NA 8201.T9""°" ""'""'"y Library 
 
The original of tiiis bool< is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014526036 
 
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 Fruit Farming on New Land in Pacific 
 Northwest 
 
GOOD FARMING 
 
 AND 
 
 ATTRACTIVE COUNTRY 
 HOMES 
 
 FROM THE TWICE-A-WEEK SPOKESMAN-REVIEW'S 
 PRIZE CONTESTS ON 
 
 How to Make Farm Life More Attractive 
 
 How to Farm 160 Acres Non-Irrigated Land 
 How to Farm 10 Acre Irrigated Tract 
 HoTo to Plan Model Farm House 
 
 Published by 
 
 THE TWICE-A-WEEK SPOKESMAN-REVIEW 
 
 Spokane, Wash, 
 
him ^6 1 
 
 Copyrifllted, 1910, 
 By W. H. COWLES 
 
 (* X^ / -t j' 
 
 SHAW i. BDRDEN CO,, SPOKANt. us 299 
 
COITTEITTS. 
 
 Introductory Chapters. 
 
 Agricultural Leadership ^^7 
 
 Help to Solve Farm Problems _""._W. J.'spillman 8 
 
 Agriculturist in charge of farm management investigations 
 
 An Ideal Farm House . W. j. Spillman 10 
 
 Husband and Wife Compete for Prize 13 
 
 A Ten-Acre Poultry and Fruit Ranch (First Prize) J. S. Metzgar 13 
 
 Model Home and Farm on Ten Acres Mrs. J. S. Metzgar 16 
 
 Ideal of Ten-Acre Irrigated Farm W. J. Spillman 18 
 
 Non-Irrigated Farm of 160 Acres (First Prize) Peter Klaus 25 
 
 FAST I. 
 
 Prize Contest on How to Make Parm life More Attractive. 
 
 To Make Farm Life More Attractive 33 
 
 Home as Center of Farm Life Prof. B. E. Elliott 33 
 
 Small Farms and More Neighbors (First Prize) P. Pearson 35 
 
 Remedy Found in Small Holdings (Second Prize)— Sydney S. Barker 36 
 
 Less Hours of Work on the Farm (Third Prize) William F. Wayne 37 
 
 Good Cheer Is a Farm Attraction H. G. Lester 39 
 
 Farm Life Needs More Recreations George O'Donnell 40 
 
 Money Getting Must Not Be Supreme C. L. Smith 41 
 
 Keep in'Touch with Outside World Mrs. H. W. Sparks 42 
 
 FART II. 
 Prize Contest for Best Flan of a 160-Acre Non-Irrigated Parm. 
 
 Great Farm Unit Is the 160 Acres 45 
 
 American Home First Farm Requisite (Second Prize) 
 
 ^- G. Francis Foster 45 
 
 Man and Wife Are Equal Partners W. S. Rice 50 
 
 Put Their Crop in Just Any Way R. L. Blevins, Sr. 52 
 
 Learn to Know Every Acre of Farm Albert C. Pepoon 54 
 
 To Make Money on Quarter Section ^^John Lorang 61 
 
 Balance Sheet of Value to Farmer Richard Jaekel 66 
 
 Shelter All the Farm Implements C. E. Zerba 68 
 
 FART III. 
 
 Prize Contest for Best Plan and Description of a Ten-Acre 
 Irrigated Parzn. 
 
 Ten Acres of Irrigated Land 73 
 
 One Miner's Experience in Farming (Second Prize) — James B. Felts 73 
 
 To Do Away With all Roadways C. J. Oberst 76 
 
 Attend to Business First Three Years N. Nelson 79 
 
 One's Prospects Depend on the Man A. H. Roberts 80 
 
 Can One Make an Ideal Home on Ten Acres? E. A. Whitman 82 
 
 Figures Out Expenses and Income P. H. Tomlinson 83 
 
 Cost of Starting the Ten-Acre Farm Mrs. Hattie Stilwill 85 
 
 Truck Garden for First Year's Income S. G. Moore 88 
 
 Front Made During the Second Year Frank Christy 90 
 
Page 
 
 Better to Buy Feed and Haise Berries Peter Dawson 92 
 
 Farm so as to Have Little to Buy K. H. Fitting 94 
 
 One Acre of Alfalfa to Keep a. Cow Charles M. Carter 97 
 
 Farming Small Tract Close to Market Sadie Hooper 98 
 
 Wi^ter Apples to Be the Main Crop W. S. Fraser 100 
 
 Land too Valuable to Raise Feed C. B. Brown 102 
 
 Must Have Air and Root Drainage H. M. Caldwell 104 
 
 The Farm, the Family and the Ideal L. M. Cox 106 
 
 Diversified Plan for the Ten Acres W. A. Bobbins 108 
 
 Importance of Selecting the Tract Miss Helen R. Topping 110 
 
 Independence on Ten-Acre Farm W. A. Srooks 112 
 
 Fence the Farm with English Walnuts L. Speegle 115 
 
 Put Chicken Wire Around Ten Acres J. A. Waggoner 117 
 
 FART IV. 
 Fnze Contest for Best Flan of Farm House. 
 
 Discussion of Prize Farm House Plans W. J. Spillman 121 
 
 Convenience of a Rear Entrance (First Prize) Mrs. J. S. Houston 124 
 
 Built-in Wardrobes and Shelves (Second Prize) Mrs. H. F. Hoag 127 
 
 Roomy Pantry with China Closet (Third Prize) __Mrs. R. D. Duf field 128 
 
 Can Be Made One Story or Two Stories Mrs. J. F. Auer 131 
 
 Well Ventilated and Has Good Light Harry Bantham 132 
 
 House Designed for a. Small JFarm Mrs. J. S. Shepard 134 
 
 Quarter Section Farm House Plan Geo. E. Ellinger 135 
 
 Is Planned to, Waste no Floor Space Herbert N. Rudeen 136 
 
 Living Room Large and Convenient Alfred Mors 138 
 
 Roomy, Cozy and Convenient House Mrs. Fred L. Brown 140 
 
 Conveniences for tlie Farmer's Wife Mrs. Hattie Hamlin 142 
 
 Pantry Is Large and Has a Window Mrs. George Foster 143 
 
 Rooms Can Be Made Any Size Desired H. E. Pope 145 
 
 Within Reach of Any Thrifty Parmer 1 Mrs. J. T. Arnold 146 
 
 Convenient House for Large Farm Mrs. C. E. Teager 148 
 
 To Save Steps for Wife and Mother Mrs. W. C. Johns 149 
 
 All the Rooms are on Ground Floor '-Mrs. M. E. Williams 151 
 
 f Mrs. R. B. Byars 
 _,, ,^. i. _ . „, ,-, .i ! Mrs. Annie Boawn 
 
 Five Attractive But Cheap Cottages . J o. p. Cole 
 
 Mrs. A. J. Krejberg 
 
 L Mrs. Annie Hayworth 151 
 
 Two Plans After the Contest Closed Mrs. J. E. Rohrer 159 
 
AGRICULTURAL LEADERSHIP. 
 
 Looking for a man to act as judge in awarding the prizes for 
 the best plan of cultivating a lO-acre tract of irrigated land, the 
 attention of The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review centered up- 
 on Mr. W. J. Spillman, in charge of farm management investi- 
 gations of the United States Department of Agriculture. No 
 leader in the great movement for better farming is inore highly 
 regarded throughout the Pacific Northwest, either as a scientific 
 investigator of rural problems or as a man of the broadest sym- 
 pathy with those who are trying to work out these problems for 
 themselves. For a number of years Mr. Spillman was at the head 
 of the Agricultural Department of the State College at Pullman, 
 Wash., and became thoroughly acquainted with farm conditions 
 on the Pacific Coast. Entering upon a wider field of activity in 
 the east, he has lost none of his keen interest in the agricultural 
 development of this part of the country. 
 
 Mr. Spillman consented to act as judge in this contest, as 
 well as in the later contest on farm house plans, and in arranging 
 these letters for publication, he has added not a little to their 
 value by his introduction as well as by comments accompanying 
 many of the plans. 
 
 Credit is due to Professor E. E. Elliott and Professor H. T. 
 French for valuable aid in acting as judges. These men are 
 identified with the agricultural progress of the Pacific North- 
 west. 
 
 The newspaper habit is responsible for a slight change in 
 the excellent arrangement of the book made by Mr. Spillman. 
 Two or three of the best plans, together with that of the model 
 farm house devised by Mr. Spillman himself, have been placed 
 at the beginning of the book. 
 
HELP TO SOLVE FARM PROBLEMS. 
 By W. J. Spillman. 
 
 In an effort to reach some of the important agricultural 
 problems, to get the farmers to thinking about them, and to con- 
 tribute as much as possible toward their solution, The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review has, during the past few years, con- 
 ducted a series of prize contests which have attracted wide atten- 
 tion and have brought into greater prominence than ever before 
 in the Pacific Northwest some of the most important problems 
 of the farmer. 
 
 The first and greatest of these problems is how to make 
 farm life more attractive. A prize contest for essays on this 
 subject brought out many excellent ideas, which will be found 
 in the first section of this book. This particular contest was held 
 about the time when President Roosevelt's Country Life Com- 
 mission were engaged in their work, and although it is the last 
 of the contests held, its fundamental importance easily gives it 
 first place in this publication. 
 
 The first of the series of contests held by The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review was that for plans for 160-acre non-irrigated 
 farms and took place in the spring of 1907. A committee con- 
 sisting of Prof. E. E. Elliott, then of Pullman, Wash., and Prof. 
 H. T. French, Director of the Idaho Experiment Station, selected 
 eight of the best plans submitted and the readers of The Twice- 
 a-Week Spokesman-Review by vote awarded the prizes amongst 
 these eight. These plans for 160-acre non-irrigated farms form 
 the second section of this book. 
 
 The third section is devoted to plans submitted in a prize con- 
 test for the best plan and description of a 10-acre irrigated farm. 
 About 160 plans were submitted in this contest. Some 20 of the 
 best of them are here included. . These plans were judged by 
 the writer, especial attention being called to the plan of Mr. J. S. 
 Metzgar, which won the first prize in this contest. The writer 
 considers this the best farm plan he has ever seen. Further dis- 
 cussion of it will be found in the letter awarding the prizes. 
 There were so many excellent plans submitted that it was de- 
 cided to select a number of others in addition to those which 
 were awarded prizes for publication. 
 
 In the contest for the farm plans, in which each contestant 
 was required to give some estimate of the expense of equipping 
 
his farm, there was such diversity of opinion concerning the 
 farfn house that the writer suggested to the editor of The Twice- 
 a-Week Spokesman-Review the desirability of another contest 
 on farm house plans. The editor immediately announced such a 
 contest and requested the writer to act as judge. He did this 
 reluctantly, realizing the difficulties of this position. About 660 
 plans of farm houses were submitted. No one of them was 
 fully satisfactory. This contest revealed the fact that architec- 
 tural problems are generally not understood. Many of the best- 
 arranged plans submitted were strictly city houses and not 
 adapted to farm purposes. This point is further discussed in 
 the letter making the awards, which is given in connection with 
 the farm house plans. About 20 plans had sufficient points of 
 excellence to justify their publication in permanent form, and 
 they are included here. 
 
 Two plans were submitted by Mrs. Rohrer, of Saltese, Mont., 
 after the contest closed. They are both so excellent that they 
 are included in the list, following the plans which were submit- 
 ted during the contest. 
 
 After the contest was over many of the readers of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review urged the writer, who, in 
 awarding the prizes, had expressed disapproval of all the plans, 
 to submit a plan which would embody his own ideas. Such a 
 plan was drawn in the rough by the writer and submitted to Mr. 
 G. H. Parks, architect in the Dairy Division of the Bureau of 
 Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, who 
 has made such changes in it as to remove its principal architec- 
 tural faults. Mr. Parks, who has carefully revised this plan, was 
 one of the architects concerned in the building of the Adminis- 
 tration building of the Washington State College. 
 
 In judging the plans for the 10-acre irrigated farms it oc- 
 curred to the writer that the plans contained so many excellent 
 suggestions that they deserve to be preserved in permanent form. 
 The suggestion was therefore made to Mr. Smith, editor of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review, that he issue a pamphlet 
 containing a selected list of these plans. Mr. Smith at once ac- 
 cepted the suggestion, and further suggested that the best things 
 selected from the other contests be included, and requested the 
 writer to arrange the matter for publication. The results are 
 now before you. 
 
 It is believed that the many useful suggestions made by the 
 participants in these prize contests will be exceedingly useful 
 to farmers in all parts of this country, and it is hoped that this 
 book may be helpful in the solution of important farm problems. 
 
AN IDEAL FARM HOUSE. 
 
 Awarding the prizes in the farm house contest, Mr. W. J. 
 Spillman found none of the plans submitted entirely satisfactory. 
 Many of the contestants requested him to furnish a farm house 
 plan according to his own ideas. Accordingly this he has done. 
 The general features of the following plan are devised by Mr. 
 Spillman, the details being worked out by Mr. G. H. Parks, of 
 the United States Department of Agriculture. Mr. Parks was 
 one of the architects who drew the plans for the Administration 
 building at Pullman, Wash. The general discussion of the farm 
 house plans by Mr. Spillman will be found in Part 4. Speaking 
 of the ideal farm house plan herewith given, Mr. Spillman says : 
 "It will be noticed that this plan provides a back entrance and 
 good storage room from above ground, two features which dis- 
 tinguish the ideal farm house from the ideal city dwelling. The 
 back entrance is so arranged that men coming in from the fields 
 and the barn can enter the rear, where they find a wash basin, 
 with good space near by for hanging coats and hats. The bath- 
 room, range and sink, all of which require plumbing, are con- 
 nected in such a manner as to render the plumbing inexpensive." 
 
PLAN OF IDEAL FARM HOUSE. 
 
 W. J. SPILLMAN, Washington, D. C. 
 
PERSPECTIVE VIEW. 
 
 .^■-v^,, ^ 
 
 I'EKSPECXn'E A'IEY\' ^A'TT1I ENDS OF RAFTERS ENCASED. 
 
 Two perspective views are given, showing one way of fvaming- up tliis house. In 
 one the ends of the rafters are encased, in the other they are not. The latter is 
 cheaper and looks better. 0_f course there is an indefinite number of ways of framing 
 up a house of this kind._ Each architect \\ ill have his own views of working up the 
 subject. Mr. Parks estiinatcs that this house would cost from $2,000 to $3,500, ac- 
 cording to the manner of finishing. It could easily be made a full two-story house, 
 thus giving much more room if the room were required. 
 
HUSBAND AND WIFE COMPETE FOR PRIZE. 
 
 At the beginning of the contest for the best plan and descrip- 
 tion of a 10-acre irrigated farm. The Twice-a-Week Spokesman- 
 Review said: 
 
 "In this contest the foremost idea is not how much money 
 can possibly be squeezed out of the 10-acre tract; rather how 
 much of home life may be enjoyed on it. . Fresh eggs and milk 
 and vegetables count for more in such a home than twice their 
 cost in money when bought from others. Remember, that while 
 the cold cash may be necessary to buy groceries, clothing and 
 many other things, it is not necessary to buy many of those de- 
 licious luxuries which every farmer may raise for himself." 
 
 This contest brought forth an interesting competition be- 
 tween husband and wife, both being seriously considered for first 
 place by Mr. W. J. Spillman, who awarded the prizes, and who 
 tells in a most entertaining manner how the plans of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Metzgar were analyzed and classified; what were the val- 
 uable and winning features in each and how each might be im- 
 proved. 
 
 This discussion is of special value to farmers and those 
 deeply interested in rural problems. Its broad and penetrating 
 grasp of the new agricultural era, of the development of the "new 
 earth," makes it likewise valuable to the student of social con- 
 ditions, as well as to general readers. 
 
 Both the first prize plan of Mr. Metzgar and that of Mrs. 
 Metzgar, which received honorable mention, are herewith given. 
 
 The other plans in this contest, together with the comments 
 of Mr. Spillman, will be found in Part III. of this book. 
 
 A 10-ACRE POULTRY AND FRUIT RANCH 
 By J. S. Metzgar. 
 
 BOYDS, Wash.— To • the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : This is to be a poultry and fruit ranch, but 
 while the trees are growing to a bearing age,' I will be studying 
 the best literature on the art of poultry husbandry, starting with 
 two score chickens and thereby gaining a practical, thorough 
 knowledge of this second most important industry of the plant. 
 Meanwhile, I will be also securing the various horticultural 
 papers attd the bulletins, so that I will be able to cope with the 
 thousand and one enemies of the orchards. 
 
 ■ 13 
 
To do all the ditching, building and planting of trees, the 
 first year requires that you have a neat little bank account to 
 start with, but presuming that I have enough money on hand to 
 build a house of seven rooms, to cost $1,400 to $1,600, a team of 
 horses, wagon, harness, farm implements, etc., as well as the 
 trees necessary to plant orchard, I will be in a fair way to help 
 myself to all the rest and will make the land keep up the family 
 the first year, also build a barn 20x28, to cost $400. 
 
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 TRUCK 
 
 Gooseae/tftieA. 
 
 
 - 
 
 J. S. METZGAR, Boyds, Wash. 
 
 This ro-acre plan oi Mr, Metzgar's was one of the four farm plans chosen by the 
 United States Department of Agriculture for exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacifi,q 
 Exposition at Seattle. 
 
 In the diagram of my lO-acre home you will see that the 
 house, barn, fruit house and all outbuildings are on a half-acre 
 plot and are a comfortable and decent distance from each other 
 and yet have plenty of room to spare. The lawn is surrounded 
 on south and east by trees, which are valuable for fruit as well 
 
 14 
 
as shade, being principally cherries and a variety of other fruits 
 not found in the orchard. In the court at the rear of the house 
 are grape arbors. To the west of the hou.se and drive is a flower 
 garden, to the north of the barn, a small barnyard. The half 
 acre north of the half acre just described is the home garden. 
 
 A drive runs across the south and east sides to the orchard. 
 
 The southwest acre is devoted to small fruits, plants for 
 which can be bought at a very small cost. These small fruits 
 are arranged to ripen in succession, that the family may do all 
 the picking, ranging from early strawberries to blackberries, 
 which prolongs the berry season to about six weeks. In this 
 acre, to utilize the ground close to the fences not reached by 
 plow, I have planted the east and west sides with asparagus, 
 while on the south and protected from the hot sun by the fence 
 I have planted currants. 
 
 The southeast acre marked "truck" will be planted the first 
 year to tomatoes and celery. Along east and west side of this 
 acre is planted rhubarb, while along the south side and protected 
 by the fence are those "delicious gooseberries." 
 
 The acre lots on each side of the garden are seeded first year 
 to alfalfa. In the north corners of this lot are double chicken 
 houses, 14x20 feet. 
 
 The north half of this 10-acre tract is devoted to fruit orchard, 
 as seen in the diagram; three acres in good fall and winter vari- 
 eties of apples, planted 30 feet apart and filled between in rows 
 one way with prunes, which later will be pulled out to make 
 room for the apples; one acre to pears; one acre to peaches, 
 planted 17 feet apart in the rows. 
 
 The first few years I will raise cabbage, potatoes and onions 
 in the orchard, planted between the rows. 
 
 While I have no room in this article to give figures, it is 
 safe to say that with a market like Spokane for my orchard- 
 grown vegetables, with celery and tomatoes, I, with my family, 
 will live, build our barn and buy a good cow with our first year's 
 receipts from our 10-acre irrigated farm. 
 
 J. S, METZGAE. 
 
 IS 
 
MODEL HOME AND FARM ON 10 ACRES. 
 By Mrs. J. S. Metzgar. 
 
 BOYDS, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Can a naodel home and farm be made on 
 10 acres of irrigated land? 
 
 I shall endeavor to answer the questions in order as they 
 are asked in The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review. To the 
 first question I would emphatically say, yes. 
 
 In order to start such a home as I have planned, it will cost 
 about $2,100, exclusive of the land. They can make the farm 
 pay for all of their living the first year and can raise it all except 
 their groceries. They can raise more vegetables than the family 
 will consume, will raise their own meat, their own eggs, cream, 
 milk, butter and some strawberries; the balance of their fruit 
 must be bought this year. 
 
 The first few years there will be two acres devoted to rais- 
 ing vegetables, one acre will be planted to cabbage, celery, toma- 
 toes, or melons, and we will expect the receipts from this to pay 
 •the running expenses. The other acre will be devoted to truck 
 gardening, where the roots needed for the cow, chickens and 
 pigs will be raised, the potatoes and sweet corn for family use. 
 Then the half acre of garden will contain all the small vegetables 
 and vines, such as cucumbers, muskmelons, watermelons, squash, 
 pumpkins and citrons. There will be a surplus of these things 
 that can be sold. In the early spring we will have a good sized 
 hotbed, where we will raise lettuce, cabbage and tomato plants 
 for market, besides what we will need for our own use. 
 
 Yes, we will keep chickens. Will have 50 hens to start with 
 and will raise as many as possible the first year in order to 
 have a nice lot of broilers for sale in the fall, which will also 
 help to defray the expenses. 
 
 We will also keep a horse and a cow. The first season we 
 will raise all the feed, as we will sow grain with the alfalfa and 
 closer; part of this will be cut for hay and the balance will be 
 allowed to ripen for feed. After the first year only the hay will 
 be raised, as I think the grains can be bought more profitably. 
 
 We shall expect the family to do all the work except at the 
 harvesting seasons of the year, when we will hire berry 
 pickers, etc. 
 
 About $1,300 will build a nice modern six-room cottage or 
 
 i6 
 
bungalow, and $500 will build all of the outbuildings needed for 
 che present. 
 
 I will have one-half acre for a lawn and playground, as I 
 have three little girls, who must have their comforts considered. 
 This amount will 'furnish ample room for rose garden, flower 
 beds, playhouse, etc. 
 
 /APPLES /RNO PEfJRS PE/?CH£S 
 
 ALFFfLF/J 
 
 2. ffCRES 
 
 I ttCffE 
 
 With 
 
 Us/ith 
 
 CLO^F/^ CLO/FR 
 
 CHERRIES 
 CLOl^ER 
 
 TOM/7rO£S OR 
 C/738/7CS 
 
 (LOgRflL 
 
 I House I 
 
 T-ffUCK QRffOENINO 
 / /fC/TE 
 
 C^/c/;£/v Hoos£ 
 
 ff/lSfB£/!/riea 
 et./K:A3£/f^/£S 
 Cc//f/f/f.A^TS 
 ETC 
 
 GffROEN 
 
 PLfiyaitouAio 
 
 ST^^W8£ffff/ES 
 / /fere . 
 
 MRS. J. S. METZGAR, Boyds, Wash. 
 
 We desire to have the house centrally located, for if the 
 wife and mother truly has the interests of the farm at heart she 
 will want to be where she can see it grow and- develop, besides 
 being able to lend a helping hand at the various 'little things that 
 would be overlooked by most men. 
 
 I have planned that we devote one acre to the culture of 
 strawberries, and we will realize a nice little income from this 
 alone the first few years, as it can be made to yield as high as 
 10,000 quarts of berries and these will bring an average of IS 
 cents per quart, or $1500 per acre. We will set 5000 plants on 
 
 17 
 
the acre, and good berries can be bought for $5 per 1000, or a 
 cost of $25 per acre. My poultry yard is adjoining this acre so 
 that the fowls can be allowed to gather worms and bugs from 
 the plants until the fruit begins to form. Then it is a well-known 
 fact that the droppings from a henhouse contain the right prop- 
 erties to make it the best kind of a fertilizer for strawberries^ 
 
 I allow half an acre for small fruits, such as raspberries, 
 blackberries, currants, etc., and half an acre for barnyard, chicken 
 yards and corral for the stock. 
 
 The remaining five acres will be planted to orchard. We will 
 plant all 2-year-old trees, four to five feet apart. Will buy from 
 a grower whp sells inspected stock quite cheaply and whose 
 prices I quote here. There will be two acres of apples, which 
 will require 100 trees, at a cost of $10.50 per 100. One acre oiE 
 pears will require 110 trees, at a cost of $23.10 per acre. One 
 acre of cherries will require .110 trees, at a cost of $35 per acre. 
 One acre of peaches will require 135 trees, at a cost of $15 per 
 acre. 
 
 We will use only the well-known standard varieties of fruits 
 on this five acres, and when these trees begin to yield we will 
 plant the acre now used for tomatoes with a number of the 
 new, fancy varieties of fruits. 
 
 There will be alfalfa and clover seeded in the orchard and 
 as my poultry plant increases, there will be colony houses built 
 at intervals. We will also allow young calves to pasture here in 
 the spring. 
 
 Thus, by combining poultry and fruit, with a few good dairy 
 cows, we will soon be able to realize a very neat income with but 
 little cost of labor during fruit picking season. 
 
 MRS. JNO. S. METZGAR. 
 
 IDEAL OF 10-ACRE IRRIGATED FARM. 
 By W. J. Spillman. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : In the halls and corridors of the Corcoran 
 art gallery in Washington City are hung a large number of paint- 
 ings. The quality of these paintings depends upon the point of 
 view. One of them is more or less familiar to your readers. It is 
 entitled "The Helping Hand." An old salt is rowing a boat. 
 Seated beside him is a little girl, perhaps six years old, with her 
 tiny hands on the oar. She is looking straight at you, with a 
 very serious air, and evidently appreciates the important service 
 
 i8 
 
she is rendering. The old sailor is looking down at her with an 
 expression of kindly interest. The artist has portrayed an ex- 
 pression on both faces which even the unlettered can recognize 
 as natural to the situation. I have visited this gallery many times 
 when it is open to the public, when there is always a crowd. In- 
 variably I find before this picture a group of silent admirers. Most 
 of them are not art critics. They simply see something here 
 which they recognize and understand. 
 
 There is another picture which -appeals to the public in the 
 sanie way. It is that of a peasant girl bringing home a band 
 of sheep. The picture is so natural that you half expect to see 
 some of the animals move. This picture, too, always attracts the 
 crowd. 
 
 Now these two pictures are not adequately described by the 
 terms good or excellent. We can only say they. are great pic- 
 tures, but that does not describe them very well. Among the 
 crowds that frequent this gallery there are, of course, many 
 artists and students of art. These people have studied the tech- 
 nique of painting and drawing, and when they look at the picture 
 they do not always see the aim of the artist, and frequently over- 
 look the result obtained by the artist because their minds are 
 concentrated on the means employed by the artist to accomplish 
 this result. It requires no education in art to recognize a great 
 picture; but it does require an art education to recognize a great 
 master of technique, or at least to point out in what his mastery 
 lies. 
 
 So it is in judging the many interesting farm plans submit- 
 ted in this contest. One must study the subject a good deal in 
 order to appreciate fully the excellent points in a plan, because 
 one must look beyond the drawing to the farm which it rep- 
 resents. 
 
 As usually happens in a contest where there are many con- 
 testants, we find all grades of excellence in the plans and descrip- 
 tions submitted, varying from the crudest attempts to the well- 
 nigh perfect plan, the author of which, perhaps, without knowing 
 it, is a real artist, whose unusual ability and dear-mindedness is 
 patent to the trained eye. 
 
 There were 163 contestants. When I first received the pa- 
 pers I began to read them carefully and to classify them first 
 into those which evidently would not be in the final competition 
 and those which had sufficient merit to justify their further con- 
 sideration. Before I had finished I had four grades established. 
 In the first grade were about 20; in the second and third about 
 15 each; the remainder were in the fourth grade, or lowest. 
 
 19 
 
I then took up the first grade and studied them compara- 
 tively. In reading the various plans proposed, the ideal plan 
 gradually evolved itself in my mind, but none of the 20 in this 
 class corresponded exactly with this ideal. I then carefully went 
 over class 2 and found two or three in this class which I removed 
 to class 1. Then I went carefully over all the others. I finally 
 found the prize winner in my original class 3. I have compared 
 this plan repeatedly with every other plan worthy of considera- 
 tion, and I can not avoid giving it the first prize. The reason I 
 had put this paper in class 3 on the first reading was that the 
 description of the plan is rather inadequate. The plan itself is 
 almost perfectly ideal. This I did not recognize until study of all 
 the plans had developed in my mind the ideal of what the 10- 
 acre irrigated farm should be. You see, I learned a great deal 
 from studying, these plans, which I knew would be the case. It 
 was the certainty of this that prompted me to accept the respon- 
 sibility of judge in this contest. The plan which is awarded 
 first prize shows beyond question that its author understood what 
 he was doing when he drew it, better, I believe, than any other 
 contestant did. 
 
 After working four or five days over about 20 or 25 of the 
 best plans, until I had them practically by heart, four of them 
 stood out more and more clearly as the best, everything consid- . 
 ered. These four are as follows: 
 
 First prize — Mr. J. S. Metzgar, Boyds, Wash. 
 
 Second prize— Mrs. J. B. Felts, Station B., R. F. D. 10, Op- 
 portunity, Spokane, Wash. 
 
 Honorable mention— Mr. C. J. Oberst, Elmhurst; Cal. 
 
 Honorable mention— Mrs. J. S. Metzgar, Boyds, Wash. 
 
 I can say without hesitation that the plan for a 10-acre 
 irrigated farm submitted by Mr. J. S. Metzgar is the best-worked- 
 out plan for a farm I have ever seen. Some of its excellencies 
 are as follows: 
 
 First, it provides for a suitable variety of products, which 
 insures against total loss in a year that might be unfavorable 
 to a particular crop. This variety is also desirable from the 
 fact that it gives a better chance of having something that will 
 be high-priced every year. On the other hand, Mr. Metzgar 
 has not put in too many varieties and those he has selected seem 
 to be excellently suited for the purpose in mind. But the greatest 
 excellency of Mr. Metzgar's plan, and in this his plan is far su- 
 perior to any other submitted, is in the arrangement of the fields, 
 the garden, the buildings, and the dooryard. He has used just 
 
about the right amount of space for the buildings on a farm of 
 this size. 
 
 Mrs. Metzgar, whose plan wins honorable mention, uses 
 more land for the buildings and yards, assigning as a reason 
 that she wants the extra space as a playground for her three 
 girls. This, of course, is a laudable reason, but in my judgment 
 the whole 10 acres will be the playground for these girls, and 
 they will not be cramped on the smaller yard provided by Mr. 
 Metzgar. 
 
 There is a romance connected with this plan. When I first 
 received the papers I was under the impression that all the 
 original papers had been sent me, so that at first I overlooked 
 all of those that had been printed, thinking I had duplicates of 
 them in the other papers. It happened that the first and second 
 prizes were found among the plans that had not been printed. 
 Later I discovered that I did not have the original papers for the 
 printed plans, and when I went over these carefully I recognized 
 at once that .Mrs. Metzgar would be a close competitor for the 
 first prize. 
 
 Again, Mr. Metzgar's arrangement of the lawn with trees 
 around the margin, leaving the center open, is ideal. 
 
 Furthermore, his practical mind, which is unquestionably 
 also that of an artist, has used cherry trees and other useful and 
 beautiful trees with which to ornament his yard. This I con- 
 sider a point of great excellence. 
 
 On as small a farm as this I would consider a large yard full 
 of things that are ornamental, but not useful much less pleasing 
 to the eye than things which are equally ornamental and highly 
 useful. I may take too material a view, but in this case utility 
 heightens the ornamental' value in my eyes. 
 
 Another point to which I would call attention in Mr. Metzgar's 
 plan: His fields are all arranged to give easy access from the 
 house and barn. Notice especially his arrangement of the berry 
 patch. This patch can be entered at any point from the door 
 yard, as the rows all end there. 
 
 With the exception of his apple orchard, every other sub- 
 division of his farm is exactly one acre, which gives opportunity 
 for any amount of rotating. For instance, when either of the 
 alfalfa fields begins to need reseeding he can move his truck 
 patch into that field and sow alfalfa where he now has truck. 
 Likewise, when his berry patch needs resetting he can move 
 that to one of his alfalfa fields if he wants to. Then when it 
 comes time to replant bis neach orchard he can move that. In 
 his plan he also provides for planting quickly maturing fruits 
 
amongst the apples, to be removed when the apples need the 
 space. This excellent point, however, was brought out by nearly 
 all the cpntestants. 
 
 There are, apparently, two small defects in Mr. Metzgar's 
 arrangement of the details of the plan. There seems to.be no 
 satisfactory way of getting into the west alfalfa field from the 
 barn. Now, I would suggest to Mr. Metzgar that he move the 
 pigpen west a few feet to make a roadway into the west alfalfa 
 field. This will put the pigpen in the corner of the garden, 
 where much of the feed of the pigs will be raised. 
 
 There is one other apparent defect in that there seems to be 
 no way of turning the wagon near the barn. I think, perhaps, 
 his plan is to back the wagon into a shed under the barn, then 
 when it comes out it can go either north or south along the road- 
 way. I am not sure he has room enough for this. 
 
 One point of very great excellence in this plan, which will 
 be objected to by rtiany, but which is really an important mat- 
 ter, is that Mr. Metzgar has wasted no space in a useless barn 
 lot. He simply has a little open space in which his cow can 
 stand in sunny weather, which is all he needs. He has a little 
 more space devoted to garden than the family needs, but this 
 is really not a defect, since the excess of garden vegetables can 
 be sent to market. I am convinced that one-eighth of an acre 
 of irrigated land anywhere in Washington, Oregon or Idaho, 
 when properly tended, would produce all the vegetables an ordi- 
 nary family could consume. 
 
 In Mr. Metzgar's explanation of his plan there is more to 
 criticize. First, he is too brief and does not give enough detail. 
 Second, he builds a house which costs more than most people 
 would consider justifiable in starting a farm of this kind. This, 
 however, depends upon the amount of money the owner of the 
 farm can afford for his residence. If one has the money a house 
 costing $1,400 to $1,600 is all right, and I think that ultimately 
 the owner of such a farm could afford such a house. If he has 
 the money at the beginning all the better. If his funds are lim- 
 ited I think a $500 house would be satisfactory for the first few 
 years. 
 
 Very few of the contestants, and Mr. Metzgar is weak here, 
 too, give a very accurate idea of the equipment necessary in 
 starting a farm of this kind, or the cost of this equipment. Most 
 farmers have really given little attention to the cost of any- 
 thing. We are now studying this particular phase of the farm, 
 and hope in a few years to be able to give farmers valuable in- 
 formation on the cost of all phases of the farm and its operation. 
 
I will also call attention to Mr. Metzgar's plan for study 
 in the early years of the operation of this farm; also to the 
 splendid arrangement of his poultry houses in and adjacent to 
 his orchard ; to the selection of varieties with a view to having 
 harvest extend over a long period, thus reducing the amount 
 of labor that must be hired in harvest time. 
 
 There is some question whether on a farm of this kind 
 one would be justified in devoting aS much ground to alfalfa as 
 Mr. Metzgar does. This would depend somewhat upon the 
 amount of. labor available on the farm. Some of those whose 
 opinions I have sought in judging these papers have thought 
 that Mrs. Metzgar's plan is somewhat superior to Mr. Metzgar's 
 in this one particular. But the important point is that Mr. Metz- 
 gar. has- the farm so arranged that if we decide to grow more 
 fruit and truck instead of alfalfa we can make the change with- 
 out any expense whatever, while if we were to undertake to 
 correct the defects in the best of the other plans there would 
 be considerable expense involved. 
 
 In Mr. Metzgar's discussion of the management of his farm 
 he omits to tell us how he would keep up the supply of humus 
 in his orchard. Mrs. Metzgar tells us how to do this in a most 
 excellent way. I have spent three days analyzing the four plans 
 here .discussed in order that I might place the prizes justly. In 
 that three days Mrs. Metzgar's plan has at various times stood 
 first, second, third and fourth among the foUr. I really regret 
 that there are only two prizes in the case, for I think both the 
 plans that received honorable mention deserve prizes. 
 
 I will now give my reasons for giving Mrs. Metzgar's plan 
 honorable mention rather than one of the prizes. 
 
 In the first place, she has too much land in the yard and lot. 
 In the second place, there seems to be no way of getting from 
 the driveway near the yard to the orchard at the back of the 
 farm. I would suggest that if the driveway were extended 
 straight through by moving the chicken house and cutting off 
 the right end of the corral, the plan would be greatly improved. 
 
 You will notice that Mrs. Metzgar's location of the chicken 
 house is unfortunate. The chicken houses ought to be strung 
 out along the edge of the orchard. Her berry patch is also awk- 
 wardly situated. Now, if these berry rows were allowed to come 
 up to the yard, and if the buildings were concentrated on about 
 five-eighths of an acre, the garden being placed behind them, 
 her plan would become essentially the same as that of Mr. Metz- 
 gar, and, I think, would be improved. 
 
 23 
 
On the whole, Mrs. Metzgar's selection of crops is about the 
 best of any contestant, and for a long time I debated whether I 
 should allow this to give her the prize in preference to Mr. Metz- 
 gar. But I reasoned this way : Suppose each of these plans 
 were put in operation and it were then necessary to change both 
 of them to make them perfectly ideal. Mr. Metzgar's plan would 
 require only the substitution of perhaps some permanent fruit 
 trees and some truck crops for alfalfa and the moving of the 
 pigpen, neither of which would cost anything. On the other hand, 
 to make Mrs. Metzgar's plan ideal would require the rnoving of 
 buildings and remaking of fences, and I thought that by taking 
 the more perfect plan and pointing out wherein the various plans 
 were imperfect would be of greater value to the readers of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review than to give the prize merely 
 on the selection of crops, which can be so easily changed. 
 
 There is one defect in Mrs. Metzgar's plan for the first 
 year. She does not provide enough material to be sold to support 
 the family properly. Again, she devotes an acre to growing 
 roots for the pig, cow and chickens and potatoes and sweet corn 
 for family use. I am of the opinion that this acre could be better 
 > utilized. The half-acre garden, as stated in discussing Mr. Metz- 
 gar's plans, is also larger than the family needs. This, however, 
 as stated before, is not a serious defect, as the surplus can be 
 sold. • She provides for one acre of cabbage, celery, tomatoes and 
 melons to be sold the first year. Also for selling lettuce, cab- 
 bage and tomato plants, from which, of course, only a small 
 income can be had; also the produce from 50 hens. I think, 
 too, that her estimate on the income from strawberries is too 
 high. Her selection of varieties of fruit is above criticism. 
 
 In accepting the responsibility of judging these plans I 
 stated to the editor oJE The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review 
 that I was glad to do this work because I was sure what I would 
 learn from it would justify the labor. I wish to say that it has 
 much more than justified the time taken. This has been the 
 most interesting contest I ever witnessed. I congratulate The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review most heartily on the results 
 secured. It requires no ordinary interest on the part of the 
 community to get 163 farmers to take the trouble to make plans 
 such as those submitted. I am sure that every one who has 
 worked on these plans has benefited greatly from their efforts, 
 and I am doubly sure that the large number of people who are 
 attempting to make improvements on small acreages will be 
 immensely benefited by the many splendid ideas advanced by 
 the contestants. W. J. SPILLMAN. 
 
 24 
 
NON-IRRIGATED FARM OF 160 ACRES. 
 By Peter Klaus. 
 
 MOHLER, Nez Perce County, Idaho.^To the Editor of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review : I have been a farmer for 
 25 years and on the average have had as good success as the 
 best of farmers, therefore, I speak from my own experience and 
 observation. What has been a success in the past surely ought 
 to be a success in the future. 
 
 I will begin with the house yard and number every lot and 
 show the best profits on each. 
 
 No. 1, House Yard — I plow this yard thoroughly and manure 
 it well with fine manure; then level it off with a clod masher; 
 then harrow with a fine-tooth harrow; then seed it to bluegrass 
 for a lawn; then plant a variety of nice trees and flower bushes. 
 This will add at least $2 per acre to the value of the entire farm, 
 or a total of $320. 
 
 No. 2, Garden — Plow it good and deep, level it down, manure 
 it well with well-rotted manure, harrow it thoroughly with a 
 heavy harrow, so as to have it in fine condition. Then sow early 
 radishes, lettuce, onions, peas, carrots, cabbages and tomatoes; 
 keep it clean of weeds and with three harrowings you will 
 have garden products worth $25. 
 
 No. 3, Orchard — First manure the ground heavily, then 
 plow it deep and drag it fine and level. Lay it off in rows for 
 your trees, 20 feet each way. Plant the trees deep and straight 
 each way. This gives an orchard of 100 trees and I can keep it 
 clean through the season by harrowing it three times with a 
 fine harrow. This is worth $100. 
 
 No. 4, Driveway — A large driveway between the house and 
 barn, of two acres, is much needed and gives good results in 
 keeping things out of the way and neat. While you are handling 
 your horses in the yard, if one gets loose you can catch it in the 
 driveway. This driveway adds $80 to thel farm. 
 
 No. 5, Poultry Hotise and Yard — Build a comfortable little 
 house with plenty of large windows on the east and south. This 
 will warm them up on a sunshiny day. Keep plenty of fine sand 
 and ashes for poultry to wallow in, which keeps them clean 
 from lice. Provide a nice green lawn for them to roam in in the 
 daytime. This is a comfortable place for about 100 chickens, 
 with a net income from chickens and eggs of $100. I have 
 planted a small grove west of the chicken house, which adds to 
 the valuation of the farm, at the very least, $50. 
 
No. 6, Machine Shed— This is one of the most needed of 
 all things on a farm, for the weather ruins more machinery than 
 general usage, especially wagons, buggies and seeders. Value to 
 farm, $50. 
 
 No. 7, Horse Barn and Yard— A barn for eight good mares, 
 with a fine extra stall in case of emergencies, and with large 
 stalls for horses so they can rest with comfort, should be 80 feet 
 long, 24 feet wide for the main part, by 24 feet high, with sheds 
 on two sides, one for horses, the other for 'granaries. This should 
 
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 PETER KLAUS, Mohler, Idaho. 
 
 have a feed mill, also a feed cutter, to cut all the feed, then 
 sprinkle with salt water. This will save feed at least one-half 
 as compared with feeding whole hay. The barn floor should 
 have a space of 24x80 feet, where you can drive in with wagons 
 to unload grain or hay, where you can grind and chop feed on 
 £tormy days. The small barnyard is to throw manure into and 
 turn horses into for a quick catch. Pile the manure out in a flat 
 pile, so as to catch the wet and make good manure, which is 
 
 26 
 
worth a limited amount to the farm, $100. The increase in 
 Lolts from eight mares, also worth $25 each, gives a total of 
 $200. 
 
 No. 8, Cow Barn — Make this with hayloft in center, with 
 stable on north for stanching cattle, and shed on south open for 
 stock shelter, with a manger along the north side of shed, where 
 you can feed hay or cut feed from the hayloft. A platform leads 
 from the horsebarn to the cowbarn, to cart the feed to the stock, 
 also to the hogs. This barn is for 10 cows and their calves. I 
 want my cows to be fresh about February 1. Milk the coWs 
 and feed the calves by hand. Separate the cream from milk and 
 give it to calves and hogs, which, with a little oilcake added, 
 will make good calves. By the first of May you can turn them 
 out in the pasture and feed a small portion of chop feed every 
 day, and in the fall they will be, fat and worth $12 each; cream 
 of cows, $10 each; total, $220. 
 
 No. 9, Hoghouse and Yard — In order to make hogs profit- 
 able you must have a good dry place for them to eat and sleep. 
 They want a ground floor to sleep on and a plank floor to eat 
 on where you feed them. In the day time I turn the hogs into 
 Ihe cowyards to clean up the droppings, which would go to 
 waste if it were not for the hogs. At night I put them back in 
 their yard. In this manner of feeding I get a double profit on 
 all feed which I feed to cows and calves. Everything is fat 
 ancf. ready for market all the time and I don't lose any feed. 
 This is a proposition of 10 sows, which should farrow in April, 
 which generally average about five pigs each by December. 
 Value of total, $750. 
 
 No. 10, Horse Pasture — ^This pasture is to turn your mares 
 and colts in at night and when not in use will save $10 per acre 
 in feed. Profit on eight acres, $80. 
 
 Nos. 11 and 12, Cow Pasture of 18 Acres — This would net 
 pprhaps in crops $180, which I will deduct from my profits. 
 
 Nos. 13 and l4. Oat Fields, 20 Acres — I would plow this in 
 the fall before seeding. Plow eight inches deep, harrow it once 
 in the fall, and just as soon as I can get on the land with a teani 
 in the spring, I sow my oa;ts with a broadcast seeder. Sow two 
 bushels per acre, then cross harrow it once, then cross harrow 
 again and the oats will be evenly covered and yield a good crpp 
 of at least 80 bushels per acre. Just when the straw is turning 
 a golden color, I cut five acres around the outside of the fields 
 with a mower for hay, and when dry haul it into the barn. By 
 that time the other is ripe enough to harvest with a binder. Let 
 
 27 
 
it stand in shock until dry enough to stack, then stack the same 
 and let it go through a sweat, which makes better grain and 
 better straw. Stack the straw good so it will turn water and 
 haul it to the barn and cut it up for winter feed for the stock. 
 Twenty acres of oats at 80 bushels per acre gives 1600 bushels, 
 and this at 30 cents a bushel clear of expense, gives $480. The 
 straw is worth $2 per acre, or $40. This gives a total of $520. 
 
 Nos.- 15, 16 and 17, Grain — I sow 30 acres of winter wheat 
 before the last cultivation of the corn, then I cultivate with a 
 small eight-shovel cultivator, which leaves the ground nice and 
 level and gives the wheat a good start. Sowing about one bushel 
 of wheat to the acre will give about the best stand on an average 
 for wheat. I have tried this method and have seen lots of others 
 try it with the best results. This will make wheat of 40 bushels 
 per acre wit'hout extra plowing or harrowing. Thirty acres of 
 wheat at 40 bushels per acre gives 1200 bushels, and this at 40 
 cents clear of expense ,gives $480. Straw on this field is worth 
 $60 in feed and bedding. Total, $540. 
 
 Nos. 18, 19, 20 and 21, Cornfield, 40 Acres— Plow the ground 
 early in the spring. As soon as the ground is thoroughly dry 
 and warm plow about six inches deep, then drag the ground once 
 each way, which leaves it in a fine condition for a good, even 
 corn bed. Check it in rows, both ways, planting an average of 
 from two to four grains in a hill, which makes the best yield 
 of all. I let it remain until it is just ready to come up, when I 
 take a light, fine-tooth harrow and harrow it the same v/ay as I 
 planted. This keeps the field clean of weeds and makes the 
 ground nice and mellow. As soon as the corn is about three 
 inches tall I take an A harrow, hitch a team to it, attach a cart 
 so I can ride and carry a stick to uncover all the corn that may 
 get covered. In this way I cultivate four rows of corn to each 
 round in the field. Nexi, I give it a good cultivating with a nar- 
 row shovel cultivator. This time I cross cultivate. Before cul- 
 tivating the last time I take a broadcast seeder and sow the wheat 
 as I have described before; then cultivate with a small shovel 
 cultivator, which covers the wheat and leaves the ground level 
 and the cornfield clean. About the first of August I turn my 
 sheep into the cornfield. They will eat off the leaves as far as 
 they can reach, which helps the growth of the wheat, makes a 
 better yield of corn, also more solid corn, which will ripen earaer, 
 and when the corn leaves are all gone they will live on the wheat 
 until winter. This corn will make 50 bushels per acre, and is 
 worth 40 cents per bushel, giving $800. When this corn is ripe, 
 I gather it in the field, take a roller, mash the stalks down and 
 
 28 
 
the sheep will clean it up so as'to leave but the bare stalks, and 
 this will protect the wheat for winter. 
 
 No. 22, Potato Field, 10 Acres— I always plow my potatoes 
 in as I plant them. I begin on one side of the field and plow 
 around a large tract about two furrows, then drop the potatoes, 
 which I have cut so as to have about three eyes in one piece, and 
 drop one piece in a place about 18 inches apart in the furrow 
 and as much as I can to the side of the furrow which is turned 
 over, so they will get into mellow ground. Plow very deep for 
 potatoes. After dropping a row I plow two more furrows, then 
 plant again, and so on. Now, after I have them planted, I cross 
 harrow the field once so as to level them, just before the corn is 
 out of the ground, I harrow it again so as to have the ground 
 clean when potatoes come up. After they are up about two 
 inches I harrow again with an A harrow; then in about 10 days 
 harrow in the same way ; then in about two weeks I will cultivate 
 with a corn plow, just the same as with corn, and I will raise 
 400 bushels of potatoes per acre, which makes 4000 bushels of 
 potatoes, and at a value of 25 cents per bushel will bring me 
 $1000. 
 
 No. 23, Ten Acres Sown With a Mixture of Wheat and Oats 
 for Hay on Spring Plowing — Plow six inches deep and sow thick 
 with SO pounds of wheat and 50 pounds of oats to the acre. Har- 
 row the ground once before seeding and twice after. Cut the 
 hay with a mower, rake it in winrows, then with a hay gatherer. 
 One man and team can haul it to the stack, two men pitch it 
 onto the stack and one man do the stacking. This 10 acres will 
 make three tons of good, fine hay to the acre, which would be 
 30 tons, worth $200. 
 
 Nos. 24 and 25, Sixteen-Acre Sheep Pasture — On this I can 
 keep 100 sheep from spring until August. These are supposed 
 to be ewes and average a lamb each. I take the ewes out of the 
 pasture and put them in the cornfield, as I have stated before, 
 leave the lambs in the pasture until I get the corn gathered, 
 when they can run in the field also, and feed with the ewes. 
 Lambs worth $3 each bring $300, wool on ewes $2 each bring 
 $200, making a total of $500. I would also mention a big saving 
 on hog feed by turning them into the wheat field after the wheat 
 was stacked or threshed. What they gain here is clear gain, for 
 nine-tenths of the farmers let this go to waste, which is a total 
 loss. 
 
 No. 26, Sheep Shed — For sheltering sheep in the heat of the 
 day and to shelter and feed them in the winter. 
 
 29 
 
The total income of a diversified farm, according to the 
 above plan and estimate, will be $5815 a year. 
 
 The expenses are as follows : I will figure my time for the 
 year at $300; one hired man by the year at $300; two men in 
 harvest and hay time, extra, $80; interest on buildings for one 
 year on $2000 worth of buildings at 10 per cent, at $200 ; interest 
 on $200 worth of machinery, $20; blacksmith bill and general 
 repairs for year, $50; feed for 100 chickens, $10; feed for 10 
 sows and 50 pigs takes 500 bushels of grain at 40 cents, costing 
 $200; feed for 10 cows, 200 bushels, costs $80; feed for calves, 
 50 bushels, costs $20; hay, $50; feed for eight mares with colts 
 takes 2000 bushels chop feed, costing $800; hay for same, 10 
 tons, worth $50; extra straw for cattle and horses, $50; twine for 
 binding grain, on 50 acres at 40 cents per acre, $20; threshing 
 wheat, 1600 bushels at 6 cents per bushel, $96; threshing 1600 
 bushels of oats, at 5 cents per bushel, $80; feed for sheep, 100 
 bushels of grain, $40; 10 tons of hay, $50; board for two men 
 and one cook, actual cost, $225; hire of cook at $15 per month. 
 $180; board for extra men in harvest, $15. This includes all 
 expenses. I do the balance of the work with my hired. man on 
 the farm. 
 
 The total expense will be $3115. Deduct this from the in- 
 come of $5815, and it leaves a net profit of $2700 on 160 acres 
 for one year. 
 
 PETER KLAUS. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Peter Klaus. 
 
 The planting, of orchard trees is entirely too close together; 
 25 feet will be much better; nor will the orchard be kept clean 
 by three ordinary harrowings. 
 
 The yard or driveway is one of the most excellent features. 
 ^ The estimate of $100 for manure saved from the barn is 
 entirely too low. 
 
 It is a mistake to put milch cows on the north side of stable, 
 away from the sunlight, although it may be assumed that it is 
 the interition to allow them to run on the sunny side of the barn 
 in the open shed during the day. The separation of the cow 
 from the horse barn is to be commended. A mistake certainly 
 has been made in computing the possible profits from' the dairy. 
 Ten^ dollars annual return from each cow would never make a 
 paying dairy. That sum per month has been secured by good 
 dairymen. . . 
 
 30 
 
It would add to the interest of the article to state what kind 
 of pasture is grown for sheep. 
 
 In drawing this diagram and map it should have been in- 
 verted, that is, the top of the map should have been to the north 
 instead of to the south, as it appears to be. The scheme is well 
 thought out, but there are indications that perhaps it has never 
 been actually tested in practice. The fields are too small, if it is 
 intended to separate them by fences. , Evidently a system of ro- 
 tation of these fields is not in the plan and without such a system 
 the plan would be quite impractical. 
 
 In calculating profits, it is hardly proper to state the pos- 
 sible maximum, as has been done. It is not probable that yields 
 of 40 bushels of wheat, 80 bushels of oats, 50 of corn, or 400 
 bushels of potatoes per acre could be realized year in and year 
 out. 
 
 Some of the farm practices suggested are hardly feasible in 
 a country where moisture is restricted; for instance, the pas- 
 turing off of corn stalks just previous to the maturing period, and 
 also the grazing of the winter wheat in the fall. 
 
PART I. 
 
 Prize Contest on How to Make Farm Life More Attractive. 
 
 First Prize — P. Pearson, Clarkston, Wash. 
 
 Second Prize — Sydney S. Barker, Cashmere, Wash. 
 
 Third Prize— William F. Wayne, St. Paul, Minn.' 
 
TO MAKE FARM LIFE MORE ATTRACTIVE. 
 President Roosevelt's Question. 
 
 Offering prizes for the best answers to the question of how 
 farm life can be made more attractive. The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review said: 
 
 "Think over how your farm can be made more attractive 
 to the young people with the means already at your com- 
 mand. It is easy enough to say what would be done if you had 
 the money to do it. The question is, what can you do now, in 
 your present circumstances, if you have a right royal will to do 
 it. It is not by the big things alone, but by the many little ways 
 as well, that farm life may be made more attractive." 
 
 Professor E. E. Elliott, dean of the College of Agriculture, 
 University of Idaho, was interested in the subject matter of this 
 contest, as he preaches in season and out of season the doctrine 
 of better homes for farmers, better schools for the children of 
 farmers, and better rural conditions and privileges in general. 
 So the judging of the contest engaged his heart as well as his 
 head. 
 
 HOME AS CENTER OF FARM LIFE. 
 By Prof. E. E. Elliott. 
 
 MOSCOW, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: In accordance with your request made at 
 the beginning of, the country life contest, which has been carried 
 on throughthe columns of The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Re- 
 view, I have carefully examined and graded all the articles con- 
 tributed, and have made the following awards : 
 
 First prize to P. Pearson, Clarkston, Wash. 
 
 Second prize to Sydney S. Barker, Cashmere, .Wash. 
 
 Third prize to William F. Wayne, St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 Nearly all of the articles contained the full limit of 350 
 words each. They were graded on the following basis : 
 
 Originality of suggestion. 
 
 Style of presenting the subject. 
 
 Practicability of ideas Offered. 
 
 33 
 
In other words, it appeared to me that the letters should, so 
 far as possible, offer a clear statement of rural conditions, show- 
 ing disagreeable and unpleasant features of farm life as well 
 as the opposite and the causes for dissatisfaction, if such existed. 
 Then a reasonable and practical remedy should be offered, if 
 any good result was to follow. 
 
 In accordance with this scale of points, if it may be termed 
 so, the papers were classified with the above result. 
 
 In this connection allow me to say that there were many 
 things to be found in the letters written which were not only 
 creditable, but give us reason for hope for the future. Few of 
 the letters were low or pessimistic in tone. Of course, there were 
 some who wrote in a discouraged, bitter and even critical. tone, 
 but most of thena showed a sincere desire to face the subject in 
 the right spirit. 
 
 One remarkable thing was the frequency of the sentiment 
 that the home was the center of farm life and all its best in- 
 terests centered in the welfare of the family and especially of 
 the children. 
 
 To my mind, Mr. Pearson presented the real secret of the 
 difficulty affecting country life, and that is, its isolation. We 
 must not forget that man is the most social of animals and likes 
 the companionship of his own kind. Deprived of that, even to 
 a limited degree, he feels that life has lost something. His nat- 
 ural desire is to seek the throng and to avoid solitude and isola- 
 tion. Mr. Pearson's suggestions for improvement were not, how- 
 ever, as complete as those offered by many others, although, in 
 the main, I consider his paper a good statement of the subject. 
 
 A number of other papers were of such superior excellence 
 that I wish to refer to some of them by name, those of Mrs. 
 H. W. Sparks. Kettle Falls, Wash.; George O'Donnell, Moscow, 
 Idaho; H. G. Lester, Clearwater, Idaho, and C. L. Smith of 
 Spokane. 
 
 E. E. ELLIOTT. 
 
 34 
 
SMALL FARMS AND MORE NEIGHBORS. 
 By P. Pearson. 
 
 CLARKSTON, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I am reading with interest the letters on 
 farm life improvement. There are many. things that are excel- 
 lent advice to farmers, but they seem to lack suggestions that 
 would be of much value to the farm life commission in making 
 their report to the president. 
 
 How to make farm life more attractive is a different prob- 
 lem. Anything the government can do to this end should, of 
 course, be done. But just what can the government do? Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt will have an opportunity to tax his resourceful 
 mind to its utmost capacity and though considering who he is, 
 it is doubtful if he will find much to put into his message to 
 congress. 
 
 What is the principal cause of the unattractiveness of farm 
 life? Its lack of social features. 
 
 If to farm life could be added the social privileges of the 
 city it would be one of the most attractive of lives. The writer 
 was born and brought up on a farm and has left it, yet would 
 return but for this one reason. 
 
 The cause of this social disadvantage is, in the first place, 
 distance. "Birds of a feather, flock together," whenever they 
 can. In the city they can. Country birds, if they flocked to- 
 gether at all, would be of all kinds of feathers, rich and poor, 
 young and old, high and low, learned and ignorant, black and 
 white, and brown and yellow; politically, republicans, democrats, 
 socialists, prohibitionists, populists, independents, and what not; 
 religiously. Catholics and Protestants of a dozen different de- 
 nominations, atheists, infidels, nihilists, etc.; nationality, Ger- 
 mans, Swedes, English, Irish, etc. Every soul of an entire rural 
 district might gather together and it would be difficult to find 
 two birds of like feather. There is no harmony in such variety, 
 no social satisfaction. This great variety, this speckled crazy- 
 patch of an average American population, makes this problem 
 more difficult here than elsewhere. 
 
 Let persons living in the city imagine they were confined 
 to a block or two in their neighborhood, how many friends would 
 they have? How many would not be cut off? One living in 
 the city may pass a dozen churches on Sunday morning, in order 
 to attend the particular one they fancy, or a hundred houses may 
 
 35 
 
be passed in going to see a friend. If this ground were spread 
 over the counfty, the friends or church would be a hundred miles 
 away. 
 
 Whatever tends to annihilate distance, directly adds to the 
 attractiveness of the rural life. The telephone, the automobile, 
 and good roads have done much and will do more. And dare 
 we mention or even hope that the coming air navigation will 
 help solve the probleiii and make farm life one of the iriost at- 
 tractive, which will be when distance is satisfactorily done away 
 with, and no sooner? 
 
 The small farm is destined to become popular. It means 
 thicker population and so does away with distance. 
 
 Above all everything should be done to make the farmer 
 prosperous. He should get returns so he can afford to live on a 
 small farm, and have an automobile, besides all the other good 
 things suggested by other writers. 
 
 In regard to the character of our population already referred 
 to, it is evident that colonization would be of advantage. Could 
 not something be done along that line ? This is just a suggestion. 
 
 P. PEARSON. 
 
 REMEDY FOUND IN SMALL HOLDINGS. 
 By Sydney S. Barker. 
 
 CASHMERE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : In trying to make farm life more attractive 
 a farmer should first find out that which gives pleasure in farm- 
 ing or any other vocation, is the good results of his own labor. 
 For that reason it can give no real pleasure to him to have a lot 
 of hired hands who are being driven to do the work that he is 
 overburdened with; or worse yet, work that he finds distasteful 
 to him or mere drudgery. 
 
 A farmer must discover the joy of his work and its results 
 and do it himself. 
 
 An apple tree loaded with apples is a beautiful object, but 
 it ought to be more beautiful to the man who planted and cared 
 for it than to any one else. The same with everything on a 
 farm. 
 
 Hired hands, moreover, are a source of much drudgery, hard, 
 disagreeable work and real unpleasantness to the farmer's wife! 
 The extra work keeps her in the kitchen and robs her of the time 
 
 36 
 
she ought to enjoy with her children or in the garden or for 
 social duties among her neighbors. 
 
 The hired hand problem is one of the greatest curses of 
 modern farm life, particularly for the farmer's wife. In the 
 colonial days the prosperous farmer's wife had two or three hired 
 girls, or any number of slaves; nowadays universal education 
 has done away with the slaves and has prejudiced girls against 
 the idea of being the hired girl. So all the burdens fall on the 
 poor housewife. 
 
 The remedy for the hired hand evil is small holdings. 
 
 How can farm life be attractive to these men whose heart 
 is not in their home — whose daily thought is "how much money 
 can I make by selling out?" No, these make-money-quick, gam- 
 ble-your-farm farmers love rather to gossip with real estate 
 people and dream of the dollars they will make without hard 
 work. 
 
 Let the farmer feel that his farm is his real permanent home, 
 that is not to be sold at any price as long as he can make a 
 happy, comfortable living on it for his family. 
 
 As far as the children are concerned, all parents can do is 
 to bring them up in a healthful state of mind and body, and 
 certainly the country is the best place for that. 
 
 The idea of keeping the boys on the farm is wrong, impos- 
 sible, and illusory if their tastes run in another channel. Let the 
 boys choose their own profession, but let the home farm be 
 ever a loving memory to them all through life. 
 
 To sum it up, then, the attractiveness of a farm life comes 
 from the variety of healthful thoughts that our daily tasks bring 
 to our minds and the joy of surveying the good results of the 
 labor of our own hands. 
 
 SYDNEY S. BARKER. 
 
 LESS HOURS OF WORK ON THE FARM. 
 By William F. Wayne. 
 
 ST. PAUL, Minn.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: 1. Home comforts ; 2. Social life ; 3. Time 
 for reading; 4. Amusements; 5. Hours for work. From a con- 
 siderable observation it seems to me that the five matters men- 
 tioned above are the principal points at which the farmer appears 
 to disadvantage when compared with other workers and business 
 men. Let us look at them separately. ' 
 
 37 
 
1. The farmer must have a comfortable home. Comfort, 
 not luxury, is the word. There must be no rooms too good for 
 daily use. ■ The best room with curtains drawn and doors closed 
 had its origin in the careless conduct of the male members of 
 the family. Coarse clothes are necessary for the work hours. 
 Boots are proper for work in the fields and the barns, but neither 
 comport with the idea of tidiness indoors. The work clothes 
 must be changed for others — not better ones, but some that are 
 free from the results of the day's work. Comfort in the leisure 
 hours can not be had in the work clothes. The mechanic and 
 the business man recognize this; why not the farmer, who is a 
 combination of both? 
 
 2 — Social life, not isolation, is the necessity of social be- 
 ings. It is in the seeking of the larger life that the young people 
 leave the farm. Social intercourse is essential to the develop- 
 ment of the mental faculties ; to conversation, the most broaden- 
 ing of accomplishments. 
 
 3 — The third matter I have termed "time for reading." It 
 needs no comment. 
 
 4 — The matter of amusement perhaps is the most difficult 
 of solution. Within this term we may usually include the thea- 
 ter, music, lectures, and the like. The theater must, of necessity, 
 be foregone by the farmer and his family, unless he lives within 
 access of a city large enough to maintain a first-class playhouse. 
 Music and lectures, however, should be within reach of all who 
 live within driving distance of a town having 500 or more in- 
 habitants. 
 
 5 — ^To successfully take advantage of the above suggestions 
 requires time — time to put one in a sufficiently rested condition 
 to enjoy and also the time actually spent in such enjoyment. 
 Hence the work hours must be shortened. No man has a right 
 to work during prolonged periods to the point of physical injury, 
 except in great emergency. Short periods of intensive, energetic 
 work produce greater results than long periods of slow, wearing 
 toil. The man or woman who works through long hours of 
 weariness, works slowly and ineffectively as compared with the 
 man who works the shorter period but puts his whole attention 
 and energy to his work. It represents the difference between 
 healthful work and mere drudgery. 
 
 WILLIAM F. WAYNE. 
 
 .'■iS 
 
GOOD CHEER IS A FARM ATTRACTION. 
 By H. G. Lester. 
 
 CLEARWATER, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review : Having managed a farm for myself 
 for a number of years, lived in farming communities the greater 
 portion of my life, and mingled with farmers in different states 
 of the Union, I am led to the conclusion that the principal causes 
 of dissatisfaction with farm life are, too much drudgery and its 
 loneliness and isolation. 
 
 Now, these causes can be remedied and the farmer's life be 
 made more attractive by shorter working hours — not planning 
 more work than one can reasonably accomplish; by mingling 
 more thought with their labor, which will enable them to perform 
 it more easily and obtain the best results ; take more time, for 
 amusement, recreation, and society. 
 
 It would also be a good idea to have a well-kept lawn, 
 adorned here and there with ornamental trees and beautiful 
 flowers. Buildings and grounds should present a neat, tidy ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Father and mother, brother and sister, should always speak 
 words of good cheer and encouragement to each other. 
 
 Such ways and means can be practiced by all; and while 
 living under such pleasant circumstances they would have a 
 great tendency to create a love for farm life in the minds of the 
 rising generation. 
 
 Farm life should be happier than any other, for whether it 
 be near a swamp, stream, or woodland, or in a beautiful mountain 
 valley, or on vast stretches of prairie, it has much within itself 
 for admiration, and by making the best of these things and with 
 pr'jt?er- management it can, indeed, be made very attractive. 
 
 H. G. LESTER. 
 
 39 
 
FARM LIFE NEEDS MORE RECREATIONS. 
 By George O'DonneU. 
 
 MOSCOW, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: In reply to your request for contributions 
 on the subject, "How Can Farm Life Be Made More Attractive?" 
 taken in the sense of how to keep a boy or girl on the farm, I 
 submit the following: 
 
 Primarily I believe the greatest trouble lies in the education 
 of our children. Not so much in their school education or in 
 knowledge of social conditions of the world's doings, but mostly 
 of the agriculturist's true position in it. Among the more imme- 
 diate causes are educational opportunities and a good time. 
 
 Our present school curriculum, the literature available to our 
 children, and consequently their thoughts, and even dreams, are 
 of the city and its opportunities. Active, ambitious and longing 
 to rise to some ideal, the first step is to get to the city. 
 
 As the result of reading worse than worthless literature, the 
 want of a suitable social environment and the lack of success, per- 
 haps, of his father, together with the promise of leaving the 
 usually squalid conditions of country life, with its dead-a-live 
 existence, what wonder that the farmer's boy goes to town? 
 There he will have to work, of course, but he has to work, 
 longer and harder, perhaps, too, on the farm. But he can 
 have much time to himself, clothes he desires, pocket money, 
 and in general a good time added to the chance of getting 
 his "opening" or opportunity. This is his idea, not as older 
 heads view it. 
 
 . How can this idea be destroyed? Simply by informing 
 him of the true conditions in town and ridding the country of 
 its most objectionable features. 
 
 Overshadowing all rural improvements is the good roads 
 question. The farmer will pave a few more town streets and 
 build a few more city bridges for a favored few, while he plays 
 mudhen in the country, before he gets good roads. 
 
 Better teachers should be secured for country schools. Agri- 
 culture must be taught and an end put to the idea so revolting 
 to a child, expressed by "Well, if he has no brains he can be a 
 farmer." 
 
 The literature provided should consist of the best books 
 as accepted by the authorities of the day, the most up-to-date 
 magazines and papers, including at least three or four of the 
 best agricultural papers. 
 
 40 
 
Parents should overcome prejudices enough to visit more, 
 taking their children with them. They should start and encour- 
 age young folks' parties, literaries, Sunday schools, etc., and 
 have them where children can conveniently reach them.' 
 
 One suggestion for the bettering of the farmer's social and 
 economic status would be to organize a local grange. Rightly 
 handled and with a right royal will behind it, it would be one 
 of the farmer's most effective levers for bettering the "social 
 sanitary and economic conditions on American farms." 
 
 GEORGE O'DONNELL. 
 
 MONEY GETTING MUST NOT BE SUPREME. 
 By C. L. Smith. 
 
 SPOKANE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: To make farm life more attractive, money 
 getting must receive second place rather than first. Measure 
 results by their effect upon comfort and happiness rather than 
 by dollars and cents. 
 
 Enlarge upon the pleasures and beauties within your reach 
 and keep in the background those things which are hard or dis- 
 agreeable. Cultivate a taste for the beauties of nature. Teach 
 the children how plants grow; the relationship and influence of 
 air, water and temperature upon plant growth. There is beauty 
 and poetry in farm life. Let every member of the family study 
 how to find these. 
 
 As far as practicable, let every member of the family have 
 a personal, material interest in some crop or animal. Search for 
 the pleasure in daily labor rather than the drudgery. Interest 
 and enthusiasm in the work relieves it of drudgery and monotony. 
 
 There are abundant opportunities for social enjoyment if 
 we would only take advantage of them. * An intelligent use of 
 books is one of the factors that may be utilized to make farm 
 life more attractive. Make a practice of spending a half hour or 
 more each evening with books, some member of the family 
 reading aloud from some good book, and then discussing the 
 subject. Once the habit is formed it will be easy to find the 
 time. The child who, around tjie evening lamp, becomes familiar 
 
 41 
 
with Whittier's story "Among the Hills" will carry through life 
 a higher ideal of farm life, its advantages and opportunities. 
 When a girl has read and discussed with her mother Ruskin's 
 "Kings' Treasures" and "Queens' Gardens," or Jean Ingelow's 
 "Gladys and Her Island," she has gone a long way toward solv- 
 ing the problem of making farm life more attractive. 
 
 The chief attraction of the city, especially to the young, is 
 found in the number of persons and the various social features. 
 Satisfy this craving for association by cultivating closer social 
 relations with the neighbors and one another. Time spent in 
 picnics and social gatherings is no more wasted than if it were 
 given to the cultivation of a crop of grain or care of animals. 
 
 The best product of the farm is boys and girls. They 
 should have the best care. To feed the growing mind of boy or 
 girl is more important than feeding a calf or pig. The value" 
 of a well-grown boy or girl can not be measured by dollars and 
 cents. If you must neglect one or the other, neglect the pig 
 rather than the boy or girl. 
 
 R. F. D. 8. C. L. SMITH. 
 
 KEEP m TOUCH WITH OUTSIDE WORLD. 
 By Mrs. H. W. Sparks. 
 
 KETTLE FALLS, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review: Farm life can be made more at- 
 tractive by the farmer giving each member of his family some- 
 thing in which he or she will have an individual interest, some- 
 thing to call their very own; and if profit results from personal 
 care and attention let the earner receive the benefit. Beautify 
 the grounds around the house and make them as pleasing to the 
 eye as the city dweller does. This costs but little money, and 
 the time invested will bring good returns by causing the young 
 people to have more pride and interest in their home. 
 
 Beautify the interior as much as your means will permit — 
 the furnishings need not be expensive. Take time to enjoy 
 them. 
 
 Have smaller farms, bringing neighbors nearer together. 
 
 Study up-to-date methods of farming and practice them, 
 thus saving time for recreation, without which any life will 
 become monotonous and distasteful. 
 
 42 
 
Advocate good roads, and work until you have them; raise 
 or buy a team of fine roadsters and you will have a way of 
 taking pleasure with which the street car and automobile can not 
 compare. 
 
 Give the young folks a chance to get a practical education 
 — keep young with them — in fact, treat them as you would have 
 them treat you were your positions reversed. Take turns in 
 having a trip, if only a short one, from home, thus getting ideas 
 and keeping in touch with the outside world. The pleasures of 
 farm life have been extolled in song and verse, but we have 
 yet to see or hear the attractions of city life tuned to the min- 
 strel's lay. Must I be poor or in moderate circumstances, let me 
 dwell where the essentials of health and happiness, pure air, 
 water and the blessed sunlight of heaven are free; where the 
 song bird's melody and the wild flowers cheer and brighten the 
 pathway of life; where all nature bids me rejoice and be glad 
 I am alive. 
 
 MRS. H. W. SPARKS. 
 
 43 
 
PART II. 
 Prize Contest for Best Plan of a 160-Acre Non-Irrigated Farm. 
 
 First Prize— Peter Klaus,, Mohler, Idaho. 
 Second Prize — Divided between G. Francis Foster, Leahy, 
 Wash., and W. S. Rice, Rosetta, Idaho. 
 
GREAT FARM UNIT IS THE 160 ACRES. 
 
 The homestead of 160 acres is the great farm unit. There 
 are big stock ranches and there are big wheat farms, which 
 contain many sections of land, but these should fade away rapid- 
 ly with the incoming of more farmers and better farming. While 
 irrigation may, and does, cut the farm unit to much smaller pro- 
 portions, there is a lot to be done in making the most out of the 
 160 acres of non-irrigated land. 
 
 The first prize article on the best method of farming the 
 quarter section has been given in the preceding pages. The 
 other articles are now given. 
 
 Prof. E. E. Elliott, who was one of the judges in the contest, 
 has added to the value of the plans by his comments. 
 
 AMERICAN HOME FIRST FARM REQUISITE. 
 By G. Francis Foster. 
 
 LEAHY, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: If a man has the courage to stick to an 
 undertaking until he has done his very best by it, in my opinion 
 he is embodied with the necessary ' element ' of success. 
 
 To attain success in the highest degree on a farm, a man 
 should start, if single, by finding a suitable companion and 
 marrying her, provided, of course, if she would have him. Thus, 
 with the foundation of a good American home started, one can 
 turn his attentions to other important things. 
 
 First, I would build a house, as good a one and as con- 
 venient as my capital would permit. 
 
 This finished, I would fence off two acres with chicken 
 fencing, smooth the ground nicely and sow it to grass and plant 
 shade trees around in different places. I would prefer maples, 
 as they seem so stately, and if they grew and did well I would 
 call my ranch "Maple Grove Ranch." 
 
 After having arranged my home and improved the general 
 appearance of everything as much as possible, I would next 
 turn my attention to my stock and erect suitable warm, well- 
 
 45 
 
ventilated quarters for them in a spot with good natural drain- 
 age advantages, as dry, well-ventilated and well-drained quar- 
 ters are very essential points in successful stock raising. 
 
 The next thing to make an ideal country home is a good 
 well of water. If one has to dig for water, care should be used 
 to locate it in a place where it will be free from barnyard drain- 
 age and surface water; also having it conveniently near the 
 house and stables. 
 
 BAR.M I 
 
 COW PASTURE. -20 A. 
 SOW TO FCRAGE CROP' 
 
 HOG PASTURE, 
 lO A. 
 
 SYARP 
 :5A. 
 
 I HOME 
 I ZA. 
 
 CARDCN 
 5 A. 
 
 OATS 
 
 ^O A. 
 
 VECEITABLEIS 
 IDA. 
 
 ORCHARD 
 (O A. 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 ^a 
 
 G. FRANCIS FOSTER, Leahy, Wash. 
 
 Then I would have a garden of about five acres near the 
 house, so when one had any spare time he could be cultivating 
 the garden. 
 
 The next step would be to select a good site for an orchard 
 and set out 10 acres to fruit trees of different varieties, prin- 
 
cipally apples of a good shipping variety, and follow closely all 
 instructions given by the college faculty at Pullman in regard 
 to spraying, pruning, etc., so as to save at least 90 per cent, 
 of the crop. 
 
 We will next turn our attention to good dairy cows, as no 
 ranch is quite complete without a few good milkers, as there is 
 always a brisk demand for dairy products at fancy prices. I 
 would fence off 20 acres for the cows and sow it to some good 
 forage crop so they could have green pasture all summer and 
 when the other grains were harvested give them the range of the 
 ranch and they will pick up scatterings which would otherwise 
 have been lost. I would also raise several tons of carrots, beets 
 and parsnips, to be fed the cattle in winter, along with the 
 ensilage, to keep up the flow of milk when the prices of dairy 
 products are the highest. The parsnips could remain in the 
 ground all winter and be dug as soon as the snow disappears in 
 the spring. 
 
 Every ranch can support at least six cows, and with that 
 many a silo should be built large enough to run the cows until 
 pasture comes again. Thus, with a few cows and a silo no part 
 of the ranch need remain idle and every acre of it, each year, 
 could be made to yield large returns. 
 
 Now about hogs. After the breed has been selected and 
 the details that are incident to a beginning are settled, it may be 
 well to examine into the farmer's own qualifications. To make 
 stock raising of any kind successful a man must be, first of all, 
 a lover of animals, taking delight in their growth and develop- 
 ment, and quick to understand their needs. He must enjoy the 
 labor of caring for them, and must be willing to give that labor 
 without grudging and often without stint. He should be cleanly 
 and neat of habits, and then his barnyard should be likewise. 
 
 A knowledge of some of the laws of sanitation and vet- 
 erinary science will be a great help and an acquaintance with 
 the principles of selection is, of course, a necessity. The ap- 
 parent ease with which many men succeed with livestock is due 
 in large measure to the possession of this intimate knowledge of 
 the habits and requirements of their animals. They do not 
 pamper their stock, but they never neglect it. 
 
 The personality of the breeder, including good health, nat- 
 ural intelligence, etc., has more to do with success or failure 
 than any other factor, after a suitable location, and will do 
 wonders toward overcoming a harsh climate and poor soil. The 
 
 47 
 
expression "The male is half the herd," is repeatedly quoted. 
 Therefore, if the male is half the herd, the sows certainly make 
 
 up the other half. 
 
 I would purchase my breeding sows when young, if pos- 
 sible, of the best blooded dams to be found, so as to make sure 
 that their early lives are not dwarfed; and when old enough, 
 breed to a male of better blood, because a superior male may be 
 used on an inferior herd of sows with good results, but the use 
 of an inferior male, on sows of high quality, will have a dis- 
 astrous outcome. The one method raises the standard of the 
 herd; the other invariably lowers it. 
 
 Getting back to the text, hogs at present prices are a great 
 source of revenue to all who are fortunate enough to own a 
 herd. I would have 10 acres fenced off with hog fencing, near 
 the pens, and have it divided into different lots, so as to be able 
 to run the herd in different bunches, keeping the brood sows and 
 the market hogs apart; would also have the ranch hog-fenced, so 
 when the crops were harvested could turn the hogs loose and 
 thus gather up every grain and convert it into cash. 
 
 As hogs can produce more profit in conjunction with cows, 
 so can chickens with hogs, as they gather up kernels of wheat, 
 corn, etc., which would otherwise be lost. Upon the fruit farm 
 fowls are also of advantage. They keep down the insect pests 
 and they may have a free range the greater part of the season 
 without the possibility of doing any damage. If small fruits are 
 injured, they may, of course, be protected by confining the 
 fowls for the limited season while the fruit is ripening. 
 
 The waste fruits, either in winter or summer, are a wel- 
 come addition to the poultry ration. The garden also produces 
 a large amount of waste products which may be utilized for 
 poultry feed. There is the waste lettuce, the small heads of- 
 cabbage, the unsold beets, carrots, and potatoes, the peas and 
 corn which can not be marketed for any reason, the waste of 
 the small fruits, etc. 
 
 If properly cared for, the hens will bring a steady and re- 
 liable income during the winter months. Dried clover and other 
 green feed, if obtainable, along with roots and tubers, should 
 be saved for them during the summer months. In my estima- 
 tion, the Barred" Plymouth Rocks are as good all around fowls 
 for the farm as there are, being a practical fowl and not so 
 apt to be seen by a coyote as, for instance, a white fowl. No 
 class is better filled at the average poultry show than is this. 
 
 While discussing the merits of chickens, we can not over- 
 look the incubator and the footing it has obtained with poultry 
 
fanciers.^ The modern improvements in incubators have made 
 the rearing of fowls solely for egg production quite out of the 
 question unless these machines are used. No experienced per- 
 son or close observer at the present time will attempt to rear 
 fowls in large numbers for the production of eggs and depend 
 on the hens that lay the eggs for incubation. 
 
 There are many kinds of incubators on the market; nat- 
 urally, like all machines, some are better than others. A ma- 
 chine that will prove a success with one operator might be a 
 dismal failure with another. A great deal rests with the indi- 
 vidual and a close application to petty details. 
 
 Excellent results are obtained by the use of many machines 
 now on the market when the operators of these machines are 
 thoroughly interested. 
 
 Poultrymen for a number of years have hatched in incu- 
 bators over 80 per cent of all eggs put in the machine. It must 
 not be inferred that this is an easy thing to do. A record of 
 this kind is attained only by close observation and good judg- 
 ment, not only in running the machine, but also in the breeding 
 and caring for the fowls to produce fertile eggs. 
 
 A great source of profit at present prices to many farmers 
 is the horse. My advice to those who can, is to sell off their 
 geldings and keep their mares, which ought to be bred to the 
 best horse within reach, always with the end in view of im- 
 proving the standard of the foals. The horse is man's most 
 serviceable friend. Under modern conditions the horse is a 
 machine, a great power plant driven hard and ruthlessly day 
 by day, to furnish power for man's uses. 
 
 I believe that mules can be raised more profitably than 
 horses; that they can be used more advantageously than horses. 
 And last, but not least, a few colonies of bees would pay 
 well on any ranch. The hills are covered with flowers in the 
 springtime, from which they can gather honey. The orchard 
 coming a little later, and a small patch of buckwheat could be 
 sown so as to bloom the latter part of the summer, thus insuring 
 well-filled hives of honey. 
 
 In conclusion, will say that my policy is in no idle land; 
 that diversified farming pays the best; that all the live stock 
 that a quarter section will support should be kept, insuring the 
 owner a steady and reliable income, enabling him to buy his 
 household necessities at wholesale prices for cash, and thus save 
 the exorbitant prices demanded of those to whom credit is 
 extended. 
 
 G. FRANCIS FOSTER. 
 
 49 
 
Comments on Plan of G. Francis Foster. 
 
 This plan is open to the same obiection as that of John 
 Lorang in so far as the location of buildings is concerned. The 
 idea that this farm plan has of centering around the house is to 
 be noted. We can never forget that the farm and the home are 
 inseparable. 
 
 The acreage to be devoted to vegetables is too large for the 
 average farmer, unless some staple crop like potatoes is adopted. 
 Nor does this plan propose a rotation or the use of alfalfa. It 
 would appear that in proposing to diversify, this plan suggests 
 too many different things. There are few farmers able to cope 
 successfully with all the possibilities which range from bees to 
 horses. A restricted diversification is wisest. 
 
 MAN AND WIFE ARE EQUAL PARTNERS. 
 
 By W. S. Rice. 
 
 ROSETTA, Nez Perce County, Idaho.— To the Editor of The 
 Twice-a-VVeek Spokesman-Review: I desire to enter your con- 
 test to farmers of 160 acres. I came to the Nez Perce reserva- 
 tion in the fall of 1897, bought a man's claim, paid him every 
 dollar I had, took his raw 160 acres and went to work. 
 
 1. Our living is all raised on our 160-acre farm. 
 
 2. Wheat, oats and barley; but a man should have only 
 just what he could harvest easily. 
 
 3. I should first sow wheat, then follow with barley, then 
 oats, and then give my land a good summer fallow. 
 
 4. I have an orchard of five acres of assorted varieties, 
 from early cherries to late winter apples, that is paying more 
 than anything else I have on the farm. 
 
 5. I keep four good cows and I find it necessary to have 
 them, as I have 35 acres in grass pasture, and in summer fallow- 
 ing it is essential to have some stock on it. 
 
 6. I have 8 or 10 head of steers on the place all the time; 
 also raise some good colts ; but have not any mules. 
 
 7. This is my long suite : I have a nice lot of Brown Leg- 
 horns and like to tend to them, and we very often sell eggs by 
 the case, buying all of our sugar and groceries. 
 
 8. I have no silo, but I raise cabbage and carrots for green 
 feed for my milch cows and chickens in winter. 
 
 so 
 
9. I have a good barn for my horses; a mow large enough 
 to hold a year's supply of hay; also chop bins and granaries in 
 the barn. 
 
 I have a machine shed, 14x80 feet, that will hold all of my 
 machinery, and I see to it that it is all put in in the fall. 
 
 I also have fan bin, cow barn for my milch cows, hog house 
 and self-feeder for them. I keep 30 to 50 head of hogs on green 
 pasture every summer. I find this is the nicest way to handle 
 the grain raised on the farm. 
 
 
 5UnMCR FALLOW 
 
 HOC TIGHT FE.MCE. 
 
 \. GRAIh 
 
 po 
 
 ALFALrA PASTURE, 
 s 
 
 HOG 
 PASTURE 
 
 y'i'f \ 
 
 TIMOTHY \ 
 
 z: 
 
 lU 
 Ll_ 
 
 uJ 
 cc: 
 
 iij 
 
 UJ 
 
 r: 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 STORE 
 
 GRA55 PASTURE 
 
 
 ^T-> 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 <a i 
 
 o 
 
 MACMifiVRr 
 
 
 
 
 nlio'isc 1 — 1 
 
 □ 5 
 
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 a: 
 
 
 UscHCOL 
 
 
 W. S. RICE, Rosetta, Idaho. 
 
 10. We have one of the nicest farm houses in Nez Perce 
 county, Idaho. Stone foundation of blue basalt, with basement 
 and cellar; have a nice bathroom; also plenty of nice water in 
 the kitchen. Our house is all nicely finished and furnished on 
 the inside. 
 
 11. I don't think it is practicable to put corn or potatoes 
 on summer fallow if one intends to sow it to grain in the fall, 
 as you can't get it off in time to do your seeding. 
 
 12. This is the subject I consider the most important to 
 
 SI 
 
farmers: This is to keep out of debt. A fanner should be a 
 seller rather than a buyer. 
 
 We have always paid for everything as we went along and 
 find it a pleasant method of farming. I say we — I mean wife 
 and myself; we are equal partners in our 160-acre farm. There 
 is no mortgage, lien or bill of sale on the whole or any part of 
 our farm. 
 
 W. S. RICE. 
 
 PUT THEIR CROP IN JUST ANY WAY. 
 By Robert L. Blevins, Sr. 
 
 CAVENDISH, Nez Perce County, Idaho.— To the Editor of 
 The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review: Here is my way of 
 farming a quarter section of land: 
 
 In the first place I enclose the entire 160 acres with a hog- 
 tight fence, then my stock doesn't bother my neighbor and his 
 doesn't bother me. Bad fences make bad stock, and that causes 
 neighbors to fall out and have trouble. 
 
 Then the, next thing I do is to fence each 10 acres separately 
 with a hogtight fence. By this means I get the benefit of every- 
 thing that is raised on my ranch, and it makes everything handy. 
 
 After I harvest I turn hogs in the stubble fields, also after I 
 get my potatoes dug I can turn them in and get all that are left. I 
 turn the hogs in one field of corn and gather, husk and crib the 
 other piece. If the wet weather catches my crop unstacked I 
 have it so fenced that I can get the benefit of it. 
 
 This is all the way I can see how a man can farm with any 
 satisfaction and make it pay. I believe in a man keeping the 
 best stock that can be purchased. 
 
 I also believe in a man having his land in as fine a con- 
 dition as possible before he seeds it with any kind of grain or 
 plants anything. Here is where farmers make a big mistake. 
 They get in too big a hurry, and put their crops in just any way 
 to get through. They don't fence their farms off with cross 
 fences; no, not even outside fences are of any account. 
 
 I break my stubble field in the fall and let it lie rough 
 until spring. Then I go onto it with a disk and harrow and 
 work it down. Then I plant corn, and as soon as it is peeping 
 through the ground I go over it with a harrow; and as soon 
 as it gets up a little I cross harrow it. 
 
 A man has to summer fallow his land to help it and to clean 
 it, and by this method he gets well paid for his work. In 
 
 52 
 
changing crops it keeps the land clean and fresh for the next 
 year's crop. 
 
 As soon as my potatoes peep through the ground I give 
 them a good harrowing and cultivate them. I make my potato 
 crop while it is young. 
 
 13 
 CORM 
 
 '2 . 
 WHEAT 
 
 6 
 
 WMEAT 
 
 5 
 OATS 
 
 coRn 
 
 II 
 WHEAT 
 
 7 
 BEAHS 
 
 BARLEY 
 
 15 
 
 H0G5 
 
 lO 
 PIQ5 
 
 5 
 
 AirAirA 
 
 v3 
 
 rOTATOCS 
 
 TinOTHY<£ 
 COW PEA5 
 
 3 
 
 BARM 5. 
 PASTURE 
 
 1 
 
 DWELLiriQS. 
 OUT 5UILDinQ5 
 
 z 
 
 ORCnARD 
 
 ROBERT L. BLEVINS, Sr., Cavendish, Idaho. 
 
 I fence five acres of my alfalfa off in half-acre lots, one for 
 each sow and her brood, and the other five acres I keep for my 
 shoats, the other 10 acres for my larger hogs. 
 
 I keep 10 acres for building purposes, garden and berries. 
 
 I have 600 chickens, each 100 separately and houses to ac- 
 commodate them; two. acres for turkeys and 100 stands of bees. 
 
 I sow my barn lot in bluegrass right up to the barn. I don't 
 allow my stock to run in it in muddy weather, but when it is 
 dry weather I turn some of them in and let them eat the grass. 
 
 S3 
 
I have a driveway from the public road right into my 
 barn. 
 
 The manure from my barn is thrown in a pen and hauled 
 right out on the. farm. I don't let it lie there until it rots the 
 side of the barn down, or, as some men say, "I will soon have 
 to move the manure or the barn." 
 
 There are farmers that sow the same kind of grain on the 
 same land until it draws all of the nourishment out of the ground 
 for that kind of grain, and the ground is dead and clammy; no 
 life in it; it gets foul. 
 
 I believe in changing the land to different kinds of crops 
 every year if possible, except hay land. I sow my grain after 
 my corn, potatoes and beans and sow mostly fall wheat. 
 
 ROBERT L. BLEVINS, Sr. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Robert L. Blevins, Sr. 
 
 The proposal to fence the entire tract with hogtight fence 
 is good, but the plan of dividing the quarter section into square 
 10-acre fields is an unnecessary expense, nor are such fields 
 easy to cultivate or harvest. 
 
 The practice of cultivating early is to be commended, as is 
 his suggestion of rotating the land to different crops. The plan 
 does not show any means of communication between the dif- 
 ferent fields. 
 
 LEARN TO KNOW EVERY ACRE OF THE FARM. 
 By Albert C. Pepoon. 
 
 NORTHPORT, Stevens County, Wash.— To the Editor of 
 The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review: The ideal country 
 home can only be that of the successful farmer. 
 
 The successful farmer studies his farm and learns to know 
 every acre of it. No two quarter sections are the same. But to 
 make an ideal country home out of your quarter section, you 
 must make a study of that quarter section. 
 
 You generally locate your house and barns, together with 
 your fruit and vegetable gardens, so that they are available from 
 the public road and to an ample supply of good water, at the 
 same time seeking a location from which the surface water will 
 run away, so as to have them as free from standing water as 
 
 54 
 
possible. For your orchard you seek the best ground for fruit, 
 taking into consideration the lay of the land and convenience of 
 getting at the orchard to gather the fruit and care for it. 
 
 I am living on a homestead near Northport, Stevens county, 
 Wash., six miles from the British Columbia line and about three 
 miles back on the westerly side of the Columbia river, up in a 
 mountain valley. Our roads are mere mountain trails, just a 
 little improved. This is the commencement of our third year. 
 We have no threshing machines and the primitive flail is at 
 present our only means of threshing our grain. 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 CORN 
 
 GRAIIN FOR 
 WINTtRWHEAT 
 
 tlAY 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 P0TAT0E5 
 
 5 
 
 mit 
 
 ORChARO 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 PASTURE 
 
 
 
 HEM HOUSE 
 
 1 1 n 
 
 □ BARM 
 6«nDEN| u 
 
 PAST 
 
 URt 
 
 
 GARDCfH 
 
 H0U5E 
 
 
 \1 
 fA5TUf\t 
 
 It 
 
 PASTURE 
 
 lO 
 
 PA5T 
 
 3 
 
 Uf\t 
 
 15 
 
 WOOD- 
 
 LOT 
 
 15 
 
 wooo- 
 
 LOT 
 
 • 
 
 ALBERT C. PEPOON, Northport, Wash. 
 
 We have a good market, though limited, but we are nine 
 miles from the market and the postoffice and have to cross the 
 Columbia river on a ferry to get there. 
 
 There is an old adage which fits most farmers on a quarter 
 section farm and especially so in this locality, and that is, "Do 
 not put all your eggs in one basket when you go to market;" in 
 other words, diversified farming pays best. 
 
 55 
 
To make our quarter section an ideal home it must pay a 
 profit and bring us in the best returns. To make our quarter 
 section do that we are raising horses, cattle, hogs and poultry. 
 We also grow potatoes and fruit, make butter for our own use 
 and for sale, and alsb produce eggs for sale, and last, but not 
 least, we have the best fruit and vegetable garden we know how 
 to make, in which we grow every kind of fruit and vegetable 
 we care to eat. 
 
 Now then, as to horses. We plan to breed a general pur- 
 pose horse of about 12S0 pounds weight. We have our own 
 stallion of Morgan blood by both sire and dam. All our work 
 horses, we have two teams, and extra horses besides the stallion 
 are brood mares. The stallion and brood mares all have to do 
 their share of the work. To raise good colts and horses you 
 inust have a good sire and good dams. The stallion must be 
 kept in good flesh, not over-fat, and in a healthy condition, and 
 the same as to the mares. A mare heavy with foal must be used 
 in a careful manner, the same as any horse ought to be used, and 
 a mare that has to work and furnish milk for a growing colt must 
 have plenty of nourishing food. Nothing is better than bright 
 cured grain hay. She must also have plenty of pure water, and 
 often. 
 
 All work horses, and especially brood mares, should be fed 
 regularly. No horse can stand it to work all day and travel the 
 road half the night. 
 
 Whatever you do on the farm, if you expect success, do it 
 thoroughly, and remember that "eternal vigilance is the price of 
 success" on the farm. Again, never keep more live stock on 
 your farm than you can feed and keep in a good growing con- 
 dition. This applies especially to growing colts. Keep your 
 mares and colts free from lice and woodticks. 
 
 To make a success of raising cattle you must have good 
 cows and a good bull. The bull should be a thoroughbred. For 
 this country for the farmer who expects to raise cattle and make 
 butter, there is nothing better than the high-grade Shorthorn, 
 and the higher the grade the better, and if you can afford thor- 
 oughbreds, so much the better. 
 
 If you expect to make a success of raising horses and cat- 
 tle, they must be stabled during winter to protect them from the 
 storms, and they must have plenty of food. 
 
 You can not get milk and butter from a cow that has to live 
 on brush during the day and lie in a snowdrift during the night. 
 
 All farmers can make good butter, but not one in 10 does 
 make butter that is fit to eat. A keeper of an eating house in 
 
 56 
 
this country told me that out of 25 farmers or ranchers who 
 wanted to sell him butter, only two had butter that they could 
 use. So when I speak of making butter, I mean choice, sweet 
 butter of best Elgin grade, and not wagon grease. 
 
 There is more profit in a winter dairy than in a summer 
 one, and it is easier to make good butter in the winter than in 
 the summer and butter brings a better price. We are getting 
 40 cents a pound for all our butter this winter, and we sell it 
 at the store. By all means use a separator with which to gather 
 your cream and put your butter up in pound bricks, wrapping 
 each one in butter paper, and I would have a rubber stamp and 
 stamp each wrapper on the outside with my name so that people 
 may know whose butter they are eating. By using a separator 
 you can feed the mild, warm milk right from the cow to the 
 calves, and can get all the cream. 
 
 Everything about a dairy must be kept clean. They say 
 "Cleanliness is next to godliness," but in the dairy cleanliness 
 comes first. Cleanliness should be the dairyman's god. The 
 cows should be milked and fed regularly at the same time each 
 day, Sundays included. Good grain hay, clover or alfalfa, cut 
 before it gets ripe, and properly cured, is a splendid feed for 
 milch cows. And remember, you can not make good butter 
 from a mixture of milk and cow manure or any other dirt. 
 
 Every farmer should grow and cure his pork, bacon, hams, 
 and lard. There is good profit in raising hogs at the present 
 price of dressed pork, if properly managed. To raise hogs suc- 
 cessfully, the farmer should have a pasture for his hogs, suitably 
 fenced. That pasture lot should be divided so that it can be 
 plowed and sown to grain. There is nothing better for growing 
 hogs than plenty of green food, and if you have a lot sown to 
 grain into which you can- turn your sows and pigs, they will 
 gather their own food much cheaper than you can do it for them. 
 
 Hogs and pigs will do much better if they can have a pasture 
 to run in, than if they are kept shut up in a pen. If you can 
 have running water in their pasture lot so much the better. For 
 this part of the country the smaller breeds of hogs that will 
 take on fat young will be found to be the most profitable. 
 
 Keep poultry, by all means, but if there is any branch of 
 farming that needs "eternal vigilance" to make it a success it is 
 the care of your fowls. They need a warm building, with plenty 
 of light and dry dirt floor, in which they can scratch and dust 
 themselves. A variety of food is necessary. Including meat of 
 some kind, and either ground bone or crushed oyster shells for 
 lime for their eggshells. Also plenty of pure, clean water to 
 
 57 
 
drink. Keep your henhouses clean and your fowls free from 
 lice. Boiling hot water is the best destroyer of the red mites. 
 Use poles for perches, having two sets, and change them often, 
 scalding them and their supports each time. I think it pays to 
 give your fowls a little artificial heat so that the temperature 
 of the house does not go but little, if any, below the freezing 
 point. 
 
 Keep whichever breed you like best. I like the Leghorns, 
 as we keep fowls to produce eggs. Use pure bred cocks, getting 
 new blood each year, so as not to inbreed. Gather your eggs 
 each day and know that every egg that you sell is strictly fresh. 
 Never pack eggs, but sell all your eggs each time you go to 
 market. 
 
 When I was on a farm in northern Ohio I raised clover and 
 timothy mixed for hay, and I shall do the same here as soon 
 as we can get the land into shape so that we can. Now I am 
 growing grain hay, and I am thoroughly convinced that every 
 quarter section farm should have at least a 10-acre piece into 
 alfalfa. To grow grain, either for hay or grain, it must be got in 
 early. Spring grain should be sown as early in April as possible, 
 and fall wheat by the middle of September. I grow part fall 
 or winter wheat, and part spring wheat, some oats and some 
 barley for hay. 
 
 I am also growing a few acres of corn each year. Corn has 
 to be acclimated before it will mature in this climate. Corn 
 should be planted as early as possible, just as soon as the ground 
 is warm enough. The best corn that was grown in this vicinity 
 last year was planted in April. 
 
 In all grain crops use only clean seed and the best. 
 I find that there is good profit in raising potatoes for mar- 
 ket. Do not grow more than you can thoroughly attend to. Po- 
 tatoes should be planted deep and in April. After they come 
 up, we first use a harrow to go over the ground with. I prefer 
 the level cultivation of potatoes rather than ridging them up. 
 We sort all our potatoes for market, feeding the small ones to 
 hens and hogs, first cooking them. 
 
 We also grow from one-half to one acre of carrots for our 
 cows and horses in the spring. 
 
 I would advise every farmer having a quarter section of land 
 to put at least 10 acres of it into an apple orchard. For market 
 only grow foui; or five varieties of winter apples. Winter apples 
 are a staple crop and can be marketed like potatoes. They can 
 be gathered in the fall, stored in the cellar, and sold at the 
 farmer's convenience. King, Spitzenberg, Jonnathan, Newtown 
 
 S8 
 
Pippin, Grimes' Golden, or Baldwin seem to be the best apples to 
 , grow in this state for market. 
 
 For your own use — and the farmer who has an ideal home 
 grows things for his family — you will set out a number of 
 varieties for summer, fall and winter, and included among these 
 you set out a goodily number of sweet apples. The children 
 always like sweet apples, and there is nothing more healthful 
 and appetizing than a dish of nicely baked sweet apples. And 
 sweet apples are an excellent food for hogs and, for that matter, 
 all kinds of stock. 
 
 Unless your quarter section is very favorably situated as 
 to market, and you have a goodly number of your own children 
 that you can depend upon to help you, I would not advise the 
 raising of small fruit for market. But I would most certainly 
 grow an abundant supply for my own use of all kinds of fruits, 
 nuts and berries. 
 
 A good and well-kept fruit and vegetable garden is indica- 
 tive of the successful farmer, and you can not have an ideal 
 farmer's home except on the successfully managed farm. The 
 maker of an ideal farm home must be an intelligent farmer and 
 one well posted as to the markets, and also as to the every-day 
 events, and it is only by taking plenty of the best papers and 
 magazines that one can keep intelligent and posted. 
 
 To have an ideal farm home it must be a cheerful, pleasant 
 one. Make the most of whatever you have. 
 
 Do everything you can to make the home pleasant for the 
 women folks, and as easy as possible in which to do their work, 
 and when you are laying out your garden do not forget to save 
 a good spot of ground of suitable size for their flower garden. 
 Grade the ground about your house and get a lawn well started 
 and shade trees set out. The farmer's wife as a rule has rather 
 a lonely life, but it will seem much more cheery if the farmer 
 will do everything he can to make it cheerful and pleasant. 
 
 The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review suggests 10 ques- 
 tions that should be answered : 
 
 First — How much of your own living can you raise on the 
 land — the meats, vegetables, fruits — for family use, etc.? 
 
 I think I have answered that by showing you can raise all. 
 
 Second — What are the best crops for you to raise, and how 
 much of each crop? 
 
 This year I intend to raise about 20 acres of grain hay, 
 10 acres of corn, S acres of potatoes, one acre of carrots, and 
 about one acre in fruit and vegetable garden. We will raise no 
 
 59 
 
grain except a little for seed and for our fowls, as we have no 
 way of threshing it. 
 
 Third — What about the rotation of crops? 
 
 That question is pretty thoroughly settled that successful 
 farming requires crop rotation. In Ohio our rule was: Two 
 crops of corn, one crop of oats, one crop of winter wheat, and 
 three or four crops of clover or timothy. We top-dressed the land 
 for winter wheat with manure from cattle and horses as far as it 
 went and sowed our grass and clover seed with the winter wheat, 
 though generally on the snow in March. We only grew enough 
 potatoes for our own use. Here I should grow one crop of po- 
 tatoes and one crop of corn. 
 
 Fourth — Will it pay to raise any sort of fruit for the market? 
 
 That I have answered by advising the raising of winter 
 apples. 
 
 Fifth — Will the keeping of cows contribute to the end in 
 view? 
 
 Sixth — How about cattle, horses and mules? 
 
 Seventh — What about poultry? 
 
 Eighth — How about the silo; its dimensions and expenses? 
 
 The first three foregoing questions I have answered fully. 
 I am a firm believer in the silo, especially for milch cows, and 
 shall build one as soon as we can afford to do so and can get 
 the necessary power with which to fill it, but having had no 
 actual experience I can not advise further. 
 
 Ninth — What about barns, stables, granaries, machine sheds, 
 etc.? 
 
 On our homestead we have already built a basement barn 
 28x40 feet inside measure; the basement for stabling horses and 
 cattle. Above the ba;sement is our hay barn with 16-foot posts 
 and a half pitch roof that will hold at least 60 tons of hay. We 
 expect to put in a hay fork with which to unload the hay. 
 
 We have a shed under which we store our farming tools, and 
 this summer we have planned to build a shed 16x50 to use for 
 a work and blacksmith shop; a woodshed and a wagonshed. We 
 have two henhouses, 12x16 feet. 
 
 Tenth — Last, but not least, how about the dwelling house, 
 its furnishings, conveniences, etc.? 
 
 Build as good and comfortable a farm house as you can 
 afford. Ours is 18x30, log building a story and a half high, 
 with a cellar under it; two rooms, a good-sized pantry and a 
 small hallway downstairs, with three bedrooms upstairs. Spring 
 water is brought to the house in galvanized iron pipes. The cel- 
 lar is well drained and is a great convenience for the women 
 
 6o 
 
folks, for in it we keep potatoes, vegetables and fruit; also our 
 salt pork, bacon and hams. The woodshed we propose to build 
 will be handy to the house and will keep the cut wood dry. We 
 have a porch roof over the back door and a place to clean our 
 feet before coming into the house, and thereby avoid tracking 
 so much mud. 
 
 Furnish your house according to your means, making it 
 as bright and as pleasant as possible, and the kitchen as con- 
 venient as possible. 
 
 ALBERT C. PEPOON. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Albert C. Pepoon. 
 
 This plan is well devised for the region and conditions in 
 which this settler is placed. It is to be hoped that the entire 
 plan may be put in operation. 
 
 TO MAKE MONEY ON QUARTER SECTION. 
 By John Lorang. 
 
 GENESEE, Nez Perce County, Idaho.— To the Editor of 
 The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review: How to make an ideal 
 country home out of brains, industry and a quarter section of 
 land. I am basing my argument on my own personal experi- 
 ence that I have had for the past 23 years in this country in 
 farming, and to a great extent to my own model and way of 
 farming. 
 
 To begin with, have your entire 160 acres in hogtight fence, 
 including all division fences, and then divide up as is shown on 
 the diagram. 
 
 The different lots and fields are marked with letters: H 
 stands for house yard, one quarter acre; B stands for barnyard, 
 one acre; C P stands for calf pasture, one acre; G stands for 
 garden, three-quarters of an acre; stands for orchard, two 
 acres; P stands for hog and stock pasture, 20 acres; T M stands 
 for timothy meadow, 15 acres. 
 
 The remaining 125 acres are to be divided into three con- 
 venient, and as near as possible, equal parts. As this country 
 is quite rolling it must be divided in such shape so as not to 
 interfere with the hills in regard to getting around or over them 
 with machinery, and should be managed to be fenced so as to 
 have spring water on each part or at least on a division line 
 
 6r 
 
so the water may be used from two different fields. In this 
 country the springs are numerous, so it is no trouble at all to 
 have water on every 40 acres; for this reason those three parts 
 may not be exactly the same size. 
 
 These three different parts are to be farmed into rotation 
 of crops as follows: One 40 acres in fall wheat and one 40 that 
 had fall wheat on the year previous, is to be plowed in the fall 
 or the following spring and seeded in barley and oats in as near 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 V 
 
 C.P. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 L__Z_„ 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 T. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 I2__- 
 
 """w 
 
 \' 10 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 \ 
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 9 
 
 13 
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 15 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 _- — 1_. 
 
 \b 
 
 JOHN LORANG, Genesee, Idaho. 
 
 as possible or convenient equal parts of 20 acres each; managed 
 so as to have the barley in the higher and the oats in the lower 
 ground. The remaining 40-acre field, which was in barley and 
 oats last year, and is supposed to, be summer fallowed this year, 
 but instead of summer fallowing it, put in about 30 acres of 
 corn in the higher part of it and the remaining 10 acres, the 
 lower and richer part of the field, put in potatoes. 
 
 By putting in this crop of corn and potatoes on this so- 
 called summer fallow, it will produce a better and cleaner crop 
 
 62 
 
of wheat the following year, than if it had been just commonly 
 summer fallowed and exposed to the sun all the season. By so 
 doing, you will have 30 acres of corn that will average about 30 
 bushels, which will total 900 bushels and is to be fed to the hogs, 
 as will be mentioned later and the stalks are to be fed to the 
 horses and cows during the winter. The potatoes yield about 
 100 sacks per acre. This will be big pay for the little extra 
 work it takes to raise this crop. 
 
 The average yield of fall wheat is about 40 bushels, although 
 it often runs up as high as 50, but instead of leaving it all to 
 ripen for wheat, cut about 10 acres of the rankest portion, which 
 is most liable to lodge about the time it is in the milk, and it 
 will make the best of hay, yielding from four to five tons to the 
 acre, giving you between 40 and 50 tons of hay that will giv? 
 an abundance of it for your own use. In this way you can spare 
 the timothy hay from those 15 acres, which, as a rule, averages 
 about a ton and a half, making a total of at least 22 tons. The 
 average yield of the spring barley is about 60 bushels and that 
 of the balance of the 40 acres which is in oats, is in the neigh- 
 borhood of 75 bushels. 
 
 You ought to have your own binder and cut your own crop, 
 and in this way you can do all your own work with but very 
 little help. 
 
 In this rotation of farming it is necessary to have only four 
 good work horses, two of those being mares so as to raise two 
 colts each year and keep them until they are three or four years 
 old. In this way, after having a start, you will have a span to 
 sell every year. 
 
 As there is no money in cattle in this community, keep 
 only four good milch cows and manage to have two of them 
 fresh in the spring and two in the fall, so as to supply your 
 house with fresh milk, cream and butter throughout the year. 
 
 You should have from 100 to 150 chickens. 
 
 Raise enough hogs so as to put on market about 75 head 
 every year, besides those for your own use. 
 
 These 20 acres of pasture are to be sown to alfalfa, clover 
 and a little timothy, all mixed together, and divided into two 
 parts in such a manner as to have water in both, if possible. 
 This pasture is to answer the purpose of all; young horses, cows 
 and hogs, of course. The six work horses will not be in the 
 pasture very much for the reason that they will be at work most 
 all summer. What I mean by saying six work horses is that 
 those 3-year-old colts will be broke and worked one summer 
 before selling. 
 
 63 
 
Your hogs want to be turned out as soon as your pasture 
 is up about two or three inches high, which will be about the 
 first of April. 
 
 Just as soon as you get your grain out of the field then turn 
 your hogs in the 80 acres of stubble and whenever they get that 
 cleaned out pen up those 75 for market and feed them corn. 
 
 Arrange your pig pen so as to have one enclosed dry place 
 without a floor for them to sleep in ; then have two floors, one in 
 each side of their sleeping apartment, either one of them being 
 big enough to accommodate 75 hogs to feed on, and, of course, 
 a well and pump so you don't have to carry water; that is, if 
 you haven't a spring right handy. Feed them on one floor in 
 the morning and in the evening feed them on the other floor, 
 while stock hogs are cleaning up waste on the first one, con- 
 sequent on feeding whole corn. After 75 head of fattening hogs 
 you can run the same number of stock hogs and keep them in 
 good condition. 
 
 With 900 bushels of corn you can easily get your hogs to 
 average 300 pounds. Of course, they should be over a year old 
 when put up to fatten. 
 
 Keep 800 bushels of barley, raised off of the 20 acres, for 
 seed, horse feed, brood sows and stock hogs, as the hogs have 
 to be fed during the period that your fat hogs are sold until 
 pasture is up. This will leave the balance of 400 bushels to 
 sell. 
 
 Now, let us sum up and see how much we have made : Eleven 
 hundred bushels of wheat at 55 cents equals $605, leaving you 
 100 bushels for seed and flour; 1450 bushels of oats at 40 cents 
 equals $580, leaving 50 bushels of seed; 400 bushels of barley at 
 45 cents equals $180; 900 sacks of potatoes at 75 cents equals 
 $675, leaving 100 sacks for your own use and seed; 22 tons of 
 timothy hay at $16 equals $352; one span of horses for $450; 
 85 head of hogs at 6% cents per pound equals $1518.75 ; making 
 a total income of $4360.75. The threshing bill, $233.50, and 
 help in haying time and harvesting, $107.25, equals 340.75, leav- 
 ing the net proceeds at $4020; so you have $4020 clear money, 
 and besides you have all necessary feed, seed and other neces- 
 sities of life, such as flour, milk, butter, eggs, vegetables, fruits 
 and different kinds of fresh meat, such as hogs, chickens and 
 veal; and the surplus amount of fruit, vegetables, chickens and 
 eggs to sell will pay your grocery bill. 
 
 Now, in regard to the building. Make the barn about 42x50 
 feet, being 20 feet from sill to plate, with a shed on the end, 
 20x42 feet for storing vehicles and harness, and have a well 
 
 64 
 
and pump in one end of it so as to water your horses under 
 roof. Stall room on both sides and a 10-foot feed gangway in 
 the middle to feed from, and the hay on the second floor. This 
 shaped barn is most convenient, warm in winter and cool in 
 summer. 
 
 The granary, 16x40 feet, with eight-foot posts, and shed on 
 one side, 20 feet wide, to answer for storing wagons and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 The house, in order to be convenient, should have 12 rooms 
 besides the entry hall; the kitchen, pantry, dining room, parlor, 
 sewing room, bathroom, two bedrooms downstairs and four up- 
 stairs ; washroom, connected to the kitchen with a well and pump 
 in it if you. haven't spring water in your house. I do not deem 
 it necessary to mention furniture. Be sure to have the tele- 
 phone in the house and do not forget the shade trees in your 
 house yard. See to it that The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Re- 
 view is placed in your R. F. D. mail box at the gate twice a week. 
 
 I assure you by all these conveniences and proceeds of the 
 year you will enjoy life, providing you are fortunate enough to 
 escape doctor bills and careful enough to keep out of lawsuits, 
 and be sure and not meddle with politics. 
 
 JOHN LORANG. 
 
 Comments on Plan of John Lorang. 
 
 The rotation of wheat, oats and barley; summer fallow 
 is objectionable and could be allowed only in case the surface 
 of the farm and location to the public road should make it ad- 
 visable. Where it is planned to devote so much attention to 
 hog raising, the amount of tight wire fence would be justified, 
 and the 3^2 nailes shown by the dotted lines is as limited an 
 amount as could be figured out to advantage. 
 
 The use of wheat hay for the purpose of saving timothy is 
 also good business. 
 
 The rotation of wheat, oats and barley; summer fallowed 
 with corn and potatoes, is certainly well planned and probably 
 based on actual experience. 
 
 This farmer should grow more alfalfa. It would pay far 
 better than the timothy. The policy of ranging hogs, horses and 
 milch cows on the same pasture is not good. Give the hogs a 
 separate lot ; nor is it good business to keep hogs to the age of 
 one year before fattening. Eight to nine months is the limit in 
 such a system. 
 
 65 
 
BALANCE SHEET OF VALUE TO FARMER. 
 By Richard Jaekel. 
 
 LIBBY, Mont.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week Spokes- 
 man-Review : How to make an ideal country home out of brains, 
 industry and a quarter section of land. 
 
 Not by raising wheat continuously. There has been money 
 made by it, by raising a few years' good crops, getting good 
 prices and selling the whole farm in a general land boom. But 
 all this is so much gambling for a farmer who wants to make 
 an ideal country home out of 160 acres of land and leave it later 
 to his children as a sure capital with high interest. To obtain 
 this a farmer must keep account of what he sells and what he 
 buys, so he could be posted at any time in the year as to what 
 any branch on the farm is bringing or losing. 
 
 The second point of importance in my mind is the mainte- 
 nance of the fertility of the soil. First we must have a rotation 
 of crops, and second, he must keep live stock. What rotation, 
 and how much livestock, and what kinds will depend much on 
 the soil, the distance to the market and the adaptability to cer- 
 tain lines of livestock, of the farmer himself. One will like and 
 have adaptability to the raising of beef cattle; another will like 
 the hog raising or sheep industry, etc. 
 
 I will tell my ideal of a country home. On the accompany- 
 ing diagram you will see a rotation of crops, 10 acres each; 20 
 cows, 100 sheep, five brood sows, four horses to do the work, and 
 100 chickens. All the manure is carefully taken care of and is 
 put on the land and not in the draws so the spring water will 
 take it away. There is also one acre of fruit trees, one acre 
 of vegetable garden, one acre for buildings, one acre for yard 
 and six acres for hog pasture. 
 
 By following this rotation you will not , be dependent on 
 wheat alone. You will have a continuous income the year round. 
 You will see that 30 acres of pasture will be feed enough for 
 the cows and sheep; 30 acres for hay, which will enable you to 
 feed your stock through the winter; 30 acres grain for feeding 
 purposes or market; 10 acres for high cultivation of crops like 
 potatoes, sugar beets or corn; 30 acres wheat for market; 10 
 acres I would plant for trees, that part of the farm, which would 
 be hard to cultivate, like steep hillsides or rock or very poor 
 soil. It would not be alone for utility, but for scenic beauty as 
 well and make the farm more attractive. 
 
 66 
 
For buildings every farmer has to go by his taste and prac- 
 tical sense. 
 
 For a living you raise almost everything yourself, as fruit, 
 vegetables, milk, butter, meat and eggs. You can have fresh 
 meat almost the year around. Beef and pork will keep fresh 
 almost all winter, and through the summer you can kill a calf, 
 sheep, lamb or fowl occasionally. What you do not use yourself 
 
 SUGAR BEtT5 
 POPCORM 
 
 1 
 WHEAT 
 
 TREtS OR 
 PASTURE 
 
 HOME 
 
 HOQ PA5TURE 
 
 v3 
 OATS OR BflRL[Y 
 
 QRA55 
 
 3 
 PA5TURL 
 
 6 
 WflEAT 
 
 T 
 
 sunriERrALLOw 
 
 S 
 
 rLA5,0AT5A(10 
 BARLEY FOR TEED 
 
 3 
 GRASS 
 
 10 
 rA5TURC 
 
 II 
 
 WMCAT . 
 
 12 
 0AT5 OR BARLEY 
 
 13 ■ 
 GRASS 
 
 PASTURE 
 
 RICHARD JAEKEL, Libby, Mont. 
 
 you can sell. A silo you may have for 50-ton capacity if you 
 
 raise corn, alfalfa or clover. 
 
 But to answer your question exhaustively it would take me 
 
 a whole year, which I have not got to spare, as I must attend 
 
 to my cows. 
 
 RICHARD JAEKEL. 
 
 67 
 
Comments on Plan of Richard Jaekel. 
 
 This plan is open to several serious objections. First, too 
 large an amount of land is devoted to pasture, growing feed and 
 hay. The total is 90 acres. Nor is a proper rotation offered. 
 The house is hot conveniently located and the farm is too much 
 cut up. It will be noted that there are three separate 10-acre 
 tracts of winter wheat, all disconnected from each other. The 
 same is true of other plots. 
 
 SHELTER ALL THE FARM IMPLEMENTS. 
 By C. E. Zerba. 
 
 ATHENA, Umatilla County, Ore.— To the Editor of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review: I herewith enclose my 
 plans for the contest in regard to making the most out of a 
 quarter section of land. This applies to a farm situated six 
 miles north of Athena, Ore., near Waterman Station on the W. & 
 C. R. Railroad. 
 
 This plan calls for the following: 
 
 1. House and yard, one-quarter of an acre. 
 
 2. Orchard, one acre. 
 
 3. Barnyard, one-half acre. 
 
 4. Garden, one-eighth of an acre. 
 
 5. Potatoes, five acres. 
 
 6. Field corn, 10 acres. 
 
 7. Hog lot, one-'quarter of an acre. 
 
 8. Chicken lot, one-eighth of an acre. 
 
 One-half the balance in fall wheat every other year. 
 
 The following necessities for living should be raised: Hogs, 
 poultry, all vegetables, part of the fruits, and beef. Wheat is 
 the best and most profitable crop to raise, although enough bar- 
 ley should be raised for horse feed. 
 
 Summer fallowing pays better than the rotation of crops. 
 
 Raising fruit for market is not a paying business. 
 
 Four cows should be kept and so arranged that two of them 
 go dry alternately. Two heavy brood mares and two horses 
 not too large for driving, and a saddle horse should be kept. 
 
 A silo should be constructed, large enough to store the feed 
 for the cows during the winter months. 
 
 About 250 chickens and 25 turkeys should be raised annu- 
 ■ ally for the market, as well as for home use. 
 
 68 
 
A machine shed and granary are necessary as well as a 
 good house and barn. The house should be large enough for 
 the convenience of the family, the barn large enough to hold five 
 horses, four cows and the hay. '* 
 
 A granary and machine shed should be built together, large 
 enough to hold 300 sacks of grain and all the farming implements. 
 The necessary farming implements are : One 16-inch sulky plow, 
 one 12-inch walking plow, one 12-foot harrow, orie 16-hoe drill, 
 one eight-foot disc harrow, one reliable weeder, one three-inch 
 wagon, one hack and a buggy ; also a cultivator. 
 
 FALL BARLEY 
 5A. 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 <? 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 UJ ' 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 U-l 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. E. ZERBA, Athena, Ore. 
 
 The land should be fenced hogtight and about 50 hogs raised 
 annually. They should be turned into the stubble field as soon 
 as the wheat is hauled and kept there until plowing time, when 
 they should be fattened for market. 
 
 All farming implements should be sheltered as soon as the 
 season for their use is ended. All harness should be thoroughly 
 
 69 
 
cleaned twice a year, that is, before doing the fall work and 
 again before the spring work commences. 
 
 A set of books should be kept and every transaction 
 recorded. 
 
 C. E. ZERBA. 
 
 Comments on Plan of C. E. Zerba, Athena, Ore. 
 
 The most commendable idea suggested is the keeping of 
 records for the farm. This is not mentioned by any other writer. 
 The correspondent has tried to meet his local conditions and his 
 proposed system is the simplest. His plan to raise family sup- 
 plies, together with the wheat production, which is to be fol- 
 lowed, shows good common sense. 
 
 70 
 
PART III. 
 
 Prize Contest for Best Plan and Description of a lO-Acre 
 Irrigated Farm. 
 
 First Prize — J. S. Metzgar, Boyds, Wash. 
 Second Prize — J. B. Felts, Opportunity, Wash. 
 
TEN ACRES OF IRRIGATED LAND. 
 
 The 10-acre .irrigated farm already has been discussed by 
 Mr. W. J. Spillman, who was called upon to make a study of this 
 topic before awarding the prizes, and the plans of Mr. and Mrs. 
 J. S. Metzgar have also been given in the introductory chapters. 
 A score of other plans, with comments by Mr. Spillman, are 
 now given in Part III. 
 
 ONE MINER'S EXPERIENCE IN FARMING. 
 By James B. Felts. 
 
 OPPORTUNITY, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review: Can a family make a home and a 
 living on 10 acres of irrigated land? After trying it for a year, 
 we are convinced that it can be done. 
 
 We went on the land in January, got our buildings up and 
 fencing out of the way in time for early spring work. After 
 getting the hotbed made and plants started we plowed the 
 ground, harrowed and smoothed it off and then we set out 500 
 winter apple trees, 100 Rome Beauties, 200 Wageners, 200 Jona- 
 thans, also enough early apples, pears, plums, peaches and 
 prunes for home use. We then planted one-half acre of straw- 
 berries, one-half acre of black-cap raspberries, one and one-half 
 acres of dewberries, 40 grapevines of a hardy variety, 100 sweet 
 cherry trees. This we consider our permanent planting. 
 
 How much money will it take to start such a place? The 
 buildings, of course, may be cheap or expensive, according to 
 circumstances. I would allow for the following equipment: 
 
 Team, wagon and harness $250 
 
 Plow, cultivators and other tools . 30 
 
 500 winter apple trees 100 
 
 100 cherty trees 35 
 
 Mixed fruit trees 15 
 
 Dewberry plants 15 
 
 4000 strawberry plants 12 
 
 500 raspberry plants 25 
 
 17, 
 
10 
 
 Hotbed, sash and lumber ^^ 
 
 Cow 
 
 Two dozen chickens 
 
 Vegetable seeds 
 
 Total 
 
 . 12 
 _ 10 
 
 _$5S9 
 
 Ornamentartreesrshrubs, flowers and lawn grass seeds are 
 not counted in. as they are not absolutely necessary, although 
 very desirable. ^^^^^ 
 
 I 
 
 ROME BEffUT/ES 
 
 200 
 
 W/fGN£/?3 
 
 200 
 
 JOAs//^TH/fAf3 
 
 <0 
 
 to 0) 
 
 1^ 
 
 is 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 Barn 
 Yard 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 I 
 
 '/a. /Icrc 
 BUtCK C/1f» R»SPB£irfflES 
 
 lOO 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ti/iEot.c y now 
 
 
 Oev^ 3ERRies. 
 
 ■ 3ia-- 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 t»o.. 
 
 _..___._ »_''L.*'^£- ....... ... .......--. 
 
 J, B. FELTS, Opportunity, Wash. 
 
 , What shall we raise the first year in order to get our living? 
 Two acres of tomatoes, one acre of wax beans, one acre of cu- 
 cumbers, one acre of watermelons, one-half acre of cantaloups for 
 market. We get enough from these to pay our living for the 
 year and a nice balance for other uses. 
 
 Plant one-half acre to carrots for cow, pig and horses. 
 Plant enough of other vegetables, early and late, for home. All 
 
 74 
 
waste goes to chickens, pigs and cows. No hay is raised for 
 stock,, as we expect $100 or more per acre off the ground in 
 other crops. This is all planted between the rows of apple 
 and cherry trees. 
 
 As our trees grow and bear fruit we drop truck raising and 
 raise chickens extensively, running a fence between orchard 
 and berry ground (see plan), so they will range and pick up lots 
 of insects. We think a cow, team and chickens should be kept, 
 by all means. 
 
 We did all the work of planting, harvesting and marketing, 
 without one day's help ; had everything in season for our table, 
 early and late. We did this without having had any experience 
 in farming, as we had spent practically all our lives in the 
 mines. 
 
 What we have done others should do, and better. We think 
 our plan of setting out will bring our harvest in rotation so 
 that we, with our two children, will be able to care for it with- 
 out expense in future years. 
 
 We do not expect to get rich on our 10 acres, but we do 
 expect to make a beautiful home, with all the comforts, and to 
 be independent of office, shop, mine or "day's pay." We can 
 raise and educate our children in a manner that will fit them 
 morally, mentally and physically for the battles of life. 
 
 JAMES B. FELTS. 
 
 Comments on Plan of James B. Felts. 
 
 The most interesting thing about this plan is the fact that it 
 represents the actual experience of the writer. Another inter- 
 esting feature is the fact that he gives what appears to be an 
 excellent estimate of the sum of money necessary for a begin- 
 ning. He does not estimate the cost of the house, but very wisely, 
 I think, lea:ves that to the taste and finances of the owner. 
 
 Mr. Felts also makes a most excellent selection of crops and 
 varieties of them. It will be observed that his selection of crops 
 to grow is above criticism. 
 
 There are, however, defects in his arrangement of the build- 
 ings. By referring to his plan it will be noticed that his cherry 
 orchard is off in one corner, separated from the house by his 
 berry patch, . with no apparent way of getting to the cherry 
 orchard without either going through the berry patch or around 
 the apple orchard. I think it would have been an improvement 
 
 75 
 
if he had run the cherry orchard lengthwise beside the apple 
 orchard and then made his berry rows longer and the berry 
 patches narrower. I think, too, that he has more land in his 
 lawn than is needed. He does not show how he would arrange 
 a roadway for getting to the various subdivisions of his farm, 
 unless it is that the small space to the left of the pig pen is the 
 roadway. Otherwise, his arrangement is very good. 
 
 It would be better, however, I think, to put the house, barn, 
 and other buildings in the middle of the side, as Mr. Metzgar 
 has, and let them occupy less area. That will permit a sub- 
 division of the farm like that of Mr. Metzgar's, which I con- 
 sider ideal for a farm of this size. 
 
 Mr. Felts' experience in making a home under the conditions 
 stated can not fail to be of great value to many of his fellows. 
 If his farm plan had shown the arrangement of Mr. Metzgar's 
 he would have won the first prize. 
 
 TO DO AWAY WITH ALL ROADWAYS. 
 By C. J. Oberst. 
 
 ELMHURST, Cal.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I have always contended that a few acres 
 devoted to diversified farming pays better than a larger number 
 of acres given to one crop. 
 
 My plan is to have the house situated on the public road 
 near the middle, with garden on one side, berries on the other, 
 alfalfa and orchard in the rear. This gives an unobstructed 
 view of the road and removes the annoyance of being too close 
 to other houses. 
 
 My fields are arranged to do away with all roadways, thus 
 utilizing all available space, which is a big item on a small farm. 
 
 The house plot of about half an acre or less would have 
 shade trees and lawn in front, flower gardens on either side of 
 the house, cellar, tankhouse, implement shed, barn and yards in 
 the rear. 
 
 The implement house is an absolute necessity if one wishes 
 to keep his tools in good condition. The cellar is needed to 
 store roots for winter feeding, also apples, etc., in case the fall 
 prices are not satisfactory. The tankhouse is closed in for a 
 workshop and has power attachment for windmill, which costs 
 a trifle and is a great labor-saver in running small machinery, 
 such as grindstone, feed-cutter, washing machine, etc. 
 
 7& 
 
On one side of the house are two acres devoted to garden, 
 raising vegetables for market, as well as home use. On the 
 other, half acre each of blackberries, raspberries and strawber- 
 ries. In the rear is one acre of alfalfa, which, if properly irri- 
 gated, will raise all the hay for the one cow and one horse 
 needed on a place of this size, and five acres of orchard, three in 
 winter apples, one in pears and one in cherries, all of the very 
 best market varieties. 
 
 BER/?/£S 
 
 Ccl 'o " 
 
 rriAi K 
 
 2 /fC^Es 
 
 I MPLEItltfiT 
 
 /7L F/7L F/9 
 
 OOJLOyvY ■ MOl^^es 
 
 0/?CH/7/fO. 
 
 Bees 
 
 C. J. OBERST, Elmhurst, Cal. 
 
 On 10 acres of land one must plan to have his crop planting 
 and harvesting in rotation, so as to not have too much work on 
 hand at once, as it does not pay to depend on hired labor, as, 
 just at the time one needs help, others are in the same fix, the 
 result being high wages and less profit, while by using judgment 
 in planting crops any ordinary family can do most of the work, 
 this being the most satisfactory. 
 
 77 
 
While my orchard is maturing I would plant between the 
 trees potatoes, onions and such staple vegetables as my market 
 demanded. 
 
 After the trees began to bear I would plant rhubarb between 
 the rows, as it is an excellent crop and does not injure the trees. 
 Of course, after the trees are very large it has to be dispensed 
 with, as there is too much shade, but the profit up to this time is 
 surprising^ 
 
 I would also have several stands of bees in the orchard, as 
 they are profitable and very little expense. 
 
 In the orchard I would have colony houses and keep a few 
 thoroughbred chickens, increasing the number until I had 500, 
 which number can be successfully handled on a place of this 
 size — remember, I say thoroughbred ; the ordinary barnyard fowl 
 pays if properly cared for, but the thoroughbred pays double 
 because they lay better, and one can always sell breeding stock 
 and eggs for fancy prices, leaving a surplus to he sold at market 
 quotations. Where fowls have plenty of range they require very 
 little feed and will not injure such vegetables as may be planted 
 in the orchard, and running on the alfalfa will be found very 
 beneficial, as it is an excellent egg-maker. 
 
 I would buy all the grain feed, and would get a couple of 
 pigs in the fall to fatten on the unmerchantable potatoes, apples, 
 etc., thereby having cheap meat for the winter; the remainder 
 of the refuse could be fed to the chickens to a greater ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 In this way one can have an independent living on the 
 best the market affords, a comfortable home and something laid 
 by for a rainy day, all at the cost of no more than the price of 
 an ordinary five-room house in any city, less if one is willing to 
 put up with cheaper buildings and fewer conveniences to start 
 with. 
 
 In conclusion, I wish to say that this is not inspired by 
 any 18-karat theorist, but is practical experience. It has been 
 done, and can be done again by any one with good common 
 sense who is not afraid to work. 
 
 C. J. OBERST. 
 
 Comments on Plan of C. J. Oberst. 
 
 Mr. Oberst wins honorable mention. In fact, if he had 
 gone more into detail he would have been a close competitor for 
 the first prize. A careful study of the arrangement of his farm 
 
 78 
 
reveals a remarkable similarity to that of Mr. Metzgar's. In the 
 points in which the two plans differ Mr. Metzgar's plan is su- 
 perior. On the whole, however, Mr. Oberst's plan shows that he 
 fully comprehends the problem before him, and I congratulate 
 him on the excellence of his work. 
 
 ATTEND TO BUSINESS FIRST THREE YEARS. 
 By N. Nelson. 
 
 RATHDRUM, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I herewith forward you my plan of a 
 10-acre irrigated farm. , This plan will, I believe, prove satis- 
 factory for an ordinary sized family. 
 
 Dark, sandy loam would be preferred, as it has proven to be 
 the easiest to work and the best results with irrigation, as the 
 
 it///\T^f^ A 
 
 '="=^'^ 
 
 DITcH. 
 
 CTAy^/^A^a.^. 
 
 
 
 Vs. Acr^G 
 
 'Zf'ej 
 
 
 . /i4 Acre.. 
 
 ^6/iR OE/S 
 
 Yu Acre.. 
 
 < 
 
 Ik 
 
 ^ 
 
 e: ki m 
 
 k t ^ 
 i 2 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 1^^ 
 
 % 
 
 Vi 
 
 N. NELSON, Eathdrum, Idaho. 
 79 
 
land is warm and will not bake after irrigated. This is the 
 plan of my farm : No. 1 is the house and yard. No. 2, barn, 
 wagon shed and stable. No. 3, chicken house and yard. 
 
 Chickens you must have ;four dozen would be a reasonable 
 number to commence with. By keeping chicken house clean and 
 feeding plenty of varieties of chicken feed, they will give great 
 results. You must have a vegetable garden, which is useful in 
 the family. Raise carrots, stock varieties, for horse and cows. 
 
 Two tracts containing two and one-half acres should have 
 half of each in Black Republican cherries or Royal Ann, which 
 tracts will grow 324 trees 18 feet apart. 
 
 For two and one-half acres, I would advise the best-known 
 varieties of winter apples, which tracts will grow 210 trees 22 
 feet apart. 
 
 Sow one acre to a well-known variety of white potatoes, 
 which will sell readily in the market. 
 
 Also have one-half acre of strawberries, half of early and 
 half of late variety; one acre of alfalfa; one-half acre of rasp- 
 berries; best varieties known; one acre of wheat and oats, 
 mixed, which, with one acre of alfalfa, will feed one big horse 
 and a No. 1 cow, and also give chickens plenty of picking, which 
 they must have to bring about the best results. Have the road- 
 way with ditch on the side, which will serve the whole farm. 
 
 The five plots, I believe, will keep the family the first year. 
 What two more produces the second year will give them more 
 than plenty. The remaining plots will come in gradually from 
 that on till the sixth year. By that time you will find all ex- 
 penses paid and a surplus of $2000 or $3000 and a nice income 
 from that on, but I should advise the person must 'tend strictly 
 to business the first three years, then I believe the world will 
 come easy for him. N. NELSON. 
 
 ONE'S PROSPECTS DEPEND ON THE MAN. 
 By A. H. Roberts. 
 
 WENATCHEE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review : In the vicinity of Wenatchee land is 
 held at $200 per acre and up. This includes water right, but 
 very liberal terms are offered, with small payment down. 
 
 One's prospects depend altogether on the man, but un- 
 doubtedly the ultimate aim would be fruit as the main issue 
 for this locality. 
 
 As to cost of fencing, buildings, etc., that would depend 
 
 8o 
 
altogether on the man with economy, willing muscle and horse 
 sense. One could get started with a comparatively small 
 amount. 
 
 I should recommend at least six acres of good staple varie- 
 ties of commercial apples. Now this six acres can be profitably 
 cropped until trees are bearing nicely; for instance, cantaloups, 
 string beans, potatoes, corn and peas. 
 
 
 >H 
 
 FAniLY 
 
 
 f 
 
 ORCtiARD 
 
 
 
 BCRm€5 ETC 
 
 CotlMERClAL 
 
 
 
 
 Orchard 
 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 A. H. ROBERTS, Wenalchee, Wash. 
 
 Be sure to grow plenty of carrots, for without question 
 carrots are the most profitable crop one can raise for horse or 
 cow, and, by cooking, for hogs and fowls. 
 
 Now, there is a splendid market for all truck grown here. 
 One can contract their cantaloups and watermelons in advance, 
 should they desire to do so,* at good prices. I would advise 
 two acres for alfalfa, which, together with carrots and corn, 
 would keep a horse and cow nicely. 
 
 8i 
 
The balance, plant family fruit, different varieties, berries, 
 etc. Berries are a profitable crop. 
 
 I would caution any one about having too many varieties, 
 particularly for commercial use, as to apples. Three or four 
 of the best-known staple varieties are enough. The more of 
 a variety you have the better price you get every time. I have 
 known orchards nearly ruined by having it so mixed that it 
 was impossible to get a good shipment of one kind, and the 
 picking and packing is expense, to say the least. 
 
 As to making a living the first year, a man can do that on 
 one acre if he is willing to work. 
 
 A. H. ROBERTS. 
 
 CAN ONE MAKE AN ADEAL HOME ON 10 ACRES? 
 By E. A. Whitman. 
 
 ROSALIA, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: In answer to the question. Can a family 
 make a model home on 10 acres of irrigated land? I think they 
 can make an ideal home and make more than a living for the 
 average family. 
 
 I herewith enclose my plan: On lot 1, which contains one 
 and one-fifth acres, I would put my barn on the corner next 
 to the public road. In this location it would occupy the least 
 possible space and be convenient. Next to the barn I would 
 put my cow lot, pig pen, chicken house and yard and plant a 
 few fruit trees in chicken yard. Would fence this lot chicken- 
 tight and plant alfalfa in all ground not otherwise occupied, thus 
 making pasture for cow, horse and chickens. 
 
 On lot 2 I would put my house back far enough from the 
 front for a nice lawn, shade trees and flowers in front and on 
 sides. 
 
 In the rear I would put my woodshed next to lot 1, with 
 walk running from house to woodshed, and gates opening into 
 lot 1. This would leave enough space for nice kitchen garden 
 in the rear. 
 
 On lot 3 I would put my family orchard, with all kinds of 
 fruit except winter apples. 
 
 On lot 4, which contains one acre, put two or three varieties 
 of winter apples best adapted to locality. Plant vegetables be- 
 tween trees until they commence to bear, and give chickens run 
 of orchard, where they will do no damage. 
 
 E. A. WHITMAN. 
 82 
 
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 FIGURES OUT EXPENSES AND INCOME. 
 By P. H. Tomlinson. 
 
 COLLEGE PLACE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a- 
 Week Spokesman-Review : A man can make an ideal home and 
 a good living on 10 acres of good irrigated land. 
 
 The arrangement of buildings would depend on lay of land 
 with regard to location of public road and the way irrigating 
 water was delivered to land. Would try to have house above 
 barn, with irrigating water, if clean, running past the house, then 
 to barn lot. Would take one-half acre for the house, lawn, shade 
 trees, ornamental shrubbery and flowers. One-half acre for 
 barn, lot, henhouse and yards. 
 
Would keep a good team, each horse weighing 1100 pounds. 
 I consider a team indispensible, as a great deal of work in build- 
 ing a new place is too heavy for one horse; besides, one horse 
 can go to market, which will be necessary nearly every day 
 when the place comes to full bearing, while the other horse can 
 cultivate the farm. 
 
 Keep two good cows, 200 hens, six stands of bees and four 
 pigs. I would plant first year four acres of potatoes, early and 
 late, one acre of field corn and pumpkins for feed, one-half acre 
 
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 to carrots, one-half acre to cucumbers, one-half acre to sweet 
 corn, one-half acre to cabbage and one acre to early garden peas. 
 These are good for the land and bring a good price, while the 
 pea vines are good feed and will come off in time to set cabbage 
 and plant carrots on the land. 
 
 One-half acre should be enough for family garden. 
 
 84. 
 
Second year I should plant as per plat shown herewith. 
 Consider it advisable to wait until fall of the first year and spring 
 of the second year, that the land may be in much better condition 
 for permanent crops. 
 
 I would plant one-year-old trees, one acre to cherries, sour 
 and sweet, early and late. Set strawberries between one acre 
 of apples, one-fourth summer, one-fourth fall and one-half win- 
 ter. Plant one-half acre to plums, pears, peaches; one-half acre 
 to blackberries, one-half acre to currants, gooseberries and grapes, 
 and three-quarter acres asparagus, one-half acre to rhubarb; 
 one acre to corn and pumpkins and two acres to potatoes, one 
 early and one late. Dig early ones for new potatoes and set land 
 to cabbage. A good deal of truck can be raised, one year in 
 asparagus and bushes. 
 
 Plant two mulberry trees in hen yards and would raise 
 onions in the apple orchard. 
 
 Peas can be planted early in peach orchard and carrots put 
 in after they are off. As soon as any crop was off, would follow 
 with another, as to keep something growing the year around. 
 Would buy hay and straw and in this way haul onto the farm 
 as well as off. If I found time, would keep more good cows, 
 as they will pay a profit and leave the manure on the farm. The 
 fertility of the soil must be kept up in some way. 
 
 The increase in the value of the place so improved over 
 unimproved land would be more than interest on the investment, 
 allowing $200 per acre for raw land. 
 
 P. H. TOMLINSON. 
 
 COST OF STARTING THE TEN-ACRE FARM. 
 By Mrs. Hattie Stilwill. 
 
 LA GRANDE, Ore.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Can a model and self-supporting home be 
 made on a good 10 acres of irrigated land? It certainly can, 
 by raising fruits, vegetables and chickens. 
 
 The cost of buildings depends on what one's circumstances 
 would allow. My idea is to devote one-quarter acre to house, 
 lawn and shrubs, fencing it; one-quarter acre, fenced, for barn 
 and root cellar and yard for cow and horse; seven acres to 350 
 one-year Stark's Delicious, King David and Green's Winter 
 Banana apple trees, setting 30 feet apart each way. 
 
 In the rows running north and south would set in between 
 
 85" 
 
each apple tree 150 one-year Lambert cherry trees and 150 one- 
 year Illinois, Worth and Washington peach trees, making rows 
 15x30 feet apart each way. 
 
 For two or three years between the rows could be profitably 
 cropped the following: Four acres early potatoes, yielding an 
 average of 12,000 pounds at one cent per pound, $120. The 
 extra early potatoes bring 2 to 3 cents a pound ; at 2 cents they 
 
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 MRS. HATTIF. STILWILL, La Grande, Ore, 
 
 would bring $240 and at 3 cents $360. We have received as high 
 as 5 cents a pound here for these varieties. One and one-half 
 acres sweet corn, which makes the very best of fodder, and 
 pumpkins planted in with corn. Selling about eight tons fodder 
 and four tons pumpkins makes excellent feed for cow. 
 
 One acre of early peas, a few oats drilled with them, the 
 oats making support for the vines. Four thousand pounds of 
 
 86 
 
green peas ought to be picked ; at S cents a pound would be $2LW. 
 We also have received 8 cents here, besides three or four tons 
 of oat and pea hay, which is good feed for horses. 
 
 One-quarter acre into different varieties of vegetables ought 
 to be worth $100. 
 
 The cost of trees, seed and beans for the seven acres is 
 about $200. 
 
 One-eighth acre, fenced for chicken coop, fruit house and 
 yard. Starting with 30 hens, costing $15, their feed for one year, 
 $50. An average hen will produce 100 eggs a year; total, 3000 
 eggs at 2 cents apiece is $60. Taking 800 for setting leaves a 
 balance of $44; raising 300 chickens, valued at $125, a profit of 
 $119 is realized, besides letting them run in the orchard, de- 
 stroying insects and waste fruit, which helps to feed them. 
 Keeping throughbreds is still more profitable. 
 
 I would keep 10 stands of bees and plant white clover close 
 to fences and places where it is not convenient to cultivate, to 
 help furnish their feed; their profit, with good care, would 
 be $50. 
 
 Keeping a thoroughbred cow one can raise a fine calf each 
 year at a good profit; also being supplied with milk and butter. 
 
 Small potatoes, waste milk, vegetables and victuals from 
 the table can be fed to two pigs at a profit of $30. 
 
 Five thousand strawberries, two-thirds acre; 400 grapes, 
 two-thirds acre ; 3000 currants, 300 gooseberries, 300 blackberries 
 and 300 raspberries, equally divided on two-thirds of an acre; 
 300 asparagus; 200 rhubarb roots, one-eighth acre; 20 plants 
 each of blackcaps, dewberries and cranberries between fence 
 and water ditch; 20 Van Deman quince bushes, 20 everbloom- 
 ing roses forming a hedge as shown on diagram. 
 
 Quinces are exceptionally ornamental, besides being useful. 
 Plant 10 each of apricots, pears, mullberries, plums, early apples 
 and 20 nut trees, different varieties planted as is represented 
 on diagram. 
 
 Cost of plants and seeds will be about $175, implements 
 $150, fencing $250, feed bought for cow and horse $50, expense 
 of fitting up 10 acres first year in proper shape would be $1000, 
 besides buildings. It can be started with less and then prove 
 profitable, with proper management. 
 
 Ten acres of irrigated land can be made into a very profitable 
 and beautiful home. The work can nearly all be done by one 
 man and horse. Harvesting the crops comes at different 
 periods, so it can easily be cared for by a family. 
 
 8; 
 
The second year one should realize $500 or $600 from straw- 
 berries, and from year to year an increasing profit from trees 
 and plants, and the 10 acres are also increasing in value. 
 
 A farm like this provides more luxuries for the table than 
 any other mode of farming. The work is healthful and it is a 
 pleasure to work with trees and plants, watching them grow 
 and to hear the happy birds sing among them.. There are seven 
 months working and- five months spare time, except doing 
 chores. It may not seem reasonable that one can obtain such 
 profits from vegetables as I have mentioned, but we have pro- 
 duced just such crops here on our farm of seven and one-half 
 acres, and extra varieties of fruits are still more profitable. 
 
 Surely the stars and stripes can float over 10-acre farms 
 with honor and with pride. 
 
 MRS. HATTIE STILWILL. 
 
 TRUCK GARDEN FOR FIRST YEAR'S INCOME. 
 By S. G. Moore. 
 
 SELAH, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: It is ho guess work, for I know what can 
 be done on 10 acres of irrigated land. I will not try to 
 enumerate the expenses, as it all depends on the locality. The 
 most essential thing is to select a tract that is all good land, 
 with a good water right. 
 
 It has been proven beyond a doubt that fruit is the most 
 profitable crop that can be raised on a 10-acre tract. In select- 
 ing your fruits, don't select too many varieties. Two kinds of 
 winter apples and one of commercial peaches. 
 
 In setting out your orchard of winter apples the best way 
 is to set your apples 30 feet apart, with a peach filler. Bear 
 in mind when setting out your orchard that carload lots sell 
 to a better advantage than mixed lots. 
 
 The idea in putting peach fillers is that they bring an 
 income the third year and up to the tenth year they are not in 
 the way of the apple tree, but after that they must be removed 
 to give the apples room. 
 
 The first three years you must depend on truck farming 
 between the trees, such as potatoes, tomatoes, onions, etc. And 
 always raise your own hay at home, for one ton you raise at 
 home is worth two tons that you buy from your neighbor. 
 
 88 
 
ALBERT A PeacMBS 
 
 
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 S. G. MOORE, Selah, Wash., R. F. D. No. ^. 
 
 Also you should keep the best kind of chickens. (As to 
 the number, you are to be the judge). Raise your own pigs; 
 keep one good brood mare, two good milch cows, and as many 
 bees are you are competent to handle. 
 
 In conclusion I will say that any energetic family can make 
 a good living on a 10-acre tract, subdividing as per diagram, 
 for I am speaking from personal experience, and I know of many 
 families around North Yakima, Spokane and Greenacres 
 country that are making a good living on five acres. 
 
 S. G. MOORE. 
 
 Sq 
 
PROFIT MADE DURING THE SECOND YEAR. 
 By Frank Christy, 
 
 ROCK CREEK, Ore.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: You will find in this diagram of a 10-acre 
 irrigated tract my idea as to how it should be arranged, both for 
 a comfortable home and a paying business proposition. 
 
 You ask if you can make a living, a model farm and a good 
 home on a 10-acre tract of irrigated land in the Inland Empire, 
 and the following is my experience : In January, 1903, I bought 
 10 acres under the ditch, paying $100 per acre, one-fourth down 
 and balance in annual payments, with interest. I had $600 in 
 cash and disbursed it as follows: $250, payment on land; $50, 
 incubator, brooder, chickens; $100 payment on building and 
 fencing material; $75 to carpenter and the balance for plowing, 
 seed, plants and trees. 
 
 I divided the tract into nine lots. Three on the south were 
 devoted to small fruits, lawn, barn and chicken yard. Three 
 just north of these were planted to 310 fruit trees and three north 
 of these devoted to garden and hay. 
 
 The first year I gardened for market I planted the whole 
 place, even around the. buildings, with the foUoA^ing results: 
 
 Potatoes, two acres, yielded 400 sacks at $1 $400 
 
 Onions, two acres, yielded 240 sacks at $2 480 
 
 Peas, one-half acre, yielded 2000 lbs., at 5 cents ; 100 
 
 Beans, one-half acre, yielded 2000 lbs., at S cents 100 
 
 One acre tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, beets, parsnips 150 
 
 One acre, yielding 5000 pounds squash, pumpkin, corn, at 
 
 1 cent 50 
 
 Two acres cabbage and cauliflower 150 
 
 Turnips, two acres, yielding 100 sacks, at $1 100 
 
 Total $1530 
 
 Wages 50 
 
 Profit $1480 
 
 I cut the wheat and rape for hay, planted the ground in late 
 cabbage and cauliflower; also planted two acres of turnips on 
 the potato and onion ground. I mortgaged this crop after seeding 
 in order to get a horse, $100, and a cow, $35. The cost of keep- 
 ing them is $8 per year for the cow and $20 per year for the 
 horse, aside from what feed is grown on the farm. 
 
 go 
 
The second year the profits were $1600, over and above our 
 living, being assisted by the small fruits and 100 paying hens. 
 
 The third year profits were $2000, as we had the orchard 
 and 300 laying hens to help. 
 
 We handled our poultry as follows: We had an incubator 
 house, three incubators, six brooders, hatched in February, 
 March and April. Chicks are reared in blackberry and raspberry 
 patch. When old enough to fly well they are moved to the barn- 
 
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 FRANK CHRISTY, Rock Creek, Ore. 
 
 yard and orchard. We sell the yearlings as soon as they begin 
 to moult; also all young stock except 300 laying pullets, which 
 furnish the eggs for the following year. We feed wheat hay at 
 night and at 11 o'clock a. m. a mixture of rolled oats, barley 
 chop and millet seed in the litter, and hang up cabbage or sugar 
 beets for green food. This stuff comes from the garden. Beef 
 scraps, grit, etc., are kept in hoppers before them the year round. 
 We use continuous open front curtained houses, roosting, laying 
 
 91 
 
and scratching house combined. It does not cost anything to 
 raise a pullet, as the carcass always pays for itself, but it costs 
 $1 a year to feed a hen, where you can raise the green feed. 
 Our 300 hens each average 16 dozen eggs per year, and we get 
 an average of 30 cents per dozen for the year, which leaves a net 
 profit' of $9.80 per hen, or $1140 on the flock. 
 
 Last year the place earned $2940 — poultry, $1140; orchard, 
 three and three-ninths acres, $1200; small fruits, two acres, $300, 
 and garden, two and two-ninths acres, $300. Our expenses for 
 wages, boxes, etc., were $240. We hire help about 60 days during ■ 
 the year. My wife and I attend to the rest. 
 
 As I have stated before, we have 310 fruit trees. They are 
 divided as follows: Ten Early Harvest, Red June, and 10 Grav- 
 ensteih apple trees for summer use; 10 Fall Pippin, 10 Ben 
 Davis, 10 Twenty-Ounce, for late summer and fall; 20 Baldwin, 
 20 Northern Spy, 20 Canada Red, for early winter, and for late 
 keepers we have 30 Sops-of-Wine and 30 Large Romanite, 30 
 Spitzenberg and 30 Roxbury Russetts. The rest are all cherries, 
 plums, peaches, pears and apricots. 
 
 We have in the cellar for our own use canned and fresh 
 vegetables, fruit, cider and vinegar, preserves and fruit butter 
 of all kinds, different varieties of jellies, home-made bacon, 
 hams, shoulders and lard, honey, fresh butter, eggs and milk. 
 
 We entertain a great deal and go to church, prayer meet- 
 ings, socials and the play at nights; in fact, enjoy ourselves. 
 
 Do you call this a home ? And can you compare with it on 
 10 acres in your "Dear Old Mississippi Valley," "Down on the 
 Wabash," "Where the Silvery Colorado Wends Its Way," or 
 where the "Swanee River" flows? 
 
 FRANK CHRISTY. 
 
 BETTER TO BUY FEED AND RAISE BERRIES. 
 By Peter Dawson. 
 
 POTLATCH, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : Most certainly a family can make a living 
 on 10 acres of land and make a nice little bank account. 
 
 I have had the experience and my neighbors ask how I can 
 make so much money. Of course I work all the time. 
 
 This is my model of a 10-acre farm: In the orchard you 
 can have blackberries, raspberries, mulberries and currants be- 
 tween the rows of trees. Also put in a good half-acre of carrots 
 
 92 
 
and turnips. They will keep your cow and horse. But I think 
 it would be more profitable to buy most of the horse feed and 
 raise more valuable stuff. 
 
 The buildings in this plan will cost as follows: 
 
 House $ 600 
 
 Woodshed 25 
 
 Water Tank 55 
 
 Barn and yard 200 
 
 COnMERClAL 
 
 APPLE3 
 3 ACRE3 
 
 PASTUK-Z, 
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 ALTALTA 
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 POTATOES 
 
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 PEACrfES B^ EARLY APPLE5 
 
 '/i ACRE 
 
 PEA12-5 
 /zACRX 
 
 PETER DAWSON, Potlatch, Idaho. 
 
 Fifty chickens, house .and yard 100 
 
 Three acres of commercial apples 100 
 
 One acre alfalfa S 
 
 One-half acre pears iS 
 
 One-half acre peaches and early apples 15 
 
 One-half acre cherries — _ 15 
 
 One-half acre plums and prunes 15 
 
 One-half acre strawberries and grapes 40 
 
 93 
 
One-half acre vegetables 5 
 
 One-half acre melons and cabbages 10 
 
 One-half acre potatoes 5 
 
 Fencing -.^ 75 
 
 Horse 125 
 
 Wagon, harness and other tools 150 
 
 Shade trees -- ^ 
 
 Ten acres of land 1.000 
 
 A man should get a good, strong horse. 
 
 By a little help from the family he can attend to all of it 
 till harvest time, then he will have to have an extra man for a 
 
 time. 
 
 PETER DAWSON. 
 
 FARM SO AS TO HAVE LITTLE TO BUY. 
 By R. H. Fitting. 
 
 KOOSKIA, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: This is my plan for making a "model 
 home" of a 10-acre irrigated tract: 
 
 First, I would spend about $400 to build a house, of bunga- 
 low style, of five rooms, supposing it to be a family of four. 
 The house, lawn and flower garden take up about one-fourth of 
 an acre, to be fenced. 
 
 Next, I would build a barn, 14x20 feet, 14 feet high, making 
 room to accommodate horse, cow and buggy, with hay in the 
 loft above. There would be two stalls, 6x14 feet each, with 8- 
 foot by 14-foot partition off for buggy. The barn would cost 
 about $150. I should have a small yard for horse and cow. 
 Price of horse and cow, probably $100. Harness and buggy or 
 truck cart, $75. 
 
 I would keep about 150 hens, commencing with 50, and raise 
 the balance. They would have a run of 100x100 feet, divided in 
 the center, with house 12x24 feet, scratching shed 8x24 feet, 
 arranged to admit of changing runs as shown in diagram. Brown 
 Leghorns would be my choice of chickens. These would supply 
 us with about $225 worth of eggs and chickens a year, with a 
 cost of feed about $70. Cost of chicken house and wire and other 
 necessities would be $75, and 50 chickens, $20. These buildings 
 would occupy three-fourths of an acre. 
 
 I would sow one and three-fourths acres to alfalfa. This 
 would provide hay for the horse and cow. I would have to buy 
 hay and grain the first year, probably costing $120. 
 
 94 
 
The cow would provide the family with fresh milk and but- 
 ter, which would be worth $75 per year. The horse would pay 
 for his keep in work in the garden. 
 
 Next, set out a home orchard of one-half acre, consisting of 
 10 winter apples, five fall apples, three early apples, two crabs, 
 five pears, five peaches, five plums. Also have five acres in 
 
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 STRAW- 
 BERRIES 
 
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 HOUSE. 
 OKCMRP 
 
 GARDEN 
 
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 POTATOES) 5 ACRE?) 
 
 R. H. FITTING, Kooskia, Idaho. 
 
 cherries. Black Lamberts, or variety best suited to the locality. 
 Set the trees 25 feet apart, in rows 25 feet apart. The cost of 
 trees and setting out would be about $85. 
 
 Then I would plant three acres of potatoes in between the 
 trees, which would yield, with thorough cultivation, 500 bushels 
 to the acre, or 1500 bushels, at 40 cents per bushel, making a 
 total of $600. Seed potatoes would cost about $15. 
 
 I would have one acre of onions, planted between the rows, 
 
 95 
 
which would yield 800 bushels on well fertilized ground with 
 good cultivation, which would be worth $640 at 80 cents per 
 bushel. 
 
 I would plant one-half acre of cauliflower and one-half acre 
 of cabbage. It would take about 7000 plants, or 3500 each. This 
 would give 6000 marketable plants at 7 cents each, a total of 
 $420. 
 
 I would set out one acre of strawberries, which would cost 
 about $80. These would bear lightly the first year. Also one- 
 fourth acre of raspberries and one-fourth acre of blackberries, 
 costing about $30. 
 
 In the home garden, set out anything you wish for home use ; 
 valuation, $75. 
 
 Any vacant spot I would plant to sweet corn, a profitable 
 crop, as the corn could be sold and the fodder fed to the cow and 
 horse. 
 
 Some fruit growers may object to planting between fruit 
 trees, but I am presuming that the person has to make a living 
 off the tract until the trees come into bearing. 
 
 One man can manage all the work with the exception of 
 weeding and thinning onions and perhaps a little help in harvest 
 time, as the crop will come on at different times. 
 
 My idea would be to have a comfortable home with fresh 
 milk, butter, eggs and chickens; all kinds of fresh fruit and 
 vegetables from the garden, which would leave little to buy, and 
 the other produce would bring in a snug little sum, and he could 
 enjoy all the conveniences of up-to-date rural life, which will be 
 found in a tract where there is rich, deep soil, with good spring 
 water piped into your house. 
 
 My estimated. cost of starting a 10-acre tract, not including 
 the cost of land and outside fence, is as follows: The receipts 
 the first year would be $2060; expenses $1220; with miscellany, 
 labor and tools at $1.50, making a total expense of $1370; leav- 
 ing a profit of $690. 
 
 R. H. FITTING. 
 
ONE ACRE OF ALFALFA TO KEEP A COW. 
 
 By Charles M. Carter. 
 
 POTLATCH, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: This is my expense account for a 10-acre 
 model farm: 
 
 1. Ten acres of land $1000 
 
 2. House and lawn 700 
 
 3. Woodshed 25 
 
 3 ACRES COMMEROAL 
 APPIE5 
 
 I ACRE FASrU/fE "^ 
 
 /ACRE ALFALFA 
 
 A ACRE POTATOES 
 
 ^ 
 
 J ACRE VEGETABLES 
 OF ALL KINDS K 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 5RAD£ TR££5 
 
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 ^2LAW/i 
 
 5TRAWBEnRf£5 
 M/UBERR/£5 
 RA5P6ERRIE5 
 BLACM3ERRIE3 
 
 5 
 
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 APRIC0T5 
 CHERRIES 
 
 
 /I ACRE. RRUhES 
 AND PIUM3 
 
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 /i ACRE FfARS N 
 
 CHARLES M. CARTER, Potlatch, Idaho. 
 
 4. Watering trough _ 5 
 
 5. Barn and yard 200 
 
 6. 50 chickens, house and yard 100 
 
 7. One acre of vegetable garden (for the plant- 
 
 ing of vegetables and seed) _^ 10 
 
 8. One-half acre of potatoes 5 
 
 91 
 
9. Three acres commercial orchard 75 
 
 10. One acre pasture for cow and horse 5 
 
 11. One acre of alfalfa 5 
 
 12. One-half acre of pears : 15 
 
 13. One-half acre prunes and plums 15 
 
 14. One-half acre apricots and cherries IS 
 
 15. One acre in berries 100 
 
 One horse 150 
 
 One cow 50 
 
 One wagon, harness, and other tools 150 
 
 Fencing 100 
 
 Total __-_$2725 
 
 One can raise enough on one acre of alfalfa to keep the cow 
 and it will be cheaper to buy the horse feed than to use too 
 much land to support it, for you can raise more valuable stuff 
 on the land and make more profit out of it if you have three 
 acres of orchard. I \yould set the most of it to berries and raise 
 more vegetables for about five years until the apples begin 
 to bear good, then take the berries out of the orchard. 
 
 CHARLES M. CARTER. 
 
 FARMING SMALL TRACT CLOSE TO MARKET. 
 By Sadie Hooper. 
 
 DENBIGH, N. D.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: As I have had experience in helping to 
 make a living for a family on a small tract of land, will say it 
 can be done without a doubt, but the location must be close to 
 town and the price to start with depends on the location. 
 
 It would cost between $2500 and $3500 to start in most any 
 of the irrigated countries close to town. This would include 
 the land and necessary buildings and fence; also two good cows 
 and one horse, 100 hens, one hog and all necessary machinery 
 that would be needed to farm a 10-acre tract. 
 
 My experience has taught me to plant different varieties of 
 garden vegetables, with corn, peas and beans, etc., for my own 
 family's use, but in planting for market I would confine myself 
 to a few good varieties, such as tomatoes, sweet corn and pota- 
 toes. I find I can make more money by so doing than I would 
 by planting one dozen or more different varieties. Later on I 
 
 98 
 
would expect to make my living from growing fruit, principally 
 winter apples, as there is not so much hard work attached to it 
 as there is in raising vegetables. 
 
 My plan in planting is to plant four acres in winter apples 
 of one good variety only, especially for market, and one acre 
 of pears for market. 
 
 I would devote one acre to different kinds of fruits, so as 
 to have a variety for family use, and market what is not needed 
 at home. 
 
 D 
 
 Di 
 
 B^Rtj ^ 
 
 ALFALFA 
 /i ACRE5 
 
 L/\M E.' 
 
 GARDEN 
 
 □ 5TRAWB£F^RIE:> 
 H0U5E 
 
 RASPBERRIES AhO 
 3lACMBfRR/£3 
 
 POTATO f 5 
 
 FOUR ACRE 
 WI/iTERARFlES 
 
 ORCHARD 
 
 D/FFEREnr 
 VAR/ET/E5 OF 
 FRU(T3 
 
 J ACRE R£AR3 
 
 SADIE HOOPER, Denbigh, N. D. 
 
 I would plant at least one-half acre to potatoes; one-half 
 •acre to blackberries and raspberries; one acre to strawberries, 
 including the house and lawn; one-half acre of garden, and one- 
 and one-half acres to alfalfa. 
 
 I would plant plenty of carrots to take the place of grain 
 for the horse and sows, and would keep a few colonies of bees 
 to make what honey the family would consume. 
 
 - 99 
 
By planting the 10 acres as I have stated above, I would 
 
 have to hire but little help outside of the family, and by living 
 
 economically the first year there would be no reason why a 
 
 family could not make a good living and a nice home on 10 
 
 acres of land. 
 
 SADIE HOOPER. 
 
 WINTER APPLES TO BE THE MAIN CROP. 
 By W. S. Frazer. 
 
 TUM TUM, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Having decided to get a 10-acre tract of 
 irrigated land, my first thought was to get close to the best 
 market city that I could find. That, of course, was Spokane, as 
 her market reports show, and as Spokane ships supplies of all 
 kinds into the mining regions, south, east and north, clear up 
 into British territory, her markets, which have been good, will 
 still improve as the mining country is developed. 
 
 I bought a 10-acre tract of sandy loam, with a good water 
 supply and no hardpan down to eight or ten feet. I had decided 
 to raise fruit, berries, roots and alfalfa. 
 
 Winter apples are to be my main crop, for the reason that I 
 can market them at my leisure during the winter. I put eight 
 acres in apples; also one-half acre each of peaches and pears, 
 and one acre for house, outbuildings and home garden, a few 
 shade trees, summer apples and berries of different kinds. 
 
 My winter apples are set out in rows 30 feet apart, each 
 way, the pears and peaches 20 feet apart, each way. I put 
 strawberries, beets, beans, carrots, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, 
 potatoes and alfalfa between the rows, but I leave a strip six 
 feet wide for each row of trees between the cultivated crops and 
 10 feet wide for each row of trees between the alfalfa. 
 
 This leaves about four acres for garden truck and two acres 
 for alfalfa. Of the four acres for truck, I put two acres into 
 strawberries in rows, three feet apart, and between each of the 
 rows I put in a row of either beans, beets or carrots the first 
 year ; also one acre of potatoes ; one-half acre of melons and one- 
 quarter each of tomatoes and cucumbers. 
 
 As eggs are worth from 40 to 60 cents a dozen here in 
 winter and seldom go below 25 cents in summer, I always aim 
 to keep as many chickens as I can raise, never selling a hen 
 unless for old age. I give them the full run of the orchard, ex- 
 
 100 
 
cept in berry-picking time, when they are kept in the house lot, 
 which is fenced with chicken wire. I also keep a few hogs, a 
 horse and a cow. 
 
 The second year I market my berries -and put in another 
 acre of them. The third year I market three acres of berries 
 and put in another acre, and after picking my first two acres I 
 plow them under and sow the ground to turnips. From now on 
 I will put in fewer roots and more berries until the fifth year, 
 when everything is turned under and nothing more will be 
 planted among the trees, for they will be bearing then and will 
 ,keep me busy. 
 
 P£ACH£5 
 P£Aff3 ~ 
 
 I'/k ACRE 
 \ HOniGARDm 
 
 JSCL 
 
 &a- 
 
 //^ 
 
 1, LAWh 
 "^ ACRE 
 
 r" 
 
 
 WHITER APPLET 
 
 i_ 
 
 W. S. FRAZER, Turn Turn, Wash. 
 
 -By this time the berries, chickens and roots will have paid 
 for the place and given us a comfortable living besides. I do 
 not know how. much my winter apples will bring me during the 
 next 20 years, but I think it will be something handsome, enough 
 so that I can build my mansion and lay out the ground around 
 it in proper shape. 
 
 The income from my orchard will be pure gain, for my 
 peaches, pears and chickens will meet all expenses. I will keep 
 all the chickens I can raise, even up to 1000, and will have them 
 
scattered all over the orchard in small coops. Chickens and 
 berries are the best money makers and the amount of berries 
 depends on the size of the family, the larger the better. 
 The expenses are as follows: 
 
 House $150.00 
 
 Outbuildings 150.00 
 
 Horse, cow, plow, cultivator, etc. 270.00 
 
 Chickens, 100 50.00 
 
 Pigs, 2 6.00 
 
 Fencing 68.60 
 
 Apple trees, 748, peaches and pears 102.30 
 
 Strawberries, 13,200 66.00 
 
 Fruit trees, berries and home garden 10.00 
 
 Total $872.90 
 
 W. S. FRAZER. 
 
 LAND TOO VALUABLE TO RAISE FEED. 
 By C. E. Brown. 
 
 ILIA, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week Spokes- 
 man-Review: Can a family make a living on a 10-acre tract of 
 irrigated land? I will not hesitate to say it can, providing it 
 has $1000 to start. It is assumed the land is paid for. I will 
 also assume that I own the tract. 
 
 This is the way I would go about it: With the $1000 I 
 would buy necessities, such as a span of horses, weight about 
 1000 pounds, cost $150; a good cow, $60; two shoats, $10; har- 
 ness, $35; light wagon, $90; harrow, $10; poultry, $12, and about 
 $15 for other implements. This makes a total of $382 and leaves 
 $618 for running expenses and what building material I would 
 need for fencing, a small house, which need not be elaborate; 
 the barn and chicken coop, pigpen., etc. 
 
 I would do as much of this work as possible, to lessen ex- 
 penses. I would put in as much early garden as I could manage, 
 such as potatoes, a quarter acre; two acres of corn, a quarter 
 acre of tomatoes, onions, carrots, cabbage and string beans I 
 would sell all except what I wanted for home use, then put in 
 other vegetables for home use. 
 
 I would have three acres of wheat for feed; would let half 
 of this ripen to stack for the poultry to feed from. I would 
 plant about half an acre of strawberries. This is about all that 
 
could be properly handled for. the first year. The profit from 
 the garden stuff would get feed for the stock, outside of what I 
 raised. 
 
 Each year I ought to do better than I did the preceding 
 year. My diagram will show my idea of arrangement. Three- 
 eighths of an acre for house lot, including cellar, coal and wood- 
 shed combined; also lawn; three-eighths , of an acre for barn 
 
 APPLE5 
 
 PACK1N&- 5HE1) 
 
 PEA^-o 
 
 1 ACR-t 
 
 STRAWibERKJEO 
 /2, ACR.1L 
 
 CQA/nERCIAL 
 
 nont 
 G-AHDEN 
 
 SHEDS f 
 
 HOUSE 
 
 PEACHF.S 
 Z>k ACK£S 
 
 CHiLT^llE5 
 
 1 ACKE. 
 
 Lot 
 
 i- 
 
 YA'R.'D 
 
 BARd 
 
 Di:WBlRKIE5 
 
 "BLACKBERK1E5 
 '/2, ACE-t 
 
 C. E. BROWN, Ilia, Wash. 
 
 lot; one-eighth of an acre for hog and chicken lot; one-eighth 
 of an acre for home garden; one acre for commercial garden; 
 one-half acre of strawberries; one-half acre of Bartlett pears; 
 two and one-half acres of apples, 10 early, the balance winter; 
 two and one-half acres, peaches, consisting of AlbeVtas, late 
 Crawford, choice Wheatland, . Yellow St. John and a few other 
 varieties; one acre in cherries, Bing and Royal Ann; one-half 
 acre, dewberries; one-half acre, blackberries. 
 
 103 
 
I would build a packing shed, 20x30, 12-foot eaves, to store 
 paper and boxes above, so as to give all the room on lower floor 
 possible. A barn, 20x40, would give two stalls, one for the cow 
 and one for team on one side, the other side for wagon, harrow, 
 plow and other implements, and one for a bin for the haymow. 
 
 I would build a house, having five rooms besides the bath 
 and pantry. Then I would beautify the lawn, setting out shrubs. 
 
 When the trees begin to bear I would not sow or plant be- 
 tween the rows, for orchard land is too valuable to raise feed. 
 In harvest time one can buy feed quite cheaply, as a rule. 
 
 C. E. BROWN. 
 
 MUST HAVE AIR AND ROOT DRAINAGE. 
 
 By H. M. Caldwell. 
 
 PALOUSE, Wash.— To the Editor o'f The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Can a family make a model home on 10 
 acres of land? Yes. How this is to be done depends upon the 
 soil, location, markets, etc. 
 
 We will take the Spokane valley, for example, as several in 
 this vicinity are going to set out a few thousand fruit trees and 
 thousands of berry plants in that valley. 
 
 If you are going to irrigate you must have air and root drain- 
 age to be successful. 
 
 I would keep a cow or two, and a good horse, and about 
 200 good chickens. Would use my cherry, pear, plum and peach 
 orchard for a chicken park. The trees are to be set 16 feet 
 apart, with berries between for a few years. The chickens could 
 have the run of the barn lot for the short time the berries are 
 ripening. 
 
 The alfalfa field should be rotated every three or four years 
 with the vegetable and truck patch. Be sure to inoculate the 
 ground when you sow the alfalfa. 
 
 Th? winter apple trees are planted 28 feet apart in rows 28 
 feet apart. We are putting Rome Beauties, Jonathans and Wag- 
 eners, with Early Crawford and Alberta peaches for fillers. The 
 peaches are an experiment with me in this part of the country. 
 I would advise setting the Wageners for a filler. They bear 
 very young and are short-lived, so can be taken out when the 
 others need the room. 
 
 You can raise vegetables, such as potatoes, onions, tomatoes, 
 turnips, etc., among the trees for several years. 
 
 104 
 
In regard to the feed for cow and horse, until you get your 
 alfalfa started you will have to buy hay, but you can raise roots 
 for them. 
 
 When you get your several varieties of berries started you 
 will have plenty to do all through the summer. 
 
 The first year the income will be mostly from the vegetable 
 crop. 
 
 WINTER APPLEO, E '/z AGR^. 
 
 VEGETABLE } 
 a TRUCK PATCH: 
 
 2'4.ACRE^. 
 
 i 
 > 
 
 ALFALFA, 
 ^^ ACI^EJ. 
 
 BGrt- i&s z>r\cL 
 
 G &.t-c) &, r\ . 
 
 / AC/-&' 
 
 HOOSE] 
 
 i SUMMER FRUITS, 
 P«/«L PiPPLE3, CHERRIES 
 PEARS, PLUnJ5. 
 I ACRE • 
 
 H. M. CALDWELL, Palouse, Wash. 
 
 Get a flock of chickens and by taking good care of them 
 they will make your living. However, there is no use trying to 
 raise chickens on soil that is nothing but mud when it is wet, nor 
 is there any use in trying to make an irrigated home on it. 
 
 In my plan you will notice that you can drive from the 
 street either into the barn or barn lot and from there into either 
 field or the apple orchard, and in case you wanted to go to the 
 pasture you can do so. 
 
 los 
 
I think it would be advisable to keep two or three good cows 
 as soon as your clover grows in good shape. 
 
 One horse will do all the work on 10 acres, and with the 
 roads we have in the Spokane valley. 
 
 About one-half of our best strawberries will not bear alone 
 (being male and female), so if a person should get the female 
 kind alone they would be "up against it." I. do not think there 
 are bees enough here to fertilize them if every other row were 
 mixed. 
 
 I have had years of experience at this kind of work and 
 there is no one on the Pacific coast that knows this part of the 
 United States much better than I do, and I believe, with the 
 markets, climate and soil, and the same knowledge and care 
 that is taken in the east, it can not be beaten. 
 
 H. M. CALDWELL. 
 
 THE FARM, THE FAMILY AND THE IDEAL. 
 By L. M. Cox. 
 
 TOPPENISH, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman- Review : Can a family make an ideal home and 
 living on 10 acres of irrigated land? 
 
 That depends upon the farm, family and their ideal. 
 
 In the Yakima valley they can — and make a fortune, too. 
 We have what we think is an ideal 10 acres for fruit. It can all 
 be irrigated from one flume along the north side. We call it 
 the I. D. L. fruit farm. Egotistical? Yes, but what a spur to 
 best efforts. All the more since some of our neighbors call it the 
 "Idle" fruit farm. "We'll show 'em." 
 
 Our ideal— Keep out of debt. Make the farm produce all 
 the fruit, vegetables, honey, milk, butter and eggs that we need. 
 
 Make a specialty of Winesap apples. 
 
 We expect to have a house and other buildings, with the 
 best modern conveniences. We expect to send our children to 
 college, but to a' college like the State College at Pullman, that 
 will not educate them away from the farm. We expect the 
 farm to take care of us when we are too old to take care of it. 
 We want to make it so dear a home to our children that they 
 will always keep it in the family. 
 
 Realizing our ideal— When we bought the place in February, 
 1907, it had been in alfalfa for eight years. We used it as 
 follows : 
 
 io6 
 
One acre for buildings, yard, garden, small fruits, orchard 
 of choice varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots and 
 cherries and a lot for a packing house when needed. One acre 
 to Salway peaches, trees set 12% feet apart on the triangle each 
 way, 320 to the acre. These are for quick returns. When they 
 crowd in we shall "dehorn" alternate rows and raise new wood. 
 In a year or two cut all the old wood from the other rows. Ulti- 
 mately, we shall pull them out and plant Winesaps. 
 
 APPL-ES 
 
 Al FALFA 
 Z ACRES 
 
 G-AR-DEN 
 JiACRE 
 
 1 ACRX 
 
 GATIDEN 
 /^ACK■E 
 
 AS?AKAeU3 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Ihem houje 
 
 \mmi 
 
 ImwufE 
 
 G-AKDEN 
 
 
 
 lijACR- 
 
 E,S 
 
 
 5TRAWBEX1 
 -kAcfc 
 
 E. 
 
 
 I FRUITS 
 ACRj: 
 
 L. M. COX, Toppenish, Wash. 
 
 On three acres we set Winesap apples, 25 feet apart, triang- 
 ular plan, 80 trees per acre. These we alternated with Dwarf 
 Bartletts? setting them in the north and south rows, thus irrigating 
 them without extra work and water. When they are six or 
 seven years old we shall take them out. 
 
 On the packing house plot we produced 1000 each of Wine- 
 sap apples and Dwarf Bartlett trees. Between the apple rows we 
 
 107 
 
raised $200 worth of watermelons. On the five acres of alfalfa 
 we raised 40 tons of hay — enough to last our team and cow three 
 years. 
 
 During hop-picking and apple-packing we made $200 and 
 learned a little about handling fruit. 
 
 Expenses for the first year— Farm, $3000; house, barn, etc. 
 —not the ideal ones— $700; team, $300; tools, $150; nursery 
 stock, $150. Current expenses a little more than balanced by 
 crop and work. 
 
 This spring, 1908, we shall set the remaining five acres with 
 the Winesaps and Dwarf Bartletts that we raised. On the eight 
 acres we shall have 640 each. Between the trees we will raise 
 $500 worth of melons. We shall work through apple packing 
 again and start the new year with a small bank account. 
 
 In 1909 we shall have melons only on the last five acres we 
 plowed up. They will yield about $300. The pears and peaches 
 will yield about $200. 
 
 In 1910 we shall take nothing from the soil except what 
 the trees will yield, but shall add to it all we can from now on, 
 for the trees can use it more profitably than we can. 
 
 This year our pears and peaches, should yield $800 and our 
 apples will begin to bear. From now on we can count on a grow- 
 ing net annual income of one, two, six, eight and ten, and even 
 twenty thousand dollars by the tenth year. 
 
 Then we can have our ideal house, our automobile, and such 
 luxuries as farmer folk may wish. Before this an electric line 
 will have put us in 20 minutes of the city of North Yakima. 
 
 L. M. COX. 
 
 DIVERSIFIED PLAN FOR THE TEN ACRES. 
 By W. A. Robbins. 
 
 WHITEBIRD, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: In answer to the question, "Can a man 
 make a living on a lO-acre tract, under favorable circumstances 
 as to market?" 
 
 I most assuredly would say "Yes." 
 
 I believe by the proper management he could make his 
 living the first year. My idea would be not to go into fruits 
 too extensively, but carry it on after a diversified plan. By so 
 doing it is very probable you would strike it a little extra on 
 something. 
 
 io8 
 
I would keep a cow — a good one — some pigs, a span of 
 good mares (not to weigh less than 2800), and about 200 chick- 
 ens. I would have the best of implements and a place for every- 
 thing. 
 
 A little more than half an acre plot is devoted to the house 
 and barnyard, as follows: (1) greenhouse; (2) dwelling; (3) 
 woodshed and cellar; (4) workshop and implement shed; (5) 
 barn; (6) cow pen; (7) pig pen. 
 
 NUT- 
 tOR- 
 
 his. 
 
 FL-Ur^Bl 
 
 [1005E 
 
 QrARDEM 
 
 FRUIT 
 
 I ' MOUSE. 
 
 h'iO wmE5A?a 
 ALTERNATED WITH 
 
 (o^ODWAEFBARTLETTS 
 
 3Z0' 
 
 SALWAY 
 TEACHES 
 
 W. A. ROBBINS, Whitebird, Idaho. 
 
 I would set a half acre to strawberries the first year, switch- 
 ing them to a garden plot the second year, and to another plot 
 the third year, and then back again. 
 
 One-half acre is devoted to small fruit, a few grapes, horse- 
 radish, pie plant, etc. 
 
 One acre sown to red clover is devoted to the chickens. 
 
 Two acres is the apple orchard of standard varieties, with a 
 few early trees. 
 
 log 
 
In a one-acre plot I would put one-half to pears and the 
 balance to sweet cherries. 
 
 One-quarter acre is planted to asparagus. Two and a quar- 
 ter acres would be for the general gardening, such as melons, 
 cucumbers, carrots, beets, celery, cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, 
 corn, potatoes and a few hills of squash and pumpkins. 
 
 After a trial year one could devote the bulk of his ground 
 to that which brings him the best returns. I would use the 
 orchard ground to advantage until the trees were of bearing age. 
 
 In regard to house, lawn and surroundings, would ha.ve 
 them all well kept and make them as attractive as possible, with 
 not too much shade. 
 
 W. A. ROBBINS. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING THE TRACT. 
 By Miss Helen R. Topping. 
 
 SPOKANE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: To the men and women who are thinking 
 how they can make a model farm and home on 10 acres of irri- 
 gated land I will say it can easily be done if they know how. 
 
 First of all, there lies great importance in the selection of 
 a tract that is to make a model farm. Buy in a locality where 
 the climate is not noted for late frosts or violent hail-storms just 
 when one is depending on their apple crop; also be sure the 
 water is good, soil is rich and you are in the range of a high- 
 priced market. 
 
 Then, with a piece of land thus qualified, you have a good 
 chance of becoming rich, if you have a few qualifications your- 
 self ; that is, be sure you don't mind getting up between 2 and 3 
 o'clock in the morning and hustling off to market with a load 
 of bunched onions, lettuce or radishes, and if you come poking 
 into the market after every one is stocked, don't be discouraged 
 if you have to bring it all back. Better do that than decrease 
 the market price. 
 
 As I would not like truck farming myself for very long, I 
 would advise one to set out an orchard on at least seven of the 
 acrfes, consisting of good winter apples, as Wagener, Jonathan 
 and Rome Beauty, and if you take proper care of this orchard 
 and have fine, big, luscious apples, free from worms, you need 
 not fear that you will have to chase the buyers as you did with 
 the load of onions, etc., but they will come to you. 
 
Plant vegetables, for the orchard will not bear for several 
 years, and they can be planted in the orchard. Potatoes, early 
 and late, are a good vegetable to stand by, with carrots and corn 
 for your cow and horses, and other vegetables, as peas, beans, 
 onions, cabbage, melons, tomatoes, squash, beets, etc., are good 
 sellers. 
 
 IN 
 COflMCRCfAL ORCHARP 
 
 ^£:(jcrABLE:5 
 
 Ih ACR£5 
 
 or 
 ALrALrA 
 
 '/2 ACRE- 
 
 //v 
 
 rAMIL'y rRVIT 
 
 AND 
 CJARDEA/— 
 
 Barn 
 
 HOUSE. 
 
 I Acre 
 
 Mouse 
 
 LAWN 
 
 MISS HELEN E. TOPPING, R. F. D. No. 8, Spokane, Wash. 
 
 Chickens, for eggs, should be raised, for they are not only 
 good to eat, but are pretty good money makers, especially when 
 eggs are 50 cents a dozen. But I would not have too many chick- 
 ens, as they take too much time from the gardening, for if I 
 were going to raise chickens for a business I would not select 
 irrigated land at from $200 to $500 an acre. 
 
 Devote one and one-half acres to alfalfa, which, along with 
 carrots and corn fodder, little potatoes and other vegetables, will 
 keep you from buying any food for your cows and two horses. 
 
which are necessary on 10 acres of land. When it comes to 
 plowing, harrowing, cultivating and going to market, you are up 
 against it with one horse. 
 
 To make this tract more home-like, set aside one half an 
 acre near the house for a family plot. In this plant all the 
 fruits that will do well, planting only a few trees of each; 
 also plant berries, grapes and melons, with a family garden. 
 This plot will be the children's "Garden of Eden"— aim to make 
 it so, at least. 
 
 As to what it will cost to start such a farm, it would de- 
 pend upon the man's bank book. After consulting .that, and 
 a few lessons in judicious buying (from his wife) he will go 
 ahead and get the best he can with it. He will follow good 
 advice and buy good land, which can not be bought for a song 
 and dance around Spokane. His buildings will be neat and 
 small, and, above all, comfortable. He will have plenty of 
 vines and flowers, with a beautiful lawn. His team, cow, chick- 
 ens, trees, plants, implements, etc., together with his building, 
 with some economy, can be bought with $1000. 
 
 This man will be a hustler, and so will make his living 
 nicely the first year out of truck farming and eggs, which he 
 will continue to raise until his orchard comes into bearing. 
 
 It depends upon the man whether he will have to hire any 
 help, but if he had a strong son or two it would not be a mis- 
 fortune, neither would they be in the way. I do not live on 
 irrigated land myself, but on Moran prairie, and, being young 
 yet, I may be fortunate enough some day to live on it. 
 
 MISS HELEN R. TOPPING. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE ON TEN-ACRE FARM. 
 By W. A. Brooks. 
 
 PROSSER, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: The following is based upon conditions 
 prevailing in Benton county, Washington : 
 
 Many have good homes and are independent on 10 acres, 
 and even. less. One thousand dollars or more is needed, but 
 many have started with much less and succeeded. 
 
 The living can be made off the place after the first six 
 months. Raise a diversity of crops, of fruits and vegetables, 
 but it must be discontinued after the trees and vines begin 
 bearing. 
 
Yes, keep chickens, but not over 50 at first, unless the pas- 
 ture and meadow lot be fenced for them. Turkeys are profit- 
 able, but do not bear confinement well. Young ducks can run 
 at large, as they spend most of their time in the ditches. 
 
 Keep a cow, by all means. A good cow will supply a family 
 and furnish some butter for market. The hay, fodder, vege- 
 tables and pasture can be supplied from the place. 
 
 S. '^Cf^E^ ALf^/M-f^Ar-* 
 
 4-?4 Ac/eE^ Orchard. 
 T^ovv^ 36 Fr. Ara/^-t. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 c: 
 
 
 
 O/^O 
 
 y^AcRE-L S^^R/ss ev OR.AF'S^ 
 
 1^ ACfiE G A f=?. D £: rv , 
 
 eD 
 
 
 t <S /-i W /A V. 
 
 W. A. BROOKS, Prosser, Wash. 
 
 Do not try farming with one horse — it doesn't pay. Get a 
 light team, otherwise you must hire team work done. Raise your 
 own feed; it saves money, time and labor. 
 
 I would add to the live stock a good brood sow; have her 
 farrow the pigs in spring and fall. They can be raised with 
 feed taken from the place, except a little grain, perhaps, to 
 finish with. 
 
 113 
 
Bee?. are profitable, also, but require considerable knowl- 
 edge to be successful with them. 
 
 I do not see how you could determine very much in regard 
 to the harvesting. Plant what is needed and then run chances. 
 All the family that is able should assist according to strength 
 and ability. The idea in view should be to make a good, pleas- 
 ant home and be independent of others for the daily bread. 
 
 I have estimated this on raw land at $150 per acre. It will 
 require about six months to get in shape for crops. This can 
 be done during the winter in this locality. Improved land can 
 often be purchased on equally good terms and prices. Raw 
 lands can be bought on annual instalments. I have divided the 
 $1000 as follows: 
 
 First payment on land $ 300 
 
 Lumber and fencing 250 
 
 Light team, wagon and harness 200 
 
 Cow, chickens, sow and tools 125 
 
 Seed, nursery stock, living, etc. 125 
 
 Total $1000 
 
 Most farmers do their own carpenter work. I would divide 
 my place as follows: 
 
 Two acres on one side for alfalfa, 8x40 rods. In the cor- 
 ner, 8x10 rods for dwelling and lawn and roses, shrubbery and 
 the shade, nut or cherry trees, which are beautiful and profit- 
 able. 
 
 Eight by ten rods for out-buildings, poultry, barn-yards, hay- 
 stacks, hog-p6ns, etc. 
 
 One acre for cow pasture. 
 
 In the rear of the dwelling I would lay off one-half acre 
 for permanent garden for future years; besides that three-quar- 
 ters of an acre to blackberries, raspberries, dewberries. Logan- 
 berries, gooseberries, currants, grapes, pieplant and asparagus, 
 as all these things begin bearing young and find ready sale at 
 good prices. 
 
 This leaves 4^/4 acres for orchard. I would plant the trees 
 in the diagonal style, 30 feet apart. The first two rows I would 
 plant two trees for home use of prunes, plums, apricots, crab, 
 cherry, peach, pear, summer and fall apples. The rest I would 
 plant to winter apples of three varieties, 75 of each. 
 
 Set one acre to strawberries in among the young trees; 
 plant two acres of potatoes, cantaloups and watermelons; plant 
 
 114 
 
carrots, parsnips and salsify for winter use. Carrots are especially 
 valuable for stock and poultry. Continue with squashes, pump- 
 kins, sweet and field corn, until all space is utilized. 
 
 In regard to fuel, there is any quantity of sagebrush and 
 many people use that almost exclusively except in the coldest 
 weather. 
 
 The water supply for domestic purposes, as it is not safe to 
 use ditch water, should be a drilled well. Wells are from 50 to 
 125 feet in depth and cost $2.50 per foot. 
 
 If near town, haul stable manure to your orchard. It costs 
 nothing and will furnish employment in winter. 
 
 There is a great plenty of building stone in the country of 
 which to build cellars, root houses, hog houses, etc. 
 
 W. A. BROOKS. 
 
 FENCE THE FARM WITH ENGLISH WALNUTS. 
 By L. Speegle. 
 
 KENNEWICK, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: There is no longer any question as to 
 whether or not a man can make an ideal farm and home on 10 
 acres of irrigated land. It has been demonstrated many times 
 that he can. 
 
 The first thing to do to make this model farm is to have 
 your land perfectly graded for irrigating. Then enclose your 
 entire 10 acres with the best woven wire fence obtainable. Have 
 this fence five feet high and it will turn everything, from a 
 chicken to a 4-year-old steer. 
 
 Next put in a complete system of good flumes, so arranged 
 that you will never have to run water to exceed 250 feet, as 
 this is the longest distance that irrigating can properly be done. 
 
 Now plant English walnut trees entirely around the place. 
 Plant them 40 feet apart. 
 
 In planting this tract we should certainly keep in view the 
 necessities of harvesting time and should therefore be very 
 careful to plant such varieties as will mature in the proper ro- 
 tation to enable us to care for our crop with as little hired help 
 as possible. So we proceed to plant our lot as the diagram 
 indicates. 
 
 After which, we plant all around the house and garden. 
 Royal Ann cherry trees, also a nice assortment of apples, plums, 
 etc., around the barnyard, two or three of each. 
 
 IIS 
 
Now when this place comes in bearing our harvest will 
 come on about like this : 
 
 March 15 to April 15, asparagus $ 400 
 
 May 1 to May 15, strawberries 600 
 
 June 15 to July 15, Lucretia dewberries 1100 
 
 August 15 to September 15, early peaches, $500; 
 
 early grapes, $600 1100 
 
 October 1 to November 15, late peaches and 
 
 grapes 
 
 1100 
 
 
 
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 6AHOEH 
 
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 L. SPEEGLE, Kennewick, Wash 
 
 Our hen-coops are small houses built on runners that we 
 may move them a few feet every week. Be sure you keep on 
 this place 400 or 500 pure-blooded White Leghorn pullets. To 
 your orchard and to your soil they are more than worth the feed 
 required to keep them even if they never lay an egg. 
 
 Our buildings will occupy no more ground in one place 
 than in another, so we locate them in the center of our lot. 
 
 ii6 
 
And while it may cost us a trifle more for fence, etc., than it 
 would in the corner, yet the advantages derived from this loca- 
 tion are many and valuable ones. This puts us in the very 
 midst of our work and our barnyard, being in the middle of the 
 place, there is absolutely no waste of manure. 
 
 Keep constantly in mind the importance of your soil fer- 
 tility. 
 
 . Keep all the good milch cows your barn will hold, but do 
 not monkey with raising hay. Your alfalfa neighbor will de- 
 liver in your barn all the hay he can cut from 10 acres of alfalfa 
 for less money than you receive from one acre of your orchard 
 or vineyard. 
 
 Yes, you can make a good living on this 10 acres and have 
 money to buy 80 acres of good wheat land every fall. Can they 
 do it? Yes, on the half of 10 acres a man can build his nest and'' 
 rear his young in luxury. 
 
 This place will cost from $3000 to $5000, or more, depending 
 on the buildings you put up, but do not undertake it with less 
 than $3000, and then try to be satisfied for the first four or 
 five years with just a good living. It's all you get. 
 
 L. SPEEGLE. 
 
 PUT CHICKEN WIRE AROUND TEN ACRES. 
 By J. A. Waggoner. 
 
 GARFIELD, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: A 10-acre tract of irrigated land can be 
 made an ideal home if this diagram is used: 
 
 The whole place should be fenced with chicken wire, that 
 your chickens could have the benefit of the waste vegetables 
 and fruit of the place. 
 
 The garden should be fenced separately. 
 
 I would keep a cow, one horse and about 100 chickens. 
 
 Raise carrots, onions and other small truck in the orchard 
 until the trees begin to bear; then it should be sown to alfalfa, 
 which will then supply plenty of hay for both horse and cow. 
 
 If land costs $100 per acre, you could not make a nice home 
 for less than $2500. 
 
 There would be no more work on this place than the family 
 could do, especially if it was one after President Roosevelt's 
 "ideal family." 
 
 117 
 
You should get from one-half to two-thirds of the living off 
 this place the first year. After the place gets thoroughly started 
 it should yield about $2000 per year. 
 
 Be sure not to neglect to subscribe for The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review, so you could ask any necessary questions 
 through its columns about the management of your farm. 
 
 J. A. WAGGONER. 
 
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 BARTL.e.TT 
 
 
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 J. A. WAGGONER, Garfield, Wash. 
 
 Il8 
 
PART IV. 
 
 Prize Contest for Best Plan of Farm House. 
 
 First Prize — Mrs. J. S. Houston, Spokane, Wash. 
 Second Prize — Divided between Mr. R. F. Hoag, Colfax, 
 Wash., and Mrs. R. M. Duffield, Turlock, Cal. 
 
HOW TO BUILD A FARM HOUSE. 
 
 Perhaps no contest carried on by The Twice-a-Week Spokes- 
 man-Review has aroused a more widespread interest than that 
 of plans for a country home. Too many farmers have copied 
 after the dwellings built in cities, without due regard to the 
 needs of farm life. The introductory words of Mr. W. J. Spill- 
 man will be read with especial interest, as will also the com- 
 ments made by him, following a number of the plans. 
 
 DISCUSSION OF PRIZE FARM HOUSE PLANS. 
 By W. J. Spillman. 
 
 When the Editor of The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review 
 invited me to act as judge of this contest I thought I was up 
 against a problem in architecture, a subject about which I know 
 practically nothing. I could not very well decline, as it was I 
 who had suggested the contest. 
 
 Another reason why I accepted the responsibility was the 
 experience I had had with the plans for the 10-acre irrigated 
 farm. When I started in to judge the farm plans I had very 
 little idea about what the 10-acre irrigated farm should be. But 
 after studying carefully the 163 plans submitted I gained a 
 knowledge of what the plans should be from the contestants 
 themselves, and the awarding of the prizes proved to be a com- 
 paratively easy task. I thought it possible that I might have a 
 similar experience in connection with the house plans, and in 
 this I have not been entirely disappointed. 
 
 The work of deciding in this contest has been much more 
 difficult than it was in the case of the farm, for two reasons : 
 
 In the first place, the contestants themselves have, as a rule, 
 not understood the problem before them so well as was the case, 
 on the average, in the previous contest. Architecture in this 
 country has developed almost exclusively out of considerations 
 that apply to. city conditions. Country conditions are not met in 
 the ordinary architectural literature of the day. 
 
 I was somewhat surprised to find that the problem before 
 me in judging the plans is really not a problem in architecture 
 
at all. The architect's work begins where these plans leave off. 
 They are the specifications required by the architect before he 
 begins his work. The main point at issue is whether the plan 
 submitted meets, in a satisfactory way, the requirements of a 
 farm home. These requirements differ from those of the city 
 home in two important respects. 
 
 First, the farm home must have a rear entrance as well as 
 a front entrance, for the reason that when the men come in 
 from the fields or the barn lot it is not satisfactory to have them 
 come in the front way with their working clothes, especially 
 their muddy boots, on. There must be convenient facilities for 
 cleaning up before entering the main living rooms, and for 
 getting from the. rear of the house to the principal living rooms 
 without having to pass through bedrooms or kitchen. 
 
 In the second place, the farm home must provide for storing 
 fuel, vegetables, dairy products and the like, in considerable 
 quantities, while in the city it is usually necessary to provide 
 storage for most of these only for a few days' supply. 
 
 The most serious difficulty in awarding these prizes arises 
 fiom the indefinite nature of the case. Planning a 10-acre irri- 
 gated farm is a fairly definite problem. Planning a farm house, 
 with no limitations as to the conditions to be met except that 
 it is to be suitable for a farm, is a very indefinite problem. There 
 are three fairly distinct cases. 
 
 First, that of the small family just beginning to make a 
 home on the farm, with only capital enough to make part pay- 
 ment on a home. Under these conditions we must plan for a 
 minimum expenditure securing the greatest possible convenience, 
 but including nothing not absolutely essential to health. Under 
 such conditions a high degree of comfort is hardly obtainable. 
 We should expect, in this case, to build a house for $300 to $800, 
 according to the size and financial status of the family. 
 
 The second case is that of the family in moderate circum- 
 stances, able to afford all necessary conveniences and a few lux- 
 uries. Under these conditions we might plan for a house cost- 
 ing $1000 to $2000. 
 
 The third case is that of the family who are well to do and 
 can afford reasonable luxuries. In this case the income and 
 the tastes of the family determine the limit of price. 
 
 Generally speaking, the farm dwelling should cost about as 
 much as the farmer's family spends in a year on their living. 
 This rule holds fairly well all over the United States. The poor 
 tenant on cotton farms in the south has an income of about 
 
 122 
 
$150 a year, and lives in a hut costing about that amount. The 
 average family on 160 acres of good land in the middle west live 
 in a house costing from $1500 to $2000, and spend about that 
 amount annually on their living. 
 
 The plans submitted include all three of the above classes. 
 Most of them come in the second class and are intended to 
 meet the case of a family in moderate circumstances that can 
 afford some luxuries. Very few of them go beyond this. Sev- 
 eral very excellent plans for the cheapest class of farm houses 
 are included. 
 
 ^ There being no limitations in the original conditions under 
 which the contest was held, I was compelled to award the prizes 
 to those plans which, according to my views, best met the con- 
 ditions of the farm. It happens that the first prize goes to a 
 plan of the second class. The contestant thinks that this house 
 can be built for about $1200. The second prize is divided be- 
 tween two plans that are on the border line between the second 
 and third classes. 
 
 A general criticism of nearly all the best plans is that they 
 have followed conventional lines for city homes and have over- 
 looked country requirements altogether. A few of the plans 
 meet country conditions squarely, but fall down lamentably in 
 other respects. 
 
 The planning of farm houses has not been reduced to a 
 scientific basis. By far the larger number of the plans sub- 
 mitted insist upon some particular pet notion of the contestant, 
 and a single feature, sometimes important and sometimes not, is 
 inserted into the plans frequently to the neglect of other im- 
 portant features. 
 
 If I were analyzing the problem of the farm dwelling, as- 
 suming that it may cost in the neighborhood of $1500, the result 
 would be as follows: 
 
 There should be a sitting room, or so-called living room, or 
 at least a parlor, or their might be a parlor and living room. 
 
 There should be a vestibule or hallway at the front entrance, 
 where umbrellas, overshoes, overcoats and hats may be removed 
 without bringing them into the living room. 
 
 A well-lighted, fairly large dining room. 
 
 A kitchen with immediate access to the dining room and 
 small enough to save unnecessary steps, with a pantry conven- 
 iently located beside the entrance to the room, but not between 
 the dining room and the kitchen. 
 
 123 
 
A bath and toilet room. It is a striking feature of this con- 
 test that while very few farm houses have bathrooms, nearly 
 every plan submitted provides for one. 
 
 There should be a sitting room, or so-called living room, cr 
 at least a place to clean up when they come in from the fields. 
 There should be access to the dihing room or sitting room from 
 this wash room without going through the kitchen. 
 
 The bathroom should be so located that it is accessible from 
 all parts ox the house without going through bedrooms, kitchen 
 or dming room. 
 
 Whether the rooms should all be on one floor depends on 
 the family itself, and this point can not be taken into consid- 
 eration in awarding the prizes of this contest. Personally, I pre- 
 fer the bathroom and one or two bedrooms on the lower floor. 
 Extra bediooms may very well be upstairs. If all the bedrooms 
 are upstairs they should be accessible from both front and rear 
 of the house. If only the extra bedrooms are upstairs the means 
 of access are not so important. 
 
 It is very desirable to have a den or study where the farmer 
 can keep his records and file his books and newspapers. It is all 
 the better if this study is near the sitting room or dining room. 
 
 There should be storage room for fuel, vegetables, dairy 
 products, and the like, and the dairy products should not be 
 siored m the same room with vegetables. A cellar built above 
 ground near the rear of the building is the ideal farm storage. 
 
 Water should be handy and available without going from un- 
 der cover to get it. 
 
 The kitchen should not be a passageway. 
 
 None of the plan submitted fully meet these conditions. 
 After carefully studying each of the plans and gradually elim- 
 inating the poorest, I finally got down to the three to which 
 the prizes are awarded. I then established a score card and 
 graded these three. I had to score off points from each. 
 
 CONVENIENCE OF A REAR ENTRANCE. 
 By Mrs. JJ S. Houston. 
 
 SPOKANE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: This is a story-and-a-half frame building, 
 with gable roof and eight rooms, including bathroom, storeroom 
 (or cellar), pantry and china closet, and an entrance hall and 
 washroom combined with lavatory. .This hall is in the rear of 
 
 124 
 
the house and is very conveniently arranged, the outer door 
 opening onto the back porch to be a glass door with transom, 
 giving light in the hall. This hall gives access to the bathroom, 
 storeroom, kitchen and dining room, also to stairway going up- 
 stairs into a hall opening into three bedrooms. 
 
 MRS. J. S. HOUSTON, Spokane, Wash. 
 
 Hired men or boys coming to and from meals or going up- 
 stairs need not pass through or disturb any other part of the 
 house. 
 
 We farm wives know how unpleasant and trying it is to 
 liave men come into the kitchen to wash, or even to pass through 
 when we are preparing a meal, and in case of sickness, or where 
 
 125 
 
there are small children in the home, the two bedrooms and 
 toilet being located on the lower floor saves mother many steps. 
 
 All the lower rooms can be comfortably heated with two 
 stoves. This house is not only handy and comfortable, but very 
 attractive, both inside and out, having the gable roof and ^ide 
 porch, and the rooms are all good size and well lighted. 
 
 This house can be built for about $1200. 
 
 MRS. J. S. HOUSTON. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. J. S. Houston. 
 
 There is only one defect in this plan; that is the absence of 
 a vestibule or hallway in the front of the house. In other words, 
 the kitchen commands the whole side of the house. The living 
 room is well located and the housewife at work in the kitchen 
 can glance through to the front of the house. The kitchen is 
 not too large, and is yet amply large. The pantry is located 
 ideally. The bathroom is accessible both from downstairs and 
 from upstairs without going thifeugh the kitchen. 
 
 The back hall is well arranged for a washroom, with a 
 wash basin in the corner and a good stretch of wall between 
 the stairs and kitchen for hanging coats and hats. There is no 
 passing through the kitchen. The front bedroom is ideally lo- 
 cated for a den or library. The arrangements for heating the 
 house could not well be improved, being highly effective and 
 economical. Good storage room is provided and the well-ar- 
 ranged porch on the front of the house compensates largely fc- 
 the lack of a ballroom in front. This porch gives access both 
 to the living room and the dining room, a very desirable feature. 
 
 Above all, this house can be built at a very moderate ex- 
 pense, considering the conveniences in it. There is one possible 
 change desirable if the front bedroom is to be used as a bed- 
 room. That is, to put in two closets between the two bedrooms 
 and use the alcove in the back bedroom as a place to stand a 
 bedstead. 
 
 126 
 
BUILT IN WARDROBES AND SHELVES. 
 
 By Mrs. R. F. Hoag. 
 
 COLFAX, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: The house shown here is to be 32x32 feet, 
 two stories, with rock foundation; cellar under kitchen, with 
 rock .walls, and cement floor. First ceiling, nine feet; second, 
 eight feet. Hot water from tank near range for both bath and 
 washroom, with very little piping. Can go fl-om washroom to 
 dining room without passing through kitchen. Enclosed shelves 
 
 71 
 
 Bco/r'oon \| 11/ Bedroom 
 
 VfAffoff ose r^vm 
 
 :^ 
 
 Bedroom 
 
 12 X /6 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Vs.. 
 
 
 13 X 16 
 
 Balcony 
 
 S X 16 
 
 2"" Flook 
 
 MRS. R. F. SOAG, Colfnx, Wash. 
 
 back of sink open in both kitchen and dining room, so little 
 carrying of dishes intended for dining table is required. Table 
 near sink for receiving soiled dishes from table. Lower half 
 of shelves opening in dining room will do for books. Have the 
 one set of enclosed shelves low enough not to be in way of 
 pipe from range to fireplace flue. Have both doors into bath- 
 room with long sash of frosted glass for lighting bathroom. 
 Built-in wardrobes and enclosed shelves are handy, as contents 
 can be seen at a glance and are easier kept in order than closets. 
 The shelves opening into upper hall are convenient for extra 
 bedding and bed linen and the upper back porch is just the 
 place to air bedding. At the back of lower hall there is room for 
 
 127 
 
coats and hats. It is only a few steps from washroom to clothes 
 reel at the edge of the back porch. Could have furnace room 
 next the cellar and heat house with hot air or steam. By so 
 doing, the flue in parlor need not be built. Have gate at top of 
 cellar stairs. In the 3x8 hall leading to washroom are enclosed 
 shelves. 
 
 MRS. R. F. HOAG. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. R. F. Hoag. 
 
 This plan provides the best arranged storeroom of any plan 
 submitted. The back hall is the washroom, just as in Mrs, 
 Houston's plan. I would call special attention to the location of 
 the' bathroom in Mrs. Hoag's plan. It is interior and will, there- 
 fore, be easily heated. It is also accessible from aU parts of 
 the house without going through the rooms. It is not quite as 
 accessible to the upstairs as is the bathroom in the Houston 
 house. I consider the very large size of the kitchen the most 
 serious defect in Mrs. Hoag's plan. The arrangement for storing 
 the things in the kitchen is not economical of steps. This house 
 is also more expensive than the one to which first prize was 
 awarded. Another point of criticism is that there is no den or 
 library convenient to the living room, though of course the parlor 
 might be used for this purpose. 
 
 ROOMY PANTRY WITH CHINA CLOSET. 
 By Mrs. R. D. Duffield. 
 
 TURLOCK, Cal.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Enclosed find plan for convenient farm 
 house; one and one-half stories; bungalow style; outside meas- 
 ure 40x40; five rooms on first floor, consisting of parlor, 13x15, 
 dining room 15x16, connected with parlor by large sliding doors, 
 fireplace in both dining room and parlor, reception hall 12x19, 
 stairway in reception hall, kitchen 12x12, small hall and bath- 
 room with doors into all adjoining rooms and outside door on 
 porch at corner of building, bedroom 13x15 with fireplace, large 
 and roomy pantry with china closet with glass doors opening 
 in dining room, also drawers for table linen. There is a small 
 
 128 
 
sliding door in pantry, also sink with hot and cold water in 
 pantry.^ Screened porch is on corner from kitchen, also on corner 
 from dining room; open porch on front. 
 
 Second floor: Hall at head of stairs with doors opening 
 mto three different rooms, bedroom 13x16, bedroom 13x23 ft. 
 6 in., sewing room 9x14, one closet for each room, with attic in 
 rear. Well and tankhouse and tank is in rear of kitchen; water 
 piped through kitchen to bathroom, furnishing hot and cold 
 water; sink in pantry, with hot and cold water. Tankhouse is 
 12x12x16 feet in height, with three rooms, two lower rooms, 
 one built with refrigerator walls for milk and butter room, one 
 for washroom ; upper room for storeroom or bedroom. In pump- 
 
 MRS. R. D. DUFFIELD. Turlock, Cal. 
 
 ing water, in place of a windmill use a five-horsepower gasoline 
 engine. Have a dynamo and light all the buildings with electric 
 lights. Use oil stove in summer season. This building will cost 
 $1500 or $2000, according to style of finish and ornamentation. 
 All outside work to be in California redwood, well seasoned and 
 well painted. All outside doors are sash doors. 
 
 MRS. R. D. DUFFIELD. 
 
 I2Q 
 
Comments on Plan of Mrs. R. D, Duffield. 
 
 This is the best house plan in the whole contest, but it is 
 not adapted to the climatic conditions of the state of Washing- 
 ton. If the contest had been for houses adapted to a warm cli- 
 mate this plan would have won first prize. There is very little 
 in it to criticize except that the means of heating will be inade- 
 quate in the territory in which most of the readers of The 
 Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review live. In view of the fact that 
 one or two features of this house were not adapted to this cli- 
 mate, I think it would be unfair to readers of your paper to 
 give this house first prize. But even when I scored off all I 
 could for these defects, I am compelled to place this house beside 
 that of Mrs. Hoag's. 
 
 Another feature which is eminently adapted to California, 
 but not to the state of Washington, is the wash house placed 
 in the tankhouse at the back. In cold winter weather this would 
 be an unsatisfactory location. 
 
 Another minor point of criticism in this plan is that when 
 the men come in onto the back porch there would be a strong 
 temptation to take the direct route through the kitchen to the 
 dining room. If I were building this house I would put in an 
 extra door from the reception hall into the dining room. This 
 would make a fairly direct route from the back porch to the 
 dining room. I think, also, that the reception hall in this place 
 is larger than it need be. I think, too, that it would be a some- 
 what more expensive building than Mrs. Hoag's. But it meets 
 farm conditions squarely, and it is this point which I think ought 
 to be emphasized. 
 
 The study of these house plans has not been labor thrown 
 away. It has given me a conception of the meaning of the farm 
 house which I could have gotten in no other way. While I may 
 not have awarded the prizes as others would have done, I am 
 convinced that any one who will give all the plans the necessary 
 study could not have placed the prizes very differently. 
 
 130 
 
CAN BE MADE ONE STORY OR TWO STORIES. 
 By Mrs. J. F. Auer. 
 
 MEDFORD, Ore.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: The enclosed is a plan of a frame house 
 that can be made a one-story or a two-story, but the one-story 
 
 MRS. J. F. AUER, Medford, Ore. 
 
 is preferred by the writer. The front porch is 8x28, the main 
 building is 28x34, and the rear part is 12x28, with a hip running 
 from each corner, making it an eight-hip room coming level on 
 
 131 
 
the cone or top of roof. There are seven double windows and 
 three single windows and 14 doors. This house, if built on what 
 is known as the bungalow style, would make a very nice house 
 for farm or city and very convenient in its details. For a one- 
 story house the studding should be 10 feet and the roof should 
 be one-third pitch with eight hip rafters and 22-inch projection 
 for cornice, with a slight curve in the projection to make it look 
 just right. The rafters are cut off on a plumb line with the out- 
 side wall and cantilevers nailed on the side of the rafters, with 
 the curve cut in the cantilevers. The cantilevers are then sheeted 
 with beaded ceiling on top to form the cornice. This is the 
 most important part of a house of this kind, to make it look 
 as it ought to. 
 
 MRS. J. F. AUER. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. J. F. Auer. 
 
 A plan with many excellent features. The bathroom is not 
 very accessible. The pantry is too far from dining room. The 
 rear vestibule and porch combined would make a good wash- 
 room, which should admit to both dining room and kitchen. 
 
 WELL VENTILATED AND HAS GOOD LIGHT. 
 
 By Harry Bantham. 
 
 GARFIELD, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman- Review : I herewith send plan for a large farm 
 house, well ventilated and has good light, with large, airy, bed- 
 rooms, a closet to each one. A large veranda runs half way 
 round the house. The windows are large cottage windows, ad- 
 mitting lots of light. There may be a skylight in the hall up- 
 stairs, not only lighting the hall, but also the stairs. This house 
 may be built with or without basement. If basement is not 
 wanted the place where the stairs would go down may be used 
 for storing canned fruit, as it will never freeze.' If the cold 
 storage is not wanted it may be used for a washroom. There is a 
 china closet between the kitchen and dining room, which saves 
 running from one room to the other when dishes are wanted. 
 The dining room has a large fireplace in it with a large hearth. 
 The fireplace is large enough to take good-sized pieces of wood 
 and will heat the dining room and sitting room, as there is a 
 
 132 
 
double door between. The large hall running from the front 
 door to the kitchen saves going through the dining room and 
 sittmg room when wishing to go upstairs or from the front porch 
 to the kitchen. The library is 17x21. If a furnace is not used 
 for heating, one stove will heat the library and parlor, as there 
 is a large double door between them. The library is large and 
 roomy, as most of the leisure time would be spent there. There 
 
 o. R, o o /N p FL oora, 
 
 5EC.OrHD T=L.OOt?_ 
 
 HARRY BANTHAM, Garfield, Wash. 
 
 are six large bedrooms upstairs, a large hall, also a linen closet, 
 which is very handy. The house should be built on a good foun- 
 dation, about two and a half feet from the ground. This leaves 
 room for windows in the basement and brings the house up from 
 the damp ground. A windmill or small gasoline engine will 
 supply the house with water. If a furnace is used the water 
 may be heated from it, or if not, it may be warmed from the 
 kitchen stove. 
 
 HARRY BANTHAM. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Harry Bantham. 
 
 This would be an excellent plan for a farm home where a 
 great deal of company is entertained, and the farm laborers- 
 have their own cottages. It is especially suited to large farm 
 with a corresponding income. The arrangement of pantry and 
 china closet is fine. Hall ought to open into storage room to 
 give access from rear without passing through kitchen. This 
 is really an attractive plan. 
 
 133 
 
HOUSE DESIGNED FOR A SMALL FARM. 
 
 By Mrs. J. S. Shepard. 
 
 LAKESIDE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: The enclosed house plan is designed for 
 the small farm and will cost from $1500 to $2000. The ell front 
 extension is two stories and the other part of the house has a 
 gambrel roof. The windows of the living room face three sides 
 of the farm. The second floor and basement may both be 
 reached from the kitchen. There are four-foot sliding doors 
 between the hall and living room and dining room. The swing 
 door between the dining room and kitchen keeps cooking odors 
 from dining room. There is a small door over the woodbox in 
 
 MRS. J. S. SHEPARD, Lakeside, Wash. 
 
 the washroom, through which wood may be reached from the 
 kitchen. The extra space under the roof gives room for bedroom 
 closets. A second floor is preferred as sleeping rooms upstairs 
 are much pleasanter and more healthful. The basement is under 
 the dining room and kitchen. It is not well to have a base- 
 ment under living and sleeping rooms. If electricity is con- 
 venient the new house should be wired. All city conveniences 
 that are easily obtained are practicable for the country home. 
 Water should be piped into the house if possible and the house 
 should face so that the sun will shine in each room some time 
 during the day. MRS. J. S. SHEPARD. 
 
 134 
 
Comments on Plan of Mrs. J. S. Shepard. 
 
 If the wash room and wood room were moved to where the 
 cellar door is, so the wash room might open into both dining 
 room^ and kitchen, this plan would be greatly improved. The 
 location of the pantry is not convenient. The den is well located 
 and an excellent feature of the plan. 
 
 QUARTER SECTION FARM HOUSE PLAN. 
 By Geo. E. Ellinger. 
 
 ROCKFORD, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : Enclosed find floor plans for a farmhouse, 
 which I submit for your consideration. I think that this would 
 be a good arrangement for the average family on a farm of 160 
 
 - n]|5r- FL.OOIg - 
 
 ^/OECQMD ^ FLOOR- 
 
 GEORGE E. ELLINGER, Rockford, Wash. 
 
 acres or more. The kitchen has plenty of light; the dining 
 room, the most-used room in the farmhouse, is centrally located, 
 has a nice fireplace and is large and comfortable. The back 
 stairway is, I believe, a good feature, as it is a great help in 
 
 I3S 
 
keeping the front hall and stairs neat and clean. The stairway 
 to 'cellar starts under the landing of back stairs. The bathroom 
 and toilet is on the second floor, directly above the kitchen, 
 making the plumbing for both simple. Every bedroom has a 
 clothes closet, which is a very essential feature in any house. 
 The passage between kitchen and dining room is arranged for 
 glass sliding doors, with drawers under them, to be placed on 
 either side, and only one door between the two rooms, as a 
 china closet with two doors might be objectionable in a farm- 
 house. There is to be a basement under downstairs bedroom 
 and parlor, which can be fitted up with a furnace for hot-air heat- 
 ing if desired. The front stairway and hall are inside a tower, 
 which adds to the exterior appearance of the house. The cost 
 of this house, depending on the locality, and the way it is finished 
 up, would be from $2000 to $2500. 
 
 GEO. E. ELINGER. 
 
 Comments on Plan of George E. Ellinger. 
 
 Mr. EUinger's plan is the work of a city architect who has 
 met the requirements of a city home beautifully, but who has 
 omitted the features which distinguish the farm home. 
 
 IS PLANNED TO WASTE NO FLOOR SPACE. 
 By Herbert N. Rudeen. 
 
 TROY, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week Spokes- 
 man-Review: The house plan I send herewith is for a two-story 
 frame house to cost from $1600 to $2000, depending on the 
 locality in which it is built. The house is so planned as to 
 waste no floor space either on the first or second floor. From 
 the hall, which is in the center of the house, you have free 
 passage to all rooms, both downstairs and upstairs, without 
 passing through any other rooms or disturbing anybody. As 
 the kitchen is the most important room in the house, it has 
 been made convenient for the housewife. From the pantry, 
 which opens into the kitchen, you go into the basement, which 
 contains three rooms, one for garden truck, one for fruit and 
 canned goods and one for the furnace and fuel room. 
 
 The center room was selected as the best place to keep 
 the canned goods, as they keep better if kept in a rather dark 
 
 136 
 
f,rn!' Ll /°,°™/' ^^''^^' affording ample room for the 
 fu nace and the fuel, which could be brought in through the win- 
 Inn I ^"f ? the room. A simple and inexpensive apparatus 
 could be made by which means the woodbox could be let down 
 through the kitchen floor and into the basement, where it could 
 Be tu ed and then hoisted up again; such an arrangement would 
 save lots of steps. From the back porch you can go either into 
 
 f3 X If 
 
 ^^ 
 
 OIIV/IYQ 
 
 t:^ iZy If 
 
 
 yii^sTtipo^ 
 
 5EC.oirfP Fupoft, 
 
 \ 
 
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 7 
 
 
 
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 'SASE.n.'E.NT 
 
 HERBERT N. RUDEEN, Troy, Idaho. 
 
 the kitchen or coat room. This place could also be used as a 
 washroom, the wash bowl in the bathroom and so connected 
 with the same pipes. The bedroom downstairs is 11x11, but 
 could be enlarged by making the front porch smaller. It has a 
 large closet, as has also the bathroom, and a large closet could 
 be made under the stairs. 
 
 All the rooms are well lighted and glass should be put in 
 both the front door and the back door and a transom should 
 
 137 
 
also be put over them. Upstairs there are three large bedrooms 
 and a large store room, which could be used as a bedroom if 
 necessary, and also a place to dry clothes in on rainy days ; like 
 the rest of the house, it could be heated by hot air or steam 
 pipes from the furnace. There are four large closets and one 
 small linen closet. 
 
 The roof in the diagram shows how it should be built, and 
 is drawn to the scale of one thirty-second to the foot. The 
 diagonal lines on the plan represent valleys, the other lines 
 ridges. A house built on this plan presents a neat appearance, 
 is not large, but still you have plenty of room. 
 
 HERBERT N. RUDEEN. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Herbert N. Rudeen. 
 
 Make bathroom six by nine, coat room nine by nine and put 
 hallway four feet wide between kitchen on one side and bath 
 and coat room on the other. The coat room is the men's wash 
 room; a good many things can be stored in it also. With these 
 modifications this plan is one of the best in the contest. 
 
 LIVING ROOM LARGE AND CONVENIENT. 
 By Alfred Mors. 
 
 KENNEWICK, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I herewith enclose a floor plan of a very 
 convenient and beautiful farm house. On the first floor is a 
 veranda, living room, dining room, kitchen, one family chamber, 
 bathroom and workmen's washroom; also an enclosed porch and 
 a rear porch. The veranda is eight feet wide and extends across 
 the front of the house, affording cozy nooks and windbreaks. On 
 entering the vestibule to the left are cloak hooks ; to the right is 
 a plantroom, well lighted, and to the left of the vestibule is a 
 den, well lighted, with case for papers, etc. The front door is 
 glass. The living room is large and convenient, with fireplace, 
 and lighted with high windows each side of fireplace and by 
 one large window; also through archways of vestibule and den. 
 Enter dining room through sliding doors, or colonade. The dining 
 room is lighted by an attractive bay window and the kitchen 
 and pantry are conveniently reached. Notice the kitchen is well 
 
 138 
 
protected from winds and dust by the enclosed porch and milk- 
 room ; also from the heat of the sun and the enclosed porch may 
 be opened when sultry to permit a circulation of air through the 
 kitchen. The kitchen is convenient, with pantry and sink and 
 
 ALFRED B. MORS, Kennewick, Wash. 
 
 Stairs to cellar; work table beside sink; kitchen is lighted by two 
 windows and two glass doors. Enclosed porch may be used for 
 washing, or any other purpose; fuel room is handy to kitchen, 
 as is the milkroom off the rear porch, which is built to keep cool. 
 
 139 
 
The workmen's washroom and general roberoom is located 
 so that they need not pass through the kitchen to enter dining 
 room. 
 
 Notice the bathroom is located so that it may be reached 
 irom chamber and stairs without passing through any other 
 rooms. It is lighted and ventilated on the outside and has a 
 closet, as has also the family chamber. The second story is not 
 shown, but contains three nice chambers and a sewing room. 
 More chambers could be obtained if desired. The stairway is 
 lighted from the hall at the landing. The stairs are easily 
 reached from any part of the house. 
 
 Notice in particular that the general plan and each room is 
 so proportioned that it can be made smaller and perhaps some- 
 thing omitted without impairing the convenience or the artistic 
 effect of the whole. Any style of room may be applied to this 
 plan and it will produce a pleasing effect, is proportioned to 
 accord with the plan. This plan may be reduced and retain the 
 same principles of art and utility and convenience to accom- 
 modate a small tract farmer, or supply the needs of a large 
 farmer, as may be desired. The details of material and con- 
 struction can not be mentioned in so small a space; they should 
 be determined by a competent builder if the best results would be 
 obtained. 
 
 ALFRED MORS. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Alfred Mors. 
 
 The rear of this house is well arranged. The front would 
 probably make a good appearance. The central hallway is with- 
 out light, and the bathroom not accessible from rear of house 
 without passing through kitchen. 
 
 ROOMY, COZY AND CONVENIENT HOUSE. 
 By Mrs. Fred L. Brown. 
 
 CLARKSTON, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : Enclosed please find a plan of a one-story 
 house. This is just the plan of a house I would like if I were 
 to build. It is roomy, cozy and very convenient, enough room 
 for an ordinary family and it will save one, where there are 
 
 140 
 
children, many a care, being no upstairs, all the rooms on the first 
 floor. This house should be built on a rock foundation at least 
 two feet high from the ground and from the floor to the ceiling 
 should be 12 feet on account of the transoms over the doors. I 
 think that there should be a transom over each outside door so 
 there will be plenty of pure air, and I think the walls of the out- 
 side should be double and sawdust between, unless it be brick or 
 stone, so they will be warm in winter and save fuel, and cool in 
 summer— I know this to be a fact. I don't know just how much 
 this house would cost, but it is very good; also roomy and will 
 double the value of land. It is very nice either for country or 
 town. 
 
 T Pontn 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 S£0 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <v" 
 
 
 
 
 MRS. FRED L. BROWN, Clarkston, Wash. 
 
 The kitchen is 14x13 feet 6 inches, bathroom 4x6 feet 6 
 inches, pantry 4x7, joining dining room with china closet; the 
 dining room 18x13 feet 6 inches. I think double slide doors 
 between kitchen and dining room, dining room and parlor and 
 also parlor and hall are the handiest, thus throwing the three 
 rooms together if one should have a social gathering. Now the 
 parlor is nice and roomy, being 18x14 feet 6 inches, the bedrooms 
 
 141 
 
are nice and roomy, one beiiig 14x13 feet 6 inches, the other 
 14x12. Now comes the living room. This room we live in at all 
 times. I think one should have a sewing machine, lounge and 
 small table with reading papers thereon; have things in this room 
 just plain and cozy, so where there are children they can play 
 to their "heart's content" and not spoil your nice things either. 
 This way makes things pleasant and comfortable for the whole 
 family and saves work too. MRS. FRED L. BROWN. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. Fred L. Brown. 
 
 A very good plan. Central hallway too narrow. Bath- 
 room not very accessible. With good store rooms in a rear 
 building that could be reached without getting from under roof, 
 this plan would make a very desirable home. 
 
 CONVENIENCES FOR THE FARMER'S WIFE. 
 By Mrs. Hattie Hamlin. 
 
 METALINE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I enclose my plan for a house. I believe 
 a farmer's wife enjoys things up to date, cozy and comfortable 
 as well as her city sisters. If you wish, you may have a furnace, 
 fireplace, a bay window for plants and a dumb waiter to get 
 things from the cellar, having shelves in it so you can use it as 
 a refrigerator. This is an all around, handy and inexpensive 
 house. The lower floor contains a hall, parlor, dining room, 
 kitchen and pantry. The upper floor consists of two large 
 bedrooms, bath and three closets. There is a dormer window 
 in one of the closets and stairway. The cellar is under the 
 north half of the house. The house is on a stone foundation, 
 faces west, leaving the bay window to the south. The back 
 porch can be screened. The front extends a short ways on the 
 south side of the house. In this locality this house can be 
 built complete for $1000. It is 24x30 feet. 
 
 MRS. HATTIE HAMLIN. 
 
 142 
 
Comments on Plan of Mrs. Hattie Hamlin. 
 
 This plan has many excellent features. Some would 
 object to bath and all bedrooms being upstairs, but in some 
 cases this would be no drawback. There is no washroom and 
 no access to dining room from rear of house without going 
 through kitchen. 
 
 MRS. HATTIE HAMLIN, Metaline, Wash. 
 
 PANTRY IS LARGE AND HAS A WINDOW. 
 By Mrs. Geo. Foster. 
 
 CHENEY, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I submit herewith my idea of a com- 
 fortable, and convenient house for either city or country, 
 though I can not venture to give an estimate of the cost. How- 
 ever, if "John" is at all skillful in the use of carpenter tools, 
 as my John is, and if "Mrs. John" can handle a hammer and 
 nails, and get up on the roof and lay shingles, as I like to do, 
 I think the cost of my plan would not be prohibitive, since labor 
 is one of the largest items to be considered in building. 
 
 143 
 
The front door has a glass panel, and on either side of it 
 and the fireplace are long, narrow windows, five feet from 
 the floor, with small diamond-shaped panes. The same kind 
 of glass should be used in the bathroom and on either side of 
 the main windows of the bedrooms upstairs; also in the window 
 which is let into the roof to light the little upper hall. 
 Book shelves should be built in on each side of the fireplace 
 and nice little cupboards could be built each side of the front 
 door for raincoats, umbrellas, etc. Both chimneys are built 
 on the outside and can be made to add largely to the general 
 appearance of the building. Bathroom and kitchen sink being 
 close together makes it possible to economize on the plumbing. 
 
 MRS. GEORGE FOSTER, Cheney, Wash. 
 
 and if the house were built on a farm there would be room 
 upstairs for a reservoir into which water could be pumped and 
 a tank connected with the range would supply hot water. 
 
 The kitchen is narrow, but the pantry is large and has a 
 window, making a nice place to work from the heat of the 
 range. The cellar may be any size, 10 or 12 feet square, or 
 large basement. If the latter, a hot air furnace might be put in. 
 Of course, there should be a porch over the kitchen door and 
 the front porch could be full length or only 7x10 feet. The 
 latter would be more cheaply screened in. 
 
 MRS. GEORGE FOSTER. 
 
 M4 
 
Comments on Plan of Mrs. George Foster. 
 
 This plan illustrates difference between city and farm 
 dwellings and would make a beautiful cottage, but it has no 
 back entrance nor wash room, things highly essential on the 
 farm. 
 
 ROOMS CAN BE MADE ANY SIZE DESIRED. 
 
 By H. E. Pope. 
 
 YORK, Neb.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 
 Spokesman-Review : Find enclosed house plan that I think has 
 
 •real merits, for the following reasons: This plan only calls for 
 
 BACK 
 
 LAUnORY 
 
 pTRYlpAnTRY 
 
 BATH 
 
 i„----)_j KITCHEM 
 
 lO X lO 
 
 I 
 T?.OOn r^ 
 
 I LIVmCr I 
 
 POOM 
 
 12 X 14 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 \> 
 
 
 Gil 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■?■ 
 
 
 ^■ 
 
 
 J 
 
 FROHT PORCM 
 
 F /f FLOOK. 
 
 H. E. POPE, York, Neb. 
 
 frame 22x28 and 18 feet high and yet contains eight rooms, 
 which can be made any size desired without changing their 
 relations one to the other, just by making the frame the size 
 
 I4S 
 
wanted. First in point to be noted are its conveniences. You 
 can enter the front door and that will take you into parlor, dining 
 room, kitchen, upstairs or down cellar, which is reached^ by 
 going under the main stairs. There is also a side door right 
 at the cellar door, so you can come in there to carry things in 
 or out of the cellar and is just as handy as an outside door and, 
 better yet, this door will admit to all the front door will, then 
 the back way to the dining room is through an entry, a place 
 to hang up wraps as is the laundry over the kitchen door. And 
 the other doors open into the reception hall so that no room 
 opens outdoors, thereby keeping out the dust, rain or snow, as 
 well as the convenience of it, and they have porches over' them. 
 If a furnace is put in, the front flue can be dispensed with. This 
 is for north or east front, for south or west the plan can be 
 turned over, another advantage of it. 
 
 H. E. POPE. 
 
 Comments on Plan of H. E. Pope. 
 
 Bathroom is not conveniently located. Two sides of bath- 
 room exposed, rendering it difficult to heat in cold weather. 
 Not quite clear how the door under stairway admits to cellar. 
 This is a city house adapted to country needs by addition of 
 laundry or wash room and entry in rear. The entry is rather 
 small. Except for unfortunate location of .bathroom this is an 
 excellent plan. , 
 
 WITHIN REACH OF ANY THRIFTY FARMER. 
 By Mrs. J. T. Arnold. 
 
 PALOUSE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: As the bungalow style of house is growing 
 so popular, I enclose a plan of one 34x36. It will make a 
 pleasant and convenient home and ought to be within the reach 
 of any thrifty farmer or mechanic of moderate means. It 
 will cost from $1500 to $1800, a;ccording to finish, etc. There 
 is a basement under the front half of the house, with cistern, 
 laundry and vegetable rooms. To insure a dry basement there 
 must be an inside wall of brick with a dead air space of two 
 inches, beginning about three feet from the top of the stone 
 foundation. This will keep your cellar so dry that you may 
 light a match on the walls any day in the year. 
 
 146 
 
The first story is nine feet. Hardwood floors are used 
 throughout. The hall is lighted by a glass door from the 
 piazza; also ventilated and further lighted by a transom over 
 the rear bedroom door, and every room in the house opens 
 into it. The living room has a fine fireplace and is well lighted. 
 Both bedrooms have closets and a small room opening from 
 the larger bedroom, could be used for a child's sleeping room 
 or for a sewing or dressing room, according to the needs of the 
 family. The bathroom is conveniently located. The large 
 
 MRS. J. T. ARNOLD, Palouse, Wash. 
 
 pantry 4x8, is between the dining room and kitchen and saves 
 many steps by that arrangement. One corner of the pantry 
 is finished off for a china closet. The upper part has two plate 
 dass doors in the dining room side; also three or four drawers 
 are built below to hold the table linen. The kitchen has a 
 built-in corner cupboard to hold medicine, towels, groceries, etc. 
 It has two windows, but another should be added, then it will 
 be light enough through the many weeks of cloudy and rainy 
 weather. The kitchen could be entered directly through a glass 
 
 147 
 
door on the porch, but the entry is almost a necessity on a 
 farm to hold the jackets, hats, mittens, overshoes, etc., of the 
 \ out-door working squad. The men also wash and clean up for 
 their meals here. One end is finished off with shelves to the 
 ceiling to hold the many hundred quarts of fruit that are usually 
 canned by the-farmer's family. There is also an abundance of 
 store room in the attic or a front bedroom could be finished 
 off for hired help. MRS. J. T. ARNOLD. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. J. T. Arnold. 
 
 By extending the right hand bedroom, with the sewing 
 room, to the right as a short ell, far enough to equal the width 
 of the bathroom, moving the bath and other bedroom the same 
 distance, letting the entry (wash room) extend to the right 
 the width of the bathroom, and thus open into the hallway, 
 this plan would have won the prize. It could hardly be beat 
 for a cheap and convenient farm home. These modifications 
 make a better plan than the first prize plan. 
 
 CONVENIENT HOUSE FOR LARGE FARM. 
 Mrs. C. E. Yeager. 
 
 COLVILLE, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: This plan, I think, would make a con- 
 venient farm house. It is for a large farm, where one needs 
 lots of room and a place for everything. This is a very large 
 house, and with two stories and cellars and a good rock founda- 
 tion, would probably cost $4500, but if one needed a smaller 
 house this could be made with but two rooms upstairs over the 
 hall and the rooms downstairs could be changed with bathroom 
 upstairs. One needs water piped into the flower house. If I 
 built two stories I would have fixed in the bathroom a box cov- 
 ered nicely for a seat, having the bottom cut out of it and a 
 square hole cut in the floor, a cupboard with doors to run from 
 ceiling to floor in the laundry. I would run a small chute into 
 the cupboard from the bathroom above to throw soiled clothes 
 into. I would have the pantry 7x15, which is rather large, but 
 not too large for the passage through kitchen from dining room. 
 
 148 
 
I would have the china closet with doors from the dining room 
 and also from pantry. It would be set into the wall. If one 
 wants but one story and the house not so large, make some of 
 the rooms smaller and use parlor for bedroom and library and 
 hall for parlor. It can easily be made smaller and just as handy 
 at less expense. MRS. C. E. YEAGER. 
 
 
 4- — ■ 
 
 MRS. C. E. YEAGER, Colville, Wash. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. C. E. Yeager. 
 
 There is a good deal more hall, sitting room, etc., than is 
 ordinarily needed, but any of this "social" space can be other- 
 wise utilized as needed. The unique feature of this plan is 
 that it makes ample provision for storage, etc., above ground. 
 The oantry is better located than in most plans. The work- 
 clothes room is small and there is no passage from washroom 
 to sitting room without going through the kitchen. 
 
 TO SAVE STEPS FOR WIFE AND MOTHER. 
 
 By Mrs. W. C. Johns. 
 
 MOSCOW, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Having lived a number of years on a 
 farm and knowing the many extra steps the wife and mother 
 takes in her daily work, I have often thought if I were to plan 
 a house and home I should have it built like the following plan. I 
 
 149 
 
would select a slight elevation for the building spot, so that the 
 drainage from the cellar, bathroom and sink would be good and 
 I would have the house face the east if possible. A large 
 veranda would run along the east side of the dining room, and 
 a bay window in the south, where the house plants would have 
 the beautiful sunshine. I would have the house heated with 
 hot air. placing the furnace under the sitting room, as it would 
 take less pipe to warm the house than if placed under any other 
 room. I would have a fireplace in the dining room and a flue 
 in the sitting room for a small stove, to use when the days or 
 evenings were chilly. 
 
 r "^ 
 
 PATLLO^ VERANDA 
 i5'Xto' 
 
 SlTTmOr 
 
 FlPORo 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 la'xis 
 
 ie,xi5' I 
 
 worIT wmtrViraTIII 
 
 5EC01HD FLOOJL 
 
 CLLLAli- 
 
 MRS. W. C. JOHNS, Moscow, Idaho. 
 
 There would be an archway between the parlor and front 
 bedroom and parlor and sitting room, while a winding stairway 
 would lead to the second story from the sitting room. Off from 
 the kitchen there would be the pantry and bathroom. In the 
 northwest corner of the kitchen would be a large sink, with a 
 pump at either end, one soft water and the other drinking water. 
 I would have a cupboard built in the pantry to keep jellies, 
 preserves, etc. Two rows of hooks would be placed along one 
 side of the bathroom for hanging the children's school coats 
 and a few every day dresses for the mother and children. 
 
 On the back or north porch I would, have a room 6x8 feet 
 for the men's working clothes and shoes, while a bootjack would 
 be fastened to the floor so the men could always find it. On 
 the south porch I would have a box made in the shape of a 
 
 ISO 
 
settee, about five feet long and two feet wide and two feet high. 
 This would be for the soiled clothes. I would have the north . 
 and south porch wire screened all around. The south porch 
 could have beautiful climbing roses and wisteria clinging to 
 the posts. The back stairs would open into the kitchen and 
 under both front and back stairs would be stairs leading to the 
 cellar, of which there would be three rooms, one for the furnace 
 and fuel, one for vegetables and one for fruit, milk, butter, etc. 
 
 There would be three bedrooms, two closets and a hall and 
 storeroom upstairs. Of course this is a large house and would 
 cost $4000 to build; $500 for the cellar, $2500 for other material 
 and $1000 for labor. It would be very suitable for a quarter 
 section or more of land. MRS. W. C. JOHNS. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. W. C. Johns. 
 
 This is a real country dwelling. The bathrom is not well 
 located; neither is the pantry. The sitting room has too little 
 light. The arrangement of back porch and men's washroom 
 (work clothes room), with access to sitting room, is ideal. 
 
 ALL THE ROOMS ARE ON GROUND FLOOR. 
 Mrs. M. E. Williams. 
 
 FRAZER, Idaho.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: I enclose a plan of a cottage which I con- 
 sider very convenient and neat. The roofs run in three dif- 
 ferent ways, making a double T. There are bay windows in 
 two front rooms. This building is all on the ground floor, saving 
 the running up and down stairs. 
 
 MRS. M. E. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Comments on Plan of Mrs. M. E. Williams. 
 
 This house would roof up in a charming manner. In fact, 
 it would make a beautiful house. The pantry is too large and 
 not well located. Washroom omitted. Bath not accessible 
 
 iSi 
 
enough. Doors needed from dining room into porch, bedroom 
 and parlor. No vestibule. No closet in front bedroom. This 
 general plan could easily be converted into an ideal one. 
 
 MRS. M. E. WILLIAMS, Frazer, Idaho. 
 
 FIVE ATTRACTIVE BUT CHEAP COTTAGES. 
 By W. J. Spillman. 
 
 The five following plans are included because of their cheap- 
 ness and attractiveness. That of Mrs. R. B. Byars is an especially 
 attractive design. By making a washroom of part of the back 
 porch it becomes well adapted as a farm home. It looks very 
 pretty on paper. I should like to see how it would frame up. 
 
 The plan submitted by Mrs. Annie Boawn would also make 
 a neat cottage. The door between the kitchen and dining room 
 should be moved to the left about once and a half times its 
 width. It is very undesirable to be compelled every time one 
 passes from the kitchen to the dining room to have to pass 
 through the pantry, which is not a direct route. The plan would 
 also be improved if the side porch extended forward so as to 
 permit a door into the dining room. The men's washroom, 
 which would be presumably in the woodshed, would also thus 
 have a path to the dining room without going through the 
 
 152 
 
kitchen. There is room in the dining room for a small vestibule, 
 which would add somewhat to the convenience of the house. 
 
 The plan of 0. P. Cole is also a good one. The door be- 
 tween the kitchen and dining room is not well placed, and the 
 bathroom is not as accessible as it should be, but the rear hall, 
 which would be valuable for storage and as a laundry and wash 
 room, adds considerable to the value of this plan. 
 
 The plan of Mrs. A. L. Krejberg is included because of its 
 unique character. This is a log house and is the actual plan 
 of Mrs. Krejberg's house. She says it cost $200, everything 
 included. The addition of a few features would greatly improve 
 this plan, such as a porch and washroom. 
 
 The last plan is that of Mrs. Annie Hayworth. It would 
 undoubtedly be a good plan for a home for a small family. The 
 addition of a washroom on the back porch would be desirable. 
 The porch around the side of the house would form a con- 
 venient pathway from the washroom to the dining room with- 
 out passing through the kitchen. 
 
 House Plan of Mrs. R. B. Byars. 
 
 CHICO, Cal.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week Spokes- 
 man-Review: I enclose plans of a nice small house or bungalow 
 for a 10-acre plot, which is very convenient and large enough 
 for a small family. The dimensions are ISVzxSd feet, with a 
 six-foot porch extending nearly half way around the house. 
 This house can be built for $600 or $800, according to finish and 
 location to lumber market. You will notice that from the hall 
 you can enter any of four rooms, except the kitchen, without 
 passing through any other room. The pantry is large and 
 contains shelves, cupboards and flour bins, conveniently ar- 
 ranged. If bathroom is wanted, a large cupboard arranged 
 like a kitchen table can be built in the kitchen and pantry used 
 for that purpose, which I have found very nice. I am in favor 
 of the dining room being used as a sitting room, and this is well 
 situated for this purpose. With very little more expense a hip 
 roof, half pitch, with a gable in front over the sitting room, a 
 room 10x11 feet, could be put upstairs, with stairway running 
 from kitchen. 
 
 153 
 
I like the fireplace in sitting room, which adds beauty and 
 healthf ulness to the house, but can . be omitted and flue put 
 in, if so desired. MRS. R. B. BYARS. 
 
 MRS. R. B. BYARS, Chico, Cal. 
 
 154 
 
House Plan of Mrs. Annie Boawn. 
 
 GEROME, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Inclosed plan has been drawn with cost 
 of construction in view, a house just large enough for a 
 moderate family in which to live comfortably, the cost of 
 material and construction would in most places not exceed $700. 
 If the site of this house was dry and convenient I would have 
 a small cellar under the house, with steps down from pantry. 
 This is not a two-story house. It may be built with 12 or 14 
 foot studding, according to height of ceiling desired. 
 
 MRS. ANNIE BOAWN. 
 
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 MRS. ANNIE BOAWN, Gerome, Wash. 
 
 House Plan of 0. P. Cole. 
 
 SOUTH FORK, SASKATCHEWAN, Canada.— -To the Editor 
 of The Twice-a-Week Spokesman-Review: In submitting this 
 plan for a farm house of moderate cost, I wish to briefly call 
 attention to the following points: 
 
 The front hall, where visitors can be taken into either the 
 parlor or dining room. 
 
 The dining room is reached from both front and rear halls, 
 without going through any other rooms. 
 
 ISS 
 
The dish closet under the stairs is convenient to the dining 
 room and kitchen. 
 
 The kitchen is provided with a pantry, which is most con- 
 veniently placed. 
 
 The bathroom, with the small amount of plumbing required. 
 
 The rear hall opening into either the kitchen or dining 
 room, provided with a wash sink, where the men can wash 
 themselves without going into the kitchen. 
 
 No outside doors opening direct into any room. 
 
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 O. p. COLE, South Fork, Sask., Canada. 
 
 The large rear porch, enclosed with lattice, where washing 
 can be done, or the table set on a hot day. 
 
 The upper chambers supplied with abundant closet room. 
 
 As this house is designed to be covered with one roof, it 
 adds to its cheapness. 
 
 There are no valleys to be filled with snow in winter and the 
 usual backing up of water under the shingles when it thaws. 
 The approximate cost is $750. 0. P. COLE. 
 
 156 
 
House Plan of Mrs. A. J. Krejberg. 
 
 REPUBLIC, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review: Inclosed find plan of our farm house, 32x32 
 feet. It is built of peeled tamarack logs, which grow on our 
 homestead. The cost of the house is $200, including everything. 
 It has a stone foundation and finished in pine timber or 
 lumber. This house is suitable for a family of four or six, as 
 we can put a folding bed in the living room. The pantry has 
 running water and we use the same for a milk house. We are 
 very comfortable in this house and find everything convenient 
 on one floor. MRS. A. J. KREJBERG. 
 
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 MRS. A. J. KREJBERG, Repulic, Wash. 
 
 157 
 
House Plan of Mrs. Annie Hayworth. 
 
 POMEROY, Wash.— To the Editor of The Twice-a-Week 
 Spokesman-Review : This plan is almost exactly like my house, 
 which I find convenient, easy to heat and large enough for our 
 family of two and company. Exclusive of the porch, the house 
 is 20x26 feet on the outside. The studding is 14 feet high. The 
 roof is half pitch. The rooms downstairs are nine feet high; 
 upstairs the rooms are eight feet high, except at sides, where 
 they are four and a half feet high. Only one flue is needed. 
 
 The bathroom is easily heated from the kitchen stove, uses 
 space under stairs and is useful for a sewing room. The window 
 should be large. A small closet under the lower part of the 
 stairs is for soiled clothes and contain two shelves for shoes 
 and flat irons. 
 
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 MRS. ANNIE HAYWORTH, Pomeroy, Wash. 
 
 The dining-kitchen room is living room as well. The cup- 
 board arrangement screens the kitchen treasure and utensils 
 from the dining part. Under the china closet, but opening into 
 the kitchen, is a bin for sugar. In winter the kitchen stove 
 keeps this room warm. In summer the doors opposite each other 
 keeps this room cool. The partition between the dining room 
 and kitchen extends to the ceiling. 
 
 The bedrooms are heated by registers in the. floors. Over 
 the built-in box in the hall upstairs a linen cupboard can be 
 built. The cellar, meat house and woodhouse are close to the 
 kitchen door. 
 
 Various additions may be made later to this house, without 
 interfering with the present plan and improving the appear- 
 ance rather than detracting from it. What those additions would 
 
 is8 
 
be depends on the need that calls for the addition. One 
 addition might be to remove cupboard and china closet, thus 
 leaving a dining room 12 feet six inches by 19 feet, and adding 
 to the rear a kitchen with built-in cupboards. A bedroom over 
 this kitchen could open to the upstairs hall without removing 
 any partitions. 
 
 All the plumbing fixtures will be close together when they 
 are added. The rooms most used are on the protected side of 
 the house. MRS. ANNIE HAYWORTH. 
 
 TWO PLANS AFTER THE CONTEST CLOSED. 
 By Mrs. J. E. Rohrer, Saltese, Mont, 
 
 "These two plans are included because of their excellence," 
 says Mr. Spillman, inclosing letter and plans sent him by Mrs. 
 Rohrer, who writes: 
 
 "I have never seen a house from either plan that I inclose. 
 I have thought each of them out carefully and with great 
 satisfaction. Some day I hope to have a country home and 
 would like your opinion as to your preference between the two 
 plans. The plan marked No. 2 would, of course, have a flat 
 roof and basement under dining room and kitchen, containing 
 furnace, coal room, vegetable storeroom and cellar. Each of 
 them has a tank in the rear of house for water underneath, one 
 for storeroom, then one above for men's sleeping room, provided 
 city water can not be furnished. 
 
 "The back stairs in plan No. 1 are not enclosed, but have 
 door at top landing. 
 
 No. 2. My husband and I have decided that when we 
 have our new home it will be like No. 2. 
 
 "I have very much enjoyed the house plans in The Twice- 
 a-vVeek Spokesman-Review." 
 
 Mrs. Rohrer's plans follow: 
 
 15? 
 
No. 1— First Floor. 
 
 
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 Joining and LirtTi^TSoom. 
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 /I 
 
 7~*ar/or- 
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 )2x ;6 
 
 Pc 
 
 i6o 
 
No. 1— Second Floor. 
 
 SAS£M£A/T uNO£R oiNiNe ffooM a/re/srroff£ frooM. 
 
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No. 2— First Floor. 
 
 No. 2 — Second Floor. 
 
 
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 162