Cornell University Library 
 
 HD7835.N7A7 
 
 Labor laws of New York; a handbook, comp. 
 
 3 1924 002 405 946 
 
 HO 
 
 N'T 
 A7 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR' 
 
 RELATIONS 
 
 AT 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002405946 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Labor Laws of New York 
 
 KATHARINEl ANTHONY, 
 
Cornell University Law Library. 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 (^r:^^W*wstK.<sj2C..«^r^^^ 
 
 Date. CKf*r^.y?-.J.../..f.'.p 
 
ij 4S~- eJ-L ^ 
 
 LABOR LAWS 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 A HANDBOOK 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 KATHARINE ANTHONY 
 \\\ 
 
 FOR 
 
 The Brooklyn Auxiliary 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Consumers' League 
 
 OF THE 
 
 City of New York 
 
 MARCH 1, 1917 
 
^9/^7- 
 
 PRESS OF HUNTER COLLINS, INC. 
 
 138 LIVINGSTON STREET 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
 
 JUNE, 1917 
 
 COPYRIGHT BY 
 BROOKLYN AUXILIARY OF 
 THE CONSUMERS' LEAGUE 
 
 ELMA LOINES, TREASURER 
 
Ml 
 
 hi 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 m^. 
 
 The purpose of this handbook is to give a summary, relatively 
 complete and comparatively brief, of the Industrial Laws of 
 New York State. In the process of condensation, many lesser 
 details have been necessarily omitted, but it is believed that all 
 essentials have been retained. The full text of most of the laws 
 summarized may be found in the Consolidated Laws of 1909 and 
 the Session Laws of the succeeding years. These volumes are 
 easily accessible for anyone who wishes to study in detail the 
 laws which are summarized in this handbook.* 
 
 The basis of the summary is the Labor Law, including the 
 Mercantile Law. But statutes concerning labor have also been 
 drawn from the Compulsory Education Law, the Domestic Rela- 
 tions Law, the Penal Code, and other related statutes. 
 
 The reader is asked to bear in mind, wherever Mercantile 
 Laws are quoted, that they apply only to villages and cities with 
 a population of three thousand or more. 
 
 This study has been made as a survey of the existing stage of 
 development of labor legislation in this State. It does not seek 
 to point out changes and suggest reforms, except such changes 
 as are obviously desirable and visibly approaching. 
 
 Within the last five years, many improvements have been made 
 in the labor law. The series of reports published by the State 
 Factory Investigating Commission has stimulated much legisla- 
 tive action on behalf of the workers. But the drafting of better 
 laws has, unfortunately, not been accompanied by corresponding 
 improvements in the field of enforcement. Far too much of our 
 labor legislation, in this State and in others, exists merely on 
 paper. Enforcement lags behind, and the law is not fulfilled in 
 many cases. But it is gratifying to note that the most recent 
 
 ♦Annotated and indexed bulletin editions of the Labor Laws are pub- 
 lished annually by the State Department of Labor at Albany and may be 
 had free upon application. 
 
legislative measures we have to record are especially designed to 
 strengthen the powers of enforcement. The Municipal Bureau 
 of Attendance, the Federal Child Labor Law, and the Board of 
 Standards and Appeals are all instances of measures which make 
 for greater efficiency in administration. 
 
 One of the chief causes of the lax enforcement of the in- 
 dustrial laws is the general lack of knowledge of the laws them- 
 selves. In view of Ae recent date of many statutes, even those 
 who are in touch with the industrial world are at present under 
 the necessity of "catching up." And it is a well-known fact that 
 both workers and employers, who have the greatest immediate in- 
 terest in the Labor Law, are generally slow to acquaint them- 
 selves with its terms. Though copies of the law are posted in 
 every factory, the workers have neither the amovmt of time nor 
 the degree of literacy to study the laws in this technical and com- 
 prehensive form. It is hoped that this handbook may be of serv- 
 ice to employers and employees, both directly and indirectly. All 
 social agencies which are in touch with the private life and leisure 
 hours of the wage-earners should not fail to instruct them in 
 the laws which are designed for their protection. This applies 
 especially to girls and women, who are affected by a group of 
 laws designed for their particular benefit. 
 
 This handbook is intended primarily to help tiie consumer in 
 the enforcement of better industrial conditions. As women be- 
 come awakened to their powers and duties, not merely toward 
 their own households but toward the industrial world whose prod- 
 ucts are so largely consumed within the hrane, they realize the 
 need of organized action to protect the home, to protect the 
 wage-earner, and to educate public opinion. By throwing their 
 influence on the side of progressive legislation and the progres- 
 sive employer they can materially hasten the improvement of 
 industrial conditions. 
 
 American industry is facing an after-the-war period. What- 
 ever dislocations or confusions may occur, the steady improve- 
 ment and enforcem,ent pf the labor law should never be lost sight 
 
of or forgotten for a moment. There was never a greater need 
 than at present for every consumer "to know the laws and make 
 them known." 
 
 In order to simplify the presentation of the laws, all references 
 to statutes have been omitted from the pages of the summary 
 proper. They can be found, however, in the Index, which has 
 been drawn to serve as a convenient guide to the hand-book and 
 also to the original laws. 
 
 Thanks are due to busy officials of the New York State De- 
 partment of Labor and the New York City Fire Department who 
 very kindly took the time to read the manuscript and make criti- 
 cisms and suggestions. It should be stated, however, that the 
 hand-book is not an official publication. Acknowledgments are 
 further due to experts of the New York City Consumers' League, 
 the New York City Child Labor Committee, and the National 
 Child Labor Committee for criticism and advice. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Preface 
 
 PAGE 
 
 iii 
 
 Chapter I. Definitions of Factory and Mercantile 
 Establishment. ....••• 
 Factories— Mercantile Establishments, 
 
 Chapter II. Factory and Business Housing. 
 
 Factory Buildings— Tenant Factories— Height of Buildings- 
 Building Zone Law — Height Districts — Open Area Districts 
 —Use Districts — Future Changes. 
 
 Chapter III. Regulation of Men's Work. 
 
 Hours of Work— Transportation Employees — Employees in 
 Drug Stores— Employees in Groceries— Compressed. Air Work- 
 ers — Meal-Time Pauses — Rest Periods — Weekly Day of Rest 
 — Employer's Time Book and Schedule— Wages— Wage Pay- 
 ments — Assignment, Reduction and Garnishment of Wages — 
 Time of Payment— Deduction from Wages for Insurance — 
 Employment of Aliens on Public Works. 
 
 Chapter IV. Regulation of Women's Work. 
 
 Prohibited Employments— Seats for Women— Women Physi- 
 cians — Hours of Work — Drug Stores — Meal-Time Pauses — 
 Overtime— Night-Work — Period of Rest after Childbirth- 
 Wages. 
 
 Chapter V. Regulation of Children's Work. . 
 
 School Attendance — Evening School Attendance — Protection 
 of Children under Fourteen — Protection of Children under 
 Sixteen — Employment Certificates — Proof of Age — School 
 Record — Physical Examination — Mental Defectives — Medical 
 Inspection of Factory Children — Prohibited Employments — 
 Morally Dangerous Occupations — Selling Newspapers — 
 Delivering Newspapers — Protection of Young Persons — Mes- 
 senger Boys — Working Hours of Children under Sixteen — 
 Working Hours of Boys under Eighteen — Overtime — Meal- 
 Time Pauses — Wages — Federal Child Labor Law — State 
 Vocational Education Law — Federal Vocational Education 
 Law. 
 
 Chapter VI. Mother's Pensions 
 
Chapter VII. Sanitary Regulations. , . .20 
 
 General Provisions — Space— Light — Ventilation and Heating 
 — Cleanliness— Sweepings — Receptacles for Waste — Spitting- 
 Drinking Water — Washing Facilities— Wash Rooms— Wash 
 Rooms for Special Industries — Dressing Rooms — Water Closets 
 — Water Closet Entrances — Water Closets for Special Industries 
 — Water Closet Partitions — Water Closet Floors — Future 
 Installations — Water Closet Fixtures — Urinals — Heating — 
 Ventilation — Dry Closets — Lunch Rooms. 
 
 Chapter VIII. Accident Prevention. . . .32 
 
 Building Trades — Elevators— Guarding Machinery — Mangle 
 Guards — First Aid Kit — Medical Attendance — Reporting Acci- 
 dents — American Museum of Safety — Workmen's Compensa- 
 tion Act. 
 
 Chapter IX. Disease Prevention. . . . -31 
 
 Mercantile Regulations — Factory Regulations — Reporting 
 Industrial Diseases. 
 
 Chapter X. Fire Prevention. . . . . .38 
 
 Prohibition of Smoking — Boiler Inspection — Protection of Gas 
 Jets — Fireproof Receptacles— Stairways — Enclosure of Stair- 
 ways — Doors and Windows — Requirements for Exits— Fire 
 Escapes — Fire Alarm Signal Systems — Fire Drills — Automatic 
 Sprinklers— Limitation of Floor Occupants— Construction of 
 New Buildings. 
 
 Chapter XI. Bakeries and Confectioneries. . . 46 
 Bakeries as Factories — Work Place — Sanitation — Sanitary 
 Certificates — Future Cellar Bakeries Prohibited — Regulations 
 for Employees — Medical Inspection — Sunday Employment. 
 
 Chapter XII. Laundries 48 
 
 Laundries as Factories — Hotel Laundries Exempt. 
 
 Chapter XIII. Tenement-Made Goods. . . .48 
 Tenement License— Factory Permits — Registers — Restrictions 
 — Prohibitions — Inspection — Unlawful Tenement Work — 
 Duties of Board of Health. 
 
 Chapter XIV. Federal Enforcement. . . -51 
 
 Enforcement of Child Labor Law — Administrative Board — 
 Federal Inspectors — Violations — Penalty — Federal Vocational 
 Education Board. 
 
 Chapter XV. State Enforcement 52 
 
 State Industrial Commission — Industrial Council — Legal 
 Bureau — Industrial Bureaus— Industrial Code — Review and 
 Appeal — Bureau of Inspection — Medical Inspectors— Registra- 
 
tion — Posting of Laws and Code — Division of Owner's and 
 Tenant's Responsibility— Duties of Employees— "Tagging"— 
 Violations— Penalties— Bureau of Statistics and Information 
 —Bureau of Mediation and Arbitration— Bureau of Industries 
 and Immigration— Bureau of Employment— Bureau of Work- 
 men's Compensation — Control over Mercantile Establishments 
 — Control over Bakeries — Civil Service Commission. 
 
 Chapter XVI. Municipal Enforcement. . . -57 
 
 Building Control in New York City: 
 Superintendents of Buildings — Fire Commissioner — Board of 
 Standards and Appeals— Board of Appeals— Penalty for Viola- 
 tion—Existing Buildings. 
 
 Tenement House Department: 
 Bakeries. 
 
 Board of Health: 
 Employment Certificates — Control over Mercantile Establish- 
 ments — Control over Bakeries. 
 
 Police Department: 
 Child Labor. 
 
 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children: 
 Police Powers. 
 
 Bureau of Attendance: 
 School Census— Truancy— Newsboys. 
 
 Appendix A. Industrial Statistics of New York City 62 
 
 Appendix B. Leading Manufactures in New York 
 State. ....... 
 
 Appendix C. Factories and the City Plan. 
 Appendix D. Automatic Sprinkler Protection 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Index 
 
 64 
 66 
 
 7i 
 73 
 
 75 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 DEFINITIONS OF FACTORY AND MERCANTILE 
 ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 Factories. — The term "factory" includes any mill, workshop, 
 or other manufacturing or business establishment and all build- 
 ings, sheds and structures connected therewith, in which one or 
 more persons are employed at labor. The power-houses, gen- 
 erating plants and other structures, excepting construction and re- 
 pair-shops, owned by a public service corporation, are not classed 
 as factories under the State Industrial Commission but are sub- 
 ject to the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission. 
 
 Work is considered factory-work whenever it is done upon 
 any of the materials entering into the product of the factory. 
 Thus, factory work may be done in factories, contract-shops, and 
 tenements. 
 
 Mercantile Establishment. — The term "mercantile establish- 
 ment" means any place where goods, wares, or merchandise are 
 offered for sale. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 FACTORY AND BUSINESS HOUSING 
 
 Factory Buildings. — The term "factory-building" means any 
 building which is, wholly or partly, occupied by and used for a 
 factory. Thus the term includes both special factories and ten- 
 ant-factories. 
 
 Tenant-Factories. — A "tenant-factory" is a building, separate 
 parts of which are occupied by different persons and one or more 
 parts of which constitute a factory. The majority of New York 
 City factories are housed in tenant-factories rather than in spe- 
 cial factories. The tenant-factories are found either in converted 
 buildings or loft-buildings. Converted buildings are old houses 
 of several stories whose separate floors, or parts of floors, have 
 been altered for factory use. Loft-buildings are more recent 
 structures, built for the purpose of accommodating a series of 
 independent factories. 
 
 For the regulation of the tenant-factory, it is necessary for 
 flie Labor Law to define the respective responsibilities of the 
 landlord and the manufacturer. 
 
Height of Buildings. — Up to the present there has been no 
 restriction on the height of loft-buildings in New York City. The 
 result is that giant bee-hives of labor and business have been 
 created in which all the problems of light, air, sanitation, street 
 congestion, and fire-hazard are vastly intensified. The uncon- 
 trolled building conditions of New York City have enormously 
 increased the difficulties of enforcement of the State Labor Law. 
 The requirements as to light and ventilation, especially, are the 
 merest "scraps of paper" so far as many New York City fac- 
 tories are concerned. That this laissez faire era of building 
 development has at last come to an end is a hopeful element in 
 the city's future. One of its benefits will be to check the in- 
 creasing unwholesomeness of work conditions. 
 
 Building Zone Law. — By the Laws of 1914, Chapter 470, as 
 amended by Laws of 1916, Chapter 497, State of New York, the 
 Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York City has 
 been given the power to regulate and limit the height of buildings 
 and their volume and to regulate and determine the areas of 
 yards, courts, and open spaces. The purpose of these regulations 
 is to secure safety from fire and to provide, so far as conditions 
 may permit, for adequate light, air and convenience of access. 
 
 The Board may divide the city into districts and restrict the 
 location of trades and industries to specified localities. The pur- 
 pose is to segregate residential, business, and industrial buildings, 
 and to encourage the establishment of industrial centers in other 
 boroughs besides Manhattan. 
 
 The Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions was 
 appointed to recommend the boundaries of districts and flie ap- 
 propriate regulations to be enforced in each. The recommenda- 
 tions of the Commission were incorporated in the Building Code 
 in 1916. Previous to the adoption of the Commission's report, 
 there was no municipal regulation of business and factory build- 
 ings on private property. 
 
 Height Districts. — The city is divided into five classes of 
 height districts, limiting the height of buildings to a varying 
 multiple of the street width. These five districts are called: — 
 One times districts, one and one-quarter times districts, one and 
 one-half times districts, two times districts, and two and one- 
 half times districts. Above these limits a building may be con- 
 
 2 
 
tinued in the form of a tower if it occupies not more than one- 
 fourth of the area of the lot. 
 
 Open Area Districts. — There are five classes of open-area dis- 
 tricts with varying regulations as to the size of yards, courts, and 
 other open spaces. 
 
 Use Districts. — The city is divided into three classes of use- 
 districts: — residence, business, and unrestricted. In a residence 
 district all kinds of business and industry are excluded. In a 
 business district, residence and business uses are permitted but 
 industrial uses are excluded or limited. A factory which occu- 
 pies not more than the area of the lot or 25 per cent, of the floor 
 space of the building may be included. In an unrestricted dis- 
 trict, industrial uses are permitted. Public garages and stables 
 are, in general, confined to the industrial districts. 
 
 The present zoning system excludes the further introduction 
 of factory lofts within the Fifth Avenue and Broadway section 
 lying between Third and Sixth Avenue and extending northward 
 from 23d Street. 
 
 Future Changes. — The Board of Estimate and Apportionment 
 may from time to time on its own motion or on petition supple- 
 ment or change the established zones and regulations. Before 
 such changes can be adopted, a public hearing must be held. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 REGULATION OF MEN'S WORK. 
 
 The protection of men in industry has hardly begun in this 
 country, though it has already made a fair start in Europe. There 
 are no prohibited trades for men, no prohibition of night work 
 for men, and no general industrial laws limiting their hours of 
 work.* 
 
 Hours of Work. — The Labor Law of New York provides 
 that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's work in this State 
 for all classes of workers except those engaged in farm-work 
 
 *A beginning has just been made by the Oregon law which limits the 
 hours of work for all persons employed in manufacturing estabUshments 
 to ten hours a day and which was coniirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court, 
 April 9, 1917. 
 
 3 
 
and domestic service.The law adds, however, that overtime at an 
 increased compensation may be allowed except on public works 
 for the State or a municipal corporation. 
 
 Another provision limits hours of labor in brick-yards to ten, 
 but here also overtime for extra compensation is allowed. 
 
 Transportation Employees. — The daily hours of work for em- 
 ployees of street and elevated railways in cities of the first and 
 second class are limited to 10 consecutive hours including one- 
 half hour for dinner. In case of accident or unavoidable delay, 
 overtime without limit for extra compensation is allowed. 
 
 Ten hours of work within 13 consecutive hours constitute a 
 legal day's labor in the operation of steam or electric railways 
 operating surface, subway, or elevated trains within the state ex- 
 cept where the mileage system of running trains is used. In case 
 of accident or delay, overtime is permitted for extra compensa- 
 tion, amounting to one tenth of the daily wage in addition. 
 Sixteen continuous hours of work by train-men are permitted but 
 must be followed by 10 hours of rest; and 16 aggregate hours 
 of work within a 24-hour period must be followed by 8 hours of 
 rest. 
 
 Employees in Groceries. — Boys over 16 or men employed in 
 groceries which are located in New York City and other cities 
 of the first class must not be permitted to work more than 70 
 hours a week or more than 11 hours a day. On the last day of 
 the week, they may work 15 hours for the purpose of eliminating 
 work on the first day of the week. 
 
 Employees in Drug Stores. — Apprentices or employees in 
 drug stores must not be required or permitted to work more 
 than 70 hours a week. But six hours overtime in the week may be 
 allowed for the purpose of making a shorter succeeding week ; in 
 this case, the aggregate number of hours in the two weeks must 
 not exceed 133. The hours must be so arranged that the employee 
 receives at least one afternoon and evening off in each week and 
 in addition to this one full day off every two weeks. 
 
 Compressed-Air Workers. — Men who work in tunnels or cais- 
 sons are protected against the disease known as the "bends" by 
 the legal limitation of their working hours. The number of 
 daily working hours permitted decreases from eight to one and a 
 half as the amount of air pressure increases beyond the normal. 
 
 4 
 
Meal-time Pauses. — In the legal regulations concerning the 
 meal-time pauses, men are included as well as women and chil- 
 dren. In factories, 60 minutes must be allowed for the mid-day 
 meal unless the Industrial Commission permits a shorter time. 
 If more than an hour's overtime is required in the evening, twenty 
 minutes must be allowed for supper before overtime work begins. 
 In mercantile establishments, at least 45 minutes must be allowed 
 at noon unless the Industrial Commission permits a shorter time. 
 Whenever an employee works after 7 o'clock in the evening, 30 
 minutes must be allowed for supper betwen 5 and 7 o'clock in the 
 evening. In actual practice, the half-hour luncheon period is 
 found in many establishments. 
 
 Rest Periods. — For the protection of caisson workers, work- 
 pauses are prescribed as rest periods in addition to the meal- 
 time pauses. These rest periods are graduated according to the 
 amount of air pressure, increasing from one-half hour to five 
 hours as the air pressure increases. In no other occupation, 
 either for men or women, are rest periods within the daily hours 
 of work required by law. Studies of the effect of fatigue on 
 efficiency and the experiments of progressive manufacturers have 
 shown the need and the practical value of 15-minute rest-periods 
 in addition to the regular meal-time pauses. 
 
 Weekly Day of Rest. — It is only since 1913 that New York 
 has had a labor law requiring a weekly day of rest for workers 
 in factories and mercantile establishments. Owing to the needs 
 of the continuous industries and of the many Jewish factory 
 workers, it is no longer practicable to stipulate that Sunday 
 alone shall be a rest-day. One day of rest in seven is the legal 
 requirement. 
 
 A number of employments are excepted under the law re- 
 quiring twenty-four consecutive hours of rest in every calendar 
 week. These are janitors; watchmen; superintencfents or foremen; 
 employees whose duties include not more than three hours' work 
 on Sunday in setting sponges in bakeries, in caring for live 
 animals, in maintaining fires, in making necessary repairs to boil- 
 ers or machinery; employees in establishments which make or 
 handle milk and milk-products and which do not employ more 
 than seven persons. 
 
 5 
 
The employer who operates his factory on Sunday is required 
 to post in a conspicuous place on the premises a list of all em- 
 ployees working on Sunday and designating the day of rest for 
 each. He must also file a copy of this schedule with the Indus- 
 trial Commission. 
 
 Transportation workers, car-men and train-men, are not in- 
 cluded under the weekly day of rest law which applies to factories 
 and mercantile establishments only. The State Industrial Com- 
 mission has the power to grant variations if there are practical 
 difficulties or unnecessary hardships in carrying out the act. 
 This is a very real and practical power as such grants are not 
 rare.* 
 
 Employer's Time-book and Schedule. — The employer in 
 charge of a factory or mercantile establishment must keep a 
 time-book in which are recorded the names and addresses of the 
 employees and the number of hours worked by each of them in 
 each day, provided that such employees work on Sunday. This 
 time-book in which are recorded the names and addresses of the 
 employer is also required to prepare a schedule showing all per- 
 sons who work on Sunday and designating their actual day of 
 rest. This schedule must be posted on the premises and filed with 
 the Industrial Commission. 
 
 Wages. — In New York, the amount of direct legislation con- 
 cerning wages is small. Though it is true that "every topic in 
 labor legislation is a phase of the wage bargain,"t the necessity 
 for direct legislation on the topic of wages is becoming more 
 and more recognized. 
 
 At present the State Labor Law merely stipulates that the 
 rate of wages of laborers, workmen, or mechanics employed on 
 public works shall be the prevailing rate of wages in tlie locality 
 for the same trade or occupation. 
 
 A recent report of the Bureau of Standards of New York 
 City recommends that a minimum rate be established for the 
 employees of the Street Cleaning Department. The report de- 
 
 *The Monthly Bulletins of the State Department of Labor, October, 
 1915, to October, 1916, publish notices of about 70 such grants made to 
 corporations and persons carrying on continuous industries. 
 
 fPrinciples of Labor Legislation, Commons and Andrews. New York. 
 Harper's. 1916. p. 4. 
 
dares for the principle that the municipal laborer's wage should 
 be a living wage for a family of five and suggests $840 a year 
 as the minimum standard.* 
 
 Wage Payments. — The law further requires that all wages 
 shall be paid in cash. In case of the appointment of a receiver- 
 ship for a business firm, the wages of employees are preferred 
 to every other debt or claim. The workmen's compensation for 
 accident is also a preferred claim against the employer's assets. 
 
 Assignment, Reduction, and Garnishment of Wages. — No as- 
 assignment of wages, due or to be earned in the future, is valid 
 unless the party making the assignment files with the employer 
 within three days after the loan is made a copy of the agreement 
 under which it is made. 
 
 Assignment of future wages by a railroad employee to his em- 
 ployer is invalid. 
 
 No assignment of wages by a married man or woman is valid 
 unless accompanied by the written consent of the wife or husband. 
 
 An employee is entitled to two hours' absence from employ- 
 ment to vote at a general election without reduction of wages. 
 It is a misdemeanor for an employer to refuse leave of absence 
 or reduce wages because of it. 
 
 Garnishment of wages for debt is not permitted if the debtor's 
 wages are less than $12 a week. 
 
 Time of Payment. — The time of payment is a matter of great 
 importance to the wage-earner. The New York law provides 
 that employees of a corporation shall be paid weekly, and always 
 within 6 days after the money is due. A special rule is made, 
 for railroad corporations, which permits them to pay wages semi- 
 monthly and also regularly to delay all wage-payment for half 
 a month. 
 
 The disadvantages of this delay to the wage-earners, especially 
 at the beginning of their employment, are patent. In the case of 
 the lowest-paid workers, this legalized "holding-out" of wages 
 is often prohibitive at the outset of the work. It presupposes 
 either credit or savings, neither of which the applicant is likely to 
 
 ♦Report on the Cost of Living for an Unskilled Laborer's Family in 
 New York City. Submitted by the Bureau of Standards to the Board of 
 Estimate and Apportionment, 1916. p. 6. 
 
have. The social and economic unwisdom of infrequent or post- 
 poned pay days is apparent. It sets a premium on casual labor in 
 which payment at least is prompt, at the same time that the State 
 through its labor legislation is seeking to reduce this evil. 
 
 Deductions from Wages for Insurance. — No employer 
 is allowed to make deductions from the wages of the employees 
 for the purpose of maintaining an insurance fund for their 
 benefit. An employer who requires that an employee shall agree 
 to contribute to a benefit fund as a condition of employment is 
 guilty of a misdemeanor. This provision applies to all wage- 
 earners, — men, women and children. 
 
 Employment of Aliens on Public Works. — In the construction 
 of public works by the State or a municipality, or by contractors 
 for the State or municipality, preference must be given to citizens 
 over aliens. But aliens may be employed when citizens are not 
 available. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 REGULATION OF WOMEN'S WORK 
 
 Prohibited Employments.- — Women are not permitted by the 
 Labor Law to work in saloons,* mines or quarries, or to work at 
 polishing processes involving emery-dust, rouge-dust, and the like. 
 
 Women who work in foundries as core-makers must not be 
 stationed in the same room in which the core-ovens are situated. 
 The ovens must be separated from the work-room by partitions 
 adequate to prevent the transmission of gases and fumes. The 
 Industrial Commission has the power to regulate the size and 
 weight of cores that may be handled by women. 
 
 Women under 21 must not be permitted to clean machinery 
 while it is in motion. 
 
 Seats for Women. — ^Women employed in factory work and 
 waitresses in hotels and restaurants must be supplied with seats 
 and permitted to use them. The Industrial Commission has the 
 power to prescribe what kind of seats, how many, and whether 
 they shall have backs or not. 
 
 *The law makes an exception of women who are members of the 
 family. It is not unusual in the poorer districts of New York City for 
 the wife of the saloon proprietor to preside at the bar. 
 
In mercantile establishments, there must be one seat for every 
 three women employees, the use thereof to be permitted "to such 
 extent as may be necessary for the preservation of their health." 
 In actual practice, the manager does not allow the use of the 
 seats even when they are provided and usually expects the sales- 
 woman to stand at attention whether her services are required or 
 not. An elevated seat, such as is sometimes provided for teachers 
 in classrooms, would be a help in the enforcement of this law. 
 Of course, such a seat should be easily ascended and descended. 
 The saleswoman could then, without sacrifice of vigilance, obtain 
 from time to time a priceless instant of relief. 
 
 Women Physicians. — Whenever the employer requires a phys- 
 ical examination of women employees, they are entitled to have 
 the examination made by a woman physician. 
 
 Hours of Work. — Female minors under 31 and women may 
 not be employed in factories for more than nine hours a day and 
 54 hours a week. The daily hours may be lengthened to 10, in 
 case a short working day intervenes during the week in such 
 a way that the full sum of the weekly working hours does not 
 exceed 54. 
 
 When women are employed in two or more factories or mer- 
 cantile establishments in the same day or week, the hours of work 
 combined must not exceed the legal limit allowed for a single 
 factory. 
 
 The working hours of women in canning factories between 
 June 25 and August 5 may amount to lOi hours a day, six days a 
 week, and 60 hours a week. During the pea-canning season, June 
 25 to August 5, the Industrial Commission may permit establish- 
 ments to employ women 12 hours a day and 66 hours a week. 
 
 Female minors under 21 and women may not be employed in 
 a mercantile establishment more than nine hours a day, or 54 
 hours or six days in the week. They may, however, work more 
 more than nine hours on any one day for the purpose of making a 
 shorter work-day in the week. 
 
 Between December 18 and December 24, this law does not 
 apply. 
 
 In cities of the first and second class, women over 16 
 employed in restaurants as waitresses and kitchen help may not 
 
 9 
 
be allowed to work more than nine hours a day or 54 hours a 
 week. Hotel workers and workers in lunch rooms conducted by- 
 employers for their own employees are excepted. 
 
 Drug Stores. — The law concerning the hours of drug-store 
 employees and permitting 70 hours of work a week fails to ex- 
 clude specifically women and children, especially boys, who are to 
 this extent taken out of the protected class of mercantile em- 
 ployees. This law should at least be restricted — as the law con- 
 cerning grocery-store employees is restricted, — to apply to male 
 employees over 16. 
 
 Meal-time Pauses. — The same midday pause is prescribed for 
 women as for other workers. In factories, 60 minutes must be 
 allowed for the midday meal, unless the Industrial Commission 
 should permit otherwise. In actual practice, the half-hour lun- 
 cheon period is often permitted. If more than an hour's over- 
 time is required in the evening, 20 minutes must be allowed for 
 supper before overtime work begins. 
 
 At least 45 minutes must be allowed for luncheon in mercan- 
 tile establishments, business offices, telegraph offices, theaters, res- 
 taurants, hotels and apartment houses. Whenever an employee 
 must work after 7 o'clock in the evening, 30 minutes must be 
 allowed for supper between 5 and 7 o'clock in the evening. 
 
 The only breaks in the day's work required by the Labor Law 
 are for meals. Fifteen-minute rest periods in the morning and 
 in the afternoon should also be specified in factories and depart- 
 ment stores where the work involves an unremitting strain. 
 
 Overtime. — One hour's overtime work in factories and stores 
 may be added to the standardized 9-hour day, but no overtime 
 is allowed for the standardized week. The 10-hour day, however, 
 permits a half-day in the week and is tlius a secondary standard- 
 ized day rather than overtime. 
 
 In the canning industry, weekly overtime amounting to six 
 hours is legal between June 25 and August 5; between June 25 
 and August 5, the Industrial Commission may permit overtime 
 amounting to 3 hours a day and 12 hours a week. 
 
 Night-Work. — To protect the health and morals of women 
 employed in factories, they are not permitted to perform night 
 work between 10 o'clock in the evening and 6 o'clock in the morn- 
 ing. Girls under 31 may not work later than 9 P. M. 
 
 10 
 
Girls over 16 and women may not be employed in mercantile 
 establishments between 10 P. M. and 7 A. M. 
 
 Night work for waitresses in restaurants, between 10 P. M. 
 and 6 A. M., is prohibited in cities of the first and second class. 
 Cabaret performers and cloak-room attendants are excepted.* 
 
 Period of Rest After Child-birth. — It is unlawful for the 
 proprietor or manager of a factory or mercantile establishment 
 to employ a woman within four weeks after she has given birth to^ 
 a child. 
 
 This law is necessarily ineffective and must remain so until 
 it is supplemented by maternity insurance. Unless the worker 
 is granted some compensation for the wages she is required by 
 law to forego, the law undoubtedly works in some cases a greater 
 hardship than that which it seeks to prevent. The experience of 
 factory inspectors has shown that it is impossible to enforce the 
 law as it now stands. 
 
 Wages. — There are no special regulations concerning the pay- 
 ment of women's wages other than the general regulations already 
 given under the "regulation of men's work." The law stipulates 
 that a married woman shall entirely control her own wages or 
 salary, except that she may not assign her wages without her 
 husband's written consent. 
 
 In New York City, a woman who brings action against her 
 employer to recover her wages may be allowed, at the court's 
 discretion, the sum of ten dollars as costs irrespective of any 
 other costs she may recover. But if the amount of damages 
 recovered is less than ten dollars, she may be allowed the sura of 
 five dollars as additional costs. 
 
 By the prohibition of night work and the limitation of the 
 hours of work of women and minors, the Labor Law of the State 
 establishes the fact that women must be legally protected against 
 industrial conditions which react unfavorably not merely upon 
 women as individuals but through them as future citizens and as 
 mothers and homcimakers upon the welfare of the community. 
 One such unfavorable condition is that of insufficient and un- 
 standardized wages. Already eleven States have adopted mini- 
 
 *The law, limiting hours and prohibiting night work of waitresses, 
 goes into effect Oct. 1, 1917. 
 
 11 
 
mum wage laws as general welfare measures* The extension of 
 these laws to the remaining States, especially industrial States 
 like New York, is an essential development of the principle of 
 protection already recognized by law. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 REGULATION OF CHILDREN'S WORK 
 
 School Attendance. — In every city or school district with a 
 population of 5,000 or more, the State attendance law requires 
 that all children between 7 and 16 years of age, in proper physical 
 and mental condition, must attend school, unless legally employed, 
 while it is in session. The session must consist of at least 160 
 days of actual school. 
 
 In villages and rural districts, the lowest age limit is eight 
 years. The length of the session is prescribed indirectly by the 
 law which requires that for any school to be entitled to public 
 money, the session must continue for 180 days. 
 
 Evening School Attendance. — In cities of the first and second 
 class, every boy between 14 and 16 who has obtained a legal 
 -employment certificate and has gone to work but who has not 
 ■completed the Eighth Grade must attend public evening school. 
 He must receive six hours of instruction a week for a period 
 •of not less than 16 weeks; or, if in a continuation school, from 
 four to eight hours a week between 8 o'clock in the morning 
 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon of working days. 
 
 Protection of Children under 14. — Children under 14 may not 
 be employed in any business or service whatever during the public 
 school session. Such children may not be employed at any time 
 to work in factories, mercantile establishments, business offices, 
 telegraph offices, restaurants, hotels, apartment houses, theaters, 
 and other places of amusement, bowling alleys, barber shops, 
 shoe-polishing establishments, and delivery and messenger service. 
 
 Boys over the age of 13 may be employed, outside of school 
 hours, in gathering produce on farms and as newsboys. 
 
 *The eleven States which have already adopted minimum wage legis- 
 lation are Arkansas, California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minne- 
 sota, Nebraska, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin. 
 
 13 
 
Protection of Children under 16. — The employment of chil- 
 dren between the ages of 14 and 16 is permitted but is subject 
 to a number of restrictions. When not regularly employed, they 
 must be in school. 
 
 Employment Certificates. — Emplojmient certificates are issued 
 by the local department of health. Such a certificate states the 
 date and place of birth of the child, gives the color of hair and 
 eyes, height and weight, and any distinguishing facial marks, and 
 certifies that all requirements have been met by the child who 
 holds the certificate. Emplo)Tiient certificates, familiarly 
 known as "working papers," must be filed with the employer. 
 
 The new law governing employment certificates for children 
 in factories and mercantile establishments went into effect Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1917. Under its terms, the child who has passed 14 but 
 is not yet 15, must produce a certificate of graduation from an 
 elementary school to secure an employment certificate. The child 
 who has passed 15 but is not yet 16 must produce a school record 
 to show that he has completed the work prescribed for the first 
 six years of the elementary school. 
 
 Proof of Age. — As proof of age, the parent or guardian who 
 accompanies the child must bring a duly attested transcript of his 
 birth certificate, or a passport, or a duly attested transcript of 
 a baptismal certificate. 
 
 If the parents of the child can not furnish any of the fore- 
 going documents and if the child appears to be over 14 years of 
 age, the officer to whom application is made may accept as satis- 
 factory documentary evidence of age which does not fall within 
 the above classification. In this case, the officer must present 
 to the board of health of which he is a member or agent a signed 
 statement of the facts together with the papers which have been 
 produced as evidence of age. The health commissioner, or, when 
 duly authorized, the issuing officer may accept such evidence as 
 sufficient and a record of it must be fully entered on the minutes 
 of the board at the next meeting. 
 
 In cities of the first class, the parent of a child who cannot 
 produce any of the documents specified as proof of age, may 
 make an application for a physician's certificate. The applica- 
 tion must contain the alleged age, place and date of birth, present 
 residence and any other facts which may be of assistance in 
 determining the child's age. The application must remain on 
 
 13 
 
iile for not less than 60 days, during which an examination of the 
 statements contained is made. If it appears that all material 
 statements are correct, the officer may direct that two board of 
 health physicians shall examine the child separately. If both 
 physicians are agreed that the child is at least 14 years of age, 
 the certificates are accepted as proof of age. If their opinions 
 do not concur, a third physician then examines the child and the 
 -concurring opinions are accepted as conclusive. 
 
 In order to be entitled to the physician's certificate as proof of 
 age, the parent must make an affidavit that the birth certificate, 
 passport or baptismal certificate, or other documentary evidence 
 can not be produced. The affidavit must contain the age, place 
 and date of birth, and present residence of the child. The issuing 
 officer must administer the oath and may neither demand nor 
 receive a fee. 
 
 Children receiving the physician's certificate must personally 
 appear before, and be examined by, the officer who issues the 
 certificate. The officer, after making the examination, must file 
 a statement that the child can read and correctly write simple 
 English sentences ; that he is, in the officer's opinion, 14 years of 
 age and upward and has reached the normal development of a 
 child of his age; and that he is in sound health and physically 
 able to perform the work he intends to do. 
 
 School Record. — The school record which must be presented 
 by every child regardless of what proof of age is furnished must 
 be signed by the principal of the school. It must certify that 
 the child has regularly attended the public school or its equivalent 
 for not less than 130' days during the 12 months next preceding his 
 fourteenth birthday or next preceding the date on which the 
 -application for the school record is made. It must further certify 
 that the child is able to read and write simple English sentences ; 
 that he has received during the required 130 days of attendance 
 instruction in reading, spelling, writing, English grammar and 
 .'geography, and is familiar with the fundamental operations of 
 arithmetic up to and including fractions: and that he has com- 
 pleted the work prescribed for the first six years of the elementary 
 ;School. 
 
 Physical Examination. — Before an employment certificate is 
 issued, the physical fitness of a child must be determined by a 
 jnedical officer of the health department. The results of the 
 
 14 
 
physical examination are recorded on a blank furnished by the 
 Industrial Commission and specifying the required facts concern- 
 ing the physical conditon and history of the child. 
 
 Mental Defectives. — Mentally defective children, who are 
 taught in the public schools of New York City and who are not 
 mentally able to pass the Eighth Grade test at the age of 14 or 
 even the Sixth Grade test at the age of 15, are for this reason 
 disqualified for obtaining working papers. The practical result 
 of this law is to prohibit entirely the employment of such children 
 under the age of 16. 
 
 Medical Inspection of Factory Children. — The working child 
 under 16 employed in a factory may be required at any time to 
 undergo a physical examination by a regular medical inspector of 
 the Industrial Commission. If the child refuses to submit to the 
 examination or if the medical inspector reports the child as physi- 
 cally unfit, the Industrial Commission may cancel the child's 
 employment certificate. 
 
 Prohibited Employments. — Children under 16 are not permit- 
 ted to work or assist at dangerous machines, such as, circular 
 saws, drill-presses, corner-staying machines in paper-box fac- 
 tories, and a number of others specified by the Labor Law. 
 Children under 16 are also prohibited from working in dangerous 
 trades, such as the manufacture of matches, substances in which 
 poisonous acids are used, paints, explosives, and alcoholic liquors. 
 They are not allowed to run elevators, to adjust belts, to clean 
 machinery, to work in mines or quarries, or to work at any 
 machinery which the Industrial Commission finds to be dangerous. 
 
 Girls under 16 are not allowed to be employed at any work 
 which keeps them constantly standing. 
 
 Girls under 16 and boys under 13 are prohibited from selling 
 newspapers and periodicals on the street in cities of the first, 
 second and third class. 
 
 Youths under 18 may not sell or serve liquors. 
 
 Youths under 18 may not be employed as telegraph operators 
 on railroads, or as chauffeurs, or as operators of motor boats. 
 
 Youths under 31 may not be employed as street railway con- 
 ductors, motormen, etc., or as steam vessel engineers or pilots, 
 or as moving picture machine operators in cities of the first 
 class. 
 
 15 
 
Morally Dangerous Ocaupations. — No person may employ or 
 cause to be employed a child, actually or apparently under the 
 age of 16, as an acrobat, as a beggar, peddler, or rag-picker ; as 
 an exhibition of deformity; in any indecent or immoral practice; 
 or in singing and dancing, theatrical exhibitions, and the making 
 of moving pictures. But children may be employed in theatrical 
 exhibitions or in the making of moving pictures if the written 
 consent of the mayor is obtained. 
 
 Selling Newspapers* — The boy under 14 who wishes to sell 
 papers must receive a permit and a badge from the Superinten- 
 dent of Schools. The boy's parent must produce satisfactory 
 proof that he is 13 years of age and a written statement of 
 approval from his principal. He then receives a permit, giving 
 his name and age, the address of his parents, and a personal 
 description of himself. He is also given a badge which he 
 must always wear in a conspicuous place and exhibit on demand 
 to a police or attendance officer. The permit and badge are only 
 good for the current year, and must be renewed on January 1 of 
 the succeeding year. No child to whom a permit has been issued 
 may sell papers after 8 P. M. or before 6 A. M. 
 
 Delivering Newspapers.^ — A special regulation applies to boys 
 who are employed exclusively to distribute newspapers on routes. 
 A permit and badge must be obtained in the same way as for 
 selling papers. Boys over 12 years of age may deliver papers 
 between the close of school and 6.30 P. M. and boys over 14 
 years of age during the same hours and also between 5.30 A. M. 
 and 8 A. M. 
 
 If a boy fails to observe the rules as to hours and other 
 matters, his permit may be revoked. A boy who sells papers 
 in the street without such a permit may be arrested and taken 
 before the Children's Court. The parent may also be held re- 
 sponsible and may be placed under the oversight of a probation 
 officer, to whom he must report concerning the child's conduct. 
 
 Protection of Young Persons. — No person under 18 is al- 
 lowed to operate an elevator running at a speed of over 200 
 feet a minute. Boys under 18 are not allowed to clean machinery 
 
 ^These regulations apply to cities of the first, second, and third class. 
 
 tThis regulation applies to village and cities halving a population of 
 3jCO0 or more. 
 
 16 
 
while in motion nor are they allowed to work at factory pro- 
 cesses involving emery-dust, rouge-dust, and the like. The In- 
 dustrial Commission may prohibit or regulate the employment 
 of minors under 18 in trades which the Commission finds to be 
 dangerous. 
 
 Messenger Boys. — A corporation employing messenger boys 
 is prohibited from sending them knowingly to disorderly resorts 
 and unlicensed saloons on any business except to deliver tele- 
 grams at the door. 
 
 In cities of the first and second class, boys under 31 may not 
 be employed for night messenger service between the hours of 
 10 in the evening and 5 in the morning. 
 
 Working-Hours of Children under i6. — Children under 16 
 may be employed in factories not more than 8 hours a day and not 
 more than 6 days or 48 hours in a week. Night work is pro- 
 hibited. They must not be found at work in a factory before 
 8 o'clock in the morning or after 5 o'clock in the evening. 
 
 An eight-hour day and a six-day week of 48 hours are also 
 required for workers under 16 employed in mercantile estab- 
 lishments, business offices, telegraph offices, restaurants, hotels, 
 apartment houses, theaters and amusement houses, bowling alleys, 
 barber shops, shoe-polishing stands, delivery service, and mes- 
 senger service. Night work is prohibited between 6 o'clock in 
 the evening and 8 o'clock in the morning. 
 
 Working-hours of Boys under 18. — Boys under 18 may be 
 employed not more than nine hours a day, or 54 hours a week. 
 Their daily hours may be increased to 10, so long as a short day 
 intervenes in such a way that the sum of the weekly hours does 
 not exceed 54. They must not be found at work in a factory 
 between midnight and 4 o'clock in the morning. 
 
 When boys under 18 are employed in two factories or mer- 
 cantile establishments on the same day, the daily hours of work 
 combined must not exceed the legal limit allowed for a single 
 factory. 
 
 Overtime. — Overtime work is not allowed for children under 
 16. Boys under 18 have their overtime regulated by the rule 
 given above. 
 
 This protection of boys between 16 and 18 does not apply tO' 
 the canning industry between June 15 and October 15 so far as 
 
 3 17 
 
the maximum working hours are concerned. During this season 
 boys under 18 at work in canneries have no legal protection 
 against unlimited overwork and fatigue. 
 
 Meal-time Pauses. — For children and young persons, the same 
 midday pause is prescribed by the law as for other workers. In 
 a factory, 60 minutes must be allowed for the noon-day meal, 
 unless the Department of Labor permits a shorter time. If there 
 is more than one hour's overtime work in the evening, at least 
 20 minutes must be allowed for lunch before the overtime work 
 begins. 
 
 In mercantile establishments and business offices, not less than 
 45 minutes must be allowed for the noon-day meal unless the 
 Commissioner of Labor permits a shorter time. If the employee 
 works after 7 o'clock in the evening, 20 minutes must be allowed 
 for supper between 5 and 7 o'clock. 
 
 No rest periods other than the meal-time pauses are legally 
 required for children and young persons. The unbroken four 
 and five-hour "spell" in factories is far too great a strain on the 
 adolescent worker. The insertion of a 15-minute rest period, 
 morning and afternoon, is extremely desirable. 
 
 Wages. — The payment of wages to minors and children is 
 valid, unless the parent or guardian of the child notifies the 
 employer in writing that the wages will be claimed by himself or 
 herself. In actual practice, the young worker, until about the 
 age of 18 years or more, usually takes the unopened pay envelope 
 to the mother of the family. 
 
 Federal Child Labor Law.* — The Federal Child Labor Law 
 provides that no producer, manufacturer, or dealer shall ship in 
 interstate or foreign commerce a product of a mine, quarry, mill, 
 cannery, work-shop, or factory in which, within 30' days prior 
 to the removal of such product, child labor has been employed 
 under specified prohibited conditions. In eflfect, the law forbids 
 the employment of children under 16 in mines or quarries and 
 the employment of children under 14 in mills, canneries, work- 
 shops, or factories. It also restricts the hours of work for chil- 
 dren between 14 and 16 employed in manufacturing to eight 
 
 ♦Passed Sept. 1, 1916. Goes into effect one year after passage. 
 
 18 
 
hours in any day and to six days in any week. It forbids night 
 work for such children by prohibiting their employment before 
 6 A. M. and after 7 P. M. 
 
 State Vocational Education Law. — The board of education 
 of a city or school district may establish vocational schools or 
 classes as a part of the public school system. Such schools may 
 be general industrial schools, open to pupils who are over 14 years 
 of age or who have completed the elementary school; trade 
 schools, open to pupils who are over 16 and who have completed 
 either the elementary school or the general industrial school or 
 who have met all the requirements prescribed by the local educa- 
 tional authorities; schools of agriculture, mechanic arts 
 and home-making, open to pupils who are over 14, or 
 who have completed the elementary school, or who have 
 met all the requirements prescribed by the local educational 
 authorities; part-time or continuation schools, open to 
 pupils over 14 who are regularly employed; evening vocational 
 schools open to pupils over 16 who are regularly employed. The 
 instruction given in part-time and evening schools must be sup- 
 plementary to the daily employment, except that women over 16, 
 whatever their daily employment, may enter the evening courses 
 in home-making. 
 
 The State agrees to pay two-thirds of the salary of one voca- 
 tional teacher and one-third of the salary of each additional voca- 
 tional teacher in every city or school district. 
 
 Federal Vocational Education Law.* — For the purpose of 
 co-operating with the States in the promotion of vocational 
 ■education, the Federal Government has appropriated funds to 
 be used in paying the salaries of teachers of agricultural, trade 
 and industrial, and home economics subjects and in paying the 
 cost of training teachers of vocational subjects. The law prc^- 
 vides that for each dollar of Federal money expended, the State 
 or local community or both shall expend an equal amount. It 
 further provides that such education shall be of less than college 
 grade, shall be under public control, and shall fit for useful em- 
 ployment. To be eligible, pupils must be over 14 years of age, 
 and, for evening schools, over 16 years of age. 
 
 ♦This law, known as the Smith-Hughes Bill, goes into effect July 1, 
 1917. 
 
 19 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 MOTHER'S PENSIONS 
 
 A widowed mother having one or more children under six- 
 teen may apply to the Board of Child Welfare for an allowance 
 in order that her children may be cared for in their home. The 
 applicant must have been a resident of the county or city for at 
 least two years immediately preceding her application and her 
 deceased husband must have been a citizen of the United States 
 and a resident of the State at the time of his death. 
 
 In New York City, the pensions are granted at the discretion 
 of a Board of Child Welfare, which consists of nine members 
 appointed by the mayor, three of whom must be women. The 
 Commissioners receive no compensation for their services, beyond 
 the maintenance expenses of the work. The Board of Estimate 
 and Apportionment is empowered to appropriate annually the 
 funds for expenses and the payment of allowances. 
 
 It is necessary for the applicant to receive a majority vote of 
 the Board in order to receive an allowance. The Board must 
 first determine that the mother is mentally, morally, and physi- 
 cally able to care for and bring up her children and that, if aid 
 is not granted, the child or children must be cared for in an insti- 
 tutional home. The allowance must not exceed the amount which 
 would be paid to an institution, it may be granted for six months 
 at a time only, and may be revoked at the discretion of the Board. 
 The Board must provide for the careful investigation of all appli- 
 cations for allowances and the adequate supervision of all persons 
 receiving aid. 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 SANITARY REGULATIONS 
 
 There are two conditions of modern industry which are of 
 fundamental concern to the health of the workers. One is the 
 increasing amount of work done in closed rooms and the other 
 is the wage-earner's lack of control over his place of work. A 
 great deal is said and written concerning the transference of 
 women's work from the home to the factory. But we com- 
 monly forget how recent were the transference of men's work 
 from the home to the factory and the transference of children's 
 
 20 
 
education from the home to the pubhc school. The child was 
 transferred to an environment whose physical conditions were 
 entirely controlled by the community or state. But working 
 men and women were transferred to the private property of 
 another and exposed to physical conditions over which they 
 have no control. It therefore became necessary for the state to 
 represent the interests of the wage-earners by establishing certain 
 standards of safety and sanitation for all employers alike. The 
 law has derived many of these standards from progressive em- 
 ployers who have voluntarily gone ahead in these matters. 
 
 General Provisions. — The principle of protection for em- 
 ployees is expressly stated in the law. It requires, in general, 
 that all factories, factory buildings, and mercantile establishments 
 shall be so constructed, arranged, and conducted as to guarantee 
 reasonable and adequate protection to the lives, health, and safety 
 of all employed persons. The Industrial Commission is em- 
 powered to make rules and regulations to enforce this law. 
 
 Space. — Overcrowding in work-rooms is not permitted by the 
 law. The allowance of air-space for each worker in a factory 
 room between 6 A. M. and 6 P. M. must be not less than 250 
 cubic feet. Not less than 400 cubic feet must be allowed for 
 each employee, if the work is done between 6 P. M. and 6 A. M. 
 and if the room is lighted by electricity. Thus overtime work 
 after 6 o'clock in the evening comes under this provision. 
 
 Light. — ^All passageways, and other parts of a factory, and all 
 moving parts of machinery near which workers must pass must 
 be kept sufficiently lighted during working hours. The entrance 
 hall, the upper halls, the stairs, and all parts intended for common 
 use, must be kept lighted whenever the building is open for use, 
 unless the influx of natural light makes artificial lighting un- 
 necessary. Such lights shall be so arranged as to insure their 
 reliable operation if through accident or other cause the regular 
 factory lighting is extinguished. 
 
 All work rooms must be properly and adequately lighted 
 during working hours. The artificial illumination used must be 
 sufficient for the kind of work to be done and must be so arranged 
 as to prevent unnecessary eye-strain or glare in the eyes of the 
 workers. The State Industrial Commission may make rules and 
 regulations for lighting in factories and mercantile establish- 
 ments. 
 
 21 
 
The Industrial Code contains rules for the adequate illumi- 
 nation of toilets, basins and sinks, dressing-rooms, dressing-rooms 
 in bakeries, elevator-cars, foundries, and mill buildings. 
 
 Ventilation and Temperature. — Every factory and mercan- 
 tile establishment must be provided with sufficient ventilation 
 either by natural or mechanical means. Such establishments 
 must also maintain a proper degree of temperature and humidity 
 during working hours. 
 
 The State Industrial Commission has the power to make 
 rules and regulations for, and fix standards of, ventilation, tem- 
 perature and humidity in factories and mercantile establish- 
 ments. The Commission may prescribe special means, if they 
 are necessary, for removing impurities or for reducing excessive 
 heat and may specify the kind of machinery or appliances to be 
 used. 
 
 The Industrial Code contains rules for the adequate heating 
 and ventilation of dressing-rooms, wash-rooms, and water- 
 closets in factories and mercantile establishments; for the heat- 
 ing and ventilation of foundries; and for the ventilation of 
 bakeries and cannery living quarters. 
 
 Cleanliness. — Every part of the premises used as a factory or 
 as a mercantile establishment must be kept clean. This includes 
 passageways, yards, courts, areas, and alleys belonging to the 
 premises. No accumulation of dirt, filth, rubbish, or garbage 
 must be permitted. The entire building must be well drained 
 and the plumbing must be kept in proper repair and in a clean 
 and sanitary condition. 
 
 Every room in a factory or mercantile establishment, — 
 floors, walls, ceilings, and windows, — must be kept in a clean 
 and sanitary condition. The walls and ceilings of a factory 
 must be lime-washed or painted, except when they are finished 
 with tiles or some other hard finish. The paint or lime-wash 
 must be renewed wherever necessary, as may be required by the 
 Department of Labor. Floors must be kept in a safe condition. 
 If a floor is in such ill-repair that it cannot be kept in a clean 
 and sanitary condition, it must be replaced by a new floor. 
 Floors must be kept dry, as far as possible. Where wet pro- 
 cesses are used, the floor should be drained free from liquids, and 
 if it is not possible to keep the floor thoroughly dry, platforms 
 or mats must be provided for women. 
 
 The premises must be kept in good repair. 
 
 23 
 
Sweepings. — Sweepings, waste, and refuse must be removed 
 as often as is necessary to maintain the factory or mercantile 
 establishment in a clean and sanitary condition and in such a way 
 as to avoid the raising, of dust or odors. 
 
 Receptacles for Waste. — Suitable receptacles must be pro- 
 vided and used for the storage of waste and refuse and must 
 be kept in a sanitary condition. If the waste or refuse is liquid 
 the receptacle must be of metal or earthenware or be metal- 
 lined and must not leak. It must be covered and be washed 
 out as often as necessary. 
 
 Spitting. — No person is allowed to spit upon the floor, walls 
 or stairs of any factory, store or other work place. A sufficient 
 number of notices to this effect must be kept prominently posted 
 in such places. Sanitary cuspidors made of an impervious 
 material with smooth surface must be provided in work-rooms 
 whenever required by the Industrial Commission. Where work 
 is continuous, they must be cleaned both night and morning. 
 One or more cuspidors must be provided in every toilet-room 
 used by males. 
 
 Drinking Water. — In every factory or mercantile establish- 
 ment, a sufficient supply of clean and pure drinking water must 
 be provided for the use of the employees. It must be drawn from 
 the same source from which water used for domestic purposes 
 is drawn. If the water is kept in receptacles in the factory, 
 they must be properly covered and must be thoroughly cleaned 
 at frequent intervals. The water must be accessible at all 
 times and must be cold. The use of a common drinking-cup 
 is prohibited. A sanitary drinking fountain may be used and 
 drinking-cups dispensed with. An inverted faucet may take the 
 place of the fountain. 
 
 Washing Facilities. — In every factory or mercantile estab- 
 lishment, adequate and convenient washing facilities must be pro- 
 vided. Sinks or stationary basins with running water or with 
 tanks holding an adequate supply of clean water are required. 
 All washrooms and washing facilities must be lighted, heated, and 
 ventilated, and must subscribe to the rules of the Industrial 
 Commission. 
 
 The Industrial Code requires that at least one wash-basin 
 with faucet be supplied for every 20 employees and when more 
 
 23 
 
than 100 employees j.re present, one basin must be added for 
 every 35 additional employees. All wash-basins to be installed 
 after the date of the law must be made of vitrified glazed earthen- 
 ware, enameled iron, or some material impervious to water. 
 Galvanized cast iron may be used for sinks. 
 
 Wash Rooms. — Every factory must provide for the employees 
 suitable and convenient wash-rooms, separate for each sex. 
 Every mercantile establishment must provide wash-rooms or 
 washing facilities, separate for each sex whenever required by the 
 rules of the Industrial Commission. 
 
 If separate wash-rooms are provided, the enclosing walls 
 must be of solid construction. In the wash-rooms used by 
 women, the walls must not be less than 7 feet high. But if the 
 men's and women's wash-rooms are adjoining, the partition wall 
 must be carried to the ceiling. If men only are employed, clear 
 glass may be used in the walls of the wash-room; but in rooms 
 used by women, the glass must be translucent. 
 
 All basins and sinks must be adequately illuminated, and if 
 daylight is not sufficient for the purpose artificial illumination 
 must be maintained. 
 
 The use of common towels is prohibited. If paper towels 
 are used, metal receptacles must be provided for the used towels. 
 
 If the general washing facilities are not on the same floor or 
 in close proximity to the toilet room, at least one wash-basin 
 must be provided in this room or adjacent to it. 
 
 In all establishments where food products are manufactured, 
 packed, or sold, a notice must be conspicuously posted adjacent 
 to the washing facilities, directing all employees to cleanse their 
 hands before beginning work and after using the toilets. 
 
 Wash-rooms for Special Industries. — In all factories where 
 lead, arsenic, or other poisonous substances are present, the wash- 
 ing facilities must include hot water, soap, and individual towels. 
 The washing facilities must include separate wash-rooms for 
 men and women and there must be one wash-basin for every 10 
 employees. Either paper towels or a sufficient daily supply of 
 clean towels may be supplied. 
 
 Establishments which manufacture, pack, or sell food products 
 must observe the same regulations as factories in which indus- 
 trial poisons are present. 
 
 24 
 
In every foundry in which ten or more persons are employed, 
 wash-rooms of suitable capacity and equipped with hot and cold 
 water service must be provided. The wash-rooms must be kept 
 clean and sanitary and must be properly heated during cold 
 weather. Lockers must be provided for the employees' clothing. 
 
 Every mine, tunnel, or quarry employing over twenty-five 
 men must maintain suitably equipped and heated wash-rooms, 
 which shall be accessible to the men at all times. 
 
 For caisson workers and all compressed-air workers, dress- 
 ing-rooms must be provided. They must be properly heated, 
 lighted, and ventilated, and must contain lockers and benches. 
 They must be provided with baths, with hot and cold water 
 service, and with a proper and sanitary toilet. The rooms must 
 be open to the men during the intermission between shifts. 
 
 Dressing-rooms. — In every factory or mercantile establish- 
 ment where women are employed, not less than one dressing-room 
 for their exclusive use must be provided. If more than five and 
 not more than ten women are employed, the floor space of the 
 dressing-room must be not less than 60 square feet and for each 
 additional person, not less than two square feet must be added. 
 
 If, in addition to the dressing-room, a separate hospital or 
 emergency room for the sick or injured is maintained, some re- 
 duction in the floor area of the dressing-rooms may be permitted 
 by the State Industrial Commission. The Industrial Code further 
 recommends that the dressing-rooms should be provided on more 
 than one floor of the establishment and shall be located near the 
 toilet rooms. 
 
 The walls must be of solid construction and at least seven feet 
 high. Translucent glass may be inserted in the walls. The 
 arrangements must secure privacy at all times. Separate clothes 
 hooks or lockers must be provided in the dressing-room if they 
 are not provided elsewhere. 
 
 Every dressing-room must have at least one window or sky- 
 light opening to the outdoor air or to an air-shaft, and so con- 
 structed as to be easily opened one-half of its area, which must 
 be equal to one tenth of the floor area. If a separate hospital 
 or emergency room is provided for the exclusive use of women 
 which satisfies the foregoing requirements for ventilation, the 
 dressing-room may be constructed without this outer window. 
 If the dressing-room has no such outer window, it must be 
 
 35 
 
equipped with exhaust ventilation equal to six changes of air per 
 hour when the rooms are in use. If the dressing-room is en- 
 closed by walls which do not reach the ceiling, the Department 
 of Labor may require such ventilation as may be necessary. 
 
 In the dressing-room, a temperature of not less than 68 degrees 
 Fahrenheit must be maintained, and the room must be well- 
 lighted. If daylight is not sufficient, artificial illumination must 
 be maintained at all times when the room is in use. 
 
 In every factory or mercantile establishment employing 
 women, at least one couch or bed must be provided. If more 
 than 40 and less than 100 women are employed, two couches 
 must be provided; if more than 100 and less than 250 women 
 are employed, three couches shall be provided ; and thereafter one 
 couch for every 350 employees must be provided. Unless there 
 is a separate hospital or emergency room, the couches must be 
 screened off from the rest of the dressing-room. 
 
 Water-closets. — In every factory or mercantile establishment 
 a sufficient number of suitable and convenient water-closets must 
 be provided separate for each sex. All water-closet arrange- 
 ments must satisfy the rules and regulations of the State Indus- 
 trial Commission. 
 
 The number of water-closets provided for each sex is deter- 
 mined by the following proportions : — 1 closet for one to fifteen 
 persons; 2 closets for 16 to 35 persons; 3 closets for 36 to 55 
 persons; 4 closets for 56 to 80 persons; 5 closets for 81 to 110 
 persons; 6 closets for 111 to 150 persons; 7 closets for 151- to 190 
 persons; and beyond this, one additional closet for every addi- 
 tional 30 persons. When more than 20 males are employed, one 
 urinal may take the place of one closet, but the number of 
 closets must not be reduced to less than two-thirds the required 
 number. 
 
 Water-closets must be readily accessible to the persons using 
 them. Unless passengers elevators may be used by the em- 
 ployees, no water-closet may be located more than one floor 
 above or below the regular place of work. Refrigerating plants, 
 flour or cereal mills, elevators, and other classes of buildings 
 specified by the State Industrial Commission are not governed 
 by the foregoing rule as to location. 
 
 Where fifteen or more persons of the same sex are employed 
 on one floor of a tenant-factory without elevator-service for the 
 
 26 
 
employees, the water-closets located off public hallways must be 
 on the same floor. This rule does not apply when an employer 
 occupies two or more successive floors or when the Industrial 
 Commission issues a permit allowing the use of toilets on alter- 
 nate floors for men and women. 
 
 The Industrial Commission recommends in general, in the 
 interests of convenience and accessibility, that there should be 
 a number of small installations in preference to a few large 
 ones. 
 
 Water-closet Entrances. — In factories and mercantile estab- 
 lishments, the entrance to every water-closet must be effectively- 
 screened. Where persons of both sexes are employed, the water- 
 closets for each sex shall be so placed and so screened that they 
 shall not be visible, even when the door of the toilet-room or 
 water-closet compartment is open, from any place where per- 
 sons of the other sex have to work or pass. The door of every 
 toilet-room or water-closet compartment must have a self-clos- 
 ing device to keep it closed. 
 
 If the water-closet is already existing [before April 15, 1915] 
 it must subscribe to the following rules. The entrance of a 
 water-closet compartment which opens directly into the work- 
 room must be screened by a vestibule or stationary screen not 
 less than 6 feet high and not less than 2 feet wider than the 
 entrance door, if space permits. If the existing water-closets 
 for men and women are in adjoining compartments and their 
 entrances are within 10' feet or less of each other, a stationary 
 screen of the required height and T-shape or L-shape must be 
 built across the doors. 
 
 Water-closets installed after April 15, 1915, must be 
 located in a toilet-room or be screened by a vestibule and door. 
 The entrance must be remote from the entrance to a toilet for 
 the opposite sex. 
 
 Every water-closet compartment used by women must have 
 a door fastened with a latch or lock. Dwarf doors, not less, 
 than 48 inches high and not less than 60 inches from the top 
 to the floor, may be used if the water-closet compartment is 
 located within a toilet-room. The Industrial Commission may 
 require doors to be provided for compartments used by men. 
 
 Water-closets for Special Industries. — In establishments, 
 where food products are manufactured, packed, or sold, water- 
 closets and urinal compartments must be separated from the 
 
 37 
 
work-rooms by a vestibule with a door. Both doors, that of 
 the compartment and that of the vestibule, must be provided with 
 self-closing devices. Between May 1st and November 1st, all 
 windows of such compartments must be provided with wire 
 screens, not coarser than 14 mesh square and kept in good 
 repair. 
 
 In every foundry where more than ten persons are em- 
 ployed and where the toilet accommodations are allowed by the 
 Industrial Commission to remain outside of the factory, the pas- 
 sageway must be protected in such a way that the men are not 
 exposed to the outdoor atmosphere and the water-closet com- 
 partment must be properly heated in cold weather. 
 
 In foundries, roUing mills, blast furnaces, smelters, and other 
 establishments specified by the Industrial Commission, the outside 
 walls of the toilet compartment are required to extend to the ceil- 
 ing but may be carried to a height of not less than seven feet, 
 provided that such facilities are located in rooms which women 
 are not allowed to enter. Similarly, urinals in such establish- 
 ments may be built without partitions provided that they are 
 properly screened and located in rooms which women are not 
 allowed to enter. 
 
 Water-Closet Partitions. — Where water-closets for males and 
 females are in adjoining compartments, they must be separated 
 by solid plastered or metal-covered partitions extending from 
 floor to ceiling. In existing [April 15, 1915] accommodations, 
 metal or tile coverings for the partition may be used extending 
 to a height of at least 7 feet. Partitions installed after April 
 15, 1915, must be not less than 2J^ inches thick. 
 
 The outside partitions of every toilet-room must extend to 
 the ceiling or be independently ceiled over. Above the level 
 of 6 feet, the walls may be provided with translucent glass. If 
 the interior of the water-closet compartment is made of wood 
 instead of hard, non-absorbent material, it must be kept well- 
 painted with light-colored non-absorbent paint or varnished. 
 
 Water-closet Floors. — The floor and other surface beneath 
 and around the closet must be maintained in good repair and 
 kept well-painted. 
 
 38 
 
Future Installations. — Toilet-rooms installed after April 15, 
 1915, must have floors and six inches of the side-walls made of 
 material other than wood, such as marble, slate, tile, or other 
 approved waterproof material. The angle between the floor and 
 the wall must be coved. 
 
 The walls, up to a height of not less than four feet, must be 
 built of material other than wood. If more than one water- 
 closet is installed in a toilet-room, the partitions must extend 
 at least 15 inches forward from the fixture. These partitions 
 may be of wood, if varnished or well painted. If intended for 
 the use of women, the top must not be less than six feet from the 
 floor and extend not higher than one foot from the ceiling. If 
 intended for men's use, the partitions must extend not less than 
 five feet from the floor. A space below measuring not less than 
 six inches and not more than 14 inches, must be allowed. The 
 distance between partitions must not be less than 38 inches. 
 
 Every water-closet compartment installed after April 15, 
 1915, provided with a door must be not less than four feet 
 deep and contain not less than 90 cubic feet of air space. 
 
 Water-closet Fixtures. — Only individual water-closet fixtures 
 are allowed in factories and mercantile establishments. The use 
 of any form of trough water-closet, latrine, or school sink is 
 prohibited. Woodwork enclosing water-closet fixtures is 
 also prohibited. The material of the basin or urinal, if installed 
 in a factory before April 15, 1915, and in a mercantile estab- 
 lishment before October 1, 1914, must be of enameled iron or 
 earthenware. If installed after April 15, 1915, the material of 
 the basin must be a rim flush bowl made of vitreous china or 
 iron porcelain enameled inside and outside. The water-closet 
 must be flushed from a separate cistern connected in such a way 
 as to keep the water supply of the establishment free from 
 contamination. Pan, plunger, washout, and oflF-set water- 
 closets are prohibited if installed after April 15, 1915, and flush- 
 ing cisterns installed after this date must use not less than 
 three gallons of water at each discharge. 
 
 Urinals. — Except in installations existing before April 15, 
 1915, where water-closets are provided without diminution for 
 urinals, urinals must be provided in the following proportion 
 
 29 
 
-where more than 10 men are employed at any one time: one 
 Tirinal for 10 to 40 em.ployees and thereafter one additional urinal 
 for every additional 60 employees. Two linear feet of slab 
 urinal is considered equivalent to one individual urinal. The 
 material of urinals installed after April 15, 1915, must be im- 
 pervious to moisture. Cast iron, galvanized iron, sheet-metal, 
 and steel may not be used unless coated with vitreous enamel. 
 Installations after this date must also be provided with sides to 
 give privacy, and the installation of trough urinals after this 
 date is prohibited. The floor to a distance of not less than 24 
 inches in front of the urinal must be of waterproof material, and 
 whenever new wall or vertical slab urinals are installed the floor 
 in front must slope toward the urinal drain. Every urinal 
 must be flushed from a separate water-supplied system or 
 through a flush valve. All new cisterns (installed since April 
 15, 1915) must use not less than one gallon of water at each 
 discharge. In place of such discharge water may be allowed to 
 run continuously over slab urinals. Ninety feet of air space 
 must be allowed for each urinal when it is located in a com- 
 partment or toilet-room. 
 
 Heating. — Water-closet compartments must be kept heated 
 'during working hours to not less than 50 degrees Fahrenheit from 
 November 1 to April 1. 
 
 Ventilation. — Every toilet-room installed before April 
 15, 1915, must be ventilated to the outside air by window, sky- 
 light or ventilating duct. If the toilet-room has more than two 
 fixtures and is ventilated solely by ducts or by windows whose 
 area is less than that required for new buildings by one-third or 
 more, mechanical ventilation must be installed. The Industrial 
 'Commission may modify this requirement for not more than four 
 fixtures or may require ventilation for two or less fixtures if 
 necessary. 
 
 Windows must be so constructed as to open at least one-half 
 of their required area. 
 
 In all toilets installed after April 15, 1915, ventilation must 
 be provided for by a window opening directly to the outdoor air, 
 •or by a skylight with an equivalent opening. The window must 
 
 30 
 
have an area of not less than six square feet for one water- 
 closet or urinal, and one additional square foot for each addi- 
 tional water-closet or urinal. 
 
 Every such window must open upon a street, yard, or an 
 uncovered outdoor space, which in its least horizontal dimension 
 is at least one-tenth of the height of the highest abutting wall 
 but in no case less than six feet. If these ventilating regulations 
 are not satisfied, a mechanical ventilating system must be supplied 
 of sufficient capacity to exhaust not less than 35 cubic feet' 
 of air for every water-closet or urinal. If the air is exhausted 
 within two feet of each fixture, the amount may be reduced to 
 25 cubic feet of air space per minute. 
 
 Every toilet-room or water-closet compartment must be illu- 
 minated during working-hours. If. daylight is not sufficient, 
 artificial light must be maintained. The approaches must be 
 kept well-lighted and free from incumbrances. An adequate 
 supply of toilet paper must be provided and the walls must be 
 kept free from all indecent writings or markings. If such 
 writing is found, the employer must have it removed. 
 
 Dry Closets. — Water-closets without flush may be permitted 
 in labor camps and other factories only if it is shown to the satis- 
 faction of the Industrial Commission that their use is absolutely 
 necessary. In no case are they permitted if the establishment 
 employs a permanent force of 25 or more employees. The 
 construction and maintenance of dry closets is minutely regu- 
 lated by the Industrial Code. 
 
 Lunch Rooms. — In any factory or mercantile establishment 
 where poisonous or injurious substances or fumes are preseii't, no 
 employee may be permitted to take any food into a work-room. 
 Notice to this effect must be posted in such rooms. No employee, 
 unless his presence is necessary for the proper conduct of the 
 business, may remain in such work-rooms during the time allowed 
 for meals. The employer must make suitable provision for en- 
 abling employees to take their meals in some other part of the 
 establishment. 
 
 Lunch-rooms for women in mercantile establishments must 
 not be adjoining the water-closets unless permission is given by 
 the State Industrial Commission which may also revoke the 
 permission if the lunch-room is subsequently kept in a manner 
 injurious to the health of the employees. 
 
 31 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 ACQDENT PREVENTION* 
 
 Building Trades. — The employer in the building trades must 
 furnish safe scaffolding, ladders, and other mechanical contriv- 
 ances. Such appliances must give proper protection to the life, 
 and liijib of the worker. If the scaffolding is more than twenty 
 feet above the ground, it must have a safety rail, 34 inches 
 high and properly bolted, and must be fixed to prevent swaying. 
 All swinging scaffolding must be built to bear four times the 
 maximum weight required to be placed upon it, and not more 
 than four men shall be allowed on it at one time. Whenever a 
 complaint is sent to the Industrial Commission an inspection 
 must be made, immediately; the inspector then affixes a label to 
 any part of the equipment found unsafe and forbids its use until 
 the employer shall have rendered the part safe. 
 
 In the construction of buildings, floors must be completed or 
 temporarily laid as the building progresses. If a building is 
 five stories or more in height, the lumber or timber needed must 
 be hoisted within the building and the hoistways must be safely 
 fenced and guarded. 
 
 Elevators. — Elevator shafts of all kinds must be enclosed on 
 all sides. All openings in such enclosures must be provided with 
 self-closing gates or sliding doors. In the case of passenger 
 elevators, the enclosure must extend to the ceiling on the open 
 side of the car and to a height of at least 6 feet on the other 
 sides. In the case of freight elevators, trap doors so built as 
 to form a strong floor surface when closed may take the place 
 of such enclosures, provided that the hatchway is protected on 
 all sides by a firm railing three feet high. The car used for 
 carrying passengers must be substantially enclosed on all sides 
 including the top, and must be properly illuminated at all times. 
 The top of every freight elevator car must be provided with a 
 
 *The State Department of Labor has issued a Special Bulletin (No. 
 77), prepared by the Bureau of Statistics and Information and published 
 at Albany, 1916, on "Industrial Accident Prevention." Copies of this 
 Bulletin will be supplied on request. A report of the proceedings of the 
 Safety Congress held under the auspices of the State Industrial Commis- 
 sion, December, 1916, may also be had upon application to the State De- 
 partment of Labor. 
 
 33 
 
substantial grating or covering for the protection of the operator. 
 The approaches to elevators must be kept well-lighted during 
 working hours. The Industrial Commission is empowered to 
 make rules and regulations for elevators in both old and new 
 buildings. 
 
 Guarding Machinery. — Machinery of every description must 
 be properly guarded with safety appliances or devices. All belt- 
 ing and all shafting within seven feet of the floor; every hydro- 
 extractor; all saws, planers, jointers, all cogs and gearing, set- 
 screws, keys, bolts, and all projecting parts of revolving shaft- 
 ing must be effectively guarded. Vats and pans below elbow- 
 level must be protected by a cover. The owner of a factory must 
 provide belt-shifters or other mechanical contrivances for the 
 purpose of throwing belts on or off if the Industrial Board so 
 requires. If special clothing is necessary as a safeguard, the 
 Industrial Commission may require that such clothing be worn. 
 No person is permitted to remove a safety appliance, except for- 
 unavoidable repairs, and if it is removed the employer is re- 
 sponsible for having it promptly replaced. The Industrial Com- 
 mission may make rules and regulations concerning safeguards 
 against existing dangers, whenever such rules are necessary for 
 the prevention of accidents in factories. 
 
 In foundries, all apparatus for transferring molten metal must 
 be kept in proper repair. 
 
 If the Industrial Commission finds any part of the machinery 
 unprotected, he may prohibit its use and affix a notice to that 
 effect. The notice may not be removed until the Commission 
 deems that the required safeguards have been provided. 
 
 Mangle-Guards. — The standardization of mangle-guards is 
 very much needed. At present, laundry machinery is only regu- 
 lated by the general provision that machinery of every descrip- 
 tion must be properly guarded. A definition of what constitutes 
 a proper guard for mangles is still lacking. The laundry trade 
 of the State employs an increasing number of women, whose 
 welfare requires a much stricter control of dangerous laundry 
 machinery than exists at present. 
 
 First Aid Kit. — In every factory employing more than 10 
 persons and using power-driven machinery, a first-aid kit must 
 4 33 
 
be provided free of expense to employees. The Industrial Com- 
 mission may also require such equipment for mercantile estab- 
 lishments. The first-aid provisions must include a suitable, pri- 
 vate space with chairs, table, and washing facilities. The kit 
 must be of metal or glass and dustproof. If required by the 
 Commission, several kits must be kept in different places and 
 also a stretcher. The contents of the kit, as itemized in the 
 Industrial Code consist of: 
 
 Instruments : — 1 pair scissors ; thumb forceps ; tourniquet ; 
 
 graduated medicine glass. 
 Drugs: — 2 oz. aromatic spirits of ammonia; 2 oz. 4% 
 boric acid; 2 oz. alcoholic iodine solution, half 
 strength (for external use) ; 2 3-oz. collapsible 
 tubes of bicarbonate of soda mixed with vaseline 
 [3%] (for burns). 2 oz. castor oil (for eye in- 
 juries). 
 Dressings : — 1 dozen assorted sized sterilized gauze band- 
 ages; 1 spool L. O. adhesive plaster, 1 inch hy 5 
 yards; 3 half-oz. packages of absorbent cotton; 3 
 1-yard packages of sterile gauze ; spHnts of assorted 
 sizes for fractures ; wooden applicators wound with 
 cotton; wooden tongue depressors. 
 
 In every foundry there shall be available for immediate use 
 in case of burns an ample supply of lime-water, olive oil, vase- 
 line, bandages and absorbent cotton. 
 
 Medical Attendance. — All companies engaged in carrying on 
 compressed-air work must employ one or more medical officers 
 who shall be in attendance at all necessary times in order to 
 enforce the following regulations : — Every new employee must 
 be examined and pronounced physically qualified; no person 
 known to be addicted to the use of alcohol shall be permitted to 
 work in compressed air ; a new employee who has not previously 
 worked in compressed air may work only one half-day period 
 within the first 24 hours and must then be re-examined. Unless 
 the medical officer reports him as qualified for the work, he 
 must not be allowed to work in a place where the pressure is 
 more than 15 pounds; an employee who has been absent from 
 work 10' days or more must be re-examined before resuming 
 
 34 
 
work; a person who has been continuously employed in com- 
 pressed air for three months must be re-examined and pronounced 
 physically qualified; the medical officer must keep a full record 
 of all examinations, the date, the age, description, and physical 
 condition of the worker, and the length of time he has been 
 employed in such occupations. 
 
 A medical lock must be maintained. It must be properly 
 heated, lighted, and ventilated, and must be in charge of a cer- 
 tified trained nurse. 
 
 Reporting Accidents. — The person in charge of any build- 
 ing, construction, or engineering work of any description or of a 
 mine, quarry, or tunnel, must keep a record of all deaths, injuries, 
 or accidents sustained by the workers and must furnish a copy 
 thereof to the Industrial Commission on demand. Within 48 
 hours following an accident, a written report must be made to 
 the Commission stating as fully as possible the cause of the death 
 or injury, the place where the patient has been sent, and such 
 further information as the Commission shall require. 
 
 The person in charge of a factory must observe the same 
 rules, keeping a complete record of all accidents and reporting 
 the same to the Industrial Commission within 48 hours. 
 
 American Museum of Safety. — A State law of 1911 estab- 
 lished in New York City the American Museum of Safety. The 
 purpose of the Museum is educational. It exists for the study 
 and promotion of knowledge concerning the prevention of acci- 
 dents, the elimination or lessening of occupational disease, and 
 the advancement of industrial welfare. 
 
 The Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York 
 City has the power to appropriate funds for the maintenance of 
 the safety and sanitation exhibit in the museum. The exhibit 
 is open daily from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. and is free to the public. 
 It may be kept open by special arrangement for evening visits by 
 technical societies, superintendents, foremen, inspectors, educa- 
 tors, students, and workmen. The Museum issues a regular 
 bulletin. 
 
 Workmen's Compensation Act. — The most thoroughgoing 
 measure for accident-prevention is the Workmen's Compensation 
 
 35 
 
Act. Compensation is payable for deaths or injuries suffered in 
 one of the employments defined as hazardous by the law. The 
 list does not include farm labor or domestic service. 
 
 In the spring of 1916, the compensation law was very much 
 broadened by the inclusion of many new occupations and by the 
 extension of the law to state and municipal employees. Hitherto 
 the law had applied only to trades and occupations carried on 
 by the employer for pecuniary gain. At present it applies to a 
 large body of city employees, including the elevator operators, 
 machinists of many sorts, and street cleaners. 
 
 The employer must promptly provide for the injured em- 
 ployee such medical, surgical, or other treatment as may be 
 required and continue the same for 60 days after the injury. 
 
 Aside from this service, no compensation is paid for the first 
 14 days of disability. 
 
 In case of total permanent disability, the employee must be 
 paid 66 2-3 per cent, of his average weekly wages as long as 
 he is disabled. In case of temporary total disability, 66 2-3 pei? 
 cent, of the wages must be paid but the sum must not surpass 
 $3,500. Various degrees of disability are compensated at the 
 same rate for a specified number of weeks. 
 
 If the injury results in death, the funeral expenses, not ex- 
 ceeding $100, are paid; the wife is paid 30 per cent, of the 
 husband's wages with 2 years' compensation in one sum if she 
 remarries. If there are surviving children under 18, 10' per 
 cent, of the father's wages is paid for each child until the age 
 of 18; but in no case must the total amount exceed 66 2-3 of 
 the man's wages. If the mother subsequently dies, each child's 
 allowance is increased to 15 per cent. Alien non-resident de- 
 pendents are included under the law. 
 
 The State Workman's Compensation Commission [now the 
 State Industrial Commission] has full power and authority to 
 determine all questions in relation to the payment of claims for 
 compensation. Notice of an injury must be sent to the Com- 
 mission and to the employer within 10 days following the dis- 
 ability and notice of death within 30 days. 
 
 The employer may secure compensation for his employees by 
 insurance in the State fund, by insurance in a stock corporation 
 or mutual association, or by carrying the risk himself. 
 
 36 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 DISEASE PREVENTION* 
 
 The prevention of occupational disease is sought by means of 
 certain legal regulations, but the most effective method of pre- 
 vention, that of compulsory compensation for occupational dis- 
 ease as well as for industrial accident, has not yet been adopted 
 by the New York State laws. 
 
 Mercantile Regulations. — In mercantile establishments, 
 women and children are not permitted to work in the base- 
 ment, unless the State Department of Labor or, in the smaller 
 cities, the Health Department, grants permission to that effect. 
 Permission is granted as a rule, unless the basement is not suffi- 
 ciently lighted and ventilated and is not in good sanitary con- 
 dition. 
 
 The proprietor of a grocery or provision store located in a 
 city of the first class must not permit any clerk to sleep in a 
 room or apartment connected with the store which does not 
 comply with the sanitary regulations of the local board of 
 health. 
 
 The proprietor of a drug store must not require or permit 
 an employee to sleep in a room in, or connected' with, the store 
 which does not comply with the sanitary regulations of the local 
 board of health. 
 
 Factory Regulations. — In foundries, the entrances and 
 windows must be so constructed and repaired as to minimize 
 drafts. Suitable provisions must be made for drying the work- 
 ing clothes of the employees. Special regulations of the Indus- 
 trial Code governing Bakeries and Confectioneries will be dealt 
 with in the chapter under that head. 
 
 In any factory where dust, gases, fumes, vapors, fibers, or 
 other impurities are generated by the work-processes in suffi- 
 cient quantities to injure the health of the operatives, the manu- 
 
 *See also Chapter on Sanitary Regulations. Further, see Special 
 Bulletin No. 76 of the State Department of Labor, prepared by the 
 Bureau of Statistics and Information, on "European Regulations for 
 Prevention of Occupational Disease," Albany, 1916, to be had free upon 
 request. 
 
 37 
 
facturer must provide special devices for removing such impuri- 
 ties at their point of origin wherever practicable. Proper hoods 
 connected with conduits and provided with exhaust fans must be 
 placed where they are needed, and must be kept in action so long 
 as work is being done. In the case of wet-grinding and wood- 
 working machinery, the suction device may be dispensed with 
 only when the Industrial Commission approves. A set of detailed 
 rules for the removal of dust, gases and fumes in all factories 
 and also a special set of rules for the maintenance of foundries 
 are issued by the Industrial Commission as special bulletins. 
 
 Reporting Industrial Diseases. — Every medical practitioner 
 called in to visit a patient whom he believes to be suffering from 
 anthrax, or from compressed-air illness, or from poisoning from 
 lead, phosphorous, arsenic, brass, wood alcohol, mercury, or 
 their compounds must send to the Industrial Commission a 
 notice giving the name and address, place of employment, 
 the nature of the patient's disease, and such further information 
 as the Commission shall require. Any medical practitioner who 
 fails to do this is liable to a fine not exceeding ten dollars. 
 
 A rule of the New York City Board of Health requires all 
 hospitals, institutions, and dispensaries to report in writing the 
 name, age, and address of any patient found to be suffering from 
 industrial poisons, of which a specified list is given. 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 FIRE PREVENTION 
 
 Prohibition of Sfnoking. — No person is allowed to smoke in 
 a factory. The Industrial Commission (in New York City, the 
 Board of Standards and Appeals) may permit smoking in pro- 
 tected portions of a factory or in special classes of factories, 
 where, in the opinion of the Commission, the safety of the em- 
 ployees would not be thereby endangered. A notice of this pro- 
 hibition, stating the penalty for its violation, must be posted in 
 every entrance hall, elevator car, stair-hall and room on every 
 floor of the factory. The notice must be in English and also in 
 other languages if required by the Fire Commissioner in New 
 York City and elsewhere by the Industrial Commission. The 
 
 38 
 
Fire Commissioner of the City of New York and, elsewhere with- 
 in the State, the Industrial Commission have the responsibility 
 for the enforcement of this law.* 
 
 Boiler Inspection. — All boilers used for generating steam or 
 heat for factory purposes must be inspected by the Industrial 
 Commission (in New York City by the Police Department) 
 except those which have been certified as safe by a duly author- 
 ized insurance company. The insurance companies must report 
 to the Industrial Commission all boilers insured by them and also 
 those rejected by them. Any owner or lessee of a boiler who 
 permits it to be used after receiving notice that it is unsafe is 
 subject to a fine of not more than five dollars for each day that 
 it is used. 
 
 Protection of Gas Jets. — All gas jets or lights in factories must 
 be properly inclosed in globes, wire cages, or by some form of 
 protection approved by the Fire Commissioner in the City of New 
 York and elsewhere by the Industrial Commission. 
 
 Fireproof Receptacles. — Every factory must be provided with 
 fireproof receptacles for inflammable waste materials, cuttings, 
 and rubbish. Such materials must not be allowed to accumulate 
 but be collected from the floor at least twice each day and must 
 be removed from the building at least once a day. Baled waste 
 material, however, may be stored in fireproof inclosures for not 
 more than a month. 
 
 The number, kind, and location of these receptacles must be 
 approved by the Fire Commissioner in the City of New York and 
 elsewhere by the Industrial Commission. 
 
 Stairways. — Stairways must be provided with proper and 
 substantial hand-rails which do not project more than three and 
 one-half inches into the stairway. When the stairway is enclosed 
 by fireproof partitions, the bottom of the enclosure must be of 
 fireproof material at least four inches thick, unless the fireproof 
 partitions extend to the cellar bottom. All stairways serving as 
 required means of egress, if extending to the top story must be 
 continued to the roof. All stairways serving as required means 
 of egress must extend to the first story and lead to a street or an 
 open area having communication with the street. 
 
 *The report of the N. Y. C. Fire Commissioner shows that 1,306 fires, 
 10 per cent, of the entire number for the year 191S, were caused by the 
 careless use of cigars and cigarettes. 
 
 39 
 
Enclosure of Stairways. — All interior stairways in factory- 
 buildings more than five stories high must be enclosed on all 
 sides by partitions of fire-resisting material, extending continu- 
 ously from the basement. In case the stairway leads to the top 
 floor of the building, the partitions must extend to three feet above 
 the roof. Every opening in the partitions must be provided with 
 self-closing doors made of fire-resisting material, except where 
 the openings are in the exterior wall. 
 
 The Industrial Commission (in New York City the Board of 
 Standards and Appeals) may prescribe rules and regulations for 
 stairway enclosures and the openings therein. The Industrial 
 Commission may further adopt rules for requiring the enclosure 
 of stairways in buildings less than six stories in height. In the 
 case of buildings erected prior to October 1, 1913, not over six 
 stories high, the Industrial Commission may find that fireproof 
 enclosures may be dispensed with or modified without danger to 
 the employees in the building and may permit the continued use 
 of partitions which have heretofore been approved by the local 
 building authorities. In these cases, however, the partitions 
 must be provided with fire-resisting doors. 
 
 In factory buildings erected prior to October 1, 1913, less 
 than six stories in height in which more than 25 persons are 
 employed above the second floor, all stairways must be enclosed 
 by fire-resisting material extending continuously from the lowest 
 point of the stairway in accordance with the following: — 
 
 Three-story buildings, with combustible contents, must have 
 stairways enclosed; four-story buildings, with contents either 
 combustible or non-combustible, and without automatic sprinkler, 
 must have stairways enclosed; five-story buildings, with com- 
 bustible or non-combustible contents and without sprinkler, or 
 with combustible contents with sprinkler, must have stairways en- 
 closed. Such enclosures must extend to three feet above the roof, 
 unless the roof is of non-combustible material. The doors must 
 be self-closing and fire-resisting. The bottom of the enclosure 
 must be at least four inches thick, unless the partition extends 
 to the cellar bottom. 
 
 No elevator is allowed to descend into a passage-way. If it is 
 necessary to maintain a passage-way under an elevator or hoist- 
 way, a substantial floor or bulk-head must be provided with not 
 less than seven feet of head-room from the floor of the passage. 
 
 40 
 
Doors and Windows. — ^Doors and windows must not be 
 obstructed by stationary metal bars, grating, or wire mesh. If 
 such coverings are provided they must be easily removable on 
 both sides and never locked during working hours. Doors must 
 open out in such a way as not to obstruct the passageway. The 
 word "exit," in letters at least eight inches high, must be clearly 
 painted over every exit leading to a stairway or other means of 
 egress. A red light must also be placed over such exit for use in 
 the darkness. 
 
 Where five or more persons are employed on any floor of a 
 factory building, every door leading to a means of exit must open 
 outwardly or must be a double swinging door. 
 
 All exit doors in the first story, including the doors of the 
 vestibule, must open outwardly. 
 
 No door leading into or out of any factory or floor may be 
 locked during working hours. 
 
 Requirements for Exits. — Free passageways, at least three 
 feet wide, must always be maintained on each floor of the build- 
 ing leading directly to every means of egress, including outside 
 fire-escapes and passenger elevators. 
 
 Every building over two stories high must have two means of 
 exit on each floor remote from each other. No point of the floor 
 may be more than 100 feet distant from one of these means of 
 exit, or 150 feet if the building has an automatic sprinkler. One 
 of these exits must lead to an interior or an exterior enclosed 
 fireproof stairway. The other must lead to another such stair- 
 way, or to a horizontal exit, or to an exterior screened stairway, 
 or to outside fire-escapes which are classed as adequate. 
 
 The Industrial Commission (in New York City, Board of 
 Standards and Appeals) is empowered to make rules and regula- 
 tions concerning construction, equipment, and maintenance and 
 concerning the adequacy and effectiveness of the means of exit 
 and has embodied many such rules and regulations in the Indus- 
 trial Code. 
 
 Fire-Escapes. — All outside fire-escapes must be of wrought- 
 iron or steel and able to support a live load of at least 90 pounds 
 per square foot with a factor of safety of four. When possible 
 the stairs must fonn a continuous run. The balconies must be 
 four feet wide and surrounded by an iron railing three feet high. 
 
 41 
 
Each balcony must have a landing 34 inches square at the head 
 of the stairway and a passage between the side of the building 
 and the stairway opening of 18 inches, except where the stairs 
 reach and leave the balconies at the ends or where double run 
 stairways are used. The stairs must be at least 32 inches wide, 
 with eight-inch treads and eight-inch risers, provided with a hand- 
 rail at least three feet high, and placed at an angle not greater 
 than 45 degrees. Each tread must sustain a live load of 400 
 pounds with a factor of safety of four. A similar stairway 
 must extend from the top balcony to the roof, unless the fire 
 escape is on the front of the building, and from the lowest balcony 
 to the ground. The ground stairway must remain down perma- 
 nently or swing up and down automatically. Unobstructed egress 
 from the foot of a rear fire-escape must be provided by means of 
 an open court or a fireproof passageway three feet wide leading 
 to the street or to an open area communicating with the street. 
 The passageway must be adequately lighted always and the lights 
 must be arranged independently of the regular factory lighting, 
 so that they may operate even when the factory lights are ex- 
 tinguished. 
 
 All openings leading to outside fire escapes must have an un- 
 obstructed width of at least two feet and an unobstructed height 
 of at least six feet, and must extend to the floor or within six 
 inches of it. The sill of the opening must not be over seven 
 inches above the floor of the fire-escape or six inches above the 
 inside floor. The frame of the opening must be metal or metal- 
 covered, and must be provided with fireproof doors or wired 
 glass windows. 
 
 Fire-escapes erected prior to October 1, 1913, on buildings 
 six, seven, eight, or nine stories in height may have the openings 
 leading to the fire-escapes at about window level if steps are 
 provided on the inside of the factory and if the balconies are not 
 less than three feet wide. If the building is six stories or less 
 in height, the fire-escapes may be connected by stairs at an angle 
 not exceeding 60 degrees from the horizontal. 
 
 Fire-escapes erected on buildings constructed prior to October 
 1, 1913, five stories or under in height must be provided with steps 
 connecting the sill of every opening with the factory floor 
 wherever the sill is more than three feet above the floor. 
 
 Fire-escapes are not accepted as required means of exit on 
 buildings more than- nine stories high. 
 
 43 
 
If, in addition to the required exits of a factory, there are 
 other fire-escapes not conforming to the exit regulations, they- 
 may be retained if kept in good repair and if they are plainly 
 marked "This is not an exit." Such fire-escapes must be struc- 
 turally safe but they must not be used for fire-drills. 
 
 Fire-Alarm Signal Systems. — Every factory building over 
 two stories in height in which more than 25 persons are employed 
 above the ground floor must be equipped with a fire alarm signal 
 system. The Industrial Commission (in New York City, the 
 Fire Commissioner) may prescribe the number and location of 
 such signals. In tenant-factories, the system must be installed 
 by the owner of the building; in other factories the owner or 
 lessee must install it. The alarm must sound throughout the 
 building simultaneously. It must be kept in good working order. 
 All devices and equipment must conform to the requirements and 
 specifications of the administrative authorities. 
 
 Fire-Drills. — In every factory building over two stories high, 
 in which more than 25 persons are employed above the ground 
 floor, a fire drill for all the occupants simultaneously must be 
 held at least once a month. 
 
 In New York City, the Board of Standards and Appeals and, 
 in all other parts of the State, the State Industrial Commission,, 
 must make regulations and give special orders when necessary. 
 A demonstration of the fire-drill must be given upon request of 
 an authorized member of the Fire Department. 
 
 If a factory is in a building erected before October 1, 1913, in 
 which every square foot of the floor on all stories is protected 
 with an automatic sprinkler system having two adequate sources, 
 of water supply and approved by the public authorities having 
 jurisdiction, and if the maximum number of occupants on any 
 floor does not exceed by more than 50 per cent, the number for 
 which exit facilities have been provided, the signal system and 
 fire drill are not required. If the number of occupants exceeds 
 this limit, the alarm and drill are necessary. 
 
 Automatic Sprinklers. — In every factory building over seven 
 stories or 90 feet high, in which wooden flooring or wooden 
 trim is used and in which more than 200 people are regularly 
 employed above the seventh floor or more than 90 feet above 
 ground, the owner must install an automatic sprinkler system 
 approved by the Fire Commissioner in New York City and 
 elsewhere by the State Industrial Commission.. 
 
 43 
 
Limitation of Floor Occupants. — The number of persons who 
 may occupy a factory building above the ground floor is Hmited 
 to the number who can safely escape from the building by the 
 means of exit provided. 
 
 In buildings constructed after October 1, 1913, not more than 
 14 persons may be employed on any floor for every 22 inches 
 in width of stairway furnishing the required means of exit. No 
 allowance may be made for additional width which is less than 
 22 inches. In buildings erected before October 1, 1913, not more 
 than fourteen persons may work on each floor for every 18 inches 
 in width of stairway and for any additional width, a proportionate 
 increase in the number of occupants is allowed for every 18 
 inches. 
 
 If the Industrial Commission (in New York City, the Board 
 of Standards and Appeals) finds that safety is not endangered 
 thereby, it may permit the number of occupants to be increased to 
 a number not greater than 20 persons for every 18 inches in width 
 of stairway with a proportionate increase for additional width 
 amounting to less than 18 inches. 
 
 In any building, for every additional 16 inches of height over 
 10 feet between two floors, one additional person may be added 
 to the number of persons permitted by the foregoing rules to work 
 on the upper floor for every 18 inches in width of stairway 
 provided. 
 
 If an interior alarm and automatic sprinkler system are 
 installed in a building, which meets the foregoing requirements as 
 to width of stairs and height of floors, the number of persons 
 who may occupy a floor may be increased by 100 per cent. The 
 automatic sprinkler system must comply with the rules and regu- 
 lations of the Board of Standards and Appeals in New York 
 City and of the Industrial Commission outside of New York City. 
 
 If the stairway is of the type known as "winders," a deduc- 
 tion of 10 per cent, must be made in estimating its capacity. 
 
 If the stairways and stair halls are enclosed by fireproof par- 
 titions conforming to the legal requirements, the number of 
 persons who may be employed on that floor is increased by the 
 number who can occupy the enclosed stair-hall, allowing five 
 square feet of unobstructed space per person. 
 
 If a horizontal exit is provided for a floor, the number of 
 persons who may be employed on it equals the number of per- 
 sons who can occupy the smaller of the two spaces divided by 
 
 44 
 
the fireproof partition, allowing five square feet of floor space 
 per person. If the exit is to an adjoining building, the number 
 of persons allowed to work on the floor eguals the number who 
 can occupy the adjoining floor in addition to the occupants of that 
 floor, allowing five square feet of floor space per person. The 
 doorway which furnishes the horizontal exit, if constructed 
 before October 1, 1913, must allow 18 inches of width for each 
 50 persons or fraction of 50, and if constructed after October 1, 
 1913, must allow 33 inches of width for this number of employees. 
 
 If a floor in a building dated before October 1, 1913, is subdi- 
 vided by a partition of brick, terra-cotta, or concrete at least four 
 inches thick extending between fireproofed floors, and if the 
 openings are fireproofed doors between 44 and 46 inches wide, 
 always kept unlocked, and if the windows on that floor and the 
 two floors beneath are fireproof windows, the same rules apply 
 as if the floor had a horizontal exit as in the foregoing paragraph. 
 There must also be a stairway qualifying as a means of exit on 
 each side of the partition. 
 
 If a floor is occupied by more than one tenant, the Industrial 
 Commission (in New York City the Fire Commissioner) may 
 apportion the number of persons allowed for the space of each 
 tenant. 
 
 In every factory, two stories or more in height, the Industrial 
 Commission or the Fire Commissioner must post conspicuously 
 on each floor or part of a floor the number of persons who may 
 be employed on it,, and the notice must be dated. 
 
 Construction of New Buildings. — Factory buildings erected 
 after October 1, 1913, and more than four stories high must be 
 of fireproof construction. The roofs must be covered with in- 
 combustible material and the exterior walls, if within 35 feet of 
 a non-fireproof building, must be at least eight inches thick 
 and extend three feet above the roof. For each floor, there must 
 be two means of exit remote from each other, one of which must 
 be either an exterior or an interior enclosed fireproof stairway 
 and the other of which must be a stairway or a horizontal exit. 
 In every building over 100 feet high, there must be at least one 
 exterior enclosed fireproof stairway, accessible from any point in 
 the building. No point in the floor area may be more than 100 feet 
 distant from an exit; and when the floor area exceeds 5,000' 
 square feet, an additional exit must be provided. 
 
 45 
 
Stairways must be made of incombustible material and com- 
 pletely enclosed from cellar to a distance of three feet above the 
 roof by fireproof partitions. They must be at least 44 inches 
 wide, with treads at least 10' inches wide and not more than 7% 
 inches high. "Winders" are not allowed except to connect one 
 floor with another. Doors connecting with stairways must be 44 
 inches wide, and the width of the hallways and exit doors at the 
 street-level must be equal to the aggregate width of all the stair- 
 ways leading to them. 
 
 All elevator shafts and other shafts of a building must be 
 enclosed by fireproof partitions; the bottom and the top of this 
 enclosure and all openings into it must be fireproofed according 
 to the legal specifications. 
 
 If the enclosure extends to the top story, it must continue to 
 three feet above the roof and have a skylight consisting of a metal 
 frame and plain glass not more than three-sixteenths of an inch 
 thick and covering three- fourths the area of the shaft ; or it may 
 have an exterior window with metal frame and sash. 
 
 To be of fireproof construction, a building must be made 
 throughout of fireproof or fire-resisting materials as these are 
 ■defined by the Labor Law and the Industrial Code. Wooden trim 
 and wooden floors may be introduced into new buildings if they 
 are less than 100 feet high and in buildings constructed before 
 1913 which are 150 feet high. A fire-wall is constructed of brick, 
 -concrete, terra cotta blocks, or reinforced stone concrete and 
 extends from the cellar floor to the roof, and, if the building is 
 -not fireproof, to three feet above the roof. It has openings at 
 each floor not greater than 66 inches in width or 60 square feet 
 in area protected by fire doors constructed and placed accord- 
 ing to specifications. A horizontal exit is an opening through a 
 fire-wall or into an adjoining building. 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 BAKERIES AND CONFECTIONERIES 
 
 Bakeries as Factories. — Bakeries and confectioneries are fac- 
 tories and are subject to all the rules and provisions for factories. 
 
 Work Place. — Every bakery must be at least eight feet in 
 height and must have a smooth even floor of cement, tiles, or 
 
 46 
 
wood. The side walls and ceiling must be plastered, ceiled, or 
 wainscoted. If a cellar bakery was in use before May 2, 1895 
 it does not have to be altered with respect to height. 
 
 Sanitation. — ^All bakeries must be provided with proper drain- 
 age, with suitable sinks and running water, with adequate win- 
 dows, and with special ventilating devices, if needed, for the 
 removal of steam, gases, vapors, or other impurities. The 
 premises, furniture, and utensils must be kept clean and free 
 from vermin. The walls and ceilings must be painted or lime- 
 washed once every three months if so required by the inspecting 
 authority. Sanitary receptacles for waste must be provided and 
 emptied and cleaned daily. Windows and doors must be pro- 
 vided with proper screens. 
 
 Sanitary Certificates. — No bakery can be operated without ob- 
 taining a sanitary certificate, which must be posted in a con- 
 spicuous place in the bakery. In New York City and other cities 
 of the first class, this certificate is issued by the Department of 
 Health, and in all other cities by the Industrial Commission. It 
 must be renewed annually upon re-inspection. The certificate 
 may be revoked at any time if the health of the community or of 
 the employees requires it or if the business fails to secure a sani- 
 tary certificate or to comply with department orders within 
 a specified time. 
 
 Future Cellar Bakeries Prohibited. — Future cellar bakeries 
 are prohibited unless they are at least 10 feet high and unless they 
 satisfy other specifications of the labor law. If located in front of 
 the building, the ceiling must be four and one-half feet above 
 the curb-level of the street and if located in the rear, the ceiling 
 must be at least one foot above the curb level and the floor must 
 be six inches above the rear yard. The plans and specifications 
 must be first submitted and approved by the inspecting authorities. 
 This prohibition does not apply to cellar bakeries in operation 
 within one year prior to the date of the passage of this law. 
 
 Regulations for Employees. — The use of tobacco in any form 
 in the bakeroom or store-room is prohibited. No person is 
 allowed to sleep in a bakery. Employees must wear clothing and 
 slippers of washable material while at work and working-gar- 
 ments must be kept clean at all times. Lockers must be provided 
 for the street clothes of employees. 
 
 47 
 
Medical Inspection. — No person who has a communicable dis- 
 ease is allowed to work in a bakery. Any employee must submit 
 to a physical examination by the medical inspector whenever he 
 is required to do so. 
 
 Sunday Employment. — Bakers, like other employees in con- 
 tinuous industries, may be assigned some other day than Sunday 
 as a day of rest. If an employee is assigned Sunday as his day 
 of rest, he may still be required to work three hours on Sunday 
 in setting sponges. But if he is assigned Wednesday, for in- 
 stance, as a day of rest, he may not be required to work three 
 hours on Wednesday setting sponges. 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 LAUNDRIES 
 
 A room or building where one or more persons are engaged 
 in doing public laundry work for hire is a factory. This does 
 not apply to a laundress who does washing for others in her own 
 home. No public laundry work may be done in a room used 
 as a sleeping or a living room. 
 
 A laundry is subject to all the rules and regulations applying 
 to factories and to the inspection of the labor department. It 
 must be kept clean and free from vermin and from all impurities 
 of an infectious or contagious nature. 
 
 Hotel Laundries Exempt. — The hotel laundries are still ex- 
 empt from the requirements of the Labor Law, though the inves- 
 tigations of the Consumers' League and the Factory Investigat- 
 ing Commission have shown that existing conditions thoroughly 
 justify the extension of the factory laws to hotel laundries as 
 well. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 TENEMENT-MADE GOODS 
 
 The law regulating factory-work carried on in tenement 
 houses contains very explicit provisions for the protection of the 
 consumer and the home-worker. The apparent carefulness of this 
 law is, however, misleading as it is impossible for the State to 
 maintain enough inspectors to enforce the law. The State 
 Factory Investigating Commission, after a thorough study of 
 
 48 
 
home-work, has reported that restrictive laws are ineffective and 
 that prohibition alone is satisfactory. The prohibition of tene- 
 ment work on articles intended for children's use and on food 
 products is a measure which will no doubt be extended for the 
 protection of the public health. 
 
 Tenement License. — Before any manufacturing or finishing 
 of articles may be carried on in a tenement house, it is necessary 
 for the owner to obtain a license from the State Department of 
 Labor. The Industrial Commission must consult the records of 
 the local health department and also inspect the premises to 
 ascertain whether any communicable disease or insanitary condi- 
 ditions exist in the building. If investigation shows this to be 
 the case, the license is issued to the owner and is recorded in 
 the office of the Department of Labor. The license may be re- 
 voked if violations of the law occur. 
 
 Factory Permits. — The owner of a factory must secure a per- 
 mit from the State Labor Department before sending out articles 
 to a tenement house for manufacture. The permit may be sus- 
 pended or revoked if the law is violated. 
 
 It is incumbent upon the employer to ascertain from the 
 Labor Department that the tenement-house to which he sends 
 work is licensed, and to ascertain from the local Board of Health 
 that the house is free from communicable disease. He must 
 send out with the work a label bearing the name and address 
 of the factory for which . the work is being done. The home- 
 worker must exhibit this label to the inspectors of the Labor 
 Department on demand. 
 
 Registers. — The Department of Labor must keep a complete 
 list of all factories which hold permits to send work into tene- 
 ment houses and a complete list of the tenement houses holding 
 licenses. From time to time, these lists must be published. 
 
 Every employer must keep a register of the names and ad- 
 dresses of persons to whom materials for work have been given. 
 The register must be open to inspection by the Labor Department. 
 
 Restrictions.— No article may be manufactured in a tenement 
 apartment in which there is or has been an infectious, contagious 
 or communicable disease, until the apartment has been properly 
 certified as safe by the Board of Health. No articles may be manu- 
 factured in a basement which is more than half its height below 
 
 22014 
 
the ground level.* No articles may be manufactured in a 
 tenement-house room or apartment which is not well-lighted and 
 ventilated and contains at least 500 cubic feet of air space for 
 each person, or in which persons other than members of the 
 family are employed. 
 
 Dressmaker's shops on the first and second floors of a licensed 
 tenement-house are permitted to employ persons outside the 
 family, if there is an allowance of 1,000 cubic feet of air space 
 per person and if no children under 14 are living or working in 
 the shop.f 
 
 Prohibitions. — No article of food, no dolls or dolls' clothing, 
 and no clothing for infants and children may be manufactured 
 in a tenement-house. 
 
 Inspection. — Tenement-houses which are licensed for manu- 
 facturing are subject to inspection by the Labor Department. An 
 inspection must be made not less than once in every six months. 
 The Labor Department may consult the records of the local Board 
 of Health to ascertain what sanitary orders may have been 
 issued to the tenement-house since the last inspection. 
 
 If the Department of Labor finds that the tenants habitually 
 keep the apartment in a filthy condition and that they disregard 
 notices to clean up, he may affix a placard on the door calling 
 attention to the conditions and forbidding the manufacture of 
 articles in the apartment. 
 
 Unlawful Tenement Work. — If the Labor Department finds 
 that an article has been unlawfully manufactured in a tenement- 
 house, the inspector may attach to it a label containing the words 
 "tenement-made." Or he may seize the article and hold it until 
 it has been cleaned and disinfected at the owner's expense; or 
 he may destroy it if the owner fails to provide for its disinfection. 
 
 Duties of Boards of Health. — If the Labor Department finds 
 that an article has been made in an apartment in which there 
 is evidence of disease, communicable or otherwise, he must imme- 
 diately report the fact to the local Board of Health. The Board 
 of Health must make an inspection of a tenement-house in which 
 
 ♦Does not apply to bakeries, for which there is a special law. 
 
 tGround floor shops not used for sleeping or cooking, opening on the 
 street, and not connected with the rest of the building are not included 
 under this law. 
 
there is an infectious, contagious, or communicable cflse^J^Samin 
 48 hours after such notice. It must disinfect articles which 
 have been exposed to disease, and in the case of contagious dis- 
 eases, may issue such orders as the public health may require. If 
 necessary, it may destroy infected articles. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT 
 
 Enforcement of Child Labor Law. — The enforcement of the 
 terms of the Federal Child Labor Law rests primarily upon the 
 Federal authorities. 
 
 Wherever the State Child Labor Law contains restrictions 
 or regulations specifying a higher age than the Federal Law, the 
 State authorities are responsible for the enforcement of such 
 additional and higher requirements. 
 
 Administrative Board. — The Attorney General, the Secretary 
 of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor compose a board which 
 has the power to adopt uniform rules and regulations for carry- 
 ing out the provisions of the Federal Child Labor Law. 
 
 Federal Inspectors. — The enforcement of the child labor law 
 is vested in the United States Secretary of Labor and the 
 inspectors of the Labor Department. The Federal Labor inspec- 
 tors may enter at any time mines, quarries, and industrial 
 establishments which produce goods for interstate commerce. 
 
 The State factory inspectors and the school-attendance 
 officers are also competent to inspect under the federal law. 
 
 Violations. — ^Violations may be reported to the District 
 Attorney by the United States Secretary of Labor, the State 
 Industrial Commission and its inspectors, the Compulsory 
 Attendance Officers of the city, or any other person who presents 
 satisfactory evidence of the violation. The District Attorney 
 must prosecute the case in the courts of the United States 
 without delay. 
 
 Penalty. — The penalty for violating the Federal Child Labor 
 Law is, for the first offense, a fine of not more than $200. For 
 each subsequent offense, the penalty is a fine of not more than 
 $1,000 nor less than $100, or imprisonment of not more than 
 three months, or both fine and imprisonment at the court's 
 discretion. 
 
 51 
 
Federal Vocational Education Board. — The administration of 
 the Federal vocational education act is vested in the Federal 
 Board for Vocational Education, which co-operates with the 
 State Boards of Education in carrying out the requirements of the 
 Federal law. The Federal Board is composed of the Commis- 
 sioner of Education, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary 
 of Commerce the Secretary of Labor, and three citizens who 
 represent the interests of agriculture, commerce and labor re- 
 spectively. 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 STATE ENFORCEMENT 
 
 The State Industrial Commission. — The Industrial Commis- 
 sion is the official head of the State Department of Labor and is 
 responsible for the enforcement of the Labor Laws. It is com- 
 posed of five Commissioners, appointed by the Governor. The 
 Commission as a whole designates the portion of its work which 
 each member, under the direction and control of the Commission, 
 shall be responsible for. 
 
 Industrial Council. — To advise the Commission there is an 
 Industrial Council, consisting of ten members, appointed by the 
 Governor, half of whom represent the interests of the employers 
 and half, the interests of the employees. The Industrial Council 
 also co-operates with the Civil Service Commission in conduct- 
 ing examinations and in preparing lists of eligible persons for 
 positions in the labor department which require special knowledge 
 and training. 
 
 Legal Bureau. — The Industrial Commission maintains a legal 
 department, consisting of a chief attorney and assistant attorneys. 
 It is the duty of the Commission's Council to act as legal advisers 
 to the Commission and to take charge of prosecutions and pro- 
 ceedings on behalf of the Commission. 
 
 Industrial Bureaus. — Under the immediate supervision of the 
 Industrial Commission are the following bureaus: — ^inspection; 
 statistics and information; mediation and arbitration; industries 
 and immigration ; employment ; and workmen's compensation. The 
 Commission may add any other bureau which it deems necessary. 
 
 Industrial Code. — The State Industrial Commission is an 
 investigating and regulative as well as an administrative authority. 
 
 53 
 
It has the power to make rules and regulations for carrying 
 out the requirements of the Labor Law. These rules and regula- 
 tions constitute the Industrial Code which has the force and effect 
 of law.* If, in any establishment, there are practical difficulties 
 in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the provision, the 
 Commission may permit a variation of its requirements, so long 
 as "the spirit of the provision or rule or regulation shall be 
 observed, public safety secured, and substantial justice done." 
 
 Review and Appeal. — Any person affected may petition the 
 Commission for a review of the validity or reasonableness of any 
 rule, regulation, or order made by the Commission. The Com- 
 mission must then hold a public hearing, if the subject has not 
 been adequately considered in a prior proceeding, and reconfirm, 
 change, or revoke the rule in question.- An appeal from the 
 determination of the Commission may be taken to the courts by 
 the party concerned. 
 
 Bureau, of Inspection. — The bureau of inspection is under the 
 supervision of a first deputy commissioner. There must be not 
 less than 125 factory inspectors, not more than 30' of whom 
 must be women, and not more than 20 mercantile inspectors, 
 at least 4 of whom must be women. The inspectors may enter 
 factories and mercantile establishments at any time when work 
 is being done. Any lawful municipal ordinance relating to fac- 
 tories or mercantile establishments, besides the State Labor Laws, 
 may be enforced by the Industrial Commission. 
 
 The Bureau of Inspection includes the divisions of mercantile 
 inspection, home work inspection, factory inspection, and fire 
 prevention inspection. The enforcement of the fire-prevention 
 laws in New York City, however, is vested in the Fire Commis- 
 sioner under the newly-created Board of Standards and Appeals. 
 
 Medical Inspectors. — The section of medical inspectors must 
 consist of not less than three physicians, one of whom must be 
 a woman. They must inspect work-places with respect to sani- 
 tary conditions and make the physical examinations of working 
 children under 16. 
 
 Registration. — The owner of a factory must register it with 
 the State Industrial Commission. The registration must occur 
 
 *A revised edition of the Industrial Code is published annually by the 
 State Department of Labor and distributed free. 
 
 53 
 
within 30' days after the commencement of business. A 
 change of address must also be reported within the same length 
 of time. 
 
 Posting of Laws and Code. — Copies or digests of the Labor 
 Laws and the Industrial Code must be furnished by the Industrial 
 Commission to the employer. Duplicates in several languages 
 may be prepared by the Industrial Commission at its discretion. 
 The employer must post all notices which affect his employees in 
 a conspicuous place on each floor of the establishment. 
 
 Dwision of Owner's and Tenant's Responsibility. — In tenant 
 factories, it is necessary for the law to define the complete or 
 partial responsibilities of owner and tenant. 
 
 The owner of a factory building is responsible for all struc- 
 tural requirements, such as the condition of elevators and stair- 
 ways fireproof or fire-resisting construction; the proper lighting 
 of common hallways and passageways; the installation of fire 
 alarm and fire drill systems and automatic sprinklers; and the 
 provision of proper washing facilities, wash-rooms, and water- 
 closets. 
 
 The tenant is jointly responsible with the landlord for the 
 provisions concerning elevators, exits, and fireproof constructions 
 within his own premises. The tenant is responsible for the 
 provision of special dressing-rooms or emergency-rooms for 
 women and for the care and maintenance of washing facilities 
 and water-closets. 
 
 Duties of Employees. — According to the Industrial Code, 
 every employee is responsible for carrying out all sanitary rules 
 which concern his or her own conduct. 
 
 "Tagging." — If the Industrial Commission finds evidence of a 
 contagious disease in a factory, it must affix a label containing the 
 word "unclean" to any article produced therein and only the 
 Board of Health may remove the label after disinfecting the 
 article. The Commission may furthermore affix the same label 
 to articles produced in a factory found to be foul, unclean, or 
 insanitary. No one may remove the label but the Commission 
 which may only do so when the article or the factory has been 
 cleaned and made sanitary. 
 
 The Industrial Commission may also tag articles unlawfully 
 made in tenements, filthy rooms, unsanitary mattresses, convict- 
 made goods, dangerous machinery, and dangerous scaffolding. 
 
 54 
 
Violations. — The Industrial Commission must investigate com- 
 plaints of violations of the Labor Law or the Industrial Code. If 
 he finds the complaint well-founded, he may issue an order to 
 the person or corporation concerned or he may present the facts 
 and the necessary evidence in the case to the District Attorney of 
 the County who must proceed at once to prosecute the person 
 or corporation complained of. The legal department of the In- 
 dustrial Commission may take charge of the prosecution. 
 
 Penalties. — Any person who violates any provision of the 
 Labor Law or the Industrial Code is guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 The punishment for a first offense is a fine of not less than 
 twenty or more than fifty dollars ; for a second offense, not less 
 than fifty or more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or imprison- 
 ment for not more than thirty days, or both fine and imprison- 
 ment; for a third offense, a fine of not less than two hundred 
 and fifty dollars, or imprisonment for not more than sixty days, 
 or both fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Any person or corporation who violates the law limiting the 
 hours of work on public works, city railways, trains and in brick- 
 yards, is guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine of not less 
 than $500i or more than $1,000 for each offense. 
 
 Any contractor engaged on work for the State or a municipal 
 corporation, who does not observe the legal hours of work and 
 pay the prevailing rate of wages is subject to a fine of $500, or 
 not more than 30 days' imprisonment, or both, for the first 
 offense; to a fine of $1,000, and the forfeiture of his contract 
 for a second offense. 
 
 Bureau of Statistics and Information. — The Bureau of Sta- 
 tistics and Information is under the immediate supervision of 
 the Industrial Commission. Through this bureau, industrial in- 
 vestigations are made and industrial reports are published. Its 
 purpose is to act as a permanent investigating commission. 
 
 Bureau of Mediation and Arbitration. — This bureau is under 
 the supervision of a deputy commissioner, who is the chief 
 mediator. Any industrial dispute may be submitted to this 
 bureau for settlement. The bureau may investigate the cause 
 of any strike or lockout which occurs and seek to effect an ami- 
 cable settlement. 
 
 Bureau of Industries and Immigration. — The head of this 
 bureau is the chief investigator, subject to the supervision of the 
 
 55 
 
Industrial Commission. Its purpose is the protection and guar- 
 dianship of alien workmen and their families. It co-operates 
 with the Federal and State departments to obviate unemployment 
 and enforce the compulsory education law. The bureau inspects 
 labor camps, supervises employment agencies, and regulates im- 
 migrant lodging houses. It investigates complaints of fraud and 
 extortion and presents the results to the proper authorities. 
 
 Bureau of Employment. — The bureau of employment is under 
 the immediate charge of a director. The public employment 
 offices conducted by this department charge no fees for their 
 services, which are available alike for employers and employees. 
 It maintains a neutral position with reference to employers and 
 employees at all times. 
 
 Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. — The Industrial Com- 
 mission administers the Workmen's Compensation Law. A 
 deputy commissioner is in charge of the Workmen's Compensa- 
 tion Bureau. Employer and employee may agree between them- 
 selves as to compensation. In practice, tlie majority of the claims 
 are thus settled directly. Such agreements, however, must follow 
 the lines laid down in the compensation law and are subject to the 
 approval of the Commission. The decisions of the Commission 
 are final on all questions of fact, but appeals may be taken to 
 the Courts on questions of law. 
 
 In conducting a hearing, the Commission is not required to 
 observe the rules of evidence or the technical procedure of the 
 law courts. The law merely requires that the inquiry be con- 
 ducted in such a manner as to ascertain the substantial rights of 
 all parties. 
 
 Control over Mercantile Establishments. — The enforcement 
 of the mercantile laws in cities of the first and second class is 
 vested in the State Industrial Commission.* 
 
 *In New York City, also in the Board of Standards and Appeals. 
 
 Control over Bakeries. — The enforcement of the laws con- 
 cerning bakeries and confectioneries, except in New York City, 
 Buffalo, and Rochester, is vested in the State Industrial Com- 
 mission. In the cities mentioned, it is vested in municipal au- 
 thorities considered in the next chapter. Though hotel kitchens 
 and restaurants are not classed as factories under the law, the 
 
 56 
 
Industrial Commission has the power to enforce in them also the 
 laws concerning machinery, safety devices, and sanitary condi- 
 tions. 
 
 Civil Service Commission. — The investigators and inspectors 
 of the Labor Department are chosen from eligible lists of persons 
 prepared by the State Civil Service Commission. This system has 
 not hitherto had the hoped-for effect of increasing the efficiency 
 of candidates since it has failed to encourage specific training for 
 the inspectors' positions. What is needed here is not so much 
 neutrality as equal representation of employers' and employees' 
 interests. The co-operation of the Industrial Council with the 
 Civil Service Commission is a new and commendable step in this 
 direction. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 MUNIQPAL ENFORCEMENT 
 
 Building Contfol in New York City 
 
 In New York City, the factory and mercantile laws, relating 
 to hours, wages, and sanitary conditions are administered by 
 the State Industrial Commission; the laws relating to fire- 
 prevention and building conditions are administered by municipal 
 authorities. There has been a general tendency during recent 
 years for New York City to take over the enforcement of speci- 
 fied sections of the State Labor Laws within the city's boun- 
 daries. 
 
 The creation of the Municipal Board of Standards and 
 Appeals in 1916 was in response to the widespread demand to 
 do away with multiplicity of inspections and to avoid conflicting 
 orders. Formerly, factories and mercantile establishments in 
 New York City were under the jurisdiction of several State and 
 city departments, a condition which gravely diminished the 
 efficiency of administration. The new department concentrates 
 in one body the control over business and factory buildings in 
 the city. 
 
 Superintendents of Buildings. — The superintendents of 
 buildings in the different boroughs enforce the provisions 
 of the Labor Law concerning the construction and alteration 
 of buildings. They also enforce the Labor Laws relating to 
 the protection of employees in the building trades, sharing 
 
 57 
 
this responsibility with the Industrial Commission. Each 
 superintendent of buildings has the power to pass upon the 
 materials and methods of construction or alteration of factories 
 and mercantile establishments within his own borough. His 
 decisions must carry out the provisions of the Labor Law, the 
 orders of the Fire Commissioner and the rules of the Board of 
 Standards and Appeals. No new or converted building may be 
 occupied without a certificate of occupancy from the superin- 
 tendent, indorsed by the Fire Department. The certificate is 
 binding upon the State Department of Labor concerning all mat- 
 ters which it covers. 
 
 The Superintendents of Buildings and the Fire Commissioner, 
 through the building permit and the certificate of occupancy, are 
 chiefly responsible for the enforcement of the laws concerning 
 height of buildings and zone restrictions. 
 
 Fire Commissioner. — The Fire Commissioner of New York 
 City is empowered to enforce all rules and regulations for fac- 
 tories and mercantile establishments relating to : — fire prevention, 
 the storage of combustibles, the installation of fire alarm systems 
 and fire extinguishing equipment, means of exit, and the investi- 
 gation of the origin of fires. 
 
 The Fire Commissioner must base his orders on the rules 
 and regulations of the Board of Standards and Appeals. The 
 State Department of Labor has no jurisdiction over these matters 
 within New York City. 
 
 The Fire Commissioner may order a building vacated if an 
 order to remedy a condition is not complied with and an emer- 
 gency exists requiring such action. It is necessary that the Fire 
 Commissioner shall be able to enforce orders promptly in extreme 
 cases of fire hazard. 
 
 Board of Standards and Appeals. — The Board of Standards 
 and Appeals consists of the five borough superintendents of 
 buildings, the fire commissioner, the chief of the uniformed force 
 of the fire department, and six others members appointed by the 
 mayor. 
 
 This Board has the power to make rules and regulations for 
 the enforcement of all labor laws relating to construction, altera- 
 tion, structural changes, plumbing and drainage, elevators, fire- 
 escapes, means of exit, fire extinguishing appliances, and fire 
 
 58 
 
alarm systems in buildings within New York City. The Board, 
 may make rules and regulations to supersede the industrial code 
 and the labor laws relating to matters within its jurisdiction. 
 The Board may permit a variation from its requirements "if the 
 spirit of the provision or rule or regulation shall be observed and 
 public safety secured." 
 
 The Board of Standards and Appeals, like the Industrial 
 Commission, must hold public hearings on proposed rules and 
 regulations. 
 
 The Board of Standards and Appeals has the power to make 
 rules and regulations for the enforcement of the provisions con- 
 cerning the height of buildings, and zone restrictions. If there 
 are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in the way of 
 carrying out the strict letter of the provisions, the Board of 
 Appeals has the power to vary the requirements as long as the 
 order is in harmony with the general purpose and intent of the 
 law, "so that the public health, safety, and general welfare may be 
 secured and substantial justice done." 
 
 Board of Appeals. — Any person or corporation may appeal 
 from an order of the building superintendent or the Fire Commis- 
 sioner to the Board of Appeals. The Board of Appeals consists 
 of the six appointed members and the chief of the Fire De- 
 partment. Five concurring votes are necessary for a decision. 
 Appeal may be taken to the courts by the person concerned or 
 by the State Industrial Commission. 
 
 Penalty for Violation. — Any person who knowingly violates 
 or evades a requirement of the Board of Standards and Appeals 
 is guilty of a misdemeanor. The fine for each violation or non- 
 compliance may be not more than $350. 
 
 Existing Buildings. — Buildings which were accepted by the 
 State Industrial Commission prior to 1916 are continued as ac- 
 cepted under the municipal Board of Standards and Appeals. 
 The Industrial Code, so far as it relates to matters within the 
 jurisdiction of the Board, continues in force, subject to amend- 
 ments and changes by the Board. 
 
 Tenement Howse Department 
 
 Bakeries. — The enforcement of laws concerning the construc- 
 tion and alteration of bakeries and confectioneries in tenement 
 houses is vested exclusively in the Tenement House Department. 
 
 59 
 
Board of Health 
 
 Employment Certificates. — In most States, the issuance of 
 employment certificates to children is under the control of the 
 local school authorities but in New York State they are issued 
 by the local health departments. 
 
 Owing to this fact, the physical examination of the appli- 
 plicant for "working papers" in New York City is well cared for. 
 There is, however, no provision made for mental, or psychologi- 
 cal tests, such as, for instance, are now being given by the 
 Bureau of Child Labor to the working children of Cincinnati.* 
 
 The general supervision over the issuing of employment cer- 
 tificates is in the hands of the Industrial Commission. The Indus- 
 trial Commission prescribes the forms to be used for the school 
 records and for the employment certificate, and may inquire into 
 the administration of this work by the school and health authori- 
 ties. Each month the Board of Health must send to the Indus- 
 trial Commission a list of all children who have been granted cer- 
 tificates as well as a list of those to whom certificates have been 
 refused on account of physical unfitness. 
 
 Control Over Mercantile Establishments. — The enforcement 
 •of the mercantile laws in all cities and towns, except cities of the 
 first and second class, is vested in the local Boards of Health. 
 Violations must be prosecuted by the health officials within sixty 
 days after the alleged offense was committed. 
 
 Control over Bakeries. — The enforcement of the laws concern- 
 ing bakeries in cities of the first class is vested in the local Boards 
 of Health. The kitchens of hotels, restaurants, and boarding ■ 
 houses are not classed as factories ; but the Board of Health has 
 jurisdiction over the sanitary conditions of hotel bakeries also, 
 except with respect to machinery, safety devices, and hours of 
 labor of employees. 
 
 Police Department 
 
 The local police are empowered to enforce the law which 
 prohibits the employment of children under sixteen as peddlers, 
 beggars, theatrical performers, and other morally dangerous 
 
 *The Ohio Child Labor Law contains many other progressive features 
 -which merit a more wide-spread adoption. 
 
 60 
 
occupations. The police, together with the school attendance 
 officers, also enforce the laws concerning the sale of newspapers, 
 magazines, and periodicals upon the streets. 
 
 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 
 
 The agents of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty tO' 
 Children have police powers in the enforcement of the laws for- 
 bidding peddling, begging, and employment in theatrical perform- 
 ances and in the making of moving pictures. 
 
 Bureau of Attendance 
 
 The Bureau of Attendance, established by law in 1914, under 
 the Board of Education, is responsible for the enforcement of the 
 compulsory education law, the enforcement of the newsboy laws, 
 and the maintenance of the permanent school census. 
 
 The attendance officers have the same right as the State fac- 
 tory inspectors to enter factories and mercantile establishments, 
 and to examine employment certificates in the performance of 
 their duties. They may arrest truants without a warrant. Under 
 the Federal Child Labor Law, the attendance officers are com- 
 petent to report violations to the United States District Attorney 
 for prosecution. 
 
 School Census. — The permanent school census in cities of the 
 first class is a prerequisite for the enforcement of the Compulsory 
 Education Law. In New York City the Bureau of Attendance 
 is required by law to maintain a permanent register of all children 
 , in the city between four and eighteen years of age. In other 
 cities of the first class, the local police maintain the school census. 
 The register must show the name, age, present address, and the 
 school attended or the employment of the persons registered. 
 
 Truancy. — If a child is an habitual truant, the Director of 
 Attendance may summon the child and his parent to a hearing. 
 With the parent's written consent, the Director may order the 
 child to be confined in a "truant school. If the parent refuses 
 consent to the commitment order, the attendance officer may 
 proceed against the parent in court. In case the Court decides 
 that the parent is guilty of neglect, a fine or imprisonment may 
 be inflicted. If the Court finds that the child is beyond the 
 parent's control, the child is then taken before the Children's; 
 
 61 
 
Court where he may be paroled or committed to a truant school. 
 
 Newsboys. — The Bureau of Attendance issues newsboy per- 
 mits and badges and patrols the parts of the city where newsboys 
 congregate. 
 
 The enforcement of the newsboy laws, like the enforcement 
 of the regulations concerning tenement-house manufacture, is a 
 practical impossibiUty. The Director of Attendance reports that 
 "with the present limited field-staff, the enforcement of the news- 
 boy laws is a farce." It would require far more attendance- 
 officers to enforce the newsboy laws than the city could afford to 
 maintain. In this direction, as in the direction of tenement-house 
 manufacture, the only real solution lies, not in more restrictions, 
 but more prohibition. 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS OF NEW YORK CITY 
 <Based on the United States Census for 1909. Vol. IX, Manufactures). 
 
 The operation of industrial law in New York City is peculiarly 
 a matter of public concern. The census of 1909 emphasizes the 
 enormous importance of New York City as a center of industrial 
 development. This fact lays upon the community unequalled 
 responsibilities for the regulation of industrial conditions. State 
 and municipal Governments, organizations of employers, of em- 
 ployees, and of consumers have here a field of activity and re- 
 sponsibility far surpassing that of any other community in the 
 ■country. 
 
 According to the census figures. New York City is not only 
 the leading commercial center but the industrial metropolis of the 
 United States. In the total value of manufactured products as 
 well as in many individual industries, this city holds first place. 
 In 1909, the valvte of its manufactured products exceeded that 
 reported by any State except Pennsylvania and, of course. New 
 York State. This predominance in manufactures is connected 
 closely with the abundant supply of labor due to the presence of a 
 large immigrant population. This great army of workers is an 
 influential factor in causing manufacturing enterprises to locate 
 there. 
 
 The relative importance of the industries of New York City 
 as compared with those of the entire State is shown in the follow- 
 ing table. 
 
 68 
 
Compatison of Industries in New York State and 
 New York City 
 
 New York State 
 
 Number Establishments , 
 
 Value of Products 
 
 Number Wage Earners 
 
 Number of Men 
 
 Number of Women 
 
 Number of Children under i6 
 
 44.935 
 
 $3,369,490,000 
 
 1,003,981 
 
 702,637 
 
 293.525 
 
 7.819 
 
 New York City 
 
 25.938 
 
 $2,029,693,000 
 
 554,002 
 
 366,411 
 
 183,861 
 
 3.730 
 
 Percent, in 
 N. Y. City 
 
 57-7 
 60.2 
 55.2 
 52.1 
 62.6 
 47-7 
 
 The figures show that 57.7 per cent, of the establishments of 
 the State were in New York City. They employed 55.3 per cent, 
 of the wage-earners and produced 60.3 per cent, of the total value 
 of the output. This concentration of industries within New 
 York City has had the effect of making many industrial problems 
 more acute within the city than elsewhere in the State. The bill 
 which granted "home rule" in the enforcement of fire-prevention 
 and building laws and thus extended the authority of the munici- 
 pality over factories was well justified by the census figures. 
 
 Distribution of Industry by Boroughs 
 
 Of the five boroughs of New York City, the Borough of 
 Manhattan is the most important industrially. The value of the 
 manufactured products within Manhattan in 1909 constituted 68.4 
 per cent, of the total for the entire city. The proportions of the 
 total contributed by the other boroughs in that year were: — 
 Brooklyn, 20.6 per cent.; Queens, 7.5 per cent.; The Bronx, 3.1 
 per cent. ; and Richmond, 1.5 per cent. 
 
 The centralization of manufactures in Manhattan is partly 
 the cause of unsafe and insanitary industrial conditions within 
 that borough. The aim of the new building law is to decen- 
 tralize the industrial situation, — ^to reduce the 68.4 per cent, for 
 Manhattan and to increase the lesser percentages for the other 
 boroughs. 
 
 Garment-Making in New York Qty 
 
 The leading industries in New York City in 1909 were the 
 making of women's clothing and men's clothing. There were 
 
 63 
 
more tlian 5,500 establishments in the city engaged in these two 
 industries alone. They employed in that year 161,400 wage- 
 earners. We have no statistical measure of the growth of the 
 women's clothing industry since that date, but it is apparent on 
 every hand that the industry has increased enormously.* 
 
 New York City makes practically all of the women's wear 
 products produced in the State. It makes 97.8 per cent, of the 
 women's clothing output, 98.3 per cent, of the millinery and 
 lace goods, 96.5 per cent, of the fur goods, and 99.7 per cent, of 
 the artificial flowers, feathers, and plumes. It is impossible to 
 know exactly what proportion of this product is consumed within 
 the city as well as made there, but it is likely, in view of the 
 huge population figures (4,766,883), that much of the product 
 is locally consumed. With respect to this one industry we have 
 here a self-contained community in which the consumers have 
 an unusually suitable field for influence and action. But it must 
 be remembered that it is only through organization that the con- 
 sumer's influence can be made effective. The unorganized con- 
 sumer is helpless. 
 
 APPENDIX B 
 
 LEADING MANUFACTURES IN NEW YORK STATE 
 
 (Reprinted from a circular based on Federal Census data for 1914 and 
 compiled and issued by the State Department of Labor.) 
 
 Interesting figures as to the leading industries in New York 
 State are shown by a table not yet published in printed form 
 but recently received by the State Industrial Commission from 
 the Federal Census Bureau. This table gives the results of the 
 last census of manufactures for 1914. It shows that, measured 
 by value of products, the manufacture of women's clothing led all 
 other industries by nearly ninety millions, the value of its product 
 in 1914 having been $345,316,000i. Printing and publishing came 
 next with a product valued at $257,369,000'. Nearly equal to 
 printing and publishing was men's clothing with a product of 
 the value of $238,627,000. For women's and men's clothing 
 combined the total value of product was $583,943,000 and this 
 was over one-seventh of the value of products for cdl industries in 
 the State, the latter being $3,814,661,000. 
 
 *In the columns of the daily trade journal, "Women's Wear'' are to 
 be found many clear indications of the growth of this industry. 
 
Three other industries had a total value of product of over 
 a hundred milHons. These were foundry and machine shop 
 products ($175,430,000), slaughtering and meat packing ($148,- 
 106,000), and bread and other bakery products ($109,228,000). 
 
 Four industries had a product of value between seventy-five 
 and a hundred million dollars. These in descending order were 
 tobacco manufactures, malt liquors, hosiery and knit goods, and 
 flour and grist mill products. Following these were six with 
 products of between fifty and seventy-five millions in value, 
 namely, electrical machinery and supplies, millinery and lace 
 goods, boots and shoes, lumber and timber, paper and wood pulp, 
 and gas. Twenty-one industries produced goods valued at froni 
 twenty-five to fifty million, these being in descending order, fur- 
 niture and refrigerators, men's furnishing goods, copper, tin and 
 sheet iron products, butter, cheese and condensed milk, chemi- 
 cals, automobiles, patent medicines and druggists' preparations, 
 leather, photographic apparatus and materials, confectionery, 
 musical instruments, food preparations, iron and steel, paint and 
 varnish, coffee and spice roasting and grinding, cars and general 
 shop construction and repairs by steam railroad companies, fur 
 goods, silk goods, soap, carpet and rugs, and canning and preserv- 
 ing. 
 
 Figures as to average number of wage earners employed indi- 
 cate what industries afford livelihood to the largest number of the 
 State's population, the order of industries here not always being 
 the same as for value of products. Women's clothing again 
 heads the list with 108,393 wage earners or over ten per cent, of 
 the total for all industries (1,057,857). Then follow men's cloth- 
 ing with 81,370, foundry and machine shop products with 66,690 
 and printing and publishing with 64,020. No other in- 
 dustry showed half as many employees as any of the foregoing 
 except hosiery and knit goods with 40,095. Others employing 
 10,000 or over were as follows: tobacco manufactures (30,489), 
 boots and shoes (27,561), bread and other bakery products (27,- 
 002), millinery and lace goods (26,124), electric machinery and 
 supplies (23,738), furniture and refrigerators (23,153), lumber 
 and timber products (21,503), cars and general shop construc- 
 tion and repairs by steam railroad companies (30,234), men's 
 furnishing goods (17,495), copper, tin and sheet iron products 
 (16,040'), fancy and paper boxes (14,193), paper and wood pulp 
 6 65 
 
(13,570), musical instruments (13,002), carpets and rugs (12,- 
 540), automobiles (12,122), silk goods (11,659), iron and steel 
 (10,788), confectionery (10,768), gas (10,090). 
 
 APPENDIX C 
 
 FACTORIES AND THE CITY PLAN 
 
 (Reprinted from the Report of the Commission on Building Districts and 
 Restrictions. June 2, 1916. pp. 21-25.) 
 
 The segregation of factories will directly reduce production 
 costs. It will make it possible to have the best rail and water 
 terminal facilities and the best express and mail facilities. It will 
 reduce trucking and thus improve street traffic conditions. It 
 will tend to the segregation of heavy trucking from other classes 
 of street traffic and thus further tend toward the improvement 
 of street traffic conditions. 
 
 Furthermore, the segregation of factories along the rail and 
 water terminals and their consequent exclusion from the resi- 
 dence sections will improve living conditions throughout the city. 
 A factory is usually a nuisance in a residence section. It is often 
 directly injurious by reason of noise, odor, dust or smoke. It 
 always brings heavy trucking with attendant noise and danger to 
 the safety of the children, especially in crowded tenement dis- 
 tricts. It often subjects the neighboring residents and property 
 owners to increased risk from fire and explosion. 
 
 The problem of congestion of population is closely related 
 the location of trades and industries. Employees working long 
 hours at low wages can afford neither the time nor the money to 
 live far from their work. It has been shown that a very large 
 proportion of such employees will live within walking distance of 
 their work, even though this necessitates their living in the most 
 congested and unwholesome quarters. While the proposed 
 for residential and industrial districts will not cure existing condi- 
 tions it will help to prevent an extension of such conditions. This 
 is insured by providing adequate housing areas adjacent to the 
 factory areas and preventing for the future the encroachment by 
 the factories on areas required for housing. 
 
 While economic forces are quite effective in securing the 
 segregation of industries of the heavier type close to the water 
 and rail terminals, there are in New York City an unusually large 
 proportion of industries that are not subject to this segregating 
 
 66 
 
influence. New York City is pre-eminent as a light manufactur- 
 ing center. Of the 680,5101 persons employed in industries in 
 New York City in 1909, 423,769 were employed in the following 
 light industries: 
 
 Artificial flowers, feathers and plumes 9,759 
 
 Boots and shoes 9,177 
 
 Boxes 9,414 
 
 Bread and bakery products 20,401 
 
 Buttons 3,635 
 
 Clothing, men's 77,543 
 
 Qothing, women's 110,567 
 
 Confectionery 7,641 
 
 Fancy articles 3,649 
 
 Fur goods 10,719 
 
 Furnishing goods, men's 8,051 
 
 Hair work 2,704 
 
 Hats and caps 5,815 
 
 Hosiery and knit goods 6,082 
 
 Jewelry 6,668 
 
 Millinery and lace goods 24,712 
 
 Patent medicines 5,450 
 
 Printing and publishing 74,118 
 
 Tobacco 26,664 
 
 422,769 
 
 The above enumeration includes only the larger groups that 
 may be classed as distinctly light manufacturing. Fully two- 
 thirds of the industrial employees of the city are employed in 
 industries that do not find direct connection with water and rail 
 terminals a necessarily determining factor in the selection of a 
 factory location. For these industries the questions of labor 
 supply and market for goods are much more important. The 
 New York Metropolitan District with a population of over 7,500,- 
 000 is itself the largest consumer of the output of its factories. 
 Moreover, Manhattan is the great jobbing center for the entire 
 country and this gives its manufacturers special advantages in the 
 marketing of their goods. In addition the city has the largest 
 and most varied labor supply. Being the principal port of entry 
 for immigrants, it has an unlimited supply of the cheaper class 
 of labor from which the employees of the clothing trades and 
 various other light industries are recruited. 
 
 These light industries are scattered indiscriminately over the 
 entire city throughout the business and residential sections. One 
 
 67 
 
good residence section ^fter another has been progressively in- 
 vaded and destroyed by the coming of the sporadic factory. This 
 the proposed plan will prevent. 
 
 The great manufacturing section of Manhattan is not, as one 
 might presuppose, along the waterfronts of the North and East 
 Rivers, but lies in a narrow belt through the center of the Island 
 from Canal Street to about 38th Street. The northward progress 
 of the factory zone during the past sixteen years above 14th 
 Street has been attended by tragic consequences. The city's chief 
 hotel and retail center was invaded and substantially destroyed. 
 It was compelled to move north to 34th Street and is now again 
 in danger of destruction. The simple fact is that under New 
 York City conditions, with high loft buildings and congested 
 streets, the chief hotel, club, theater and shopping center cannot 
 exist in close proximity to the factories. In the side streets along 
 the lower portion of Fifth Avenue the number of employees is so 
 great that the surrounding streets are necessarily congested with 
 pedestrians during the hours when the workers are going to or 
 returning from work. At the noon hour when the workers come 
 out from the factories for a stroll along Fifth Avenue they mon- 
 opolize the sidewalks to the exclusion or serious inconvenience 
 of those having business on the avenue. An intensive factory use 
 on the side streets is fatal to the business use of the avenue. 
 The sidewalk space is needed by the workmen and the roadway 
 space is needed for the trucking incident to factory use. On 
 the other hand, all the available roadway and sidewalk space 
 would be unduly congested if reserved solely for business use. 
 Two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time, and 
 even if there were more space available it would be difficult to 
 harmonize an intensive use of roadways and sidewalks for two 
 such widely different purposes. 
 
 Traffic conditions are the crux of the situation. It is vital to 
 the existence of the city that it maintain such conditions of street 
 traffic that the city's chief hotel, club, theater and shopping center 
 may permanently be maintained in the sole location that is suited 
 for it. The plan proposed will protect the entire Fifth Avenue 
 and Broadway section south as far as 23d Street and between 
 Fourth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. 
 
 The exclusion of future factory lofts from the above section 
 will also result to the economic advantage of the manufacturing 
 industries concerned, to the welfare of the workers and to the 
 
 68 
 
relief of the city's congested transit facilities. The factories will 
 be located on cheaper ground, nearer to rail and water terminals 
 and nearer to an adequate labor supply. They can, if they find 
 it desirable, maintain salesrooms in the restricted district. The 
 workmen will be able in greater proportion to live within walk- 
 ing distance of their work. This will be a boon to the workers 
 who walk, in that it will save them carfare and the necessity of 
 spending about an hour and a quarter a day on the cars under 
 conditions of overcrowding that are a menace to health, comfort 
 and safety. And just to the extent that they do this will this 
 condition of congestion be relieved for those who will still have 
 to ride on transit lines during the rush hours. 
 
 Retail business naturally tends to segregate. The grouping of 
 a few of the neighborhood stores and business buildings on the 
 main avenue or thoroughfare creates the center that attracts other 
 stores and makes that particular street the most desirable place 
 in which to do business. In spite of this strong trend toward 
 segregation, unless prevented by law, the occasional store will 
 come into the midst of a residential community, to the detriment 
 both of the residential section and of the natural local business 
 street. 
 
 In residential neighborhoods the plan has been to preserve 
 the side streets wherever possible for strictly residential use. The 
 avenues along the ends of the block and main thoroughfares have 
 usually been included in the business districts. The business 
 use on the avenue is permitted to extend 100 feet back along the 
 residential side streets. In the less developed sections it has often 
 seemed feasible to indicate only every second or third avenue 
 for business use and thus secure a larger and more self-contained 
 residential area. This, it is believed, will improve living condi- 
 tions and will conserve values on both the business and residence 
 streets. 
 
 The amount of space needed for retail business purposes 
 depends a good deal on the economic condition and habits of the 
 population. Generally speaking, the smaller the average income 
 per family the larger the proportion that will be spent in the 
 purely local stores. In the case of the very poor, practically the 
 entire income is spent in the local stores. On the other hand, 
 the well-to-do make a very large proportion of their purchases 
 outside of the local area. The local retail section of a well-to-do 
 neighborhood may be confined to a very limited variety of shops. 
 
Consequently a tenement section requires a much larger allowance 
 of retail business space than an elevator apartment section. It is 
 believed, however, that even in the most crowded tenement 
 sections, if business had been confined to the avenues along the 
 ends of the blocks, sufficient business space would have been 
 provided and living conditions in the side residential streets 
 would have been very greatly improved. In an elevator apart- 
 ment section a business street every second or third avenue is 
 ample. 
 
 The protection of the home environment is vital to the wel- 
 fare of the state. It needs no argument to demonstrate that a 
 business or industrial street does not furnish the most favorable 
 environment for a home. 
 
 Quiet is a prime requisite. The zone plan, by keeping busi- 
 ness and industrial buildings out of the residential streets, will 
 decrease the street traffic in the residential sections and thus 
 reduce to a minimum noise incident to street traffic. Aside from 
 the increased vehicular traffic the business and industrial uses 
 disturb the quiet and peace of the residential street by the crowds 
 of employees and others incident to a business or industrial use. 
 The above evils are present even though the business or industry 
 is in itself entirely unobjectionable from the standpoint of noise. 
 Dr. Gustav F. Boehme testified that business and industrial uses 
 on a residential street and the noise and confusion incident thereto 
 made such streets much less healthful and desirable for residence 
 purposes. He said that such conditions tended to produce and 
 intensify all kinds of nervous disorders. 
 
 In a residential street the number of street accidents, chiefly to 
 children, varies directly with the vehicular traffic. Stores, gar- 
 ages, factories and other business buildings increase the amount 
 of vehicular traffic. Most side streets that have no business or 
 industrial buildings have little traffic. Very often a single busi- 
 ness building in the midst of a residential block will so increase 
 traffic as greatly to increase the number of street accidents. This 
 will be particularly true if it is a congested tenement district. Here 
 the streets swarm with children. They must have some place 
 to play and unfortunately there is no place but the street. A 
 very large proportion of street accidents occur to children while 
 
 70 
 
playing in the streets in front of their homes. The zone 
 plan will, as to the future, segregate the business and industrial 
 buildings from the residential streets and thus tend to reduce the 
 enormous toll of street accidents. 
 
 APPENDIX D 
 
 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION 
 
 (Reprinted from the Annual Report of the Fire Commissioner, 1915, 
 pp. 25-26 and pp. 95-96.) 
 
 The most important class of fire prevention orders dealt with 
 were the orders for installation of automatic sprinkler systems. 
 More sprinkler systems were installed in this city in 1915 than 
 in any previous year. Probably not more than 35 per cent, of the 
 sprinkler work was done under direct compulsion of orders from 
 the Fire Commissioner although a number of installations that 
 were not ordered by the Fire Commissioner were provided to 
 make possible the use of buildings for hazardous occupancies 
 under the regulations of the Fire Department. Seventy-nine 
 sprinkler systems were installed by order of the Fire Commis- 
 sioner. All but a few of these were installed in factory build- 
 ings where large numbers of workers are employed. This is the 
 best form of protection at present provided for factory workers. 
 No life has ever been lost from fire in a sprinklered building in 
 New York City. 
 
 Sprinkler Systems Installed in I9J5 Under Fire Depart- 
 ment Orders 
 
 During the year the buildings mentioned on the following 
 lists were equipped with sprinkler systems under orders issued 
 by the Fire Prevention Bureau. The automatic equipments for 
 entire buildings gave protection to, approximately, 24,193 
 workers. 
 
 71 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 65-9 Bleecker Street. . . . , 
 38-44 West 26th Street.. 
 
 35 West 3d Street , 
 
 37 West 3d Street 
 
 36-8 West 2oth Street . . 
 436-8 Fifth Avenue . . . 
 
 707-9 Broadway 
 
 270-4 Mercer Street 
 
 31-3 West 2ist Street , . 
 
 729-31 Broadway 
 
 110-12 West 26th Street 
 
 43 East 20th Street 
 
 129-33 West 29th Street 
 
 139-41 Prince Street 
 
 451-53 West Broadway. 
 84-go Market Street .... 
 127 West 25th Street. . . 
 
 549-53 Broadway 
 
 123-5 Mercer Street .... 
 146-50 West 25th Street 
 30-34 West 26th Street.. 
 1397-9 Second Avenue.. 
 11-15 East 24th Street., 
 
 153-5 Spring Street 
 
 411 West Broadway. . . . 
 142-6 West 24th Street.. 
 23-5 Lispenard Street . . 
 146-8 West 28th Street.. 
 
 42 Bond Street 
 
 150-4 West 22d Street. . 
 139-41 Spring Street.. . . 
 134-40 West 26th Street 
 21-9 West 4th Street.. . . 
 26-30 Bleecker Street. . . 
 
 236 South Street 
 
 459 Water Street 
 
 570-6 West Broadway. . 
 165-9 Duane Street. . . 
 49-51 Hudson Street.. . . 
 38-44 West 2rst Street. . 
 32-4 West 20th Street . . 
 
 625 Broadway 
 
 192 Mercer Street 
 
 6-8 West 20th Street.. , . 
 
 733-5 Broadway ■ . 
 
 54-62 West 21st Street. . 
 143-5 West 29th Street.. 
 243-7 West 17th Street.. 
 232-4 West i8th Street.. 
 22-4 West 26th Street . 
 132-4 West 21st Street.. 
 
 54 East nth Street 
 
 136-40 West 2ist Street. 
 
 71-3 Pike Street 
 
 207-9}^ Wooster Street. 
 12-14 West 2ist Street.. 
 14-16 West 17th Street.. 
 
 Height in 
 
 Approx. No. 
 
 Stories 
 
 Occupants 
 
 13 
 
 775 
 
 12 
 
 418 
 
 7 
 
 135 
 
 7 
 
 
 11 
 
 400 
 
 8 and 9 
 
 250 
 
 10 
 
 436 
 
 11 
 
 366 
 
 12 
 
 248 
 
 7 
 
 130 
 
 8 
 
 119 
 
 12 
 
 625 
 
 7 
 
 251 
 
 7 
 
 324 
 
 12 
 
 945 
 
 12 
 
 300 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 456 
 
 12 
 
 649 
 
 6 
 
 737 
 
 16 
 
 344 
 
 6 
 
 160 
 
 12 
 
 407 
 
 12 
 
 205 
 
 7 
 
 150 
 
 7 
 
 200 
 
 12 
 
 500 
 
 7 
 
 200 
 
 12 
 
 700 
 
 6 
 
 152 
 
 7 
 
 465 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 366 
 
 10 
 
 180 
 
 12 
 
 330 
 
 II 
 
 370 
 
 12 
 
 300 
 
 11 
 
 229 
 
 10 
 
 90 
 
 12 
 
 1,000 
 
 12 
 
 450 
 
 12 
 
 625 
 
 12 
 
 250 
 
 12 
 
 350 
 
 11 
 
 225 
 
 12 
 
 560 
 
 7 
 
 313 
 
 7 
 
 250 
 
 12 
 
 300 
 
 12 
 
 375 
 
 72 
 
i2-i6 East 22d Street. . . 
 22-4 West 27th Street . . 
 24-6 East i2th Street. . . 
 88 University Place. . . . 
 118-24 West 22d Street.. 
 30-2 West 2ist Street. . . 
 
 99-101 Fifth Avenue 
 
 710 Broadway 
 
 36-8 East i2th Street. . . 
 222-6 West 39th Street. 
 
 236 Fifth Avenue 
 
 547-53 West 27th Street. 
 548-52 West 28th Street 
 40-2 West 22d Street. . 
 56-8 West 22d Street. . . 
 
 54-8 Canal Street 
 
 5-9 Orchard Street 
 
 154-8 West i8th Street.. 
 137-9 West 25th Street.. 
 84-90 Fifth Avenue . . . . 
 40-2 Ren wick Street.. . . 
 
 54-6 Dey Street 
 
 72-6 Park Place 
 
 21 Bond Street 
 
 12 
 
 560 
 
 12 
 
 276 
 
 II 
 
 353 
 
 12 
 
 760 
 
 12 
 
 275 
 
 II 
 
 163 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 7 
 
 96 
 
 13 
 
 445 
 
 II 
 
 441 
 
 6 
 
 457 
 
 12 
 
 302 
 
 12 
 
 350 
 
 12 
 
 504 
 
 8 
 
 271 
 
 12 
 
 440 
 
 II 
 
 700 
 
 B and 8 
 
 45 
 
 5 
 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 STATE LAWS 
 
 Consolidated Laws of the State of New York. Albany. Lyon. 
 
 1909. 
 Session Laws of the State of New York. Albany. Lyon. 1910- 
 
 1916. 
 
 STATE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BULLETINS 
 
 The Labor Law and the Industrial Code, with Amendments, 
 
 Additions, and Annotations to July 1, 1916. Albany, 1916. 
 Miscellaneous Labor Laws of New York State, 1916. Albany, 
 
 1916. 
 The New York Workmen's Compensation Law. Albany, 1917. 
 European Regulations for Prevention of Occupational Diseases. 
 
 Special Bulletin, No. 76. Albany, 1916. 
 Industrial Accident Prevention. Special Bulletin, No. 77. 
 
 Albany, 1916. 
 Court Decisions on Workmen's Compensation. Special Bulletin, 
 
 No. 81. Albany, 1917. 
 Fatal Accidents due to Falls in Building Work. Special 
 
 Bulletin, No. 80. Albany, 1917. 
 
 73 
 
Information for Health Officers concerning Issuance of 
 Children's Employment Certificates. Albany, 1917. 
 
 Monthly Bulletin of the New York State Industrial Commission, 
 October, 1915-December, 1916. 
 
 STATE REPORTS 
 
 New York State Department of Efficiency and Economy. 
 
 Organization and Functions of State Government. 
 
 1915. Vols. I-II. Albany, Lyon. 
 New York State Factory Investigating Commission: 
 
 Report to the Legislature 1912. 
 
 Preliminary Report. Vols. I-III. 1912. 
 
 Second Report. Vols I-II. 1913. 
 
 Third Report. Vol. I. 1914. 
 
 Fourth Report. Vols. I-V. 1915. 
 
 MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES 
 
 The Code of Ordinances of the City of New York. Compiled 
 by the Committee on Codification of Ordinances. Board 
 of Aldermen. Amended to July 16, 1915. 
 
 MUNICIPAL REPORTS 
 
 Final Report of the Commission on Building Districts and Re- 
 strictions Board of Estimate and Apportionment, City of 
 New York. June 2, 1916. 
 
 Annual Report of the Fire Department of the City of New York. 
 Robert Adamson, Fire Commissioner. 1915. 
 
 Department of Education of the City of New York. Bureau 
 of Attendance. Annual Report of the Director of Attend- 
 ance. 1915. 
 
 Report on the Cost of Living for an Unskilled Laborer's Family 
 in New York City. Submitted by the Bureau of Stan- 
 dards to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, 1916. 
 
 PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS 
 
 George M. Price. The Modern Factory. Wiley. New York. 
 
 1914. 
 Julius Henry Cohen. Law and Order in Industry. Macmillan, 
 
 New York, 1916. 
 Commons and Andrews. Principles of Labor Legislation. 
 
 Harper's. New York, 1916. 
 
 74 
 
INDEX 
 
 WITH STATUTE REFERENCES 
 Note.— Section references standingf alone refer to the Labor Law. References to the* 
 Industrial Code give the Rule number, thus: "R. 139." Laws besides the Labor Law 
 referred to are; Banking Law; "B.L." Code of Civil Procedure; *'C.C.P." Compulsory 
 Education Law; "C.E.L." Election Law; "E.L." General City Law: "G.C.L." General 
 Municipal Law; "G.M.L." Highway Law; "H.L." Liquor Tax Law; "L.T.L." New 
 York City Charter: "N.Y.C.C." Navigation Law: "N.L." Penal Law: "P.L." Personal- 
 Property Law; "P.P.L." Public Health Law; "P.H.L." Railroad Law; "R.L." Work- 
 men's Compensation Law; "W.CL." 
 
 Accidents — 
 
 Building trades, reporting, 35, (§ 20a; L. 1910, ch. ISS.) 
 Compensation for, 36, (W.C.L. §§ 10-34; L. 1914, ch. 41; L. 1916, 
 
 ch. 622.) 
 Factories, reporting, 35, (§ 87; L. 1910, ch. 155.) 
 Mines, tunnels, etc., 35 (§126; L. 1910, ch. 155.) 
 
 Aliens, employment of, on public works, 8, (§14; L. 1915, ch. 51.) 
 
 American Museum of Safety, see Safety, American Museum. 
 
 Apartment houses, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, 
 children under i6. 
 
 Attendance officers — 
 
 Factories and stores, may enter, 61, (C.E.L. §633, subd. 3; L. 1910, 
 
 ch. 140.) 
 Federal authorities, reporting violations to, 61, (U.S.S., 1915-16, 
 
 ch. 432.) 
 Truants, may arrest, 61, (C.E.L. § 633; L. 1910, ch. 140.) 
 
 Badge, newsboy's, see Permit, newsboy's. 
 
 Bakeries — 
 
 Cellar, prohibition of, 47, (§116; L. 1913, ch. 797.) 
 
 Enforcement of laws concerning, 56, 60, (§ 110; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Factories, classed as, 46, (§ 111; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Height of, 46, (§§ 11^ 116; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Sanitary certificates, 47, (§ 115; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Sanitation of, 47, (Rs. 300-347.) 
 
 Bakers — 
 
 Clothing, 47, (§ 113; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Medical inspection of, 48, (§ 113a; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Sunday employment, 48, (§ 8a; L. 1913, ch. 740; L. 1915, ch. 648.) 
 
 Tobacco, use of, prohibited, 47, (§ 113; R. 329; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Baptismal certiAcate, evidence of age, 13, (§§ 71, subd. a; 163, subd. a; 
 L. 1916, ch. 465.) 
 
 75 
 
Barber shops, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, children 
 under i6. 
 
 Birth Certificate, evidence of age, 13, (§§ 71, subd. a; 163, subd. a; L. 1916, 
 ch. 465.) 
 
 Board of Health — 
 
 Bakeries, 60, (§ 110; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Employment certificates, 60, (§§ 71, 163; L. 1916, ch. 465.) 
 
 Hotel bakeries, 52, (§ 111; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Mercantile Laws, 60, (§ 172; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 Tenement-made goods, SO, (§ 103; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Unclean factories, 54, (§ 95; L. 1912, ch. 334.) 
 
 Board of Standards and Appeals, New York City. 
 
 Buildings, factory and mercantile, 58, (N.Y.C.C. § § 718a, 774; L. 1916, 
 
 ch. 503.) 
 Composition of, 58, (N.Y.C.C. § 718; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 Exits, factory, regulation of, 41, (§ 79c, subd. 4; N.Y.C.C. § 774; 
 
 L. 1913, ch. 461 ; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 Stairway enclosures, 40, (§ 79b, subd. 2; N.Y.C.C. § 774: L. 1914, 
 
 ch. 182; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 Violations of orders, 59, (N.Y.C.C. § 719b; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 
 Boiler inspection, 39, (§ 91; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 
 Bowling alleys, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, children 
 under i6. 
 
 Boys — See following titles: 
 Evening school attendance. 
 Farm, boys over 12. 
 Hours of work. 
 Prohibited employment. 
 
 Buildings, factory, fire-proof, 45, (§ 79f ; L. 1913, ch. 461 ; L. 1916, ch. 62.) 
 
 Building trades, protection in, 32 (§§ 18-20; L. 1911, ch. 693; L. 1909, 
 ch. .36; L. 1913, ch. 492.) 
 
 Bureau of attendance. New York City — 
 
 Enforcement, education law, 61, (N.Y.C.C. § 1069, subd. 8; L. 1914; 
 
 ch. 479.) 
 Newsboy laws, 62, (§ 225; L. 1913, ch. 618.) 
 
 Bureaus of Department of Labor — 
 
 Employment, 56, (§ § 42, 66-66p; L. 1915, ch. 674; L. 1914, ch. 181.) 
 Industries and Immigration, 55, (§ § 42, 151-156a; L. 1915, ch. 674; 
 
 L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 Inspection, 53, (§§ 53-61; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 76 
 
Legal, 57, (§ 4«; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Mediation and Arbitration, 55, (§§ 42; 140-148; L. 1915, ch. 674; 
 
 L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Statistics and Information, 55, (§§ 42; 62-65; L. 1915, ch. 674; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 145.) 
 Workman's Compensation, 56, (§ 42; W.C.L. §§ 60-68; L. 1915, 
 
 ch. 674; L. 1914, ch. 41; L. 1916, ch. 622.) 
 
 Business offices, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, €hildren 
 under i6. 
 
 Cancellation — 
 
 Newsboy's permit, see Permit, newsboy's. 
 Employment certificate, see Employment certificate. 
 
 Canneries — 
 
 Boys under 18 employed in, 17, 18, (§ 78, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 465.> 
 Women employed in, 9, (§ 78, subd. 3; L. 1913, ch. 465.) 
 
 Childbirth, employment of women after, prohibited, 11, (§ 93a; L. 1912;, 
 ch. 331.) 
 
 Child Labor, Federal Law, 18, (U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432.) 
 Administrative Board, 51, (U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432; § 2.) 
 Inspectors, 51, (U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432; § 3.) 
 Penalty, 56, (U.S.S. 1915-16; § 5.) 
 
 Violations, local authorities to report, 51, (U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432; 
 § 4.) 
 
 Children — See following titles: 
 Child Labor, Federal Law. 
 Employment certificates. 
 Employment of, under 14, forbidden. 
 Hours of work. 
 Meal time pauses. 
 Medical inspection. 
 Newspapers, delivering and selling. 
 Night work prohibited. 
 Overtime prohibited. 
 Overtime regulated. 
 Prohibited employments. 
 School attendance. 
 Vocational Education Law. 
 Wages. 
 
 Children's clothing, tenement manufacture forbidden, 55, (§ 104; L. 1913, 
 ch. 260.) 
 
 Child Welfare, Board of, New York City, 20, (G.M.L. §§ 148-155; 
 L. 1915, ch. 228; L. 1916, ch. 504.) 
 
 77 
 
City employees, included under accident compensation law, 36, (W.C.L. 
 § 2; L. 1914, ch. 41 ; L. 1916, ch. 622.) 
 
 Civil Service Commission, 57, (§ 40a; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Cleanliness, factories — 
 
 Buildings and premises, 22, (§§ 84a, 94; L. 1913, ch. 198; L. 1915, 
 
 ch. 653.) 
 Laundries, 48, (§92; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Work rooms, 22, (§ 84; L. 1913, ch. 82.) 
 
 Cleanliness, mercantile establishments — 
 
 Buildings and premises, 22, (§ 168a; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Rooms, 22, (§ 168; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Clothes, provisions for drying, in foundries, 37, (§ 97, subd. 6; R. 566; 
 L. 1913, ch. 201.) 
 
 Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, New York City, 7, 
 (N.Y.C.C. §§ 242a, 242b; L. 1914, ch. 470; L. 1916, ch. 497.) 
 
 Commissioner of Labor, see Industrial Commission. 
 
 Compressed air workers, medical attendance, 34, (§ 134b; L. 1913, ch. 
 528.) 
 
 Confectioneries, see Bakeries. 
 
 Core-making in foundries by women, 8, (§ 93, subd. 4; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 
 Couches for female employees, 26, (§§ 88, subd. 3; 168d; R. 163: L. 1914, 
 chs. 183, 366.) 
 
 Cuspidors, 23, (§ 84; R. 175; L. 1913, ch. 82.) 
 
 Delivery service, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, chil- 
 dren under i6. 
 
 Department of Health, see also Board of Health — 
 Bakeries, 47, (§§ 110, 115, 117; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Department of Labor, see also Industrial Commission — 
 
 Inspection, home-work, 49, (§ 100, subd. 5; L. 1913, ch. 260) 
 License, owner's, 49, (§ 100, subds. 1, 2, 3; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 Permits, factory, home-work, 49, (§ 106; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 Register, tenement houses and factories licensed for home-work, 49, 
 (§ 106; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Disease, industrial — 
 Prevention, 37. 
 Reporting, 38, (§ 65; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 78 
 
Documentary evidence of age, 73, (§§ 71, subd. b; 163, subd. b; L. 1916, 
 ch. 465.) 
 
 Dolls and dolls' clothing, home-work on, forbidden, SO, (§ 104; L. 1913, 
 ch. 260.) 
 
 Doors, factory — 
 
 "Exit" signs reguired, 41 (§ 79c, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Locking forbidden, 41, (§ 79c, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Obstructions forbidden, 41, (§ 79c, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Outward opening required, 41, (§§ 79a, subd. 4; 79c, subd. 2; L. 1913, 
 ch. 461.) 
 
 Dressing-ro o tns — 
 
 Construction of, 25, (§§ 88, subd. 3; 168d; R. 159; L. 1914, chs. 183, 
 
 366.) 
 Factories, 25, (§ 88, subd. 3; R. 158; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Floor space, 25, (§§ 88, subd. 3; 168d; R. 158; L. 1914, chs. 183-366.) 
 Mercantile establishments, 25, (§ 168d; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Ventilation, 25, (§§ 88, subd. 3; 168d; Rs. 160, 161; L. 1914, chs. 183, 
 366.) 
 
 Dressmakers' shops, tenement houses, 50 (§ 100, subd. 6; L. 1913, ch. 
 260.) 
 
 Drinking cups, common, prohibited, 23, (R. 165.) 
 
 Drinking water, 23, (§§ 88, subd. 1; 168b; Rs. 164. 165; L. 1913, ch. 340; 
 iL. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Dust removal, appliances for, 37, 38, (§ 81, subd. 2; Rs. 700-723; L. 1913, 
 ch. 286.) 
 
 Elevators — 
 
 Child under 16 may not operate, 15, (§ 93, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 Factory buildings, 32, (§§ 79; 79a, subd. 6; Rs. 400-445; L. 1913, 
 
 chs. 202, 461 ; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Running over 200 ft. per minute, 16, (§ 93, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 
 Emergency rooms, see Dressing-rooms. 
 
 Employee's benefit for accident, 36, (W.C.L. §§ 13-16; L. 1914, ch. 41; 
 L. 1916, ch. 622.) 
 
 Employees, responsible for sanitary rules, 54, (R. 197.) 
 
 Employment certificates — 
 
 Cancellation, 15, (§ 76a; L. 1913, ch. 200.) 
 
 Filed with employer, 13, (§ 70; L. 1913, ch. 529.) 
 
 79 
 
How issued, 13, (§§ 71, 163; L. 1916, ch. 465.) 
 Reporting of, 60, (§§ 75, 166; L. 1913, ch. 144.) 
 
 Employment of children under 14 forbidden, 12, (§§ 70, 162; C.E.L. No. 
 626; L. 1910, ch. 140; L. 1911, ch 866; L. 1913, ch. 529.) 
 Home-work, 50, (§ 100, subd. 6; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Enforcement of Labor Laws — 
 
 Bakery Laws, 56, 60, (§ 110; L. 1913, ch. 463.) 
 
 Factory Laws, 52, (§ 43 ; L. 1913, ch. 145 ; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Mercantile Laws, 56, 60, (§§ 58, 59; L. 1913, ch. 145; L. 1914, ch. 333.) 
 
 Evening school attendance. 12, (C.E.L. § 622; L. 1913, ch. 748.) 
 
 Exhaust fans, see Dust removal. 
 
 Exit requirements, factories, 41, (§ 79b, subd. 1; L. 1915, ch. 719.) 
 
 Factory building, definition of, 1, (§2; L. 1913, ch. 529.) 
 
 Factory, definition of, 1, (§2; L. 1915, ch. 650.) 
 
 Factory Investigating Commission, see Tenement House Manufacture. 
 
 Factory work, 1, (§ 2; L. 1915, ch. 650.) 
 
 Farms, boys over 12, 12, (§ 70; L. 1913, ch. 529.) 
 
 Federal Child Labor Law, see Child Labor, Federal Law. 
 
 Federal Vocational Education Law, see Vocational/ Education, Federal 
 Law. 
 
 Fire alarm signal systems, 43, 44, (§ 83a; R. 375; L. 1916, ch. 466.) 
 
 Fire Com,missioner, New York City — 
 
 Automatic sprinklers, 43, (§ 83b; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 
 Fire alarm signal systems, 43, (§ 83a, subd. 1 ; L. 1916, ch. 466.) 
 
 Fire drills, 43, (§ 83a, subd. 2; L. 1916, ch. 466.) 
 
 Fire prevention laws in factories and stores, 78, (N.Y.C.C. § 774; 
 
 L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 Fire proof waste receptacles, 39, (S 83c, subd. 1 ; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 Gas jets, enclosure of, 39, (§ 83c, subd. 2; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 Limitation of floor occupants, 44, 45, (§ 79c; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Smoliing in factories, 38, (§ 83c, subd. 3; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 
 Fire drills, 43, (§ 83a, subd. 2; L. 1916, ch. 466.) 
 
 80 
 
Fire esmtes — 
 
 Access to, 42, (§§ 79b, subd. 4; 79c, subd. 3; L. 1913, ch. 461; L. 1914, 
 
 ch. 366.) 
 Communication with street, 42, (§ 79b, subd. 4; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Construction of, 41, {§ 79b, subd. 4; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Exits, not classed as, 43, (§ 79b, subd. 1; R. 380; L. 1915, ch. 719.) 
 
 Fire prevention, 38. 
 
 Fire proof waste receptacles, 39, (§ 83c, subd. 1 ; L. 1913, ch. 194.) 
 
 First aid kit, 33, (Rs. 178, 179.) 
 
 F/ooyj, to be kept safe and dry, 22, (§ 84, 168; Rs. 171-172; L. 1913, ch. 
 82; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Food, tenement manufacture forbidden, 50, (§ 104; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Foundries — 
 
 Accident prevention in, 33, (§ 97, subd. 7; Rs. 573-581; L. 1913, ch. 
 
 201.) 
 Heating, see that title. 
 Lighting, see that title. 
 Wash-rooms, see that title. 
 
 Gas jets, to be enclosed, 39, (§ 83c, subd. 2; L. 1912, ch. 329.) 
 
 Grinding, polishing, and bufUng wheels, see Dust removal. 
 
 Heating of Factories — 
 
 Dressing rooms, 22. (§ 88, subd. 3; R. 162; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Foundries, 22, (§97, subd. 5; Rs. 553, 564; L. 1913, ch. 201.) 
 Wash-rooms, 22, (§ 88, subd. 2; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Work rooms, 22, (§86; R. 714; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 
 Heating of mercantile establishments — 
 
 Dressing rooms, 22, 23, (§ 168d; R. 162; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Establishment, 22, (§ 168f; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Wash-rooms, 22, (§ 168c; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Height of factory and business buildings, New York City, 2, (N.Y.C.C. §§ 
 242a, 242b.) 
 
 Home work, see Tenement house manufacture. 
 
 Hoods for machinery, see Dust removal. 
 
 81 
 
Hotels, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, children un- 
 der i6. 
 
 Hours of work — 
 
 Boys under i8, 17, (§ 77, subd. 2; L. 1912, ch. 539.) 
 
 Brick yard employees, 4, (§ 5 ; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Children under i6, 17, 18, (§§ 77, subd. 1; 161, subd. 1; L. 1909, ch. 
 
 36; L. 1914, ch. 331; U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432.) 
 Compressed air workers, 4, (§ 134a; L. 1913, ch. 528.) 
 Drug store employees, 4, (P.H.L. § 236; L. 1914, ch. 514.) 
 Grocery employees, 4, (P.H.L. § 236a; L. 1915, ch. 343.) 
 Men, see Legal Day's Work. 
 Newspapers, delivering and selling, see that title. 
 Railway employees, 4, (§7; L. 1913, ch. 462.) 
 Street railway employees, 4, (§ 6; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Women. 9, (§§ 77, subd. 3; 78, subd. 3; 161, subds. 2, 3; Rs. 1-3; 
 L. 1913, ch. 465; L. 1915, ch. 386; L. 1917, ch. 535.) 
 
 Illumination, see Lighting, factories and mercantile establishments. 
 
 Industrial Code, 52, (§ 52; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Board of Standards and Appeals, continued by, 59, (N.Y.C.C. § 718a, 
 
 subd. 3; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 Dressing rooms, 25, (Rs. 158-163.) 
 Dry closets, 31, (Rs. 140-147; 227-228.) 
 Fire proof construction, 46, (Rs. 500-513.) 
 First aid kit, 33, (Rs. 178, 179.) 
 
 Lighting, 27, (Rs. 139, 154, 322, 425, 562, 576, 593, 655.) 
 Ventilation, 22, 25, (Rs. 131-138, 160-161, 205-208, 305-309, 322, 587, 714.) 
 Washing facilities and wash-rooms, 23, 24, 25, (Rs. 148-157, 569-570.) 
 
 Industrial Commission — 
 
 Accidents to be reported to, 35, (§§ 20a, 87, 126; L. 1910, ch. 155.) 
 
 Industrial Commission, regulating powers, see following titles: 
 Accidents. 
 Bakeries. 
 
 Buildings, factory, fire proof. 
 Building trades, protection in. 
 Canneries. 
 
 Core making in foundries by women. 
 Cuspidors. 
 Disease, industrial. 
 Dressing rooms. 
 Dust removal, appliances for. 
 Elevators. 
 
 83 
 
Employment certificates. 
 
 Enforcement of Labor Laws. 
 
 Exit requirements. 
 
 Fire alarm signal systems. 
 
 Fire drills. 
 
 Fire proof waste receptacles. 
 
 First aid kit. 
 
 Gas jets, to be enclosed. 
 
 Heating, factories and mercantile establishments. 
 
 Lighting, factories and mercantile establishments. 
 
 Limitation of floor occupants. 
 
 Lunch rooms. 
 
 Machinery, guarding of. 
 
 Meal time pauses. 
 
 Medical inspection of factory children. 
 
 Physical examination of women employees. 
 
 Posting. 
 
 Prohibited employments. 
 
 Protection of employees. 
 
 Seats for women. 
 
 Smoking forbidden. 
 
 Sprinklers, automatic. 
 
 Stairway enclosures. 
 
 Tenement house manufacture. 
 
 Timebook and schedule, employer's. 
 
 Ventilation, factories and mercantile establishments. 
 
 Washing facilities and wash-rooms. 
 
 Waterclosets. 
 
 Workmen's Compensation Act. 
 
 Industrial Council, 52, (§ 40a; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Interstate Commerce, products of child labor excluded from, 18, (U.S.S 
 1915-16, ch. 432.) 
 
 Laundries — 
 
 Factories, classed as, 48, (§ 92; L. 1909, ch. 35.) 
 Hotel laundries exempt, 48. 
 
 Legal day's mark, 3, 4, (§3; L. 1916, ch. 152.) 
 
 Lighting of factories-^ 
 
 Dressing rooms, 22, 26, (§ 88, subd. 3; R. 162; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Foundries, 22, (§ 97, subd. 5; Rs. 562, 563, 576, 587, 593, 598; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 201.) 
 Passageways, 21 (§§ 81, subd. 3; 94; L. 1913, ch. 286; L. 1915, ch. 
 653.) 
 
 83 
 
Wash-rooms, 22, 24, (§ 88, subd. 2; R. 154; L. 1913, di. 340.) 
 Work rooms, 21, (§ 81, subd. 4; L. 1913, ch. 286.) 
 
 Lighting of mercantile establishments — 
 
 Basements, 37, (§ 171; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 Dressing rooms, 21, 22, 26, (§ 168d; R. 162; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Wash-rooms, 21, 22, (§ 168c; K. 1S4; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Limitation of floor occupants- — 
 
 Automatic sprinklers, 44, (§ 79t, subd. 8; L. 1915, ch. 719.) 
 
 Exits, capacity of, 44, (§ 79e, subds. 1, 2, 3, 8; L. 1913, ch. 461 ; L. 1915. 
 
 ch. 719.) 
 Floors, height between, 44 (§ 79e, subd. 3; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Horizontal exit, 44, (§ 7%, subd. 6; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Posting notice of, 45, (§ 796, subd. 10; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 Stairways, 44, (| 79e, subds. 1-5; L. 1913, ch. 461.) 
 
 Lunch rooms, 31, (§§ 89a, 169; L. 1912, ch. 336; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 Machinery, cleaning while in motion, prohibited for — 
 
 Male employees under i8, 16 (§ 93, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 Women under 2i, 8, (§ 93, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 
 Machinery, guarding of, 33, (§ 81, subd. 1; L. 1913, ch. 286.) 
 
 Mangle guards, 2Z. 
 
 Maternity insurance, need for, 11. 
 
 Meal time pauses, 5, 10, 18, (§§ 89, 161, subds. 1, 4; L. 1909, ch. 36; L. 1914, 
 ch. 331.) 
 
 Medical inspection of factory children, 15, (§ 76a; L. 1913, ch. 200.) 
 
 Medical inspectors, S3, (§§ 54, 61 ; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 
 Medical practitioners, to report industrial disease, 38, (§ 65; L. 1913, 
 ch. 145.) 
 
 Mental defectives, IS. 
 
 Mercantile establishment, definition of,\, (§2; L. 1913, ch. S29.) 
 
 Mercantile establishments, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of 
 Work, children under i6. 
 
 84 
 
Messenger boys, not to be sent to disorderly houses, 17, (P.L. § 488; 
 L. 1909, ch. 88.) 
 
 Messenger service, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, 
 children under i6. 
 
 Minors under i8, regulation of employment, 16, (§ 93, subd. 3; L. 1913, 
 ch. 464.) 
 
 Morally dangerous occupation for children, 16, (P.L. § 485; L. 1909, 
 ch. 88; L. 1916, ch. 278.) 
 
 Mothers' pensions, 20, (G.M.L. §§ 148-lSS; L. 1915, ch. 228; L. 1916, 
 ch. 504.) 
 
 Newspapers, delivering and selling, 16, (§§ 161b, 220; L. 1914, ch. 21; 
 L. 1913, ch. 618.) 
 
 Night Work Prohibited — 
 
 Boys under i8, 17, (§ 77, subd. 2; L. 1912, ch. 539.) 
 
 Children under i6, 17, (§§ 77, subd. 1; 161, subd. 1; L. 1909, ch. 36; 
 
 L. 1914, ch. 331.) 
 Federal Law, 19, (U.S.S. 1915-16, ch. 432.) 
 Messenger boys, 17, (§ 161a; L. 1910, ch. 342.) 
 Newsboys, 16, (§ 224; L. 1913, ch. 618.) 
 
 Women, 10, 11, (§§ 77, subd. 3; 93b; 161, subd. 2, 3; L. 1913. chs. 
 83, 465; L. 1915, ch. 386; L. 1917, ch. 535.) 
 
 Obscene writing to be removed, 31, (§ 88a, subd. 4; R. 168; L. 1914, 
 chs. 183, 366.) 
 
 Occupations included under icompensation act, 36, (W.C.L. § 2; L. 1914, 
 ch. 41; L. 1916, ch. 622.) 
 
 Open area districts, New York City, 3, (N.Y.C.C. § 242a; L. 1916, ch. 497.) 
 
 Oregon ten-hour law, 3. 
 
 Overcrowding in factories, 21, (§85; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Overtime prohibited — 
 
 Children under i6, 17, (§§ 77, subd. 1 ; 161, subd. 1 ; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Employees on public works, 4, (§ 3; L. 1916, ch. 152.) 
 
 Overtime regulated — 
 
 Boys under i8, 17, (§ 78, subds. 1, 2; L. 1913, ch. 465.) 
 Brick yard employees, 4, (§5; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Railway employees, 4, (§ 7; L. 1913, ch. 462.) 
 
 85 
 
Street railway employees, 4, (§ 6; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 Women, 19, (§§ 78, subds. 1, 3; 161, subd. 2; L. 1913, ch. 46S; L. 1915, 
 ch. 386.) 
 
 .Parent responsible for child breaking newsboy law, 16, (§ 227; L. 1913, 
 ch. 618.) 
 
 Passport, evidence of age, 13, (§§ 71, subd. a; 163, subd. a; L. 1916, ch. 
 465.) 
 
 J'ermit, newsboy's — 
 
 Cancellation of, 16, (§226; L. 1913, ch. 618.) 
 How secured, 16, <§§ 220-223; 1913, ch. 618.) 
 
 .Physical examination of factory children, see Medical inspection of fac- 
 tory children. 
 
 J'hysical examination of women employees, 9, (§22; L. 1913, ch. 320.) 
 
 .Physician's certHicates to establish child's age, 14, (§§ 71, subd. c; 163, 
 subd. c; L. 1916, ch. 465.) 
 
 Police Department — 
 
 Newsboy laws, 61, (§ 225; L. 1913; ch. 618.) 
 Street trades, 60, (P.L., § 490; L. 1909, ch. 88.) 
 
 S'osting — • 
 
 Laws and code, 54, (§§ 99a, 173; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 Sunday workers, 5, (§ 8a, subd. 3; L. 1913, ch. 740.) 
 
 J'rohibited employments — 
 
 Boys under j8, 16, (£ 93, subds. 2, 3 ; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 
 Children under i6, 15, (§§ 93, subds. 1, 2; 131; 220; P.L. § 485; 
 
 L. 1909, chs. 36, 88 l L. 1913, ch. 464; L. 1916, ch. 278.) 
 Girls under i6, IS, (§§ 93, subd. 2, 220; L. 1909, ch. 36; L. 1913, ch. 
 
 618.) 
 Women, 8, (§§ 93, subd. 2; 131; L. 1909, ch. 36; L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 Youths under i8, 15, (L.T.L., § 30f; L. 1909, ch. 39; P.L., § 1982; 
 
 L. 1916, ch. 424; H.L., S 289; L. 1911, ch. 491; N.L., § 17; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 765.) 
 Youths under zi, 15, (R.L., § 63; L. 1909, ch. 49; N.L., § 17; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 765; G.C.L., § 18; L. 1916, ch. 184; N.Y.C.C, § S29a; L. 1910, 
 
 ch. 654.) 
 
 Protection of children under 14, see Employment of children under 14 
 forbidden. 
 
 Protection of children under j6, see Employment certificates. 
 
 86 
 
Protection of employees, general, 21, (§ 20b; L. 1913, ch, 145.) 
 
 Receptacles for waste, 23, ( §§ 84, 168; R. 176; L. 1913, ch. 82; L. 1914^ 
 ch. 183.) 
 
 Registration of factories, S3, (§ 69; L. 1912, ch. 33S.) 
 
 Restaurants, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of work, children 
 under i6. 
 
 Rest periods — 
 
 Caisson workers, 5, (§ 134a; L. 1913, ch. 528.) 
 Need for, 10, 18. 
 
 Rest, weekly day of, 5, (§ 8a; L. 1913, ch. 740; L. 1915. chs. 321, 357,. 
 648.) 
 
 Safeguards, regulated by Industrial Commission, 33, (§ 81, subd. 1 ; L. 
 1913, ch. 286.) 
 
 Safety, American Museum of, 35, (N.Y.C.C, § 244a; L. 1914, ch. 466.) 
 
 School attendance, compulsory, 17, (C.E.L., § 621; L. 1910; ch. 140.) 
 
 School census — 
 
 Bureau of Attendance, New York City, 61, (N.Y.C.C, § 1069, subd. 
 
 8; L. 1914, ch. 479.) 
 PoHce, 61, (§ N.Y.C.C, § 650; L. 1914. ch. 480.) 
 
 School record, contents of, 14, (§§ 73, 165; L. 1913, ch. 144.) 
 
 School session, length of, 12, (C.E.L., §§ 492, subds. 2, 3; 621; L. 1910.. 
 ch. 140, L. 1913, ch. 511.) 
 
 Seats for women — 
 
 Factories, 8, (§ 17; L. 1913, ch. 197.) 
 
 Hotels and restaurants, 8, (§ 17; L. 1913, ch. 197.) 
 
 Mercantile establishments, 9, (§ 170; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Shoe polishing stands, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work„ 
 children under i6. 
 
 Sleeping rooms — 
 
 Drug store employees, 37, (P.H.L., § 236; L. 1914, ch. 514.) 
 Grocery employee, 37, (P.H.L., § 236a; L. 1915, ch. 343.) 
 
 87 
 
Smoking forbidden, 38, (§ 83c, subd. 3; L. 191S, ch. 347.) 
 
 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, police powers of, 61, 
 (P.L. §§ 490, 491 ; L. 1909, ch. S8.) 
 
 Space, see Overcrowding. 
 
 Spitting, 23, (§ 84; Rs. 17S, 329; L. 1913, ch. 82.) 
 
 Sprinklers, automatic, 43, (§ 83b; L. 1915, ch. 347.) 
 
 Stairways — 
 
 Fire proof enclosure of, 40, (§§ 79a, subd. 3; 79b, subd. 2; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 461; L. 1914, ch. 182.) 
 Handrails on, 39, (§§ 79a, subd. 3; 79c, subd. 1; R. 174; L. 1913, 
 ch. 461.) 
 
 Standing constantly forbidden for girls under i6, IS, (§ 93, subd. 2; 
 L. 1913, ch. 464.) 
 
 Superintendents of Buildings, New York City, S8, (N.Y.C.C, § 406; L. 
 1916, ch. 503.) 
 
 Supervision of pensioned mothers, 20, (G.M.L., § 152, subd. 4; L. 1915, 
 ch. 228.) 
 
 "Tagging;- 54, (§ 95; L. 1912, ch. 334.) 
 
 Tenant factories — 
 
 Definition of, 1, (§ 94; L. 1915, ch. 653.) 
 
 Division of owner's and tenant's responsibility, 1, (§ 94; L. 1915, 
 ch. 653.) 
 
 Tenement House Department — 
 
 Bakeries in tenements, 59, (N.Y.C.C, § 1341; L. 1916, ch. 503.) 
 
 Tenement house manufacture — 
 
 Apartment having infectious disease, 49, (§ 103; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Articles unlawfully made, SO, (§ 102; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Basement, 49, (§ 100, subd. 6; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Factory Investigating Commission, 48. 
 
 Factory permit, 49, (§ 106; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Inspection of tenement houses, 50, (§ 100; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 License, how obtained, 49, (§ 100; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Tenement workers, employer's register of, 49, (§ 101 ; L. 1913, ch. 260.) 
 
 Telegraph ofUces, children under 16 employed in, see Hours of Work, 
 children under i6. 
 
Theatres and amusement houses, children under 16 employed in, see 
 Hours of Work, children under i6. 
 
 Time book and schedule, employer's, 6, (§ 8a, subd. 4; L. 1913, ch. 740.) 
 
 Towels, common, prohibited, 24, (R. 155.) 
 
 Truancy — 
 
 Children's Court, 61, (C.E.L., § 635; P.L., §§ 486, 487; L. 1909, 
 
 ch. 88; L. 1910, ch. 140.) 
 Parent's responsibility, 61, (C.E.L., § 635; L. 1910, ch. 140.) 
 
 Urinals, 29, 30, (Rs. 124-129.) 
 
 Use districts in New York City, 3, (N.Y.C.C, § 242b; L. 1914. ch. 470; 
 L. 1916, ch. 497.) 
 
 Ventilation of factories — 
 
 Dressing rooms, 25, (§ 88, subd. 3 ; Rs. 160, 161 ; L. 1914, ch. 366.) 
 Wash rooms, 22, (§ 88, subd. 2; R. 161; L. 1913, ch. 340.) 
 Work rooms, 22, (§ 86, subd. 1 ; L. 1914, ch. 366. 
 
 Ventilation of mercantile establishments — 
 Basements, 37, (§ 171 ; L. 1913, ch. 145.) 
 Dressing rooms, 22, (§ 168d; Rs. 160, 161; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Sales rooms, 22, (§ 168f ; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Violations of Labor Law — 
 
 Hours of Labor, 55, (P.L. § 1271 ; L. 1916, ch. 151.) 
 
 Industrial Commission to prosecute, 55 (§ 48; L. 1915, ch. 674.) 
 
 Penalties, 55, (P.L. § 1275; L. 1913, ch. 349.) 
 
 State and municipal contractors, 55, (P.L. § 1271 ; L. 1916, ch. 151.) 
 
 Vocational Edvication Law — 
 
 Federal, 19, (U.S.S., 1917, ch. 576.) 
 
 State, 19, (C.E.L. §§ 600-707, L. 1913, ch. 747.) 
 
 Wage, minimum — 
 Need for, 11. 
 Street cleaners. New York City, 6. 
 
 Wages — 
 
 Assignment of, 7, (§ 13; B.L. § 347; P.P.L. § 42; L. 1909. ch. 36; 
 
 L. 1911, ch. 626j L. 1915, ch. 588.) 
 Cash payment of, 7, (§ 10; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Deductions for insurance forbidden, 8, (§ 24; W.C.L. § 31; L. 1914, 
 ch. 320; L. 1914, ch. 41.) 
 
 89 
 
Garnishment of, 7, (C.C.P. § 1391; L. 1914, ch. 3S2.) 
 
 Married women, 11, (D.R.L. S 60; L. 1909, ch. 14.) 
 
 Payable to minors, 18, (D.R.L. § 72; L. 1909. ch. 14.) 
 
 Preferred claim, 7, (§9; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Rate, of on, public works, 6, (§3; L. 1916, ch. 1S2.) 
 
 Reduction for absence to vote, 7, (E.L. § 36S; L. 1909, ch. 17.) 
 
 Time of payment, 7, (§ 11 ; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Women's, cpurt action. New York City, 11, (§ 168; L. 1915, ch. 279.) 
 
 Waitresses, hours of work, 9, 11, (§ 161, subd. 3; L. 1917, ch. 535.) 
 
 Washing facilities and wash-rooms, 23, (§§ 88, subd. 2;' 168c; Rs. 148- 
 157; L. 1913, ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Wash-rooms for special industries — 
 
 Caisson workers, 25, (§ 134b, sec. g; L. 1913, ch. 528.) 
 
 Food, 24, (§ 88, subd. 2; R. 150; L. 1913, ch. 340.J 
 
 Foundries, 25, (§ 97, subd. 6; Rs. 569-570; L. 1913, ch. 201.) 
 
 Mines and tunnels, 25, (§ 133; L. 1909, ch. 36.) 
 
 Poisonous substances, 24, (§ 88, subd. 2; R. 149; L. 1913, ch. 340.) 
 
 Water closets — 
 
 Entrances, 27, (§§ 88a, subd. 2; 168e, subd. 2; Rs. 105-110; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Fixtures, 29, (§§ 88a, subds. 3, 4; 168e, subds. 3, 4; Rs. 118-123; 
 
 L. 1913, ch. 340; L. 1914, chs. 183, 366.) 
 Floors, 28, (§§ 88a, subd. 4; 168e, subd. 7; R. 115; L. 1914, chs. 183, 
 
 366.) 
 Food establishments, 27, (§ 88a^ subd. 7; R. 110; L. 1913; ch. 340.) 
 Foundries, 28, (§ 97, subd. 6; Rs. 112, 129; L. 1913, ch. 201.) 
 Heating, 30, (§§ 88a, subd. 6i 168e, subd. 7; R. 130; L. 1913, ch. 340; 
 
 L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Illumination, 31, (§§ 88a, subd. 7; 168e, subd. 5; R. 139; L. 1913, ch. 
 
 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Labor camps, 31, (§98; Rs. 212-216, 227-228; L. 1913, ch. 195.) 
 Location, 26, 27, (§§ 88a, subds. 1, 7; 168e, subds. 1, 6; Rs. 103, 104; 
 
 L. 1913, ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Number required, 26, (§§ 88a, subd. 1 ; 168e, subd. 1 ; R. 102 ; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Partitions, 28, (§§ 88a, subd. 2; 168e, subd. 2; Rs. Ill, 112; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Separate for each sex, 26, (§§ 88a, subds. 1, 2; 168e, subd. 2; R. 101; 
 
 L. 1913, ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 Ventilation, 30, (§§ 88a, subd. 5; 168e, subd. 6; Rs. 131-138; L. 1913, 
 
 ch. 340; L. 1914, ch. 183.) 
 
 Widows' pensions, see Mothers^ pensions. 
 
 90 
 
Windows, factory, obstructions forbidden, 41, (§ 79c, subd. 2; L. 1913, 
 ch. 461.) 
 
 Women, see following titles: 
 Childbirth. 
 
 Core making in foundries. 
 Hours of work. 
 Meal time pauses. 
 Night work prohibited. 
 Overtime regulated. 
 Physical examination. 
 Prohibited employments. 
 Seats. 
 Wages. 
 
 Women physicians, 9, (§22; L. 1913, ch. 320.) 
 
 Workmen's Compensation Act, 35, (W.C.L. §§ 1—131; L. 1914, ch. 41; 
 L. 1916, ch. 622.) 
 
 Zone restrictions, 59, (N.Y.C.C. §§ 242a, 242b.) 
 
 91 
 
LABOR LAWS OF NEW YORK 
 
 A HANDBOOK BY KATHARINE ANTHONY 
 
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