rotair, a 
 sloven : 
 
 rotadh, cutting, dividing ; from Sc. rot, lines drawn on the ground 
 to show the work to be done, to furrow, rut ; cf. Eng. rut. 
 
 rotal, a ship's wake ; cf. Eng. rut, route, Lat. ruptd. 
 
 rotH, a wheel, Ir., 0. Ir. roth, W. rhod (f.), Br. rod : *roto-, root 
 ret, rdt ; Lat. rota, wheel ; Ger. rad ; Lit. rdtas, Lett, rats ; 
 Skr. rdthas, waggon. Same root as ruith, q.v. Hence 
 rotha, a roll (of tobacco), rothaioh, roll thou, swathe. 
 
 rotha, a screw or vice : 
 
OF THE GAELIC IiANGtJAGB. 267 
 
 ruadh, red, ruddy, Ir. ruadh, E. Ir. riiad, W. rhvdd. Com. rud, Br. 
 
 ruz •.*TOudo-; Lat. rAf-as, rtlber ; Gr. epvdpos; Got. rauj>s, 
 
 Ag. S. reac?, Eng. red (Sc. reicZ, ^a'rf) ; Lit. ratida, red colour. 
 
 ruag, pursue, ruaig, flight, Ir. maig (n,), E. Ir. rztaic : *rounlco-, 
 
 rouk, root row, Lat. ruo, rush, fall. 
 ruaim, a flush of anger on the face, Ir. ruaim, ruamnadh, redden- 
 ing : * rovd-s-men, from *rovd of ruadh. 
 ruaimhsheanta, hale and jolly though old (M'A. for Islay) : 
 ruaimill, rumble (M'A.) ; from the Eng. 
 ruaimle, a dirty pool, muddy water (Sh.), Ir. ruaimle. In G. the 
 
 word means also the same as ruaim above, whence indeed 
 
 ruaimle as " muddy pool " may also be. Cf. Sc. drumhlie. 
 ruaimneach, strong, active, M. Ir. ruamach, E. Ir. rikmuim (?) : 
 
 * rofiL&^men- \ Lat. ruo, rush, 
 ruais, a rhapsody (M'A.) : 
 ruamhair, dig, delve, Ir. rirnihairim, roghmhar, digging, E. Ir. 
 
 ruamor ; root rou, reu, ru, dig ; Lat. rva, dig, ruta, minerals ; 
 
 Lit. rduti, dig up. 
 ruapais, rigmarole (M'A.) : 
 ruathar, violent onset, skirmish, so Ir., E. Ir., riiathar, W. rhuthr, 
 
 impetus, insultus : *rcmtro-, root rou, to rush on ; Lat. ruo, 
 
 rush, 
 rub, rub ; from the Eng. 
 
 rtibail, a tumult, rumbling (M'A.) ; formed on Eng. rumble. 
 rue, rucan (H.S.D., M'A), rdc, rtcan (M'E., etc.), a rick of hay; 
 
 from Sc. ruck, Eng. rick, ruck, Norse hraukr, heap, 
 rucas, jostling kind of fondness : 
 riichan, rucan, the throat, wheezing ; cf. Sc. roulk ( = rouk), 
 
 hoarse, Fr. rauque, hoarse, from Lat. raiKus. 
 ruchd, a grunt, belch, rumbling noise ; from Lat. ructo, belch, 
 
 erUgere, spit out, Lit. riigiu, belch. Cf. Sc. ruck, belch. 
 rud, a thing, Ir. rud (g. roda), raod, 0. Ir. ret, g. reto : *rentVrS ; 
 
 Skr. rdtna, property, goods ; also root rd of rath, q.v. 
 riidan, a knuckle, a tendon : *runto- : 
 rudha, a promontory, Ir. rubha, E. Ir. rube : * pro-bio-, "being 
 
 before ;" from root bu of the verb "to be ;" see 61. 
 rudha, a blush, E. Ir. ruidiud ; from root rud, a short form of 
 
 roud in ruadh, q.v. 
 rudhag, a crab, partan : 
 rudhagail, thrift (M'A) : 
 rUdhan, a small stack of corn (H.S.D., M'E.) ; see rUthan, peat 
 
 heap, with which and with rucan this form and meaning are 
 
 made up. 
 riidhrach, searching, groping, Ir. riJdhrach, a darkening : 
 rug, wrinkle, Ir. rug; from Norse hrukka, a wrinkle, fold, Eng. 
 
 ruck, a crease. 
 
268 E*rYkOLOGlCAL DICTiOifAK* 
 
 rug, caught, Ir, rv^, E. Ir. rue, rucc, tulit, 0. Ir. rouic : *ro + wx-, 
 
 where ucc — *ud-gos-a, root^^fts, carry, Lat. ffero, gestum. See 
 
 thug. 
 ruga, rough cloth (M'A.) ; from Eng. rug, M. Eng. ruggi, hairy, 
 
 Swed. ruggig. 
 rugadh, a greedy grasping of anything ; from Sc. rook, deprive of, 
 
 rookit, cleared out. 
 rugaid, a long neck (H.S.D.) : 
 rugair, a drunkard (H.S.D. says Dial, M'A. says N.) ; from the 
 
 Eng. For phonetics, of. roc, drake, 
 rugha, a blush ; see rather rudha. 
 
 Tuicean, a pimple : *rucUci^, from rvd, roud, red, as in ruadh. 
 ruidhil, a dance ; see ruithil. 
 
 ruidhil, a yam reel ; from M. Eng. reel, hreol, kg. S. hreol. 
 ruidhtear, a glutton, riotous liver ; from Eng. rioter. 
 ruididh, merry, frisky, Ir. ruideiseach, from ruideis, a sporting 
 
 mood. Cf. ruidhtear. 
 ruig, half castrated ram ; from Eng. rig, ridgeling. 
 ruig, reach, arrive at, 0. Ir. riccim, riccu ; from ro and iccim, for 
 
 which see thig. Hence gu rnig, as far as, 0. G. goniee (B. of 
 
 Deer), E. Ir. corrici. 
 ruighe, an arm, forearm, Ir. righ, E. Ir. rig, forearm : * regit-, root 
 
 reg, stretch, Lat. rego, etc. See ruiglieachd. 
 ruighe, the outstretched part or base of a mountain, shealing 
 
 ground, E. Ir. rige, rigid, a reach, reaches ; from the root reg, 
 
 stretch, as in the case of the foregoing words, 
 ruigheachd, ruighinn, reaching, arriving, Ir. righim, I reach, inf. 
 
 riachdain, rochdain, E. Ir. rigim, porrigo : *regd ; Lat. rego, 
 
 erigo, porrigo,'! stretch; Gr. opiym, stretch; further is Eng. 
 
 right, etc. See eirich. 
 ruighean, wool-roll ready to spin ; from the same root as ruighe. 
 ruinn, a point ; see rinn. 
 
 Tuinuse, a long stick or stake, an animal's tail, rump : 
 ruinnse, a rinsing, rinser ; from Eng. rinse. 
 ruis, a rash ; formed from the Eng. 
 roiteach, ruddy, E. Ir. rutech : *rud-tiko-, from rud, roud of 
 
 ruadh. Stokes {Rev. Celt.^ 366) explained it as *rudidech, 
 
 but this would give G. ruideack. 
 TUith, run, Ir. riothaim, 0. Ir. rethim, perf. rdith, inf. rith 
 
 (d. riuth), W. rhedu, to run, rhed, race, Br. redek, Gaul. 
 
 petor-ritum, four wheeler : *ret6 ; Lit., Lett, ritii, I roll ; 
 
 Lat. rota, wheel, rotula, Eng. roll, Lat. rotundus, Eng. round, 
 
 See roth. 
 ruithil, a reel, dance, also righil, ruidhil : *retoli-, root ret, run, 
 
 wheel, as in ruith ; Lat. rotula, little wheel, rotulare, revolve, 
 
 Eng. roll. Hence Eng. reel (Skeat). The borrowing may be, 
 
OF TkE GAELIC LANGtfAGE. 269 
 
 however, the other way, and Eng. reel, dance, be the same as 
 reel, a spindle or bobbin. 
 
 riiin, a room, Ir. nim, M. Ir. riim, floor (O'Cl.) ; from the Eng. 
 
 rumach, a marsh : 
 
 Tumpull, the tail, rump ; from the Sc. rumple, Eng. rump. 
 
 rtm, intention, love, secret, Ir., 0. Ir. nin, W. rhin: *rAties- ; Got., 
 0. H. G., Norse runar, Eng. runes ; Gr. epewdw, seek out ; 
 root revo, search. 
 
 rtisal, search, turn over things, scrape ; for ultimate root, see 
 above word. 
 
 riisg, a fleece, skin, husk, bark, Ir. rasg, 0. Ir. ruse, cortex, W. 
 rhisg, cortex, Cor. ruse, cortex, Br. rusgenn, rusk, bark : 
 *rusko- \ whence Fr. ruche, beehive (of bark), 0. Fr. rusche, 
 rusque, Pied, rusca, bark. Stokes thinks the Celtic is prob- 
 ably an old borrow from the Teutonic — M. H. G. rusche, rush, 
 Eng. rush, rushes ; but unlikely. The Cor. and Br. vowel u 
 does not tally with Gadelic u ; this seems to imply borrowing 
 among the Celts themselves. 
 
 rtita, a ram, ridgling ; from Norse hnitr, ram. 
 
 rtitachd, rutting : from the Eng. 
 
 rtitan, the hom of a roebuck : 
 
 rilthan (better rtighan), a peat heap ( = dais) ; from the Norse 
 hrugi, heap. 
 
 rutharach, quarrelsome, fighting (H.S.D. marks it obsolete; 
 Arms.), Ir. rutharach (O'R.) ; from ruathar. 
 
 S 
 
 -sa, -se, -san, emphatic pronominal particle attached to personal 
 pronouns and to nouns preceded by the possessive pronouns : 
 mi-se, I myself, thu-sa, sibh-se, i-se (she), e-san, iad-san ; 
 mo cheann-sa, a cheann-san, his head. So also modem Ir., 
 save that esan is esean : 0. Ir. -sa, -se (1st Pers.), -su, -so, pi. 
 -si (2nd Pers.), -som, -sem (3rd Pers. m. and »., sing., and pi.), 
 -si (3rd Pers./.). All are cases of the pronominal root so-, -se ; 
 Gr. 6, the { = o-o) ; Ag. S. se, the (m.), Eng. she. See so, sin. 
 
 sabaid, a briiwl, fight, also tabald ; Br. has tabut of like force : 
 
 Sd,baid, Sabbath, Ir. Sab6id, M. Ir. sapoit ; from Lat. sabbatum, 
 whence Eng. sabbath ; from Hebrew shabbdth. 
 
 sabh, sorrel, Ir. samh ; better samh, q.v. 
 
 sabh, ointment, salve ; from Sc. saw, Eng. salve. 
 
 sibh, a saw, Ir. sabh ; from the Eng. 
 
 Bd.bhail, save, Manx sauail, Ir. sabhailim (sdbhdlaim, O'B.) ; from 
 Lat. salvare, to save. 
 
 sabhal, a barn, so Ir., M. Ir. saball, Ir. Lat. zabulum ; through 
 Brittonic from Lat. stabulum, a stall, Eng. stable. 
 
2i6 STtMOLOGICAL DICTiONART 
 
 sabhd, a lie, fable (H.S.D., Dial.), straying, lounging ; of. saobh. 
 
 sabhs, aauce, Ir. sabksa ; from the £ng. 
 
 sabhsair, a sausage ; founded on the EngUsh word. 
 
 sac, a sack, Ir. sac, E. Ir. sacc, W. sach ; from Ag. S. sacc, Eng. sack, 
 
 Got. sakkus, Lat. saccus. 
 sachasan, sand-eel : 
 sad, dust shaken from anything by beating, a smart blow, sadadli, 
 
 dusting, beating : 
 sagart, a priest, Ir. sagart, 0. Ir, sacart, sacardd ; from Lat. 
 
 sacerdos, whence Eng. sacerdotal. 
 saidealta, soidealta, shy, bashful, Ir. soidialta, rude, ignorant ; 
 
 from sodal, q.v. 
 saidh, an upright beam, prow of a ship, a handle or the part of a 
 
 blade in the handle : 
 saidhe, hay ; formed from the Eng. hay by the influence of the 
 
 article (an t-hay becoming a supposed de-eclipsed say). 
 saidse, sound of a falling body, a crash, noise (Badenooh Dial. 
 
 doidse, a dint) : 
 saigean, a corpulent little man : 
 
 saigh, a bitch, Ir. sagh, saighin, M. Ir. sogh, sodh, E. Ir. sod : 
 saighdear, soldier, archer, Ir. sdighdiur (do.), M. Ir. saigdeoir, 
 
 Sagittarius, W. sawdwr, soldier; from M. Eng. sovdiowr, 
 
 sougeour, Sc. sodger, now soldier, confused in Gadelic with an 
 
 early borrow from Lat. Sagittarius, archer, 
 saighead, an arrow, so Ir., 0. Ir. saiget, W. saeth, Cor. seth, Br. 
 
 saez ; from Lat. sagitta. For root see ionnsuidh. 
 sail, a beam, Ir. sail : *spalin, allied to Ger. spalten, split, Eng. 
 
 spill, split. 
 sill, a heel, Ir., 0. Ir. sdl, W. sawdi, Br. seuzl: *sdtia. Ascoli 
 
 has lately revived the old derivation from *std-tl6-, root sta, 
 
 stand ; but st initial does not in native words become s in 
 
 Gadelic. 
 saill, fat or fatness, Ir, saill, fat, bacon, pickle: *saldi-; Eng. 
 
 salt, etc. ; Lit. saldits, sweet. See salann further, 
 saill, salt thou, Ir., 0. Ir. saillim: *salni-; see salann. 
 sailm, a decoction, oak-bark decoction to staunch blood, a con- 
 sumption pectoral ; founded on M. Eng. salfe, now salve ? 
 siimhe, luxury, sensuality, Ir. sdimhe, peace, luxury, E. Ir. sdim, 
 
 pleasant : *svadmi- ; Eng. sweet, Gr. ijSvs, etc. But cf. 
 
 samhach. 
 saimir, the trefoil clover (A. M'D.), Ir. seamar ; see seamrag. 
 sainnseal, a handsel, New Year's gift ; from Sc. handsel, M. Eng. 
 
 hansell, i.e. hand-sellan, deliver, 
 saith, the Isack bone, joint of the neck or backbone, Ir. saith, 
 
 joint of neck or backbone (Lh., O'B., etc.) : 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 271 
 
 8^,1, also s4il, S^ile, sea, Ir. sdile, E. Jr. sdl, sdile : * svdlos, root sval, 
 svel ; Lat. salum, sea ; Eng. swell (Stokes, who also refers 
 Br. e'hoalen, salt). Shrader equates Gadelic with Gr. aA.s, 
 salt, the sea, and Lat. salum, root sal. 
 
 salach, dirty, Jr., so 0. Ir., salach, W. halawg, halog, Cor. halou, 
 stercora, 0. Br. haloc, lugubri : *saldko-s (adj.), root sal, to 
 dirty ; Eng. sallom, 0. H. G. salo, dusky, dirty. 
 
 salann, salt, Ir., 0. Ir. salann, W. halen, Cor. haloin, Br. halenn 
 (*salen-): * salanno-s, saltj Lat. sal; Gr. aAs, salt, sea; 
 Eng. salt, Ger. salz ; Ch. SI. soli. 
 
 salldair, a chalder ; from Sc. chalder, Eng. chalder, chaldron, from 
 0. Fr. chaldron, a caldron. 
 
 salm, a psalm, Ir., 0. Ir. salm, W. and Br. salm ; from Lat. 
 psalmus, Eng. psalm. 
 
 saltair, trample, Ir. saltairim ; from Lat. saltare, dance. 
 
 samh, the smell of the air in a close room, ill odour : 
 
 samh, sorrel, Ir. samh : 
 
 samh, a clownish person ; cf. Sc. sow, one who makes a dirty 
 appearance, " a pig." 
 
 samhach, wooden haft, handle, Ir. samhthack, 0. Ir. samthach ; cf. 
 0. Ir. samaigim, pono (which Ascoli refers to *stam, root sta, 
 stand). Cf. sam, together, of samhuinn. 
 
 samhach, quiet, Ir. sdmliack (Coneys has samhach), still, pleasant, 
 from sdTTih {sanM), pleasant, still, E. Ir. sdm, sdme, rest, quiet, 
 sdim, mild, quiet : *sdmo-. Possibly allied to Eng. soft, 
 0. H. G. samfto, softly. Got. samjan, please ; and the root sam 
 of samhradh. Stokes suggests connection with Zend hdma, 
 like, Ch. SI. samu, ipse, Norse soTnr, samr, Eng. same ; or Gr. 
 ^juepos, tame. Cf. sdimhe. 
 
 samhail, samhuil, likeness, like, Ir. samhail, like, samhuil, like- 
 ness, simile, W. hafal, similis, 0. W. amal. Corn, haval, avel, 
 Br. haual : * samali^ ; Gr. ojtioXds, like; Lat. similis; Eng. 
 same. 
 
 samhan, savin-bush, Ir. samhdn; from Eng. savin, M. Eng. saveine, 
 Ag. S. savine, Lat. sahina. 
 
 samhnan, samhnachan, a large river trout (H.S.D., Dial.) : 
 
 samhradh, summer, Ir. samhradh, sdmhradh, E. Ir. samrad, 
 sam, W., Corn, haf, M. Br. haff, Br. hanv : *samo- ; Skr. 
 sdmd, year, Zend hama, summer, Arm. am, year ; further 
 Eng. sumTner, Gr. ■qi'^epa, day. 
 
 samhuinn. Hallow-tide, Ir. samhain, E. Ir. samuin, samain, sam- 
 fhvAn : usually regarded as for *sam-fuin, " summer-end," 
 from sam, summer, and fuin, end, sunset, fuinim, I end, * vo- 
 nes6, root nes, as in cbmhnuidh, q.v. (Stokes). For fidn, Kluge 
 suggests *wen, suffer (Got. winnan, suffer) ; Zimmer favours 
 
272 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 Skr. van, hurt (Eng. wound); and Ascoli analyses it into 
 
 fo-in-. Dr Stokes, however, takes samain from the root som, 
 
 same (Eng. same, Gr. o/^os, like, Lat. simul, whence Eng. 
 
 assemble ; see samhuil), and makes *samani- mean "assembly" 
 
 — the gathering at Tara on 1st November, while C^t-shamain, 
 
 our Ceitein, was the " first feast," held on 1st May. 
 Bamplair, a copy, pattern, Ir. sam^lair, sampla; from Eng. 
 
 sampler, sample. 
 -Ban, as in esan, ipse, iadsan ; see -sa. 
 sanas, a whisper, secret, Manx sannish, whisper, Jr., E. Ir. sanas : 
 
 *sanastu-, root sven; Lat. sonare, Eng. sound; Skr. svdnati, 
 
 to sound, 
 sannt, desire, inclination, Ir., 0. Ir. sant, W. chwant, Cor. lohans, 
 
 Br. c'hoant : *svand9td, desire, root svand, svad, desire, please ; 
 
 Gr. dvSavo), please, ijSus, sweet ; Skr. svad, relish ; further 
 
 Eng. sweet, etc. 
 saobh, erroneous, apt to err, dissimulation, Ir. saohh (adj.), 0. Ir. 
 
 sdib, soib, later saeb, falsus, pseudo- : *svoibo-s, turning aside, 
 
 wavering, W. chwijio, turn, whirl ; Eng. sweep, swoop. 
 saobhaidh, den of a wild beast, fox's den : 
 saod, journey, intention, condition, Ir. saod, seud, journey, 0. Ir. 
 
 sit, way, journey, W. hpnt, Br. hent, 0. Br. hint : *sento-s ; 
 
 Got. sin})S, journey, way, 0. H. G. sind, Eng. send. Hence 
 
 saodaidh, drive cattle to pasture. 
 saoghal, the world, an age, life, Ir. saoghal, 0. Ir. saigul, saegul ; 
 
 from Lat. saeculum, race, age, from '*' sai-tlom, allied to W. 
 
 koedl, life. 
 saoi, saoidh, a good, generous man, a warrior, a scholar, Ir. 
 
 saoi, a worthy man, a scholar, pi. saoithe, E. Ir. sdi, sui, a 
 
 sage, g. suad : *svr^md-s, root vid oifios (Thurneysen). Stokes 
 
 (Mart. Gorm.) prefers su-vet-, root vet, say (see faith). 
 saoibh, foolish, perverse, Ir. saobh (do.) ; see saobh. 
 saoibhir, rich, Ir. saidhbhir, E. Ir. saidber, opposed to daidber : 
 
 *su-adber, from *ad-beri- (Lat. adfero), root bher of beir, 
 
 bring, q.v. 
 saoibhneas, peevishness, dulness ; from saoibh, saobh. Ir. has 
 
 sadbhnos, bad manners ; but G. seems a pure derivative of 
 
 saobh. 
 saoil, a mark, seal ; see seul. 
 saoil, think, deem, Ir. saoilim, E. Ir. sdilim, ; cf. Got. saiwala, Eng. 
 
 smd, which Kluge suggests may be allied to Lat. saeculum, 
 
 root sai. 
 saor, free, Ir. saor, E. Ir. sder, 0. Ir. s6ir, sder : su-viro-s, " good- 
 man," free ; from su { = so-) and viro-s, fear, q.v. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. ^7.3 
 
 Saor, a carpenter, Ir. saor, W. saer, Cor. sair : *sairos, . from 
 *sapiro-s, root sap, skill, Lat. sapio, sapientia, wisdom, Ag. S. 
 sefa, understanding, sense (Stokes, who thinks the Brittonio 
 may be borrowed). 
 
 saothair, labour, toil, Ir. saothar, E. Ir. sdethar, 0. Ir. sditkar, g. 
 sdithir : *sai-tro-n; also E. Ir. sdeth, s6eth: *sai-tu-; root 
 sai, trouble, pain ; Got. sair, Ag. S. sdr, Eng. sore, Ger. sehr, 
 *sai-ra- ; Lat. saeviis, wild ; Lit. siws, sharp, rough. 
 
 sapair, sapheir, sapphire, Ir. saphir ; from Lat. sapphirus, whence 
 English also. 
 
 sir, oppression, saraich, oppress, Ir. sdruighim, 0. Ir. sdraigim, 
 violo, eontemno, sdr, outrage, contempt, W. sarhaed, con- 
 tumelia : *sdro-n, *spdrn-n, root sper, kick, spurn ; Lat. 
 sperno ; Eng. spurn ; Lit. spirti, kick ; Skr. sphur, jerk 
 (Stokes). The W. has the a pretonic shoi-b ; is it borrowed 
 from Ir. (Stokes) ? 
 
 sir, excellent, Ir., E. Ir., 0. Ir. sdr-, W. Iioer, positive, stubborn, 
 assertion, Ogmio If^etta-saffru, Sagarettos, Sagramni : *sagro-s, 
 strong, root seg ; Gr. dxv/)ds, strong, fast, eyut, have ; Ger. 
 sieg, victory ; Skr. sdhas, might. 
 
 sirdail, a sprat ; from the Eng. sardel (Bailey), now sardine, 
 
 sas, straits, restraint, hold, E. Ir. sds, a trap, fixing : from sdih, 
 transfix, q.v. 
 
 sisaich, satisfy, Ir. sdsaighim, 0. Ir. sdsaim ; from sdth, q.v. 
 
 sath, plenty, satiety, Ir. sdth, sdith, E. Ir. sdith : *sdli- ; Got. sop, 
 satiety, Ger. satt (adj.) ; Lit. s6tis ; Lat. sat, enough, satur, 
 full, whence Eng. satisfy, etc. 
 
 sith, thrust, transfix, Ir. sdthadh, a thrust, push, M. Ir. sdthud, 
 driving, thrusting : 
 
 Sathairn, Di-sathairn, Saturday ; see under di-. 
 
 s6, s6a, sia, six, Ir. sS, 0. Ir. se, W. chwech, Cor. wheh, Br. c'hoiuec'h : 
 *sveks; Lat. sex; Gr. 4'^; Got. saiks, Eng. six; Skr. shash. 
 
 seabh, stray (M'A.) ; see seabhaid. 
 
 seabhach, trim, neat (H.S.D., Dial.): 
 
 seabhag, a hawk, Ir. seabhac, E. Ir. sebac, 0. Ir. sebocc, W. hebog, 
 E. W. hebauc; from Ag. S. heafoc, now hawk, Ger. kabicht, 
 Norse, haukr, root haf, I. E. gap, Lat capus, hawk, allied 
 to capio. 
 
 seabhaid, an error, wandering, Ir. seahh&id, error, folly, wandering : 
 *sibo-, a short form of the root of saobh ? 
 
 seac, wither, Ir. seacaim, E. Ir. seccaim, secc, siccus, W. sycliu, to 
 dry, sych, dry. Com. seygh, Br. sec^h, dry ; from Lat. siccus. 
 See further under seasg. 
 
 seach, by, past, Ir. seach, 0. Ir. sech, ultra, praeter, W. heb, with- 
 out. Corn, heb, Br. hep, without : *seqos ; Lat. secuf, otherwise, 
 
 35 
 
274 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOKARY 
 
 by, sequor, I follow (Eng. prosecute, etc.) ; Gr. eTro/xat, I follow. 
 
 Skr. has sdcd, with, together, Zend haca, out, for. Hence G. 
 
 and Ir. seachad, past, G. and Ir. seachain, avoid, 
 seachd, seven, Ir. seachd, 0. Ir. secht n^, W. saith, Corn, seyth, Br. 
 
 seiz : *septn; Lat. septem; Gr. Itttci; Got., 0. H. G. siban, 
 
 Eng. seven ; Lit. septyni ; Skr. saptd. 
 seachduin, a week, Ir. seachdmhain, 0. Ir. sechtman. Com. seithvm, 
 
 Br. SMwre ; from Lat. septimana, from septem. 
 seachlach, a heifer barren though of age to bear a calf ; cf. 0. Ir. 
 
 sechmall, prseteritio ( = sechm, past, and ell, go, as in tadhal), 
 
 Ir. seachluighim, lay aside. H.S.D. suggests seaeh-laogh, 
 
 " past calf." 
 ssachran, wandering, error, Ir. seaehrdn, E. Ir. sechrdn : *secli-reth- 
 
 an, from seach and ruith, run ? 
 seadh, yes, it is, Ir. 'seadh, for is eadh, it is ; see is and eadh, it. 
 seadh, sense ; usual spelling of seagh, q.v. 
 Seagal, rye, so Ir., M. Ir. secul ; from Lat. seeale, whence also Br. 
 
 segal. 
 seagh, sense, esteem, Ir. seagh, regard, esteem, strength, seaghdlia, 
 
 learned (O'Cl.), M. Tr. seg, strength, Gaul, sego- : *sego-, 
 
 strength, pith ; Norse sigr, victory, Ger. sieg ; Skr. sd/ias, 
 
 might ; further Gr. e'xa), have ; I. E. segh, hold, 
 seal, a while, space, Ir. seal, 0. Ir. sel, W. chwyl, versio, turning, 
 
 Br. hoel, "du moins," root svel, tiirn. Bez. (apud Stokes) 
 
 compares Lettic swalstit, move hither and thither ; to which 
 
 cf. Gr. o-aAevo), I toss. 
 sealbh, possession, cattle, luck, Ir. sealbh, E. Ir. selb, 0. Ir. selbad, 
 
 W.-Mw, possession, ownership: * selvd, possession, root sel, 
 
 take, E. Ir. selaim, I take ; Gr. kkdv, take ; Got. suljan, offer, 
 
 Eng. sell. Windisch has compared Got. silba, Eng. self 
 
 (pronominal root sve). 
 sealbhag, sorrel, Ir. sealbhdg ; usually regarded as for searbhag, 
 
 "bitter herb" (cf. Eng. sorrel from sour). The change of r to 
 
 lis a, difficulty, but it may be due to the analogy of mealhhag. 
 sealg, a hunt, Ir. sealg, 0. Ir. selg, W. hela, hel, to hunt, 0. W. 
 
 helghati, venare. Cor. helhia, British Selgovae, now Holway : 
 
 *selgd, a hunt, root sel, capture (see sealbh). 
 sealg, milt, spleen, Ir. sealg, M. Ir. selg, Br. felc'A.: *selgd, *spelgd ; 
 
 Gr. cnrXdyxva, the higher viscera, o-ttA^v, spleen (*splg/ien) ; 
 
 Lat. lien ; Skr. plikdn, spleen ; Ch. SI. slezena, Lit. bluznis ; 
 
 also Eng. lung. 
 seall, look, E. Ir. sellaim, sell, eye, W. sylla, to gaze, view, Br. 
 
 sellet; cf. solus. Stokes gives the Celtic as *stilna6, I see, 
 
 comparing Gr. o-rtAn-vds, shining. 
 S6am, seum, forbid, enjoin : 
 
Of the dABLic Language. 275 
 
 seaman (seaman, H.S.D.), a nail, small riveted nail, a small stout 
 person, Ir. seaman, small riveted nail, E. Ir. semmen : *seg-s- 
 men, root seff, segh, hold, as in seagh. 
 seamh, mild, peaceful (seamh. Arms.), Ir. seamh ; see seimh. M'A. 
 gives its meaning as an "enchantment to make one's friends 
 prosper." See seamhas. 
 seamhas, good luck, also seanns, good chance, seamhsail, 
 
 seannsail, lucky ; from Eng. chance. 
 seamlach, a cow that gives milk without her calf, an impudent or 
 silly person ; Sc. sliamloch, a cow that has not calved for two 
 years (West Lothian) : 
 seamrag, shamrock, seamair (M'A.), Ir. seamrdg, M. Ir. semrach 
 
 (adj.): 
 seamsan, hesitation, quibbling, delay, sham ; from the Eng. sham, 
 
 Northern Eng. sham, a shame, trick ? 
 sean, old, Ir. sean, 0. Ir. sen, W., Corn., and 0. Br. hen, Gaul. Seno- : 
 
 *seno-s, old ; Lat. senex, g. senis, old man ; Gr. eVos, old ; Got. 
 
 sinista, oldest, Eng. seneschal ; Lit. senas , Skr. sdnas. 
 seanachas, conversation, story, Jr. seanachas, seanchus, tale, 
 
 history, genealogy, 0. Ir. senchas, vetus historia, lex, 0. W. 
 
 hencass, monimenta. Stokes refers this to * seno-kastu-, "old 
 
 story," from *kastu-, root kans, speak (see cainnt and Stokes' 
 
 derivation of it). Regarded by others as a pure derivative of 
 
 *seno- or its longer stem *seneko- (Lat. senex, Got. sineigo, old, 
 
 Skr. sanakd^, old), that is, * senekastu-. Hence seanachaidh, 
 
 a reciter of ancient lore, a historian, Ir. seanchuidh, a form 
 
 which favours the second derivation. 
 seanadh, a senate, synod, Ir. seanadh, seanaidh, E. Ir. senod, W. 
 
 senedd, Corn, sened, Br. senez ; from the Lat. synodus, now 
 
 Eng. synod. 
 seanair, a grandfather, Ir. seanathair, M. Ir. senathair, literally 
 
 "old father." 
 seaug, slender, lean, Ir. seang, E. Ir. seng : *svengo-s ; Norse 
 
 svangr, slender, thin, Sc. swank, swack, supple, Ger. schwank, 
 
 supple, allied to Eng. swing. 
 seangan, an ant (S. Inverness and Perthshire snioghan), Manx 
 
 sniengan, Ir. seangdn, M. Ir. sengdn, E. Ir. segon (Corm.) ; cf. 
 
 Gr. cTKvixp (t long), gen. (tkvkjm's or a-KviTroi, Kvlxp, root skene, 
 
 kene, scratch (see cnamh). Lit. skanits, savoury (kittling). 
 
 Stokes {Bez.'^^ 65) refers it to * stingagno-, Eng. sting, Gr. 
 
 (TTi^o), prick ; K. Meyer derives it from seang, slender. 
 seanns, luck ; see seamhas. 
 seap, slink, sneak off, flinch, Ir. seapaim : " turn tail ;" see next 
 
 word, 
 seap, a tail, an animal's tail hanging down (as a dog's when cowed) : 
 
i74 iSTtltOLOGI<!AL biCTlONABf 
 
 searadoir, a towel {Sh. searhhadair) ; from Sc. serviter, servet, 
 
 . napkin, from Fr. seruietta, from servir, serve, Lat. servio. 
 searbh, Tiitter, Ir. searhh, 0. Ir. serb, W. chwerw, Corn, wherow, Br. 
 
 dhouero : *svervo-s ; 0. H. G. sweran, dolere, Ger. sauer, Eng. 
 
 sour ; Lit. swariis, salty, 
 searbhant, a servant maid ; from the Eug. servant. 
 searg, -wither, Ir. seargaim, 0. Ir. sercim, serg, illness : *sergo- ; 
 
 Lit. sergii, I am ill ; 0. H. G. swercan, 0. Sax. swercan, become 
 
 gloomy. 
 searmon, a sermon, Ir. searmdin, M. Ir. sermon ; from Lat. sermo, 
 
 sermonis, Eng. sermon. 
 searr, a sickle, saw, E. Ir. serr, 0. W. serr ; from Lat. serra. 
 searrach, a foal, colt, so Ir., E. Ir. serrach: *serso-; Gr. epa-at, 
 
 young lambs ? 
 searrag, a bottle ; founded on the Eng. jar ? 
 sears, charge or load (as a gun) ; from Eng. charge. 
 searsanach, a sheriif officer, estate overseer, seirseanach, auxiliary 
 
 (Arm., Sh., O'B.) ; Gaelic is from the So. sergean, sergeand, an 
 
 inferior officer in a court of justice, Eng. Serjeant, from Fr. 
 
 serjant, Lat. serviens, etc. M. Ir. has sersenack, foot soldier, 
 seas, stand, Ir. seasaim, E. Ir. sessim, 0. Ir. tair(sh)issim, E. Ir. 
 
 inf. sessom, G. seasamh : *sistami, I stand, *sistamo- (n.), 
 
 root sta ; Lat. sisto, stop, sto ; Gr. 'ta-Trjfjii, set ; Eng. stand ; 
 
 Skr. sthd. The W. sefyU, stare. Cor., Br. sevell, Br. saff, come 
 
 from *sta7ii (Stokes), 
 seasg, barren, dry, Ir. seasg, E. Ir. sesc, VV. hysp, Br. Jiesk, hesp : 
 
 *sisqo-s, from sit-s-qo-, root sit, dry ; Lat. siccus ( = sit-cus), 
 
 dry, si'tis, thirst ; Zend hisku, dry. 
 seasgair, one in comfortable circumstances, comfortable, Ir. 
 '' seasgair, cosy, dry and warm, quiet ; from seasg. 
 seasgan, a shock or truss of com, gleaned land : 
 seasgann, a fenny country, marsh, Ir. seisgeann, E. Ir. sescenn ; 
 
 from *sesc, sedge, Ir. seisg. sedge, W. hesg (pi.), Cor. Jvescen, 
 
 Br. heslc, whence Romance sescha, reed ; cf. Eng. sedge, I. E. 
 
 root seq, cut. Zimmer refers seasgann to seasg, dry, though 
 
 it denotes wet or marsh land, 
 seat, satiety of food (Dial.) : see seid. 
 seic, a skin or hide, peritoneum, brain pellicle ; see seich. 
 seic, a rack, manger ; from Sc. hech, also hcu:k. 
 seiceal, a heckle (for flax) ; from Sc. and Eng. hecMe. The W. is 
 
 heislan, from Eng. hatchel. 
 seich, seiche, a hide, skin, Ir. seithe, E. Ir. seche, g. seched : *sehet-; 
 
 Norse sigg, callus, hard skin. The root is 1, E. seq, cut, Lat. 
 
 seco, etc. ; cf. for force Gr. dep/xa, skin, from Supia, flay, Eng. 
 
 tear, Lat. scar turn and corium from sker, Eng. shear, etc. 
 
OP iMi GAELIC LANGUAGE. 277 
 
 seid, a belly-full, flatulent swelling, seideach, swollen by tympany, 
 corpulent : 
 
 said, a truss of hay, a bed spread on the floor (especially seideag 
 in the latter sense) : *seddi- : 
 
 s6id, blow, Ir. seidim, E. Ir. setim, W. chwyih, a blast, M. Br. 
 hv£z, Br. c'houeza, blow, Cor. whythe, to blow: *sveiddo-, 
 *sviddo-, from *sveizdho-, * svizd/w-, ; Ch. Slav, svistati, 
 sibilare ; Lat. stbilits, whistling ( = sidhilus), Eng. sibilant. 
 
 seidhir, a chair ; from Eng. chair. 
 
 seilcheag, a snail, Ir. seilide, seilchide, seilmide, slimide ; of. Gr. 
 0-eo-iA.os (i long), o-OTTjAos, cre.a-fXir-q's, a snail. Stokes gives 
 the root as sel, allied to Lit. sale'ti, creep, slekas, earthworm, 
 0. Pruss. slaifx (do.). 
 
 seileach, wiUow, Ir. saikog, E. Ir. sail, g. sailech, W. helyg, willows. 
 Com. heligen, salix, Br. halek (pi.) : *saliks ; Lat. salix ; Gr. 
 eXiK-q (Arcadian) ; Eng. sallow. 
 
 seilear, a cellar, Ir. seileir, M. W. seler ; from Eng. cellar. 
 
 seilisdeir, yellow iris or yellow water-flag, Ir. soileastar, feleastar 
 (O'B.), elestrom (O'B.), M. Ir. soilestar, W. elesir, fleur de lys, 
 iris, 0. Br. elestr. Cf. L. Lat. alestrare, humectare (Ernault, 
 Stokes in 5.C.* 329). 
 
 seillean, a bee : 
 
 seim, a squint : 
 
 sSimh, mild, placid, Ir. s^imh (O'E., FoL), seimh (Con.) : 
 
 seinn, sing, Ir. seinnim, M. Ir. sendim, 0. Ir. sennim, play an 
 instrument, psallo, perf. sephainn (*sesvanva, Stokes) ; root 
 sven, sound, as in Lat. sonare, sonus, Eng. sound, Skr. svdnati, 
 sound. 
 
 seipeal, a chapel, so Ir., M. Ir. s^pdl ; from M. Eng. and 0. Fr. 
 chapele, now Eng. chapel. 
 
 seipein, a quart, choppiu ; from the Eng. choppin, from Fr. 
 chopine, chope, a beer glass, from Ger. schoppen. 
 
 seirbMs, service, Ir. seirbhis ; from the Eng. 
 
 seirc, love, Ir. searc, seirc, 0. Ir. sere, W. serch, Br. serc'h, concu- 
 bine, M. Br. serch : * serkd, *serko-; Got. sailrga, care, Ger. 
 sorge, sorrow, Eng. sorrow ; Skr. si&rkshali, respect, reverence, 
 take thought about something. The favourite derivation is 
 to ally it to Gr. crre/j-yti), I love, which would give a G. teirg. 
 
 seirm, sound, musical noise, ring as a bell, 0. Ir. sibrase, modu- 
 labor ; Celtic root sver, sing, I. E. sver, sound ; Skr. svara, 
 sound, music ; Eng. swear, answer, Got. svaran, swear ; Lat. 
 sermo, speech, Eng. sermon. The W. chwymu, hum, snort, is 
 also allied. 
 
 seirsealach, robust (s^irsealach, H.S.D.), Ir. seirsean, a strong 
 person (O'R.) ; cf. searsanach for origin. 
 
iiS tiTifMOiiOGiCAL tliCTioiJAKT 
 
 seis, one's match, a friend, sufficiency ; cf. Norse sessi, bench-mate, 
 
 oar-mate, from sessa, a ship's seat (I. E. root sed, sit), 
 seis, anything grateful to the senses, Ir. seis, pleasure, delight : 
 
 * svedL-ti-, root sveda, svdd, sweet ; Gr. eSavog, sweet, ijSiJs (do.) ; 
 
 Lat. suavis, sweet ; Eng. sweet. 
 seisd, a siege ; formed from the Eng. siege. 
 seiseau, session, assize, Ir. seisiiin ; from Lat. sessio, sessidnis, a 
 
 sitting, session. 
 seisreach, a plough, six-horse plough, the six horses of a plough, 
 
 Ir. seisreach, a plough of six horses, E. Ir. sesrech, plough 
 
 team ; from seiseir, six persons, a derivative of sia, six. 
 s6ist, the melody of a song, a ditty, M. Ir. seis, a musical strain : 
 
 *sven-s-ti-, root sven of seinn. 
 se6c, seocan, a helmet plume, a helmet ; cf . Eng. shock. 
 seochlan, a feeble person ; from the Sc. shochlin, waddling, infirm, 
 
 shciMin, verb shackle, shuffle in walking, allied to Eng. 
 
 shackle, shake. 
 seod, siad, a hero, a jewel, Ir. se6d, a jewel ; see seud, jewel, 
 sedg, swing to and fro, dandle ; from Sc. shog, M. Eng. shoggin, 
 
 M. Du. schocken. 
 se61, method, way, Ir. seol, a method of doing a thing, sedlaim, I 
 
 direct, steer ; E. Ir. sedl, course ; W. hwt/t, course, condition. 
 
 From sedl, sail. 
 se61, a sail, Ir. sedl, 0. Ir. sM, sedl,, seol, g. si4il, W. hwj/l, 0. W. 
 
 huil : usually referred to * seghlo- (root of seagh) or to 
 
 Teutonic seglo-. sail (also from * seghlo-), borrowed into Celtic. 
 
 In either case we should expect Ir. *se'l, W. *hail, but we 
 
 have neither. Strachan suggests that sedl is formed from 
 
 gen. siHil on the analogy of cedl, etc. ; while TV. hwyl may 
 
 have been effected by a borrow from Lat. velum (Cor. guil, Br. 
 
 goel). 
 sebmar, a chamber, Ir. seomra, M. Ir. seomra ; from M. Eng. and 
 
 Fr. chamhre, Lat. camera. 
 seorsa, a sort, kind, Ir. sdrt ; from the Eng. 
 seot, a short tail or stump, the worst beast, a sprout ; from. Sc. 
 
 shot, rejected sheep ("shot" from shoot), shoot, stern of a 
 
 boat, from the root of Eng. shoot. Cf. Norse skott, fox's tail, 
 
 skotta, dangle, 
 seth in gu seth, severally, neither (after negative) ; cf. Lat. 
 
 se-cum ; " by one-self." 
 seuchd, a tunic or leine (Oss. Ballad of lonmhuin) : 
 seud, a jewel, treasui-e, hero, Ir. seud, 0. Ir. sit, pi. seuti, pretiosa, 
 
 Med. Ir. Lat. sentis ; irom. * sent^, real, "being," I.E. sents, 
 
 being, participle from root es, be ; Lat. -sens, praese»s, etc. : 
 
 Gr. £?s. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 279 
 
 seul, seula, saoil, a seal, Ir. seula, M. Ir. sila, W. sel, 0. Br. siel ; 
 
 from Lat. sigillum, M. Eng. and Fr. seel, Ag. S. sigle. 
 seun, a charm, defend by charms, Ir. seun, good luck, E. Ir. sdn, 
 
 blessing, sign, luck, 0. Ir. sen, benedic, W. swyn, a charm, 
 
 magic preservative ; from Lat. signum, a sign, " sign of the 
 
 cross." 
 seun, refuse, shun, Ir. seunaim, seanaim, M. Ir. senaim ; probably 
 
 from the above, 
 seunan, sianan in breac-sheunain, freckles : 
 seusar, acme or perfection (M'A. for Islay) : 
 Sgab, scab, sgabach, scabbed ; from the Eng. 
 Egabag, cow killed for winter provision (M'F.) : 
 Sgabaiste, anything pounded or bashed (H.S.D.), Ir. sgahaiste, 
 
 robbery : 
 sgaball, a hood, helmet, M. G. sgaball, a hood or cape (M'V.) ; Ir. 
 
 scabal, a hood, shoulder guard, helmet, a scapular ; from Lat. 
 
 scapulae, shoulder-blades, whence Eng. scapular. 
 sgabard, scabbard ; from the Eng. 
 
 sgabh, sawdust, Ir. sgabh (Lh.) ; Lat. scobis, sawdust, powder. 
 Sgad, a loss, mischance ; from the Sc. shaith, Eng. scathe, scath 
 
 (Shakespeare), Norse shaSi, scathe, Ger. schaden, hurt. 
 Sgadan, a herring, Ir. sgaddn, E. Ir. scatan (Corm.), W. ysgadan 
 
 (pi.) ; cf. Eng. shad, " king of herrings," Ag. S. sceadda, Prov. 
 
 Ger. schade. 
 sgadartach, a set of ragamuffins (H.S.D.), anything scattered 
 
 (M'A.) ; from Eng. scatter. 
 sgafair, a bold, hearty man (H.S.D., Arm., O'B.), a handsome man 
 
 (H.S.D.), a scolding man (M'A.), Ir. sgafaire, a bold, hearty 
 
 man, sprace fellow, a gaffer ; from Eng. gaffer ? 
 Sgag, split, crack, winnow, iilter, Ir. sgagaim, filter, purge ; of., for 
 
 root, gag. 
 Sgaipean, a ninny, dwarf : 
 Sg^il, a shade, shadow, Ir. sgdile, scdil, M. Ir. scdil, 0. Br. 
 
 esceilenn, cortina, curtain : * skdli-, root sJcd of sgath, q.v. 
 Sgailc, a smart blow, a slap, skelp, Ir. sgailledg ; root skal, make a 
 
 noise by hitting ; Norse skella, slap, clatter (skjalla), Ger. 
 
 schallen, resound ; Lit. slcaliu, give tongue (as a hunting dog). 
 
 Cf . Sc. and M. Eng. skelp. Also sgailieag. 
 Sgailc, a bald pate, baldness, sgall, baldness, Ir. sgallta, bald, 
 
 bare, scallach, bald ; from Norse skalli, a bald head, Swed. 
 
 skallig, bald, skala, peel, skal, husk, Eng. scale. The G. 
 
 sgailc is possibly from M. Eng. scale, scalp ; but Sgall is clearly 
 
 Norse. 
 Sgibin, burst, rend, Ir. sgdinim : *skad-no-, root skhad, shed, skha, 
 
 split, rend, cut ; Gr. o-KeSavi/D/ii, scatter ; Skr. skhddate, split, 
 
280 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 sgainneal, a scandal, Ir. scannail, M. Ir. scandal ; from the Lat. 
 
 scandalum. 
 Sgainnir, scatter, sganradh (n.), Ir. scanruighim, scatter, scare ; 
 
 of. Eng. squander, allied to scatter. 
 sgAinnteaoh, a corroding pain, pain of fatigue ; from sgd.in. 
 Sgiird, flux, diarrhoea, Ir. sgdrdaim, I squirt, pour out : *skardo- ; 
 
 I. E. sJcerdo- ; Lat. sucerda, swine-dung, muscerda, mouse-dung 
 
 = mus-scerda; Skr. chard, vomit; Ch. SI. skar§du, nauseating; 
 
 Eng. sharn. Another form is *skart, W. ysqarth, excrement, 
 
 Br. skoarz, skarz, void, cleanse, Gr. (tkZp, g. o-Kards, Skr. (&krt, 
 
 dung. 
 Sgaireach, prodigal (Sh., etc.) ; from the root skar of sgar. 
 Sgiireag, one year old gull, young scart ; from Norse skdri, a 
 
 young sea-mew. 
 sg^irn, howling of dogs, loud murmur ; see sgairt. 
 Sgairneach, a continuous heap of loose stones on a hill side, the 
 
 sound of such stones falling (sgairm, M'A.) ; cf. So. scarmch, 
 
 crowd, tumult, noise (Ayr). See sgairn. Badenoch Dial. 
 
 sgarmacii. 
 sgairt, a loud cry, Ir. sgairt : *s-gar-ti-, root gar ? 
 Sgairt, activity, Ir. sgdirfeamhuil, active : root skar, skip, spring ; 
 
 Gr. a-Kacpb), skip, crKapos, a leap, run ; Zend phar, spring. 
 Sgairt, midriff", intestine caul, Ir. scairt : " separater," from skar 
 
 of sgar ? 
 Sgait, a skate ; from the Eng. skate, Norse skata. 
 Sgaiteach, sharp, edged, cutting, sgait, a prickle, a little chip of 
 
 wood in one's flesh (Dial.) ; from sgath, lop. 
 sgal, howl, shriek, yell, Ir. sgal, M. Ir. seal, root skal, sound, 
 
 cry ; Norse skjalla, clash, clatter, skvala, squall, squeal, Ger. 
 
 schallen ; Lit. skaliu, give tongue (as a dog) ; Gr. <TKv\a^, 
 
 whelp : I. E. root sqel, make a sound, allied to sqel, split, hit 1 
 
 Cf. W. chwalu, prate, babble, spread, root sqvel, sqval. 
 Sgalag, a servant, Ir. sgoldg (fem.), husbandman, rustic, M. Ir. 
 
 scoldc {=gille), E. Ir. scoloca ; from Norse skdlkr, servant, 
 
 slave, Got. shalks, servant, Ger. sckalk, knave, Eng. maxshal, 
 
 aeneschal. It could hardly be from Lat. scholasticus, as Skene 
 
 {Celt. Scot.^ 448) thinks. 
 Sgdilain, scales for weighing, Ir. scdla, a balance ; from the early 
 
 Eng. scale, Ag. S. scdle, Norse skdl, a balance. 
 Sgdilan, hut, scafibld, Ir., M. Ir. scdldn ; from the Norse skdli, a 
 
 hut, shed. Stokes (Bez. Beit.^^ 65) refers it to a stem 
 
 *scdnlo-, cognate with Gr. o-Krivq (Dor. a-Kdvd), a tent, roof, 
 
 skhd, cover, shade. 
 Sgald, bum, scald, Ir. sgall, scald, singe ; from the Eng. scald. 
 Sgall, baldness, Ir. sgallta, bald, bare ; see under sgailc, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGtJAGE. S8l 
 
 sgalla, an old hat (M'A.) : 
 
 Sg^Ua, a large wooden dish cut out of a tree (M'A.) : 
 
 Sgallais, insult, contempt ; from the Norse skoll, mockery, loud 
 laughter, skjal, empty talk, shjall, flattering (H.S.D. gives 
 " flattery" as a meaning) : allied to sgal, q.v. 
 
 sgamal, a scale, squama, Ir. sgamal ; from Lat. squdmula, squdvia. 
 In G. and Ir. Bibles, Acts^ 18, "Scales fell from his eyes" — 
 sgamail. 
 
 Sgamal, effluvia, phlegm, Ir. sgamal : same as above. 
 
 sgamh, dross, dust ,• see sgabh. 
 
 sgamhan, the lungs, liver, Ir. sgamhdn, lungs, M. Ir. seaman, W. 
 ysgyfaint, lights, Cor. shefans, Br. skevent ; from Ir. seaman, 
 levis, W. ysgafn, light. Cor. seaf, Br. skanv, light (of. for 
 force Eng. lights, Euss. legkoe, lungs, from legkii, light) : 
 *skamno-; cf. Norse skammr, short, 0. H. G. scam, short. 
 
 Sgann, a multitude, drove : 
 
 sgaun, a membrane, Ir. sgann ; cf. Norse skdn, a thin membrane, 
 film, skaeni, film, membrane. 
 
 sganradh, dispersing, terror ; see sgainnir. 
 
 Sgaog, a foolish, giddy girl ; cf. Sc. skeich, skeigh, skittish, Eng. 
 shy. 
 
 Sgaoil, spread, scatter, let go, Ir. sgaoilim, M. Ir., E. Ir. scdilim ; 
 cf. W. chwalu, disperse, strew, root sqval, sqvdl, allied to root 
 sqel, split (as in sgoilt, q.v.). 
 
 Sgaoim, a fright, a start from fear, skittishness : for sgeum ? If 
 so, for sceng-men, E. Ir. scingim, I start ; Gr. a-icd^u), I limp, 
 o-Ktju,|Safa), limp; Ger. hinken (do.); Skr. khanj (do.). 'Aeesgeun. 
 
 Sgaoth, a swarm (as of bees), Ir. scaoth, seaoith : *skoiti-, from 
 sk/ieit, separate ; Ger. seheiden, Eng. shed ; further Lat. sciiuh 
 (from root skJteid, split), split. 
 
 Sgap, scatter, Ir. scapaim : *skad-bo- (from skhad, divide, Gr. 
 a-KeSdvvvfiL, scatter), developing into skahb, which, as skabh-th, 
 becomes sgap ? But consider Eng. scape, escape. 
 
 Sgar, sever, separate, Ir. sgaraim, 0. Ir. scaraim, W. ysgar, separ- 
 ate, O. Br. scarat, dijudicari : *skara6, root sker, separate, 
 sunder ; Lit. skiriu, separate ; 0. H. G. sceran, Ger. scheren, 
 shear, cut, Eng. shear ; further Gr. Kupu), cut, etc. 
 
 Sgarbh, cormorant ; from the Norse skarfr, N. Sc. sea;/ (Shet., etc.) 
 
 Sgarlaid, scarlet, Ir. sgdrl6id, M. Ir. scarloit; from M. Eng. 
 scarlat, scarlet, Med. Lat. scarlatum. Stokes and K. Meyer 
 take it direct from Lat. 
 
 sgat, a skate (Dial.) ; see sgait. 
 
 Sgath, lop off^, Ir. sgat/iaim, E. Ir. scothaim; I. E. root skath, cut; 
 Gr. acTKrfOfis, unscathed, trxafw, cut ; Eng. scathe, Ger. schaden, 
 
 36 
 
'282 tfiiitoLotiitiAL biciiotiAElf 
 
 hurt ; Skr. chd, lop. The root appears variously as sMe, ska, 
 skhii, skhe (Gr. o-KeBavvvft). It is possible to refer it to the 
 root seq, cut, Lat. seco, Eng. section. See sgian. 
 
 Sgith, a shade, shadow, Ir. sgdth, scdth, 0. Ir. scdth, W. ysgod. 
 Cor. seod, umbra, Br. skeud : *skdto-s ; Gr. o-kotos, darkness ; 
 Eng. shade, Got. skadus, shade, shadow, Ger. schatten; Skr. 
 chdya, shadow. 
 
 Sgath (Sh., Arm., sg^th, H.S.D.), a wattled door : 
 
 Sgeach, sgitheag, hawthorn berry, Ir. sgeach, sweet-briar, haw, 
 E. Ir. se^, g. sciach, also g. pi. sciad, W. ysbyddad, hawthorn, 
 Cor. spedhes, Br. spezad, fruit, currant : *skvijat- : 
 
 Sgeadaich, dress, adorn, Ir. sgeaduighim, adorn, mark with a white 
 spot, sgead, speck, white spot, sgeadach, speckled, sky- 
 coloured ; also gead, spot : 
 
 Sgealb, a splinter, Ir. sgealpSg, splinter, fragment, sgealpaim, 
 smash, split, make splinters of ; see sgolb. Cf. Sc. skelb, 
 skelf, a splinter, skelve (vb.). 
 
 Sgeallag, wild mustard, Ir. sgeallagach, M. Ir. scell, a grain, 
 kernel : root sqel, separate, Eng. shell, etc. Stokes equates 
 Ir. scelldn, kernel, with Lat. seilla, squill, sea-onion, Gr. 
 
 Sgealp, a slap ; from Sc. skelp, M. Eng. skelp. 
 
 sgeamh, yelp, Ir. sceamh, E. Ir. seem, scemdacht ; cf. next word. 
 
 Also G. sgiamh, sgiamhail, to which Emault compares 
 
 M. Br. htieioal, cry like a fox. 
 Sgeamh, severe or cutting language, Ir. sgeamhaim, I scold, 
 
 reproach : *skemo-; Norse skamma, to shame, to scold, Eng. 
 
 shame, sham 1 The word sgeamh also means " a disgust" in 
 
 Gaelic; also, according to M'A., "a speck on the eye," 
 
 " membrane." Also Ir. (and G. ?) sgeamh, polypody. 
 Sgean, cleanliness, polish ; cf. for origin Norse skina, Eng. shine. 
 Sgean, sudden fright or start, a wild look of the face ; see sgeun. 
 Sgeann, a stare, gazing upon a thing : 
 Sgeap, a beehive ; from the Sc. skep, M. Eng. skeppe, a skep, 
 
 carrying basket, Norse skeppa, a measure. 
 Sgeig, mockery, Ir. sgige, M. Ir. sdge : *skeggio- : 
 Sgeigeach, having a prominent chin or a beard of strong, straight 
 
 hair (Sutherland) ; from Norse skegg, a beard, from skaga, 
 
 jut out, Eng. shaggy. 
 Sgeilcearra, supple, active ; cf. sgiolcarra. 
 Sgfiile, misery, pity, Ir. sceile (O'Cl., Lh. as obsolete, O'B.), scdile 
 
 Sgeileid, a skillet, Ir. sgilead ; from the Eng. 
 
 Sjeileas, a beak, thin face, talkativeness (H.S.D.) ; see sgeilm. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 283 
 
 Sgeilm, boasting, prattling (H.S.D., Arms.), a thiu-lipped mouth, 
 a prater's mouth (M 'A.) ; also sgiolam, sgeinm. Hoat'skel, 
 as in sgal. 
 Sgeilm, sgeinm, neatness, decency ; cf. sgean. 
 sgeilmse, a surprise, sudden attack : 
 sgeilp, a shelf ; from Sc. skelf, Ag. S. scylfe, now shelf. 
 Sg6imh, beauty, Ir. sgeimh ; see sgiamh. 
 Sgeimhle, a skirmish, bickering, Ir. sgeimhle : 
 Sgeinnidh, twine, flax or hemp thread ; cf. Ir. sgainne, a skein or 
 
 clue of thread. The Sc. sMny, pack thread (pronounced 
 
 skeenyie) is apparently from G. ; Eng. skein is from M. Eng. 
 
 skeine, 0. Fr. escaigne. Skeat derives the Eng. from Gaelic. 
 
 The G. alone might be referred to * skein, from sgkein, 
 
 sghoin, rope, string. Lit. geinis, string, Lat. funis, Or. crxowos. 
 Sgeir, a rock in the sea, skerry ; from Norse sh'r, a rock in the 
 
 sea, whence Eng. skerry, scaur : " cut off," from root of Eng. 
 
 shear, 6. sgar. 
 Sgeith, vomit, Ir. sceithim, E. Ir. scdim, sceithim, W. chwydu, Br. 
 
 <^houeda : '^sqveti- ; cf. Gr. cnraTLjri, thin excrement as in 
 
 diarrhoea (Bez.). 
 Sgedc, a long neck ; cf. gebc. 
 Sgedp, a torrent of foolish words, also SgBOg : 
 sgeul, sgial, a tale, Ir. sgeul, 0. Ir., seel, W. chwedl, Cor. wlielhl, 
 
 Br. quehezl {que-hezl, qiie = ko-): *sqetlo-n (*sqedlo-n, Rhys), 
 
 root seq, say : Lat. inseque, die, inquam ( = in-squam ?), say I ; 
 
 Gr. evveTTb), I tell, evir<nre, dixit ; Ger. sagen, Eng. say ; Lit. 
 
 sakyti, say. 
 Sgeun, dread, disgust, look of fear, Ir. sgean, fright, wild look, 
 
 M. Ir. sc4n, affright : *slceng-no-, from sheng, start, spring, 
 
 E. Ir. scingim, start, spring (for root, see sgaoim). Strachan 
 
 refers it to *skakno-, root skak, spring. Lit. sz6kti, spring, Ch. 
 
 SI. skakati, Norse skaga, jut out. 
 Sgiah, a snatch, sudden movement, Ir. sgiob ; see sgiobag. 
 sgiamh, beauty, Ir. sgiamh, 0. Ir. scvam : *skeimd ; cf. Got. 
 
 skeima, a light, Ag. S. scima, Norse sHmi, a gleam of light, 
 
 further Eng. shine, shimmer. 
 sgiamh, a squeal, yell, mew ; see sgeamh. 
 Sgian, a knife, Ir. sgian, E. Ir. scian, W. ysgien, slicer, scimitar, 
 
 ysgi, cutting off, Br. skeja, cut : *sMend, vb. sked, cut ; Skr. 
 
 chd, cut off ; Gr. a-xd^u), cut, trxaw ; I. E. root skhe, skha, 
 
 split, cut. Lindsay refers Gadelic to *scSnd, allied to Lat. 
 
 scina, a priest's knife, whose side-form is sacena, from seco, 
 
 cut, Eng. section, saw. Others have compared Lat. scio, know, 
 
 Gr, Keiia, cut, 
 
^84 BTTMOLOQICAi DICTIONABY 
 
 Sffiath, a shield, Ir. sgiath, 0. Ir. sdath, W. ysgwyd, 0. W. stmit, . 
 
 0. Br. scoit, Br. skoued: *skeito-; Ch. SI. stitu, shield; 
 
 0. Pruss. scaytan,' Norse ski?!, firewood, billet of wood, tablet 
 
 (Schrader) ; to which Bez. queries if Lat. scutwm, {*s/ioito-?) 
 
 be allied. 
 Sgiath, a wing, Ir. sgiatMn, sgiath, E. Ir. sciath {sdath n-ete, 
 
 shouldei: of the wing), 0. Ir. sciath, ala, pinna, W. ysgwydd, 
 
 shoulder. Cor. sfiuid, scapula, Br. skoae : *skeito-, *sheidd, 
 
 shoulder-blade ; I. E. root sqid, Lat. sdndo ; Gr. o-xtC<o, split ; 
 
 Skr. chid, cut; further Gar. scheiden, divide (I. E. shheit), 
 
 which agrees with the Gadehc form. 
 Sgibeach, sgibidh, neat ; see sgiohalta. 
 sgid, a little excrement (M'A.) ; from the Eng. 
 Sgideil, a plash of water ; see sgiodar. 
 Sgil, skill ; from the Eng. 
 Sgil, unhusk, shell, Ir. sgiollaim, sgilc, sheilings of corn, sgilice, the 
 
 operation of the mill in shelling corn : *skeli^, I. E., sqel, 
 
 separate ; Norse skilja, separate, Eng. skill, shell, etc. See 
 
 scoilt. Cf. Sc. shillin, shelled or unhusked grain. 
 Sgillinn, a penny, Ir. sgillin, shilling, M. Ir. sdlling, sdllic ; from 
 
 Ag. S. sdlling, Norse skillingr, Ger. schilling. 
 Sgilm, a mouth expressive of scolding aptitude (M'A ) • see 
 
 sgiolam. 
 Sgimilear, a vagrant parasite, intruder : 
 Sjinn, squeeze out, gush out, Ir. sdnn, gush, start, E. Ir. scendim, 
 
 spring ; Skr. shand, leap ; Lat. scando ; Gr. o-Kai/SaAov, Eng. 
 
 scandal. Arm. has sginichd, squeezing ; Badenoch Dial, has 
 
 Sging, a squeeze, hardship. There is an E. Ir. scingim, I 
 
 spring, from skeng, discussed under sgaoim. 
 s'gioba, ship's crew ; from the Norse skip, a ship. 
 Sgiobag, a slap given in play, a hasty touch or snatch, sgiob, 
 
 Sgiab, snatch, Ir. sgiobaim, I snatch, W. ysgip, ysgipiol ; cf . 
 
 Manx skihhag, skip, hop, from Eng. skip. 
 Sgiobair, a skipper ; from Sc. skippare, Eng. skipper, Norse 
 
 skiparl, a mariner. 
 Sg^iobal, a bam, Ir. sgiobdl : 
 sgioball, loose folds or skirts of a garment : 
 Sg^obalta, clever, neat, Manx skibhylt, active, a skipping, Ir. 
 
 sgiobalta, active, spruce ; also G. sgioblaich, adjust the 
 
 dress, etc., tidy up. Cf. Norse skipulag, order, arrangement, 
 
 skipa, put in order, Eng. ship shape. The Gadelic is bon-owed. 
 Sgiodar, a plashing through bog and mire, diarrhosa; from Sc. 
 
 scutter, skitter. 
 Sgiogair, a jackanapes, Ir. sgigire, a buffoon, mocker ; see sgeig. 
 Sgiolam, forward talk, also sgeilm ; also giolam. See sgeilm. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 285 
 
 Sgiolc, slip in or out unperceived ; cf. Eng. skulk. 
 
 Sgiomalair, an instrument to take the suet oiF a pot (M'A.) ; from 
 
 Eng. sldtn ? 
 sg^onnadh, starting, eyes starting with fear ; see sginn. 
 Sgionn-shuil, a squint eye; from Eng. squint, with a leaning on 
 
 G. sgionn, sginn, start, protrude. 
 Sgiord, squirt, purge, Ir. sglordadh (n.), sgiurdaim (O'E.) ; either 
 
 cognate with or borrowed from Eng. squirt (Stokes' Lis.). 
 Sgiorr, slip, stumble, Ir. sciorraim : 
 Sgiort, a skirt, edge of a garment, Ir. sgiorta ; from Eng shirt. 
 
 O'Cl. has Ir. sguird for tunic or shirt. 
 Sglot, scatter ; from Norse skjdta, shoot, skyti, shooter. M'A. 
 
 says the word belongs to the North Highlands ; Arm. does 
 
 not have it. Ir. has sgiot, a dart, arrow : " something shot." 
 Sgire, a parish ; from Ag. S. sdnr, county, now shire, 0. H. G. sdra, 
 
 charge, 
 sgirtean, a disease in cattle — black spauld or quarter-ill (H.S.D.) : 
 
 " stumbling disease," from sgiorradh 1 
 Sglth, tired, Ir. sgitli, O. Ir. sdth. Corn, sqwyth, sTdth, Br. slcoutz, 
 
 skuiz : *sMto-, *skitto- (Brittonic ^skvitto-, according to 
 
 Stokes) ; root skhei beside kksei, decay, destroy, Gr. ^dito, 
 
 decay, ^6«rts, phthisis, Skr. kshi, destroy, kshitds, exhausted 
 
 (Strachan, Bez. Beit-.^'' 300). 
 Sg^thiol, a shealing hut (Carmichael) ; from Norse sk0i, a shed, 
 
 skj6l, a shelter, Dan. and Swed. skjul, shed, Eng. sheal. 
 Sgiiican, sgiuchan, the cackling or plaint of a moorhen : 
 sgiugan, a whimper ; cf. the above word. 
 
 Sgifinach, a charm for getting all the fish about a boat or head- 
 land into one's own boat amidst the amazement of the 
 
 neighbours (M'A.) : 
 Sgitinach, a bold, shameless woman (H.S.D.) : 
 Sgiurdan, a squirt ; from the Eng. 
 SgiflTS, scourge, Ir. sgiiirsaim, W. ysgors ; from M. Eng. scourge, 
 
 Lat. excoriare. 
 SgiMhadh, a lash, stroke with a whip (IT.S.D. says Dial. ; M'A. 
 
 says North) : 
 Sglabhart, a blow on the side of the head ; from Sc. sclaffert (do.), 
 
 sclaff, a bio*, Prov. Fr. esclaffa, to beat (Ducange), Med. Lat. 
 
 eclaffa. 
 Sglaim, questionably acquired wealth, sglaimire, usurper (M'A.) ; 
 
 see glam. 
 sglamhadh, a seizing greedily upon anything, Ir. sclamhaim, I 
 
 seize greedily, scold ; also G. sglamadh (M'E.) ; see glam. 
 Sglamhruinn, a scolding, abusive words; cf. Sc. sclourie, vilify, 
 
 abuse, bedaub, Ir. sglamhadh means also "scold," and G, 
 
286 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 sglamhadh, scold of a sudden (M'A.). So. has sJclave, to 
 calumniate. 
 
 Sglamhradh, clawing one's skin for itch (M'A.) ; see damhradh. 
 
 sgleamhas,' meanness, sordidness, sgleambraidh, a stupid or mean 
 fellow : 
 
 sgleamaic, plaster (vb.), daub filthily (M'A.), sgleamaid, snotters 
 (M'A.) : 
 
 Sgl^ap, ostentation, Ir. sgUip ; M'A. gives the force of " to flatter, 
 stare open-mouthed at one." 
 
 Sgleo, dimness of the eyes, vapour : 
 
 Sgled, boasting, romancing, Ir. scleo, boasting, high language : 
 
 Sgled, misery, Ir. scleo (O'Cl.) : 
 
 Sgleobach, sluttish : 
 
 Sgleog, a snot, phlegm, a knock : 
 
 Sgleogair, a troublesome prattler, liar : 
 
 Sgledid, a silly person, slattern, Ir. scledid ; also gleoid : 
 
 sgliamach, slippery-faced (M'L.) : 
 
 sgliat, slate, Ir. scldta ; from M. Eng. sclat, now slate. 
 
 Sglimeach, troublesome, as an unwelcome guest : 
 
 Sglidrach (sgliurach, H.S.D.), a slut, gossip, Ir. sgliurach. The 
 G. also means "young of the sea-gull till one year old," when 
 they become sg^ireag. 
 
 Sglongaid, a snot, spit ; see glong. 
 
 Sgob, snatch, bite, sting, Ir. sgoballach, a morsel, piece ; also G. 
 sgobag, a small wound, a small dram. Seemingly formed 
 from gob, a bill, mouth (cf. 0. Fr. gobet, morsel, gober, 
 devour, Eng. gobble). 
 
 Sgoch, gash, make an incision ; for scoth ; see sgath. 
 
 Sgcd, the corner of a sheet, the sheet of a sail, a sheet-rope, M. Ir. 
 sc6ti, sheets ; from Norse skaut, the sheet or comer of square 
 cloth, the sheet rope, a hood. Got. skauts, hem, Eng. sheet. 
 
 SgOg, a fool, idler, sgogach, foolish, Ir. sgogaire (O'R.), W. ysgogyn, 
 fop, flatterer: 
 
 Sgoid, pride, conceit, Ir. sg6id; G. sgoideas, pageantry, ostenta- 
 tion : 
 
 Sgoil, school, Ir. sgoil, E. Ir. scol, W. ysgol, Br. skol; from Lat. 
 sehola, whence Eng. school. 
 
 sgoileam, loquacity ; see syiolam. 
 
 Sgoilt, split, sgoltadh, splitting, Ir., M. Ir. scoiltim, inf. scoltad, 
 0. Ir. diiiscoilt, scinde (St. Gall. Inaant.), Cor. felja, Br. 
 faouto, split : *sqolt6, split, root sqvel ; Lit. sMlto, split, 
 skiliu, split; Norse skifjan, separate, Ger. schale, shell, Eng. 
 shale, skill], Gr. o-KakXta, hoe, o-kvAXco, tear, 
 Sgoim, wandering about ; cf. sgaoim. 
 Sgoinn, care, efficagy, neatness : 
 
OF tHb flABLId LANGtJAGti. 28? 
 
 Sgoirm, throat, lower parts of a hill (M'P. Ossian); for latter 
 
 force, see under sgaimeach. 
 Sgoitich, a quack, mountebank : 
 sgol, rinse, wash ; from Norse skola, wash, Swed. sMlja, rinse, 
 
 wash, Dan. shylh. 
 Sgolb, a splinter, Ir. sgolh, M Jr. scolh, a wattle, W. ysgolp, 
 
 splinter, Br. skolp : *skolb-, root skel, sJcol, split (see sgoilt), 
 
 fuller root skel-g ; Gr. koA,o/8os, stunted, o-koAo^ (o-KoAorros), 
 
 stake ; Swed. skalks, a piece, also Got. halks, halt, Eng. shelf, 
 
 spelk (Perrson Zeit.^^ 290 for Gr. and Teut.). 
 Sgonn, a block of wood, blockhead : *skotsno-, "section ;" from the 
 
 root of sgath. 
 Sgor, a mark, notch, Ir. sgdr ; from Eng. score, Norse skor, mark, 
 
 notch, tally (G. is possibly direct from Norse.) 
 Sgor, Sg6rr, a sharp rock ; from Sc. scaur, Eng. scar, cliff, of 
 
 Scandinavian origin, Norse sker, skeiTy ; 0. H. G. scorra, 
 
 rock ; further Eng. shore, Ag. S. score. See sgeir further. 
 Sgdrnan, a throat, Ir. scomdn : 
 sgot, a spot, blemish, small farm ; cf. Sc. shot, a spot or plot of 
 
 ground. 
 Sgoth, a boat, skiff, a Norway skiff; from Scandinavian — Dan. 
 
 shude, Norse shdta, a cutter, small craft, 
 t Sgoth, a flower, Ir. sgoth ; Lat. scateo, gush (St. Zeit.^^). 
 Sg^abach, rough, ragged, Ir. sgrdbach, sgrahach (Lh.) ; from Eng. 
 
 scrap, scrappy, Norse skrap, scraps. 
 sgrabaire, the Greenland dove ; hence Sc. scraher. 
 sgragall, gold-foil, spangle (Sh., Lh., etc. ; not M'A. or M'E.), Ir. 
 
 sgragall : 
 Sg^aideag, small morsel, diminutive woman, Ir. sgraideog. M'A. 
 
 gives sgr^id, a hag, old cow or mare, and H.S.D. sgraidht 
 
 (do.). Cf. Sc. scradyn, a puny, sickly child, scrat, a puny" 
 
 person, Norse skratti, wizard, goblin. 
 sgraig, hit one a blow : 
 SgrS,ill (sgraill, H.S.D.), rail at, abuse : 
 Sg^aing, a scowling look, niggardliness ; I. E. sqrengo-, shrink ; 
 
 Eng. shrink ; Gr. K/oa/iy8os, blight. 
 Sgrd,ist, a sluggard, Ir. scraiste (Lh., etc.) : 
 Sg^ait, a shred, rag : 
 Sgrath, outer skin or rind, turf (for roofing, etc.), Ir. sgraith, 
 
 green sward, sod, sgraithim,, I pare off the surface, W. ysgraf, 
 
 what pares off, ysgrawen, hard crust ; cf . Norse skrd, dry skin, 
 
 scroll (*skrava), Sc. sera, a divot (Dumfries). 
 Sgrathail, destructive, Ir. sgraiteamhuil (O'R.) : 
 Sgreab, a scab, blotch, crust, Ir. sgreabbg, a crust; from Eng. 
 
 scrape ? 
 
^88 fiTTMOLOGIGAL biCTioMAE* 
 
 Sgread, a screech, cry, Ir. sgread, M. Ir. seret : *skriddo-, "W. ysgri, 
 
 root skri, skrei ; 0. H. G. scrian, cry, Ger. sckrei, Eng. scream, 
 
 screech ; Lat. scred ( = screjd), a hawk. 
 Sgreag, dry, parch ; from the Scandinavian — Norwegian skrehka, 
 
 shrink, parch, Swed. skraka, a great dry tree, Eng. shrink, 
 
 scraggy (from. Scandinavian). 
 Sgreamh, abhorrence, disgust, Ir. screamh : *skrimo-, root skri, 
 
 slcrei ; Norse skrcema, scare away, Swed. skrdma, Dan. 
 
 skrcemme. 
 Sgreamh, thin scum or rind, ugly skin (M'A.) ; root skr of sgar. 
 Sgreang, a wrinkle : *skrengo-, I. E. sqreng, shrink; Eng. shrink 
 
 (Dr Cameron). See sgraing. 
 Sgreataidh, disgusting, horrible : *skritto-, root skri of sgreamh, 
 
 q.v. 
 Sgreubh, dry up, crack by drought, Sgreath (M'A., who has 
 
 Sgreoth, parch as cloth) ; cf. Eng. shrivel, from a Scandinavian 
 
 source — base skriv-, 0. Northumbrian screpa, pine, Norwegian 
 
 skrypa, waste ; or Sc. scrae, dry, withered person, old withered 
 
 shoe, Norwegian skroje. 
 Sgreuch, sgriach, a scream, screech, Ir. sgrdach, E. Ir. screch : 
 
 *skreikd, root skrei, as in sgread, q.v. Eng. screech, shriek are 
 
 from the same root (not stem). W. ysqr&eh seems borrowed 
 
 from the Eng. 
 Sgreunach, shivering (Arran) : *sqreng-no- ; see sgraing. 
 sgribhinn, rocky side of a hill or shore (Arm., M'A.) ; for sgridhinn, 
 
 from the Norse skri&a, pi. skriSna, a landslip on a hill-side. 
 
 See sgrkodan. 
 Sgrid, breath, last breath of life : *skriddi-, root skri of sgread. 
 Sgriob, a scratch, furrow, line, Ir. scrioh, E. Ir. scrih, mark, scripad, 
 
 scratching; from Lat. scribo, write, draw lines, whence also 
 
 Norse skrifa, scratch, write, W. ysgrif, a notch. 
 Sgriobh, write, Ir. sgriobhaim, 0-. Ir. scribaim, W. ysgrifo, Br. 
 
 skriva, skrifa ; from Lat. scribo, write. 
 Sgrlodan, a stony ravine on a mountain side, track of a mountain 
 
 torrent, a continuous run of stones on a mountain side ; from 
 
 Norse skri&a, pi. skricSna, a landslip on a hill-side, skrltfa, to 
 
 glide, Ger. schreiten, stride ; Prov. English screes, sliding 
 
 stones, Sc. scriddan (from the Gaelic). 
 Sgrios, destroy, Ir. scriosaim, M. Ir. scrisaim : *skrissi- for 
 
 *skr-sti-, root skar of sgar, q.v. 
 Sgriotachan, a squalling infant ; from scread. 
 Bgrioth, gravel (Islay), sgriothail, a lot of small items (Badenoch) : 
 
 *skritii,-, root sker ; cf. Eng. short, I. E. shrdh, little, short. 
 Sgrdb, scratch, Ir. scrobaim : *skrobbo-, from skrob, scratch ; Lat. 
 
 ^scrobis, a ditch, scrofa, a pig (" scratcher up") ; Eng. scrape ; 
 
 Lettic skrdbt, scrape, Ch. SI. skreb, scrape. 
 
OF TfiE GAELIC LANGtJAQfi. 289 
 
 sgrobha, a screw, so Ir. ; from the Eng. 
 
 Sgrog, the head or side of the head (in ridicule), a hat or bonnet ; 
 
 vb. Sgrog, put on the bonnet firmly, scrog ; from the Sc. 
 
 scrog, scrug, Eng. shrug. In the sense of " head," compare 
 
 sgruigean. 
 Sgrog, Sgrogag, anything shriveUed, a shrivelled old woman, old 
 
 cow or ewe, Sgrog, shrivel ; from the Sc. scrog, a stunted 
 
 bush, scraggy, stunted, Eng. scraggy, Dan. shrog, Swed. shrohk, 
 
 anything shrunken, Norse shrokhr. 
 Sgroill, a peeling or paring, anything torn off; from Scandinavian 
 
 — Dan. skrcbel, peelings or parings of apples, potatoes, Norse 
 
 shrill, a mob. 
 sg^ub, hesitate, sgrubail, a hesitating, Ir. scrub, hesitate, sgruh- 
 
 alach, scrupulous ; from Eng. scruple. 
 sgrdd, examine, search, Ir. scnidaim, 0. Ir. scriitaim ; from Lat. 
 
 scrdtor, Eng. scrutiny. 
 sgruigean, neck of a bottle, the neck (in ridicule), Ir. sgruigin, 
 
 neck of a bottle, short-necked person ; cf. sgrog. 
 Sgruit, an old shrivelled person, a thin person, Ir. sgruta, an old 
 
 man, sgrutach, lean, sgrut, a contemptible person ; cf. Norse 
 
 skrudda, a shrivelled skin, old scroll. 
 SgrMhan (sgrii'an), a shock of corn (A^synt) ; from Norse sknif, 
 
 hay-cock. 
 Sguab, a broom or besom, Ir. sguab, E. Ir. scuap, 0. Ir. scopiha, 
 
 scopata, W. ysguh, Br. shuba ; from Lat. scopa. 
 Sguaigeis, coquetry ; cf. giiag. 
 sguch, sprain, strain a joint : " spring ;'' cf. E. Ir. scuchim, I 
 
 depart, root skak, Lit. szdkti, jump, spring (see sgeun). 
 Sgud, lop, snatch ; cf. W. ysgdth, scud, whisk, Eng. scud, Sc. scoot, 
 
 squirt, etc. G. is borrowed. 
 Sgfld, a cluster : 
 sgiid, a scout ; from the Eng. 
 Sgudal, fish-guts, offal ; cf. cut. 
 
 sgnga, coarse clumsyperson, sgugach, a soft boorish fellow; see guga. 
 Sguidilear, a scullion ; from the So. scudler, scudle, cleanse. 
 Sguids, thrash, dress flax, Ir. sguitsim ; from Eng. scutch. 
 Sguir, cease, stop, Ir. sguirim, 0. Ir. scorim, desist, unyoke : 
 
 *skori6, root sker, skor, separate ; see sgar. 
 Sgiiird, Sgiiirt, the lap, a smock, apron, Ir. sguird; from Eng. 
 
 skirt, Norse skhrta, a shirt. 
 Sguit, the footboard in a boat : 
 sguit, a wanderer (scuite, Shaw) : Macpherson's scuta, whence he 
 
 derives Scotti — an invention of his own % 
 Sgulan, a large wicker basket ; from Scandinavian — Norse skjdla, 
 
 a bucket, Sc. skeil, tub, skull, shallow basket of oval form. 
 
 37 
 
2'9() ETYilOLOGICAL ClCMOSfAllt 
 
 lu Sutherland, s^ulag means " a basket for holding the 
 
 linen." 
 Sgum, scum, foam ; from Norse skilm, foam, M. Eng. scum, now 
 
 scum, Ger. schaum, foam. 
 Sgiiman, a skirt, tawdry head-dress, corn sack : 
 sgumrag, a fire-shovel, a Cinderella : 
 Sgiir, scour, Ir. sg4raim ; from the English, 
 si, she, Ir., 0. Ir. si ; see i. 
 sia, six, Ir. s6 ; see se. 
 slab, wipe, sweep along, puiF away : *sveibbo-, root sveib, sweep; 
 
 Norse sveipr, sweep, Eng. sweep. Also siabh. Hence siaban, 
 
 sand drift, 
 siabh. a dish of stewed periwinkles (Heb.) : 
 siabhas, idle ceremony : 
 siabhrach, a fairy, Ir. sidbhra, E. Ir. siabrae, siabur, fairy, ghost, 
 
 W. hwyfar in Gwenhwyfar, Guinevere (?) : *seihro- : 
 siabunn, slopunn, soap, Ir. siabhainn (Fol.), W. sebon ; from Lat. 
 
 sapo(n), from Teut. saipo, whence Eng. soap, Ger. seife, Norse 
 
 sdpa. 
 siach, sprain, strain a joint : 
 siachair, a pithless wretch ; from siach. 
 siad, a stink : *seiddo-, blow ; see seid. 
 siad, sloth, Ir. siadhail, sloth : 
 sian, a scream, Ir. sian, voice, shout, sound, E. Ir. sian : *sveno-, 
 
 which Stokes {Zeit."^^ 59) explains as *sesveno-, root sven, 
 
 sound (see seinn). 
 sian, a pile of grass, beard of barley, Ir., E. Ir. sion, foxglove, 
 
 0. W. fionou, roses, Br. foeonnenn, privet. Stokes gives the 
 
 Celtic as * s(p)edno-. Gadelic might be allied to Lat. spina, 
 
 thorn. 
 sian, a charm ; see seun, 
 sian, storm, rain, Ir. sion, weather, season, storm, 0. Ir. sin, 
 
 tempesta's, W. hin, weather, M. Br. hynon, fair weather : 
 
 * send ; root si (sei) as in sin, star ; Norse seinn, slow, late, 
 
 M. H. G. seine, slowly, Eng. sith, since. 
 siar, westward, aside, Ir. siar, 0. Ir. siar ; from s-iar, see iar, 
 
 west, and s- under suas. 
 siatag, rheumatism ; from Lat. sciatica. 
 sibh, you, ye, Ir. si67i, 0. Ir. sib, si, W. chwi, 0. W. hui. Cor. why, 
 
 Br. choui: *sves, for s-ves (Brug. ; Stokes has *svSs); Gr. 
 
 cr<j()0)6, you two, Got. izvis {iz-vis) ; the ves is allied to Lat. vos. 
 
 The form si6/t is for *svi-svi. 
 sic, the prominence of the belly (H.S.D.), peritoneum (M'A.) : 
 sicir, wise, steady ; from Sc. sic/cer, M. Eng. siker, from Lat. 
 
 securus, now Eng. sure. W. sicr is from M. Eng. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 291 
 
 sid, weather, peaceful weather after storm, tide : * sizdi-, 
 
 " settling," root sed, sit ? Ir. has side in the sense of " blast," 
 
 from s^id. 
 sil, drop, distil, Ir. silhn, perf. sihlais, stillavit : *svilid. Stokes 
 
 gives the root as stil, Lat. stillo, drop, Gr. a-riX-q (do.). 
 
 Hence silt, a drop. 
 sile, spittle, saliva, Ir. seile, 0. Ir. saile, W. haliw, Br. hal, halo : 
 
 *salivd (Stokes) ; Lat. saliva. Stokes says that they appear 
 
 to be borrowed from Lat., while Wharton thinks the Lat. is 
 
 borrowed from Gaulish. 
 siliche, a lean, pithless creature : " seedy," from siol ? 
 simid, a mallet, beetle, Ir. siomaide : 
 similear, a chimney, Ir. seimileur, simnear, simne ; from Eng., Sc. 
 
 chimley, Eng. ckimney. 
 simleag, a silly woman ; from tho iicit word. 
 simplidh, simple, Ir. simplidhe, silly, simple ; from Lat. simplex, 
 
 whence Eng. simple, W. syml. 
 sin, that, Ir., 0. Ir. sin, 0. W. hinn, W. hyn, hwn, lion, Corn, ken, 
 
 lion (fem.), Br. hen, Gaul, sosin ( = so-sin) ; from root so (sjo), 
 
 as in -sa, so, q.v. 
 sin, stretch, Ir., 0. Ir. sinim : *sSno-, root se, mittere, let go ; Lat. 
 
 sino, sitiis ; Gr. i'lj/it, send. Of. svr (from "^sSro-, long). 
 
 Allied is root sei, sei, si, mittere, Norse si&r, long, seinn, slow. 
 
 Lit. seinyti, reach, 
 sine, a teat, Ir., E. Ir. sine, triphne, three-teated : *svenio- for 
 
 *spenio-, root spen of Lit. spenys, udder teat, 0. Pruss. 
 
 spenis, teat, Norse speni, teat, Du. speen, udder, Sc. spain, wean, 
 sinn, we, us, Ir. sinn, E. Ir. sinn, sinne, 0. Ir. ni, sni, snisni, sninni, 
 
 W. ni, nyni. Cor. ny, nyni, Br. ni : *nes (Brug. ; Stokes gives 
 
 nes), accusative form, allied to Lat. nos, Skr. nas, Gr. vw. The 
 
 s of sni is due to analogy with the s of sibh, or else prothetic 
 
 (cf. is-sd, he is), 
 sinnsear, ancestors, Ir. sinnsear, ancestors, an elder person, E. Ir. 
 
 sinser, elder, ancestor : *senistero-, a double comparative form 
 
 (like Lat. minister, magister) from sean, old, q.v. 
 sinte, plough traces ; from sin. 
 sinteag, a skip, pace ; from sin. 
 siob, drift as snow (M'A.) ; see siab. 
 siobag, a blast of the mouth, puff, Ir. siobdg ; cf. siah. 
 siobail, fish, angle (M'A.) : 
 siobhag, a straw, candle wick : 
 
 sioblach, a long streamer, long pifersou (M'A.) ; from siah i 
 siobhalta, civil, peaceful, Ir, sibhealta, from Ir. siothamhuil, peace- 
 able, E. Ir. sidaTnail. Borrowing from Eng. civil has beeij 
 
 suggested (Celt. Mag.^^ 169). 
 
292 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION ART 
 
 siochaint, peace, Ir. siochdin, peace, sioihchdnta, peaceful ; from 
 
 sith. 
 Siochair, a dwarf, fairy, M. Ir. sidhcaire, fairy host, sithcuiraibh 
 
 (dat. pi.), E. Ir; sithchaire ; from sith, fairy, and cuire, host 
 
 (Ger. heer. army, Eng. herald). 
 Bioda, silk, Ir. sioda, E. Ir. sita, W. sidan ; from L. Lat. s&ta, silk, 
 
 from Lat. sita, a bristle, hair ; -whence Ag. S. side, silk, Eng. 
 
 Biogach, pale, ill-coloured, Ir. sioffach, streaked, ill-coloured, sioff, a 
 
 streak, a shock of com : 
 siogach, greasy (M'A.), lazy (M'F.) : 
 siogaid, a starveling, lean person ; from Lat. siccus ? 
 Siol, seed, Ir. siol, 0. Ir. si/, semen, W. hil: *selo-n, root se, sow; 
 
 Lat. semen ; Eng. seed, Ger. saat ; Lit. pa-selps, a sowing. 
 siola, a gill ; from the Eng. 
 siola, a wooden collar for a plough horse ; from Scandinavian — 
 
 Swed. sela, a wooden collar, Norse seli, harness, sili, a strap, 
 
 Sc. sele, a wooden collar to tie cattle to the stalls. 
 siola, a syllable, Ir. siolla, E. Ir. siUdb ; from Lat. syllaha, whence 
 
 Eng. syllable. 
 Sioladh, straining, filtering, Ir. sioUhughadh, E. Ir. sithlad-, W. 
 
 hidlo, hidl, a filter ; also 0. Ir. sithal = Lat. situla, a bucket ; 
 
 from Lat. situla (Stokes Lismore). G. sioladh also means 
 
 " subsiding," and leans for its meaning, if not its origin, upon 
 
 ^th, peace. 
 Siolag, a sand-eel : 
 siolc, snatch, pilfer : 
 siolgach, lazy, dwarfish : 
 
 sioU, a tarn, rotation (M'A.), W. chwyl ; see seal. 
 siolta, a teal, small wild duck ; from Eng. teal ? 
 SI Oman, a rope of straw or hay ; from the Norse sima, g. pi. simna, 
 
 a rope, cord, Sc. simmonds, heather ropes (Orkney), Teut. 
 
 * Simon-, Ag. S. sima, fetter ; Gr. Ifiovla (i long), well rope ; 
 
 I. E. stmon^, a bond, band, seio-, bind, 
 siomlach ; see seamlaeh. 
 sion, something, anything; also "weather," for sian, whence 
 
 possibly this meaning of " anything" comes. 
 sionadh, lord (M'Pherson's Fingal i, 341) : if genuine, the root 
 
 may be sen, old ; cf. Lat. senior, now Eng. sir. 
 sionnach, a fox, so Ir., E. Ir. sinnach, sindach, 0. Ir. sinnchenae, 
 
 vulpecula : ^ 
 
 sionnsar, bagpipe chanter, Ir. siunsoir ; from the Eng. chanter. 
 siopunn, soap ; see siabunn. 
 Sior, long, continual, Ir. sior, 0. Ir. sir, comparative sia, W. hir, 
 
 compar. hwy. Cor., Br. hir : *sero-s ; Lat. sirv^, late, Fr. soir, 
 
 evening, Eng. soiree ; Skr. sdyd, evening. See sian, sin. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 293 
 
 siorra (M'A., M'E.), siorraimh, siorram (H.S.D.), a sheriff, 
 siorrachd, siorramachd, county, Ir. sirriamh, M. Ir. sirriam ; 
 from M. Eng. shirreve, now sheriff, " shire-reeve." The So. is 
 shirr a usually. 
 
 siorradh, a deviation, onset : *sith-rad, from sith ? 
 
 SiOTTuidh, eternal, Ir. siorruidhe ; from * sir-rod, eternity, ^or. 
 
 sios, down, Ir. sios, 0. Ir. sis : *s-is, from s- (see suas) and is, or 
 \os, q.v. 
 
 siosar, a scissors, Ir. siosur ; from the Eng. 
 
 sir, search, Ir. sirim {sirim. Con.), E. Ir. sirim : *s(ji)eri-, root sper, 
 foot it; Norse spyrja, ask, track, Sc. spere, ask after, Ger. 
 spiiren, trace, track, also further Eng. spur ; Lat. sperno 
 (Eng. spurn allied), etc. The vowel of sir is short (otherwise 
 Stokes' Diet, Rhys Manx Pray? 71, who compares W. 
 ckwilio). 
 
 siris, sirist, a cherry, Ir. siris, W. ceirios ; from M. Eng. *ckeris, 
 from 0. Fr. cerise, Lat. cerasus, Gr. Kepao-os. 
 
 siteag, a dunghill ; from the Eng. 
 
 sith, a stride, onset, a dart to, M. Ir. sith, onset ; cf. Ir. sith-, 
 intensive prefix (O'Don., Gr. 277), E. Ir. sith, long, W. hyd, 
 to, as far as, 0. W. hit, longitudo, usque ad, Br. hed, length, 
 during : *seti, root se, as in sior, long (Stokes). 
 
 Sith, peace, Ir. sith, sioth, E. Ir. sith, 0. Ir. sid : *sSdos (neut. s 
 stem), root sed {sid) of suidhe, q.v. ; Lat. sSdo, settle ; Lit. 
 seddti, sit. W. hedd, peace, is from sed. 
 
 Sith, a fairy, sithich (do.), Ir. sidh, a fairy hill, sigh, a fairy, 
 sighetg (do.), 0. Ir. side, dei terreni, whose dwelling is called 
 sid ; in fact, side, the fairy powers, is the pi. (gen. s. ?) of sid, fairy 
 dwelling or mound, while its gen. sing, appears in mnd side, 
 fir side : *sedos, g. sedesos, as in the case of sith, peace, which 
 is its homonym (Stokes) ; root sed, sed, Gr. eSos, a temple or 
 statue, literally an "ahode" or "seat;" Lat. noven-sides, 
 noven^siles, the new gods imported to Rome. Thurneysen has 
 compared Lat. sidus, a constellation, "dwelling of the gods." 
 Hence sithean, a green knoll, fairy knoll. 
 
 sithionn, venison, Ir. sidh and sidheann (O'R.), M. Ir. sieng, W. 
 hyddgig ( = " stag's flesh"), from hydd, stag, red deer : *sedi-, 
 deer ; to which is to he referred M. Ir. segh ( = agh allaidh, 
 O'Cl.), E. Ir. s^g ( = oss allaidh, Conn.). 
 
 sitig, the rafter of a kiln laid across, on which the corn is dried : 
 
 sitir, sitrich, neighing, Ir. sitreach; cf. sM, blow (^ svid-tri-). 
 
 siubhal, walking, so Ir., M. Ir. siubal, for *siumal, W. chivy f, 
 motus, chwyfu, move, stir, M. 'Er.fifvxd, now finval, stir; root 
 svem, move ; 0. H. G., Ag. S. swimman, Eng. swim. 
 
 giubhla ; see luighe-siuhhla. 
 
294 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONART 
 
 siuc, a word by which horses are called : 
 
 siucar (siticar, H.S.D.), sugar, Ir. siucra, W. siigr ; from M. Eng. 
 
 sugre, Fr. sucre. 
 sitidadh, swinging ; from So. showd, swing, waddle, 0. Sax. 
 
 shvddian, shake, 0. Du. schudden (do.), Eng. shudder. 
 siug, call to drive away hens ; cf . Eng. shoo ! 
 siunas, lovage plant ; see sunais. 
 SI up, a tail, appendage ; cf. seap. 
 siursach, a whore ; from the Eng , with the G. fem. termination 
 
 -seach (see binnseach). 
 siuthad, say away, begin, go on : *seo-tu, " here you,'' from so and 
 
 tu ? Cf. trobhad, thiigad. 
 slabhag, pith of a horn : 
 slabhagan, a kind of reddish sea-weed, sloke, Ir. slahhacdn ; from 
 
 Eng. sloke, Sc. slohe, slake. 
 slabhraidh, a chain, Ir. slabhra, 0. Ir. sldbrad : *slab-rad, from 
 
 slab, root lag of Gr. \afj,pdvb), I take, catch, Eng. latch. 
 slachd, thrash, beat, Ir. slacairim ; root slag, sleg, or slg, E. Ir. 
 
 sligim, beat, strike : *sleg6, beside I. E., slak, as in Got. slaka, 
 
 strike, Ger. schlagen (do.), Eng. slay (Stokes for sligim) ; 
 
 further Lat. lacerare, lacerate, Gr. AaKtfu), tear (Kluge). 
 
 Hence slachdan, beetle, rod. 
 slad, theft, Ir. slad,M.. Ir. slat : * sladdo-. Stokes gives the Celtic 
 
 as *stlatto-, allied to Lat. stldta (stlatta), pirate ship, and 
 
 Eng. steal. The modern forms point to Gadelic *sladdo-, 
 
 for *stl-ddo-, allied to Eng. steal ? 
 sladhag, a sheaf of corn ready to be thrashed (H.S.D.) : 
 sliib, mire; see lahan. Skeat refers Eng. slab, slime, but it is 
 
 likely native (cf. slop, etc.). 
 slaid, a munificent gift : 
 slaightear, slaoightear, a rogue, Ir. sloitire, rogue, sloitireachd, 
 
 roguery, M. Ir. sleteoracht, theft (O'Cl.) ; from slad (Ir. sloit), 
 
 rob. 
 slaim, great booty, a heap : from the Sc. slam, a share or posses- 
 sion acquired not rightly, slammach, to seize anything not 
 
 entirely by fair means, Swed. slama, heap together, 
 slais, lash ; from the Eng. 
 slam, a lock of hair or wool, Ir. slam, E. Ir. slamm : * slags-men, 
 
 Gr. Xdxvos, wool, Aaxv'?, down (otherwise Prellwitz, who 
 
 refers Gr. to *vlk-snd, root vel of olann, q.v.). 
 slaman, curdled milk, Ir. slamanna, clots, flakes (O'CL), E. Ir. 
 
 slaimred (na fola) : 
 slin, healthy, whole, Ir., 0. Ir. sldn : *sl-no- (Brug.), *s9ldno-s 
 
 (Stokes); Lat. salvus ( = sf-w-, Brug.), safe, solidus, firm, 
 
 Eng. solid ; Gr. oAos, whole ( = (roA,Fos) ; Eng, silly, originally 
 
OP tSe gaSLic Language. 295 
 
 meaning " blessed," Ger. selig, blessed ; Skr. sda-vas, whole, 
 
 all. W., Br. holl is referred here by Stokes, etc., more 
 
 immediately allied to Lat. sollus, whole, all. 
 slaod, drag, trail, Ir. slaodaim, draw after, slide, slaod, a raft, 
 
 float, E. Ir. sldet, a slide : *sloiddo-, Celtic root sleid, slid ; 
 
 Eng. slid-e, Ag. S. slidan, Ger. schlitten, slide, sledge (n.) ; Lit. 
 
 slidus, smooth. Stokes explains the d of slaod as for dd, 
 
 from -dnd- : * slaidh-n6-. 
 slaop, parboil, slaopach, parboiled, slovenly, Ir. slaopack, luke- 
 warm (O'K.).; also slaopair, a sloven, for which see next. 
 slapach, slapach, slovenly, Ir. slapach, slovenly, slapar, a trail or 
 
 train ; from Scandinavian — Norse sldpr, a good-for-nothing, 
 
 slaepa, vestis promissa et laxa (Jamieson), sloppr, Eng. slop, 
 
 Sc. slavpie, slovenly, Dutch slap, slack, remiss, Ger. schlaff. 
 slapraich, din, noise ; from Eng. slap. 
 slat, a rod, twig, Ir. slat, M. Ir. slat, slatt, W. llath, yslath, Br. 
 
 laz : *slattd ; Eng. lath is from W. M. Eng. latte, Ag. S. 
 
 laetta, 0. H. G. latta, Ger. latfx are also Celtic borrows, Fr. 
 
 latte (Thumeysen), but Kluge regards them as cognate, 
 slaucar, a slouching fellow (Suth.), a taunter ; from Norse sldkr, 
 
 slouching fellow, whence Eng. slotoch. 
 sleagh, a spear, so Ir., E. Ir. sleg : *slgd; Skr. srj, hurl, sling, 
 sleamlminn, slippery, smooth, Ir. sleamhuin, 0. Ir. slemon, W. 
 
 llyfn, smooth, 0. Br. limn (in compounds) : *slib-no-s, root 
 
 slib, sleih ; Norse sleipr, slippery, Eng. slip, slippery ; Gr. 
 
 dA.t/3/)os, Xi.j3p6s, slippery. See sliabh also. 
 sl6igeil, dilatory, sleugach, drawling, slow, sly; also leug, 
 
 laziness ; from the Sc. shek ? 
 sleuchd, kneel, Ir. sleachdain, 0. Ir. slechtaim, ; from Lat. fleclo. 
 sliabh, a moor, mountain, Ir. sliabh, mountain, 0. Ir. slidb : 
 
 *sleibos, root sleib, slib, glide, down, I. E. sleigo- ; Eng. slope, 
 
 from slip, Norse sleipr, slippery ; see sleamhuinn. W. llwyf, 
 
 platform, loft, seems allied to G. sliabh. 
 sliachdair, spread any soft substance by trampling, daub : 
 
 *sleikto-, sleig, Norse slikr, smooth, Eng. sleek, Ger. schlick, 
 
 grease, the original idea being " greasy," like soft mud. Cf. 
 
 E. Ir. sliachtad, smoothing, preening, 
 sliasaid, sliasad (sliaisd. Dial.), thigh, Ir. sliasad, 0. Ir. sliassit, 
 
 poples : a diphthongal form of the root of slis, q.v. 
 slibist, a sloven ; cf. Ir. sliobair, drag along ; from Eng. slip. 
 
 slige, a scale of a balance, a shell, Ir. slige, a grisset, shell, 0. Ir. 
 
 slice, lanx, ostrea : *sleggio-, root sleg, for which cf. slachd. 
 slighe, a way, Ir. slighe, E. L*. slige, g. sliged : *sleget-, root sleg of 
 
 Ir. sligim, I strike {ro sligsetar, ro selgatar rotu, they hewed 
 
 out ways). See slachd further. ' 
 
^96 ETtMOLOGlCAt DICWOlJAElf 
 
 slinn, a weaver's sley or reed, Ir. slinn, a sley, M. Ir. slind, pecten, 
 also slige, pecten, which suggests for slinn a stem : *sleg-s-ni-, 
 sleg being the same root as that of slighe and slachd. Cf. 
 Eng. sley allied to slay, smite. Stokes refers both 0. Ir. 
 slind, tile and weaver's sley, to the root splid, splind, Eng. 
 split, splint. See slinnean and sliseag further. 
 
 slinnean, shoulder blade, shoulder, Ir. slinnedn, M. Ir. slind^n : cf. 
 0. Ir. slind, imbrex, tile, Ir. slinn, slate, tile, also E. Ir. slind- 
 ger, smooth-sharp, slate-polished (?), slind-glanait, whetstone- 
 cleaned : *slindir; root slid, skid, smooth, glide, Eng. slide, 
 Lit. slidiis, smooth. Stokes refers slind, imbrex, to the root 
 splid, splind, split, Eng. split, splint ; see sliseag. 
 
 sliob, stroke, rub, lick, Ir. sliobhaim, polish, M. Ir. slipthe, whet- 
 tened, slibad, whetting, W. yslipan, burnish ; from Norse or 
 Ag. S. — Norse slipa, whet, make sleek, Ag. S. slipan, shp, 
 gUde, M. L. Ger. slipen, sharpen, M. Du. slijpen, pohsh, 
 sharpen. 
 
 sliochd, posterity, tribe, Ir. sliochd, M. Ir. slicht, trace, track, 
 0. Ir. slict, vestigium : *slektti-, root sleg of slighe and slachd. 
 For similar origin, cf. Ger. geschlecht, race, lineage. 
 
 sliOgacb, sly, Ir. sHogach, sleek, fawning, sligtfieach, sly ; from 
 Eng., Sc. sleeh, Norse slikr, smooth ; I. E. sleig, glide (see 
 sliahh). 
 
 sliom, sleek, slippery, slim, Ir. sliomaim, flatter, smooth, gloss 
 over ; from Eng. slim, sly, crafty, slender, now " slim," Sc. 
 slim, naughty, slim o'er, gloss over, 0. Du. slim, awry, crafty, 
 Ger. schlimm, bad, cunning. Hence G. sliomaire, weakling, 
 craven. 
 
 sliop, a lip, blubber lip ; from Eng. lip. 
 
 slios, the side of a man or beast, flank, Ir. slios, 0. Ir. sliss, pi. 
 slessa, W. ystlis : *stlisti-, root stel, extend, Lat. stldtus, Idttos, 
 wide, Ch. SI. stelja, spread. 
 
 slis, sliseag, a chip, Ir. slis, slise6g, E. Ir. sliss : *slissi-, from 
 * splid-s-ti-, root splid, Eng. split, splice, splint, Ger. spleissen, 
 etc. Eng. slice has been compared, Eng. slit, root slid, which 
 could also produce the Gadelic forms. 
 
 sloe, a pit, plough, Ir. sloe : *slukko-, for *slug-ko-, root slug, 
 swallow, as in slug, q.v. Skeat derives hence Ag. S. sl6h, 
 Eng. slouch. Ger. schlucht, hollow, ravine, is referred by 
 Kluge to the root slup, lubricus. 
 
 slod, a puddle, Ir. slod ; see lod. 
 
 sldcan, sloke ; from the Sc. or Eng. sloTce. 
 
 sloinn, surname, Ir. sloinnim, I name, 0. Ir. slondim, name, 
 significo, slond, significatio, 0. W. istlinnit, profatur, M. W. 
 cy-stlwn, family and clan name, W. ystlyned, kindred, ystlen, 
 sex : *stlondo-, *stlondi6, I speak, name. 
 
OP I'HB GAELIC LANGUAGE. 297 
 
 sloisir, dash, beat against sea-like, daub ; from Sc. slaister, 
 bedaub, a wet liquid mass, to move clumsily through a miry 
 road, also slesUr (Badenoch Dial, sleastair, bedaub). 
 
 sluagh, people, Ir. sluagh, 0. Ir. sltiag, d6g, W, lla, Corn, lu, 
 Gaul, slbgi in Catu-siocji : *slouffo-s ; of. Slav, sliiga, a servant, 
 Lit. slauginti. 
 
 sluaisreadh, act of mixing (lime, etc.) with a shovel ; see next 
 word. 
 
 sluasaid, a shovel, Ir. sluasad, a paddle, a shovel : 
 
 slug, swallow, slugadh (inf.), Ir. slugaim, E. Ir. slucim, slocim : 
 *slugg6, root slug, lug, swallow ; Ger. schlucken, to swallow, 
 M. H. G. slucken ; Gr. Xv^(o, Xvyyaivo), have the hiccup. W. 
 llwnc, gullet, a gulp, llyncu, to swallow, O. Br. ro-luncas, 
 guturicavit, M. Br. Uuncafi are allied to E. Ir. longad, now 
 longadh, eating, which is a nasalised form of the root sliig^ 
 lug. 
 
 smachd, authority, correction, Ir. smachd, 0. Ir. smacht, M. Ir. 
 smachtaigim, I enjoin, smacht, fine for breaking the law : 
 *smaktiii^, from s-mag, root mag, I. E. magh, be strong • Eng^ 
 may. Got. magan, be able ; Gr. firjxos, means (see mac). 
 
 smad, a particle, jot : "spot, stain" (see smod). From Sc. smad, 
 smot, a stain, Eng. smut. Ir. has smaddn, soot, smut. Of. also 
 M. Ir. smot, a scrap, Ir. smotdn, a block, W. ysmot, patch, 
 spot. 
 
 smM, threaten, intimidate, boast : 
 
 smag, smog, a paw ; see smdg. 
 
 smal, dust, spot, blemish, Ir. smdl ; root smal, mal (smel, mel), 
 Lit. smdlkas, dust, smelynan, sand field, smelalis, sand, Lettic 
 smelis, ■water sand. Got. mdlma, sand, Norse me/r, sand hill. 
 
 Cf. OTsit 
 
 mil, snuff a candle, Ir. sTndl, embers, snuff of candle ; cf. the 
 above wcia. 
 
 smalag, the young saith or cuddie : 
 
 smaoin, think ; see smvain. 
 
 smarach, a lad, a growing youth (Badenoch) ; root sm/ir, from 
 mar, mer ; Gr. [leipa^, boy, Skr. maryakds, a mannie, mdryas, 
 young man. Lit. marti, bride ; also W. morwyn, girl, merch, 
 daughter, Br. merc'h. 
 
 smarag, an emerald, Ir. smaragaid ; from Lat. smaragdus, whence 
 through Fr. comes Eng. emerald. 
 
 smeachan, the chin, Ir. smeach, smeaclian, E. Ir. smech : *smelcd ; 
 Lit. smahra, Lettic smakrs, chin, palate ; Skr. pma(ru, mous- 
 tache. 
 
 smeadairneach, a slumber, light sleep ; 
 
 smeallach, smealach, remains, offals, dainties : ... 
 
 38 
 
298 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY 
 
 SmMd, beckon, nod, Ir. smdidim, beckon, nod, hiss : *S7neiddi-, 
 
 root smeid, smile, Gr. /AttSao), smile, Pruss. smaida, a smile, 
 
 Eng. smile. W. amneidio, beckon, nod, 0. W. enmeittiou, 
 
 nutus, 0. Br. enmetiam, innuo, do not agree in vowel with 
 
 Gadelic. 
 smeileach, pale, ghastly, smeilean, a pale, puny person; cf. 
 
 meilecuih. 
 smedirn, the end of an arrow next the bowstring, Ir. smeirne, a 
 
 spit, broach (Sh., O'R.) : 
 smedrach, a thrush, Ir. smSlach, smol, M. Ir. smolach ; cf. W. 
 
 mwyalch, blackbird : *smitgal-, *smugl-, from mug (see 
 
 much) ? 
 smeur, smiar, anoint, smear, Ir. smearaim, grease, smear; from 
 
 the Eng. For root see smior. 
 smeur, smiar, a bramble berry, Ir. smeur, E. Ir. sm4r, W. mwyaren, 
 
 Br. mouar (pi.) : 
 smid, a syllable, opening of the mouth, a word, Ir. smid : *smiddi-, 
 
 root smid, smeid, smile, laugh, as in smeid ? 
 smig, the chin, Ir. smig, M. Ir. STneice (O'C.) : *STneggi- for 
 
 *smek-gi, root smek, as in smeachan? 
 Smigeadh, a smile, smiling, Ir. smig, smigeadh : * smlggi, root 
 I sm,i, smile, for which see smeid. Also miog, q.v. 
 ,smiodaii, spirit ; from Sc. sm^ddum. 
 smiolamus, refuse of a feast (M'A.) ; see smyolamus. 
 smior, smear, marrow, Ir. sm.ior. E. Ir. smir, g. smera, W. mer : 
 
 *smeru- ; 0. H. G. smero, grease, Ag. S. smeoru, lard, Eng. 
 
 smear, Norse smjdrr, butter. 
 smiot, throw in the air with one hand and strike with the other ; 
 
 formed on Eng. smite. 
 smiotach, crop-eared : 
 
 smitir, smear ; from the Sc. smear, Eng. smear. See smeur. 
 smod, dirt, dust, also (according to M'A.) drizzling rain ; from Sc. 
 
 smat, Eng. smut. See smad. 
 smodal, sweepings, crumbs, fragments, smattering, M. Ir. smot, a 
 
 scrap ; cf. above word, 
 smdg, Sm^g, a paw; cf. Norse smjiiga, creep through a hole, 
 
 Ag. S. smdgan, creep, Eng. smuggle. For sm&g, see also 
 
 WMg. 
 smolamas, trash, fragments of victuals : 
 smuain, a thought, Ir. smvaineadh, M. Ir. smuained : *smoudn-, 
 
 root smovd, maud ; Got. gamavdjan, remind, cause to 
 
 remember ; Ch. SI. mysU-, thought (Strachan). 
 smuairean, grief, dejection : *smoudro-, root smoud of above ? 
 smuais, marrow, juice of the bones, Ir. smiiais, marrow, E. Ir, 
 
 smwas ; 
 
of THfl GAfiLIC LA^fGtJAGB. 299 
 
 smuais, smash, Ir. smuais, shivers, in pieces ; from Eng. smash. 
 
 smtic, a snivel, a nasal sound (smuch, M'A.) ; for root, see smvg 
 {* s-miic-c). 
 
 smticaii, smoke, drizzle ; from Eng. smoke. 
 
 smtidaii, a particle of dust ; see smod. 
 
 smiidau, a small block of wood, Ir. smotan, stock, block, log : 
 
 smtidan, smoke ; see smidd. 
 
 smug, snot, spittle, smugaid, spittle, Ir. smug, smugaid : *smugjo-, 
 root sm'ug, mug, mucus ; Lat. emungo, wipe the nose. The 
 root mug is a by-form of muq, mucus, seen in Lat. mucus, etc.; 
 for which see muc. 
 
 smuid, smoke, Ir. sm'did, E. Ir. smiiit, smiitgur, smUtcheo : 
 *sm,iiddi-, root smud. Cf. Eng. smut, Ger. schmutz, dirt ; 
 which Zim. thinks the Gadelic borrowed from, though the 
 meaning makes this unlikely. There are three allied roots 
 on European ground denoting " smoke" — smugh (Gr. cr/naxu, 
 smoulder), sTtviig or smaug (Eng. smoke) and smud (G. smuid). 
 
 smuig, a snout, the face (in ridicule) ; from the Eng. mug, ugly 
 face. 
 
 smtrach, dross, peat dross, smuir, dust, a particle of dust, 
 smuirnean, a mote ; cf. Sc. smwrach, peat dross, smore, smurr, 
 a drizzhng rain, M. Eng. smore, dense smoke, Eng. smother 
 ( = smorther), 0. Du. smoor. O'B. has smur from Sh., and K. 
 Meyer translates M. Ir. smur-chimilt as "grind to dust." 
 
 smut, a bill, snout, Ir. smut, a large flat nose, snout : 
 
 snag, a little audible knock, a wood pecker (snagan-daraich), Ir. 
 snag, hiccup ; cf. Eng. snock, a knock, and the next word. Ir. 
 snaghairdarn, a wood pecker, seems from snaidh. 
 
 suagaireachd, cutting or hacking wood with a knife ; from Dial. 
 Eng. snugger, a tool for snagging or cutting off snags, that is, 
 branches, knots, etc., Sc. snagger-snee, a large knife, snicker- 
 snee, sneg, snag, cut off branches. 
 
 snagarra, active ; from the above roots ; cf . snasmhor. 
 
 snaidh, hew, chip, shape, Ir. snoighim, snaidhim iO'D.) E. Ir 
 snaidim, snaisi, peeled, W. naddu, hew, chip, cut, 0. Cor. 
 rcedim, aBcia (W. neddyf, neddai, adze, Br. eze, neze), M. Br. 
 ezeff: *snad6 ; Ger. schnat, border, schnate, a young twig, 
 Swiss schndtzen, cut. Swab, schnatte, an incision in wood or 
 flesh (Bez. apud Stokes). Strachan suggests the root sknad, 
 Gr. KvaSdXXb), scratch, kvcoSw, tooth (see cnamh). Hence 
 snas, regularity. 
 
 snMg, creep ; from Sc. snaik, sneak in walking, etc., snaikin, 
 sneaking, Eng. sneak, snake. Cf . Ir. snaighim, I creep. 
 
 snaim, a knot, Ir. snaidhm, E. Ir. snaidm, d. snaidmaimm, naidm, 
 bond, nexus : *nadesmen, root ned, bind, I. E. ned/i ; Skr, 
 
SOO EiPTlIOLOGiCAL DICTIONAEif 
 
 ■riah, tie, naddJias, tied; Ger. nestel, lace, 0. H. G. nestila, & 
 band ; Lat, nSdus, for noz-dos, a knot. See nas^. 
 
 snimh, swim, Ir. sndmhain, E. Ir. mdm (inf.), ro s»6, swam, W. 
 mawf, natatio, nofio (vb.), M. Br. neuff, Br. motjih : ^mdmvr 
 (n.), ««(io, I swim ; Lat. no, ndre ; Gr. vaw, flow ; Skr. sndti, 
 bathe, float. 
 
 snaois, a slice, piece ; cf. E. Ir. snaisse, cut, caesus, from snaidh. 
 
 snaoissan, snuff, Ir. maoisin, snisin ; from Eng. sneezing in sneesing 
 ponder, the old name for snuff, Sc. sneeshin, sneezin. 
 
 snaomanacli, a strong, robust fellow, Ir. snaomdnach, stout, jolly 
 fellow, hearty : " knotty," from *snadm- of maim ? 
 
 snaoidh, a bier, Ir. snaoi : 
 
 snap, the trigger of a gun ; from Eng. snap. 
 
 snas, regularity, elegance, Ir. snas : "good cut,'' from snad of 
 snaidh ; E. Ir. snass, a cut. 
 
 sn§,th, thread, Ir. sndth, 0. Ir. sndtlie, W. ysnoden, lace, fillet, 
 noden, thread, Com. noden, snod, vitta, Br. nevdenn : *sndtio-, 
 *sndto-n, root snd, sni, wind, spin ; Skr. sndyu, sinew, bow- 
 string ; Gr. oVvTjTos, well-spun ; Ger. schnur, lace, tie. See 
 the allied sniomh and the next word below. 
 
 snithat, a needle, Ir. sndthad, O. Ir. sndthat, W. nodwydd, 0. Corn. 
 notuid, Br. nadoz, nadoez : *snatantd, sndteijd, from sndt of 
 snMh above ; cf. Eng, needle, Goth, nepla, 0. H. G. nddala, 
 Ger. nadel. 
 
 sneachd, snow, so Ir., 0. Ir. snechta, pi. snechti, nives, W. nyf : 
 *sniqtaio-, *snibi- (Welsh), I. E. snigh, sneigh ; Got. snaiws, 
 Eng. S710W, Ger. schnee ; Lat. nix, nivis ; Gr. vI<jm (ace), 
 vei<f>ii, it snows ; Lit. sninga (vb.), sriegas, snow ; Zend gnizh. 
 
 sneadh, a nit, Ir. sneagh, 0. Ir. sned, W. wec^rf, nits. Com. nedhan, 
 Br. MezewJi : *sknidd ; Ag. S. hnitu, Eng. mi, Ger. rem ; Gr. 
 Kovihei, nits. 
 
 snigh, drop, fall in drops, ooze through in drops, Ir. snidhim, 
 E. Ir. snigim, W. di-neu, effundere, Br. di-nou, melt, thaw, 
 I. 'E. sneigho-, wet ; Skr. snik, snefiati, to be humid. Allied 
 to sneachd. 
 
 snlomh, spin, wind, twist, Ir. sniomhain, M. Ir. snimaire, a spindle, 
 snim, spinning : *snimu-, root, snS, nS ; Gr. vfjfia, yarn. See 
 sndth further. W. has nyddu, nere. Corn, nethe, Br. nezaff. 
 In the sense of " sadness," there is E. Ir. snim, distress, Br. 
 niff, chagrin. 
 
 sndd, affix a fishing hook to the line, Manx snooid ; from Sc. snood, 
 the hair line to which the hook is attached, a fillet, Ag. S. 
 sndd, fillet, Eng. snood. 
 
 snodan, rapid motion of a boat : 
 
 •nod'ha, snodha g&ire, a smile ; see sntuidh. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGtJAGE. 301 
 
 snodhach, sap of a tree ; root mw, flow, Ir. snuadh, a stream, Gr. 
 vkim, swim, Eng. snot, Norse snua, turn, Got. miwan, go. 
 
 snoigeas, testiness ; from So. snog, snag, snarl, flout. 
 
 snot, smell, snufi' the wind, turn up the nose in smelling ; founded 
 on Eng. snout. 
 
 snuadh, hue, appearance, beauty, Ir. snuadh, M. Ir. sniiad ; root 
 snu, flow, as in E. Ir. snuad, hair, head of hair, Ir. snuadh, 
 stream (see snodhach). 
 
 SO, here, this, Ir. so, E. Ir., 0. Ir. seo, so : *sjo- (beside *so, as in 
 -sa, -se), Skr. syd, sd, the, this, Ger. sie, she, they, 0. H. G. 
 siu, she ( = Skr. syd, G. si). 
 
 so-, a prefix denoting good quality, Ir. sd-, 0. Ir. so- su-, W. hy, 
 Br. he- ; Skr. sm-, good, Zend. hu-. 
 
 sobhaidh, s6'aidh, turn, prevent, 0. Ir. s6im, inf. sood, root sov, 
 discussed under iompaidh. 
 
 sobhrach, s6bhrach (M'L.), primrose, Ir. sobhrdg (Fol.), somharcin 
 (O'B.), s6bhrach (O'R.), E. Ir. sobrach, g. sobarche : 
 
 see, forepart of anything, ploughshare, snout, Ir. soc, E. Ir, socc, 
 W. swch (f.), Cor. soch, Br. soc'h, souc'h (m.) : * suceo-, snout, 
 pig's snout, *sulcku-, a pig, W. hwch. Cor. hoch, Br. hou'ch 
 (Ag. S. sugu, Eng. sow, Lat. sus, etc.). So Thurneysen {Bom., 
 112), who clinches his argument by E. Ir. corr being both 
 " crane" and " beak." Fr. soc, ploughshare, Eng. sock are 
 from Celtic. Stokes suggests the possibility of Celtic being 
 from Med. Lat. soccus, vomer, or allied to 0. H. G. seh, vomer, 
 Lat. secare. 
 
 socair, ease, easy, Ir. socair, easy, secure, M. Ir. soccair : 
 
 sochair, a benefit, emolument, Ir. sochar, emolument, wealth, ease, 
 M. Ir. sochor, good contract (Sench. M6r) ; from so- and cor, 
 q.v. 
 
 sochar, silliness, a yielding disposition, socharacli, simple, com- 
 pliant, Ir. sockarach, obliging, easy, W. hi/gar, amiable, Br. 
 hegar, benignus; from so- and car, dear. The Ir. is also 
 from sochar, ease. 
 
 SOChd, silence, Ir. sochd (O'R., Sh.), M. Ir. socht : *sop-tu-, root svop 
 of svain (Dr Cameron). 
 
 sod, noise of boiling water, steam of water in which meat is boiled, 
 boiled meat, Ir. sod, boiled meat (O'B.) ; from Norse sod, 
 broth or water in which meat has been boiled, Eng. sodden, 
 seethe, sod, Sc. sotter, boil slowly, sottle, noise of boiling 
 porridge, etc. 
 
 sod, an awkward person, a stout person ; from Sc. sod, a heavy 
 person, sodick, soudie, a clumsy heavy woman. 
 
 sodag, a pillion, clout ; from Sc. sodds, a saddle made of cloth. 
 
362 BTtMOtOGICAL tiCTIONAirt' 
 
 sodal, pride, flattery, Ir. sodal, sotal, sutal, 0. Ir. sotla, pride, 
 
 insolence, sotli, animositates ; this has been adduced as the 
 
 source of Eng. sot, Fr. sot. 
 sodan, caressing, joy, joyous reception : 
 
 sodar, trotting, a trotting horse (Sh., Lh , etc.), Ir. sodar, trotting : 
 SOg, SOgan, mirth, good humour, tipsiness ; from *sugg, a short 
 
 form of the root of siigradh. 
 SOgh, luxury, riot, Ir. s6gh, M. Ir. sodh, E. Ir. suaig, prosperous : 
 
 * su-ag-, root ag of aghaidh, agh. 
 soidealta, bashful, ignorant ; see saidealta. 
 soidean, a jolly-looking or stout person ; see sod. 
 soighne, soighaeas, pleasure, delight; from so and *gen, make 
 
 (see gmomh). 
 soileas, officiousness, flattery, Ir. soilios ; from Lat. sollicitusi 
 soilgheas, wind, a fair wind : 
 soilleir, clear, visible, Ir. soilUir : from so- and Uir. The II is 
 
 due to the analogy of soillse. 
 soillse, brightness, so Ir., 0. Ir. soillse, soilse : * svelnestio- ; see 
 
 solus for connections, 
 soimeach, prosperous, . easy, good-natured, M. Ir. soimm, rich 
 
 {doimm, poor), 0. Ir. somme, dives : * sii-op-mio- (Strachan), 
 
 from op, rich, Lat opes, wealth. 
 Boin, esteem (n.), soineil, handsome ; cf. sbnraich for the root, 
 soinnionii, soineann, fair weather, Ir. soinean, M. Ir. soinend, 
 
 E. Ir. sonend ; the opposite of soinnionn is doirdonn, for sw-sCra- 
 
 enn, du-sin-enn, from sin now sian, weather, rain (Stokes). 
 soir, the east, Ir. soir, E. Ir. sair ; from s- (see suas) and air 
 
 (^ = *are), on, q.v. 
 soir, sack, vessel, bottle ; of. searrag, 
 soirbh, easy, gentle, Ir. soirbh, 0. Ir. soirb, facilis, opposed to 
 
 doirb, difficilis, root reb or rib, roanare (Ascoli). But compare 
 
 Gaelic reahh. 
 sols, snug, fond of ease (M'A.) ; from Sc. sosh, snug, social. 
 soise, a ball of fire in the sky, a portent (M'A.) : 
 soisgeul, gospel, Ir. soisgM, soisgeul, 0. Ir. sosce'le ; from so- and 
 
 sgeul. 
 soisinn, taste, decency ; from Sc. sonsy ? 
 
 SOitheach, a vessel, Ir. soitheach, M. Ir. soithech, saithech : *satiho-: 
 soitheamll, tame, docile, gentle : *so-seimh, from se'imh? 
 sol, ere, before, Ir. E. Ir. sul ; root svel of seal. 
 s61ach, highly delighted (M'A. ; soUacli, jolly. Arms.) ; founded on 
 
 sblas. Arm.'s word seems from Eng. jolltf. 
 EOlar, a provision, purveying, preparing, Ir. soldthar ; from so- 
 
 and Ictthair. 
 s61as, joy, comfort, solace, Ir. solas ; from Lat. solatium, Eng. solace. 
 
OF THE GAEIJC LANGUAGE. 303 
 
 SoUain, a welcome, rejoicing, Ir. sollamhuin, a solemnity, feast, 
 
 rejoicing, E. Ir. sollamain ; from Lat. sollemne, Eng. solemnity. 
 solus, light, Ir., M. Jr. solus, E. Ir., sohis, bright : *svlnestu-, root 
 
 svel ; Ag. S. svelan, glow, Eng. sultry ; Gr. creA,as, light, 
 
 o-eA-^vij, moon, kXavi), torch ; Skr. svar, sheen, sun. 
 somalta, bulky, large; see tomult. 
 son, sake, cause, air son, on account of, Ir. son, ar son, M. Ir. son, 
 
 er son ; from E. Ir. son, word (root sven of seinn) i 
 sona, happy, Ir., E. Ir. sona, opposite of dona : 
 sonn, a stout man, hero ; from sonn, club, staff, M. Ir. suinn catha, 
 
 captains, " staves of battle." See sonn. 
 sonn, a staff, cudgel, beam, Ir., E. Ir. sonn, W. ffon, 0. W. fonn : 
 
 *spondo-, Gr. a-^evhovrj, a sling, crc^eSavos, vehement ; Skr. 
 
 spand, draw, move ; Lat. pendo, hang (Rhys). Stokes gives 
 
 the stem *spundo, allied to Norse spjdt, a lance, 0. H. G. 
 
 spioz, spit, spear. Cf. M. Lat. sponda, trabecula, repagulum. 
 sonraich, appoint, ordain, Ir. sonraighim, sonrach, special, E. Ir. 
 
 sunnraid, 0. Ir. sainrivd, especially, sainred, proprietas, sain, 
 
 singularis, proprius, 0. W. han, alium : *sani-, especially ; 
 
 Got. sundro, privately, Eng. sunder ; Lat. sine, without ; Skr. 
 
 sanutdr, without. 
 sop, a wisp, Ir. sop, E. Ir. sopp, W. sob, sopen ; from Eng. sop, 
 
 Norse soppa. Zimmer takes the Ir. from Norse svoppr, 
 
 sponge, ball ; Stokes derives it from Norse s6pr, besom. The 
 
 W. soh, sopen favours an Eng. source. 
 s6r, hesitate, grudge, shun : 
 soraidh, a farewell, blessing, Ir. soraidh, happy, successful, M. Ir. 
 
 soraid, E. Ir. soreid ; from so- and riidh. 
 t sorcha, light bright, Ir.. E. Ir. sorcha ; opposite of dorch, q.v. 
 sorchan, rest or support, foot-stool : 
 sorn, a flue, vent, Ir. s6rn, E. Ir. somn, W. ffwrn, Corn, fom ; from 
 
 Lat. furnus, oven, whence Eng. furnace. 
 SOS, a coarse mess or mixture ; from Sc. soss. 
 spad, kill, fell, Ir. spaidim, benumb, spaid, spad, a clod (cf. spairt), 
 
 a shiggard, eunuch ; cf. W. ysbaddu, exhaust, geld, from Lat 
 
 spado, eunuch. Hence spadanta, benumbed. 
 spad-, flat, Ir. spad- ; from *spad of spaid, spade ? 
 spadag, a quarter or limb of an animal cut off ; from L. Lat. 
 
 spatula, a shoulder blade, spatula porcina, leg of pork, also 
 
 spadula, a shoulder, spadlaris,a quarter of a beast. Cf. W. 
 
 yspaud, shoulder. 
 spadair, fop, braggart ; cf. Norse spjdtra, behave as a fop. See 
 
 spaideil. 
 spadal, a paddle, plough-staff, so Ir. ; from M. Eng. spaddle, 
 
 paddle, dim. oi spade, 
 
304 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY 
 
 spadhadh, a strong and quick pull, the utmost extent of the out- 
 stretched arms, the grass cut by one scythe-stroke ; from 
 
 Lat. spatium. 
 spig, a claw or paw, limb of an animal, club-foot, spigach, club- 
 footed or awkward in the legs, Ir. spdg, claw, club-foot, 
 
 clumsy leg, W. yshach, a claw : 
 spagach, uttering words indistinctly, spagadh, obliquity of the 
 
 mouth, spaig, a wry mouth : 
 spagluinn, ostentation, conceit : 
 spaid, a spade, Ir. spM ; from the Eng. 
 spaideil, foppish, well-dressed : "strutting," from Lat. spatior, as 
 
 in spaisdear below ? Ci, however, spadair. 
 spailp, pride, conceit, spailpean, fop, Ir. spailp, spailpin, rascal, 
 
 mean fellow, " spalpeen" : 
 sp^in, a spoon, Manx spain ; from Norse spdnn, spdnn, spoon, chip, 
 
 M. Eng. spon, Ag. S. sp6n, chip. Ir. spHnOg, spoon, is from 
 
 the Eng. 
 spairn, an effort, struggle, Ir. spdim, sbdim, wrestling, struggling ; 
 
 from the Norse spoma, kick with the feet, struggle, spema, 
 
 kick, spurn, Eng. spurn. Hennessey derived it from Eng. 
 
 sparring {AthencBum, 15/8/71). 
 spairiseach, foppish, spairis, having the hands in the trousers' 
 
 pockets (M'A.) ; founded on Sc. spare, opening of the fore 
 
 part of the breeches, 
 spairt, a turf, clod, a splash, Ir. spairt ; verb spairt, daub, plaster, 
 
 splash, brain, Ir. spairtim : 
 spaisdear, spaidsear, a saunterer, spaisdeireachd, sauntering, Ir. 
 
 spaisdeSireachd, promenading, walking ; Norse spdzera, walk, 
 
 Dan. spadsere, Ger. spazieren, from Ital. (13th Cent.) spaziare : 
 
 aU from Lat. spatior, walk, promenade. 
 Sp41, a shuttle, Ir. sp6l ; from Norse sp6la, a weaver's shuttle, M 
 
 Eng. spoU, now spool, Ger. spule, bobbin, spool. 
 spang, thin plate of metal, spangle ; from Norse spong, g. spangar, 
 
 a spangle, M. Eng. spang, now spangle, Ag. S. spange, a clasp, 
 
 Ger. spange, buckle, 
 spann, sever, divide, wean (a child) ; from Sc. spain, spane, wean, 
 
 prevent, confused with M. Eng. spannen, stretch, span. 
 spann, a hinge, hasp ; from the Eng. spang, a spangle, Ag. S. 
 
 spang, a hasp ; or Ag. S. spannan, to clasp, Norse spenna, 
 
 spennir, grasper, Sc. spenn, to button. 
 spaoill, speill, wrap, swathe ; founded on Lat. pallium, cloak. 
 spd^rdan, a roost, from spdrr. 
 sp^rr, a joist, beam, roost, Ir. sparra, wedge, spear, E. Ir. sparr, 
 
 a beam; joist ; from Norse sparri, a spar, Swed., Dan. sparre, 
 
 p. H, G. sparro, bar, balk, Ger. sperren, a spar, Eng. spar. 
 
OP THE GifilLIC LANGUAGE. 305 
 
 Hence G. sp^r, drive as a nail or wedge, thrust, Ir. sparraim ; 
 
 G. sparrag, a bridle bit, "little bar." 
 spathalt, a limb, a clumsy limb ,; cf. spoil. 
 sparsan, tbe dew-lap of a beast, Ir. sparsan (Lh., O'B.) ; see 
 
 spursan. 
 speach, a wasp, eonnspeach, for conas-beach, " wrangling or dog 
 
 bee," from beach, bee ? The Ir. for "wasp" is eircbheach. 
 speach, a blow, thrust, stitch in the side : 
 spead, a very small foot or leg (M'A.), speadach, sheepshanked 
 
 (M'A.), kicking (Badenoch, where spead means a cow's or 
 
 sheep's kick) : 
 speal, a scythe, Ir. speal, scythe, reaping hook, M. Ir. spel : 
 spealg, a splinter ; from So. spdk, a splint attached to a fracture, 
 
 M. E. spelke, a splinter, Norse spjctlk, spelkur, splint, Du. 
 
 spalh. 
 spealt, a splinter; from Teutonic — M. Eng. spelde, now a spill, 
 
 M. H. G. spelte, a splinter, Ger. spalten. 
 spearrach, a cow-fetter, a fetter for wild goats ; see speireach. 
 sp6ic, a spike, Ir. spiice; from Norse spik, a spike, Eng. 
 
 Ger. speiche. W. has ysbig. 
 spell, cattle, herd, Ir. speil, herd of cattiie or swine ; from Lat. 
 
 spolium (cf. spreidh) 1 
 sp^il, slide, skate ; from Sc. speil, play, bonspel, curling game, 
 
 Ger. spielen, play, 
 speir, hoof or ham of cattle, claw, talon, ankle and thereabouts of 
 
 the human leg, Ir. speirr, hough, ham : *s-peri- ; compare W. 
 
 ffer, ankle, ber, leg, shank. Cor. fer, crus, E. Ir. ieir, heel, 
 
 di pherid : *speret-, Gr. (T<pvp6v, ankle, heel ; root sper, Eng. 
 
 spur, spurn, Lat. spemo, etc. 
 speireach, spearrach, cow-fetter, foot fetter; from speir and 
 
 *rich, tie, for which last see buarach. 
 sp6iread, strength, force, courage ; founded on Lat. spiritus. 
 speireag, sparrow-hawk ; from M. Eng. sper-hauk, Ag. S. spear- 
 
 hafoc, Norse sparrhaukr, from sparrovj and hawk. 
 sp^is, esteem, liking, Ir. speis, M. Ir. sbeis ; seemingly from M. Ir. 
 
 sbesailte, special, from Lat. species, look (cf. Eng. re-spect). 
 speuc, spiac, diverge, divaricate, tear asunder, branch ; from Sc. 
 
 spaik, a spoke (in a wheel), Eng. spoke, Ag. S. spdca. 
 speuclair, spectacles, Ir. speucldir, a glass, spectacles ; from the 
 
 Latin, 
 speur, the heaven, firmament, Ir. speur, speir ; from the L. Lat. 
 
 spera, a hemisphere, circle (of each planet), celestial region, 
 
 Lat. sphaera, a sphere, (whence the Eng.), from Gr. o-tfiaipa, 
 
 globe. Cf. Sc. spere, sphere, circle, " the speir of the moon." 
 
 39 
 
^Q6 IrSMoieaicAL DicTioNAiaf 
 
 spid, spite, Ir. spid ; from the Eng. Hence spideig or spideag, a 
 
 taunt. 
 spid, speed, haste ; from Eng. speed. 
 spideag, nightingale (spideag, M.F.), Ir. spideog, robin : 
 spideag, a deUcate or slender creature (Arms, spideag) ; from Sc. 
 
 spit, a little, hot-tempered person, spitten, a puny, mis- 
 chievous person, Eng. spit. 
 spideal, a spital, hospital, Ir. spideul, M. Ir. spiddl; from M. Eng. 
 
 spitel, from 0. Fr. ospital, from Lat. Iwspitale. 
 Spiligean, a seedling, dwarfish person : 
 spioc, meanness, dastardliness, spiocach, mean : 
 spiocaid, a spigot, Ir. spiocaid (O'E.) ; from Eng. sources — 
 
 M. Eng. spigot, Eng. spike. 
 splochan, wheezing, Ir. spiochan ; see piockan. 
 spiol, nibble, peel, pluck, Ir. spiolaim, spialaim, snatch, pluck. 
 
 See piol. 
 spiolg, unhusk, shell ; from the Sc. spilh, pilk, shell pease, etc., 
 
 spilkins, split pease. Cf. spealg. 
 spion, pluck up, pull tear, Ir. spionaim, teaze, probe, pluck, 
 
 examine ; cf. M. Ir. spin, a thorn, from Lat. spina, thorn, 
 spionnadh, strength, Ir. spionnadh, spionnamliail, strong (Keat.) : 
 spiontag, a currant, a particle in the throat, a maggot, a drop of 
 
 rain or flake of snow, Ir. spiondn, a gooseberry ; from Lat. spina. 
 spiorad, a spirit, so Ir., 0. Ir. spiv/rt, spirut ; from Lat. spiritvs, 
 
 Eng. spirit. W. has ysbryd, Corn, speris, Br. speret. 
 spiosiadh, spice, Ir. sjnosra ; from Eng. spicery, 0. Fr. espicerie, 
 
 spices, from Lat. species. 
 spiris, a hen-roost, hammock ; from Norse sperra, a spar, rafter, 
 
 with a leaning on G. iris, roost, 
 spitheag, a chip, spelk, small bit of wood, bite, Ir. spiothdg, a 
 
 finger stone for throwing at an object (Con., Sh.), spithedg, a 
 
 flake of snow ; a borrowed word belonging to the Eng. group 
 
 spike, spigot, but likely taken from Norse spik, sprig, spike, 
 splang, a sparkle, flash, Ir. splanc : 
 splangaid, a snot, mucus, Ir. spleangaid (O'K.) ; a side-form of 
 
 sglongaid i 
 spleadh, a splay foot ; from Eng. splay, 
 spleadh, ostentation, romance, false flattery, Ir. spleadh ; from 
 
 M. Eng. spleien, display, from displeien, now display. 
 spleadhan, a sort of wooden paddle to dig up sand eels ; see 
 
 pleadhag. 
 spleuchd, spliachd, stare, squint, spread out by trampling : 
 spliiic, fluke of an anchor (M'A.) : founded on P^ng. fluke. 
 spliiiclian, splitican, tobacco pouch, Ir. s^liuchdn, a pouch, bag, 
 
 leather purse ; hence Sc. spleuchan. Cf. W. hlwch, a box. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 307 
 
 spliug, a snot, icicle, anything hanging down : *s-clmg? Cf. 
 
 cluigein. 
 splitigach, splay-footed : 
 splitiig, a discontented countenance : 
 splint, a lame hand or foot, splay foot ; see pliut. 
 sp6c, a spoke ; from the Eug. 
 spoch, address one quickly and angrily, intimidate, affront, attack, 
 
 Ir. spochaim, provoke, affront, rob ; cf. spoth. 
 spdg, sp£g, a claw, paw, Manx spaag, Ir. spdq, W. ysbach : 
 spoil, a quarter (as of a sheep, M'A.), sppld, a piece or joint of 
 
 meat, Ir. spddAla, sp6Ua, a piece of meat ; cf. spadag, spathalt. 
 spoUadach, sottish : 
 sp61t, mangle, slaughter, hew down in battle, also (Dial. Badenoch) 
 
 splutter ; from the English. Cf. M. Kug. splatien, cut open, 
 
 Sc. sploit, squirt, spout. •• 
 
 spong, sponge, tinder, Ir. sponc, E. Ir. sjjong', W. ysbwng, sponge. 
 
 Corn, spong, Br. spone, sponenk ; from Lat. spongia, sponge, 
 
 from Gr. (nroyyid, allied to Lat. fungus. 
 spor, a spur, claw, talon, Ir. spor, M. Ir. sbor, a spur for a horse ; 
 
 from Norse spori, a spur, spor, foot trace, Dan. spore, Swed. 
 
 sporre, Eng. spur, Ag. S. spora ; root sper of speir, etc. 
 
 Hence sporadh, inciting, scraping the earth (as a hen), Sc. 
 
 spur. 
 spor, tinder, flint, gun-flint ; from Eng. spar. 
 sporan, a purse, Ir. spardn, spordn, sbarrdn, M. Ir. shoran, W. 
 
 ysbur : *s-bv,rr- from *burs, from L. Lat. bursa, a purse, 
 
 whence Eng. purse, bursary ; originally from Gr. /Bvpa-rj, a 
 
 a hide, 
 spors, sport, Ir. spdrt (Fol.) ; from the Eng. 
 spot, a spot ; from the Eng. 
 spoth, geld, castrate, Ir. spothaim, M. Ir. spochad (n.), W. dysbaddu, 
 
 Br. spam ; from Lat. spado, eunuch, whence Eng. spay. The 
 
 M. Ir. spochad is thought by Stokes to be from Br. spac'hein 
 
 (inf.) 
 spracadh, strength, sprightliness, Ir. spracadh ; from Eng. sprack, 
 
 lively, Norse spraekr, lively, Swed. spraker ; from Norse also 
 
 comes Eng. spark — Norse sparhr. 
 spiaic, a severe reprimand ; see spreig. 
 spraidh, a loud blast, report of a gun ; cf. Sc. spraich, a ciy, 
 
 Norse spraki, a report. 
 Spreadh, burst, sound loudly while bursting, kill, Ir. spr^idhim, 
 
 spread, burst (spreighim, O'B.), E. Ir. spredaire, brush for 
 
 sprinkling the holy water ; from M. Eng. spraeden, now spread. 
 spreangan, a cloven stick for closing the wound of bled cattle ; from 
 
 Eng. springe, twig, rod, snare with flexible rod. 
 
308 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 sprtidh, cattle, Ir. spri{idh), M. Ir. spri, spreid, W. praidd, flock, 
 booty ; from Lat. praeda, booty. Hence Sc. spreith, booty. 
 
 Bpreig, blame, reprove, incite, Ir. spreagaim ; founded on M. Eng. 
 spraechen, now speak, Ger. sprechen. 
 
 spreigh, scatter, burst ; see spreadh. 
 
 spreill, blubber lip : *s-hreUl, from hreall 1 
 
 Spre6chan, weakness, weak person ; for *s-brebchr, being the same 
 in root as brebdaid ? 
 
 spredd,. spreod (HS.D.), a projecting beam, crann spre6id, a bow- 
 sprit ; from M. Eng. spreot, a sprit, now S2}rit ; Ag. S. spreot, 
 M. Du. spriet. Hence spreod, incite. 
 
 sprochd, dejection, sadness, Ir. sprochd : * s-broc, M. Ir. broc, 
 sorrow, anxiety (also sbrog), Cf . mv/rcach for root ; or brbn 1 
 
 sprogan, sprogaill, dewlap, bird's crop, Ir. sprogaille, sbrogaill, 
 also sgroban, sgrogul, neck : *s-broggo-. See braghxtd. 
 
 spronnan, a crumb ; from pronn. 
 
 spruan, brushwood, firewood, Ir. sprudn : *s-bruan, from bruan. 
 M'A. has sprudhan, fragments. 
 
 spirtldan, fingers, sprouts ; from the Eng. sprout. 
 
 spruileach, spruidhleach, crumbs, fragments, Ir. spruille(ach), 
 crumb, fragment, sprudhaille (Lh.), M. Ir. sbmileach. Cf. 
 spnmn. M. Ir. has also spuirech, fragment um, W. ysbim'ial, 
 sweepings, ysborion, refuse of fodder. 
 
 spruiseil, spruce, neat, Ir. sprdiseamhuil ; from the Eng. spruce. 
 
 spuaic, crown of the head, a pinnacle, callosity, blister, Ir. spuaic, 
 a welt, callus, pinnacle : 
 
 spiiidsear, baling ladle (N.H.) : 
 
 sptlill, spoil, plunder ; from So. spulye, lay waste, plunder, Eng. 
 spoil, Fr. spoiler, Lat. spoliare. W. has ysbail, a spoil. 
 
 sptlinil, spoil, plunder, Ir. spuinim ; another form of spiiill, bor- 
 rowed directly from Lat. spoliare 1 
 
 spuirse, spurge, milkweed, Ir. spuirse ; from the Eng. spurge, 
 M. Eng. sporge. 
 
 sptiU, nail of a cat, a clutch, spiillach, nailed, greedy (M'A.) : 
 
 spursan, a gizzard, Ir. spursdn ; cf sparsan, dewlap. 
 
 spiit, a spout ; from the Sc. spoot, Eng. spout. 
 
 srd,bh, a straw ; from the Eng : 
 
 srac, tear, rend, rob, Ir. sracaim ; G. has also racadh : *srakko-, 
 for rap-ko-, root rap of Lat. rapio 1 
 
 srad, a spark of fire, Ir. srad : *sraddd, from strad or sir-d, root 
 ster, as in Eng. star, Gr. da-Trjp. M. Ir. has srab-tine, light- 
 ning, from the same root. 
 
 sr&id, a street, Ir. srdid, E. Ir. srdit ; from Lat. strdtd (via), 
 whence Eng. street. K. Meyer derives it from Norse straeti, 
 which itself comes from Lat; 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 309 
 
 sraidean, the plant shepherd's purse, Ir. sraidin (srdidin, (O'B.) ; 
 
 of. srad. 
 sraigh, the cartilage of the nose, sneeze (M'A.) ; cf. root of srbn. 
 sramh, a jet of milk from the cow's udder, Ir. sramk (srdmh, O'R.) ; 
 
 root ster, str, strew. 
 srann, a snore, buzz, Ir. srann, E. Ir. srand, 0. Ir. srennim, sterto : 
 
 *stre-s-no-, root ster, pster of Lat. sterio, snore, sterrmo, sneeze 
 
 (see sreothart further). Stokes makes the Gadelic to be 
 
 *strenv6, like Lat. stemuo. 
 sraon, stumble, make a false step, rush forward violently ; cf. Ir. 
 
 sraoinim, defeat, overthrow, scatter, M. Ir. srdined, dragging 
 
 down, defeat, E. Ir. sroenim, hurl, drag, defeat : *sroino-, root 
 
 ster, strew, scatter (Eng. strew, etc.). 
 sraonais, a huff, suuffiness ; M'A. has srdin, a huff : from srbn, 
 
 nose? 
 srath, a valley, strath, Ir., M. Ir. srath, 0. Ir. israth, in gramine, 
 
 W. ystrad, strath, E. W. strut, istrat, planities : *stratti-, root 
 
 ster, spread, scatter ; Lat. stratus, from stemo, I strew ; Gr. 
 
 (TT/acuTos, spread, a-ropevvvfii, scatter ; Eng. strew, strand (?). 
 srathair, a pack-saddle, Ir., 0. Ir. sratJmr, W. ystrodyr ; from 
 
 Med. Lat. stratura, from stratum, stemo, spread, 
 sream, rheum (M'A.), a wrinkle, sreamach, blear-eyed, Ir. srdm, 
 
 eye rheum, srdmach, blear-eyed, sremach (F. M.). Stokes 
 
 derives this from Ag. S. stream, Eng. stream. 
 sreang, a string, Ir. srang, sreang, E. Ir. sreng : '^srengo-, *strengo-, 
 
 Gadelic root streg ; immediately allied either to Eng. string, 
 
 Norse strengr, Ger. Strang (I. E. strcgh, Gr. urpk^ta, turn) or 
 
 to Lat. stringo, . bind, draw, Ger. strick, string (I. E. streg). 
 
 The I. E. roots streg and stregh are allied ultimately. 
 sreath, a row, series, Ir. sreath, 0. Ir. sretk : * srito-, * sr-to-, root 
 
 ser, order, join ; Lat. series, row, sors, lot. 
 sreothart, a sneeze, Ir. sraoth, sraothfurtach, earlier sreod, W. 
 
 trew, ystrev], a sneeze, ystrewi (vb.), Br. strefia, strevia (vb.), 
 
 root streio, pstreu (Stokes), further ster, pster, Lat. sternuo, 
 
 sneeze, Gr. irrapwiuii (do.). 
 srian, a bridle, Ir. srian, E. Ir. srlan, W. ffrwyn ; from Lat. 
 
 frenum (through W.). 
 srideag, a drop, spark, srideach, white streaked with dark : 
 
 *sriddi-, root srd of srad. 
 sringlean, the strangler ; founded on the English, 
 sruit, a torrent of quick words ; founded on sruth. 
 srobadh, a push (Sh.), small quantity of liquor (A. M'D.) ; see 
 
 sroghall, a whip, so Ir., E. Ir. sraigell, 0. Ir. srogill (gen)., W, 
 ffrowyll ; from Lat. Hagellum. 
 
310 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAET 
 
 srol, a streamer, banner, silk, Ir. srdl, satin, byssus ; from Lat. 
 stragulus, coverlet, paU, whence Cor. strail, tapestry, W. 
 ystraiU, a mat. Stokes (Lismore) has suggested a form 
 */rol, *flor, Fr. velours, velvet, Br. flour, velveted. 
 
 sron, a nose, Tr., 0. Ir. sr6n, W. ffroen, Br. froan : * srognd ; 
 *sroknd (Stokes, 6r. peyx<^, snore, snort, pey/co)), *sprognd 
 (Strachan), to which Lat. spargo has been compared. W. has 
 also trwyn {^trugno- or trogni-). Cor. trein. 
 
 sruab, drink up with noise of the lips, puU hastily out of the 
 water : *sroubbo-, root sreub ? Cf. srub, and Lit. sriaubiu, 
 sup, lap up, Ch. SI. srubati, swallow, Lat. sorbeo, Eag. 
 absorb. 
 
 sruan, shortbread cake having five corners (M'A. for Islay). 
 
 srtib, a spout ; from the Sc. stroup, spout, M. Eng. strupe, throat, 
 Norse strjupi, the spouting trunk when the head is cut ofij 
 Swed. strupe, throat. Hence srtiban, a cockle. 
 
 STiith, a stream, Ir., 0. Ir. sruth, g. srot/ia, W. ffrwd. Cor. frot, 
 alveus, Br. frovd : *srutu-, root sreu, flow ; Gr. p-iarii, a 
 flowing, pe.v[w., a stream, pku>, flow ; Eng. stream, Norse 
 straumr ; Lit. sravju, flow. Some have refen-eJ the Celtic 
 words to, the root spreut, spreu, to well, Ger. sprvdel, a well, 
 spriihen, emit sparks, drizzle, further Eng. spurt, spout, 
 
 srnthladh, rinsing, half-washing, Ir. sruthlaighim ; from sruth. 
 
 sti, advantage, use ; from the Eng. — founded on stay ? 
 
 std>bhach, wide, asunder, straddling, Ir. stabhaighim, straddle : 
 
 stabhaic, a wry neck, a sullen attitude of the head (M'A.) : see 
 stMchd. 
 
 stdibull, a stable, Ir. stahla ; from Lat. stabulum, through the 
 English. 
 
 stac, a precipice, steep hill, M. Ir. stacc, a stack (F.M.), stacc, a 
 pile, piece ; from Norse stahkr, a stack (of hay), stakka, a 
 stump, Swed. stack, a stack, Sc. (Shetland, etc.) stack, a 
 columnar isolated rook, Eng. stack. 
 
 stad, a stop, Ir. sf^ad, E. Ir. stad (Cormac) ; founded on Lat. status, 
 position, Stat, stands (Hennessey, Stokes). Cf. Norse stalfa, a 
 standing, a position. Ascoli compares O. Ir. astaim, sisto 
 ( = ad-sad-to-, root sed of suidhe). 
 
 stadh (better stagh), a stay, a certain rope in ship's rigging ; from 
 Norse stag (do.), Eng. stay, Dan., Ger. stag. 
 
 stadhadh, a lurch, sudden bend : 
 
 staid, state, condition, Ir. stdid, M. Ir. stait ; from Lat. statio (K. 
 Meyer).. W. has ystdd, from Lat. statiis. Ir. stdid may be 
 from the Eng. See next word. 
 
 st&ideil, stately, Ir. stAideanhuil / from Eng. state, stately. 
 
i>9 *HE GAfiLIC LANGtfAGa. Ml 
 
 staidhir, a stair, Ir. staighre; from the Eng., and Ag. S. stdeger. 
 
 The G. is possibly from Eng. stair, just as paidhir and faidhir 
 
 are from pair and fair (Dr Cameron), 
 stall, a bandage, strap : 
 
 stailc, stubbornness, stop, stump, Ir. stailc ; cf . taike. 
 stMlinn, steel; from Norse stdl, steel, stdlin weapons (pi.), Ger. 
 
 staJil, Eng. steel. 
 staing, a peg, small pointed rock ; from Norse stiitig, g. stangar, a 
 
 pole. So. and Eng. stang. 
 staing, a well-built person or animal (M'A.), staingean, obstinate 
 
 boorish person, Ir. stainc, incivUity ; from the above. 
 staipeal, a stopple, Ir. stapal (O'R.) ; from the Sc. stappil, Eng. 
 
 stopple. 
 staipeal, stapuU, a staple, bar ; from Eng. staple. 
 stair, a path over a bog, stepping stones in a river. Dr Cameron 
 
 has suggested connection with Du. steiger, waterside stairs, 
 
 Eng. stair. For s-tar, from *tar, cross (see thar) ? 
 stairiricli, a rattling, a rumbling noise ; also dairireacb, q.v. 
 
 For s-dairirich. 
 st^irn, noise (as the tread of horses), a violent push : *s-taim; 
 
 see tairneanach for root. Cf. Ir. stathruim, clatter, din. 
 stdiirneil, conceited, ostentatious ; from stairn, noise : " creating 
 
 a furore." 
 stairsneach, stairseach, a threshold, Ir. tairseach, E. Ir. tairsech : 
 
 " cross beam or stone ;" for root see tarsuinn, transverse. 
 stairt, a considerable distance, trip (M'A.) ; from Eng. start ? 
 st^it, a magistrate or great man, std^itean, great men ; see stctt. 
 stalan, a stallion, Ir. stail ; from the English. 
 stale, stiffen, stalcanta, firm, strong ; for s-talc ; see tailce. M'A. 
 
 gives stale as meaning "dash one's foot against (Islay), 
 
 thread a hook, thump, stare." In the meaning of " stalk," 
 
 the word is from the Eng. 
 stalla, an overhanging rock, craggy steep, precipice, stall, a peat 
 
 bank ; from Norse stallr, any block or shelf on which another 
 
 thing is placed, pedestal, step of a mast, stall, stalli, an altar, 
 
 Eng. stall, Lit. stalas, table, 
 stamag, a stomach ; from the Eng. 
 stamli, sea tangle : 
 st^p, stamp, trample, Ir. stampdil, a stamping, prancing ; from 
 
 Eng. stamp. 
 t std,li, tin, Ir. stdn, W. ystaen, Cor., Br. stean ; from Lat. stannum, 
 
 tin (for *stagnu7n, : cf. Ital. stagno). See staoin. 
 stan, a stan, below, down ; Sutherland form of a bh^u : 
 stiang, a ditch, pool ; from Sc. stanh, 0. Fr. estang, now etang, 
 
 from Lat. stagnum. 
 
3l2 EljYMOLOGiCAL MCTIOUAEt 
 
 stang, sting ; from Sc. stang, sting (as a bee), a sting, Norse 
 
 stanga, prick, goad ; further Eng. sting. 
 stanna, a vat, tub, Ir. sianna, vat, barrel ; from Eng. tun, ton, 
 
 M. Eng. tonne. See tunna. 
 stannart, a standard, yard, limit ; from the Enghsh. It also 
 
 means " affected coyness." 
 staoig;, a coUop, steak, Ir. staoig, M. Ir. stdic ; from Norse steik, 
 
 Eng. steak (Stokes, K. Meyer). 
 staoin, pewter, tin ; see stan. 
 staoin, juniper, caoran staoin : 
 staoin, laziness : 
 staon, bent, awry, Ir. staon : 
 
 staorum, bending of the body to a side ; for staon-um. 
 stapag, a mixture of meal and cold water ; from Sc. stappack (do.), 
 
 stap, mix, hash, Norse stappa, bray in a mortar. 
 staplaich, loud noise, noise of the sea : 
 stapuU, a bar, bolt, staple ; see staipeal. 
 starachd, romping, blustering (M'A.) : 
 starbhanach, a strong, robust feUow : 
 starcaoh, firm ; from Norse starkr, strong, Eng., Ger. stark. 
 starr, shove, dash, starradh, pushing violently, dashing against, 
 
 a failing or freak, cnap-starradh, a stumbling-block, 
 
 obstruction, a ball on the end of a spear ; cf. starr-{shuileach). 
 starr-fhiacail, a tusk or gag-tooth, Ir. stairfhiacail ; from starr 
 
 &nd Jiacail. 
 starr-shuileach, having the eyes distorted, stard, a moon-eye 
 
 (M'A.) ; cf. Norse starblindr, blind with a cataract, 0. H. G. 
 
 starablind, Ger. starr, stifi", Eng. stare, " fixed" look, Sc. stare, 
 
 stiff, starr, sedge, star, a speck on the eye. 
 stit, pride, haughtiness, Ir. stdtamhuil, stately ; from the Eng. 
 
 state, M. Eng. stdt, from Lat. status. Cf. stcbideil, stata. 
 st^ta, the state or government ; from the Eng. 
 steach, a steach, (to) within, into, Ir. steach, a steach, M. Ir. is 
 
 tech, E. Ir. isa tech : * in-san-tech, "into the house;" from 
 
 teach. Cf. stigh. 
 steadhainn, firm, pointed or punctual in speech (M'A.) ; cf. Eng. 
 
 steady. 
 steafag, a little staff or stick, Ir. steafdg ; from Eng. staff. 
 steall, spout, cause to spout, pour out, Ir. steallaim, squirt, 
 
 sprinkle, steallaire, a tap ; from Lat. stillo, I drop, Eng. distill. 
 sted.rnal, a bittern, sea-bird, an innkeeper's sign : 
 st^igh, foundation ; founded on Eng. stay. 
 steill, a peg or pin for things hung ; cf. Sc. stell, a prop. 
 st6illeach (steilleaeh, M'F.), lusty, stout, ruddy ; cf. st^igheil, 
 
 steady, solid, from stiigh. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 313 
 
 steinle, the itch, mange, Ir. steinle (Lh., etc.) ; from teinej fire ? 
 ste6c, any person or thing standing (or sticking) upward, an 
 
 attendant (ste6cair also) ; from Sc. stoff, stug, stook, stubble, 
 
 stumpy horns, stok, Eng. stick: 
 stedrn, guide, direct, manage ; from Norse stjdrna (do.), stjdrn, 
 
 steering, rule, Eng. stem, steer. See stiiiir. 
 steud, a horse, steed, Ir. stead (O'R.), M. Ir. stid , from Ag. S. 
 
 st^da, Ag S. steda, M. Eng. stede, now steed. 
 stiall, a strip, stripe, streak, Ir. stiall, E. Ir. stiall, girdle, strap, 
 
 board ; cf. W. astell, M. W. ystyll, shingle, plank, Corn, stil, 
 
 rafter, 0. Fr. esteil, pole, Lat. astella, splinter, or from 0. II. G. 
 
 stihhil, pole, post. 
 stic, a fault, blemish, pain ; from Sc. stick, a bungle or botch, Eng. 
 
 stick, stitch (older sticke). 
 stic, adhere, stick ; from the Eng. 
 stid, peep, Manx steetagh, to peep ; see d\d. 
 stidean (stldean, H.S.D.), a cat, the word by which a cat is called 
 
 to one (also stididh) : *s-did- ; onomatopoetic ? 
 stig, a skulking or abject look or attitude ; from Norse styggr, 
 
 shy. 
 stigh, a stigh, inside, Ir. 'stigh, astigh, E. Ir. istig, istaig, isintig ; 
 
 for '* in-sarh-tig, "in the house," from tigh, house, 
 stlnleag, the hinge of a box, hasp : 
 stlobnll, a steeple ; from the Eng. 
 
 stiocach, limping : "sticking?" From the Eng. anyway. 
 stiog, a stripe in cloth (M'A.) ; from So. steik, Eng. stitch. 
 stiom, stlm, a head-band, snood : 
 
 stiorap, a stirrup, Ir. stiordip ; from M. Eng. stirop, Ag. S. stigrdp. 
 stiorlag, a thin, worn-out rag, an emaciated woman, stiorlan, a 
 
 thin person : 
 stiornach, sturgeon (M'A.), stirean ; from Lat. sturio{n), whence, 
 
 through Fr., Eng. sturgeon. 
 stipean, a stipend ; from the Eng. 
 stitLbhard, a steward, Ir. stiobhurd ; from the Eng. 
 stiiiir, steer, guide, Ir. sdiuirim, M. Ir. stiurad or stiurad ; from 
 
 Ag. S. stedran, steer, now steer, Norse styra. Got. stiurjan. 
 stiup, a long tail or train, a foolish person. In the latter sense, 
 
 the G. is from Sc. stupe, from Lat. stupidus. 
 stitiireag, gruel ; from the So. stooram, stooradrink, stourreen, 
 
 sturoch, a warm drink, meal and water mixed, from stoor, to 
 
 stir, agitate. 
 stob, thrust, stab, fix (as a stake), stob, a stake, stick, stob (Sc), 
 
 Ir. stobain, stab, thrust ; from Sc. stob, a side-form of Eng. 
 
 stab. Cf. Norse stobbi, a stump, Eng. stub, M. Eng. stob. 
 stdbh, a stove ; from the Eng. 
 
 40 
 
314 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 stoc, a stock, pillar, stump, Jr. stoe ; from Eng. stock. 
 
 stpc, a trumpet, so Ir., M. Ir. stocc, E. Ir. stoc ; cf. Sc. stoclc-home, 
 stock-and-horn, a pipe formed of a sheep's thigh-bone inserted 
 into the smaller end of a cut horn, with an oaten reed, from 
 , ' Eng. s*oc£ Gadelic is borrowed. 
 
 stocain, a stocking, Ir. stoca ; from the Eng. 
 
 stoim, a particle, whit, faintest glimpse of anything: (Dial.) ; from 
 Sc. styme. 
 
 stoirm, a storm, Ir. stoirm; from Eng., M. Eng. storm, Norse 
 stormr, Ger. Sturm. 
 
 stpite, prominent ; cf. stat for origin. 
 
 stol, a stool, settle, Ir. st6l, W. ystol ; from Ag. S. st6l, now stool, 
 Norse stdll, Ger. stukl. Hence vb. stol, settle. 
 
 stop, a wooden vessel for liquor, a stoup ; from Sc. stoup, M. Eng. 
 stope, now stovp, Du. stonp, a gallon, Norse stcvup, a stoup. 
 
 stop, stop, close up, Ir. stopaim ; from the Eng. 
 
 Stor, a steep cliflf, broken teeth ; cf. sturr, starr. 
 
 storas, store, wealth, Ir. stdr, storus ; from M. Eng. stbr. 
 
 stoth, lop off, cut corn high : 
 
 strabaid, a strumpet, Ir. strabtdd; from an early form of Eng. 
 strumpet, that is, *st/ropet, from 0. Fr. strupe, concubinage, 
 stvpre, from Lat. stvprum. 
 
 strd.C, a stroke ; from Sc. strake, Eng. stroke ; from Sc. straik, 
 strait-edge for measuring com, comes G. strac (do.). Simi- 
 larly G. str^C, mower's whetstone, is from strake; all are 
 from the root of Eng. stroke, strike. 
 
 str^cair, troublesome fellow, gossip, wanderer ; from Norse strdkr, 
 a vagabond, etc. 
 
 straic, pride, swelling with anger, Ir. strdic : 
 
 straighlieh, rattling, great noise, sparkles ; root sprag, sparg, 
 crackle, Eng. spark, sparkle. Lit. sprageti, crackle. 
 
 Str^ille, carpet ; from Lat. strdgulum, coverlet. 
 
 strangair, a lazy, quarrelsome fellow, Ir. strangaire; cf. dreangan. 
 
 streap, climb, strive against obstacles, Ir. dreapaim ; cf dreimire. 
 
 streup, str6apaid, strife, quarrel ; from Lat. sPrepitvs. 
 
 strianach, a badge : 
 
 Stri, strife, contention ; from Norse stAS, Ag. S. st/ri&, Ger. streit. 
 
 strioch, a streak, line, Ir strloc ; from Eng. streak. 
 
 strlochd, yield, Ir. striocaim, fall, be humbled, submit : 
 
 stiiopach, a prostitute, Ir. striopach ; from 0. Fr. strupe, concu- 
 binage, from Lat. stuprum, dishonour, violation. 
 
 Strddh, prodigality, Ir. str6, strbgh ; seemingly (because of pre- 
 served St in all cases) borrowed from, rather than allied to, 
 M. Eng. strawen, strew, Ag. S. streotuian, Got. straujan, I. E. 
 strow, stru. Hence G. struidheas, prodigality, squandering. 
 
OP TflE GAELIC LAllGtTAGi!. ^15 
 
 Stidic (stroic, Arm.), tear asunder, a long rag, Ir. stroicim, 
 strdieim, sroic, a piece : *sraMi-, from srac, confused with 
 strbdh ? 
 
 stropach, wrinkled (H.S.D.) : 
 
 struidheas, prodigality ; see strddh. 
 
 struill, a baton, cudgel, Ir. sroghall, whip, rod, 0. Ir. sraigell ] 
 see sroghall. 
 
 strumpaid, a strumpet : from the Eng. 
 
 strath, ostrich, Ir. struth ; from Lat. • struthio, whence, through 
 0. Fr. ostruche ( = avis struthio), Eng. ostrich. 
 
 stuadh, a wave, gable, pinnacle, scroll, Ir. stitadh, gable, pinnacle, 
 scroll, stvaidh-nimhe, rainbow, M. Ir. stuag-nime (do.), stuaid- 
 leim, leap of the waves, E. Ir. stilag, arch : *s-tuag, from 
 0. Ir. twig, bow, belonging to the same root as tuagh, axe. 
 
 stuaie (M'A., Arm.), stuaicM (H.S.D.), a little hill, round 
 promontory, Ir. stuaie : *s-tiuig-c, from stuadh above. M'A. 
 has the meaning " wry-neck and sullen countenance, extreme 
 boorislmess," which is usually represented by siitic. Stokes 
 gives the Celtic as *stouJcki-, Br. stuchyaff, to feather. Lit. 
 stiigti, set on high, Eng. steep. 
 
 stuaim, modesty, Ir. stuaim, device, mien, modesty : * s-ticamm-, 
 *tous-men, root tus, teus of tosd, silence. 
 
 stuc, stuchd, a little hill jutting out from a greater, a horn, Ir. 
 stuicdn, a small conical hill, stucach, horned. Cf. Sc, Eng. 
 stook, M. Eng. stouke, a shook of corn (12 sheaves), stooks, 
 small horns. Low Ger. stuke (properly a projection), a bundle, 
 bunch. But cf. stuaie. 
 
 stiiic, stiiichd, a projecting crag, an angry or threatening aspect ; 
 from sttic above. 
 
 stuig, incite, spur on dogs ; from Eng. stiek. 
 
 stiiird, vertigo, a disease in sheep caused by water in the head, 
 drunkenness ; from Sc. stwrdy, from 0. F. estourdi, dizzy- 
 headed, now Stourdi, giddy-headed ; from Lat. extorpidire. 
 From Fr. comes Eng. sturdy. 
 
 Stuirt, huffiness, pride, Ir. stuirteamhlachd (Con.) ; from M. Eng. 
 sturte, impetuosity, sturten, impetuous, quarrelsome, Sc. 
 sturt, vexation, anger, a side form of start. 
 
 stir, dust ; from Sc. stov^, M. Eng. stour, tumult. 
 
 sturr, the rugged point of a rock or hill, sturrach, rugged : 
 *s-turr, from turr = tdrr, q.v. ? 
 
 stuth, stuff, metal : founded on the Eng. stuff. 
 
 stuthaig, dress with starch, starch (vb. and n.) : 
 
 suacan, a pot (M'F.), ealrthen furnace (Arm.), a basket hung in 
 the chimney containing wood to dry (Dial.), anything 
 
316 MYMOLOGICAL DiCTlONAfit 
 
 wrought together awkwardly, as clay (M'A,), Ir. suaJchgan 
 (Lh.), an earthen pot : 
 
 suaicean, a bundle of straw or hay twisted together, a deformed 
 person ; see shgan. 
 
 suaicheantas, ensign, escutcheon, Ir. suaitheantas, a streamer, 
 standard, escutcheon, sv^aichintus, ensigns, colours (K. Meyer), 
 0. Ir. suaichnid, clear, demonstratio, for sv^aithne, "easily 
 known," from aithne, knowledge. 
 
 suail, small, inconsiderable (M'F.), Ir. suaill, E. Ir. suail, a trifle : 
 
 suaimlmeach, genial, secure, Ir. suaimhneach, peaceful, gentle, 
 peaceable : * su-menmnach ? See meaw/na. 
 
 suain, sleep, Ir. suan, E. Ir., 0. Ir. siian, W. hun, Br. hun : 
 *supno-s, developing into *sofno-, *sovno-, *souno- ; I. E. root 
 svop, svep, sleep ; Lat. sopor, sleep, somnus ; Gr. inrvos, sleep ; 
 Ag. S. swefn, dream, swefan, sleep ; Skr. svdpnas. 
 
 suaineadh, twisting, rope-twisting anything, a line for twisting 
 round anything, E. Ir., 0. Ir. sdanem, g. suaneman, funis : 
 * sognemon-, root, sug, soug, Br. sug, trace, W. syg, chain, 
 trace ; Romance soga, rope, Ital. soga, rope, leather band, Sp. 
 suga, a linear measure, Port, soga, rush rope, Churwalsch 
 saga. Stokes finally refers sioanem to a stem-root *sogno- 
 beside segno- (whence E. Ir. se», a net for catching birds, gin, 
 root segh, hold, Eng. sail). Lit. segit, fasten, saga, sledge. 
 This divorces sitaineadh from G. suaicean and sOgan, q.v. 
 
 Euaip, a faint resemblance ; from Sc. swaup, swap, cast or linea- 
 ments of the countenance, Norse svipr, likeness, look, a swoop, 
 or flash. 
 
 suaip, exchange, swop ; from the Sc. swap, Eng. swop. 
 
 suairc, civil, meek, so Ir., E. Ir. s'uarc{c) ; opposed to duairc : 
 *su-arci- : 
 
 suanach, a hide, skin, fleece, coarse garment ; cf. Ir. sunack, a 
 kind of plaid : 
 
 suarach, insignificant, careless, Ir. suarach : *svogro-, root sveg, 
 stcg, Gev. schwack, weak, siech, sick, Eng. sich 
 
 suas, up, upwards, Ir. suas, 0. Ir. siias : *s-uas, from uas, as in 
 uasal, and the prefix s-, allied to the final s of Lat. abs, ex, 
 Gr. e|, jT^os, etc., and the initial s of Lat. sub, super ; possibly 
 for *ens, Gr. cis, from en, and meaning " into," " to " (Rhys' 
 M. Pray."^ 156). 
 
 suath, rub, mix, knead, Ir. suathaim, knead, mix, M. Ir. sdathaim, 
 (do.) E. Ir. suata, polished down, root sout, sut, mix ; cf. 
 Eng. seethe, Norse sjdcfa, cook, seethe. Got. sauths, a burnt 
 offering. 
 
 Biibailte, supple ; from the Eng. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 317 
 
 snbhach, merry, so Ir., E. Ir. suhach, 0. Ir. sube, joy ; opposite of 
 
 dubhach : *so-bv-io-, " well-being," from root bu, be (see bu, 
 
 etc.). 
 siibliag, sftbh (suibheag or sui'eag, Dial.), a raspberry, Ir. suibh, 
 
 a strawberry, sughog, raspberry (FoL), 0. Ir. subi, fragae, W. 
 
 Sff/i, strawberry, Br. sivi : 
 subhailc, virtue, Ir. subhailce {siibhailce, Con.), 0. Ir. sualig, 
 
 virtus, sualchi (pi.) : *s'U^ich (Asc, Zim.\ 54), root al of 
 
 altram (Dr Cameron). , 
 
 suchd, sake, account (M'A.) : 
 sud (Dial, sid), yon, Ir. sM, E. Ir. siit, siut, iUud, illic, W. hvmt, 
 
 other, yonder, Br. hont ; from the root of so. Also ud. 
 Siidh, a seam between the planks of a ship ; from Norse sitS", 
 
 a suture (only used for the clinching of a ship's boards), from 
 
 s'^ja, sow, Eng. sew, suture. 
 stig, sugradh, mirth, Ir. s'dgadh, s-Agradh, E. Ir. sitcaoh : 
 sug, suck, imbibe; from Sc. souk, soak, Eng. suck, Ag. S. sOean. 
 
 See s^h. 
 sugan, corra-sbugain, the reflection of rays of light from any 
 
 moving luminous body from the roof or walls of a house : 
 sugan, a rope of twisted straw, Ir. sugdn, suagan, straw or hay 
 
 rope, suag, a rope (O'R.) : *souggo-, root soug of suaineadh, 
 
 q.v. Hence suigean, a circle of straw ropes in which grain 
 
 is kept in a barn. 
 sugh, juice, sap, also (as vb.) drain, suck up, Ir. siigh, silghaim, 
 
 E. Ir. s'dgim : '^s&g6, suck, *silgo-, juice; Lat. siigo, suck; 
 
 Ag. S. sHcan, Eng. suck, soak. W. has sttgf, juice, sugno, suck, 
 sugh, a wave (A. M'D.), motion of the waves (H.S.D.) ; root sup, 
 
 swing, Lit. silpti, swing, Lat. dissipo, scatter ? 
 suicean, a gag for a calf ; founded on siig, Sc. sook. 
 suidh, sit, suidbe, a seat, sitting, Ir. suidkim, E. Ir. suidim, 
 
 sudim, 0. Ir. suidigur, suide, a seat : *sodei6, *sodio-n, root 
 
 sed, sod, W. seddu, sedd, Br. azeza, sit ; Lat. sedeo ; Gr. 
 
 e^ofjuii, eSos, a seat ; Eng. sit, seat ; Lit. sedeti ; Skr. sddati, 
 
 sddati, sit, set. 
 silil, eye, Ir., 0. Ir. sdil : *suli-s, allied to *sdvali-s, sun, W. haul, 
 
 heul, sun. Cor. heuvl, Br. heaul ; Lat. s6l, sun ; Gr. ■^A.ios 
 
 ( = sdvilios), sun ; Got. sauil, sun ; Lit. sdule (do), 
 suilbhir, cheerful, so Ir., M. Ir. suilbir, 0. Ir. sulbir, eloquence, 
 
 E. W. helabar, now hyLafar, eloquence ; from su- or so- and 
 
 Idbhair, speak : " easy-spoken." 
 suim, a sum, Ir. suim, W. sum, M. Eng. summe ; from Lat. swmma, 
 
 sum, chief. 
 suim, attention, respect, Ir. suim ; a metaphoric use of mim, sum 
 
 (Dr Cameron). 
 Snipeir, a supper, Ir. mipeir ; from the Eng. 
 
318 l!*1fM0ti06tICAL WdTiONARt 
 
 suire, a maid, nymph, Ir. sAire (O'Cl.), a siren (mire, O'B., Lh., 
 
 etc., mermaids) ; from Lat. svren, with leaning on suirghe, 
 
 courtship? The word is doubtful Gaelic; H.S.D. finds only 
 
 an Ossian Ballad to quote, 
 suiridhe, a courting, suiridheach (better suirtheach or suireach, 
 
 M'A.), a wooer, so Ir., also swrighim, I woo, M. Ir. suirge, 
 
 wooing, suirgech, procus : * svnreg-, root reg, direct, etc. 1 
 sfiist, a flail. It. suist{e), M. Ir, sust, suiste, W. ffust ; from Lat. 
 
 fustis, oiub. 
 suith, soot, Ir. silithche, M. Ir. suithe, 0. Ir. suidi, fuligine, W. 
 
 hvddygl (cf. hvdd, dark), Br. huzel (Fr. suie) : *sodio-, root 
 
 sed, sit, settle ; Eng. soot, Ag. S. s6t, Norse s6t. Doubtful, 
 sulair, the gannet; from Norse siila, sUlan, the gannet, whence ■ 
 
 Eng. solan-goose. 
 sulchar, cheerful, affable ; side-form of suilbhir ? 
 suit, fat, fatness, joy, Ir. suit, E. Ir. sv,lt : *sultitr, root svel ; Ag. S. 
 
 swellan, Eng. swell ; Lat. solum, sea ; Gr. craAos, tossing. 
 sumag, cloth below a pack-saddle ; ultimately from L. Lat. sauma, 
 
 pack-saddle, whence Fr. sommier, mattress, Eng. sumpter. 
 sumaich, give the due number (as of cattle for pasture) ; from Sc. 
 
 soum. 
 ■sumaid, a billow, Ir. sumaid (O'R. and M'L. siimaid); seemingly from 
 
 Eng. sKMimit. The G. also means " external senses" (H.S.D). 
 sumain, summon, a summons ; from the Eng. 
 sumainn, a surge, billow ; see sumaid. 
 sumair, the drone of a bagpipe : 
 gtimhail, close-packed, tidy; opposite of dbmhail, q.v. 
 sunais, lovage — a plant, Ir. sutcais ; also siunas : 
 sunnd, sunnt, good humour, cheerfulness, Ir. sonntach, merry 
 
 (O'Cl., O'B), sonnda, bold, siintaidh, active, E. Ir. suntich, 
 
 spirited : '^sondeto-, Eng. sound? 
 sunnag, an easy-chair of twisted straw : 
 supail, supple (M'A.) ; from the Eng. 
 
 ■ stird, alacrity, cheerfulness ; cf . W. chwardd, laughter, Corn. 
 
 wherzin, ridere ; root sver, sing, speak ; Eng. swear, Lat. 
 susurrus, whisper, etc. M. Ir. sord, bright {*surdo-), is 
 referred by Stokes to the same origin as Lat. serenus. 
 surrag, vent of a kUn ; cf. sbm. 
 
 ■ surram-suain, a sound sleep : 
 
 susbaint, substance, Ir. szibstaint ; from Lat. substantia. 
 stisdal, a bustling, pother, affected shyness : 
 cBUth, anything (Dial.), Ir., E. Ir. suth, weather ; root su, produce, 
 
 E. Ir. suth, milk ; Gr. vei, it rains ; as in siigh, q.v. Further 
 ' ■ ■ allied is root su, beget, 0. Ir. suth, offspring, Eng. sun. 
 suthainn, eternal, Ir. sut/iain, 0. Ir. swthain, siithin- ; from su , so- 
 
 and tan, time, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 319 
 
 ta, tha, is, Ir. td, E. Ir. td, is, tdim, I am, O. Ir. tdu, t6, sum, td, 
 tda, est, especially attda (at the beginning of a sentence), est 
 { = adAdt, Lat. adsto) and itd, itda, "in ■which is" : *tdj6, 
 *tdjet, root std, stand ; Lat. std, stat, stand, Fr. ^t^, having 
 been ; Ch. SI. sitj/^, I stand ; further Eng. stand, Gr. la-rqfii 
 (for o-MTTa/it), set, Lat. sisto. See seas further. 
 
 t^bar, a tabor, Ir. tabdr ; from the Eng. 
 
 tabh, the sea, ocean ; from Norse haf, Swed. haf, Dan. hav, the 
 open sea, Ag. S. haef. From Norse also comes the Sc. (Shet.) 
 haaf, open sea. 
 
 t^bh, a spoon-net ; from Norse hdfr, a pock-net. 
 
 tabhach, a sudden eruption, a forcing, a pull, Ir. tabhach, sudden 
 eruption, compulsion, tohhachaim, I compel, E. Ir. tohach, 
 levying, distraint, from dohongaim : for root see btiain. 
 
 tibhachd, substantiaUty, effectiveness, Ir. tdbhachd : 
 
 tabhair, give, so Ir., E. Ir. tabraim, 0. Ir. tahur, do, post-particle 
 form of dobiw, now G. bheir, q.v. : inf. tabhairt, so Ir. See 
 thoir. 
 
 tabhal, a sling, Ir. tabhall, E. Ir. taball, W. tafl, a cast, tafiu, 
 jacere. Cor. tmda, Br. tool, a cast, blow : *tahallo-, root tab, 
 to fire, sling ; cf. Eng. stab. 
 
 t^bliairn, an inn, tavern, Ir. tabhaime ; from Lat. tabema, Eng. 
 • tavern. 
 
 tabhann, barking, Ir. tathfan : *to-sven- root sven, sound (see 
 seinn). 
 
 td,bhastal, tedious nonsense : 
 
 tac, a lease, tack ; from Sc. tack. 
 
 tacaid, a tack, tacket, Ir. taca ; from the Eng. 
 
 tacan, a while, short time ; from tac. 
 
 tacar (tEtcar, H.S.D.), provision, plenty, Ir. tacar : 
 
 tachair, meet, happen, Manx taghyrt, to happen, an accident, Ir. 
 tachair, he arrived at ; from to- and car, turn. 
 
 ticharan, a ghost, yelling of a ghost, an orphan, Ir. taehardn : 
 
 tachas, itching, scratching, Ir. tochas : 
 
 tachd, choke, Ir. tachdaim, 0. Ir. tachtad, angens. Stokes gives 
 the root as tak and refers to it also W. tagu (and ystagu), 
 choke. Cor., Br. taga. Brugmann and Ascoli analyse tachd 
 into to-acht, root angh, Lat. ango, choke, Gr. ctyx") Eng. 
 anger. 
 
 tachras, winding yarn, Ir. tocharais, tochardadh, M. Ir. tochartagh : 
 *to-cert-, root qert, wind, as in ceirtle. 
 
 tacsa, tacas (Dial.), support, substance ; cf. taic. 
 
 tidh, a ledge, layer ; 
 
320 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 tadhal, frequenting, visiting, Ir. tadhall, 0. Ir. tadal, dat. tadill, 
 inf. of taidlim., doaidlibem, visitabimus, adall diverticulum : 
 *to-ad-ell-, from *eln6 (Stokes), go, M. W. ehoyfi, iero, Com. 
 yllyf, earn, root ela, Lat. ambulare, walk, Gr. eXavva, drive, 
 proceed ; likely also Fr. aller, go. 
 
 tagair, plead, Ir. tagair (imper.), tagraim, E. Ir. tacraim, 0. Ir. 
 tacre, argumentum : *to-ad-gar-, root gar, as in gvir, agair. 
 
 tagh, choose, Ir. toghaim, 0. Ir. togu, eligo, electio : *to-gus6,. root 
 gus, choose, taste ; Lat. gusto, taste ; Gr. yeita, taste ; Eng. 
 choose. 
 
 taghairm, noise, echo, a mode of divination by listening to the 
 noise of water cascades, Ir. toghairm, summons, petition, 
 0. Ir. togairm, invocatio ; from to- and gairm. 
 
 taghan, the marten : 
 
 taibhs, taibhse, an apparition, ghost, Ir. taibhse, vision, ghost, 
 M. Ir. tadhhais, phantasma, 0. Ir. taidbse, demonstratio, 
 tadbai, demonstrat, * tad-bat or *to-ad-bat, root bat, show, see, 
 speak, I. E. bhd, bhan as in ban, q.v. Gr. <f)dvTaxrfj,a, Eng. 
 phantasm and phantom are closely allied to the G. 
 
 taibid, a taunt ; see teabaid. 
 
 taibse, propriety of speech : " precision," E. Ir. tepe, cutting ; see 
 teabaid. 
 
 taic, support, proximity, Ir. taca, prop, surety, fastening, toice, 
 prop, wealth, tacamhuil, firm, ai-ce, support, food, near, M. ir. 
 aicc, Ik bond, E. Ir. aicce, relationship : *akki-, *pakM-, root 
 pak, bind ; Lat. paciscor, agree, pax, peace ; Eng. fang. Got. 
 fahan, seize ; Zeud pof, bind. The root is a triplet — pak, 
 pag, pagh (Gr. Trfiyvvfii, make fast, Lat. pango, Eng. page, 
 etc). Zimmer refers E. Ir. aicce to the root of agus, aig. 
 
 taidhe, attention, heed, Ir. uidh, 0. Ir. aid, 6id, core-6i, servat : 
 *avdi-, root av, watch, Lat. aveo, desire, audeo, dare, Skr. av, 
 favour (see atll further). The t of G. is due to the phrase 
 " Thoir taidhe ( = thoir do aidhe)" — Take thy heed : a phrase 
 to which the word is practically restricted, and which 
 accounts for the short vowel of the G. and Ir., the sentence 
 accent being on the verb. 
 
 taidheam, meaning, import ; see oidheam. 
 
 taifeid, a bow-string : 
 
 taig, attachment, custom ; cf . aig, at. 
 
 taigeis, haggis ; from Sc. haggis, 0. Fr. hachis, Eng. hash, from 
 hack. 
 
 tail, substance, wages, taileas, wages, Ir. tdille, wages, M. Ir. 
 taile, salarium, W. tdl, payment, Cor., Br. tal, solvit, . root 
 tal, tel, take, hold ; Gr. raXavrov, a talent, Eng. talent, teAoSj 
 toll ; Lat. tollo, lift, Eng. thole, etc, 
 
Ct' THE OAffl^IC LAKQtTAGfi. S2l 
 
 tailce, strength, Ir. talcdnta, strong, E. Ir. talc'e, tailce : *t-alkid, 
 
 root alM, strong, Gr. dA.Kij, strength, dXe^co, defend. 
 tailceas, contempt; of. tarcuis. 
 t^ileasg, baokgamnion, chess, Ir. tdibhleis, backgammon table, 
 
 back-gammon, M. Ir. taiflis, draught-board, tables, W. tawl- 
 
 fterdd, draught-board ; from M. Eng. tables, backgammon, 
 
 from table, Norse tafl, game, chess. 
 tailebart, halberd ; from the Eng. The Ir., M. Ir. is halabard, 
 
 which Stokes regards as derived from the Fr. JiaUebard. 
 taileas, wages ; see tail. 
 tailgneachd, prophecy ; for tairgneachd, q.v. 
 taillear, a tailor, Ir. tailiur, W. teiliwr ; from the Eng., M. Eng. 
 
 tailor, taylor, from Fr. taillewr. 
 tailm, a tool, sling, noose, Ir. tailmh, a sling, E. Ir. tailm (do.), 
 
 W. telm, laqueus, Br. talm, sling : *talksmi- (Stokes) ; Ch. 
 
 SI. tluk<i., strike, 
 tailmrich, bustle, noise ; for *tairmrith, E. Ir. tairmrith, trans- 
 
 cursus, from tairm-, cross, trans (see thar), and ruith, run. 
 tailp, a bundle, bunch (Sh., O'E.) : 
 tMmh, death, mortality, Ir. tdimh, E. Ir. tdm, plague : *tdmo-, 
 
 death ; cf. Skr. tamyati, choke, Ch. SI. tomiti, vexare. Cf., 
 
 however, immh, rest. 
 tain, cattle, drove, Ir. tdin, cattle, spoil, E. Ir. tdin : *to-ag-ni, 
 
 root ag, drive, Lat. ago, etc. 
 taing, thanks ; from the Eng. thank. 
 tainneamh, thaw (Arran), Manx tennue, Ir. tionadh, 0. Ir. tinaid, 
 
 evanescit, root ten as in tana. See aiteamh. 
 taip, a mass, Ir. taip ; see tap. 
 
 tail, contempt, Ir. tdir, E. Ir. tdr ; for *to-shdr ; see sar. 
 tair, get, obtain, come, Ir. tair, come thou, E. Ir. tair (do.), tair, 
 
 venies ; from tairicim, I arrive at, come, catch, for *to-air-ic, 
 
 root ic of tkig, q.v. 
 tairbeart, an isthmus, peninsula : *tar^ertd, from tar (see thar, 
 
 cross) and ber of beir : " cross-bringing, portage." 
 tairbhe, profit, so Ir., 0. Ir. torbe : *to-for-be, where -be comes from 
 
 *bv-id, root bu, be (see bu). 
 tairbheartach, profitable, so Ir., E. Ir, tairbert, yielding, giving 
 
 up : *to-air-ber-, from the verb beir, bring, 
 tairg, offer, tairgse, an offer, Ir. tairgim, tairgsin, E. Ir. tairgim, 
 
 tharcsin (dat.) : * to-air-ges-, root ges, carry (Lat. gero), as in 
 
 agus ? Ascoli compares 0. Ir. taircim, affero, tairdud, 
 
 oblatio, tribuere, from to-ad-ro-ic, root ic of thig. 
 tairgneachd, tailgneachd, tairgire, prophecy, Ir. tairrgire, tair- 
 
 gire, prophecy, promise, 0. Ir. tairngire, promissio : *to-air- 
 
 ind-gar-id, root gar as in goir, 
 
 41 
 
322 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAET 
 
 tairiosg', a saw ; see tuireasg. 
 
 tairis, the dairymaid's cry to calm a cow ; cf . O. Ir. tavrissim, sto, 
 * to-air-8ess-, from sess as in seas, q.v. 
 
 tairis, kind, loving, Ir. tairis, loyal, E. Ir. tairisse, true, loyal : 
 " stable," from to-air-sess, from sess, stop, stand, as in seas, q.v. 
 
 tairisgein, peat-spade ; see toirsgian. 
 
 tairm, necromancy (Sh., O'E.) ; see taghairm. 
 
 tairneanach, thunder, Ir. tdimeach, tdim ; see torrunn for root, etc. 
 
 tMrng, tarrang, a nail, Ir., E. Ir. taimge ; from tarruing ? 
 
 tais, soft, Ir. tais, E. Ir. taise, tasse, weakness : *taxi-, soft (Gaul. 
 Tascirmaguhis f), root tak, weak, melting, Gr. TaKcpos (do.), 
 T^/co), melt ; further Lat. taies, Eng. thaw. Bezzenberger 
 suggests Gr. rdyrivov, a melting pot, saucepan. 
 
 taisbean, reveal, Ir. taisbeanaim, E. Ir. taispenim, taissfenim, 
 0. Ir. asfenimm, testificor, doairfenus, exploravi ; the old 
 Gaelic root is fen, hen, which may be cognate to Gr. ^aiVo) 
 (see taihhse). Zeuss regarded the s as put before the b by 
 metathesis, the word being of the same origin as taibhse. 
 
 taisdeal, a journey, Ir. taisdiol : 
 
 taisg, deposit, store away, tasgaidh, depository, Ir. taisgim, E. Ir. 
 taiscim, doroiseckt-sa, id deposui : * to-ad-sec-, root seq, follow, 
 beside, as in seach, past ; the idea of the verb being " put 
 
 taisgeal, finding of anything, taisgealach, a spy, Ir. taiscealladh, 
 spying, betraying, M. Ir. taiscelad, 0. Ir. taiscelaid, explorator, 
 pi. taisceltai, do-scMaim, experior ; from to-scM-, from sgeul, 
 story (Windisch). Hence taisgealadh, news. 
 
 taitheasg, a repartee, Ir. taitheasg, aitheasg (O'Br., etc.), 0. Ir. 
 taithesc, answer, aithesc, admonitio, W. ateb, a reply : *ati- 
 seq, root seq, say, as in sgeul. 
 
 taitinn, pleasing, Ir. taithneamhach, M. Ir. taitnemach, bright, 
 shining, E. Ir. taitnim, I shine, taitnemach, shining, 0. Ir. 
 taitnem, lucina, light : * taith4ennim, to-aith-tenrir, root ten of 
 teine, fire (Windisch). Stokes {Bez. Beit.^^, 112), divides 
 taitnem into tait- and nem, Pictish namet, albus. 
 
 til, adze, Ir., O. Ir. tdl : *to-aglo- (rather t-aglo-f). Got. ax/isi, axe, 
 Eng. axe (Strachan). Stokes gives a pre-Gaelic *tdkslo, root 
 tek, Ch. SI. tesla, axe, Lat. telum ( = tex-lum), weapon, Gr. 
 reKTbiv, carpenter ; but tek does not appear to have a side 
 form tdk, and tdkslo- would produce tdll. But cf. Lat. pdla, 
 spade, for root, and for phonetics G. tore and Lat. parens. 
 
 talach, complaining, Ir. talach, dispraise, reproach : 
 
 tiladh, enticing, hushing, caressing; from Norse tdl, allurement, 
 bait, trap, Ag. S. tdl, calumny, root ddl, del, Lat. dolus, 
 guile, Si/Aeo/iiot, hurt (Dor. SaAEo/iat). 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 323 
 
 talainte, a partition or dividing wall j from Sc. halland, hallm. 
 DiaJ. G. has also tallaid. 
 
 talamh, earth, so Ir., 0. Ir. talam, g. talman : *talmon-, for 
 tl-mon, root Ul; Lat. tellus, earth (for tel-6s), *tel, flat ; Gr. 
 T7jA.ta, a board ; Ag. S. thelu, board (root tet) ; Skr. talas, 
 level ground ; Ch. SI. tilo, pavement (root tl). Stokes joins 
 here Celtic talo-s, brow, Gavd. Bubtio-talos, Argio-talos (Pictish 
 Talorgan), W. tdl, brow. Cor. tdl, Br. tal. 
 
 taian, feats of arms, chivalry, Ir. talan (O'B., Sh., etc.); see 
 talann for origin. 
 
 tilann, a talent, Ir. tallann, 0. Ir. talland; from Lat. talentam, 
 Eng. iaieMi. 
 
 td.lfuiiin, a hoe ; from td,l and /o»». 
 
 talla,-a hall, Ir. allu, M. Ir. all; from Norse AaZ/, holl, Eng. AaZZ, 
 allied to G. ceall, q.v. 
 
 t^mailt, an insult, offence, Ir. tdmailt, Br. tamall, reproach, root 
 stemh, abuse, I. E. stengo, stamp, Gr. o-re/i/Ja), shake, misuse, 
 abuse, a-To^ta}, scold, Eng. stamp (Stokes, Jubainville Eev. 
 Celt}^, 365). 
 
 tamh, rest, Ir. tdmh, E. Ir. tdm : *tdmo-, root stdm, std, sta, stand, 
 Eng. stand, station, stamina ; see seas. Usually td/mh, rest, 
 and td,imh, death, are referred to the same root. 
 
 tamhasg, blockhead, brownie ; see am/Ms. For termination, cf. 
 it/ruisg, tannasg. 
 
 tamull, a while, space of time, Ir. tamall : * to-ad-melno-, from 
 Tnelno-, linger, Gr. )u.eAA.o), linger (Stokes). See mall. 
 
 tan, time, an tan, when, Ir. tan, an tan, 0. Ir. tan, intain, intan, 
 quum, quando : *tand, time ; Skr. tan, duration, tand, con- 
 tinually. Root tan, ten, extend, as in tana, q.v. 
 
 tana, thin, Ir., 0. Ir. tana. Cor. tanow, Br. tanaw, but W. teneu ; 
 *tanavo-, thin ; Lat. tenuis, thin, tendo, stretch ; Gr. ravads, 
 raw-, long, stretched, reiVo), stretch ; Eng. thin, Ger. diinn ; 
 Ch. SI. tmUkU ; Skr. tanti. 
 
 td,naiste, next heir, tanist, anything second, Ir. tdnaiste, lieu- 
 tenant, second in command, heir apparent, 0. Ir. tdnaise, 
 secundus, imtJianu, alternation, innimthdna, talionem : 
 *to-atn-, root at, go, Skr. at, also *at-s-men, of am, time, q.v. 
 (Strachan). Rhys {Celt. Br.^, 308) suggests connection with 
 W. tan, tiU, Lat. tenus, root ten (no root tdn ?). 
 
 tancard, a tankard, Ir. tancdrd ; from Eng. 
 
 tannas, tannasg', an apparition, ghost ; from the root of tanM ? 
 
 taobh, a side, Ir. taohh, E. Ir. t6eb, tdib, 0. Ir. t6ih, W., Cor., Br. 
 tu : *toibos, root steibh, sti, stiff, standing ; Lat. ttbia, shin- 
 bone (pi.) ; Lit. staibis, post, shin-bone (pi.), staibus, strong ; 
 Gr. o-TKpos, strong : further Eng. stif, Lat. stipes, log. 
 
324 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 taod, a hq,lter, cable, hair-rope, Ir. Uad, a rope ; see tevd. 
 
 taodhair, an apostate, Ir. taodhaire (Lh., O'B.) : 
 
 taodhal, frequenting ; see tadhal. 
 
 taoghas, the grave : 
 
 taoig, a fit of passion (Sh., O'R.) : 
 
 taois, dough, iT.taos, E. Ir. toes, 0. Ir. tdis, massam, W. toes, Br. 
 
 toas : ^taisto-, *stajesto-, root staj, conorescere ; Gr. o-rats 
 
 (g. o-TttiTos), dough, a-Tsap (g. CTTeaTosfor *stdjatos, *stdjntos) ; 
 
 Lat. stiria, a drop, 
 taoitear, oversman, tutor (Sutherland, etc.) ; from Lat. tutor, 
 
 Eng. tutor. 
 taom, pour out, empty (vb.), a jet, torrent (n.), taoim, bilge-water, 
 
 Ir. taomaim itaodhmaim), taodhm (n.), E. Ir. t6em, a jet, 
 
 taeim, sentina : * to-ad-sm-men, root sem, let go, from root sS, 
 
 cast, sow (see dol) ? Cf . 0. Ir. teissmim, T pour out ( = to-ess- 
 
 sem-drn). Borrowing from Norse t6mr, empty, Eng. toom, is 
 
 not to be thought of. 
 taom, a fit of rage, Ir. taom (O'B., etc.) : 
 
 taosg, a pour, rush, exact full of a liquid measure, Ir. taosgaim, I 
 , drain, pour out, E. Ir. t6esca, spilling, taescaire, a baler, 
 
 pumper : * to-ad-sem-sico-, root sem as in taom ? 
 tap, tow or wool on the distafi^, forelock, Ir. tap, tapdn ; from 
 
 M. Eng. top, tuft of hair or flax, top, Sc. tap. 
 tapaidh, clever, active, so Ir., E. Ir. tapad, suddenness, alertness, 
 
 top, sudden ; from the same root as obann (Stokes). 
 taplach, a waUet, repository, Ir. taplaigh ; for tap-lach, from tap, 
 
 tow, etc. 
 taiachair, augur, so Ir. ; for tarathar. See tc/ra. 
 taran, the ghost of an unbaptised infant (Sh., O'R.) ; for taclmran ? 
 ta^bh, a bull, Ir. tarbh, E. Ir. tarbh, W. tarw. Corn, tarow, Br. 
 
 taro, tarv, Gaul, tarvos : *tarvos ; Lat. taurus ; Gr. ravpos, 
 
 ( = Tajo/bs) ; Pruss. tauris, bufialo, Ch. SI. ticru, auroch. 
 
 Prellwitz thinks the Celtic not allied to Gr. ra-Opos, etc., 
 
 which he refers to the root tau, tu {stil gives Eng. steer). 
 tarcuis, contempt, Ir., M. Ir. tarcuime, E. Ir. tarcusvl : 
 targadh, ruling, governing, assembly (Lh., etc.), Ir. targadh : 
 targaid, a target, Ir. targdid ; from Eng. 
 targair, foretell, Ir. tairrghirim ; see tairgneachd. 
 t&rladh, it happened ; see ihturladh. 
 tarlaid, a slave, thrall ; from Eng. varlet .? 
 tirmachadh, producing, originating, source, dwelling, Ir. tormach, 
 
 an increasing, a growing ripe for bearing, magnifying, 0. Ir. 
 
 t6rmach, an increase : *to-for-mach, root mag, power (Eng. 
 
 may, might, etc.). 
 t&rmachan, a ptarmigan, Ir. tarmMhan ; Eng. ptarmigan is hence 
 
 (Skeat). 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANfiUAGE. 325 
 
 tirmus, dislike of food : *to-air-7neas ; see meas. 
 
 tirnach, thunder-clap ; see thirneanach. 
 
 timadair, inn-keeper; from L. Lat. tahernator, tavern-keeper, 
 
 Lat. taberna, Eng. tavern. 
 tarp, a clod, lump (Sh., O'B., etc.), Ir. tarp, tarpdn ; from Norse 
 
 torf, a turf, sod, Eng. twrf. 
 \ktx, lower part of the belly, tail, breast, Ir. twrr, belly, lower part 
 
 of the belly, E. Ir. tarr, W. tor, Br. tor, 0. Br. tar : *tarsd, 
 
 *tarnisd; Sc. thairm, belly, gut, Eng. «Aarm, Ger. darm, bowels; 
 
 Gr. rpdiMis, tail, entrail, hip joint. Stokes gives the Celtic 
 
 *targsd, allied to Lat. tergus, back, 
 tarrag, a nail ; see tairng. 
 tarruing^, pull, draw, so Ir., E. Ir. tairmgim : * to-air-rengim, from 
 
 E. Ir. ringim, hang, tear, from reng, a nasalised form of reg, 
 
 stretch (see ruighe). 
 tarr aid, sheriff officer, tipstaff (Dial.) ; see earraid. 
 tarsuinn, transverse, across, Ir. tarsna, tarsa, trasna, M. Ir., E. Ir. 
 
 tarsnu, across ; from tar, across (see thar) and sainn of 
 
 wrsainn, q.v. 
 tart, thirst, Ir., 0. Ir. tart : *tar(s)to- ; Eng. thurst, Ger. durst, 
 
 Gr. repcronai, become dry ; Lat. torreo, burn, tostum (*torstum), 
 
 Eng. toast ; Skr. tarsh, thirst, Zd. taresh ; I. E. ters, dry. 
 tartan, tartan ; from Eng., Sc. tartan, from Fr. tiretaine, linsie- 
 
 wolsie. 
 tartar, noise ; reduplication of root tar, tor in tbirneanach. 
 tasan, tedious discourse or scolding, Ir. tasanach, tedious, slow 
 
 (Lh. marks it obsolete and queries meaning) : 
 tasdan, a shilling ; from Sc. testan, testoon, a silver coin of the 
 
 16th century with Mary's head (teste) on it, the "inglis 
 
 testane" being worth 8 shilling Scots, Eng. tester, worth 6d ; 
 
 originally so called from the coins of Louis XII. (1500) with 
 
 his head (teste, Fr. tite, head) on them. 
 tasgaidh, depository, a treasure : " A thasgaidh" — Thou treasure ; 
 
 see taisg. 
 tataidh, attract, attach one to oneself, tadadh (inf.) : 
 tath, cement, join (M'F., Lh.), Ir. tdthaim, tdth, solder or glue, 
 
 W. todi, construct, join : *tdto-, *stdto-, constitute, root sta, 
 
 stand 1 
 tathaich, visit, frequent, Ir. tathuighim, M. Ir. aithigim ; formed 
 
 from the prep, aith, back, rather than a compound of tiagaim 
 
 as in iriiihich, our imich (that is, *ati-tig-, go back again), 
 tathunn, barking ; see tabhunn. 
 t6, a woman, female, she, Ir. an ti, she who, an t^, he who 
 
 (O'Donovan says either means " he or she who" or " person 
 
 who"), 0. Ir. inti, is(qui), indi ea(quae), ani id(quod) : the 
 
326 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 article and the enclitic particle 4, for which see rk, and cf. ^% 
 he who. 
 
 teabaid, a taunt, repartee (Dial.), teab, a flippant person's mouth 
 (M'A.), teibidh, smart : "cutting," E. Ir. tepe, a cutting, 
 0. Ir. tavpe, concisio, brevitas : * taidrbe ( = to-ad-be), reduced 
 root be, cut, imdibe, circumcisio, etc., root bi, bin, as in bean, 
 touch, q.v. 
 
 teach, a house, Ir. teach, 0. Ir. tech, teg, g. tige, W. ty. Cor. ti, 
 0. Br. teg, tig, ti, now ti, : * tegos, g. teges-os ; Gr. reyos, roof, 
 crreyft), cover ; Lat. tego, cover, tectum,, house ; Eng. thatch 
 Ger. dach ; Lit. st'egiu, cover; Sh. sthagati, cover. See tigh 
 for usual nom. case. 
 
 teachd, coming, arrival, Ir. teaehd, 0. Ir. techt, aditus, itio, W 
 taith, iter, Br. tiz, diligence, haste : *tiktd, root stig, steig, as 
 in tighinn, q.v. Some derive it from thig or tig, q.v. Hence 
 teachdaire, messenger. 
 
 teachd, legal, lawful, M. Ir. techta, t6chta, 0. Ir. tickle, fitting 
 legalis, lex : *tenctio-, root tenq^, become, chance, produce 
 Eng. thing. Lit. tenku, chance, befall, Lat. tempus. Dial 
 form dele, cha dele, q.v. 
 
 teadalach, slow, dilatory : 
 
 teadhair, a tether ; from Sc, Eng. tether, tedder, Norse tjddr, tjor, 
 Swed. tjuder. 
 
 teagair, collect, provide, shelter, Ir. teagar, provision, shelter, 
 feagarach, warm, snug, teagairim, store, provide ; cf. eagar. 
 
 teagamh, doubt, suspense ; see theagamh. 
 
 teagasg, teaching, so Ir., E. Ir. teeosc : * to-aith-cosc-, for which see 
 
 teaghlach, family, household, so Ir., 0. Ir. teglach, W. teulu, 0. W. 
 telu. Corn, teilu, familia : * tego-slmigo-, from the stems of tigh 
 and sluagh. The termination -lax:h from *sloiigo-s makes 
 abstract collective nouns, which are used for single objects or 
 persons; as bglach, young man, really "youth," or "young- 
 people," just as "youth" is also used in Eng. as a concrete 
 noun — " a youth." 
 
 teallach, hearth, forge, Ir. teallach, E. Ir. tenlach, tellaeh : *tene- 
 lach, from teine, fire, and terminal -lach (see teaghlach). 
 
 teallaid, a lusty or bunchy woman (M'F.) : 
 
 teamhaidh, pleasant, Ir. teamhair, pleasant, Tara, E. Ir. temair, 
 omnis locus conspicuus : *stem^i- ? 
 
 teampuU, temple, church, Ir. teampoU, 0. Ir. tempul, W. teml. 
 Corn, tempel ; from Lat. templum. 
 
 teanchair, pincers, smith's tongs, Ir. teanchoir, tongs, pincers, 
 0. Ir. tenchor, forceps : *tenrCor, "fire-putter," from the stem 
 pf teine, fire, and cor, seen in cuir, put. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 327 
 
 teanga, teangadh, a tongue, Ir. teanga, 0. Ir. tenge, gen. tengad : 
 
 *tengot-, from stengh, sting (Eng. sting, Ger. Stengel, stalk), 
 
 ■which is from zdngh, from dngh, whence Lat. dingua, Eng. 
 
 tongue ? Stokes {Academy/, Oct. '91) has compared Lat. tango 
 
 (so Windisch, Scot. Celt. Rev., 34). Rhys has considered the 
 
 probabilities of alliance with W. tafod. Corn, tavot, Br. teod, 
 
 older «eaM* (*«e&<i«o-) in Manx Pray?, 136-7. 
 teann, tight, tense, near to, Ir. teann, O. Ir. tend, W. «y«, tight, 
 
 stretched •.*tendo- ; Lat. tendo, I stretch, fereiws, stretched 
 
 (Stokes, Bev. Gelt, i^, 124) ; in any case from root ten of tana. 
 tearb, separate, Ir. tearhadh (O'CL), severance, M. Ir. terp4d, E. Ir. 
 
 terhaim, terbvd : *ter-be-, Gadelic reduced root le, cut, for 
 
 which see teabaid ? 
 tearc, scarce, rare, Ir. tearc, E. Ir. terc : *ter{s)qo-s, rare, root ters, 
 
 dry (as in tart) ; Lat. tesqua ( = tersquo-s), deserts. 
 tearmann, a sanctuary, protection, so Ir., M. Ir. termain, termonn, 
 
 W. terfyn; from Lat. termo{n), terminus, end, "end of race 
 
 for life by reaching church lands" or Termon landes (Ducange). 
 tearr, tar, Ir. tearr ; from M. Eng. terve, Norse tjara. 
 teilruinii, save, escape, te^rnadh (inf.), Ir. tearnaim, E. Ir. 
 
 ternaim, ternam, an escape, irnaim,, I escape : *es-rn-, root rn, 
 
 Eng. run ? 
 teas, heat, Ir. teas, 0. Ir. tess, g. tesa, W., Corn, tes, Br. tez : *testu-, 
 
 for *tepstttr, root tep, bum, heat; Lat. tepeo, be warm, Eng. 
 
 tepid ; Ch. SI. teplo, hotly ; Skr. tap, be hot, Zd. tap, bum. 
 
 See, also from tep, teine, teth. Hence teasach, fever. 
 teasairg, save, deliver, Ir. teasargaim, 0. Ir. tessurc, servo, 
 
 dumesurcsa, defendo me : *to-ess-arc, root ark, defend; Lat. 
 
 arceo, ward ofif; Gr. dpKeo) (do.). See adharc. 
 teasd, die, Ir. teasdaighim, die, fail, M. Ir., 0. Ir. testa, deest, fails : 
 
 *to-ess-td, from td, I am. Cf., for force, Lat. deswm. 
 teasg, cut, cut off, Ir. teasgaim, E, Ir. tescaim : *to-ess-sc, root sec, 
 
 cut, Lat. seco, Eng. saw. 
 teibideach, irresolute : " halting, failing ;" cf. Ir. tebim, disappoint, 
 
 fail, for which see theab. 
 teich, flee, Ir. teithim, E. Ir. techim, 0. Ir. teichthech, vitabundus, 
 
 W. techu, skulk, M. Br. techet, flee : *tekd, *tekk6, flee, I. E. 
 
 root teq-, flow, nm ; Ch. SI. teku, a run, Lit. tekii, flow ; Skr. 
 
 takti, runs, Zd, taka-, course, 
 teididh, wild, fierce (H.S.D.), wild fire (M'A.) : 
 teilg, a fishing line : " a cast," from tilg, cast, Ir. teilgean, casting ? 
 teilleach, a blub-cheeked fellow (Dial.) ; cf. meilleach. 
 teine, fire, Ir. teine, 0. Ir. tene, g. tened, pi. tenti, W. tan. Cor., Br. 
 
 tan (La proper names also tanet) : * tenet-, *tenos, Celtic root 
 
 te, from tep, hot, as in teas, q.v. Not for *te(p)ne-, as usually 
 
328 firfMOLOGlCAIi tolCtlONAKt 
 
 said, which would give Uine now, nor *<eps»e-, which would 
 
 produce tenne now. 
 teinn, calamity, strait ; an abstract noun from teann. 
 teirig, fail, be spent, die, teireachduinn (inf.), Jr. teiricim (O'B.), 
 
 E. Ir. tarnic, it ended, from *tar-ic, transire (tar, across, and 
 
 ic or nic of thig, thainig). Atkinson joins it with tairieim, 
 
 arrive ( = to-air-ic-), as in tair, but the meanings scarcely suit, 
 teirinn, te^rn, descend, Jr. teamaim, tik-naim, E. Ir. taimim, 0. Ir. 
 
 tairinnvd, dejectio { = to-air-innud), from *end6, go, root end, 
 
 edy I. E. Tped, go (Eng. foot, Lat. pes, etc., G. uidhe, q.v.). 
 teirisi ! the dairymaid's cry to calm a cow ; see iniris. 
 teirm, a term, Ir. tearma, earlier terma (F.M.) ; from M. Eng. 
 
 terme, from Lat. terminus through Fr. 
 tearmasg, tiormasg, a mistake, mischance ; cf. eimds. Here te 
 
 may be for de, on the analogy of to, do. 
 t6is, a musical air ; see sSist for derivation, 
 teismeid, last will and testament ; from Lat. testamentum. 
 teis-meadhon, the exact or very middle ; teis — to-ess, as in teasairg. 
 teist, testimony, Ir. teisd, teist, 0. Ir. teist, W. tyst, Br. test ; from 
 
 Lat. testis, Eng. test, etc. 
 te6, te6dli, make warm ; from teb-, q.v. The Ir. verb is teighim, 
 
 inf. tdaghadh. 
 teo-, warm-, ted-chridheach, warm-hearted : *tepu-, Skr. tapus, 
 
 hot, root tep as in teth. Cf. Keating's {Three Shafts, 282) 
 
 ted-ghrdMMiglieas, qui ardentius amat, where Atkinson con- 
 siders ted a comparative. 
 teoma, skilful, expert : 
 teth, hot, Ir. teith, comp. teotha (G. and Ir.), M. Ir. te, comp. teou : 
 
 *teps (?), root tep, hot, as in teas. The 0. Ir. is tee, ti, 
 
 fervidus, pi. teit, from *tepents, g. *tepentos, Lat. tepens. 
 teuchd, congeal, be parched, Ir. teuchduim, curdle, coagulate, 
 
 M. Ir. tichtaige, frozen, 0. Ir. coiteichtea, conoretionis : 
 
 *tankto-, from I. E. tenq, firm, fast ; Eng. tight, Gar. dicht, 
 
 close. 
 teud, a string, Ir. teud, tiad, 0. Ir. t4t, fidis, W. tant : *tntd, chord; 
 
 Skr. tdntu, tdnti, cord : root ten, stretch, thin, as in tana. 
 teug^hail, battle, contest, disease, Ir. teagmhdil, a meeting, 
 
 retribution : *to-ex-com-dhdil, see comhdhail. In the sense of 
 
 " disease," see eugail. 
 teum, a bite, sudden snatch, wound, E. Ir. temm, W. tarn, a bite, 
 
 Corn, tarn, pi. tymmyn, Br. tamm : * tendmen, root tend, cut ; 
 
 Lat. tondeo, shear, tinea, a worm ; Gr. tevSu, gnaw ; Ch. SI. 
 
 t§ti, caedere. 
 tha, is ; see ids. The aspiration is due to the use of to, in relative 
 
 sentences, where the t is intervocalic. 
 
6F ITHE GABtilC LANGtJAGii. 329 
 
 tMinig, came, Ir. thdnaic, thdinig, venit, 0. Ir. tdnic, rdnic, venit, 
 
 tdnac, veni : *ananka, I have come — a reduplicated perfect ; 
 
 Skr. dnamca, has reached ; Gr. rjveyKc, brought :. root enh, 
 
 nak {nank), attain, bring, for which see thig. The aspiration 
 
 is due to the analogy of other perfects which follow do. 
 thairis, over, across, Ir. tairis, E. Ir. tairis, over it, him ; from tar 
 
 {thar) and se or e, he, it. The aspiration is due to a suppressed, 
 
 or supposed suppressed, do or a. 
 thall, over, beyond, Ir. thall, O. Ir. thall, tall : *t-all, from to- and 
 
 all as in nail, q.v. The form thallad stands for thall-vd. 
 thalla, come, come along, " age," thallaibh (pi.), E. Ir. tallaim, 
 
 take away, *talnd, root tel, bear (see tlatk, tail, etc.). Also 
 
 interjection : thalla ! thalla ! well ! well ! 
 thar, across, Ir. tar, 0. Ir. tar, dar, W. tra-, over, track, beyond, 
 
 root ter, through, past, Lat. trans, termimts ; Skr. tar-, pass : 
 
 I. E. ter, pass through, bore. See tora, troimh. 
 th&rladh, accidit, Ir. tarla, E. Ir. dorala, dorla, 0. [r. tarla : 
 
 *to-ro-la, the la being the remains of root plu, as in dol 
 
 (Ascoli). 
 theab, nearly did (with inf.), Ir. do theib se, he failed (O'B.) : 
 
 "grazed" it, from *tebb, graze, cut, as in teabaid? 
 theagamh, mayhap, perhaps, 0. Ir. tecmaing, accidit, teanang, 
 
 eventus, do-e-cm-aingim, acoido, for *to-ex-comrang, root ang, 
 
 near, as in cumhang, q.v. 
 th^id, will go, Ir. t&d, goes, 0. Ir. tiit, venit, it : *to-eit, *ent6, 
 
 *pent6, go, reach, root pet, pent, go, fly, fall ; Lat. pet, seek, 
 
 "fall on" ; Gr. iriirTio, fall; Gat. finjian, 'Eng. find. 
 their, will say ; see deir. 
 thig, will come, Ir. tigim, come, E. Ir. tic, ticc, venit, 0. Ir. ticfa, 
 
 veniet : *t6-ice, from ice, '''enkd, come, reach, root enk, nak, 
 
 nank, attain, bring ; Gr. T/vey/ca, brought ( = G. thetinig), a 
 
 reduplicated perf. from ey/c ; Skr. anamfa, attained ; further 
 
 nank of adhlac and Lat. nanciscor. 
 thoir, give, G., Ir. tabhair, give thou, q.v. The G. is for toir, a 
 
 crushed form of tabhair, and this is aspirated on the analogy 
 
 of bkeir, gheibh, and especially of thug, its past tense. 
 thud, an interjection of dislike or impatience : Sc. hoot, hoot-toot, 
 
 Swed. hut, whence Eng. hoot. The G. is borrowed. 
 thug, gave, brought, Ir. thug, thujas (1st pers.), E. Ir. tuc, tucas, 
 
 do-fue, from uc, ucc, *vjd-ge, from s- aorist *e-ges-s-t, *e-ges-s-m, 
 
 root ges, cany, Lat. gero, gessi (Zimmer, Zeit.^", 156-7); whence 
 
 also W. dv^, he bore. Cor. duk,'5x. dougas. 
 thugad, thugaibh, thuige, etc., to thee, to you, to him; for 
 
 chugad, etc., q.v. Similarly thun is for chun, gun, gu, q.v. 
 ti, any one, person, Ir. ti, person, an ti, an te , see te, ni. 
 
 42 
 
330 BTtMOLOGlCAL ftlCTIONAET 
 
 ti, intention, Ir., E. Ir. ti : 
 
 tiachair, perverse, ill-disposed, sick, a dwarf, Ir. tiackair, perverse 
 
 (O'Cl., Lh., O'B.), M. Ir. tiachair, troublesome, E. Ir. tiachaire, 
 
 affiction, peevishness : 
 tiadhan, a little hill, small stone, Ir. tiadhan, a stone, testicle : 
 tiamhaidh, gloomy, lonesome, Ir. tiamdha, dark (O'CL), E. Ir. 
 
 tiamda, dark, afraid : 
 tiarmail, prudent ; cf. tlorail. 
 
 tide, time ; from Icel. ti&, So., Eng. tide, Ag. S. tid, Ger. zeit. 
 tigh (for taigh), a house, Ir. tiph, 0. Ir. teg, tech ; see feocA. 
 tighearn, tighearna, lord, master, Ir. tigheama, 0. Ir. tigeme, W. 
 
 teym, 0. W. -tigem, Cor. teem, O. British tigernus:*tegemo-s, 
 
 tegemio-s, root teg of tigh, q.v. 
 tighil, caU when passing (M'A.); the t being as in tigh, the word 
 
 seems a variant of tadhal. 
 tighinn, coming, Ir. tighim, I come, E. Ir. tiagaim, 0. Ir. tiagu, 
 
 tichtu (tichtin), adventus : *tig6, *teig6, from root steigh, stigh, 
 
 go ; Gr. o-Tei'xtD, walk ; Got. steigan, ascend, Ger. steigen, 
 
 Eng. stair ; Skr. stigknute, stride. 
 tilg, cast, cast out, vomit, Ir. teilgim, 0. Ir. teilcim : to-es-leic, " let 
 
 out," from the original of G. leig, let, q.v. 
 till, pill, return, Ir. tillim (Kesiting), fillim,pillim (O'B.) : *sveln,i-, 
 
 turn round, W. chwylo, turn, revolve, ehwyl, a turn, course, 
 
 while (for which see G. seal). Cf. fill. 
 tim, time ; from the Eng. 
 timchioU, around, a circuit, so Ir., 0. Ir. timchell : * to-imm-cell, 
 
 from I. E. qel, move, go ; Lat. colo, tend, celer, swift ; Gr. 
 
 irtXofw.i, go, be, d/i^HToAos, attendant ; Skr. cdrdmi, move, go. 
 
 See imachaill. 
 tinn, sick, Ir. tinn, E. Ir. tind : *tenni-, root ten of tana, teann, 
 
 teinn. Cf . Ir. tinaim, evanesco, Lat. attenuo, Eng. attemiate. 
 tinne, a chain, link, piece of a column, M. Ir. tinne, flitch, E. Ir. 
 
 tinde, ring, link, bar, 0. Ir. tinne, chalybs ; from the root ten 
 
 of tana. Cf. Norse pind, diaphragm. 
 ftiobart, a well, 0. G. tiprat (gen., Bk. of Deer), Ir. tiobar, 
 
 tiobrad, E. Ir. tipra, d. tiprait, * to-aith-hrevant-, Celtic verb 
 
 * berv6, seethe, boil ; Gr. <t>peap, (ftpearos, a well ; Ger. 
 
 brunnen, Eng. bum. See tobar. 
 tiodhlac, a gift, Ir. tiodhlacadh, E. Ir. tidnacul, 0. Ir. tindnacul, 
 
 traditio, do-ind-naich, distribuit : to-ind-nank-, root nank, 
 
 bring, get, Lat. nanciscor, obtain ; also root enk as in thig, 
 
 q.v. Hence also tiodhlaic, bury, and adhlac, q.v. 
 tiolam, a short space, a snatch : 
 tiolp, snatch, grasp eagerly, Ir. tiolpaim : 
 
OP THE GAEUC LANGUAGE. 331 
 
 tiom, soft, timid, Ir. time, fear, E. Ir. tim, soft, timid, timme, fear : 
 *temmi-, root tern, faint, Lat. timeo, fear, Eng. timid ; Skr. 
 tarn, to faint, Zd. tam, perish. 
 
 tiomnadli, a will or testament, Ir. tiomna, 0. Ir. timne : *to-immr 
 ne, the n of ne being the remains of -dn-, mandare, mittere 
 (Ascoli) ; of. 0. Ir. adroni, deposuit; immerdni, delegavit, 
 G. ^ithne, command, q.y. 
 
 tiompan, a musical instrument — a cymbal, Ir. tiompdn, tabor, 
 cymbal, drum, E. Ir. tiompan, a small stringed instrument; 
 from Lat. tympanum, a timbrel, drum (Windisch). The 
 difference of meaning between E. Ir. and Lat. has caused some 
 to doubt the connection ; and Stokes gives the Celtic root as 
 temppu-, a chord or string. Lit. tempiu, stretch, Ch. SI. t^tiva, 
 chorda. 
 
 tiomsach, collecting, bringing together, Ir. tiomsughadh, E. Ir. 
 timvm&ugvjd : * to-imm-sag-, root sag as in ionnsuidh, q.v. 
 
 tionail, gather, Ir. tionolaim, 0. Ir. tinolaim, tinolaim, do-in-ola, 
 applioat : * to-in-ola-im, "where ola is referred by Stokes to 
 *oklo-, *poMo-, joining, uniting, Ger.fiigen, to &t,fiige, joint ; 
 Lat. paciscor, bargain, bind ; Skr. pdfos, a knot, Zd. pa^, bind. 
 Ascoli regards it as *to-in-od-lu, root lu, plu of dol, but *od-lvr 
 would rather mean " go out," " go off." W. cynnull, gathering. 
 Com. cunteli, 0. Br. conttdlet, are, according to Emault, 
 borrowed from Lat. contuli. 
 
 tionnail, likeness of any person or thing : 
 
 tionndadh, turning, Ir. tiontodh, 0. Ir. tintuith, g. tintvda, 
 tintathigh, interpretes : *to-ind^s(mt-, root swof iompaidh, q.v. 
 
 tionnsgainn, a beginning, devising, tionnsgal, ingenuity, Ir. 
 tionnscnadh, a beginning, device, plotting, tionsgiodal, manag- 
 ing, industry, 0. Ir. tinscnaim ( = to-ind-scannaim), I begin, 
 tindscetal, a beginning, root sqend, start, spring, Lat. scando, 
 ascend, Skr. skandati, hurry, spring. The W. has cy-chwyn, 
 ortus i^sqend). The form -scetal is for sqen4- (?). 
 
 tiop, pilfer (M'A.) ; cf. tiolp. 
 
 tlor, dry (as corn), kiln-dry, Ir. tiortha, kiln-dried (Con.), M. Ir. 
 ti/rad, kiln-drying, E. Ir. tir, to dry ; from the root of tioram 
 (0. Ir. tirim). 
 
 tiorall, warm, cosy, sheltered, Ir. tioramhuil; cf. Ir. tioramkuil, 
 tiorthamhuil, homely, national, from ttr. Dr Cameron 
 regarded it as taken from the root of tioram, which is ulti- 
 mately the same as that of tw. Borrowing from Eng. cheer- 
 ful is unlikely. 
 
 tioram, dry, Ir. tirim, M. Ir. tirimm, 0. Ir. firim, tir (vb.) : 
 *tersmi-, root ters, dry, as in tart, q.v. See also tir for 
 phonetics. 
 
332 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONAET 
 
 ^tiofc^ save, deliver from peril : *t-erc-, *to-arki-, root ark of 
 
 Aeasairg, q.v. 
 tiort, an accident : 
 tiosan, water-gruel ; from Eng. ptisan, Lat. ptisana, barley water, 
 
 from Gr. ■TTTuravrj. 
 tiot, tiota, tiotan, a moment, while : 
 tir, land, earth, Ir., 0. Ir. tir, W., Com., Br. tir, tellus, la terre : 
 
 *tSrsos {*tSrses-) ; Lat. terra (*<ersd), Oscan teerwm, terri- 
 
 torium. The further root is ters, be dry, as in tart ; the idea 
 
 of tir, terrd is "dry land" opposed to sea. 
 tit, an interjection expressive of wet being perceived suddenly 
 
 (H.S.D.) : 
 tiugainn, come,'let us go ; from deaspirated thiigainn, " to us," for 
 
 chugainn, q.v. 
 tiugh, thick, Ir. tnigh, E. Ir. tiug, W. tew, 0. W. teu, obtuso, Com. 
 
 tew, Br. teu : *tegu-, thick ; Eng. thick, Norse pykkr, Ger. 
 
 dick; Gr. crreyvo's, fast, tight, 
 tiurr, a beach out of reach of the sea ; for an t-iv/rr, from Norse 
 
 eyrr, a gravelly bank by a river or a promontory, Swed. or, 
 
 Dan. orr. 
 tlachd, pleasure, so Ir., M. Ir. tlacht : tl-lco-, " willing," from toil, 
 
 will, q.v. 0. Ir. todlugvd, petitio, tothlaigim, I desire, is from 
 
 * tloq-, of altach. 
 tlam, teaze (wool), handful of wool. Strachan and Stokes give 
 
 the stem as *tlagm (read tldg-s-m-) allied to G&r.flocke, flock 
 
 of wool, Eng. flock. 
 tlath, mild, smooth, Ir. tlaith (tldith, O'B.), tlatfi, E. Ir. tlaith, W. 
 
 tlawd : * tldti-, "long-suffering," from tel, bear, endure; Gr. 
 
 tA,i;tos, tAcJo), endure ; Lat. tollo, raise, tuli, Idtus (for *tldtus), 
 t borne; Eng., Sc. thole. 
 tlus, pity, tenderness, E. Ir. tlus (S. n. E.) ; from root tl, tel of 
 
 tlath, q.v. 
 tniith, envy, Ir., E. Ir. tniith ; from the root ten, stretch : 
 
 " grasping ?" 
 to-, do-, verbal prefix = to, ad, Ir., 0. Ir. to-, do-. Stokes compares 
 
 Gothic du- to, from J)U (?). W. has du-, dy-, y. Cor. dhi, Br. 
 
 do, da. 
 . toban, wreath of wool or flax on a distafi" ; from Sc. tappin. 
 tobar, a well, Ir. tohdr, 0. Ir. topur, fons : *to-od-iur, root ihur, 
 
 hhru, to well, boil ; Gr. <j>vp<ii, mix ; Lat. ferveo, well, Eng. 
 
 fervid ; Skr. hhv,r, move quickly : further see root hhru in 
 
 brnith and hhrev in tiobar. Some have .referred tobar to 
 
 the root ber of inbhir, abar (phair). 
 tobha, a rope, from Sc. tow, rope, Eng. tow, puU, Norse tog, rope, 
 
 Lat- duco. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 333 
 
 tobhta, tota, turf, roofless walls, knoll ; from Norse toft, topt, a 
 
 clearing, a space enclosed by roofless walls, Eng. toft, tuft, 
 
 and top. 
 tobhta, tota, a rower's bend ; from Norse }>opta. 
 toeh, hough or thigh of an animal : *t-Jioch, from the Sc. hough. 
 tochail, dig, Ir. tockuilim, tochlaim : *to-cladh; see cladh. 
 tochar, tochradh, dowry, Ir. tochar, M. Ir. tocra (ace.) ; cf. 0. Ir. 
 
 tochur, placing, from cuir, put. The idea is " something 
 
 assigned to one." Hence Sc. tocher. 
 tcchd, tech, an unpleasant smell : 
 
 tochd, a disease of the eye in cattle ; cf. Sc. hock (H.S.D.). 
 ttochmharc, a wooing, so Ir., 0. Ir. tochmarc : * to-com-arc ; see 
 
 for root iomchorc. 
 tocsaid, a hogshead ; from the Eng. 
 todhar, manure, a bleaching, Ir. tiuir, a bleach-green, tuarachan, 
 
 a bleacher : 
 tog, raise, togail, lifting, Ir. t6gaim, tdgbhail, E. Ir. tdebaim : 
 
 * to-od-gah-im-, from gah, gabh, take, q.v. 
 
 togair, desire, Ir. togairim, please, choose, G. inf. togradh, Ir. 
 
 togra : *to-od-gar, root gar of goir. 
 .toghaidh, attention, care (H.S.D.) ; a variant of taidhe. 
 toghlainn, exhalation (M'A.) ; cf. tbch. 
 toithbheum, reproach, blasphemy, Ir. toihhJim, blemish, reproach, 
 
 E. Ir. toibeim : *to-heim, from heim, that is, heiim, q.v. 
 toic, wealth, riches, Ir. toice ; cf . taic. 
 toic, a swelling, a puiFed up state of the face : 
 toiceil, purse-proud ; from tbic. 
 toichiosdal, arrogance (Sh., O'B.) ; see'tostal. 
 toigh, agreeable, cordi (mihi est), docha, preferable, is docha leam, 
 
 I prefer, O. Ir. toich, acceptus, tochu, acceptior : *to-gus-, root 
 
 gus, choose, as in tagh. It has also been analysed as *do- 
 
 sech, or *do-fech, roots seq, veq ? 
 toil, wiU, Ir. toil, 0. Ir. tol : * told, root tel, take, lift, endure ; Lat. 
 
 tollo, tolero ; Eng. thole, tolerate, etc. See tlachd, tlath. 
 toill, deserve, Ir. tuillim, 0. Ir. tuillim, add, enhance, deserve, 
 
 arillim, mereo, G. root -ill- : * elnid, *pelni6; Lit. pelnas, 
 
 wages, earnings, merits, pelnaii, earn ; Skr. panas, play for a 
 
 stake, pan, wager, bargain (Windisch, Stokes). 
 toimhseachan, a riddle, Ir. toimhseachdn, a riddle, measure ; from 
 
 tomhas, q.v. 
 toinisg, understanding : 
 
 toinn, twist ; from Norse tvinna, twine, twist thread, Eng. twine. 
 toinneamh, the miller's share of meal for grinding (S. Argyle) : 
 .toir, torachd, pursuit, Ir., E. Ir. t6ir, Ir. toruigheachd, toireacM : 
 
 * to-fo-racht, root reg of dirich. Cf. 0. Ir., toracht, successus. 
 
334 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 processus { — to-rcuiht), tiarmdracht, pursuit (* to-iar7nrfo-racht). 
 
 From Ir. t&ruighe, pursuer, comes Eng. Tory. 
 toirbheart, efficiency, bounty, Ir. toirbheart, gift, munificence; 
 
 see tairbheartach for the roots. 
 toirleum, a mighty leap ; cf. E. Ir. tairlingim, jump out of, jump 
 
 off, alight, turlaim (inf.) : * to-air-Ung-, for which see leum. 
 
 Hence tbirlinn, alight (M'A.). 
 toirm, a noise, Ir. toirm, tormdn, E. Ir. tovrm, tairm : * tors-men, 
 
 root tor of torrunn. Cf. W. twrf, tumult, Lit. tarme, declar- 
 ation. 
 toirmisg, forbid, so Ir., M. Ir. tairmiscim, prohibit, hinder : 
 
 *tarmi-sc, from tarmi, the composition form of tar, across, and 
 
 sc or sec, say, as in caisg. 
 toirn, toirne, a great noise, sound, Ir. t&irn ; root tor of torrunn. 
 toirp, a sod (M'A.) ; from Norse torf, Eng. turf. 
 toirsgian, a peat-cutting spade, toirpsgian (M'A.) ; a hybrid 
 
 from Norse torf, turf, peat, and G. sgian. Cf. Norse torf- 
 
 skeri, peat-cutter. 
 toirt, respect, value, taste, Ir. toirt, quantity, value : 
 toirt, giving ; for tabhairt. See tabhair, thoir. 
 toiseach, the beginning, front, Ir. tosach, 0. Ir. iossctch, initium. 
 
 See the next word, 
 tdiseach, a beginning, a chief, Ir. toiseach, a captain, 0. Ir. t6isech, 
 
 praestans, leader, W. tywysog, dux, princeps, Welsh Ogmic 
 
 tofisac and tovisaci (Lat.) : * to-vessiko-s, root ved, lead, bring ; 
 
 Lit. wedu, lead, Ch. SI. vedc/., duco ; Zd. vddhayeiti, bring, 
 
 lead. 0. Ir. has also do-fedim, I lead. 
 toisg, an occasion, opportunity, Ir. toisg, circumstances, state, 
 
 journey, business, M. Ir. toisc, business, 0. Ir. Udsc, necessity : 
 
 * to-sech, root seq, follow, as in seach. 
 toisgeal, the left, unlucky : 
 toit, smoke, fume, Ir. t6it, M. Ir. tutt, smoke : *tutto-, root tu, stu, 
 
 Eng. steam ? See toth. 
 toitean, a little heap ; from Eng. tuft. In the sense of " piece of 
 
 flesh," Ir. toitedn, this is from t6it, roast, smoke (see toit), 
 
 scarcely to be derived from Fr. t6t, hastily roasted, from Lat. 
 
 tostus. 
 tolg, tulg, a hollow in metal, dent, Ir. tola, hole, crevice, E. Ir. 
 
 tolc, W. tolc : 
 toll, a hole, Ir., E. Ir. toll, W. twll, Br. toull : *tukslo-, root tuk, 
 
 pierce, punch ; Gr. tvkos, hammer ; Ch. Slav, root tuk, pierce, 
 
 is-tuknati, effodere, tiikalo, cuspis. 
 tolm, a hiUock of round form ; from Norse h6lmr, a holm, islet, 
 
 " inch," Sc. holm, Eng. holm, Ag. S. holm, mound, billow, 
 
 Qer. holm, hiU. 
 
of THE GAELIC LAlfGtJAGfi. 335 
 
 torn, a hillock, Ir. torn, M. Ir. tomm, W. torn, Br. das-tum, to heap : 
 
 *tiimbo-, hillock; Gr. rv/i^Sos, cairn, mound, Eng. tomb; Skr. 
 
 ^wnjfa, high, height ; further Lat. tvmmlus. W. torn has been 
 
 regarded as from the Eng. tomh. 
 tomad, tomult, bulk ; see tomult. 
 tomh, offer, threaten, M. Ir. tomaithim, 0. Ir. tomad, g. tomtho, 
 
 minationes : * to-mat-, root mat, throw. Lit. mMu, throw. 
 tomhas, measure, so Ir., 0. Ir. tomus : * to-mus, where mus 
 
 (*me«sit-) comes from root met, mi, measure ; Lat. metior, 
 
 mensus, Eng. measui'e ; Gr. fskrpov, a measure. Allied is G. 
 
 meas, q.v. 
 tomult, bulk ; also tomad. Cf. somalta, large, bulky : 
 t6n, anus, Ir., E. Ir. t6n, W. tin : *tuknd, tHkno- (Welsh), root 
 
 teuk, Ag. S. Jyedh, Eng. thigh, Teut. *theu/ia- (Strachan, 
 
 Stokes) ; from root tu, swell. 
 tonn, a wave, Ir., E. Ir. tond, 0. Ir. tonn, W., Com. ton, Br. tonn : 
 
 *tv,nnd, root Ui, swell ; Lit. tvanas, a flood, tirinti, swell ; 
 
 further Lat. tumeo, swell, Eng. thumb. Stokes gives the 
 
 Celtic as '''tundd, Ag. S. pebtan, howl, Norse }}j6ta, whistle 
 
 (as the wind, etc.). Some have correlated it with Lat. tundo, 
 
 beat, root tund, tud, Skr. tud-, push. 
 ttonn, ftoinnte, skin, Ir. tonn, hide, skin, E. Ir. tonn, skin, 
 
 surface, W. tonn, cutis, Br. tonnenn, rind, surface, hair of the 
 
 head : tunnd, skin, hide, whence possibly Low Lat. (9th 
 
 cent.) tunna, a cask, " wine-skin," now Eng. ton. 
 tonnag, a woman's shawl or plaid ; from Lat. tunica. Cf. M. Ir. 
 
 tonach, tunic, 
 tora, augur, Ir. tarachair, E. Ir. tarathar, 0. Cor. tarater, W. 
 
 taradr, Br. tarazr, tarar : *taratro- ; Gr. reperpov ; Lat. 
 
 terebra : root ter, through, as in thar. 
 toradh, produce, fruit, so Ir., O. Ir. tor ad : *to-rad, from ^rato-, 
 
 root rat, ra, give, as in rath, q.v. 
 toranach, grub-worm, Ir. torain, corn maggots (O'B.), tordn (Con., 
 
 etc.) ; from tor, bore, as in tora ? 
 tore, a boar, Ir., 0. Ir. tore, W. ttvrch, Cor. torch, Br. tourc'h, 
 
 0. Br. tiMTch : *t-orko-s, from *orko-, in ulreean, q.v. :'l. E., 
 
 porko-B, swine, Lat. pm'cus, Lit. parszors, Eng. farrow. 
 torchar, a fall, killing, torchuir (vb.), Ir. torchair, fell, 0. Ir. 
 
 torchar, I fell, doro-chair, cecidit, ara-chrinim, difficiscor, root 
 
 ker, Skr. far, break to pieces, frndmi, break ; see crion. 
 torghan, a purling sound ; from tor of torrunn. 
 ton, a hill of conic form, heap, castle, Ir. tor, tower, castle, crest, 
 
 E. Ir. tor, tuir, d. turid, a tower, W. twr, Cor, tur, Br. tour : 
 
 *ttvri-, *turet-, I. E. root tver, hold, enclose, Lat. turris, Gr. 
 
 rvpcris, tower. Some hold that the Celtic is borrowed from 
 
3^6 ttTYMOLOGiCAL DICTIONAEt 
 
 Lat. G. tdrr, with rr, is possibly for tmih (cf. *twe(r). It 
 
 also means " crowd" in G. and E. Ir., and " heap" also in W. 
 torrach, pregnant, Ir. torraeh, pregnant, fruitful, E. Ir. torrach : 
 
 *toTth-aco-, from *torato-, toradh, fruit, q.v. W. torwy, big- 
 bellied, has been compared, from tor, belly, G. tarr. 
 tbrradh (torradh, H.S.D.), burial, funeral solemnities, Ir. tdrradh, 
 
 watching or waking of the dead, E. Ir. torroma, attending, 
 
 watching : 
 tprrunn, thunder, Ir. toran, a great noise, E. Ir. torand, thunder, 
 
 W. tarann, Cor. taran, tonitruum : *toranno-s ; Gr. to/jos, 
 
 sound ; Lit. tarti, say. Gaul. Taranis, the Gaulish Jove or 
 
 Thor, and G. taimeanach show an a grade of the root. 
 tosd, silence, so Ir., E. Ir. tost : '''tmto-, root tiis, tens, whence 
 
 E. Ir. td, ttM, silent; 0. Pruss. tussise, silet, Ch. Slav, tichu, 
 
 silent ; Skr. ttish, silere, tushnim, sUently. 
 tosg, a tusk ; from the Eng. 
 tosg, a peat-cutter (Dial.) ; from Sc. tiisk in tusk-spawd (Banflf), 
 
 tuskar (Ork. and Sh.), tusk, cut peats. 
 tosgair, an ambassador or post, Ir. toisg, a journey, business 
 
 See toisg. 
 tostal, arrogance, Ir. tdsdal, toichiosdal (O'B.), 0. Ir. tochossol, 
 
 violation : *<o-c(wi-sa^, from sal, leap (see tuisleadJi)^ Also 
 
 toichiosdal. 
 tota, rower's bench, turf ; see tobhta. 
 toth, a foul blast of vapour : see toit for root, 
 trabhaeh (trabhaeh, M'F.), rubbish cast ashore, the grass fiorin ; 
 
 from trhigh t Of., however, drabhas. 
 tr^bhailt, mill-hopper (M'A.) ; possibly from Lat. trabula. 
 traehdadh, negotiating, proposal, so Ir. ; from Lat. tracto, treat. 
 trachladh, fatigue ; from So. trackle, draggle, fatiguing exertion, 
 tiadh, a lance, fishing spear, Ir. tradh, lance, treagh, spear ; from 
 
 the root tar, tra (see thar), through, Lat. trdgula, a dart. 
 tldigh, the shore, Ir. trdigh, E. Ir. trdig : *trdgi- ; see traogh. 
 traill, a slave, Ir. traill (O'B.), M. Ir. In-dill (not well known to 
 
 glossographers) ; from Norse firaell, Eng. thrall. 
 traille,' the fish tusk : 
 trait, trdidht, a poultice,, cataplasm, rag, Ir. i/reata {treata. Con.), 
 
 plaster : 
 tramailt, a whim (M'A.) : 
 trang, busy ; from Sc. thrang, Eng. throng. 
 traogh, ebb, Ir. trdighim, traoglwdm, E. Ir. trdgim, W. treio, ebb, 
 
 trai, ebb-tide, traeth, shore : *trdg6, from trdg, I. E. tragh, 
 
 draw, Lat. traho, etc. ; see troidh for root. 
 traona, the corncrake, Ir. traona ; see trean^i-tr^an. 
 trapan, a cluster, Ir. trapdn : 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 337 
 
 trasd, across, trasdan, cross beam, crozier, 0. Ir. trost, trabs, from 
 
 tar, tra of thar. Cf. W. trawst, rafter, which Stokes and 
 
 Loth think to be borrowed from Lat. transtrwm, as also 0. Ir. 
 
 trost mentioned above. Sc. has trast or trest, beam, from 
 
 early Fr. traste, Lat. transtrum. 
 trasg, a fast, Ir. trosgadh, 0. Ir. troscud : *trusk6, *trud-sk6, root 
 
 trvd, distress, burden, Lat. trddo, push, Eng. threaten. See 
 
 trod, trom. 
 trith, time, season, Ir., E. Ir. trdth : *1/rdtu-, root tra, tar, through 
 
 (see thar). Cf. W. tro, turn, time, Br. tro, occasion, round ; 
 
 Eng. turn. 
 tre, through, Ir. tre, tre, E: Ir. tre, tria, tri, 0. Ir. tri, trl, tre, 
 
 0. W. troi, now trwy. Corn., Br. dre, 0. Br. tre, dre : *trei, 
 
 *tri, root ter, pass over, through ; Lat. trans, across ; Skr. 
 
 tirds, through, over, Zd. tard (do.). See the root in thar, 
 
 tora, troimh ; also in Eng. through. 
 treabh, plough, till, Ir. treahhaim, E. Ir. trebaim, inhabit, cultivate, 
 
 treb, a dwelling, W. tre/, homestead, 0. W., 0. Br. treb : 
 
 *trebo-, a house ; Lat. tribus, trebus, a tribe, Eng. tribe ; Eng. 
 
 thorp; Lit. troha, dwelling, building. Hence treabhair, 
 
 houses, treibhireach, prudent. 
 treabha, a thrave ; from Norse }>refl, Eng. thrave. 
 treachail, dig : *tre-clad; see cladh and cf. tochail. 
 treaghaid, a darting pain, stitch, Ir. treagh{d)aim, I pierce 
 
 through, M. Ir. treghat, pangs, smart, treaglad, transpiercing ; 
 
 Ir. treagh, a spear : " piercing." See tradh. 
 trealaich, lumber, trash, Ir. trealamh, lumber, apparel, instru- 
 ments, E. Ir. trelam, weapons, furniture, apparel : *tre-lam; 
 
 for lam, see ullamh. 
 trfealamh, indisposition (M'F.) : 
 trealbhaidh, adult, grown-up (M'A. for Islay) : 
 trtan-ri-trean, corn-crake, Ir. traona : 
 treas, third, Ir. treas, 0. Ir. tress : *tristo-, from tris, thrice, Gr. 
 
 rpi's, Skr. tris, root tri of tri, three. W. trydydd, third, is for 
 
 '''tritijo-s. 
 t treas, battle, skirmish, Ir. treas, E. Ir. tress. For root, cf. the 
 
 next word. W. has trin, battle, bustle, treis, violence, 
 treasa, stronger, Ir. treas, strong, treise, stronger, 0. Ir. tressa, W. 
 
 trech, fortior, Br. trec'h : *treksj6s, fortior, root treg, streg, 
 
 sterg, strong, Eng. stark, Lit. stregti, stiffen, Pers. . suturg 
 
 (*strg), strong. Stokes refers it to the root treg, trag, draw, 
 
 leap, as in troigh, traogh. See treun further; treasa is its 
 
 comparative really, 
 treasdach, thorough-paced (of a horse) ; cf. Ir. trosddn, a pace, 
 
 jump : 
 
 43 
 
338' ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONAET 
 
 treasg,- refuse of brewed malt, groats, Ir. treasdmha, dross, copper 
 dross, treascach, draflfy, M. Ir. tresc, refuse, offal : 
 
 treibhireach (treibhdhireach, Dictionaries), prudent, upright, 
 0. Ir. trebar, prudent, M. Ir. trebaire, prudence ; from treb of 
 treabh, q.v. 
 
 trSig, forsake, Ir. triigim, E. Ir. trecim, W. francu, perish : 
 *tranlijd, abandon, root trak, push, press, as in diirachd 
 (Stokes). 
 
 treis, a while, space, also greis, Ir. treibhse, dreibhse (O'B.) ; see 
 greis. 
 
 treodhair, a smith's nail mould, Ir. tre6ir, treoir ; from «re, trem, 
 through ? 
 
 tre6ir, strength, Ir. tredir, conduct, strength, M. Ir. treorach, 
 strong, E. Ir. tredir, vigour : * treg-ri-, root treg of treasa. 
 
 tredraich, guide, Ir. tredruigkim, M. Ir. treoraigim : *trag-ri; root 
 trag of troigh ? 
 
 trenbh, a tribe ; frOm Lat. tribws, a tribe. See treabh. 
 
 treubhach, valorous, strenuous, treubhantas, bravery ; for 
 *treuntas, from which treubhach is deduced. M'Kinnon 
 (Gael. Soc. Tr.^^, 341) refers it to treubh, tribe. 
 
 trend, flock, herd, Ir. tr^ad, trend, E. Ir. tret : *trento-, root trem, 
 Lat. turma, troop, Ag. S. firuma, heap, company (Strachan, 
 Stokes). Windisch has compared Gr. a-rparo^ {*strntos) to 
 fre-ud. 
 
 treun, brave, Ir. treun, 0. Ir. tren, fortis, W. tren, strenuous, 
 force : *tregno-i root treg of treasa, q.v. Stokes gives the 
 Celtic as *treksno-, which would produce *tresno-, modem 
 treatm. 
 
 tri, three, Ir., 0. Ir. trl, W. tri. Cor. try, Br. tri : * treis ; Lat. tres 
 {*trei-es); Gr. T/oets ; Got. Jrreis, Eng. three ; Lit. trps ; Skr. 
 trdi/as. 
 
 triall, going, journey, Ir. triall, E. Ir. triall : * tri-all, "go- 
 through," root ell of tadhal ? 
 
 trian, third part, a third, Ir., E. Ir. trlan, W. traian : * freisano- ; 
 see treas, tri. 
 
 triath, lord, chief, E. Ir. triath : *treito-s. Stokes compares Lat. 
 trttavus, strttavus, ancestor in the 6th degree. 
 
 trie, frequent, often, Ir. trie, E. Ir. trice : *trekM-, root treg of 
 troigh (Stokes, Strachan). 
 
 trid, tridj through, by, Ir. trid, E. Ir. trit, per eum, id : *trei-t, 
 from root trei of tre, through ; the final -* is the demon- 
 strative pron. to (Eng. that, Gr. to). 
 trileanta, thrilling, quavering ; cf. E. Ir. trilech, song, 0. Ir. 
 trlrech, song of birds. Cf. Eng. trill, Ital. trillare, Sp. trinar : 
 an initiative word. Eng. thrill is from the root tre, ter (see 
 
OF THB QAGLIG IiANOUAaH. 339 
 
 tora), " piercing," which may also be the ultimate origin of 
 
 the G. words, 
 t trills, locks of hair, Ir. 1/rilis (obs.), E. Ir. triliss ; of. Eng. tress, 
 
 from Lat. tricia, trica, plait, Gr. rpixa, in three parts, root 
 
 tri, three, 
 trllleachan, trileachan (drilleachan, M'A.), the pied oyster- 
 catcher, sea-piet : 
 trillsean (drillsean, M'A.), lantern, rush-light, a glimmer, Ir. 
 
 trilisedn, torch, lantern, earlier trilsen, facula, trillsech, spark- 
 ling : " piercing," from tre, ter, as in trileanta ? 
 trinnseir, a plate, trencher, Ir. trinsiur ; from Eng. trencher. 
 trioblaid, trouble, tribulation, Ir. triobldid, E. Ir. freblait; from 
 
 Lat. trihulatio, Eng. tribulation. 
 triobuail, vibrate, quiver ; from Eng. tremble ? 
 trlonaid, a trinity, Ir. triondid, trionoid, E. Ir. trinoit, 0. Ir. trin- 
 
 doit ; from Lat. trinitdt-, trinitas, a trinity, from tres, three. 
 
 The Gadelic is developed from *trin(i)tdti-. 
 trinbhas, trews, trousers, Ir. triiis, M. Ir. tribus ; from Sc. trews, 
 
 Eng. trooze, trouses, now trousers, trunkhose. 
 triilcair, a rascal ; from Sc. trvker, trukier, a deceitful person, 
 
 from 0. Fr. tricher, to trick, allied to Eng. trick. 
 tiiuchan, a stripe of distinguishing colours in tartan : 
 triuthach, hooping cough, Ir. triuch, trioch : root pster of 
 
 sreothart ? 
 trobhad, come thou hither to me ; opposite of thugad : *to-ro'-ad, 
 
 * to-romh-t, "to before you?" 
 trdcair, mercy, Ir., 0. Ir. trdcaire, W. trugaredd, Cor. tregereth, 
 
 M. Br. trugarez, 0. W. trucarauc, merciful : * trougo-karja, 
 
 " loving of the wretched," from the roots of truagk and car, 
 
 love, 
 trod, a quarrel, scolding, Ir. troid, M. Ir. trot, quarrel, combat, 
 
 trottack, quarrelsome : *truddo-, root trud, distress, bother ; 
 
 Eng. threat, Norse prjdta, fail, lack ; Lat. tr&do, push, Eng. 
 
 obtrude ; Ch. SI. trudu, difi&culty. 
 trog, raise, trogail, raising, Manx troggal, earlier trogell : to-ro-od- 
 
 gab, that is to say, tog with the prep, ro inserted. See tog. 
 
 Rhys {Manx Pray.^, 138) compares E. Ir. twrcb&l, a rising (as 
 
 of the sun) : * to-for-gab-. 
 trog, trash (Dial.), busy dealing, trdg, busy dealing, from Sc. 
 
 trohe, to bargain, barter, trog, old clothes, troggin, pedlar's 
 
 wares, Eng. trwjc, from Fr. troquer, barter, truck. 
 trogbhoil, gi-umbling (M'A.), trogbhail, quarrel (Nich., trogbhail 
 
 Arm., Sh., O'K): 
 troich, a dwarf ; see d^oich. 
 troidht, cataplasm, rags ; see trait. 
 
340 ETYMOLOGICAL CiCTlONABt 
 
 troigh, misspelt troidh, a foot, Ir. 1/roigh, O. Ir. traig, g. traiged, 
 W. Praed, 0. Cor. i/ruit, pes, M. Br. troat : *traget- (*troget-?), 
 foot, root trag, leap, draw, Gaul, vertragos, greyhound ; I. E. 
 tragh ; Got. pragjan, run, Ag. S. Jjrah, course ; Lat. i/raho, 
 draw. 
 
 troileis, any trifling thing ; founded on Eng. trifles ? 
 
 troimh, through, 0. Ir. tremi^, trans-, super- : *trim.o-, from tri of 
 tre. For the mi or mh, cf. roimh, comh-. 
 
 trom, heavy, Ir. trom, 0. Ir. tromm, W. trwm, Cor. trom, Br. 
 troum, : trud-s-mo-s, "oppressive," from *r»(^, oppress, distress; 
 Got. us-priutan, oppress, Eng. threat ; Lat. irddo, push. See 
 irod further. For other views, see Rhys' Lect.\ 114, Zimmer 
 Zeit.^, 208. 
 
 troman, dwarf, elder, Ir. tromdn, 0. Ir. tromm, g. truimm ; also 
 G. droman (M'A.) : 
 
 tromb, the Jew's harp ; from Sc. trump (do.), Eng. trump, from 
 Fr. trompe. 
 
 trombaid, a trumpet, Ir. trompa, L. M. Ir. trompadh ; from the 
 Eng. 
 
 troraid, a spire, steeple (M'F.) ; founded on Eng. twrret. 
 
 trosdail, dull, seriously inclined, Ir. trosdamhuil, serious, con- 
 fident : 
 
 trosdan, a crutch, support, Ir. trostdn, crutch, pilgrim's staff, W. 
 trostan, long slender pole. See trasd for root. 
 
 trosg, a codfish, Ir. i/rosg ; from Norse }>orslcr, Dan. torsk, Ger. 
 dorsch. 
 
 trot, trot, trotan, trotting ; from the Eng. 
 
 truacantas, compassion, Ir. trvaednta (O'B.) : *troug-cati-, 
 " expressing pity," from truagh and can, say. 
 
 truagh, wretched, pitiful, so Ir., E. Ir. tr^ag, O. Ir. trdg, W. tru. 
 Corn, troc, miser, Br. tru, Gaul. Trdgos : *trotigo-, miser, root 
 streug, rub, wear ; Gr. a-Tpivyofuii, am worn out, distressed ; 
 Ch. SI. strugati, scratch, distress. Lit. strugas, carving instru- 
 ment ; Norse strjiika, to stroke, Ger. stravxheln, stumble 
 (Windisch, Prellwitz). Stokes refers it to the root of Norse 
 Jjrdga, press, Jyrtlgan, compulsion, 0. H. G. drdh, compes. 
 From Celtic comes Eng. truant. 
 
 traaill, a sheath, so Ir., E. Ir. trdaill : * tr<yud-s-li-, root treud, 
 trud, push ; Eng. thrust, Lat. trddo. See further trod, trom. 
 
 traaill, pollute, violate, Ir. trdaillim, E. Ir. trdalnim, 0. Ir. 
 drudilnithe, corruptus, cellned, inquinatio, iUuvies, elnithid, 
 violator, from ^In-, 0. Ir. as-lenaimm, polluo, G. root len (len, 
 Ascoli), fcedare (Lat. lino, smear, as in lean ?). Ascoli 
 analyses truaill into der-juad-len {der- intensive), while 
 Thumeysen refers the tru-, dm- to the root of Lat. trux, 
 irueis. 
 
Of THE GAELIC LANGf AGE. 341 
 
 trudair, a stammerer, a dirty or obscene person, Ir. trudaire, a 
 
 stammerer (Lh., O'B., Con.). In the first sense, the word is 
 
 Ir. ; in the second sense, it is G. only, and likely of the same 
 
 origin as trusdar. Norse prjdtr, knave, bad debtor, has been 
 
 adduced as its origin, 
 truilleach, a dirty or base person, filthy food : * trus-Uc-, root trus 
 
 as in trusdar ? Or from Sc. trolie, a person of slovenly habits, 
 
 trollop ? 
 truis, tear, snatch, truss ; froca Se. truss, to eat in a slovenly, 
 
 scattering fashion (Ork.), Icel. tros, Eng. trash. In the sense 
 
 of " truss," the G. is from Eng. truss. Hence the cry to dogs 
 
 to get out — truis ! 
 triip, a troop ; from the Eng. 
 trus, truss or bundle, collect, Ir. trusdalaitn, truss up, girdle, W. 
 
 trwsa, a truss ; from Eng. truss, 0. Fr. trusser, from L. Lat. 
 
 tortiare, tortvs, twisted. See also triubhas. 
 trusdar, a filthy fellow, filth : 
 trusgan, clothes, apparel, Ir. truscdn, trosgdn, clothes, furniture; 
 
 founded on trus. Of. Eng. trousseau from the same origin, 
 truthair, a traitor, villain ; from Sc. trucker, deceiver, trickster ? 
 
 Or from Eng. traitor ? 
 tu, thu, thou, Ir., 0. Ir. tii, W. ti, Com. «y, te, Br. te ■.*ta; Lat. 
 
 tH ; Gr. o-u ; Eng. thou ; Pruss. tou ; Zd. til. 
 tuagh, axe, so Ir., M. Ir. tua^, E. Ir. tiktgach, hitting : *tougd, 
 
 root teugh, tuq, hit, strike ; Gr. revx^, fashion, tvkos, 
 
 hammer, tukovi/, flail ; Ch. SI. tukalo, cuspis. Stokes prefers 
 
 comparison with Skr. tuj, hit {*tug). 
 tuaicheal, dizziness, tuachioU (Sh.), winding, eddying, moving 
 
 against the sun, left-about : *to-/o-ceU (for cell, see timchioll), 
 
 Ir. tuachail, going, confused with *tuath-cell, "left (north) 
 
 going"? Cf. tuaineal. 
 tuaileas, reproach, scandal, so Ir. (Lh., O'B., etc.) : *to-fo-less ; 
 
 from *lisso-, blame, discussed under leas- ? 
 tuailt, tubhailt, a towel ; Ir. tudhoille ; from the Eng. 
 tuainig, unloose (Dial.) ; see tualaig. 
 tuaineal, dizziness, stupor : *to-fo-in-el, root ell of tadhalt Or 
 
 *to-fo-neid'i 
 tuaiream, a guess, aim, vicinity, Ir. tuairim ; also tuairmse : 
 
 * to-for-med-, root med of m^as. 
 tuaireap, turbulence : 
 
 tuairgneadh, confusion, sedition, Ir. tuargdn, noise, discontent : 
 tuairisgeul, description, report, Ir. tuarasgbhdil, M. Ir. tiiarascbal, 
 
 description, 0. Ir. t4arascbaim, for to-for-as-gab-, root gai of 
 
 gabh. 
 tnairneag, anything round, a boss, tidy female, tuairuean, a 
 
 mallet, beetle, Ir. tuaimln, mallet ; cf. next word. 
 
342 tlTtMOLOaidAL DIOWONARif 
 
 tuairnear, a turner, Ir. tdrndir ; from the Eng. 
 
 tuaisd, a dolt, slovea, tuaisdeach, unseemly : 
 
 tuaitheal, wrong, left-wise ; from tuath and seal : see deiseil for 
 latter root and form. Ir. bas tuathal, the left hand, awk- 
 ward. 
 
 tualaig, loose (Arm.), tuainig, tuanag, loosening (Dial.) : *to-fo- 
 leig ; see leig. 
 
 tuam, tuama, a tomb, Ir. tuama ; from Lat. tumba, Eng. tomb. 
 
 tuar, food, 0. Ir. tuare : ^tavno-, root staur, place, store, Eng. 
 store, Skr. sthdvara, fixed : root sta. 
 
 tuar, hue, appearance; cf. Ir., M. Ir. tuar, an omen, presage : 
 
 * to-vor-, root ver, vor, of fhuair ? 
 
 tuarasdal, wages, so Ir., M. Ir. tuarustul, tuarastal : *to-fo-ar-as- 
 tal, root tal, tel, take, lift, M. Ir. taile, salarium, W. tdl, pay- 
 ment, Cor., Br. tal, solvit ; I. E. tel ; Gr. reXos, tax, rdkavTov, 
 talent ; Lat. tollo ; Eng. thole. See tail, tlath. 
 
 tuasaid, a quarrel, fight : to-fo-ad-sedd-, G. root sedd from sizd, 
 si-sed, set, " set-to" being the idea ? Root sed of suidhe. But 
 cf . faosaid. 
 
 tuasgail, loose, untie, Ir. tvaslagadh, releasing, E. Ir. tuaslaicim : 
 
 * to-fo-as-Mc-im, from lee of leiff, let, q.v. 
 
 tuath, people, tenantry, so Ir., 0. Ir. tOath, populus, W. tud, 
 country, nation. Cor. tus, Br. tvd, Gaul. Tout-, Teuto- : * toutd, 
 people ; Lat. Umbr. toto, state, Oscan ttivtii, populus, Lat. 
 tdtus, all ; Got. pivda, people, Teutonic, Deutsch, German, 
 Dutch ; Lettic tdwta, people, 0. Pruss. taufo, land. 
 
 tuath, north, Ir. triath, tuaith, 0. Ir. tiiath, left, north : * toutd, 
 *touto-s (adj.), left hand, left, "good," Got. fiiu)), good; Cf. 
 Gr. evcawixoi, left hand, " good-omened." Rhys (Manx 
 Pray.^, 62) suggests that the root is su, turn (see iompaidh) : 
 *do-huth {'^to-svr), "turning to;" W. aswy or aseu, left 
 hand, being also hence — * ad-sou-i-. 
 
 tuba, a tub ; from the Eng. 
 
 tubaist, mischance, M. G. tubbiste (D. of L.), Ir. tubaiste : 
 
 tuban, tuft of wool on the distaff ; see toban. 
 
 ttich, smother, become hoarse, ttichan, hoarseness : * t-iick ; cf . 
 W. ig, sob, hiccup. 
 
 tndan, a small heap or stack (dud, M'A.) : 
 
 tug, brought ; see thug. 
 
 tugaidean, witticisms (Dial., H.S.D.) : 
 
 tugha, thatch, covering, tugh (vb.), Ir. tuighe (n.), tuighim (vb.), 
 E. Ir. tuga, tugim, W. to, a cover, thatch, toi, tegere. Cor. to, 
 tectum, Br. to, toenn : * togio-, * togo-, root tog, steg, as in tigh, 
 teach. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 343 
 
 tuig, understand, Ir. tuigim, 0. Ir. tuiceim, tuccim : *to-od-ges-, 
 
 root ges of tug. Some have given the stem as *to-od-cesi, root 
 
 qes of ch), ; but this would give G. tuic. 0. Ir. tuicse, electus : 
 
 * to-od-gus-, root gus, taste, Eng. gusto. 
 tuil, a flood, Ir., 0. Ir. tuile : *tulid, root tu, swell ; Gr. ti;A.o9, 
 
 knob, weal ; Skr. tUla, tuft ; Eng. thumb, tumid, etc. (See 
 
 tulach). So Stokes Zeit.^\ 235. The 0. Ir. root ol, to flood, 
 
 abound, gives tolam, a flood, imrdl, foriil, abundance, etc. 
 
 The root pol, pel has also been suggested, as in iol-. 
 tuille, tuilleadh, more (n.), Ir. tuille, tuilleadh, addition, tuilleamh, 
 
 wages, addition, E. Ir. tuilled, tuillem, addition, inf. to tuillim, 
 
 enhance, deserve, as in G. toill. Two words are mixed : 
 
 *to-el'n^, deserve, and to-oln, much, more, E. Ir. oil, great, 
 
 huilliu, plus, *olnids, root pol, pel, many, Gr. Trokvs, Lai. plus, 
 
 etc. (see iol). Stokes equates the 0. Ir. uilliu, oil, with Lat. 
 
 pollere, which is from *pol-no-, root pol as above (Wharton). 
 
 The G. syntax of tuille shows its comparative force in tuille 
 
 na (more than) as well as tuille agus, Ir. tuilleadh agus 
 
 (addition and), 
 tuimhseadh, beating, thumping, tuinnse, a blow {Gael. Soc. Tr.^^, 
 
 260), M. Ir. tuinsim, calco, tuinsem, bruising ; founded on 
 
 Lat. tundo, beat. 
 tuineadh, an abode, possession, Ir. tuinidhe, possession (O'Cl.), 
 
 E. Ir. tunide; also tuinneadh (Ir. and G.) : *to-nes; root 
 
 nes as in comhnuidh, q.v. 
 tuinneasach, deathful, Ir. tuinneamk, tuineamh, death : 
 tuinnidh, firm, hard, Ir. tuinidhe (O'B., Sh.), immovable, elocha 
 
 tuinidhe ; from tuineadh, the idea being " settled, fixed." 
 tuir, relate, tuireadh, relating, Ir. tuirtheacJida, relation, rehearsal, 
 
 E. Ir. turthiud, pi. tuirtheta, tale, from ret, run (as in ruith). 
 
 Cf . aithris. E. Ir. tuirem, reciting is from * to-rim, root rim, 
 
 number (as in aireamh). 
 tuireadh, a dirge, lamentation, Ir. tuireamh, dirge, elegy ; for root 
 
 see tuirse. 
 tuireann, a spark of fire from an anvil, Ir. tuireann (O'B., etc.), 
 
 E. Ir. turend (?) : * to-rind ? For rind, see reannag. 
 tuireasg, a saw, Ir. tuiriosg, E. Ir. turesc : *tar-thesc, from teasg, 
 
 cut, q.v. 
 tuirl, tuir ling, descend, Ir. tuirlingim, E. Ir. tairlingim, 0. Ir. 
 
 doarblaing, desilit * to-air-ling- ; for ling, jump, see leum. 
 tuirse, sadness, Ir. tuirse, E. Ir. toirsi, torsi, 0. Ir. toris, toirsech, 
 
 tristis : root tor, ter, tre, Lat. tristis, sad. 
 tiiis, incense, Ir., M. Ir., E. Ir. tuis ; from Lat. tus, Gr. 6voi. 
 tuisleadh, a stumbling, fall, so Ir., 0. Ir. tuisled, prolapsio, tuisel, 
 
 casus, dofuislim, labo : * to-fo-ess-salAm, root sal, spring; Lat, 
 
344 BTTMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 salio, leap, dance, Eng. insult ; Gr. aXkofiai, leap ; cf . Lit. 
 sele'ti, glide, creep. AbcoU analyses it into *to-fo-isl-, where 
 isl is what remains of isel or \osal, low. 
 
 tuit, fall, Ir. tuitim, 0. Ir. tuitim, inf. tutimm, ace. pi. totmMn, also 
 tothimm, * tod-tim, Gadelio root -tirrv-, W. codwm, a fall (cf . Ir. 
 cMc?am), corfymw, cadere. Cor. corfAa/ cf. Eng. tumble, Fr. tomber, 
 fall. Usually explained as *to-fo-tMt-, from iM'rf, which would 
 naturally be tuid in G., even granting that the crasis of 
 -ofothe- simply landed in -ui~, not to mention the inf. in pre- 
 served m (tuiteam). 
 
 tul, entirely, Ir. tul (i.e. tuile, O'CI.), increase, flood : an adveirbial 
 use of the root form of tuil, flood 1 Cf. Ir. tola, superfluity. 
 
 tulaeh, a hillock, Ir., E. Ir. tulach ; root tu, swell ; Gr. -nJAos, 
 knob, TuA.!; (v long), swelling, weal ; Lat. tumor, tuber, a 
 swelling ; Eng. thumb. 
 
 tillage, the fish whiting, Ir. tull6g, the'poUock ; cf. poUag. 
 
 tulchann, tulchainn, a gable, posterior, Ir. tulckdn, hillock ; from 
 tulaeh 1 
 
 turn, dip, tumadh, dipping, so Ir., E. Ir. tummim : * tumid ; Lat. 
 tinguo, tingo, wet, Eng. tinge, tincture ; 0. II. G. dunedn, dip. 
 Gar. tunken, dip, steep. 
 
 tunna, a tun, ton, Ir., E. Ir. tunna ; Ag. S. tunne, M. Eng. tonne, 
 Norse tunna, Ger. tonne ; all from Lat. tunna, a cask. Stokes 
 {Bez. Beit}^) suggests borrowing from the Norse ; Kluge 
 regards the words as of Celtic origin. On this see ftonn. 
 
 tunnag, a duck, Ir. tonn6g : 
 
 tur, gVL tur, entirely, Ir. tura, plenty {tura namhad, plenty of 
 enemies), E. Ir. tor, a crowd (dat. tur) ; see tdrr. 
 
 ttir, a tower, Ir. t4r ; from M. Eng. tour, tur, from 0. Fr. tur, Lat. 
 turris. 
 
 tin, understanding ; cf. M. Ir. ttir, research, examination, 0. Ir. 
 mirim, rotuirset, scrutati sunt, for to-fo-skirim, from sir, search. 
 
 turadh, dry weather, tur, dry (without condiment), so Ir., E. Ir. 
 turud, terad, adj. tur, dry, tair ; root tor, ter of tioram ? 
 
 turaman, rocking, nodding ; see turraban. 
 
 turg^in, destruction (F.S.D. from MSS.), M. Ir. tuareain, smiting, 
 E. Ir. tuarcaim (dat.), hitting : * to-fo-argim, root org, O. Ir. 
 orgun, orcun, occisio, 0. Br. orgiat, Csesar's Gaul. Orgeto-rix : 
 '''urg-, root vrg, verg, press, Lat. urgeo. Stokes suggests 
 connection with Gr. kpexdm, tear ; Bezzenberger gives Zend 
 areza, battle, fight ; Brugmann compares Skr. rghayati, raves, 
 rages, 0. H. G. arg, what is vile or bad. 
 
 tuTcais, tweezers (M'A.) ; see durcaisd. 
 
 turlach, a large fire : *t-ur-lach, from Ir. ur, lir, fire, Gr. irvp, Eng, 
 fire, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. &45 
 
 tarlach, a bulky, squat person ; see tbrr^ tva-adh. -''Gi/M'.' fmliacA, 
 
 a round lump. •■' ■"■'■ ■ ■• • ■ 
 
 turloch, a lake that dries in summer, \r. turlodh-; from <Mr and 
 
 loch. 
 tiirn, a turn, job ; from the Eng. 
 turraban, turraman, rocking of the body, nodding, grief (turadan, 
 
 Sh.). Hence turra-chadal, a slumbering drowsiness, 
 
 " nodding sleep" : 
 turrag, an accident : 
 
 turraig, air do thurraig, at stool (M'A,) : 
 turram, a soft sound, murmur; onomatopoetic. But cf. toirm, 
 
 torrunn. 
 tuitur, a turtle, so Ir., W. turtti/r; from Lat. tv/rtur. 
 turus, a journey, Ir., E. Ir. twrus, 0. Ir. turwras, incursus, aururas, 
 
 properatio : * Uyreth-s-tu, root ret, run (see ruith). 
 ttis, the beginning, Ir. tus, 0. Ir. tilus, t4s, W. tywys, leading ; sise 
 
 tut, interjection of cold or impatience ; from Eng. tut. Seei thvd. 
 tilt, a quiet breaking of wind, stench, Ir. t4t, M. Ir. tiltt^ steneh : 
 
 allied to toit, q.v. Cf. Keating's t-Atmhar, smoky, r - - ■'- 
 tuthan, a slut (Arm., M'L.), Ir. tUthdn,; from the root of the 
 
 above word. 
 
 U 
 
 ua, 0, from, Ir. ua, 6, 0. Ir. wa, hva,, 6 : *ava, ab ; Skr. dva, ab, 
 oiF ; Lat. au- (p/w-fero), away ; Ch. SI. M-, ab, away. Seie o. 
 
 aabairt, expulsion : *uadA>ert-, " au-fero," from the root her (in 
 hevr) and uad, off, a form of ua in composition acebrding to 
 Stokes, which Windisch also joins with mcZ-, o<?-, -outj .GFot. iJ<, 
 Ger. auB, Eng. out. . , ■ ■ ■• ..■.:• 
 
 uabhar, pride, so Ir., 0. Ir. llabar, vainglory, W. ofer, wastfe, vain 
 (Ascoli) : *<mbro-, root euff, rise, Gr. v^pn, insolence (see 
 uasal). It has also been analysed into *ua-ber like iiabairt = 
 " e-latio," elation. 
 
 uacMar, surface, summit, so Ir., 0. Ir. wacktar, ochtar : *ouktero-, 
 root eug, veg, rise, be vigorous, as in uasal, q.v. Cf. W. uthr, 
 admirandus. 
 
 uadh- in uadh-bheist, monster, uadh-chrith, terror; see uath 
 below. 
 
 aaigh, a grave, Ir. uaigh, M. Ir. uag : *ougd, cairn, frorii root 
 eug, rise (as in uachdar) 1 Not likely to be borrowed from 
 Norse havjgr, grave-mound. Confused with uaiwh, cave. 
 
 uaigneach, secret, lonesome, so Ir., M. Ir. uagneck : *uath-gen-, 
 "lonesome-kind," from uath, lonesome, single; Norse au&r, 
 
 empty, Got. aupSj waste, .desert-; Lat. Stium, rest.- • 
 
 " 44 
 
346 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION ART 
 
 uaillj pride, Ir. itaill, E, Jr. liaill, 0. Ir. wall : * ouhsld, root eug, 
 
 veg of iiasal. 
 uaimh, a cave, den, Ir. uavmh, g. immha, M. Ir. uaim, g. vawM, 
 
 0. Jr. himm, specus (also hudd, specu) : *oumd. Bezzenberger 
 
 suggests *poumd, allied to Gr. irw/io, a lid (*Tr<i)vfm) ; Strachan 
 
 compares Gr. tivq, bed (Ger. wohnen, dwell). W. ogof, cave, 
 
 den, is correlated by Ascoli. 
 uaine, green, Ir. ttaine, uaithne, E. Ir. 4ci,ne. Strachan suggests 
 
 the possibility of a Gadelio *tiffnio-, root veg, be wet, Gr. 
 
 vypos, wet (aeefeur). 
 uainneart, bustle, wallowing, Ir. linfuvrt, wallowing, tumbling ; 
 
 also G. aonairt, aonagail : 
 uair, an hour, Ir. luair, 0. Ir. huar, uar, g. Mre, W. awr. Cor. ov/r, 
 
 0. Br. aor, Br. eur, heur ; from Lat. hora, Eng. hour. Hence 
 
 uaireadair, a watch, time-piece, Ir. uaireaddir (^horatorium ?). 
 uaisle, pride, nobility, so Ir. ; frpm nasal, q.v. 
 uallach, a burden, Ir. ualach : *podl- ; 0. H. G. fazza, a bundle, 
 
 Ger. fassen, hold (Strachan). Also G. eallach, q.v. 
 uallach, gay, proud, so Ir. ; from ■uaill. 
 uamharr, dreadful, Ir. uathmAar, E. Ir. liathmar ; from uaih, fear, 
 
 q.v. Used adverbially, like Eng. awfully, to denote excess. 
 
 Dial, uarraidh. 
 uamhas, dread, horror, uathbhas, Ir. uaihhhds, E. Ir. liathbhds : 
 
 *'uathrbds, " dread death ;" see v/ith and bas. 
 uamhunn, horror, Ir. tiamhan, awe, horror, E. Ir. uatnun, koman, 
 
 0. Ir. omun, homon, rarely drnun, fear, W. ofn, fear, awe. 
 
 Cor. own, Br. aoun, Gaul, -obnos, Ex-obniis, Fearless : *obno-s, 
 
 fear. Bez. cfs. Got. bi-abrjan, be astounded (but abrs means 
 
 " powerful"), and Gr. a^vco, suddenly. 
 uan, a lamb, Ir., M. Ir. nan, W. oen, pi. wpn, Cor. oin, Br. oan : 
 
 *ogho-s; Lat. agnus ; Gr. dfivos (for aySi/ds) ; Ch. SI. jagne; 
 
 also Ag. S. eanian, to yean or lamb (*aunon). 
 uar, waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.), Ir., 
 
 E. Ir. Hardn, fresh spring ; see fiiaran. Arm. has uaran, 
 
 fresh water. 
 uarach, hourly, temporary (H.S.D.), homely (M'L.) ; from uair. 
 uasal, noble, proud, Ir., 0. Ir. uasal, W. iichel, Br. uhel, huel, 
 
 Gaul, uxello- : *oukgelo-, high, root eug, veg, rise, increase.; 
 
 Gr. v\j/riX6s, high, av^w, increase ; Lat. augeo, increase, vigeo, 
 
 be strong ; Eng. up, Ger. auf; lit. duksztas, high, 
 tuath, dread, Ir. imth, 0. Ir. liath. Cor. wth, Br. eus, heuz, horror : 
 
 *pouto-, root pu, foul ; Lat. putris, Eng. putrid, foul 1 
 ub ! ubub ! interjection of contempt or aversion, 0. Ir. upp. 
 ubag, ubaidh, a charm, Ir. uptha, upadh, sorcerer, 0. Ir. upta, 
 
 fasoinatio, uptha, Mamt obbee, sorcery : *o«i-6a-i-, from ba, 
 
of ITHE! QA^LIC tiANGtAOte. 347 
 
 speak (see ob, refuse). Zimmer. refers it to root^6e» of bean, 
 
 hurt, touch, 
 ubh ! ubh ! interjection of disgust or amazement ; cf. Eng. phew, 
 ubh, an egg, Ir. idh, ugh, 0. Ir. og, ub (?) W. wy, pi. wyan, Cor. 
 
 uy, oy, Br. u, vi : *ogos ; Gr. JjyScov, egg, further (iov, Lat. 
 
 ovum, Eng. egg. The phonetics as between Celtic and the 
 
 other languages are somewhat difficult ; but the connection 
 
 is indisputable. 
 ubhal, apple, Ir. ubhall, E. Ir. wbcdl, ubull, 0. Ir. aiall, W. afal, 
 
 Cor. auallen, Br. avallen : * aballo-, *abaUdn-; Eng. apple, 
 
 Ger. apfel ; Lit. oh&lys. 
 {ibhla, a fine, penalty : 
 dbraid, confusion, dispute, also uprait : *tid-bert-, from ber of 
 
 beir. 
 ucas, ugsa, coal-fish, stenlock : 
 uchd, the breast, so Ir., 0. Ir. ucht : *polctu- ; Lat. pectus ? Stokes 
 
 and Bezzenberger give *puptu-, Lettic pups, woman's breast, 
 
 Lit. pdpas, breast (Eng. pap from Lat. pappa). 
 ud, yon, yonder, Ir. lid, E. Ir. lit ; for sud (siit), q.v. For loss of 
 
 s, cf. the article. 
 udabae, outhouse, porch, back-house (iidabac, Uist) ; from Norse 
 
 ■liti-bak, "out-back?" 
 udail, cause to shake, waver, remove, Ir. vdmhall, quick, stirring 
 
 (O'Cl.), 0. Ir. utmall, unsteady, utmaille, instability : 
 iidail, inhospitable, churlish, ddlaidh, gloomy ; cf . Norse 4tlagi, 
 
 an outlaw, 4tlag&, outlawry, 
 udalan, a swivel, Ir. udaldn (Fol., O'E.) ; from vdail. Cf. ludnan. 
 udhar, a boil, ulcer ; also othar, q.v. 
 tidlaiche, a stag, old hart (Arm.) : 
 Hdrathad, utraid, free egress and regress to common pasture ; 
 
 from the Norse — cf. litreiS, an expedition, " out-road." 
 ugan, the upper part of the breast, Ir. ugdn, craw of a fowl : 
 tighdair, author, Ir. ■tLghdar, E. Ir. ugtar, 0. Ir. augtor ; from Lat. 
 
 avx^tor. 
 ngsa, coal-fish ; see ucas. 
 
 uibe, a mass, lump (as of dough), lob ; cf. faob : '''ud-bio-, "out- 
 being." But cf. Lat. offa, ball, 
 uibhii, a number, quantity, Ir. uibhir, uimhir, E. Ir. numir, 
 
 number ; from Lat. numerus, Eng. number. 
 iiidh (uidh^, care, heed, Ir. uidh (obs.), 0. Ir. oid ; see taidhe. 
 uidh, a ford, that part of a stream leaving a lake before breaking 
 
 into a current ; also an isthmus (M'Kinnon, uidh, aoi) ; from 
 
 Norse ei<S, an isthmus, neck of land. Hence Eye or Ui near 
 
 Stornoway, older Ey, Hwy, Eie. 
 
3$$? ElYHOLOGICAL ftlCTlOSAEt 
 
 U^dh, uidhe,' a journey, distance, Ir. uidhe, E. Ir. nde, 0. Ir. huide, 
 
 profectio : *odio-n, root pod, ped, go ; Lat. pes, pedis, foot ; 
 
 Gr. irous, ffoSos, foot; Eng. /oo</ Skr. ^a(fyd, footstep. 
 uidheam, accoutrements, apparatus, Ir. ughaim, harness, trap- 
 pings, W. iau, jugum, 0. Cor. iou, Br. geo, ieo, *^ouffo-, yoke ; 
 
 Eng. yoke, Ger. jock, ; Gr. fvyoi'; lidA,. jugum ; Lit. jungas. The 
 
 Gadelio requires a form * ad-jung-mi-. Cf. 0. Ir. adim, instru- 
 
 mentum, pi. n. admi. 
 tag, a nook, cove ; from Norse vik, bay, creek, Eng. wick, -wich. 
 
 Hence the place-name Uig (Skye, Lewis). Hence uigean, a 
 
 fugitive, wanderer. 
 uigheil, pleasant, careful ; from aoigh in the first meaning and 
 
 from ioidh in the second. 
 uile, aU, the whole, Ir. uile, 0. Ir. uik, huile : *polio-s, root pol, 
 
 pel, full, many, Gr. ■n-oA.Aos ( = irokios), much, many ; see iol-. 
 
 Stokes and most philologists refer it to *oljo-s, Eng. all, Ger. 
 
 all. Got. alls {*olnd-s, Mayhew). Some have derived it from 
 
 *soli-, Lat. sollus, whole, Gr. oXos, whence Stokes deduces the 
 
 Brittdnic words — W. oil,, all. Com. hoi, Br. hall, oil (see slan). 
 uileann, elbow, Ir. uille, g. vdlleann, M. Ir. uille, pi. ace- uillinn, 
 
 0. Ir. uilin (ace), W., Cor. elin, Br. ilin, elin : * olen- j Gr. 
 
 iiA,ijv, a)Xevr] ; Lat. ulna ; Ag. S. eln, Eng. ell, elbow. 
 uile^r,' enough, etc. ; see fuilear. 
 uill (uill,;H.S.D.), oil thouj uilleadh, oil (n.) ; see ola. 
 uilleann, honeysuckle, so Ir. (O'B.), M. Ir. feithlend, woodbine ; 
 
 see under feith. 
 uim-, circum, Ir." uim-, 0. Ir. imm- ; a composition form of mu, 
 
 q.v. Hence uime, about him, it, Ir. uime, 0. Ir. uimbi; 
 
 iiimpe, about her ( = imb-sl or imh-shi). 
 ti;n, uine, time, Ir. uain, time, opportunity, E. Ir. ■dine, 0. Ir. 
 
 iiain, leisure, time : *ut-nio-, root ut, vet of feith, wait. 
 
 Strachan gives *ucn- as a reduced form, from euq, Skr. 6kas,- 
 
 comfort, mK-qXo's, free from care, at ease. 
 Mnich, bustle, tumultus ; see uainneart. 
 uinneag, a window, M. G. fidnnedg, M. Ir. fuindeog ; from Norse 
 
 windauga, Sc. winnpck, Eng. window ( = wind-eye). 
 uinnean, an onion, Ir. uinniun, M. Ir. idnneamain, uindiun, W. 
 
 wynwynyn ; from Lat. union-em, 0. Fr. oignon, Eng. onion, 
 
 from unus, one. 
 uinnseann, ash, Ir. uinseann, M. Ir. fuindseog, ash-tree, 0. Ir. 
 
 ind-huinnius, W. on, onen, earlier onn, onnen, Br. ounnenn, 
 
 Cor. onnen : *osnd, *osnestu- ; Lat. omus {J'osinos) ; Lit. 
 
 usis, ash, Bxms. jasenl. Cf. Eng. ash. 
 uipear, unhandy craftsman, bungler : 
 uiplnn, a treasure, hoard ; cf. Mt6e. 
 
OP THE SAELIC LANGUAGE. 349 
 
 Mr, mould, dust, earth, Ir., M. Ir. 4ir, E. Ir. 4r, g. dire : ^Urd ; 
 
 Norse aurr, loam, wet clay, mud, Ag. S. edr, humus. Stokes 
 
 hesitates between *ilrd and *iigrd, Gr. vypoi, wet. 
 uircean, a young pig, Ir. uircin, M. Ir. orcdn, porceUus, oircnin 
 
 (do.), ore, porous ; *porko-s ; Lat. porcus ; Eng. farrow, pork ; 
 
 Lit. parszas, boar. 
 uiread, as much, amount, Ir. oiread, 0. Ir. erat, airet, length of 
 
 time, distance, cia eret, quamdiu : * are-vet-to-, root vet of 
 
 feiih. 
 uireas, below, down ; see ioras. 
 uireasbhuidh, need, poverty, so Ir., M. Ir., awresbadh ; from air 
 
 and easbhuidh, q.v. 
 uirghioU, faculty of speech, speech, Ir. uirghiol, a command 
 
 (O'B.), uraghall, uradhall, speech (Keat.), E. Ir. uirgill, 
 
 for ur-fhuigell, M. Ir. urfhoighill : 
 uiridh, an uiridh, last year, Ir. annwaidh, E. Ir. inn uraid, 0. Ir. 
 
 urid : *peruti ; Skr. parut, last year ; Gr. irepva-i, Dor. 
 
 TrepvTi ; root vet of feiih. 
 uirigh, a couch, bed : *air-sed-, root sed of suidhe ? 
 uirioUach, a precipice (H.S.D. from MSS.) : * air-ailecA, from ail, 
 
 rock, q.v. 
 iiirlios, a waUed garden, Ir. uirlios (O'B., etc.) ; from air and lios. 
 uirneis, a furnace, Ir. uimeis, fuvrn&,s (O'B.), M. Ir. forrteis ; from 
 
 Eng. and 0. Fr. fomaise, Lat. fornacem, fornax, oven, 
 tiiineis, tools, implements, Ir. liirneis (Fol., O'E.), liirlis (Con.) ; 
 
 see airneis. 
 uirsgeil, a spreading (as of dung or hay to dry) ; from air and 
 
 sgaoil. 
 uirsgeul, a fable, romance, so Ir. ; from air and sgeul. 
 iiis, use, utility ; from the Eng. lose, Lat. itsus. 
 Iliseag, a lark, Ir. wisedg, fuiseSg, W. uchedydd, Br. ec'houedez, also 
 
 W. ucheda, to soar ; from *ux, up, as in uas, uasal ? 
 uisg, uisge, water, Ir. uisge, 0. Ir. uisce, usee : *ud-s-kio-, root ud, 
 
 ved ; Gr. -uStop, vSos ; Eng. water, etc. ; Skr. vddn ; further 
 
 Lat. wnda, wave. Stokes suggests the possibility of uisge 
 
 being for *uskio-, and allied to Eng. wash. 
 uisliginn, disturbance, fury : 
 uislinn, sport, diversion, Ir. uslainn (Lh., etc.) : 
 uist, hist ! whist ! Lat. st ! Eng. hist ! 
 ula, ulachan (pi.), beard, Ir., E. Ir. uleha, g. ulchain : *ululcon- ; 
 
 *pulu-, beard ; Skr. pula, pulaha, horripilation ; Gr. irvXiyyes, 
 
 hair of chairs (Hes.). Hence Ulaid, Ulster. It may be root 
 
 ul, vel, cover (see olimn). 
 ulag, block, pulley ; from Eng. pulley, L. Lat. polanus ? , 
 ulag, oatmeal and water mixed : 
 
350 EttrMOLoaiOAJti wcfioNAlit 
 
 ulaidh, a treasure, Ir. uladh, charnel-house, E. Ir. idad, stone 
 
 tomb; root ul, vel, cover? A Gadelic *alvefo-, allied to Lat. 
 
 alvus, a belly, alveus, channel, has been suggested. 
 ulbh, you brute ! (Sutherland) ; from Norse «2Z/r, wolf, 
 ulbhach (ul'ach), ashes, W. ulw, pi. ulwyn : *polviko-, *p6lven- ; 
 
 Lat. pulvis, dust, pollen, pollen. 
 ulartaich, ulf hartaich, howling ; from *id, bark (Gr. vXAo), bark, 
 
 Lat. ultda, owl, etc.), and art of comhart, q.v. 
 allachadh, preparation, preparing, Ir. uUmhuighim, I prepare ; 
 
 from ulhrnih, ready. 
 ullag, a mouthful of meal (Sh.) ; cf. uloug. 
 ullamh, ready, Ir. ullamh, for wrlamh, E. Ir. erlam, paratus ; from 
 
 air and lam, the latter being from lAmh, hand : " to hand, 
 
 handy." Usually referred to root las, desire, Lat. lascivus, 
 
 Eng. lascivious. 
 ultach, a lapful, armful, Ir. ullthach (O'B.), M. Ir. utlach, lapful, 
 
 wrtlach, lap : *ar-tl-ac-; root tol, tel, lift (see toil, tlath). 
 timaidh, dolt, blockhead .- 
 umha, copper, brass, Ir. vmha, 0. Ir. hwnce, ume, copper, brass, 
 
 umaide, hwinide, aeneus, W. efydd, 0. W. emid, aere ; *umdjo- 
 
 (Stokes), *om,ja (Ascoli), *um-ajo-, -ajo- = aes (Bez.). 
 umhail, heed, attention, Ir. umhail, ilmhail (O'B., Con.) ; cf. next 
 
 word. 
 iimhal, obedient (umhailt. Dial.), Ir. umhal, E. Ir., 0. Ir. wnal, 
 ; W. ufyll, Com. kmel, Br. vuel ; from Lat. hwmilis, Eng. 
 
 htmihle. 
 umpaidh, a boor, clown, idiot (Sh., O'R.) ; see itmaidk. 
 ung, anoint, Ir. ungaim, 0. Ir. ongim ; from Lat. unguo. W. has 
 
 enenio from *o'nj-. 
 unnsa, an ounce, Ir. linsa, W. w«s / from Eng. The 0. Ir. is 
 
 unga, from Lat. uncia. 
 tip, push, lipag, a push ; cf . W. hwp, a push, effort. Cf . puc. 
 
 Onomatopoetic. 
 ia, fresh, new, Ir., E. Ir. ii/r, 0. Ir. h&rde, vividarium, W. ir, fresh, 
 
 green : *'0/ro-s, *piiro-s ; Lat. pHrus, Eng. pure. Usually 
 
 referred to *'ugro-s, Gr. irypos, wet, Lat. wvidus, moiist, root 
 
 veff. 
 urchair, a shot, cast, Ir. wrchwr, E. Ir. urchwr, awchor, erchw, W. 
 
 ergyr, 0. Br. ercor, ictum : * are-honi-, a cast ; from cuir, 
 
 send, q.v. 
 urchall, fetters, shackles, so Ir. (Lh., etc.) : * are-eol-, root, col, eel 
 
 of timchioll ? 
 urchasg, physic, antidote, Ir. urchoeg, preservative, antidote : 
 
 * air-chosg, from cosg, easg, stop, q.v. 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGDAGB. 351 
 
 urchoid, hurt, mischief, Ir. mcMid, 0. Ir. erchoit : *are-konti-, Gr. 
 
 Kevrim, stick, prick, Kaivm, kill. . Stokes prefers * skonti- as 
 
 stem, allied to Eng. scathe. 
 urla, face, hair, breast, Ir. itrla, lock of hair, long hair of the 
 
 head, E. Ir. n/rla, irla : * air-la-, where la is for via, root vel 
 
 oifalt? 
 tlTlabhairt, eloquence, Ir. urlahhair, elocution, E. Ir. erlabra : 
 
 * air-lahhair ; see labhair. 
 tirlaim, readiness (M'F.), Ir. urlamh, ready ; see uUamh. Hence 
 
 also lirlaimh, expert, 0. Ir. erlam, irlam. 
 tirlamhas, possession, Ir. lirldmhus, furlamhus ; from for, super, 
 
 and Ib/mh, hand : " upper-handed-ness." 
 drlann, a staff, Ir. -Arlann, a staff, spear staff, M. Ir. vHann, staff 
 
 of a spear ■.*air-lann, from lann : also E. Ir. irforaci, hinder 
 
 end of a spear or ship. 
 iirlar, a floor, lowest part, Ir. urldr : *air-ld/r, from lar, floor, q.v. 
 iirnuigh, a prayer, Ir. umuighe, O. G. ernacde (B. of Deer), 0. Ir. 
 
 imigde, imichte : * are-naho, I strive for, root nak, enk, as in 
 
 thig ? Zimmer gives the root igh, desire, Gr. IxovSv, desire. 
 
 Lit igiju, strive after, Skr. ih, long for, dividing it into *air- 
 
 con-ig {*air-wAg ?). 
 uxra, a person, infant ; cf. next word, 
 urradh, urrainn, authority, guarantee, author, Ir. urra{dh), 
 
 surety, author, defendant, urrain, stay, prop, M. Ir. errvdus, 
 
 responsibility ; from rath, rathan, surety. 
 urrainn, power, is urrainn, can ; Ir. urra, power, urrain ,stay. 
 
 See above word. 
 urrail, forward, bold, urranta, Ir. urr&nta, bold, confident in one's 
 
 might ; from wrradh. 
 urram, honour, respect, Ir. urram, urraim, honour, deference, 
 
 submission, M. Ir. v/rraim, homage : *air-r^im ? 
 nrras, surety, guarantee, Ir. urrddhas, v/rr4s ; from urradh. 
 ursainn, a door-post, Ir. ursa, g. wrsarm,, E. Ir. ursa, awrsa, irsa, 
 
 d. v/rsaind, W. gorsin : *are-stan-, root sta, stand. 
 tiruisg, a Brownie : 
 us, impudence (M'A.) : 
 usa, easier, Ir. usa, 0. Ir. assu, facilius, asse, facilis ; cf. W. haws, 
 
 from hawdd, easy; further Fr. aisS, Eng. easy. Got. azets, 
 
 usaid, querulousness (M'A.) : 
 
 usgar, a jewel, bell on liquor : 
 
 uspag, a push, pang, Ir. usp6g ; cf . ospag. 
 
 nspair, an ugly or lumpish fellow, Ir. uspdn, a shapeless lump, 
 
 chaos, clumsy fellow. See uspan. 
 uspairn, strife, Ir. uspairneachd : *ud-spaim, from spairn. 
 
352 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONABY 
 
 uspan, a shapeless mass, Ir. uspdn, : also asp (usp) ; cf. uibe, 
 *mbs- ? 
 
 ut ! ut ! interjection of disapprobation, Eng. tut, hoot, W. hwf, etc. 
 
 ntag, strife, confusion ; also " push, jostle," ut, push. Cf. put, 
 putag. 
 
 utan, a knuckle (Sh., O'R.) : 
 
 tith, an udder, E. Ir. uth. Stokes gives the stem as *(p)iii'Ur, Lit. 
 suputimas, a swelling, pwtlits, swollen. Lat. uber, Gr. oWap, 
 Eng. vdder have been compared, but the Gadelic lacks the 
 terminal -er, and the consonant is t rather than d or dh. 
 
 uthard, above, on high, Ir. 6s, d/rd. Gaelic is for *for-ard, "on 
 high ;" see air and d,rd. 
 
 utrais, a confused mass of anything, a fidgeting. 
 
Of fBfi OASLtC! IiAltOtTAOE. 35$ 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 THE NATIONAL NAMES. 
 
 Albion, Great Britain in the Greek writers, Gr. "Ak^tov, Akpimv^ 
 Ptolemy's Akovimv, Lat. Albion (V]inj), G. Alba, g. Albainn, 
 Scotland, Ir., E. Ir. Alba, Alban, W. Alban : * Albion- (Stokes), 
 "white-land;" Lat. albus, white; Gr. dX.<j>6^, white leprosy, 
 white (Hes.) ; 0. H. G. albiz, swan. 
 
 Abmobic, belonging to Brittany, Lat. (Csesar) ArmoruMS, Aremori- 
 cus (Orosius), *are-mori-, " by the sea" (see air and muir in 
 Diet.), M. Br. Armory, Brittany, armor, land by. the sea, Br. 
 arvor, maritime. 
 
 Britain, G. Breatann, Ir. Breatain, E. Ir. Bretan, n. pi. Bretain, 
 the Britons, W. Brython, Briton, Com. Brethon, Br. Breia, 
 Brittany, Lat. Brittania (Caesar), Brittani, Britons, Bperravoi 
 (Strabo). The best Gr. forms are JlpeTravoC, TLpeTTaviKrj, 
 W. Prydain, Britain, E. Ir. Gruithne, a Pict, 0. Ir. (Lat.) 
 Cruithnii ( Adamnan, Gruthini Populi) : * Qrtanid, root qrty 
 to which Stokes refers G. cruithneachd, wheat, though- the 
 usual reference is to G. cruth, picture, form, still retaining 
 the notion of "pictured" men as in the old explanations of 
 Pict. Stokes, Bhys, etc., regard the Lat. Brittania as a word 
 of different origin from the Gr. UptTTovia, and G. Gruithne ; 
 though, as a matter of fact, the Lat. seems to have been a 
 bad rendering of the Greek. The Cruithne or Picts thus 
 gave their name to Britain, as being, about 300 B.C., its then 
 Celtic inhabitants. 
 
 Brittany ; the Breton language ; from Britain above. Britons 
 poured into France in the fifth and sixth centuries. 
 
 Caledonia, northern Scotland (Tacitus), Gr. KaA-iySovtoi (Ptol., 
 etc.), Lat. Caledonii (Lucan, Martial, etc.), 0. G. Dim- 
 Gallden, Duni-Gallen, Dnn-Xeld, fort of the Caledonians, 
 G. Dun-Chaillinn ; explained by Windisch as from *cald, the 
 root of G. coille, the force being " wood-landers." Stokes and 
 others object because of the r/ (Lat. e) in KakqS- ; but if the 
 Eng. and Gaelic modem forms are the descendants of the 
 
 word Caledonia as locally spoken, the objection cannot hold. 
 
 ■■■. ■ ■■ .. ■ ■ - - 4^5 
 
354'^ tolrrilOtiidAi Wc*ionak* 
 
 Celts, Lat. Geltce (Caesai Gr. KsAtoi, KeArai, KcXtikos, appearing 
 in the fifth and fourth cent. b.o. in Herodotus, Xenophon, 
 etc. : *Kelto-s, " the lofty," root gel, raise, go, Lat. celsus, 
 high, Eng. excel, Lit. keltas, raised. Khys refers the name 
 to the root qel, slay, Ag. S. MM, war, Norse hildr, Lat. 
 percello, hit. Lit. kalti, strike : the Celtee being " smiters." 
 
 CoENWALL : Cornish, Ag. S. G&mwalas, the Walas or Welsh of 
 the Com or Horn, E. Ir. i tirib Bretann Gomn (Corm.), in 
 the lands of the Britons of the Com. For Walas see Wales. 
 
 CitniTHNE, a Pict ; see under Britain. 
 
 Cymbt, the Welsh (pL), Cymraeg, the Welsh name for the Welsh 
 
 f language ; the singular of Gymry is Gym.ro, older Gymrmro : 
 
 *Go7tMnrox, pi. Gom-mroges or Cojribroges (cf. Csesar's Allo- 
 
 ' brogeS, "Other-landers"), country-men, "co-landers," from 
 
 hrog, mrog of hnigh in Diet., q.v. 
 
 Erin ; see Ireland. 
 
 Gabmo, Gael, the name of the language and people of the Scottish 
 Highlands, G. Gaidhlig, Gr^idheal, Ir. Gaoidhilig, Gaedhilig, 
 the Irish language, Gaoidheal, Irishman, E. Ir. Goedel (1100 
 Ji..i>.), .Gaideli {Giraldvis),W. Gwyddel, Insbma.u : * Gddelo-s 
 (for Sc. Gaelic) or *Gdidelo-s (for Irish), root ghddh, Eng. good, 
 t Ger. gut, etc. ? The Scotch form seems the best, as its use 
 has been continuous, the race being only a fourth item in 
 Scotland. Stokes gives a proto-Gaelic * Goidelos or *Geidelos, 
 which Bez. compares to the Gaul. Geidumni, and which 
 < Stokes compares with Lat. hoedus, goat ("Goat-men," cf. 
 Oscan Hirpini) or Lit. gaidys, cock. 
 
 Oalli, Gaul, now France, Lat. Gallus, Galli (fourth to first cent. 
 B.C.), Gr. VakaTqs, VaXdrai (third and second cent. B.C.) ; 
 from the root gal, bravery, which see in Diet., with discussion 
 of Galli and G. Gall, Lowlander, stranger. 
 
 Ibbland, Irish ; G. 'Eireann, Ir. 'Eire, g. 'Eireann, E. Ir. 'Eriu, 
 'Erenn, W. Ywerddmi, Iwerddon, M. W. Ewyrdonic, Irish, 
 Ptol. 'louepvia, 'lepvT) (Strabo)j Lat. ffibemia, Ivema (Mela), 
 Itme (Claudian, fourth cent, a.d.), Evemili, Irish (Adamnan) : 
 *Ivery6n-, *EverJSn; usually referred to Piverjo-, Skr. pivari, 
 fat, Gr. Iliepto, the Grecian seat of the Muses, ir'uov, fat 
 (Windisch, Stokes) : " rich-soiled, swelling." Others refer it 
 to G. iar, west, or Skr. dvara (from ava, G. bho), western, 
 '• lower. No derivation can be satirfaotory which does not at 
 the same time account for the similarly named Highland 
 rivers called 'Eire, 'Eireann, Eng. Earn, Findhom. 
 
 Mak, Manx; Manx Manninagh, Manx (adj.), Gailch, Caeii, the 
 
 '' ■ - Manx Gaelic, E. Ir. inis Manann, Isle of Man, a genitive from 
 
 *4^ajja ( = Lat. Mvna), early W, Manau, Lat. Mona (Caesar), 
 
OF THE GAEUC LANGUAGE. :3S5 
 
 Ptol. MovaotSa, Monapia (or Mona ?). The E, Ir. god-name 
 Mananndn Mac lAr (son of the Sea) is connected with 
 the Island; Skr. Manu, the Law-giver; Teutonic Mannua 
 (Tacitus), Eug. man. , 
 
 PiCTS ; G. Cruithnich, for which name see under Britain. The 
 name Picti can scarcely be separated from the Gaul. Pictavi, 
 now Poitiers ; and, if this be the case, the usual derivation 
 from Lat. pictris, painted, must be abandoned. Windisch 
 adduces E. Ir. cicht, engraver, carver, for which a Brittonic 
 piht, pict Toaj be claimed as a parallel (*qict) ; this again 
 leaves the idea of tattooing intact, and so agrees with the 
 historical facts. 
 
 Scotland, Scots ; E. Ir. Scott, pi. n. Scuit, d. Scottaih, Irishmen ; 
 Adamnan — Scotia, Ireland, Scoti, the Irish, Scoti Britanniae, 
 Scots of DaJriada, etc., Scoticus, Irish, Scotice, in the, Gaelic 
 language, Lat. (fourth cent.) Seotti, Scdti, * Skotto-s. Stokes 
 translates the name as " masters, owners," allied to 6o)f. 
 skatts, money, Ger. scliatz, treasure, stock, Ch. Si. ikotil, pro- 
 perty, cattle. The root skat, hmrt, scathe, cut, of Eng, 
 scathe, has been suggested, either as "cutters" or "tattooed 
 ones;" Rhys has suggested connection with W. ysgwthr,<a, 
 cutting, carving — " tattooed or painted men." 
 
 Wales, Welsh ; Ag. S. Wealas, Walas, the Welsh — the name of 
 the people in pi. being used for the country, Wylisc, Welsh, 
 Wyliscemen, the Welsh ; sing, of Wealas is Wealh, a foreigner, 
 Welshman, 0. H. G. walh, foreigner, Celt, Ger. wal- in wal- 
 niiss, Eng. wal-nut : from the Gaul, nation of the Volcae, 
 bordering on the Germans, * Volko-s, * Volkd, " the bathers," 
 from vole, bathe (see failc in Diet.). Stokes connects the 
 name with Lit. wUkti, pull, referring to the restless wander- 
 ings of the Gauls. 
 
356 
 
 ETTMOLOSICAL DICTIONABT 
 
 THE PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAMES. 
 
 «Adam, G. Adhamh, Aha (Fer, MS.). Awzoe (D. of L.), E. Ir. Adam, 
 O. Ir. Adim (g) ; from Hebrew Adam, red. Hence Mac- 
 adam, M'Caw, and from Dial. G. 'Adaidh (a diminutive from 
 Sc.) M'Cadie, WAiaidh. 
 
 -Adamnan, G. Adhmhnan (pronounced Toionan or Yonan), earlier 
 - Adkamhnan (OghamJinan, M'V.), E. Ir. Adamndn, Lat. 
 Adamnanus (seventh cent.), St Adamnan (died 704 a.d.), 
 " little Adam," a Gaelic diminutive ham Adam. Hence the 
 personal name Gilleownan (1495), Giolla-Adhamhndin, father 
 of Somerled (twelfth cent.), Gilla-agamnan (1467 MS.), 
 whence Skene deduces the Mac-Unnans, q.v. 
 
 -ALBiXANDBiR, G. Alasdalr, Allex^ (D. of L.), Alaxandair (1467 
 MS.), M, Ir. Alaxandair; from Lat. Alexander, from Gr. 
 AAc^avSpos, " defending men." Hence G.- M'Alasdair, Mac- 
 alister ; further Mac-andie (from Sandy). 
 
 Allan, G. Ailean, from O. Br. Alan {Alanus, Alamnus), allied by 
 root to Lat. alumn'us, fosterling, alo, rear (see altrum in Diet.). 
 Hence Mac-allan. 
 
 Alpin, G. Ailpein, E. fr. Alpin (Dalriadic king 693) ; from Pictish 
 or Welsh som-ces — M. W. Elphin, Elfin, which Stokes sug- 
 gests to be from Lat. Albinus, from alhv^, white (or allied 
 rather?). Hence G. M'Ailpein, Mac-alpine. 
 
 Andrew, G. Aindrea (Anndra, Dial.), Gilleanndrais, Eng. Gil- 
 landers, St Andrew's gille, M. G. Andro (D. of L.), Ainnrias, 
 Gille-ainnrias {i 4:G7 MS.), E. Ir. Andrias; from Lat. Andreas, 
 g. Andrece, from Gr. AvBpka.^, a reduced double-stemmed 
 name now showing only avBp-, man (see neart). Hence 
 Mae-andreu>, Gillanders, Anderson. 
 
 Angus, G. Aonghas, Ir. Aonghus, g. Aonghusa, E. Ir. 'Oengus, 
 0. Ir. 'Oingus, W., Cor. Ungust : Oino-gustii-s, "unique 
 choice," from aon and giis, choice (Eng. choose, Lat. gustus, 
 taste, as in G. tagh). Hence M'Aonghuis, Mac-innes ; further 
 M'Ainsh, 
 
 Abohibald, G. Silleasbuig, Bishop's gille (see easbuig in Diet.), 
 M. G. Gillespih (D. of L.), Gilla-espic (1467 MS.). Hence 
 Gillespie. The name Archibald, Ag. S. Arcebald, Areenbald 
 or Ercenlald, which vaguely means " right-bold" (0. H. G. 
 erchen, right, real), has no apparent connection with Gillespie 
 in meaning or origin (of. similarly Ludovic and Maol- 
 
OK THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 357 
 
 Arthub, 6. Artair, M. G. Artuir, E. Ir. Arlmir, Artur, Ir. Lat. 
 Artwrius, son of ^dan (Adamnan), W. Arthur, to which the 
 Lat. Artorius (Juvenal) has been compared and suggested as 
 its source (it being maintained that the Gens Artoria of 
 Yorkshire lasted from Roman to Domesday-Book times, where 
 Artor appears in the days of Edward the Confessor). If 
 native to Brittonic (which is probable), it is from *arto-s, 
 a beai", W. arth, 0. Ir. art, whence the names Art, Artgal, 
 Artbran. Rhys prefers to render the *arto- as " cultor," 
 from ar, ploiigh [Arth. Leg., 40-48), allying Arthur to the 
 idea of a " Culture God." Hence G. M' Artair, Mac-arthur. 
 
 Bain, from G. ban, white. The Bains of Tulloch appear in the 
 sixteenth century variously as Bayne or Bane, with a con- 
 temporary near them called John Makferquhair M'Gillebane 
 (1555). This last name is now M'llle-bhiin, "■ Fair-gille," 
 rendered into Eng. by Whyte ; whence also M'Gilvane. 
 
 Bartholomew, G. Parian, Ir. Parthalon, E. Ir. Partholdn, Lat. 
 Partholomceus or Bartholomceus (Nennius, ninth cent.), the 
 name of a personage who is represented as the first invader 
 of Ireland after the Flood (278 years after !). The p proves 
 the name to be non-Gadelic ; and as the historians take 
 Variholon from Spain, the Spanish Bar Tolemon of legend 
 has been suggested as the original. Prof. Rhys thought it 
 came from the Ivemians or Pre-Celtic race in Ireland. Hence 
 the Clan Mac-farlane, G. M'Pharlain. 
 
 Brown, G. M'A'-Bhriuthainn, M. G. M'abhrium (1408 Gaelic 
 Charter), from brithnamhain, the former (Sc. Gaelic) genitive of 
 britheamh, judge, q.v. Hence Mac-brayne. 
 
 Cameron, G. Camshron, Camaran, M. G. Cdmsroin, g. (M'V.), 
 Gamronaich (D. of L.), Gillacamsroin (1467 MS.), Charter 
 Eng. Camroun (1472) ; explained as from cam^srbn, "wry- 
 nose," which is the most probable explanation (cf. caimbevZ, 
 E. Ir. cerrhil, wry mouth). Connection with camerarius or 
 chamberlain (of Scotland) imlikely, or with the fourteenth 
 century De Cambruns or Cameron parish in Fife. 
 
 Campbell, G. Caimbeul, M. G. Cambel (1467 MS.), Cambell 
 (1266, etc.), from cambel, wry-mouthed (cam and beul ; see 
 Cameron). There is no De Cambel in the numerous early 
 references, but De Campo-bello appears in 1320 as a Latin 
 form and an etymology ; this, however, should naturally be 
 De Bello-campo as Norman-French idiom and Latin demand — 
 a form we have in Beavr-champ and Beecham. De Campello 
 or De Campellis (little plain) has been suggested ; but 
 unfortunately for these derivations the earliest forms show 
 up de ; Qambell was an epithet, not a place-naine. 
 
358 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 Oarmichabl, 6. M'Gillemhicheil, Son of the gille of St Michael, 
 
 M. G. Gillamichol (1467 MS.), O.G. GilUmicel (B. of Deer). 
 
 , The name Garmichael is really Lowland — from the Parish 
 
 name of Garmichael in Lanark (Michael's caer or cathair q.Y.). 
 
 Cattanaoh, Chattan, G. Catanach, M. G. plural Gattanich (D. of 
 L.), " belonging to Clan Chattan," Glann Gillacatan 
 (1467), which claims descent from Gillacatain (1467 MS.), 
 servant of St Catan, whose name denotes " little cat" (see eat), 
 
 Charles, G. Tearlach ; in origin the same as Sc. carle, and 
 meaning " man." Hence M'Kerlie. 
 
 Chisholm, G, Siosal, Siosalach, De Ghesholme (thirteenth century 
 documents), De Gheseholme (1254), a Border name, the place- 
 name Chisholm being in Roxburgh : Ghes-holm (a holm, but 
 Chesi). 
 
 Clark, G. Cl^ireaeh ; see cMireach in Diet. Also M' A'-Chl6irich, 
 whence Galwegian M'Ghlery.- 
 
 Coll, G. CoUa, M. G. GoUa (M'V., 1467 MS.), E. Ir. Golla : *Col- 
 navo-s, from col, eel, high, as in GeltcK (App. A above). 
 
 Colin, G. Cailean, M. G. Gallane (D. of L.), Cailin (1467 MS.), 
 Golinus (Lat. of 1292). This is a personal name, once more 
 or less peculiar to the Campbells, the Chief being always in 
 Gaelic M'Cailein. Its relation to Eng. and Continental Colin 
 is doubtful ; it cannot be from the old name Guilen, Catulus 
 (Caniculus) or Whelp, by which a tenth century Scotch king 
 is known. Cf . G. caileag. 
 
 Crbrar, G. Criathrar, the name of a Lochtay-side clan who regard 
 themselves as Mackintoshes, explaining the name as "riddler," 
 from eriathar (which see in Diet.) : the derivation is right, 
 but for the meaning compare the Eng. noun and name 
 Sieve{w)right. See Celt. Ilagfi, 38. 
 
 CuMMiNG, G. Cuimein, Cuimeanach, earliest Eng. form Gomyn, a 
 Norman family dating from the Conquest, belonging to the 
 Norman house of De Comines, a territorial designation. 
 
 David, G. Daibhidh (Classical), Diidh (C.S.) ; hence Clann D^idh 
 or the Davidsons, a branch of the dan Chattan. In C.S., 
 Davidson appears as D^ibMosdan. 
 
 Dermid, G. Diarmad, M. G. Dermit (D. of L.), Diarmada, gen. 
 (1467 M.S.), E. Ir. DiarTwiit, 0. Ir. Diamnmt, Diarmit, Ir. 
 Lat. Diormitius (Adamnan). Zimmer explains the name as 
 Dia-ermit, " God-reverencing," from dia and ermit : *are- 
 ment-, " on-minding," root ment, as in dearmad, q.v._ 
 
 Dewar, G. Dedir, Deoireach, documents Ddire (1487), Jore 
 (1428) ; from debradh, a pilgrim, q.v. Hence Madndeor. 
 
 PONALD, G. Domhnall, M G. Domnall (1467 M.S.), gen. Donil 
 (D. of L.), 0. G, Domnall (B. of Deer), K h.^Dommll, Ir, 
 
OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 
 
 §59 
 
 Lat. Domnallus (Adamnan), Domnail (do., iablative), Early W. 
 Dumngual, later Dyfnwal : * Dwmnovalo-s, from dvhno- of 
 domhan, and valo- (seeflafk), meaning " world-wielder, world- 
 ruler," much the same in meaning as Dumnorix, world-king, 
 Caesar's opponent among the Aedui. See domhan, flath. 
 Hence M'Domhnuill, Mac-donald. 
 
 Duff, M. Ir. Dvhh {Glann Dubh, Clan Duff, of which was Macbeth, 
 etc.), earlier Dub, King Duff in tenth century ; from Gadelic 
 dvh, now dvhh, black, q.v. As a personal name, it is a cur- 
 tailment of some longer or double-stemmed name (cf. Fiorm, 
 Flann, red). Hence Macduff {Clen mP Duffe, 1384). The 
 family name Duff is merely the adjective duhh used epitheti- 
 cally. 
 
 Duffy ; see Maopftee. 
 
 DuGALD, G. Diighall, M. G. Dowgall, g. D(ywle (D. of L.), Duhgaill, 
 gen. (1467 MS.), thirteenth century documents give Dugald, 
 (1289), Dufgal (1261), M. Ir. Dvhgall (first recorded Dubgall 
 is at 912 A.D.), from Early Ir. Dubgall, a Dane, "Black 
 stranger," as opposed to Finngall, a Norwegian, "Fair 
 foreigner.'' See, for derivation, fionn and Gall. Hence 
 M'Dhiighaill, Mac-dougall, Mac-dowel, etc. 
 
 Duncan, G. Donnchadh (Dial. Donnach), M. G. Duncha (D. of L.), 
 Donnchaid, gen. (1467 MS.), 0. G. Donchad (B. of Deer), 
 E. Ir. D&nnchad : * Donno-catUrS, * Dunno-catu-s, " Brown 
 warrior," from dorm and cath, q.v. The Gaulish Donna- of 
 personal names has been referred by De Jubainville to the 
 same meaning and origin as M. Ir. donn, king, judge, noble — 
 a word occurring in O'Davoren's glossary. 
 
 Edwabd, G. 'Eideard ('Eudard, Dial.), Imhear, lomhar ; the first 
 is the Eng. Edward borrowed, the second is the Norse Ivarr 
 borrowed (see Mac-iver). Hence M "Eideard, M^ Edward. 
 
 EwEN, G. Edghann (Dial. Eoghainn), M. G. Eogan, Eoghan, E. Ir., 
 O. Ir. Eogan :* Avi-gono-s (*Avigenos, Stokes), " well bom, 
 good," from *avi, friendly, good, Skr. dvi (do.). Got. avi-liud, 
 thanks, Lat. aveo, desire, possibly Gr. ev-, good (of. here 
 Evyevtjs, Eugenvus), W. has Eu-tigirn, Eu-tut, 0. Br. Eu^ant, 
 Eu-hoear, Gaul. Avi-cantus. Ehys {iSib. Led. 63) refers Ir. 
 Eoghan and W. Owen to *Esu-gen-, Gaul. Esugenus, sprung 
 from the god Esu^. Zimmer regards Owen as borrowed from 
 Lat. Eugenius. Cf., however, the evo- of Ogmic Eva-cattos, 
 now Eoehaidh. Hence Mac-ewen. 
 
 Farquhae, G. Fear char, M. G. Fear char. Fear chair, Ir. Fear chair 
 (F. M., year 848 a.d.) : * Yer-caro-s, " super-dear one ;" for 
 fear, see Fergus, and for car see Diet, above. Hence 
 M'Phearchair, Mao-erchar, Farquharson, M'Farquhar. 
 
360 fiTTMOLOGiCAt DICTIONARY 
 
 Fergus, G. Pearghas, M. G. Fearghus, Fergus, E. Ir., 0. Ir. 
 Fergus, g. Fergusso, W. Gurgmt, 0. Br. Uuorgost, Uurgost : 
 * Vev-gustu-s, " super-choice ;" for ver- or fear-, see in Diet, far, 
 air (allied to Lat. super), and for gmtus, see under Aonghus 
 above. Some regard Fer here as G.fear, man, *viro- or *vir. 
 
 FiNGAL, G. Fionn, Macpherson's Gaelic Fionnghal, which really 
 should mean "Norseman," or Fair-foreigner, M. G. Fiotm- 
 ghall, a Norseman (M'V.), ri Fionn-gal, king of Man and the 
 Isles (M'V.), Fingal (Manx Chrm.), king of Man and the 
 Isles from 1070 to 1077 : from fiorm and Gall, q.v. Fingal 
 as the name of the Gaelic mythic hero is an invention of 
 Macpherson's, as Ukewise is his Gaelic Fionnghal. As a 
 matter of fact the name is a Gaelic form of the female 
 name Flora ! See Fionnaghal in the addendum to this list. 
 
 FiNLAT, G. Fionnla, Fionnlagh (misspelt Fionnladh), M. G. 
 Finlay (D. of L.), Finlaeic, gen. (1467 MS.), Fionnlaoich, 
 gen. (Duan Alhanach), E. Ir, Findlcech (Lib. Leinster), Finrv- 
 loeck and Finlaeg, gen. (Marianus Scotus). Those early 
 forms and the Norse Finnleikr seem to prove that the name 
 means " Fair hero" (fionn and laoch). It has been explained 
 as " Fair calf," which would suit the phonetics also. The 
 name is not Irish, and appears first as that of Macbeth's 
 father. The Irish name like it is Finnluch, fair mouse ? 
 Hence Finlayson, Mackinlay (M'Fhionnlaigh). 
 
 Forbes, G. Foirbeis, Foirbeiseach, early document form Be Forbes 
 (thirteenth cent.), so named from the place-name Forbes in 
 Aberdeenshire. 
 
 Eraser, G. Friseal, Frisealach, circ. 1298 the patriot's name is 
 variously Simon Fraser, Frasel, Fresel, Frisel, in Domesday 
 B. Fresle, Battle Abbey Rolls (?) Frisell or Fresell ; usually 
 referred to 0. Fr. freze, a strawberry, *frezele, from Lat. 
 fragula, fragum, Fr. fraisier, strawberry plant. For sense, 
 cf. the name Plantagenet (broom). Strawberry leaves form 
 part of the Fraser armorial bearings. The word may also 
 mean "curled" (Kng. frizzle, frieze). 
 
 Galbraith, G. M' A'-Bhreatnaich, son of the Briton (of Strath- 
 clyde). The name appears in the thirteenth century in 
 Lennox, etc., as Galbrait (from Gall and Breai- of Breatann 
 above). 
 
 George, G. Se6ras, Seorsa, Deorsa, ultimately from Gr. yeupyds, 
 a farmer, "worker of the earth" (y^, earth, dpyos, Eng. work). 
 Hence the Border M^George. 
 
 Gilbert, G. Gilleabart, Gillebride. Gilbert is from Ag. S. Gisle- 
 bert, "Bright hostage" (aee giall in Diet.); Gillebride is St 
 Bridget's slave, an exceedingly common name once, but now 
 little used. 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 361 
 
 Gilchrist, G. Gillecriosd, M. G. Gillacrist, Ir. Gillacrist (several 
 in eleventh century) : " servant of Christ." Hence M'Gilr 
 christ. It translates also Christopher. 
 
 Gillespie, G. Gilleasbuig ; see Archibald. 
 
 Gillies, G. Grilliosa : "servant of Jesus." From M'A-Lios 
 comes the " English" form Lees, M'Leish. 
 
 Glass, G. Glas, an epithet, being glas, grey. See M'Glashan. 
 
 Godfrey, G. Goraidh, M. G. Gofraig (1467 MS.), Godfrey (do.), 
 Ir. Gofraidh (F.M.), M. Ir. Gothfrith, Gofraig, also Gofraig, 
 (Tigernach, 989), E. Ir. Gothfraid (Lib. Lein.), E. W. Gothrit 
 (Ann. Gamh.). The Norse name, for it is Norse-men that are 
 referred to, is Godro&r or Gudrod (also Gdrocfr), but the 
 earlier Gaelic shows rather a name allied to the Ag. S. 
 Godefrid, Ger. Gottfried, " God's peace." Modem Gaelic is 
 more like the Norse. The Dictionaries give G. Guaidhre as 
 the equivalent of Godfrey ; for which, however, see M'Qtiarrie. 
 
 Gordon, G. Gordan, G6rdon, Gdrdonaoh ; from the parish name 
 of Gordon in Berwickshire. The De Gordons are well in 
 evidence in the thirteenth century. Chalmers explains the 
 place-name as Gor-dyn, "super-dunum" (see/ar and dhiC). 
 
 Gow, G. Gobha, a smith, now usually gobhainn, q.v. Hence 
 Mcui-cowan, Mae-gowan, Gowan. 
 
 Grant, G. Grannd, Grant (1258), an English family which settled 
 about Inverness in the thirteenth century, Eng. Grant, 
 Grand, from Fr., Eng. grand. 
 
 Gregor, G. Griogair, Griogarach, M. G. M^Gregar (D. of L.), 
 M. Ir. Grigcdr, E. Ir. (Lat.) Grigorius (Gregory the Great, 
 died 604), from Lat. Gregorius, Gr. Tpriyopios, a favourite 
 ecclesiastical name from the third century onward (cf. Gr. 
 ypi/yopeo), be watchful, Eng. care). Hence M'Griogair, Mac- 
 gregor, Gregory. 
 
 GtjNN, G. Guinne, Gunnach, early documents Gun (1601), Clan- 
 gwn (1525), in' Kildonan of Sutherland, originally from 
 Caithness; from the Norse Gwnni (twelfth century), the 
 name then of a son of Olaf, a Caithness chief (Orh. Saga). 
 This Gvmmi is a short or " pet" form of some longer name of 
 two stems, with gunn-r, war, as the first and chief one (cf. 
 Gann-arr, which is an old Orkney name, Gunn-hj&m, Gunn- 
 laugr, Gvamrdlfr, war-woM, Gvm,n-stein, Gunn-valdr). 
 
 Harold, G. Harailt, M. Ir. Aralt, from Norse Haraldr (same in 
 roots and origin as Eng. lierald). Hence Mac-raild. 
 
 Hector, G. Eachunn (Dial. Eachainn), M. G. Eachuinn, g. (M'V.), 
 
 Eachdhuin, g. (M'V.), Eachdhann, g. Eachduinn (1467 MS.), 
 
 Ir. Eachdmm (year 1042) : * Eqo-dmvno-s, " horse lord," like 
 
 Each-thiqhearna of Mac-echem, Of course ' Brown-horse" is 
 
 ■ 46 
 
362 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 possible; cf. Gr. UavBiiriros. The phonetics are against 
 *Each^uine, , " horse-man," as an explanation. 
 
 Henry, G. Eanruig; from 0. Eng. Henric, now Henry, from 
 Germanic Meim-rik, "home-ruler" (Eng. home and ric in 
 in bishop-ric, rich). Hence Mackendrick, Henderson. 
 
 Hugh, G. 'Uisdean (Hiiisdeaii), in Argyle E6ghan, M. G. 
 Huisduinn, which comes from Norse Eysteinn, " Ey(?)-sUyae." 
 The Dictionaries also give the G. Aodh (see Motckay) as equi- 
 valent to Hugh, which is itself from Germanic sources, 
 Teutonic root hug, thought. 
 
 James, G. Seumas, M. G. <iiV»iws (M'V.) ; from the Eng. James, a 
 modification of Hebrew Jacob. 
 
 Kathbl, G. Cathal, M. G. Gathal (M'V.), Ir. Cathal (common 
 from seventh century onwards), O. W. Gatgual : * Katvrvalo-s ; 
 see cath, war, and val under Donald. Hence M'AU, Mackail. 
 
 Kennedy, G. Ceanaideach. Kennedy (Kenedy, John M^Kennedy, 
 fourteenth century) is the family name of the old Earls of 
 Carrick, now represented by the Marquis of Ailsa; it is a 
 famous Irish name borne by the father of Brian Boru in the 
 . tenth century — Ir. Geinneidigh, E. Ir. Gennitich, gen. ; from 
 ceanre, head, and *etech, protector? The Highland Kennedys 
 are also called in G. M'Uaraig or M'Ualraig, Ir. Ualgharg, 
 proud-fierce (?). 
 
 Kenneth, G. Coinneach, M. G. Goinndech, Goinnidh, g., Goinndigh, 
 g. (M'V.), 0. G. Gainnech, g. Gaennig (B. of Deer), E. Ir. 
 
 J Gainnig, gen , Ir. Lat. Gainnechus ( Adamnan) : * Gannico-s, 
 " fair one," from the same stem as cannach (root qas), q.v. 
 The Eng. Kenneth is a difierent word : it is the old Scotch 
 king name Ginced (E. Ir. form), 0. G. Cinathd (B. of Deer), 
 Ir. Ginaedh, " fire-sprung," from cin of cinn and aed of 
 Mackay. 
 
 Lachlan, G. Lachlann (Dial. Lachlainn), Lachuun, M. G. Loch- 
 linn, g. (M'V.), Lochloinn, n. and g., Lachlan, g. (1467 MS.), 
 Ir. Lochlainn Mac Lnchlainn (F.M.,. year 1060) ; probably 
 from Lochlann, Scandinavia, possibly commencing as Mac- 
 Lochlainne, a Scandinavian (" son of L."). Lochlann 
 evidently means " Fjord-land." 
 
 Lamond, G. M'Laomuinn, L&man, M. G. Ladmann, early docu- 
 ments Lawemtmdus (Lat. of 1292), Laurrmn (circ. 1230), 
 M. Ir. Laghmand, Lagmand ; from Norse lagamjafSr, logmatSr, 
 lawman, pi. logmenn, "law-men," by meaning and derivation. 
 
 Laurence, G. Labhruinn, M. G. Ldblvran (1467), Ir. Laurint 
 (Saint), from Lat. I/avrentiun, St Laurence, the ultimate stem 
 being that of Lat. lawrus, a laurel. Hence M'Labhruinn, or 
 Mac-laren. 
 
OP THE GABLlC LANGUAGE. 363 
 
 Lewis, G. Lathais; from Fr. Louis, from Chlovis, the Frankish 
 king (fifth century), degraded from old German Chlodwig, 
 now Tmdwig (* Kluto-vigo-s, famed yarrior, roots in clvk and 
 Eng. victory). Hence Eng. Lvdovic, which is rendered in 
 G. by Maolddnuich, shaveling of the Church. 
 
 Livingstone, G. M'An-leigh ; see Mac-leay. 
 
 LuEE, G. Ltlcais. Hence Mac-hocas. 
 
 Magnus, G. Manus, M^nus, M. G. Magnus, Manuis, g. (1467 
 MS.), Ir. Maghnus, Norse MagtvAss, from Lat. magriMs, in the 
 name of Charlewia^'ree — Carolus Magtms. 
 
 Malcolm, G. Calum, earlier Gillecalum, M. G. MykoUum (D. of 
 L.), Maekolaim, 0. G. Malcoloum, Maleolwm, Gilliecolaim, 
 L:. Maelcoluim : from maol, bald, and calum, a dove (Lat. 
 columbd), the particular Calum, meant here being St Columba. 
 Hence Maccallum. 
 
 MaTiTSE, G. Maoliosa, E. Ir. Maelisu, servant of Jesus. Hence 
 also Mellis. 
 
 Matheson, G. M'Mhathan, Mathanach, M. G. Mac-Matgamna 
 (\i:61 MS.), Macmaghan {Exchequer Rolls for 1264), the 
 •Ir. Mac-mahon, "son of the bear," for which see math- 
 ghamhuin. Matheson in Perthshire is, as elsewhere outside 
 the Highlands, for Mathew-son, G. M'Mhatha. 
 
 Menzibs, G. M^innear, Mfeinnearach, early documents de Mengws 
 (1487), de Meyners (1249) ; De Meyneria would mean much 
 the same as De Camera, that is, " of the household," from 
 Ttiesn-, masn-, giving Fr. men- (our manage, menagerie, menial), 
 from Lat. mans- (our mansion), from maneo, remain. The 
 root anyway is man of mansion and manor, and the name is 
 allied to Manners and Mainwaring. 
 
 Moegan, M. G. Clann Mhorguinn (M'V.), 0. G. Morgunn, g. 
 Morcunt, W. Morgan, Cor. and 0. Br. Morcant : Mori-canto-s, 
 " sea-white," from the stem of muir and root knd, burn, as in 
 connadh (Lat. candeo, shine, Eng. candle). See MaAay. 
 
 MoEEisoN, G. Moireasdan, earlier M'Gille-mhoire, Mary's servant, 
 M. G. GiUamwe, whence Gilmowr. The name Morris is for 
 Maurice, from the Latin saint's name Mawricius, " Moorish." 
 
 MuNEo, G. Rothach, Mac-an-Eothaich (Dial. Munro). In the 
 fourteenth century the name is " of Monro," which shows it 
 is a territorial name, explained as Bun^oe, the mouth of the 
 Eoe, a river in County Derry, Ireland, whence the family are 
 represented as having come in the eleventh century. 
 
 MuEDOCH, G. Muireach, Murchadh, really two different names; 
 the first is M. G. Muiredhaigh, gen. (M'V.), Murreich (D. of 
 L.), Muireadlmigh, g. (1467 MS.), Ir. Muireadhaeh, E. Ir. 
 Muiredaxh, 0. Ir. (Lat.) Muirethaohus, Adamnan's Muire 
 
364 El'tMOLoGICAL biCTIOilABt 
 
 dachus, explained in old glosses as "lord, king" : *Mori- 
 adakos, from muir, sea, and *adako-(1). For this last part, 
 cf. Feradach, Dunadach. The form Murchadh is in Ir. the 
 same, E. Ir. Murchad : * Mori-catu-s, see warrior. Hence 
 (from the first) M'Mhuirich (in Arran, etc., becoming Cwrrie), 
 and from the second, Mwehison, Murchie, and Ir. Murphy. 
 
 Murray, G. Moirreach ; from the county name Moray or Murray, 
 early Gadelic forms being Moreb, Mwref, and Norse Morhesfi 
 (influenced by Norse haf, sea) : *Mor-apia, from morol muir, 
 sea, and *apia, the termination of several Celtic place- 
 names. 
 
 Mtles, G. Maolmoire, servant of Mary, an old and common name. 
 Myles is from the Med. Lat. Milo, with a leaning on miles, 
 soldier — a common name in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Mac-alister ; see Alexander. 
 
 Mac-andrew ; see Andrew. 
 
 MAO-ARTHUR J see Arthur. 
 
 Mac-askill, G. M'Asgaill ; from Norse 'Askell, for * 'As-ketill, the 
 kettle (sacrificial vessel) of the Anses or gods : " a vessel of 
 holiness." 
 
 Maoaulat, G. M'Amhlaidli, Ir. Mac Amhlaoibh. M. Ir. Amlaihh, 
 E. Ir. Amldib, 'Alaib ; from Norse 'Oldfr, Anlaf (on coins), 
 " the Anses' relic" (Eng. left). 
 
 Mac-bean, G. M'Bheathain, from Beathan, Englished as Bean 
 (1490, Beane, 1481) or Benjamin : *Bitdtagno-s, life's son, 
 from beatha, life, with the termination -agno-s, meaning 
 " descendant of," Eng. -ing, now used like the Eng. to form 
 diminutives. Also Mac-bain, Mac-vean. 
 
 Mac-beth, G. M'Bheatha (Dial. M'Bheathain), M. G. Maebethad, 
 0. G. Mac-bead (B. of Deer), M. Ir. Mac-bethad, Macbeth 
 1058, 1041 A.D.) : " son of life," from beatha, life. It is a 
 personal name originally, not patronymic. 
 
 Mac-caig, G. M'Caog, Ir. Mac Taidhg, son of Teague, E. Ir. Tadg, 
 possibly allied to Gaul. Tasgivs, etc. 
 
 Mac-oallum, G. M'Calnim ; see under Malcolm. 
 
 Maooodbum, G. M'Codrum ; from Norse Guttormr, GotSormr, 
 Ag. S. Guthrum : " good or god serpent" (orm). 
 
 Mac-coll, G. M'CoUa ; see Coll. 
 
 Mac-combib, G. M'Comaidh, M. G. M'Comie (D. of L.) : " son of 
 Tommie," or Thomas. 
 
 Mac-conachie, G. M'Dhonnchaidh, son of Duncan, which see. 
 The Clan Donnachie are the Kobertsons of Athole, so named 
 from Duncan de Atholia in Bruce's time : the English form 
 of the name is from Robert, Duncan's great-grandson, who 
 helped in bringing the murderers of James I. to execution. 
 
ot Tfia gaslic Language. 365 
 
 Mac-coemic, G. M'Cormaig, from Cormae (Cormag), E. Ir. 
 Cormac, Adamnan's Cormacus : * Corb-mac, charioteer, from 
 corb, chariot, Lat. corbis, basket. See carbad. From corb also 
 comes Cairbre, 0. Ir. Coirbre. 
 
 Mac-cokquodalb, M'Corcadail, M. G. Gorgitill, g. (D. of L.), early 
 documents Makcorquydill (1434) ; from Norse ThorhetiU, 
 Thor's kettle or holy vessel (see Mac-askill). 
 
 Mac-cbimmon, G. M'Cruimein ; from Hitmun (on a Manx Eune 
 inscription), from Norse Hrdmundr (for Hrdd-mundr, famed 
 protector) ? 
 
 Mac-oullooh, G. M'CuUach, early documents M'Culloch (1458), 
 M'CuUo, M'CuUach (1431)— in Easter Eoss : "son of the 
 Boar" (cullach) ? M'Lulach, son of Lulach (little calf ?), has 
 been suggested, and this appears as M'Lulich. 
 
 Mac-deemu) ; see Dermid. 
 
 Mac-donald ; see Donald. 
 
 Macduff ; see Buff. 
 
 Mao-bchben, G. M'Eachairn, M. G. M'Caychvm (D. of L.), early 
 documents Mackauchern (1499), Ir. Eckthighern (Annals 
 846 A.D.) : " Horse-lord," from each and tighearna. 
 
 Mao-fadyen, G. M'Phaidein, early docxunents M'Fadzeane (1540) ; 
 from Paidean, Pat, a pet form of Patrick. 
 
 Mac-faelane ; see Bartholomew. 
 
 Mao-gill ; from a G. M'Gille, used as a curtailment, especially of 
 Mac-millan or M'Gille-mhaoil. 
 
 Mac-gilliveay, G. M'Gillebhr^th, son of the Servant of Judg- 
 ment, from brdith, judgment, q.v. 
 
 Mac-glashan, G. M'Glaisein, a side-form of M'Ghilleghlais, the 
 Grey lad, M. G. M'lUezlass (D. of L.), documents M'Gille- 
 glasch (1508). For the formation of this name, of. Gille- 
 naomh (Mac-niven), Gille-maol (Mac-millan), M'Gillebane 
 (1555), M'Gille-uidMr (M'Clure, dun lad), (filroy, red lad. 
 
 Mac-gowan ; see under Gow. 
 
 Mac-geegoe ; see Gregor. 
 
 Mac-haedt, G. M'Cardaidh : 
 
 Mao-indeoe ; see Dewar. 
 
 Mac-innes ; see Angus. 
 
 Mac-inttee, G. Mac-an-t-saoir, son of the carpenter ; see saor. 
 
 Mac-ivee, G. M'lamhair, M. G. M'Imhair (1467 MS.), Ir. /»iAar, 
 E. Ir. Imair, g. ; from Norse 'Ivarr. 
 
 Mackay, G. M'Aoidh, from Aoidh, 0. G. Aed, 0. Ir. Aed, Adam- 
 nan's Aidus, g. Aido : *Aidtir-s, fire, E. Ir. aed, fire, Gr. aWos, 
 fire, brand, Lat. aedes, house ( = hearth), aestus, heat, 0. H. G. 
 eit, fire, pyre. Hence the Gaul. Aedui. 
 
366 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONABlf 
 
 Mao-kellar, G. M'Ealair, M'Eallair, for M'Ceallair, old docu- 
 ments Makkellar (1518), Makalere (1476) M'Gallar (1470), 
 all " of Ardare" in Glassary, Argyle ; from fceallair, cellarer 
 (of a monastery), Ir. ceallaire, any church officer (O'E), 
 cealldir, superior of a church (O'B.) : these meanings seem 
 guesses, for E. Ir. celldir means butler, cellarer, or steward, 
 a most important personage in a monastery, from Lat. 
 cellarius, steward, cella, a cell, store (see ceall). The G. 
 Eallair (for Ceallair) has given rise to the Christian name 
 Ellar, as in Ellar M'Kellar. 
 
 Mao-kenzib, G. M'Coinnich; from Goinneach, which see under 
 Kenneth. 
 
 Maokerchae, G M'Fhearehair ; see Farquhar. 
 
 Mackessack, for G. M'Isaac, son of Isaac. 
 
 Mackillop, G. M'Fhilib, for Philip ( = A'%), where /( =^A) is 
 aspirated and disappears ; from Lat. Phillipus, from Gr. 
 ^lAwnros, lover of horses (see ga/)l and each). 
 
 Mackinlat, G. M'Fhioniila(idli) ; from Finlay. 
 
 MACKINNON, G. M'Fhionghuin, M. G. Fumghuine, g. (M'V.), in 
 Macfingon (1400), 0. G. Finguni, gen. (B. of Deer), Ir. 
 Finghin, M. Ir. Finghin, Finnguine, E. Ir. Finguine : * Vindo- 
 gonio-s, " fair-horn" {fionn and gin) ; cf. for force and partial 
 root Gr. KoA,A.£.yevijs, and -yovos in proper names. 
 
 Mackintosh, G. Mac-an-toisich, the Thane's son (see tbiseach), 
 M. G. Clanna-an-tdisaigh, Clans Mackintosh (M'V.), Toissich 
 (D. of L.), Mackintoshes, Clannran-toisigh (1467 MS.), early 
 documents M'Toschy (1382). 
 
 Mac-lachlan, G, M'Lachlainn ; see Laehlan. 
 
 Maclagan, G. M'Lagain (Lathagain in its native district of 
 Strathtay), documentary Maklaagan (1525) : ''' M^GilloMgan, 
 sed quid % 
 
 Mac-laebn, G. M'Labhruinn ; see Lawrence. 
 
 Mac-labtt, G. M'Labhartaigh, from Flaithhheartach, Eng. 
 Flaherty : " dominion-bearing" {seeflath and heartach). 
 
 Mac-lean, G. M'lUeathain, for Gill' Sheathain, John or Seathan's 
 servant, M. G. Giolla^din (M'V.), Gilleeoin (1467 MS.), docu- 
 ments Makgilleon (1390) ; from gille and Seathain (Iain) or 
 Foin, John, the latter being the classic G. for the name. 
 John means in Hebrew " the Lord graciously gave." 
 
 Mac-lbarnan, so G. ; from Gill' Fman, St Ernan's gille. The 
 Latin name of this saint is Ferreolus, " Iron-one ;" from 
 iarunn. 
 
 Mac-leat, G. M'An-16igh, or earlier M'Aii-16ibh, documents 
 M'Conleif (1498 in Easter Ross), Dunslephe, gen. (1306-9, 
 Kintyre), Dunslaf Makcorry (1505), M. G. Dwinsleiie, gen., 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 367 
 
 Ir. Donnsl£bhe, E. Ir. DuindsUbe, gen. : " Brown of the Hill," 
 from donn and sliaiih (not " Lord of the Hill," as other 
 similar names exist in dvhh, e.g. Duhhdiihhe ; see Mac-phee). 
 Capt. Thomas regarded the M'Leays of the north-west as 
 descended from Ferchar Leche, F. the physician, who gets 
 lands in Assynt in 1386, being thus M'An-leigh, physician's 
 son, Manx Gleg, Legge. The Appin M'Lea clan Englished 
 their name as Livingstone, of whom was the celebrated 
 traveller. 
 
 Mac-lellan, G. M'Gillfhaolain, M. G. M'Gillelan, (D. of L.), Gilla- 
 faelan (1467 MS.), St Fiilan's slave, E. Ir. Faeldn, 0. Ir. 
 Fdilan, from fail, now /aoZ, wolf , q.v. Hence Gilfillan. 
 
 Mac-lenkan, G. M'lllinnein," Servant of St Finnan, Ir. Mac- 
 Gillor-finnen (common in fourteenth and fifteenth century), 
 M. Ir. Finden, E. Ir. Finni-an, Adamnan's Vinnianus — Finnio, 
 Finnionis = Findbarrns ; from jinn, finnn, white : the full 
 name, of which Finnan is a pet form, was Findbarr or " Fair- 
 head," Eng. Fairfax. Skene deduced Mac-lennan from M. G. 
 M'Gilla-agamnan, Adamnan's gille, documents Gilleganan 
 Macneill (1S45), Gilleownan (1427). 
 
 Mac-leod, G. M'Leoid, M. G. M'Gloyd (D. of L.), M'Leod (MS. 
 1540), documents Madoyde (fourteenth century), 0. G. Liot 
 (B. of Deer), Norse Sagas Ljotr, earl of Orkney in tenth 
 century, and otherwise a common Norse name ; the word is 
 an adj. meaning "ugly" (!), Got. liuta, dissembler, Eng. little. 
 
 Mac-mahon, G. M'Mhathain ; see Matheson. 
 
 Mac-maetin, G. M'Mhairtinii, no doubt for earlier Gillamartain, 
 gen. (1467 MS., an ancestor of the Cameron chiefs) : Eng. 
 Martin, from Lat. Martinus, the name of the famous fourth 
 century Gaulish saint ; it means " martial." 
 
 Mac-mastee, G. M'Mhaighistir, son of the Master. 
 
 Mac-michabl, G. M'Mhicheil, doubtless for earlier Gillamichol ; 
 see Carmichael. 
 
 Mac-millan, G. M'Mhaolain, M'Ghille-mliaoil, son of the Bald 
 gille (cf. M'Glaslian). To Maolan must be compared the 
 Ogmic Mailagni. 
 
 Mac-nab, G. M' An-aba, M. G. m' ynnab (D. of L.), M' An Aba 
 (1467 MS.) : " son of the Abbot ;" see aba. 
 
 Mac-naie, G. M'An-uidhir ; for Mac Iain uidhir, son of dun 
 (odhar) John (cf. Mahaneroy, 1556, now Mac-inroy, and 
 Makaneduy, 1526, now Mac-indoe). Such is the source of the 
 Gairloch branch of the name. The Perthshire sept appears 
 in documents as M^Inayr (1468), Maenayr (1390), which is 
 explained as M' An-oighre, son of the heir. M'Nuirs in 
 Cowal (1685), John Mahnewar (1546, in Dunoon) ; Tho. 
 M'Nuyer '(1681, Inverness). Prof, Mackinnon suggested 
 
368 ETYMOLOQK!AL DICTIONARY 
 
 Jf' AvrfhvXbhir, son of the smith or faher ; nor should 
 M'An-fhuidhir, the stranger's son, be overlooked as a possible 
 etymology. 
 
 Mac-naughton, G. M'Weachdainn, M. G. M'Neacktain (1467), 
 0. G. Nectan, Pictish Naiton (Bede), from necM, pure, root 
 nig of nigh, -wash. 
 
 Mao-nee, G. M'Eigh, son of (the) king; for W-'N-Bi; but, in 
 any case, for phonetics, cf. cruimh and cnuimh. 
 
 Mac-neill, G. M'Neill, documents Makneill (1427). See Neil. 
 
 Mac-nicol, G. M'Neacail, M. G. M'-Mcail, from Lat. Nicolas, Gr. 
 N7KoAas, " conquering people." Hence Nicholson. 
 
 Mac-nish, G. M'Neis ; from M'Naois, the Naois being a dialectic 
 form of Aonghus or Angus. 
 
 Mac-nivbn, G. M'GMlle-naoimh, the saintly gille (cf. for form in 
 Eng. Mac-glashan). Documentary form Gilnew M'llwedy 
 (1506). The M. G. and Ir. Gilla Nanaemh, servant of the 
 saints (1467 MS.), is a different name. The Ir. M'Nevin is 
 for M'Gnaimhin. 
 
 Mac-phail, G. M'Phd,ll ; son of Paul. See Paul. 
 
 Mac-phee, G. M'a-Phi, M. G. M'a ffeith (D. of L.), M'Duibsithi 
 (1467), documsnts Macduffie (1463), for Dub-shithe, Black of 
 peace (duhh aul sith). 
 
 Mac-pherson, G. J.i'Phearsain, son of the Parson, M. G. 
 M^a pharsone (D. of L.), documents M^Inphersonis (1594 Acts 
 of Pari.), Bean Makimpersone (1490, Cawdor Papers), Mah- 
 farson (1481, Kilravock Papers), Archibald M'Walter vie 
 Doncho vie Per sown, (who in 1589 has lands in Glassary 
 of Argyle) ; Tormot M'Farsane (vicar of Snizort, 1526). The 
 Badenoch M'Phersons are known as Clann Mhuirich; the 
 Skye sept are called Gananaich (from Lat. canonicus, canon). 
 
 Mac-quarrib, G. M'Guaire, M. G. Guaire, M'Ghiaire (1467 MS.), 
 Macqvharry (1481), WGoi/re of Ulva (1463, Makquhort/ in 
 1473) ; from Gadelic Guaire, *Gaurio-s, E. Ir. guaire, noble ; 
 Gr. yavpos, proud, exulting; further Lat. gaudeo, rejoice, 
 Eng. joy. 
 
 Mac-queen, G. M'Cuinn, documents Sween M'Qiteen (1609, Clan 
 Chattan Bond), M'Qmyn (1543, Swyne then also as a personal 
 name, in Huntly's Bond), Makquean (1502, personal name 
 Soyne also appears), M. G. Suihne, gen. (1467 MS., Mackin- 
 tosh genealogy), M'Hoenith (D. of L.), documents Syffyn 
 (1269, the Kintyre Sweens), Ir. Suihhne (Sweeney), E. Ir. 
 Suhne, k.di&xreaa,VL& Suibneus : *Subnio-s, root ben, go : "Good- 
 going?" The opposite Duibne (O'Duinn, etc.) appears in 
 Ogam as Dovvinias (gen.). Cf. duhhach, subhack. Usually 
 Mac-queen is referred to Norse Eng. Sweyn, Norse Sveinn, 
 which gives G. M'S%ain, now Mac-Swan, a Skye name, 
 
OF fHB GAELIC LANOUAGE. 369 
 
 Mao-hab, G. M'Rath, M. G. gen. Mecraith, documents M'Grath 
 (1383 in Rothiemurohus), Ir. Macraith (years 448, onwards): 
 " Son of Grace or Luck," from rath, q.v. A personal name 
 like Macbeth. 
 
 Mao-raild ; see imder Harold. 
 
 Mac-banald, G. M'Raonuill ; see Ranald. 
 
 Mao-roet, Mac-euet; see Bory. Documents give Makreury in 
 1427. 
 
 Mao-taggaet, G. M'An-t-Sagairt, son of the priest. 
 
 Mag-tavish, G. M'Thiimhs, for M'Thtohais, son of Thomas or 
 Tammas, M. G. Clyne Tawssi (D. of L.), documents M'Cawis 
 and M'Cause (1494, 1488, in Killin of Lochtay). 
 
 Mac-vicae, G. M'Bhiocair, documents Makvicar (1561, when 
 lands are given near Inveraray to him) : " Son of the Vicar." 
 
 Mac-vueioh, G. M'Mhuirich, M. G. M^Mhuireadhaigh (M'V.) : the 
 Bardic family of M'Vurich claimed descent from the poet 
 Muireach Albanach (circ. 1200 a.d.). They now call them- 
 selves Macphersons by confusion with the Badenoch Clann 
 Mhuirich. 
 
 Neil, G. Niall, so Ir., E. Ir. Niall, Adamnan's Nellis, gen. : 
 '''Neillo-s, *Weid^s-lo- ; see niata for root, the meaning being 
 " champion." Hence Mac-neill. The word was borrowed 
 into Norse as Njdll, Njal, and thence borrowed into Eng., 
 where it appears in Domesday Bk. as Nigel, a learned spelling 
 of Neil, whence Nelson, etc. 
 
 Nicholson, G. M'Neacail ; see Mac-nicol. 
 
 NoEMAN, G. Tormoid, Tormod (Dial. Tormailt for earlier Tor- 
 mond), documents Tormode (David II.'s reign) ; from Norse 
 Tk6rm6&r, the wrath of Thor, Eng. mood. The form 
 Tormvmd alternates with Tormod (1584, 1560) : "Thor's 
 protection ;" whence the Dial. ToTmailt (of. iarmailt for 
 phonetics). 
 
 Pateick, G. Pidruig, Paruig (with pet form Para), for Gille- 
 phadruig, M. G. Gillapadruig, Ir. Pddraig, Giollaphdtraicc, 
 O. Ir. Patrice ; from Lat. Patricius, patrician. Hence Max- 
 pkatrick, Paterson. 
 
 Paul, G. P61 (Classic), P41 (C.S.) ; from Lat. Pavlus, irompaulus, 
 little, Eng. /«w. 
 
 Pbtee, G. Peadair ; from Lat. Petrus, from Gr. HeT/aos, rock, 
 stone. 
 
 Philip, so G. ; see Mackillop. 
 
 Kanald, G. EaonuU, M. G. Raghnall (M'V.), Bagnall, Baghnall 
 (1467 MS.), Ir. Bagnall (common) ; from Norse Bognvaldr, 
 ruler of (from) the gods, or ruler of counsel, from rogn, regin, 
 
 47 
 
370 fiTYliOLOaiCAL WCttONAfiY 
 
 the gods, Got. ragin, opinion, rule ; -whence Reginald, Rey- 
 nold, etc. Hence M'Raonaill, Mac-ranald, ClamranaM. 
 
 EoBBET, Raibert, Robart, Rob, M. G. Robert (D. of L.), Boibert 
 (1467 MS.) ; from Eng. Robert, Ag. S. Robert, from hr6, hrdtS, 
 fame, praise, and berht, bright, now bright, "bright fame." 
 Hence Robertsons ( = Clann Donnchaidh), Mcu^obbie. 
 
 Roderick, Roet, G. Ruairidh, M. G. Ruaidri (U67 MS.), 0. G. 
 Raadri, Ir. Bimidhri, gen. Rtiadrach (Annals at 779, 814), 
 0. Ir. Rnadri, E. W. Rotri, Rodri ; from rvadh, red, and the 
 root of righ, king ? The Teutonic Roderick means " Famed- 
 ruler" (from hrd(F and rik, the same root as G. righ). 
 
 Rot, G. Rnadh, red. Hence Mac-itvroy, earlier Mahmeroy (1555), 
 for M'lain Rnadh, Red John's son. 
 
 Samuel, G. Samuel, Somhairle. The latter really is Somerled, 
 M. G. Somuirle (M'V.), Somairli ((1467 MS.) ; from Norse 
 Smnarliifi, which means a mariner, viking, " summer sailor," 
 from sumar and liS^i, a follower, sailor. 
 
 Shaw, G. Seaghdh, M. G. Disiab (?), Tsead, Tead (1467 MS.), 
 documents Scayth (1338) ; evidently the same as Ir. Seaghdha, 
 for Segda, " strong one, sensible one," from seagh. Shaw is 
 Englished as Seth. In Argyle, the Shaws are called Clann 
 Mhic-ghiUe-)SAea*Aa«aJcA. 
 
 Simon, G. Sim. This is the Lovat personal name ; hence 
 M'Shimidh, Simmie's son, the name by which the Lovat 
 family is patronymically known. Hence in Eng. Sime, Mac- 
 kimmie. 
 
 Somerled ; see Samuel. 
 
 Sutherland, G. Suthurlanach ; from the county name. 
 
 Taqgart ] see Mae-taggart. 
 
 Thomas, G. Tdmas, Timhus (M'F.), M. G. Tamos (1467 MS.). 
 Hence Mac-tavish, Mac-combie. 
 
 ToHQUiL, G. TorcuU (Torcall) ; from Norse Thorkell, a shorter 
 form of Tkorketill, which see under Mac-corqitodais. 
 
 White, G. M'lUebh&iii ; son of the fair gille. See Bain above. 
 
 WiLLLiM, G. Uilleam, M. G. William (1467 MS.); the G. is bor- 
 rowed from the Eng., 0. Eng. Willelm, Ger. Wilhelm, " helmet 
 of resolution" (from will and helm). Hence Mac-william. 
 
 SOME NATIVE FEMALE NAMES. 
 
 Beathag, Sophia, M. G. Bethog (M'V.), Bethoc (Chronicles ofPicts 
 and Scots : name of King Duncan's mother), for *Beth6c, the 
 fem. form of Beathan, discussed under Mac-bean. 
 
 Bride, Bridget, E. Ir., 0. Ir. Brigit, g. Brigte or Brigtae : *Brgnti 
 (Stokes), an old Gaelic goddess of poetry, etc. (Corm.); 
 
OP THE GAELIC LANGUAGE. 371 
 
 usually referred to the root h-g, high, Celtic Brigantes, high 
 or noble people ; Skr. h-hati, high (fem.) ; further Ger. herg, 
 hiU, Eng. burgh. The Norse god of poetry was Bragi, whose 
 name may be allied to that of Brigit. The name of the Gr. 
 goddess 'A<f>poSiT7j (Bhrg-Ud) and the Teutonic name Berhta 
 (from the same stem as Eng. bright), have been compared to 
 that of Bridget (Hoffman, Bez. Beit.^% 290) ; but this deriva- 
 tion of Aphrodite (" foam-sprung" ?) is unusual. 
 
 Diorbhail, Diorbhorguil, Dorothy, M. G. Derbhfdil (M'V.), Ir. 
 Dearbhail, Dearbhforghaill, respectively translated by O'Don- 
 ovan '' true request" (see etill) and "true oath" (E. Ii.forgall, 
 0. Ir. foreell, testimony, from geall). Hence the historic 
 name Devorgilla 
 
 Fionnaghal, Floba, M. G. Fionnghvala (1469 MS.), documents 
 Finvola (1463), Fynvola (1409), Ir. Finnghuala : " Fair- 
 shouldered " ; from iionn and guala. 
 
 Mdr, Mdrag, Sarah, M. G. Mdr (M'V.), Ir. M6r (year 916) ; from 
 7»rfr, great, while Hebrew Sarah means " queen." 
 
 Muireall, Marion, Muriel, Ir. Muirgheal (year 852) : Mori-geld, 
 " sea-white;" from muir and geal. 
 
 SoTcha, Clara, Ir. Sorcha ; from the adj. sorcha, bright, the 
 opposite of doreha, q.v. 
 
 Una, Winifred, Winnt, Ir. Una ; usually explained as from lina 
 (older niina), hunger, famine, whence the Ir. proverb : " Ni 
 bhion an teach a mbion Una la na leath gan niina" — 
 The house where Una is is never a day or half one without 
 hunger." Una, daughter of the King of Lochlan, is repre- 
 sented by Keating as Conn Cedcathach's mother (second 
 century). 
 
372 ADDENDA. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 abaisd, a brat, trifling, impudent person : 
 
 adharcan, lapwing, " horned bird ;" from adharc, Dial, daoireagan. 
 
 atach, cast-off clothes (Uist, &c.) : 
 
 bac-moine, turf-pit or bank (N.H.) ; from Norse hahki, a bank, 
 Eng. hank. Hence also place-name Back. 
 
 bualtrach, cow-dung, so Ir., buartlach (Dial. Ir.) ; from b^Mr, cattle. 
 
 buileach, total, entirely ; another form of haikach. E. Ir. has 
 Jmlid, blooming. 
 
 carbh, a particular kind of ship or boat (May) ; from Norse karfi, 
 a galley for the fjords. 
 
 cas, fire (as a stone) — a Sutherland word; seemingly founded on 
 Erig. cast. 
 
 cld.idlieag^, the last handful of com cut on the farm, the " maiden" 
 (Badenoch) ; Sc. claaik-slieaf (Aberdeen, (fee), from claaick, 
 the harvest honae, the state of having all the corn in. 
 
 crppan, a deformed person (Suth.) ; from Norse kroppinn, deformed. 
 See under crub. 
 
 farachan, death-watch beetle : "hammerer;'' from /aircAe, hammer, 
 Ir. farachan, a hammer. The possibility of its being from 
 faire must not be overlooked. 
 
 fionnachd, refreshment : "coolness," * ionnrfhiiachd , ct. fionnar. 
 
 Gearran, the 4 weeks dating from 15th March onwards (H.S.D.). 
 This forms a part of the animal nomenclature given to the 
 several periods of Spring-time : first the Faoilleach, explained 
 as "Wolf-month" (but see Diet.); then the Peadag, or 
 Plover, a week's length ; then the Gearran or Gelding, 
 variously estimated as to length and time ; then came the 
 Cailleach, or Old Woman, a week's time ; then perhaps the 
 three days of the 'Oisgean, or ewes. See Nich., pp. 412-414. 
 
COERIGBNDA. 373 
 
 CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. 
 
 acarach : add Tr. acarack, obliging, convenient, which shades ofif 
 into acartha, profit. M'A. has acarra, moderate in price, 
 indulgence, which belongs to acartha. 
 
 aillean : add M. Ir. eillinn (Eev. Celt.% 231). 
 
 aoine : Stokes suggests that it may be cognate with Gr. ireivdo), 
 I hunger, Lat. penuria. 
 
 arsa : Stokes takes it from the root ver, speak, seen in Gr. epew, 
 speak, Eng. rhetoric, word. 
 
 arsaidh : I did not observe that Stokes had the word ; but we 
 come to the same conclusion. His stem is "^ {p)arostdt, from 
 paros, before, and stdt, Skr. purdstdt, erst. 
 
 astar : Stokes [Bez. BeitP-, 134) now gives its Celtic form as 
 *dd^tro-, root sai of saothar, toil. 
 
 balla : this word is latterly from Lat. vallum. Cf. Ir. fala 
 (Munster). 
 
 barpa : Cape Wrath is called in Lewis An Carbh, where the 
 Gadelic love of c above p again appears. 
 
 basdal : it is from Norse hastl, turmoil. 
 
 boicionn : Liden compares 0. Ir. cenni to Norse hinna, a mem- 
 brane. 
 
 b6id, read b(3id. 
 
 breath : add W. bryd. 
 
 caoidh : a former derivation of Stokes' is repeated by Rhys {Manx. 
 Fray."^, 26) : *qesi, root qes as ia Lat. questus. 
 
 ceannach : 
 
 ceannard : Manx kiarmoort. The Manx and Sc. are discussed by 
 Rhys {Manx Pray.^, 94.) His ceannahhard is unknown to the 
 present writer ; but his derivation of it from Eng. ward could 
 be supported from M'Vurich's hdrd, garrison, if we were sure 
 it was not M'V.'s classic style, for the word is good Irish. 
 
 C^itein : see Samhainn. 
 
 elaidhean, better cUidhean. H.S.D. gives it in supp. as 
 claimhean. 
 
 clois : in line 2, read O'R. not O.'R. 
 
 cnap : add at emd, Eng. knappe, blow. 
 
 euile : aXter kept, read 0. Ir. cuilefinda, vinaria, *kolid; root qel 
 of ceall ; Gr. KaXla, hut, Skr. kuldya, hut, nest (Stokes). 
 
 cuing : Stokes since {Bez. Beit.^^ 132) gives the stem as ko-jungi-. 
 Delete mark of interrogation. 
 
374 
 
 CORRIGENDA. 
 
 daol : this Stokes connects with M. Ir. dad, frightsomeness, root 
 dvei, fright, Gr. Seos, a fright, Skr. dtris, hate. 
 
 6itigh : this Stokes {Bez, Beit.^^) makes *a'n.-teki-s, not fair, W. 
 tSg, fair, Gr. t/kto), produce, tekvov, child, Eng. thirty. Still 
 G. should be iidigh. 
 
 fiisg : Ascoli falls back on the old derivation : *fo-ad-sech. 
 
 faob : Lid^n equates Lat. offa, a ball. 
 
 faobh : the root may be vedh, pledge, Gr. a^OXov, war prize, Eng. 
 wager. 
 
 t farradh : add after " vicinity," M. G. na wa/rri (D. of L.), 
 
 feannadh : E. Ir. fennaim, I skin, is referred by Stokes to the root 
 of Eng. wound ; he gives the stem as *venvo-. 
 
 feum : line 2, for *vedr-7mn read * vedes-men. 
 
 fdd : read fdd. 
 
 gearan : line 2 ; read quiran and cearu. 
 
 geinn : Liden compares Norwegian gand, gann, a peg, thin stick. 
 
 gleadhraich : if E. Ir glechrach means " noisy," the stem is glegar, 
 which also appears {Mart. Gorman, edited by Stokes). 
 
 gradh : read grMh. 
 
 imreasan : Vb. sennim is from *sveni-no-, allied to Eug. swim. 
 
 innean : OsthofF gives the stem *endivani-, "on-hit," Zd. vaniti, 
 hit. 
 
 t ios : line ^ ; read inso. 
 
 Mnain : Stokes divides 'the word thus : Idn-skamain. 
 For samain assembly, see samhainn. 
 
 leathar : to prove that the Teutons borrowed this word from the 
 Celts, it is asserted that the original Celtic is *{p)letro-, root 
 pel of Gr. irkWa, hide, Eng. fell. 
 
 luighe-siiibhladh : line 4, read " seem." 
 
 mionn : Windisch (Rev. Celt.^) equates minn with Lat. mwndus, 
 ornament, world. 
 
 ni's : the true G. form na's is not a degraded form of Ir. nSs. 
 The G. na of rw!s is simply na = id quod (see na) ; the Ir. is 
 some mediaeval development with ni, for old ana, id quod, 
 was lost, the simple a (art.) being used now in its stead, as in 
 0. Ir. As it was impossible to use a in the comparative con- 
 struction with clearness, recourse was had to ni is. Thus, 
 Ir. : An tan do th6gradh ni ba m6 do dheunamh = G. : An 
 tan a thogradh e na bu mh6 'dhfeinamh. Hence ni's should 
 never have been used, in Sc. Gaelic. 
 
 6ran : Stokes compares W. afar, mourning. 
 
 Sith : possibly from so, sS, hurl, as in siol. 
 
BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED 
 
 BT THE 
 
 Northern Counties Printing and Fablisiiing Company, Ltd., 
 
 "NORTHERN CHRONICLE" OFFICE, 
 
 INVERNESS. 
 
 RELIQUI/E CELTICS: Texts, Papers, and Studies 
 
 in Gaelic I/iterature and Philology. I<eft by the late 
 Rev. Alexander Cameron, I^I^.D,, of Brodick. 
 Edited by Ai<EXA]snDER Macbain, M.A., and the Rev. 
 John Kennedy. In two Vols., Demy 8vo, cloth, with 
 Portrait and Facsimiles. Price 20s. 
 
 PERSONAL NAMES AND SURNAMES of the TOWN 
 
 OF INVERNESS. By Alexander Macbain, M.A. 
 Crown 8vo, Cloth. Price 3s 6d. 
 
 Has many points of interest, and will deserve and receive a welcome 
 beyond Inverness. — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 Mr Macbain has broken rich and almost unworked ground. . . . He 
 pursues his subject far into both the historical and the philological field. — 
 Scotsman. 
 
 An interesting and careful analysis of Inverness names. — Aberdeen 
 journal. 
 
 The whole question is very intelligently and competently dealt with by 
 Mr Macbain, who opens a highly interesting field of inquiry in a monograph 
 which is a substantial and valuable contribution to its discussion, — Aberdeen 
 Fiee Press. 
 
 THE HOSPITAL OF INVERNESS AND DUNBAR'S 
 
 HOSPITAI^. By Captain Douglas WimberlEy. 
 Demy 8vo, Cloth. 3s 6d. 
 
 A HIGHLAND MEMORY. Illustrated. By an Old 
 
 Colonial. Free by Post, is. 
 
Books Recently Published. 
 
 URQUHART AND QLENMORISTON : Olden Times in 
 
 a Highland Parish. By Mr William Maceay, Solici- 
 tor, Inverness. Price 21s ; Postage, 6d. 
 
 His materials are full of local interest, and exhibit much patience of 
 investigation. — The limes. 
 
 It may be found a good quarry for historical purposes, and it also oflfers 
 many a suggestion for the painter, poet, and story-teller. — Morning Post. 
 
 As careful, copious, and exhaustive a history as has ever been devoted to 
 a Scottish Parish. ... A really admirable volume. — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 It is not every parish that has its history told with the elaborateness and 
 thoroughness which have been brought to bear on " Urquhart and Glen- 
 moriston. " — Scotsman. 
 
 His (the author's) general accuracy is obvious in matters of fact, his 
 comments usually suggestive, and his industry meritorious. — Athenaum. 
 
 We cheerfully bear witness to his thoroughness of method, diligence of 
 research, and familiarity with charter collections, both manuscript and printed. 
 —The Antiquary. 
 
 MEMORABLE HIGHLAND FLOODS OF THE NINE= 
 
 TEENTH CENTURY. By D. Nairne. Demy 8vo. 
 3s 6d. Illustrated. 
 
 A useful repository of a series of interesting facts. — Scotsman. 
 
 A most interesting, yet terrible, story. The details have been carefully 
 gathered by Mr Nairne, who has availed himself not only of contemporary 
 reports, but also of the accounts of eye-witnesses. — Herald. 
 
 Mr Nairne's task was to collate his materials, and to arrange and abridge 
 so as to form a clear and connected narrative. This he has done with entire 
 success. —Inverness Courier. 
 
 COINNEACH 'US COILLE : A Collection of Original 
 
 Songs and Poems in Gaelic. By Allister M 'Donald, 
 Inverness (Macdhomhnuill). Price 3s, Post Free. 
 
 Some of the pieces possess high poetical merit. — Northern Chronicle. 
 
 The songs are short and singable, and well adapted for the concert room. 
 — Olasgovi Herald. 
 
 Contains several songs that ought to catch the popular fancy. —Clan 
 Donald Journal,