0.£ zee \s-si §mull Unimsitg Jitotg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HettiTQ m. Sage rSQi A-M^Jo /y/y/A^i Cornell University Library QE 262.N8W89 1881 The geology of the country around Norwic 3 1924 004 541 177 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004541177 66 N.E., S.E. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLO&ICiL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER SHEETS 66 N.E. AND 66 S.E. OF THE ONE-INCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES.) BT HORACE B. WOODWAUD, P.G.S. (KoTEs BT J. H. BLAKE, Assoc. M. Inst. C.B., F.G.S., and C. RBID, F.G.S.) Lists of Possas kbvised by K. BTHEEIDGE, I'.B.S. PTIBLlaHEB BT OEDEE OP THE lOEDB COMMISBIOITEES OP HEE MAJESTT'S TEEABUET. LONDON: FEINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AMD SOLD BT Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row; Tkcbnee & Co., Ludgate Hill; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street ; Edwabd Stanfokd, Junior, 55, Charing Cross ; and J. Wtld, 12, Charing Cross ; ALSO BT Messrs. Johnston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; Hodges, X'iggis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street, and A. Thoju & Co., Abbey Street, Dublin. 1881. Price Seven Shillings. QE. A.\\^ (»T0 NOTICE. One of the earliest geological descriptions of Norfolk was published by Samuel "Woodward in 1833. To the grandson of this old geologist has been confided the task of preparing the present Geological Survey Memoir, which I think will be found not unworthy of its author and his name. The Chalk of Norfolk is interesting as probably ex- hibiting higher beds than occur elsewhere in England. The very full lists of fossils give great value to the Chapters on the Cretaceous Beds and the Crag. In the grouping of the Clacial Beds the author has simply adopted a classification applicable to the district, being of opinion that no general classification can be established until the Glacial Beds are minutely mapped over much larger areas. This work is now in progress by the Geological Survey. As it proceeds we shall probably learn that these beds are less complex than they appear to be, and that many of the divisions have only a local value, ANDREW C. RAMSAY, Geological Survey Office, Director General. London, November 11th, 1881. Q 6483. Wt. 15729. NOTICE. The Geological Svirvey of the district described in this Memoir (which include^ the greater part of the country over which the Norwich Crag is exposed) was commenced in 1875 and completed in 1880. For the greater portion of the work Mr, H. B. Woodward is responsible. Mr. J. H. Blake, from his station at Yarmouth, mapped portions of the eastern borders Of the' district, comprising the tract north of the rare and east of Hasingham, Fishley, and the Hundred Stream. Mr. Clement Reid mapped a small area around Sutton, Catfield, and Potter Heighiam ; and a large area in the Waveney Valley, east of Alburgh and Topcroft, and south of Loddon, Raveningham, and lladdiscoe. Both ofl^pers have contributed notes on the districts examined by them, which are duly acknow- ledged in the text. Mr. W. Whitaker and Mr, F. J. Bennett- have furnished some of the records of well-sections ; and the former has, as usual, lent very substantial aid in the preparation of the Bibliographical Appendix, which contains references to no less than 680 works. In dealing with the Crag beds in a comprehensive way, and in using the term Upper Crag or Norwich Crag Series, Mr. Woodward has not been inattentive to the detailed labours of resident and other geologists ; but he found that, owing to the Variable nature of the beds, tbe several local divisions, made out in certain so-called " typical " 'sections, were not persistent, and could not be laid down on the map. Moreover, the very fact of this uncertainty in tracing out and correlating minute divisions has led to considerable diversity of opinion among geological writers. The lists of fossils have been carefully compiled from the specimens collected by the oflBcers on the Geological Survey, and from other specimens in private collections, which were examined and named by Mr. Etheridge, Mr. Georgft Sharman, and Mr. E. T. Newton. With these have been included all weU-authenti- cated species, recorded in the works of the Palseontographical Society, and other publications, to which references are made in t}ie text. Nearly 50 species have thus been added to. the list of the Upper Chalk fossils of Norwich ; while the list of Upper Crag fossils is the most complete, so far as the localities are concerned, that has been published. The list of fossils from the flint-gravels likewise contains numerous species from the district not hitherto recorded. These lists have been revised by Mr. Etheridge. I may also mention that Mr. Woodward surveyed the geology of the city of Norwich on a copy of Mr, A. W. Morant's large map on a scale of 5 chains to an inch, which will be deposited in the Geological Survey Office for reference. Geological Survey Office, H. W. BRISTOW, 28, Jermyn Street, S.W. Senior Director. 22nd October 1881. PREFACE. The share taken by my colleagues in the Geological Survey of the country around Norwich having been explained by the Director in his prefatory notice, and a summary of their notes being given at the end of the Table of Contents, it remains for me to acknowledge my obligations to many geologists in Norwich and elsewhere, who have furnished me with much information and contributed to render pleasant my sojourn in the district. Messrs. John Gunn, Searles V. Wood, and F. W. Harmer have at all times placed their stores of information at my disposal, while the excellent Map of Messrs. "Wood and Harmer, commenced in 1865 and published on a reduced scale in 1872 (by the Palaeontographical Society), naturally paved the way for all future field-geologists. If I have not followed their advice in all matters relating to classification, it is with no disrespect to their extended labours. The conclusions of other distinguished geolo- gists, whose writings are enumerated in the Appendix, shows that there is room for much diversity of opinion ; and I have endeavoured to carry on my work with a due appreciation of the mauy labourers in the same field, while forming an independent view on the many puzzling questions that have come before me. My work, however, has been essentially to record facts, the full discussion of the theoretical questions not coming within the province of a Geological Survey Memoir. But I may candidly state that the mapping and dassification of the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene deposits in East Anglia has proved more difficult than any field-work I had been previously called upon to under- take. Moreover, in the summer months (June to August) the mapping in such an exclusively agricultural district is much liindered by the crops of com and grass, Mr. Eobert Fitch, the late Mr. John King and his son Dr. H. D. King, Dr. W, M. Crowfoot, Mr. E. T. Dowson, and Mr. T. G. Bay- field have most kiAdly exhibited their fossil treasures to myself and colleagues in the field, as well as to Mr. Ethei;idge and Mr. E, T. Newton ; and they have lent some of their most valued VI PBEFACE. specimens for the purpose of closer study in London, To Mr. James Reeve (of the Norwich Museum), Mr. S. C. Sothem, Mn H. Norton, Dr. J. E. Taylor, Mr. S. W. Utting, and Mr, J. Quinton, jun., I am likewise indebted for notes and informa- tion, and for the use of books. To my uncle. Dr. Henry Wood- ward, I am beholden for the loan of MSS., the work of my grandfather, Samuel Woodward, termed by Mr. Gunn "the " Father of Norfolk Geology," in whose footsteps I have been proud to follow over a portion of the county. In conclusion I may add that I shall be grateful for informa- tion concerning errors or omissions in the Maps or Memoir ; and in the words of an old writer, " if I have done well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I desired ; but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto." HoBACE B. Woodward. Fakenham, 29th October 1881. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTION. Area --•......1 Heights a-......,! Rivers ------...2 Broads --.......3 Geological Formations .......4 CHAPTER II.— CRETACEOUS Gaxilt ...... Upper Greeusand . ... Chalk General Remarks .... Fossils, with List - . . . Flints ..... Paramoudras «. .... List of Fossils found in the Flint-gravel of the neighbourhood of Norwich » . . . . Economic Products - . . - / 8 8 10 20 22 26 28 CHAPTER III.— TERTIARY, Eoeeue .........31 Pliocene — ^ITpper Crag — Zforwich Crag Series - - - 31 General Remarks . . ... . .31 List of Fossils - - - •- - -41 Local Details : I. Bure Valley 66 II. Wenaum Valley . - - >■ - .66 III. Yare Valley 68 Tese Valley 69 IV. Waveney Valley ....-- 85 CHAPTER IV.— GLACIAL DRIFT. General Remarks ....... 90 A.. Stony Loam or Brickeartli (Contorted Drifb) .91 VllX CONTENTS. B. Sand and Gravel (" Middle Glacial ") Local Details : 1 . Area north of the Yare List of Mollusca from Billockby 2. Area between the Yare and the Waveney 3. Area south of the Waveney - C. Laminated Bricbearth - . . CHAPTER v.— GLACIAL DRIFT (continued). D. Boulder Clay (Chalky Boulder Clay) Local Details : 1. Area north of the Yare . . - . 2. Area between the Yare and the Waveney 3. Area south of the Waveney - . . . B, Gravel (Cannoa Shot Gravel) . . ■ ■ CHAPTER VL— SURFACE PHENOMENA. Bisturbed ChaU; ...... Pipes in the Chalk and other Deposits - CHAPTER VII —ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. Waveney Valley Yare Valley Bure Valley Depth of Valleys ■ Peat Flint Implements CHAPTER VIII.— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Origin o£ Scenery— The Marshlands Flood8j.&c. CHAPTER IX.— ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, &c. A. Water Supply and Wells .... Natural Wells and Mineral Springs B. Prospects of Coal List of Minerals -.-... APPENDIX. List of Papers, &C;, on the Geology of Norfolk - Page. . 92 . 93 . 95 . 103 . 108 110 - 115 - 118 - 121 - 128 - 128 134 138 _ " . 141 - 141 - 142 ^ - 143 - 143 - 144 - 145 146 149 154 168 168 170 - 171 IX WOODCUT. Page. Diagram to show the possible Occuraence of Coal Measures in the Eastern Counties --.-.,..6 [For Explanation of Plates, see end of Volume.] REFERENCES TO NOTES CONTRIBUTED BY COLLEAGUES. Whitakek, W.— pp. 156, 166, 171. Dalton, W. H.— 89, 133, Bennett, F. J.— 161, 162, 167. Blake, J. H.— 66, 77-80, 94, 100-103, 119, 120, 142, 143. Reid, C— 85-88, 91, 106-110, 113, 114, 126, 127, 133, 141, 142, 145, 156- 163, 165-167. Q 6483. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH, CHAPTEE T.-INTRODTJOTION. Area. An area of about 412 square miles is represented in quarter- sheets 66 N.B. and 66 S.E. of the Geological Survey Map ; this includes a small portion of Suffolk, in the feouth-eastern corner, and part of Norfolk. It contains the city of Norwich, with the towns of Loddon and Long Stratton in Norfolk, and the towns of Beccles and Bungay in Suffolk. The area consists of a gently undulating plain nowhere so much as 200 feet above the sea-level. It is intersected by the valleys of the Bure, the Yare, the Waveney, and their tributaries. These valleys in their lower courses open out into extensive areas of marsh- land, and they are characterized here and there by the shallow freshwater lakes known as " Broads," which are connected with the rivers, although not always situated in their direct channel The land is mostly under cultivation, the larger areas of waste being the heaths of Household and Horsford. No traces of old forest remain, but there are many plantations, especially in the parishes of Shottesham, Felthorpe, Haveringland, Hevinghami and Stratton Strawless. A charac^ristic feature of the country is that it appears well wooded, apd it has been remarked that in travelling through it one seems to be on the verge of a forest which is never reached, a deception that ariges from the numerous trees (mostly oak and ash) growing in the hedgerows. Heights. Although the term " hill " is applied in a few places, there is scarcely any isolated elevation worthy of the name. The h'gher -grounds of Strumpshaw and Poringland (about 150 feet above the sea-level), however, afford pleasant prospects of the country ; while on Mousehold, at St. Michael's Chapel (Kett's Castle), and St. James' Hill, good views of the city and of the valley of the Wensum can be obtained. Q 6483. A 2 GEOLOGY OP THE OOONTEY AROUND NORWICH. A few heights have been published by the Ordnance Survey/ of which the following may be mentioned : — Acle Church • • „ - 33 feet ahove sea-level. Blofield Church . . 44 J? Burlingham, St. Peter's Church 'i . 94 9> Costessey, Dereham Road . . 142 _ » Heigham, "Earl of Leicester " Inn - 60 9> Lakenham, new church - 125 S> Norwich, Castle - 108 33 „ Cathedral - 24 » City Gaol - - 90 Si St. Giles' Church . . 82 93 Postwick Church - ; - - 47 93 Thorpe Church, Norwich - - 15 93 Thorpe Hamlet Church • . 46 33 Witton Church- . . . 68 33 Rivers. I. — ^The Bure, which rises in the Park at Melton Constable, makes its first appearance in the area at Lammas and Buxton, whence it takes a south-easterly course as far as Acle and Stokesby ; it finally falls into Breydon Water near Yarmoutli. On its right bank, it receives (1) the Hor, which, flowing through Horsford and Horsham St. Faith'sj"forms the southern boundary of Horstead parish ; (2) the Pa,nxworth stream, which flows through Walsham Broad, and by the Fleet Dyke. On its left bank the Bure receives, (1) the Ant, which rising near Antingham, flows southward through Barton Broad; (2) the Thurne (spelt also Thone, Thime, or Thym), which rises near Horsey and Marthsm, and from the fact of its separating the hundreds of Happing and West Flegg is also knovm as the Hundred stream ; (3) the Muck Fleet, which, flowing from Filby Broad, joins the Bure a mile below Acle Bridge. The Bure drains an area of about 338 square miles ; it is about 100 feet broad at its widest part in the district. The drainage and navigation are said to be impeded by mud-banks. II. — The Yare rises near Shipdham, and in several streamlets that unite at Hardingham Mills. It appears in the area at Bau- burgh, and, flowing eastwards, leaves it near Reedham, eventually falling into the sea at Yarmouth. It receives on its right bank (1) the Tese or Taus (spelt in a variety of other ways, Tau, Tase, Taes, Tas, Tass, Tesse) which rises near Hardwick and flows by Tasburgh {Ad Taum), where a deep ford gave rise to the name of the hundred, Depwade or Deepwade ; (2) the Chet or Ket, which rising at Poringland flows between Loddon and Chedo-rave, joining the Yare at Hardley Cross, which is the boundary of the jurisdictions of the Norwich and Yarmouth Corporations. On its left bank the Yare receives (1) the Wensum, an aflBuent which at the junction near Trowse is by far the more important river * Abstracts of the principal lines of spirit -levelling in England and Wales. By Major-Gen. Sir H. James. ElVERS— BEOABS. 3 and indeed in ancient documents the term Wensum has sometimes been appEed below Norwich to the confluent rivers. The Wensum rises in one stream near Horningtoft and Oolkirk Heathj in another at Wicken Pond, Syderstone, and in a third at the villages of East anff West Rudham. It appears in the area near Taverham, and flows through Norwich. In this city it formerly received the Cockle stream, which travei'sed the valley in which the market- place is situated, and fell into the Wensum near the "Duke's Palace" Inn. The Yare also receives on its left bank (2) the Plumstead Stream, formerly called the Ger, which joins it between Brundall and Buckenham. The Yare and Wensum together drain an area of 533 square miles. Eastwards of Whitlingham the river is from 10 to 15 feet deep, and its general width is about 150 feet. Between Norwich and Yarmouth, according to Sir John Hawkshaw, the fall is scarcely two inches to a mile, III. — ^The W&veney rises at Lophani Ford near Eedgrave, appear- ing in the area at Bungay and Beccles, beyond which it joins the Yare, south of Breydon Water^ It drains an area of 339 square miles, and has a fall, below Beccles Bridge, of about two inches to a mile. Tidal infiuence, — The tide flows some distance up all the rivers. According to a report by Sir John Hawkshaw, its effect is felt up the Yare as far as the New Mills at Norwich, a distance of 29 miles from the pier-head at Yarmouth. At the Foundry Bridge its range is about 16 inches. The tide is felt up the Waveney as far as Shipmeadow lock, a distance of 27 miles; and its range at Beccles Bridge, 2| miles below this lock, is stated to be about 14 inches. Up the Bure the tide is felt as far as Wroxham Bridge, a distance of 25 miles, and here it appears to be less than at either of the above-mentioned places, owing to the large number of broads,* Broads, The Broads (so named from the Anglo-Saxon Bradan, to broaden) form a distinct feature in, East Norfolk. They are ex- panses of freshwater that occupy the river-valleys, sometimes in the direct course of the streams, but more often separated from them by a bank of reeds, sedges, and rushes, through which one or more narrow channels have been cut. The depth of the broads does not appear to exceed 15 feet ; as a rule it is about 8 feet» In HickUng Broad the depth is for the most part suflS,ciently shallow to allow anyone to walk upon its gravelly bottom. All observers agree that the broads are slowly becoming shallower, partly by the growth and decay of certain plants, partly by the deposit of earthy sediment. Mr. John Gunn has estimated this " growing-up " to take place at the rate of one foot in twenty years. (See p. 143.) The unembanke"d marine of broads * " Norfolk News," June 14, 1879. A 2 Biire Valley .3 ^ w s li; n 03 o k, Uh 1 1 pq H , ^ Eh OS o ■pi H o H S ■«l Bi % -^ n ^ 3 1 bn fl Q 1* H 1 1 o .g 0! 02 1 03 V ^ P^ 71 o 1 o ■§ to •1 T a S i ■ s •a i ^ ■a 1 g OR s s 1 Pq a d ri < fei r/ El "1 to to ^ '^ tj f^ r-t 50 »f5 ■<* CO « rH s 1 § . li I 3 mill W F^O OS CO t^ "A CHAPTER II,— CEETACEOUS. Gault. This formation was met with in the Garrow boring, Norwich, at a depth of about 1,170 feet below the surface.* It consisted of blue clay, and was proved to a thickness of 36 feet The following fossils were obtained from it by the Rev. J. Cromptont : — MOLLUSCA. Ammonites lautus, Sby. symmetricus, Sby. Belemnites minimus. List. Inoceramus sulcatus. Park, Beyozoa, (Fragment^.) FORAMINIPERA. [Named by Mr. F. Kitton.] Dentalina (not uncommon). Entosalenia (rare). Frondicularia (raj?e). Globigerina (common). Lagena (rare). Nodosaria (not uncommon), Orbulina (common). , Polymorpnina (not uncommon). Rotalina (not uncommon^. Textularia (common). Mention is made in the MS. Section-book of Wells in the Geological Survey Office, of " Lower Greensand " being reached in the Carrow boring, but no details of the formation are given. Upper Greensand. A bed referred to the Upper Greensand was met with at a depth of from 1,164 to 1,170 feet below the surface, in the boring at Carrow. According to the observations of C. B. Rose it was* " found to possess the mineralogical oharacljpr of that stratum in " Wiltshire, and to have a thickness from 6 to 8 feet."J Thus it consisted of chert and sands with glauconitic grains. The only fossil obtained is a Sponge detected by Mr. F. Kitton in a piece of the chert, and named Litbospongitis Kittonii by Mr. H. J. Carter.§ * The depth at which the beds were reached in this boring are giYen with some doubt, as the accounts obtained by different individuals vary. See pp. 163, 164. •f Geologist, vol. v., p. 461 ; see also C. B. Rose, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. i., p. 226 ; Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 31. % Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. i., p. 226. § Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii., 1873, pp. 439, 443 ; see also Kitton, Trans. Norf. and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. i., p. 81. GEOLOGY OP THE OOUNTEY AROUND NORWICH. Chalk. Gbneeax, Remarks. The Chalk in the neighbourhood of Norwich consists of soft white earthy limestone, usually much fissured and fractured. It is made up of numerous beds which sometimes attain a thickness of 18 inches, and are usually wedge -shaped masses tapering in , diifferent directions. These divisional lines seem to be due to a kind of horizontal jointing rather than to any direct process of deposition. Layers of interrupted flint nodules occur at irregular intervals, which correspond^ with the general direction of the bedding, and mark in a rough way the stratification of the Chalk. Among the fiints, the huge forms termed " Paramoudras " or pot- stones are often conspicuous. x The Chalk exposed at Norwich belongs to the uppermost divi- sion of the English Chalk. Its characteristic fossils, according to the late Dr. S. P. Woodward, are Chama incequirostrata, Ostrea la7'va, Pecten concentricus, Magas pumilus, Rhynchonella plicatilis, var. octoplicata, Terebrdtula gracilis, Trigonosemus (Terebratelld) elegans.% The more abundant fossils include the " Thunderbolts," Belemnitelld mucronata, and B. minima ; the " Fairy " or " Sugar Loaves," Anancliytes ovatus ;■ the " Heart," Cardiaster granu- losus ; the oyster Ostrea vesicularis ; the lamp-shell Tereiratula cornea, and numerous teeth of Fishes. Fossils may be obtained at any of the pits now worked, such as those between Catton and Thorpe Hamlet, at Thorpe Lime Kiln, Whitlingham, Trowse, Hartford Bridge, Stone Hills on the Dere- ham Road, &c. Many specimens were formerly obtained from a pit on the south side of West Pottergate Street, Norwich, and from one situated on the south side of St. Giles' Road, near the City Gaol. Mr. R. Fitch tells me that the latter v^as known to collectors as " the Baculite pit," from the fact that Baculites were obtained there. Ostrea was also abundant. He has also pro- cured many Corals at this pit, and also at Stoke Holy Cross. Fossils may likewise be obtained at Coltishall, in th§ Bure Valley. . The Chalk of Norwich has sometimes been thought to include higher beds than are found elsewhere in England, and Dr. Duncan has inclined to this view, observing that "the Coral evidence " brings the Norfolk Chalk closer in relation with the Faxde, " Rugen, and Ciply deposits. "f {See p. 20.) The lacertian reptile Mosasaurus has, under the subgeneric name lii Leiodon anceps, been recognised from several pits near Norwich.' Mr. T. G. Bayfield has recorded the discovery of a - large number of its bones and teeth at the Lollard's Pit, near Bishop's Bridge, Norwich. J * Geplogist, vol. vi., p. 154. t Supp. to Fossil Corals (Palseontograph Soc.\ J Geol. Mag., vol. i., p. 296. CHALK. 9 The thickness of the Chalk at Carrow was proved by the deep well to be as much as 1,152 feet. To this at least 35 feet must be added to give the total thickness of the Chalk at Norwich, inasmuch as it rises to at least this height above the river-level near Mouaehold. Mr. Rose indeed allowed 40 feet for Chalk above the level of that touched at the Carrow boring, thus esti- mating its total thickness at 1,192 feet.* {See p. 163.) As before mentioned, the Chalk has a gentle inclination to the east, which may be estimated at about 27 feet to a mile (less than 1°) if taken in connexion with the Yarmouth boring, although this estimate is at best very vague, as the upper surface of the Chalk may have suffered much and irregular denudation. (See fig. 2, Plate I.) Between Hunstanton and Norwich the base of the Chalk shows an inclination of about 48 feet in a mile.f The fissured and sometimes rubbly surface of the Chalk is to a large extent caused by rain and frost, but occasionally the Chalk has undergone disturbance by some more powerful agent, so that the mass of the rock is broken up, and in part re'-arfanged, the « flint layers are disrupted, and all symptoms of stratification destroyed. Thus in a pit at Oostessey the flints were disturbed to a depth of 20 feet. The Chalk when in this condition is known as " Glaciated Chalk," and to this reference will subsequently be made. ' - The surface of the Chalk frequently exhibits great hollows or channels filled with material from the superincumbent deposit. These hollows called " pipes " or " sand-galls " are caused by the erosion of the Chalk, and are sometimes suddenly filled by the sand or gravel, causing subsidence of the ground ; hence the Chalk is an uncertain foundation for buildings (see p. 138), Only on the slopes of the valleys is the Chalk exposed in the area. In the Bure Valley it appears as an extensive inlier between Aylsham and Wroxham, and it does not come to the surface east of the railway bridge at the latter place. In the grounds of Woodbastwick Hall there is a large and deep pit, now entirely overgrown, which may have been opened down to the Chalk. In the Yare Valley the Chalk does not extend further e%st than Postwick and Surlingham. Southwards, in the Tese Valley, it is well shown at Stoke Holy Cross, and may be traced as far as All Saints Church, Shottesham, in the bed of the stream. Below Tasburgh Camp the actual extent of the Chalk at the surface is not readily to be traced. It is to be seen at Tharston Furze Hill, and in a pit south of Flordon church ; still further south I observed traces of it in the banks of the stream and in ditch cuttings in the parishes of St. Mary and St. Peter, Forncett. In the ciity of Norwich, Chalk has been exposed at the junction of London Street with the " Back of the Inns," at Gurney's Bank, in Pottergate Street, &c. * Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol, i., p. 226. f Whitaker, Proo. Norwich Gepl. Soc, vol. i., p. 17. 10 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NOEWICH. Fossils. Since the year 1833, when the " Outline of the Greology of Norfolk " by Samuel "Woodward was published, no attempt at a full list of the fossils from the Chalk of Norfolk has been made. The accompanying list is intended to supply the deficiency, so far at least as concerns the Upper Chalk of , the neighbourhood of Norwich. In compiling it all localities given by S. Woodward (S. W.) are included, and the following authorities have also been consulted : The works of the PalsBontographical Society and the Monographs by Darwin, Davidson, Duncan, Edwards and Haime, Rupert Jones, Owen, Sharpe, and "Wright ; the works of Toulmin Smith, Morris, and Barrois ; the Decades of the Geological Survey, and the Catalogue of Cretaceous Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology. The following collections were specially examined by Mr. Ethe- ridgCy and the species recorded from them are given on bis authority : The collections of Mr. Eobert Fitch (E. F.), and of the late John King (J. K.), of Norwich ; and the specimens in the^ Norwich Museum (N. M.), many of which originally formed part of the collection of the late S. "Woodward. The specimens col- lected by myself during the course of the Geological Survey, as well as a few Chalk fossils from Norwich, previously in the Museum of Practical Geology, all of which are marked (M. P. G.), were identified by Mr. Etheridge and Mx. George Sharman. Of other collections, not examined by Mr. Etheridge, may be mentioned that of Mr. T. G. Bayfield, of Norwich, now in the British Museum (T. G. B.), and that of the Geological Society of London (G. S. L.). A few species are given on the authority of Dr. S. P. "Woodward (S. P. W.), and some on the authority of Dr. J. E. Taylor (J. E. T.), whose specimens are placed in the Ipswich Museum. For the convenience of students I have given the synonyms published in S. Woodward's Geology of Norfolk, and references to some of the published figures of the species.* The list of Fishes was corrected by Mr. E. T. Newton, and the list has throughout been revised by Mr. Etheridge, F.E.S. List of Fossils fkom the Uppek Chalk of the Neighbourhood of nokwich. [See also List of Fossils from Flint-gravel, p. 26.] Spongida. Geol. Brachiolites Fittoai, Mant. Cliona oretaoea, Portl. t glomerata, Morris ' - Coeloptycliium agariooides; Gold/. Coscinopora globularis, D'Orb. Millepora littoni Suss., 1. 18, 1 10. Ollonites Conyljearei, Morris, Anii.If.H.,18Sl,t.4,f. 8. Morris, Ann. N, H., 1851, t.4,f.ll. Geol. Norf., lab. 4, f. 19 - Millapora globularis, Geol. Norf., Tab. *, f- 10-12. Bishop's Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L,). Norwich. Hartford Bridge (S.W., J.K.), Stoke Holy Cross, Thorpe (M.P.G.1. Norwich (S.W.). * The full titles of most of the works in which these figures are puhlished will be found in the Appendix. LIST OF TTPPBE CHALK FOSSILS, 11 CoBcinopora ? - Guettardia angularis, T. Smith Scyphia ? cribrosa, Rom, Spongia lobata, Park. - rr ramosa, Mant. Talpina* dendiina, Queust. ■ ramosa, Ilagenow ■^— — soUtaria, Ilagenow Ventriculites alternans, Horn. - decurrens, T.Smitk infundibuliformis, Woodw. qnincuncialis, T. Smith. — ^— — radiatus, Mant. - Brachiolites angnlai'is ; Ventriculites quadrang- u}ajn9,IIant., Geol. Suss., 1. 15. f. 8. Spongia cribrosa, Phillips, Geol. Torks., 1. 1, t. 7. Org. Kem., ii., t. 7, f. 6 Geol. Suss., 1. 15, f. 11 Morris, Ann. N. H., 1851, t.4,f.6b,7. Morris, Ann. N. H., 1851, i.i,t.i. Morris, Ann. N. H., 1851, t. i, t. 6a. Soyphia alternans, Kreide, t S. f 9 i* Ann. N. H., 1848, 1. 13, f . S - Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, t. 20, 21 Smitb, p. 2"^ Geol. Suss., Tab. 10-13. T. alcyonoides ; Ami.N.H.,1848,p.207. Hartford Bridge, Thorpe, Belaugh (M.P.G.). Norwich (N.M.). Catton (S.W.). Catton (S.W.). Catton CS.W.). Norwich. Norwich. Norwich. Thorpe (M.P.G.). Norwich (J.K.). Catton, Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Thoi-pe (J.K.). Catton, Hartford Bridge (S.W.), Thorpe, Heigham (J.K.) The following species have been determined by Dr. G. J. Hinde (Fossil Sponge Spicules from the Upper Chalk. Munich, 1880) from the interior of a flint which he found at Horstead : — Caminus ?, Carterella, sp., Coseirtopora, Craticularia, Cytispongia, Geodia ? clavata, Hinde, G. ? eoronata, Hinde, G. ? Wrighiii, Hinde, Hyalostelia fusiformis, Hinde, Leptophragma, Lyidium Zit- teli, Hinde, i. cretacea, Hinde, Ophiraphidites, Paehastrella Carteri, Hinde, P. prinuBva f, Plinthosella squamosa, Zittel, Racodiseula, Ragadinia annulata, Hinde, Reniera, Seolioraphis ?, Stauractinella cretacea, Hinde, Stelletta ?, Tethya ?, Tisiphoma ?, Ventriculites ?. Bulimina f Dentalina Flabellinapulchra, J5'Or6. Frondicularia striatnla, Reuss Globigerina Flanorbniina ammonoides, Reuss -Haidingerii,i?' Orb. -lobatula, W. ^ J. - Ungeriana, D'Orb. Botalia mnbilicata, D'Orb. ■sp. Textularia Tinoporus concavus, Lamk. Caryophyllia cylindracea, Rents Rhizopoda. FoTaminifera. M. G. S. Fr., vol. iv., t. 2, f . 12-14. B6hm. Kreide,'2, t. 8, f. 23, t.4S,f.ll.t ■ Ann. N.H.,ix., 1872; Geol., vi.,t.lB. Ann. N. H., ix., 1872 Truncatulina, Ann, N. H., ix., 1872. Ann. NaL'H., ix., 1872 Mem. Sbo. Geol. Fr., iv., t. S, I. 4-6: Ann. N. H., ix., 1872. Kotalina. T. Blobularis, Phil. Orbi- tolina. ACTINOZOA. Oyathina, Oaryophjrllla laevigata ; Farasmilia, Monocarva cnlttata ; Dixon, Foss. Suss., 1. 18, f.11,12. Br. Foss. Cor., Pal. Soc, t. 9, t. lard. Duncan, Sup. to Br. Foss. Cor., 1. 1, f. 7-12. Norwich (T.R.J.). Norwich (I'.E.J.). Norwich (T.K.J.). Norwich (Morris). Carrow (F. Kitton). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Carrow (F. Kitton). Carrow (F. Kitton), Norwich (T.R.J.). Thorpe (Jones & Par- ker). Norwich (E.F.). * It has not been determined whether these are Boring Sponges or Annelides. t BOmer, F. A, Die Versteinerungen des norddeutsohen Kreidegebirges, 1840-41. ' i Beuss, A. E. Die Versteinerungen derliahmisohen Kreideformation 1845-46. 12 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTBY AROUND NOEWIOH. Diblasus Gravensis, Loni.- Parasmilia centralis, Mant. ■ eylindrica, Edw. ■ Fittoni, Edw. Trochosmilia eylindrica, Xlan- can. granulata, Dun- can. laxa, Edw. §• Hcfime. Wiltshiri, Dun- can. Aleeto gracilis, Edw. Ceriopora polymorpha, Gold/. - Diastopora gracilis, Edw. Diseopora ? mammillata, Woodw ? radiata, Woodw. Flustra quadrata, Woodw. reteformis, Woodw. tesselata, Woodw. utricnlaris, Woodw. EoloBtoma contingens, Lons. - Idmonea ? truncata, Blainv. - Crania Ignabergensis, Retz - Parieifinsis, Defr. Kingena lima, Defr. - Magas pumilus, Sby. - Rhynchouella Cuvieri, D'Orb. limbata, Schl. Sixan, Pegs. Subs., .t. 18, f. 14 ; DuncEin, op. eit,, t. 2, f. 1-11. Caryophyllia centralis, Geo!. Suss., t. 16, f. % ; Edwards andHaime, Br. Foss. Cor., Pal. Soc, t. 8, f. la-c. Br. Foss. Cor., t. 8, f. D Br. Fobs. Cor., t. 9, f. 5 t. 5,f.l-8 .- t. 4, f. 1-4 ; t. 6, f. 9 - ' Coelosmilia laxa, Wtw., Br. Foss. Cor., t. 8, f. 4. Dan- can, t. 8, I. 11-17 ! t. 4, i. 9-12. Ccelosmilia, t. 4, t. 5-8 MOLLUSCOMJA. Folyzoa. Aleoto, sp., Woodw., Geof. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 16. Millepora . polymorpha?, Woodw., Geol. Wort., Tab. 4, flg. 13. f M. gracilis (Woodw.), G«ol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 16. ? Mustra tubulosa, Woodw., Geol: Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 6. Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, fig. 2 - Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. S - Geol. Norf., Tab. 1, flg. 3 - Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 6 - Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 4 - Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 7 - Dkon, Fobs. Suss., t. 18A, f.9. Millepora truncata P, Geol. Norf., Tab. 4, flg. 14. Brachiopoda. C. striata. Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, flg. 16; C. ovalis, Geol.- Norf., Ta"b. 6, flg. 16 ; Davidson, Mon. ' Brao., Pal. Soc, 2, Tab. 1, t 8-14 Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, 1. 1, f. 1-7. Terebratula pentangulata, Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, flg. 10 ; Davidson, t. 4, f. 15-28, t. 6, f. 1-4. M. truncata, Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, fig. 9; M. magna; M. punctata; Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 2, f. 1-12, 83 Davidson, 1. 10, f. 50-64 - Terebiatula. lentiformis, Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, fie. 11 ; T. subplloata ; Davidson, 1. 12, f . 1-5. •Hartford Bridge, Thorpe (J.K.). Hartford Bridge, Coltis- hall (S.W.), TroWse (S.W., M.P.G.), Post- wick (J.K.), Whit- lingham, Hartford Bridge (M.P.G.), Norwich <;E;F.). Norwich (Morris). Norwich (J.K.). Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Norwich. Norwich (T.Q.B.). Norwich. Norwich (S.W., Morris). Catton and St. Giles', Norwich, common (S.W.). Common on Ananchytes (S.W.). On Ananchytes, rare (S.W.). On Ananchytes, rare (S.W.). Whitlingham, rare ■ (S.W:). Common on Ananchytes (S.W.). Common on Ananchytes (S.W.). Commofi on Ananchytes (S.W.). Norwich (J.K.). i Norwich (S.W.). Norwich, Eaton (S.W., MS.), Hartford Bridge, rare (S.W.), (T.G.B.). Norwich (Nor. Mus. E.E.), Thorpe (J.K.). Norwich, Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Notwich, rare (S.W.), Catton, raie (S.W.), (T.G.B.). Norwich (T. Dav.). Norwich (S.W.), Hart- ford Bridge, Earlham, Costessey, Thorpe, Tro-wse, Whitlingham (M.P.G.). LIST OF UPPER CHALK FOSSILS. 13 Bhynchonella Mantelliana, Sby, plicatilis, Sby. - - var. octo- plicata, Shj. ■ var.Wood- wardi, Dav. Terebratula* caruea, Sby. • biplicata. Shy. ■ obesa, Sb^. ■ semiglobosa, Sby. Tcrebratulina gracilis, Schl. striata, Wahl. Trigonosemus elegans, Koenig - Davidson, Mon. Brao,, Pal. Soo., 2, 1. 12, f. 20-28. Terebratula plicatilis, I)a< vidaon, 1. 10, f. 37-42, Terebratula ootoplicata, Davidson, 1. 10, f. 1-17. Terebratula Galliua, Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, fig. 12 ; Davidson, 1. 10, f. 43-46. T. elongata ; .Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 8, f. 1-S. Davidson, t. 6, f. 1-42 ; Sup., t. 5, f. 1, 2. Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 5, t. 13-15, 16? (see Sup.). T. subundata, T. subro- tunda; Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 8, f. 6-18. Terebratula rigida ; David- son, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 2, f. 13-10 {see Sup.). T. Gervillei, Geol. Norf,, Tab. 6, flg. 14 i T. stria- tula ; Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 2, f.. 18-25, 27, 28? (see Sup.). Terebratella, Davidson, Mon. Brae. 2, t. 4, f. 1-4. Hartford common Trowse Norwich (J.K.). NowichCS.W.), Trowse, Hartford Bridge, Earl- ham, Thorpe, St. James' Pit, Catton (M.P.G.). Norwich (S.W.), Bishop's" Bridge (T.G.B.), Trowsej Catton, Stoke. Holy Cross XM.P.G.). Norwich, ~ (T.G.B.), Bridge, (S.W.). Norwich, (M.P.G:,S.W.),Hart. ford Bridge (S."W.), Belaugh, St. James' 'Pit, Catton, Whitling- ham, Bishop's Bridge, Thorpe (M.P.G.). Hartford Bridge, Earl- "ham. Bishop's Bridge, St. James' Pit, Be- laugh (M.P.G.). Norwich (coll. R. Fitch), Bishop's Bridge, rare (S.W.), Thorpe _(J.K.). Bishop's Bridge, com- mon, Hartford Bridge (M.P.G., S.W.), Trowse, Whitling- ham, Earlham, Thorpe (M.P.G.). Norwich. Norwich (rare) on flints (S.W.), Trowse, Post- wick (S.W., MS.),. St. James' Pit (com- mon) (J.E.T.), Mag- dalen Chapel, rare (S.W.), Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Norwich (R.F.). MoLLtrSCA. hamellibranchiata . Anomia ? - Area Marullensis, D'Orb. Chama insequirostrata, Woodw. Crepidula ? . Dianchora lata, Sby. striata, Sby. Byssoarca, Pal. Fran., Tef. Oret. iii., p. 205, t. 310, f. 3-5. Diceras, Geol. TSoxt., i. 5, f. 22. Dixon, Foss. Suss., t.- 28 f.SO. Min. Con.,t.80, f.l- Norwich (N.M.). Catton (T.G.B.). Norwich (E.F.). Norwich (M.P.G.),Hart- ford Bridge, St. Giles Gate, Trowse (S.W.), Thorpe, Postwick (J.K.). , Norwich (T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (S.W., J.K.). Norwich (N.M.). • T. obliqna of S. T/Voodward is not Cretaceous (Davidson). 14 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. Exogyra . . . Giyphsea Inoceramus conoenjificus, Park digitatus, Sby, giganteus, S. Woodw. -^— Lamarckii, Park - latus, Maiit. ^— striatus, Mant. Leda ? piilehra. Shy. - Lima scqualis, JS^b. — '■ — Brightoniensis, Mant. - granosa, Sby. granulosum, if. Woodw. - Hoperi, Sby. parallela, Sby. spinosa. Shy. Modiola quadrata, Shy. Neajra- . . - Ostrea concentrica, S. Woodw. '■ flabelliformis, Nilss.* - • frons, Park. - ■ insequioostata,S. Woodw. ■ larva. Lam. ■ NormaniaDa, D'Orh.^ - ■ semiplana, Mant. ■ triangulaiis, 5^. Woodvo. ■ vesioTilaris, Lam. Pecten BeaVeri, Sby. - oonoentrioue, S. Woodw. ■ elongatus, Lam. ■ nitiduSj Mant. ■ var. Mantel- liana, i)'0r6. GeoL.Trans. B, 1. 1, f. 4 Min. Con., t. 604 • (Not figured) ■ Dixon, Foss. Suss., t. 28, f . 29. Geol. Suss.,t. 27,f.l0 Geol. Suss., t. 27, f. 5 Dixon, Foss. gnss-, t. 28, f.lO. Spondylus - Plagiostoma, Spondylus ; Geol. Suss., t.2B,f. 15. Dixon, Fcss. Suss., t. 28, f. 24. ' PlafiiostomaV Geol, Norf., t. 5, f. 26. Plagiostoma, Min. Con., t. 280, Min. Con., t. 9 Spondylus, Plagiostoma, Dianohora j Mm. i Con., t. ?8 ; Geol. Norf., Tab. 5, f.26. M. elegans f S. Woodward ; Dixon, Foss, Suss,, t. 28, f.l3. (Leda?) Geol, Norf,, t. 6, t 5 Pet. Sueo., t. 6, f. 4 - Org. Rem. 3, t, 15, t. 4, Geol. Norf., t. 6, f. 4 O. oanaliculata, Min. Con., t.lSS,f. 1. O. lunata. Pal. Fr., Tor. Cr6t., t. 488, f.l. O. alseformis, Geol. Norf., t. 6, f. 1-3. Geol. Norf,, t. 6, f. 6, 7 GryphiBa globosa, Sby., Min. Con., t. 392. Min. Con., 1. 158 - Geol. Norf,, t. 5, f. 27, 28 - Ter.CriSt.,t. 410, f. 8-11 - D'Orb,, Ter. Cr(5t., t. 436, f. 1-4. Geol. Suss., t, 26, f. 4, 9. P. cretosus. Norwich (J.K.). Thorpe (M.P.G.). Catton (T.G.B.). Haitford Bridge (S.W.). Trowse, Bishop's Bridge (S.W.). Sprow-Ston. (J.K.). Norwich (S.W.). Hartford Bridge (S-W."), Tharston (M.P.G.). Catton (T.G.B.). Norwich (C. Barrois). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.), Thorpe (J.K.), St. James Pit ? (M.P.G.). Norwich (J.K.). Norwich, Hartford Bridge (SW., B.F., M.P.G.), Bishop's Bridge (T.G.B.), Thorpe (J.K.), Trowse, Tharston ? (M.P.G.). St. Giles' Gate (S.W.), Norwich (J.K.),, Stoke Holy Cross ' (N.M.), Catton (T.G.B.). St. Giles' Gate (R.B'.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L.), Trowse? (O. frons ? M.P.G.). Norwich' (J,K,). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (S.P.W.) Trowse, Hartford Bridge (M.P.G.). Norwich, Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.), St. James' Pit? (M.P.G.). Norwich, Hartford Bridge (S.W., M.P.G.), Sprowston (J.K.), Trowse, Whit, lingham,' Thorpe, St. James' Pit, Catton (M.P.G.). Norwich (S.W.). Hartford Bridge (S.W., M.P.G.),Thorpe(J.K.). Hartford Bridge (M.P.G.). Norwich (.T.K.). Hartford Bridge (S.W., M.P.G.), Bishop's Bridge, Trowse, Earl- ham (M.P.G.). ♦ Nilsson.'S. Petrifloata Suecana formationis CretaoeKi desoripta eticonibus illustrata, 1827. t D'Orbigny, A, Paltontologie Prancaise. Terrain CriStaoe, EISX OF UPPER CHiVLK FOSSILS. 15 Pecten orbicularis, Mant. —^— quinqueoostatus, Sby. • sexcostatas, S. Woodw. Pholadomya decussata, Phil. Pinna sulcata, S. Woodw. tetragona? Shy. — — sp. - Plicatula sigUlina, S. P. Woodw. Spondylus complailatas, D'Orb. Dutemplianus, D'Orb Avellana Cassis, D'Orb. Dentalium Dolium? Natica - - - - Neiinsea unicarinata, S. Woodw. Patella? . . - Pleurotomariaperspeetiva, Mant. Solarium Trochus Bastcroti, Brongn. TurriteUa Ammonites Catiuus, Mant, ■ IcenicuB, Sharpe - - Lewesiensis, SSy. - ■ peramplus, Mant. - ■ Portlocki, Sharpe - ■ Velledae, Mich. - ■ Jukesii ? Sharpe Aptychus GoUevillensis, SSarpe 'Icenicus, Sharpe - peramplus, Sharpe Portlocki, Sharpe - mgosus, Sharpe - Eaculites I'aujasii, Sby, Bclemnitella lanccolata, Schlt, mucronata, Schlt. Geol. Suss.,t.26,f.g Geol. Sus3r;t.S6,t.l0it.i tao. Geol. Norf.. t. 5, £. 28 Geol. Yorks, 1, t. 2, f . 9 Geol. Norf., t, 5. t. 23 Min. Con.,t..313,f.l Geol.' Mag., vol. i., t. 5, f. 1-6 Ter. Cr6t., t. 451, 1. 7-10 - Tar. OriSt.,t. 460k f. 6-11 - (iasteropoda. Cassis A-vellana, D'Orb. Ter. Crfit., 1. 169, f. 10-13. OeritMUm, Geol. Norf., t. 6, f.21. . Cirrus depressus, Troclius . linearis ; Min. Con.,t. 4?8, f. 1, 2, Qeol. Suss., t. 18, f. 12, 16, 18 ; ? C. striatums, Geol. Norf., t. 6, f. 20.» Geol, Norf., t. 6, f. 19 Cephalopoda. Geol. Suss., t. 23, 1. 10; Sharpe, Chalk Moll., Pal. Soc, 1. 18, f . 1. 1. 19,1.4 - Min. Con., t. 358; Sharpe, t. 21, i. 1. Sharpe, 1. 10, f. 1-3 - ,Ch.Moll./t.l3,f.2,S Sharpe. 1. 17, f. 7 ; t.l9,f.6 t. 23, f. 11 a-c t. 24,f. 5 f t.24,f.7a-6- A. crassns, H6b. ; Sharpe, t. 25, f. 10 ab. A. ohtusus, H6b. ; Sharpe, t.25^f,2^,6? A. insignis, H^b. ; Sharpe, t. 24, f . 8 ab, 9. Sixon, Poss. Suss., t. 27 - Actioocamax, Belemnites mucronata* ; Sharpe, Ch. Moll., 1. 1, f. 4-6. Selenmites eleotrinus ; Sharpe, Ch. Moll. 6,t. 1, , f. 1-3. Norwich (R.F.). Norwich (J.K.), Trowse, Bishop's Bridge, St. James' Pit (M.P-.G.), Eaton (J.E.T.). Hartford Bridge, Bi- shop's Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (N.M.), Catton (T.G.B.), Sprowston (J.K.), Bishop's Bridge (R.F.). Postwiqk (J.K.). St. Giles' Gate (S.W.). Norwich (J.K.). Cattqn (T.G.B.). Norwich (G.S.L.). St. James' Pit (M.P.G.). Trowse (M.P.G.). Norwich (S.W.), Stoke Holy Cross (B.F.), Bishop's Br. (T.G.B.). Bishop's Bridge (T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (N.M.), Bishop's Bridge(R.P.). Thorpe (J.K.). Hartford Bridge (S.W., N.M.), Thorpe (J.K.)i Hai-tford Bridge (S.W.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.), Trowse (J.K.). Catton (T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Thorpe (J.K.). Norwich, St. Giles' Gates, unique (S.W.) Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Norwich (T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Norwich (C. Barrois). Norwich (T.G.B.). Norwich (T.G.B.). Norwich (T.G.B.). Norwich. Norwich (T.G.B.). Norwich (J.K., T.G.B.). Bishop's Bridge, Catton, rare (S.W.), St. Giles' Gate (E.F.). Norwich, &c., abundant (S.W.). Norwich, &c., abundant (S.W.), Thorpe Ham- let (J.K.), Hartford Bridge, Earlham, Cos- tessey, St. James' Hill, Catton (M.P^G.). ♦ This may be Twbo gemmalm, Sby. (B, Etheridge.J 16 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. Belemnitella plena ? Blainv. ■ Hamites armatus. Shy. ? elliptious, Mant. Nautilus elegans, Shy. - ^ Deslongchaiiipsianue, li'Orh. sp. - radiatuB, Sby. ? or pseudo-elegans, X>'Or5.? Turrilites oostatus, Lam. • ■ sp. allied to polyplo- cus, Boem. Sharpe, Oh. Moll., Pal. Soc, 9, 1. 1, f. 12-16. H, plloatilis ; Mantell, Geol. Suss., 1. 18. f . B i t. as, !. 1,2. Geol. Suss., t. 23, i. 9 Sharps, Ch. Moll. 12, t. S, f. S ; t. 4, i. 1. Sharpe,Ch.Moll.,t.8,f.l,2 Mantell, Geol. Suss., t. 2S, 1.15; t. 24, f. 1, 4, 5; Sharpe, t. 27, f. 1-B, 16, 16. Ananchytes Isevis, Deluc ovatus, Leshe PCHI^ODERMATA.. Echinoidea. Holaster ; Ag. Eoh. Suis.l, t. S, f. 1-8.' Holaster, Echinooorys, Galea, A. hemispjierica, A. puatulosaj Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., Deo. 4, t. 6. • planus, Mant. Bourgeticrinus oylindricus, • McCoy. ellipticus, Miller ■ Milleri, McCoy - Cardiaster excentrioue, ifos«f - grandiSi Benett — : granulosus, Gold/. - : — pilula, Lain. rostratus, Forbes'\ - Cidaris Eoeptrifera, Mant. SpatangUB, Geol. Buss.,t.l7, f. 9. Ann. N. H., 1848, p. 404 - Apioorinites i Bixon, Foss. . Suss., t. 20. Ann. N. H.,18«,p. 405 - Spatangus, Geol. Nori., 1. 1, {. 6 i Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., Dec. 4, t. ICWright, t. 70, f. 1 a-k. Cat. Wilts Eoss., p. 7; S.P.W., Appendix, Deo. 5, " Meih. Geol. Survey. rlolaster ieqnalis ; Spatan- gus eordiformis, Geol. Norf., t. 5, f. 6; Borbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., Deo. 4, t. 9. C. ananchyti^ J 'Wright, Cret. Eoh. Pal. Sec, t. 69, f. 2 a-i, 8. Holaster j Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., D 30. 4, t.. 8. Spatangus, Geol. . Nprf.,. Tab. 5, f. 7 ; Forbes, Mem. Geol. Surv., Dec. 4, 1. 10 : Wright, t. 70, t. Sffl. C. cretosa, Geol. Suss., t.l7 ; Dixon, Fobs. Suss., t. 25, 1.3,6! WrightCret.Eob., Pal. Soc, t. 5, f. 16,17;t. 6; t.7,f.l,2; t.7a.t. 1,3. Trowse, Hartford Bridge, Costessey, St.Jas'HiU(M.P.G.). St. Giles', Norwich, Hart- ford Bridge, rare (S.W.). Catton(S.W., fragment). St. Giles' (S.W.), Thorpe (J.K.). Thorpe (J.K.). Norwich (N.M.,T.G.B.), " Hartford Bridge (J.K.). Catton (J.K.). St. James' HiU (M.P.G.). Hartford Bridge, rare (S.W.). St. James' HiU (M.P.G.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L.). Norwich, Hartford Br. (S.W., M.P.G.), Thorpe.Catton, Sprpws- ton(M.P.G.,J.K.), Cos- tessey, Whitlingham, Barlham, Drayton, Stoke Holy Gross, Newton Plotman . (M.P.G.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L.). Norwich (Morris). Bishop's Bridge (S.W.), Norwich (J.B.T.). Norwich (Morris). Hartfprd Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (J.K.). Norwich, Carrow (Eev. J. Crompton), Hart- ford Bridge (S.W., M.P.G.), Cattou" (T.G.B., M.P.G.), Thorpe (J.K.). Norwich (M.P.G., G.S.L.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (S.W.). • Agassia, L. Description des Eohinoderraes fossiles de la Suisse, 1889. t The genus Ivfnlaster is now used by Dr. Wright for those species. LIST OP UPPER CHALK FOSSILS. 17 Cypiosoma corollare, Klein ■ Eonigi, Mant. • magnificuiu> Ag. Siscoidea oylindrica, Lanl. Echinoconns abbreTiatus,t Desor. Epiaster gibbus, Lam. ■ Goniaster Innatus, S. Woodw. - Mantelli, Forbes rectilineus, McCoy - Micraster breviporus, Ag. cor-anguinum, Klein Salenia geometrica, Ag. ■ gibba, Ag.X ■ magnifica, Wright • petalifera, Defr. Echinus saxaiilis, <6eol. Suas., 1. 17, 1 2 i AVright, op. Deo. 1, t. 5 ; Wright, t. 33 ; t. 42, f . 3. Hartford Bridge, St. GUes' Gate (S.F-). SproTSton (S.W.).* Near Norwich (J. Mid- dleton), Thorpe (J.K.). Norwich (S.W.). Norwich, Hartford Bridge, Trowse (S.W.), Bishop's BridgBj St. James' Pit, Earlham, Thorpe (M.P.G.). Hartford Bridge (S.W., T.G.BO, Thorpe (M.P.G.). Norwich (G.S.L,). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (Morris). Hartford Bridge. Hartford Bridge (T.G.B.), Thorpe (M.P.G.). Norwich (N.M.), Thorpe (J.K.). Thorpe (J.K.), Near Norwich. Norwich, Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Ditrupa ? - - Serpula carinata, S, Woodw. contracta, S. Woodw. fiuctnata, S. Woodw. lituitis, Defr. - lumbricus, Defr. plana, S. Woodw. obtusa, Sby. Annelida. Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, fig. IS - Geol. Norf.-, Tab. B, flg. 19 - Geol. Norf., Tab. 5, flgs. IB, 16, Geol. Norf., Tab. 6, fig. 9 Min. Con.,t.608,f.8 Trowse (M.P.G.). On Ananohytes, &o. (S.W.). Norwich (S.W.). On Ananohytes, &c. (S.W.). Norwich (Barrois.). Norwich (Barrois.). On Cardiaster, &o., rare (S.W.), on Micraster corangoinum (Nor. MuB.R.E.),on Rhyn- chonella plicatilis (Nor. Mus. R.E.), Norwich- (S.W.). ♦ The occurrence of this species at Norwich is doubted by S. P. Woodward (Geologist, vol. v., p.42). It is mentioned by Prof. Morris from "Norfolk "(Cat, Foss.), and ed., p. 75. t Mohinocorms conicus, Breynius, has not been definitely recorded from the Chalk of Norwich. /See Forbes on Galeritea albogaUrus, Decade, 3, t. 8 ; Wnght, Pal. Soc, t. 49, f. 2-4, t Agas'siz, L.' Monographies d'Echinodermes vivans ot fossiles, 1838. Q 6483. 18 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTE* AROUND NORWICH. Serpula plexus, Sby. - pusUla, Sby. - spirulsea, G, JB. Sby. vortex, S. Woodw. Terebella Lewesiensis, Mant. Vermioularia - Vermilia ampullacea, Sby. macropus, Sby. striata, S. Woodw. Min. Con., t. 598, f. 1 Min. Con., t. ( Genera, 22 - ;5, f . Geol. Norf., Ta\). B, fig. 10- 12. S. aooumulata, S. minuta. W. Davies, Geol. Mag. Dec. II., vol. vi., {). 143. Serpula ampullacea, Min. Con. t. 897, f. 1-5. Sorpula macropus, Min. Con. t. 597, f. 6. Serpula striata, Geol. Norf., Tab. 5, flg. W. Norwich (S^P.W., G. S.L., T.G.B.), Ea- ton, St. Giles', common (S.W.), Hartfora Bridge (J.K.,M.P.G.). Norwieh (Morris). On Cardiastev, &c., rare (S.W.). Norwich (S.W.). Norwich (T.G.B.). Thorpe (J.K.). Hartford Bridge, St. Giles', common (S.W.), Norwich (Nor. Mus., T.G.B.). Norwich, on Ananchytes - (S.W., T.G.B.). On Ananchytes, &c. (S.W.). Loricula pulchella, G. B. Sby. PolUeipfcs Angelini, Oarw. fallax, Darw. ■ striatus, Darw. Pyrgoma cretaeea, S. Woodw. Scalpellum* fossula, Darw. - maximum, J. Sby. maximum, yar. sul- catum, J. Sby. maximum, var. oy- lindraceum, Darw. inaximuni, var. ty- picum, Darw, sp. - Verruca prisca. Bosquet Ckustacba. Cirripedia. Darv^in, Foss. Lep., Pal. Soc. t. 6, i. 1-4. Foaa. Lep., t. 8, f. 7 - Toss. Lep., t. 3, f. 10 Poss. Lep., t. 4, f. 5 - Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 258, pi. xiv., f . 1, 2. Foss. Lep., 1. 1, f. 4; PoUi- cipes maximus, J. Sby. Pollioipes maximus, J. Sby.; Toss, Lep., t. 2, f. 1-10. Pollioipes suloatus, J. Sby. ; Foss. Lep.i t. 2, f . 3. Poss. Lep., t. 2, f. 2 - Poss. Lep., t. 2, f. 1, 4, 5, 8 • Darwin, Mon. Bal. & Verr., Pal. Soc. t. 2, f. 10 a-c. Norwich (British Mu- seum'). Norwich. Norwich. Norwich. Norwich. (T.G.B.). Norwich. St. Giles' Gate (S.W.), Hartford Bridge (S.W., MS., M.P.G.). Magdalen Chapel, near Norwich, rare (S-W.). Norwich. Norwich. Trowse, Hartford Bridge (M.P.G.). Norwich. Entomostraca. Cythere umhonata, Williamson Cythereis alata, Bosquet Lonsdaleiana, J ones - macrophthalma. Bos- quet. Cytherella WiUiamsoniana, Jones, var. granulosa. Cytheropteron nmbonatura, Will. ! Jones, Cret. Ent., Pal. Soc. 12, t. 2, 1 3. Jones, Cret. Int., t. 6, f. \i Cret. Ent., t. 5, f . 12 Jones, Cret. Ent., t. 2, f. 8 - Cret. Ent., t. 7., f. 26< Norwich. Norwich. Thorpe. Thorpe. Thorpe. • Specimens of Scalpellum have been obtained from Hartford Bridge by Mr, Fitofa : and from Thorpe, Postwiok, and "Whitlingliam by Mr. J. King. ■ ■ ' ' LIST OF UPPER CHALK FOSSILS. 19 Podophthalmia. Enoploclytia Sussexiensis, JUaiit.] Gtol- Suss., t. 20, f. S ; Falge- I astaous Dixoni. Thorpe (J.K.). Beryx, sp. - _ - CimoUchthys Lewesiensis, Zeidy Coiax falcatus, Aq. maximns, Dixon ■ pristodontns, Ag. Dercetis elongatus, Ag. Edaphodon Sedgwiokii ?, Ag. Enchodus halocyon, Ag. Hybodus, sp. - Hypsodon ? Ischyodas planus, Newt. ? Lamna acuminata, Ag. ——— subulata, Ag. - Notidanus microdon, Ag. Odontaspis gracilis, P. and C. Osmeroides Lewesiensis, Mant. Otodus appendiculatus, Ag. obliquus, Ag. - Oxyrhina heteromorpha, Reuss. ManteUi, Ag. Protospliyrsena ferox, Leidy Ptychodus altior, Ag. - ~— mammillaris, Ag. - Strophodus? - Tomognathus moidax, Dixon - Pisces. Saurodon Leanus, As?. ; Sixon, Foss. Siiss., 1. 80, (. 28, 29 ; t. 81*, f. 10. Dixon, foss. Siias., t. 82, f. 10. Pixonj Poss. Suss., t. 30, f. 17. Dixoii, Foss. Suss., t. 3!li, f . 6 E. T. Newton, Chiniseroid Fishes, Mem. Geol. Sur- vey, p. 11. Esox Lewesiensis, Sixon, Foss. Suss., t. 30, t. 20, 27 ; t. 31, 1. 11. B. T. Newton, Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 37. Squiclus cornubicus, Sixon, Foss. Suss., p. 30. f. 19, 26, 3*, t. 81, f. 18. Fictet and Campicbe, Fos- siles du terrain CTitacA de Sainte-Croix, p. 87. Squalus Pliillipsii ; Dixon, Toss. Suss., t. 30, f. 30. Piotet, &o., op. eit. - Salmo Lewesiensis, Dixon, Foss. Suss., t. 33, f . 4. Dixon, Fos9. Suss., t. 80, f. 25; t.Sl,£.17. Dixon, Foss. Suss., 1. 10, f. 32-36. Squalus Zygsena; Dixon, Foss. Suss., t. 30, f. 21. SauTocephalus lanciformis, Harlan" Dixon, Foss; Suss., t. 80. f . 21 ; t. 81, f. 12;t.32*,f.l,10,10*jt.34, f.14. Dixon, Foss. Suss., t. 30, f. 10. Diodon ; Dixon, Foss. Suss., t. SO,f. 6; t. 31, f.4. Dixon, Foss, Suss., t. 35, f. 1 Norwich (R.F., J.B.T.). Norwich (R.F.). Norwich (N.M., B.F.). Norwich (R.F.), Hart- ford Bridge, Stoke Holy Cross (M.P.G.). Norwich, (Barrois). Norwich (Morris). Norwich (Brit. Mus., T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.), Norwich (N.M., II.F.?). Bishop's Bridge (M.P.G.). Norwich (N.M.,M.P.G.). Norwich (T.G.B.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.), Norwich (B.F.). Norwich (R.F.), Bi- shop's Bridge, St. James' Pit (M.P.G.). Norwich (R.F.), Hart- ford Bridge (S.W.), Bishop's Bridge (M.P.G., N.M.), Thorpe (N.M.), St. James' Pit (M.P.G.). Bishop's Bridge (M.P.G.). Hartford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (G.S.L., C. Barrois). Norwich (N.M., R.F.). Bishop's Bridge, St. James' Pit (M.P.G.). Norwich (R.F.), Hart- ford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (Morris), Norwich (K.F. . Norwich (RF.;, Hart- ford Bridge (S.W.). Norwich (R.F.). Norwicl' ' (Morris). Leiodon anceps, Oieen • (Mosasauioid bones and teeth) Reftilia. Mosaaaurus. Owen, Cret. Sept., Pal. Soc, t. 9a. Dixon, Foss. Suss., lab. SI, 10-12 ; t. 38, 8, 9. Norwich (N.M., R.F.), St. James' Hill (R.F., M.P.G.), Bishop's Bridge (M.P.G.), Catton (R.F.) Whitlingham (M.P.G.), Hors'tead (R. John- «in).' B 2 20 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. With the exception of Coniferous Wood irom a gravel-flint found at Thorpe, near Norwich, no plant-remains have been discovered in the Chalk of. the dis- trict.* The two species of Confervites (C. fasciculata, Brong., Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, Tab. 4, fig. 1 j and C. Woodwardi, Mant., Medals, vol. i., p. 104) are in reality dendritic markings of iron- or manganese-ore.t In the collection of Mr. T. G. Bayfield (in the British Museum) is a specimen of Terebratula marked T, paucicostata, S. P. Woodward, which was obtained from Catton. AnancJiytes Bayfieldi, mentioned in the Catalogue of the Collection in the Museum of Practical Geology (1865), p. 309, was so named by S. P. Wood- ward, but never described (see p. 27). Forbes regarded it as a young specimen oi A. ovatuSr -Decade iv., Mem. Geol. Surv., p. 3. In his paper on the Chalk of Kent (Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 466), Mr. G. Dowker observes that " the fossils that occur in the Margate Chalk (its highest " division) are most of them identical with those of the Norwich Chalk," and adds, " it is clear that the Margate Chalk may on this [palseontogioal " evidence] be correlated with that of Norwich; and I am of opinion- that on " lithological evidence we may assume the Kentish Chalk to be as high, if not " higher, than that of Norfolk." Of 70 species recorded by Mr. Dowker from the Margate Chalk, 35, or only one half, are known from, the neighbour- hood of Norwich. Species oiMarswpites are abundant at a lower horizon in Norfolk, {ztme d Marsupites of Dr. Barrois) and I am disposed to regard the Norwich Chalk (assise 4 Belemnitelles) as constituting a higher zone than that of Margate : a view which Dr. Barrois has already expressed.'* The following species have been recorded from the Upper Chalk of Trimmingham and other parts of Norfolk, but not definitely from the district described§ : — Nodosaria. Trochosmilia comucopise, Duncan. Entalophora madreporaria, D'Orb. Eschara echo, D'Orb. Lunulites cretaceus, Defr. (L. ra- diatns). ■ regularis, D'Orb. Inooeramus Cuvieri, Sby. involutus, Sby. Bacuhtes niagnum, S. Woodward. Flints. Cidaris serrata, Desor. Cyphosoma elongatum, Cott. granulosum, Goldf. Echinoconus Romeri, D'Orb. Pentacrinus. Serpula granulata^ Sby, -— heptagona ? Von Hag. Vermilia pentangulata, Woodw. Cimolichthys (vertebrae), Lmdy, The flints are nodules of silica, which occur in approximately horizontal (though interrupted) lines from one to six feet apart, and these usually appear to correspond with the lines of bedding. .Sometimes, however, they have no connexion with the divisionaf lines present, and even the flint-layers themselves are often some- what irregular when looked at in detail' isolated flints occurrino- above or below the general line. " That the flints are niineral aggregations is proved by their irregular shape,, and the fact that they have been formed round various organisms that have served as nuclei and have sometimes moulded their outlines. Of these nuclei may be mentioned rep- tilian teeth, fish remains, and many kinds of moUusk, sea-urchin and sponge. In the collection of Mr. T. G. Bayfield (now in the British Museum) is a flint from Catton, in which a black siliceous ;* In the collection of M?. T. E. Amyot, P.R.C.S., of Diss, are specimens of Mnt witn Algae, ' , . f See Rose, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. i., p. ,326. J Becherches sur le Terrain Cr^tac^, p. 136. § See also Prof. W. J. SoUas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, voL Vi., p. 384. FLINTS. 21 pebble is enclosed. That the flints have been formed subsequently to the deposition of the Chalk that immediately surrounds them is indicated by their shape, which could not have been assumed unless the siliceous matter -was enveloped and supported, and by the vertical lines of paramoudras which are sometimes con- nected. That some varieties of flint were formed subsequently to the consolidation of the beds, is suggested, by the occasional occun-ence of lines of " tabular flint," which sometimes occupy horizontal lines, at others fill vertical joints.* The silica itself was derived in the first instance from the sea- water, partly by organisms which have to provide themselves with a siliceous framework, as certain Sponges,! Polycistina, and Dia- tomacese. The decay of these, and especially of Sponges, would yield most of the material for the flints in the Chalk, And fur- ther, it is considered that the decomposition of certain organisms would produce chemical changes sufficient to eliminate silica from the sea-water, and to assist in its deposition. From .the fact that the majority of flints exhibit spongiform structure, it has been argued that their method of formation was essentially organio.l It may, however, be said that the majority of flints enclose organisms, such as Foraminifera, that were once calcareous, and hence it seems clear that the sponges in certain cases simply acted as nuclei, around which the siliceous matter was deposited, while their decay in other cases assisted the process of formation of the flints, causing the soft mud of the Chalk sea to be impregnated with silica. Flints of very fantastic shape are common at Tharston Furze Hill; also at Trowse. The most puzzling point is the origin of the layers of flint. Their comparative regularity, looked at in a large way, points to some connexion with the stratification of the rock., In this respect they are analogous to the Septaria of the great clay formations, and to certain forms of Alabaster met with in the New Red Marl. They must have been formed before the Chalk was upraised, and their formation may in some instances have taken place during the process of its drying from saturation, and have been induced or accelerated by the pressure of continual deposits, for it has been stated by Mr. Sorby that mechanical pressure increases the solubility of most substances. Dr. Wallich, who insists that in their method of origin flints may as truly be considered organic products as the Chalk itself, * Obliques reins of flint have been noticed in the Chalk near Wells. S. "Wood- •ward, Geol. Norfolk, p. 27. ■f Br. Wallich has recently stated his opinion that " the comparatively bulky " siliceous framework and spicule system of the deep-sea vitreous sponges must " constitute the main source of supply of that material [silica] for the flints." Quart. Jonm. Geol. Soc, vol.-xxxvi., p. 79. Prof. W. J. Sollas considers that in many- cases sponge-spicules fumighed the silica of flints. Ann. and M^g. Nat., 5th ser., vol. vi., p. 441. J v. Kitten, Trans. Nor£ and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. i., pp. 51, 81 1 Naturalists' Circular, April 1868, p. 101. Dr. G. J. Hinde also attributes the silica of flints to the skeletons of siliceous sponges. Fossil Sponge spicules from the Upper Chalk, p. 79. 22 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTKY AKOUND NORWICH. has given an explanation of the flint-layers -flrhioh makes their regularity much jnore intelligible than it has been hitherto. The upper layer of Chalk-mud at the bottom of the abyssal ocean is the home of nuinerous vitreous or siliceous sponges. The mud itself was found by Sir Wyviile Thomson to be " entirely " filled with the delicate siliceoiis root-fibres of the sponges, bind- " ing it together like hairs in mortar. It was actually alive ; it " stuck together in lumps, as if there were white of egg mixed " with it ; and the glassy mass proved, under the microscope, to " be living Sarcode." This sareode is stated by Dr. Wallich (from whose paper I quote the abbve passage) tp be sponge-protoplasm, a substance almost universally distributed over those areas of the abyssal ocean that aj*e occupied by the calcareous mud ; and the protoplasmic layer, owing to its inferior specific gravity, floats, as it were, upon the calcareous mud. \ Thus this superficial layer contains a large per-centage of silica, not merely from the sponges themselves, but from the continual subsidence of minute dead siliceous organisms, which become in- corporated in its mass. Finally it becomes supersaturated with silica, and the first step towards the consolidation into flint is accomplished. Flint is itself a colloid, or, in other words, able to form colloidal or gelatinous combinations with albuminous and other materials, and Dr. Wallich remarks that to this " idiosyncrasy " of silica were due " the almost perfect incorporation of the organic silica with a " colloid material, the unique Amcebiform, nodulation of the flints, " and its homogeneousness, whether occurring in nodules, in con- " tinuous sheets parallel to the stratification, or as sluggish over- " flows into fissures in the Chalk."* ' This last suggestion is of especial interest when read in con- junction with Ehrenberg's remarks on Paramoudras, quoted a little further on (p. 25). Some of the vertical layers of flint would seem to have been formed after the partial consolidation and shrinking, if not after the upheaval of the rocks, and when vertical and other joints had been produced. [Some very suggestive remarks on the formatiop of flint-layers will be found in the Memoir on the Geology of the neighbourhood of Cambridge, by Messrs. W. H. Penning and A. J. Jukes-Browne, pp. 69-71.] Paeamoudbas. The Norwich Chalk is characterized by the huge flints termed pot-stones, or " paramoudras." These flints vary in length from about 8 inches to 2 feet, and in diameter from 8 inches to at least 3 feet. Still larger forms have been described at Sherringham and Kunton by Mr. C. B. Rose. In form the paramoudras are rudely * Dr. Wallich, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., pp. 74, 76, 88, 89. With this paper should also he read the interesting paper by Prof. SoUas, before men- tioned. I'AEAMOUDEAS. , 23 cylindrical or tubiform, having a central cavity passing through their longer axis, which occupies a vertical position in the Chalk. The term Paramoudra has been a source of much perplexity. It was introduced from Ireland by Dr. Buckland, who first de- scribed these curious flints found on the coast of Antrim and at Moira, in county Down.* Mr. H. Norton, F.G.S., suggests that the word is an anglicised form of the Gaelic and Erse words for " sea pear," most likely used in the plural, peura (or peira) muireach. The occurrence of paramoudraa in Norfolk was pointed out by E. 0. Taylor, and subsequently by Lyell, who observed them both singly in the Chalk, and also arranged in nearly continuous columns at right angles to the ordinary and horizontal layers of small flints. Lyell sSys : — " I visited, in the year 1825, an exten- " sive range of quarries then open on the river Bure, near Hor- " stead, about six miles from Norwich, which afforded a con- " tinuous section, a quarter of a mile in length, of white chalk, " exposed to the depth of 26 feet, and covered by a thick bed of " gravel. The pot-stones, many of them pear-shaped, were usually " about 3 feet in height and 1 foot in their transverse diameter, " placed in vertical rows, like pillars at irregular distances from " each other, but usually from 20 to 30 feet apart, though some- " times nearer together, as in the above sketch. These rows did " not terminate downwards in any instance which I could examine, " nor upwards, except at the point where they were cut off" " abruptly by the bed of gravel. On breaking open the pot- " stones, I found an internal cylindrical nucleus of pure chalk, " much harder than the ordinary surrounding chalk, and not " crumbling to pieces like it, when exposed to the winter's frost. " At the distance of half a mile, the vertical piles of pot-stones " were much further apart from each other." f R. C. Taylor observed that not only was the chalk inside the paramoudraa impregnated with silex, but also that which separated the flints when one paramoudra occurred above another.^ A view of the Chalk Pit at Horstead, from a drawing made by the late Mrs. Gunn on September 1st, 1838,, has been published in Lyell's Elements of Geology. - On visiting the Horstead pit (the one north of Wroxham Old Hall) 50 years after Lyell, I found only a few scattered para- moudras; in 1878 the pit was. closed. Vertical lines of two and sometimes three paramoudras have been exposed in the Chalk at Whitlingham and Trowse ; and at St. James's pit, in company with Mr. Whitaker, I saw a line of three if not four paramoudras, which appeared in the layers of flints that were four or five feet apart. One paramoudra was nearly Y feet long, and extended through two layers of flints. * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 1, vol. iv., p. 413 ; see alto figures by Parkinson, ibid., t. 24 ; Mantell's Medals, p. 268. t Elements of Geology, 1865, p. 320. X Trans. Geol. Soc, and ser., toI. i., p. 377. 24 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTEY ABOUND NORWICH. So far as my experience goes, many more instances might be cited where the paramoudras occur in an isokted position, or irregularly one to another, than where they occur vertically one aboYC another. Such is the case at Trowse, Whitlingham, and Catton, where they occur in some abundance, as well as at Thorpe and Coltishall. Joshua Trimmer noticed them also at Eackheath Kiln. Many years ago Mr. E. Fitch pointed out the occurrence of a tube that passed through the long axis of each chalk-nucleus in the centre of the paramoudra. This tube he found to vary in diameter from the thickness of an ordinary-sized quill to that of the finger, and its waUs were generally of a greenish colour.* What reference this tube might have to the mode of formation of the flint was left open. While the paramoudras are sometimes smooth, at others they are covered with numerous flinty processes. Mr. Gunn has re- marked that " whenever they come in contact with the horizontal " layers of nodules they are found to throw out side branches, " and to assimilate in form with the nodules ; and, again, as their " vertical lines rise above the horizontal layers, they re-assume " their ordinary form." t So variable indeed are the shapes assumed by huge flints, that I believe a series might be obtained to show transitions from the most symmetrical paramoudra to a large irregular and tabular mass of flint having one or two openings or cavities in it. Mr. T. G. Bayfield had in his collection a paramoudra having a double cavity, and there is a similar " double paramoudra " in the Ipswich Museum. Paramoudras have by several authorities been regarded as organic bodies. Thus the paramoudra was grouped as a sponge by Samuel Woodward (in his " Synoptical Table of British Organic RemainSj p. 5, and in his " Geology of. Norfolk," p. 46); Prof. Morris (in his Catalogue of British Fossils, 2nd edit., 1854, p. 29) groups it under the Amorphozoa (Siphonidae ?), with the na,me Paramoudra Bucklandi, Moma ; while Mr. R.Tate notes it as Ccelos- cyphia Paramoudra, Buckl., sp. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxi., p. 32) and Mr. Kitton is inclined to think it belongs to some species of Halichondr (Naturalist's Circular, April 1868, p. 102). Lyell remarked that " these pear-shaped masses of flint often " resemble in shape and size the large sponges called Neptune's " cups {Spongia patera, Hardw.), which grow in the seas of " Sumatra; and if we could suppose a series of such gigantic " sponges to be separated from each other, like trees in a forest, " and the individuals of each successive generation to grow on the " exact spot where the parent sponge died and was enveloped in " calcareous mud, so that they should become piled one above the " other in a vertical column, their growth keeping pace with the " accumulation of the enveloping calcareous mud, a counterpart " of the phenomena of the Horstead pot-stones might be ob- * Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840, new ser., vol. iv., p. 303, with notg by E. Charlesworth. t Geology of Norfolk, 1864, p. 9. An etching of six specimens of paramoudsas accompanied Mrs. Gnnn's etching of the Horstead Chalk Pit, from which a wood- cut in Lyell's Elements was engraved, FOSSILS FROM FLINT-GEAVEL. 25 « tained." * This explanation, if accepted for some of the more definitely formed paramoudras, ought not to lead us to class these bodies as organic remains, inasmuch as the flint is in no case more than a mineral accretion around an organic body. Ehrenberg did not even consider that the forms of the paramoudra were derived from an organic nucleus. He remarked as follows : — " The sinking of this silica, deriving its origin from organic fragments, by its own gravity, in a funnel shape, through a more solid but naturally still soft layer of chalk, may probably be ex- plained from local circumstances (perhaps from air-cavities), which caused the yielding of the yet soft subjacent chalk, where large horizontal flat masses of silica had collected, and could in its pulpy state stiU sink in the form of a funnel, when the superior layer of chalk pressing down on it formed the core," f Such an explanation might account for the lengthened para- moudras seen in the St. James's pit. {See remarks, p. 22, 23.) There is no deposit of clay-with-flints, like that so conspicuous in Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire, anywhere in the district examined. The thick beds of flint-gravel, especially those on Mousehold, Poringland, and Strumpshaw Hills, testify to the great destruc- tion of the Chalk ; and they are of considerable interest from the many organic remains that have been found in the flints. These are enumerated In the accompanying list, and a study of it will show that a number of the species have not been met with in the Chalk of the neighbourhood. Of the Sponges not so met with, all the species have been found elsewhere in the Upper Chalk of England. The two Brachiopods, not found in the Norwich Chalk, are Lower Chalk species; and this is also the case with Inoceramus mytUoides, I. undulatas, and I. Wehsterii, with lAma aspera, and Plieatula inflata. Inoceramus Cuvieri is known from the Upper Chalk of other parts of England. Of the Echinoderms, two of the species, Catopygus and Echmoconus suhrotundus are Lower Chalk forms, the others are found in the Upper Chalk of other parts of England. A comparison of this list with that of the fossils of the Norwich Chalk will show that there is no foundation for the notion that the sponges indicate a higher zone gf Chalk than is developed at Norwich ; nor do I think, as has been supposed, that they are more abundant in the gravel-flints than in those obtained directly from the Chalk, an idea which has no doubt arisen from the fact that a much larger number of the former are accessible. Dr. J. E. Taylor informs me that flint casts of Cliona-borings are confined to specimens fromr the gravel. The borings were most frequent in shells of Belemnites and Inoceramus, and the flint casts have been formed by the original dissolution of the shells from the Chp.lk.* The list of fossils from the flint-gravels points to a destruction not only of the Upper Chalk, but also of the lower divisions, which appear at the surface ia West Norfolk. * Elements of Geology, 1865, p. 321. t Mag. Nat. Hist., 1839, p. 163. X See S. P. "Woodward, Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 576. 26 QEOLOGT OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. The following List of the species obtained from the flints of the gravel around Norwich has few precise references as to locality, nor is this a matter of much moment. It includes all the species enumerated by S. Woodward (Geol. Norf. p. 36) ; these are marked " S.W.," and many of the specimens are now in the Norwich Museum. Other specimens, marked " T.G.B.," were collected, by Mr. Bayfield, and are now in the British Museum, while those marked "J.K." belonged to the collection of Mr. John King, and were examined and named by Mr. Etheridge.- Those marked* have not been recorded from the Chalk of the district, or from flints obtained directly from the Chalk. List of Fossils found in the Flint-Gkavel of the Neighbourhood op Norwich. PLANTiB. ♦Coniferous Wood. Thorpe (J.K.). Spongida. *Brachiolites (Spongia) labyrinthicus, Mant. Norwich (S.W.), Thorpe (J.K.) *Cephalites (Ventriculites) Benettiae, Mant. (J.K.) * • compressus, T. Smith. (J.K.) *Choanites Konigi, Mant. (S.W., JiK.) Cliona. (J.K.) -; cretacea, Portl. (Clionites Conybearei, Morris, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2., vol. viii., PI. iv., f. 9.) Coeloptychium agariooides, Goldf. < (Nor. Mus.) Coscinopora globularis, D'Orb. (S.W.) * -. (Spongia) porosa, PhilL (S.W.) *Laterotubigera Cenomana, D'Orb. (J.K.) Soyphia ? cribrosa, Roem. (S.W.) Spongia ramosa, Mant. (S.W., J.K.). Ventriculites decurrens, T. Smith. (J.K.) * impressus, T. Smith. (J.K.) infundibuliformis, Woodw. (J.K.) quinouncialis, T. Smith, (V. alcyonoides). (S.W., J.K.) radiatus, Mant. (S.W., J.K.) * (Spongia) Townsendi, Mant. (S.W.) *Xanthidium, Ehren. ACTINOZOA. Parasmilia centralis, Mant. (S.W.) POLVZOA, *Flustra foliacea ?. Woodw. (Geol. Norf., Tab. 1, f. 4.) (S.W.) quadrata?, Woodw. (Geol. Norf,, Tab. 1, f. 3.) (S.W.) MOLLUSCA. Brdchiopoda-f Crania Ignabergensis, Retz. (C. striata), (S.W., Nor. Mus.) Rhynchonella limbata, Schl. (Terebratula subplicata). (S.W.) — Mantelliana, Sby. (T. obliqua). (S.W.) * Martini, itfan*. (T. pisum). (S.W.) plieatilis, Sby. (S.W.) var. octoplicata, Sby. (S.W.) var. Woodwardi, Dav.'iT. Gallin*). (S.W.) *Terebratella (Terebratula) pectita, Siy. (S.W.) Terebratula camea, Sby. (T. elongata). (S.W., Nor. Mus., J.K.) — : r semiglobosa, Sby. (S.W.) f Casts of these are called " Hysterolites." S. Woodward, Geol. Norf., p. 38. FOSSILS FEOAI rLlNT-CjRAVEL. 27 ' LamelUbranchiata. Dianohora lata, Si^. (S.W.) *Inoceramus Cuvieri, Sby. ? Mousehold (J.K.) Lamarckii, Park. Mousehold (J.K.) Iatu3, Mant. (S.W.) * mytiloides, Mant. (S.W.) sti-iatus, Mant. (S.W.) * undulatus, Mant. ■ (S.W.) *• • Websterii, Mant. (S.W.) sp. Strumpshaw (M.P.G.) *Liina aspera, Mant. (S.W.) Brightoniensis, Mant. (S.W.) Hoperi, Sby. (S.W.) spinosa, Sby. (S.W.) Modiola quadrata, Sby. (M. elegans?). (S.W.) Peeten concentricus, S. Woodw. (S.W., Nor. Mus., J.K.) nitidus, Mant. (S.W., Nor. Mus.) orbicularis, Sby. (Nor. Mus.) — sexcostatus, S. Woodw. (S.W.) Pinna sulcata, Woodw. Bungay Common (S.W., Nor. Mus.). *Plicatula inflata, Sby. (S.W.) Gasteropoda. Pleurotoraaria ? (Cirrus, Trochus). (S.W.) Cephalopoda. Aptyehus (J.K.) Baoulites Faujasii, Siy. (S.W.) Belemnitella mucronata, Schlt. (with phragmacone). (Nor. Mus., R, Fitch, J.K.) ECHINOIDEA. Ananchytes Bayfieldi, S. P. Woodw. (MS.) (S.P.W., Nor. Mus.) (see ' p. 20). ovatus, Leske. (Spatangus ovalis). (S.W., Nor. Mus., J.K.) : planus, Mant. (S.W.), Norwich (T.G.B.), Bourgetiorinus. (T.G.B.) Cardiaster excentricus. Rose. (S.W.) granulosus, Goldf. (S.W., Nor. Mus.) pilula. Lam. Norwich (T.G.B.) rostratus, Forbes. (S.W.) *Catopygus, sp. (J.K.) *Cidari8 clavigera, Konig. (J.K..) seeptrifera, Mant. (C. cretosa)^ (S.W., J.K.) Cyphosoma corollare, Klein. (Echinus saxatilis). (S.W.) , sp. (Nor. Mus., J.K.) Echinoconus (Galerites) abbreviatus. Lam. (S.W.) * conicus, Ereynius.f ' (S.W., Nor. Mus., J.K.) * subrotundus, Mant. (S.W.) Epiaster. Goniaster Mantelli, Forbes (Asterias serailunatus). (S.W., T.G.B.) * mosaicus, Forbes. (J.K.) * Parkinsoni, Forbes (Asterias regularis). (S.W.) *Marsupites Milleri, Mant. Mousehold (J.K.) Micraster cor-anguinum, Klein. (Nor. Mus., J.K.) *Ophiura serrata, Romer. (O. Fitehii, Forbes, MS.) Mousehold (R. Fitch). Salenia geometnca.,Ag. Norwich (Dr. T. Wright). petalifera, Defr. (Echinus areolatus). (S.W.) f Casts of this species are called " Helmet Stones." 28 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AEOUm) NORWICH. Annelida. Vermicularia ? (Nor. Mus.) Ckustacea. Enoploclytia. (J.K.) Pollieipes? (S.W.) Pisces. Osmeroides Lewesiensis, Mant. (Salmo.) (.S.W.) Otodus, sp. (J.K.) appendiculatus, Ag. (Squalus mustelus). (S.W.) Besides the fossils here enumerated the following doubtful species have been recorded. S. Woodward records and figures Erycina complanata and Gryphea minuta ? * .The former appears to be a Lima, the latter an Inoceramus. He includes also Galerites {Echmocmus) pentangulus without figure or refe- rence, and Pectm muricatus, which is probably P. concmtricus. In the posses- sion of Dr. Henry Woodward is a MS. drawing by Dr. S. P. Woodward of a fossil from Household, named by the latter Pygaster costellatus ? Ag. S. Woodward also mentions the occurrence of iEtites, "spherical pebbles " having a nucleus origuiating in a sponge ; these are sometimes loose, the " pebbles are then called Eagle-stones." t The term ^tites was given by Pliny. Economic Products. The Chalk is extensively burnt for lime, but formerly in many more places than now. The flints are used for building-purposes and for road-mending. The Chalk pits, often called Marl pits, are from about 10 to 40 feet in depth. One of the largest is the pit under St. James' Hill, Mousehold ; another is situated above St. Matthew's Church, Thorpe Hamlet, and is a continuation of the Bishop's Bridge pit. The Chalk is also worked by means of tunnels or galleries driven into the hill-slopes, a plan adopted to avoid the removal of the " uncallow " % or superincumbent strata. At Stone HiUs, on the Dereham Road, near Norwich, the Chalk is worked by means of galleries, which extend a considerable distance into the hill, branching in various directions. These are not less than 6 feet in height and 6 feet in width, and are sometimes much more lofty. Here the men work with the light of tallow candles. A fall of earth into the workings which took place a year or two ago, caused the air to rush out of the entrance with such force as to do much damage to several wooden buildings adjoining. This mode of working the Chalk was prevalent in former years, and old galleries are frequently disclosed In the modern workings. Blomefield mentions that "Under St, Michael's Mount and " part of Mushold, are surprizing Caverns in the Earth, made by " digging the Chalk Stone for Lime, and the black Eliats for * Geol. Norfolk, tab. 1, figs. 8 and 11. ■f Ibid., p. 36 ; Synopt. Table; p. 41 ; see also Parkinson, Org. Rem., vol. ii., table J2, fig. 5. % Uncallow. — This term is locally applied to the material in a pit which is not •wanted ; thus where Chalk is worked the Crag is frequently called the " uncallow" ; where brickearth is dug the overlying sand or gravel may be similarly designated. CHALK PITS AND WOEKINGS, 29 " BuUding, with which these Pitts abound."* Old galleries have been exposed in St. James' Pit. An old working known as the " Whitlingham Cave " was closed about seven or eight years ago. In December 1823, when digging a well at Heigham Hill (St. Giles' Gate), near Norwich, the workmen suddenly came upon some extensive workings in the Chalk. These were described by Mr. G. W. Featherstonhaugh as consisting of various galleries about 8 feet in height, and from 2 to 5 feet in breadth, and occiipying a total length of 4,600 feet. He explained that the object of these workings was to extract the flints,; which were used in great quantity in the construction of the ancient buildings and walls cf Norwich. Upon re-opening the original entrance, which had been blocked up by ruins, the date 1571, with the name of one of the workmen,, was found written on the side of the cavern, a jea,t which was stated by Mr. Featherstonhaugh to correspond with a period when the walls of the city are known to have been repaired with flints, and various buildings formed of them. I To this account of the workings Samuel "Woodward adds the following : J " They are situate just without the walls " on the slope of the high ground which faces the north, in which ** slope were the original entrances now filled with earth. It " appears from our local historian [Blomefield] that an order was " issued by the Mayor in the time of Queen Elizabeth, that " before the arrival of the Queen (then on her progress through " Norfolk) the hills or heaps of dirt accumulated on the spot " should be levelled ; hence appears to have originated the " closing of these curious caverns, the rubbish haViUg been " thrown down the slope over the entrance. A date, 'John " ' Bond, 1571,' scratched in the Chalk, is somewhat confirma- " tory of this, it being only seven years prior to the arrival of " the Queen in 1578." In the parish of Horstead, where the Chalk rises from a few feet to about 25 feet above the level of the Eiver Bure, pits which have been opened by the river-side have been extended into the hills, in one locality for more than half a mile. As- the Chalk was worked away so a channel was made to allow the water to flow up to the portion of the pit worked, for the con- venience of the wherries. These old workings are all deserted now, and as the slopes have been planted with fir and larch, they present a very picturesque appearance, and the one mentioned by Lyell (see p. 23) is generally known as " Little Switzerland " ; a high arch spans the canal at one point. Another picturesque canal is situated near Wroxham Old HaU. Among the old pits now obscured was the City Limekiln, situated a little north-west of St. Peter's at Southgate ; another * Pol. Edit. (Norwich), p. 798. ■f Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 35. % Letter to Dr. Goldie, ofTork, dated 21 January 1830. 30 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. 13 immediately opposite the residence of J. J. Oolman, Esq., M.P., at Carrow ; while a third was situated between the churches of St. Michael at Thorn, and St. Julian. The old pit to the S.E. of Bishop's Bridge was called the Lollard's Pit, because there the followers of John Wyclif were " customably burnt." It is stated that indurated Chalk or " clunch " obtained from the pits at Household was formerly applied to the con.struction of the tracery of windows, &c. In Thorpe village some of the old Chalk pits are now converted into private gardens. Flints have been largely used' for building purposes, in most cases in the form of boulders derived from the gravels {see p. 129). Inlaid flint-work in church towers and porches is not uncommon. In the Museum at Jermyn Street, is a specimen of mosaic work designed by Frewer, of Catton. The Old Bridewell by St. Andrew's Church, Norwich, erected about 1400, is a fine specimen of flint work, according to Blome- field, " being esteemed the most curious wall of black flints " in all England for its neat work and lo6k, fhe stones being " broken so smooth and joined so well." The faces of these flints are covered with pittings, evidently due, so my colleague Mr. S. B.J. Skertchly observed, to the fact that in the original setting of the flints the workmen gave each one numerous taps with probably a wooden mallet, in order to fix it in position, and the blows induced incipient conchoidal fractures which were afterwards perfected by the action of the weather. At K Hartford Bridge and at Chalk Farm, St. Augustine's, Norwich, the Chalk is manufactured into whiting and linseed-oil putty. From Whitlingham the Chalk is sent to aid in the manufacture of Portland cement, at Burgh Castl6, near Yar- mouth. At Attoe's Pit, Catton, gun-flints were until recently manu- factured for export to South Africa by a man named Frewer, and by his son, but only at irregular intervals, and when ordered. The best flints were obtained in the " Sink bed " ; that is, in the basement beds of the pit above or near the. water line, where the flints were wet and unweathered. The top beds were not used. The flints both here and at Whitlingham, which are grey and black, are now worked and dressed for building purposes, being shaped into blocks with square or oblong faces. Gun-flints are occasionally manufactured at Whitlingham, and Mr. Skertchly mentions that Norwich flint has recently been brought to Brandon, owing to the falling off of the local supply.* The Chalk itself hardly enters into the agriculture of the district, being generally covered with Crag and Drift, or obscured by rain-wash on the slopes. West of Keswick Church, and between the church and Chapel Hill, Ihe Chalk appears quite bare at the surface. » See Memoir on the Manufacture of Gun Iflints, 1879, pp. 10, 14. 31 CHAPTER III.— TERTIARY. Eocene. Although the Lower London Tertlaries (Woolwich and Reading Beds and London Cky) have not been observed .at the suriFace, there is very little doubt that they are to be found beneath the Pliocene strata in the eastern pai-t of the area. Their occurrence at Yarmouth was made known in 1860 by Prof. Prestwich, and there 46 feet of Woolwich and Reading Beds and 310 feet of London Clay were described beneath 170 feet of newer deposits.* These Eocene beds therefore are probably present above the Chalk to the east of Surhngham and Wroxham, but in the absence of any borings their precise boundary can only be matter for conjecture. (See Plate I., fig. 2.) Pliocene— Upper Cragt — Norwich Crag Series. General Remarks. Under this heading are included all the beds in the district which are exposed between the Glacial Drift and Chalk. The Upper Crag thus comprises a variable group of sands, pebbly gravels, and laminated clays, with occasional seams or patches of shells. Near Norwich and in the Bure Valley it has a general thickness of about 30 feet, but at Beccles it attains as much as 95 feet, excluding the upper pebbly division. The ordinary succession of the beds is as follows : — 4. Buff false-bedded sand and red gravel, formed chiefly of flint pebbles, with also pebbles of quartz, and ironstone nodules. Veins and seams of laminated clay occur, and the gravel is occasionally cemented into a conglomerate or " Iron-pan."J [This division has been called the Pebbly Sands and Pebble beds, the Bnre Valley Beds, also the Westleton Beds.] 3. Laminated clay, with seams of sand and gravel ; or clay and sand in thin layers rapidly alternating, [This division has been called the Chillesford Clay.] 2. White and brown sand with pebbly gravel and ironstone nodules. [This division, including also No. 1, has been separated into an Upper or Chillesford Crag, and a Lower or Fluvio-marine Crag.] 1. Bed of unworn and rolled flints, cafled the " Mammaliferous Stone-bed." Chalk with flints. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., p. 449. f The term Upper Crag is used by the Geological Survey to include equivalents of Red and Norwich Crags, in distinction from the Lower Crag which includes the Cor^line Crag. 1 Iron-pan. — ^This term is locally applied to any bed of gravel or sand which has been cemented into a conglomerate or hard sandstone by iron-oxide. The term Chingle is sometimes applied to the pebbly gravel, being "gravel free from dirt" or ^hingle. 32 GEOLOGY OF THE OOTOTRT ABOUND NORWICH. Shells are most abundant in beds 1 and 2. They include As- tarte borealis, A. compressa, Cardium edule, Corbula striata, Cyprina Islandica, Leda oblongoides, Lucina borealis, Mactra ovalis, Mya arenarid, Mytilus edulisj Nucula Cohboldia, Pecten operculans, Tellina ohliqud, T. lata, T. pratenuis, Cerithium tricinctum, Litorina litorea, Purpura lapillus, Scalaria Grcen- landicd, Trophon antiquus, Turitella incrassata, T. terebra. Of these, all are living species, with the exception of Tellina obliqua, T. pratenuis, and Cerithium tricinctum ; while Nucula Cobboldim and Leda oblongoides if not actually living at the pre- sent day are very nearly represented. The shells occur very often comminuted, but sometimes entirej and in their natural positions. The bands of clay (3) have no doubt served in some instances to protect the shells from destruction by percolating waters, for when they occur in the pebbly gravel (4) they are generally in the form of casts. A species considered to be peculiar to the upper gravelly division is the Tellina BaltMca, hence the " Bure Valley Beds " are sometimes, called the " Tellina-Balthica Crag :" no further value, however, attaches to the division than that of a zone. The Weybourn Crag belongs to the same division. The impersistence of the shell-beds has been the subject of remark by almost every observer. In by far the larger number of sections of the Crag no organic remains have been found. In some pits where their former abundance has been testified to, they are now rare, or the seam has been entirely worked away. Wmle on the other hand, pits at one time yielding no shells have now become fossiliferous. Hence considerable interest is attached to every pit that is being worked. To its occasionally fossiliferous nature the Crag owes the atten- tion it has received. The shells were so early as 1729 noticed by John Woodward in his celebrated Catalogue, and they were subsequently illustrated by Parkinson, William Smith, and Sowerby. The earliest descriptions of the strata are contained in the writings of Arderon dating 1746, since which time they were not particularly noticed until, in 1823, E. 0. Taylor gave a clear and excellent description of the beds, and first applied in a definite geological sense the term Crag, a word commonly used in Suffolk to designate any shelly sand or gravel. Later, in 1833, the beds were described and most of the species were figured by Samuel Woodward ; and in 1836 Mr. Charles- worth proposed the term Mammaliferous Crag to distinguish the Crag beds of Norfolk from the Bed and Coralline Crags which he had previously separated* . The term Norwich Crag was subse- quently employed by Lyell in 1839.t Thus the terms Mamma- liferous or Norwich Crag came into use, and as a rule they were * The term "Icenian" was proposed Tjy S. P. 'Woodward for the Pliocene strata because their order of succession was first determined, by Mr. Chartesworth, in the eastern counties of England, the country of the Iceni. Manual of Mollusca p. 410 t Buckland, Address to Geol. Soc. 1840. ' UPPER CRAG (iTOEWICH CRAG SERIES). 33 taken to include the group of beds here considered as Upper Crag. The term Norfolk Crag was employed by John Phillips,* and Upper Crag by Mr. Godwin- Austen.f Of late years the beds and fossils in the principal sections have been examined and described very minutely, and it has been sought to establish divisions that have been made out in the so- called typical section at Bramerton, and to correlate divisions in other sections with them. Certain lithological characters and certain species of moUusca have been taken as guides in forming tlie subdivisions ; but un- fortunately the numerous observers have not only, as a rule, taken different views but have used different terms ; hence there have been imported into the subject of the Pliocene deposits of Norfolk such a number of local names and synonyms that the literature is very confusing to the student. J Thus in 1865 Mr. J. E. Taylor pointed out ' the differences in the two shell beds .exposed in the Crag on Bramerton Common. The upper bed contains a larger per-oentage of northern moUusca, and the most abundant species in it belong to somewhat deeper water than those found in the lower division. § Subsequently Mr. S. V. Wood, jun., correlated this upper bed of Crag with the Chillesford shell-bed above the Red Crag, and he paralleled a vein of brown clay which almost immediately overlies it, with the Chillesford Clay. The lower bed of Crag at Bramerton he regarded as the fluvio-marine equi- valent of the upper portion of the Red Crag. More recently Messrs. Wood and Harmer separated the fossiliferous pebbly sands and gravels of Belaugh, Wroxham, Crostwick, and other places in the Bure Valley from the Norwich Crag, regarding the occurrence in them of Tellina Balthica (soUdula) as an indication of their distinct age. And hence these pebbly sands came to be regarded by them as " Lower Glacial Sands," and (in 1866) caUed the " Bure Valley Beds."l| Still later Prof. Prestwich divided the beds into Norwich Crag, Chillesford day, and Westleton Shingle. He included most of the fossiliferous beds, whether with or without Tellina Balthica, as Norwich Crag. His Westleton Beds are, in the district now described, generally equivalent to the Bure Valley Beds.lT . The Crag has been described as a variable group of sands, pebbly gravels, and laminated clays, with occasional seams or patches of shells. And this is not only true of the several sections, if, for instance, we compare those at Thorpe, Postwick, Bramer- ton, and Whitlingham, one with another, but it is equally' true of the sections themselves, for as these are in course of time cut back for economic purposes, the sections vary continually, owing to the extensive false-bedding. None of the beds are persistent. * Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1863, Trans, of Sections, p. 86. f Brit. Assoc. 1868 ; Geol. Mag., vol. t., p. 475. J The name Norwich Crag is not even used by Messrs. Wood and Harmer in their map of the Crag District. § Geol. Mag., vol. viii., p. 314. li See Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 455 ; vol. vi., p. 232 ; vol. vii., p. 20. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xni., p. 547. See also Proo. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 50. Although Tellina SeUthicd was recorded hy Mr. S. V. Wood from the Crag at Bramerton (Men. Crag. Moll. vol. ii. p. 2.<«2) and by Dr. S. P. Woodward troln Postwick top-bed (Gunn's Geology of Norfolk"), these appear to have originated in mistakes. Harmer, Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc, vol. ii., p. 377. I have also, seen a specimen of this shell in the Leeds Museum marked " Bi-i'merton." f Quart. Jonm. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., 1871, p. 452. Q 6483. ^ 34 GEOEOCfY OK THE COUNTRY ABOUND NOEWIOH. The attempted subdmsions and correlations have been made on litholbgiod.! and Jl&laeontological grounds. On lithological grounds the Ohillesford Clay has been taken as an horizon.- It has been described as a beautifully laminated clay, comprising in reality rapid alternations of clay and sand, both very micaceous. At Aldeby, Surlingham, Hartford Bridge, South Walsham, Hoveton (near Wroxham Railway Station), Coltishall, and Ludham, there are good "jambs " of clay,* from 3 or 4 to 15 or 18 feet in thickness. These possess almost iden- tical characters. But at the " typical " localities'of Thorpe, Post- wick, and Bramerton, there is no conspicuous development of clay, and where veins are present they do not possess that beautiful lamination said to be characteristic of the Chillesford Clay. One who visited the' before-mentioned localities in succession wolild undoubtedly go away convinced that the Chillesford Clay was a well-marked horizon in Norfolk. But if he endeavoured to trace out these clays on the ground, noticing the intermediate sections, and the behaviour of the clays themselves, he would become con- vinced that while such laminated clays are characteristic of the Pliocene beds of Norfolk, they are not confined to one horizon, they were not all deposited at one particular time, and their absence is not necessarily the result of denudation. The sections at Coltishall and Hartford Bridge demonstrate that these clays are intimately connected by false-bedding with the pebbly gravels that often overlie them, and that they pass occasionally by interbedding in their' horizontal extension into sand and gravel. In some sections we find two or more bands of clay, any one of which might on lithological grounds be termed the Chillesford Clay. In other sections the lenticular or false-bedded character of the clays is exhibited. No where, however, are such features better shown than in the coa,st-sections between Cromer in Norfolk and Southwold in Suffolk, where the " Pre-glaoial laminated series " of Mr. J. Gunn exhibits many beds identical in character with " typical " Chillesford Clay, and in two if not more distinct horizons. Moreover the frequently abrupt termination of such laminated beds, and their constant change in character, do away with the faith which has been upheld, that such finely laminated: beds must have belonged to a v^idespread deposit. Hence the pebbly gravel that often overlies these clays does not necessarily belong to a distinct group. The sympfonis' of slight erosion found here and there, where the pebbly gravel rests on the clay, is but a character prevalent in the series at all stages, and might naturally be expected from the deposition of a shintfle over a soft clay. In some instances, too, erosion has taken place in comparatively recent times by springs, thrown out by the clay. At Coltishall the upper surface of a lower part of the laminaied * The term "jam" or "jamb" is applied to any impersistent, and generally lenticular mass of clay, marl, or brickearth— it is a bed "jammed between other strata."— (iVo/Z.) Some of these beds pf clay are shoT^n on the Geotogical Surrcy Maps. See note, p. 6. . o ^ UPPBE CRAG (NCmWiOH CRAG SBEIBS), 35 clay has been eroded, and overlaid by a lenticular mass of sand, and the same feature was to be seen at Hartford Bridge; In some cases, of course, clay may form the upper part of the Crag series, and Glacial sands may rest directly and uhconforifljibly upon it. Thus these clays of the Crag series will be spoken of as lami- nated clays, the term ChiUesford Clay not beiag in my opinion applicable or necessary, beyond the limits where that particular day can be continuously traced. It is undoubtedly represented in the Upper Crag, but whether by sand, gravel, or clay, in the several sections that have come under my riqtice, I could not pretend to say.* In some places the pit-sections show streaks of clay from top to bottom, and when these have been deserted for a time, the moss Funaria Kygrometrica thickly coats the exposed edges of the clay seams, marking them out from the sandy and gravelly beds intercalated, and adding much to the pretty appearance of the false-bedding. Hence the term " Laminated Series " applied to the Pliocene beds of East Anglia by Mr.Gunn is a very appropriate One. Turning now to the divisions based on organic remains, it is a fact that the two beds at Bramerton Common, present some differ- ences of local interest. But the two beds are merely separated by a few feet of felse-bedded sand, which contains shells spar- ingly! And while the lower bed contains a larger assemblage of species, only three rare forms foudd in the upper bed have not been obtained in the lower. The lower bed has been termed, by Lyell the Fluvio-marine Crag, because containing a mixture of marine, land, and freshwater shells, with bones of fishes and mammalia, it was clearly accumulated at the bottom of a sea near the mouth of a river.f The influence of freshets is seen in the varieties and monstrosities of the Purples and Periwinkles. But the deposit itself and the majority of the organic remains are so decidedly marine, that the term Fliivio-niarine, as remarked to me by Mr. Bristow and also by Mr. Etheridge, is rather ai^t to mislead* / While numbers *& Jones, Phil. Trans. 1«66, p. 881, pi. 14, i. S-6, pi. 16, f. 18-20; Ann. N. Hist., ser. 2, vol. xix., p. 21, pi. 10, f. 17-21. Thorpe. Thorpe. Thorpe. Aldeby (vr), Bramerton, Thorpe. Bramerton, Thorpe, Al- deby (vc). Aldeby, Thorpe. Bramerton. Aldeby, Thorpe. MOLLUSCOIDA. Polyzoa, (Species undetermined) -I' Aldeby, Bramerton. 42 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. •pB3}saojj ■n^qsi^ioo •ra'BipLOi_^ •q^'ESipiOBa; I SO o J3 •adjoqx •3[OU1}SOJ •niBqSiiiiJtq^ •nopag ^qii^ pq ■*H s,83iBia •pgg I8A1.01 •pgg J9dd0 •napntug ••^qspiV ■sgiooag ■nreqSniqojja CO -< ;-4 ^ o h U Fh tn t^ O. ph 1^. ^ o^ h . o o a o o ^^ ^ n _n u ^ J I 1 I I I I I r I LIST OF UPP?B OEAG FOSSILS. 43 5 a, a. 3 .a It) bo I I •pB9}SI0H •n^qSTJioo •nreqSnrna^iQ; I « I. ■ Cj ■ , N o M O ^ H O •qStiBiaa -^ - e o o •raBqxojjJA. ^ ■jpBaip[OBa o ^ « •acUoqx g o^ c«-. ch o E:° , -Jiomisoj; ? f-4 t^ o •niBq3liilinL4i. g h u o •uopaa i^qitH o (^ 1- •?Ta: s,93[Bta 1> ^1 o t-* •pag jaivoi % & ^ ?" J=" •paa oaddn ^ M u V •irBpunja o o u •^qapiV ^ ■ y o ^ w *<^ ^^ h {> •eapaaa ^ Fh ai • - "i4 ■ ' ' ns * > O lit I >■ ST3 si o a 3 m g. 5 a § a ^ B o S H'S'S Jl o o I a ^ii=s a s ens eg g « h ■s S is o IS 1 ' .a §a 44 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH, •pB8}SJ0JI ■Iioqsijioo ■ijSnBpa! •piBqxoj M •qjBannoBa o bo s I t3 (3 o ■■§ bO Q I I •adioqx o Pi 1^ B CV. M t4 t^ u o Fh h u ti4 h ^4 V O h f-l h h •qomjsoj •niBqSniRin^ ■nopag ifqiig; I i •}IJ 9.83iBia •pag laiio^ •pag ladd^ •lIBpmua •iCqapiV •sapoag ■mcqSaiqa)i(x I o e*- i; o ?»§; o o e: c^ t4 o h h F4 pg u g u O u O a o t4 O ^ t^ h M y s ■M- o h > P^ h k p M fn O o 6; O t^ H C«^ SJ w h U o o > a • O P 'II ,1 ^1 I I ■ I I I I I I Is • @ 1 H S ' ' g •a o P 'Hi §> 1 ^ I "tl si ^ '^^ g, «" •a cT «* U.S. SPt? ill li IS g k!' 2.B<.S «^ O 3 i * S § Is " * fe S a 1'Sa^'"' oo OD ^ g .2 4 "o a o o SB I I 8 LIST or UPPER CRAG FOSSILS. 45 •pBajsjojj 3 n3 g •am P v^ •llBqsi^ioo •qSiiBiaa •ntBtjxo.!^ •qiESTl^fOBa o 3 ':3 o ^ ^ •adioqi ■Jiom^soj o o h t^ o o t-l t^ *^< u u > ^ ^ u ? ^ ^ ^ u h o o t4 ^ ■•-1 •niBqSntpiq^ • uopaa jfqJiH 1 ^! i^- III s-OiS'2 S ^ g o LIST OF UPPER OMG FOSSILS. 49 o be Oh 3 ^ 60 o •raBqSmpiq^ ■nopag; ^vrs 'V i d CM n •pB3}SI0H ^ o . >^ •nBqsi^ioo 1:5: ? g =- •qSiiBiaa: CV, g t-t •nreqxoj^ o •q»B9ipiOBa •3dioqx h ) ^ eg u ■ •3IOIMJS0J i: g u n 'm. s?wv^ •pag iBAOi ►.^^ •pag: Jaddjfi ■Iiepnaia: •jCqapiv •6810392 •nreq3mqD}i{i 3 EH ■S-i ^■° 1 CH '■a 1 14 .a I I i4 I 1 fi. e3 eg o o (>. u Ph o- p ev. £; h ^ g » f; ^ ^a ^ . V ^ > ^ ;H b4 ^ g. f-t •sapoag; •aiBqSatqojid g' S n I p. '.3 -a 'a 11' f| a •a '»g Q ^ r#) SI I'^r^^'is" s is ^ 3 P<0 1^ s " a s w «1 3 iS LIST OF UPPER CRAG- FOSSILS. 51 •pB8;siojj •n^qsjiioo •ilSnBiGa •niBqxojji^ •qtB3II^D«3 ■adjoiii S ^ a. o 3 ^ 13 .a •^omisoj •nraqSarjjtq^ •nopgg iqii3 pq ■?!'s* a> a as , 5< ^ ,« D 2 52 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTBY ABOUND NOKWICH. •pnajsjoH ■ITOsm°0 o d ^ s >: DO R ^ ■qSn^iaa: •rnBqxojjVl. •qiB9q3[Ot3a •adjoqx f O g 6C •qomjsoj •niBqSmiitqTii •uopag: ^liys. H •JH S<92[B[a •psg; jaji.01 •pag jaddfi •IIBpraija •iCqapiV ■sapoaa •nraqSniqojjd o u ;>j ^ ' o u ^ u =^ h ■ ^u tH t4 u no u (^ o t~t u h o t^ t-i Fh ph ^£1 -& ^ ^4 ^ U . ^ ? ^^ o- ^ &: S: &• F4 ^ F4 H U > ^ ^H tH o h fH '*;;^-P ;^ fh U U o u u U »-i ' u t-l ' I 'I'll «. Bls.i < 1^ 1^ I 03 02 It's s ^ g I 1,3 'O DO g g gig 3 d-^ « I S P5 IP^ .a C ^ "^ a ■w S '^ 1^ a o LIST OF TIPPER CRAG FOSSILS. 53 3 P. J3 o I S-^' ■c s > H CO i§ •S fl a |1 •pBSlSJOH Ul "XIBTISIJIOO U U •qSiiBxaa ^ •mBuxoi^ ^ •qjBaqjIOBa h ■adioiix PH Fl U O U •3lom}soa M M ;4 o t-i h •ureqSuiptqAV. fr* O C3 •nopag A^IH o o a •}ij Sfl-spi^ ^ u o t^ •p9£[ J3A107 o t; o « &: &! ^<- -& •paaiaddfi tH »4 P 1^ ■HBpniua »H •^qapiV u P •sapoaa: o •raBqSniqo^ia; u £:=^ o ^ ^ 1 c^ ■ I 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 ■ I 09 1 1 N S .-B i «i S •i 1 Eh 1 t I E4 I 1 t 1 I > ■ k 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 > • IB s 1 ion antiquus, vai. coutr 1 ° 3 [J \ ( ii 1.^ 'Si ifS i "If ■fl §* ^ ■| II ^^ 54i GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. SchinocyamuB pusillus, Mali. - ■ SufColcieusis, Ag. Echinus (Spines) Serpula Annelid borings Cythere macro|iora, Bosq. Balanus bisulcatus ? Darwin crenatus, Brug. ' dolosus, Darwin ■ porcatus, Da Costa Caiciuus msenas, Perm, sp. Acipenser Carcharodon - Bsox . . - Hyliobatis Notidanus microdon, Ag. Flatax Woodwardi, Ag. Baia antiqna.j Ag. Zygobates? - - . Elasmobraiich and Teleostean vertebra, Qtoliies, Palatal teeth, &c. ECHINODERMATA. EcTiinoidea. Forbes, Tert. Ech.,Pal. Soo., t.l,f.8-15. Forbes, 1. 1. 1. 16 - Annelida. i: : : : :i Crustacea . Entomostraca. Mem. Acad. Selg. zziv., p. 97. Cirripedia. Men. Cir., Pal. Soo, t. 2, f. 2 B. rugosns, Mont.? B. balan- oides ; Hon. Cir., 1. 1, f. 6, ar-g. Mon. Cir., p. 28, t. 2, f. S, B. tessellatns, Mon. Cir., t. 1, f. 6 a^g. Decapoda. Malao. Podop. Brit., t. 5, f. 1-4. Pisces. Carcharitts ( W. H. Flower) Pike teeth Derived? Dixon, FosB. Suss., t. 30, t. 80. Poisa. Foss., S, t. 37, f . 33 - Foiss. Foss., i, 1. 19, f. 3 - Uria troile, Linn. Bird's (humeri) Avbs. Guillemot CW. H. Flower) Becclee. Beooles. Aldeby, Bramerton, Kir. by Bedon. Bramerton. Postwiok (Brit. Mus.). Aldeby. Thorpe. Bramerton, Postwick, Thorpe, Brundall, Al." deby. Postwick. Bramerton, Thorpe, Al- deby. Aldeby, Bramerton, Be- laugh, Ditchingham. Bramerton. Bramerton, Thorpe, Brundall, Beccles. (S.P.W., Bramerton ms.). Thorpe (R.F.), Aldeby (Crowfoot & Dow- Boln). Bramerton (J.^de Caux). Norwich (Lyell, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 318). Thorpe (E.F.), Bramerton (J.E.), Al- deby (Crowfoot & Dowson), Thorpe (K.F,, M.P.G.). Tiiorpe (E.F.), Bramer- ton (J.R.), Beccles (W.M.C:), Aldeby (Crowfoot & Dow- son). Thorpe (B.F.). Thorpe (E.F.), Whit- lingham, Wroxham, Brundall (M.P.G.), Beccles (W.M.C.), Ditchingham (C. Eeid), Bramerton (J.R.), Aldeby (Crow- foot & Dowson). Aldeby. (Crowfoot Dowson). , Thorpe (R.F.). LIST OF trPPBE OKAG FOSSILS. 55 Arricola intermedius, Newton - Balsenodou Bison or Bos . . . Cetacean (vertebra) Capra ? - - Cervus ardeus, Croizet §• Jobert elaphus, Zinti. - ■ Falooneri, Dawk. ■ Suttonensie, Dawk. ■sp. Delphinas Elephas antiquus, Pale. meridionalis, Nesti --sp. Equus caballus fossilis, Riitim sp. Felis pardoides, Owen - Hippopotamus, sp. Hyaena antiqua. Lank. Lntra - - - Mastodon aiyemensis, Croizet §■ Jobert. Fjboca, sp. Trogontherium Cnvieri, Fischer Ursus - - - - Bones (indeterminable) Rodent Mammalia. Geol. Mag., Deo. 11., vol, viii. p. 258. Whole Owen, Foss. Mam. f. 196t - Q. J. G. S., xxl*., t. 18, f. 9-12. Q. J. 6. S., xxxiv., f. 7-10, p. 412. fragments Dolphin CW. H. Flower) - A. Ii, Adams, Pal. Soc. Idem. Fragments • - - Owen, Foss. Mam. f. 142, WS.t Fragments - Foss. Jlam; t. 66t - Ann. Nat. Hiist, aer. 3., vol. xiii., PI. vlii.t M. cmgiistidens, Owen Foss. Mam., f. 97-101; Falconer, Q. J. (J. S., vol. xiii., PI. xii. Fragments ■ Humerus (identified by Prof. Flower). Owen, Foss. Mam., f. 71-78t Bramerton (J.R.), Thorpe (R.F.). Bramerton or Whitling- ham (R. C. Taylor, Geol. B. Norf.,p. 14), Aldeby. Thorpe (R.F. .Bos.*) Stoke Holy Cross (M.P.G.). Thorpe (M.P.G.). Thorpe (M.P.G.). Thorpe (R.F.*). Thorpe, Postwiok (R.F.). Thorpe (R.F.*). Horstead (J.G.). Stoke Holy Cross, Thorpe, Whitlingham (M.P.G.), Aldeby (Crowfoot & Dow- son), Horstead (R.F., M.P.G.). Aldeby (Crowfoot & Dowson). Horstead (J.G.), Thorpe CRF.). Thorpe (R.F.*), Hor- stead (J.G., B.F.). Bramerton, Thorpe (M.P.G.), Aldeby (Crowfoot &Dowson) Thorpe (R.F., E. plici- rfe»s?*M.P.G:),Whit- Ijngham (M.P.G.). Horstead (J.G.>, Aldeby (Crowfoot& Dowson). Thorpe (R.F.*). Norwich (R.F., R. C. Pitt). Thorpe (R.F.*). Thorpe (R.F.*). Thorpe (R.F.,*M.P.G.), Horstead (Rev. J. Lay- ton, S.W., J.G., R.F.), Surlingham (J.G.), Whitlingham (W. Smith), Postwick , (R.F., R. Wigham). Bramerton (H. Alexan- der, S.W.), Coltishall (Prestwich), Poring- land (J. T. Todd), Saxlingham Nether- gate. Bramerton (found by J. E. Taylor in " sand " beneath the Chilles- « ford Clay," J.Gunn). Thorpe (R.F;*). Thorpe (R.F.*). Hartford Bridges (M.P.G.). Aldeby, Bramerton, Thorpe. • list given by J. Prestwich, Q.J G. S., vol. xxvii., p. 456. t These ore references to figures of specimens not obtained from the Norwich Crag. 56 GEOLOaY OF THE OOUNTBY ABOUND NORWICH. The following species of Mollusea recorded from the Crag of " Norwich " are doubtful: — Ahra obovalis, S. Wood ; Artemis linetat, Pult."; Cardita scaldris, lieathes; Cytherea rudis, Poli; DvploAonta rotunaata, Mont. (Mus. Pract. GeoL); Glyeimeris angusta, Nyst.; Leda semistriata, S. Wood; Bulla alba. Brown (Cylichna.eylmdracea) : Chemnitzia elegantissma, Mont. (C. elegantior) s Erato liBvis, Don. ; Helix hispida, var. plebeium, Drap. ; lAtorina tenebrosa, Mont. ; Margarita grosnlandica, Chemn. (M. undulata) ; Natiea hemiclausa, J. Sby. ; Purpura tetrAgona, J. Sby. ; Rissoa confiniSf S. Wood ; Scalaria ■^bliacea, J. Sby. ; T¥ophon Ourmeri, Lov& ; T. Norvegicus, Chemn. Several Mammalia have also been recorded from the Norwich Crag, that require confinnatio;n. Among these are Arvicola campestris, A. arvalis, A. agrestis, Cdnis vulpes, Lepus cuniculus, Sus scrofa, and the Elk. Mr. Gunn informs me that the Fox was identified in the late Mr. Middleton's collection by Dr. S. P. Woodward. The Rabbit was recorded in the Norfolk News, Januaiy 7, 1871. The Pig was mentioned by Lyell, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1S39, p. 318, and Proc. Geol Soc. vol. iii., p. 128 ; also by Mr. Gunn, Norwich Mercury, 1866. The Elk was mentioned by Mr. R. C, Pitt, Proc. Sci. Soc. London, vol. ii., p, 4. The Beaver (Castor Enropeeus) has been recorded from the " fluvio-marine crag at Thorpe, in Suffolk." (Owen, Foss. Mam. p. 191). Messrs. A. and R. Bell in their list of fossils from the Upper Crag (Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. ii., pp. 212 and 271) give no' localities, and include in the Upper Crag, the upper part of the Red Crag as well as the Norwich or Fluvio- marine Crag, and exclude the Chillesford series. The following speciesnot found in the area have been recorded from the Upper (Norwich) Crag of Norfolk and Suffolk : — Artemis lentiformis, Sby. ; Cardita borealis, Conrad ; Cardium strigilliferum, S. Wood ; Donax trunculus, Linn. ; Leda pygmesa, Munst. ; Modiola diseors, Linn. ; M. rriarmorata, Forbes ; Pkolas Candida, Linn. ; Sascicavafragilis, Nyst. ? ; Umo piciorum, Linn. ; Apor- rhais pes-pelicani, Linn. ; Buccinum undatum, Linn., var. Graenlandicwn, Ch. ; Chemnitzia rugulosa, S. Wood; Cypraaavellcma, 3. Bhj.; EuUmapolita, Linn.; Eulimella acicula, Phil. ; Natiea multipunctat'a, S. Wood ; N. occlusa, S. Wood ; Planorbis corneus, Linn. ; Pleurotoma Dowsoni, S. Wood ;* P. pyramidalis, Strom.; P.violacea? Migh. and Adams ; Scalaria pseudo-scalarUa, Brocchi; Succinea oblonga, Drap. See also Mr. Reid's Geology of the country around Cromer. Local Details. I. — BuEE Valley. Heoingham. — Pebbly gravel has been opened up in several places between the church and Hevingham Street in pits worked partly for Chalk. The following" section, of theljeds is shown south-east of Broom Covert : — f False-bedded sand and grsivel with iron-stone nodules. I Blue and brown laminated clay with irregular bed of .,, p J buff sand near the base, 4 to 6 feet. upper i.rag -<; ^^^^ ^^^ pebble gravel and broken flints, 2 feet 6 in. I to 3 feet. (_Chalk with flints. Wesi of Park Farm pebbly gravel has been dug. Stratton Strawless.^The occurrence of iron-pan containing casts of shells has been noticed near Stratton Strawless and Marsham, by Messrs. R. Fitch and T. G. Bayfleld.t _ _ ' ■> A section at the lime-kiln, in the valley opposite to Broom Covert, showed the Upper Crag, consisting of pebbly gravel with seams of clay, resting on the Chalk and covered by stony loam (Lower Glacial). Buxton. — ^Therailway cuttings exposed pebbly gravel and sand. These beds may be seen resting on the Chalk in a pit north of the old workhouse. Lammas. — Several pits have been opened in pebbly gravel, and the junction of these beds with the Chalk may be seen east of the church. Hautboys.-^k pit north of Hautboys Hall displayed irregular beds of sand and gravel resting on the Chalk. Between the Hall and Mayton Bridge the railway-cutting showed a loamy surface soil, resting on the pebbly sands. * This species, I am informed hy Mr. Do-vrson, was found at Reydon, near South- wold, not at Aldeby, as recorded by Mr. S. V. Wood, t Norwich Geol. Soc, Norfolk News, Sept. 9, 1871. UPPEE CRAG (NORWICH CliAG SEEIES). 57 Three or 4 feet of Chalk was exposed by the bridge.. East of the bridge and above the Chalk (which extended but for a short distance in the cutting) was seen the stone-bed, capped by sands, seams of laminated clay, and pebbly gravel, altogether about 10 feet in thickness. South of the letters ut of Great Hautboys (on the map) a pit showed the following section : — UonerCraff _/ Red gravel- . _, . , . 4 feet. "^^ ^ " L Laminated clay and white sand - - 10 „ Chalk. Mayton. — A pit west of Mayfcon Hall showed 15 feet of sand and fine gravel resting on a very irregular surface of the Chalk. Sorstead. — ^The Crag has been very largely opened up in the parish of Horstead on account of the numerous excavations for Chalk. The very picturesque canals that intersect the district south of Haggard Street bear witness to the amount of Chalk that has been removed, and as this was worked away the Crag or " uncallow " was tipped over the lost ground. The last working was closed in 1877, and the ground being sloped and planted with fir trees, little will remain for the geologist. The beds exposed were .- — Warp - - - - - - -I Gravel with patches of comminuted shells - - 1 12 feet. Laminated clays, sands and gravel - - -J Chalk. The only specimen I obtained during the progress of the Geological Survey was a portion of a deer's horn ; but in 1866 (when on a visit with Mr. Gunn) I obtained Astarte borealis and Tellina prtBtenuis. Trimmer, who described a pit in this district, mentioned one seam of Crag as 10 feet in length, and as jrielding Astarte iorealis, Cyprina Islandica, and Tellina obliqua.* The list of species (see p; 42), is on the authority of specimens obtained by Mr. S. V. Wood, Mr. J. Reeve, and myself. Horstead has always been noted as the sepulchre of many remains of Mastodon, and particularly of an entire skeleton which has been mentioned by several writers. It has also been reported that the entire skeleton of an Elephant,! even that two skeletons of the Elephant were found at Horstead ; J but I am disposed to think that the evidence is con- fined to the one discovery made known by the Rev. James Layton, of Catfield. His remarks are embodied in a book entitled " A General View of the Geology of Scripture," by George Fairholme, Esq. (1833), from which work the follow- ing statements are extracted (pp. 283, 369-371). " In 1820, an entire skeleton of the Great Mastodon was found at Horstead, near Norwich, lying on its side, stretched out, between the chalk and the gravel. A grinder was brought to me (it is stiU in the possession of Dawson Ihirner, Esq., of Yarmouth), but so long after it was discovered, that scarcely any other part of the animal could be preserved. The whole had been carried away with the chalk, and burnt for lime, or spread in minute fragments over the fields. " Being desirous of ascertaining upon what certain grounds this skeleton was called that of the Great Mastodon, I wrote to Mr. Layton to request some further explanation on the subject, and in reply, I had the pleasure of receiving the following interesting statement : — -"I lived at Catfield, in Norfolk, 6 miles from Hasborough, and about as far from Horstead. From this latter place, marl (soft chalk with regular layers of flint, about 4 feet apart, or less) is carried to all the villages in the neighbour- hood, to be spread upon the lands. A boatman, who was in the habit of bringing me fossils, brought a grinder of this Mastodon as a curiosity, saying it had been found in the marl, and given to him by the head pitman, 'it • was the posterior portion of the grinder of the great Mastodon (I am certain of the fact), containing, as far as I recoUeot, eight points, none of which had been * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,''vol. i., p. 312. ■f See Triminer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 312. J S. Woodward, MS. 1825 ; copy of letter to Mr. W. Pightling, Coltishall, dated 9 May 1827 ; see also Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 151. 58 GKOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NOEWICH. cut, or brought into use. On the first opportunity, I went to make inquiry about it at the Chalk pit. The pitman pointed out to me the place where it was found, and said, that the whole . animal was, as it were, lymg on its side, stretched out on the surface of the marl. He. described it as being very soft, and that a great part of it would at first spread like butter ; the whole, however, had been thrown down along with the marl, and carried away. He said, he had looked upon it as very curious indeed, but of no use, and he had kept that piece of the tooth merely by accident. He "afterwards found another fragment or two of the bones, in his garden, where he had thrown them, and he sent them to me. They are now in my possession, but I am not able to identify them with the Mastodon, as distinguished from the Mammoth, or Elephant. The grinder, I sent to Dawson Turner, Esq., of Great Yarmouth, who probably has it now." I have inserted this passage in full because it furnishes presumptive evidence that a considerable portion of the skeleton of a Mastodon was obtained in the &ag at Horstead. Mr. Gunn has also added further testimony to the above statements, which it seems desirable to reprint as some discredit has been thrown on the subject.* His remarks are as follow : — "The fact that a large portion of the skeleton was found with the tooth was considered by Dr. Falconer to be of importance, as a proof that the animal lived near where its rema,ins were found. • " With a view to ascertain the particulars of the discovery of these interesting remains I went with Dr.- Hooker to Horstead to make inquiry. Although 15 or 16 years had elapsed, we met with Mr. Collins, who was then, at the time of the dispovery, the lessee of the marl-pits. He took us to the very spot where the remains had been exhumed, and confirmed the report that a great many bones were found, together with the tooth, but could not say that there was the entire skeleton. They were lying immediately upon the surface of the chalk, and the spot was about 300 yards on the left side from the bridge over the canal (commonly called Little Switzerland)."t In this, as in other localities where fossils have been found, some of the pits show no traces of any organic remains whatever. Such was the case with the following section seen in a pit by the vaUey south of Burnt Lane plantation : — ft. in. fPebbly gravel and sand - - 5 Laminated clay - - - - 3 'tt ri J Sand -- - - - - -06 Upper Crag -<| 6,^^^. . . . . . q 6 I Laminated cl^y and sand - - -1,0 (_False-bedded sand and gravel with large flints 3 6 Chalk. Many years ago several pits were opened in what is now the plantation west of Horstead Water-mill. They are mentioned by old writers, one of whom Bays, " There is a Bed of these Cockle-shells at Horstead in Norfolk, in a Gravel «' Pit, in a rising Ground, near the River, by the Mill."| S. Woodward also says (in writing of an excursion made in October 1830), " Crossing over to Horstead Mill, I found traces of the Crag in both the Pits " on each side of Mr. Coil's House, about 30 feet above the level of the River." The lane cutting a little further south, and which was first pointed out to me by Mr. Gunn, shows a bed of shells yielding the following species : — Litorina litorea. Limnsea peregra. Natica helicoides. Planorbis. Astarte compressa. Cardium edule. Cyprina Islandica. Mya arenaria. truncata. Mytilus edulis. Nuoula Cobbpldise. TeUina obliqua. ■ * F. W. Harmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 139 ; see also H. B. W., Proo. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 18. f Meeting of tjie Norwich Geol. Sod., April 6, 1875, reported in the "Norfolk News."' Set also E. R. Lankester, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol; xxvi., p. 497. % Dr. T. Burnet. De Statu Mortuorum et resurgentium tractatus. 2nd edition. By M. Earbery. ' 2 vols. 17^8.' Vol. ii., p. 46. UPPER CRAG (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 59 West of Horstead Church is a large deserted pit with canal communication. Here, when in company with Mr. Gunn, he obtained a few shells. A little further west another pit showed : — Feet. rPebble gravel with large flints and shells - 4 to, 5 UPP-C-g -<^Sa3T^fgSl ■ - - ■- ' Chalk. (_Stone bed, rolled flints and pebbles - -J This is no doubt the section referred to by Prof. Prestwich, when he says " At Horstead the Westleton shingle with crag-shells overlies the Chillesford " Clay."* South of Stewpond Car a pit showed : — rSand and pebble gravel - - - 3 to 4 ' Unoer Graff j' Laminated day (irregular) - - . 2 upper crag -< ^^^^ ^^g^ ^^^^-^ ^.^^^ ^^^y^ _ _ - 1 3 t 4 (_Stone bed and white sand - - _ j- o to 4 Chalk. In both sections the following species occurred : — Litorina litorea. ' Mya arenaria. Cardium edule. ^ Tellina obliqua. Cyprina Islandica. Between Stewpond Car and Horstead Hall a pit showed 8 feet of pebble- gravel containing boulders of quartz and large flints. CoUishall. — One of the best sections of the Crag is that seen a little to the south-east of the Railway station, where not only the Chalk is worked, but a laminated clay in the Crag series is obtained for making bricks. The section has varied very considerably since I first visited it. One con- spicuous feature was a tongue of sand, which divided up the laminated clay in the part of the pit worked, and whose lower junction with the clay would, if isolated, have been taken for an unconformity between the " ChiUesford Clay" and overlying sand. The gravel above also rested in one place on an eroded surface of the clay beneath : an erosion which may have been caused by spriilgs in recent times. The clay itself becomes more and more interbedded with sand, until in one place it is but a subordinate feature. The following is the section, which was taken in 1877 (See Plate 11., fig. 4.) : — Feet. 4. False-bedded pebble gravel and sand - - - 9 to 12 2. Laminated clay with bed of sand (3) - - - 6 to 6^ 1 . False-bedded sand, gravel, and shell-beds (s) with seams of clay and clay-pebbles , - - - - - 5 A. Chalk, with flints and paramoudra% about 12 feet exposed. A bed made up of specimens of Mytilus edulis occurs from 1 to 2 feet above the Chalk : a similar bed occurs at Wroxhain. At one time the shell-bed abruptly terminated in a mass of buff unfossilife- rous sand. • Mr. Prestwich, who described this section, mentioned a subordinate bed of iron-sandstone and clay-ochre, H'feet thick, in the pebbly gravel ("Westleton Beds "). The clay he classed as " Chillesford Clay," and noticed in it a few fragments of wood and a seam of pebbles.t He observed that, " Teeth and " bones of the Mastodon are occasionally found at the base of the same bed. " One of the workmen informed me that he had also found bones above the " clay." At the time of one of my visits the workmen had obtained from the lower part of the Crag, portions of the humerus of either Elephant or Mastodon, but Mr. E. T. Newton could not determine which. ♦ See Prestwich, Quart. Joum. Geol. See., vol. xxvii., pp. 459, 468. f Quart. Joum. Geol. See, vol. xxvii., p. 459. The traces of Boulder Clay he observed were not visible when I saw the pit. CO GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTEY AROUND NORWICH. The list of species from Coltishall given in the table (p. 41) is partly on the authority of specimens collected by Mr. S. C. Sothern and myself, and partly on those enumerated by Mr. S. V. Wood, Prof. Prestwich, and Mr. James) Reeve.* Tellina Balthiea and Helix: arbustorum were obtained in the pit near the Anchor Inn, and have not been found in the bed exposed near the Railway- station. All the other species enumerated from Coltishall were obtained from the last-named pit. The pit near the Anchor Inn has yielded several species, but the section is very obscure, and my colleagues Messrs. Blake and Reid, and myself came to the conclusion that the portion of the pit now worked, was opened in re- assorted material, discarded as the Chalk had been worked away. The follow- ing species have been obtained : — tCyprina Islandica. tMya arenaria. tTellina Balthiea (very abundant). obliqua. Helix arbustorum. tLitorina litorea. tLimnsea palustris. Astarte borealis. tCardium edule.„ The cuttings in the railway in Coltishall parish all showed bu£F false-bedded sand and pebbly gravel, with many veins arid nodules of ironstone, capped by a little brickearth (Lower Glacial) at the Station. The foundation for the bridge by the Station, opened up 10 feet of pebbly gravel, capped by brickearth belonging to the (Lower Glacial) Contorted Drift, the Junction between which was irregular. Immediately west of this bridge, and about the level of the railww, a bone (indeterminable) was obtained. Another one, identified by Mr. E. T. Newton as the os magnum of an Elephant or Mastodon, was found in pebbly gravel near the goods shed of the Coltishall Station, and kindly presented to me by the Station-master. Belaugh. — Shells are met with in an excavation by the side of the hill, near the Farm buildings, about a quarter of a mile north-west of the church. The following is the section, the lower part of which was opened up in 1877 by Mr. Gunn, Mr. J. H. Blake, Mr. C. Reid, and myself: — Feet. 'Pebbly sand - - - - 10 or 12 Brown pebbly sand with shells - - 3 to 4 Sand - - - - - 4g- to 5 Upper Crag -< Laminated clay and sand - - - f StifF brown and blue clay - - - 1 Sands and clays - - - 3i Large flints (? stone bed). The Chalk itself in this neighbourhood has been eroded so as hardly to present any actual exposure in the low line of hills bordering the river. Mr. Harmer has stated that the principal shell-bed is from 10 to 15 feet distant from the surface of the Chalk, and that another bed containing a few specimens oi Tellina Balthiea and lAtorind litorea, and many specimens of Astarte borealis, together with A. compressa, and Cyprina Islandica occurs below. J A full list of the spiKsies obtained by Messrs. S. V. Wood, F. W. Harmer, J. Reeve, my colleagues, and niyself is given in the Table (p. 41). A pit immediately west of Belaugh Old Hall showed the following section :— Feet. TT n /Pebbly sands - - - - 8 to 10 Upper Crag -{ Laminated clay - - - - 4 to 6 Chalk with flints, and with tolerably even surface. * Crag Mollusea, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., p. 459. f These species were recorded hy Mr. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 468. X Norwich Mercnry, March 10th, 1869 ; Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 233. UPPER OKAG (NORWICH CRAG SERIES.) 61 I was unable to map out the continuation of this clay with that at Hoveton ; possibly they are on the same horizon, but from the variable nature of the beds they may be distinct. By the Wood, S.E. of the Old Hall, about 20 feet of sand and gravel, with traces of laminated clay at the base, were to be seen resting on the Chalk. At Belaugh Green, a pit showed 4 feet of sand and laminated clay much disturbed, capped by 3 feet of brown clay (Contorted Drift), resting apparently in a pocket of the older beds. Horsham, St. Faith's. — A pit south of Waterloo showed 18 feet of pebbly gravel and sand, with pebbles of quartz, flint, and quartzite. -Beneath was wet marly chalk passing down into the solid Chalk. The gravel was overlaid by 4 feet of stony loam (Lower Glacial).. Spixworth. — A section in the valley, by the road running between Crostwick and Spixworth, showed the Crag consisting of pebbly gravel and sand, resting on the Chalk. The basement beds included traces of laminated clay and a stone bed 1 foot in thickness. The following list of shells includes those recorded by Mr. S. V. Wood and those obtained by myself: — • Astarte borealis. Cardium edule. Cyprina Islandica. Mya arenaria. Tellina Balthica. obliqua. Haynford. — North-west of Spixworth Bridge there is 10 to 12 feet of pebbly gravel and sand, with seams of laminated cliy. Frettenham. —Pits on^ Frettenham Common show sand and pebbly gravel, part of which I was at first disposed to group as Glacial. The beds, however, rest on the Chalk and appear to be covered to the north by stony loam (Lower Glacial) of very irregular thickness. Crostwick. — The pits on Crostwick Common are too much overgrown and obscured to show any section now. Mr. R. C. Pitt, however, recorded the following section of the Crag at Crostwick* : — 'C. — ^Accmnulation of several patches of crag, some of which are highly coloured with oxide of iron [15, feet]. B. — Coarse gravel, 4 feet, " valves of Cyprina Islandica 20 feet - ••{ " and Nucula CokboldiiB in great profusion and in " better preservation than in any other deposit." Bed cemented into hard conglomerate. A. — Stratum of shells imbedded in fine yellow sand, I foot. Chalk. East of the last e of White Horse (on the map) 12 feet of pebbly sand, with fragments of shells, was to be seen resting on the Chalk. About half a mile west of the church a pit showed 10 feet of false-bedded sand and pebbly gravel, resting on 1 foot of flints and clay (Stone bed), then Chalk, much eroded. The following species have been recorded by Mr. Pitt, Mr. Wood, and Sir C. LyeU:— Cardium edule. Corbicula fluminalis (Cyrena trigonula).t Cyprina Islandica. Mya arenaria. Nucula Cobboldiae. Tellina Balthica. Raciheath. — At the lime-kiln, north of the Church, the Crag would at first sight be termed unfossiliferous, but casts of shells are here and there preserved in thin bands of. ironstone; the following is the section ; — -(^ , — — — . — — — * Proc. Scientific Soc, Lend., vol. ii., 1840, p. 3. t Lyell, Mag. Nat. Hist., new ser., vol. iii., p. 321. 62 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. Upper Crag -< Chalk. Pebbly gravel - - - - - Black ironstpue and indurated sand with iron- stone nodules, and casts of Cardium edule and Litorina Utorea Yellow sand and gravel . - - Laminated sandy clay, disturbed at to^ _Fiiie buff sand with gravelly seams 9 - Itol 1 m. 18 6 Trimmer mentioned that here 'the surface of the Chalk was marked by broad undulations. At the time he wrote the Crae was more fossiliferous in this particular locality than at present ; but several old workings in the neighbour.t hood, are now entirely concealed with talus and vegetation. He says : " In the spring of 1844, in the progress of the workings, a bed of Crag shells was exposed, about 3 feet long and 2 feet thick, at the height of about 3 feet above the surface of the Chalk ; and another thin layer of Crag shells may be seen in the bank of an adjoining road."* A second pit, about half a niile distant in Wroxham parish, shows an abun- dance of shells, while a third a little further seems quite devoid of fossils. ^A list of species obtained at Rackheath, is given, on the authority of Mr, S. V. Wood, in the table, p. 42. Near the edge of the pond, south of Cha^iel Wood, a pit showed 1 5 feet of false-bedded sand and gravel with laminated clay seams. Portions of the sand were quite black with manganese-ore. Wroxham.— Fig. 5, on Plate II., represents a pit near Wroxham Park, situated to the east of the Hall, near the farto-buildings. It showed the following section : — Feet. r4. Sand and pebbly gravel - - ""l.«+ in TT ri - J 3. Shell-bed (impersistent), sand and gravel - J ^° '■" Upper Crag "1 g. Laminated clay and sand - - - 1 Ll. Sand and shell-bed - '- - 14 A. Chalk with flints. Bed No. 2, according to Mr, Prestwich, represents " probably, the Chillesf ord Clay."t I could not hazard such an identification. In bed No. 1 entire single valves of Cyprind Islandica axe not uncommon. I have found Tellina Balthica abundantly in bed No. 3, but not in bed No. 1, though, it is said to occur there, t I obtained the following species : — - Beds. Bed I. Litorina litorea . . X X -^' Natica, sp. - - . X Scalaria Groenlandica - - X Astarte borealis - - X X „ compressa - - - X Cardium edule - - X „ „ var. umbonatum - X Cyprina Islafidica - - - - X Mya arenaria - - X Mytilus edulis - - X Tellina Balthica - - X „ obliqua - ' ■ " " X X * Quart. Jourh. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 309. f Quart. Joorn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 468. J Hormch Geol. Soc., Eastern Daily Press, 9th Sept. Ig75. UPPER ORAO (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 63 Shells are found in several places east of Wroxham Hall, and near the farm-huildings. > A pit by the wood between Wroxham Hall and the brickfield (marked on the map) showed : — Upper Crag -{rt^lSl \ Laminated clays and sands Fbet. - 4 to 5 - 4to5 North of Wroxham Hall a pit showed 12 feet of rather coarse ferruginous flint-gravel, similar to beds opened up by the wood south of Belaugh Broad. These beds have been considered to be Valley Gravel, but they are identical with beds which elsewhere belong to the Crag Series, as in the parish of Woodbastwick, and I have so included them here. To the west of Wroxham Hall there is a picturesque old pit with a branching canal running up into it, as in the old pits at Horstead. Here shells were formerly found, as I was informed by Mr. Gunn. Passing southwards towards Rackheath ChurcK we come first to a pit of sand and gravel resting on Chalk, where, after diligent search on several occasions (in one instance in company with Dr. Henry Woodward), I have found no trace of a shell in the Crag. A little further on, the same beds show shells in abundance : here the section is as follows : — Upper Crag Chalk with flints. 3. Febbly gravel with shells up to the surface ■ 2. Laminated clay ... 1. Shell bed, sand and gravel ■ Feet. 6 This is one of the most instructive sectiops in the Bure Valley : it exhibits the (occasionally) fossUiferous nature of the " Pebbly sands and Pebble beds " (" Bure Valley Beds "), and shows that in point of strvicture they cannot be separated from the Norwich Crag. The following species of shells were collected from this exposure of the Crag, by Mr. S. C. Sothern and myself: — Beds. Bedl. Litorina litorea X X Natica catena ? . . X Soalaria Groenlandica - X Astarte boreaUs *■ X X (very abundant). . X Cardium edule ; X X Cyprina Islandica - (fragments) X Mya arenaria - X Mytilus edulis - X Nucula Cobboldiffi - X X Tellina obliqua - X X X ~'^~^^~ prajtenuis " " X Balthica " ■ X In the talus I found a fish-bone, fragments of Mactra, .Trophon antiquus, and Purpura lapillus. A full list of species from Wroxham, is given in the Table, p. 42. It includes the species obtained by Mr. Reeve. 64 GEOLOGT OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. Hoveton St. John. — The brickyard east of Wroxham Station displays a fine "jamb " of laminated clay and sand, which is used for the manufacture of red bricks. The section at the northern end of the pit showed the following beds : — Feet. Warp - - - - -4 to 5 "iFalse-bedded sand with seams of gravel, and irregular seams and streaks of laminated clay, fragments of carbonaceous matter, ironstone nodules - - - - 8 to 9 Upper Crag -< Very micaceous, greenish - grey, laminated I clay and sand, having a -s^avy appearance; I in one place let down probably by dissolu- I tion of Chalk beneath - - - 18 l_Red sand and gravel. At the southern end of the pit the beds were overlaid by 3 or 4 feet of brown Clay and Gravel, representing probably the Contorted Drift. I have been unable to trace the laminated clay further east, and it tapers away westwards through Belaugh parish. An opening to the west of the station showed : — Feet. Warp - - - - - - H rFalse-bedded sands and sandstone - - 6 ,T n J Laminated clay, undulating and inclined towards Upper Crag -^ ^^^^^^^ ". , J . . . i| L Sands. The railway-cutting north of Wroxham Station is based on a bed of lami- nated clay seen in places by the side of the rails. In the cutting are shown ; — Feet. Warp lQt„Q Traces of Contorted Drift? - - .j-^ioa {Buff sands and fine subangular and pebbly Grf^dly bed with clay-pebbles, - - 1 resting irregularly on buff false-bedded sand 3 or 4 East of Hoveton Green 8 feet of white and buff sand was shown. On St. Peter's Common the gravel has been worked, and in one place N.W. of the S. (on the map) of St. Peter's (Hoveton St. John), the pit showed 15 feet of gravel and false-bedded sand resting on clay. A pit west of Hoveton House showed 7 feet of pebbly gravel and sand. Neatishead. — A pit S.E. of Neatishead Street showea the following beds : — Feet. Lower Glacial - Stony loam - - - . -3 r Pebbly gravel (with quartz, flint, and quart- Upper Crag -j zite) ' - - ■ - . . . I I White and brown sand with pebbly seams - 5 A large pit east of Lodge Common Planting Pit, showed Buff Sands (Glacial) resting on pebbly gravel and sand, which belonged to the Crag series. At Cony Hill Farm a section showed 10 feet of buff sand and laminated clays, interbedded. Barton. — North of Neatishead Street the junction of Brickearth (Lower Glacial) and pebbly gravel may be seen. North of Barton Green the following beds were exposed : — Feet. rKed gravel and sand (contorted). , „ f , J Brown and grey sand. iJieet- n Laminated clay - - - - . 2 - I, Coarse sand and fine gravel. UPPEK ORAG (nOEAVIOH CRAG SERIES). 65 Horning. — At St. Benedict's Abbey the siound is gravelly, and a small excavation showed pebbly gravel (composed of flint, quartz, and quartzite) resting on reddish-brown sand. Lmdham, Potter Heigkam. — Beds belonging to the Crag Series are shown in the low hUls bordering the River Ant. Sections may be seen by the cottage I close to the river west of How Hillj again, along Blind Lane, a pit showed 15 feet of gravel and false-bedded sand, with seams of laminated clay. South of Ludham Hall, sand pits have been opened in the Crag, but to the north and east the beds are not so clear. The ground by Cold Harbour is loamy ; but here, as further east, it is only a thin soil over sand and gravel. This loamy soil becomes in places so like the Contorted Drift, that it is by no means easy to determine whether to map the ground as Crag or Drift. Catfield, HicMing, Sulton. — SoHie sections of pebbly gravel were opened up along the railway, but no fossiliferous beds were! exposed. The beds here were mapped by Mr. C. Reid. Further north, in Honing parish (quarter sheet 68 S.E.), I found a fossiliferous bed, containing Tellina Balthica, &c., in the pebbly gravel shown in one of the railway cuttings. Salhouse. — The occurrence of Crag in this parish was noted in 1840 by Mr. R. C. Pitt.* I have obtained no fossils in any of the sections opened, during the progress of the Geological Survey. South-west of Salhouse Broad the following beds were shown : — Feet. Upper Crag -i "Pebbly_gravel with large pebbles of quartz and flint .... False-bedded sand and fine gravel Laminated clay - - - False-bedded sand Laminated clay . - - False-bedded sand 4 8 ^44 Woodbastwick. — A large pit west of the Hall showed a varied assemblage of beds, comprising laminated clay, coarse gravel, shingle, and sand (with iron- stone seams), much false-bedded. I have gi-ouped them with the Crag because all the available evidence pointed to their being of that age ; iti struc- ture, however, they present some resemblances to the coarse Glacial gravel. South of the Brickfield W. of Woodbastwick, a pit showed sand and fine gravel with seams of laminated clay (see p. 9). Ranworth. — North of the B of Walsham Broad (on the map), there was shown in a small pit, 5 or 6 feet of pebbly gravel composed of flint, quartz, and quartzite. PajwicortA.— South-west of Peaty Mill Dam (Pedham) a pit showed 10 feet of false-bedded white and brown sand and gravel, with included masses of brown clay, with much ironstone, and flaggy beds of sandstone. Old sand-pits may be seen by Cottenham Farm, one of which showed brown and yellow false-bedded sand with ironstone nodules and gravelly seams. Hamlingfon.— The lenticular nature of the clays included in the Upper Crag was well shown in a pit near Hamlington, situated to the north-east of the church. The section was as follows : — False-bedded sand and fine gravel, with beds of laminated clay. 2, Two seams of laminated micaceous clay, each about J 1 foot in thickness, separated by safad in the middle 15 feet - ,-< ^f ^jjg pit; merging into one bed of clay at both ends of the pit. False-bedded sand with veins of iron-sand and casts of shells. 1 * Proc, Scientific Soc, London, vol. ii., p. 3. Q 648^. 66 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. South Walsham. — At the eastern end of Walsham Broad, a pit showed 6 feet of buff and brown sand and pebble gravel. West of the road leading from South 'VS^alshani to Ranworth, and iustinside Walsham Plantation, a section exposed 8 feet of bufPand brown sand ; on the opposite side of the road in Ling's Cover, there was to be seen laminated brown and white sand, having an incli- nation of false-bedding amounting^to 40°. South-west of Ling's Cover, a pit showed the following beds : — Feet. Laminated clay and sand - - - - -7 to 8 Brown and buff sand - - - - - - 2 A large flint occurred at the junctioQ of the two beds. South of the Churches a brickyaird showed, in 1878,~10 feet of laminated clay. This, from not having been worked for some time, was overgrown with moss. It was pronounced by niy colleagues Messrs. Whitaker and Blake to be "good Chillesford Clay." I should simply say itis a good exhibition of one of the l3,minated clays so characteristic of the Upper Crag. The following notes are bj Mr. Blake :^- Acle. — A small sand pit is situated about seven- eighths of a mile S. of Acle Church, adjoining the marshes at the N.E. corner of what is marked on the Ordnance map as Acle Wood; there is now, however, but a remnant of the wood existing, the timber having Iieen felled, with the exception of a few small trees surrounding the pit. About 4 feet in thickness of red sand, blackish in places, and more 'or less indurated, was exposed underlying 2 or 3 feet of brown loam. ' There is no grajVel apparently in the immediate neighbourhood of Acle ; the roads, I was informed, are mostly metalled with gravel obtained from Strump- shaw. Halvergate. — Some gravel, more or less in the condition of shingle, has been excavated on the slope of the hiU adjoining tlie marshy ground, three-eighths of a mile N.W. by W. of Halvergate Church. ^ Tunstall. — A sand pit is situated three-eighths of a mile N. by W. of Tunstall Church, on the east side of the road, close to Tunstall Lower Farm. When inspected by me, about 6 feet in thickness of well stratified brown sand, slightly pebbly in places, was exposed underlying from , 4 to 6 feet of very stony reddish brown loam, mottled with a little grey. I was informed that the sand had been exacavated to a depth of from 12 to 14 feet, and that the lowest portion of it was of a whitish colour. J. H. BliAKE. IL — Wensum Valley. Attlehridge. — A pit S. of Spring Farm showed a section of Chalk, much disturbed, capped by Boulder Clay. In the latter were relics of pebbly gravel, and at its junction with the Chalk patches of this and of the stone bed, *ith fragments of shells, remained in situ, Drayton. — In the large Chalk-pit about half a mile B. of Drayton the Chalk is capped by an irregular deposit of pebbly gravel and sand. Above the letter in the words Drayton Hall (on the map) the Chalk is covered with patches of pebbly gravel and loam ; but no distinctive bed of Glacial brickearth could be mapped. A little to the N.W. of the church, a pit showed 6 feet of pebbly gravel and sand. Hellesdon. — ^About half a mile N.W. of Shepherd's Cottage the following beds were exposed (see Fig. 6, Plate II.) : — 8. Warp - . - . . Glacial Drift - { ?; ^^ ^S;^ ^^^i I ". : 6. Yellow sand and laminated clay - 4. Yellow and white sands with irony veins - 3. Fine gravel and sand - - . Upper Ci'ag -^ 2. Rather coarse pebble gravel,, and sand 1. Pebble gravel or shingle made up chiefly of flint, with a few pebbles of quartz and quartzite. Veins of ironstone - trPPEP OBAG (NORWICH CRAG SBBIES). 67 Here Glacial gravel comes in close contact with the gravels of the Crag series. The most interesting point seen, is in connexion with the laminated clay (5), which here dovetails into the sand, showing their intimate connexion and false-bedded character. , In the grounds W. of thfe Asylum, a pit showed brickeajfth, 3 feet, capped by gravelly soil, and overlying 12 feet of yellow pebbly sand belonging to the Upper Crag. The bluff between Hellesdon Church and Toll-bar showed the following succession of beds, but they were not clearly exposed, and I was unable to obtain measiu^ments : — 4. Stratified sa.nd and gravel 1 ,^, . , 3. Vein of Brickearth . / ^^^°'^^- 2. Pebbly gravel and false-bedded sand (Upper Crsig), 6 or 8 feet, 1. Chalk with flints. An excavation in St. Augustine's Road, Norwich, by the city gates, showed 5 or 6 feet of loam resting in pockets on the Chalk-with-flints. East of Shepherd's Cottage a brick-pit showed the following section : — Feet. Glacial Drift - { Ity kam ^^'''^ '. I 1 '- I rFalse-bedded sand - - - -5 Upper Crag -l g^^^ and^blown laminated clay - - .1 L Pebbly gravel - - - - - 6 Costessey. — The divisional line between the pebbly gravel and Glacial sands is nowhere marked, owing to the absence (or obscurity) of the usual intervening bed of Glacial brickearth. (See p. 118.) Earlham. — At the Grove Pit, Dereham Road, W. of Stone Hills Farm, resting upon the Chalk, the Upper Crag beds comprise 12 feet of pale false- bedded sand and pebbly gravel. Heigham. — North-east of the Norwich Union Workhouse, Stone Hills, a pit showed 8 feet of fine gravel, resting on 9 feet of bufE sand. East of the Workhouse a pit showed the Chalk capped by 20 feet of sand and pebble gravel. Brickearth (lajninated clay) was formerly dug between it and the Cemetery grounds, and was exposed in graves near the northern Lodge gate. Sand was opened up for foundations of houses in the new crescent between the Unthanks Road and Park Lane. East of the Avenue Road a pit showed : — Grey, sandy, and pebbly soil. C Laminated micaceous sand, loams, and clay, with much Upper Crag - -I iron-ore, 3 feet, L Sand and flint pebble gravel, 4 feet. Chalk. , On both sides of York Street, W,,of Holy Trinity Church, more than 18 feet of sand and gravel was opened up, beneath these were traces of brickearth, Catton. — ^At the Catton Lhne-kiln, about a quarter of a mile W. of Wren Park, a pit showed 20 feet of pebbly gravel, composed chiefly of flint pebbles and subangtilar flints, with a few quartz pebbles and sand. The beds were evenly stratified, though exhibiting a little false-bedding. They contained seams of pale7Coloured' sand, and occasionally large unworn flints. Casts of shells were noticed by Mr, Whitaker in ironstone seams. South of Catton Hall a large pit worked for Chalk and Gravel,, known as Attoe's pit, showed 15 feet or more of pebbly gravel evenly stratified and with yellowish san^y beds at the top. My colleague Mr. Reid noticed pockets and veins of peatyi-looking matter isolated in the Chalk, and commingled with the flints at the base of the pebble gravel, which reminded him of peaty beds in a similar position at Weyboum.* * See Geol. Mag., Dec II., vol. iv., p. 305. iS 2 68 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY ABOJTND NOEWIOH. Sprowstbn. — Near Ma.g;daleii Chapel a pit showed 16 to 20 feet of the Crag series resting on Chalk. ITie greater part of one side of the section was made up of fa^se-bedded gravel and sand, this became chiefly buff sand at a short distance i it was underlaid by gravel and bands of laminated clay, with ironstone nodules. The pebbly gravel and false-bedded buff and white sands (Crag) were ex- posed to a depth of 12 feet beneath the brickearth (Contorted Driftt in the brickyard \\ miles from the city gates on the Crostwick Road. (See p. 98.'> III. — Yabe Valley. Bmiburgh. — About half a mile E. of Bauburgh Hall a pit exposed 25 feet of false-bedded sand and gravel, resting upon the Chalk. Bowthorpe. — Pits expose false-bedded sand and pebbly gravel, with brown clayey seams, resting on an irregular surface of the Chalk. Colney. — A pit by the bend of the lane between Colrtey Rectory and Little Melton, showed the following section : — Feet. Contorted loamy surface soil - - - 3 to 4 Upper Crag. Pebbly and subangular gravel - - - 6 A pit by the kiln W. Of Colney showed a thin capping of pebbly sand resting in pockets on the Chalk. At the N.W. corner of Beck Pease plantation a large pit showed the pebbly gravel resting on the Chalk, and capped by buff sand with chalk grains (Glacial). Earlham. — South of Bunker's Hill a pit showed 6 feet of laminated pebbly sands very ferruginous in places, and containing pebbles of flint, sandstone, angular pieces of flint, and small pebbles of Chalk. These beds rest»on an undulating surface of the Chalk, and their classification with the Upper Crag is doubtful. Eaton. — The ptebbly gravel is well shown in pits W. of the Hall, and by the Car. One of the best sections is at the nursery grounds of Mr. Ewing, where 15 feet of pebbly sands and gravel, with occasional seams of laminated clay, may be seen resting on the Chalk. In reference to this section Lyell made the following remarks ■.—^" As to the age of the gravel and sand overlying the Chalk at Eaton, -there can be no doubt that it belongs to the Norwich Crag, as there are not only casts of marine testacea characteristic of that formation in the ferruginous sandstone ["Iron-pan"] at Eaton,* but also, as I learn from Mr. J. B. Wigham, some shells of the genera My a, Mactra, Cardium, and Mytilus, in which the calcareous matter is still preserved." t It is probable that a "jamb " of clay at one time existed in the Crag of this immediate neighbourhood, as in 1868 Mr. J. W. Ewing drew attention to a pottery kiln, belonging to the time of _Queen Anne, which had beeen opened up in his grounds.t - Another pit by the Old Heath, towards Hartford Bridge, showed 15 feet of pebbly gravel and sand with seams of laminated clay. And at Hartford Bridge a "jamb " of clay occurs in considerable thickness. The following is the section {see Fig. 7, Plate III.) : — Feet. f4. Pebbly gravel - - - - 10 I 3. Wedge of pebbly gravel (three feet) - ' Unner Craa- -«1 ^' laminated clay, with nests and veins of PP * "1. sand and fine gravel dovetailing into the pebbly gravel - ... 5 \\. Sand and shingle- . . • - 4 to 6 A. Chalk. * Noticed also by J. E. Taylor, Norf. News, Sept. 9, 1871. t Phil. Mag., 1839, p. 260. X Norfolk News, July 1 1, 1868. UPPER CRAG (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 69 The mode of occurrence of the clay and sand proves the intimate connexion of the deposits/for not only does the day contain lenticular patches of pebbly sand, but itself forms a great mass,"^ false-bedded with the overlying sand and gravels. No such a mass of clay is seen in the adjoining pit at Eaton where Crag shells have been found. This wedge-shaped mass is about 20 feet' in length. In Bed 1 I obtained a bone which my colleague, Mr. E. T. Newton, tells me IS either that of an Elephant or Whale. A shark's tooth partially imbedded m phosphatic matter, in the possession of the landlord of the " King of Prussia," had been (I was informed) found in this same bed. ,-' Eastward the beds were disturbed and let down 5 or 6 feet it'i a pot-hole or pipe in the Chalk. Cringleford.— South of Oakland House (the residence of S^.r. F, W. Harmer, F.G.S.), a pit showed pebbly gravel with occasional seanr> of laminated clay resting on the Chalk. " North of Cringleford HaU, 12 feet of fine pebbly gravel and sand were shown. Intwood.—Ai the marl pit N.W. of Intwood Church, between the Boulder Clay, and the Chalk, are traces of the pebbly beds. South of the Foxburrow Plantation are pits in gravel containing flint, quartz, and quartzite. The gravel is very pebbly and much disturbed, so that the bedding is mostly obliterated. 15 feet of gravel was shown resting on the Chalk. Kesivick. — S.W. of Keswick Hall a pit showed 9 feet of pebbly gravel and sand, with large flint boulders, much quar'«: and quartzite. The sand is contorted in places. (See p. 104.) , O Lakenham.— About 15 feet of pebbly gr^el was shown in the cuttings of the Trowse loop line, N. of Lakenham Church. By the M of Mills (on the m^jkiMeet of false-bedded brown and yellow sand was shown. ^^^ \ '!!rercmaris, has been -recorded from the Crag in this S. Woodward also mentions (in a MS. recjjjttd) that Crag shells were found immediately above the Chalk in sinking a well A^n the west side of the Bracon- dale Road, about 300 yards from Ber Street GateS., The superincumbent beds were white sand, brickearth, and gravel, altogether), 60 feet in thickness. It is also important to mention that in reference to Vjhe shells noticed by J. W. Robberdst as having been found by Dr. Yelloly i> his grounds at Carrow Abbey, S. Woodward states that they were shown to Ihim by the Doctor and were " the edible welks (the Murex striatus \Troplion Cuntiquus], and Bucci- num undatum of Linnaeus) the refuse of the Nuns' table." £[ Behind Bracondale Cottage, as I am informed by Mr. B^^i^r Utting, there is a bed of clay 2 or 3 feet in thickness, which is no doubt a seani«4n the Crag series. ^^ _ Tesb Valley. Long Stratton. — In a pit about a quarter of a mile from Long Stratton in the lane leading towards Tharston Church, 14 feet of pebbly gravel and sand was shown. Tharston. — A deep gully near the end of Wood Lane, west of the Great Eastern Railway, displayed a good section of laminated micaceous clay and sand. A good section was shown at Tharston Furze HiU (Fig. 10, Plate III.). Above the Chalk was seen the stone-bed (1), and this was overlaid in one part by a bed of laminated clay (2), and a mass of buff and brown false-bedded sands (3), all belonging to the Laminated or Crag Series. Above these in one part of the pit was a lenticular patch of Chalky Boulder Clay (4), and this * S. P. Woodward, in Gunn's Geology of Norfolk. f Eastern Valleys of Norfolk, p. 10. % Letter to J.W. Eotberds, 17 Oct. 1826. 70 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. was covered by coarse flint gravel (5) like that which covers a great part of Household. The total thickness of the beds exposed was about 20 feet. Bones have been found in the Stone-bed, and an elephant's tooth, identified by Mr, Gunn as E. leptodon,* was found in the gravel about 3 or 4 feet above the Chailk. , The spot roughly indicated to me bv a workman was, from 3 to 4 feet above the Chalk, where the coarse gravel and Crag gravel came together, and as the section had been cut back since, it was not possible to decide from which formation it had been -obtained. The sand has been used for making mortar. ^ Forncett St, Mary. — At Bays' Farm a pit showed 15 feet of pebbly gravel and sand with fragments of shells, and cuttings in the new loop line of railway show that this crops out in the slope above Low End. Boulder Clay, however, skirts tfo lower ground. Stratton St. MicT'ael, — ^The sand-pit by the cross-roads south of Stratton Bridge, showed 7 fee*, of red sand and pebble gravel, capped by 5 feet of clayey gravel, probably Glacial Drift. About 20 feet of pebbly gravel and sand was shown in pits betweei this and the Alder Car. Pits east of Boylani Hall showed buff sand, 6 feet in thickness. S.W. of Longi;Acre plantation sand and gravel was to be seen in the bank bordering the Alluvium. ., Tashurgh.—k pit by the White Horse Inn showed : — Feet. r Yellow sand and gravel - - - 6 Upper Crag - -^ Laminated^gjy and brown sand - - 4 to 5 L White san^'^d shingle - - - 4 to 6 Chalk. V^\ A pit at Tasburgh Hill showed tf e fpllowijig beds (see also p.^ 127) : — \ Febi-. 3. Sandy soil with large flints aigi^-fesgs of Boulder Clay - 6 to 8 2. Pebbly sand and gravel (Uj^er Crag)^tefit-^_ - - 30 1. Chalk. ,' ~-~-.- .--^ South-east of the Chmch an oiU'd pit showed a cliff of gravel, coarse in places near the upper part/and fromjfEich it is difficult to separate the Crag Series. Haptm.—k pit about 4 nij/fe W. of Hapton Church showed laminated clay with carbonaceous specks, resting on quartzose sand and gravel, together 6 feet in thickness. (See p. 131 Jr JFhrdon. — In the vaUeo'opposite Hapton Hole a large gravel pit exposed the following beds : — j Glacial Drift. Sto^ loam with patches of marl. / Feet. ^^«ii^r False-bedded red sand and gravel, with few Upper Osf^''^ \ ^^^^ ^^^ many quartz pebbles - -- 5 or 6 ^j^^S -j Red, brown, and white sand and shingle, L almost entirely made up of flint pebbles - 10 'Traces of pudding-stone were to be seen in the lane cutting between Flordon Station and Tasburgh Ford, where the pebbly gravel had been cemented. West of the Railway Station a pit showed 8 feet of false-bedded sand and pebble gravel. SaxUngham Neihergate. — West of Low Farm a pit was opened to the depth of 6 feet in disturbed white and buff sand and clayey gravel. A pit south-west of the Church showed 10 feet of yellow and orange-coloured false-bedded sand with lines of fine grSvel. Pits on either side of the lane east of the Baptist Meeting House, and north "of Fox Hole showed : — Feet. TBuff false-bedded sand and fine gravel, with bands of clay and ironstone nodules - 10 Upper Grag' -< Pebbly gravel with fliiit, quartz,' and 1 quartzite pebbles, and a few large flint- L boulders - - - - -6 to 7 * Prbc. Norwich Geol. See, vol. i., p. 35. See remarks on this species by E. T. Newton, Geol. Mag., Dec. II., vol. viii., p. 316. UPPER ORA» (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 71 On Sendalls Marsh, pebbly gravel and laminated clay ooourted. The occurrence of the Crag in this parish was, I believe, first noticed by the late Rev. S. W. King, rector.* SheUawere observed in the pit on Smockmill Common, but the only fossiliferous bed I could discover when examining the locality in 1876, in company with my friend Mr. S. C. Sothern, was a bed composed of comminuted shells. One species recorded is Leda lanceolata (fragments),! and Mr. J. E. Taylor mentioned his finding Tumtella terebra {commwnis) at Saxlingham, where Mr. Wood recognized the Chillesford beds as present " in a feeble form resting ontheChalk."f , ^ Remains of Mastodon have also- been recorded from a pit in the parish of Saxlingham Nethergate.§ Newton Flotman. — Here 8 feet of very pebbly gravel and sand rests on the Chalk, which is worked at this localitjfr. Shells have been found in the Crag here. ^, bed of rolled flints, 1 to 2 feet in thickness, occurs at the base. ^ The Chalk is opened to a depth of 9 feet. South-west of Newton Hall I noted the following section in company with Mr. S. C. Sothern (1879) :— Fkpt rPebbly gravel .... 12 to 15 Upper Crag J S^eak of clay - - - -| '^^ " Stone bed, iron-stone nodules, fragments of i- 1 , L sheUs among which Purpura was present J -Chalk - - - . . - - 12 At the brickyard S. of Swainsthorpe, the Glacial beds rest on bufE and white false-bedded sand (see p. 113). , Shottesham.^—Pehhly gravel is shown in pits on the borders of the valley between -the Lodge and Sheets Hill. In 1664 was published a purinns work by Thomas Lawrence, entitled " Mercurius Centralis ; or a Discoiu'se of Subterraneal Cockle, Muscle, and " Oyster-shels, found in the digging a well at Sir William Poylie's, in " Norfolk." The property of Sir W. "Dojlie (or D'Oyly) held at this date was the Shotteshaan estate. AU the information given about the well was that it " was digged so many feet deep." Shottesham Old Hall is situated on the Chalky Boulder Clay fron> which these fossils might have been obtained, but they were more probably found in the Crag series, into which the well was most likely carried. Stoke Holy Cross.W — A pit, situated about half way between the Church and the Mill showed the following beds : — Feet. 'Brown false-bedded sand and fine gravel - 7 Fine laminated cla^yey s%nd - - - 3 Glacial Drift -<' White and pale-browh false-bedded sand with fine gyavfeUy seams and chalky ' [ grains - - - - - 12 'Gravel and shingle - ... 8 ■ Sand - - - - .2 Upper Crdg --^ ' Laminated clay and sand '- - - 1 to li I Shelly seam and stone bed, with bones of Bos and Cervtis, Trophon gntiqims, Mytihis 1- ./ 1 Chalk with flints (16 feet shown). The shells I obtained myself; the bones I purchased from a workmany who pointed out the position (at the base of the Crag) where he obtained them. "{See also p. 167.) t Noticed also by S. V. Wood, jun., Quart. Journ. Geol. SoC, vol. xxii.,_p. 551. t S. P. Woodward, in Gunn's Geology of Norfolk. j Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 282, 376. § White's History and Directory of Norfolk. II Shells were found here by J. E. Taylor, Geol. Mag., iv., 282, 376. 72 GEOLoar of the countky arol'nd nobwich. Dunston.—S.K of the church a pit showed 10 feet of subangular flint- gravel, and sand. East of Brick-kiln Cottage the railway cutting shows ; — Pebbly gravel. Chalky Boulder Clay, with base of stony loam. Laminated clay, sand, and pebble gravel much disturbed (Crag Series). Chalk. MarkshaU.—The great cutting through Chapel Hill is chiefly gravel and sand with traces of Boulder Clay ; the lower portions of the section exhibit seams of laminated clay, and represent the Crag Series. At the base is a sti£f brown clay. East of the word " Tumuli " (on the map) a pit showed 8 feet of pebbly gravel, with a few large flints. Arminghall. — About half a mile S.E. of Lakenham Bridge the following section may be seen : — Feet. f Sand and pebbly gravel - - - 10 Upper Crag - \ Shell-bed 3 to 4 L Laminated clay .... 2 Chalk. The section at Arminghall is of interest in showing a bed of shells above a band of clay, which has been termed the " Chillesford Clay," and which rests upon the Chalk. Attention was drawn to it in 1869 by Mr. J. E. Taylor, who pointed out that the clay rested directly upon the Chalk, excepting the usual stone-bed, and was capped by a bed confeiining JTorwich Crag shells. A species of Maciro was so abundant that the bed (he said) might be called the " Mactra solida Crag," as the bed at Weybourn was the " Tellina Balthica Crag." The following ia a list of the species obtained by myself : — Litorina litorea, Linn. Natica, sp. Purpura lapillus, Idnn. Cardium edule, lAnn. Cyprina Islandica, Ldnn. Vertebra of fish. Mactra ovalis, J. Sby. Mya arenaria, Linn. Mytilus edulis, Linn. Tellina obUqua, J. Sby. praetenuis, Leathes. Upper Crag Thorpe Hamlet, Norieich. — ^t St. James' pit an excellent section of the Crag beds is shown : — Feet. "False-bedded white, yellow, red, and grey sand and fine gravel, with impersistent mass of laminated clay near the middle, at the eastern end of the pit - - . 25 Laminated clay and sand ... 3 Gravel and large worn flints, resting on irre- gular surface of Chalk, with nests of iron- sand and comminuted shells, Mytilus edulis, Astarte horealis - » - 2 Chalk. Traced towards Catton the beds pass into shingle as seen at Attoes Pit (p. 67). In a MS. record S. Woodward states that "Mr. R. C. Taylor informed me " some years since that in sinking the well at the back of the houses on the " brow of this hill (Rett's Castle Hill) a bed of shells was perforated." (See p. 165). * Norwich Geol. Soc, Norwich Mercury, Nov. 18, and Norfolk News, Nov. 18, 1869. UPPER CRAG (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 73 A section exposed at |he gasworks, during the construction of a new gasometer in 1877i showed : — Glacial stony loam, a trace. Feet. fLight-coloured pebbly sand r - -12 Clay - 3 to 6 ^pp^c-g ■<^ISaLti;y : : : : ''^' 1 Yellow and brown sand, with vein of coarse 1 gravel - - , - • - 12 Chalk. In the large pit south of Bishop's Bridge, called Lollard's Pit, the Upper Crag is well exposed beneath the Glacial brickearth, and shells have been found at the base of it. I also obtained a piece of granite from the Crag. Here it is marked near the middle by three thin impersistent bands of laminated clay which Professor Prestwich classed (though somewhat doubt- ftilly) with the " Chillesford Clay." They serve, however, to connect as one conformable series, beds which have been otherwise divided into Norwich Crag, Chillesford Clay, and Lower Glacial Sands, and which have been considered to be unconformable (see Fig. 3, Plate 11., and p. 6). The sections taken at different times in this district show great variations. Thus S. Woodward (1825) gave the section of the beds between the Chalk and Brickearth as follows : — Feet. Quartzose sand - - - • • - 10 Red and yellow sand - - - - - 10 Gravel 12 32 Mr. S. V, Wood, junior (1865), made the following divisions* : — Feet. Light sands - - - - - - 20 Alternating sands and loams - - • > 6 Red sands - - - - - - 7 Light sands - - - - - - . 5 Coarse gravelly loam - - - - 3 to 4 42 Professor Prestwich thus divided the beds in a paper read in 1870t : — Feet. White sands and flint-shingle (which he called " Westleton beds") - - - - - - - 20 An irregular seam of grey clay (" Clii)ilesfoTd Clay "?) - to 1 White and ochreous sands, and fint-shingle and gravel. Small patches of shells (Norwich Crag) found occasionally in the lower part, and large flints at the base - - 12 32 Chalk. Thorpe. — ^Thorpe is one of the best-known localities of the Norwich Crag. Three pits have been opened at the eastern extremity of the village ; the one at the kiln immediately west of the Cromer branch railway (where it crosses the Norwich and Yarmouth road) is the only pit where shells are now obtained. This henceforth will be spoken of as the Thorpe pit. Another pit was in former years worked a little further east (near the Toll-gate), on the other * Remarks in explanation of his map (1865). At this time Mr. Wood grouped all the beds above the Chalk up to and including the Brickearth on top of the beds here given, as Middle Drift. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 469. 74 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. side of the railway, and a third was worked to the west of the kiln j both are now deserted and overgrown with vegetation. The pit near the Toll-gate was the one described in 1835 by Mr. R. Fitch, and here he obtained a specimen of Mastodon. In the year previous, S. Woodward nientions that "in company with Joseph Prestwich, Esq., we dis- " covered a molar tooth of the Elephant in the pit by Thorpe Toll-gate, which . " had been recently disinteji^red from the Crag, and was thickly coated with " ferruginous sand." The specimen, which was picked up by Mr. Prestwich, was afterwards det&mined to be E. meridionalis, and placed in the Norwich Museum. One of the Thorpe pits was also described by S. Woodward (MS.) in 1825 : " We here see a bed [of shells] 10 feet thick, tapering off to a point towards " the valley, proving that these shells are deposited in isolated patches or " shoals." " The Chalk here as usual is covered with flints imbedded in clay, then a " bed of shdls 7 feet thick, next a layer of clay and shells about 1 foot thick, " then about 2 feet of shingle, and above . this 12 feet of brickearth and " vegetable mould." The general section of the Crag beds at Thorpe Kiln will be seen from the accompanying section : a full list of fossils is given in the Table, p. 41, from specimens recorded by Mr. S. V. Wood, Prof. Prestwich, Mr. R. Fitch, Dr. S. P. Woodward, Mr. J. Reeve, myself, and others. The following is the section, which I noted in 1875, see Fig. 1, Plate III. : — Feet. 5. Irregular sandy capping, thickening out to - — 4 4. False-bedded sand and Shingle, formed chiefly of flint and . quartz, hardened in places and at various levels into a black ironstone-conglomerate or "iron-pan," which con- tains casts of shells - - - - - 8 to 12 3. False-bedded saad and pebbly gravel with irregular seams of micaceous sandy -clay ; shells at base " - - 2 to 4 2. White and buff false-bedded sand with sheU-patohes - 5 1. Rolled flints and clay, with sand, •pebblesi and shells. "Stone Bed" - - . - • . . 1 to IJ A. Chalk with flints and paramoudras, 20 feet shown. The strata are very clearly shown, but not the sub-divisions that have been made. There is a conspicuous shell-bed, sometimes 6 feet in thickness, occupying patches, in the white and buff-coloured sand (2) stretching along the face of the quarry, and there are thin beds of brown rudely stratified and im- persistent clay above it (3) — termed by some the Chillesford Clay. Shells are „ found at all horizons between the Chalk and this clay, but they are very local, for in places the beds are entirely 'unfossiliferous from top to bottom. No- where are there two marked or persistent horizons of Crag beneath this clay. Mr. Prestwich, who identified a grey clay about the horizon of Bed 3 with the Chillesford Clay,, admitted that the line of separation between the Chilles- ford beds and Fluvio-marine Crag was "not well marked."* I'do not think it is shown at ajl. Mr. S. V. Wood, jr., in his latest' communication on the subject, states that all of the Crag at Thorpe " is fluvio-marine, the division " into a fluvio-marine bed below and a marine one above (which exists at " Bramerton) not obtaining here." t At the base of Bed 4 Mr. Prestwich obtained a fragment of Deer's horn. Mr. Fitch (in his paper before alluded to) noticed the occurrence of shells^ principally Pectens, in the stone bed. , • During the last three or four years the beds have been worked back to a considerable extent, and I have seen a large surface of the Chalk exposed by the removal of the "uncallow." * Quart. Journi Greol. Soc, vol. xxvii.^p. 456. f Ibid,, vol, xxxvi., p. 461. UPPER OBAG (KORWIOH CRAG SERIES). 75 The stone-bedj about 2 feet in tliickness, contains great boulders of flint in a loamy matrix, and yields Pecten opereularis, P. pusio (one specimen), Tellina obliqua (pairs), Tellina crassa,* Mytilus edulis (pair), Mya (pair), Mactra, Buccinum tenerum, Trophon antiquus (large specimens), &c. The bones occur most abundantly on the surface of the stone-bed, not in it nor under it. I obtained a portion of a tusk in September 1878, and saw, the day after, the exact position in which another portion of tusk, 4 feet 6 inches in length, had been obtained. This was on the surface of the stone bed. (See p. 39). As Mr. Whitaker pointed out to rhe the Chalk is somewhat hardened in places, immediately below the Crag. He picked out one or two small " coprolites." Casts of shells^ " about 10 or 12 feet higher than the bed of rejectamenta," were noticed so long ago as 1837 W the Rev. Thomas Clowes.f They were subsequently nbtioed by LyeU,J R. C. Pitt,§ Prestwich,|| and J. E. Taylor.lT They occurred in the "iron-pan," and I obtained the followiiig species at the eastern end of the pit : — Litorina litorea. Purpura lapillus. Cardium edule. Modiola (large sp.). Mya arenaria. Mjrtilus edulis. Nucula CobboldiBB. Tellina Balthioa? —, obliqua. In the railway cutting (on the Cromer branch line), north-east of the lime- kiln, the pebbly beds were shown to be much disturbed (see p. 118). Excavations by the new Asylum buildings showed gravel and sand inter- changing abruptly. On the Yarmouth railway the cuttings showed the beds to be much dis- turbed, where overlaid by the Chalky Boulder Clay. At the new parsonage house, Thorpe, I was informed by Mr. E. Gidney.that shells were obtained in the Crag in sinking the well. An old pit now forming part of Mr. Howard Taylor's garden, showed about 10 feet of pebbly gravel with clayey seams and ironstone nodules resting on the Chalk. The following section at Thorpe was recorded by Trimmer ; he noticed " no Crag shells":**— Feet. E Glacial.] Loam, with patches of gravel - - - 30 Upper / Sand, with seams of gravel - - - 21 Crag ?] \ Clay, sand, and gravel - - - - 19 Chalk. S. Woodward (MS., 1825) says, "The pit in the village of Thorpe presents " a section of about 100 feet, 40 of which is in the chalk stratum, the temainder " diluvial beds of sand, gravel, and clay. Just above the chalk is a thin layer of " greyish blue clay, but no trace of the nodular flints reposing on the chalk, as " in those sections where Crag shells occur." lAttle Plumstead. — Sections, about 12 feet in thickness, of false-bedded sand and gravel, with laminated clay-seams, are seen N.W. of the Hall by the Church, and in the valley between the Church and the Rookery Farm. I was infonhed that at the brickkiln at Plumstead Street, sand, loam, shells, &c. were met with below the brickearth (glacial) at a depth of 13 feet from its surfiace. (See p. 99.) Postittiek. — The section at Postwiok Grove is now so much obscured by talus that the structure of the beds cannot be seen, and the shells are Only to be * First noticed hereby Mr, W. M. Crowfoot. ■(• Letter to S. 'Woodward, dated South Town, Yarmouth, Mar. 27, 1837. I Pha.^Mag. 1839, p. 261. § Proc. Soient. Soo., vol. ii., p. 4. if Geol. Mag., vrf. vii., p. 539 ; Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 469. t J. B. Taylor, Norf. News, Sept. 9, 1871. ** Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 308. 76 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. collected from the rabbit-burrows. There appears to be about 20 feet of rather angular and pebbly gravel and sand, resting upon the Chalk. A section noted by S. Woodward (MS. 1825) showed the following beds: — J. Feet. Ferruginous sand and vegetable mould, about - - - 6 Bed of shells, terminating towards the north — 10 yards in length, about -.-- . .._ - -4 Flints mixed with gravel and clay. Chalk. Two shell-beds, as I was informed by Mr. Fitch, have been noted at Postwick. Mr. J. E. Taylor* observed that at Postwick Grove the lower bed may also be seen reposing on the Chalk, and here the upper bed consists of irregular patches or " nests " containing hardly anything dae hut Cyprina Mandica in great quantities, sometimes in pairs. Rhynchonella psittaeea was found in the Upper bed. Crag shells were formerly to be obtained in two or three spots in Postwick, but the pits are overgrown and the sections obscured. By the P of Parsonage Farm (on the map) the following beds were shown, and I obtained the following species in company with Mr. Gunn : — f Pebbly gravel and sand, with many specimens I of Purpura lapillus, also Litoriaa litorea, Turritella incrassata, Pleurotoma, Cardium Upper Crag -•{ edule, and fragments of Mya, Peeten, Tellina, &c. Micaceous clay - - - - 3 ins. Stone bed ai^d sand. Chalk. Shells have also been found in the rectory garden by the Rev. W. Vin- cent.t The cuttings on the railway north of Postwick Grove, and east of Postwick, showed the Crag in several places overlaid by Chalky Boulder Clay, which rested most irregularly upon it. In several places the Crag was very much disturbed.:]; In one place a laminated clay occurs, with shells above and below it. I found lAtorina litorea. Purpura lapillus, Cardium edule, aiid Mya armaria. (See p. 118.) In the pit near Postwick Church, the surface of the Chalk was drilled by Annelides and contained Pholas orispata.% Tellina Balthica (solidula) has been reported from the " top bed " at Post- wick by S, P. "Woodward, but this appears to have arisen from the word Postwick being noisprinted for Crostwick.|| (See p. 33.) A fuU list of shells from Postwick is given in the table, p. 41, on the authority of S. V. Wood, S. P. Woodward, and from the specimens collected by myself. Witton. — Sections of fine pebbly gravel (5 feet) were opened up by the i of Witton (on the mag), and of buff sand (10 feet) by the stream to the north- east. Blofield. — In the valley south of Blofield corner, and N.W. of the P of Plumstead Hall (on the map), 10 feet of buff sand was opened up. Brundall. — The escarpment above the railway extending westward from the station, is Capped by buff false-bedded sands, shown in pits to a depth of 8 feet, below which occurs, with some local persistence, a bed of laininated clay shown in the bank at the railway-station. This throws out slight springs. » Norwich Geol. Soc, 1866. ■f See Excursion of Norwich Geol. Soc.,Norwich Mercury, July 18, 1871. J Noticed by J. Trimmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec, vol. i., p. 302. In this paper Crostwick is put for Postwick, p. 302. S. Woodward, Geol. Norfblk, p. 20 ; Lycll, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iii., p. 316. See Hanner, Trans. Norfolk Nat. Sdc, vol. ii., p, 377. UPPER OEAG (NORWICH OEAG SERIES). 77 In the wood south of Brundall Church the following beds were exposed : — Feet. Warp - - - - -3 to 5 fPebbly sands .... 6 Upner Crac -< laminated clay . . - .6 ^^ ° ^1 Sands with occasional gravelly seam, and [_ shells at intervals. Base not seen - 15 Upper Crag In this pit univalves were scarce, even Litorina UtOrea was rare, but the Crag was especially rich in Cyprina Islandica, entire valves of which, although not in pairs, were very abundant. Astarte borealis, A. compressa, Leda oblongoides, Ijuc'ma borealis, and Tellina obliqua were common ; while Tellina prmtennis and Nucula CobbolduB, the latter most abundant in the railway-cutting further east, were rare. A full list of shells from Brundall is given in the table, p. 42, and this includes notes of species collected at Brundall station by Mr. T. G. Bayfield, and Mr. Sothern, as well as those subsequently collected by myself. The railway cutting, and a pit a little further north by the road side, showed the following beds, which were opened up in 1875 : — Feet. "Buff and brown false-bedded sand and shingle, with occasional unworn flints, and numerous seams of laminated clay - 15 Laminated clay, tapering eastwards - - 3 Sand and gravel - -' - .2 to 3 Sand with shells - - -' -ItolJ Buff sand (beneath level of railway), base not seen - - ' - - - 6 The clay was (Sept. 1878) opened up for brickmaking about a quarter of a mile east of the station, and there was a thigkness of 7 or 8 feet of sandy brick- earth. The sliell-bed yielded^ besides other species given in the table. Bulla sp., Rinfficula ventricosa, Trochus tumidus, Astarte sulcata, Cardinm edule, Modiola modiolus, Mya arenaria, M. truncata ?, Tellina prtetenuis, and T. lata, and several other species, which I did not meet with in the pit near the church. Mr. Bayfield found fragments of lignite, and I obtained one pebble of quartzite in the Crag. On the other hand, Turritella terebra found by myself, and Abra prismatica found by Mr. Reeve in the pit by the church, have not been recorded from the railway-cutting. These facts are of course merely of interest in showing the local prevalence of certain species. The Brundall Station Crag might be called the " Nucula Cobboldite Crag," just as other exposures have been called " Tellina Balthica Crag." Bradeston. — A pit by the farm S.B. of the church," showed 15 to 20 feet of buff and white sand trith thin seams of laminated clay. Strumpshaw. — South of Lakeford a pit showed the following beds : — Feet, Glacial? - 5. Gravel V 3 to 4 4. Sand - - - - -J 3. Lenticular mass of clay and sand Upper Crag 2. Indurated clayey sand's . - . j 1. Bright ochreous and pale buff sand with gravelly seams .... Buckenham. — ^A section by the railway station showed 14 feet of false-bedded sand and shingle. The following notes are by Mr. Blake : — Hasingham. — ^A gravel pit is situated near the south-west comer of the field to the E. of the church. About 18 feet in thickness of very pebbly gravel, intermixed with a Uttle brown sand, was exposed. I observed a small boulder of grit, 4 inches in diameter in the gravel. Which latter mostly consisted of pebbles of flint and quartz. Cantley. — A small sand pit is situated half a mile S.E. by E of Cantley Church, on the east side of Spong Farm. Reddish-brown stony and loamy 78 GEOLOGY OP THE OOTJNTBY ABOUND NORWICH. sand) 5 feet in thickness, was exposed overlying a few feet of light brown sand. Moulton. — ^A gravel-pit, showing an interesting section, is situated three- quarters of a mile S.W. by W. of Moulton Church. On the north-east side of the pit, the following section occurs : — , " ' Feet. Soil - - - 1 Very stony stiff brown loam [Glacial Drift] - - - 6 Pebbly gravel and shingle, consisting of flint and quartz - 1 Buff and orange-coloured stratified sands, pebbly and gravelly in places - - - - - - - 6| Micaceous grey loamy-clay, more or less laminated - - 1^ Thinly stratified grey, white and buff-coloured sand, with streaks of grey loam, micaceous, and with a few pebbles - - 3 On the south-west side of the same pit, where the surface of the ground is at a lower level, the section is as follows : — Feet. Soil - - - - - . - - 2 Pebbly gravel and shingle - - - - - If Orange-coloured pebbly sand, with patches of pebbly gravel, more or less indurated - - - - - 6 Shingle and pebbly gravel - ' - - - - 2 ' Stratified light brown sand, containing a few pebbles - - 2 Laminated grey clay and orange-coloured sand, very micaceous 14 There is a pond in the middle of the pit, the water evidently being kept up by Chillesford clay. The sections exposed in the above pit clearly show the following succession of beds, viz., Loam, Pebbly-beds, aud Chillesford-beds. And inasmuch as the Loam is overlaid on the higher ground near the Wifid-mill by a considerable thickness of sand, which latter a little further north is overlaid by Chalky- boulder-qlay, we have the succession in this locality of the five following formatioixs clearly demonstrated; the sequence being :^- r Chalky-boulder-clay. [Glacial Drift] \ Sand. L Loam. *Pebbly gravel and shingle. *ChiUesford-beds. Southwood. — ^Two small gravel-pits occur at the crossways about a quarter of a mile N.W. of Southwood Hall. The gravel consisted mostly of flint, and was very pebbly and mixed with sand.. About 8 feet in thickness was shown in one pit, the other was mostly filled in. Linipenhoe. — A large old sand-pit is situated five-eighths of amile S.E. by S. of the church, near Limpenhoe High-house, on the slope of the ground, which now forms a steep escarpment mostly overgrown with brushwood, &c. At the western part of the pit, about 15 to 20 feet in thickness of brown sand, occasionally false bedded, and much indurated in places, is exposed ovelrlying very micaceous laminated grey clay and brown sand containing some ferru- ginous nodula* concretions, evidently Chillesford beds. A good exposare showing 9 feet in thickness of pebbly gravel occurs in a pit opposite Liinpenhoe High-house, in a field on the east side of the road leading down to the marshes. Pebbly gravel was shown in a pit — now filled in — south of the road, a little more than a quarter of a mile E.S.E. of Limpenhoe Church. * These beds I group together as Upper Crag, not recognizing the persistence of. any particular horizon of clay, sand, or gravel. Mr. Blake's views on the classifica- tion of the Pliocene and newer beds in Norfolk, are clearly expressed in his Address to the Norwich Geol. Soc. See Proc, vol. i., p. 137 .—H. B. W. UPPER OEAG (NORWICH ORAa SERIES). 79 Clay, Loam, and Sand occurs on the low ground in the neighbourhood of Low Farm; and is shown, on ascending the road N.E. of the Farm, to underlie gravel. The Clay, &c., of which no good section was exposed, probably belongs to ^he Chillesford beds, and is no doubt a continuation of the micaceous laminated grey clay and sand, underlying a considerable' thickness of gravel and sand — exposed on the low ground near the marshes to the W. of Linvpenhoe High-house. Reedham, — In the railway-cuttings, forming a triangle to the E. of Reedham^ railway-station, about 20 to 25 feet or more in thickness of reddish and yellowish -brown and bufF-coloured pebbly gravel and sand is exposed j beneath which, and commencing at about the same level as the rails, I observed, in places, micaceous white and brown sand containing ferruginous nodular concretions ; indicating either the presence of the Chillesford beds themselves or else their proximity. At the angle formed by the slopes of the cutting N. of the railway-bridge over the river Yare, a little grey stratified and reddish- brown unstratified loamy-clay is exposed at the top part of the cutting, overlying the gravel for a distance of about 40 or 50 yards. It is somewhat similar to the loamy-clay overlying the pebbly sand and gravel and Chillesford clay, exposed in the brickyard to the north-west, near the railway-bridge. Gravel and sand intermixed and of a brown colour is exposed in a pit S.E. by S. of Reedham railway-station. The gravel consists mostly of flint, pebbly and subangular,- and quartz pebbles. Several secfions showing gravel and sand intermixed, are exposed in the escarpment south of Reedham Hills, extending for about a quarter of a mUe in length to the W. of the railway-bridge across the river Yare. The sand is of a brown colour and is inlevstratifled with gravel, which latter mostly consists of srhall pebbly and subangular flints and quartz pebbles. In one place I observed a lenticular patch of brown loam, 3 or 4 feet thick, in the middle of the gravel and sand ; and in another place, some mottled grey and reddish-brown stony and loamy-clay overlying the gravel and sand. A gravel-pit occurs on the west side of the road, one-and-three-eighths of a mile N.W. by N. of the church. The pit was mostly flUedin when visited by me, but about 6 feet in thickness of brown loam was exposed on the south side of the pit, overlying about 6 feet of very pebbly reddish-brown and buff- coloured sand and gravel, the total thickness not being shown. Gravel was exposed in digging a ditch to obtain material for forming a bank, on the west side of the roads a little more than three-quarters of a mile N. of the railway-station, and about half a mile S. of the large brickyard. A brickyard is situated three-eighths of a mile E. of the railway-station, south of the railway and close to the bridge. In an excavation here, a fine section of Chillesford Clay, 11 feet thick, was clearly exposed, showing numerous thin bands of micaceous grey clay interstratified with brown sand, there being about an equal proportion of clay and sand, the clay perhaps in places preponderating. The lowest portion consisted of white sand, 6 inches to a foot in thickness, -apparently occurring in patches in bufF-coloured sand. Pebbly gravel and sand — of the same n^ure that occurs in the adjoining railway- cuttings and at the escarpment at Reedham Hills — overlies the Chillesford Clay at the west end of the pit, but at the east end, 3 or 4 feet of brown and baff-coloured sand, false-beddedin places, intervenes between the gravel and the-Chillesford Clay. A line of denudation is clearly shown — as is so frequently the case — on the upper part of the Chillesford Clay at the western end of the pit, where the beds which undulate — another characteristic of them — are shown dipping towards the east, where they become more or less horizontal. About 6- or 6 feet in thickness of Chillesford Clay has been denuded at the western epd. (See pp. 34, 35.) Wickhaimfon. — A small gravel-pit occurs on the north-west side of Wick- hampton Farm, nearly half a mile S.W. by W. of the church. The gravel, consisting mostly of flint and quartz pebbles, is of a reddish-brown colour, and 7 feet in thickness was exposed. Another pit of larger size is isituated on the east side of the Farm, but was mostly filled in and otherwise covered by talus, when. seen by me. I was informed that loam overlaid the gravel in the highest part of the pit,- and observed a large boulder against one of the Farm buildings, evidently taken out of the loam in the immediate vicinity. 80 GEOLOGY or THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. A sand-pit occurs in a field to the west of the Farm situated one mile and a quarter E, of Freethorpe Church, and close to Wickhampton Church, on the north side of it. Ahout 9 feet in thickness of reddish-brown sand was here overlaid by some gravel. J. H. Blakb.- Trowse. — In the Chalk-pit, near Crown Point, a good section of the Crag series with two fossiliferous seams was shown. One seam was about 9 feet above the Chalk, and like the bed at Arminghall, above a bed of laminated clay, ^ called " Chillesford Clay ; " while the other occurred in patches directly on the Chalk, and was detected by Mr. Whitaker during a visit he paid with me to the pit. Though these veins are insignificant now, shells were noticed in 1826 by S. Woodward,* and again in 1865, when the shell-bed was stated to be"3 or 4 feet in thickness, and the usual marine shells to be abundantly found in it.t The only recognizable species I obtained were Trophon antiquus from the upper bed, and Cardium edule from the lower bed. Cah/ptrcea Chinensis has, however, been rccorded,J and Mr. H. Norton obtained from the workmen a specimen of Astarte (A. sulcata?). Mr. J. B. Taylor noticed here a bed of Iron-pan. § The following is the section (see p. 134, and Fig. 24, Plate VIII.) : — Feet. Warp 2 to 3 Shingle and sand - - - • . - - 10 r Hardened sandy clay with fragments of shells k ri . a ■ J Sand with streaks and bands of clay - 6 ^'^"ff^^'''^^ -i Laminated clay - - - - 3 L stone-bed with shells . . . ^ Chalk. In the escarpment west of Crown point the pebbly sands are locally hardened into stone. South-east of Tvowse Hall a pit showed about 15 feet of pebbly gravel, sands, and laminated clays, the sands and gravel chiefly at the top, WTiitlingham. — Numerous pits have been opened for the working of Chalk at Whitlingham, which have exposed the Crag, in one opening of which the famous tooth of Mastodon, figured by William Smith, was obtained. |{ Two pits were being worked during my examination of the district (1875- 1878), and in both of them the shell-beds have been exposed. The larger one situated to, the e^st displayed at one time a remarkable disturbance in the Chalk (see p. 134). The structure of the beds is exceedingly variable. One face of the larger pit showed (in 1875) the following section :— " 'Pebbly sands and gravel Shelly bed, 6 in. to 1 ft.. Brown clay, a few inches Light-coloured sand - Clayey seam -' Sand Sandy clay - Sand and gravel Shell-bed - Stone-bed • Chalk. Upper Crag. < -^ Ft. Ins. ■ - w ■ 8 persistent }.o . 6 . 2 . 4 . 3 . 1 . 1 6 • -• . 1 6 20 8 * Letter to J. W. Robberds, 17 October 1826. t Norwich Mercury, 20 May 1865. J Proc. Norwich Gcol. Soc, vol. i., p. 5. § Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 370. II Strata identified by Organized Fossils. UPPER ORAG (NORAVIOH CRAG SERIES). 81 The following section of the Crag series in , the same pit at Whitlingham, which was taken in 1877, is represented in fig. 9, Plate III. : — Feet. 4. Pebbly gravel and sand, with seam of shells - - -T 3. Laminated clay and seam of shells - - " L i •; t as 2. Sand and pebbly gravel with patches of shells - - [ ° ' 1. Stone-bed ... . . .J A. Chalk. This section showed one of the lenticular masses of laminated clfiy sometimes called '■' ChUlesford Clay " ; it overlaid a hed of shells, and was itself overlaid by two beds, one of which it perhaps partly replaced. At this time (1877) the eastern face of the pit showed no distinctive clay-band at all, and while at one time it exhibited a small nest of shells, on a subsequent visit this was quite worked away. This pit alone shows that no distinctive horizons can be traced but in the Upper Crag by the occurrence either of shell-beds or of laminated clay. Diagrams drawn at different times, as the beds are worked away, are quite different in detail. This is one of the charms of Norfolk geology, for there is always something fresh to be seen in the sections of the Pliocene beds, as well as in those of the Pleistocene or Glacial accumulations. In my " Geology of England and Wales " (1876), p. 287, is an illustration of this pit, 6ngrt.ved from a photograph (taken about the year 1868) kindly lent to me by Mr. Bayfield.. I then divided the beds according to the classification of Mr. S. V. Wood, jun. Experience gained subsequently in this pit shook my confidence in the permanence of any of these local divisions, for at ffifperent times they would be made at various horizons. The shells likewise belong as much to the so-called " Bure Valley Beds " (4), as they do to the lower portions of the Norwich Crag Series. The smaller pit to the west showed the following beds : — r Pebbly sands. Upper Crag - ■{ Laminated clays and sand, L Shell-bed. Chalk (gently undulating). From these pits the shells noted in the accompanying list (see p. 42) were mostly obtained by myself. The specimens of Astarte incrassata and A. sulcata I found in the smaller pit. Mr. J. E. Taylor found also at this locality Cardinm Graenlandicum and a species of Venus in a bed of shells about 4 feet in thickness, resting on a seam of Iron-pan.* As before mentioned I have noticed no less than three distinct shell-beds in the larger pit. And in a section given by Mr. R. C. Pitt, in 1840, four beds with shells were then visible.f Arderon, who in mistake described the locality as " Cantley White House," 3 miles south-east of Norwich, from the evidence of the shells, remarked, "These Mils I take to have been formerly the boundaries to an arm of the " sea, which made Norwich a famous seaport."J The idea of the present valleys having any connefction or correspondence with the Crag seas or bays was disproved many years ago by R. C. Taylor ; it has now been revived by Mr. S. V. Wood, jun,, though I believe it is entirely opposed by the evidence of pits and well-sections. § The Rev. T. Clowes " found in a perforation in the Chalk at Whitlingham " the shell -of a Pholas crispata, the remainder of the perforation being filled with Crag." II * Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 370, This bed Mr. Taylor then spoke of as Glacial Drift, t Proo. Soi. Soc. Lond., vol. ii., p. 5. J Phil. Trans., 1747, Uo. 481, p. 279. § Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., p. 461. II Lyell, Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. iii., p. 316 ; Proo. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 128. Q 6483. ^ 82 GKOLOGY OP THE COtNTRY AROUND NORWICH. Kirhy Bedon. — Shells were noticed in this parish by S. Woodward and J. W. Robberds,* about half a mile from the Woods End House on the road towards Kirby Bedon Church. They were noticed by the former "at the "bottom of a fence opposite the Farm House;" and in the banks between it and the Woods End House, both Crag shells and remains of Mammalia have been observed.. The shells were at one time opened up in a pit by the road_ side, but the patch was worked away.f More recently Mr. J. E. Taylor pointed out the abundance of Loripes divaricata, of which he obtained 28 specimens in two visits.J Calyptriea Chinensis is also abundant. Mr. Reeire has collected among other shells a new species of Nassa.^ The list given in the table, p. 42, includes the species obtained by Mr. Reeve and Mr. Taylor, as well as others collected by Mr. S. C. Sothern and myself. Bramerton. — ^The pit on Bramerton Common, though now far inferior in its exhibition of the beds to either Whitlingham or Thorpe, has always been treated as a sort of typical section of the Norwich Crag. The section is as follows : — Peet. Very fine sand ,with gravelly seam at base - - - 1 to 2 False-bedded ferruginous sand with pebbles of flint, quartz, &c. - - - - - - - 2 Blue and brown mottled clay|| - - - - 1 " Sand with shells. Zone of Astarte horedlis - - - 2 Seams of brown clay _ . . . Sand with a few stones and shells sparingly (about 12 feet) „,-,-.- - - • - S> 20 or 21 Seams of brown clay (6 ms.) - - - Shell-bed with seams of brown clay (about 6 feet) - Bed of flints (I'foot) wjth Mya in natural position - Chalk with'flints (about 2 feet above the river-level). about 27 feet. R. C. Taylor, who described the section in 1823, gave a thickness of 50 feet for the Crag, and mentioned three distinct beds with shells.lT Samuel Woodward** gave the thickness as 60 feet, and his accoiint varied very much from Taylor's. Indeed every section taken at intervals must vary as the beds themselves are so changeable. I am entirely unable to agree therefore with the special correlation made with the beds at ChiUesford and elsewhere. In a large way the beds correspond, but it is impossible to correlate minute divisions which change as the beds are worked away. (See pp. 33-36.) Bramerton has always been the chief collecting ground. Sowerby's specimens were nearly all obtained from this locality; so also were those enumerated by Mr. S. V. Wood in his "Crag MoUusca." Tellina Balthiea therein recorded by him, has been subsequently regarded as an erroneous statement : it has never been met with by Mr. James Reeve during his exhaustive examination of the beds. To Mr. Reeve indeed we are mainly in- debted for our present knowledge of the Bramerton Crag fauna. See table, p. 41, * Robberds, Eastern Valleys of Norfolk, 1826, p. 14. t S. Woodward, MS, Sketch of the Norwich Crajg Deposit, 1825. t Norwich Geol. Soc. 1866. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 458. II This is the bed sometimes identified with tlie ChiUesford Clay. Mr. Prestwieh, however, says that this clay was not visible when he saw the pit, but he found traces of it in the road leading up the hill at the back of the pit. Q. J. G. S., xxvii., p. 457. See a/so Wood. iieU, xxxvi., p. 459. II Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2., vol. i., p. 373, and Plate 47. ** MS., 1825. TIPPER CRAG (NORWICH CRAG SERIES). 83 " A large mass of Chalk was found at the foot of the ClifP at Bramerton by the Rev. W. Foulger, perforated by the Pholas cri^ata, 3 inches in diameter."* Similar borings were also detected by the Rev. T. Clowes.f Hydrobia subumbilicata has been found in some abundance in the lower bed on Bramerton Common by Mr. Reeve, but so far as I am aware all of the freshwater shells are very rare. Sections of the pit on Bramerton Common have been published by Mr. S. V. Wood, jfin., in his Remarks in Explanation of Map (1865), Sec. 24 j and in conjunction with Mr. F. W. Harmer, in the Supplement to the Crag MoUusca, Sec. XVI. Shells were noticed further east, as far as the boundary with Surlingham parish, by J. W. Robberds ;| and by S. Woodward " about 300 yards lower down " the river by the side of a cottage. "§ This would be about the spot where we now find the excavation known as " Blake's Pit," to which Mr. J. Reeve directed attention in 1870. || The Crag here is often called the " Scrobicularia bed," from the abundance in it ot Scrobicularia plana [piperata). Mr. S. V. Wood says it " appears to intervene between the few feet of specially Fluvio-marine " Crag which rests on the chalk and the ChUlesford bed."ir For my own part 1 cannot recognize such a distinction. Blake's pit shows a mass of shells and sand from top to bottom, with included streaks of clay. The Scrobicularia so abundant here is very rare in the adjoining exposures on the Common. Many of the shells are highly stained with iron-oxide in Blake's pit, and present quite the appearance of Red Crag fossils. Pebbly gravels are exposed south of the church by Bramertojn Low Common. South of Holverston Thicks there was shown 4 feet of false-bedded brown and yellow sand. Surlingham St. Saviour. — N,E. of the church a pit showed false-bedded sand and gravel, and at the adjoining brickyard sand only had been dug, the clay being brought from Rockland. Surlingham St. Mary. — South-east of the church are pits dug in brown and yellow sand (9 feet). North of the church a pit showed : — ft. in. 'Pebbly gravel - - - - - 1 Sand 8 Bluish-brown clay with seams of sand - 2 Upper Crag -^ False-bedded orange-coloured sand, with occa- sional pebbles of quartz and flint - - 10 Sand with beds of laminated clay - 4 or 6 _White and orange-coloured sand - - 1 6 Higher up the hill pebMy sand and gravel were cemented in places into a pudding-stone. South of the Barn (north of the road) a pit showed 15 fe^t of white and buff sands and pebbly gravel, with streaks of laminated clay and fine gravel, below which about 4 feet of blue and brown laminated clay has been worked, and beneath it was exposed 3 feet of white and yellow sand. Immediately south of the road, there were several excavations showing 6 to 8 feet of false- bedded sand, gravel, and loam, much weathered at the surface (?,rainwash), resting on uregular mottled clay (1 foot), and laminated clay and sand (1 foot to a feet). At the western opening (close to where the three roads meet) there were traces of Chalky Boulder Clay. {See p. 111.) North of Surlingham Wood a pit showed about 11 feet of trown and yellow sands, wth a vein of laminated clay in the middle. In the lower part iron- stone nodules occurred, also white sand with fragments of shells. * S. Woodward (MS.) 1825. + Letter to S. Woodward, 28 April 1837. J Eobberds, Eastern Valleys of Norfolk, p. 10. § MS. Sketch of the Norwich Crag Deposit. II Norfolk News, Oct. 8, 1870. 4 Second Supp. to Crag MoUusca (Pal. Soc), p. 35. F 2 84 GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTEY ABOUND NORWICH. In 1873 Mr, Gunn drew attention to the discovery of a Mastodon's tooth in the beds in a pit near Surlingham Wood j and in the same year I had the advantage of seeing the pit with him, and in company with my colleagues Messrs. F. J, Bennett and W. A. E. Ussher. The following was the section then recorded by Mr. Gunn : — Feet. 7. Gravel, from which a Neolithic implement was taken. 6. "F;irst-rateChillesfordClay" - - - - 10. 5. Bright yellow sand in which the tooth was found - - 3 4. Red gravel, 3. Lighter coloured clay with large interspaces of sand, beauti- fully laminated - - - - - - 8 2. " Chillesford Clay " more compact, and the lower part of a darker bright blue colour - - - - - 10 1. Fine sand in which shells were found 6 feet below the clay. Associated with the tooth were broken fragments of a leg bone of the Mastodon, or Elephant. The tooth bore a matrix of dark coloured gravel and sand, thus differing from the sand in which it was found. Mr. Gunn considered that it was derived from the Stone bed.* The following was the section of the pit when I visited it in 1877. (See fig. 11, Plate IV.) :— Feet Warp - - - . - 2 to 3 Brown clay, sand, and gravel, contorted 6 TT Cria J "J- Sand-in which bones had been found - 1 to 2 upper orag - ^ g. Laminated clay and sand - - 10 to 12 .1. White false-bedded sand. Rockland. — About 40 yaids north of the " White Earth Pit," Rockland, a sand pit was opened to the depth of 20 feet. (See p. 112.) North-west of the Staith, by the New Inn, a pit showed 3 to 6 feet of stony loam (? Contqj-ted Drift) resting on 9 feet of pebbly gravel and sand. The brickyard by -the New Inn showed 5 feet or more of buff false-bedded sand with thin layers of laminated clay, capped by 7 or 8 feet of pebble gravel, abutting against which was a mass of Chalky Boulder clay with included beds of sand and laminated clay. The Boulder Clay was formerly used for brick- making, but this was discontinued four or five years ago, and now the clay is obtaifled from Smlingham Wood Pit. North-east of Rockland Hall the following beds have been opened up : — Feet. Glacial Drift ? - Loam and gravel - - - - 3 to 6 ("Buff false-bedded sand and fine gravel, with TT „„ r.„„„ J laniinae of clay and clay-pebbles - - 15 upper urag "1 stiff blue^sKghtly micaceous clay . . 5 LSand. I obtained a pieqe of granite from the Crag. Some of the clay-pebbles were coated with iron-oxide, and it seems probable that they give rise to the concretionary masses which contain nuclei of iron- ochre (see p. 38). The Blue Clay burns to a red brick, diffeiing thus from the celebrated clay of Rockland of Glacial age, which burns to a white brick. My cousin, Mr. B. B. Woodwardj kindly examined these clays microscopically, but was unsuccessful in finding any organic remains ii} them. Hillmgton. — Between the Star Inn and the- Common, 6 feet of laminated clay and sand have been opened up, and the same beds probably were used for brickmaking a little further east in Claxton parish. * Meeting, Norwich Geol. Soc, March 4, 1873, reported in the Norwich Mercury. ITPPEB CBAG (nOTJWIOH CKAG SEKIES). 85 Claxton. — A pit by the Mill west of Carlton Broad, showed 12 feet of gravel and false-bedded sand (? Valley gravel). A pit by the H of Claxton. Hall (on the map) showed 6 feet of buff false- bedded sand. ' Carlton St. Pefer.'— North-east of the Church a pit showed 8 feet of rather loose rudely-stratified gravel and sand, which, at the time, I was disponed to regard as possibly valley gravel. North-east of the Broad about 20 feet of false-bedded sand and fine gravel, composed chiefly of flint and quartz, has been opened up. In this, district we come into contact further oh, with pebbly gravels in the Glacial Drift, much Uke those in the Crag series, and it is possible that the various exposures have not always been correctly represented on the Geological Survey Map, especially where the Glacial and Pliocene gravels come together without the intervention of the Lower Glacial brick- earth. Burgh, Apton. — South-east of the church a pit showed buff and brown sand, with seams of micaceous clay and pebbly gravel, also clay-pebbles. East of Park Farm a large pit showed 40 feet of gravel containing quartz and quartzite, and some large flint boulders. Mundham St. Peter. — West of Tyler's Hill, a pit showed sand and pebble gravel with bands of laminated clay. Pebbly gravels of the Upper Crag stretch through Loddon to Heckingham, where they have been mapped by Mr. Reid, beyond which they have not been identified. At one time I was of opinion that the pebbly gravels exposed near Nogdam End were of the same age, while Mr. Reid had included the pebble beds of Haddiscoe in the " Bure Valley Beds." Subsequently I was enabled at Chedgrave and Hardley Hall to find evidence of pebbly gravels in the Glacial Drift overlying stony loam (Lower Glacial). The Haddiscoe gravels, moreover, were shown in section to be intercalated with the. Glacjal sands of that area, hence these beds, with which the pebble beds of Halesworth, Hen- ham, and Westleton are correlated, are distinct from the Pliocene " Bure Valley Beds," which I group with the Upper Crag.* IV.— Wavenbv Valley. The following notes are by Mr. Clement Reid : — Woodton. — A pit opposite the Meeting House showed quartzose pebbly gravel, capped by Valley Gravel and a wash of Chalk flints. In the pit ftirther south about 20 feet of gravel was shown. The upper portion, com- prising coarse loamy River Gravel, rested upon fine false-bedded pebbly gravel and sand, in the lower part of which was a good deal of greenish clay. About half the pebbles were of flint, the rest consisted of hard sandstone, quartz and quartzite. One pebble of pudding-stone occurred. (Seep. 108.) Bungay. — A pit at Duke's Bridge showed subangular gravel with Purpura lapillus and Mya sp. At Bungay Station behind the goods shed Shelly Crag is said to occur. C. Reid. DitcMngham. — In the year 1832 Daniel Stock, of Bungay, forwarded to S. Woodw;ard a few fragments of shells which he had picked out of a bed at the foot of the Bath HiUs. He observed that it was very difficult to procure a perfect specimen.f Mr. Reid obtained many shells in a bed of pebbly gravel and sand exposed in the kitchen garden of Ditchingham Lodge. He was informed that Shelly Crag occurred at the targets on the Bath Hills. A full list of shells obtained at Ditchingham is given in the table, p. 42, but it seems desirable to separate those obtained from two spots in the parish, and to give the following detailed account : — * See S. V. ■Wood, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., pp. 463, 464 ; and T. W. Harmer, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 234. t Letter to S. W., 19th June 1832. 86 GKOLOGY OF THE OOUNTKY AROTJND NORWICH. List op Fossils feom the Cra« at Ditchingham. A. A few species marked * are mentioned on the authority of Mr. S. V. Wood, all the other species were obtained by Mr. Clement Reid in the pit at the back of the kitchen-garden at Ditchingham Lodge. A few species were also obtained by Mr. Hartcup from a deep well at Mrs. Menzie's house, Ditchingham. (See p. 158.) B. Those marked || are in the possession of Mr. Hartcup, the rest were obtained by Mr. Reid from the porter at the Hospital. vc = very common, c = common. vr = very rare. r = rare. B. Hospital. Buocinum undatum, var. teneruin Cerlthium tricinctum Hydrobia (Paludestrina) suhumbilicata Lito'rina litorea rudis Natica catena heKcoides Paludina media Purpura lapillus Sealaria Groenlandica Trophon antiqtius - '■ var. contrarius var. striatus scalariformis gracilis Tiirritella incrassata - terebra - ^ Voluta Lamberti Astarte compressa - Cardium edule Grcenlandioum Corbula contracta - striata Cyprina Islandioa Leda oblongoldes Lucina borealis Mactra ovalis subtruncata - Mya arenaria Mytilus edulis Tellina lata - obliqua prsetenuis Sprobicularia plana Balanus Fish vertebrae c r vc r vc columellall r r I ? c c II , vo r vr r Broome. — " A pit north of Broome Street appears to be in pebble beds with a little Lower Boulder Clay ? "f I Geldeston. — " A pit south of the Church showed about 20 feet of pebbly " gravel."f Aldeby.X — The section at Aldeby showed in 1878, from 6 to 8 feet of sand and fine gravel (Valley Gravel) resting on 6 feet of laminated clay and sand. Beneath this occurred the shell bed, which was opened up to a depth of about 5 feet. The laminated clay is generaSy correlated with the Chillesford Clay. f I'rom Mr. C. Raid's notes. t This section when first described was stated by mistake to be in the. parish pf Toft Monks. Lyell speaks of the Crag at this locality as the Aldeby beds. Stu- denfs Elements (1871), p. 168. UPPEE OEAG (NORWICH CEAa SERIES). 87 The fossiliferous bed was first brought into notice by Mr. C. B. Rose in 1865, who identified it as Norwich Crag.* It is, however, ahnost entirely owing to the labours of Messrs. W. M. Crow- foot and E. T. Dowson that the rich fauna recorded in the table, p, 41, is known to us. Mr. Dowson very kindly furnished to Mr. Reid the following notes of the pit, dated October 2Sth, 1867 :— West Part. Central Part. East Part. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. Warp 9 Warp 1 Warp - - 1 Gravel 3 6 Coarse gravel - 2 6 Sand 1 Loamy sand 7 Loamy sand, with Coarse gravel - 2 6 Laminated clay 6 thick veins of Laminated clay Sand without shells 9 laminated clay - 7 6 without chalk or Shell bed - 1 6 Laminated clay - 6 9 flints - 3 Sand 1 Sand without shells 9 N.B.— A large flint, f cwt., mentioned by Mr. Prest- wich, came from the sand about here.f ft. in. SheU bed - - 2 Sand, with veins of clay and a few fragments of clay, to water level - 4 3 Sand without shells, but with a few large flints - - 3 3 N.B.— A little further E. a thin vein of shells appears. ft. m.. Shell bed with Cy- prina (perfect), &c. 3 Sand, with a few fragmentaiy shells and thin seam of clay': to water level - - 3 6 A boring was made at the extreme east end of the section, in November 1867. A thickness of sand and Crag (fragmentary), and perhaps a few small seams of ola,y, were bored through to the extent of about 10 feet beneath the water level, and gravel was then reached, whi6h the boring-tool unfortunately would not pierce. [E. T. D.] The following notes on the section exposed (1875-76) are by Mr. C. Reid ; — Run of the hill - - - - 3 or 4 Valley gravel ----- 3 r Brownish bedded brickearth rather sandy - 6 J passing into — 'I Laminated bluish clayey brickearth - - 6 LSand. Upper Crag A few yards further west the section was :- Upper Crag Soil - Valley gravel .... '"Sand, with occasional seams of pebbles Loamy brickearth .... Clayey do; - - - - Brown sand, with line of Tellinas 8 inches down, and another at 1 foot 6 inches .Bed full of upright My a arenaria Light brown sand with scattered shells ft. in. 1 6 4 4 6 2 5 1 4 * Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Trans, of Sects., p. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., p. 545. •f See Quart. Jonm. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 454, 77. Sqe (flsg Qnart. Journ. 88 GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTKY AROUND NORWICH. ft. in. Shell bed, Astarte, Mactra, perfect Cyprinas, &o., and occasionally large unworn flints - 2J Band of blue clay - - - - 0| Loamy brownish sand - - - 1 Hard brownish brickearth with scattered shells 2 _Sand ? Barsham. — A pit west of Barshatn Church showed orange-coloured sand with scattered pebbles. The road above showed loamy beds. N.E. of Ashmans, a pit showed about 18 feet of fine sand, with a seam of gravel. One quarter of a mile W. of Rooa -Hall, the following section of Upper Crag beds was to be seen : — ft. in. Soil 10 Sand, with scattered worn and subangular stones (flints, quartz, &c.), the lower part false-bedded - - - 6 0, Ferruginous shingle of flint and quartz pebbles, with a few subangular stones - - - - - -10 Yellow sand, with some carbonaceous matter and small scattered pebbles - - - - - - 8 Loamy shingle - - - - - -10 Bedded white and yellow loam, not so well laminated as the Chillesford Clay at Aldeby, and rather more sandy ; stones very scarce - -- - - - -66 Beccles. — On the London road, B. of the first mill from Beccles, mottled orange loam with gravel and thin seams of clay, like the Chillesford clay, was shown in the road-cutting. At Ingate Clay Pit the following section was exposed : — ^ ft. in. Soil (sandy) - - -, - - - - 2 Pebbly sand - - - - - - - 3 Loamy Chillesford clay, upper part brown, lower blue and stifEerj a good many thin ferruginous seams occur, which have to be separated before it is used for bricks ; there is also too much sand, which lowers its economic value - 14 - Hard pan and sand. A sandpit on the Beccles racecourse showed fine brown and white sand and loam, with carbonaceous grains and false bedding, 10 feet, capped by gravelly Alluvium, and near the water, by Boulder Clay. In the basement of Mr. Pearce's shop, Blyburgate Street, Beccles, was exposed sandy laminated loam with seams of sand. In the road opposite there is laminated loam with pebbles. C. Reid. The two deep borings at Beccles recorded by Mr. W. M, Crowfoot (see p. 156) show at least 95 feet of strata, which belong to the Upper Crag ; perhaps portions of the " Gravel and sand, with broken shells " grouped with the Bure Vajley Beds may be Upper Crag also. The shells obtained by Mr. Crowfoot are given in the table, p. 42. Mr. S, V. Wood observed that the well probably " pierced the same bed as " that not far away at Aldeby, though it has a Fluvio-marine aspect."* * Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, 1872, p. 61. UPPER ORAG (nOKWIOH CRAG SERIES). 8.9 The following is the abbreviated section of the beds below the Middle Glacial Drift, given by Mr. Crowfoot : — * First well. Second well. Bure Valley Beds. Gravel and sand, with broken shells . - - Chillesford Clay. Loamy micaceous sand Chillesford Sand. Red sand with shells - Fluvio-marine Crag. Dark sandy clay and sUt, full of shells Chalk. ft. in. ft. in. 32 33 14 15 12 14 6 68 .65 6 126 128 Mr. Crowfoot mentioned that these " Chillesford Sands " yielded Cardium edule, Tellina fahula, T. prcetenuis, T. obliqua, Mactra ooalis. My a, C rithium tricinctum, and Litdrina titorea. For further details of the beds, see p. 156. "The ' Chillesfprd Beds ' were well exposed at the northern end of Bona- parte's Island, a boss bounded by river-gravel on the east, south, and west, and overlooking the Beccles fen on the north. They were also exposed in sewer- cuttings in the northern streets of Beccles in 1879. They occurred in the usual form of tawny sands with grey clay bands."t * Proe. Norwich Geol. Soo., vol. i., p. 76. f From Mr. W. H. Dalton's Notes. Glacial J Beds. ^ 90 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. CHAPTER IV.— GLACIAL DRIFT. General Remarks. In passing from the Pliocene to the Glacial beds, we turn from deposits that on the whole maintain considerable uniformity in character^nd position, to beds which in both respects are subject to great variations. Looked at in a broad way, the following is the succession of the beds : — Feet. '4. Plateau Gravel. Coarse " cannon-shot " gravel and sand - - - 1 to 45 3. Chalky or Upper Boulder Clay. Chalky clay, with numerous stones and occasional boulders - - - - 1 to 50 2. Sand and Gravel - - - 1 to 25 1. Lower Boulder Clay or Contorted Drift. Stony loam or brickearth - - 1 to 35 Pliocene Beds. In the classification of Messrs. Woodand Harmer, bed 1 is placed as Lower Glacial, bed 2 as Middle Glacial, 3 as Upper Glacial, and 4, doubtfully, as Post Glacial. In certain localities and over limited tracts of ground, it is true, the entire succession may be traced out, as near Strumpshaw Hill, Moulton, Upton, and South Walsham : nevertheless, so irregular are the deposits in the area under consideration that the evidence of this order is the exception and not the rule.* The contorted drifc (1) and sands and gravel (2) are sometimes so intimately connected, as near Smallburgh, Plumstead, Panx- worth, and Sprowston, that it is not easy to separate them, or to say whether certain masses of sand are included in the brickearth or overlie it. Again, the sands and gravel (2) are oftentimes not to be sepa- rated from coarse gravel, like that which belongs to group No. 4. It is indeed most difficult to correlate the sands occupying the plateaux between Norwich, Eaton, and Earlham, for the Chalky Boulder Clay of Mackie's Nursery seems to wedge into them, being distinctly underlaid and overlaid by sand. , Again, west of Cringleford, the Boulder Claj^ occurs as a wedge in the sand. The section at Hethersett shows that fine buff sand, like the so-called " Middle Glacial " of Mousehold, may be intercalated in the coarse plateau gravel that overlies the Chalky Boulder Clay ; it likewise occurs in the Boulder Clay itself, at Keswick and many other places. There appears to be no deposit sufficiently regular in the area to warrant the use of the term " Middle Glacial ; "f both the Chalky Boulder Clay and the Lower Glacial Brickearth are associated with beds of gravel and sand; and * See remarks by G. Maw, Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 97, 276, 427. f Mr. Penning agrees that between the Lower and Middle Glacial there is " no definite line of demarcation." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxii., p. 195. GLACTAL DRIFT. 91 on the whole the classification suggested by Mr. Jukes-Browne* appears to me the most applicable to the district under considera- tion : — Upper Glacial - { eSky Sdtr Oiay. f Sands and gravel (" Middle Glacial " in part). Lower Glacial -i Stony loam or briokearth (Contorted I Drift). Between these two divisions may be placed the Brandon beds described by Mr. Skertchly. Whether or not they are repre- sented in the district, cannot at present be absolutely determined, but I am disposed to classify with them certain blue clays worked at Rockland and Surlingham. (^See p. llO.) In regard to agriculture the Glacial Drift plays a most im- portant part in Norfolk. It occupies a larger portion of the district described than any other formation, and its relation to the surface sbil is generally intimate. Strewn about the surface of the ground are occasional large boulders, often placed by the road side to protect exposed corners of buildings. To enumerate them jvould serve no practical or scientific purpose. The following were noticed by Mr. C. Reid : — On the high road near Wash Farm, Denton, is a boulder of bluish-grey sandstone, 4 feet in length ; a quarter of a mile south of Barsham Church is a Greywether,t 4 feet long ; by the rofid side at the northern end of Alburgh Street is a subangiilar block of dark coloured grit over 3 feet long. At West Hapten I noticed a boulder 5 feet by 3 ; but was unable to determine the rock. Most of the large boulders have been taken out of the Lower Boulder Clay, or have been turned up during the ploughing o£ land in tracts where this formation is uppermost. These have been, many of them, removed to the adjacent village or homestead to serve some useful purpose. A.— Stony Loam or Brickearth (Contorted Drift). This deposit consists generally of a broM;n stony loam, con- taining a few flints, and rarely large boulders of greenstone, granite, and other igneous rocks. It is termed the Lower Boulder ,Clay by Mr. Gunn, and varies from 1 to 35 feet in thickness. Pellets of Chalk and patches of very chalky clay appear in it in many places, and towards Cromer and further west, near Weybourn, these marly beds are worked for lime. The beds are sometimes well stratified and even present ap- pearances of lamination, but very often inland as well as in the * The Post-Tertiary Deposits of Cambridgesliire, 1878, p. 79 ; see also Proo. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 58. •j- Blocks like the Greywethers of Wilts and Berks are sometimes formed In the Drift sands. (See p.. 93.) 92 GEOLOGY OP THE OOUNTEY AROUND NOEWICH. coast sections tliey exhibit many and remarkable contortions; hence the term Contorted Drift, applied by Lyell. These contortions include masses or " Galls " of sand and gravel, and it is not unfrequently very difficult to distinguish between them and the so-called Middle Glacial beds. Both the loam and the nests of sand included in it, often contain shells, chiefly in a fragmentary condition. The most abundant species are Tellina Balthica, Cdrdium edule, Cyprina Islandica, and Mya arenaria. From its mixed nature the land where this drift is exposed is of the highest agricultural value, as in the parishes of Ludham, Barton, Tunstead, Scottbw, Plumstead, and Hamlington.* The soil is a rich loam, containing a variable amount of calcareous matter. By Mr. C. S. Read it is grouped among the " naturally good soils."t Comparatively few sections are to be seen In the area, for it is only where the earth btecomes sufficiently " strong " or clayey to be useful in brickmaking, that the beds are opened up. Near Tunstead especially one may traverse many a mile without seeing a section. Brickmaking, however, is the chief economic application of the strata. Tiles and pipes are occasionally made from the " stronger " kinds of earth. B.— Sand and Gravel (" Middle Glacial "). These beds of sand and gravel are of variable nature and com- position. Sand more often predominates, and it is generally of a pale buff colour and very finely false-bedded. Fragments of shells are met with here and there ; and specks of comminuted lignite or " coal smut " are abundant. The gravfel often contains a large number of transported fragments, pebbles of quartz, many varieties of sandstone and quartzite, and some igneous rocks ; but it is chiefly made up of flint in the shape of pebbles and sub-angular stones. The sand is used in the brickyards, and for mortar, and the gravel is employed for mending roads and paths. The beds attain a thickness of ^5 feet. Agriculturally the soil is the least fertile in the area, but in some localities it is covered with a foot or two of loam (pos- sibly a relic of Chalky Boulder Clay), which, of course, renders it of much higher value. On not a few farms the soilris liable to be blown about. Hence Mr. Read's term of " Blowing Sand " is very appropriate. It forms heathy tracts, rabbit warrens, and sheep walks, and is here and there planted with firs, as at Felthorpe and Horsford . It is, however, difficult to say whether the extensive masses of sand in these parishes, often capped by gravel, should be regarded * In my address to the Norwich Geol. Soc, 1879, Proc. N. G. S., vol. i. p. 100, I included also Burliiigham, hut I have since ascertained that the Chalky Boulder is developed there, covered by a loamy soil much like the Lower Glacial Brickearth- t Article in White's History and Directory of Norfolk, 1864. GLACIAL LOAM, SAND, &0. 93 as entirely older than the Chalky Boulder Clay. At Mackie's Nursery the Boulder Clay seems Intimately connected with the sand, but just Heyond the north-western corner of the area Chalky Boulder Clay was to be seen resting on the sands in the cutting by Cawston Railway Station. At Haveringland the sand is covered with Boulder Clay, Hence, on the whole, the evidence is In favour of much of the sand being older than the clay. The frequent occurrence of masses of Indurated sand or " doggers " beneath the Chalky Boulder Clay Is well known. Probably the most familiar instance Is at Maclde's Nursery (see p. 121). Mr, J. E, Taylor pointed out the occurrence of similar beds near Loddon, Thurton, Langley, Chedgrave, and Hales. That at Hales was 4 feet In thickness. " In each case this stone oc- " curred directly beneath the Upper Boulder Clay, or ' heavy " land,' and Mr. Taylor assigned its consolidation to the limy " matter which had been carried through the clay by percola- " tlon."* Other Instances will be referred to in the sequel. Mr. Gr. Maw has described blocks that have become con- solidated In the drift of Suffolk, and which resemble Greywethers.t Local Details. 1. Area North of the Yare. Haneringland, Cawston. — The boundaries of sand and brickearth near Haveringland Hall, Crow Hall, and Beck Barn are indefinite. Marsham. — A pit E. of Fifty Acre Plantation showed the following beds : — Feet. {Brown and buff sand and fine gravel - 3 S^fKeddedsand,- I I 3 Brown brickearth - - - 6 (shown). Hevingham. — North of Dark Plantation a brickyard showed 10 feet of brick- earth. Haynford. — A brickyard S. of The Lodge showed 6 feet of stiff blue and brown brickearth. — Horsford. — «rhe heath is situated on fine gravel and sand. At Sharpe's Hall 6 feet of sand was exposed in digging the pond. Felthorpe — A pit S.W. of the Church showed 8 feet of stony loam. South- east of the Hall Farm a pit showed 8 feet of buff and white sand. Attlebridge. — See p. 118. Taverham. — North of the fifth milestone on the Norwich and Drayton Road, the sand is sometimes blown off the fields. Drayton. — South of Bugg's Grave a brickyard showed at top, 12 to l4 feet of buff sand slightly false-bedded : beneath, the beds worked were about 8 feet of brickearth, containing a vein of chalk stones. The lane S.E. of Bugg's Grave, running eastwards from Drayton, showed 7 feet of laminated brickearth. Hautboys. — East of the Hall the iailway-cutiing exhibited stiff clay and stony loam with traces of marl like Chalky Boulder Clay, resting in hollows of the Crag sands. Hoveton St. John — Traces of stony loam inay be seen on the Crag series in the cutting N. of Wroxham Station. Sco-Ruston. — North of the Church sandy brickearth has been worked. A quarter of a mile to the east, 4 feet of bro^vn and yellow sands were exposed, and * (Norwich Geol. Soc), Norfolk News, June 11, 1870. f Quart. Jonm. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 110. 94 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AEOITND NORWICH. there was no evidence to show whether these belonged more properly to the Glacial beds or to the Crag series. Tunstead.-r-1^0Tt\i-'west of the Dairy-house (in the parish of St. Peter's, Hoveton), 6 feet of buff sand was exposed, and this evidentfy belonged to the Glacial Drift, being perhaps a nest of sand. There are, however, few sections in this neighbourhood, and it is difficult here and further E. to map distinctly the sands which occur on the brick'earth. Smallhurgh. — North-east of Cat's Common 8 feet of buff sand has been exposed. Barton.-^'Xo the S.E. of the Hall Farm a pit exposed 6 feet of tile-earth. To the W. of the house 20 feet of sand had been penetrated. East of the Hall 3 feet of white sand was exposed. The Green showed excavations made in brickearth. Ludham. — On How Hill a pit showed 15 feet of buff false-bedded sand. At the Mill the section in a brickyard was as follows (1877) : — Gravelly soU* Sands and gravelly brickearth, 5 feet. BufP sand. Sutton. — In an analysis of soil at Sutton-near-Stalham, Dr. Lyon Playfair mentioned the occurrence of 2 per cent, of chloride of sodium, due to the proximity to the sea.* The following notes are by Mr. Blake : — Thurne. — A clay and loam pit is situated on the S. side of the road, about 150 yards S.W. of Thurne Church. The section exposed showed 9 feet in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay of a grey colour, overlying 9 feet of grey and brown loam, which latter contained numerous little pieces of Chalk variously scattered throughout its mass, with irregular thin lenticular sandy patches, also white streaks, &c., consisting of grains and small pebbles of Chalk. The section was much overgrown, but from what I could see, the loam approached the chalky Boulder Clay so much in character that the two formations presented the appearance — as observed elsewhere — of blending or merging one into the other. In a small sand pit about 60 yards N.E. of Thurne Church, adjoining the churchyard, 6 feet in thickness of buff-coloured sand was exposed, interstra- tified with thin irregular brown ferruginous sandy bands. Repps. — A large sand pit occurs a quarter of a mile E. of Repps Church, the sand which is of a white and buff colour, in places is interstratified with a little brown loam, and much contorted. 1 observed a few fragments of shells in the sand. CKppesby.—^A. small sand pit is situated nearly a quarter of a mile S. of Clippesby Church, on the W. side of the road. . The section sjiowed brown and buff-coloured sand from 4 to 5 feet in thickness, irregularly over- lying obliquely bedded buff-coloured sand, at least 7 feet thick, containing numerous fragments of shells, also a little white sand with black streaks of carbonaceous matter in it. Some indurated sand occurred in the lower part of the pit, and a little chalky Boulder Clay overlaid the sand in the higher part adjoining the road. Of the fragments of shells observed— which presented a waterworn appearance — the following species were identified : — Turritella tere- bra,i Pholas crispata,'^ Tellina Balthica, Cyprma Islandica, Cardiwn edule, Mya arenaria, Mactra. A larger sand pit occurs a short distance to the S.E. of the above jiit, a little further down the road on the E. side. This sand was of a buff -colour and overlaid by chalky Boulder Clay, but no fragments of shells were observed in the section exposed. Billockby. — A large sand pit adjoining Billockby churchyard at the S.E. corner, when visited by me was very much overgrown and no good section was to be seen. The sand was of a buff-colour and contained fragments of shells ; and traces of chalky Boulder Clay — which latter caps the summit of the hill — were observed in the upper part of the pit. J. H. Blake. *. Joum. Roy. Agric._ Soc, vol. vi., p 577. t These species are given on the authority of Mr. P. W. Harmer. — H. B. W. GLACIAL SAND. 95 At this locality Messrs. Wood and Harmer identified a large number of species from the fragmentary sheila, which occurred under similar conditions to those discovered many years previously at Caister and other places near Yarmouth, and which have generally been regarded as re-deposited Crag shells. The list, which is as follows, is chiefly taken from the "Supplement to the Crag MoUusca " : but Mr. Harmer has kindly looked through it, and made some additions and corrections : — List of Mollusca from the " Middle Glacial '' Sands at Billockby, . collected by Messrs. Wood and Harmer, Buccinum undatum, Lmn., var. tenerum, Sby. Capulus Ungaricus, Idnn. Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Mont. Chemnitzia interhodula, S. Wood. Cyprsea Europeea, Mont. xDentalium dentaiis, Idnn. (Cor.~and Red Crag,' Living). Litorina litorea, Linn. ;^ rudis ?, Maton. Nassa Cuvieri (pusio), Payr. X-^ granulata^ J. Sby. (Cor. and Red Crag). incrassata, Mull. Natica Alderi, Forbes. ' catena, Da Costa. ^ clausa, Brod. and Sby. Odostomia conoidea ? Broc. X unidentata? Mont. (Red Crag, Living). xPleurotoma assimihs, S. Wood (Red Crag)r Dowsoni, S. Wood. liiiearis, Mont. Purpura lapillus, var. incrassata, Sby. lapillus, Idnn. Rissoa cnrticostata (semicostata), S. Wood. Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach. Trophon antiquus, Idnn. var. eontrarius ? X 1 Billockbiensis, S. Wood, n.sp. X mediglacialis, S. Wood, n.sp. X muricatus, Mont. (Red Crag, Living). scalariformis, Gould. Turritella incrassata, J. Sby. , terebra, Linn. Anomia ephippium, Linn. Astarte compressa, Moni. Omalii, De 2a Jonk. Cardium edule, lAnn. Corbula sttiaia. Walker and Boys. Cyprina Islandica, Idnn. * Leda oblongoides, S. Wood. X Limopsis pygmaea, Phil. (Cor. and Red Cragy Living). Lucina borealis, Idn'n. Mactra ovalis, J. Sby. Mytilus edulis, Idnn. Mya arenaria, Linn. Nucula CobboldisB, J. Sby. Pecten opercularis, Idmt. Pedwnculus glyoimeris, Lhrn, Scrobioularia plana. Da Costa. Saxicava aretica, Limi. r X Tapes pullastra P W. Wood (Red Crag, Living). virgineus (P) Linn. TeUina Balthica, lArni. crassa, Gmel. lata, Gmel, obliqua, G, Sby. Venus fasciata. Da Costa, ovata. Pennant. 96 gkoIjOgt of the countet around noewioh. Messrs. Wood and Hanner are, however, of opinion that the species were contemporaneous and not derived from the Crag, but at the same time they had an origin which was distant from the place of their occurrence, and had, most of them, been greatly worn during their transport ito it by currents along' the bottom. With the exception of the species marked x all the fossils from Billockby belong to species found in the Norwich Crag, and with the exception of Vmus fluctuosa, Loripes lactea, and the new species, ail the fossils found elsewhere in these glacial sands belong to Crag species. It is nevertheless remarkable, as pointed out by Messrs. Wood and Harmer, that not a trace or fragment of most of the common strong shells of the Coralline and Red' Crags has occurred. Some of the delicate shells found in this glacial deposit they thought must have been brought by floating bodies such as seaweed.* Hellesdon. — Several pits have been opened by Shepherd's Cottage, in the briokearth. In the pit adjoining the high road, 16 feet of very sandy brick- earth was dug. It contained a few patches of flint-gravel, and contorted nests of buff sand. Buff carbonaceous sand has been exposed at the base to a depth of 2 feet. Further east a pit showed the following beds : — Feet. 6. Sandy brickearth with few stones - - - - 4 to 5 6. Irregular patch of .yellow and brown sand - - 2 to 3 4. Vein of stiff brown clay. 3. Sandy clay with few stones - - - - . •'^ 2. Line of sand and gravel with flint and quartz stones. 1. Reddish-brown or chocolate-coloured stony clay, with pebbles, and fragments of flint - - - - 6 or 7 In the pit were occasional small boulders of flint, greenstone, veined quartz, brown quartzite, and granite (much decomposed). North-east of Shepherd's Cottage, 15 feet of stony loam with contorted nests of sand has been dug. A patch of chalky clay was visible in this brick- earth, having the appearance of an isolated unweathered fragment of the chalky Boulder Clay. At the Asylum, 6 feet of stony brickearth containing a tiny patch of materia] like chalky Boulder Clay was opened up. (See Note, p. 98.) Veins of chalky clay also occur in the pit by Fir House. Catton. — 6 to 8 feet of stony loam has been opened up in the grounds of Catton Hall. In Attoe's Pit a pocket of stony loam occurred at the north end of the pit, which cutting through the pebbly gravels (Crag series), rested in one place immediately on the Chalk. Sprdwston. — ^The brickearth has been most extensively worked on the southern borders of Mousehold Heath, and indeed all along the south-eastern portion of the parish of Sprowston. This brickearth is known as the Norwich brickearth, and the bricks as " Mussel bricks." In the Norwich Museumis a small fragment of the iwk'oi Monodonmonoceros from the brickearth of Sprowston. The numerous sections have well displayed the lower Glacial beds, but are seldom excavated so as to expose the Crag series beneath ; indeed only one instance of this has come under my! notice, and that was in the pit about 1| miles from the city gates on the Crostwick road. The general succession of beds exposed in this neighbourhood is as follows : — Feet. Coarse gravel. (See p. 130.) - - - - - 5 Stratified sand and gravel - - - - - 15 Stony loam, with nests of sand and gravel, often much contorted, containing pebbles of flint and chalk, occasional boulders, and becoming more chalky at the base. Total thickness observed- 15 * See Supplement to Crag MoUusoa, p. xxiii., and Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., p. 484. Lists from the other localities will he given in the Memoir on the country around Yarmouth and Lowestoft, in preparation by Mr. Blake. GLACIAL LOAM J SAND, &0. 97 Three or four large pits, which in time will very likely become one, have been opened in the brow of the hill north and south of where the letter M of Mousehold Heath is engraved on the map, Commencing at the north section. No. 1 showed thfr following beds : — Feet. Coarse gravel, resting irrregularly on bed below - - 4 or 5 Fine stratified gravel and bull sand - - - - 7 or 8 Clayey seam. Stratified and false-bedded buff sands, with fine gravelly seam at base - - - - - - -8 or 9 Brown stony loam with scsittered stones, 12 feet, passing down- wards into blue and brown chalky clay, 6 feet^ with ice- ■ scratched flintsand chalk - - - - - 17 In this stony loam occur numerous fragments of shells. These were first noticed by Mr. J. E. Taylor as re-deposited Crag in the " Upper Brickearth " near Magdalen Chapel.* He detected them in a vein 2 inches thick, but they occur not only in the sandy nests but throughout the mass of the brick- earth. They are as follows : — Cardium edule. Mya. Cyprina Islandica. Tellina. Mactra. Section No. 2 showed : — Gravel and sand j the gravel coarser at top - Clayey sand or sandy brickearth False-bedded bufp sand - . . . Brickearth ...... Chocolate coloured stony loam Section No. 3 showed : — False-bedded sands with loamy seams Stony loam with shell fragments I am rather doubtful whether the sands in these sections should more properly be classed with the coarse gravels, or with the brickearth; the following section shows cause for uncertainty. In the brickyard by Home Cottage the upper beds consist of stratified sands and fine gravel, capped by a foot of much coarser gravel. This deposit rests on a stony loam, which is truly a contorted drift. The contortions are very plainly cut ofp by the superincumbent gravels and sands, showing some uncon- formity between the divisions a and 6 in the section, fig. 18, Plate VI. Frag- ments of shells occurred in the sandy pockets. Tlie section, which I noted in March, 1878, is drawn to a scale of about 15 yards to 1 inch, and is as follows : — Febt. b. stratified gravel and sand, in places much false- bedded -' - - - - - 10 to 15 a. Stony loam containing pockets and contorted nests of buff sand, with carbonaceous specks. The loam passes downwards into a bluish-grey chalky clay, and attains a thickness of 30 feet (base not seen). Judging from the relations of the beds, I am disposed to group those marked a as Lower Glacial, and those marked b as Upper Glacial. {See p. 91.) * Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, vol. v., p. 44. The so-called Chillesford Clay of the Crag series he then grouped as " Lower Brickearth." Q 64S3. G Feet, 12 to 15 3 or 4 6 to 9 . 7 3 or 4 15 10 98 GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTBT AROUND NOBWICH. At Gunnell's brick and tile works,* the foUowinfj beds have been opened up:— Feet. Brickearth .1. . . . . .8 False-bedded sands with gravelly seam - . - - 3-4 A well here was sunk 70 or 80 feet into chalk. North-east of Gunnell's brickyard, on the other side of the road, a pit showed (April 1877) the brickeartn to be contorted with a nest of sand. About 12 feet of the beds were exposed. The base of the sand was not seen. A well here was sunk about 80 feet deep, through the Drift and Upper Crag into the Chalk. At the brick-kiln south of Catton Lodge a deep cutting in the middle of the pit showed beneath the briekearth : — Feet. ri a ■ J Buff false-bedded pebbly sand - - 3 to 5 t.rag aeries " \ Yellow and brown mealy sand - - - 4 to 5 At the southern end oP the pit 5 or 6 feet of false-bedded sand was shown beneath the briekearth, which might (?) be connected with the sand exposed in the middle of the pit. This was apparently forced up with the contorted drift if it was not included in it., , Norwich. — In the city itself the boundary of the Crag and Glacial deposits must to a large extent be drawn by the feature. Nevertheless I saw several foundation-pits and other excavations which served as important guides. Behind the. Primitive Methodist Chapel in the Queen's Road a pit showed 8 feet of briekearth. The railway cutting near Peafield showed false-bedded sand and gravel with a hard chalky layer. In digging the foundation' for the new hospital 15 feet of buff sand was exposed. Sand and gravel were dug' in foundations for houses along the ' New Road, Town Close ; and in Mile End Lane, 10 feet of sand was opened up between Christ Church, Eaton, and the Newmarket Road. Further on by the Unthanks Road, near Christ Church, there are indications of briekearth, which I was at one time disposed to connect, with the briekearth near Victoria Station ; but Mr. Harmer infoirmed me that during the drainage operations the openings in Mount Pleasant Lane were entirely in sand and gravel. Had the briekearth been persistent it would have been proved along this line. (See p. 4.) Here and there traces of.brickearth may be inferred from the nature of the ground, as north of Earlham Upper Farm, andhalf a mile north of Bowthorpe Hall. Again briekearth was woTked in a pit on the lane (just beyond the 2nd mile stone from Norwich) which leads from the Norwich and Dereham Road to Costessey Village. Lakenham. — In the Brickyard on Long John's Road, the pit to the west of the road showed : — Feet. Gravel and sand, well stratified in places, with pebbly and subangulair stones, seams of yellow sand and white false- bedded sand. The upper part mostly gravel ; the lower mostly sand, resting with irregular line on the bed beneath 20 to 25 Seani of fine laminated briekearth. Stony loam with pellets of chalk, unworn flints, and seams of yellow sand, base not seen - . . - 15 The loam here passed from a sandy loam to a chalky loam, resembling varieties of the chalky Boulder clay. Thorpe,— A pit on the Plumstead Road above Spitalfield^ showed gravel and sand resting on briekearth with broken shells. In the sa,nds there occurred a loamy bed that became hard on exposure, something like the indurated beds at Mackie's nursery. (See p. 120.) Tlie briekearth was again exposed in the hill side south-east of Mousehold House. * Red bricks are manufactured here ; and sometimes white bricks, when the clay is brought from Drayton and other, places. GLACIAL LOAM, SAND, &C. 99 Its extension east of Grove House is indefinite. It was well exposed in a pit just north of the Spinny, and again in a brickyard further north. The latter section showed : — Feet. f False-bedded browii and yellow sands - - 5 I Laminated clay and sand - - - 5 Glacial Drift -< Bluish-grey and brown loam - - -"] Pale 'grey sandy clay and stiff clay, bottom not > 10 [_ reached - - - •' -J Thei-pit north of the Spinny, near Thorpe lime-kiln, showed (April 1876) a fine section of false-bedded sand and gravel resting upon stony loam with nests and contorted seams of sand, and fragments of shells. The section at Bishop's Bridge, Thorpe Hamlet, is shown in Fig. 3, Plate 11., and described on pp. 5 and 73. Rackheath. — In the wood north of Hall farm, a pit showed 10 feet of brown and yellow sand with gravelly pipes. South of Salhouse Station the cutting in the railway showed loamy gravel resting on about 8 feet of sand. Salhouse. — South-east of Bear's Grove a pit showed 10 feet of brown and white sand, with pebbly soU on top. In a brickyard formerly opened between Lower Street and Plumstead Street, only a foot or two of sandy clay was met with, and much of the material used was brought from the pit in Little Plumstead. lattle Plumstead. — The large brickyard in Plumstead Street showed a long face of variable briokearth capped by stratified sands aild gravels in apparent conformity : — Feet. ["Gravel - - - - - 5 to 6 1 False-bedded yellow sands - - - 4 to 8 ri • 1 r» T+ J Very sandy briokearth - - - 1 Uiaciai umx -<; -^^^^^ briokearth and stiff brown clay, in places laminated, underlaid, and further . north abruptly replaced, by white earth - 10 to 12 "Sand - - - - I Upper Crag - A Vein of loam.* L " Cockles."* To the south and south-east the briokearth becomes attenuated and very sandy. Good briokearth was however formerly dug in a field north-east of Plumstead Hall (Little Piumstead),t and used in making bricks for building the house. . North of the brick-kiln, Plumstead Street, are outliers of irregular buff sand and gravel, 5 or 6 feet in thickness. A marl pit marked on the Ordnance Map, near Heath Farm, Sprowston, may. perhaps have referred to some chflky mass worked in the Contorted drift. • HamUngton: — The brick-kiln i mile west of the church showed 6 or 7 feet of stony briokearth. The following section was observed in a pit to the south-east of the church, a quarter of a mile north of Burlingham House (Fig. 13, Plate. IV.) :— D. Gravelly soil, 6 inches to 1 foot 6 inches. C. Chalky boulder clay, 6 inches to 1 foot. B. Buff false-bedded sand. A. Briokearth. The greatest thickness of beds visible was about 12 feet. The section is of much interest in showing the extremely irregular way in which the various beds of Glacial Drift occur. It may be compared with the section at Upton, see Rg. 14, Plate IV. * On the faith of the workmen. t Two residences are marked as Plumstead Hall on the Ordnance Survey Map, one in Little Plumstead and the other in Blofield Parish. G 2 100 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NOliWICH, Elofield. — In a pit about ^ mile south of Co of Hamlington Corner (on the map) there was to be seen about 10 feet of stony loam with a trace of chalky- loam like Boulder Clay, and containing chalk stones. In this neighbourhood, and atHamlington and Burlingham, it is exceedingly difficult to draw any boundary-line between the brickearth (Lower Glacial) and the chalky Boulder Clay, from the fact that the surface indications of both beds are very similar in character. {See p. 119.) North-east of Plumstead Hall (Blofield) 10 or 12 feet of contorted sand and loam with nests of buff sand was visible.' South Walsham. — A pit S. W. of Walsham Farm, on the road leading towards Green Lane Plantation, showed from 15 to 18 feet of Contorted brickearth and sand, with traces of chalky Boulder Clay on lower ground at the northern part of the pit. Upton.— l^orth-wtBt of the church a pit showed the following beds (1878) which are represented in fig. 14, Plate IV. ; — Feet. 3. Chalky Boulder Clay - - 3 2. Sand. 1 . Stony Loam with nests of sand 14 This is one of the few sections where the triple succession of the so-called!^ Upper, Middle, and Lower Glacial Beds of Norfolk can be seen in one section : but even here the sand is absent in one part of the pit. This section has been mentioned on several occasions by Messrs. Wood and Harmer in their writings on the Drift. It is illustrated in section O, attached to their map of the Crag District, published by the Paloeoniopraphical Society. Linffwood. — West of the Poor House the following section was exposed : — Feet. rionioi rivift / Brown stony loam - - 5 to 8 Glacial Drift | Sufif false-bedded sand - - . 9 I have been much puzzled to say whether this stony loam is a weathered variety of the chalky Boulder Clay, or if it should be classed as of Lower Glacial age. Judging.from the general characters and position of the Boulder Clay in this neighbourhood it might be classed with it. At the same time the Lower Glacial stony loam is opened up east of Bradeston Church, and it approximates closely to the- character of that : the buff false-bedded sand is, however, much like that often found underlying the chalky Boulder Clay, and if this prove to be the same, then the Boulder Clay of Strumpshaw must be united with that at Lingwood. The following notes are by Mr. Blake : — Hasingham.—}iea.rly a quarter of a mile N.N.E. of the church, on the west side of the road, close to Hasingham Farm, a pit occurs, where loam has been excavated and put on the marshes to form a road. A good section showing from 12 to 15 feet in thickness of very stony reddish-brown unstratified loam was exposed, overlying 1 foot 6 inches of well-stratified brown loam and sand, and this latter overlaid 2 feet of ash-coloured sand with some black specks ift it. ITiis was the whole of the section shown. Numerous fragments of shells were evenly scattered throughout the mass of stony loam, the pebbles in which mostly consisted of flint and quartz. I observed a flint boulder about 1 foot in diameter in the middle of the stony loam. Aele.—Xn old loam- pit occurs a little more than a qxiarter of a mile S S E of the church on the south side of Damgate Lane. A considerable quantity of loam has been excavated here ; the pit was mostly grown over when visited b^r me, but a good section was exposed in the south-west corner, showing 12 feet in thickness of reddish-brown stony loam, overlaid by about 1 foot of chalkv Boulder Clay. ' GUiAoiAi, LOAM, Sand, Szc. lOl A small pit is situated a few yards to the east of the above, where a good section showing 12 feet in thickness of very stony unstratified brown loam was exposed. In a small excavation made in order to procure some sand, in a field situated about three-eighths of a mile N.E. of the church, on the north side of the road,, and about 200 yards to the west of " the Hermitage Inn," about 6 feet or more of reddish-brown stony loam was exposed, overlying some buff-coloured sand, which latter may possibly have been a patch of sand in the loam, not an uncommon occurrence. Two old loam-pits occur close to the mill N.W. of the church, south of the lane, one to the east, the other to the west of the mill. I was informed that a considerable quantity of sand had been taken out of the pit to the east of the mill. This was very possibly a patch in the loam. There was also a little buff- coloured sand in places overlying the loam, Fishley. — An old sand-pit occurs adjoining the churchyard on the west side. The sand was of a bufP-colour and apparently of considerable thickness, but no good section was exposed. In a sand-pit, situated about 300 yards S.W. of Fishley Hall, on the west side of the road, about 8 feet in thickness of bufP-coloured sand was exposed, underlying 1 foot of chalky Boulder Clay on the west side of the pit. Tanstall. — A small sand-pit occurs a quarter of a mile E.N.E. of the church, on the south side of the road leading down to the marshes. About 8 feet in thickness of buff-coloured sand was exposed. Chalky Boulder Clay overlies this sand on the higher ground to the west, and loam is shown to underlie it, in a pit on the south side of the same road, about 100 yards further down to the east. Here about 9 feet in thickness of reddish-brown loam was exposed, which had been excavated for the manufacture of red bricks. Halvergate. — A sand-pit occurs on the west side of the road, nearly three- quarters of a mile S. by W. of the church. From 7 to 8 feet of bufC-coloured sand was exposed, the upper part of which was interstratified with reddish- brown loamy sand, mote or less indurated. On the north side of the pit about 1 foot in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay overlaid the sand. A large quantity of sand has been excavated from a pit situated 200 yards N.E. of the church. The sand, of considerable thickness, was overlaid by' chalky Boulder Clay and underlaid by loam, but the pit is now much grown over and no good section is to be seen. Moulton. — A sand-pit occurs three-eighths of a mile W.N.W. of the church, on the south side of the road. From 10 to 12 feet in thickness of stratified bufF-coloured sand was exposed, containing a few bands of brown loam. The sand rested on loam, and was overlaid on the south side of the pit, by about 3 feet in thickness of brown loam containing coarse flints, &c. — the tailing-off of the chalky Boulder Clay which occurs on the higher ground immediately to the south of the pit. Another sand-pit of a large size is situated five-eighths of a mile S.W.. by W. of the church. The pit is now much overgrown with bracken, but 18 feet or more in thickness of stratified buEf-coloured sand was exposed, overlying reddish-brown loam, 3 feet of which latter was shown in an excavation at the bottom of the pit. A small brickyard occurs a little more than half a mile N.N. W.. of Moulton Church. About 6 feet of unstratified brown loam was exposed in an excava- tion, which had been partially filled in when visited by me. Souihwood. — Brown loam and loamy clay is exposed on the sides of nume- rous ponds, ditches, road-cuttings, and other excavations in the neighbour- hood of Southwood HaU. An old man, who had worked 60 years on the Hall Farm, informed me that the whole of the land belonging to the farm consisted of loam ; and the last time they clayed the fields was about 30 years ago, when the chalky Boulder Clay was fetched from the clay-pit situated to the west of the road, nearly half a mile S.S.E. of the church, there being no chalky clay on the farm. Cantley. — ^The church is situated on buff-coloured sand, which was exposed recently in making excavations for alterations. Buff-coloured sand overlying loam also occurs to the N. of the church, as shown on the Geological Survey Map, A considerable thickness of it was shown in a pit — now mostly filled in-» situated a quarter of a mile N.W. of the church. 102 GEOLOGY Oi' THE COUNTllT AROUND NOEWICg. In the railway-cutting, a little more than a quarter of a mile S.W. of the church, on ■the east side of the road, about 7 feet or more of reddish-brown stony loam occurs overlying sand. At the time I visited the cutting, sand was exposed beneath the level of the sleepers'. About three-eighths of a mile to the west of the church, three small pits occur, now mostly filled in ; in which I was informed sand and loam occurred, the loam occurring in the upper part. The material was excavated for making a road on the marshes. On the sides of the road nearly half a mile W.N.W. of the church, I ob- served some orange-coloured and reddish-brown sand, overlaid by stony brown loam. Limpenhoe. — A clay and marl pit occurs in a field situated a little more than three-eighths of a mile S.E. byS. of ,the church. The pit has been excavated to a depth of about 15 feet or more, but when visited by me in 1879 it was much overgrown with grass, and the lower part of the section otherwise hid by talus, &c., only the upper part being clearly exposed in a few places. At the west end of the pit a little reddish-brown gravel overlaid a large patch of whitish marl, consisting apparently of re-deposited chalk, containing some large ilints, which had a, very fresh appearance, much resembling those recently extracted from the Chalk. At the easterii end of the pit, a little reddish-brown pebbly gravel — consisting mostly of flint and quartz — overlaid a patch of chalky Boulder Clay Of a grey colour weathering a yellowish white, near to which was a considerable quantity of brown loam. The chalky Boulder Clay and marl had been excavated to put on the fields. Freethorpe. — Half a mile S.W. by W. of Halvergate Church a clay and loam pit occurs in a field on the north side of the road. About 15 feet in thickness of stony brown unstratified loam was exposed, and from about 6 to 8 feet of chalky Boulder Clay, which latter appeared to lie in a hollow of the loam, on the east side of the pit ; the top of the Boulder Clay and that of the loam being at the same level on the surface of the ground. The chalky Boulder Clay lies, with respect to the loam, in a very simSar manner in a large pit at Upton. (See p. 100.) In the north-east corner of the brickyard, situated one mile and a quarter N. of Reedham Railway Station, a considerable thickness of bufE-coloured sand occurs, which however was much hid by talus when seen by me. A recent excavation, which did not show the maximum thickness of the sand, exhibits the following section, viz., 9 feet in thickness of bufE-coloured sand with reddish-brown bands in it, underlaid by 4 feet of well-stratified brown loani with grey loam in places, and which was shghtly contorted. This loam apparently is laminated in certain parts, and as it was excavated towards the south became 7 feet in thickness and contained a foot, or a little more, of sand interstratified. On the north side of this recent excavation the 4 feet of loam was.. underlaid by 2 feet of whitish sand, containing chalk grains and small pebbles of chalk ; beneath this, stifp sandy loam, more or less contorted, occurred. The maximum thickness of brickearth exposed on the south side of the brickyard is about 22 feet, which is overlaid by chalky Boulder Clay, and under- laid by sand. The upper part of the brickearth for about 6 feet in^thickness is more or less stratified, and is of a light grey colour with brown loam inter- mixed ; the middle part, for about 10 feet in thickness, is unstratified and of a blackish-grey colour, weathering a yellowish-white ; and the lower part, 6 feet in thickness, is finely laminated, with thin ferruginous seams in places, and of a light brown, grey, and whitish colour, mostly consisting of loam and clay. Four feet in thickness, at least, of the lowermost portion of the middle part, consisting of unstratified blackish-grey brickeai'th, is shown to change late- rally, within a distance of 50 feet, into well stratified brown and grey brick- earth ; and the stratified portions above and below pass up and down imper- ceptibly into the unstratified_ blackish-grey brickearth. A few yards further to the west the unstratified brickearth apparently increases in thickness, merely having a few impersistent thin seams of brown sand in the upper part, together with a few marly patches and seams. The beds undulate considerably in places, and in one part were shown to be contorted, producing a hummock for a few fe^t in length. The brickearth mostly consists of a blackish-grey GLACIAL LOAMj SAND, &C. 103 stiff loamy clay, which, when burnt, produces hrioks of a yellowish-white colour. It is very similar in character to the brickearth at Woolpit, near Bury St. Edmunds, in Suffolk, which place, it is stated, has been noted for its white bricks since the time of Queen Elizabeth. (See p. 110.) The sand underlying the laminated brickearth is of a buff and white colour, and contains numerous fragments of shells, together with lenticular patches of pebbly gravel, mostly consisting of flint and chalk, which latter pebbles are covered with dendritic markings. In the south-west corner of the wood, adjoining and south of the above brickyard, brickearth has been excavated, and showed a section exhibiting 9 feet in thickness of very finely stratified brown, yellowisli, and greyish loam and clay, gently undulating. These beds are evidently a continuation of those in the brickyard previously described, and are only a few yards distant from ^hem. The greyish loamy clay of a certain band weathers a whitish colour and breaks up into conchoidal pieces. The loam in places presents almost a laminated appearance, the stratification being so very fine. Reedham. — Brown loam, of which I saw a section showing about 6 feet in thickness, has been excavated in a pit on Reedhain Hills, situated three- eighths of a mile S.E. by E. of the railway station. The. loam overlie? pebbly sands, and the latter, Chillesford clay, as shown in the brickyard a short distan(^ to the north of this ^pot, near the railway bridge. From 4 to 5 feet in thickness of brown loam is exposed on the side of the pond to the east of Reedham Hall, situated a little more than half a mile N. of the church. The loam appears to lie very thin on the hi^h ground in the neighbourhood of the hall, underlying this is reddish-brown gravel and sand, which is exposed in places on the sides of the road leading down to the marshes to the east of the Hall. Brown loam was exposed in a small pit, a little more than half a mile N.W. by N. of the railway station, south of the road, and a short distance N. of John's Car. Close to the railway bridge, across the river Yare, on the N. side, buff- coloured sand several feet in thickness occurs, overlying the gravel and s with some loam intervening. J. H. Blake. 2. Ai-ea between the Yare and the Waveney. The brickearth, which forms so conspicuous a feature in the district north of the Yare, and indeed covers a large portion of the country northwards as far as the Cromer cliffs, is conspicuous rather by its rare occurrence when we glance at the geological map of the area south of the Yare. So little brickearth is met with that for a long time I could not settle in my mind whether or not the chalky Boulder Clay was distinct from the stony loam. The absence or rarity of this formation where the Lower Glacial brickearth was well developed seemed to favour the notion. The apparent passage of stony loam into chalky loam at the brickyard in Long John's Eoad, also in the railway-cuttings north-west of Hapten, the difficulty in the parishes of Postwick, Brundall, and Plumstead of drawing a line between the chalky; Boulder Clay and the stony loam, where the two seem from their physical rela- tions to merge one jnt(» the other, tended to support the supposition that they were but one formation. {See p. 94.) The pits at Upton, Hamlington, and South Walsham, however, serve to throw some light on this subject ; there the succession of beds is shown as well as their uncertainty of development. As far south as Ditchingham, Mr. Reid has noted a threefold division j but this arrangement, as before mentioned, is exceptional. 104 GEOLOGY OP TUB COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. The most distinctive character appears to me to be in the fact that the chalky Boulder Clay is very Irregular in the position of its occurrence, wrapping over other deposits and descending into the valleys here and there ; but the Stony loam or Contorted drift does not occupy such different levels. In this area the chalky Boulder Clay over a large area rests directly upon the Norwich Crag. In many places, however, there intervene buff sands which seem to belong to the Glacial period, although it is not possible to demonstrate such to be the case. Prom Trowse Newton southwards to Arminghall and Stoke Holy Cross there is considerable difficulty in drawing a definite line between the Glacial sands and the Norwich Crag. Trowse, — See p. 124. Stohe Holy Cross. — Near the entrance to the park of Henry Birkbeck, Esq., north of Stoke Holy Cross Church, there.is a concretionary mass of sandstone 9 feet across, ha^dng an irregular weathered outline, and presenting a remark- able feature in a country where rock is as'a rule unknown. (See p. 93.y A section of the sands may be seen about half way between the church and the mill. (Seep. 71.) In the churchyard, as I was informed by the Rev. J. Bailey, the graves are dug through sand, then a vein of brickearth, and afterwards into silver sand, for 6 feet. By the windmill, near the Rummer Inn, 6 feet of sand was shown. iiTesmcA.— About half a mile south of the ruined chiuch a large gravel pit showed the following section : — Feet. r Bro\(fh f^lse-bedded sand and fine gravel - 15 to 20 Glacial Drift •■< Contorted loam and sand passing into 2 I, Brown brickearth - - - - Gins, to 1 r False-bedded challjy sand and pebble gravel Upper Crag P - •! with large boulders of flint, quartz, and L quartzite, and flint pebbles - 12 to 14 Markshall. — The deep cutting on the Great Eastern Railway at Chapel Hill showed a great thickness of sand and gravel with traces of Boulder Clay and brickearth. (See p. 72.) A small pit opened at the N.W. corner of the Barn showed 3 feet of bufi sand. In 1822 an account was given by Charles Layton of the remains of a Roman kiln or furnace for making pottery, which was discovered upon a hill about a quarter of a mile north-west of the camp at Caistor. He remarked that " The " bottom of the kiln, of an oval form, rested upon a natural bed of soft " yellow sand."* It seems probable that the Boulder Clay was^used for the pottery, &o. Ashwell Thorpe. — A cutting on the new line of railway^ showed a mass of chalky Boulder Clay weathering in its horizontal extension into a brown loam, undistinguishable in character from the Stony loam. (See p. 123.) The section (see Fig. 22, Plate VII.), showed — d. Gravelly soil. b. Chalky Boulder Clay, passing into— c. Brown clay or stony loam, a. Grey and yellow sands and pebble gravel in places contorted. (Upper Crag.) Skottesham. — The large pit by Sheets Hill, like the deep cutting at Chapel Hill, Markshall, exhibits a mass of gravel embracing two if not three distinct deposits. Archseologia, vol. xxii., p. 412. GLACIAL LOAMj SAND, &0. 105 The upper portion appears to represent the coarse gravel oJ! Mousehold, the middle portion the so-called Middle Glacial, and the lower the Crag series. In the middle portion Mr. Whitalter detected fragments of shells, among which Cardium ddule alone was recognizable. Mr. J. E. Taylor also obtained a species of Mactra. " A mile further, on the road to Saxlingham, another section was " described (by Mr. Taylor) composed of briokearth and ' till,' also yielding " shells. The third section, li mile distant, also brickearfch, some 10 or 15 " feet in thickness contained immense quantities of iragmehts of shells, " and even some entire examples. Mya armaria, Cyprina Islandica, Tellina " Balthica (solidula), Mactra subtruncata, Cardium edule, Turritella terebra " {communis) were anjong the shells identified, besides numerous doubtful "species."* (Seep. 113.) Howe. — About a quarter of a mile N.E. of the church a pit was opened in stony loam. Burgh Apton. — A pit by the church showed 6 to 8 feet of gravel and bufE sand. The age of this is doubtful. Perhaps it may be Pliocene, but on the other hand it may be newer than the Boulder Clay. Thurton. — About three-quarters of a mile east of the church, a brickyard showed brown clay with patches of chalky Boulder Clay resting on 6 feet of brown arid yellow clay. Langley. — The sand pit at Langley Street showed traces of purple and reddish-brown claylike Eocene near the base. The section showed S feet of sand and gravel with a patch of chalky Boulder Clay, resting on 10 feet of buft' false-bedded sand. N.E. of the church a section showed 6 feet of brown clay with patches of chalky Boulder Clay, resting on 15 feet of buff sand. At High Grove a brickyard was opened, and 5-feet of sandy loam, probably weathered chalky Boulder Clay, was exposed. Chedgrave. — S.W. of the Manor House 6 feet of stiff brown clay and stony loam, capped by sand, was opened up for brick making. The large pit by Chedgrave Church was probably opened in pebbly gravel. Six fe^t of this was shown just south of the letter A of Chedgrave (on the map). (See p. 86.) Sand and gravel occur on Chedgrave Common. Hardley.— West of Lives Heath 8 feet of sand was shown. To the north, by the cross roads, a pit showed 15 feet of sandy and stony loam, with nests of sand and gravel. S.W. of the Hall is a pit snowing nearly 20 feet of coarse pebbly gravel, containing large rounded flints, some unworn flints, a few- pebbles of quartz and quartzite. To the east of the Hall, these beds are under- laid by brickearth. Mundham St. Peter. — North of Thwaite Spring, Mr. Reid observed false- bedded chalky and rather carbonaceous sand beneath the chalky Boulder Clay. In one place it was shown to have a thickness of 18 feet. The following notes are by Mr, Reid : — Loddon. — At the brickyard S, of the town the following beds were ex- posed : — Feet. Bufi sand, pebbly at base - - - - - 2 Unstratified or obscurely bedded stony and sandy brickearth, with shell-fragments and a few streaks of marl - - - 11 Small gravel - ■ - - - - - 4+ At the sand-pit N.W. of Loddon Hall I observed the following beds :— Glacial sand. Feet. Bedded brickearth, with scattered pebbles of flint, quartz, challt, and dark red sandstone, angular flints and fragments of Car- dium edule, Mya, Tellina, Cyprina Islandica - - - 4 Gravel of angular stones and pebbles - - - - 2 South-west of Loddon Hall are pits in fine white false-bedded sand. C. Reid. * Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 511. The hill is termed Skates Hill by mistake. In a little work entitled " Lithographs " (1866), Mr. Taylor recorded 13 species from the sand pit, 106 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOtJND NORWICH. , Heekingham, Norton. — East of the church is a sand pitj and a little to the south a'pit showed 12 feet of brown stony loam, with sandy capping, Three-quarters of a mile E.S.E.of the church a large pit showed Boulder Clay resting on fine buff false-bedded sand and sandstone. S.outh of Hill House a, pit showed 12 feet of pebble gravel, chiefly made up of flint ; and south of Norton Hall another pit showed a similar thickness of pebble gravel with large flints, some ironstone nodules, with irregular capping (6 feet) of loam and sand, and traces of chalky Boulder Clay. At Norton Street are two pits of pebble gravel and sand, in one of which 15 feet of the deposit was shown. In the garden of the House of Industry Mr. Reid observed a pit in fine white sand. Thorpe (next Haddiscoe). — A pit by '^'horpe Hall showed about 10 feet of pebble gravel or shingle, composed of quartz and flint, false-bedded with sand, resting on about 16,feet of buff false-bedded sand. (See p. 85.)* The following notes are by Mr. Reid : — Hales. — Half a mile N.E. of Loddon Hall a pit showed re-constructed Chalk, resting on coarse unworn flint-gravel, and sand, and this upon stony loam. All were contorted together. South-west of the House of Industry a pit showed sandy and stony loam resting on fine yellowish false-bedded sand, with ^carbonaceous grains. An irregular mass of gravel rested on them. Further south a pit exposed fine and coarse gravel, partly consolidated into large blocks of breccia. The stones were principally flints, with some small quartz pebbles. The coarser gravel contained a large quantity of Lincoln Oolite (?) pebbles, probably 20 per cent. East ' of Hales Green a sand pit showed fine white sand, with many small scattered chalk pebbles, altogether about 10 feet , in thickness. At the S.E. Corner of the Green the following section was to be seen : — Feet. Brown loamy soil, descending into pipes in the Boulder Clay - 2 Boulder Clay, weathering white - - - - - 6 resting with a sharp uneven line on Fine white sand, minutely false-bedded, and containing car- bonaceous grains - - - - - - 4 S.W. of Hales brickyard a pit showed: chalk gravel resting on Lower Boulder Clay, very irregular and contorted together. The chalky Boulder Clay appeared just above. The brickyard 1 mile N. of Hales Church showed brown briokearth with scattered pebbles and angular flints 5 feet in thickness. In one part of the pit sandy gravel came on above. (See p. 126.) Raveningham. — S.W. of Crossway Farm a pit showed chalky Boulder Clay resting on fine white sand, much false-bedded and full of carbonaceous matter. North of Daws Wood is a pit showing about 10 feet of fine white' well-bedded sand. North-east of Raveningham Cottage a similar section may be seen. Here the sand yielded fragments of Cardium. (See p. 126.) To/t Monks.— A sand pit half a mile N.E. of the Hall showed the following section : — Feet. Soil - - - 1 to 3 Boulder Clay -.-.---5 passing into Sandy bedded loam with scattered stones - - 5 Veiy fine white false-bedded sand, with carbonaceous grains - 5 North of the church 10 feet of fine white false-bedded sand was to be seen. GilUngham. — In pits north of the church and west of Hobbs Hill Wood, Boulder' Clay may be seen resting on white false-bedded sand with carbona- ceous grains. A pit west of the church showed laminated brickearth with seams of chalk pebbles, and a few unworn flints, resting on fine sand. (See p. 126.) . ^__^ * See F. W. Harmer, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 834. GLACIAL LOAM, SAND, &C. 107 N.W. of Winston Hall a pit showed the following beds : — Feet. Soil H Boulder Clay - - - - - - 2 or 3 passing down into Bedded brickearth mth chalk pebbles - - - 3 Sand? Stockton. — A quarter of a mile south of the churqh a pit showed whitish brickearth with unworn and worn flints, chalk, &c., 10 feet, resting on fine sand, 5 feet. About a furlong E. of the church was exposed 17 feet of sand, with capping of loamy soil. Kirby Cane. — At the Parsonage a pit showed very fine white sand, 5 feet in thickness, with a little chalky Boulder Clay on the top. At Leek HUl and Wood are pits showing 26 to 30 feet of sand, with beds of gravel. South of the Green is a pit showing 6 feet of fine white sand, the upper part hardened. EUingham. — South-east of Dulls House a pit showed false-bedded sand, gravel, and brickearth, very irregularly disposed. Broome. — At the brick-kiln three-quarters of a mile east of the church, the section showed bedded marl, the upper part with race, brickearth, and sand, with beds and pockets of gravel; about 12 feet in thickness. Hedenham. — A sandpit near Hedenham brickyard showed, at the east end of the pit, 8 feet of coarse ferruginous valley gravel. Near the road the following section was observed : — Feet, Loamy soil (which has been used for bricks) - - 1 or 2 Coarse valley gravel . .... 4 Stony loam, like Lowef Boulder Clay, but without shells (possibly an old alluvium, but it is clearly underneath the vaUey gravel) - - - ' - -Oto23 Greenish grey pebbly sands ; more than half the pebbles are foreign, consisting of quartz and flints, with a large num- ber of quartzites - - - - - -5+ Woodton. — A pit a quarter of a mile S.W. of Woodton Hall showed the following sections : — Feet. r Soil, sandy loam with a ievi. stones • 4 E. end of pit -\ Fine evenly-bedded sand - - 6 L Thin bedded loamy brickearth - - - 2 f Soil and sand as above (not clear) - - G nr J J! -i J Laminated marly brickearth, with small chalk W. end of pit A p^j,j,i^g / . ' . . . 8J L Fine white chalky sand, much false bedded - 3+ Middle of pit / Fine white sand and seams of chalk gravel, (lower level), 1. containing occasional shell-fragments - 3-|- The Upper Boulder Clay comes on within a few yards of this pit, and is not more than 2 or 3 feet higher than the top of the section, A quarter of a mile E. of the church a pit showed : — Feet. Fine sand - - - - _ - > 8 or 10 Gravel vrith worn and unworn flints, a few foreign pebbles, rolled pieces of chalk, grey clay and lignite, and inde* terminable shell-fragments - - ^ - . ^+ The pit was much overgrown, but showed no trace of brickearth* lOf? GEOLOGt of *HB dOUNTRY AROtJNt) NOllAVICft. N. of the meeting-house^ a pit exposed the following section : — Feet. .Gravel soil, very irregular - - 2 or 3 ("Chalky Boulder "Clay " - " - about 2 riar.'ol Dr'ff J Very irregular mixture of nests of cholk gravel, vji^ciai i^riic -<. g^jj^y angular flint gravel, and large un- L worn flints ... - 6 TT n r White pebble gravel, with much quartz (Bure Upper Crag -| Valley Beds) - - ' - 2 + Ditchingham. — Under the s of Bath Hills (on the map) there is brick- earth (Lower Boulder Clay?) with scattered stones, a few feet above the stream, apparently cutting into the Crag. Ten chains S.W. of Cold Bath House, the following section was to be seen : — Feet. Lotver Boulder Clay, pa,rtly laminated; fragments of Cardium - 15 ? Fine angular gravel, with fragments of Cardium, &c. - - 2-t- A clay-pit on the Bath Hills showed Upper Boulder Clay, Glacial Sands, Lower Boulder Clay, and Pebbly Beds. The Lower Boulder Clay contained fragments of Cardium edvle, Cyprina Islandica, Tellina Balthica, Mya, sp. Half a mile S.W. of Cold Bath House a pit showed brickearth with scattered flint pebbles and chips, and slight traces of bedding, 7 feet ; overlaid by about 10 feet of fine false-bedded sand, with -fragments of coal and shell. A quarter of a mile S.W. of Cold Bath House was exposed unstratified brickearth, with scattered stones, passing into laminated calcareous brickearth. The whole appeared to rest on pebble gravel, Earsham. — A pit S. of Bixckenhams showed chalky Boulder Clay resting on sand. Loose in the pit were boulders of angular flaggy sandstone, 2t feet long, and portioil of a striated septarian nodule, &o. At Buckenhams clay-pit there was exposed false-bedded sand with a little gravel, containing chalk, pieces of lignite, and rarely fragments of shell. Thes^ beds were capped by about 6 feet of chalky Boulder Clay. South of Earsham House a pit showed fine white false-bedded sand with coal grains, about 15 feet in thickness. Dentan. — Three furlongs S.E. of the church a pit showed the Lower Boulder Clay with shell fragments, as at the Bath Hills, capped by 3 or 4 feet of ^avelly wash. A few yards above there is a pond in Upper Boulder Clay.; the Glacial Sands must be absent, or not over 3 or 4 feet thick in thickness. East of Denton House I observed sandy brickearth with scattered angular and rounded stones, no bedding, and about 15 feet in thickness, apparently resting on finely-bedded sand with pockets of chalk pebbles. 3. Area South of the Wavenep. Bungay. — N.E. of the Thatched House Inn a pit showed brickearth with scattered stones and chalk, and pipes of gravel. A sand-pit above Thatched House Inn showed about 25 feet of sand, the upper part false-bedded and rather gravelly. The stones were covered with dendrites. West of Stow Fark Farm a sand pit showed very fine white false-hedded saiid, capped by brownish sand, about 16 feet in thickness. North-east of Duke's Farm a pit showed about 20 feet of very fine false- bedded sand with grains of coal (?) ; a few thin beds of flaggy sandstone occurred at the top. MettingJiam. — A pit S. of Boarded Barn Farm showed finely stratified sand, with much false bedding, 12 feet in thickness, with a bed of coal grains and some small pieces of chalk. At the top it was in places contorted, and capped by about 2 feet of laminated marl full of chalk, passing up into chalky Boulder Clay. S.E. of the watch-house a pit showed fine white false-bedded sand with scattered pebbles and beds of gravel ; also thin seams of carbonaceous parti" GLACIAL LOAir, SAND, &C. 109 bles and rarefy fragments of shells. This was capped irregularly by whitish drift of chalk and flints. A pit S.W. of the church showed about 16 feet of fine false-bedded sand with a few small stones and grains of coal (or lignite). A quarter of a mile S. of the Excise Office 'Kcket-bar a pit showed sand with occasional small shell-fragments. Shipmeadow. — At the Hundred House of Industry a pit exposed false- bedded sand with grains of lignite and fragments of shells, Cardium, &e. (? de- rivative); 10- feet of flint and chalk, gravely mostly -well worn; 3 feet of sand, with coal-grains as below ; and about 3 feet of Boulder Clay on top. Anothei section showed gravel with seams of sand 25 or 30 feet in thick- ness. A little Boulder Clay occurred on the top in one place. The stones in the gravel were generally flint and chalk, and usually well rounded. Gryphma incurva, Belemnites, and three species of Echinoderms in flint Vi'ere found. Nearly half a mile west of the House of Industry a pit showed 30 feet of fine false-bedded sand with coal grains. A pit a quarter of a mile E. of "The Compasses " showed about 20 feet of fine ^and, with a little fine gravel and rarely fragments of Cardium, Barsham. — A brickyard south of Ashmans showed Boulder Clay with large boulders of chalk, &c., about 13 feet in thickness, resting on pebbly sand (Grlaeial), with the following species of MoUusca : — ' Litorina litorea. Purpura lapiUus. Cardium edule. Cyprina Islandica. Leda sp. Lucina borealis ? Mya arenaiia. Peoten opercularis ? Tellina Balthica. S. of John John's Wood, Barsham HiU, there was a pit in fine false-bedded sand and well worn gravel ; some beds were very loamy. About 6 feet of th e beds were exposed. A gravel pit N. of Beccles School Farm showed about 16 feet of sandy gravel with seams of loam, unusually large pebbles, and occasional fragments of Mya, Cardium, Sec. 3 or 4 feet of finer sand occurred at the base. Rmgsjield. — A gravel pit S.W. of the church showed about 30 feet of gravel with some sand, irregularly bedded. About 12 feet of gravel and sand, mostly well worn and slightly false- bedded, was to be seen by the Hall. A pit under the first i of Ringsfield (on the map) showed about 10 feet of pebbly sands. A pit at the Hall showed about 7 feet of pebbly sand, resting on 2 feet of sand. Another pit a quarter of a mile S.E. of the church showed Boulder Clay, resting on pebbly sand about 20 feet in thickness (?). Beccles. — North of Wash Lane Farm a pit showed in a mound left in the middle, chalky Boulder Clay, Glacial sand, and Lower Boulder Clay resting on pebbly beds. ' The height of the section was 20 feet. At Rigbone Hill clay pit, the following section was exposed ; — Feet. Boulder clay_ ...... 12 Fine sand, with fragments of Mya, Cardium, and Leda (in \ i, , j. nc one place slightly contorted to a depth of about 10 feet) J Pebble gravel. Darby's brickyard on Rigbone Hill showed the following section : — Feet. Chalky Bould(a- Clay - - - - - - 2^ Stony loam, with fragments Of Cardium edule, Cyprina Islandica, and bones of Sus and Ichthyosaurus - • - - 12 Sand and gravel irregularly mixed with clay (contorted p) . 8 Orange and white sand and gravel - - - - 6 Gravel -.-.•'.--3 Sand -.--«...p 110 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AKOUND NORAVICH. At the Low Farm a pit showed 6 feet of chalky till apparently above fine sand. Another pit nearer the farm showed fine sand with seams of chalk pebbles resting on angular flint and chalk gravel. N.E. of Ashmans the following section was shown : — ft. in. Loamy sand, with occasional scattered stones, and an inch seam of clay - - - - - about 10 Rough ferruginous gravel - - - - - 6 Buff loamy sand - - • - - .60 16 6 St. John Ilhetsal. — Half a mile S. of the church a pit showed fine false- bedded yellowish sand with scattered stones and abundance of carbonaceous grains. E. of the church a section exposed about 20 feet of fine sand with carbonaceous grains and occasional fragments of Cardiwm. At the top there was a little very fine gravel. Weston. — ^^E. of the church a pit showed sand and subangular gravel in irregular beds. At the east end of Wash Lane there was exposed about 3 feet of moderately coarse subangular and pebble gravel. Clement Reid, C. Laminated Brickearth. Resting upon the pebbly gravels and laminated clays of thfe Crag series in the parishes of Eockland and Surlingham ; beds which are well shown in pits within a quarter of a mile westwards of the New Inn, Eockland St. Mary, and by Surlingham Wood ; there are found in a line between Surlingham St. Saviour's Church, and Rockland Hall, a number of pits opened in blue clay and yellowish grey laminated brickearth, which are distinct in character from the clays of the Crag series, and from the Lower Glacial Brickearth or Stony loam. These beds are worked for the celebrated Rock- land bricks, and clearly underlie chalky Boulder Clay. For some time after seeing these beds I was in doubt about their equivalents in other parts of the country examined by me, and about Itheir position in the geological scale, and from not having at first seen their base I thought it even possible that they might be of Eocene age. During a visit to Brandon and Thetford, under the guidance of my colleague Mr. Skertchly in 1877, I was much struck with the similarity of the clays he there termed the " Brandon Beds," with the blue and grey brickearths of Rockland and Surlingham. On my return to Norwich I took the first opportunity of revisiting these sections, and was more than ever struck with their similarity. Plaving communicated these notions to Mr. Skertchly he came over and visited all the sections with me, and was equally struck with the many and striking resemblances exhibited. In the present state of the evidence this correlation is only suggested': no palseolithic implements have been' found in the beds at Surlingham* and.Rooklajid. * It may be well to note here -that at Surlingham there is a distinct laminated brickearth (identified by some as " Chillesford Clay ") developed in the Crag series, in which remains of Mastodon have been found. (See p. 83.) GLACIAL BKIOKEARTH. Ill [I may, however, mention that since these notes were written Mr. S. Y. Wood, jun., wrote to me (October 17, 18*79) and inquired if any palaeolithic implements had been found in these beds ; and in a subsequent letter (October 21) he expressed his opinion that the brickearths might be coeval with the Hoxne bed yielding the im- plements. This is the view that Mr. Skertchly had taken some time pre- viously, and it is interesting to note such concordance in views independently arrived at. It is further of interest to quote Mr. Wood's latest expression of his views in the following paragraph : " The position of the Chalky Clay in this trough [Waveney-Ouse " Valley near Lophatn Ford] applied to the phenomena disclosed " by the Yare Valley, clears up, it seems to me, all difficulty, and " proves that the Hoxne palaeolithic. brickearth, so well known to " geologists by the description of Prof. Prestwich, is of the age of " the Chalky Clay itself, ^hough of the latest part of it."]* It can only be conjectured that these deposits may belong to an interglacial period, but that they were laid down before the whole of the chalky Boulder Clay was spread over the area admits of no doubt. As these beds may ultimately possess more than an economic value, should palaeolithic implements be found in them, the map (Fig. 16, Plate V.) is given to show the position of the several pits described, as it would otherwise be difficult to define their situation. Moreover the pits are very extensively worked and may ultimately run one into another. The map was reduced from parish surveys of Surlingham and Rockland, kindly lent to me by Mr. C. J. Hornor. Surlingham.— Vit A. (See Fig. 17, Plate VI.) showed in the central and deepest part the following beds (1878) : — Feet. 4. Brown clay and gravelly loam resting in hollows on bed below, with patches of chalky Boulder Clay at the western end - - - -- - -lto5 3. Very stifF unctuous blue clay, with streaks of mottled") reddish-brown clay, micaceous and sandy in places, rudely I i q j. t g laminated - - - ... . r Alternations of blue and brown clay - - -J 2. Brown and yellowish-grey laminated micaceous sand and clay with hard jointed beds - - - -4 1. Yellow sand. The western end of the bed showed that the blue clay which occupied a trough or basin, the result of disturbance and 'denudation, was remarkably con- torted at this extremity. And the brown clayey capping contained at one time (1877) a mass of chalky Boulder Clay 5 feet in thickness, and as the pit was * Quart. Joam. Geol. Soo., vol. xxxvi., p. 497 ; see also Geol. Mag., Dec. 11., vol. iv., p. 5.51, and S. B. J. Skertchly, Manufacture of Gun-flints, &c. (Mem. Geol. Surv.) p. 65. 112 GEOLOGY OF TIIE OOtlNTBY AROUND NORWICH. worked back (1878) it displayed several isolated patches of this Boulder Clay, thus indicating that the brown clay was really the weathered portiofls of this glacial-bed. Pit B. (fig. 17) showed the following section :— Feet. Sandy and gravelly warp with irregular patches of grey clay - 2 to 4 Blue and brown mottled clay and laminated clay and sand - 3 Dense blue clay (bottom not seen) « - - - 10 Rockland. — Pit C. was a deserted pit, from which the clay had been dug and hauled up in barrows on an inclined plane by aid of a windlass. It showed alternations of blue and yellow clay on the southern side, while on the opposite side of the pit chalky Boulder Clay was exposed. Pit D. sliowed a basin of blue clay capped by traces of chalky Boulder Clay, and underlaid by grey and buff laminated Clay, containing hard marly beds. This blue clay winen, burnt forms white bricks, and the brown clay forms red bricks. Both contain much race called " Dodmans" by the workmen.* The blue clay, wherever I have seen it, rests on top of yellow and grey clay, both occupying hollows. Pit E., known as the " White Earth Pit," showed in one face the blue clay (D) underlaid by the greyish-yellow laininated clay (B), squeezed up into a synclinal, and overlaid by brown clay with traces of chalky Boulder Clay (E). Chalky Boulder Clay (A) also occurred below. (See fig. 18, Plate VI.) Mr. Whitaker observed that the greyish-yellow beds were probably altered by water coming up. On the opposite face of the pit these beds, about 6 feet in thibkness, came up to the surface, and alternated with hard jointed marly beds. Chalky gravel (C) was to be seen in one part of the pit, and the beds were covered with a loamy soil or warp (F). Forty yards to the north a pit was opened in sand to a depth of 20 feet or more, which most probably belongs to the Crag series. {See p. 84.) The blue clay in this pit when burnt forms white bricks. {See p. 84.) A humerus of Elephant has been recorded by Mr. J. E. Taylor from the Rockland brickearth.f In several other localities beds of laminated briokearth occur, always in association with the chalky Boulder Clay, being sometimes not only overlaid but also underlaid by it. This is the case with the brickearth north of Thet- ford railway station. My colleague Mr. F. J. Bennett has observed that in the neighbourhood of Diss, the laminated brickearth met with here and there is directly overlaid by the chalky Boulder Clay, and rests on the sands and gravel called " Middle Glacial." A similar arrangement is mentioned by Mr. Blake in his description of the sections at Freethorpe. (See p. 102.) This laminated brickearth differs in character from the Stony loam or Con- torted Drift, and occupies a different position ; it is true that at Diss railway station the laminated brickearth is remarkably contorted, but as I have elsewhere remarked {see pp. 116, 137), beds of very different ages in Norfolk are "contorted." Most of the disturbances are traceable to the agent which formed the chalky Boulder Clay, and to this agent I attribute the disturbances that have affected these laminated brickearths at Rockland and Surlingham. The lower patch of chalky Boulder Clay, in the White Earth Pit may very likely be an intruded tongue of that formation, which, as is well known, is occasionally wedged into or forced under older deposits. Howe The following section was exposed about a quarter of a mile west of the church : — Bluish-grey chalky Boulder Clay with pockets of sand - 3 feet. Brown and grey chalky Boulder Clay . - 6 to 8 inches. Buff sand with chalky grains - - - . - 10 feet. Clayey sand - » - - ■ - * \ „ Grey finely laminated clay and sand, with gravelly layer 2 feet 6 inches from base - - . . 7 to 8 „ Sand and chalky gravel with flints. * " Race." is a concretionary and septarian form of carbonate of lime. f Proc. Norwich Geol. See, vol. i., p. 9, Glacial drift GLACIAL BBICKEARTH. 113 The opposite face of the pit on the west showed. nothing but chalky Boulder Clay. At Howe Green the Boulder Clay was to be seen resting upon about 16 feet of sand and laminated clay with pockets of gravel. The aand contained chalk pebbles. Yelvertmi. — See p. 125. Poringland. — A quarter of a mile north-west of the Dove Inn is a laminated brickearth, which is both overlaid and underlaid by the chalky Boulder Clay ; and this is above the stony Joam which is seen not far off at Howe. (See p. 105.) The section was as follows : — Feet. 6. Brown clayey soil - - - - - -2 to 3 4. Chalky Boulder Clay - - - - -Ici •r 3. Chalky sand ... . . .|6fco7 2. Yellowish laminated clays and hard marly beds - - 6 1. Chalky Boulder clay. Shottesham. — The brickyard showed fine laminated sandy brickearth and stiff blue and grey mottled clay, 6 feet in thickness. (See p. 105.) Newton Flotman. — About half way between Newton and Swainsthorpe churches a brickyard e.-tposed the following section (Fig. 20, Plate VII.) : — Feet. "Brown clay . - - - -\otf,-i Chalky Boulder Clay - - .J-^mj Veins of chalky sand, impersistent — Brickearth, bluish.grey clay and loam with few stones, many nests of sand, much con. torted - . - - .5 to 6 Sand and loam in alternate bands, laminated _ and slightly contorted - - - 4 to 5 Upper Crag ? False-bedded buff and white sand, with a few stones 6 Here the Brickearth was evidently contorted by the agent which produced the chalky Boulder Clay. ' Tharston. — At the brickyard here were manufactured the bricks used (in 1847) for the Great Eastern Railway arches. The pit showed chalky Boulder Clay resting on whitish clay and grey laminated brickearth, and also underlying it. The whole thickness varied from 8 to 10 feet. Stratton St. Michael. — About half a mile north-east of the church the follow- ing section was to be seen : — / Feet. 3. Brown clay, the weathered residue of chalky Boulder Clay, with patch of Boulder clay - - . - 3 ' 2. Chalky sand - . -» - - - 2^ 1. Laminated sand and marly brickearth, more sandy at top ..-...-12 Beneath these beds in another part of the pit was exposed 9 feet of buff and yellowish-brown false-bedded sand with scams of fine chalky gravel. The brickearth, ■where it came to the surface at one part of the pit, was eroded or " piped " similarly to the Bovdder Clay, Ravemngham. — In a pit north of the h, of Raveningham Field (on the map) fromS'to 10 feetof chalky Boulder Clay was to be seen, with an included mass, 4 feet in thickness, of laminated sand and clay. Hedenham. — ^The brickyard here showed the following section, which was noted by Mr. C. Reid : — Laminated brickearth - . - . - 10 or 1 1 feet. " Pan " - - - - - - 5 or 6 inches. Chalk gravel .... - said to be 3 feet+ The brickearth is used for white bricks and drain pipes, red and white tiles, vases, and other ware. Q 6483. H 114 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. On the west side of the kiln loamy sand, said to rest on gravel, has been worked for about 6 feet; it is on a level with the top of the brickearth across the road, and may cover it (probably it is a Post-glacial deposit). [C. Reid.] Here was formerly a Roman kiln which has been described by the Rev. S. W. ICing,* He observed that "the interior, from top to bottom, shewed the " action of intense firing on the native clay, out of which the kiln was " scooped, and which formed its sides. What seemed on a first glance to be " rude courses of brick were only the varying beds of stratified brickearth, " which had, in burning, taken different shades of colour, red or white, as the " thin beds were more or less sandy or clayey." Strumpshayi, Sfc. — In -his Report on the Agriculture of Norfolk (p. 13), Mr. R. N. Bacon says, " On the hill at Strumpshaw, the highest ground in " the county, there is a fine blue clay, differing totally from all the surround- " ing fields."t This hill, and that at Poringland Heath, both of which are covered with a thick deposit of gravel, have been coloured as "blue clay" in S. Woodward's Geological Map of Norfolk. It is just possible that a bed of clay, of economic vajue, was opened up in the gravel at Strumpshaw; in which case it might have been a transported mass pf beds of the age of the . " laminated brickearth " of Rockland, &c. (See p. 130.) * Norf. and Norwioli Arch. Trans., vol. vi., p. 149. t The highest ground in Norfolk is probably between Dereham and Swaffhanij one point on the Ordnance Map at Little Sransham being marked 268 feet. 115 CHAPTER v.— GLACIAL DUIFT {contmued). D.— Boulder Clay (Chalky Boulder Clay). This Boulder Clay Is generally, a bluish-grey unstratified clay, with numerous pebbles, pellets, or knubbles of Chalk, and broken or comparatively unworn flints. The Chalk is often sufficiently abundant to give a whitish hue to the deposit ; hence it is called the Chsdky Boulder Clay. Occasional boulders of quartz, limestone, grit, septaria, and igneous rooks are met with. Veins and beds of sand, and pockets filled with Chalk pebbles, are not unfrequent. Its maximum thickness in the district is probably 50 feet. In former days the Boulder Clay was extensively ,dug as marl for agricultural purposes, to which the numerous old pits sufficiently testify, but at the present day this application is almost discon- tinued, the artificial manures and the chalk-lime taking its place. In a few localities the stones are used for road metal, and some of the pits have been marked as "gravel pits" on the Ordnance Survey Map. Many derived fossils have been obtained from the Boulder Clay, among the more conspicuous of which are: — Gryphaa incurva (Lower Lias), G. . dilatata (Oxford Clay) ; Ammonites from the Lias, KImerldge Clay, and Oxford Clay ; Belemnites abbreviatus (Corallian and Oxford Clay) ; Cardinia (Lias), &c. Among the erratic blocks are Lias, Oolites, Oxford Clay, KIme- rldge Clay, Ked Chalk, Chalk and flint, &c.* One feature supposed to distinguish this clay from the Stony Loam or Lower Boulder Clay Is the absence of shell fragments, but It Is by no means improbable that the stronger shells of the Crag period, such as Cyprina Islandica, might be caught up and preserved In it, as well as Liassic and other older fossils, or as the shells of the KImerldge and Oxford Clays. And Indeed shell- fragments have been noticed by Messrs. Bennett, Blake, Skertchly, Reid, and myself in the Boulder Clay at Flordon, and near Rock- land St. Mary. The chalky Boulder Clay, as remarked by Mr. Penningj " rarely " presents any signs of stratification,"t and so far as I have ob- served, it is devoid of any signs of deposition under water, for the rude bedding occasionally visible Is of a kind that might be produced by one layer being forced over another on land. It is a kind of bedding without real stratification, for the component materials are not arranged in layers.^ The chalky Boulder Clay Is on the whole the most uniform * See list by John Brown, of Stanway, of specimens identified by J. de C. So-vrerby and S. P. Woodward, Proc., Geol. Soc, vol. iv,, p. 165 ; also Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 42 ; J. Morris, Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 411, and S. Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, p. 39. t W. H. Penning, Bxplan. of Sheet 47 (Geol. Surv. Mem.), p. 59 ; Quart. Jonrn. Geol. Soe., vol. xxxii., p. 195. X SeeH. B. W.,Proo. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 60; C. Reid, Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, vol. vii., p. 58. H 2 116 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. and easily identified of the Glacial deposits. Indeed it does not vary to a very exti'eme degree in its extension from Norfolk through Suffolk toPinchley, where 50 years ago it was traced by K. 0. Taylor.* While its general character is uniform and its distribution wide, yet it is very irregular in its minor features of relation to other deposits. Sometimes the boundary is even or gently undu- lating, and then the Boulder Clay makes sudden and irregular plunges to the bottoms of the valleys, giving rise to the notion that they were excavated prior to the formation of the Clay.f This, however, is not borne out when studied in connexion with the shape of the valleys.- And the conclusion warranted by the facts, is that the Boulder Clay formed or filled old valleys which have sornetimes been re-excavated along the line of the present valleys. By its formation the old scenery that had resulted previously was effaced. It formed a plain extending far and wide over the eastern counties. Hence while, we find the boundary often running along the borders of the river valleys in con- formity with the features, at a regular level for some distance, we can never depend upon its persistence. (See p. 146.)- So irregular is its position that the Boulder Clay rests upon any older bed from the Chalk upwards. We see it directly upon the Chalk near Trowse, Intwood, ^nd Thorpe, upon the Norwich Crag' at Postwick, upon the Lower Glacial brickearth at Upton, and upon the Glacial sands at Mackie's nursery. And at the same time the underlying beds are not unfrequently contorted. Such is the case with the Chalk at Trowse, with the Crag at I'oslwick and Surlingham, with the' brickearth near Catton and Sprowston, with the laminated Glacial beds at Surlingham, Rock- land, and Swainsthorpe. Along the valleys the Chalk is not unfrequently disturbed where no traces of chalky Boulder CJjiy now remain, but all .evidences of disturbance occur, so far as I am aware, in districts where this Boulder Clay is not far distant, or where it may for- merly have been present. 1 know of no such disturbances in the Chalk of the Bm-e Valley where no Boulder Clay is near. Hence the term Contorted Drift Capplied to the Lower Glacial Brickearth) is ambiguous, as any formation may have become contorted by the agent which formed the chalky Boulder Clay. Where the Boulder Clay comes near the surface it is furrowed or " piped "like the Chalk, and this surface material is sometimes like that called "Dead Lime " at Bi-andon (so Mr. Skertchly informs me), and. also like the contorted chalky loam seen above the Chalk in the lower part of the pit at Hartford Bridge. This loam may be the relic of a patch of chalky Boulder Clay almost entirely destroyed by denudation. ' (See pp. 137, 140.) » Letter to S. Woodward, 25 March 1829. f See Wood and Harmer, Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 455 ; Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 74 ; vol. xxxvi., p. 493, &c. ; and W. H. Penning, Quart. Joum. Geol! Soc, vol. xxxii,', p. 191. BOULDER OliAY. 117 The chalky Boulder Clay weathers into a bro\vn loam as may be seen in numerous pits at Newton Flotman, Stratton St. Michael, Upton, &c. And in many instances it is hard to distin- guisK this loamy surface soil from the Contorted Drift, as near Burlingham and Ling wood. Respecting its agriculture the district occupied by the chalky Boulder Clay constitutes the heavy land or " stiffer soils " of Mr. C. S. Head, which covers the greater portion of the area em- braced by Quarter Sheet 66 S.E. ; the country around Hethel and Mulbarton, Bramerton and Yelverton, Brooke, Thwaite, Topcroft, Long Stratton, Hardwick, and. Tivetshall. . This is described by Young* as a " strong loam " or " clay marie." Beans and wheat grow well on it. The Boulder Clay country, has sometimes a park-like aspect, with strips of grass-land bordering the roads, as near Sasiing- ham : it is, moreover, characterized by numerous greens and com- mons, as at Wacton, Pulham, Mulbarton, &c. On its surface are irambers of ponds, like the Brooke Meres, that have been excavated for various purposes, some being old marl pits, others having been dug as tanks to supply water not only, for cattle but for the human population-, as in the neighbourhood of Hempnall, Alburgh, Stratton St. Michael, &o. In the neighbourhood of Hardwick, TivetshaU, &c,, bricks are made, after the fashion of the Egytians of old, out* of the chalky Boulder Clay. The material dug is mixed witfi chopped straw, and then puddled and dragged about in a mm by horses, after which it is put in moulds about 18 inches or 2 feet in length, by 6 or 8 inches in breadth, and then dried in the sun. Mr. J. G. Nail speaks of these brickmakers as /' daubers," stating that " In the large barns and farm buildings of East " Anglia, artificers in wattle and daub, a mixture of clay or mud " with stubble or short straw, well beaten and incorporated, " sometimes strengthened with laths and hazels, were formerly " in great request."! < These bricks are used in the construction of barns and other buildings, but, as I am informed by my colleague Mr. F. J. Bennett, are best employed as an inside casing. Houses that are built of the somewhat porous bricks made out of the Glacial brick- earth, are thus kept very dry. The term Mudgin (or Mergin) is sometimes applied to marly deposits or to the refuse of old walls and buildings, which being mixed vdth clay, straw, &c., has been used for constructing hovels, &c. • Agriculture, 1804. t Glossary of the Dialect and Provincialisms of East Anglia, 1866. 118 GEOLOGY OF THK COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. Local Details. 1, Area North of the Tare, Hmieringland. — ^The Boulder Clay may be seen in a pit at the south-west corner of Mile Stone Covert ; and in several large pits west of Bee Cross and in the adjoining area of Quarter Street 66 N.W. I'lie boundary is not well defined. . Attlehridge. — South of Spring Farm is a section showing in one part of' the pit brown clay resting on bluish sandy, pebbly, and chalky Boulder Clay. This has been grouped on the map with the Lower Glacial. Costessey. — The section at the brickyard, near Water Lane, about 20 feet in depth, showed the following beds : — Feet. Sandy soil ....---3 Chalky layer- - - - - - - 1 to 1| Pockets of brown clay. Chalky Boulder Clay, rather loamy, with pebbles and frag- ments of flints, unworn flints, chalk stones, boulders of quartz and mica schist - • - - - 18 Buff and grey sand, stratified — base not seen (Upper Crag) - _ 6 The bricks used in building Costessey Hall were made here. Pipes, orna- mental bricks, and vases are also manufactured. Hellesdon. — ^A section north of Clements' Mill, on the east side of the high road, showed : — Brown soil ..---- -"1 Fine false-bedded gravel and sand - - - - I , „ -- , Chalky Boulder Clay, with nests of sand and bed of fine C brickearth - - - - - -J The Chalk is exposed a little lower, but the junction was not shown. Thorpe. — Chalky Boulder Clay may be traced on the Chalk in the road catting by the Asylum. And traces were at one time to be seen in the cutting of the East Norfolk Railway just beyond the Lime Kiln. Mr. J. E. Taylor thus describes the section : — " In the cutting of a deep " railway guUey, close by the well-known Crag-pit of Thorpe, near Norwich, " there wiis laid open, about a couple of years ago [1867], a section showing a " north-easterly groove scooped out of the sand and pebble beds, and having " the Upper Boulder Clay dropped into it. The diameter of the furrow was " about 100 yards. On each side the sands were twisted and contorted, as " though they had been acted upon by some moving mass, and thrown out " of their original position."* Mr. S. V. Wood, junr., subsequently described the same section. He says, " This cutting was made through the north side of the Yare Valley, and in it " the chalky clay was exposed with the Middle Glacial sand, containing its " shell-bed under it, on the upper part of the valley side; but lower down the " whole of the clay had been ploughed out, and the sand was aU twisted up " with the Lower Glacial (Bure Valley) sand."t Postwick, ^c. — ^A little to the N.E. of the 128th milestoite on the Norwich and Yarmouth Railway, the chalky Boulder Clay is shown in a pit to rest directly on the Chalk, as it does a little further west. Froin this point it stretches up the hill-slope to the south-east, and at one point in Postwick Grove was detected above the Norwich Crag by my colleague Mr. Whitaker. In the cuttings of the railway it rests here and there on the Crag which appears considerably disturbed, as was also the case with the beds in the cutting on the Cromer line not far distant. The junction between the Boulder Clay and Contorted Drift is very vague, both south of the barn in Postwick parish, and in its boundary through Great Plumstead, Witton, and Brundall parishes. From the evidence furnished, it * Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 509. t Geol. Mag., Dec. 2., vol. iv., p. 549 ; and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, ,vol. xxxvi., p. 495, and Fig. 18, Plate XXI. i . BOULDER CLAY. 119 might be concluded that the Boulder Glay alid Oontorted Drift were one and the same thing, and when mapping this district I was for some time disposed to hold this view. It is a striking fact that where the chalky Boulder Clay is well developed, as over the country south of the Yare, the Contorted Drift is almost entirely absent, while to the north of this river, where the Contorted Drift spreads over a large area, the chalky Boulder Clay is only met with in a few localities. When, however, a section like that at the pit N.W. of Upton Church is examined, it throws light on the structure of these tracts. (See pp. 94, 100, 103.) Strwmshaw, Sfo. — ^The surface of the country around Strumpshaw, Ling- wood, Burlingham, Hamlington is covered with chalky Boulder Clay much obscured by a loamy soil, so that it is difficult to distinguish it from the Lower Glacial briokeartli. When, moreover, we find the beds so irregular, as wit- nessed at Hamlington and Upton, the difficulties of the mapping are increased. Hence the boundary of chalky Boulder Clay and Brickearth in this tract is vague. (See Figs. 13 and 14, Plate IV.) Several large pits show the chalky Boulder Clay with 3 or 4 feet of buff sand at itsbase, but this sand is very irregularly displayed on the surface. Large pita occur south of Strumpshaw Hill (26 feet of Boulder Clay), and between Burlingham House and the Old Manor House, Burlingham St. Andrew (16 feet). Near the Old Hall, South Burlingham, the soil was de- scribed to me as " thin skinned land," or land with little soil on heavy clay or stony loam. A pit north of the Plantation, South Walsham, showed the chalky Boulder Clay with irregular masses of sand and chalky gravel. (See p. 114.) The following notes are by Mr. Blake : — Southwood. — ^A clay pit is situated nearly half a mile S.S.E. of the church, on the west side of the road, where a considerable quantity of clay has been excavated to pat on the fields. From 7 to 8 feet in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay was exposed, apparently overlying reddish -brown loam. I observed a few well striated boulders, about a foot in diameter, one being a limestone containing numerous specimens of Gryphaa incurva, in fact, con- sisting almost entirdy of them. Freethorpe. — Chalky Boulder Clay is shown overlying loam in the brickyard situated IJ mUes N. of Reedham Railway Station. The Boulder Clay is exposed on the south and west side of the brickyard, and varies from about 4 to 9 feet in thickness. Some of it is shown to lie at a lower level, and some on the same level, as the sand which occurs in considerable thickness in the north-west corner of the brickyard. A well striated boulder, about 5 feet in diameter, occurred in the clay, which latter was of a grey colour, and contained numerous rolled flints and pieces of Chalk. In a pit half a mile S. W. of Halvergate Church about 6 to 8 feet in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay is shown overlying loam, resting in a hollow of the latter. The Boulder Clay was of a grey colour and very chalky. Moulton. — ^A clay pit is situated three-eighths of a mile N. of the church. The clay was of a grey colour and contained numerous pieces of chalk — a thickness of 9 feet was exposed. It apparently rests on loam, but the junction was not shown in the pit ; loam, however, occurs all round. This chalky Boulder Clay, at this particular spot, stretches down from the high ground nearly to the level of the marshes. On the high ground, sand intervenes between the Boulder Clay and loam, as shown on the Geological Survey map. About 9 feet in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay is exposed in a pit a quarter of a mile W.N. W. of Moulton Church. This clay in all probability here rests on loam, as I could detect Jio sand intervening on the slope of the hill to the north of the pit. The clay contains numerous small rounded fragments of chalk, and is irregularly overlaid — as is so frequently the case — by reddish-brown stony loam, 3 or 4 feet in thickness. Acle. — A clay pit occurs three-eighths of a mile S. W. of the church, on the upper part of the slope of the valley, north of Jolly's Lane. From 8 to 9 feet in thickness of very chalky grey clay, weathering a yellowish-white, was exposed overlyjng brown loam with from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches of brown loamy sand intervening. The soil consisted of a stiff reddish-brown loam. 120 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. containing many scattered large subangular flints, irregularly overlying the chalky Boulder Clay. Another claypjt is situated a little more than three-eighths of a mile N.N. W. of Acle Church, on the north side of the road. About 7 or 8 feet in thickness of very chalky'grey clay was exposed, with a little reddish-brown loam irregu- larly overlying, the same. I was informed that there was loam underlying the clay with about 1 foot in thickness of sand intervening. Fishley In a clay pit ahout 200 yards S.S.E. of Fishlejr Church, about 10 feet in thickness of chalky grey clay was shown, containing large flints, striated limestone, and other boulders. The clay apparently overlaid sand, from the presence of rabbits in the bottom of the pit, &c. ; but no good section showing this was exposed, the pit being too much overgrown. Stokesby. — I observed chalky Boulder Clay in the churchyard, and was informed that 7 feet in thickness of this clay overlies sand there. A large clay pit occurs in the field to the E. of the church, but is now ploughed over and no section was exposed. Some smaller pits, also more or less filled in, are situated to the E. of the above pit in the adjoining fields, where I was informed chalky Boulder Clay overlaid sand. I noticed this clay in one of them. Gby.- — A clay pit occurs a little more than a quarter of a mile S.E. of Thurne Church, where lO feet in thickness of chalky Boulder Clay was exposed. Another clay pit is situated about a mile E. by S. of Thurne Church, in a field on the east side of the road leading to Ashby Hall. Chalky Boulder Clay, 10 feet thick, was shown overlying sand. Thurne. — About 160 yards S.W. of the church, on the south side of the road, chalky Boulder Clay of a grey colour, weathering a yellowish-white, 9 feet thick, is shown overlying loam. J. H. BI.AKE. Lakenham. — One of the most interesting sections near Norwich is at the pit known as Mackie's Nursery on the eastern side of the Ipswich Road, about one mile from the city gates. In this pit a long face of chalky Boulder Clay is exposed, resting upon bufi" false-bedded sands. The upper portion of the chalky Boulder Clay is in places piped by the action of acidulated water, and the material much resembles the " dead lime " at Hartford Bridge. (See p. 137.) At the northern end of the pit the Boulder Clay is capped by sands with chalk grains. The following is the section, which is illustrated in Fig. 12, Plate IV. : — Feet. 4. Soil - - - - - . • .-1 3. Eed and brown sand, gravelly, and with smaU chalk pebbles -J 2. Chalky Boulder Clay - - - 4 to 8 1. False-bedded sand. The taode of occurrence of the Boulder Clay suggests the idea of its being a lenticular mass, both here and also at Tuck's Wood Farm,* where 8 feet of Boulder Clay may be seen resting on the sand. The clay is in places bedded, though not stratified ; that is to say, the materials themselves are not arranged in layers. At the south end of the pit I noticed, in 1878, that the sands were distinctly contorted in one place. The Boulder Clay was shown in a pit in the nursery grounds of Messrs. Daniels to the depth of 2 ft. 6 in., resting on sand. At Hartford Hill House a section showed about 10 feet of chalky Boulder Clay, with its upper surface furrowed by pipes filled with brown clay, and trending generally a little to the N. of W. The Boulder Clay may be traced across the railway by Trowse Junction * See also Wood and Harmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiii., pp. 83, 86. BOULDER OLAT. 121 (where a large pit may be seen*) to the borders of the River Tare a little sonth of Lakenham Church. This fact of the chalky Boulder Clay running from the high ground quite to the bottom of the valleys is no unusual occurrence. It is found at other parts of the valley between the " Cook " Inn and Trowse Millgate, and is well known to occupy similar positions in the Waveney Valley. It is by no means clear that the Boulder Clay is newer than the sand of the Town Close property. In fact its lenticular position would seem to indicate that it may belong to the same set of beds. The sand underneath the Boulder Clay at Mackio's Nursery was here and there at the line of junction hardened into great concretionary lumps or " dog- gers." This was no doubt produced by carbonate of lime from the chalky Clay above. The following analysis of the " sandstone " was made by Mr. F. Sutton : — t Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 3*50 "Peroxide of iron - - - - - - • 13 Alumina and Organic matter - - - - '29 Pure sand ---.... 68-38 72-30 ft. in - 4 - 1 - 6 - 1 6 - 4 - 10 S. Woodward (MS.) thus described the beds beneath the Boulder Clay in 1825:— Sandstone - - - - - . ~ Orange-coloured sand - . - . . Lilac-coloured sand - . . . . Orange-coloured sand . - - - . W hite sand in oblique layers, with fragments of shells White sand in horizontal layers - - - 21 He was "inclined to think, from the size of the cavity and similarity of the " stone, that it was used to build Norwich Castle." The white sand, with fragments of shells, he further describes as " sand containing about 30 per " cent, of comminuted particles of shells,"J The Rev. O. Fisher has more recently spoken of the sand at this pit (he calls ' it Firgrove Pit, Mile End, Norwich) as dontaining Foraminifera derived, in the opinion of Mr. J. E, Taylor, from the Chalk and Boulder Clay.§ East of Hartford Bridge, Boulder Clay may be traced by the railway, and was probably dug from a pit 'north of the 123 milestone. This may have been the pit mentioned by Arderon as " near two furlongs from Hartford Bridge " . . .in which the country people dig a particular sort of clay — ^to lay " upon the sandy lands." He noted the occurrence of Ammonites, Belemnites, septaria, &c.|| Earlham. — A chalk -pit on the slope of the hill south-west of Earlham Lower Farm showed on the surface, in one part of the pit, about 3 feet of chalky loam with chalk pebbles and pebbles of flint, quartz, &c. This was underlaid by an irregular seam of sand. 2. — Area between the Yare and the Waveney. Colney. — A pit about half way between Lascoe Plantation and Hall Farm, Little Melton, showed about 12 feet of chalky Boulder Clay with pipes of brown clay. * ThLs pit I first visited under the guidance of Mr. Harmer, who regards the deposit as Lower Glacial. See Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 87 ; vol. xxxiil., pp. 83, 86. f See Geol. Mag., vol. iii., p. 43. J See also Geology of Norfolk by S. Woodward, p. 19. § Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 551. il Phil. Trans., vol. xliv., pp. 275, 283 ; Abrid. by Martyn, p. 592. 122 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. lAttle Melton.— West of the Hall Farm a pit showed about 4 feet of sand and loam with 8,ngular flints (one of which was ice-soratched)> resting on very sandy Boulder Clay, Cri»^Ze/ora,— South-west of Newfound, Colney, the Chalk ynth flints was capped by about 9 feet of sandy and stony loain, possibly a relic of the Crag series worked up during the formation of the chalky Boulder Clay. At the end of the lane, south-west of Newfound, a large pit showed the Boulder Clay much mixed up with sand, resting on false-bedded chalky and carbonaceous sand, about 5 feet of which was exposed. About half a mile north of Thickthorn a pit showed Boulder Clay resting irregularly on bufE sands. Hethersett. — The Boulder Clay south of Cantley White House is niuch obscured by loamy soil. An old pit showed the beds to be very irregular, with sand, gravel, and boulder clay in inextricable confusion. Intwood. — A pit east of Intwood Hall showed the following beds : — Feet. E. Brown stony clay soil •-.,-."] D. Very chalky marl - - - - - - | C. Sandy and chalky clay, with chalky and sandy seams and ! -lo many boulders of chalk, flint, sandstone, and shale - - j B. Seams of sand and pebbly gravel, with occasional large unworn | flints - - - . . . -J A. Chalk with ilints, somewhat disturbed. These beds (B. to D.) might by some geologists be grouped with the Lower Glacial, but I could not separate them from the chalky Boulder clay. South of Cringleford Hall thfe following section was exposed in an old pit now overgrown with trees ; — 3. Gravel, pebbly and sandy, 3 or 4 feet, irregular. 2. Chalky Boulder Clay in patches. 1. Chalk with flints. Keswick. — East of the new Hall (residence of F. Hay Gurney, Esq.) Boulder Clay was to be seen resting on sand ; to the south is a shallow road cutting in sand and gravel. The Boulder Clay itself in, this district is interbedded with sand, as may be seen east of the high road near Keswick Church. South-east of the church a pit showed the following beds, which M'ere inclined on one side of it : — Brown Clay. Sandy Boulder Clay. Chalk-gravel, and sand. Blue Boulder Clay, 6 to 8 feet. Stratified sands, slightly hardened. Boulder Clay, 8 to 10 feet. MarisAaW.— South-east of the barn near Keswick the chalky Boulder Clay ooiitained interbedded masses of sand and gravel. Swainsthorpe. — S. of the Dun Cow Inn a pit showed chalky Boulder Clay resting on 6 to. 8 feet of sand, chalky gravel, and chalky loajn; the whole reposing on the Chalk. {See p. 134.) Boulder Clay was dug at " Sprows-pits." Ketteringham. — North of the Hall Close Plantation a brickyard was opened in a loamy deposit resting on the chalky Boulder Clay ; 3 to 4 feet of it was dug. , . . East Carlton. — South-east of Park Lane a marl-pit showed on one side the following beds : — Loamy and pebbly soil, contorted marl, sand, and gravel. Marl, with a few flint pebbles, several large unworn and broken flints, and lumps of hard chalk, 6 feet. BOULDER OLAT, 123 On the other side of the pit Ordinary chalky Boulder Clay was exposed. N.E. of Carlton Lodge was a pit 15 to 20 feet deep, showing Boulder Clay on one side; pebbly gravel, and sand on the other. Hethel.*— West of Hill Farm, Hethel Bridge, a temporary brickyard showed : — Fekt. Loamy soil, with traces of chalky Boulder Clay - - 4 to, 6 Stiff blue sandy and stony brickearth - - .4 Chalky Boulder Clay was shown at the base in one place ; hence this brick- earth is probably a weathered surface of Boulder Clay. Flordon. — Chalky Boulder Clay was well shown in the cuttings of the rail- way, and the late Mr. John King obtained from near the station,, bones of Plesiosantrus, Pliosaurus, and Ichthyosaurus. Below the church, Boulder Clay rests directly on the Chalk. In a pit about half a mile W.S.W. of the Hall, the following section was to be seen : — Feet. Brown clay with angular flints. Chalky Boulder Clay with weathered surface . - 4 to 10 Fine stratified and false-bedded chalky sand, with seams of chalk and flint-gravel - - - - -6 to 8 One side of the pit is made up of chalky Boulder Clay alone. It was in the chalky Boulder Clay here that Mr. Reid found fragments of shells, either Pliocene or Pleistocene; Hapton, Fomcett, Ashwell Thorpe, 8fC. — West of the church the road showed a deep cutting in the Boulder Clay. About half a mile west, and in the parish of Fundenhall, an old marl-pit showed a loamy and chalky clay with few stones. In the railway cutting (main line) ti-aces of chalky Boulder clay were noticed by Mr. Whitaker beneath the coarse gravel, and resting on the pebbly gravel. The gravel-pit south-west of the bridge also showed traces of this Boulder Clay. Chalky Boulder Clay was well shown in cuttings of the new line of railway south of Hapton, and the way in which it had lost its calcareous matter by atmospheric action was remarkably well exhibited in one place. (See Fig. 22, Plate VII.) This was in the cutting near Low End, where the following beds were displayed : — • d. Gravelly soil. b. Chalky Bonlder Clay, passing into c. Brown clay or stony loam. o. Grey and yellow sands and pebble gravel ; in places contorted (Upper Crag). Here the weathered portion of the Boulder clay (e) was so like the Stony loam (Contorted Drift), that if only the portion of the cutting showing it had been opened up, the bed would most likely have been regarded by ail observers as Lower Glacial. Near Fomcett the Clay contained boulders of Red Sandstone, Red Chalk, Oolite, but chiefly Chalk and Flint. Nests of Chalky Gravel occurred in it. North of Wood Lane, Tharston, the Boulder Clay is underlaid by fine chalky gravel and buff sand. * Spelt Heathel on the sign-posts. 124 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTET ABOUND NOBWIOH. West of Hapton the Boulder Clay was also well shown in the railway-cutting?, and in one section the appearance of " bedding " or " streak " was conspicuous, the beds indeed reminding one of the Lower Glacial tiUs of the Cromer coast. {See Fig. 21, Plate VII.) It seems quite possible that here we have repre- sentatives of them in point of age, but in i that case the whole of the beds in the cutting, including some like the chalky Boulder Clay, must be similarly - grouped. Speaking of the Cromer Beds Mr. C. Reid says," Though these " tills are unstratified they often show a ' streak ' like that of doughy bread or " piecrust. This. I believe, has nothing to do ^vith a sedimentary origin ; but " is simply formed like the flakes in piecrust by a sliding pressure from above."* This explanation well applies to the beds in this district, and if the chalky Boulder clay was formed, as the moraine prof onde of an ice-sheet, such appear- ances might well be expected in it as we see represented in Fig. 21. (See p. 136.) The section was as follows : — d. Brown loam. c. Bluish-grey mud with streaks of chalky Boulder Qay. h. Chalky Boulder Clay. a. Sands (Crag series). At Forncett St. Mary, sun dried bricks are made of the Boulder Clay. (See p. 117.) North-east of the church a smalj brickyard has been opened up in brown stony clay to the depth of 6 feet. This appears to be a weathered surface of the Boulder Clay. TYowse Newton. — ^About half a mile south-east of the church Boulder Clay is seen directly on the Chalk. During the progress of the Norwich Sewer Works one of the shafts disclosed a hole or trough in the Chalk beneath the Valley Gravel of the Yare near Trowse village. The section was described by Messrs. Wood and Harmer in 1869 ; it showed some thickness of sand (which they grouped as Middle Glacial) and of Boulder Clay exactly resembling the chalky Boulder Clay. They then regarded the Boulder Clay as possibly a mass in the "Middle Glacial," and as indicating the Intra-glacial denudation of the Yare Valley ;t the exact relation of clay and sand, however, was not clearly made out, and in a later communication they left the identification of the Boulder Clay as Middle or Upper Glacial an open question, contending only that the valley was excavated prior to the deposition of the Contorted Drift. J That the valley at this particular point was thus excavated in Glacial times I must admit, but my opinion is that its re-excavation here is but accidental, having no immediate relation to the present features of the valley. I was infornied by Mr. Harmer that brickearth was worked on the brow of the hill near Crown Point, for building the mansion on that estate. This was perhaps a patch similar to that at one time exposed above the Chalk in the Trowse Chalk-pit. (See Fig. 24, Plate VII.) The boundary of the Boulder Clay westwards towards Kirby Bedon is obscure, there being a loamy and sajidy soil over it. Kirhy Bedon. — A sand pit south-east of the church-in-ruins, showed con- torted chalky sand with seams of Boulder Clay. It could not be mapped distinctly. , Bramerton. — From this locality S. Woodward notes Ammonites hifrons, Brug., and A. binus, Sby., both probably Liassic species. § Framingliam Pigot and Framingliam Earl. — In these parishes are several pits in the Boulder Clay, and this, according to Dr. Rigby, yielded Ammonites, and a good deal of shale, someof it bituminous. || This latter possibly led to the sinking in search of coaJ. (See p. 169.) Yelverton cum Alphington.—A pit in this parish is said by Arderon (MS. Journal, Jiily 28th, 175 1), to have yielded clay which was "carried to London * Geol. Mag., Deo. 11., vol. vii., p. 58. •f Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 445. J Ibid,, vol xxxiii., p. 82 ; see also vol. xxxyi., p. 495. § Geol. Norfolk, p. 42, and Morris, Catalogue, 2nd edit., p. 290. |] See his Account of Framingham, p. 47. BOULDER CLAY. 125 " and Holland to make Delf-ware of. It is situate in a close bordering upon " Yelverton Common, about one mile south-east of the ehuroh, and is about four " or five yards deep ftom the surface." This is evidently the spot now called Kiln Grove. S. Woodward, upon whose authority the above extract is given, quotes a passage from the " Magna Britannia," &c., p. 362, wherein it is steted that " A gentleman of this county, digging by chance in his ground, turned up a " fine clay, which some skilful persons observing, discovered the value of it to " him; whereupon sending it to Holland, where they made a choice sort of " earthenware of it, he made lO.OOOZ. sterling of a piece of ground not 40 yards " square. Dr. Fuller tells this story, but suspects this sum as having a cypher " too much." S. Woodward thought that the locality of this valuable clay was probably that described by Arderon.* The clay may perhaps have occupied a basin, and been similar to that at Rockland. {See p. 1 12.) Blomefield also mentioned that about the year 1336, " The Dutchmen " (Flemings) that came,over;first found'/aMej's earih, a precious treasure, of which " there is more, if not better, than in all the world besides " ; t but where this was I am not able to say. The Flemings, who landed chiefly at Yarmouth, settled at Worstead, Norwich, &c. Surlingham St. Saviour.— i-At the church there is about 4 feet of sandy soil resting on chalky Boulder Clay. A large boulder of igneous rock, about 22 cuMc feet in bulk, lies at the N. W. corner of the churchyard. Rockland St. Mary. — North-east of the church a pit showed Boulder Clay resting on buff sand with chalky seams. The little patch of Boulder Clay south of the New Inn is a chalky loam, much like some varieties of the Contorted Drift, but equally like many beds that belong to the chalky Boulder Clay. Fragments of shells ^\•ere noticed in it by my colleague Mr. Blake. (See p. 84.) Hillington cum Holverston. — ^The Boulder Clay lies very irregularly on the ground between the church and Holverston Hall. Claxton. — North of the Meeting House a pit showed : — Feet. Brown sand - - - - - - -4 Chalky Boulder Clay, with GrypheBa, Ostrea, brown sandstone, quartz, &c. - ' - - .- - - - 12 A large pit south of Claxton Hall showed coarse gravel, resting upon chalky Boulder Clay, and- this again upon buff sand in very irregular positions. Ashby. — -A pit west of the Hall showed 12 feet of Boulder Clay resting on 10 feet of buff false-bedded sand. ' Thurton. — A pit south-east of the Red Lion Inn showed 8 feet of chalky Boulder Clay, with jncluded loamy. and sandy bed, resting on buff sand and sandstone. About three-quarters of a mile east of Thurton Church a brigkyard showed Boulder Clay resting on brown clay. Burgh Apton. — A clay pit by the parsonage showed from 16 to 20 feet of chalky Boulder Clay resting on 5 or 6 feet of buff false-bedded sand, like that at Mackie's Nursery. (See p. 121.) Langley. — ^The surface is very sandy, loamy, and in places gravelly, but the Boulder Clay is shown in many pits, as north of the church at Helsmere Hole, &c. At the old sand-pit, Langley Street, traces of chalky Boulder Clay and chalky.gravel occur in pockets and beds near the top of the satid. At High Grove a brickyard was opened and a pit dug in sandy loam to a depth of 5 feet. This is perhaps weathered Boulder Clay. Shottesham. — A good exposure of Boulder Clay, to which my attention was drawn by Mr. S. C. Sothern, was to be seen S.W. of the Round Park plan- tation. Here many scratched boulders and derived fossils have been obtained. (See also p. 169.) SaxUngham. — West of the Baptist Meeting House the loamy surface of the Boulder Clay was worked for brickmaking. * Geology of Norfolk, p. 1.5. A still earlier mention of this discovery is made by Samuel Hartlib, in Ids Legacie of Husbandry, 3rd edit., 1655, p. 97. t Blomefield, 8vo. edit., vol. i., p. 85. 126 GEOLOGY OF THE OOTJNTEY ABOUND NORWICH. Home.— {See p. 112.) Brooie.—The Brook Meres were excavated in the Boulder Clay. They may have been dug out for the marl, and are now serviceable as holding a. water supply, unfit "however for human consumption. Si^elani. — North-west of the church the Boidder Clay was well shown ; it contained' many unworn flints, some broken, also large pebbles of chalk, septaria (glaeiated), and a boulder of black shale. On one side of the pit was a (? included) mass of buff sand. The following notes are by Mr. Reid : — Loddon.—^'Yhs Boulder Clay was shown in pits around the Hall, and in the " gravel pit " east of the Town Farm. Hales. — A quarter of a mile east of Loddon Hall a pit showed the following section : — Feet. Soil - - 1 Boulder Clay - . . ,- - - - -8 Fine white sand, the upper part hardened into a calcareous sand- stone, fpr a foot or two - - - - - 10 A sand-pit S.of Heokingham House of Industry showed about' 1.5 feet of Upper Boulder Clay resting on fine sand. {See p. 106.) Mr. Trimmer* has described a section near Raveningham Hall showing : — 3. Brown clayey loam - - . . . 6to 18 inches. 2. Boulder Clay - - - - - - 5 feet. 1 . Sand (called " Crag ") with false bedding . . 10 to 12 feet. Raveningham. — A pit 3 furlongs S. of Crossway Farm, near Thurlton, showed 10 feet of Boulder Clay. {See p. 106.) North of Daws Wood a pit showed a mass of Boulder Clay, 2 to 10 feet in thickness, resting' on 15 feet of fine and minul^ely false-bedded white sand; at the junctiqn of the two the sand 'A'as cemented into a hard bed. Haddiscoe. — A pit a quarter of a mile S.W. of Haddiscoe Hall showed Boulder Clay resting on white sand. Half a mile N.W. of the church 10 feet of Boulder Clay was seen resting on fine white sand. Toft Monks. — A pit a quarter of a mile S. of Crossway Farm showed the following beds : — -' ft. in. Soil ........ about 1 6 Boulder Clay - . - . . . about 8 Fine white sand. A pit on Bull's Green showed 16 feet of Boulder Clay. N.E. of the Green the Boulder Clay rested on sand. Pits west of Aldeby Mill showed Boulder Clay resting on fine white and minutely false-bedded sand. Half a mile W.S.W. of Aldeby Brickyard the Boulder Clay (10 feet) was capped by 2 feet or 3 feet of sandy wash. (See p. 106.) Gillingham. — A pit S. of Gillingham Wood showed 8 feet of Upper Boulder Clay, resting on 3 feet of Glacial sand. {See p. 106.) Geldeston. — East of the Brewery is a pit in sandy loam with chalk pebbles, curiously contorted, and showing small faults. Stockton. — "At the side of the road, near the boundary of Stockton and " Hales, is a large stone, weighing about two tons, called " Stockton Stone," " and in the ancient Town book, still preserved, is an entry, dated 1 645,'recording" " the payment of a small sum for putting stulps to Stockton Stone."t S.E. of the Black Boy Inn there are two pits on the same level, one in chalky Boulder Clay to sand, the other entirely in sand. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x., p. 237. •j- White's History of Norfolk. BOULDER OLAY. 127 Kirhy Cane. — ^A pit a quarter of a mile N. of Leek Wopd showed the following section ; — Feet. Soil - 1^ Boulder Clay ........ about 2 Bedded sand and marl, very irregular - - . 2 or 3 Boulder Clay - - - - - - 8 or 10 Fine sand (Middle-Glacial) - - - - - 4+ At the south corner of Kirby Green 5 feet of Boulder Clay was seen resting on 3 feet of Glacial Sand, Kirby Row Marl-pit showed Boulder Clay resting apparently, on pebbly sand. At a spot called Pewter Hill, a corruption of Potter's Hill, an oven or kiln of Roman tiles was discovered by the Rev. G. C. Chester.* This spot is pro- bably the same as the brick kiln (not now worked) half a mile west of the church. Here the section was said to .have been " sandy loam capped with a " little gravel, and resting on loam." A little further west by the farm, a pit showed about 6 feet of Boulder Clay overlaid, and to a certain extent replaced horizontally by finely false-bedded chalk gravel with some Boulder Clay : the whole resting on sands, of which 10 feet were shown. Ellingham. — Near the centre of the Island, Boulder Clay was shown by the side of the road. N.E. of the Hall a pit showed about 8 feet of Upper Boulder Clay. At the brickyard east of Broome Church about 6 feet of Boulder Clay was shown above ff feet of fine sand. Broome.— W. of the Hall Farm an old pit showed 3 or 4 feet of Boulder Clay resting on fine sand. C, Reid.^ Tasburgh. — A large pit at Tasburgh Hill showed the following succession of beds : — Feet, ,^1 • 1 r> '/.i r Irregular loamy gravel - - • - 15 Glacial Drift -I dj^yBp^l^g^j^Clay - - - - 12 r White sands r • - " - . "| Upper Crag - i Laminated clay - - - - • [• 20 L Stone bed - - - . - J ChaJk. Tharston.-^In the cutting east of Horsford Water chalky gravel was shown at the base of the Boulder Clay. In the pit at Furze Hill a patch of Boulder Clay was shown at the base of the coarse gravel. (See p. 131, and Fig. 10, Plate III.) Stratton St. Michael. — Here a well was sunk through the Boulder Clay 33 feet to pebbly gravel. Further south I was informed by Mr. T. Barnham the Boulder Clay is 44 feet in thickness. Mourning Thorpe. — A brickyard north of the Cider Factory showed a section * of chalky Boulder Clay, with surface soil of brown clay. Both were used, the former being washed. Red and white bricks, tiles, and drain pipes were made. Hem^mall. — Boulder Clay was shown by the stream at the Poor House. Hardwick. — Bricks were made here of chalky Boulder Clay and straw. (Seep. 117.) Alburgh, — S.E. of Darraw Green, a brickyard showed 4 feet of greyish- brown clay in the alluvial valley, resting on chalky Boulder Clay, but not sufiiciently defined to map separately like the similar deposit at Hethel Bridge (p. 123). Denton. — "A clay-pit E. of Denton, much overgrown, appeared to have been •' dug through Upper Boulder Clay to pebbly gravel." Earsham. — " A pit W. of Banter's Wood showed Boulder Clay passing " down to loamy clay with small stones, slightly bedded."t * Norf. and Norw. Arch. Trans., vol. iv.,p. 313, t From Mr, C. Keid's Notes. 128 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. 3. Area south of the Waveney. The following notes are by Mr. Reid : — Bungay, — W. of Annis Hill, the following beds were shown : — Dark lead-coloured Boulder Clay full of chalk stones, unworn flints (one over 2 feet in diameter and striated), septaria, &c. - - - - 10 feet. Roughly-bedded loamy brown Boulder Clay, with small piepes of chalk and flint - . - about 7 feet. Fine false-bedded sand r - - - - 7 feet shown. , Mettinffham. — At the corner of the road north of the parsonage there was a block of Lias nearly 2 feet across in, the Boulder Clay. ^ North of the Excise Office Ticket Bar the Boulder Clay occurs muoh lower in the valley than usual. Shipmeadow. — In the wood half a mile south of the Hundred House of Industry a pit showed dark blue Boulder Clay (with chalk, flints. Lias lime- stone and shale, and quartzite) p^assing into lighter coloured loam with smaller stones and broken flints. Ringsjield.- — A pit, a quarter of a mile south-east of the church, showed 5 feet of Boulder Clay resting on about 20 feet of false-bedded sand and gravel. Beccles. — A quarter of a mile east of Ingate Mill the following section was exposed (see also p. 133) : — Feet. Gravel, sand, and chalky Boulder Clay very irregular (with Elephasprimigenms) - - - . - . 6 Rather fine pebbly beds with a few large unworn flints - - 12+ At the brick-yard, near Wash Lane Farm, the following beds were shown : — Feet. About 6 feet of whitish chalky Boulder Claiy without many large stones, resting on sand and gravelly loam apparently con- torted -.----.-6 Fine white sand - - - -'. -2 to 4 Bright orange sand, with small stones, mostly angular - 2 + At the N. end of the sand-pit, oh Bonaparte's Island, 4 feet of chalky Boulder Clay was shown, apparently plunging under the alluvium. The Pot Yard, Beccles, showed the following section : — Feet. Soil 2 Yellow clayey brick earth - - - - - 3 StifE blue clay with chalk, a few angular flints. Lias, &c., ne'arly all scratched - - - - - - - ] 2+ Clement Reid. E. Gravel (" Cannon Shot " Gravel). Forminp; portions of the higher ground in the district are deposits of coarse flint gravelj which from their hature, position, or supposed origin, have been spoken of as the Cannon-shot gravel. Plateau gravel, and Flood gravel. As Mr. Wood, jun., classified everything newer than the chalky- Boulder Clay as Post-glacial, he has grouped these gravels (although with some doubt) as older Post-glacial. They are, however, intimately connected with the Bouldbr Clay. They can be traced, more often by general position than in actual section, above the chalky Boukler Clay, but at Tharstoii Furze Hill, in the deep road-cutting by Wymondham Station CtLACIAL GliAVKt. l29 (Quarter Sheet, 66 S.W.), and in many places in West' Norfolk, they have been shown in section together; the gravel on the, Boulder Clay, In the pai-Ish of Ashwell Thorpe, south of Wren- ningham, there is a pit in coarse gravel which was shown in excavations on the new line of railway to underlie the Boulder Clay. These gravels are made up for the most part of large boulders of flint, and even paramoudras, whose battered surfaces indicate that they have been knocked about very considerably, and suggest analogous formation to the coarse flint beaches near Runtun. They, however, occupy a higher level than does the Chalk, and only in a few places in the area (Hapton, Tasburgh, Tharston Furze Hill) do the beds erode through other deposits so as to rest du'eotly on the Chalk. They attain a thickness of 45 feet. Besides flint boulders, are many pebbles of flint, and sometimes of chalk, pea-like grains and pebbles of quartz and quartzite, and occasional boulders of sandstone, grit, quartz, and various igneous rocks. Often presenting no regular lines of stratification, it seems to be a tumultuous deposit. No fossils of the period have been inet with in it. And, so far as can be judged, these deposits are most likely flood gravels of the Glacial period, due in part to the melting back of the ice-sheet which produced the chalky Boulder Clay, and in part to land-floods caused by excessive rain.* It seems to me probable that the agent which brought the coarse gravels, marked out some of the main outlines of the present drainage systems, for they in places border the valleys and even descend into themf {see pp. 25, 146). The gravels are largely dug for mending roads, and some of the large flint boulders are used for building, and even for paving some of the streets of Norwich, where, under the name of " cobbles " or " petrified kidneys," they form excellent stumbling blocks both for man and beast. S. Woodward, in his " Observations on the Round Towers of Norfolk," noticed that, with one exception (West Dereham), aU these churches were built of flint boulders, and ho stated his con- viction that they owed their form, not to any peculiar style, but had been built from necessity, in' consequence of the absence of freestone from the Boil.t Local Details. SirBjnjBs^aw.— The little outlier of gravel that caps, and, indeed, forms Strumpshaw Hill, possesses in itself one of the most strikinpr and extensive gravel pits in the country, and from the numerous old excavations it must have been worked for many a year. Indeed, situated as it is in a clay district, it has furnished and still furnishes road-material to a number of parishes. * SeeDv. J. Geikie, Great Ice Age, edit. 2., p. 385 ; Si B. J. Skertchly, Geology of the Penland, p. 196. t H. B. W., Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 63 ; see also S. V. Wood, junior. Quart. Journ. GeOl. Soc, vol. xxxvi., p. 501. J Archteologia, vol. xxxiii., p. 7. The opinion is adopted by J. H. Parker, Glos-' sary of Architecture, new ed., 1866, p. 278. Q 6483. It 1,30 GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTEY AEOUND NORWlca. As much as 45 feet of boulder gravel, sliingle, and sand was shown in the pit imniediately west of the mill. The gravel itself was considerably " faulted," as shown by included beds of sand in the coarse gravel; but this might have been due to the thawing of masses of ice, 'originally buried up in these torrential deposits of gravel. In one place there was an included mass of chalky clay with brown shaly clay on top of it. Strange to say, many writers have spoken of Strumpshaw Hill as composed of " blue clay," this, however, must refer to the Boulder Clay which underlies the gravel, unless some included mass of economic value was at one time exposed (see p. 114). In a pit a little south-east of the mill, the surface soil had been cleared ofP the gravel, and, -as observed by Mr. Skertchly, the latter was grooved in a direction N.W. and S.E". Moulton. — " A small gravel and sand pit occurs in a field, 200 yards S.E. of the church. Reddish-brown sand, with a little coarse gravel and brown loam, together about 6 feet thick, is shown overlying chalky Boulder Clay. The sand is very ferruginous and occasionally slightly indurated. This small 'patch of gravel and sand is apparently situated on the highest ground in the imme- diate vicinity."* i Norwich, — On Mousehold Heath there is a thick capping of the coarse gravel here and there. In the pit by the M of Mousehold Jleath (on the map) there is 5 or C feet of it. . Biit it is difficult to trace any line of distinc- tion between it and the finer gravelly sands which are often conspicuously stratified. Such is the case in the brickyard and gravel pit on the Plumstead road, near Rett's Castle (see p. 98; and Fig. 3, Plate II.). Higher up, in Moore's pit, the gravel must attain a thickness of quite 25 feet ; and comprises beds of very coarse boulder gravel and sand, with sometimes loamy beds. Newman's pit, by the mill on the Plumstead road, showed 12 feet of the Boulder Gravel, resting on 5 feet 6 inches of gravel and sand, not so coarse. Near the surface the boulders were often decayed so thai they were shattered or broke in pieces when drctpped. In these pits every variety of gravel can be obtained hy means of numerous sieves ; fine quartz pebhles are obtained for the use of brewers in cleaning vats, and the boulders are in demand for building purposes and for paving. The surface of Mousehold is covered with excavations, some of which have been thought to be early British pit-dwellings ; similar pits have been remarked at Eaton.f Taverham, — North-east of Spring Farm a pit showed angular flint gravel. Costessey, fyc. — Costessey Old Hall is situated on a^ coarse gravel, and half a mile to the west a pit shpwed 15 feet of it. Between Bauburgh and Little Melton the sand seems to overlie the Boulder Clay ; and very likely, as at Cringlef ord, the Boulder Clay may wedge into the sand, so as to rest on sand, and be overlaid by it. Colney, — At the north-west corner of Beck Pease plantation, a pit showed buff-sand with chalk grains resting on the pebbly gravel. ' South of the plan- tation and of the high road, a pit showed 7 feet of sand with angidar frag- ments of flint and iron-sandstone. West of Cringleford the boundary of Boulder Clay and sand is very difficult to trace, and I am disposed to think that they are intercalated together as seen in the pit near Keswick, at Wymondham Station and elsewhere. Hethersett,X Ketteringham, 8fc. — Gravel and sand rest on the Boulder Clay here. At the Dairy Farm there is 5 or 6 feet of coarse angular gravel and buff sand, and in Ketteringham Park 12 feet of coarse gravel was opened up to the east of the Hall. * From Mr. J. H. Blake's notes. t E. King, Munimenta Antiqua, p. 52; H. Harrod, Norf. Archseol., vol. iii., p. 232. J South of Xhickthorn, the topography on the map is much cramped up^ GLACIAL GRAVEL. 131 Hethersett Church rests on a sandy soil overlying the chalky Boulder Clay, and this soil obscures much of the ground to the south of the Railway Station and Cantley White House. About 3 furlongs to the north of the Station, and east of the road, a large pit showed the following beds, which partly occupy a basin in the chalky Boulder Clay (see Fig. 19, Plate VII.), :— Feist. t. Soil (warp and m^ld) . - - 3 to 4 h. Angular and rolled gi^avel - - " 1 4, t fi g. Coarse buff and brown sand - - - - J ° /■ Angular and rolled gravel and sand - - .5 e. Sand - - - - 1 to 6| d. Gravel - - - . - 6 to 8 c. Very coarse boulder gravel and finer gravel with in- cluded bed of sand - - 3 to 4 6. Buff sand, with seams of chalky sand - - 3 a. Coarse gravel (base not seen) - - - 6 Immediately west of the station the cuttings showed 8 feet of bufF false- bedded sand, overlaid by a thin gravelly^ soil, and, fiKther on, this sand is capped by brown loam and. chalky grave^ East of Ketteringham Bridge the cutting showed sand and brickearth with chalk stones, much disturbed, resting on chalky Boulder Clay. East of Dogkennel Meadow the gravel is apparently replaced by 6 feet of stony and sandy loam. This may be the same as a bed of brickearth f ortnerly worked south-west of Intwood Hall. At East Carlton, and east of the Lodge, Mulbarton, the gravel and sand (15 feet) rest on the Boulder Clay; so also south of Swainsthorpe Station ' (8 feet), and east of Wrenningham Mill, sections of gravel may be seen. MarTcshall.—See p. 72. Ashwell Thorpe. — Half a mile South-west of Wrenningham Church a large pit showed the following Section :^ fCoarse flint gravel with sandy seams mark- I ing rough-;bedding - - - 12 ft. Glacial Drift - . . . . 15 to 20 feet Coarse gfavel, made up chiefly of flint boulders - 12 to 15 „ Another part of the pit showed ; — Fine stratified gravel and sand - - - 6 to 8 feet. Bufl! laminated brickearth .... 10 inches. Chalk gravel with a few large flints . - - 3 feet. The relation of the gravel to the Boulder Clay was by no means clear, the pits of gravel and elay adjoining, and yet neither deposit showed above or below the other. Poringland. — In the straggling outlier of Poringland, reddish-brown boulder gravel is exposed by the Railway Tavern (18 feet). Pramingham Pigot. — East of Bixley plantation the gravel is well shown to a depth of 20 feet. It is rudely stratified, the bedding being marked by layers of sand and pebbles. At one part of the pit a mass of sand and gravel was let into the midst of coarse gravel, as if faulted, but there were no signs of displacement beneath. The gravel here is in places cemented into a hard con- glomerate or iron-pan. This is also the case at Blackford Hall, where 20 feet of well stratified sand and coarse gravel was exposed. Brooke, Sfc. — 'In a large pit near Brooke Farrti 25 feet of gravel and sand is shown. In places this is highly inclined (from 20° to 30°), and altogether it is very variable in nature, at one place showing rude bedding, in another no traces of it whatever. The western portion of this outlier, in Howe parish, showed 12 feet of sand and gravel, some of it very pebbly, other portions coarse. South-east of Brooke Hall 10 feet of coarse gravel and sand was exposed. Sand occurs on the Boulder Clay at Surlingham St. Saviour Church, also half a mile S.E. of Sm-lingham St. Mary. TA»rto».— Fifteen feet of bufE sand rests on the Boulder Clay by the church. CAeii|^ra«e.— North-east of the Manor House a pit showed 3 to 6 feet of gravel and sandj resting on the chalky Boulder Clay, and this again on buff sand. Seetliing. — By the Hall and at Swan's Grove there is much sand over the chalky Boulder Clay. GLACIAL GUATEL. 133 Sizeland. — By the windmill there is irregular gravel and buff arid white chalky sand resting on the Boulder Clay. Beccles. — " A quarter of a mile east of Ingate Mill there was opened up an " irregular mixture of gravel, sand, beds of chalk-pebbles, and different " coloured clays, about 7 feet in thickness. Portion of a tooth of Elephas " primigenms, obtained from this pit, is preserved iu the collection of Mr.W . M. " Crowfoot, at Beccles. The deposit itself is grouped with the Upper Glacial, " but it might belong to the Lower Glacial Drift," * " The Boulder Clay fills a deep hollow along the railway at Ingate, the east bank of which, eroded in the Chillesford beds, is very precipitous. Small patches occur on the north side of the churchyard and between the Waveney VaUey and Beccles'Fen. Half a mile E. by S. of Castle Farm, the following section was to be seen by the roadside : — Feet. Blue Boulder Clay. Red, jointed Boulder Clay - - - - - 2 Clayey sand with streaks of Boulder Clay - - - 3 White Band."t * From Mr. Eeid's notes. t Jrom Mr. W. H, Dalton's notes. 134 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. CHAPTER vi— Surface phenomena. Disturbed Chalk. The Chalk where exposed at the surface in the valleys of the Yare and the Wepsum, not unfrequently shows signs of disturb- ance. Thus the flint-layers are broken up, sand and stones are introduced, and the Chalk itself presents a rubbty appearance, to a depth of from 1 to 8 feet, and sometimes more. This disturbed Chalk is often spoken of as the " Glaciated Chalk," or "^ Chalk Marl;" it passes gradually down into the undistuirbed Chalk heneath. " Pipes " are abundant in it, and at Trowse it is burnt for lime, being considered to furnish better material than the undisturbed Chalk. This disturbed Chalk may be seen in a pit north of Taverham Church, and in another to the south-east of the church ; in pits east and north-west of Drayton ; north-east of Earlham Parsonage i at Cringleford, north of the letter d of Cringleford Hall (on the map), and near Oakland House, the. resi- dence of Mr. F. W. Harmer; near Keswick Church; north^of Chapel Hill; and in a .pit about half a mile south-east of Tasburgh Church. One of the moat interesting sections is exposed on' the western side of the large pit at Hartford Bridge. Here the disturbed surface ot the Chalk is generally admitted to be due to glacial action; the Rev. O. Fisher attributes it to the action of stranding icebergs,* but I am disposed to refer it to the direct influence of land-ice [see p. 137). The section at Hartford Bridge was as follows : — Feet. ,Warp - - - - - - . .2 Contorted chalky debris and sand with pebbles, " dead lime " - 7 Chalk much broken up. - - - - -!> Chalk (undisturbed). When the meeting of the British Association was held at Norwich in 1868 special attention was called by Mr. J. E/ Taylor , to a remarkable " saddle- shaped " disturbance that was opened up in the Chalk at Whitlingham. Here the beds, with conspicuous bands of flint, were so bent up as to form an acute angl^which was very well defined. Mr. Taylor maintained that this dis- turKance, which was quite local, was produced by glacial action, and that the immediate cause was the grounding of an iceberg,t Another disturbance to which Mr. Taylor called attention fin 1866) was to be seen in a chalk pit at Swairisthorpe ; his descrip- tion I now quote. "On the left side (of the pit) the flint bands " are nearly perpendicular, being somewhat contorted and leaning * Geol. Mag. vol. v., pp. 551, 562. f The section was first described by Mr. Taylor in 1 865, at which time he was of opinion that the disturbance took place before the time of the Norwich Crag. — Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 324. See also his paper " On certain Phenomena in the Drift near Norwich." — Ibid., vol. vi., p. 508. An illustration of the pit, reduced from a photo- graph, is given in my Geology of England and Wales, p. 287. DISTURBED OHALIC. 135 " towards the i-ight. On the right side the bands are perhaps " more perpendicular still, but lean towards the left. The con- " torted bands, indeed, are but the flanks of an anticlinal arch, " the summit of which has been denuded * * * The flint, " bands are shattered and broken as though by the influence of " some sudden force." In a subsequent paper, Mr. Taylor, after pointing out the proximity of the IBoulder clay, says, " Close by " the patch of Boulder chy at Swainsthorpe, and on the same " general level, the re-deposited Chalk crops up, and the flint " bands may be seen contorted and dragged up into an angle of « nearly 60°."* Subsequently Mr. T. G. Bayfield communicated to the Norwich Geological Society the fact that a somewhat similar disturbance was to be seen in the Chalk at Trowse, situated about a mile and a half from the pit at Whitling- ham, and on a continuation of the same range of low hills bordering the river Yare. On visiting this section at Trowse in October 1875, it presented ,the main features depicted in the accompanying diagram (fig. 24, Plate VIII.), the north-western corner of the pit only being then not free from talus. The Chalk, with layers of flints and paramoudras in situ (A), was seen to be inclined at an angle of from 35° to 40° in a south-easterly direction. Above it were sand with pebbly seams (E) and laminated clay (D), containing a few shells : and these beds in point of structure and organic remains evidently belonged to the Norwich Crag. Resting irregularly upon them were coarse gravel (F) and sand (G), and brown clay (Hj, all of which were most likely Glacial Drift. At the time I thought that a deep-seated antiolinal disturbance, resulting in a fault, was probably the explanation of the inclined sti'ata both at Trowse and Whitlinghain ; although this view was combated by Mr. Harmer, who considered that the disturbances were of glacial origin.f From time to time I revisited the pit, and having meanwhile traced the chalky Boulder Clay over the higher ground above it, and in another pit further south, duectly on to the Chalk, I looked more attentively at the chalky soil on the western side of the pit in question, to see if it presented any traces of this glacial deposit. Here I was much surprised to find that portions of what I had hitherto taken to be Chalk in situ consisted of a re-constructed mass of this material, of a rubbly or brecciated nature, and somewhat sandy, which passed up into beds much like some varieties of the chalky Boulder Clay. On another visit paid in company -with Mr. S. W. Utting and Mr. Clement Reid, the northern extremity of the pit had been entirely cleared, and what there appeared at a glance to be bedded chalk was found to pass up into sandy and marly beds, and itself to contain not only fractured flints, but pebbles of flint, quartz, and ■ quartzite. These pebbles and also the broken fliitits/were dispersed through the mass of the strata, as was proved not merely by the ^ newly exposed surfaces in the pit, but by the evidence furnished in two galleries * made 15 or 20 feet into the beds. One of these was driven under the uptilted mass of Chalk with fUnts, and showed that this re-arranged Chalk with pebbles actually occuiTed beneath the beds upraised from their natural position. More recently still a pit about 20 feet deep, excavated beneath the usual level of the roadway, showed that the flint layers gradually assumed a horizontal position in descending ; and also exposed the remarkable section. Fig. 25, which is cut into the side of the pit about 20 yards nearer the entrance than the sec- tion Fig. 24. This intersects the beds in a similar direction to the other * Geol. Mag., vol. iii., p. 44 ; vi., p. 509. t Some local flexures in the Chalk near Eoystcn, caused by subterranean dis- turbance, have been lately described by Messrs. VV. Wbitaker and W. H. Eenning. See explanation of Sheet 47 of the Geol. Survey Map, pp. 8, U. 136 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. opening, and showa the tongue of reconstructed material forced under the dis- turbed Chalk (B),_ Tlhe sapdy ijockets (C) are also interesting, as being similar to those noticed in the disturbed Chalk of Trimmingham by the Rev. O. Fisher, and attributed by Mr. Reid " to the sharp folding of the Chalk, causing " irregular cavities to open."* This settled the question that the inclination of the flint-layers was not produced by subterranean disturbance, but by a force acting on the surface, Such a force was sufficiently powerful and sustained to grind up the Chalk and fracture its flints. The Clialk was probably reduced to a soft mud through which the pebbles may have sunk : afterwards the mass became consolidated or " set " like mortar. The rude bedding may (like that occasionally seen in the chalky Boulder Clay) have been produced by one-layer being forced over another at the time of its formation, or it may have originated subsequently. So much does it resenible the ordinary Chalk that many who have visited the pit with me, have not been easily convinced that it was not so ; nor were those members of the Geologists' Association, who saw the pit on Whit-Monday, 1878, altogether devoid of scepticism, though in the end I believe all ivent away convinced. t From the fact that beds of the age of the Nonvich Crag are disturbed together with the Chalk, it may be concluded that they were forced up in Post- Pliocene times; and from the relation borne by the chalky Boulder Clay to the Chalk in this immediate neighbourhood, and in many pits around Norwich, I feel no hesitation in concluding that the disturbance was produced by the agent which formed this^Boulder Clay. Without entering upon a general discussion of th.e origin of this Glacial deposit, I may state my opinion in favour of the views advocated by Dr. James Geikie and Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, that it was the direct product of land-ice.J So far as I have observed, it presents no signs of deposition under water,, and it not Unfrequently disturbs and contorts the beds it overlies. I cannot conceive how a grounding iceberg could have produced the disturbance at Trovvse ; but the slow and continuous grinding action of an iee'sheet, acting perhaps on some inequality of the ground, might I think have caused it, and this view gains support when we take into consideration the other disturbances and contor- tions in the district. The chalk pit to the north-east of this Trowse pit shows the Chalk-with- liints undisturbed, capped by a loamy soil, with here and there marly patches like chalky Boulder Clay. The disturbance at AVhitlingham was very local. A gentle anticlinal was shown in the pit adjoining on the west. The beds which it affected have now been almost quarried away ; but the fold took a north-easterly and south- westerly direction which roughly corresponds with the strike of the beds at Trowse : thus in both cases pointing to a force from the north-west. Mr. R. Fitch has stated tliat a somewhat similar disturbance in the Chalk was at one time visible at Postwick,§ and Messrs Wood and Harmer have drawn attention to many other instances of "glaciated chalk. "|| In 1866 Mr._ Wood brought before this Society evidence of what he then considered to be land-glaciation during the earlier part of the glacial period in England.1I This was seen in a section at Litcham, where the Chalk for a distance of 1 6 or 20 feet ftom the surface was disturbed " by a force acting " downwards from the surface, and becoming less powerful the deeper the " section descends." And Mr, Wood concluded that " we have here evidence * Geol. Mag., Dee. II., vol. vii, pp. 148, 238. + An account of this excursion is given in the Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v., p. 513. j Great Ice Age, 2nd ed., p. 253. § Norwich Geol. Soc„ Norwich Mercury, March 7, 1868. II Quart. Joutn, Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., p. 88. % Idem, vol. xxiii., p. 86. mSTUKBED CHALK. 137 " of the passage of a glacier* over the surface of the chalk." What is of much additional interest is contained in the following passage (p. 87). " Con. " necting this section with the masses seen in the contorted portion of the lower [contorted] drift on the coast section, we seem to see the process under " which these masses were dragged from their matrix, and carried onward to " the sound into which the glacier disembogned." Although Mr. Wood at first attributed this disturbance at Litcham to the period of the lower drift, to which period Mr. J. E. Taylor assigned the glaciated chalk, yet he subsequently referred it to the age of the chalky Boulder Olay.t In the disturbed strata at Trowse we have a similar instance of the incipient formation of a huge chalk -boulder. And from my experience in the neigh- bourhood of Norwich I have come to the conclusion that while many of the contortions seen in the strata — whether Chalk, Crag, or lower Glacial — are clearly due tothe agent which brought the Boulder Clay ; of the numerous cases where this positive evidence is wanting, I know of no instance where the contortion might not have been produced at this same period. In the neighourhood of Norwich the disturbed or glaciated chalk is seen in the pits bordering the rivers. And the fact of its frequent occurrence in such situations has led Messrs. Wood and Harmer to conclude that the valleys were to a large extent, if not maiiily, excavated by glacial action. Although the glaciated chalk is frequently shown in the valleys of the Yare and Wensum, yet I can not go so far as to say this proves that the valleys were excavated by glacial action. In every case such glaciation can be connected with the chalky Boulder Clay, and was I think produced by the immediate erosion of the Chalk by the agent which produced the clay; just as near Brandon, as pointed out to me by Mr. Skertchly, it has overridden the Chalk and often left only a contorted marly surface deposit called " dead lime "to mark its former presence above the Chalk. This " dead lime " he identified in the pit near Hartford Bridge (see p. 134). And what is " dead lime " on the chalk is contorted sand or clay on newer formations over which the Boulder Clay has been pushed. The Boulder Clay, from its uniform character and present wide distribution, no doubt covered a large extent of country, a plain of lower glacial and older strata, which it levelled .up ; in some cases the agent to which it was due eroding along certain lines, in others perhaps filling original valleys; but the exposure of glaciated chalk along the lines of the present valleys no more proves that they were excavated by glacial action, than does the occur- rence of the Crag in the valleys indicate their former occupation by the sea. The appearance of glaciated chalk in the valleys is due to the fact that old grooves or lines of previous erosion have been re-excavated here and there.J It has been hinted that the disturbance at Trowse might have been due to the ice having acted on some irregularity in the ground, impinging perhaps on an old cliff which formed a local bar. This would necessitate behef in some inter- glacial denudation, and such denudation is indicated by the generally uncon- formable relations of the chalky Boulder Ciay to the deposits upon which it' rests. In connection with this subject is the interesting fact that Mammalian remains have been found in this disturbed Chalk in several localities. About the middle"of last century Mr. H. Baker reoorded,§ " Part of the horn and " palm of a deer, found in a chalk pit at a village called Baber [Bauburgh], 4 " miles E. of Norwich, at the depth of 16 feet, and almost converted into a " chalky substance," This, like other specimens found in similar positions, evidefltly appeared from its mineralization as if it were a true chalk fossil. The discovery of deer's horns at Whitlingham was mentioned about the same * Mr. Wood states that in speaking of a glacier, he refers to one enveloping the whole surface of the country, as described by Dr. Sutherland, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix., p. 301, _t Geol. Mag., Dee. XL, vol. iv., p. 486. J See H. B. W., Address, Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 60, 53. § Phil. Trans., abridged by Martyn, vol. x., p. 601. 138 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. date by Arderon,* and subsequently confirmed by S. Woodward, who noticed their occurrence in the disturbed Chalk both here and at Sprowston.f Since these records the late J. W. Ewing, Mr. Fitch, and Mr. Bayfield have brought many specimens, including shed antlers, under the notice of the Norwich Geological Society. These include the mammoth, the red deer, and another species like the roe deer ; while the localities of Thorpe near Norwich, Hartford Bridge, MarkshaU, and Eaton have been added to the list. Elephas primigenius has been found in the cutting below the viaduct near Hartford Bridge,^ and in " Chalk" rubble, Norwich,"§ while antlers of deer have been found at Norwich, || Trowse or Lakenham, MarkshaU, Eaton, and Whitlingham. , At a meeting of the Norwich Geological Society held on March 4, 1868, Mr. J. W. Ewing exhibited several portions of antlers, which he had obtained from a pit in his grounds at Eaton. The a'nimal remains were found in the rubble or disturbed Chalk. The remains included shed horns as well as others .IT Commenting on this discovery Mr. Gunn said he was "struck with " the marks of cutting and abrasion by some blunt instrument on the pedicle " of one specimen of the red deer, and of sawing upon another."** A stone implement was said to have been found with the bones of deer, but its character was not described. ' Arderon stated also that "tlie entire skeleton of a man was found in the " sanae bed or straturn, with the above-mentioned horns." It is probable that not only was there Chalk disturbed by glacial agency, but Chalk disturbed by human agency. Canon Greenwelltt has even suggested that the Cervine remains might have been introduced artificially, regarding the antlers as similar to those met with at Grime's Graves, near Brandon, and which were used as picks by the flint-workers ; for they present a similar mineralization. , The "Rev. O. Fisher,IJ; who regarded the Chalk as " disintegrated in situ by the percolation of atmospheric water," has suggested that the Cervine remains might be of the age of the Forest Bed ; but the occurrence of the Mammoth is strong evidence that they belong to a later period, and they may be assigned to the interval between the formation of the Lower Glacial brickearth and sand and the Upper (Chalky) Boulder Clay in Norfolk. In other words they may belong to the period of inter-glacial denudation just now suggested, to which period probably belong the Brandon Beds described by my colleague Mr. Skertohly. {See p. 110.) Pipes in the Chalk and other Deposits. The surface of the Chalk is well-known to be almost everywhere much indented or furrowed, a feature due to tlie solvent action of water holding carbonic acid, and to the mechanical abrasion which running water must exercise. These irregularities, termed " sand galls " or " pipes," are usually filled with the deposit/that immediately overlies the Chalk. The material is generally sand and gravel, with a few entire flints, and some clay ; in fact the method of formation oT the pipes requires a porous stratum, and we find that where clay or brickearth rests immediately upon the Chalk, pipes are rarely found, and * Phil. Trans., vol: xliv., p. 275. t Geology of Norfolk, p. hO ; see also E. C. Taylor, Geol. B. Norfolk, p. 15. j Meeting of Norwich Geol. Soc, July 14, ISVl ; report in Norfolk News, July. . § Specimen in Norwich Museum ; another specimen is simply labelled " Nor- folk." II Specimens in Norwich Museum. ^ Norwich Mercury, Mareh 7, 1868. ** Ibid., June 1868. -See also E. Ktch, NorfolkNews, Jane U, 1870. tt Joum. Ethnol. Soc, vol. ii., Jan. 1871. %% Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 551. PIPES OE SAND GALLS. 139 then only where they contain the remnants of an earlier deposit which they have thus preserved. In a Chalk pit at Stoke Holy Crdss I noticed that where patches of laminated clay occurred the Chalk was not piped, and where absent it was piped. It might have been expected that traces of Eocene beds would have been detected in some of the old pipes in the Chalk. Mr. Gunn remarked on this subject many years ago,* but no such discovery has yet been made. A pipe at the large Chalk pit north-west of Drayton extended to a depth of nearly 20 feet with a breadth of about 5 feet ; and a large pipe having a diameter of nearly 40 feet is mentioned as having been seen in the Chalk at Coltishall.t Subsidences of the land are occasionally- produced by the falling of t^e earth into one of these pipes. Arderon described a sinldng of the land at Horsford, where a circular hole, 12 feet deep and 12^ feet in diameter, was produced.J This happened at night time during a violent thunderstorm, the rain no doubt loosening the soil. The hole exposed : — ■ Feet. Glacial Drift. Corn mould earth - - - 3 Upper Crag ? Brown and yellow sand - - 9 Cavities in the Chalk sometimes remain unfilled with earth, and they generally become reservoirs of water. Mr. O. Fisher says, " The workmen at Horstead Chalk-pit in Norfolk (where " the Chalk is wrought beneath a thick covering of Norwich " Crag) assured me that they occasionally came upon hollow " pipes, roofed over by the 'uncallow,' i.e., the Crag deposits. " This is quite probable, on account of the firmly compacted bed of " great flints which immediately cover the, Chalk."§ Mr. A. W. Morant mentions that — " The farm at Whitlingham, " upon which the sewage of Norwich is pumped, has for subsoil " the sands forpaing the strata known as 'the Norwich Crag, " which lies immediately upon the Chalk, having a depth, I " think, of 30 feet or 40 feet. When the sewage was first allowed " to flow over the land^ Ave were astonished day. by day to find " the fields to be soon covered with circular holes. Usually about " 3 feet, 4 feet, or 5 feet in diameter and of various depths, the " side always being vertical ; on one occasion the ground suddenly " subsided for a space of 21 feet in diameter and to a depth of "12 feet. The sections of the Chalk in pits in tlie neighbourhood " show that tlie surface has numerous holes, which are known as " ' sand galls ' or ' sand pipeSy and it appeared probable that the " subsidence had taken place in these holes on account of the " large quantity of water flowing over and working into the land * Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 1?0,(]840). t Taylor and Morant, Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 121. X Phil. Trans., xliii., p. 528 (1746). § Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. X02. 140 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. " SO far in excess of any rainfall the soil had previously been " exposed to/'* Occasional subsidences' are likewise produced by the falling or " caving " in of the strata into the artificial workings in the Chalk.t (5'cepp. 9, 28.) In places where the Chalk has been disturbed by glacial action, pipes are likewise met with, and thfey are very frequently seen on the surface of the chalky Boulder Clay,t or of marl-masses in tiie Contorted Drift. Pipes have been noticed in the Norwich Crag where the shell-beds are well developed, a feature common in the Ked and Coralline Crags in Suffolk. They have been spoken of " as so many natural drains."§ Pipes having a sloping direction from the face of a pit, when exposed, appear more or less circular. Such an instance was to be seen at one time near the base of the Chalk exposed in the St. James' pit. Among instances of the more irregular dissolution and erosion of the Chalk, may be noted the section near Keswick Mill, sliown in Fig. 23, Plate VIII. Here the Chalk (A) is overlaid by coarse and fine gravel and sand, 8 or 10 feet in thickness (B), and by chalky gravel and rubble (C). Another section by the river south-east of the Mill, Stoke Holy Cross, showed chalky and gravelly soil resting on the Chalk, which was broken and ci'umbly, and deeply eroded. In describing the contents of some of the pipes or sand-galls in the Chalk . at Eaton, Lyell observed that " the fine yellow clay " at the bottom of some of the pipes has been, found by Mr. " Colkett, of Norwich, to make a good oil paint of a colour " between raw sienna and Roman ochre." He believed that the clay, which often lines the pipes, was left on the sides of the hollows by the waters that had formed them, and that it was an insoluble residue from the White Chalk itself. || In this respect it would be analogous to the Clay-with-iflints of Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, &c, * Engineer, vof. li., p. 123. See also remarks ty T. V. Holmes, Beport, Lewisham and Blaoiheath Assoc, July 1881, p. 23. f Nail in his Glossary of the Dialect and Provincialisms of East Anglia (1866) gives — Cave in ; to gi^e way at the edge, to fall into a hollow helow. J See S. Trimmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo., vol. x., p. 237. § See Taylor and Morant, Geol. Itfag., vol. vii., p. 120. II Phil. Mag., 1839, p. 258. Pipes at Heigham, Hellesdon, and Thorpe are also described. See also Elements of Geology, 6th edit., pp. 82, 83, and W. Whitaker, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. iv., p. 57. 141 CHAPTER VII.— ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. The Alluvium consists of silt or mud, clay, loam, sand, gravel, and peat, forming the marshland, and the level meadows bordering the rivers ; tracts which, as a rule, are conspicuously marked off from the bordering hills. Islets or insulated plots of rising ground in the AUuvium are called " Holms" or " Holmes."* One of these is met with near Bistley, south-east of Neatishead, and upon another the Abbey of St. Benedict (sometimes called St. Benet Holna.e') was placed. In the old parish of St. Vedast or St. Faith in Norwich (long since abolished) there was formerly an isjand in the river called the "Swan Bank/' and also several " bitraays," or pieces of land gained out 6f the river, which paid small rents to the city.f The Alluvial districts constitute most of the permanent pasture, where cattle introduced from various parts of the country, from Ireland and abroad, are put to graze* Plantations of osiers and alders, called " Cars," are frequent along the borders of the rivers. The common reed {Arundo phragmites) grows extensively around the Broads, and is much used for thatching. Peat has been extensively dug in several places in the area, but very little is procured now. In a few places earth suitable for brickmaking has been ob- tained from the Alluvium. Mr. Blake has informed me, that to the south-east of Haddiscoe Church, bricks have been made from an alluvial brickearth. There are no very extensive deposits of Valley gravel in the area, nor are those present noted, as in other parts of the Eastern Counties, for the occurrence of flint implements or extinct mam- malia.^ The gravel, as a rule, is a coarse subangujar flint-gravel. Waveney Valley, Mr. C. Reid has mapped several areas of VaLey gravel at Earsham, Bungay, DilchinghaiD, and EUingham (see p. 132). The following notes are his : — At EUingham railway-station the cutting showed 15 feet of ferruginous gravel, with a few beds of sand. A boar's tusk was found near the bottom of it. Irregular chalky clay was seen beneath the gravel, and beneath that, sand. The pits above Aldeby brickyard show fine false-bedded gravel and sand, resting on gravel with boulders of grit. South-west of the pit, about 3 furlongs distant, about 20 feet of Valley gravel (?) was to be seen. Above the G of Gaol (on the map) at Becoles, 15 feet of Valley gravel was opened up. C. Reid. Yare Valley. A Very fine flection of Valley gravel is expensed at the Thorpe Station, Norwich. There, as elsewhere, the gravel is almost entirely made up of the older Pliocene and Glacial gravels, some few flints only being perhaps directly * An Anglo-Saxon and Norse term for a small island. See Kobberds, Geol. E. Norf., pp. 4, 35. t Blomefield, 8to edit., vol. il., p. 106. 142 GEOIiOGY 01^ THE COUNTKY AROUND NORWICH. derived from the Chalk. Hence it may be regarded more properly as the accumulation rather than the formation of the river. In composition it shows subangular flints and pebbles of flint, quartz, and quartzite; it is roughly stratified with beds of sand. In Norwich the Cathedral is placed on the Valley gravel ; and by Kett's slab, St. Martin's at Palace, 4 feet of gravel was exposed. The churches of St. Augustine, St. Martin at Oak, St. Mary, St. Michael at- Coslany, St. George at Colegate, St. Clement, St. Saviour, St. Paul, St. James, and St. Edmund are situated on Valley gravel or Alluvium, So also are the churches of St. Bartholomew, St. Simon and St. Jude, St. Martin at Palace, and St. Helen. At Costessey Common there is about 7 feet of Valley gravel, which it is difficult to separate from the Alluvium. Between Colney and Bbwthorpe Hall there are indications of terraces in the Valley gravel ; while further west, north of Bauburgh Hall, an old platform of Chalk borders the river. South of Bowthorpe Hall the Chalk is covered hern and there with pockets of sand and gravel, and it is difficult to decide whether they belong to the Alluvial deposits or to the Crag. A pit a quarter of a mile north-east of the letter R in Yare (on the map) near Eaton, showed 12 feet of stratified gravel and sand, containing pebbles of quartz and flint, angular flints, and large blocks pif rolled flint and quartzite. Some difficulty is also experienced in drawing a satisfactory line between the Valley gravel and the pebbly gravel of the Crag Series north of Cringleford Hall. Again in the valley between Rainthorpe Hall and Hall Farm, a little Valley gravel may occur, but it could not be distinguished on the map irom the Crag series. At the south-east comer of the little cemetery east of Thorpe village, 6 feet of sandy loam, containing 'a few stones was at one time opened up. In the lane west of Saxlingham Thorpe Church about 12 feet of sandy loam, with angular bits of flint, was to be seen in the banks of the lane and of the stream that runs alongside it. At the Roman Camp at Caistor, near Norwich, gravel occurs. Writing in 1822 Charles Layton, said, "The huge arid massy walls of the Camp at " Caster are continually undermined by digging for gravel, so that this " venerable ruin, which, if left to itself, would last for centuries, will in a " few years be totally overthrown."* By Postwick HaU about 7 feet of gravel has been opened up. Half a mile east of Postwick Church a ^avel pit showed irregularly stratified sand and gravel resting on sands (? Crag). > The beds are much disturbed in places, and contain small masses of brown drift clay. , Terraces of Valley gravel here and there fringe the marshes, and where these abut against the Pliocene gravels, as at Wroxham,*Surlingham, and Langley, it is sot easy to separate them from the older deposits. " A. pit situated about three furlongs S.S.W. of Loddon Church showed 4 feet of subangular flint gravel."t _ " The upper part of the Alluvium in the vicinity of Reedham c^onsists mostly of brown loam, 4 or 6 feet or more in thickness, except where trees and brush- wood have grown, producing a black peaty soil for a few feet in depth. Moor and ooze, more or less intermixed, generally underlie the above."J , Bure Valley; The Alluvial deposits present no remarkable features in the valleys above Wroxham. Peaty deposits may here and there be traced, as at Buxton, and fringes of Valley gravel occur at Coltishall, Spixworth, and Crostwick. South of the Bridge Broad at Wroxham a terrace of brickearth occurs ; and it was this deposit, perhaps, that was dug for the brickyard, now abandoned, that was situated east of the high road, and south of Wroxham Bridge. * Archseologia, vol. xxii., p. 412. f Prom Mr. Reid's notes, j From Mr. Blake's notes. ALLUVIAL IJEiPOSI*?. 143 Depth of Valleys. At Wroxham the depth of the -valley appears to be 72 feet beneath the level of the water on the left bank of the river, while it diminishes on the right side of the Bridge Broad to only 30 feet.* This conclusion was based on the fact that in one; place during the con- struction of the railway, the piles were driven to the depth of 72 feet before they reached the solid foundation of the Chalk, the surface of which in its true position is near the level of the water. " Two or three trial-borings have been made in the marsh three-quarters of a mile W. of Stokesby Church, close to the, mill on the north side of the River Bure, opposite Acle miU. I was informed that in each instance 21 feet of ooze was bored through, then loam was touched."t At Norwich the soil or Alluvium was in one place 42 feet in depth, (Seep.164.) In the higher portions; of the valleys the channels are naturally comparatively shallow. Thus at Colney, as Mr. S. W. Utting pointed out to me, the Chalk is seen on the river-bottom. Very coarse gravel occurs in the Alluvium by Carlton Lodge, with large and 'nearly unworn flints that must have been directly derived from the Chalk. Peat. The surface-soil of the marsh lands is very generally peal^, but in few places is there any bedjof peat of economic value. J N.W. of Boyland Hall there is a peaty bed above the Alluvial silt, so also near Buxton Church. South of the Lodge, Haynford, and at Broom Covert, Hevingham, the ground is very peaty. Some years ago peat was dug in the marshes between Brundall ahd Buckenham. It has also been dug east of Loddon and on Barton Marsh. In the parish of Barton Turf there is a "fuel allotment " of 30 acres. From a memorandum preserved by Samuel Woodward it seems possible that Barton Broad was to a larger extent, if not altogether, artificially formed by excavation for peat. He states, " It is most probably artificial." Mr. Gunn, sen. (the Rev. William GuunJ says that in the Norris MSS.§ it is said to have been called the " Deep Fen in the time of Edward III., and may have " become water by the continued cutting of the turf out of it, the consdmption " of which must nave been great prior to the introduction of coal. In fact the " borders of the Broad are an evidence of it ; as they are one solid bank of turf " of considerable extent before you' gain the soil or high ground. A ridge is also " left in the midst of the Broad, having at this time only about a foot of water " upon it, marking the boundary of the parishes of Barton and Irstead. There " was no appearance of this bank of turf on the sides of the Broad extending " itself into the water; but its edge appeared very clearly defined as though " kept in that state by art.'.'TT Hickling Broad, being likewise partly in the parishes of HiokUng and, Cat- field, may perhaps have been enla,rged in the same manner ; its bottom is, however, very gravelly. [See p. 3.) ^ Mr. John Gunn says the discovery of several coins in digging turf in Catfield, near Ludham, the latest of ^hich was of the reign of Edward VI., proves that there was water when the coins were sunk, and then peat has grown up since, " and become a solid turf ground." He adds that its estimated growth is at the rate of about a foot in twenty years ; and that is formed by the annual growth and decay of several marsh plants, as Typha latifoUa, T. angustifolia, Scirpus lacustris, Cladium mariscus, &c.|l Mr. Gunn also says, " The broads or lake? in Norfolk are found in some " instances to grow up very rapidly by a singular process, which throws light " upon the formation of ancient turf-grounds and marshes. The water-plants * Gunn (Norwich Geol. Soc), Norfolk News, May 9th, 1874. t Srom Mr. Blake's notes. J See Trimmer, Geol. Norfolk, p. 34 (Jonrn. E. Agtic. Soc, vol. vii.), § Mr. Norris, of Witchingham. 4 Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. ii., p. 582. II Sketch of Geol. Norfolk, p. 25. . 144 GEOLOGY OP THE COtTNTEY AROUSTD NORWieS. " which fix their rOots in the mud, if not cut down regularly, lose their hold, and " rise to the surface, forming floating islabds. These islands become massed and, '■' compacted together, and in time form marshy ground, leaving only a channel " for the flow of water to pass through. In some places where boats could sail " fifty years ago, people may now walk ; and where there were swamps and " treacherous ground, heavy cattle are now grazing." Fossils. Organic remains are occasionally met with in the gravel and Alluvium ; but the latter is not often opened up to any great depth beyond wTlat is necessary for draining («ee p. 164). Mr. Gunn states that bones of deer and ox have been found " in the low- " level gravel skirting Barton Broad."* Stags' horns have likewise been recorded from Cringleford. On Christmas Day, 1875, Mr. J. E. Taylor obtained a skull of Bos longifrons from the Alluvium near Eaton, Horns of roe-deer, Cervus capreolus, have been obtained by Mr. Fitch from Thorpe. In 1842 Mr. J. O. Harper procured a tooth of Elephas primigenius from Markshall ; and remains of Rhinoceros were found by Mr. A. \V. Morant in a bed above the Chalk exposed at Rose Lane, Norwich. The former may, per- haps, have come from the disturbed Chalk (see p. 138) j the latter was possibly derived from the Upper Crag. Mr. H. Denny has recorded the discovery of the skull of a dog in a bed of gravel at the depth of 16 feet, along vrith the bones of deer and other animals, in the year 1861, by some workmen employed in sinking k shaft for a new chimney at the gasworks in the parish of St. Martin at Palace. He spoke of its resemblance to that of the ancient Irish staghound, remains of which occur in the bogs in Ireland ; and quoted Dr. Ball's opinion that it was a dog " of Wolfish a3pect."t In excavations at the gasworks, St. Martin's at Palace, in 1879, about 20 feet of alluvium was passed through containing many bones, as observed by Mr. T. I. Dixon. Remains of freshwater moUusca are to be expected anywhere in the alluvium. Mr. Taylor observed many specimens near Carrow Bridge and Postwick Grove J and they have also been recorded from Cringleford. Near Ludham Bridge Mr. Gunn obtained specimens of an estiiarine shell, Sorohicularia plana {piperata).% In 1868 Mr. Taylor procured some peat, containing freshwater shells, from the sewage excavation then being made at Trowse Millgate, where it occurred at a depth of 8 feet below the surface. A fine fragment of an antler of the red deer, about 22 inches long, had also been taken out.§ Mr. Taylor also recorded the occurrence of piles in a peat-bed at Trowse. || Overlying both peat and piles was a bed of whije and yellow sand and loamy clay, 4 feet in thickness and undisturbed. Mr. Taylor described a bed of peat containing recent freshwater shells near Foundry Bridge. " It appeared that the peat "was 3 or 4 feet thick, extending " from the ancient bed of the river about 100 yards in the direction of Prince " of Wales' road, where it thinned off to 3 or 4 inches against the rising side '■' of the valley. It rested upon angular gravel^ and was covered with about 4 " feet of sand and made-earth. It was 12 feet beneath the surface near the " river, and 18 feet deep nearer to Rose Lane. There are not uncommonly in " thera pulk-holes, so provincially called, filled with water, in which the peat " will be found, as in this instance at a lower level."ir The following species obtained by Mr. Blake, Mr. Beid, and myself from the alluvium bordering the Ohet about a third of a mile from Hardley Cross, were identified by Mr. Reid : — ' * Sketch of Geol. Norfolk, p. 24. t Prpc. Geol. and Polytech. See., W. Ridmg of 1 orkshire, vol, iii., p. S38. J The specimens are in the Norwich Museum. § Norwich Mercury, 7th March 1868. II Norfolk News, 7th November 1868. Norwich Mercury, 11th November 1868 j see also Mercury, 16th January 1869. IT Norfolk News, May 14th, 1870. ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. 145 Aucylua lacustris, Miill. Bithynia tentaculata, Ch-ay. Leachii, Shep, Helix. Limax. Limneea auriculaiia, Idnn. palustris, Idnn. — — — peregra, Miill. Neritina fluviatilis, Idnn. Faludina oontecta. Millet. Planorbis complanatus, Linn. — ■ corneus, Idnn. spirorbis, Linm,. vorteXj Idnn. Vaivata pisoinalis, Mull. Anodon cygneus, Idnn. Pisidium amnicumj Mull. Scrobicularia plana (piperata), Da Costa. Sphaerium (Cyclas) comeum. Drop. [C. R.] Flint Implements. Of Palasolithic implements the record is extremely scanty, in fact the only one discovered in the area is : — " A fragment of a fine ovate implement " found by Mr. Harmer at Cringle- ford.* It is ciuite possible that ihe deposit in which this occurred, like that at Hoxne in SufPolk, was cut through during the formation of the present valley. And this locality of Cringleford, together with that of Runton, are the only ones in the eastern half of Norfolk which have yielded Palaeolithic implements.f A worked flint which I picked up in a field between Boylaud Hall and Hempnall, about f mile west of Hempnall Church, and in the parish of Fritton, I submitted to Dr. John Evans, who observed " I am afraid that the " flint which, I return herewith is Neolithic rather than Palseolithic. Of " course it may be the butt end of a Palaeolithic implement, but there is a " something about it which makes me think it of later djite." One Neolithic implement is deserving of mention here, and that is a knife or lance-head found 5 or 6 feet deep in the gravel at Aldeby, now in the collection of Mr. E. T. Dowson. I also found a small ovate specimen in the talus of a low gravel cliff between the Rivers Tese and Yare, near their confluence. * The Fenland. By S. H. Miller and S. B. J. Skertohly, p. 634. t H. B. W., Proc. Norwich Geol. Soe., vol. i., p. 106. Q 6483. 146 GEOLOay OF THE COUNTEY ABOUND NORWICH. CHAPTER VXII.— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. OniGiN OF Scenery. — The Marsh-lands. . The scenery of tlie district, in fact the present features of East Norfolk, date from Glacial times. Denudation in earlier ages may have produced features that have helped to modify the subsequent action of the excavating agents, and some of these old features have been opened up again, but they must have been effaced by the .chalky Boulder Clay (and to some extent even by the coarse gravels), which formed a plain , extending far and wide over the Eastern Counties. Out of this plain of glacial deposits the present valleys have been excavated by rain, rivers, and tidal action. The great valley of the Wensum between Norwich Castle and Household has been hollowed out of the upper glacial beds right down to the Chalk, even some 40 or 50 feet into it, and the valley is evidently later, in its present configuration, than any glacial deposit in this county. It was no doubt commenced when the present land stood at a lower level. And it is quite possible that the agent which brought the coarse plateau gravels, marked out some of the main outlines of the present drainage systems, for in"* places they border the valleys and even descend into them. As the area rose the rivers excavated and deepened their channels, and when it was stationary the denudation would be directed rather to th^ widening than to the deepening of the courses. . Tidal action no doubt helped largely in the formation of the lower courses of the valleys, while subsequent depression must have allowed the filling in of the deeper parts of the channels, and of the formation of the Broads by flooding over wide areas pre- viously excavated.* {See pp. 3, 143.) The physical evidence and historical records indeed indicate that the marsh-lands which occupy large tracts near the mouths of the rivers, formed at one time portions of an estuary, at the mouth of which were situated the islands of Lothingland, East and West Flegg. In the course of time this mouth became contracted by the growth of sand banks, one of which stretched southwards from East Flegg ; after A.D. 1000 this bank became sufficiently sound for a settlenaent to be made up it, and the present town of Yar- mouth was founded. It was then separated from Caister by a channel called Grubb's Haven, Avhich was closed about the reign of Edward III. As the channels at the mouth of this estuary became closed, the influx of the tide was restricted and ultimately prevented, the rivers in the drier seasons occupied but narrow channels, and these in course of time were embanked and the marshes became dry land. * H. B. W., Proo. Norwich Geol. Soc, toI. i., p. 63. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 147 The marshes consequently remain in many places beneath the level t)f the sea and of the rivers, and from the sea they have at times been flooded by the destruction of the sand banks, while over a considerable area they are usually under water from the " freshes " of the river during the winter months. Now the denudation is more extensive in the higher courses of the rivers than the lower, where indeed they are partly engaged in silting up their valleys by a process of warping in seasons of flood. As Mr. Gunn has remarkedf the geological evidence does not point to the sea having come up as far as Norwich during Roman or Saxon times, though it may have done so previously, for the alluvial deposits of the Tare seem to be entirely freshwater. But the sea no doubt occupied the valleys at Horning and above Reedham in historic times.* " Camden, in his Britannia (Gibson's edition, p. 390), states that 'cockles ' had been dug np near St. Benedict de Hulmo, from which it was inferred that the sea formerly extended to that neighbourhood."! Their proximity to the abbey, however, throws a doubt upon their testimony. The tradition that the sea once had possession of the valley as high up as ^ Norwich was supported, if it did not originate, in the finding of the sea shells of the Crag at Bramerton and other places on the borders of the river, which before stratipraphical geology was understood were thought to be Valley deposits.§ (Seep, 81.) Some support has also been derived from certain historical statements. Thus— The Saxon Chronicle relates the fact that (A.D. 1004)|| "this year came " Sweyen with his fleet to Norwich." But these vessels did not draw much water. , Norwich abo is spoken of as having been a fishing town in the reign of Canute ; and Blomefield considered it probable that it had its origin " by fisher- " men and merchants fixing here for traffiok sake."ir The site of St. Lawrence's Church was originally a quay or fishing staithe, whereas now the river is about 10 feet below the a^'acent streets, and' about 25 feet before the church. Subsequent embankments reduced it to its present circumscribed limits. These embankments may be seen on the Hospital and precinct meadows.** It has been thought that the word Yare, derived from the Celtic Garu, signify- ing rough, referred to its former estuarine and agitated condition.tt From these statements, and others that follow, it may be concluded that at any rate the rivers were less confined than they now are, spreading further over the alluvial tracts in their ordinary course, and being liable to more frequent and more copious floods by reason of the increased influence of the tide. The River Tese, it is stated, was once navigable by Caister St. Edmund, or Caistor-next-Norwich, to Tasburgh. And it is considered that about the time • See R. C. Taylor, Geology of E. Norfolk, p. 41 ; S. Woodward, Hist, and Antiq. of Norwich Castle, Appeiidix, p. 48 ; Gunii, Norfolk News, Teb. 8, 18?9 ; Lyell, Prin- ciples of Geology, ed. xi., vol. i. p. 521. t Norwich Mercury, Dec. 17, 1873. J Eobherds, Geol. and Hist. Observations on the Eastern Valleys of Norfolk, pp. 9-11, &c. § See Arderon, Phil. Trans., Abrid. by Martyn, vol. ;x,, p, 590. 11 In the " Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes" the date is given as 978 ; Bobberds, Eastern Valleys of Norfolk, p. 53. % History of Norwich, pt. i., p. 81 (1806). ** S. Woodward, MS. 1824. (Letter to T. Aymot, July 23, 1824.) tt Munford, Local Names in Norfolk, p. 231. K 2 148 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. of the Emperor Claudius (A.D. 46) the Romans built the castles- at these localities to fortify themselves against the Iceni, and guard the streams which were then navigable.* The exact date at which the rivers were embanked is not on record ; in the 12th century there is evidence to show that the marshes occupied much the position they do now. R. C. Taylor tells us that "the bridge called Weybrigg, " at Acle, and the great causeway connecting with it, were certainly in existence "in the 11th century; and we find that payments were made towards their " repair in 1101, and succeeding years. This causeway is so little above the " present level of the river and marshes, that even in our own times it has been " repeatedly overflowed." He also states " that the river which divides the hundreds of Flegg and " Happing was embanked previously to 1274 near the Abbey of Holm ; for " in that year occurred a dispute about the right of fishing from the river's " banks." t Other evidence brought forward in reference to the presence of the sea at Norwich in historic times has been proved to have no satisfactory foundation. Thus Robberds has stated that — "In the year 1806 I was present at the sinking of a well in the garden lately occupied by Dr. Alderson in the parish of St. Clement (n«ar Fye Bridge), in Norwich, where, at about 10 feet below the -surface, a bed of shells was found, consisting almost entirely of the Cardium edule, m a very perfect state of preservation." He also mentioned that — " The meadow bank of the river, between the Foundry and Carrow bridges, presents, when the water is low, a bed of fossil shells, some fluvial and some marine, lying in a sandy stratum immediately under the superficial deposit of black alluvial mud." J In commenting upon these statements Samuel Woodward has referred also to "the stratum of welks and^oyster shells noticed by Arderon (Journal, July " 16, 1757), and which was discovered in digging apit, about 6feet deep, in the "garden of Mr. Woodrow, master weaver, in St. George's." These hte con- sidered to have probably had the same origin as those found in the parish of St. Clement, the localities being the site of the Black Friars grounds : so also in respect to the remains found near Carrow Abbey (see p. 69) ; all in fact had some connection with the ancient monastic esbtalishments. From what has been said before it is highly probable that the areas now occupied by the Broads fas maintained by Mr.E. B. Gran- tham§) were at one time portions of estuaries, and that these lower parts of the valley have been excavated by the combined action of river and sea. When the sea was cut off the area, fresh waters entirely occupied the valleys, from which they are now to some extent retreating by the infilling and contraction of the Broads.|| {See pp. 4, 143, 146.) Even in historic times the sea has broken through the barriers between Waxham and Winterton, flooding the marshes thslt are below the level of high tide and killing fish in some of the Broads, as at Hickling whose bottom is still below the sea-level, and where pike and bream are even now occasionally killed at unusually high tides.l (^e pp. 150, 151.) Messrs. Brady and Eobertson, in an interesting account of the Ostracoda and Foraminifera, notice the occurrence in the more * Blomefieia, Hist. Norwich, 8vo. 1806, pp. 1, 2. t E. C. Taylor, Geology of B. Norfolk, pp. 38, 39. j Kobherds, op. eit, p. 9. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo., vol. xxv., p. 258. I) The Eev. 0. Fisher and Mr. J. E. Taylor have advocated the glacial excavation of the Broads. Geol. Mag., vol. iii., p. 487 ; Trans. Norf. and Norwich Nat. Soe.. vol. i. T[ See Lubbock's Fauna of Norfolk, Kdit. 2, by T. Southwell, pp. 189, 193. KLOODS, &0. 149 remote Broads of Norfolk of purely marine or decidedly estuarine species ; but these they think must have been introduced when the district was overspread by the sea, and they saw no difficiilty in. understanding that this fauna " should hold its ground for a " lengthened period, while its habitat was year by year becoming " less subject to marine influences, and that the more hardy or " more plastic species should remain even after freshwater entirely " usurped the place of salt."* It has been recorded in the Domesday Book (A.D. 1086) that salt works were established at South Walsham, Halvergate, and Cantley, besides many other places not in the area now ynder consideration .f Halvergate is said to have been a seaport before the land was formed on which Yarmouth is built. These memoranda are not without importance in the history of the Broads. Some remarks on their dimensions, as well as upon the rivers, will be found in Chapter I. Floods, etc. It seems desirable to supplement this portion of the work, which deals with the changes that have taken place in later geological times, with an account of the inundations to which the district has recently been subjected. As pointed out by Sir Willoughby Jones, almost the whole of the upper and non-navigable portion of the Norfolk rivers has been utilized for water-mills, the rivers themselves being converted into raised water-ways or canals of comparatively still water, between each fall of three or four feet at the mills. " Alongside of the river there often runs a little subsidiary river, called a soke drain, intended to catch the flood water, and having its outlet in the next mill-pool, a narrow ditch, perfectly ineffectual for any drainage purposes, and the land on both sides is occasionally inundated, and always swampy and greatly injured by water."t The chief portion of the lower marshes, even as high up as Buckenham and St. Bennett's Abbey, is from 18 inches to 2feet below the surface of the rivers;§ In these tracts the flood water is pumped out by drainage mills. The a Up, to the time of the flood (November 16-17) from 4 to 8 inches of rain had been registered in the valley of the Wensum* ; rain fell on every day from November 1st until the 17th. And on the 16th an unusually high tide at Yarmouth served to keep up the flood- waters in the valley and prevent the rivers from carrying them off. Moreover^ on the 12th, there had been a heavy fall of snow, and this had rapidly thawed just before the flood. The New Millsf acted as a dam. Whatever outlet's there were, became choked up with drift wood, hay, broken boats, fences, and other materials, and consequently the waters were dammed up and eventually rushed over the banks above on either side, and sub- merged a large district in Heigham. Mr. Marshall, the city engineer, stated that " The New Mills dam was the main cause of " the floods." And, " When the water was at its highest, l)oth " above and below the New Mills, there was a difference of 3 feet " 6 inches between their respective levels." "The backed-up waters (in the river valley below Norwich) " reduced the effectiveness of the sluices at the New Mills by " lowering the head." The first alarm connected with the rising waters was given on Saturday afternoon, but the city was not fully alive to the danger until late in the evening. The waters gradually rose in Heigham Street, Heigham Causeway, Lower Westwick Street, and spread up Barn Road, Canterbury Place, Sayer's Buildings, Derby Street, Albert Street, Russell Street, Napier Street, Lothian Street, &c. From three to six thousand houses were several feet under water before night. In St. Martin's and all the yards near the river, a similar state of things prevailed. On the 17th (Sunday) the waters had risen 10 feet above their ordinary level. The Wensum spread from 25 feet to nearly one mile in width. Heigham Street and Causeway, and Lower Westwick Street became a deep river flowing through the courts and passages in St. Mar- garet's into the river. Cottages in the Old Palace Road were submerged to a depth of from 2 to 4 feet. The Anchor Brewery was inundated. * Mr. Marshall states (Norf. News, Jan. U, 1879) that the actual rainfall recorded in Norwich for the first 16 days in November 1878 was over 6 inches, t Built 1429, rebuilt 1710. FLOODS, &0. 153 A.D. St. Mary's plain was covered with water, and in the churchyard the tomb-stones were soajcely visible. At St. Martin's at Oak the water partly submerged the tombstones, and St. Martin's Street had the appearance of a river. St. Miles' parish was inundated, and the water was within one foot of the crown of the bridge. Fye Bridf^e Quay was under water. Many houses suffered from the rising of water through the soil and sewers. At the four cross-ways by St. George's Church there was a large pool of water which had arisen through the gratings of the overcharged sewers. Other pools appeared in Colegate Street, by Magdalen Street, and by the Old Man's Hospital. On Sunday-evening at 10 p.m. the waters abated 6 inches, and by 11.40 to the ejctent of 3 feet.* At Beccles the Waveney overflowed and flooded the marshes to the depth of several feet, but the Corporation marshes, protected by a raised bank, escaped. Communication between Norfolk and Suffolk was intercepted by the water, which covered Gillingham Dam to the depth of 3 or 4 feet, and in several places washed over the raised footpath. The low-lying lands of the Waveney Valley were covered for miles.t A study of this record shows that the river-valleys have been ever subject to floods^ sometimes from heavy and continuous rainfall, sometimes from heavy falls of snow and rapid thaw, from the blocking of the river by ice, and sometimes from inundations of the sea-f These causes may act independently or together. The irruption of the sea is only to be prevented by the per- manence of the sea-walls. The increased systems of drainage help to carry the water off the land more rapidly now than in former times, hence with very heavy rainfall the liability to floods is increased rather than diminished, for the rivers are not capable of carrying off the water with sufficient rapidity. The flat alluvial meadows that border our rivers are after all the property of each river, over which it has been accustomed to flow, for the substance of the alluvium is largely the warp laid down in times of flood ; indeed its level is sometimes considerably below (as much as 7 feet) the level of high tide at Yarmouth. The remedies proposed by Sir John Hawkshaw are to embank the rivers Waveney, Yare and Bure, within the tidal region, and the low-lying lands above that region where the fall is insufficient ; to deepen and enlarge when necessary the channels in the upper and lower reaches ; and to provide additional pumping power to raise the water from the low lands into the higher level of the rivers. * J. Quinton, jun., Trans. Norf. and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. ii., p. 668 ; East Anglian Handbook for 1879 ; Hickling'B Almanack for 1879 ; Norfolk News, Nov. 23, 30, 1878 (Reports by M. Knights) ; Norfolk News, Jan. 1 1, 1879. t East Anglian Handbook for 1879. j The last occasion when the sea broke in was at Waxham in November 1800. 154 GEOLOGY OF THE OOtJNTEY AROUND NORWICH. CHAPTER IX.— ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, &c. A. — Water Supply and Wells. The subject of floods noticed in the last chapter leads us naturally to consider that of the water-supply. , It appears likely with increased systems of drainage that the rainfall will not only be more rapidly carried oflF the land, but less of it will sinkJnto the porous strata. Be this as it may, the tract under consideration possesses good natural supplies and reservoirs of water. The water-bearing strata are the Chalk, the Norwich Crag Series, the Glacial sands and gravels, Of these the Chalk alone can be depended upon for any considerable supply of water. From it, as Mr. Sutton has remarked, we obtain " the most whole- " some water-supply, and when supplies can be drawn from it " without surface contamination the water leaves scarcely anything " to be desired except on the score of its hardness."* The Chalk is exposed at the surface over very limited tracts in the area, and the tracts are not large over wTiich it is overlaid by porous strata only. But the Chalk is not dependent for its water-supply to the direct rainfall of the district. In West Norfolk it appears at the surface over more extensive areas, and its easterly dip helps the distribution of the underground waters into the Chalk of the eastern part of the county. It has been stated that a cubic foot of Chalk will hold about two gallons of water, but as its texture is too close to allow water to filter freely through it, the rainfall passes away chiefly through the rubbly and fissured surface, the joints, and along planes of bedding. Hence it is that the water met with in the Chalk occurs at very uncertain levels, and occasionally, as at .Diss, no supply whatever may be passed through in penetrating it.f Where the Chalk is not exposed at the surface, nor covered with Alluvial deposits, it in almost everywhere directly overlaid by the Crag Series, the pebbly sands and gravels streaked with laminated clay. These furnish a supply of water to wells from 10 to about 100 feet in depth, and this is supported by the Chalk itself, which being penetrated a few feet may serve as a reservoir. Over the greater part of the area the Crag Series is covered with Glacial deposits (brickearth, sand, gravel, and boulder-clay), and where these are of an argillaceous character, the strata are free from all surface contamination, and, as Mr. Sutton observes, "are plentiful in water supply of good quality." He adds " This class " of well is the only one beside the true Chalk wells which ought " to be tolerated as a water-supply for domestic purposes in this " district."! * Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 86. f See Prestwich, Water-bearing Strata of the Country around London, p. 57. j Op. cit., p. 87 ; see also p. lOS. WATER SUPPLY. 155 The Crag Series, it must be remembered, contains beds o£ laminated clay (the so-called " Chillesford Clay ") at inconstant horizons and of uncertain and very limited extension, which may act as local supports for the water-supply, or as checks to the percolation of water charged with organic impurities, where no Glacial clays occur above. Over almost the entire area embraced by Quarter-sheet 66 S.E. where the chalky Boulder Clay appears at the surface, the Crag series might be expected beneath at depths of from 10 to 100 feet, and indeed it yields much of the water used in that district. The so-called " Middle " Glacial sands and gravels resting on the Lower Glacial Brickearth or Contorted Drift, yield supplies of water to wells varying in depth from about 10 to 30 feet. Where covered by the chalky Boulder Clay, as in the neigh- bourhood of Halvergate, Tui\stall, or Clippesby, the water would be protected from surface contamination, to which over the greater part of the area of 66 N.E. that obtained from these Glacial sands is liable. The chalky Boulder Clay is not unfrequently excavated to serve as a tank for the water-supply of cottages over the area occupied by this formation : a plan much to be deprecated, as the water entirely dependent upon the rainfall, soon becomes unfit for drinking-purposes. Water obtained from the sand and gravel on the chalky Boulder Clay is liable to the same objections as tVt derived from the sands and gravels that overlie the Lower Glacial brickearth, when there is no superincumbent layer of clay. The shallow wells sunk in valley-gravels, as in some of the lower parts of Norwich or at Bungay, are almost invariably subject to coi^tamination, and the water should not be used for drinking purposes. It haa been stated by Messrs. Taylor and Morant, that " During the progress " of the sewerage works (in Norwich) several pumping-engines have been " working night and day, lifting about 17,000,000 gallons of water in each " 24 hours. The wells for two miles round Norwich have mostly been " drained, although the river, whieh flows through the middle of the drained " area, has been unaffected. The wells sunk in the solid undisturbed Chalk " were those first affected ; the wells situated in the re-deposited Chalk, or " ' chalk-marl,' being so in a less degree. Wells on the higher grounds, " sunk through the sand and gravel, have been untouched, especially if they " had a bottom of brickearth. In practical well-sinking it has been found " necessary to bore through the re-deposited Chalk until the tmderlying hard " chalk, into which it gradually passes, was reached, where water is found in " abundance. The thickness of this marl varies from 10 to 30 or 40 feet."* (See p. 134). Norwich is, however, well supplied from this river Wensum, and the water, Mr. Sutton has stated, " is so efficiently filtered, aerated, and stored, under " the able management of our Norwich Waterworks Company, that its con- " dition, as delivered under constant pressure to the City, leaves nothing to be " desired."t * Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 121. t Op. eit.,-p. 91. 156 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY ABOUND NORWICH. The following details respecting well-sinkings will be useful in showing the thicknesses of strata peneti'ated in various parts of the area. Analysis of the waters at Carrow, Taverham, and Beeoles, as well as of that supplied from the Wen sum (in 1872), are given in the Siinth Report qf the Commissioners appointed in 1868 to inquire into the best means of preventing the Pollution of Rivers, 1874. BeccLbs. — Waterworks, 1870-71. (See Diagram,.) Communicated (to Mr. Reid) hy Mr. W. M. Crowfoot, M.B., M.R.C.S., from details furnished by Mr. T. M. Quill, combined with a personal inspection of the materials brought up. See Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 76. The wells are situated about three-quarters of a mUe south of the centre of the town, where the ground rises to a height of about 100 feet ^ove the sea- level at Lowestoft. Two borings were made albout 100 yards apart, one being sunk in 1870, the second in 1871. Mr. Crowfoot states the " Water first occurred in the ChiUesford Sands, " held up by the clayey beds beneath. It was abundant and of good quality, " and at a depth of 10 feet in these sands, a well 4 feei in diameter supplied " 21,000 gallons per day, without appreciably lowering the top water-level. " This is the water-bearing stratum generally round Beccles, most of the wells " being sunk into it." (See p. 88.) " The dark silty or muddy bed beneath had a foul marshy smell, which continued for a depth of about 35 feet. * * * fjig gheUg obtained in this bed, which were stained of a dull leaden colour, were considered to belong to the Fluvio-marine Crag of Mr. S. V. Wood. (See~ general list, p. 42.) " Although it seemed that 68 feet was an unusual tliickness for Norwich Crag, Mr. Dalton had ascertained that at Saxmimdham a well-boring gave 106 feet of Pliocene strata, including the ChUlesford and" Fluvio-marine divisions. At Beccles these same beds have a thickness of 95 feet ; a thick- ness which has also been proved to be as much at Framlingham. * * " In one of the wells at Beccles a boring was carried for 60 feet, and in the other for 73 feet into the Chalk, which was hard, and contained beds of flints at intervals. It yielded in both wells an abundant supply of water. "•!; Including the JBure Valley Beds, and other divisions of the Crag series, we have here the record of a thickness of 128 feet of the Pliocene strata. Bbccles. — Messrs. Worthington & Co. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff to Mr. W. Whitaker. Feet. Gravel, sand, &c. - - • - - - 58 Chalk, the upper part like pipe-clay - - - - 26 84 The following notes of wells at Beccles were made by Mr. Reid : — A well at the Cemetery on the London Road was dug in sand and a little gravel to a depth of 48 feet, shells occurred at the bottom. A well at the stonemason's in the Station Road was dug in sand to a depth of 18 feet. Opposite the free^school a well was dug 46 feet deep : shells were met with at the bottom. In Darby's Brickyard, 1 mile S. of Beccles, the well was said to be 60 feet deep (10 feet water), all " in sand and stones, rougher lower down." At Fair Close a well was dug through 15 feet of Boulder Clay to shelly Crag. t Proc, Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 77. ITofacep. 156.] Diagram of Well-sections at Beccles. Communicated by W. M. Crowfoot, Esq., M.B., M.R.C.S. Scale about 9 feet to an inch. No. 1 Well, 6 feet diameter to water, thence 4 feet 6 inches diameter. Surface of ground WO feet over Sea Level. Soil. 1 foot 6 inches Blue clay - [Chalky Boulder Clat.] • 12 feet 6 inches. Kne sand - [Middle Glacial.] 17 feet. ft. in. 16- 2 9- 10 — 12 — 14 — 18 — Sand and gravel [BuBB Valley Beds.] 32 feet. 31 — 33 6 — 39 — 43 6 46 Vegetable soil. Yellow clay. Blue boulder clay, full of small chalk stones, some flints, and thin veins of rotten chalk, with Gryphaa incurva, Ostrea deltoidea. Ammonites — ?, Belemnites — ?, Pachyodoii Listeri. Thin vein of hiaok mud hardened and full of small shells. 1 Ochreous yellow clay, veins full of chalk stones r and some flints, hard to excavate. Clean hard grit, coarse jjrey sand from 14 to 18 feet. Fine sand free from gravel. Xoamy sand, free from gravel [Chillesfoed Clat.] 14 feet. Water level Eed sand, with shells [Chilxbspokd Sasd.] 12 feet. S2 6 54 6 — 56 G — 58 6 — 63 70 — 3" vein of light grey clay. 2" vein yellow clay. Seam of large rounded gravel. 1 Dark red sand, full of gravel. -' Thin vein of gravel bound together by oxide of iron. Numerous pieces of broken chalk and shells, Astarte, Pecten, 77 — 78 80 1 Vein of iron-bound gravel. |- Large sized gravel. Seam of large gravel. I }Dark red sand, full of liron and aggregated masses of gravel. i I Sand more loamy, not much gravel, occasional veins of rotten clay-stones. A strong vein, 2 feet thick, of iron-bound gravel. Loamy red sand, with very little gravel, loamy veins. ■ Red sand, less loamy. Eed sand, hardly any gravel. , Thin vein, damp loamy clay. !■ Coarse grained damp sand, free from gravel. 89 — 91 — 92 — 94 Thin vein of clay. |- Shelly sand. [•Dark grey sand, nearly one mass of shells. No. 2 Well, 140 yards east of No. 1 ; 1- feet/;\ameter for 84 feet, thence 10 feet. 6 inches for 7 feet lower, then a 9-ii '; diameter bore pipe. Surface of ground Wl feet ( Sea Level. Soil, 1 foot [Chalky Bouldek Clay.] j 10 feet 3 inches. ] ft. in. 1 — 2 6 7 9 [Middle Glacial.] 17 feet 9 inches. [Buue Valley Beds.] 33 feet. [Chilleseokd Clay.] 15 feet. r 11 3 15 — 20 — 25 — 28 — 29 — r 30 — 35 40 45 — 50 — S.'J — 60 — 62 — 63 — 65 70 — Vegetab \oil. Yellow clay. Blue boulder clay. Clean grey sand as in No. 1. More loamy sand. 75 Water level same as in No. 1 77 [Cbillesford Sand.] 14 feet 6 inches. f 80 — 85 90 — 91 6 — 95 — 100 — 105 — 107 110 — Sand less loamy. Water-worn flint and quartz pebbles in sand. Sand more yellow. Sand becoming reddish. A thin vein of peat, black in colour, in sliarp grey sand. Bright yellow sand with quartz pebbles having spots of Algse [Dendrites ?'\ on them. Small pieces of water-worn shells in sharp sand ; also detached lumps of fine chalky clay like pipeclay. Large gravel and stones. Coarse grey, red and yellow sand, clean, with some gravel. Coarse red and yellow gravelly sand, traces of iron. A good deal of rough gravel. Here a vein of strong gravel aggregated by oxide of irou. Dark red sand, signs of iron. Dead red sand. A sheet of gravel bound together l>y oxide of Vein of hard loamy sand bound together by oxide of iron. Eed and yellow sand, thin veins of loamy ma- terial. Vein of iron-bound sand and loam. Eed, yellow, and grey sand with a little flinty gravel. Eed coarse loamy sand, full of pieces of friable shells. Loamy sand, no shells, occasional veins of in- durated loam in red sand. White sand mixed with red. At 82 feet a number of shells, cockles, pin- patches [periwinkles], &c. Lasts to 85 feet. Veins of indurated loam in sand. Clean yellowish red sand, no shells. Do. do. to 91 feet. Muddy silt, impervious to water, commences at 91 feet Has a marshy smell. Dark muddy nasty smelling silt, impervious to water. From 107 to 110 feet is mingled with dark slimy clay. Sand and gravel [BuBE Vaixey Beds.] 32 feet. Xoamy sand, free from gravel [Chillbsfobd Clat.] 14 feet. Water level Eed sand, with shells [Chtllesfokd Sakd.] 12 feet Muddy silt, nearly imper- vious to -water. [Flutio Marine Ceag.] 68 feet. 43 6 46 — 52 6 — 54 6 — 56 6 — 58 6 — 63 — 70 — 77 — 78 — 80 iSeam of large rounded gravel. "I Dark red sand, full of gravel. Thin vein of gravel bound together by oxide of iron. 1 Vein of iron-bound gravel. r Large sized gravel. Seam of large gravel. T Dark red sand, full of firon and aggregated J masses of gravel. L Sand more loamy, not much gravel, occasional I veins of rotten clay-stones. A strong vein, 2 feet thick, of u-on-bound gravel. Loamy red sand, with very little gravel, loamy '' veins. . Red sand, less loamy. -' Eed sand, hardly any gravel. Thin vein, damp loamy clay. Coarse grained damp sand, free from gravel. [Bdub Valley Beds.] • 33 feet. 45 — 50 — 5.> — |60 — > 162 — [Chillbsfobd Clat.] IS feet. 163 J65 70 — 89 — 91 — 92 — 94 — Thin vein of clay. I- Shelly sand. f Dark grey sand, nearly one mass of shells. L 75 Water level same as in No. 1 77 [Chillesfoed Sand.] 14 feet 6 inches. 157 — Depth at which Chalk was reached. C 80 — 85 90 91 6 95 — 100 105 p — 107 — llO U5 — v/oarse rea ana yeuow graveuy sana, traces or iron. A good deal of rough gravel. Here a vein of strong gravel aggregated by oxide of iron. Dark red sand, signs of iron. Dead red sand. A sheet of gravel bound together by oxide of Vein of hard loamy sand bound together by oxide of iron. Ked and yellow sand, thin veins of loamy ma- terial. Vein of iron-bound sand and loam. Ked, yellow, and grey sand with a little flinty gravel. [Fldvio-makine Crag.] . 65 feet 6 inches. Eed coarse loamy sand, full of pieces of friable shells. Loamy sand, no shells, occasional veins of in- durated loam in red sand. White sand mixed with red. At 82 feet a number of shells, cockles, piu- patches [periwinkles], &c. iksts to 85 feet. Veins of indurated loam in sand. Clean yellowish red sand, no shells. Do. do. to 91 feet. Muddy silt, impervious to water, commences at 91 feet Has a marshy smell. Dark muddy nasty smelling sUt, impervious to water. From 107 to 110 feet is mingled with dark slimy clay. At 116 feet down numerous pieces of broken shells occur, echini and others. L 137 At 134 feet down the sand became clean, free from mud and smell, and the shells ceased. Under this to 137 feet numbers of rolled rounded nodules of clay occurred in sand. Depth at which Chalk was loached. WELL-SEOTIONS. 157 At Rose Villa, Fair Close, the well was dug in Clay and Cbalk, 30 feet, to gravel. The well at the house about 10 chains North of the Pot Yard, Beccles, showed 12 feet of gravel (valley gravel ?). C. Reid. Beoingham. Sunk and communicated by D. Palmer to Mr. C. Reid. Feet. [Chalky Boulder] Clay 30 tGlacidDriftand|s^^^^^^^,^j^^^^^j^ - - - -30 60 BlXLEY. Communicated by G. C. Burrows to S. Woodward, MS. 1825. Feet. [Chalky Boulder /Brickearth - - - - - 2 Clay.] \ Blue clay with chalk concretions - - 30 [Glacig^DriftandJe^^^^l^^j^l^^g^^^-^ . . . . oq f White Marl 30 [Chalk.] I Chalk 10 L Hard chalk - - - - - 15 107 BiXLEY.— The Hall. Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer, well-sinker, to Mr. C. Reid. [Glacial Drift.] Gravel and sand - - - - - 100 [CragH ' Well-worn shihgle. Mr. Lawrence, well sinker, informed me that there is a well at Bixley Hall through 100 ft. of clay to black gravel with bad water. Broome. — Coopers Farm. From information obtained by Mr. Reid. C.R. Feet. [Chalky^Bpulder Icky - • 12 Gravel and sand (none fit for mortar)" - - 46 58 Bungay. — Uplands Mill. From information obtained by Mr. Reid. Whitish sand and a little gravel Brickearth . . - Brown and orange gravel ?'T. IN. 10 6 30 40 6 Bungay. — Castle. Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer to Mr. Reid. Old Well, 60 or 70 feet deep. The pump rods were covered with a peculiar Bungay. — Market Pump made 1812. Communicated by Mr, Palmer to Mr. Reid, Well, 35 feet, all sand and gravel. 158 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. Bungay. — Hospital. Communicated by Mr, Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Sand and gravel -•.... Bungay. — Tylor, above the Thatched House Inn. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. [Chalky Boulder "I p,, „ Clay.] I^'^y- Sand . - - . . Bungay. — Stow Park Farm. Communicated by Mr. Palmer to Mr. Reid. Boulder clay ,--•--- Sand and gravel ------ South Bukungham. — Old Hall. Feet. 20 Feet. 40 . 60 [Glacial Drift.] {|°^7 " 70 or 80 feet to water. 100 Feet. 25 65 80 Feet. , 12 Denton. — Mr. Doole's. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Clay, about Sand, to water, about H. B. W. Feet. 71 . 18 89 DiTCHiNGHAM.— Mrs. Margetson's, Ditchingham House. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Feet. 36 40 Clay and brickearth, about . . - . Sand, about - - - , - . ■ A bed of shells 7 feet thick, without sand, at the base. Water rather salt, Ditchingham. — Mrs. Menzies, i mile N. of Cold Bath House. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Clay Sand Feet. . 60 . 25 At the base were found the following shells (in Mr. Hartoup's possession) : — Purpura lapillus, IMorina litorea,'Cardmm edule, My a arenaria, Tellina ohliqua, T. prmtenms, Cyprina Islandiea. Ditchingham. — The Lodge. (D. Palmer.) / 8 or 9 feet of hard shelly crag was met with in the well. EARSHAM.~Mr. Pipes, half a mile W.N.W. of the Hall. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Chalky Boulder Clay Sand, to water Feet. - 90 4 or 5 WBLL-SEOTIONS. 159 EAKSHAM.~The Hall. Well sunk through clay, sand, and gravel, 74 ft. to shells ? Eabsham. — The Park, Communicated by Mr. Palmer to Mr. Reid. (C. Reid.) Feet. Boulder clay - - - - - - -25 Sand and gravel - - - - - - 45 Eausham. — Hall farm. Communicated to Mr. Reid. Feet. Soil 1 Yellow loam - „ - - - - - IJ Blue clay and chalk ----- 60 , Clay with Lias - - - - -6 or 7 Blackish loamy sand - - - - 6 or 6 Red gravel - - - - - 7 or 8 Black loam .... - 10 Total depth 92 feet. East Carlton. — Hall. Communicated by Mr. Swan to H. B. W. Feet. [Upper Glacial f Gravel "1 Urift.1 tOlay \ 30 [Crag.] Gravel J Chalk. FnxTON.^Mr. Harris. Well about 76 feet (Lawrence). Flordon. — Well by Jnn near Railway Station. Information given by Mr. W. H. Lockwood to H. B. W. Boulder Clay. fCrag.l Sand and gravel. Chalk. Water obtained at depth of 60 or 70 feet. Framingham. "Chalk found at a depth of about 30 feet in digging a well."— Dr. Rigby, Framingham, its Agriculture, &c., p. 47. Framingham Pigot.— i mile N.N.E. of Gull Inn. Feet. Soil and chalky boulder clay 1 _ . , _ co Sand and gravel - -J" H. B. W. Gbldbston. — Well at the Old Brewery. Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer to Mr. 0. Eetd. Well in 15 feet of gravel and sand, the bottom not over 4 feet above the river; water at 11 feet. Then bored 65 feet in bluish sand, no grave} or clay, 3 or 4 feet in white clay (chalk ?). The total depth is 80 feet from the surface, not 84 feet as shown by the details. At first the water supply was 36 gallons per minute. The well is now disused, and I am told the supply failed. 160 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NOKWICH. Geldbston. — Well at Messrs. Dowson's Malthouse, No. 3, 1875. Oommunioated by Mr. E. T. Dowson. We took a small quantity of sand with small rounded stones from bottom of wellj at a depth of aboUt 8 feet. Top of well about 4 ftet above river. Geldeston. — Well at Mr. James Boggis' house, 1865. Communicated by Mr. Boggis (who gave it from memory) to Mr. E. T. Dowson. Feet. Olay, varying from brown to blue - - - - 20 Sand (white) with few stones - - - - - 7 Gravel with smalUsh stones - - - - - 6 Blue clay - - - - .-«- . -? Geldeston. — Well at Mr. Crisp's Malthouse (No. 2), November 1870. ' Communicated by Mr. E, T, Dowson. Feet. Sand with small subangular gravel, principally flint and one or two quartz pebbles - - - - - - 7 A stiff bluish white clay containing a great many chalk nodules and a few flints - - - - - - 2 Passing into a clay resembling it but with some sand - -3 A dark red ferruginous gravel (subangiilar) containing principally smallish flint stones and a few quartz and quartzite rounded pebbles - - -- - - -4 I saw some of the olay that was taken out, and still possess some. Top of well about 10 feet above river. E. T. D. Geldeston. — Hall Farm. (C. Reid.) '' Feet. Clay , 25 Sand and gravel - - - - - - -65 90 GiLLiNGHAM. — Keeper's House. (0. Eeid.) Feet. Olay (land spring) - - - - - - 72 or 73 GiLLiNGHAM, — At Mr. Marsh's. Communicated by Mr. Palmer to Mr. Eeid. Well 95 feet, 30 or 40 feet of clay, the rest sand. GiLLiNGHAM.^Well 6 chains W. of T. G. (on map). From information supplied (to Mr. Eeid) by Mr. E. T. Dowson, who saw the material and obtained the thicknesses from Mr. Youell. Feet. " Sand, brownish and almost pure " - - - - 6 " A white very chalky boulder clay (ujiper glacial without doubt according to appearance. It contains much flint and some foreign boulders,_and an oyster which I have) " - - 13 "A blue clay containing chalk nodules was bored through. To all appearance like the upper glacial" - - - - 6 " Gravel at which water rose." WELL-SECTIONS. 161 GiLLiNCHAM. — Well at Gillingham Thiqks for the Gamekeeper's Cottage. Communicated by Mr. E. T. Dowson. N.B. — The information as to thickness of each deposit was obtained from Mr. Yowell, well-sinker, Beccles. I compared the difference of altitude between the shell bed at Aldeby and top of well with aneroid, and found it about 80 feet. Feet. Upper Glacial clay, about - - - - - 20 White sand - - .... 30 Gravel -.-.-... 8 Brickearth ?, if briokearth at all, it is very sandy but contains mica ........3 Bed sand, silt and gravel, and white sand, to water - - 8 Black loam - - - - - - -3 I2 Haddiscob. — South of (exact locality unknown). Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer to Mr. Reio. Well 87 feet.' 35 feet clay, the rest sand. 60 or 70 feet down came to large pieces of wood, said to be oak and alder. Hales. — ^Well at the Green. (D. Palmer.) Depth 60 feet. 30 feet clay. Hales. — Well at house N. of I of Hales Green (on the map). Meaisured by Mr. Reid. , Feet. Boulder clay - - - - - - - 12 Clean white sand without stones - - - - - 22 Brown loam with stones - - - - - - 5 Chalky gravel ivith water ■ - - - - 2 Brown loam, with scattered stones and fragments of Cyprina Islandica - • - - - - -12 Sand rather coarser than the Middle Glacial - - - 6 59 Hardwtick. — The Hall. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Wm. Limmbr to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Feet. Blue (boulder) clay - - - - - - 60 Sand (water rose 15 feet). Hardwick. — Another well. (F. J. B.) Feet. Clay -- - - 22 Hardwick. — Rose and Crown. Sunk and communicated by Mr. W. Limmer. (F. J. B.) Feet. Boulder clay - - - - - - - 40 Loam and sand (water rose 5 feet). Hedenham. — Rectory. Communicated to Mr. Reid. Feet. Ferruginous pebbly gravel - - - - - 15 Loam .-.- ...4 Stony brickearth . . - ... 4 Shingle and sand - - - - - - -16 39 Q 6483. ^ 162 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTUY ABOUND NOEWICH. , Hedenham. — Well at Mr. Moore's. Communicated to Mr. Reid. Feet. Clay [boulder clay] - - - - - - 50 Finely laminated brickearth - - - - - 20 Sand • - - - - - - -7 "77 Hedenham House of Mercy, Measured by Mr. Reid.. Feet. Loam\- - - - - - - - 5 or 6 Gravel and sand - - - - - - 65 60 Hedenham.— Brick Kiln. Communicated by Mr. D. Palmek to Mr. Reid. Well 60 feet. 30 feet clay and 30 feet' brickearth. [Probably incorrect. — 0. R.] Hellesdon. — Asylum, on tte Reepham Road, near Drayton. Feet. [Lower Glacial.] Brickearth - - - - - 6 [Crag.] Gravel and sand - - - - 24 Chalk 45 Water line stands at about 70 feet down : all sunk. 75 H. B. W. Hempnall. — Well at the Green, Communicated by Mr. Palmer to Mr. Reid. ' Depth 70 feet. 30 or 40 feet clay. ' Hethel. — 'Parsonage. Sunk and communicated by Mr. James Banham to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Feet, Boulder clay - - - - - - -45 (Water rose 8 feet). _ HORSFORD. I was informed that the well at the mill, Horsford Heath, was sunk through more than 40 feet of brickearth, the lower part of which was full of " dodmans," bits of marl or chalk, H. B. W. St. John Ilketsal. — Well at the new houses on the Halesworth Road, Communicated by Mr, IjawrbNcb to Mr. Reid. Sixty feet of clay, water within 25 feet of the surface. St. John Ii.ketsai..^— Rectory. (C. Reid.) ' Feet. Clay and brickearth. about - - - - - 6 Sand - -| 34 40 Well, 80 feet deep. WELL-SECTIONS > 163 Keswick.— The Hall. KiRBY Bedon. Well at cottage by junction of lanes north-east of church, ' Feet Chalky Boulder Clay - . - . . - 20 [Norwich Crag.] Gravel and sand - . - . - 33 53 H. B. W. Lakenham. — Long John's Road Brickyard. Well, 100 feet in depth. KiRBY Cane.— Well at farm 30 ch. N. of the Church. Measured by Mr. Reid. Feet Clay, with chalk, flints, &c. - - - - - 40 * Sand, fine white - - - - - - -8 Stony clay - - - -- - - -9 White sand, with a few pebbles and occasional pieces of clay - 18 Do. more pebbly - - - - - - 2 Brickearth, with small pieces of chalk - - - - li Sand, with scattered stones, as above ' - - - - ,2 Brickearth, with scattered stones, angular,' sub-angular, and pebbles, no bedding - ... . . . -10 Sand, with occasional balls of blue loamy clay (sand evenly bedded) - 1 Pebble gravel - - - - ... . I9f Marsham. — Rippon Hall. Communicated by Mr. F. Sutton to H. B. W. Lower Glacial{^---fy^-^ 111 Feet. 6 to 8 25 Upper Crag! Contorted sands and gravel - - 10 to 12 Chalk. Mettingham. — ^The Castle. (D.. Palmer.) Well, 90 feet (no details given). Mourning Thorpe. — Boyland Hall. (D. Palmer.) Well, 40 or 60 feet; 20 feet clay. Norwich. — Messrs. J. and J. Colman's Carrow Works. Situated within afew yards of the River Wensum. Feet. Alluvium - - - - - -- 12 'Hard chalk, with flints at distances of about 6 or 7 feet ^ apart (483 feet ?) - - - - - .500 /-.I. 11 J Soft chalk, like white lead and of a rusty colour - - 10 ! , , co Chalk p. 461. See also Rep. Brit. Assoc. Transi of Sects., p. 70. For list of fossils obtained from the boring, see p. 7. In the MS. Section-Book (of W,ells) in the Geological Survey Office this well is thus noted :— 1862. Feet; Alluvium --.--.-.-12 Chalk 1,030 Upper Greensand ---- --16 Gault . - . .... 36 Lovver Greensand (water). 1,094 This account is noted in the " Guide to the Geology of London " by Mr. Whitaker, and differs only from the one overleaf in making the Chalk 122 feet less. Mr. Crompton mentioned that there were two wells, one of which was 775 ft. deep. In the Sixth, Report of Commissioners on Water Supply, 1874, it is also stated that the well at Messrs. Colmans' (1868) was sunk as follows : — Feet. Alluvium - - - - - - -1 ^QQ Chalk ....>...} Norwich. — Well boring. Messrs. Hills and Underwood's Distillery. Recorded by Mr. Gunn (Norwich Geol. Soc, 6th April 1875). Feet. f Made earth . - . . . .3 42 f t-i Sand . ._. - . - -2 J Silt with shingle and river.mud, at 2 feet from the base (_ of which a human skull was said to have been found 37 Chalk pierced - - . . . - 228 270 Norwich. Mr. S. W. Utting informed me that the ground beneath Gurney's Bank was found during alterations, to be honey.combed with wells, some apparently only 10 or 12 feet in depth. H.B.W. Norwich. — Messrs. J. B. and H. Morgan's Brewery. Section by T. Clark. Sunk about 35 feet, the rest bored. Feet. Made earth ...... about 12 Chalk with flints . . - ... - „ 218 230 H. B, W. WELL-SECTIONS. 165 Norwich. — Messrs. R. Bullard and Sons, Anchor Brewery. Well, 35 to 40 feet deep, in Chalk. H. B.W. Norwich. — Messrs. Youngs, Crawshay,and Youngs' Brewery. Well about 300 feet in depth. Water found at all depths. Level about 10 feet beneath surface. Does not sink above 3 or 4 inches when they are pumping, and afterwards regains its ordinary level in a few minutes. H. B. W. Norwich. — Messrs. Steward, Patteson, Finch, and Co., Pockthorpe Brewery. Communicated by Mr. A. Ferbaby. " Supply unlimited." Feet. AUuvium - - - - - - - -20 Chalk 230 250 H. bTw. Norwich. — Well at the Rosary Cemetery. Feet. ;]■ 60 Brickearth - . . _ Sand and gravel ------ Chalk - - 50 100 H. B. W. Norwich — Ber Street, by Church. 80 feet to chalk (including 10 feet of brickearth). (GiDNEY.) Norwich. — Mousehold, by Brickyard near centre of Common. Well, 110 feet, into Chalk. Kett's Castle Villa (built by J. B. Ladbrooke). Well, 160 feet, into Chalk. H. B. w; Norwich. — Mousehold, Mr. John Harvey's. Communicated by Mr. Lawrence to Mr. Reid. Feet. Sand and gravel ---,-- 60 Chalk 100 160 Norwich. — Section of a Well at a farm upon Mousehold. R. C. Taylor, Geol. of East Norfolk, p. 17. Feet. Diluvial gravel and sand - - - - - - 88 Conglomerated crag shells - - - - 2 Chalk - - - - . . 42 132 PiiUMSTEAD. — Farm nearly opposite the old racecourse at Plumstead. Mentioned by J. E. Taylor at meeting of Noi-wich Geol, See,, Nov. 7, 1871 (Norfolk News). Bed of shells at depth of 80 feet. 166 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AROUND NOKWICH. Little Plumstbad. — By road between Plumstead Street and Norwich, on the eastern side of East Norfolk Railway. Brickearth about 30 feet, sandy at top. ruuinui^Aisu, I was informed by Mr, J. T. Todd that a Mastodon's tooth was obtained at the bottom of the well. The specimen is preser.ved in Gurney's Bank. RiNGSFiEiiD. — Well at. Clay, 52 feet -f- (water from a land spring). C. Reid. Shipmbadow. — Rectory. Feet. Clay - - - - - - - about 25 Sand and gravel - - - - - ,, 35 60 C. Reid. Shipmbadow. — House of Industry. Feet. Clay -.....-. 12 Gravel, &c. - . - . . . about 70 C. Reid. Spixwobth. — Red brick cottage south-west of jp of SpixwoHh (on the map). Fbet. Pebbly gravel "1 „_ Chalk ; 27 H. B. W. Stockton,— Black Boy Inn. (D, Palmer.) Weil, 87 feet, all sand. Includes about 10 feet of clay according to Mr. Lawrence. C. Reid. Spbowston.— For John Gurney, Esq. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Lbgrand and Sutcliff to Mr. W, Whitaker. „ , Feet. Sand . - - - . . . .28 Chalk, very pure water, full of small shells - - - 83 Sprowston. — Heath Farm. Gravel about 30 feet. Sprowston.— Guhnell's Brickyards. Wells sunk 70 or 80 feet into Chalk, (See p. 98). Ill H. B. W. H. B. W. WELL-SECTIONS. 1 67 Stoke Holy Cross. Communicated by Miss Scott, of Bungay, to S. Woodward, MS. 1825. Feet. Diluvial and Tertiary j at which depth a bed of Crag shells was cut through consisting of Cardium edule, Murex [= Purpura lapillusl'], Trophon carinatus {=T. antiquus]. Turbo l^= Litorina] litorea, Venus aqualis {=Cyprina Islandica], Mya arenaria, Tellina obliqua. Bones of deer ? and vertebrae of Platax - . . . . 100 Clay and Chalk in which no organic remains were found - - 170 270 Stratton St. Michael. — Well at farm east of of Roman (on the map). "Feet Bbulder Clay - - - - - 33 [Crag.] Pebbly gravel. See also p. 127. H, B. W. Taverham.— "Times" Paper Mill, 1868. Noticed in Sixth Report of Commissioners on Water Supply, 1874. Feet. Alluvium 1 1 c(\ Chalk / ^^'^ Tharston. — Rectory. Sunk, and communicated by Mr. Geo. Banham to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Feet. Boulder Clay - - - - - - - 50 Gravel and sand . ------6 (Water rose 6 feet.) 66 Thwaite-next-Loddon. — Hall. Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer to Mr. Reid. Well, 100 feet ; 30 or 40 feet clay, the rest sand. Wrenningham Mr. Stannard's. Sunk, and communicated by Mr. Jas. Banham to Mr. F. J. Bennett. Feet. Washed sea sand - - - • . - - 20 Wrenningham. — Mr. Day's. Sunk, and communicated by Mr. J. Banham to Mr. Bennett. Feet. Sand and gravel - - - • - = -20 Wrenningham. — Mr. Batten's cottage. Sunk, and communicated by Mr. J. Banham to Mr. Bennett. Feet. Black moor » - - - • - -25 168 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTBY ABOUND NOEWIOH. Natural Wells and Mineral Springs. Burgh Apton.—l was informed by Mr. T. G. Bayfield that a spring of a petrifying nature was to be met witH' in this neighbourhood. No doubt it derived its calcareous matter from the chalky Boulder Clay. Costessey.—" Walsams Wells " are here marked on the map. Properly it should be St. Walstan's Well? Blomefield mentions that on Church Farm, a little below Bauburgh Church, there was a healing spring, called St. Walstan's Well St. Walstan was born at Baber (Bauburgh), and died in Costesseye Wood, and a spring rose at the spot, " contrary to the nature of the place." (Blomefield, fol. ed., vol. i., p. 641.) Ditchingham.— At the Bath Hills a spring of remarkably cold water was utilized for the bath there erected. Norwich.— Red Well Street. This is situated in the parish of St. Michael- at-Plea; also "in some old evidences " it is called ",St. Michael at Muspole, " that IB, Much-Pool, there being formerly a Pool where the Red Well now is." "The Pond or Pool was filled up when the fVell was made here, and the Pump " was first fixed in 1629." (Blomefield, fol. ed., p. 719.) " Close by the River on the left hand, going out of Bishop's Gate, is a spring of pleasant water, formerly much resorted to." (Blomefield, fol. ed., p. 798.) Thwdife. — Near the boundary of the parish of Thwaite, and that of Mundham St. Peter (in which is now included that of St. Ethelbert, whose church is in ruins), "Thwaite spring" is marked on the map. B.—Prospects of Coal. The possible occurrence of productive Coal-measures beneath the Cretaceous and Oolitic rocks of Norfolk has been pointed out on many occasions by Mr. J. Gunn ;* as yet, however, the matter remains a purely speculative one, and inasmuch as the rocks exposed at the surface furnish no clue to the character or artange- ment of the Palaeozoic rocks beneath, the question can only be settled by boring. The possibility of the occurrence of Coal-measures, even beneath the area under consideration, receives support from the evidence furnished by borings in other parts of the Eastern Counties. Thus at Harwich a dark bluish-grey slaty rock of carboniferous age, pro- bably of an age immediately antecedent to the Coal-measures, was met withat a depth o6 1,029 feet beneath the Eocene beds and Chalk. Under London rocks, classed as Old Red Sandstone or Devonian, havebeen reached at depths of 1,004 and 1,064 feet ; while at Ware in Hertfordshire, Silurian rocks (Wenlock Shale) were touched at a depth of only 800 feet beneath the surface. Moreover in Belgium and the north of France, Coal-measures are found some- times at depths of only 300 or 400 feet beneath the Chalk and Tertiary strata ; and here they are accompanied, seemingly in perfect conformity, by Devonian rocks, like those found under London. The Palaeozoic rocks are frequently so much disturbed, and sometimes even inverted, that no accurate calculations can be made on the probable position of the Coal-measures here or there, from the facts at present made known by our deep borings. * "See list of papers in Appendix. PROSPECTS OP COAL. 169 The accompanying diagram shows in a general way the evidence made known, and the depth at which the older rocks would be likely to occur in Norfolk. {See p. 6.) Professor Prestwich was disposed to think that the slaty (Car- boniferous) rock at Harwich lay on the north side of a coal-basin, in which case the Lower Carboniferous and Devonian beds would rise beyond it and pass under Suffolk. Considering the distur- bances before alluded to, we need by no means conclude that Coal-measures are on this account probably absent from Norfolk ; on the contrary, the itndulations affecting the PalEeozoic rOcks might very possibly bring in a coal-basin in some portion of this area, as represented on the diagram. At present, however, no one locality in Norfolk can be mentioned as more likely than anol^her to yield Coal-measures at a workable depth. Of course, in West Norfolk, whether at Hunstanton, Lynn/ or Downham Market, we avoid the Chalk, which we know to be over 1,000 feet at Norwich ; but we do not know how thick the Oolitic strata may be in this district, and at Lynn the depth of 680 feet has been reached without passing through them. Whereas in proceeding towards Harwich we know that the Oolitic strata must gradually die out, for at this locality the Cretaceous beds rest directly upon the Palaeozoic rocks. The question can only be settled by public enterprise, because a trial-boring might only indicate where in some other, and perhaps distant, locality coal might with probability be reached, and under such circumstances it is not tS be expected nor recommended that any private individual should make the experiment. Black shale is generally enough to stimulate hope, and a man at Shottesham, probably from the testimony of the rocks in a Boulder- clay pit, told me he knew there was coal in the parish. Not a hundred years ago a trial for coal was made within five miles of Norwich. In his account of Framingham (1820), Dr. Kigbysays, " There is a traditionary report also that even coal has been found " here, and some years ago I was induced, in conjunction \\ ith the " late James Crowe, Esq., who had some property in the neighbour- " hood, to dig to a considerable d^pth on a high part of what was " then the heath. Near the surface was gravel, and below it clay, " which continued u'htil water rose and stopped our progress." He mentions the finding o£ " two isolated pieces of pure coal " in the clay ; but these were probably lignite, being " of a texture very different " from the Newcastle coal. When called upon to give some answer concerning the likelihood of getting coal in Norfolk, I always reply in the affirmative, with these saving clauses, that a shaft be sunk deep enough, say 1,000 or 1,500 feet, and that the speculator be fully prepared to find no coal.* ♦ These remarks are chiefly taken from my address to the Norwich Geol. See. in 1879. 170 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH- List of Minerals, Bitter Spar (?) has been found in a Chalk pit near Little Catton* Caleite is found in crevices of Chalk or Boulder Clay, and lining the interior of fossils, especially Ananchytes. Annulated Chalcedony (Beekite) has been met with in the Norwich Crag, and an ammonite from the Chalk of Thorpe near Norwich, in the collection of the late Mr. J. King, possesses an in- crustation of the same mineral. Crystals of Quartz often fill cavities in the flint. Oxides of Iron and Manganese are plentiful in the gravels of the district. ^ A specimen of Earthy Phosphate of Iron (Vivlanite ?) from Boy- land, near Long Stratton, was many years ago presented to the Geological Society of London by S. Woodward. * See Squires, On " Thomsonite," Ann. Phil. ser. ii., vol. ii., p. 254 ; the mineral recorded is said to be composed of carbonates of lime and magnesia. APPENDIX. List of Papees, &ic. on the Geology of Norfolk, by William Whitaker, B.A., F.G.S., and H. B. Woodward, F.G.S. * Works marked thus contain references to the geology of the district described in this memoir. t Works marked thus contain references to the district described in the memoir on the geology of Cromer, &c. A list of many topograpMoal works not herein mentioned will be found in "The Norfolk Topognipber's Manual," by S. Woodward (revised and augmented by W. C. Bwing, 1842). In the Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 4-16, is a list of papers communicated to the Society from the time of its establishment in 1861 until the annual meeting in November 1877. By Stephen W. Utting, This contains some references to newspapers not inserted here. 1669. t Browne, Sir Thos. Letter to Sir Wm. Dufydale on the head and bones of a very large fish at Hasbro'. (Printed in " Excursions in the County ol Norfolk." 1818. Vol. i., p. 121.) 1662. DuGDALE, [Sir] William. The History of Imbanking and Drayning of Divers Fenns and Marshes, Both in Forein Parts, And in this Kingdom ; And of the Improvempnts thereby. London. [2nd ed. Revised and corrected by C. N. Cole. Fol. London, 1772.] 1664. * Lawrence, Thomas. Mercurius Centralis ; or a Discourse of Subter- raneal. Cockle, Muscle, and Oyster-shels, found in the digging a well at Sir WiUiam Doylie's, in Norfolk. 12°. London. (Another edition. 12°. London, 1688.) 1698. Spelman, Sir H. Icenia. sive Norfolcise Descriptio Topographica. (Printed in " ReliquisB.") Fol. Oxford. [Fol. London, 1723, 1727.] 1699. Allen, B. The Natural History of the Chalybeat and Purging Waters of England. [Aylesham, p, 23.] Small 8vo. London. [Another edition — ^The Natural Histoiy of the Mineral Waters of Great Britain. 8vo. London, 1711.] 1718. Lb Neve, P. An Account of the Sinking of three Oaks into the ground at Manington, in the county of Norfolk. Phil. Trans., vol. xxx. (No. 355), p. 766. 1728. * BuKNET, Dr. Thomas. De Statu Mortuorum et resurgentium tractatus, 2nd ed. By M. Earbeiy. 2 vols. [VoL ii., p. 46. Note dn Fossil Shells.] 172 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AEOTTND NORWICH. 1729. * Woodward, Dr. J. An Attempt towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England in a Catalogue of the English Fossils in the Collection of J. Woodward, M.D. 8vo. London. 1739-1775. * Blomefield, Rev. Francis. An Essay towards a Topographical History of the Ct)unty of Norfolk. 6 vols. Fol. Fersfleld and Lynn. [Reprinted in 11 vols. 8vo. and 4to. London, 1805-1810.] 1746. t Baker, H. A Letter concerning an extraordinary large fossil Tooth of an Elephant [from Mundesley^ Norfolk]. Phil. Trans', vol. xliii. (No. 475), p. 331. Abridged, vol. X., p. 599. 1746. ■ * Arderon, W. Some Account of the Sinking down of a Piece of Ground at Horseford in Norfolk. , Phil. Trans., vol. xliii. (No. 477), p. 527. Abridged by Martyn, vol. x., pp. 587, 688. ,1747. *t Arderon, W. Extract of a letter to Mr. H. Baker, F.R.S., containing observations" on the precipices or cliffs on the N.E. sea coast of the county of Norfolk. Phil. Trans., vol. xliv. (Part 1. No. 481), p. 275. Abridged, vol. X., pp, 589-692. t PaJ^ of ^ Letter concerning the Formation of Pebbles [Norfolk]. Phil. Trans., vol. xliv. (Part 2, No. 483), p. 467. Abridged, vol. x., p. 608. * Baker, H. A Description of a curious Echinites [from Bauburgh, near Norwich]. Phil. Trans. (Part 2, No. 482), p. 432. Abridged, vol. x., p. 634. 1748. * Arderon, W. An Account of large subterraneous Caverns in the Chalk Hills [Mousehold], near Norwich. Phil. Trans., vol. xlv. (No. 486), p. 244. (See also vol. xlix., p. 380.) Abridged, vol. x., p. 593. 1749. &AKER, D. ' E. A letter containing Considerations on two extraordinary Belemnitae [Norfolk]. Phil. Trans., vol. xlv. (No. 490), p. 598. ' 1774. Ives, John. Remarks upon the Garianonum of the Romans ; tbe Site and Remains fixed and described. 12mo. London. [Fossil shells, pp. 9, 10.] 1781. Elliot, Dr. J. An Account of the Nature and Medicinal Virtues of the Principal Mineral Waters of Great Britain and Ireland. 8vo. London. ' {Aylesham, p. 127 ; Thetford, p. 270.) (2nd, ed., 1789.) 1787 and 1795. * Marshall, W. The Rural Economy of Norfolk (vol. i. i Soils, pp. 11-15 ; Chalk Marl, Chalk, &c., pp. 18-27). 2 vols. 8vo. London. 1791. Armstrong, M. J. An Essay on the Contour of the Coast of Norfolk; but more particularly of the Marum-Banks and Sea-Breaches, so loudly and so justly complained of. 4to. Norwich. APPENDIX. 173 1792. t BrogbavBj Sir B. Account of Sea-Breaohes between Yarmouth and Happisburgh. 4to. Norwich. Pennant, T. Introduction to the Arctic Zoology. 2nd ed. 4to. London. (Introduction, Norfolk, p. 8.) 1794. Page, Sir T. H. Reports on the Draining of the Fens. 8vo. 1796. * Kent, N. A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Norfolk ; with Observations for the Means of its Improvement. Svo. Norwich. 1798. Wiseman, B. Account of a substance found in a Clay-pit ; and of the Effect of the Mere of Diss upon various Substances immersed in it. With an Analysis of the Water of the said Mere by C. Hatchbtt. Phil. Trans., vol. Ixxxviii., p. 567; and in Journ. Nat. Phil. Chem. and Arts, vol. iii., p. 77. {4to. 1799.) 1800. t Bartell, E., jun. Observations upon the Town of Cromer, considered as a WateriDg Place, and the Picturesque Scenery in its neighbourhood. Svo. Holt. [2nd ed. Title altered. 1806. 8vp. London, pp. 124.] (Map and views.) 1804. Gkisenthwaite, J. Reffley Spring. Svo. Lynn. 1804-11. * Parkinson, J. Organic Remains of a former World. 3 vols. 4to. London. 1S04. * Young, A. A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Norfolk ; drawn up for the Consideration of the Board of Agriculture and Internal Im- provement. Svo- London. [Map and Account of SoUs.] (2nd ed. 1813 ?.) 1806-1824. LvsoN, Daniel, & Samuel.* Magna Britannia, being a concise Topo- graphical Account of the several Counties of Great Britain. 6 vols. 4to. [Natural History of Norfolk, pp. 361-365.] 1806. Smith, W. Observations on the Utility, Form, and Management of Water Meadows' and the draining and irrigating of Peat Bogs. Svo. Norwich, 1810. Evans, Rev. J., and J. Bbitton. The Beauties of England and Wales. Svo. London. [Norfolk. Physical Geography, Minerals, Fossils, Agriculture, vol. xi., pp. 73-106.] , N.D., about 1810. Smith, Wm. A Description of Norfolk. Svo. Norwich. [Only 56 pages were printed. S. Woodward.] 174 GEOLOGY OF THJE OOUNTEY AROUND NORWICH. N.D.X1812.] Cooke, G. A. Topographical and Statistical Desoription of the County of .Norfolk, 12mo. and 8vo. London. (Agriculture and Soils, pp. 129-134.) 1812. ' Richards, W. The History of Lynn, from the earliest Accounts to the Present Time; to which is prefixed a copious Introductory Account of its Situation, Harbour, Rivers, Inland Trade, and Navigation, the Ancient and Modern State of Marshland, Wisbeaoh, and the Fens. 2 vols. 8vo. Lynn. [Quotations fi;om Dugdale and Sir T. Browne.] 1812-29. * SowEKBY, J. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. 6 vols. 8vo, London, , 1815. * Smith, "W. A Geological Map of England and Wales. A Memoir to the Map and Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland. 4to. London. [Norfolk, p. 15.] 1816. * Strata identified by Organized Fossils. 4to. London. 1817. * BucKLAND, Rev. Prof. W. Description of the Paramoudra, a singular fossil body that is found in the Chalk of the North of Ireland; with some general observations upon Flints in Chalk, tending to illustrate the History of the Formation. Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. iv., p. 413. 1817, 1818. RiGBY, Dr. E. Holkham, its Agriculture, &c. 8vo. Norwich, 1817.) ' * Smith, W. Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils. 4to. London, 1818. Anon. Fossil bone of a Whale. (Roydon, near Diss.) Journ. of Sci. and Arts, vol. v., p. 140. CuBiTT, W. Report upon a Plan' for making the River from Norwich to Yarmouth navigable for sea-borne! vessels ; with a Plan, showing the depths of the River from the Foundry Bridge to Yarmouth Bridge. 8vo; Norwich. Manning, Rev. H. C. An Analysis and Brief Account of the Thetford Mineral Waters; translated from the Latin Original of the late i Matthew Manning, M.D., of that place. 8vo. Thetford. 1819. ' ' AccuM, F. A Guide to the Chalybeate Spring at Thetford, exhibiting, the general and primary effects of the Thetford Spa . . . . and a Sketch of the History and present State of Thetford. 12mo. London. (Analysis in Phil. Mag., vol. liii., p. 359.) * t Smith, W. Geological Map of Norfolk. * Geological View and Section of Norfolk. [Lynn to Yarmouth.] 1820. Bailby, H. W, A Letter to the Committee of the Thetford Mineral Spring Company, with the First Report, &c. 12mo. Thetford, APPENCIX. 175 * RiGBY, Dr. E. Framingham, its Agrioulturej &c., including the Economy of a small Farm. 8vo. Norwich. [Notes on Fossils, p. 47.] t Stevenson, G. Observations on the Bed of the German Ocean or North Sea. Edin. Phil. Journ., vol. iii., p. 44. 1821. Cub ITT, W. The Second Report to the Committee appointed for taking into consideration the best means of making Norwich a Port, &o. Svo. Nor- wich. * SauiRES, P. On Thomsonite. Ann. of Phil., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 254, 265. 1822. CoNYBEAHE, Rev. W. D., and W. Phillips. Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales. Svo. London. t Taylor, R. [C.]. Fossil Bones on the Coast of East Norfolk. Phil. Mag., vol. Ix., pp. 132-136. * Telford, T. The Report on the Proposed Improvement of the Naviga- tion to Norwich. Svo. Norwich, 1823. BucKLAND, Rev. Prof. W. Eeliquiae Diluvianse. [Norfolk, pp. 173, 192, 193.] 4to. London. Taylor, R. [C.]. Geological, Section of Hunstanton Cliff, Norfolk. Phil. Mag., vol. Ixi. pp. 81-83. 1S24. * Parkinson, J. Outlines of Oryctology; an Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains. Svo. ' t Taylor, R. [C.]. Remarks on the Position of the Upper Marine Forma- tion exhibited in the CUfEs on the north-east Coast of Norfolk. Phil. Mag., vol. Ixiii., p. 81. * On the Crag Strata at Bramerton, near Norwich. Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. i., pp. 371-373. * On the Alluvial Strata and on the Chalk of Norfolk and Suffolk, and on the Fossils by which they are accompanied. IJirf, pp. 374-378. 1826. *+ RoBBERDS, J. W., jun. Geological and Historical Observations on the Eastern Vallies of Norfolk. Svo. Lopdon and Norwich. Abstract of the Minutes of Evidence taken before a Committee of the House of Commons ... on the BiU for making a Navigable Communication between . . Norwich . . and Lowestoft . . Svo. Norwich. 1827. * Fbatherstonhaugh, G. W. Account of an excavation in the Chalk at Norwich. Proc. Geol. Soc, voj. i., p. ^6. t Layton, Rev. J. Account of the Fossil Remains in the neighbourhood of Harborough [Hasborough, Norfolk]. Edin. Journ. of Soi., vol. vi., pp. 199-201. * RoBBERDS, J. W. Reply to Mr. R. C. Taylor's Remarks on the Hypo- thesis of Mr. Robherds on the former Level of the German Ocean. Phil. Mag., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 192, 271. t Taylor, R. [C.]. Notice respecting the Appearance of Fossil Timber on the Norfolk Coast. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 327. 176 GEOLOGY OF THE XJOTJNTRY ABOUND NOEWIOH. *t Taylor, R, [C.]. On the Geology of East Norfolk; with Remarks upon the Hypothesis of Mr. Robberds, respecting the former Level of the German Ocean. Phil. Mag., ser. 2, vol. i., pp. 277, 346, 426. (Reprinted, with additions, together with the two following papers. 8vo. London, 1827.) * t On the Natural Embankments formed against the German Ocean, on the Norfolk and Suffolk Coast, and the Silting up of some of its .Estuaries. Ibid, p. 295. * t On the Geological Features of the Eastern Coast of England ; and concluding Remarks on Mr. Robberds' Hypothesis. Ibid, p. 327. 1828. * Robberds, J. W. Historical and Geological Descriptions in J. Stark's " Scenery of the Rivers of Norfolk, comprising the Yare, the Waveney, and " the Bure." 4to. Norwich. (Another edition in 1834. Fol.) Rose, C. B. On the Organic Remains of the Diluvium in Norfolk. Quart. Joum. of Sci., Lit., and Art, p. 308. [In this paper reference is by mistake made to a former paper that was not published. 0. B. Eose in letter to S. Woodward, Feb. 6, 182S.J 1829. * Rose, C. B. On the Anatomy of the Ventriculites of Mantell. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. li., pp. 332-341. * Stock, D. Fossil Shell attached to Flint, &c. [.Ditchingham.J Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol: i., p. 69. *t Woodward, S. The Geology of Norfolk in J. Chambers' "A General " History of the County of Norfolk, intended to convey all the Information of " a Norfolk Tour." 2 vols. 8vo. Norwich. t A letter [to Dr. Fitton] respecting some remarkable Fossil Remains found near Cromer, in Norfolk. Proe. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 93. 1830-1833. * t Lyell [Sir], C. Principles of Geology, vols, i.-iii. 8vo. London. (Many later editions.) (Vol. iii.. Crag, pp. 171-182.) Sedgwick, Rev. Prof. A. On the Classification of the Strata which appear on the Yorkshire Coast. Ann. Phil, 2nd ser., vol. xi., pp. 339-362. (Hunstanton, p. 342.) 1830. * Woodward, S. A- Synoptical. Table of British Organic Remains. 8vo and 4to. London. 1831. * Woodward, S. A Copy of an Ancient Plan of the Chalk Vaults near St. Giles' Gates, Norwich; made by John Bond, 1571. Archseologia, vol. xxiii., p. 411. 1832. * Woodward, S. Origin of the Crag Stratum of Norfolk. Mag. Nat. Hist., voL v., p. 544. 1833. Anon, The Storm ; with Reflections and Admonitions on its disastrous Effects upon the Norfolk Coast. 8vo. Norwich. * Layton, Rev. J. Notes on the Geology of Norfolk, pp. 280-286, 369- 372 of G. Fairholme's " A General View of the Geology of Scripture." 8vo. London. * Woodward, S. An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk. 4to and 8vo. Norwich. APPENDIX. 177 1834. Pagkt, C. J. and J. Sketch of the Natural Histoiy of Yarmouth and its neighbourhood. (Geology by S. Woodwardi, pp. iv-vi.) 8vo. London. 1835. Charlesworth, E. On Veins of crystallized Carbonate of Lime in Fossil Wood. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 76. * ~ Observations on the Crag-formation and its Organic Remains ; with a view to establish a, Division of the Tertiary Strata overlying the London Clay in Suffolk. Phil. Mag., 3rd ser., vol. vii., pp. 81-94, 465. Reply to Mr. Woodward's remarks on the Coralline Crag; with Observations on certain Errors which may effect the determination pf the Age of Tertiary Deposits. Ibid., pp. 465-470. \ Rose, C. B. A Sketch of the Geology of West Norfolk. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., pp. 171, 274, 370^; vol. viii., p. 28 (1835-1836). * [Woodward, B. B.] " A Geologist." On the Geology of the Vicinity of Norwich. Norwich Magazine, pp. 277-280. * Woodward, S. Some Remarks upon the Crag Formation of Norfolk and Suffolk. - Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. vii., p. 353. 1836. *t Bakewell, R. On the Fossil Remains of Elephants, and other lai'ge Mammalia, found in Norfolk. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 37. Brown, John. A Description of the Geological Conditions of the Chalk, and Argillaceous Beds, at Ballingdon Hill, Essex, with Inferences. Ibid., pp. 42-46. (Refers to Norfolk. Bould^ Clay.) * Fitch, R. Letter on the discovery of the Tooth of a Mastodon in the Crag at Thorpe; near Norwich. Proe. Geol. Soc, vol. ii., p. 417. FiTTON, Dr. W. H. Observations on some jf the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite, in the south-east of England. (Norfolk, p. 309.) Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 103. t Woodward, S. Modern Conglomerate at Cromer. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 47. * Evidence in Argument that Remains of Mastodon giganteus and Mastodon latidens have been found in the fertialy Beds of Norfolk. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 151. t On the Crag Formation ; in answer to Mr. Charlesworth's " Reply." Phil. Mag., ser. 3., vol. viii., p. 138. * 1837. * Charles worth, E. A Notice of the Remains of Vertebrated Animals found in the Tertiary Beds of Norfolk and Suffolk. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, Sections, p. 84. See also Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 40 (1838). * On some Fallacies involved in the Results relating to the Comparative Age of Tertiary Deposits, obtained from the Application of the test recently introduced by Mr. Lyell and M. Deshayes. [Records of General Science, No. xxiv., vol. iv., p. 466.] Edin. New I'hil. Journ., vol. xxii., pp. 110-116 ; Rep, Brit. Assoc, for 1836; see also Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix., p. 637. (1836.) * Lyell, Sir C. Elements of Geology. Ed. 1. 8vo. London. Mitchell, Dr. J. On the Manufacture of. Gun Flints. Edin. New Phil. Journ., vol. xxii., pp. 36-40. Taylor, J. Observations on the Strata penetrated in sinking a Well at Diss in Norfolk. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 137. Q 6483. M 178 GEOLOGr OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NOEWIOH. 1838. *^LEXANDER, Capt. H. (Letter explanatory of casts of portions of Mas- todon teeth from the Crag, &c., Bramerfcon, &c,) Proc. Geol. Soc, rol. iii., p. 10. * Mitchell, Dr. J. On tlie Drift from the Chalk and the Strata below the Chalk in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, &c. Proc, Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 3. MoxoN, C. On the Geology of Western Norfolk. Mining Review, No. yii., vol. iv., pp. 97,98, * Nyst, H. Notice sur une Cyrfene et sur un Cancellaire inedites. (Oyrena from the Norwich Crag.) Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, t. v., p. 113. 1839. * Alexander, Capt. H. Teeth of the Mastodon. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 466; Charlesworth, E. , Illustrated Zoological Notices. J. On a specimen of the Lower Jaw of the Mammoth [from the Dogger BanK]. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii., pp. 347-351. * Ehrenbers, Prof. On the Organic Origin of the Potstones orParamou- dras of Whitlingham, near Norwich. Ann. Natv Hist., vol. ii., p. 161. * Lyell [Sir] C- On Vertical Lines of Flint, traversing Horizontal strata of Chalk, near Norwich. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1838. Trans, of Sections, p. 87. * On the Tubular Cavities, filled with Gravel and Sand, called " Sand Pipes," in the Chalk near Norwich [at Eaton, Heigham, and Thorpe, near Norwich, with Additional Facts by J. B. Wigham]. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1839, Trans, of Sections, p. 65; Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xv., p. 257. ' * On the relative Ages of the Tertiary Deposits, commonly called " Crag," in the Counties, of Norfolk and Suffolk. Phil. Mag., vol. xv., p. 407 ; Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 313 ; Long Abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 126. Martin, Capt. J. B. On bones of Mammoths found in the deep sea of the English Channel and German Ocean. Proc Geol. Soc, vol. iii., pp. 138, 139 ; Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2., vol. vi., p. 161 (1841). *,PiTT, R. C. On the Crag formation of Norfolk. Proc. Sci. Soc. Lond., vol. i., p. 3. (Brief abstract.) * Stark, W. Observations on Mr. Lybll's Paper entitled " On the " Tubular Cavities .... in the Chalk near Norwich." Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xv., p. 455. 1839-40. * Wood, S. V. On the Fossil Shells of the Crag. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. iii., p. 460; vol. iv., pp. 230, 294. 1840. ' Anon. Letter containing some particulars relative to the Cliffs at Hun- stanton, Norfolk.- Proc Sci. Soc. Lond., vol. ii., p. 36. Clarke, Rev. W, B. On the Geological structure and phsenomena of the county of Suffolk, and its Physical Relations with Norfolk and Essex. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 359. * Fitch, R. Notice of the existence of a distinct Tube within the hoUows of the Paramoudra. Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 303. * GuNN, Rev. J. Letter accompanying Paramoudras from the Chalk and boulders from drift. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 170. t Lyell, C. On the Boulder Formation, or drift and associated Fresh Wftter Deposits, composing the Mud Cliffs of Eastern Norfolk. Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xvi., p. 345 j long abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 171, APPENDIX. 179 * Mann, R.J. The Flora of Central Norfolk. (Notes on Soils, &e.) Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iy., new ser., pp. 390^0?. (See also Addenda, by S. P. Wood- ward, ibid., vol. vii., pp. 201-206.) MoxoN, Rev. G. B. On the Brick Earth of the Nar. Proc; Sof. Soc, Lond., vol. ii., pp. 63, 64. * Pitt, R. C. On the Norfolk O-ag. Proc. Sei. Soc. Lond., vol. ii., p. 3. Rose, C. B. On the Brick Earth Deposit of the Valley of the Nar. Proc. Sci. Soc. Lond., vol. ii., p. 61. Trimmer, J. On the Detrital Deposits of part of Norfolk, between Lynn and Wells. Proc. Gepl. Soc, vol. iii., p. 185. 1840, 1842. * Wood, S. V. A Catalogue of Shells from the Crag. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. vi., p. 243 ; vol. ix., pp. 466, 627. 1840-1846. * t Owen, Prof. R. Odontography. 2 vols. 4to. London. .1841. Alexander, Capt. H. Treatise on the Nature and Properties of the Soils of Norfolk, &c 8vo. London and Woodbridge. — — On the Annual Destruction of Land at Easton Bavent Cliff, near Southwold. (Refers to Norfolk.) Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., pp. 446, 446. * Bowehbank [Dr.] J. S. On the Siliceous Bodies of the Chalk, Green- sands, and Oolites. Trans. Geol. Sop., 2nd ser., vol. vi., pp. 181-194. t Lyell [Sir] C. On the Freshwater Fossil Fishes of Mundesley, as deter- mined by M. Agassiz. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., p. 362. MuNFORD, Rev. G. A List of Flowering Plants found growing wild in Western Norfolk (with the geological character of their habitats). (Botan. Soc.) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii., pp. 171-191. ' 1842. t Green, Rev. C. The History, Antiquities, and Geology of Bacton, in Norfolk. 8vo. Norwich. Rose, C. B. Notice of bones of the ox, found in clay at Gayton Thorpe. Geologist, vol. i., p. 36. ' 1843. t Green, Rev. C. On the Lignite of the environs of Bacton. Geologist, ' p. 12. t List of Fossils from the'" Till " of the environs of Bacton, and the formations to which they originally belonged. Ibid., p. 31. Rose, C. B. On the Alluvium of the Bedford Level. Ibid., p. 73. * Morris, Prof. J. Catalogue of British Fossils. 8vo. London. [2nd ed. in 1854.] * Trimmer, J. On Pipes or Sand galls in Chalk. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iv., pp. 6-8. 1844. * Bacon, R. N. The Report on the Agriculture of Norfolk. 8vo. and 4to. liOndon. t Hewitt, W- An Essay on the Encroachments of the German Ocean along the Norfolk Coast. 8vo. Norwich. Phillips, Prof. J. Memoirs of William Smith. 8vo. London. M 2 180 GEOLOaY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. 1845. * Almack, B. On the Agriculture of Norfolk. Joum. Roy. Agric. Soc, vol. v., pp. 307-357. [Notes, on Drainage, Claying, Marling, &c., pp. 308-313.] MuNFORD, Rev. G. [Letter on discovery of British flint celt in prostrate trunk of tree of submarine forest near Hunstanton.] Gentleman's Mag., vol. xxiii., p. 37. + Thomson, Dr. R. D. Phosphoric Acid found in almost all rocks. (Refers to Cromer Chalk, &c.) Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xxvii., p. 310. t Trimmer, J. On the ClifEs of Northern Drift on the Coast of Norfolk, between Weybourne and Happishurgh. Proc. Geo!. Soc, vol. iv., p. 435 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 218. * On the Pipes or Sand-galls in the Chalk and Chalk-rubble of Norfolk. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iv., p. 482 ; Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 300. 1846. Falconer, Dr. H. and [Sir] P. T.- Cautley. Fauna Antiqua Sivalerisis, being the Fossil Zoology of the Sewalik HUls, in the North of India. (Incom- plete.) 4to. London. * Forbes, Prof. E. On the Connexion between the Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological Changes which have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the Northern Drift. Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i., pp. 336-432. ■ * t Owen, R. A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. 8vo. London. + Trevelyan [Sir] W. C. Destroying Effect of- Dry Wind on Cliffs Edin. New Phil. Journ., vol. xl.j p. 207. 1846? * Playfair, L. Analysis of the Soil and Subsoil of a very Productive Field near Sutton, in Norfolk. Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc, vol. vi., p. 577- ' * Analysis of Chalk [?from Frettenham Common]. Ibid., p. 675, 1847. * Davidson, T., and [Prof.] J. Morris. Description of some species of Brachiopoda. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx., p. 250. 1847-1848. * Smith, J. T. On the Ventriculidse of the Chalk. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. XX., pp. 73, 176, 191; ser. 2, vol. i., pp. 36, 203, 279, 352; and vol, ii., p. 48. 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A Catalogue of the Collec- tion of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology. 8vo. London. t Jones, John. On the Trees of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. (Notes on Cromer Forest Bed.) Geol. and Nat. Hist. Rep., vol. i., pp. 73-79. J(onbs, Prof.) T. R. Microzoa of the VaUey-Deppsits of the Nar. Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 306. Lubbock, [Sir] J. Pre-historic Times. 8vo. London. (Norfolk, pp. 271-289, &o.) * Morant, a. W. Formation of Flint in Chalk. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 132. + Redman, J. B. The East Coast between the Thames and the Wash Estuaries. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xxiii., p. 186. Rose, C. B. On the Brick-earth of the Nar. (The Mollusca identified, by S. P, WoodwabSd), Geol. Mag., Vol. ii., p. 8. 186 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AEOUND NOEWICH. Seeley, H. [G.] On the Significance of the Sequence of Rocks and Fossils : Theoretical Considerations on the upper Secondary Rocks, as seen in the Section at "Ely. Geol. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 262-265. * TAYLott, J. E. On a Displacement of the Chalk at Whitlingham. (Brit. Assoc.) (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 324. * On a Section iii the Drifts at Whitlingham. Ibid., pp. 369, 370. *- The Drift-beds in the neighbourhood of Saxlingham, Norfolk. Ibid., p. 511. * t Wood, S. V., jun. Remarks in Explanation of the Map of the Upper l"ertiaries of the Counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Hertford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford, with parts of those of Buckingham and Lincoln, and accompanying sections. 8vo. Privately printed. * t On the,Drift of the East of England and its Divisions. [Abstract.] Quart. Joum, Geol. Soc, vol. xxi., p. 141., 1866. Anon. (R. B[ell.]) Crag. Naturalists' Circular, No. 3, pp. 17, 18 ; No. 4. pp. 27, 28. * Fisher, Rev. O. On the Relation of the Norwich or Fluvio-marine Crag to the Chillesford Clay or Loam. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., p. 19. * On the Warp (of Mr. Trimmer), — its Age and probable Connexion with the Last Geological Events. Quart. Jourri. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., pp. 553-665. [See also Geol. Mag., vol. iy., 1867, pp. 193-199.] * On the probable Glacial Origin of Certain Phenomena of Denuda- tion. Geol. Mag., vol. iii., pp. 483-487. GoDviriN-AusTBN, R. A. C. On the Kainozoio Form9,tions of Belgium. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., p, 228. t GuNN, J. On the Anglo- Belgian Basin of the Forest bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Union of England with the Continent during the Glacial Period. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. i., p. 339. * t Lecture on the Geology of Norfolk (Abstract). Geol. Mag., vol. iii., p. 258. * Jones, Prof. T. R., W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady. A Monograph of the Foraainifera of the Crag. Paleeontograph. Soc 4to. London. Nall, J. G. Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. (Geology of the District, pp. 233-239; Soils, &c., pp. 717-720.) 2 Parts. 8vo. London. Owen, Prof. R. On a Genus and Species of Sauroid Fish {Thlattodus suchmdes) from the Kimmeridge Clay of Norfolk. Geol. 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On a Disturbance of the Chalk at Swainathorpe. Geol. Mag,, vol. iii., p. 44. -— — The Relation of the Upper and Lower Orags in Norfolk. (Nor- wich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., voL iii., pp. 273-275; also in 1867, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866, Trans, of Sections, p. 6/. t Account of an Excursion to Mundesley and Trimmingham. Geol. Mag., vol. iii., pp. 514-517. i * Trimmer, Rev. K. Flora of Norfolk ; "a Catalogue of Plants found in the County of Norfolk. 8vo. London. [Notes on Soils, Geology, &c., chiefly from the published works of Joshua Trimmer, pp. ix.-xxxvi.] * t Wood, S. V. On the Structure of the Red Crag (with an Explanation of the Diagram Section by S. V. Wood, jun.) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxii., pp. 538-562. 1866, 1868, 1869, 1872. t Dawkins, W. B., and W. A. Sanford. The British Pleistocene Mam- malia. Falaeontograph Soc. 4to. London. 1866, 1869, 1870. * Duncan, Prof. P. M. Supplements to the Monograph of British Fossil Corals. Cretaceous and Tertiary. Palseontograph Soc. 4to. London. 1867. t Anon. Excursion of the Norwich Geological Society to Cromer. Nor- folk News, August. t . Excursion of the Norwich Geological Society to Happishurg. Norwich Mercury, July 20. Austin, Major T; The Towans of Corijwall, the Dunes of Norfolk, &c. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, vol. ii.. No. 11, p. 100; Charlesworth, E. On the Siliciflcation of Fossil Sponges and the origin of flints. (Norwich Geol. Soc, December 3.) Norwich Mercury. Dawkins, W. B. On the Age of the Lower Brick-earths of the Thames Valley. (References to Norfolk.) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. pp. 91-109. t On the Dentition of Rhinoceros leptorhinus. Ibid., p. 213. * Fisher, Rev. O. Further Remarks upon the Relation of the Chillesford Beds to the Fluvio-marine Crag. [Abstract.] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p, 176. * Faults in the Drift and " Trail." (Norfolk.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 90. On the Ages of the "Trail" and "Warp." Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 193-199. ^ Flower, J. W. On some Flint Implements lately found in the Valley of the Little Ouse River at Thetford, Norfolk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 45-56. t GuNN, Rev. John. The AJnglo-Belgian Basin. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 158-160. * t The Order of Succession of the Pre-glacial, Glacial, and Post- glacial Strata in the Coast Sections of Norfolk and Suffolk. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, May 11. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 371, 372. + On the various teeth of the different Species of Elephant found in Norfolk. Norwich Mercury, June 8. t On Fossil Remains from the Pre-glacial Beds at Happisburgh, and evidence of increase of cold prior to the deposit of the lower boulder clay. Norwich Mercury, July 6, 188 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AROUND NORWICH. * GuNN, J. Oji Recent Formations in the Valleys of Norfolk* (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 519, 520. On an Excursion to Gorton and Hopton. (Norwich Geol. Stfc.) Ibid., p. 561. Remarks at Anniversary Meeting of Norwich Geological Society. Norwich Mercury, October. Encroachments of the Sea (Norfolk). Athens^um, No. 2058, p. 465. * Harmer, F. W. On the Existence of a Third Boulder Clay in Norfolk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 87-90. t Drift of the Eastern Counties. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 374. , Hull, Prof. E. On the Parallelism of the Drift Deposits in Lancashire and the Eastern Counties. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 183. t Jbnyns, Rev. L. Encroachments of the Sea (Norfolk). Athenaeum, No. 2,058, p. 455. ' JuDD, [Prof.] J. W. On the Strata which form the base of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 229, 230. [Notes on the Hunstanton Limestone.] * King, Rev. S. W. (Notes on Crag Shells.) (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 330, 331 . KiNGSLEY, Rev. C. The Fens. Good Words, vol. viii., pp. 302-310. * t Maw, G. On4he relative Ages of the Coast Boulder-clay of the Eastern .Counties, and that on the Higher Ground. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 97. * + The Drift Deposits of the Eastern Counties. Ibid., p. 276. * -f • On the Sequence of the Drifts in the Eastern Counties. Ibid., p. 426. I ~ MuRCHisoN, Sir R. L On the parts of England aiid Wales in which Coal may and may not be looked for beyond the known Coalfields. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866, Trans, of Sections, p. 57. Prigg, H. On the occurrence of Flint Implements in- the Gravel of the Little Ouse Valley at Thetford and elsewhere. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866, Sectipns, p. 50. * Rose, C. B. On the Cretaceous Groups of Norfolk and Kent. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 29-31. * t Taylor, J. E. On the Parallelism of the Drift Deposits in Lancashire and Norfolk. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 281. * The Upp^r and Lower Crags in Norfolk. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 331-333. Wood, S. V., jun. On a section at Litcham aiflording evidence of Land- glaciation during the earlier part of the Glacial Period in England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 84-87. (Letter on Faults in Drift.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 37-40. t On the Structure of the Post-glacial Deposits of the south-east of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp.-394-417. (Corrections in Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 43, 534. * t Age and Position of the Drift Deposits of the Eastern Counties. Geol. Mag., vol.iv., pp. 189-191. Drift of the Eastern Counties. Ibid., pp. 375, 376. * ■)• Boulder-clay and Drift of Norfolk and Suffolk, and on the North side of the l%ames Valley. JWrf., pp. 479j 480. (bn the so-called deposits of the old estuary of the Yare.) (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Ibid., pp. 660, 661 ; Norfolk News, Aug, * A Memoir in Explanation of the Structure of the Glacial and Post- §lacial Beds . . » . ; incorporated with *hich is an Essay upon the General tructure of the Post-glacial System over the E., S.E., S., and part of the S.W. of England. Large foL MS. and Maps, in Library GeolL Soci APPENDIX. 189 t Wyatt, J. On the Alteration of the Coast Line of Norfolk. (Brit. Assoc.) Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 654. 1868. t Abbott, A. R. Remains of Ancient Iron Workings at Runton. Norwich Mercury, Sept. 16. * Anon. The Norwich Geological Society's Excursion to Aldehy. Norwich Mercury, June 27. t Anon. British Association Meeting. Programme of the Excursions. The Excursion to Cromer. Remarks by Rev. J. Gunn, R. A. C. Godwin- Austen, and W. B. Dawkins. Norfolk News, Aug. 29. Charlesworth, E. The Large Fossil Tooth in the Pakefield Cliff. Land and Water, March 14. * On the Prospective Annihilation of the Suffolk Red Crag as a Geological Formation. . . . . (Norwich Geol. Soc.) GeoL Mag., vol. v., pp. 677-580. • * On the discovery, at WhitUiigham, of the Tooth of the Mastodon . (Norwich Geol. Soc, May 6.) Norwich Mercury, * On the Crag Fossils in the Norwich Museum. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, June 6. * (The Crag Collection in the Norwich Museum, and on the origin of Flints.) (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, July 11. Crowfoot, W. M., and E. T. Dowson. Letter relative to the Beds at Kessingland. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, Oct. 10. t Dawkins, W: B. On the Dentition of Rhinoceros etruscus, Falc. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 207. * ~ On a New Species of Deer from the Norwich Crag. Ibid., p. 616. t On the Value of the Evidence for the Existence of the Mammoth in Europe in Pre-glacial times. Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 316-321. Evans, J. On some Cavities in the Gravel of the Valley of the Little Ouse, in Norfolk. Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 443. * Ewing, J. W. Notes on Antlers of Deer obtained at Eaton. (Norwich Geol. Soc) Norwich Mercury, March 7. * t Falconer, Dr. H. On the European Pliocene and Post-pliocene species of the Genus Rhinoceros. [Norfolk, pp. 358, 398, pi. 22.] Notes on Fossil Species of Deer, ii. in Norwich MUseum ; iii. in collection of Rev. S. W. King. Notes on Fossil Species of Cermis, including a Description of a remarkable Fossil Antler of a large species of extisct Cervus in the Collection of the Rev. John Gunn, Irstead. In " Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the late H. Fal- coner," by Dr. C. Murchi&on, vol. ii., pp. 309, 466,, 471. Svo. London. * t Fisher, Rev. O. On the Denudations of Norfolk, (Brit. Assoc.) Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 544-558. Fitch, R. On the discovery of Flint Implements in the Valley of the Little Ouse, between Thetford and Brandon. (Norwich Geol. Soc, May 5.) Nor- wich Mercury. * Frewer. Observations on Flint-working. (Norwiijh Geol. Soc.) Nor- wich Mercury, October 10. - * t Godwin-Austen, R. a. C. Address to the Geological Section of the British Association. Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 469, and (1869) Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868. t Gunn, Rev. J. On some recent discoveries at HappisbiEirgb. Norwich Mercury, March 7. ' 190 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. * GuNN, Rev. J. (Red and Coralline Crag Shells obtained at Bramerton.) (Norwich Geol. Soc, May 5. Norwich Mercury. * (Notes on Horns of the Red Deer from re-constructed Chalk at Eaton.) Norwich Mercury, June 6.. t — - Notes on the Dilham Canali &p. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, July 25. Notes on the Chillesford Clay at Kessingland, &c. Norwich Mer- cury, December 9. t Chalk Boulders in Norfolk. Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 409. * ^ On Tertiary and Quaternary Deposits in the Eastern Counties, with reference to Periodic Oscillations of Level and Climate. . (Norwich Geol. Soc.) (Norwich Mercery, November 9, 1867; Norfolk News, August 22, 1868.) Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1867, Trans, of Sections, pp. 60, 61 ; Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 237.. * Jones, Sir W. The Arterial Drainage of Norfolk. (Brit. Assoe.j 8vd, Norwich. * Ki'Tton, F. The S])ongeous Origin of Chalk Flints. Naturalists' Circu- lar, April, pp. 101-103. Lowe, Dr. J. On the Carstone of West Norfolk. Norfolk News, August. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 247. Same paper with title " On the Occurrence of Spherical Iron Nodules ii> the Lower Greensand." Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Trans, of Sections, p. 72 (1869). * Rose, C. B. On the Crag at Aldeby. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 244, and Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Trans, of Sections, p. 77. * The Conchoidal Fracture of Flint, as seen in Norwich Buildings. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868 (1869) ; Norfolk News, August 22. * Stoddart, W. W. Geological Notes from Norwich. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, Ser; 2, vol. iii., No. 8, p. 76, and Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 287 (1869). t Symonds, Rev. W. S. Notes on some of the Fossil Mammals of Great Britain. Geol. Mag., vol. v., pp. 413-423; Worcester Herald, July 11, 18, 1868. * Taylor, J. E. On the Norfolk Chalk-marl. (Norwich Geol, Soc.) * The Relation of the Upper and Lower Crags in Norfolk (continued). Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1867, Trans, of Sections, p. 157. * t The Norwich Crags and their Relation to the Mammaliferoua Bed. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 246. * Brief Outline of the Turf Bed and Drainage Works, Trowse, and the Fresh-water Shells it contained. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mer- cury, March 7. t The " Gunn " Mammalian Collection. Norwich Mercury, August * On the discovery of wooden Piles in the Peat at Trowse. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, November 11 ; Norfolk News, November 7. * t Wood, S. V., jun., and F. W. Harmeb. Abstract of a Paper on "The " Glacial and Post-Glacial Structure of Norfolk and Suffolk." Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 452-456; Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 241 (and in 1869, in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Trans, of Sections, p. 80). * Woodward, Hy. Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea [1, Norwich Chalk.] Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 258, pi. xiv. [1868 ?] * LowKY, J. W. Chart of the Characteristic British Tertiary Fossils, stratigraphically arranged. APPENDIX. ' 191 1869. * A.NON. 6eologioal and Natural History Excursion to Wroxham, Coltis- hall, &c. Norwich Mercury, May 29; Norfolk News, May 29. * Geological and Naturalists' Societies' Excursion to Seething arid Brooke. Norfolk Chronicle, July 24. * The Excursion to Hunstanton. Geol. Assoc, 1869, Rep. of Ex- cursions, p. 14 ; Geol. Mag., vol. vi., pp. 427-430. t Dawkins, W. B. On the Distribution of the British Post-glacial Mam- mals. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 192. * Duncan, [Prof.] P. M. First Report on the British Fossil Corals, (Nor- folk Chalk, pp.'91, 9-J, 67.) Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, p. 75. Fisher, Rev. O. [Letter] on Denudation and the Crags. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 141. " Middle Drift " Gravel at Lopham Ford. Ibid., pp. 189, 288. Flower, J . W. On the Distribution of Flint Implements in the Drift, with reference to some recent Discoveries in Norfolk and Suffolk. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 449. • Gedge. Remarks on the Beaver of the Fenland, &c. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury. * Grantham, R. B. The Broads of East Norfolk, having reference to the Water Supply, Stowage, and Drainage. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sections, p. 191. * A Description of the " Broads " of East Norfolk, showing their Origin, Position, and Formation in the Valleys of the Rivers Bure, Yare, and Waveney. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxv., p. 25S. Greenwood, Col. G. Fisher — Denudations of Norfolk. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 45. , ' * + GuNN, Rev. J. A Diagram of Coast and Inland Sections of Strata in Norfolk and Suffolk, with Explanatory remarks. (2 pages.) (Printed at the request of the Norwich Geol. Soc.) 8vo. * Elephas meridionalis in the Red Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 143. *,t On the 'Discovery of new Beds of Crag. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) I5td., p. 91. Notes on the ruined Church of Shipden, and the old Cromer Lighthouse. Norwich Mercury, March 10 j Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 235. * Notes on a visit to Wroxham. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, May 12. Well at Holkham. (Norwich Geol. Soc, July 1.) Norwich Mercury. * Note on Tellina Balthiou. (Norwich Geol. Soc) Norwich Mer- cury, August 11 and September 8. E. Charlbsworth, J. E. Taylor, and F. Kitton. Addresses at Soiree of Norwich Geological Society. Norwich Mercury, February 10 ; Nor- folk News, February 6 ; Norfolk Chronicle, February 13 ; Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 186 (Brief notice). * and others. Remarks at Annual Meeting of the Norwich Geological Society. Norfolk News, November 11 ; Nature, vol. i., p. 176. * Elephas meridionalis in the Norwich Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 237. Harkness, Prof. R. On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits. Geol. Mag., vol, vi. pp. 548-550. *t,HARMEK, F. W. On the so-called Crag of Belaugh and Weyboume. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Geol. Mag., vol. vi., pp. 231-235. * The result of the Geological Survey of the Eastern Counties, by Mr. S. v. Wood, jun., and himself. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Eastern Daily Press, April 11. 192 GEOLOGY OP THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. * Jecks, C. On the sHells of the Norwich Crag. (Norwich Geol. Soc, July 1.) Norwich Mercury. Jenkins, H. M. Farm Reports. 5. The Lodge Farm, Castle Acre, Norfolk (Geological Map, &c.). Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 460. * Lankestbb, E. R. The Mamma.Ha of the Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 47. . • , * Elephas meridionalis in the Norwich Crag. J6W., pp. 190, 191. t On the occurrence of Machairodm in the Forest-bed of Norfolk. lUd., p. 440. On the Oldest Beds of the Crags. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Sects., pp. 70,71. * t Maw, G. On the Sequence of the Deposits in Norfolk and Suffolk superior to the Red Crag. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1868, Trans, of Sections, pp. 73, 74. * t Owen, Prof. R. On the Distinction between Castor and Trogontherium. Geol. Mag., vol. ^-i., p. 49. Phigg, H. The discovery of associated works of Man, and the remains of the Elephant, &c., in the gravel near Thel^ord. Quart. Journ. Suff. Inst., vol. i.. No. 1, p. 3. .*RosE,C. B. On the thickness of the Chalk in Norfolk. (Brit. Assoc.) Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, vol. ii., p. 257. Sebley, H. G. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosauria,' and Reptilia, from the Secondary system of strata arranged in the Woodwardian Museum. 8vo. Cambridge. * Taylor, J. E, The Geology of Norwich. , [Two lectures.] Norfolk News, No. 1,265, March 20, and No. 1,266, March 27. * Singnlai subsidence at Marton. [Refers to Norfolk.] Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 336. * On certain Phenomena in the Drift near Norwich. (Brit. Assoc.) Ibid., p. 508. * Notes on the Fossil Humerus of Elephant [from Rockland], and on the age of the Norwich Crag as indicated by certain shells. (Norwidi' Geol. Soc.) Norwich Mercury, May 12. Wiltshire, Rev. T. On the Red Chalk of Hunstanton. Quart. Journ. Geol. iSoc, vol. XXV., p. 185. ' * Wood, S. V., jun. and F. W. Harmer. On a peculiar instance of Intra- glacial Erosion near Norwich. JJirf., pp. 445-449. , 18^0. * Anon. A day at the Bramerton Crag. Norwich Penny Magazine, No. 2, pp. 18-20. * — — Geology (pp. xlviii.-li.) ; Broads, &o. (pp. 229-232.) In Murray's Handbook for Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and CainOTidgeshire. 8vo. London. * BsLii, A. On some new or little-known Shells, &c. of the Crag For- mations. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. vi., p. 213. * Brady, G. S., and D. Robertson. An account of the Ostraooda and • Foraminifera of tidal rivers. Ann. and M^g, Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. vi., p. 4. *, Fitch, R. On the finding of Deer Antlers in the re-deposited Chalk at Hartford Bridges. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News> June 11 . * t GuNN, Rev. J. On the Relative Position of .the Forest-bed and the Chillesford Clay in Norfolk and Suffolk, and on the real Position of the Forest- . bed. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxyi,, p. 651-655. Remarks on the Geology of the Eastern Coast. [Read to the Loddon District Literary and Scientific Society.] Norfolk Chronicle. APPENDIX. 193 GoNN, J. Pillars of Calcareous Sandstone at Mutford. (Norwich Geol. Soo.) Norfolk News, October 8. Remarks at Annual Meeting of Norwich Geological- Society. Norfolk News, November 5. Harmkr, F. W. " The Testimony of the Rocks " in Norfolk. [Lecture delivered to the Young Men's Christian Association.] Norfolk News, February 26. (Reprinted with revisions, &o., in 1877.) Notes on raised bed of shells at Hunstanton, &0i (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Ibid., December 9. Jecks, C. On the Crag Formation. Rep. Brit.- Assoc, for 1869. Trans, of Sections, p. 91. * Jones, Prof. T. R. Notes on the Cretaceous Entomostraca. Geol. Mag., vol. vii., pp. 74-77. JuDD, [Prof.] J. W. Additional Observations on the Neocomian Strata of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, with Notes on their Relations to the Beds of the same age throughout Northern Europe. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 326-347. [Norfolk, Plate XXIII.] Lankkstbk, E. R. On a New Large Terebratula occurring in East Anglia. Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 410. Contributions to a knowledge of the Newer Tertiaries of Suffolk and their Fauna. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 493-513. [Stone-bed of Norfolk, pp. 493-499.] * Lyell, Sir C. Student's Elements of Geology. 8vo. London. 2nd edit., 1874. * Prbstwich, J. A Fact relating to the Crag Pit at Thorpe, near Norwich, Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 639. * Notes on Earthquakes. Ibid., 541-544. ' * Reeve, J. Discovery of a new bed of Crag at BrameHon. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, October 8. Stevens, E. T. Flint Chips. A Guide to Pre-historic Archeeology. 8vo. , London. [Palaeolithic Implements from Norfolk, pp. 43-48.] Stevenson, H. On the Meres of Wretham Heath. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. i., p. 36. * Taylor, J. E. On the Occurrence of Seams of Hard Sandstone in Middle Drift of East Anglia. (Brit. Assoc.) Nature, vol. ii.. No. 61., pp. 503, 504. * (Description of Beds passed through at Foundry Bridge diu-ing the sewage excavations.) (Norwich Geol.'Soo.) Norfolk News, May 7- * Taylor, J. E. and A. W. Morant. The Water-bearing Strata in the* neighlrourhood of Norwich. Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 119. * t Wood, S. V., jun. On the Relation of the Boulder-Clay, without Chalk, of the North of England to the Great Chalky Boulder-Clay of the South. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 90-110. * f Observations on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds. Geol. Mag., vol., vii., pp. 17-22, 61-«8. * The Boulder-Clay of Caithness. [Notes on the Chalky Boulder Clay, &c.] Ibid.. J). 347. 1870-76. t Sandbebger, Dr. C. L. F. Die Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien jder Vorwelt. 4to. [Binuen-MoUusken der untcren Pleistocan-Sohichten, (Norfolk Forest Bed), p. 754; Mundesley, &c., p, 938.] q 6483. N 194 GEOLOGT OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NOEWIOH. 1871. * Anon, Excursion of Norwich Geological Society to ColtisliaU. Norfolk News, Augwst 19. , * Excursion of Norwich Geological Society to Brundall. Norwich Mercury, July, * Bell, A, Contributions to the Crag Fauna, Part II. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th series, vol. vii., pp. 351-362. * t and R. The English Crags, and their Stratigraphical Divisions ndicated by their Invertebrate Fauna. Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 256-263. Grebnwell, Rev. W. On the opening of Grime's Graves in Norfolk, Journ. Ethnol. Soc, vol. ii., January. * GuNN, Rev. J. , Notes on Mammals from Norwich Crag. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, January 7.' * Formation of Boulder Clays. (Norwich Geol. Soc, April 4.) Nor- folk News. * Notes on the Section at Bramerton. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Nor- folk News, November 11. * Remarks at Annual Meeting of Norwich Geological Society. Nor- folk News, December 9. Hull, Prof. E. Observations on the General Relations of the Drift Deposits of Ireland to those of Great Britain. Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 294- 299, * KiTton, F. On the probable spongeous Origin of Flints, (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, March 11. * t Prestwich, J. On the Structure of the Crag-beds of SufFolk and Norfolk, with some Observations on their Organic Remains. Part III. The Norwich Crag and Westleton Beds. Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., pp. 452-496, * Taylor, J, E. The Relation of the Red to the Norwich Crag. Geol, Mag,, vol, viii., pp. 314-316, * Note on " Iron-pan " at Thorpe. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, September 9, Section near Diss Station, (Norwich Geol. Soc, April 4.) Norfolk News. t Wood, S. V., jun. Further Remarks on the Sequence of the Glacial Beds, Geol, Mag., vol. viii., pp. 406-412, 477. * Wood, S. V., and F, W, Harmer. , On the Pal^ontological Aspects of the Middle Glacial Formation of the East of England, and on their bearing . upon the Age of the Middle Sands of Lancashire. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1870, Trans, of Sections, p. 90. N.D, (1872). Bayne, a. D. Royal Illustrated History of Eastern England . . , including a survey of the Eastern Counties, Physical Features, Geology, &c. of Cambridgeshire, Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. 2 vols. 8vo. Yarmouth. (Norfolk, vol. i,, pp. 9-23, 139-146.) ^ 1872, * BblIi, a. The Succession of the Crags, Geol. Mag., vol, ix,, p, 209, * and R. On the English Crags and the Stratigraphical Divi- sions indicated by their Invertebrate Fauna. [The above revised arid ampli- fied.] Proc. Geol, Assoc, vol. ii., pp. 186-218. Supplement by A. Bell, pp. 270-272. ' t Dawkins, W. B. On the Cervidse of the Forest-bed of Norfolk [and Suffolk. Quart, Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. xxviii., pp. 405-410. t The Classification of the Pleistocene Strata of Britain and the Con- tinent by means of the Mammalia. Ibid., pp. 410-446. APPENDIX. 195 Evans, J. The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain. 8vo. London. (Norfolk, pp. 695-600.) Plowbb, J. W. On the Relative Ages of the Stone Implement Periods in England. Journ. Anthropol. Inst., vol. i.. No. 3, p. 274. Geikie!, James. On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch. Geol. Mag., vol. ix., pp. 105-111, 254-265. GuNN, Rev. J. On the Prospect of finding Productive Coal-measures in Norfolk and Suffolk, with Suggestions as to the place where an Experimental Boring should be made. Brighton Daily Press. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1872, Trans, of Sect., pp. 102, 103. The Geological Collection of the late C. B. Rose, (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, April 6. * On the Dip of the Chalk in Norfolk, a,nd the Remains of Old Land-surfaces called the " Stone-bed." Geol. Mag., vol. ix., p. 431. * ■ Address on work of the Norwich Geological Society. Norwich Mercury, December 7, * Johnson, M. H. On Flint. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. ii., pp. 251-269. * Jones, Prof. T, R., and W. K. Parker. On the Foraminifera of the Family Rotalinae (Carpenter) found in the Cretaceous Formations ; with Notes on their Tertiary and Recent Representatives. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxviii., p; 103. [Norwich, p.' 104.] * On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. [Norwich, p. 302.] Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ix., p. 280. * KiTTON, F. On the Spongeous Origin of Flints. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. i.. Part III., 1871-72, pp. 51-60 ; and Science Gossip, No. 96. * Further note on the Spongeous Origin of Flints. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc, vol. i.. Part V., p. 81, * On the Origin of Flints, (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Norfolk News, April 8 J Norfolk Chronicle, April 22. Lycett, J. A Monograph of the British Fossil Trigonise. No. 1, pp. 1-52. Palseontograph. Soc 4to. London. Palmer, C. J. The Perlustration of Great Yarmouth, with Gorleston and Southtown, vol. i, (Changes of coast, &c., noticed, pp. 1-5.) 4to, Great Yarmouth. * t Taylor, J. 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A Popular Description of the Geology of the County. 8vo. London. * t On the Kessingland ClifP-section, and on the Relation of the Forest-bed to the ChiUesford Clay, with some Remarks on the so-caUed Terrestrial Surface at the base of the Norwich Crag. Quart. Jomn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiii., pp. 134-141. * \ Johnson, R. An Approximate List of the Extinct Mammalia of Norfolk. Trans. Norfolk Nat. Soc, vol. ii.. Part IIL, pp. 279-292. Norton, H. Natural or Artificial ? Pits of the Haute Marne. (References to Griines Graves.) Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. iv., pp. 286-288. t The Forest Bed of East Norfolk. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Reprinted from the Norwich Mercury, May 6. t : — ^ Notes on Species of Hydrobia from the Freshwater Beds of Runton and Mundesley. Proc' Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 16. t Reid, C. Modern Denudation in Norfolk. Geol. 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[Correlation of the Cambridgeshire Drifts with those of the Eastern Counties, pp. 76-79.] * KiTTON, F. William' Arderon, F.R.S., an old Norwich naturalist. Proc. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc.,- vol. ii., pp. 429-458. [* Knights, M.] A Ramble with London Geologists in Norfolk, (Geol. Assoc.) Eastern Daily Press, June 14. ■* t Miller, S. H., and S. B. J. Skertohly. The Fenland — Past and Present. [Notes on the Norwich Crag, by H. B. Woodward, pp. 601-504, and on the Forest, Bed Series by C. Reid, pp. 504-508.] 8vo. Wisbech. * Newton, E. T. A Catalogue of the Tertiary and Post Tertiary Fossils in the M useum of Practical Geology. . 8vo. London. ; ; * : A Catalogue of the Cretaceous Fossils in the Museum' of Practical Geology. 8vo. London. *— — The Chimssroid Fishes of the British Cretaceous Rocks'. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. Monograph IV. 4to. London. t Norton, H. Notes on species of Hydrobia from the Freshwater Beds of Runton and Mundesley. [Abstract.] Proc Norwich Geol. Soc:, Part I., p. 16. - * Ramsay, A. C. The Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain. 6th Edit. 8vo. London. t Rbid, C. The Range of the Mammoth. Nature, vol. xix., p. 122. 't " Geologists' Association. Excursion to Cromer. Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. v., pp. 517, 618. t Savin, A.. List of vertebrata f rom. the Black or Freshwater Bed at West Runton, in the collection of A. Savin. "Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 27. 't =• List of Mammalia from the Estuarine Series (Forest Bed) beneath the Freshwater Bed in the neighbourhood of Cromer, in the collection of A, Savin. Ibid.,p.U8. . APPENDIX. 201 , Skkrtchly, S. B. J. Remarks on the Geology of the Fenland. (Ahstraot.) Proc. Norwich Geol. See, Part I., pp. 20, 21. See also Norfolk News, January 5. Spalding, F. Notes on some Stone Implements. [Neolithic.] Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, Part I., pp. 30, 31. Whitaker, W. The Well-section at Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, Part I., pp. 16-18. tWooD.'S. v., jun. American "Surface Geology," and its relation to British. Part III., Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. v., pp. 13-29. ' ' Letter in reply to Dr. James Geikie. Ibid., pp. 187, 188. Suh-glacial Origin of Till. Ibid., p. 336. * Woodward, H. B. Note on the Discovery of the Mastodon at Horstead. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 18, 19. * Notes on the Norwich Crag. [Abstract.] Ibid., p. 22. t Excursion to Cromer. Ibid., p. 40. * : Address to Norwich Geological Society. Ibid., pp. 44-67. * Geologists' Association. Excursion to Norwich. Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. v., pp., 513-51 7. {Also Programme of Excursion with Section near Norwich and Diagram-section near Cromer.) 1879. t Adams, Prof. A. L. Monograph on the British Fossil Elephants. Part II. Dentition and Osteology of Elephas primigenius (Blnmenbach). Palseonto- graph Soc 4to. London. Anon. Hunstanton ; a Descriptive Sketch. 8vo. Leicester. Reprinted from the Leicester Chronicle and Mercury, where it appeared in 'Holiday Notes.' 1879? * Crowfoot, W. M. On the Well-sections at Beccles. Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 76-79. * Davies, W. On some Fish Exuviae from the Chalk, generally referred to Dercetis elongatus, Ag. ; and on a New Species of Fossil Annelide, Terebella Lewesiensis. Geol. Mag., Dec ii., vol. vi., pp. 145-148. t Dawkins, Prof. W. B. On the Range of the Mammoth in Space and Time. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv., pp. 138-147. * GuNN, J. The Recent Floods in Norfolk. Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 73, 7G (In Abstract) ; Norfolk News, January 11, Februarys. (In fuU.) * Harbison, W. J. Geology of Norfolk. In E. R. Kelly's Post OfSce Directory for counties of Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk, pj). 201-204, Jukes-Browne, A. J. On the poutherly Extension of the Hessle Boulder- clay in Lincolnshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv'., pp. 397-420. Marshall, W. On a pre-historic canoe from the peat near Lynn. Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 74. t Nbwto'm,E. T. Note on some Fossil Remains ot Emys lutaria from the Norfolk Coast. [Note on age of the Mundesley River bed. By H. B. Wood- ward.} Geol. Mag., Dec. ii.,vol. vi., pp. 304-306. * Reeve, J. List of Fossils from the Norwich Crag at Bramerton. Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 69-72. i- Reid, O. The Glacial Deposits of Cromer. [Abstract.] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. XXXV., Proc, pp. 105, 106. Ske'rtchly, S. B. J'. Evidence of the existence of PafeoUthic Man during the Glacial Period in East Anglia. Rep. Brit. Assoc for 1879. Sec- tions, pp. 379, 380. * On the Manufacture of Gun-flints, the Methods of Excavating for flint, the age of Palaeolithic Man, and the Connexion between Neolithic Art and the Gun.flint trade. (Memoirs of the Geological Survey.) 8vo. London, 202 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AKOUND NORWICH. Skertchly, S. B. J. Inter-glaoial periods as tests of theories of climate. (Abstract.) Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 74, 75. Evidence of the existence of Palseolithic Man during the Glacial Period in East Anglia. (Brit. Assoc.) * Sutton, F. On Norfolk Potable Waters. Proc. Norwich Gepl. Soc, vol. i., pp. 83-91. * Wood, S. V. Second Supplement to the Monograph of the Crag Mol- lusca, with descriptions of Shells from the Upper Tertiaries of the East of England, yol. iv. Univalves and Bivalves. Palseontograph. Soc. 4to. London. * Woodward, H. B. AMemoirof Samuel Woodward. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. ii., pp. 663-593. * On a disturbance of the Chalk at Trowse, near Norwich. [Abstract.] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv., Proc. p. 106; Proc. Norwich tJeol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 109, 110., [1881.] The Geological Survey in Norfolk. Eastern Daily Press, June 27. The Mammoth not Pre-glacial in Britain. Geol. Mag., Dec ii., vol. vi., p. 235. 1880. + Blake, J. H. (Excursion of Norwich Geological Society to Mundesley and Cromer.) Eastern Daily Press, September 28. The Dereham Well-Boring. (Norwich Geol, Soc.) Ibid., March 4. [Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i. pp. 126-128. 1881.] t — - The Age and Relation of the Forest Bed. (Address to Norwich Geol. Soc.) Ibid., November 4. [Proc Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 137- 160. 1881.] Dalton, W. H. Note on the Range of the Lower Tertiaries of East Suffolk. (Brit. Assoc) Geol. Mag., Dec ii., vol. vii., pp. 618, 519. t Dawkins, Prof. W. B. The Classification of the Tertiary Period by means of the Mammalia. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi. pp. 379-^05. * t '■ Early Man in Britain, and his Place in the Tertiary Period. 8vo. London. t Fisher, 0. On the Cromer Cliffs. Geol, Mag., Dec. ii., vol. vii., pp. 147-151. GuNN, J. On the Rootlet-bed in Relation to the Forest-bed Series of Nor- folk and Suffolk. Eastern Daily Press, December 14. Harmer, F. W. Remarks on th,e Geology of Corton. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. iii., pp. 71-/8. * Hinde, Dr. G. J. 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Soc, vol. i. pp. 129-131. 1881. , t SANDBERGBB,'[Dr. G, L.], F. Eln Beiti^g zur Keimtniss der unterpleis- tocanen Schichten Englands. Palaeontographica. * t SoLLAS, Prof. W. J. On the Flint Nodules of the Trimminghain Chalk. (Brit. Assoc, for 1880. Sects, pp. 586j 589. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.j ser. v., vol. vi., pp. 384-461.) * Wallich, Dr. G. C. A Contribution to the Physical History of the Cre- taceous Flints. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi;j pp. 68-92. * t Wood, S. V., jun. The Newer Pliocene Period in England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., pp. 4S7-527. t The Glacial Deposits of Cromer. Geol; Mag., Dec. ii., vol. vii., pp. 189, 190. * WooDWAKD, H. B. Address to Norwich Geological Society. [Norwich Mercury, November 19, 1879. Abridged.] Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 94-108 ; in abstract in Geol. Mag., Dec ii., vol. vii., pp. 72-78, 143. * Glacial and Post-glacial. Ibid., pp. 383, 384. t Woodward, H. B. Discovery of Remains of JEmys lutaria in the Mun- desley River Bed. Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc, vol. iii., pp. 36, 37. t Norwich Geological Society. (Excursion to Cromer.) Eastern Daily Press, April 2. 1881. t Adams, Dr. A. L. Monograph on the British Fossil Elephants, Part III. Osteology oi Elmhas primigenims (Blumenbaoh), and Dentition and Osteology of Elephas merieUonalis (Nesti). Palseontograph. Soc. 4to. London. Anon (J. H. Blake). Norwich Geological Society. Excursion to Hun- stanton. Eastern Daily Press, August 18. t Geikie, Dr. J. Pleistocene Europe. 8vo. London. * Holmes, T. V. Observations on the Subsidence on Blackheath. (Re- ferences to Whitlingham.) Report, Lewisham and Blackheath Scientific Assoc * t Jukes-Browne, A. J. Disturbances in the Chalk of Norfolk. Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. viii., p. 144. * t Lee, J. E. Note Book of an Amateur Geologist. 8vo. Loudon. [Plates CXX., CXLIV.; pp. 68-.64.] * Morant, a. W. The Blackheath Subsidence. [Notes on Subsidences, near Norwich.] Engineer, vol. Ii., p. 123. Newton, E. T. Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England. Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. viii., pp. 256-259, 315-317. t Norton, H. Derivation of. the word " Paramoudra." Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, vol. i., p. 132. Phillips, J. A. On the Constitution and History of Grits and Sandstones. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvii., pp. 6-27. (Norfolk, pp. 17, 18.) t Pbebtwich, Prof. J. On the strata between the Chillesford Beds and the Lower Boulder Clay 'The Mundesley and Westleton Beds.' Brit. Assoc, 1881. t Prbstwich, Prof. J. On the Extension into Essex, Middlesex, and other Inland Counties of the Mundesley and Westleton Beds, in relation to the Age of certain Hill-gravels, and of some of the valleys of the South of England. Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. viii., pp. 466-468. (Abstract.) Prigg, H. On some discoveries of Flint implements in the Quaternary deposits of the East of England. (Norwich Geol. Soc.) Eastern Daily Press, February 11. 204 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY AROUND NORWICH. t Reid, C. The Pliocene Beds near Cromer. Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. viii., pp. 382, 383. * Wallich, Dr. G. C. On the Origin and Formation of the Flints of the Upper or White Chalk; with Observations upon Prof; Sollas's Paper in " The Annals and Magazine of Natural History " for December 1880. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vii.^ pp. 162-204. WooDWABD, B. B. The Crag. Science for all. Pt. 46, pp. 312-316. * t Woodward, H. B. Disturbances in the Chalk of Norfolk. Geol. Mag., Dec. ii., vol. viii., pp. $3, 94. No Date. Hughes, Prof. T. McK. The Present State of the evidence bearing upon the Question of the Antiquity of Man. (Victoria Institute.) 8vo. London. On the Evidence of the Later Movements of Elevation and Depression in the British Isles. 8vo. London; INDEX. A. Abbott, A. E., 180. Acoum, F,, 174. Acle, 2, 66, 100, 119, 148. Adams, Prof. A. L., 198, 201, 203. JEtites, 28, 38. Agriculture and Geology, 30, 91, 92, 117. Alburgh, 117, 127. „ Street, 91. Aldeby, 34, 36, 39, 40-56, 86, 88, 126, 141, 145, 161, 189, 190, 199. Aldeby Beds, 86. Alder Oar, Stratton, 70. Alderson, Dr., 148. Alexander, Capt. H., 40, 55, 178, 179, 182 Allen, B., 171. Alluvial Deposits, 4, 141. AUuvium, 141, 144, 153. Almack, B., 180. Alphington, 124. Alston, B. B., 196. Amyot, T., 147. „ T. E., 20. Analyses of strata, 94, 121. Annis Hill, 128. Ant, Kiver, 2. Anticlinal in Chalk, 134-136. Archbold, Dr. Q., 197. Arderon, W., 32, 81, 121, 124, 125, 138, 139, 147, 172, 200. Area, Physical features of the, 1. Anninghall, 36, 38, 72, 80, 104. Armstrong, M. J., 172. Ashby, 125. „ Hall, 120. Ashman's, 88, 109, 110. Ashwell Thorpe, 104, 123, 129, 131. Astarte boreafis. Zone of, 82. Attoe's Pit, CattoD, 30, 67, 72, 96. Attlebridge, 38, 66, 118. Austin, MajorT., 187. B. Baber. See Banburgh. Bacon, E. N., 114, 179. Bacnlite pit, 8. Bailey, H. W., 174. „ Eev. J., 104. Baker, D. E., 17^- „ H., 137, 172. Cakewell, B., 177. Ball, Dr. 144. Banham, G., 167. „ J., 162, 167. Banter's Wood, 127. Barnham, T., 127. Barrois, Dr. C, 10, 20, 197. Barsham, 88, 91, 109. Bartell, E., jun., 173. Barton, 64, 92, 94, 143. „ Broad, 4, 143, 144. Bath Hills, 85, 86, 108, 168. Baubnrgh, 68, 130, 137, 168, 172. „ Hall, 142. Bayfield, T. G., 8, 10, 20, 24, 26, 35, 37, 40, 56, 77, 81, 135, 138, 168, 181, 184. Bayne, A. D., 194. Bay's Farm, Ifomcett, 70. Bear's Grove, 99. Beardmore, N., 183. Becoles, 31, 38, 40-54, 88, 109, 128, 133, 141, 153, 156, 157, 201. Beceles School Farm, 109. Beck Barn, 93. Beck Pease Plantation, 68, 130. Bedingham, 157. Bee Cro.ss, 118. Beekite, 37, 170. Belaugh, 11, 13, 33, 36, 38, 40, 42-53, 60, 64, 191, 197. Belaugh Broad, 4. Belemnitella, Zone of, 20. BeU, A., 43, 56, 192, 194. „ E., 56, 186, 194. Belt, T., 196, 197, 198. Bennett, F. X, 84, 112, 115, 117, 161, 162, 167. Bergapton. See Burgh Apton. Billookby, 94, 95. Bishop's (or Bishopford) Bridge pit, 5, 8, 10, 13-17, 19, '28, 30, 73. Bistley, 141. Bitmays, 141. V_ Bitter Spar, 170. texley, 132, 157. Blackford Hall, 132. Blaekmore, Dr. H. P., 196. Blake, Eev. J. F., 197. „ J. H., .35, 60, 66, 77-80, 94, 96, 100-103, 112, 115, 119, 120, 125, 130, 141-144, 198, 199, 202, 203. Blake's Pit, Bramerton, 36, 42, 83. Blind Lane, 65. Blofield, 2, 76, 100. Blomefield, Eev. F., 28, 125, 141, 147- 149, 168, 172. Blowing sand, 92. Blue Clay, 110, 114, 125, 130. ' Boarded Barn Farm, 108. 205 GEOLOGY OF THE OOUNTEY AROTTNI) KORWICH. Boggis, J., 160. Bonaparte's Island, 89, 128. Bonney, Prof. T. G., 197. Boulders, 91, 119, 123, 125, 126. Boulder Clay, Chalky, 90,91,93,104, 105, 115, 128, 133, 136, 137, 155. Boulder Clay, ^Fossils from the, 123. „ Streak of, 124. „ Upper and Lower, Rela- tions Of, 90, 94, 100, 103, 118, 119. Bowerhank, Dr. J. S., 179. Bowthorpe, 68, 98, 142. Boyland, 170. „ Han, 70, .143, 145, 163. Bracondale, 69. Bradeston, 77, 100. Brady, H. B., 186. „ G. S., 148, 185, 192, 196. Bramerton, 33-36, 38, 39-55, 74, 82, 117, 124, 147, 175, 178, 190, 192- 194. Brandon, 110, 116, 137, 138. „ Beds, 91, 138. Breccia, 106. Breese, B. S., 199. Brickearth, 34, 90-93. „ Laminated, 110. „ Norwich, 96. „ Upper and Lower, 97. Bridgman, W. JK., 40. Bristow, H. W., 35, 196. Britton, J., 173. Broads, 1, 3, 143, 146, 148, 149, 195, 197-199. Brograve, Sir B., 173, Brooke, 117, 132, 191. „ Meres, 117, 126. Broom Covert, 56, 143. Broome, 86, 107, 127, 157. Brown, J., 115, 177. Brown Boulder-clay, 5. Browne, Sir T., 171, 174. Brundall, 36, 37, 38, 42-54, 76, 103, 118, 143, 194. Buokenham, 77, 143, 149. „ ' Broad, 4. Buckenhams, Earsham, 108. Buckland, E., 197. „ Kev. Dr. W., 33, 174, 175. Bugg's Grave, 93. Bull's Green, 126. Buntury, Sir C. J. F., 182. Bunker's Hill, Earlham, 68. Bungay, 27, 85, 108, 128, 132, 141, 151, 155, 157, 158. Bure, River, 2, 176. „ VaUey, 142, 196. „ „ Beds, 31, 32, 33, 36, 56, 63, 81, 85, 88, 89, 156. ,, „ Beds, Fossils of the, 36, 38, 41. Burlinghato, 92, 100, 117, 119. „ House, 99. „ St. Andrew, 119. „ St. Peter, 2. „ South, 119, 1.58. Burgh, sAylsham, 36. Burgh Apton, 85, 105, 125, 168. Burnell, G. R., 183. Burnet, Dr. T., 58, 171. Burnt Lane Plantation, 58. Burrows, G. 0., 157. Busk, Prof. G., 183. Buxton, 56, 143. C. Caister, Yarmouth, 95, 146. „ St. Edmund, 147. Caistor, Norwich, 104, 142, 147. Calcite, 170. Camden, W., 147. Cannon-shot gravel, 90, 128. Cantley, 77, 101, 149, 152. „ Wlite House, ,81. „ „ Hethersett, 122, 131. Carboniferous rocks. Possible occurrence of, 5, 6, 168. Cars, 141. Carlton, East, 122, 131, 159. „ St. Peter, 85. „ Broad, 4. „ Lodge, 143. Carpenter, Dr; P., 185. Carrow, 11, 16, 30, 151, 156. „ Abbey, 69, 148. „ Boring, 7, 9, 163. „ Bridge, 144, 148. Carter, Dr. H. J., 7, 196. Casts of shells in flint, 25, 26. „ ironstone, 32, 56, 61, 67, 68, 75. Castle Farm, 133. Cat's Common, 94. Catfield, 57, ,65, 143. „ Broad, 4. Catton, 8, 11-16, 19, 20, 24, 30, 38, 67, 72, 96, 116, 170. Cautley, Sir P. T., 180. Caux, J. de, 54. Caverns in Chalk, 28, 172. Cavities in Chalk, 136. Cawston,.93. Cemetery, City, Norvrich, 67. „ Rosary, 165. Chalcedony, 170. Chalk, 4, 8, 164. „ Ageof Norwich, 8, 21, 25. „ Dip of, 9. „ Glaciated, 9, 134. „ Marl, 134, 155. „ Pipes in the, 139. „ pits, 28. „ Surface disturbances in, 9, 134. „ Thickness of the, 9, 163, 164. „ Fossils of the, 8, 10. JOhalky Boulder Clay, 90, 91, 93, 104, 105, 115, 128, 133, 136, 137, 155. Chambers, J., 176. Chapel HiU, 30, 73, 104, 134. „ Wood, 62. Chapman's Broad, 4. Charlesworth, E., 24, 32, 38, 177, 178. 183, 187, 189, 191. Chedgrave, 85, 93, 105, 132. INDEX. 207 Chester, Rev. G. C, 127. Chet, River, 2. Chillesford Beds, 6, 31, 33, 84, 35, 5S, 59, 62, 66, 73, 74, 78-84, 88, 89, 97, 103, 110, 133, 155, 156. Chingle, 31. Church, Prof. A. H., 184, 197. Church Towers, Round, 129. Clapham, R. C, 183. Clark, T., 164. Clarke, J. A., 180. „ Rev. W. B., 178. Claxton, 84, 85, 125. Clay, 34, 90, 92, 110, 115, 130. Clay-ironstone concretions, 38, 84. „ pebbles, 38, 59, 64, 84. „ with flints, 25. Clements' Mill, 118. CUona-borings, 25, 41. Clippesby, 94, 155. Clowes, Rev; T., 75, 81, 83. Clunch, 30. Coal measures. Possible occurrence of, 5, 168. Coal smut, 92. Cobbles, 129. Cockie stream, 3. Cold Bath House, 108, Coldham Hall, 152. Cold Harbour (Ludham), 65. Colkett, Mr., 140. Coll, Mr., 58. Collins, Mr., 58. Colman, J. and J., 30, 163, 164. Coftishall, 8, 12, 24, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42- 53, 59, 139, 191, 194. Cohiey, 68, 121, 122, 130, 142, 143. Concretions of iron-ore, 38, 84. Conglomerate. See Iron-pan. Contorted Beds, 112, 116, 118, 137. „ Drift, 90, 91, 112. Conybeare, Rev. W. D., 175. Cony Hill Farm, 64, Cooke, G. A., 174. Coopers Farm, 157. Coprolites, 75. Costessey, 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 67, 118, 130, 168. ■ Costessey Common, 142. Cottenham Farm, 65. Crag Formation, 4. „ Meaning of term, 32. „ Fossiliferous localities of the, 38. „ Upper, Use of term, 31, 33. „ „ Fossils of the, 41. Cringleford, 69, 90, 122, 130, 134, 144, 145, 150. Cringleford Hall, 142. Croll, Dr. J., 196, 197. Cromer, 91, 103, 124. Crompton, Rev. J., 7, 164, 184. Crosskey, Rev. H. W., 196. Crossway Farm, 106, 126. drostwick, 33, 38, 61, 76. Crow Hall, 93. Crowe, J., 169. Crowfoot, W. M., 40, 54, 55, 76, 87- 89, 133, 156) 189, 199, 201. Crown Point, 80, 124. Cubitt, W., 174,-175. D. Dalton, W. H,, 89, 133, 156, 202, Damgate Lane, 100. Darraw Green, 127. Darwin, Dr. C, 10, 181, 182. Daubers, 117. Davidson, T., 10, 180, 181, 196. Davies, W., 184, 200, 201. Dawkins, Prof. W. B., 184, 185, 187, 189, 191, 194,- 196, 200-202. Daws "Wood, 106, .126. Dead Lime, 116, 120, 137. Denny, H., 144, 182. Dentonj 91, 108, 127, 158. Denudation of Valleys, 129, 137, 146. See Inter-glacial. IJepwade, 2. Dereham, "West, 129. ,, East, 114. Dip of Beds, 5, 9. Diss, 6, 112, 154. Disturbances by glacial action, 112, 116, 118,137. Disturbed Chalk, 9, 134. Ditohingham, 38, 42-64, 85, 86, 103, 108, 132, 141, 158, 168, 176. Dixon, F., 181. „ T. I., 144. Dodmans, 112, 162. Doggers, 93, 121. Dogkennel Meadow, 131. Dove Inn, 113. Dowker, G., 20. Downham Market, 169. Dowson, B. T., 40, 54, 55, Se^ 87, 145, 160, 161, 189, 199. Doylie, Sir "W., 71, 171. Drainage areas, 2, 3. Drayton, 16, 66, 93, 98, 134, 139, 162. Drift, Contorted, 90, 91, 112. „ Glacial, 90. Dugdale, Sir W., 171, 174. DuSe's Bridge, 85. J, Farm, 108. Dulls House, 107. Duncan, Dr. P. M., 8, 10, 187, 191. Dunston, 72. * .E. Eagle stones, 28, 38. Earbery, M., 58, 171. Barlham, 12-17, 67, 68, 90, 121, 134. „ Upper Farm, 98. Earsham, 108, 127, 141, 158, 159. Baton, l2, 15, 18, 68, 90, 98, 130, 138, 142, 144, 178. Economic products, 28, 92j 117, 140, 154. Edwards, Dr. H. Milne, 10, 181. Ehrenberg, Prof. C. G., 22, 25, 178. Blephas primigenius, 128, 133, 138, 144. EUingham, 107, 127, 132, 141. 208 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTET ABOUND NOEWICH. Elliot, Dr. J., 172. Ellis, Sir H., 149. Eocene Beds, 4, 31, 139. Erosion of beds, 34, 38. See also Denudation. Etheridge, B., 10, 15, 26, 35, 40, 185. Evans, Dr. J., 145, 189, 195, 200. „ ReT. J., 173. Ewing, J. W., 68, 138, 189. F. Eairholme, G., 57, 176. Falconer, Dr. H., 40, 58, 180, 182, 185, 189. Eeatherstonhaugh, G. AV., 29, 175. Eelthoi'pe, 92, 93. . Fennell, G., 199. Eerraby, A., 165. Eirgrove Pit, 121. See Mackie's Nur- sery. Eir House, Hellesdon, 96. Eisher, Eev. O., 37, 39, 121, 134, 136, 138, 139, 148, 186, 187, 189, 191, 199, 202. Eishley, 101, 120. Eitch, Robert, 8, 10, 18, 24, 40, 56. 74, re, 136, 138, 144, 177, 178, 189, 192. Fitton, Dr. W. H., 177. Elegg, East and West, 146. „ Hundred, 148. ' Elints, 20, 30. Flint gravel, 25, 92, 128. „ „ List of fossils from the, 26. „ layers. Disrupted, 134. „ implements, 84, 110, 145. Elixton, 159. Flood gravel, 128. Floods, 149. Elordon, 9, 70, 115, 123, 159. Flower, J. W., 187, 191, 195. „ Prof., W. H., 54, 55. Eluvio-marine Crag, 31, 35, 36, 74, 83, 89, 156. Forbes, Prof. E., 17, 20, 180, 181. Forest Bed Series, 39. Formations, List of, 5. Eorncett, 9, 38, 123. . St Mary, 70, 124. ,, St. Peter, 131. Fossils of Alluvium, 144. „ of the Chalk, 8, 10. „ of Disturbed Chalk, 137. „ from the Flint gravel, 25, 26. „ in Glacial Drift, 92, 94, 95, 97, 105, 109, 115. „ of the Upper Crag, 32, 41, 58- 63,72,76,86,89. Foulger, Eev. W., 83. Fox Hole, Sa,xlingham, 70. Foxburrow plantation, 69. Framingham, 159, 169, 175. „ Earl, 124. „ Pigot, 124, 132, 159. Framlingham, 156. Eransham, Little, 114. Freethorpe, 102, 112, 119. Erettenham, 61, 180. Frewer, Mr., 30, 189. Freshwater shells from Alluvium, 145 „ from Crag, 35, Eritton, 145. EuUer, Dr., 125. Fuller's earth, 125. Fulton, H., 181. Fundenhall, 123. Furze Hill, Tharston, 9, 21, 69, 127- 129, 131, 132. G. Galls, 9, 92, 138-40, Galleries in Chalk, 28. Gaudry, A., 200. Gault, 7. Gedge, Mr. 191. Geikie, Dr. James, 129, 136, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 203. Geldeston, 86, 126, 159, 160. Ger, Eiver, 3. Gidney, B., 75. GiUingham, 126, 160. „ Dam, 153. „ Thicks, 161. Glacial Beds, 4, 5, 90. „ Disturbances, 112, 116, 118, 137. „ Drift, Shells in, 92, 94, 95, 97, 105, 109, 115. „ Sands, Lower, 33. „ Beds, Middle, 90-92, 95. „ „ Upper, middle, and lower, 90, 91. „ „ Water-bearing strata of, 154. Glaciated Chalk, 9, 134. ■ Godwin- Austen, R. A. C, 33, 36, 181, 186, 189. Grantham, R. B., 4, 148, 191. Gravel, 31, 90-92, 128, 141. „ Cannon shot, 90, 128. „ Plateau, 91, 128, 146. Green, Eev. C, 179. Greensand, Upper, 7. „ Lower, 7. Gveenwell, Canon W., 138, 194. Greenwood, Col. G., 191. Grey wethers, 91, 93. Grime's Graves, 138. Grisenthwaite, J., 173. Grove House, Thorpe, 99. „ Pit, Earlham, 67. Grubb's Haven, 146. Gun flints, 30, 177, 201 Gunn (Rev.), John, 3, 24, 34, 35, 39, 40, 55-60, 63, 70, 84, 91, 138, 139, 143, 144, 147, 164, 168, 178, 181, 182, 184-202. Gunn, Mrs., 23. „ Rev. W., 143. INDEX. 209 H. Iladdiscoe, 85, 126, 141, 161. . Haggard Street, 57. Haime, J., 10, 181. Hales, 93, 106, 126, 161. Haleswortb, 85. Halvergate, 66, 101, 102, 11%, 149, 155. HamUtou, W. J., 181. Hamlington, 65, 92, 99, 103, 119. ,, Comer, 100. Happing Hundred, 148. Hapten, 70, 103, 123, 124, 129, 131, 132. „ Hole, 70. „ West, 91. Hardley, 105. „ Cross, 2, 144. „ Hall, 85. Hardwick, 117, 127, 161. Harkuess, Prof. K., 191. Harmer, F. W., 33, 36, 40, 58, 60, 69, 76, 83, 85, 90, 94-96, 98, 100, 106, 116, 121, 124, 134-137, 145, 188, 190-196, 199, 200, 202. Harper, J. O., 144. Harrison, W. J., 201. Harrod, H., 130, 182 Hartcup,Mr., 86. Hartford Bridge, 8, 10-19, 30, 34, 35, 55, 68, 116, 120, 121, 134, 137, 138, 151, 192. Hartford Hill House, 120. Harflib, S., 135. Harwich, 168, 169. Hautboys, 56, 93. Hasingham, 77, 100. „ Broad, 4. Hatchett, C, 173. Ha-veringland, 93, 118. Havksbaw, Sir John, 3, 153. Haynford, 61, 93, 143. Heath Earm, Sprowston, 99, 166. Heathel. See Hethel. Hebert, E., 182. HecMngbam, 85, 106, 126. i Hedenham, 107, 113, 132, 161, 162. Heigham, 2, 11, 67, 140, 151, 152, 178. „ HiU, 29. Heights, 1, 2, 114, HeUesdon, 66, 96, 118, 140, 151, 162. Helmet Stnnes, 27. Helsmere Hole, 125. Hemblington. See Hamlington. HempnaU, 117, 127, 132, 145, 162. Hennam, SS. Hethel, 117, 122, 162, „ Bridge, 127. Hethersett, 90, 122, 130, 131. Hevingham, 56, 93, 143. Hewitt, W., 179, Hickling, 65, 148. „ Broad, 3, 4, 143. High Grove, Langley, 105, 125. 'JBiTl House, Hecldngham, 106. Hillington, 84, 126. Hills, 1. Q6483. Hinde, Dr. G. J., 11,21,202. Hobbs Hill Wood, 106. Holmes, T. V., 140, 203. Holms (Holmes), 141. Holverston, 125. , „ Thicks, 83. Home Cottage, 97. Honing, 65. Hooker, Sir Joseph D., 58. Hor, River, 2. Horning, 65, 147. Hornor, C» J., 111. Horsford, 92, 93, 139, 162, 172. „ Water, 127. Horsham St. Faith's, 61. Horstead, 11, 19, 23, 24, 29, 36, 38, 40, 42-53i 55,. 57, 139, 201, 202. Hoveton, 34, 61. „ Broads, 4. „ St. John, 64, 93. How Hill, 65, 94. Howe, 105, 112 132. Hoxne, 111, 145. Hughes, Prof. T. McK., 198, 207, 204. , Hull, Prof. E., 188, 194. Hundred Stream, 2. Hunstanton, 169. Huxley, Prof. T. H., 185. Hysterolites, 26. I. Icenian, 32. Ice-sheet, 124. nketsal, St. John, 110, 162. Implements, Stone, 84, 110, 138, 145. Ingate, 88. „ Mill, 128, 133. Inter- (or Intra^) Glacial Denudation, 111, 124, 137, 138. Intwood, 69,116, 122. „ Hall, 131. Iron oxides, 170. „ pan, 31, 56, 68, 74, 75, 80, 81, 88, 113, 132. Ironstone concretions, 38, 84. Irstead, 143. Ives, J., 172. J. Jamb, 34. Jecks, C, 184, 192, 193. Jeflreys, Dr. J. G., 41. Jenkins, H. M., 192. Jenyns, Rev. L., 188. John's Car, Reedham, 103. John John's Wood, 109. Johnson, M. H., 195. „ Randall, 196, 199. Jolly's Lane, Acle, 119. Jones, J., 185. „ Prof. T. R., 10, 181, 184-186, 193, 195. „ Sir W., 149, 190. Judd, Prof. J. W., 188, 193. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 22, 91, 200-203. 210 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. K. Kent, N., 173. Keswick, 30, 69, 90, 104, 122, 130, 134, 140, 163. Ket, River, 2. Ketteringham, 122, 130, 131. Kelt's Castle HiU, 72, 130, 165. King, E., 130. „ John, 10, 18, 2'6, 40, 123, 170. „ Rev. S. W., 71, 114, 184, 1^8, 189. „ Prof. W., 184. Kingsley, Rev. C, 188. Kirby Bedon, 36, 38, 42-54, 82, 124, 163. „ Cane, 107, 127, 163. „ Green, 127. Knights, M., 1.53, 198, 200. Kitton, F., 7, 11, 21, 24, 190, 191, 194, 195,200. . Kiln, Roman, 104, 114, 127. „ Grove, Yelverton, 125. L. Lakeford, 77. Lakenham, 2, 38, 69, 98, 120, 138, 163. Laminated Beds, 31, 34, 35, 38. „ Brickearth, 110. Lammas, 56. Land shells from Alluvium, 145., Langley, 93, 105, 125, 142. Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, 58, 184, 192, 193. Lawrence, T-, 71, 171. „ Mr., 157-159, 162, 165, 166. Layton, C, 104, 142. „ Rev. J., 65, 57, 175, 170. Lee, J. E., 203. Lee-Warner, Rev. H. J., 197. Leek Hill, 107. „ Wood, 127. Legrand, Mr., 156, 166. Leiodon, 8. Le Neve, P., 171. Limmer, W., 161. Limpenhoe, 78, 102. Ling's Cover, 66. Lingwood, 100, 117, 119. , Litcham, 136. Little Switzerland, 29, 58. Lives Heath, 105. Loam, Stony, 90, 91, 112. „ See Brickearth. Lockwood, W. H., 159. Loddon, 85, 93, 105, 126, 142, 143. „ Hall, 106, 106. Lodge Common Planting Pit, 64. ' Lollard's -Pit, 5, 8, 30, 73. See also Bishop's Bridge. London Basin, 4. „ Clay, 31. Long Acre plantation, Stfatton, 70. ' „ John's Road, Norwich, 98, 103, 163. Lon^ Stratton, 69, 117, 170. Lothingland, 146. Low End, 70, 123. „ Parm, Beccles, 110. „ „ Saxlingham, 70. Lowe, Dr. J., 190. ' Lowry, J. W„ 190. Lubbock, Sir JoKn, 185. „ Rev. R., 148. Ludbam, 34, 65, 92, 94, 143. „ Bridge, 144. Lupton, W. M., 184. . Lycett, Dr. J., 195. LyeU, Sir Charles, 23, 24, 32, 35, 40, 44, 54, 56, 61, 75, 81, 86, 92, 140, 147, 176-179, 184, 193. Lynn, 169. Lyson, D., 173. „ S., 173. M. McCoy, Prof. P., 180. Mackie, S. J., 184. Mackie's Nursery, 90, 93, 116, 120, 125. Magdalen Chapel, Sprowstou, 13, 18, 68, 97. Mammaliferous Crag, 32, 38. „ Stone-bed, 31, 39, 70, 75, 139. Mammoth, 128, 133, 138, 144. Manganese oxides, 170. Mann,"R. J., 179. Manning, Dr. M., 174. Manor House, Chedgrave, 105, 132. Mantell, Dr. G. A., 23, 182. Margate Chalk, 20. Markshall, 72, 104, 122, 138, 144. Marl, 28, 34, 91, 115, 117. Marsh lands, 146. Marshall, W., 172, 201. „ Mr,, 152. Marsham, 38, 56, 93, 163. Martin, Capt. J. B., 178. Mastodon, 39, 40, 55, 57, 84, 166, 189. Maw, G., 35, 90, 93, 188, 192. Mayton, 57. ' „ Bridge, 56. Melton, Little, 68, 121, 122, 130. Meres, Brooke, 117, 126. Mergin, 117. Mettingham, 108, 128, 163. Middleton, John, 40, 56. Mile End, Norwich, 121. „ Stone Covert, 118. Miller, S. H., 145, 200. Mihie-Edwards, Dr. H., 10, 181. Minerals, List of, 170. Mineral Springs, 168. Mitchell, Dr. J., 177, 178. ' „ W. S., 196. Moraine profonde, 124. Morant, A. W., 139, 140, 144, 165, 185, 193,203. Morris, Prof. J., 10, 17, 24, 115, 124, 179, 180, 181. INDEX. 211 Mosaaaurus, 8, 19. Moulton, ?8,90, 101, 119, 130. Mourning Thorpe, 127, 132, 163. Household, 4, 25, 27, 30, 38, 90, 96-98, . 105, 130, 165, 172. Moxon, C, 178. „ Rev. G. B., 179. Muck Fleet, 2. Mndgin, 117. Mulbartou, 117, 131. Mundham St. Peter, 85, 105. Munford, Rev. G., 147, 149, 179, 180, 185. MurchisoHi Dr. C, 189. „ Sir R. I., 188. Murray, J., 183. N. NaU, J. G., 117, 140, 186. Nathorst, A., 196. Neatishead, 64, 141. ,}■ Burnt Ten, 4. Neolithic' Implements, 84, 145. Newfound, 122. Newton riotman, 16, 38, 71, 113, 117. „ Hall, 71. Newton, Prof. A., 184. . „ E.T., 10, 19, 40, 59, 60, 69, 70, 200-203. Nogdam End, 85. Norfolk Crag, 33. Norris, Mr., 143. Norton, H., 23, 37, 80, 198-200, 203. Norton (Subcourse), 85, 106. Norwich, 2-19, 26-30, 67, 69, 72, 90, 98, 121, 130, 134, 136, 138-144, 146- 148, 169, 174-176, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, 201, &c. Norwich Brickearth, 96. „ Chalk, Age of, 8, 21, 25. „ „ Fossils, 8, 10. „ Crag, 5. „ „ First use of term, 32. „ „ Fossils of the, 32, 41-56, 58-63, 72, 76, 86, 89. „ „ Relations of, to Glacial Beds, 38, 90, 104. „ „ Series, 5, 31, 154.. j, Floods in, 150-153. „ Cemetery, 67, 165. „ Sewer Works, 124, 139, 144, 155. „ Springs at, 168. „ Union Workhouse, 67. „ Water supply of, 155. „ Wells in, 163-165. Nyst; H., 178. o. Oakland House, Cringleford, 69, 134. Oby, 120. Ochre, 84, 140. Oliver Broad, 4. Oolitic Bocks, 169. Orfeur, J., 198. Owen, Prof. R., 10, 56, 179-181, 183, 186, 192. Oxnead, John of, 147, 149. P. Page, Sir T. H., 173. Paget, C. J., 177. „ [Sir] J., 177. Palseolithic Implements, 110, 111, 145. Palaeozoic Rocks, 6, 168, 169. Palmer, C. J., 195. D., 157-163; 167. Pan, Iron, 31, 56, 68j 74, 75, 80, 81, 88, 113, 132. Panxwortb, 65, 90. „ Stream, 2. Faramoudras, 22, 129, 174, 178, 203. Park Farm, Burgh Apton, 85. Park Farm, Hevingham, 56. Parker, J. H., 129. „ W. K., 184, 186, 195. Parkinson, J., 23, 28, 32, 39, 175. Peafield, Norwich, 98. Peat, 141, 143. Peaty Mill Dam, 4, 65. Pebbly sands and pebble beds, 31, 63, 78. Fedham, 4, 65. Pengelly, W., 184, 197, 202. Pennant, T., 173. Penning, W. H., 22, 90, 115, 116, 135, 198. Petrified kidneys, 129. Petrifying spring, 168. Pewter Hill, 127. Phillips, Prof. J., 33, 38, 179, 182-184. „ J. A., 203. „ W., 175. Fholas-borings, 85, 39, 76, 81, 83. Physical Features, 1. „ Geography, 146. Pightling, W., 57. Pipes, 9, 116, 134, 138-140. Fit-dwellings, 130. Pitt, R. C, 55, 66, 61, 65, 75, 81, 178, 179. Plateau Gravel, 90, 91, 146, * Playfair, Dr. L., 94, 180. Pliocene, 4, 31. Plumstead, 90, 92, 103, 165. „ Great, 118. „ Little, 75, 99, 166. ■ „ Hall, 99. ,, „ (Blofleld), 100. „ Stream, 3. „ Street, 75, 99. Pockets, Sandy, in Chalk, 136. Pockthorpe, 4. Poringland, 1,25,55,113, 114, 116, 132, 166. Post-glaeial, 128. Postwick, 2, 12, 13, U, 18, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41-.'iS, 75 lOa m, 136, 142, 151. • • 212 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY ABOUND NORWICH. Postwiek grove, 144. „ Hall, 142. Pot-stones, 22, 129, 174, 178, 203. Potter Heigham, 65. Prestwich, Prof. J., 5, 31, 33; 36, 37, 40, 55, 59, 60, 62,73-75, 82, 111, 154, 169, 183, 193,194,203, Priffg, H., 188, 192, 203. Pudmngstone, 70, 85. Pulham, 117. Q. Quartz, 170, 107. Quill, T. M., 156. Quinton, J., juu., 153. R. Race, 107, 112. Kaokheath, 38, 42-53, 61-63, 99. ,, IGln, 24. Eaveningham, 106, 113, 126. Bail-vrays, Beccles to Ipswich, 133. „ Norwich to Cromer, 64, 75, 99,118, 143. „ Norwich to Ipswich, 72, 98, 104, 123, 131. ;, Norwich to Wymondham 121, 131, 138. „ Norwichto Yarmouth, 75-77, 79, 102, 103, 118, 141. „ Trowse loop-line, 69, 120. „ Waveney Valley Line, 85, 141. „ Wroxham to Keepham, 56, 67, 60, 93. „ Wymondham and Forncett branch, 70, 104, 123, 124, 129. ,i Yarmouth and Stalham, 65. Eainthorpe Hall, 142. Kamsay, Prof. A. C, 200. Rands, 4. Eanworth, 65. „ Broads, 4. Bead, C. S., 92, 117. Reading Beds, 31. Re-constructed Chalk, 106, 135, 155. Redman, J. B., 185. Red Well Street, Norwich, 168. Reedham, 79, 102, 103, 119, 142, 147. Hills, 79, 103. Reeve, James, 40, 57, 60, 63, 74, 82, 83, 193, 201. Reid, Clement, 40, 50, 54, 56, 60, 65, 67, 85-88,91, 103, 105-110, 113-115, 123, 124, 126-128,133, 136,136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 156-163, 165-167, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204. Repps, 94. Rhmoceros, 144. Richards, W., 174. Rigbone Hill, 109. Ringsfield, 109, 128, 166. Rigby, Dr. E., 124, 159, 169, 174, 175. RipponHaU, 163. Rivers, 2, 147, 149, River Gravel, 141. „ Valleys, 129, 137, 143, 146. - Robberds, J. W., jun., 69, 80, 82, 83, 141, 147-149, 175, 176. Robertson, D., 148, 192, 196. Rockland St. Mary, 83, 84, 91, 110- 112,115, 116, 125, 192. „ Broad, 4. Roman kilns, 104, 114, 127. Bonds, 4. Rookery Farm, Plumstead, 75. Roos Hall, 88. Rosary Cemetery, Norwich, 165. Rose, Caleb B., 7, 9, 20, 22, 87, 164, 176, 177, 179, 182-185, 188, 190, 192. Round Towers of Norfolk, 129. Boyston, 135. Runton, 129, 145. S. Saddle-shaped distm-bance at Whitling- ham, 134. St. Benedict's Abbey, 65, 141, 147-149. St. Faith's, Horsham, 61. „ Norwich, 141. St. James's Pit, Norwich, 13-17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29, 72, 140. St. John Ilketsal, 110, 162. St. Peter's, Hoveton, 64. St. Vedast, 141. St. Walstan's Well, 168. Salhouse, 38, 65, 99. „ Broad 4. Salt-works, 149. Sandberger, Dk C. L. F., 193, 203. Sands, Glacial, 90-92. Sand-galls, 9, 92, 138-140, „ pipes, 138-140. Sandstone, 93, 98, 104, 121, 126. Sanford, W. A., 187. Savin, A. C, 200. Saxlingham, 3S, 105, 125. „ Nethergate, 55, 70, „ Thorpe, 142, Saxmundham, 156. Scenery, 1, 146, 17?. Scott, Miss, 167. Sco-Ruston, 93. Scotton, 92. Scrobicularia-bed, 83. Sedgwick, Rev. Prof. A., 176, 183. Seeley, Prof. H. G., 183-185, 186, 192. Seething, 132, 191. Sewage-works, Norwich, 124, 139, 144, 155. ' Sharman, G., 10. Sharpe, D., 10, 182. Sheets Hill, 104, 132, Shells, See Fossils, INDEX. 213 Shepherd s Cottage, Hellesdon, 66, 67, 96. Shipmeadow, 109, 128, 166. Shottesham, 38, 71, 104, 113, 125, 169. „ All Saints, 9. „ St. Mary, 132. Sizeland, 126, 133. Skates Hill, 105. Skertohly, S. B. J., 30, 91, 110, 111. 115, 116, 129, 136-138, 14S, 198^ 202. Smallburgh, 90, 94. Smith, J. Toulmm, 10, 180. „ WilUam, 32, 39, 55, 80, 173, 174, 179, 183. SmockmiU Common, 71. Soil, Analysis of, 94. Sollas, Prof. W. J., 20, 21, 198, 203, 204. Sorby, Dr. H. C, 21, 181. Sothem, S. C, 60, 63, 71, 77, 82, 125. Southwell, T., 148. Southwood, 78, 101, 119. Sowerby, J., 32,82,174. J. deC, 115. Spalding, F., 201. Spelman, Sir H., 171. Spinny, Thorpe, 99. Spitalfields, 98. Spixworth, 38, 61, 166. Springs, Mineral, 168. Spring Farm, Attlebridge, 66, 118, 130. Sprows-pits, 122. Sprowston, 14-17, 68, 90, 96, 116, 138, 166. Squires, P., 170, 175. Stalham Broad, 4. Stark, W., 178. Stevens, E. T., 193. Stevenson, G., 175. „ H., 193. Stewpond Car, 59. Stock, D., 85, 176. Stockton, 107, 126, 166. - Stoddart, W. W., 190, Stokesby, 120, 143. Stoke Holy Cross, 8, 9, 10, 13-16, 19, 38, 55, 71, 104, 139, 140, 167. Stone bed, 31, 39, 70, 75, 139. Stone Hills, 8, 28, 67. „ „ Farm, 67. « Stony Loam, 90, 91, 112. Stow Park Farm, 108, 158. Strata, Table of, 5. Stratton, Long, 69, 117, 170. „ St. Michael, 70, 113, 117, 127, 167. „ Strawless, 38, 56. Streak in Boulder Clay, 124. Strumpshaw, 1, 25, 77, 90, 100, 114, 119,129. Strumpshaw Broad, 4. Stuart, Prof., 198. Subsidences of land, 9, 139. Suilingham, 81, 34,39, 55, 91, 110-112, 116, 142, 152, 196. „ St. Mary, 83, 182. „ St. Saviour, 5, 83, 125, 132. Surliugh^m Broad, 4. SutcUfF, Mr,, 156, 166. Sutherland, Dr., 137. Sutton, F., 121, 154,155, 163, 186,202. Sutton, 65, 94. SwafEham, 114. Swainsthorpe, 1 13, 116,122, 131,134, 135, 187. Swan, Mr., 159. Swan Bank, 141. Swan's Grove, 132. Symonds, Bev. W. S., 190. T. Tasburgli, 9, 70, 127, 129, 132, 134, 147. Tase, River ; see Tese. Tate, Prof. li., 24. Taverham, 93, 130, 134, 156, 167. Taylor, I. O. Howard, 75. „ J., 177. „ Dr. J. E., 10, ?5, 33, 36, 40, 55, 68, 71, 72, 75, 80-82, 93, 97, 105, 112, 118, 121. 134, 137, 139, 140, 144, 148, 155, 165, 186-188, 190- 195, 199. Taylor, B. C, 23, 32, 55, 72, 81, 82, 116, 138, 147-149, 165, 175, 176. Teall, J. J. H., 197. Telford, T., 175. Tellina Balthica, 33. 37. „ „ Crag, 32. Tertiary, 31. Tese, River, 2, 147. „ Valley, 152. „ „ Crag of the, 69. Tharston, 14, 69, 113, 123, 127, 167. „ Furze Hill, 9, 21, 69, 127- 129, 131, 132. Thetford, 110, 112. Thlckthorn, 122, 130, Thomson, Sir C. Wyville, 22. „ Dr. R. D., 180. Thomsonite, 170. Thorpe {Norwich), 2, 10-19, 24, 26, 30, 33-35, 38, 39, 41-55, 73, 82, 98. 116, 118,138,140,142,144,151, 170, 178, 193, 194. Thorpe Hamlet, 2,4, 8, 10-19,26-28, 72. Thorpe Lime Kiln, 8, „ Station, Norwich, 141. Thorpe-next-Haddiacoe, 106. Thuriton, 126, Thurne, 94, 120. „ Eiver, 2. Thurton, 93, 105, 125, 132. Thwaite, 117, 167. „ Spring, 105, 168. Tidal Influence, 3. Tindall,B., 184. TivetshaU, 117. Todd, J. T., 55, 166. Toft Monks, 86, 106, 126. 214 GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AROUND NORWICH. Topsroft, 117. Trevelyan, Sir W. C, 180. TrilBmer, Joshua, 24, 75, 76, 126, 140, 143, 179, 181,182,187. Trinimer, Eey. K., 187. Trimmingham, 20, 136.- Trowse, 8, 12-18^ 21, 23, 24, 38, 80, 104, 116, 124, 134, 138, 151, 152, 190, 202. Trowse, Disturbance of Chalk at, 134- 138. Hall, 80. „ Junction, 120. „ Millgate, 121, 144. Tuek's 'Wood Farm, 120. TiinstaU, 66, 101, 155. Tnnstead, 92, 94. Turner, Dawson, 57, 58. • Tyler's Hill, 85. Tylor, A., 195. u. Uncallow, 28, 57. Underwood's Pit, 5, 6. ■Uplands Mill, 157. Upton, 90, 99, 100, 102, 103, 116, 117, 119. Ussher, W. A. E., 84. Utting, S. W., 69, 135, 143, 164. Valley Gravel, 141i Valleys, Denudation of, 129, 137, 146. ' „ Depth of, 143. Vincent, Eev. W., 76. Vivianite, 170. w. Wacton, 117. Walcott, M. K. C, 183. Walford, C, 149. Walker, C, 199. "Wallich, Dr. G. C, 21, 22, 204. Walsams Wells, 168. Walsham, South, 34, 66, 90, 100, 103, 119, 149. „ Broad, 4. Wash Farm, 91. „ Lane, 110. „ „ Farm, 109, 128. Water lane, Gostessey, 118. Water Supply, 154. . Waterloo, 61. Wattle, 117. Waveney River, 3, 176. „ Valley, 141, 153. Waveney Valley, Crag of the, 38, 85. Waxhani, 148, 153. Wells (Water), 154. „ Natural, 168. Wensum, River, 2, 155. Valley of, 146, 152, 196. „ „ Cragofthe, 38, 66. Westleton Beds, 31, 33, 59, 73, 85. Weston, 110. Weyboum, 91. Crag, 32. Weyhrigg, 148. Whitaker, William, 9, 23, 66, 67, 75 80, 105, 112, 118, 123, 135, 140, 156, 164, 166, 171, 201. White earth pit, Bockland, 84, 112. Whitesley Sound, 4. Whitlingham, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 30; 33, 38, 39, 42-55, 80, 82, 137-139, 178, 189. Whitlingham, Cave, 29. „ Disturbance of Chalk at, 134, 135, 136. Wickhampton, 79. Wigham, J. B., 68, 178. „ R., 40, 65. Wilson, P., 185. Wiltshiije, Eev. T., 183, 192. Winston Hall, 107. Winterton, 148. Wiseman, B., 173. Witton, 2,76, 118. Womack Broad, 4. Wood, Searles V., 33 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 52, 56, 57, 60-62, 74, 76, 82, 86, 156, 178, 179, 181, 187, 195, 199, 202. Wood, Searles v., jun. 33, 36, 40, 60, 71 , 73, 74, 81, 83, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 111, 116, 118, 124, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137, 185-188, 190-196, 198, 199, 201, 203. Woodbastwick, 65. „ Decoy, 4. „ HaU, 9. Woodlands, 1. Woodrow, Mic., 148. Woods End House, 82. Woodton, 85, 107, 132. Woodward, B. B„ (sen.), 177, 180. „ B. B.,. (jun ), 84, 204. „ Dr. Henry, 28, 63^ 190. „ Dr. John, 32, 38, 172. „ Samuel, 10, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 41, 44,57, 58, 69, 72- 76, 80, 82, 83, 85,114 -116, 121, 124, 125, 129, 138,143, 147,148,167,170, 173, 176, 177, 180, 202. Woodward, Dr. S. P., 8, 10, 17, 20, 25, 28, 32, 33, 40, 56, 69, 71, 74, 76, 115, . 179, 182, 184, 185. Woolpit, 103. Woolwich and Beading Beds, 31. Wren Park, 67. Wrenningham, 129, 131, 167. Wright, Dr. T., 10, 17, 18S. Wroxham, 6, 31, 33, 36, 42-54, 59, 62, 142, 143, 191, 196, 197. „ Broads, 4. Old HaU, 29. INDEX. 215 Wroxham Station, 64. Wyatt, J., 189. Wymondham, 128, ISO. Y. Tare, River, 2, 147, 176. „ VaUey, 141, 152. „ „ Cragofthe, 38, 68. „ „ Denudationof the, 124. Yarmoutb, 31, 95, 146. Yelloly, Dr., 69. Telrerton, 117, 124. YoueU, Mr., 160,161. Young, A., 117, 178. z. Zones in the Chalk, 20, 25. „ in the Crag, 33, 36, 37, 82. LONDON: Printed by George E. Eteb and Wii-I'IAM Spottis-woodb, Printers to the Queen's most Bxcellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [15729.— 500.— 1/82.] § % I 1 I ^...H 1 i- ^ ■;4 PLATE I. Fig. 1. — Section across Nokwich. (See p, 4.) Distance, one mile. 6. Alluviiuu. 5. Valley gravel. 4. Sand and gravel - - - " | Glacial Drift. 3. Bnckearth (stonvloam) - - -J 2. Upper Crag (Norwich Crag Series). 1. Chalk with flints. Fig. 2. — Section from Earlham to Acle, to show the Inclination of the Chalk, and the probable position of the Eocene Strata. (See pp. 5, 9, 31.) ScEtle, 4 miles to one inch. 5. Glacial drift and upper crag. 4. Eocene strata ? 3. Chalk. 2. Upper greensand and gault. / 1. Unknown strata. (Palaeozoic?) Q 6483. PLATE II. Fig. 3.— Pit neak St. Matthew's Church, Thorpe Hamlet ; called ALSO THE Bishop's Bridge Pit, or Lollard's Pit. (See pp. 5, 30, 73.) 6. Sand and coarse gravel ----- "1 Glacial Drift. .5. Brick»aTth (stony loam) - - - - - "J 4. Pale grey and yellow sand and fine shingle 3. Streaks of laminated clay - - " L Upper Crag. 2. False-beddei brown and yellow sand and shingle, with " stone- r f ^ hed" at base ------ 1, Chalk witb flints. ^1' Fig. 4.— Section at Coltishall. (See p. 59.) 4. False-bedded pebble-gravel and sand 2. Laminated clay, with bed of sand (3) . - - - L Upper Craff 1. False-bedded sand, gravel, and shell-beds (s), with seams of clay f ^^ ^' and clay pebbles - . . A. Chalk with flints and paramoudras. i}' Fio. 6.— Pit near Wroxham Park. (See p. 62.) 4. Sand and pebbly gravel - - . - 3. Shell-bed (impersistent), sand and gravel - . _ 1 xj Cras 2. Laminated clay and sand - - - r 1 r B- 1. Sand and sbell-bed - A. Chalk with flints. ;}■ Fig. 6. — Pit n-orth-west op Shepherd's Cottage, Hellesdon. (See p. 66.) 8. Warp. e: I^yta^""' . : : : . :}aiacial Drift. 5. Yellow sarid and laminated clay - - - -"] 4. Yellow and white sands, with irony veins - - -| 3. Fine gravel and sand - - - - "Lttp 2. Rather coarse pebble-gravel and sand - - - .^ Upper urag. 1. Pebble-gravel or shingle made up chiefly of flint, with a few [ pebbles of quiirtz and quartzite. Veins of ironstonfe - -J Fiff. 3 Pit nmr Thorpe }I(vnleZ CJuurh. TJatrll. Fig. 4-. Section. aX Gliiskall Fig 5 Pit ncttr PProxJianh. Park 1 ^ i .:iii3i£iS£^'^Si3*^^-;^£rf4^-''- ^-"- '^A Fig. 6. Pit N.W. of Shepherd's frlicu/e, BeUesclon . 8 7 6 I- 3 Fig 7. Sirtion cU Ucu-tford Bridije- J-'ui ;\S/Ttt0?i at t]if Thrq>K Limr-lilii iirnr Aonvuk 3 ~r^~^ •^ , ''" r:>^../'-- \\ ''I i: Fyj 9. Scftioii III ]\'lnthri Glacial Drift. 1. False-bedded sand - - - -J Fig. 13. — Pit South-east of Hamlington Chubch. (See pp. 99, 103, 119.) D. Gravelly soil. C. Chalky Boulder Clay - - B. Buff false-bedded sand - - - - J. Glacial Drift. A. Brickearth (stony loam). :}' Fig. 14. — Pit Noeth-West of Upton Chuech. (See pp. 90, 100, 103, 119.) 3. Chalky Boulder Clay - -' - 2. Sand - - - }. Glacial Drift, 1. Brickearth (stony loam), with nests of sand :}• Flff //. Si-clicii 111 SiirhiKiliiun W'voil I'lalv 11' Fu/. IZ Sf'iijpii cU 3fa(:ki)'i\- Arrrsfi-w iVfutvich , V vr~ ^ v'^i;/. Ix Pit Smtlr- Ciisl ol Hainluujtoa CIut/-i:k J3 -C- -~~:-^£D Fly Ik J'n Monk /l>.v? of (■ptm OMrch. Wljlijp;-- (Bealoj^xcsi^txxhie^icfC (Bn^imif ^@Stal«^. P/ati- Fig 15 White Earth Pit.RocMaiul (Pit li mi Map ) Fig. /6\ Map vi' pit ft i:t' SrirHnf/^iii/n I \Bcvlda- Hay m'^" Brirkforfh [_"-j J'A.Vdnvirh fJTi^ Srfdf abvat 4 inrkct tv fmt nnJz . PLATE V. Fig. 15 White Earth Pit, Rockland, (PitE. on Map, fig. 16.) F. Loamy soil. E. Brown clay with patches of Chalky Boulder Clay D. Blue clay . . - ^ C. Chalky gravel - - - r - - - }■ Glacial Drift. B. Greyish yellow laminated clay (contorted in places) A. Chalky Boulder Clay - - - - - Fig. 16. — ^Map of Part of the Parishes of Suri.imgham and Rock- land. (See p. 111.) PLATE VI. Fig. 17.— Section at Suelingham ; Pit A. on Map, Fig. 16, Plate V. (See pp. 111,116.) Glacial Drift. 4. Brown clay and gravelly loam resting in hollows on bed below," with patches of Chalky Bonlder Clay at the western end 3. Very stiff unctuous blue clay, with streaks of mottled reddish- brown clay, micaceous and sandy in places, rudely laminated. Alternations of blue and brown clay - . 2. Brown and yellowish-grey laminated micaceous sand and clay, with hard-jointed beds - 1. Yellow sa,nd . - ' - . . - Upper Crag. Pig. 18. — Section at the Brickyard by Home Cottage, Sprowston. (See p. 97.) h. Stratified gravel and sand, in places much false-bedded - -~\ a. Stony loam containing pockets and contorted nests of buff sand, | with carbonaceous specks. The loam passes downwards into ^ Glacial Drift, a bluish-grey chalky clay, and attains a thickness of 30 feet j (base not seen) - - - - -J >t 4 f I 1 s 1 "IS '; ".i.-v/ ■s ,1 * . ($edo^ied^vtxbi^0i (^n^imb &@laU^. J'l^ ^^" J^t^. 19. Secticm. at JleBiersett .. -•^7^?^ iji^ia^iig^ ^■^^t^^' e"- — s — *• ' a t^^!^ ?^^^^? f^-^'e ■'.'.';,• .-^°.V- '• "/. ^ :'■.■ A BSJj°-:;. --";.. '^ •'-'.rv'T^ rr^^T^^ -'■'-.■: * . u « ' V . ■,'.c .;■ <■■ =■ ■ • «". fl. /J^. ^(9. Section at the Brickyard^ South, of Swainsilwrpe. Fig. Zf. HaiZway- aUti/iif west of ffapton. D v^>^-> ^ f^r ■-- '&.: g^^-gJ jS^ScA^jg^i:^— -;r£-- ^f_^ - ^-^ ■'?;— ^sr*fifrn: Fit/. 2Z . Bailway- catting near Low End^, SoufJv of ffapton . mM ( PLATE YII. Fig. 19. — Section at Hethkrsett. (See pp. 90, 131.) i. SoU ■ h. Angular and rolled graTel - ... g. Coarse buff and brown sand - - . . /. Angular and rolled gravel and sand - - e. Sand ----- d. Gravel ... .... t. Very coarse boulder gravel and finer grave), -with included bed of sand - - - - . 6. Buff sand, with seams of chalky sand «. Coarse gravel (base not seen) - - ' Glacial Drift. Fig. 20.-^Section at the Brickyard south op Swainsthorpe Rail- way Station; in the Parish of Newton Flotman. (See pp. 71, 113, 116.) 5. Brown clay ... . .~j 4. Chalky Boulder Clay. Veins of chalky sand, impersistent 3. Brickearth; bluish-grey clay and loam, with few stones, many I _,, •,!->•& nests of sand, much contorted - - . . f Glacial Unit. 2. Sand and loam in alternate bands ; laminated and slightly con- I torted - - - - - . .J 1. !False-bedded buff and white sand, with few stones - - Upper Crag. Fig. 21. — Railway-cutting west of Hapton. (Seep. 124.) Height, about 25 feet. Distance, about 1 chain. D. Brown loam - - - - - -"| C. Bluish-grey mud, with streaks of Chalky Boulder Clay - - I Glacial Drift. B. Chalky Boulder Clay - - - .J A. Sands - - - - - Upper Crag, Fig, 22 Railway-cutting near Low End, south op Hapton. (See p. 123.) Height, from 25 to 30 feet. Length, about 6 chains. d. Gravelly soil ... ' " 1 Glacial Drift b. Chalky Boulder Clay passing into c. Brown clay or stony loam - J o. Grey or yellow sands and pebbly gravel ; in places contorted - Upper Crag. ' PLATE VIII. Fig. 23.— Section near Keswick Mill. (See p. 140.) C. Chalky gravel and rubble. B. Coarse and fine graVel and sand, A. Cbalk with flints. Fig. 24.— Section op a Chalk Pit at Trowse. (See pp. 80, 135.) I. Surfece-soil. (2 to 3 ft.) S. Brown clay - - - - - G. Sand with veins of fine gravel (10 ft.) F. Coarse gravel . . - - E. Sand with pebbly seams, shells, and bands of clay - ' D. Laminated clay, with " stone-bed " and shells at base - C. Chalky loam, lying on atmospherically eroded surface of B, B. Be-coustructed chalk, with drift pebbles - - - A. Chalk, with flints andparamoudias ; into which galleries have been driven. Glacial Drift. " '-Upper Crag. -1 Glaciated J Chalk. Fig. 25.— Section of a Chalk Pit at Trowsb. (See pp. 135, 136.) G. Chalky marl - - - , . F. Sandy and pebbly marl, and re-constructed chalk E.„ Rubbly chalk and sand - - D. Laminated loam and marl, contorted C. Sandy pockets - - B. Chalk, with broken flints (disturbed) . . - A. Chalk, undisturbed. Total thickness of beds shown, about 50 feet. (The Section, fig. 24, is seen in the distance.) Glaciated Chalk and Glacial Drift.