i99 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^: 
 
 r^i 
 

 BOUGHT^ITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 1S91 
 
 |lR..z.&':a3..s 
 
 s-^ U^..vv 
 
 1357 
 
Cornell University Library 
 PA 2285.B99 
 
 The syntax of high school Latin :statist 
 
 3 1924 021 616 929 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021616929 
 
THE SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
THE SYNTAX 
 
 OF 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 STATISTICS AND SELECTED EXAMPLES ARRANGED 
 
 UNDER GRAMMATICAL HEADINGS AND IN 
 
 ORDER OF OCCURRENCE BY 
 
 FIFTY COLLABORATORS 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 Lee Byrne 
 
 CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, ST. LOUIS 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1909 
 
 fs 
 
Copyright igog By 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 Published August i^og 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 The University of Chicago Press 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A, 
 
COLLABORATORS 
 
 Virginia Alexander, West High School, Washington, D. C. 
 
 E. H. Atherton, Girls' Latin School, Boston 
 
 A. B. Babbitt, DeLancey School, Philadelphia 
 
 Florence Backus, Keokuk High School, Iowa 
 
 A. E. Bartlett, Central High School, Detroit 
 
 Fred O. Bates, Central High School, Detroit 
 
 Augusta J.'Boone, Meriden High School, Connecticut 
 
 Louise M. Breitenbach, Detroit Home and Day School 
 
 Letta Brock, Champaign High School, Illinois 
 
 Lee Byrne, Central High School, St. Louis 
 
 H. D. Cannon, Male High School, Louisville 
 
 W. L. Carr, Shortridge High School, Indianapolis 
 
 Olive B. Catlin, Girls' High School, Louisville 
 
 John Charles, Wichita High School, Kansas 
 
 Emma K. Clark, Girls' High School, Brooklyn 
 
 C. C. Cobb, Marshall High School, Chicago 
 
 W. F. Dales, Central High School, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Mildred Dean, Central High School, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Alice M. Donnelly, Woodward High School, Cincinnati 
 
 Nettie Fillmore, Woodward High School, Cincinnati 
 
 E. L. Findley, East High School, Cleveland 
 
 Mary R. Fitzpatrick, East Division High School, Brooklyn 
 
 E. W. Given, Newark Academy, New Jersey 
 
 J. F. Hall, Tempe Normal School, Arizona 
 
 A. Z. Hartman, Baltimore City College 
 
 W. L. Hartman, Perkiomen Seminary, Pennsburg, Pennsylvania 
 
 J. C. Hazzard, Portland Academy, Oregon 
 
 Mabel C. Hawes, Central High School, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Kate Healy, Fort Dodge High School, Iowa 
 
 W. W. King, Newark High School, New Jersey 
 
 Myra E. Matthews, Orange High School, New Jersey 
 
 C. J. Mendelsohn, College of the City of New York 
 
 Mary L. Miner, East High School, Detroit 
 
 A. Muntsch, St. Louis University 
 
 E. W. Murray, University of Kansas 
 
 Elizabeth M. Perkins, Vassar College 
 
 John A. Peters, Central High School, Detroit 
 
 J. L. Phillips, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts 
 
 Henry Preble, Harvard University 
 
VI COLLABORATORS 
 
 A. S. Rainey, Central High School, Washington, D. C. 
 
 ComeUa M. Raymond, Springfield High School, Massachusetts 
 
 Lizzie C. Smith, Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago 
 
 Zina D. Snyder, Central High School, Minneapolis 
 
 Roland H. Tanner, Central High School, Cleveland 
 
 H. F. Taylor, Shortridge High School, Indianapolis 
 
 A. T. Walker, University of Kansas 
 
 Grace M. Warner, Moline High School, Illinois 
 
 G. A. Whipple, Evanston High School, Illinois 
 
 Martha Whitney, University of Kansas 
 
 Julia E. Winslow, Girls' High School, Brooklyn 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book presents statistics of syntax in four books of Caesar, six 
 orations of Cicero, and six books of Vergil, together with a selection 
 of five examples of each construction in each author, arranged syste- 
 matically, and the same examples arranged also in the order of their 
 occurrence in the texts. It aims to do for syntax what Professor 
 Lodge's Vocabulary of High School Latin does for vocabulary, furnish- 
 ing in conjunction with the latter work, it is hoped, a scientific basis 
 for procedure both as to choice of material and its distribution in the 
 course of study. 
 
 We have met with some difficulties not encountered by Professor 
 Lodge. While a word is always a definite word, a construction in 
 syntax is sometimes capable of more than one interpretation; in such 
 cases the personal equation has to be admitted to the extent of classi- 
 fying one way or the other. This will not seriously affect the general 
 value of the statistics in indicating choice and arrangement of material. 
 
 The classification of constructions was begun with an unbiased 
 examination of the text itself; yet in the end conventional categories 
 of current grammars have usually been employed as most serviceable 
 in practical instruction. 
 
 We have not been able to attain completeness, having left out of the 
 count principles of agreement (including appositional and predicate 
 construction), uses of pronouns, meanings of tenses, and word order. 
 Yet we trust a sufficiently near approach to completeness has been 
 made to form a useful guide. 
 
 As noted by Professor Lodge, the preparation of such works as 
 this is not an indication of belief that the school classics are irrevo- 
 cably fixed as Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil. Let the present classics 
 be changed if something better be found, but in that case we hope that 
 similar statistics will be prepared to enable teachers to proceed intelli- 
 gently. 
 
 That we have made no errors out of nearly 50,000 judgments would 
 be too much to assume. Notice of mistakes and omissions will be 
 filed for future correction. If others later perform such work better, 
 we shall be glad to avail ourselves of the improved results. 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 All references are to the Teubner texts of the authors. Meusel's 
 text of Caesar was originally employed, but the numbers were later 
 changed to those of Teubner, as the text likely to be in the hands of 
 most teachers. 
 
 We have used freely Heynacher's Sprachgehrauch Caesars, and his 
 Beitrage zur zeitgemassen Behandlung der lateinischen Grammatik; 
 Holder's index to Caesar; Meusel's Lexicon Caesarianum; Merguet's 
 Lexicon to Cicero's Orations; Lodge's Vocabulary of High School 
 Latin, and his Helps for the Teaching of Caesar, including W. F. 
 Little's Studies in the Syntax of Caesar's "Gallic War;" Walker's 
 Sequence of Tenses in Latin; and various articles. Most useful 
 has been Heynacher's Sprachgehrauch. Special thanks are due 
 Messrs. W. L. Carr and H. F. Taylor of the Shortridge High 
 School, Indianapolis, who, being engaged upon collections of their 
 own, have given us much help in several places. Mr. E. S. Arm- 
 strong of Central High School has kindly read the proofs. Mr. 
 H. F. Pratt of the commercial department has verified numerical 
 computations. 
 
 The list of individual contributions by subjects is as follows: 
 
 Nominative and Vocative: B. G. i and ii, J. L. Phillips; iii and iv, 
 W. L. Carr; Cat. i-iv, H. F. Taylor; Pomp, and Arch., H. Preble; 
 Aen. i and ii, C. C. Cobb; iii and iv, Nettie Fillmore; v and vi, L. 
 Byrne. 
 
 Genitive: B. G. i and ii, J. L. Phillips; iii and iv, W. L. Carr; 
 Cat. i-iv, H. F. Taylor; Pomp, and Arch., H. Preble; Vergil, J. C. 
 Hazzard. 
 
 Dative: B. G. i and ii, J. L. Phillips; iii and iv, W. L. Carr; Cat. 
 i-iii and Aen. i-iii, W. L. Hartman; Cat. iv, H. F. Taylor; Pomp., 
 H. Preble and A. E. Bartlett; Arch., Elizabeth M. Perkins and 
 A. E. Bartlett; Aen. iv, Nettie Fillmore; v, J. Charles; vi, C. C. 
 Cobb. 
 
 Accusative: B. G. i and ii, J. L. Phillips; iii and iv, W. L. Carr; 
 Cat. i-iii and Aen. i-iii, W. L. Hartman; Cat. iv, Pomp., and Arch., 
 and Aen. iv-vi, A. Muntsch. a 
 
 Ablative and Locative: B. G. i and ii, J. L. Phillips; iii and iv, 
 W. L. Carr; Cat. i-iv, H. F. Taylor; Pomp., Arch., and Aen. v, vi, 
 H. Preble; Aen. i-iv, L. Byrne. 
 
PREFACE IX 
 
 Tenses: Caesar, A. T. Walker; Cicero, Martha Whitney and 
 A. T. Walker; Vergil, E. W. Murray and A. T. Walker. 
 
 Independent Clauses: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; Cat. i 
 and Arch., Kate Healy; Cat. ii-iv, Cornelia Raymond; Pomp. 
 and Arch., Augusta J. Boone; Aen. i-iv, Elizabeth M. Perkins; v, 
 J. A. Peters; vi, Mabel C. Hawes. 
 
 Substantive Clauses: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; Cat. i. 
 Pomp., and Aen. i-v, A. E: Bartlett; Cat. ii-iv and Arch., Mary L. 
 Miner; Aen. vi, Elizabeth M. Perkins. 
 
 Relative Clauses: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; Cicero, J. F. 
 Hall; Aen. i, ii, iv, v, Mary R. Fitzpatrick; ii, v, vi, W. F. Dales; iii, 
 E. H. Atherton; iv, W. W. King. 
 
 Adverbial Clauses — Miscellaneous: B. G. i, iii, iv, W. L. Carr and 
 L. Byrne; ii and Pomp., G. A. Whipple; Cat. i, ii, iv, and Arch., 
 A. B. Babbitt; Cat. iii, Virginia Alexander; Vergil, Elizabeth M. 
 Perkins. 
 
 Purpose and Result: B. G. i, Letta Brock; ii-iv, W. L. Carr and 
 L. Byrne; Cat. i, ii, iv. Pomp., and Arch., Etaima K. Clark; Cat. iii, 
 Mildred Dean; Aen. i, Florence Backus; i-v, A. Z. Hartman; vi, 
 H. D. Cannon. 
 
 CwOT-Clauses: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; Cat. i-iv, C. C. 
 Cobb; Pomp, and Arch., Julia E. Winslow; Vergil, J. Charles. 
 
 Time and Proviso: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; Cat. i, iii, 
 iv. Pomp., and Arch., Louise M. Breitenbach; Cat. ii, Ew L. Findley; 
 Vergil, Alice M. Donnelly. 
 
 Cause and Concession: B. G. i, iii, iv, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; 
 ii, Grace M. Warner; Cat. i, ii, iv, A. B. Babbitt; iii, Zina D. Snyder; 
 Pomp., Arch., and Aen. ii, iv, E. W. Given; Aen. i, iii, R. H. Tanner; 
 v, vi, Olive B. Catlin. 
 
 Conditions and Comparison: Caesar, W. L. Carr and L. Byrne; 
 Cat. i, iii, iv. Pomp., Arch., and Aen. ii, Lizzie C. Smith; Cat. ii, F. O. 
 Bates; Aen. i, iii, iv, vi, Nettie Fillmore; v, A. S. Rainey. 
 
 Infinitives, Participles, Gerund, and Supine: L. Byrne. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction . . ... ... i 
 
 Statistics .... 7 
 
 Notes on Statistics; Explanation or Categories . . 15 
 
 Distribution in the Course of Study .... 23 
 Selected Examples Arranged under Grammatical Headings 31 
 
 The Same Examples in Order or Occurrence . . 43 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Classical instruction has suffered much from the illusion of com- 
 pleteness. The writer of a grammar strives to establish a complete 
 system of grammar. This is fitting, as a book of reference is desired 
 to which one may go for the explanation of any construction. But it 
 is an error to follow a similar ideal of completeness in the teaching 
 of high-school Latin, whether in connection with reading or compo- 
 sition. Our aims are defeated if, as is alleged, an vinsurmountable 
 barrier is raised between the average student and the authors. 
 
 The end should not be confused with the means. Vocabulary 
 and forms and syntax hold a place in classical instruction only as a 
 means, and the end (on the linguistic side) is a power to read the 
 language. Witness President Butler in his Function of the Secondary 
 School: 
 
 The greatest value of the classics is found in the ability to read and under- 
 stand the great poets, philosophers and historians who wrote for all time in the 
 Greek and Latin tongues. To know something of the spirit of Sophocles, Demos- 
 thenes, and Plato; of Cicero, Horace, and Tacitus; and to understand the civili- 
 zation and points of view that they represent, are from one point of view almost 
 enough to give the fortunate one a claim to culture. 
 
 Syntax should not be exalted unconsciously or uncritically to the 
 first place, and Latin literature treated merely as a means with which 
 to build up a complete system of grammar. The great aim, the read- 
 ing of Latin, should be kept clearly in mind. 
 
 Is it true that we have allowed details of syntax too large a place ? 
 President Butler alludes to "Bad and wasteful methods of classical 
 teaching, much of it done imder the guise of thoroughness." His 
 verdict is that "wearisome grammatical drill and tedious reiteration 
 of details relatively of litde value, save in so far as these are absolutely 
 necessary to enable the pupil to read intelligently, are out of place 
 in secondary education." Nor should we neglect the impression 
 that all this makes upon the student, graduate, and layman. Keller, 
 "The Case of Greek," in the June (1908) Atlantic assures us that 
 "that which is most in the eyes of adverse opinion .... is ... . 
 the unnecessary and unessential." It is incumbent upon us to 
 
 3 
 
4 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 determine what portions of syntax actually contribute to the reading 
 that we are doing, and which contribute the most. The domain of 
 syntax is so large that its exclusive study might easily occupy the 
 whole high-school period. The time and energy of students should 
 be carefully guarded, and only such matters admitted from the field 
 of syntax, or of linguistics in general, as do surely and largely contrib- 
 ute to the securing of a reading knowledge. 
 
 Mr. Keller again: "The comparative cost is exorbitant and well 
 nigh prohibitive. The vital question is: Can it be lowered?" 
 Critical examination and evaluation of material answer the question. 
 Professor Lodge's Vocabulary shows that 42 per cent, of the words 
 are used 93^-7 per cent, of the time. The complete list of words is 
 given us with the 42 per cent, distinguished so that by concentrating 
 upon these we may accomplish 93xV per cent, of the result with 42 
 per cent, of the effort. It is hoped that, in the department of syntax, 
 benefits similar, if not so large, will come from the present collabora- 
 tion. The number of constructions examined is 141. These are 
 found employed in 49,361 instances. But as sequence of indicative 
 tenses and mixed conditions were given only for purposes of compari- 
 son and are not usually taught as grammatical categories, this really 
 reduces itself to 137 constructions employed 46,425 times. Omitting 
 constructions used less than 5 times by any author (unless the total 
 of the three comes to 10) we have left only 109 constructions and 
 these are employed 46,339 times out of the total 46,425. That is, 
 79tV per cent, of the constructions are employed in 99xtj- per cent, of 
 the instances, so that by concentrating on this selection (indicated 
 in the examples by large type) we can accomplish 99-3^ per cent, of 
 the result with 79^^ per cent, of the effort; this would make a 25-^ 
 per cent, increase in the efficiency of our work in syntax. 
 
 The authors are advocating no special method, but present the 
 statistics, that teachers may decide for themselves what constructions 
 should have a place in their work, and in what years such construc- 
 tions may be most advantageously introduced. All may not agree 
 upon the same equipment as the desirable one. We have aimed to 
 present the material in such form that the most conservative need 
 not hesitate to make use of it. Those who wish can retain practically 
 everything and still gain greatly by a more economic distribution in 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 the course of study than has heretofore been possible. As actually 
 printed, the large-type examples represent a most conservative 
 (99A P^^ cent.) selection in which the saving of labor is only 20 per 
 cent. Those desiring greater increase in efficiency will have to omit 
 portions of the large type examples as far as seems to them justified 
 by the statistics. 
 
 All statistics require intelligent handling; they are merely a basis 
 on which to form a judgment. At some points the teacher will not 
 care to go in the direction indicated by the statistics if he has a better 
 reason for going another way. But the collaborators have preferred 
 not to take such alterations into their own hands, except in one case : 
 the regular types of conditional sentences are not reached until Cicero; 
 on the other hand conditions in indirect discourse are plentiful in 
 Caesar; after locating conditional sentences as a subject for study 
 in Cicero it hardly seemed feasible to have those in indirect discourse 
 assigned to an earlier period. 
 
 Objection may be made to aiming at anything less than a com- 
 plete syntax on the ground that matters not needed in high school 
 may be needed in college. But we believe we shall help the college 
 most if we teach Caesar and Cicero well without trying to provide 
 for Livy and Plautus; the college instructor expects to treat the 
 S3aitax peculiar to each new author and prefers that what is different 
 from Cicero shall seem different to the student. 
 
 As to college-entrance requirements we recommend that sight 
 passages be restricted in vocabulary to Professor Lodge's 2,000 
 words or that the meanings of others be supplied; that specific 
 questions in syntax deal only with the 109 principles listed in large 
 type in the present work; and that exercises in composition involve 
 these words and these constructions only. Or if sight passages con- 
 tain other constructions and other words, these facts should be taken 
 into consideration in estimating the student's power. 
 
STATISTICS 
 
STATISTICS 
 
 l^iox 
 
 IB30X 
 
 
 00 On 
 OO \0 
 O ro 
 
 
 "O On rO On Q lo O mNO O t^ r>. CO 
 
 roiJ^roi->.00r^HvO OCO ** 
 
 ^HfO«MH H Onhi 
 
 00 I'l 
 00 Tl- 
 00 N 
 
 0000ON0t^Tl-'<:hN'O OOWlOO* 
 lO CO "^ "it M t^ W '*'0 On O « 
 
 M H M rO H 
 
 00 W 
 
 Flox 
 
 NO 
 
 On !>. M N NO 
 O 00 ID t^ --t 
 
 « 00 CO O 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 OOno-*-<:1-co«Ot1-0 
 O ID r^NO W H ID CO 
 
 ■^ H 
 NO CO 
 P) 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 l\-U9V 
 
 r^\0 
 
 M CO "d" CO 
 00 H 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 rt- a 
 
 M 
 
 PI 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CI CO IH Tt" M H r>.oo 
 CI CO CO H 
 
 OO 00 M 
 CO H 
 
 NO 
 
 W 
 
 A -wy 
 
 CO •* 
 
 N \0 CI ID 
 
 CO H 
 
 H 
 
 PI 
 
 o 
 
 CO M O 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 «* 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H iDCO^'^ONCOt-^iD 
 
 ^ PI PI M 
 
 •^ IH PI 
 
 ON H 
 ID 
 
 NO 
 
 AT -ttaj/- 
 
 NO 00 
 
 OO CO 
 CO 
 
 r^NO CO CO 
 
 On 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 O ■'t 
 
 
 
 to o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ONONr^top* H tJ-no t^ 
 
 P) H M M 
 
 NO NO M 
 M H 
 ID 
 
 M 
 
 m 'u^y 
 
 O CO 
 
 OO w CO PI 
 
 N H M 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 ^ M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 tj- onno id TtNO CO ^* ^D 
 
 W PI PI 
 
 ID 
 
 On 
 
 u-usy 
 
 ID ON 
 
 M ro 
 
 ^ CO to C» 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 o 
 
 PI 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 00 r-- CO no n tONO no 
 
 M Tj- ro M H 
 
 On ID O 
 M C* 
 ID 
 
 to 
 
 yuay 
 
 NO "H 
 
 r-. to 
 
 •^ to rocO 
 NO H H 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 CO O 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 c< 
 
 o 
 
 Tt ID O ID t^ IDOO On tD 
 PI W PI M H 
 
 r~. CO H 
 
 00 H 
 tD 
 
 NO 
 
 •tiDdy 
 
 m to 
 
 xd- H 
 CI 
 
 ID to COOO 
 (N CO H 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 Tl- 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 HIDM PIH IH Mt^O 
 PI H 
 
 • 
 
 lONO O 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 ■41UOJ 
 
 CO CI 
 
 to 
 
 H Td-00'lD\O 
 vO to PI 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 OO 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Tj-H tOPi Tj-'*roi>-0 
 r^ PI PI PI M M 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ 
 
 A! v^::) 
 
 J>. CO 
 
 '^ M 
 CI 
 
 ■^ P] CONG 
 ro CO w H 
 
 IH 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 OHO 
 
 
 
 cs 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 On tDOO Pi !>. CO O CO O 
 PI W 
 
 to ON O 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 I" 't^J 
 
 -d-NO 
 
 ID w 
 
 CI 
 
 H NO On -^ 
 O CO 
 
 
 
 woo 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O HOO OvHnO O coo 
 (N H W tH 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 }]'pfD 
 
 PI 
 
 •d- r^ H PI 
 
 NO M M Cl 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 N O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 TtOcOHHlDONO 
 
 IDCO O 
 On 
 
 H 
 
 to 
 
 
 r^ On 
 
 CO C* 
 
 Th On r^NO 
 
 O CO M M 
 M 
 
 ID 
 
 H 
 
 -^ P< o 
 
 PI 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 PI to r^ Onno O m r^ 
 
 M M M 
 
 CO ON O 
 C4 
 
 c* 
 
 to 
 
 A! 
 
 00 H 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 M NO IDNO 
 
 OO P) C) 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 woo 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 l>.HNO IDIDCINO OnO 
 
 PI M M H 
 
 8s '-° 
 
 M 
 
 in 
 
 r^ O 
 
 CI 
 
 to "^ ON N 
 ID H H C« 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 IH 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 000 OOO IDO IDVOO 
 
 CV tH M 
 
 tor^ O 
 Pi 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 M o 
 
 ON 
 PI 
 
 NO <» CO On 
 PI N CO 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 o o o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 iDr^ONiDP) 01 cOOnO 
 H H CI 
 
 PI r- O 
 
 CO 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 
 t'S-oE -1 
 
 ^ o 
 to 
 
 ■O « CO r>- CO O 
 CO CI CO 
 
 MOO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 M tDOO NO O ID CO t>. O 
 
 PI M H M M IH 
 
 IDNO O 
 
 to 
 
 c< 
 
 o 
 
 6s-I I 
 
 ■^ 
 
 to CO IH 00 
 H CI Tj- 
 
 M 
 
 ID 
 
 H 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 lOtDtH O M POCO^O 
 CI H H M 
 
 « rt O 
 NO 
 
 H 
 
 ■-Sua 
 
 H M 'in -43 > ._ J,- . 
 
 r-2 o 
 a I 
 
 60 " 
 
 ^ H H S8 -^'n 5 s ^ 
 
 P 
 
 o g a 
 
 lU .to PL^ 
 
 S S rt 
 
 a cnU fs( < PL, Ph ^ 
 
 .2 E; 
 
 °l 
 
 
 OH 
 
lO 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 
 « H ON 
 
 M ThoO « 00 -^OO « M vO ThvO ■* « OOO OS li^oO roOO 
 
 vo 00 M N r^OO CO (-O00 t>.ON ONClvowioro ioOn 
 
 M « -^W-^C* Wt--W«H HIT) 
 
 FJOX 
 
 (V3 O 
 
 o 
 
 w vo 
 
 r> 
 
 t^ 
 
 10 ON 
 
 10 « CO ■* ON W 
 VO NO M 00 C* 00 
 CO 00 
 
 VO CO 
 
 CI 
 
 H 
 
 « -^ 
 CO 
 
 10 Th CO 000 
 
 conO m CO ■«*■ 
 M HI VO 
 
 CO-* 
 
 00 r^ 
 
 to N 
 
 OJ3D13 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 M t^ 
 
 in 
 so 
 10 M 
 
 O^00 
 t-. 
 
 CO M 
 
 ir- 
 
 N HI 
 W « VO 
 
 CO 
 
 l>.vO 
 
 CO M 
 H H 
 
 10 
 
 TJ-VO M HI C) « LO 
 
 Ov N ONOO to W 
 M CO 
 
 w 
 
 CO ■^ 
 VO H 
 
 PJOX 
 
 H 
 
 CO O 
 
 Ov 
 vo 
 
 
 
 00 ro 
 
 NO CO r- 
 « H 
 
 ■^ M 
 
 CO t^ covO vO iH 
 VO t1- Ov lO H 
 « H 
 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 H 00 CO rh -^ to 
 VO Tj- to H to 
 
 W 
 
 •^00 
 On « 
 
 lA -ttS^- 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 On r>. ON O 00 r^ 
 
 ^O H 00 
 
 5:?° 
 
 M 
 
 H -^ 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 CO H 
 
 ^ 
 
 W N 
 
 
 
 t^ C< 00 CO M 
 
 CO « M H H 
 
 HI 
 
 
 A -u^y 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 W M 
 
 ■■o 
 
 
 
 1000 
 « 10 
 
 ■2^° 
 
 to ON H O^ 
 ■^ H 
 
 M 
 
 Tj- H 
 
 •U-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ r-00 VO CO 
 Ti- CO N H 
 
 HI 
 
 
 Al •«?>' 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 05 
 
 N 
 
 
 "in 
 
 CO 
 
 « COVO 
 10 H 
 
 H 
 
 Ov H 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 00 N VO CO H 
 
 HI H On 
 
 
 Ill •!«>' 
 
 o 
 
 O VO 
 
 
 H 
 
 ro 
 « 10 
 
 On M 
 VO H 
 
 M 
 
 Ov M 
 H H 
 
 CO H 
 
 CO r^ 
 
 
 
 ■^ VO CO t^ H 
 HI CO Ov 
 
 
 11 -usy 
 
 M 
 
 O 00 
 
 
 H 
 
 ro H 
 
 Th li-) 
 
 M 
 
 CO 00 
 
 H 
 
 „C0 
 
 
 
 •d- H 
 
 
 
 N COOO CI H M 
 HI CO t^ M 
 
 
 ii^-BA 
 
 o 
 
 oo 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 r^ On 
 
 vo 
 
 CO ■* COOO 
 00 
 
 H 
 
 in 
 
 VO H 
 
 00 CJ COOO M 
 H N 
 M 
 
 
 •tip-iy 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 CO M 
 
 
 
 M -^vo 
 VO 
 
 ON NO 
 H 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 N On OCG COOO 
 W H vO H 
 
 
 ■fvod 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 U-J CO H 
 
 1-^ CO 
 
 H 
 
 ON 10 
 On « 
 
 ONVO 
 M 01 
 
 0.^0 
 
 
 
 to CO ON N to 
 
 ■* CO ■* CO H 
 
 
 *! voj 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 r^oO 
 
 !>. M On « 
 
 ■^ -'d- t>- 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M VO j:^ t- t^ H 
 
 M CO 
 
 
 !!! -t^O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H <M 
 
 
 
 ■;?.S' 
 
 CO M 
 
 J>- CO 
 
 
 
 rf \n 
 CO 
 
 0) J>. 
 
 P) M 
 
 N 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ^ r^ Ov tJ- LO w 
 
 H CO M H 
 
 
 !! -(oa 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 M \0 00 N 
 
 Ti- Tt 
 
 10 H 
 
 
 
 M CI (N 
 Th HI 
 
 M ^ 
 
 CO w 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 CO CO OvOO NO ■^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ro 10 
 
 (M 
 
 
 vo « 
 
 IT) HI 
 
 w 
 
 VO « 
 ^ H 
 
 C* H 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 N VO O\00 CO M 10 
 
 ■^ HI 
 
 
 Al 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 OsvO 
 
 ■^ M 00 
 H « 
 
 « 
 
 J>. CO CO HI 
 r^ H C4 H (N 
 
 LO 
 
 M 
 
 H H 
 
 ^ OnOO vo t^ « 
 M to Cl 
 H 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 l>.0 
 u-l fO 
 
 LO (N On 
 
 Tj- On CO On 
 10 H H H M 
 
 ■<t 
 
 
 
 CO On H On O 
 H C^ VO M H 
 
 M 
 
 
 11 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 c^ 
 H <r> 
 
 M 
 
 00 
 
 H 
 
 vo 10 !>. 
 0\ M 
 
 H 
 
 '^ HI 10 OnOO 
 ^ M M « 
 
 T^ to 
 
 yD H ONVO M 
 M to « M 
 
 
 t-S-oE -I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 !:; 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 UTO 
 
 M 
 
 On cooO 
 
 NO M 
 
 
 
 On r^ (N -^ 
 
 Tt M M N 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 ■"^VO O^D0 VO 
 H -^ CO M M 
 
 
 6c-i -1 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 0.cg 
 H 
 
 
 
 On 
 00 t^ 
 
 (N (N LO VO CI 
 
 W On Ov -^ M 
 M M 
 
 
 
 N COVO to CO 
 H 10 CO W M 
 
 
 u 
 
 Oi 
 
 »■ - p 
 s too 
 SCO.. 
 
 -I " o-S 
 
 i " ■* o 
 
 P o S 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 cS M O 
 
 too O 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 S 
 
 d - 
 
 si 
 
 8S^ :;&■« 3 : : 
 
 
 O £■ 
 
 '^ o 
 
 .. i> c 
 in '^ "^ 
 
 S-g-g 
 la c 13 
 
STATISTICS 
 
 II 
 
 
 FJOX 
 
 M Osro H « 
 
 ^ 
 
 118J3A 
 
 t«5«'*OOOH t~.NOOui«-*r«50-*Hf»5ioioOO HvO«««M-i- 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 0J93O 
 
 FJOi 
 
 ««O«00MH O'^MOOcoOviOMioaOvOOO vO -^vO ID CO ■* O 
 ^ 0\vO N « M CO CO t^ 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 mox 
 
 OOOO-^MO OnmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OnNOOIOOOsM 
 t- fO Cl ir>QO H « 00 
 C» 00 
 M 
 
 
 lA-lOK 
 
 OHOOOO ^Or^OOC^MCOcoO«OMOC^OO OvoOCflOO^O 
 
 CO-> 
 
 
 A -mv 
 
 OOOOOO ^Ot^OOO^OOHOHOHOOOO ooooooo 
 
 
 Ai -tta^ 
 
 0«0000 cOHOOHroirjOsOONMTfiONOO 0000«0i>. 
 
 
 m •«»>' 
 
 OOOOOO 00P000wvO0-<i-0iO0H0000 Ot^<NOOMc>. 
 
 
 n -my 
 
 CiHOOOM ^^OOOcolJ^^N«0'«tOfOOHOO MrfOOOOw 
 
 
 I -my 
 
 OOOOOO t^'«d-OOOH-^-*OcoOcoOOOO OpOOOOOtI- 
 li^ CO H 
 
 
 ■i{04y 
 
 HOHOOO C0«00000«00000000 o«ooomm 
 
 ro H 
 M 
 
 
 ■iuoj 
 
 hOO-'^Om oowMOOi-iOcoOr^OMOwOO r-» t-.\0 O m o i>. 
 
 
 ^r^o 
 
 OOOOOO lOMOOOOO-^ONioOOnOO O'^ONOCOM 
 
 Tt- M H 
 H 
 
 
 ™'P>D 
 
 OOH^OO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO HNOOOTht^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 WP>3 
 
 OOOOhO vOt^000«000«0M0<N00 rO(^OH«fOH 
 
 1-^ H M 
 M 
 
 
 OJ3DO 
 
 OOOOOO r^ThOOOOOvOOOOOOOOO ln^O O W O ■* « 
 CO N CD 
 M 
 
 
 AI 
 
 OOOwOO r^HlOOOOOOOOOOOOOiH OcO«OOiDt>. 
 
 On m m h h 
 H 
 
 
 ni 
 
 OOOOOO wOOOOOOOOOOOOOroO ooOcoOOcoO 
 
 lO H 
 
 
 II 
 
 OOOmOO OnOOOOOOOOOOOOOmm irjrocociOiOTj- 
 
 H 
 
 
 f S-o£ -I 
 
 O o o c 
 
 GO t^ C 
 
 H 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOcivo cocovoc«0 t^-O 
 
 H Ct W 
 
 
 es-i -I 
 
 000«HO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'^O rocMOHOONTt" 
 
 lO « M H 
 H 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 I: 
 
 < 5 
 ) J 
 
 v. 
 
 1 : S 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 cum 
 
 Contr. fact cond 
 
 Independent Cl.: 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 M 
 
 .1 
 
 cave 
 
 ne and imper 
 
 Subj. hortatory 
 
 Jussive second per 
 
 Jussive third per 
 
 ne and second per.subj. 
 ■nftlihRra.tivft 
 
 •5 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 9- 
 
 For imper. in ind. disc. 
 For inter, in ind. disc. 
 
 StTBSTANTIVE Cl.: 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 i: 
 
 a 
 1 
 
12 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 
 fOHt^MNt^a\o« oooOQOr^ON t-*oo h h h t^lr>T^O^O hvo iom Vi 
 
 « M nHH«MM H 
 
 
 H H 
 O CO 
 
 H 
 
 O N lO « 
 
 M 
 
 H O OOOOOt^'^coO'O M 
 00 CO \0 roOO M 
 
 ■<t -^ « ■^:^ M O 
 
 N 
 
 lO t^ li^ 
 CI t^ 
 
 OI33I3 
 
 O O O 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 CO lO Tl- CO N 
 O H N 
 
 H 
 
 M HlOW HM'Ol'l'^ I>.CO 
 ^ CO^ On H fOOO W 
 
 M 
 
 lovo M irj ■«:)■ 
 
 O lO M 
 
 CO m M 
 
 
 W M 
 O CO 
 
 
 
 On O CO H O 
 CO 
 
 \0 r^tot^M ^t^O 
 
 00 lO lO CO H H CO 
 
 M 
 
 Tf O M 
 
 M 
 
 M t^ O ■* O 
 
 
 
 ON On 
 M CO 
 
 lA -wy 
 
 PO O CO 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 M H O 
 
 HNOOHNr^coO 
 
 Ci H H 
 
 O CO O 
 
 M 
 
 CO O CO O « 
 
 NO t^ M 
 M 
 
 A "IW^ 
 
 CO CO 
 
 On 
 
 CO H M O 
 
 lOCOO OnOoO Onh 
 H 
 
 O 't M 
 
 o 
 
 H O CO O M 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 1^ o 
 
 M 
 
 Ai -wy 
 
 00 O M 
 CO M 
 
 o 
 
 H O O M O 
 
 ■*coO O M\0 ThH 
 H H 
 
 O J>. o 
 
 M 
 
 O O ■* O « 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 ni 'tfa^' 
 
 
 H O O O 
 
 OnCOO ThW M TfM 
 H « 
 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 O O CO O M 
 
 
 
 O NO 
 
 H'*«K 
 
 H O M 
 vO 
 
 M 
 
 Tt- O CO M O 
 
 'OcoOOnmo.ciO 
 
 O M O 
 
 C4 
 
 O N r^ O 
 
 M 
 
 On CO CO 
 M 
 
 1-U9V 
 
 N O ^ 
 
 
 
 M o 
 
 vONOiOWOOtMO 
 H M H H 
 
 O M 
 
 
 
 O O -* M 
 
 o 
 
 M M O 
 M 
 
 'i{ojr 
 
 O 
 
 OO (N ■«t O O 
 
 ■^COONCfOHHO 
 
 H 
 
 C* PO On 
 
 M 
 
 O lO M 
 
 
 
 t>. t^ CO 
 
 •<fMOJ 
 
 CI 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O^ -^ On H O 
 CO 
 
 t^OO H O O « 0) O NO t^QO vO 
 CO CO MM 
 
 -^ -^ O M 
 
 o 
 
 ThNO M 
 
 M-fV^y 
 
 On M 
 
 
 
 CO « O « 
 
 H 
 
 t^NO W CO M N O M 
 
 ■* lO N 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 O O NO O CO 
 
 M Tf M 
 H 
 
 m 'tt>o 
 
 CO O « 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 nOiommO«00 
 M « 
 
 M VO ■* 
 M 
 
 Cl 
 
 O M O M 
 
 M 
 
 ■<t M CI 
 
 \['1^0 
 
 O O O 
 
 o 
 
 j>. HI 
 
 M 
 
 -•tWNOONOOMM 
 
 ■^ M N 
 
 « 
 
 O Tf O M 
 
 M 
 
 Cfl \0 00 CI 
 M 
 
 
 H O H 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 in CO lo o 
 
 M 
 
 CO r^'O i>- O ■'t <N « 
 M M 
 
 N m CO 
 
 N 
 
 O M NO M 00 
 
 M 
 
 00 ON cq 
 
 A! 
 
 vOOOnOOOOmOO 
 
 M 
 
 ON On OnO ->;»• t^OO O 
 M (N 
 
 CO Lo O 
 M CI 
 
 O -^ O 
 
 
 
 NO VO 
 
 m 
 
 WOW 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 lo O O O 
 
 t^t^O lOcOMOO 
 M M CO 
 
 Tt- ON CI 
 M M 
 
 O 
 
 M « O M O 
 
 
 
 O <N 
 
 n 
 
 o o \o 
 
 o 
 
 O O O 
 
 M 
 
 mcomvOmOOnO 
 M M M CO 
 
 On !>. M 
 
 o 
 
 o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 O t^ w 
 
 fS-o£ -i 
 
 O O 00 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 t^ « O 
 
 W COCOONN W COO 
 
 M M M M 
 
 ■^^O M 
 
 M 
 
 O M O CO O 
 
 o 
 
 O « W 
 
 6z-i ■] 
 
 00 O 
 00 
 
 
 
 On O H O 
 
 r^ioO M M tJ-OnO 
 
 M M M « 
 
 t^NO CO O 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 o 
 
 O C^ ON 
 
 ►J . 
 
 S 
 
 d tn 
 M o 
 
 s pj> 
 
 
 I " § 
 
 3 rt 
 
 ci! O O 
 
 
 6 : V 
 
 ll «■§ §1' 
 
 3 -, -r" 
 
 si 
 
 I'f i i 
 
 
 o e • 
 
 5^8 
 
 U 
 
 "2"" 
 
 Sh^uS 
 
 B 60 
 Pi 
 
STATISTICS 
 
 13 
 
 
 mox 
 
 V^ 
 
 •^ CO M 
 
 t^ N NO O^ ■* 
 
 CO M lO t^ M 
 00 « H 
 H 
 
 CO 0^ « 
 CO H 
 
 CO 1^ viOO 1000 
 ONOO CO M VI CI 
 NO CO « H M 
 
 00 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 « 00 po CO 10 « u-100 m 10 CO 10 w 
 
 H 00 .« MO^O WM 
 « H H 
 
 MOOHNOt^l>. «H 
 O^NO CO « M « M 
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 OJ3DI3 
 
 F»0X 
 
 ■* M 
 
 00 li-) 00 On H 
 
 000 
 
 r^OOOwooON 0« 
 ■ li^ CO H 00 ^ 
 CO M 
 
 
 3 
 
 mox 
 
 H H HI M 
 fO ON « 
 M 
 
 NO t^O co«00 mo ThO 
 10 OnO M 
 CO ic 
 
 Th 0^ 00 10 10 
 
 
 lA -BS^ 
 
 H H 
 
 « lOOOO M COOC^M 
 
 t^ ^ 10 ONO -^00 
 « H 
 H « 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 'U9y 
 
 0000 
 
 H M ^ t^ M 
 H « « M 
 
 1-vO 
 
 ThTtcoOMWco GO 
 H C4 
 
 
 
 AT ■l«p' 
 
 « CO 
 
 H ^ M r^NO On M 
 H CO H Tj- 
 
 « 
 
 ON-«ttN.OioOt^ M« 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 III ■Ma>' 
 
 W 
 
 tN NO ON 10 -Tl- 
 H M « CO 
 
 CI « 
 
 On N -^ M 0\10 « 
 
 10 
 
 •* 
 
 
 n-uny 
 
 « CO ■* 
 
 H 
 
 NO VO H H CO 
 M ■* H CO 
 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 OnOO 00 CONO 10 M « 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 NO CO -^ t~>. H 
 
 CO COOO CO N W 
 
 
 
 H M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ■i/WK 
 
 CO M 
 
 CO H '^ OS M 
 M CO NO 
 
 000 
 
 00 IH H H Cl 
 CO H H H 
 
 
 
 
 •iutoj 
 
 H t^ « 
 
 H 
 
 U-) ^O ■* CO 
 « 00 CO 
 
 H 
 
 000 
 
 HOiOiOOoO'::t- 0« 
 M CO CO N 
 
 
 M-p>3 
 
 « 
 
 iJO NO 
 
 000 
 
 On ^ M CO « 
 10 « M 
 
 
 
 
 !!! '^'O 
 
 so 
 
 H 
 
 0^ 0\ ■* ON 
 « H 10 
 
 000 
 
 loOvOMcqo^co 00 
 
 
 ir!"0 
 
 W 
 
 10 H ON 
 
 000 
 
 CO r^ CO fooo CO 00 
 
 H tJ- M 
 
 
 0J9DO 
 
 M ■* « 
 
 M CO <M « 
 
 H 10 H NO 
 
 
 
 Mt^OOvoOiO 00 
 
 M ■^ MM 
 
 
 AI 
 
 mOiOTj- lOioOcOHOsTTOOO 
 « H vO fOOO 
 
 ON On t1- M 
 (N « M M 
 Cl 
 
 M M 
 
 
 III 
 
 vOOw'* mciOt^«r^o 
 
 r~ 
 
 r^WOMMONON MM 
 
 M 
 
 
 11 
 
 Ov^O 
 
 00 00 fONO 
 iri H H 
 
 H 
 
 c» 
 
 W 00 CO M C* 
 
 M 00 M M H 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 f S-o£ -I 
 
 ON H ** M On 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 hOsOOOOioOn coo 
 
 M On m 
 
 
 6z-l '1 
 
 ^Ojnro OOOOsOgO 
 
 CO 
 
 NO Ov CO ''t -^O 
 M 
 
 M M 
 
 
 
 Adverbial Cl.— Core<.; 
 Mixed in ind. disc. . 
 
 .g 
 
 11 
 
 h 
 
 l-H 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 OC 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ir 
 
 I 
 £ 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 Act. periphrastic 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 Pass, periphrastic 
 
 Gfuttod 
 
 
 
 
NOTES ON STATISTICS; EXPLANATION OF 
 CATEGORIES 
 
 Genitive. Subjective is included with possessive. Appositional is included 
 with Material; if listed separately it would probably fall in the class of rare con- 
 structions recommended for omission. Quality includes Measure. Predicate 
 genitives fall under other categories. Genitives with verbs are grouped as follows: 
 those with verbs of remembering and forgetting; with admoneo, commoneo, com- 
 monefacio; with verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and acquitting; with 
 miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedei; with interest and refert; with verbs of plenty 
 and want; with potior. 
 
 Dative. Reference includes Ethical and Separation; Ethical if listed sepa- 
 rately would fall into the category of rare constructions. Double dative is listed 
 under Purpose. With Direction are listed other poetical constructions, as with 
 verbs of contention. 
 
 Accusative. Almost the only adverbial accusatives in Caesar are multum 
 and nihil, so that it might be well to postpone the construction to the third year. 
 Two accusatives here include three groups: those with verbs of making, choosing, 
 calling, regarding, showing; those with verbs of asking, demanding, teaching, and 
 concealing; those with compound verbs. Limit without a preposition occurs 
 only eleven times in Caesar. The figures for accusative with preposition do not 
 include the numerous accusatives of hmit. 
 
 Ablative. Separation and Place Whence are grouped together. Material is 
 listed with Source. Means does not include ablatives with utor, jruor, etc. ; the 
 Way by Which is included under Means. Attendant Circumstances is put with 
 Manner; Accordance with Specification. Ablative with prepositions does not 
 include those listed under the various other heads. 
 
 Tenses. Figures for indicative sequence are given for comparison. The 
 totals given for indicative sequence and for regular subjunctive sequence in 
 Caesar are those of seven books. 
 
 In estimating the number of exceptions to the rule of sequence, it would be 
 possible to swell the totals far beyond those given, especially by counting the 
 instances of repraesentatio, as Heynacher has done in this Sprachgebrauch Caesars 
 im "Bellum Gallicum;" it is necessary, therefore, to state the principles that have 
 been observed in the work on tenses. 
 
 I. The instances of repraesentatio (A.-G. 585, 6, note; B. 318, though the 
 name is not used) have not been collected unless the repraesentatio has preserved 
 a subjunctive exception of the direct form. The same desire for vividness which 
 leads Caesar to use the historical present leads him also to retain in many passages 
 the present or perfect which was used by the speaker, instead of the more sober 
 imperfect or pluperfect which the rule of sequence demands. Repraesentatio is 
 
 IS 
 
i6 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 no more exceptional than the historical present. Yet when the same phenomenon 
 occurs in indirect questions, the instances have been counted as exceptions, because 
 the grammars do not recognize the fact that repraesentatio may occur in indirect 
 questions. 
 
 2. No account has been taken of the varying sequence after historical pres- 
 ents. The primary sequence is the more common, but neither is an exception. 
 Possibly arceret, Aen. i. 300, should be counted as an exception, because the 
 historical present, demiitit, has already been followed by a present, pateant. 
 
 3. The most difficult cases to decide are those in which the main verb is a 
 perfect which we feel as a present perfect. The Romans, having but one form 
 for the present perfect and the historical perfect, did not discriminate sharply 
 between the two meanings which are so distinct to us. It is a recognized fact that 
 the perfect is usually followed by the secondary sequence, even when we translate 
 by "have;" though, of course, it may be followed by the primary; A.-G. 485, 
 a; B. 268, I. In collecting these examples neither the primary nor the secondary 
 sequence has been considered an exception after such a perfect, but for one 
 striking instance, see B. G. iv. i, 10. 
 
 Tenses in Result Clauses: Allen and Greenough, 485, c, reads, "In 
 clauses of result, the perfect subjunctive is regularly (the present rarely) used 
 after secondary tenses." Presumably the revisors intended to say only that the 
 perfect subjunctive in result clauses after secondary tenses is more common than 
 any other exception to sequence; though it is difficult to understand why they 
 changed "very often," of the former edition, to "regularly." The truth of their 
 present statement may be tested by the following statistics. In the seven books 
 of the Gallic War, we have found but 9 perfects in clauses of result following 
 secondary tenses; while Heynacher, though apparently counting the occurrences 
 of the construction rather than the individual verbs, finds 112 instances of 
 the imperfect following secondary tenses. In the entire body of Cicero's 
 orations, Mrs. Nellie King Cureton, a student in the University of Kansas, 
 found but 61 perfects in clauses of result following secondary tenses, as against 
 403 imperfects. The details of irregular result sequence in the limited texts 
 are: perfect indicative followed by perfect subjunctive, Caesar, 1, Cicero 4, 
 perfect infinitive (indirect discourse) followed by perfect subjunctive, Caesar 
 2; perfect indicative and present subjunctive, Cicero 5, miscellaneous, Caesar 
 I, Cicero i. 
 
 Independent Clauses. Hortatory is confined to first person. 
 
 Deliberative subjunctive is freely used to include various subjunctive 
 questions. 
 
 Substantive Clauses. Ne and quominus are grouped with quin. But quin 
 equivalent to qui non is also found among relative clauses. 
 
 Relative Clauses. Here are placed only clauses used adjectively. 
 
 Adverbial Clauses. The miscellaneous indicative clauses include those with 
 relative adverbs. 
 
 Purpose: The conjunctions employed in purpose clauses are as follows, 
 
EXPLANATION OF CATEGORIES 17 
 
 the numbers signifying times used by Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil respectively: 
 ui, 36, 20, 14; ne, 14, II, 10; quo, 7, o, 3; qua, o, o, i; unde, o, o, 2. 
 
 Time: The moods and tenses found with cum are as follows: indicative 
 present, 3, 7, 24; imperfect, i, 11, 2; future, o, 5, 4; perfect, 3, 15, 21; pluperfect, 
 4, 2, 2; future perfect, o, o, 3; subjunctive present, o, i, o; imperfect, 73, 25, 12; 
 perfect, o, i, o; pluperfect, 53, 25, o. 
 
 Antequam and -primquam are listed together. The moods and tenses found 
 with each are as follows: awtejwam, indicative present, o, i, i ; future perfect, o, o, i; 
 subjunctive present, 0,0, 2; priusquam, indicative perfect, 1,0, 2; subjunctive 
 present, o, o, i; imperfect, 7, o, o; perfect, i, o, o; pluperfect, 2, o, i. 
 
 Dum, donee, quoad, and quam diu are listed together. The moods and tenses 
 with each are as follows: dum, indicative present, 7, 2, 16; imperfect, o, i, 5; 
 future, o, I, i; perfect, o, o, 2; future perfect, 0,0, i; subjunctive present, 0,0, i; 
 imperfect, 4, o, 2; perfect, i, o, o; donee, indicative perfect, o, o, 6; future, 0,0, i; 
 future perfect, 0,0, i; no verb expressed, o, o, i; quoad, indicative present, o, i, o; 
 future, o, I, o; perfect, 1, 2, o; subjunctive pluperfect, i, i, o; quam diu, indi- 
 cative future, o, I, o; perfect, o, i, o. 
 
 Postquam, ubi, ut, and simul atque in their various forms are listed together. 
 The moods and tenses found with each are as follows: postquam, indicative 
 present, o, o, 5; perfect, 4, o, 21; posteaquam, indicative perfect, 2, i, o; pridie- 
 quam, o; postridiequam, o; ubi, indicative present, 1,0, 13 ;r perfect, 26, o, 24; 
 pluperfect, i, o, o; future perfect, o, o, 5; ubi primum, indicative perfect, i, o, o; 
 ut, indicative perfect, o, i, 14; pluperfect, 1, o, o; ut primum, indicative perfect, 
 o, I, i; simul atque, indicative perfect, o, 2, i; simul, indicative perfect, i, o, o; 
 quotienscumque, indicative perfect, o, i, o. 
 
 Proviso includes occurrences with dum modo in Cicero, with modo and si 
 modo in Vergil. 
 
 Cause: The subjunctive tenses found with eum follow: present, 2, 25, o; 
 imperfect, 37, 4, o; perfect, i, 5, o; pluperfect, 7, o, o. 
 
 Quod, quia, quoniam, and quando are taken together. The use of moods with 
 each is as follows: qu^id, indicative, 69, 48,0; subjunctive, 34, 16, i; quia, indi- 
 cative, o, S, 5; subjunctive, o; quoniam, indicative, o, 18, 3; subjunctive, 5, 
 o, o; quando, indicative, o, o, 5; subjunctive, o, o, 2. 
 
 Concession. Tam^etsi is listed with quamquam; with quamvis are lieet, ut, 
 and ne; etsi and etiamsi are together. Moods used with different concessive 
 conjunctions are as follows: cum, subjunctive present, i, 6, o; imperfect, 7, 11, i; 
 perfect, i, 6, o; pluperfect, 3, 5, o; quamquam, indicative, o, 8, 3; subjunctive, 
 o, o, i; tametsi, indicative, o, 3, o; subjunctive, i, i, o; quamvis, indicative, 
 o, o, i; licet, subjunctive, o, o, 3; ut, subjunctive, i, o, o; ne, o; etsi, indicative, 
 7, o, 2; etiamsi, indicative, o, 3, o; subjunctive, o, 2, o. The grammars show 
 considerable variety in grouping concessive or adversative clauses. Tametsi 
 may be listed with the etsi group without aflfecting the arrangements of this book. 
 Conditions: The regular types are not found in Caesar except in indirect 
 discourse. Vergil has the indicative in 8 contrary-to-fact conditions and the 
 
1 8 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 present subjunctive in 5. The figures for mixed and irregular conditions are 
 given merely for comparison; they do not constitute a real category. 
 
 The various formal combinations in conditional sentences are as follows: 
 indicative present in protasis followed by indicative present, o, 16, 12; by future, 
 o, 7, 8; by perfect, o, 2, 2; by future perfect, o, i, i; by subjunctive present, 
 0,7,18; byimperfect, o, I, o; by imperative, i, 9, 21; by clause with verb omitted, 
 o, o, 4; indicative imperfect followed by indicative imperfect, i, i, o; indicative 
 future with indicative present following, o, 4, o; with future, o, 5, i; with sub- 
 junctive present, o, i, 2; indicative perfect with indicative present, o, 6, S; with 
 imperfect, o, i, o; with future, o, i, i; with perfect, o, i, 2; with subjunctive 
 present, o, 4, 2; with imperative, o, o, 6; indicative pluperfect with indicative 
 imperfect, 2, o, o; indicative future perfect with indicative present, o, 5, o; with 
 future, o, 19, 6; with future perfect, o, i, o; with subjunctive present, o, i, o; 
 with imperative, o, i, o; with no verb expressed, o, 3, o; subjunctive present with 
 indicative present, o, 5, 2; with future, o, i, 2; with perfect, 0,0, 1; with sub- 
 junctive present, 2, 5, 5; with perfect, 0,0, i; subjunctive imperfect with indica- 
 tive imperfect, 1, o, o; with perfect, o, i, 2; with subjunctive imperfect, 8, 14, 7; 
 with pluperfect, o, 3, 5; with infinitive present, 1, o, o; with participle, 1, o, o; 
 with no verb expressed, 1,0, i; subjunctive pluperfect with indicative present, 
 0,0, i; with imperfect, o, o, 2; with perfect, o, o, 2; with pluperfect, o, o, 2; with 
 subjunctive imperfect, 4, 7, 4; with pluperfect, o, 6, 3; with no verb expressed, 
 o, o, 2; ablative absolute with indicative present, o, i, o; with future, o, 2, o; 
 with perfect, o, i, o; with infinitive present, i, o, o; verb omitted with indicative 
 future, o, o, 2; with subjunctive present, 0,0, i; with imperative, o, o, i. It 
 should be noted in these figures that some apparently regular combinations are in 
 reality mixed forms. Thus a present subjunctive in conclusion may be jussive, 
 etc. 
 
 Those in indirect discourse show the following combinations: indicative 
 present with infinitive future, 0,0,1; subjunctive present with subjunctive pres- 
 ent, 3, o, o; with infinitive present, 9, 2, o; with future, 6, o, o; with perfect, 
 o, o, i; subjunctive imperfect with subjunctive imperfect, 8, o, o; with infinitive 
 present, 9, o, o; with future, 6, i, o; with perfect, i, i, o; subjunctive perfect 
 with subjunctive present, 2, i, o; with perfect, i, o, o; with infinitive present, 
 2, 2, o; with future, 2, 3, o; subjunctive pluperfect with subjunctive imperfect, 
 4, o, o; with infinitive present, 2, i, o; with future, 11, i, 2; with perfect, i, o, o; 
 with no verb expressed, o, o, 3; ablative absolute with infinitive present, 2, o, o; 
 with future, r, o, o. 
 
 The use of conjunctions in conditional sentences is as follows, the same 
 conjunctions often being employed with more than one verb: si, 82, 117, 87; 
 nisi, 10, 20, 2; ni, o, o, 10; sin, i, 6, 3; sive, seu, o, 2, 6; no conjunction, o, o, i. 
 
 Comparison: The one instance in Caesar is with velut si; in Cicero with 
 quasi; Vergil has veluti 5 times (4 with the indicative, i with verb omitted), 
 qttam si and subjunctive, 3, ceu and indicative, 4, subjunctive, 2, no verb, 2. 
 
 Indirect Discourse and Attraction, placed here for convenience 
 
EXPLANATION OF CATEGORIES 19 
 
 include other subordinate clauses as well as adverbial. An example of Repeated 
 Action is appended to Attraction. 
 
 Infinitive. The category infinitive as object is used to designate cases of 
 infinitive with subject accusative used as object of verbs like volo, patior, iubeo; 
 it does not include indirect discourse. Where no subject accusative is introduced 
 the infinitive is listed as complementary. 
 
 The infinitive is used as subject of the following expressions: est, 19, 37, 4; 
 habetur, i, o, o; interest, 1, o, o; licet, 9, 3, 13; necesse est, 2, 3, 4; oportet, 14, 15, 
 o; opus est, i, i, o; placet, 2, 5, r; praestat, 6, o, 5; videtur commodissimum, i, 
 o, o; constat, o, 1,0; convenit, o, 2, o; libet, o, 1,0; certum est, 0,0, i; contingit, 
 o, o, 2; datur, o, o, 9; decet, 0,0, i; fas est, o, o, 14; iuvat, o, o, 14; mos est, 0,0, 2; 
 nejas est, 0,0, 2; paenitet, 0,0, i; piget, 0,0, i; pudet, 0,0, i; sat or satis est, o, 
 o, 5; stat, 0,0, 3; succurrit, 0,0, 1; taedet, 0,0, 1; tempus est, o, o, 2; videtur, 
 o, o, I. 
 
 It is used in apposition with the following expressions: consuetudo, 2, o, o; 
 jacinus, 2, o, o; form of is, 3, o, o; labor or labores, o, 2, i; hie, o, 2, 2; ille, 
 
 0, I, o; amor, o, o, 4; amor et cupido, o, o, 2; animus, o, o, 9; cupido, o, o, i; 
 cura, o, o, 3; potestas, o, o, 2; spes, o, o, i. 
 
 It is used as a Predicate Noun with: invidia est, 0,0, i; salus (est), 0,0, 1. 
 
 The complementary infinitive is found with: audeo, 13, 8, 13; coepi, 46, 
 6, 3; Conor, 18, 9, 5; consuesco, 23, o, o; conslituo, 9, o, 4; cupio, 2, i, 6; debeo, 8, 
 0,0; decerno, 1,0, i; desisto, i, 2, o; dubito, i, 11, i; gravor, i, o, o; incipio, i, 
 
 1, 4; insiituo, 7, i, o; intermitto, i, o, o; malo, 2, 9, i; maturo, 2, o, o; neglego, 1, 
 o, o; nolo, 3, i, o; persevero, i, o, o; polliceor, 2, o, o; praeopto, 1, o, o; propero, i, 
 0,3; possum, 140, 154, 5s; statuo, i, o, o; volo, 17, 34, 14; animum induco, o, 
 1,0; debeo, o, ^o, o; desino, o, 8, 2; disco,o, y, 2; soleo, o, g, 6; studeo, 0,6,0; 
 abnego, 0,0, 2; absisto, o,[o, i; adgredior, 0,0, 2; ardeo, o, o, 8; certo, o, o, 5; 
 contendo, 0,0, i; euro, o, o, 3; exposco, 0,0, i; fido, o, 0,1; gaudeo, 0,0, i; 
 horreo, 0,0,1; insequor, o, o, 2; insto, o, o, 5; iuro, 0,0, i; laetor, 0,0, i; 
 meditor, o, o, 2; memini, o, o, 5; nego, 0,0, i; nequeo, o, o, 3; opto, o, o, 3; 
 ordior, 0,0, 2; oro, 0,0, i; ^arco, 0,0, i; paro, 0,0, 12; /ler^o, 0,0, i; potis est 
 o, o, 1; quaere, o, o, 2; queo, o, o, i; recuso, o, o, 4; iao, o, o, 2; i^ew, o, o, 2; 
 suesco, o, o, 4; sufficio, 0,0, 2; temp to, o, o, 2; tereiio, o, o, 2; /iwieo, 0,0, 2; iia/eo, 
 o, o, S; vereor, 0,0, i. 
 
 The infinitive is used as the object of: adsuejacio, i, o, o; cogo, 5, 5, 7; 
 desidero, i, o, o; iitJeo, 57, 13, 42; nolo, 4, o, o; patior, 8, 9, 4; prohibeo, 4, o, 4; 
 w/o, I, o, 2; w/o, II, 18, 7; CM^io, o, 5, o; imperor, o, 3, o; iwieor, o, i, o; malo, 
 o, 4, o; «#o, o, I, 2; oii^o, 0,0, i; 0^0, o, o, 2; concedo, 0,0,1; (io, o, o, 8; 
 doceo, o, o, 2; /aao, o, o, 2; Ao^tor, o, o, 7; impello, o, o, 4; impero and passive, 
 0,0, i; 0^/0, 0,0, 2; persuadeo, o, o, 2; /lojco, 0,0, i; probo, o, o, 2; stimulo, 
 0,0, i; suadeo, 0,0, 2; subigo, o, o, 2. 
 
 The infinitive is used in Indirect Discourse with admiror, i, o, o; ago, 
 6, o, o; animadverto, 13, o, o; arbitror, 26, 17, o; o«iw, 3, 5, 4; co^i/o, 1, o, o; 
 cognosco, 10, I, o; commemoro, 2, 3, o; comperio, 5, 5, o; conclamo, 2, o, 2; 
 
20 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 conjido, 4, 5, o; conjirmo, 4, 6, o; coniuro, 2, o, o; conspicio, 6, 2, o; constat, 
 4, o, o; constituo, i, o, o; credo, 2, 2, 9; demonstro, 6, o, o; denuntio, i, o, o; {^jco, 
 58, 60, 1; dicor, 2, 14, 1; doceo, 4, o, o; <io/eo, i, o, o; duco, 2, 2, o; existimo, 
 34, II, o; existimor, 2, o, o; gaudeo, i, i, o; intellego, 26, 16, o; invenio, 6, o, i; 
 jwieo, I, o, o; itidico, 5, 5, o; loquor, 27, o, i; mendni, i, 3, i; nuntio, 13, o, o; 
 ostendo, 3, o, o; persuadeo, 3, o, o; polliceor, 9, 2, i; praedico, -are, 30, 2, o; 
 probo, 2, o, o; propono, 8, 2, o; ^m/o, 15, 43, 5; queror, 3, 1, o; renuntio, 3, o, o; 
 reperio, 16, o, o; respondeo, 32, i, o; sentio, 2, 19, 5; ^cjo, 7, 13, o; significo, 3, 
 o, o; Simula, 1, i, o; i^ero, i, 7, 8; statuo, 6, 2, o; suspicor, 5, o, o; video, 27, 49, 
 20; videor, 6, 63, 35; certiorem jacio, 11, o, o; civitatem obstringo, 3, o, o; CMm 
 te mandatis, 3, o, o; ej/ verbum, 15, o, o; exitus est orationis, 5, o, o; in spem 
 venio, i, o, o; legates mitto, 4, o, o; legati gratulatum veniunt, 1, o, o; memoria 
 teneo, 3, i, o; moleste fero, 2, o, o; nuntius mitto, i, o, o; oratio est, 3, o, o; satis 
 habeo, 1, o, o; verba jacio, 6, o, o; commemoro, 2, o, o; habere explorata dico, 
 12, o, o; incuso, 19, o, o; obsecro, 5, o, o; oro, 2, o, o; peto, 1, o, o; postulo, 
 2, o, o; se ad pedes proiciunt, 2, o, o; accipio, o, 5, o; admoneo, o, 2, 1; agnosco, 
 o, I, i; aio, o, 2, 2; censeo, o, i, o; concedo, o, i, o; confiteor, o, 5, o; contendo, 
 o, 2, o; criminor, 6, 1, o; decerno, o, 2, o; declare, o, i, o; dejero, o, 6, 2; despero, 
 ' o, I, o; dictito, o, 1, o; jateor, o, 8, 1; ignoro, o, 3, o; indico, o, 2, o; infiteor, 
 o, I, o; laetor, o, 1, o; lugeo, o, i, o; miror, o, i, o; nego, o, 3, 2; nescio, o, 3, o; 
 obliviscor, o, 3, o; obtineo, o, i, o; opinor, o, i, o; praecipio, o, 5, o; praescribo, 
 o, I, o; profiteer, o, 2, o; provideo, o, i, o; putor, o, i, o; recorder, o, i, o; 
 scribe, o, 2, o; suadee, o, 2, o; tester, o, i, 3; opinio est, o, 1,0; responsum 
 fero, o, I, o; cane, o, o, 10; cerno, o, o, 5; edico, 0,0, i; fallo, o, o, i; fero, o, o, 3; 
 leror, o, o, 2; iure, 0,0, i; mentier, 0,0, i; persentie, o, o, 2; promitto, o, o, 5; 
 3; rear, 0,0, 3; repeto, o, o, 2; respicio, 0,0, i; 7;o/o, 0,0, i; /owo owm occupat, 
 prospicio, o, o, 2; /ooto est, 0,0, 7; /awa /er/, o, o, i; fama velat, o, o, 
 4; fides manijesta, o, 0,1; nuntius venit, 0,0, i; signum effodio, 0,0, i; vex 
 (est), 0,0, 1. 
 
 Infinitives with adjectives: paratus, 5, o, i; certus, 0,0, 1; dignus, 0,0, i; 
 praestantior, o, o, 2. 
 
 The infinitive expresses Purpose with: do, o, o, 9; institue, 0,0, i; i;oco, 
 0,0, i; venio, 0,0, i. 
 
 Participle. The present participle occurs in the following cases; nominative, 
 9, 9, 270; genitive, 3, 3, 23; dative, 5, 5, 28; accusative, 17, 30, 223; ablative, 
 o, 3, 20; ablative absolute, additional, 11, 7, 27; vocative, o. 
 
 The perfect participle occurs in the following cases: nominative, 213, 119, 
 515; genitive, 4, 4, 29; dative, 6, 4, 29; accusative, 83, 105, 326; ablative, 12, 
 22, 57; ablative absolute, additional, 384, 58, 126; vocative, o, 10, 25; deponent 
 nominative, 88, 7, 119; genitive, o, o, i- dative, o, o, 3; accusative, 6, i, 8; 
 ablative, 1,0,1; vocative, o, o, 6; middle nominative, o, o, 15. 
 
 The future participle occurs in the following cases, not including those in 
 active periphrastic combination: nominative, o, o, 14; genitive, 0,0, 2; dative, 
 o, o, 4; accusative, o, o, 9; ablative, o, o, i. 
 
EXPLANATION OF CATEGORIES 21 
 
 The active periphrastic occurs in the following moods: indicative, 1,5, i; 
 subjunctive, 3, 5, o. 
 
 The gerundive occurs in the following cases, not including periphrastic 
 use: nominative, i, 8, 7; genitive, 17, 10, o; with causa, additional, 12, 7, o; 
 dative, 2, o, i; accusative, i, 13, 16; with euro, additional, 3, o, o; with ad, 
 additional, 33, 42, o; ablative, ii, 22, i; vocative, o, o, i. 
 
 The passive periphrastic occurs in the following moods: indicative, 14, 
 39, 12; subjunctive, 2, 10, o; infinitive, 34, 39, 5. 
 
 Gerund. The following cases of the gerund are found: genitive, 29, 22, 11; 
 with causa, additional, 12, o, o; dative, o; accusative, o; except with ad, 7, 12, 
 o; ablative, 4, 15, 16. 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN THE COURSE OF STUDY 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN THE COURSE OF STUDY 
 
 In the "Selected Examples" we have used black type to indicate 
 constructions used as many as five times by Caesar, ordinary type 
 for the additional constructions used five times by Cicero, small 
 capitals for the new constructions used five times by Vergil; moreover, 
 those used less than five times in any one author but as many as ten 
 times in all three are placed in either the Cicero or the Vergil lists. 
 All other constructions are printed in small type so that they may be 
 included or omitted according to the desire of the individual. But 
 the large type examples represent a 99^ per cent, selection,' so that 
 they should constitute a reasonable maximum for intensive study. If 
 we recommend for the first year those principles used 50 times in 
 Caesar, the number of new constructions to be studied in the first year 
 would be 45, in the second, 31, in the third, 19, in the fourth, 14. 
 
 We hesitate to offer any distribution by half-years. In dividing by 
 years it is an assured conclusion that we want in the second year the 
 constructions common in Caesar, in the third those common in Cicero, 
 in the fourth those common in Vergil. A semester division is more 
 arbitrary, yet some will doubtless desire one. We believe it best in 
 Cicero and Vergil to take all the constructions in the first half-year, 
 reviewing them again in the second. Of course in every term there 
 should be a review of all constructions studied thus far, but in the 
 sixth and eighth half-years such review may well constitute the stu- 
 dent's whole task in syntax. If some prefer to make division in the 
 upper years they may take in the first half-year the constructions 
 found ten times and in the second those found only five. In the first 
 and second years the material is sufficiently copious to warrant a 
 subdivision. In the preparatory year, if we take in the first semester 
 those constructions used 90 times in Caesar and in the second sem- 
 ester those used 50, the apportionment will be 26 and 19 respectively. 
 In Caesar a grouping of 20 and 1 1 is secured by assigning those used over 
 12 times to the third half-year, those used 5 times to the fourth. This 
 would be a tentative recommendation for distribution by half-years: 
 
 I That is, 99A psr cent, of all the constructions would come under the principles 
 so indicated. 
 
 2S 
 
26 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 HaK-Year 
 
 Basis 
 
 Number New 
 Constructions 
 
 I 
 
 90 times in Caesar 
 50 times in Caesar 
 13 times in Caesar 
 
 S times in Caesar 
 
 S times in Cicero 
 Review of all prose constructions 
 5 times in Vergil 
 Review of all Constructions 
 
 26 
 
 
 19 
 20" 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 19 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 't 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 We give in tabular form the selections by years, and, less con- 
 fidently, one by half-years. 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN COURSE OF STUDY 
 
 27 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Pi s 
 
 en 
 W 
 
 < 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 Pi 
 < 
 
 W 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 bO 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 S.9 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 u d 
 
 
 d a 
 
 <S 
 
 
 
 ^-g 
 
 3 
 
 
 hM 
 
 U 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 3iS 
 
 O Ti 
 CuD O EC 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 o< 
 
 
 
 -3 
 
 -§ 
 
 n 
 
 n1 
 
 
 <D 
 
 •§ 
 
 a 
 
 <H 
 
 
 Ph 
 O 
 
 en 
 
 i2 
 
 !■ 
 
 .5 ? 
 
 
 O --J 
 
 (2s 
 
 
 
 2.S 8,2 
 3 ci„9 
 
 •S.2 
 (u 'go 
 
 o ^ H 
 
 4^ O Oh 
 
 
 lllililllll 
 
 
 en 
 
 § 
 
 "S 
 
 o 
 o. 
 
 a 
 
 o. 
 
 J3 
 
 P^ 
 
 a 
 
 •a 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
28 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 o. a 
 
 I N (U.9 
 
 
 2 O.^ 
 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 CL. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 PL| 
 
 [i< 
 
 e 
 
 en 
 P 
 O 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 en 
 Pi 
 < 
 W 
 >< 
 
 o 
 
 izi 
 P^ 
 O 
 
 U3 
 
 J M 
 
 
 >l§s 
 
 3 
 
 Juss 
 Deli 
 Con 
 Pole 
 
 (S 
 
 i 
 
 
 u ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJl 
 
 g a 
 
 % 
 
 53.3= = = 
 
 
 &S* 
 
 n 
 
 a 3 
 
 1— ( 
 
 M UD 
 
 
 J2J3 
 
 
 oo 
 
 m 3 
 u Hi 
 
 %%'>^ . 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 S 
 
 m CD :t3 - - - 
 
 5 cj tj 
 
 o S S 
 M o o 
 
 OO 
 
 Is 
 
 3 3 
 
 wen 
 
 I'd g" 
 
 CM ^ W 
 
 «" t-( 3 
 
 •S «! ?3 
 S (U CD 
 
 3^ 
 
 6; 
 
 ii 
 
 ou 
 
 a --^ 
 
 
 ti 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 CD CU ^ £,.3 
 
 " y Q,3 Sao 
 
 
 3 
 
 _-j & S g 3 .5 
 ^ 3 ID ■- <s 3 
 
 g a3iD-3<ci3 30i;S 
 
 -3 3g"? 
 
 ID CD 
 
 .£ ft 
 
 *J '^ CD 
 O C _> 
 
 CD " cS 
 
 o 
 
 H ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 j3 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 X) 
 
 •a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■S 
 
 .£ 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 HH 
 
 IZ! 
 
 3 J$ 
 
 
 3 
 
 Ph 
 
 3 
 ■3. 
 
 3 
 
 VI 
 
 •n 
 3 
 
 d 
 
 T3 
 3 
 3 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
DISTRIBUTION IN COURSE OF STUDY 
 
 29 
 
 TENTATIVE SYNOPSIS BY HALF-YEARS 
 
 
 First Half- Year 
 
 Second Half-Yeai 
 
 Third Half-Year 
 
 Fourth Half-Year 
 
 Nominative 
 
 Nominative 
 
 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Possessive 
 Partitive 
 
 Objective 
 Material 
 
 Quality 
 
 With adjectives 
 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 Ind. object 
 
 Special verbs 
 Compounds 
 Reference v 
 Purpose 
 
 Agent 
 
 W. adjectives 
 
 Possessor 
 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Dir. object 
 Limit 
 Subj. infin. 
 W. preposi- 
 tions 
 
 
 Adverbial 
 
 Time and 
 
 space 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 Separation 
 Agent 
 Means 
 Cause 
 Accompani- 
 ment 
 Absolute 
 Place 
 Time 
 
 Manner 
 Specification 
 W. preposi- 
 tions 
 
 Source 
 utor, etc. 
 Difference 
 Quality 
 
 
 
 
 Locative 
 
 Regular se- 
 quence 
 
 
 
 Locative 
 
 Tenses 
 
 
 
 
 Independent cl. . . . 
 
 Indicative 
 
 
 Subj. for imp. 
 in Or. Ob. 
 
 Subj. for Int. 
 in Or. Ob. 
 
 Substantive cl 
 
 
 quod 
 Volitive 
 Ind. question 
 
 quin, etc. 
 Result 
 
 Fear 
 
 Relative cl 
 
 Indicative 
 
 
 Purpose 
 Characteristic 
 
 
 Adverbial cl 
 
 Time — cum 
 Cause — quod 
 In ind. disc. 
 
 Indicative 
 Purpose 
 Result ^ 
 
 Time — dum 
 " —post- 
 quam 
 Cause — cum 
 Attraction 
 
 Time — ante- 
 
 quam 
 Concession — 
 
 cum 
 Concession — 
 
 etsi 
 
 
 Complement'y 
 Object 
 Ind. disc. 
 
 Subject 
 
 Historical 
 
 Apposition 
 
 
 W. adjective 
 
 Particiole 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Gerundive 
 Pass, peri-" 
 phrastic 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund and supine 
 
 
 Gerund '' 
 
 
 Supine in -«?» 
 
3° 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 TENTATIVE SYNOPSIS BY HALF-YEARS 
 
 
 Fifth Half-Year 
 
 Sixth 
 Half-Year 
 
 Seventh Half-Year 
 
 Eighth 
 Half-Year 
 
 Nominative 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 
 Remembering 
 miseret, etc. 
 
 
 GenitiVe 
 
 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 
 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Twoaccus. "making" 
 Exclamation 
 
 
 Cognate 
 Synecdochical 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 Comparison 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Locative 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Tenses 
 
 Irreg. seq. — Result 
 
 Imperative 
 
 Subj. — Jussive 
 " Deliberative 
 " Concessive 
 " Potential 
 
 
 
 "c 
 
 Independent cl. . . . 
 
 "3 
 
 ne and Imperative 
 
 Subj. — Hort. 
 " Jussive 2 p. 
 " Optative 
 " Obligation 
 
 ! 
 
 3 
 
 Substantive cl 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 >, 
 
 Relative cl 
 
 Adverbial cl 
 
 Result 
 Cause 
 
 Proviso 
 Concession — quam- 
 
 quam 
 Conditions — Simple 
 M. V. 
 
 future 
 Conditions — Contr. 
 
 fact 
 In ind. disc. 
 
 Comparison 
 
 "3 
 "S 
 
 Pi 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 
 Purpose, etc. 
 
 
 
 Active periphrastic 
 
 
 
 Gerund and supine 
 
 
 Supine in -u 
 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 
 
 Nominative 
 Nominative: Gallia, B. G.^ i. i, i; pars, i, 5; is, 2, 1; Orgetorix, 3, 3; 
 Caesar, 32, 2. juror. Cat., i. i; castra, 5; is, 22; ego, 29; homines, 31. i^rJs, 
 4e«. i. 12; /wno, 36; Aeolus, 76; Feww^, 325; iniuria, 341. 
 
 Vocative 
 Vocative: milites, B. G. iv. 25, 3. Catilina, Cat. i. i; Catilina, 2; Catilina, 
 3; Catilina, 4; patres, 4. ^eo/e, ^e». i. 65; regina, 76; Ew^'e, 140; rex, 241; 
 Cytherea, 257. 
 
 Genitive 
 Possessive: provinciae, B. G. i. i, 3; nobilitatis, 2, i; ejwi, 7, 3; fluminis, 
 
 8, 4; Aeduorum, 11, i. Mrftw, Ca<. i. i; populi, i; bonorum, i; senatus, i; 
 horum, i. Troiae, Aen. i. i; superum, 4; lunonis, 4; Romae, 7; deum, g. 
 
 Objective: regni, B. G. i. 2, 1; causae, 4, 2; reditionis, 5, 3; itineris, 7, 4; 
 regm, 9, 3. Palati, Cat. i. i; seditionum, 4; castrorum, 5; optumatium, 7; wrftw, 
 
 9. 6eWi, i4eM. i. 14; jormae, 27; generis, 132; pelagi, 138; telluris, 171. 
 Partitive: quarum, B. G. i. i, i; horum, i, 3; fluminis, i, 6; Oceani, i, 7; 
 
 passuum, 2, 5. consili. Cat. i. 1; nostrum, i; nostrum, 2; detrimenti, 4; gentium, 
 9. re^wi, ^e». i. 78; gentis, 96; sororum, 322; sororum, 326; sanguinis, 329. 
 
 Material: hominum, B. G. i. 4, 3; equitum, 15, 3; dediticiorum, 27, 4; /towi- 
 ««w, 35, 3; hominum, ii. 6, 2. hostium. Cat. i. 5; amicorum, 11; coniuratorum, 
 12; temporis, Arch. 1; hominum, 3. aquae, Aen. i. 105; harenae, 112; alarum, 
 301; argenti, 359; awW, iii. 49. 
 
 Quality: mensium, B. G. i. 5, 3; pedum, 8, i; legionum, 24, 2; pedum, ii. 5, 6; 
 W0&', iii. 12, I. moij, Co<. i. 4; ordinum, iv. 14; modi, Pomp. 6; gentium, 44; 
 »io(ii, 4rcA. 3. W0&, .i4ew. i. 33; o^m, 601; gentis, iv. 483; populi, 615; /mcm, 
 vi. 761. 
 
 Value: /a»/», B. G. i. 20, 5; magni, iv. 21, 7. toreri, Cai. i. 22; toMii, ii. 15; parvi, 
 Pomp. 18; parw, i4fcfe. 14. ton/i, ]4eM. iii. 453. 
 
 With Adjectives: hellandi, B. G. i. 2, 4; iniuriae, 14, 2; rerum, 18, 3; rei, 21, 
 4; rerum, 44, 9. consili. Cat. i. 2; imperi, 12; Catilinae, ii. 6; Catilinae, 22; 
 ferramentorum, iii. 10. opum, Aen. i. 14; rerum, i'j&; awn, 343; umbrae, 441; sui, 
 V. 174. 
 
 With Verbs of Remembering, etc.: incommodi, B. G. i. 13, 4; virtutis, 
 
 I The abbreviations used are as follows: 
 
 B. G.= Caesar de 6e//o Gallico; Cat.= Cicero in Catilinam; Pomp. =CiceTO de 
 imperio Pompei; Arch.= Cicero ^0 Archia; yle».= Vergil Aeneis. 
 
 Numbers in Caesar refer to book, chapter, and sentence; in Cicero, to oration 
 aod section; in Vergil, to book and line; they are taken from the Teubner editions, 
 edited by Dinter, MuUer, and Ribbeck respectively. 
 
 33 
 
34 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 13, 4; coniumeliae, 14, 3. caedis, Cat. i. 6; incendiorum, 6; saluiis, iv. i. ^mj, 
 4e?i. iii. 629; famae, iv. 221; re^m, 267; rerum, 267; Elissae, 335. 
 
 With Verbs of Accusing, etc.: ineriiae, Cat. i. 4; nequitiae, 4. mortis, Aen. 
 vi. 430. 
 
 With Miseret, Paenitet, etc.: quorum, B. G. iv. 5, 3. jactorum, Cat. 
 iv. 20; consiliorum, 20. lahorum, Aen. ii. 143; anitni, 144; thalamic iv. 18; 
 domus, 318; sororis, 435. 
 
 With Interest and Refert: rei, B. G. ii. 5, 2; salutis, J, 2. mea, Co/, iv. g. 
 With Verbs of Plenty and Want: bacchi, Aen. i. 215; jerinae, 215. 
 With Potior: Galliae, B. G. i. 3, 7. rerum, Cat. ii. 19. 
 
 Dative 
 
 Indirect Object: ej, 5.G. i.3,S; illis,^,6; illis,^,6; Helvetiis, 4,1; Caesari, 
 7, I. (fiV, Coi. i. 11; /ow, 11; tibi, 16; adulescenti, 21; T/iro, 21. wi/ii, y4e« 
 i. 8; iibi, 65; wi^j, 78; undis, 104; regi, 137. 
 
 With Special Verbs: civitati, B. G. i. 2, i; m, 2, 3; Rauracis, 5, 4; .(4?/o- 
 brogibus, 6, 3; te, 9, 2. ^-eSw^, Co/, i. 3; mihi, 6; nobis, 22; temporibus, 22; 
 /a2<(fj, 23. m«/M, ^ere. i. 257; generi, 526; dictis, 689; <iic<o, 695; e^MoJ'ii. 48. 
 
 With Compounds: omnibus, B. G. i. 2, 2; finitimis, 2, 4; iiii, 3, 3; munitioni, 
 10, 3; populo, 12, 6. wiW, Ca/. i. 11; /jfa', 11; vitae, 13; adulescentulo, 13; 
 sceleri, 15. scopulo, Aen. i. 45; om, 49; ventis, 69; wan, 84; panto, 89. 
 
 Reference: ^iij, 5. G. i. 5, 3; iifti, 14, 2; Haeduis, 17, 4; wfii, 28, i. sibi, 
 36, 4. m publicae. Cat. i. 5; fo'fii, 16; tibi, 18; cw, 24; ei, ii. 2. gentibus, Aen. 
 i. 17; Aeneae, 92; iactanti, 102; to, 106; quibus, 232. 
 
 Agent: «6i, B. G. i. 11, 6; Gallis, 31, 14; Sequanis, 32, 5; w6i, 33, 2; wJi, 
 35, 2. »ij»j, Co/, i. 5; tibi, 16; /i6J, 16; /iii, 17; cmj, 24. jatis, Aen. i. 39; wi/w, 
 326; ulli, 440; wiW, 574; mihi, 623. 
 
 Possessor: «Ji, B. G. i. 7, 3; «JJ, 11, 5; ipsi, 34, 2; ijij, 35, 4; wmKj, ii. 6, 3. 
 lenitati, Cat. ii. 6; KrJi, 26; portis, 27; woe, 27; Cethego, iii. 10. animis, Aen. 
 i. 11; ww'/si, 71; virginibus, 336; toi'c, 343; quibus, 361. 
 
 Purpose: praesidio, B. G. i. 25, 6; domicillio, 30, 3; concilia, 30, 5; curae, 
 33, i; colloquio, 34, i. nuptiis, Cat. i. 14; jructui. Pomp. 16; CMroe, 17; 
 praesidio, 32; saluti. Arch. 1. excidio, Aen.i. 22; re6«5, 207; praedae, 210; /ec/o, 
 425; auxilio, ii. 216. 
 
 With Adjectives: Germanis, B. G. i. i, 3; ^feW, 3, 5; finibus, 6, 3; Galliae, 
 28,4; sibi, 29, 3- tibi, Cat. i. j^; tibi, 24; tuis, 24; mihi, 2"]; nobis, in. 2. mihi, 
 Aen. i. 67; cm4, 314; caelestibus, 387; ambabus, 458; ieo, 589. 
 
 Direction (Poetic): io/io, ^e». i. 6; coe/o, 289; om, 377; om, 538; 
 om, 616. 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Direct Object: unam, B. G. i. i, i; aliam, i, 1; tertiam, i, 1; eo, i, 3; bellum, 
 I, 3. »oi, Co/, i. i; sese, i; /e, i; quid, 1; quid, 4. arma, Aen. i. i; urbtm, 5 
 (feoi, 6; causas, 8; quam, 15. 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 35 
 
 Adverbial: nihil, B.GA. 40, 12; multum,in.g, 3; fmdtum,iY. i,&; maximam 
 partem, 1, 8; multum, 3, 3. nihil, Cat. i. i; quid, 20; ecquid, 20; quid, 22; quid, 
 24. multum, Aen. i. 3; primum, 174; primum, 189; jwirf, 407; tantum, 745. 
 
 Cognate: praeclara, Cat. iii. 5; egregia, 5; quiddam. Arch. 26. hominem, 
 Aen. i. 328; ^/wm, 385; multa, 750; wow, iv. 468; iie;-, v. 862. 
 
 Two Accusatives, "Making": vergobretum, B. G. i. 16, 5; soldurios, 
 iii. 22, i; regem, iv. 21, 7. dignum, Cat. i. 19; gloriam, 29; civem, ii. 12; hostem, 
 12; ianctoj, vlrc/f. 18. ^are«/e»w, .4en, i. 75; oriw, 109; miserum, ii. 'jg; Chaonios, 
 iii. 334; victorem, v. 245. 
 
 Two Accusatives, "Asking": /rumenium, B. G. i. 16, i. poenas, Aen. ii. 139; 
 veniam, iv. 50; /o(o, vi. 759. 
 
 Two Accusatives with Compounds: Axonam,B.G.i\. <,,/[; pontem, 10, i; Rhenum, 
 iv. 16, 6. 
 
 Synecdochical: oculos, Aen. i. 228; genw, 320; animum, 579; o.s, 589; 
 manus, ii. 57. 
 
 Time ar^ Space: annos, B. G. i. 3, 4; »w7ia, 8, i; (iiw, 15, S; annos, 18, 3; 
 rfte.r, 39, ^^ diem. Cat. i. 4; lijew, 4; arawoj, ii. 7; rfje^, iii. 20; punctum, iv. 7. 
 annos, Aen. i. 31; a«no/, 47; annos, 272; saecida, 445; noctem, 683. 
 
 Limit: septentriones, B. G. i. i, 5; partem, i, 6; septentrionem, i, 6; montes, 
 I, 7; indicium, 4, 2. finem, Cat. i. i; senatum, 2; mortem, 2; te, 2; «o.y, 2. 
 Italiam, Aen. i. 2; litora, 3; altuffij 34; patriam, 51; Italiam, 68. 
 
 Exclamation: tempora, Cat. i. 2; mores, 2; rem puUicam, ii. 7; »oj, 10; 
 rem publicam, 10. miserabile, Aen. i. iii; infandum, 251; mirabile, 439; wira- 
 W/e, iv. 182; horrendum, 454. The examples in Vergil are in agreement with 
 clauses; they are nevertheless exclamatory. 
 
 Subject of Infinitive: Gallos, B. G. i. i, 5; .ye, 2, 5; biennium, 3, 2; je, 3, 6; 
 jftje, 3, 7. consilia. Cat. i. i; coniurationem, i; j«e»t, i; te, 2; pestem, 2. hoc, 
 Aen. i. 17; progeniem, 19; populum, 21; Parcas, 22; we, 37. 
 
 With Prepositions: 5e, 5. G. i. 1, 2; Rhenum, i, 3; rem, 4, 3; angustias, 9, i; 
 eww, 48, 2. ?»e, Cat. iv. 5; noctem, 6; inferos, 8; oculos, 11; Tabernas, 17. 
 cornua, Aen. iv. 61; nemora, 70; altaria, 145; daras, 357; terroj, 523. 
 
 Ablative 
 
 Separation: Aquitanis, B. G. i. i, 2; Belgis, i, 2; c«<//m, i, 3; finibus, 2, i; 
 o^m, 4, 3. Roma, Cat. i. 7; cwra, 9; Mrfie, 10; mete, 10; «r6e, 12. animo, Aen. 
 i. 26; £a<io, 31; incepto, 37; ^«^/ii, v. 12; vespere, 19. 
 
 Source: finibus, B. G. i. i, 6; maire, 18, 7; tribunis, 39, 2; Germanis, ii. 4, 2; 
 Cimbris, 29, 4. civitatibus. Pomp. 28; nationibus, 28; eo, 59; studiis, Arch. 13; 
 doctrina, 18. iosco, j4e«. i. 167; origine, 286; Afaia, 297; ve/i.r, 469; ieo, 582. 
 
 Agent: senatu, B. G. i. 3, 4; ie, 14, 2; m, 14, 6; maioribus, 14, 7; JM, 16, 6. 
 me, Cat. i. 5; te, 16; ?mo, 19; gwo, 19; me, 23. earoo, j4e«. iii. 533; love, iv. 
 356; /owe, 377. 
 
 Comparison: opinione, B. G. ii. 3, i; awrao, iv. i, 7; ceteris, 3, 3. /«ce, 
 
36 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 Cat. i. 6; vita, 27; opinione, iv. 6; me, 11; homine, Pomp. 28. /erw, Aen. 
 i. 15; (ijcto, 142; quo, 544; raoto, ii. 773; illis, iii. 214. 
 
 Means: flumine, B. G. i. i, 5; natura, 2, 3; flumine, 2, 3; monte, 2, 3; reJ«5, 
 3, I. scientia. Cat. i. 1; cae(/e, 3; manu, 3; suppliciis, 3; praesidiis, 6. vi, Aen. 
 i. 4; /o^ji, 32; aere, 35; ventis, 43; turbine, 45. 
 
 With TJtor, etc.: imperio, B. G. i. 2, 2; consilio, 5, 4; frumento, 16, 3; opibus, 
 20, 3; impedimentis, 26, 4. patientia, Cat. i. i; laetitia, 26; /w"j, ii. 18; opera, 
 iii. 5; praesidio, 8. vocibus, Aen. i. 64; harena, 172; o«ra, 546; omw, iii. 55; 
 dapibus, 224. 
 
 Cause: dolore, B. G. i. 2, 4; cupiditate, 9, 3; victoria, 14, 4; causa, 18, 6; 
 causa, 39, 2. causa, Cat. i. 15; conscientia, 17; causa, 19; memoria, 22; gaudiis, 
 26. /aio, view. i. 2; amore, 349; laetitia, 514; aspeciu, 613; dolore, 669. 
 
 Manner: periculo, B. G. i. 10, 2; lenitate, 12, i; lacrimis, 20, i; sinistra, 25, 3; 
 proelio, 26, i. animo. Cat. i. 16; ^acto, 17; ratione, 17; jreofio, 18; animo, 20. 
 murmure, Aen. i. 55; conubio, 73; turbine, 83; cumulo, 105; rimis, 123. 
 
 Accompaniment: Germanis, B. G. i. i, 4; copiis, 2, i; civitatibus, 3, i; Je, 
 
 5, 3; legatis, 8, 3. ot«, Co/, i. 6; we, 8; ie, 8; /e, 9; /e, 10; 5e, 4e». i. 37; gewte, 
 47; •?«, 5°; ^«> 59; navibus, 193. 
 
 Degree of Difference: mulio, B. G. i. 6, 2; 5M0, 8, 2; eo, 14, i; 5M0, 14, 5; 
 passibus, 22, i. diebus. Cat. iii. 3; multo, iv. 3; multo, 17; multo. Pomp, i; 
 muLto, 10. multo, Aen. ii. 199; capite, 219; cervicibus, 219; cursu, iii. 116; 
 tempore, 309. 
 
 Quality: animo, B. G. i. 6, 3; anima, 7, 4; virtute, 28, 5; altitudine, 38, 5; 
 magnitudine, 39, i. ^a/re, Coi. i. 4; comm^ndatione, 28; animo, 29; aere, ii. 4; 
 capillo, 22. corpore, Aen. i. 71; silvis, 164; scopulis, 166; mensibus, 269; 
 /erra, 313. 
 
 Price: pretio, B. G. i. 18, 3; pretio, iv. ii, ^. Auro, Aen. i. 484; magna, ii. 104; 
 o«ro, vi. 621; pretio, 622. 
 
 Penalty: morte, Cat. i. 28; morte, 29; morte, ii. 4; morte, iv. 7. 
 
 Specification: lingua, B. G. i. i, i; lingua, i, 2; institutis, i, 2; virtute, 2, 2; 
 /acte, 3, 6. custodia, Cat. i. 19; ubertate. Pomp. 14; genere, 27; magnitudine, 27; 
 virtute, 27. JeWo, ^e». i. 21; forma, 72; /«^(i, 317; honore, 335; 6eWo, 339. 
 
 Absolute: Messala, B. G. i. 2, i; regno, 3, 7; .s^e, 5, 3; oppidis, 5, 4; reftw^, 
 
 6, 4. coete, Ca<. i. 10; tumultu, ii; we, 13; Lepido, 15; Aoc, 30. Zaeio, ^e«. 
 i. 8; 5awo, i6; cuspide, 81; agmine, 82; compagibus, 122. 
 
 Place Where : finibus, B. G. i. i, 4; itinere, 3, i; civitate, 3, 5; Gallia, 7, 2; 
 animo, 7, 3. re publica, Cat. i. 3; tabulis, 4; periculis, 4; Italia, 5; faucibus, 5. 
 term, .4e». i. 3; afto, 3; aequore, 29; ponto, 40; coriie, 50. 
 
 Time: tempore, B. G. i. 3, 5; die, 6, 4; rfie, 10, 5; tempore, 11, 3; tempore, 
 II, 4. &, Co/, i. 7; discessu, 7; Kalendis, 8; woc/e, 8; «oc/e, 9. aestate, Aen. i. 
 430; somno, 470; cardine, 672; jmo, ii. 268; diebus, 342. 
 
 With Prepositions: multitudine, B. G. i. 2, 5; maleficio, 7, 3; maleficio, 9, 4; 
 scelere, 14, 5; magnitudine, ii. 30, 4. te, Ca/. i. 18; legionibus, ii. 5; t//o, 7; woto, 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 37 
 
 26; his, 27. Argis, Aen. i. 24; meritis, 74; numine, 133; fine, 279; Ascanio, 
 
 6S9- 
 
 Locative 
 
 Locative: domi, B. G. i. 18, 6; rfowi, 20, 2; rfomi, 28, 3; liomj, iv. i, 5; domi, 
 I, 5. dowj, Cat. i. 19; tiowj, 32; Romae, ii. 8; Romae, 17; Romae, Pomp. 19. 
 Am»w', /4en. i. 193; Awmj, ii. 380; Cretae, iii. 162; Lihyae, iv. 36; temi, v. 78. 
 
 Tenses 
 
 Regular Sequence: pertinereni, B. G. i. 3, i; cremaretur, 4, i; exeant, 5, i; 
 possent, 6, 1; dicerent, 7, 3. exspectes. Cat. i. 6; confideres, 8; cogitent, 9; we«M- 
 je«/, 10; possit, 13. videat, Aen. i. 182; fundat, 193; credant, 218; pateant, 298; 
 iactemur, 332. 
 
 Irregular Sequence— Qmj.' permanserit, Pomp. 54; duxerit, Arch. 25. laeserit, Aen. 
 ii. 231; intorserit 231; audierit, 346. 
 
 Irregular Sequence — Purpose: cernam, Aen. ii. 667; peragai, iv. 452; relinquat, 
 452; audires, vi. 534. 
 
 Irregular Sequence — Parenthetical Purpose: ji/, Co^ iii. 10; miretur, Arch. 2. 
 
 Irregular Sequence — Result: debuerint, B. G. i. 11, 3; consuerint, 14, 7; 
 dejuerit, ii. 21, 5. sit inventum. Cat. iii. 17; diiudicatae sint, 25; videantur. Pomp. 
 lo; audiatis, ^^•, dicatur, 39. 
 
 Irregular Sequence — Cum: pugnatum sit, B. G. i. 26, 2. ij«<, Co^ ii. 15. 
 Irregular Sequence — Conditions Contrary to Fact: deberet, Pomp. 58. adjoret, 
 Aen. ii. 522. 
 
 Independent Clauses 
 
 Indicative: differunt, B. G. i. i, 2; suscepit, 3, 3; mittunt, 9, 2; subdticit, 22, 
 3; promovit, 48, i. abutere. Cat. i. i; eludet, 1; iactabit, i; moverunt, i; sentis, 
 I. cano, Aen. i. i; /««<, 12; nascetur, 286; &"xi/, 402; praemittit, 644. 
 
 Imperative: desilite, B. G. iv. 25, 3. m«fa, Ca/. i. 6; creie, 6; obliviscere, 
 6; recognosce, 8; perge, 10. incute, Aen. i. 69; obrue, 69; o^e, 70; disice, 70; 
 /ler/er, 389. 
 
 Imperative — 2VoK and Infinitive: »oK/e dubitare, Pomp. 68. 
 
 Ne and Imperative: «e credite, Aen. ii. 48; we <jme, 607; wew recusa, 607; 
 we linque, iii. 160; «e dubita, 316. 
 
 Subjunctive — Hortatory: optemiis. Cat. ii. 16; queramur, 16; consideremus, 
 Pomp. 36. sequamur, Aen. ii. 388; sequamur, iii. 114; petamus, 115; petamus, 
 129; sequamur, 188. 
 
 Subjunctive — Jussive in 2d Person: wfo, .i4en. i. 733; maneas, ii. 160; 
 serves, 160; imponas, iv. 497; adm, 578. 
 
 Subjunctive — Jussive in 3d Person: secedant, Cat. i. 32; congregentur, 
 32; secernantur, ^2; sit inscriptum, ^2; exeant, ii. 6. iactet, Aen. i. 140; regnet, 
 141; paeniteat, 549; /iceo^, 551; «', ii- 711- 
 
 Subjunctive — Deliberative: /aeter, Ca^. iv. 2; commemorem, 15; orW- 
 traretur. Pomp. 31; dicam, 32; querar, 32. nesciat, Aen. i. 565; temperet, ii. 8; 
 explicet, 362; /fowii, 362; requirat, 390. 
 
38 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 Subjunctive — Concessive: sit, Cat. iv. 21; ornetur, 21; habeaiur, 21; 
 sit, 21; anteponatur, 21. juisset, Aen. iv. 603. 
 
 Subjunctive — Optative: eduxisset, Cat. ii. 4; haberetis. Pomp. 27. adjoret, 
 Aen. i. 576; jerant, 605; jecissent, ii. no; mansissei, iii. 615; ostendat, vi. 188. 
 
 Subjunctive — Unfulfilled Obligation: tulissem, Aen. iv. 604; implessem, 
 605; extinxem, 606; dedissem, 606; vocasses, 678. 
 
 Subjunctive — Potential: mallem, Cat. ii. 5; vereamini, iv. 13; possis, 22; 
 sumantur, Pomp. 44; disputarem, 66. optem, Aen. iv. 24; cernas, 401; praestiterit, 
 vi. 39; vellent, 436. 
 
 Subjunctive for Imperative in Indirect Discourse: reverterentur, B. G. i. 7, S; 
 reminisceretur, 13, 4; congrederetur, 36, 7; lacesserent, iv. 11, 6; sustinerent, 
 II, 6. 
 
 Subjunctive for Interrogative in Indirect Discourse: iudicaret, B. G. i. 40, 2; 
 vererentur, 40, 4; desperarent, 40, 4; 7;e/to, 44, 8; veniret, 44, 8. 
 
 Substantive Clauses 
 
 With Quod: adortus esset, B. G. i. 13, 5; gloriarentur, 14, 4; videbat, 53, 6; 
 vetuerat, ii. 20, 3; excedebant, iii. 4, 3; occidit. Cat. i. 3; vacuejacta sunt, 16; 
 reliquerunt,' 16; dedisti, 19; dixisti, 19. eripis, Aen. ii. 665. 
 
 Volitive: exirent, B. G. i. 2, i; occuparet, 3, 4; conareiur, ^, 5; paterentur 
 6, 3; ^jcea<, 7, 3. videret. Cat. i. 4; adservarem, ig; commoveare, 22; ewe/, ii. 
 26; ewei, iii. 8. z;eto, view. ii. 653; secundarent, iii. 36; levarent, 36; careat, iv. 
 432; foceaZ, v. 796. 
 
 With "Quin," etc. : possenf, B. G. i. 3, 6; consciverit, 4, 4; ««< erepturi, 17, 4; 
 sumat, 31, 15; exirent, 23, 4. transmittendum sit. Pomp. 42; possit, 43; conjeratis, 
 49; credatis, 68. oieoj, ^e>j. iii. 456; poscas, 456. 
 
 Fear: offenderet, B. G. i. 19, 2; posset, 39, 6; circumveniretur, 42, 4; adduce- 
 retur, ii. 1, 2; circumvenirentur, 26, 2. (fica/, Co<. i. 5; redundaret, 29; «i, ii. 15; 
 videamini, iv. 13; habeam, 14. deficeret, Aen. vi. 354; nocerent, 694. 
 
 Optative: audiatis, Cat. ii. 15; eoi, 16; jj/, Pomp. 48. dehiscat, Aen. iv. 24; 
 abigat, 25. 
 
 Result: vagarentur, B. G. i. 2, 4; cremmetur, 4, i; haberet, 10, 2; arcesserentur, 
 31, 4; gravaretur, 35, 2. intellegas, Cat. i. 20; posses, 27; nominaretur, 27; 
 possem, ii. 4. praeterlabare, Aen. iii. 478. 
 
 Indirect Question: 0^0/, £. G. i. 20, 6; loquatur, 20, 6; iii, 21, 2; ducerentur, 
 40, i; Imberet, 40, 6. egeris. Cat. i. i; fueris, i; «<, 16; sentiant, 20; impendeat, 
 22. iactetur, Aen. i. 668; vertant, 671; consederis, iv. 39; accenderit, v. 4; 
 possit, 6. 
 
 Relative Clauses 
 
 Indicative: incolunt, B. G. i. i, i; pertinent, i, 3; incolunt, i, 3; dictum 
 est, I, s; dividit, 2, 3. machinaris, Cat. i. 2; convenit, 4; oportuit, 5; juerunt, 
 8; oportebat, 9. vidimus, Aen. i. 584; wii?, ii. 5; /«i, 6; obtulerat, 61; demisere, 
 85- 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 39 
 
 Imperative: spargite, Aen. iii. 605. 
 
 Purpose: dicerent, B. G. i. 7, 3; cognoscerent, 21, i; sustineret, 24, i; postu- 
 larent, 34, i; perterrerent, 49, 3. pmesiolarentur. Cat. i. 24; efferret, iii. 8; exci- 
 peret, 8; praeponeretis, Pomp. 63; injeratur, 65. ,?a>-e/, ^e». i. 63; onerent, 706; 
 ponani, 706; piaret, ii. 184; reddat, iv. 479. 
 
 Wish: convertant, Aen. ii. igi. 
 
 Characteristic: posseni, B. G. i. 6, i; iolerarent, 28, 3; insilirent, 52, 5; 
 recusaret, iii. 22, 3; essent, 28, i. audeat, Cat. i. 6; expectes, 6; audiam, 8; 
 cogitent, 9; possit, 13. rei/ef, .<4era. ii. 142; cMrei, 536; Mceo/, iii. 461; ve/ii, iv. 
 488; velint, V. 486. 
 
 Result: fateatur, Cat. i. 5; jateatur, 30; »iafo7, ii. 16; we^'e/, iii. 21; movear, 
 iv. 3. jrangeret, Aen. v. 591; and perhaps possent, vi. 200. 
 
 Cause: essem, Cat. i. 19; sciam, 24; sciam, 24; sciant, 24; sentirent, iii. 5. 
 laeserit, Aen. ii. 231; intorserit, 231; audierit, 346; traxerit, v. 624; simularet, 
 vi.. S91. 
 
 Concession: respondisset, Cat. iii. 10; dixisset, 10; potuisset, Pomp. 26. ejjei, 
 /4e«. ii. 248; jjw dedignata, iv. 536. 
 
 Condition: lenierit, Cat. iv. 12; i»7, 16. 
 
 Adverb Clauses 
 
 Indicative: era/, B. G. i. 8, 4; era/, 10, 3; inlermittit, 38, 5; demonstravimus, 
 ii. I, i; postidabat, 33, 2. mw, Co/, i. 6; fecerunt, 6; coepisti, 10; metuunt, 17; 
 opinor, 17. rfo/a, j4ere. i. 83; ludunt, 397; cinxere, 398; jmmj, iii. 236; jerent, 
 vi. 822. 
 
 Purpose: suppeteret, B. G. i. 3, i; essent, 5, 3; posset, 7, 5; impetrarent, 9, 2; 
 posset, 13, I. possis, Cat. i. 6; videatur, 14; opprimar, 18; desinam, 18; videaris, 
 23. exigat, Aen. i. 75; pateant, 298; posset, 413; petamus, 554; inspires, 688. 
 
 Result: condonet, B. G. i. 20, 5; videretur, ^^, 5; perturbaret, 39, i; icjre/, 
 44, 9; posset, ii. 25, I. coercerent, Cat. i. 3; viderentur, 15; videar, 16; revocarit 
 22; putarem, 29. 
 
 Time — "Cum": conaretur,B.G. i. 4, 3; nuntiatum essei, 7, 1; exisset, 12, 5; 
 possent, 13, 5; potuit, iii. 9, 2. confideres, Cat. i. 8; voluisti, 11; haesitaret, ii. 
 13; teneretur, 13; videretis, iii. 4. peteret, Aen. i. 651; staret, ii. 113; diffideret, 
 iii. 51; jrangeret, 625; manderet, 627. 
 
 Time — "Antequam," etc.: conaretur, B. G. i. 19, 3; appetissent, 43, 7; perve- 
 nerunt, 53, i; attigisset, ii. 32, i; w/ concessum, iii. 18, 7. rerfeo, Ca/. iv. 20. 
 venimus, Aen. ii. 743; subigat, iii. 257; possis, 387; mo/o, iv. 27; decerpserit, 
 vi. 141. 
 
 Time — "Dum," etc.: convenirent, B. G. i. 7, 5; pervenirent, 11, 6; potuerit, 
 17, 6; accessisset, iv. 11, 6; potuit, 12, 5. eri/, Ca/. i. 6; insidiatus es, 11; petisii, 
 11; delectantur, ii. 20; continebatur, iii. 16. manebant, Aen. ii. 22; stabat, 88; 
 manebant, 455; sinebant, iv. 651; (iaJa/, v. 415. 
 
 Time — "Postquam," etc.: arbitratisunt, B. G.i. $, 2; facti sunt, y, y, venit, 
 8, 3; constiterunt, iv. 26, 5; receperunt, 27, i. adsedisii, Cat. i. 16; iussus est, ii. 
 
40 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 12; erupit, iii. 3; vidi, 4; comperi, 4. f,ectit, Aen. i. 156; exempta, 216; introgressi, 
 520; remotae, 723; concessit, ii. 91. 
 
 Proviso: intersit, Cat. i. 10; w/, 22; depellatur, ii. 15; ea<, 15; pariatur, iv. i. 
 (ii«7, j4era. iii. 116; sequaiur, iv. 109; remetior, v. 25. 
 
 Cause — "Cum": praestarent, B. G. i. 2, 2; possent, 9, 2; possent, 11, 2; wic«- 
 /iisHi, 16, 6; teneret, 20, 4. iirai, Cai. i. 10; «»/, ii 15; sit, 24; ii«/, 26; sint, 
 iv. 18. 
 
 Cause — ^"Qaod," etc.: dbsunt, B. G. i. i, 3; contendunt, j., 4; continentur, 
 2, 3; ei.ye<, 3, 6; patebat, ii. 8, 2; effugimus, Cat. i. 11; audeo, 12; contineremur, 
 19; extulit, ii. 2; egressus est, 2. remordet, Aen. i. 261; vetabat, ii. 84; reliqui, 
 iv. 315; restat, 324; mtia/, 538. 
 
 Concession^"Cum" : imi, B. G. i. 14, 6; posset, 16, 6; pugnatum sit, 26, 2; 
 haberet, 43, 5; venirent, ii. 29, i. «i, Ca/. i. 16; consumeret, ii. 9; scirem, 13; 
 placeret, iii. 7; posset, 11. cuperem, Aen. v. 810. 
 
 Concession — "Quamquam," etc.: repetissent, B. G. i. 30, 2. videbam. 
 Cat. i. 11; luerunt,iS; premuntur, ii. ig; sunt, 2 y; est depulsum, iii. 2g. recessit, 
 ^ew. ii. 300; tewetor, 533; cw^i/, iv. 394; gewi^j, vi. 394; mi/icii ei.fe»i, 394. 
 
 Concession — Quamvis, etc.: acciderent, B. G. iii. 9, 6; deiecit, Aen. v. 542; fixerit, 
 vi. 802; pacarit, 803; tremefecerit, 803. 
 
 Concession — "Etsi," etc.: videbat, B. G. i. 46, 3; existimabant, iii. 24, 2; exacta 
 erat, 28, i; proponebatur, iv. 17, 2; vergit, 20, i. possit. Cat. i. 19; defendant, 
 Pomp. 13; /acto e^/, 15; .sawi, 64; habetis, 66. ei<, ^e». ii. 584; feaiei, 584. 
 
 Conditions — Simple: constdis. Cat. i. 13; coniigit, 16; potes, 20; neglegis, 
 28; e.y«, 29. ii<, jlere. i. 376; docuere, 392; servant, 546; vescitur, 546; pervenit, 
 ii. 81. 
 
 Conditions — Simple-General: em/, B. G. i. 48, 6; deciderat, 48, 6; crai, 48, 7; coe- 
 peranl, iii. 12, 2. biberunt, Cat. i. 31; conspexere, Aen. i. 152. 
 
 Conditions — More Vivid Future: iussero, Cat. i. 5; iussero, 12; exieris, 
 12; jeceris, 23; iem, 23. iniraro, Aen. iii. 501; cerfa, iv. 125; attigerit, 568; 
 extulerit, v. 65; acceperit, vi. 770. 
 
 Conditions — Less Vivid Future: loquatur, Cat. i. 19; velint, ii. 20; dejiciant, 25; 
 dicam, iii. 22. dedissent, Aen. ii. 136; spondeat, v. 18. 
 
 Conditions — Contrary to Fact: metuerent. Cat. i. 17; viderem, 17; /iwe- 
 re»/, 17; dixissem, 21; iudicarem, 29. ferant, Aen. i. 59; juisset, ii. 54; possent, 
 292; adforet, 522; resistat, 599. 
 
 Conditions in Indirect Discourse: conentur, B. G. i. 8, 3; dentur, 14, 6; 
 satisjaciant, 14, 6; possint, 17, 3; accidat, 18, 9. decreverit, Cat. i. 20; pervenerit, 
 30; muUassem, ii. 4; perierit, 23; flexissent, iii. 19. tulisset, Aen. ii. 94; remeas- 
 sem, 9S; repetant, 178; violasset, 189; ascendisset, 192. 
 
 CoirPAMSON : adesset, B. G. i. 32, 4. videamus, Pomp. 67. incidit, Aen. ii. 
 305; pressit, 380; confligunt, 417; jorent, 439; morerentur, 439. 
 
 Subordinate Clause in Indirect Discourse: vicerit, B. G. i. 31, 12; rejerret, 35, 
 2; censuisset, 35, 4; superati essent, 36, 3; accessisset, 42, i. contineremur. Cat. 
 
SELECTED EXAMPLES 41 
 
 i. 19; incendissent, iii. 8; jecisset, 8; vellet, 11; persequeretur, Pomp. 22. repetant, 
 Aen. ii. 178; reducat, 178; violasset, 189; ascendisset, 192; speret, iv. 292. 
 
 Attraction: viderentur, B. G. ii. 11, 5; continerentur, 11, S; arbiiraretur, iii. 
 
 I, 3; posset, II, 5; afflictarentur, 12, i. mcrepueril, Cat. i. 18; jaceret, iii. 4; 
 ewe/, 8; jciVe/, 8; Ucuisset, Pomp. 62. «w/, .4ere. iii. 262; possent, vi. 200 may be 
 Repeated Action. 
 
 Infinitives 
 f^ [Subject : 1 /loim, B. G. i. 2, 2; perficere, 3, 6; iej«i, 4, i; facere, 7, 3; jacere, 
 7,3. (i«a, Ca/. i. 2; interfectum esse, 4; /actum esse, 5; trucidare, g; proficisci,g. 
 condere, Aen. i. 33; capessere, 77; oppetere, 96; componere, 135; meminisse, 203. 
 Appositive: retentos, B. G. iii. 9, 3; coniectos, 9, 3; missas esse, iv. 6, 3; 
 resistere, 7, 3; deprecari, 7, 3. iacere. Cat. i. 26; vigilare, 26; multare, 29; 
 insidiari, ii. 10; valuisse. Arch. 15. explorare, Aen: i. 77; struere, 704; cogno- 
 scere, ii. 10; iegwi, 350; succurrere, 451. 
 j_^ Predicate Noun: sperare, Aen. ii. 354; considere, iv. 349. 
 
 Complementary: inferre, B. G. i. 2, 4; comparare, 3, i; potiri, 3, 7; exsequi, 
 4, 3; facere, 5, 1. vastare, Cat. i. 3; defendere, 6; negare, 8; interficere, 11; 
 jacere, 12. avertere, Aen. i. 38; submergere, 40; premere, 63; miscere, 134; 
 petere, 158. 
 
 Object: dicere, B. G. i. 4, i; efferre, 5, 3; j«, 6, 3; rescindi, 7, 2; ire, 9, 4. 
 hebescere. Cat. i. 4; ewe, 4; comprehendi, 5; interfici, 12; ewe, 13. volvere, Aen. 
 i. 9; celerare, 357; consistere, 541; moliri, 564; consistere, 629. 
 
 Indirect Discourse: obtinere, B. G. i. i, 5; ewe, 2, 2; habere, 2, 5; e^je, 3, 2; 
 ewe, 3, 6. patere. Cat. i. i; teneri, i; factum esse, 5; factum esse, 5; dicere, 7. 
 coluisse, Aen. i. 16; (iMci, 19; misceri, 124; ^a/i, 219; /ore, 235. 
 
 With Adjectives: decertare, B. G. i. 44, 4; iurare, ii. 3, 3; recipere, 3, 3; facere, 
 3, 3, iare, 3, 3. mon, .4e«. iv. 564; certare, v. 108; ciere, vi. 165; accendere, 
 165; credere, 173. 
 
 Exclamation: desistere, Aen. i. 37; ^omb, 38; potuisse, 98. 
 
 Historical: flagitare, B. G. i. 16, i; ducere, 16, 4; dicere, 16, 4; respondere, 
 32, 3; permanere, 32, 3. terrere, Aen. ii. 98; parari, 132; ^were, 169; trepidare, 
 685; tollere, 699. 
 
 Pukpose: diffundere, Aen. i. 319; audire, 373; populare, 527; co/i, iii. 77; 
 /erre, v. 248. 
 
 Participles 
 
 Present: inopinantes, B. G. i. 12, 3; ^e«j, 20, 5; succedentibus, 25, 6; 7;em- 
 e»to, 25, 7; venientes, 26, 3. labefactantem. Cat. i. 3; cupientem, 3; studentem, 
 3; molientem, 5; sentientem, 6. dolens, Aen. i. 9; metuens, 23; servans, 36; 
 expirantem, 44; volutans, 50. 
 
 Perfect: divisa, B. G. i. i, i; inductus, 2, i; adducti, 3, i; adducti, 3, 7; 
 «m, 5, 4. constrictam, Cat. i. i; inclusum, 4; obsessus, 6; dimisso, 10; concitato, 
 
 II. ioefo, .i4ew. i. 8; posthabita, 16; repostum, 26; flammato, 50; submersas, 69. 
 
42 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 FuTtXRE: juturis, Aen. i. 210; futuris, 429; juturis, 504; inspeciura, ii. 47; 
 Ventura, 125. 
 
 Active Periphrastic: obtenturus esset, B. G. i. 3, 6; portaturi erant, 5, 3; 
 «re< erepturi, 17, 4; gesturi esseni, iii. 9, 6. e^/ iiurus, Cat. ii. 15; iww? ducturi, 
 23; sit habiiurus, 24; essem dicturus, Pomp. ly; perfecturus sit, 45. dicturus est, 
 Aen. iii. 154. 
 
 Gerundive: ejfeminandos, B. G. i. i, 3; conf,ciendas, 3, 2; conficiendas, 3, 3; 
 iurafidum, 2, j; subeunda, 5, 3. habendi, Cat. i.i; deponendam, 4; reprimendorum, 
 7; inierficiendorum, 15; neglegendas, 18. volvendis, Aen. i. 269; miranda, 494; 
 tremendum, ii. 199; horrendos, ii. 222; videndam, 589. 
 
 Passive Periphrastic: concedendum, B. G. i. 7, 4; expectandum, 11, 6; timen- 
 dum, 14, 2; prospiciendum, 23, i; «.?«»/ perferendi, 32, 5. en< verendum, Cat. 
 i. S; 65/ admirandum, 7; habenda est, 11; ei/ periclitanda, 11; ferendum, 16. 
 quaerendi, Aen. ii. 118; liiandum, 118; temptanda, 176; ducendum, 232; oranda, 
 232. 
 
 Gerund 
 
 Gerund: bellandi, B. G. i. 2, 4; proficiscendum, 3, i; deliberandum, 7, 5; 
 largiendum, 18, 4; quaerendo, 18, 10. custodiendum. Cat. i. 19; vivendum, 29; 
 credendo, 30; impellendo, ii. 8; vigilandi, 22. veniendi, Aen. i. 414; fandi, 520; 
 jando, ii. 6; visendi, 63; jando, 81. 
 
 SXIPINE 
 
 In -um: rogatum, B. G. i. 11, 2; graPulatum, 30, i; postulatum, 31, 9; quesium, 
 37, 2; jrumentatum, iv. 32, i. salutatum. Cat. i. 10. servitum, Aen. ii. 786; 
 venatum, iv. 117. 
 
 In -u: /(zciM, B. G. i. 3, 6; /octe, iv. 30, 2. /oc/m, Co/, i. 29; rficto, Pomp. 42; 
 (iicte, 65. •:;««, j4e». i. iii; djc/w, 439; <iJc<M, ii. 174; dicto, 680; wiM, iii. 621. 
 
EXAMPLES IN ORDER OF OCCURRENCE 
 
THE SAME EXAMPLES IN THEIR ORDER OF 
 OCCURRENCE IN THE TEXTS 
 
 CAESAR B. G. i- 
 
 1,1 
 
 III 
 
 2, I 
 
 Messala 
 
 regni 
 
 inductus 
 
 3, 
 
 3 
 
 Orgetorix 
 
 sibi 
 
 suscepit 
 
 
 unam 
 
 
 nobilitatis 
 
 3, 
 
 4 
 
 annos 
 
 
 incolunt 
 
 
 civitati 
 
 
 
 senatu 
 
 
 aliam 
 
 
 finibus 
 
 
 
 occuparet 
 
 
 tertiam 
 
 
 copiis 
 
 3, 
 
 S 
 
 tempore 
 
 
 lingua 
 
 
 exirent 
 
 
 
 civitate 
 
 1,2 
 
 lingua 
 
 institutis 
 
 se 
 
 2,2 
 
 esse 
 
 virtute 
 
 omnibus 
 
 
 
 plebi 
 
 conaretur 
 
 ei 
 
 
 differunt 
 
 
 praestarent 
 
 3, 
 
 6 
 
 factu 
 
 
 Aqmtanis 
 
 
 imperio 
 
 
 
 esse 
 
 
 Belgis 
 
 
 potiri 
 
 
 
 iUis 
 
 1.3 
 
 honun 
 
 cultu 
 
 provinciae 
 
 absunt 
 
 ea 
 
 2,3 
 
 eis 
 
 natura 
 
 continentur 
 
 dividit 
 
 monte 
 
 
 
 perficere 
 
 obtenturus esset 
 
 possent 
 
 se 
 
 UUs 
 
 
 efieminandos 
 
 
 fiumine 
 
 3, 
 
 7 
 
 adducti 
 
 
 pertinent 
 
 2,4 
 
 vagarentur 
 
 
 
 iurandum 
 
 
 Germanis 
 
 
 finitimis 
 
 
 
 regno 
 
 
 Rhenum 
 
 
 inferre 
 
 
 
 Galliae 
 
 
 incolunt 
 
 
 bellandi 
 
 
 
 sese 
 
 
 bellum 
 
 
 dolore 
 
 
 
 potiri 
 
 1,4 
 
 Germanis 
 
 contendunt 
 
 finibus 
 
 2, S 
 
 multitudine 
 
 se 
 
 habere 
 
 4, 
 
 I 
 
 Helvetiis 
 
 dicere 
 
 sequi 
 
 1,5 
 
 pars 
 
 
 passuum 
 
 
 
 cremaretur t 
 
 
 Gallos 
 
 3, I 
 
 rebus 
 
 
 
 cremaretur 
 
 
 obtinere 
 
 
 adducti 
 
 4, 
 
 2 
 
 causae 
 
 
 dictum est 
 
 
 proficiscendum 
 
 
 
 iudicium 
 
 
 flumine 
 
 
 pertinerent t 
 
 4, 
 
 3 
 
 rem 
 
 
 septentriones 
 
 
 comparare 
 
 
 
 exsequi 
 
 1,6 
 
 finibus 
 partem 
 fluminis 
 
 
 itinere 
 
 suppeteret 
 
 civitatibus 
 
 
 
 conaretur 
 hominum 
 agris 
 
 
 septentrionem 
 
 3,2 
 
 conficiendas 
 
 4, 
 
 4 
 
 consciverit 
 
 1,7 
 
 montes 
 Oceani 
 
 
 biennium 
 
 esse 
 
 S, 
 
 I 
 
 facere 
 exeant t 
 
 2,1 
 
 is 
 
 3,3 
 
 conficiendas 
 
 ■5, 
 
 2 
 
 arbitrati sunt 
 
 I The letter t after a word indicates that a question of tense is involved. For 
 abbreviations and numerical references see footnote, p. 33. 
 
 • 45 
 
46 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 5,3 
 
 se 
 
 9,2 
 
 his 
 
 16,3 
 
 frumento 
 
 
 portaturi erant 
 
 
 possent 
 
 16,4 
 
 ducere 
 
 
 reditionis 
 
 
 mittunt 
 
 
 dicere 
 
 
 spe 
 
 
 impetrarent 
 
 16, s 
 
 vergobretum 
 
 
 subeunda 
 
 9,3 
 
 cupiditate 
 
 16,6 
 
 posset 
 
 
 essent 
 
 
 regni 
 
 
 iis 
 
 
 mensium 
 
 9,4 
 
 ire 
 
 
 susceperit 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 
 maleficio 
 
 17,3 
 
 possint 
 
 
 eflferre 
 
 lO, 2 
 
 periculo 
 
 17,4 
 
 Haeduis 
 
 S>4 
 
 Rauracis 
 
 
 haberet 
 
 
 sint 
 
 
 usi 
 
 10,3 
 
 munitioni 
 
 17,6 
 
 potuerit 
 
 
 consilio 
 
 
 erat 
 
 18,3 
 
 rerum 
 
 
 oppidis 
 
 io,S 
 
 die 
 
 
 annos 
 
 6,1 
 
 possent t 
 
 11,1 
 
 Aeduorum 
 
 
 pretio 
 
 
 possent 
 
 11,2 
 
 possent 
 
 18,4 
 
 largiendum 
 
 6,2 
 
 mtilto 
 
 
 rogatum 
 
 18,6 
 
 domi 
 
 6,3 
 
 finibus 
 
 ",3 
 
 tempore 
 
 
 causa 
 
 
 Allobrogibus 
 
 
 debuerit t 
 
 18,7 
 
 matre 
 
 
 animo 
 
 11,4 
 
 tempore 
 
 18,9 
 
 accidat 
 
 
 ire 
 
 11,5 
 
 sibi 
 
 18, IC 
 
 1 quaerendo 
 
 
 paterentur 
 
 11, 6 
 
 expectandum 
 
 19,2 
 
 offenderet 
 
 6,4 
 
 rebus 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 19,3 
 
 conaretur 
 
 
 die 
 
 
 pervenirent 
 
 20, I 
 
 lacrimis 
 
 7,1 
 
 Caesari 
 
 12, I 
 
 lenitati 
 
 20, 2 
 
 domi 
 
 
 nuntiatum esset 
 
 12,3 
 
 inopinantes 
 
 20,3 
 
 opibus 
 
 7,2 
 
 Gallia 
 
 12,5 
 
 exisset 
 
 20,4 
 
 teneret 
 
 
 rescind! 
 
 12, 6 
 
 populo 
 
 20,5 
 
 flens 
 
 7,3 
 
 f acti sunt 
 
 13, I 
 
 posset 
 
 
 tanti 
 
 
 dicerent t 
 
 13,4 
 
 reminisceretur 
 
 
 condonet 
 
 
 dicerent 
 
 
 INCOMMODI 
 
 20, 6 
 
 agat 
 
 
 animo 
 
 
 VIRTUTIS 
 
 
 loquatur 
 
 
 maleficio 
 
 13,5 
 
 adortus esset 
 
 21, I 
 
 cognoscerent 
 
 
 facere 
 
 
 possent 
 
 21,2 
 
 sit 
 
 
 eius 
 
 14, I 
 
 eo 
 
 21,4 
 
 rei 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 14,2 
 
 iniuriae 
 
 22, I 
 
 passibus 
 
 
 facere 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 22,3 
 
 subducit 
 
 
 liceat 
 
 
 se 
 
 23,1 
 
 prospiciendum 
 
 7,4 
 
 concedendum 
 
 
 timendum 
 
 24, 1 
 
 sustineret 
 
 
 animo 
 
 14,3 
 
 CONTUMELIAE 
 
 24,2 
 
 legionum 
 
 
 itineris 
 
 14,4 
 
 victoria 
 
 25,3 
 
 sinistra 
 
 7,5 
 
 posset 
 
 
 gloriarentur 
 
 25,6 
 
 succedentibus 
 
 
 couvenirent 
 
 14,5 
 
 quo 
 
 
 praesidio 
 
 
 deliberandum 
 
 
 scelere 
 
 25,7 
 
 venientes 
 
 
 reverterentur 
 
 14,6 
 
 sint 
 
 26, 1 
 
 proelio 
 
 8,1 
 
 milia 
 
 
 iis 
 
 26, 2 
 
 pugnatum sit t 
 
 
 pedum 
 
 
 dentur 
 
 
 pugnatum sit 
 
 8,2 
 
 quo 
 
 
 satisfaciant 
 
 26,3 
 
 venientes P^ 
 
 8,3 
 
 legatis 
 
 14,7 
 
 maioribus 
 
 26,4 
 
 impedimentis 
 
 
 venit 
 
 
 consuerint t 
 
 27,4 
 
 dediticiorum 
 
 
 conentur 
 
 15,3 
 
 equitum 
 
 28,1 
 
 sibi 
 
 8,4 
 
 fluminis 
 
 15,5 
 
 dies 
 
 28,3 
 
 domi 
 
 
 erat 
 
 16, I 
 
 frumentum 
 
 
 tolerarent 
 
 9,1 
 
 angustias 
 
 
 flagitare 
 
 28,4 
 
 Galliae 
 
EXAMPLES IN ORDER OF OCCURRENCE 
 
 47 
 
 28,5 
 
 virtute 
 
 34.2 
 
 ipsi 
 
 40,4 
 
 desperarent 
 
 3°. I 
 
 gratulatum 
 
 35.2 
 
 referret 
 
 40,6 
 
 haberet 
 
 3°, 2 
 
 repetissent 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 40, 12 
 
 nihil 
 
 30,3 
 
 domicilio 
 
 35.3 
 
 hominum 
 
 42, I 
 
 accessisset 
 
 30,5 
 
 concilio 
 
 35,4 
 
 sibi 
 
 42,4 
 
 circumveniretur 
 
 3i>4 
 
 arcesserentur 
 
 
 censuisset 
 
 43,5 
 
 haberet 
 
 31.9 
 
 postulatum 
 
 36,3 
 
 superati essent 
 
 43,7 
 
 appetissent 
 
 31. 12 
 
 : vicerit 
 
 36,4 
 
 sibi 
 
 44,4 
 
 decertare 
 
 31.14 
 
 , Gallis 
 
 36,7 
 
 congrederetur 
 
 44,8 
 
 vellet 
 
 31.15 
 
 : sumat 
 
 37.2 
 
 questum 
 
 
 veniret 
 
 32.2 
 
 Caesar 
 
 38.5 
 
 intermittit 
 
 44,9 
 
 reriun 
 
 32,3 
 
 respondere 
 
 
 altitudine 
 
 
 sciret 
 
 
 permanere 
 
 39.1 
 
 dies 
 
 46,3 
 
 videbat 
 
 32,4 
 
 ADESSET 
 
 
 magnitudine 
 
 48,1 
 
 promovit 
 
 32,5 
 
 Sequanis 
 
 
 perturbaret 
 
 48,2 
 
 eum 
 
 
 perferendi 
 
 39,2 
 
 tribunis 
 
 48, 6 
 
 erat 
 
 33, I 
 
 curae 
 
 
 causa 
 
 
 deciderat 
 
 33.2 
 
 sibi 
 
 39,3 
 
 sibi 
 
 48,7 
 
 erat 
 
 33.4 
 
 exirent 
 
 39,6 
 
 posset 
 
 49,3 
 
 perterrerent 
 
 33. S 
 
 videretur 
 
 40, I 
 
 ducerentur 
 
 52,5 
 
 insilirent 
 
 34, I 
 
 postiilarent 
 
 40,2 
 
 iudicaret 
 
 53, I 
 
 pervenerunt 
 
 
 coUoquio 
 
 40,4 
 
 vererentur 
 
 53,6 
 
 videbat 
 
 
 
 CAESAR B. G. ii 
 
 
 
 I. I 
 
 demonstravimus 
 
 S. 2 
 
 salutis 
 
 20,3 
 
 vetuerat 
 
 1.2 
 
 adduceretur 
 
 S. 4 
 
 Axonam 
 
 21,5 
 
 defuerit t 
 
 2,3 
 
 gerantur 
 
 S.6 
 
 pedum 
 
 25.1 
 
 posset 
 
 3. I 
 
 opinione 
 
 6,2 
 
 hominum 
 
 26, 2 
 
 circumvenirentur 
 
 3,3 
 
 dare 
 
 6,3 
 
 nulli 
 
 29. 1 
 
 venirent 
 
 
 facere 
 
 8,2 
 
 patebat 
 
 29,4 
 
 Cimbris 
 
 
 recipere 
 
 10, I 
 
 pontem 
 
 30,4 
 
 magnitudine 
 
 
 iuvare 
 
 II, S 
 
 viderentur 
 
 32,1 
 
 attigisset 
 
 4,2 
 
 Germanis 
 
 
 continerentur 
 
 33.2 
 
 postulabat 
 
 S, 2 
 
 rei 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAESAR B. G. iii 
 
 
 
 1,3 
 
 arbitraretur 
 
 9.6 
 
 acciderent 
 
 18,7 
 
 sit concessum 
 
 4,3 
 
 ezcedebant 
 
 
 gesturi essent 
 
 22, I 
 
 soldurios 
 
 9.2 
 
 potuit 
 
 II. S 
 
 posset 
 
 22,3 
 
 recusaret 
 
 9.3 
 
 retentos 
 
 12, I 
 
 modi 
 
 24,2 
 
 existimabant 
 
 
 coniectos 
 
 
 aMctarentur 
 
 28,1 
 
 exacta erat 
 
 
 multiun 
 
 12, 2 
 
 coeperant 
 
 
 essent 
 
 
 
 CAESAR B. G. iv 
 
 
 
 i,S 
 
 domi 
 
 7,3 
 
 resistere 
 
 21,7 
 
 regem 
 
 
 domi 
 
 
 deprecari 
 
 
 magni 
 
 1,7 
 
 anno 
 
 11,6 
 
 lacesserent 
 
 25.3 
 
 desilite 
 
 1,8 
 
 multum 
 
 
 sustinerent 
 
 
 milites 
 
 
 maximam partem 
 
 
 accessisset 
 
 26,5 
 
 constiterunt 
 
 2, 2 
 
 pretio 
 
 12,5 
 
 potuit 
 
 27,1 
 
 receperunt 
 
 3.3 
 
 ceteris 
 
 13,4 
 
 legatis 
 
 3°, 2 
 
 FACTU 
 
 
 multum 
 
 16, 6 
 
 Rhenum 
 
 32,1 
 
 frumentatimi 
 
 S,3 
 
 QUORUM 
 
 17,2 
 
 proponebatur 
 
 
 
 6,3 
 
 missas 
 
 20, 1 
 
 vergit 
 
 
 
48 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 CICERO CAT. i 
 
 I abutere 
 
 3 manu 
 
 6 sentientem 
 
 Catilina 
 
 occidit 
 
 fecerunt 
 
 patientia 
 
 re publica 
 
 exspectes t 
 
 furor 
 
 suppliciis 
 
 exspectes 
 
 nos 
 
 coercerent 
 
 muta 
 
 eludet 
 
 Catilina 
 
 mihi 
 
 finem 
 
 4 videret 
 
 crede 
 
 sese 
 
 quid 
 
 obliviscere 
 
 iactabit 
 
 detrimenti 
 
 CAEDIS 
 
 nihil 
 
 seditionum 
 
 INCENDIORUM 
 
 te 
 
 patre 
 
 luce 
 
 Palati 
 
 diem 
 
 me 
 
 urbis 
 
 diem 
 
 7 dicere 
 
 populi 
 
 hebescere 
 
 die 
 
 bonorum 
 
 modi 
 
 est admirandum 
 
 habendi 
 
 Indus um 
 
 optumatium 
 
 seiiatus 
 
 tabulis 
 
 Roma 
 
 horum 
 
 interfectum esse 
 
 reprimendorum 
 
 moverunt 
 
 Catilina 
 
 discessu 
 
 patere 
 
 convenit 
 
 8 Kalendis 
 
 consilia 
 
 deponendam 
 
 confideres t 
 
 sentis 
 
 patres 
 
 confideres 
 
 constrictam 
 
 esse 
 
 audiam 
 
 scientia 
 
 periculis 
 
 recognosce 
 
 teneri 
 
 inertiae 
 
 me 
 
 coniurationem 
 
 nequitiae 
 
 nocte 
 
 quid 
 
 castra 
 
 negare 
 
 egeris 
 
 Italia 
 
 te 
 
 fueris 
 
 faucibus 
 
 fuerunt 
 
 consili 
 
 castrorum 
 
 9 gentiimi 
 
 quern 
 
 hostitmi 
 
 urbis 
 
 nostrum 
 
 rei publicae 
 
 cogitent t 
 
 2 tempora 
 
 moUentem 
 
 cogitent 
 
 mores 
 
 comprehendi 
 
 trucidare 
 
 senatum 
 
 iussero 
 
 oportebat 
 
 consili 
 
 erit verendum 
 
 nocte 
 
 nostrum 
 
 mihi 
 
 proficisci 
 
 mortem 
 
 me 
 
 te 
 
 te 
 
 factum esse 
 
 cura 
 
 Catilina 
 
 dicat 
 
 10 coetu 
 
 duci 
 
 factum esse 
 
 dimisso 
 
 te 
 
 oportuit 
 
 salutatum 
 
 pestem 
 
 factum esse 
 
 venissent t 
 
 nos 
 
 fateatur 
 
 sint 
 
 machinaris 
 
 6 erit 
 
 perge 
 
 3 labefactantem 
 
 defendere 
 
 coepisti 
 
 caede 
 
 audeat 
 
 urbe 
 
 vastare 
 
 vivis 
 
 te 
 
 cupientem 
 
 praesidiis 
 
 metu 
 
 rebus 
 
 obsessus 
 
 intersit 
 
 studentem 
 
 possis 
 
 II dis 
 
EXAMPLES IN ORDER OF OCCURRENCE 
 
 49 
 
 II habenda est 
 
 16 ferendum 
 
 22 
 
 is 
 
 lovi 
 
 17 pacto 
 
 
 revocarit 
 
 eSugimus 
 
 metuerent 
 
 23 
 
 feceris 
 
 est periclitanda 
 
 metuunt 
 
 
 ieris 
 
 mihi 
 
 tibi 
 
 
 laudi 
 
 insidiatus es 
 
 viderem 
 
 
 me 
 
 interficere 
 
 conscientia 
 
 
 videaris 
 
 voluisti 
 
 agnoscas 
 
 24 
 
 quid 
 
 amicorum 
 
 timerent 
 
 
 sciam 
 
 tumultu 
 
 ratione 
 
 
 praestolarentur 
 
 concitato 
 
 opinor 
 
 
 cui 
 
 petisti 
 
 18 modo 
 
 
 sciam 
 
 tibi 
 
 te 
 
 
 tibi 
 
 videbam 
 
 tibi 
 
 
 tuis 
 
 12 imperi 
 
 neglegendas 
 
 
 cui 
 
 facere 
 
 fuerunt 
 
 
 sciam 
 
 audeo 
 
 increpuerit 
 
 26 
 
 laetitia 
 
 interfici 
 
 opprimar 
 
 
 gaudiis 
 
 iussero 
 
 desinam 
 
 
 iacere 
 
 coniuratonua 
 
 19 loquatur 
 
 
 vigilare 
 
 exieris 
 
 possit 
 
 27 
 
 posses 
 
 urbe 
 
 dedisti 
 
 
 nominaretur 
 
 13 me 
 
 causa 
 
 
 mihi 
 
 exire 
 
 dixisti 
 
 
 vita 
 
 consulis 
 
 quo 
 
 28 
 
 morte 
 
 possit t 
 
 domi 
 
 
 commendatione 
 
 possit 
 
 adservarem 
 
 
 neglegis 
 
 vitae 
 
 essem 
 
 29 
 
 est 
 
 adulescentulo 
 
 contineremur 
 
 
 ego 
 
 14 nuptiis 
 
 quo 
 
 
 FACTU 
 
 videantur 
 
 custodiendum 
 
 
 iudicarem 
 
 15 tibi 
 
 dignum 
 
 
 morte 
 
 scias 
 
 custodia 
 
 
 multari 
 
 Lepido 
 
 20 animo 
 
 
 vivendum 
 
 interficiendorum 
 
 potes 
 
 
 redundaret 
 
 causa 
 
 decreverit 
 
 
 animo 
 
 sceleri 
 
 vntellegas 
 
 
 gloriam 
 
 viderentur 
 
 sentiant 
 
 
 putarem 
 
 16 tibi 
 
 quid 
 
 30 
 
 credendo 
 
 te 
 
 ecquid 
 
 
 pervenerit 
 
 sit 
 
 21 adulescenti 
 
 
 fateatur 
 
 videar 
 
 viro 
 
 
 hoc 
 
 tibi 
 
 dixissem 
 
 31 
 
 homines 
 
 contigit 
 
 22 quid 
 
 
 biberunt 
 
 sis 
 
 nobis 
 
 32 
 
 secedant 
 
 vacuefacta sunt 
 
 memoria 
 
 
 congregentur 
 
 tibi 
 
 impendeat 
 
 
 secemantur 
 
 adsedisti 
 
 tanti 
 
 
 domi 
 
 reliquerunt 
 
 sit 
 
 
 sit inscriptum 
 
 animo 
 
 commoveare 
 
 
 
 tibi 
 
 temporibus 
 
 
 
5° 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 CICERO CAT. ii 
 
 2 
 
 extuUt 
 
 lO 
 
 insidiari 
 
 18 
 
 his 
 
 
 egressus est 
 
 12 
 
 iussus est 
 
 19 
 
 premuntur 
 
 
 ei 
 
 
 civem 
 
 
 rerum 
 
 4 
 
 morte 
 
 
 hostem 
 
 20 
 
 delectantur 
 
 
 multassem 
 
 13 
 
 haesitaret 
 
 
 velint 
 
 
 possem 
 
 
 teneretur 
 
 22 
 
 Catilinae 
 
 
 EDUXISSET 
 
 
 scirem 
 
 
 capillo 
 
 
 aere 
 
 IS 
 
 tanti 
 
 
 vigilandi 
 
 ■5 
 
 legionibus 
 
 
 depellatur 
 
 23 
 
 perierit 
 
 
 mallem 
 
 
 eat 
 
 
 sunt ducturi 
 
 6 
 
 Catilinae 
 
 
 est iturus 
 
 24 
 
 sit habiturus 
 
 
 lenitati 
 
 
 audiatis 
 
 25 
 
 deficiant 
 
 
 exeant 
 
 
 sit 
 
 26 
 
 sint 
 
 7 
 
 rem publicam 
 
 
 sint 
 
 
 urbi 
 
 
 annos 
 
 
 sint t 
 
 
 motu 
 
 
 iUo 
 
 16 
 
 malit 
 
 
 esset 
 
 8 
 
 impellendo 
 
 
 OPTEMUS 
 
 27 
 
 sunt 
 
 
 Romae 
 
 
 eat 
 
 
 his 
 
 9 
 
 consumeret 
 
 
 QUERAMTIR 
 
 
 portis 
 
 lO 
 
 nos 
 
 rem publicam 
 
 17 
 
 Romae 
 
 
 viae 
 
 CICERO CAT. iii 
 
 2 
 
 nobis 
 
 8 esset 
 
 10 
 
 ferramentorum 
 
 3 
 
 diebus 
 
 efferret 
 
 II 
 
 vellet 
 
 
 erupit 
 
 sciret 
 
 
 posset 
 
 4 
 
 vidi 
 
 praesidio 
 
 16 
 
 continebatur 
 
 
 faceret 
 
 incendissent 
 
 17 
 
 sit inventum t 
 
 
 videretis 
 
 fecisset 
 
 19 
 
 flexissent 
 
 
 comperi 
 
 esset 
 
 20 
 
 dies 
 
 5 
 
 PEAECLARA 
 
 exciperet 
 
 21 
 
 neget 
 
 
 EGREGIA 
 
 10 sit t 
 
 22 
 
 dicam 
 
 
 sentirent 
 
 Cethego 
 
 25 
 
 diiudicatae sint t 
 
 
 opera 
 
 respondisset 
 
 29 
 
 est depulsum 
 
 7 
 
 placeret 
 
 dixisset 
 
 
 
 CICERO CAT. iv 
 
 SALUTIS 
 
 pariatur 
 
 laeter 
 
 movear 
 
 me 
 
 noctem 
 
 opinione 
 
 morte 
 
 punctum 
 
 inferos 
 
 mea 
 
 n me 
 oculos 
 
 12 lenierit 
 
 13 vereamini 
 videamini 
 multo 
 
 14 habeam 
 ordinum 
 
 15 commemorem 
 
 16 sit 
 
 17 tabemas 
 
 17 multo 
 
 18 sint 
 
 20 redeo 
 
 FACTORUM 
 CONSILIORTIM 
 
 21 sit 
 ornetur 
 habeatur 
 sit 
 anteponatur 
 
 22 possis 
 
EXAMPLES IN ORDER OF OCCURRENCE 
 
 51 
 
 CICERO POMP. 
 
 I multo 
 
 27 
 
 virtute 
 
 45 
 
 perfecturus sit 
 
 6 modi 
 
 28 
 
 homine 
 
 48 
 
 sit 
 
 10 multo 
 
 
 civitatibus 
 
 49 
 
 conferatis 
 
 videantur t 
 
 
 nationibus 
 
 S4 
 
 permanserit t 
 
 13 defendant 
 
 31 
 
 arbitraretur 
 
 S8 
 
 deberet t 
 
 14 ubertate 
 
 32 
 
 praesidio 
 
 59 
 
 eo 
 
 IS facta est 
 
 
 querar 
 
 62 
 
 licuisset 
 
 16 fnictui 
 
 
 dicam 
 
 63 
 
 praeponeretis 
 
 17 essem dicturus 
 
 3,S 
 
 audiatis t 
 
 64 
 
 sunt 
 
 curae 
 
 36 
 
 CONSIDEREMUS 
 
 65 
 
 DICTU 
 
 parvi 
 
 39 
 
 dicatur t 
 
 
 inferatur 
 
 19 Romae 
 
 42 
 
 DICTU 
 
 66 
 
 disputarem 
 
 22 persequeretur 
 
 
 transmittendum 
 
 
 habetis 
 
 26 potuisset 
 
 
 sit 
 
 67 
 
 VIDEAMUS 
 
 27 genere 
 
 43 
 
 possit 
 
 68 
 
 nolite dubitare 
 
 magnitudine 
 
 44 
 
 gentium 
 
 
 credatis 
 
 HABERETIS 
 
 
 sumantur 
 
 
 
 
 CICERO ARCH. 
 
 
 
 I temporis 
 
 3 
 
 modi 
 
 18 
 
 doctrina 
 
 saluti 
 
 13 
 
 studiis 
 
 
 sanctos 
 
 2 miretur t 
 
 14 
 
 parvi 
 
 25 
 
 duxerit t 
 
 3 hominum 
 
 IS 
 
 valuisse 
 
 26 
 
 QUiUDAM 
 
 
 VERGIL AEN. i 
 
 
 
 I anna 
 
 14 
 
 opum 
 
 33 
 
 condere 
 
 cano 
 
 
 belU 
 
 34 
 
 altum 
 
 Troiae 
 
 15 
 
 qnam 
 
 35 
 
 aere 
 
 2 Italiam 
 
 
 terns 
 
 36 
 
 luno 
 
 fato 
 
 16 
 
 posthabita 
 
 
 servans 
 
 3 litora 
 
 
 coluisse 
 
 37 
 
 se 
 
 multiun 
 
 
 Samo 
 
 
 me 
 
 terns 
 
 17 
 
 hoc 
 
 
 incepto 
 
 alto 
 
 
 gentibus 
 
 
 desistere 
 
 4 vi 
 
 19 
 
 progeniem 
 
 38 
 
 posse 
 
 supenun 
 
 
 duci 
 
 
 avertere 
 
 lunonis 
 
 21 
 
 populum 
 
 39 
 
 fatis 
 
 5 urbem 
 
 
 bello 
 
 40 
 
 submergere 
 
 6 deos 
 
 22 
 
 ezcidio 
 
 
 ponto 
 
 Latio 
 
 
 Parcas 
 
 43 
 
 ventis 
 
 7 Romae 
 
 23 
 
 metuens 
 
 44 
 
 ezpirantem 
 
 8 mihi 
 
 24 
 
 Argis 
 
 45 
 
 turbine 
 
 causas 
 
 26 
 
 animo 
 
 
 scopulo 
 
 laeso 
 
 
 repostum 
 
 47 
 
 gente 
 
 9 dolens 
 
 27 
 
 fonnae 
 
 
 annos 
 
 deum 
 
 29 
 
 aequore 
 
 49 
 
 aris 
 
 volvere 
 
 31 
 
 Latio 
 
 5° 
 
 flammato 
 
 11 animis 
 
 
 annos 
 
 
 se 
 
 12 urbs 
 
 32 
 
 fatis 
 
 
 corde 
 
 fuit 
 
 33 
 
 molis 
 
 
 volutans 
 
52 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 51 patriam 
 SS murmure 
 59 ferant 
 se 
 
 63 premere 
 sciret 
 
 64 vocibus 
 
 65 Aeole 
 tibi 
 
 67 mihi 
 
 68 Italiam 
 
 69 incute 
 ventis 
 submersas 
 obrue 
 
 70 age 
 disice 
 
 71 mihi 
 corpore 
 
 72 forma 
 
 73 conubio 
 
 74 meritis 
 
 75 exigat 
 parentem 
 
 76 Aeolus 
 regina 
 
 77 explorare 
 capessere 
 
 78 mihi 
 regni 
 
 81 cuspide 
 
 82 agmine 
 
 83 data 
 turbine 
 
 84 mari 
 89 ponto 
 92 Aeneae 
 96 oppetere 
 
 gentis 
 98 potuisse 
 102 iactanti 
 
 104 undis 
 
 105 cumulo 
 aquae 
 
 106 his 
 109 aras 
 
 111 miserabile 
 visu 
 
 112 harenae 
 
 122 compagibus 
 
 123 rhnis 
 
 124 misceri 
 
 132 generis 
 
 133 nimiine 
 
 134 miscere 
 
 135 componere 
 
 137 regi 
 
 138 pelagi 
 
 140 Eure 
 iactet 
 
 141 regnet 
 
 142 dicto 
 
 152 conspexere 
 
 156 flectit 
 
 158 petere 
 
 164 silvis 
 
 166 scopulis 
 
 167 saxo 
 
 171 telluris 
 
 172 harena 
 174 primum 
 178 rerum 
 182 videat t 
 189 primum 
 193 fundat t 
 
 humi 
 navibus 
 
 203 meminisse 
 
 207 rebus 
 
 210 praedae 
 
 PUTIIRIS 
 
 215 bacchi 
 ferinae 
 
 216 exempta 
 
 218 credant t 
 
 219 pati 
 
 228 OCIILOS 
 
 232 quibus 
 23s fore 
 241 rex 
 251 infandum 
 257 metu 
 
 Cytherea 
 261 remordet 
 269 volvendis 
 
 mensibus 
 272 annos 
 279 fine 
 286 nascetur 
 
 origine 
 
 289 CAELO 
 
 297 Maia 
 
 298 pateant t 
 pateant 
 
 301 alarum 
 
 313 ferro 
 
 314 cui 
 317 fuga 
 
 319 DIPFUNDEEE 
 
 320 GENU 
 
 322 sororum 
 
 325 Venus 
 
 326 mihi 
 sororum 
 
 328 HOMINEM 
 
 329 sanguinis 
 332 iactemur t 
 
 335 honore 
 
 336 virginibus 
 339 bello 
 
 341 iniuria 
 
 343 liuic 
 auri 
 
 349 amore 
 
 357 celerare 
 
 359 argenti 
 
 361 quibus 
 
 373 AtTDIEE 
 
 376 lit 
 
 . 377 ORIS 
 
 385 PLUKA 
 
 387 caelestibus 
 
 389 perfer 
 
 392 docuere 
 
 397 ludunt 
 
 398 cinxere 
 402 dixit 
 407 quid 
 
 413 posset 
 
 414 veniendi 
 425 tecto 
 
 429 PUTUEIS 
 
 430 aestate 
 
 439 mirabile 
 
 DICTU 
 
 440 uUi 
 
 441 umbrae 
 445 saecula 
 458 ambobus 
 
 469 veils 
 
 470 somno 
 484 auro 
 494 miranda 
 504 FUTimiS 
 514 laetitia 
 520 introgressi 
 
EXAMPLES IN ORDER OF OCCURRENCE 
 
 53 
 
 520 fandi 
 
 526 generi 
 
 527 POPULARE 
 S38 ORIS 
 
 541 consistere 
 
 544 quo 
 
 S46 servant 
 
 vescitur 
 
 aura 
 
 549 paeniteat 
 
 55 1 liceat 
 
 554 petamus 
 
 564 moliri 
 
 565 nesciat 
 574 mihi 
 
 576 ADFORET 
 
 579 ANIMUM 
 
 582 dea 
 
 584 vidimus 
 
 589 OS 
 deo 
 
 601 opis 
 
 60s FERANT 
 
 613 aspectu 
 
 616 ORIS 
 
 623 mihi 
 
 629 consistere 
 
 644 praemittit 
 
 651 peteret 
 
 659 Ascanio 
 
 668 iactetur 
 
 669 dolore 
 
 671 vertant 
 
 672 cardine 
 683 noctem 
 
 688 inspires 
 
 689 dictis 
 695 dicto 
 704 struere 
 706 onerent 
 
 ponant 
 
 723 remotae 
 
 733 VELIS 
 
 745 tantum 
 
 750 MULTA 
 
 5 vidi 
 
 6 fui 
 fando 
 
 8 temperet 
 
 10 cognoscere 
 
 22 manebant 
 
 47 INSPECTXJRA 
 
 48 equo 
 
 NE CREDITE 
 
 54 fuisset 
 
 57 MANUS 
 
 61 obtulerat 
 
 63 visendi 
 
 79 miserum 
 
 81 fando 
 pervenit 
 
 84 vetabat 
 
 85 demisere 
 88 stabat 
 91 concessit 
 
 94 tulisset 
 
 95 remeassem 
 98 terrere 
 
 104 magno 
 
 no FECISSENT 
 
 113 staret 
 
 118 quaerendi 
 litandum 
 
 125 VENTURA 
 
 132 parari 
 
 136 dedissent 
 
 139 poenas 
 
 142 restet 
 
 VERGIL 'AEN. ii 
 
 143 LABORUM 
 
 144 ANIMI 
 160 MANEAS 
 
 SERVES 
 
 169 fluere 
 
 174 DICTU 
 
 176 temptanda 
 
 178 repetant 
 reducat 
 
 184 piaret 
 
 189 violasset 
 
 191 convertant 
 
 192 ascendisset 
 199 multo 
 
 tremendum 
 216 auzilio 
 219 capite 
 
 cervicibus 
 222 horrendos 
 
 231 laeserit t 
 laeserit 
 intorserit t 
 intorserit 
 
 232 ducendtmi 
 oranda 
 
 248 esset 
 
 268 quo 
 
 292 possent 
 
 300 recessit 
 
 305 INCIDIT 
 
 342 diebus 
 346 audierit t 
 audierit 
 
 350 sequi 
 354 sperare 
 362 explicet 
 possit 
 
 380 PEESSIT 
 
 humi 
 
 388 SEQUAMUR 
 
 390 requirat 
 
 417 CONFLIGUNT 
 439 FORENT 
 
 MORERENTTIR 
 
 451 succurrere 
 455 manebant 
 522 adforet t 
 
 adforet 
 533 tenetur 
 S36 curet 
 584 est 
 
 habet 
 589 videndam 
 599 resistat 
 607 NE TIME 
 
 NEU RECUSA 
 
 653 vellet 
 
 665 eripis 
 
 667 cernam t 
 
 680 DICTU 
 
 685 trepidare 
 
 699 tollere 
 
 711 sit 
 
 743 venimus 
 
 773 nota 
 
 786 servitum 
 
54 
 
 SYNTAX OF HIGH SCHOOL LATIN 
 
 36 secundarent 
 
 levarent 
 
 49 auri 
 
 Si diffideret 
 
 55 auro 
 
 77 COLI 
 
 114 SEQUAMTIR 
 
 115 PETAMUS 
 
 116 cursu 
 adsit 
 
 129 PETAMUS 
 
 154 dicturus est 
 
 160 NE LINQUE 
 
 18 THALAMI 
 
 24 optem 
 dehiscat 
 
 25 abigat 
 27 violo 
 36 Libyae 
 39 consederis 
 50 veniam 
 
 61 cornua 
 
 71 nemora 
 
 109 sequatur 
 
 117 venatum 
 
 125 certae 
 
 145 altaria 
 
 182 mirabile 
 
 221 FAMAE 
 
 267 KEGNI 
 
 EERUM 
 
 4 accenderit 
 
 6 possit 
 
 12 puppi 
 
 18 spondeat 
 
 19 vespere 
 25 remetior 
 65 extulerit 
 
 39 praestiterit 
 
 141 decerpserit 
 
 165 ciere 
 
 accendere 
 
 173 credere 
 
 188 OSTENDAT 
 
 200 possent 
 
 354 deficeret 
 
 VERGIL AEN. iii 
 162 Cretae 
 
 188 SEQUAMUR 
 
 214 illis 
 
 224 dapibus 
 
 236 iussi 
 
 257 subigat 
 
 262 sint 
 
 309 tempore 
 
 316 NE DUBITA 
 
 334 Chaonios 
 387 possis 
 
 453 tanti 
 
 VERGIL AEN. iv 
 
 292 speret 
 315 reliqui 
 
 318 DOMUS 
 
 324 restat 
 
 335 Elissae 
 349 considere 
 
 356 love 
 
 357 auras 
 377 love 
 394 cupit 
 401 cemas 
 432 careat 
 
 435 SOEORIS 
 
 452 peragat t 
 relinquat t 
 
 454 horrendum 
 468 viam 
 
 479 reddat 
 
 VERGIL AEN. v 
 
 78 humi 
 
 108 certare 
 
 174 sui 
 
 245 victorem 
 
 248 FEREE 
 
 415 dabat 
 486 vellnt 
 
 VERGIL AEN. vi 
 
 394 geniti 
 
 invicti essent 
 430 mortis 
 
 436 vellent 
 534 adires t 
 591 simularet 
 
 621 auro 
 
 622 pretio 
 
 456 adeas 
 poscas 
 
 461 liceat 
 
 478 praeterlabare 
 
 501 intraro 
 
 533 euroo 
 
 605 spargite 
 
 615 MANSISSET 
 
 621 VISU 
 
 625 frangeret 
 
 627 manderet 
 
 629 SOT 
 
 483 gentis 
 
 488 velit 
 
 497 IMPONAS 
 
 523 terras 
 
 536 sim dedignata 
 
 538 iuvat 
 
 564 mori 
 
 568 attigerit 
 
 578 ADSIS 
 
 603 fuisset 
 
 604 TTJLISSEM 
 60s IMPLESSEM 
 606 EXTINXEM 
 
 DEDISSEM 
 
 6 IS populi 
 
 651 sinebant 
 
 678 VOCASSES 
 
 542 deiecit 
 
 591 frangeret 
 
 624 traxerit 
 
 796 liceat 
 
 810 cuperem 
 
 862 ITER 
 
 694 nocerent 
 
 759 fata 
 
 761 lucis 
 
 770 acceperit 
 
 802 fixerit 
 
 803 pacarit 
 tremefecerit 
 
 822 ferent 
 

 
 
 '',^1 
 
 -:yC^;;^;^^f^