PL 1 4001 .K321I |H36 1896 Gift of Rev. Roger Cummings CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 924 091 188 296 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924091188296 A GRAMIVIAR OF THE KACHIN LANGUAGE, BY REV. O. HA.NSON. RANGOON. AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, F. D. PHINNEY, SUPT. 1896. I'i •r^ 1, PREFACE. Thiis attempt to explain the laws of the Kachin language does not pretend to be exhaustive in all its details. Nei- ther do we wish to be dogmatical upon any of the numerous points, where further investigation no doubt will throw new light. All the help at present available has been utilized, but owing to the great uncertainty that every- where confronts us, any one attempting a work like this must to a great extent rely solely upon his own judgment. The system of writing employed i-^ that adopted by the Government of India, to which has been added a few explanatory notes. No alphabet adapted to the needs of an alien tongue will ever do full justice to the same, until it has grown into and become one with the language itself In spelling and pronunciation we have mostly relied upon the opinions of such Kachins as have been able for some time to use the system employed. Some of the Kachin sounds are extremely difficult for a European ear to get correctly. Where a number of educated Kachins agree upon a given point, their judgment can as a rule be relied upon and followed. The Southern Kachin, or Ohinghpaw, as spoken in the Bhamo district has been taken as our basis. Still we have everywhere attempted to call attention to the differences, both in pronunciation and idiomatic usages, found in differ- ent localities. All we hope is that this work may prove a guide to further study of this difficult but interesting dialect. 0. H. Bhamo, May, 1896. J 3 B O ^ KACHIN GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTION. 1. The Kachin, or more properly the Jinghpaw, or Chinghpaw, language, comprises one of the branches of the great ' Mongolian family. In its nature and genius it is strictly monosyllabic, but many indications are at hand to show that it. has entered upon its agglutinative stage. Its Gram- mar agrees in the main with the rest of the dia- lects belonging to the same stock, and its vocabu- lary presents a strong relationship with Burmese, Shan and Chinese, Other dialects kindred to Kachin are also spoken in Upper Burma, of which the most important are Maru and Atsi, the one known as Lashi being but a modification of the latter. The origin of these dialects would be an interesting subject in itself, but must as yet be regarded as undetermined. 2. The vocabulary in Kachin is not as meagre as has often been asserted. It must contain about 12,000 words, which is sufficient to express more than ordinary thought, and to describe almost any phenomenon in everyday life. Its grammar is remarkably full and even exact, and not without serious difficulties to a western mind. To think and speak as a Kachin is no e^sy matter, and the main trouble in understanding even ordinary Kachin must be sought in the fact that the full force of their numerous particles and other gram- matical peculiarities have not been sufficiently mastered. 8. The Kachins, nevef having been a literary people, being broken up into a great number of b KACHIN GKAMMAB,, tribes, clans and families, cannot be expected to agree with each other in all particulars regarding pronunciation or vocabulary. More or less impor- tant differences may be noticed in almost every village, or at least among every family and tribe- To treat of all these diff'erences and peculiarities would be an endless and useless task. It will be necessary, however, to point out the general varia- tions, characterizing and distinguishing the repre- sentative branches of the whole Kachin race. 4. For the sake of convenience, we will divide the whole Kachin race m upper Burma into three great divisions, which we will call, the Southern Chinghpaws, the Cowries, and the Northern Chinghpaws, without attempting any definite de- marcation for either, and in a general outline notice the chief differences in their otherwise common language. (1) S. Chinghpaw. Cowrie. {a) Difference of vocabulary : Dai, to be sharp ; Jung. Hkali, fever ; Ara. Madi, to be moist ; Ke. Lasi, to be lean ; Makhru. Upreng, a quail ; Galik. Anhte, we ; I or i hteng. Nanhte, you ; Ni or ni hteng, A, sign of the genitive ; Ya or ye. Ai, a general connective; De. (b) Use of different performatives : Bungli, work ; Mangli. Gintawng, the morning star; Kantawng. . Shingtai, a worm ; Dungtai. Nhtu, a sword ; Ninghtu. Nbung, wind ; Mabung. Kem. The use of ning in Cowrie where the S. Ching. has n, is very common. The n should be considered an abbreviation of ning. Thus the Oowrie INTRODUCTION. would say ninghtoi, where the S. Ching. use nhtoi- (c) Different use of aspirates and latials : Hkyen, to cut jungle ; Shen. Hka, a river ; Kha. JVTahkawn, a maiden ; Makhawn. Hpun, wood ; Pfun. Hpan, to create ; Pfan. Pyaw, to feel happy ; Praw. Rem. The use of the aspirates, just illustrated, which runs all through the Cowrie dialect, must be considered one of its chief characteristics. (d) Different use of final letters and syllables Ma, a child ; Masha, a person ; Kabawng, to burst ; Majaw, because ; Na, from ; ■ Mang. Mashang. Kabum. Majoi. ' Nai.. Malut, tobacco , Malawt. (e) Use of Chinese words introduced into Cowrie : Hking, a saddle ; Jarit, food for a journey ; Shian. Shizau. (2) The differences between the S. and N. Chinghpaws are to a certain extent the same as those between the S. Chinghpaws and the Cowries. The Kachins north of Myitkyina, on both sides of the Irrawaddy, all have a tendency to use the final ng where the S. Chinghpaws would end in a vowel. The use of the pronouns also more often agree with the Cowrie, than with the S. Chinghpaw. Be- sides these, the following peculiarities may be noticed : 8. Chinghpaw. (a) Use of different words Tam, to seek N. Chinghpaw. Shaman, to bless ; Noihkrat, rubber ; Shat mai, curry ; Bram. Kahtan. Ganoi. Si. a KACHIN GKAMMAR. Hpa, what ? Hkai. Gade, how many ? Galaw- Rem. This list might be somewhat enlarged, but it should not be thought that these and simi- liar words are unknown in different localities. No S. Chinghpaw would have any difficulty in under- standing one from the North, even though his own idiomatic usage may be different. (b) Different pronunciations of the same word; Chye, to know ; Chyoi or Chyeng. (c) Different usage of the same word : Ngawn, to rejoice, considered indecent by many of the N. Ohinghpaws. Num, a woman, considered disrespectful in some localities N. and also in certain cases by the S. Ohinghpaws. 5. Words introduced from kindred dialects, will naturally vary in different localities. Thus the word for taxes is generally kanse or hkansi in and around Bhamo. In the Mogaung district hpunda was often heard, and kantawk seems to be confined to Myitkyina and surroundings. The words used to designate Grovernment officials, for example, may be : du ni ; agyini; atsu pa ni;hkun ni or jau ni, all except the first being borrowed from the Burmese or Shan. 6. . The same word, even in the same locality, may have different pronunciations. Thus kdkup, a hat, may also be pronounced Idkup ; 'pungkum, a chair, lakum; nlung, a kind of root from which a yellow dye is extracted, shdlung; shinglung or pan- lung. The general tendency is to interchange I and m, j and sh. Thus Idhkam or mdhkam, a trap; jdhpatut or shdhpawt, a morning. Such peculiari- ties as, mdli mangli or bungli, work ; mala, minla or numla, a spirit, deserve attention, but do not appear to be very numerous. INTEODUCTION. 9 7. In view of the great diversity and differences in pronunciation, it will not be insisted upon that the wa,y an individual word is spelled in this work must correspond to its pronunciation by each and all of the Kachin tribes. The same must be said in regard to idiomatic usages. A very common idiom in one district may be very little used in another. Besides, the Kachins themselves distinguish be- tween the "children's language" {md go); the lan- guage in everyday use (mdioi go); and the " lan- guage of the elders" (sdlang go), and each may be said to have some distinct feature of its own. At present our only attempt is to present the general broad outlines of the language. 8. ,Some attention must here be paid to- the religious, or the nat, language of the Kachins. The definite meaning of all the terms used in con- nection with the ^at worship is not known to the average Kachin. All have a general idea as to their inapbrt, but only the "elders" {sdlang ni), the Nat-priests, (dumsa ni), the professional story- tellers (Jai wa ni), and the nat prophets {myihtoi ni), are able to give the full meaning of the vtrords and phrases they employ. ' It is a great mistake to think that the long and tirpsome raphsodies, to which a visitor to a Kachin village may have an opportunity to listen, are all a meaningless jargon. Every word and sentence has some mean- ing. No doubt a large part of this vocabulary echoes reminiscences from an earlier date, and is antiquated so far as its daily use is concerned, but a still larger part is still in use, especially among "the elders" in conversation among themselves, or in general consultations. No one can have a com- prehensive knowledge of Kachin without a fair understanding of this important and interesting part of the language. 9. The figurative and consequently, what we for want of a better term, may call the poetical o 2 10 KACHIN GEAMMAR. structure of the nat language is very marked. In conriectian with this the following points may be noticed : (a) Employment of unusual terms. Thus, water, ntsin, is here called dingru; liquor, jdru, is called hpang; an egg, udi> is called hkaklum- (b) Figurative names for common objects. Thus, water, ntsin, may be called san hpungsan, li hpungnan or lam gdlu; jdru, liqaor, may be called Idmu sdlat; udi, eggs, ham ham; wa, a hog, mdhkaw hkingyi. Rem. Often different names are employed by the dumsa, jai wa and myihtoi. Thus mdhkaw hkingyi, a hog, would by many be called myihtoi ga, "prophetical language", while a phrase such as ji nma hpri nhpra, "before the beginning" would be called jai wa ga, "the story letter's language." (c) The parallelismus membrorum, or the at- tempt to unfold the same thoug^at in two succes- sive parallel members of the same division: Shalung mahtan yin nga ga ; Shala mahtan hpyin sa wa ga ; Akawng ginngai ya du ga ; Marawn gindai ya pru ga ; "Let us pass the Shalung tree ; Let us go by the Shala tree ; We will arrive at the low hill ; Let us go forth to the high hill." Hkauka ningshan manau n rat, Si myan ari hta gau n hkrat. "Dancing on the sword's edge he is not hurt. Walking on a cotton thread; he does not fall." (d) In connection with the parallelismus mem- brorum, which is the most characteristic of the religious language, may also be noticed the use of couplets. , , INTEODUOTION. 11 Wawri hpe mangaVp ; wawren hpe makawp ; Lamun lam wunli Ian; latsa lam wungau hpan. Here wawri, a cold, has as its couplet wawren; makawp, to protect, mdngawp; Idmun and Idtsa, a hiindred ; wUnli and wungau, blessing, and Ian and hpan, to create, are all couplets. A structure like the following is also very common : Ja li la ni hpe, ngai gun ring ring, Ja tsen ma ni hpe, ngai hpai ding ding. "I take perfect care of golden youth, I guard the golden maidenhood." (e) A certain attempt to metre and also rhyme : Tsingdu : "ngai nau nem, Tsingman : ngai nau gyem, Htaw Matsaw ga n dap, Ntsang ga n hkap." 10. It should not be supposed that every nat priest repeats the same formula verbatim et liter- atim, as his predecessors or associates in the pro- fession. The general outline is the same every- where; but the form of the vocabulary is left to a large extent to the choice of the dumsa himself. Thus here as everywhere else, it would be difficult to say exactly what is the standard to follow, and must for the present at least be left to the indi- vidual judgment of each one interested in the strange beliefs and traditions of an equally strange people. Abbebviations. The following are some of the abbreviations used : — a. .- Adjective. adv. . . Adverb or adverbial. coup. .. Couplet. comp. .. Compare. 12 KACHIN GEAMMAE. ex. -. Example. gram. . . GramTnar. inter. .- Interrogative. n. .. Noun. N.L. . . Nat or religious language. num. .. Numeral. par. .. Particles. per. .. Person. plur. .. Plural. pron. .. Pronoun or pronominal. Bern. .. Remark. sing. . . Singular. ORTHOGRAPHY. 13 PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. The Alphabet. § 1. The Kachin Alphabet contains fourteen vowels, and thirty-one consonants, or in all forty- five elementary sounds. § 2. Powers of the Kachin vowels. Vowels. a u Sound of a, as in father. Represents a varying vow- el sound, always some- what suppressed. Short sound of e, as in ten, met. Long sound of a, as in ale. Sound of ay, as m prayer. (a) Sound of i, as in ma- chine, when standing alone, or at the end of a word or syllable. (A few exceptions are here found.) (b) As initial or in the middle of a^syllable, it takes the short sound of i, as in tin. Nearly the long sound of o, as in old. Sound of 6, as the Ger- man moglich, or almost that of u in murky. (a) Sound of oo, as in moon, when initial, by itself or at the end of a word or syllable. Examples. La, to take. Galaw, to do; Ma- gwi, an elephant. Rem. to tend. Be be, in vain. Hpa galaw na i ? what shall I do? Myi, the eye. Ti-nang ; Hkri- tung. Ing, to overflow ; ning, thus. Wora,that,(Comp . §35, 2, a.) Uri, a pheasant ; u, bird ; lu, to have. 14 KACHIN GRAMMAE. (b) When in the middle I^umsha, a women; of a syllable it takes the sound of oo as in mung, also. wool. ii U, as in tub, plum. ai Long sound of i, as in aisle. Mai, good. au Sound of ow, as in cow. Kau, to throw a- aw Sound of aw, as in law. way. '^ Baw, the head. oi Sound of oi, as in oil. Roi, to deride. Rem. (a) The letters 6 and li have been intro duced in order to faciliate the writing of kindred dialects. It should be noticed, however, that sounds are found in Maru, Lashi and Atsi not provided for in this system. (b) The usage of e as distinct from e is some- what doubtful. The real existence of o, except as an interjection may also be questioned. The ex- ample given may also be pronounced ioawra. (c) The Kachin tones often determine, if a vowel is to- be pronounced long or short, in fact each vowel, may have as many variations as there are tones. § 3. Powers of Kachin consonants. b ch chy d g gy h J As in English. As ch m child. No equivalent in English. (Comp. Bur. cq.) As in English. Hard sound of g, as in go. A combination of hard g and y. As in English. As in English. Examples. . Ba, to be tired. Ohya, to paint. Du, a chief. Ga, the earth. G-yit, to tie. Jum, salt. ORTHOGRAPHY 15 hk kk hky 1 m n ng ny P hp Pf r s sh t ts ht As initial almost like gk ; when final like k in Eng- lish. Combination of the k and y sounds. Aspirated k. A harsli guttural sound, stronger than the Ger- man ch in madchen, used mostly by the Cowries^ instead of hk. A sound somewhat softer than ch, but varying to a great degree in differ- ent localities. As in English. Sound of m as in English (a.) Sound of n as in Eng- lish.. (6) When standing alone, or immediately preced- ing another consonant, only its pure consonant- al sound is heard. As initial without an equi- valent in Euglish, as fi- nal like ng in bring. No equivalent in English. Almost a bp sound. Aspirated p. A blending of p and f ; mostly used by the Cow- ries instead of hp. As in English. Almost a dt sound. A blending of t and s. Aspirated t. Ka, to write; htak, to guess. Kyem, to put a- side- Hka, a river. Kha, a river. Makhawn, a mai- den. Hkyet, a valley. Lam, a road. Ma, a child. Nam, a jungle. N galaw, not to do; nta, a house; n- gam, a precipice. Ngai, I ; leng, a cart. Nyet, to deny. Pat, to obstruct. Hpai, to carry. Pfun, wood. Ri, rattan. Sa, to go. Sha,. to eat. Tai, to become. Tsun, to speak. Htu, to dig. 16 KACHIN GRAMMAR. V w As in English. y z » )) Wa, to return. Ya, now. Zup, to congre- gate. Rem. (a) The tendency among the Kachins is slightly to aspirate nearly all of their dentals, gut- turals, labials and sibilants (Comp. § 4). Thus b, d, g, s, etc., are often, strictly speaking, not pro- nounced exactly as they are in English. These peculiarities vary, however, in different localities. (b) The ch sound as, different from tie hky is questionable. The pure h is never found as an initial. The sound of v which by some is pronoun- ced as vf, is by some Cowries, in certain words only, used where y would be used by the Ching- hpaws. (c) Before the labials b, p, hp and m, the per- formative n ( Comp. Introduction 4, (b) Hem- ) partakes of the m sound. I'hus nba, is often pro- nounced mba. (d) When n precedes g and y a hyphen is in- serted between these letters when they are meant to be sounded separately. Thus : n-ga; n-gam; n-gang; n-yawt. The same is true when two vowels combined as a diphthong are pronounced separately, na-um and not naum. § 4. Classification op the Consonants. The consonants may be divided into seven classes viz : — Dentals : d, j, ch, t, ht, ts. Gutturals : k, hk g, ng, kh. Labials ; b, p, hp, m, w, V, pf. Linguals : 1, n, r. Palatals : gy , ky, hky, ny, j, chy. Sibilants : s, sh, z. Aspirate : h. ORTHOGRAPHY. 17 i? 5. The Tones in Kachin. (a) The tones of the Kachin language, although not of so great importance as in Chinese or Shan, must however be carefully mastered and practised, as accuracy in speaking depends to a great extent on the power to enunciate them cor- rectly. {b) The tones often give to a vowel naturally long, a shorter sound than it otherwise would take, and vice versa. (c) Five tones are easily distinguished in Kachin, and may, for lack of better tonal marks, be indicat- ed by the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. (1) The first tone is the natural pitch of the voice, with a slight rising inflection at the end. It may be called the natural tone. (2i) The second is a bass tone ; it may be called the grave tone. (3) The third is a slightly higher tone than the second, being pronounced with an even prolonged sound : it may be called the rising tone. (4) The fourth tone is very short and abrupt ; it may be called the abrupt tone. (5) The fifth tone is somewhat higher than the third and is uttered with more emphasis ; it may be called the emphatic tone. The following words may be used to illustrate the power of the tones : Wa 1, a hut in a paddy field ; wa u, to return! to pay back ; wa 3, a male human being, a father (Comp. § 27), a tooth, the thread of a screw'; wa 4, to. weave a mat, a hog ; wa 5, to bite, an intensive verb, par., bamboo, when used in compo- sition (Comp. § 30.) Nga T, to be ; nga 3, to speak, cattle ; nga 4, to bend or incline the head, to be aslant ; nga 5, fish, a 3 18 KAC'HIN GEAMMAR. ' Taiv 2, to gamble ; taw '6, to recline ; taw 4, to be scarce ; taiv 5, A^erb. par., if, Hka \, over against ; hka 2, to bring from a short distance ; hka i, a river, water in a river or lake, to be divided ; hJca 5, a debt ; hka 5 or 2, a verbal emphatic assertative. (d) Out of a vocabulary of over 7,000 words, the following calculations may be approximately correct. About 200 words take all the tones ; 1,000 or more take tAvo or three, while the rest would seldom have more than one. It is not to be expected, however, that uniformity in this should be found among all the Kachins. Import- ant differences are found, even within compara- tively short distances. § 6. Formation op Syllables. Originally Kachin, like all the languages of the Mongolian stock, must have been purely monosyl- labic, as a lai'ge part of its vocabulary still shows. Nevertheless a large percentage of words are dissyllabic, and their number is rapidly in- creasing. Thus it will be necessary to notice the following peculiarities of syllabication : (a) The performative a is often used in the formation of general words. Corap. §§ 12, 3, a; 56, 2, g; 71 2, b. (ft) The syllables ding, gum^ hkum, sum, num, hpung, ning and shing, must all be regarded as general performatives, each with a peculiar force of its own. As a rule : Ding, gum and hkum point towards the agree- able, beautiful, faultless, or straight. Sum, num and hpung, carry with them the idea of fulness, completeness, abundance or grandeur. Ning and shing have a telic significence. OBTHQGEAPHY. 19 Rem. The ning and num are often abbreviated to n; s^iM^ often becomes shd; ding and ^^i-mw become da or gd. (c) According to our system of writing tlie performatives, g&,ka, hJca, la, ma, hpa, etc., ouglit also to be regarded as short syllables. Gra-law; hka-nu; hpa-htan. {d) The n before a hyphen, or when serving as the sign for the negative, or as a pronominal par- ticle, being an abbreviation of nang, ning or nwn, should be regarded as a short syllable. Oomp. §<$ 3, Rem. d; 67, a; 65, a. Rem. For further illustrations on syllabication comp. Kachin Spelling Book, paragraphs 1 to 19. § 7. Accentuation. (a) In words beginning with any of the per- formatives ga, kd, Id, etc., the accent always rests on the ultima, such words being really in the Kachin mind monosyllabics. This is also true when case endings or other particles are added. Kasha'; kasha' gaw ; kasha' ni hpe. Kaba'; kaba' hpe ; kaba' ai gaw. Masha'; masha' gaw; masha' kaw uh. (i) In pure dissyllabic words the accent rests on the first syllable. GJ-um'ra ; num sha. The same is true when a single particle is affixed, but when two are required the accent is shifted to the ultima, and if a trisyllabic affix is used the first syllable of the affix will take the accent. Grum'ra hpe ; gumra' kaw na ; gumra kaw' una . La'sha hpe ; ' lasha' hpe gaw ; lasha kaw' de na. (c) With verbal roots of one syllable, or with any verbs, with the above mentioned performatives, the accent is retained on the ultima throughout all its forms of inflection, provided that the tense and mode particles are words of one syllable Only. 20 KACHIN GRAMMAR. If, as in some forms of the Perfect Indicative, a dissyllabic tense affix is used, the accent is trans- ferred to the first syllable of the tense particles. Sa'; sa'ai-; sa' sai ; sa ngut' ma sai. GTalaw'; galaw' sai ; galaw ngut' sai; galaw ngut' ma sai. (d) When two words, (generally verbs) are united in such a way that the last is used only to strengthen or complete the meaning of the first, the accent usually rests on the auxiliary, even though a particle should be affixed to it. Bai wa'; bai wa' u ; la kau'; la kau' ya e ; Ru bang'; ru bang' rit ; shat sha'; shat sha' myit dai. (e) In the Imperative the accent rests on the root of the verb, but when a prohibitive particle precedes (comp. § 64, 7), the stress of the voice naturally falls on this word or on its auxiliary. La' u ; sa' mu ; sa' ma rit- Hkum' galaw ; shum' sa myit ! Hkum galaw et'; hkum' mani myit ! Hkum sa wa myit'. (/) When the negative is used, the stress of tlie voice is always thrown back on the n. N' galaw lu ; n' kaja ; n mu lu. § 8. Punctuation. (a) The punctuation marks in Kachin are the same as in English, and are used in the same way as far as the principles can be carried out. , Comma. ! Exclamation point. ; Semicolon. — Dash, : Colon. ( ) Parentheses. ? Interregation point. [ ] Brackets. . Period. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. § 9. The words in the Kachm language may be divided into eight classes, viz : Nouns, Adjec- tives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Postpositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections. NOUNS. § 10. The Nouns in Kachin, as in other lan- guages, may be divided into Proper and Common nouns. § 11. A proper noun is the name of some par- ticular people, person, place or thing, Ex. Jing- hpato; a Kachin ; Ma Gram the first born son ; Shingra hum, the Eden in Kachin tradition. Rem. When the names N 0am, N Naw, N La, Is! Kaxo, N Roi, etc. (Comp. app. I) with their performative Ma for children, are , used with the whole class of first, second or third born etc., as is common among the Kachins, these names may also be regarded as common nouns, but being at the same time names for individuals, when so used they come under the head of proper nouns. § 12. Common nouns are such as apply to all the members of any one class, family or kind of objects. They may be divided into four classes ; viz : 1. Primitives, or such as can be applied to each individual of a class or group of objects. Ex. nta, a house, du, a chief, gumra, a pony. 2. Compounds; these are formed by uniting : . (a) Two nouns ; Ex. ridawng, a pole, from ri, a rattan, and dawng, aJog, or something long and 22 , KACHIN GRAMMAR. round; shi laika, a newspaper, from ahi, news, and laika, a book or letter; hkddawng hkdlung, a young cricket, from hkddawng a cricket and hkdlung, the young of animals; dumsu kdsha, a calf, from durnsu, a cow, and kdsha, a young one, lit. a child. (b) A noun and a verb ; Ex. jan pru, sun rise, from jan, the sun, and pru, to proceed from. (c) A noun and an adjective ; Ex. myit kdba, pride, from ynyit, mind, and kdba, big or great. (d) A verb and a nouu, commonly united by ai or in the Cowrie dialect by de; Ex. mdsu ai md- sha, a liar, from mdsu, to lie, and mdsha, a person; shatvng npaiot, a beginning, from shawng, to be first, and npawt, a foundation. (e) A noun, verb and a noun, generally with the use of a connective; Ex. nga rem ai mdsha, a herds- man, from nga, cattle, rem, to tend, and mdsha, a person ; ujula, the one preparing the fowls at a nat offering, from u, a fowl,jM, to offer a fowl, and la a male being. 3. Derivatives, nouns of this class are formed in the following ways : (a) From roots of simple verbs by prefixing the performative a; Ex. amying, a name, from mying to name; alau a temptation from lau to tempt. (6) By the use of the performatives gd, kd, Id, md, n, etc., with simple verbs; Ex. gdsat, a fight, from sat, to fight; mdnep, a pavement, from nep, to pave; mdkam, a support, from kam, to believe or trust in. This way of forming nouns is especially common in the religious or Nat language. (c) By adding the noun shdra, a place or occa- sion, with or without the connective, to a simple verb; Ex. hkrit shdra, danger, from hkrit, to fear; sa ai shdra, occasion for going, from sa to go. Lam ETYMOLOGY. 23 uv.nalam are sometimes used m the same way as shara; sa na lam nga, there is occasion for going. (d) By the use of the connective ai and the nominative sign gaw; Ex. hkye la ai gaw, salva- tion, from hkt/e la, to save. Very often the ai is used alone in such combinations. (e) By the use of the affix hpa with a simple verb ; Ex. sha hpa, food, from sha, to eat; mau hpa, a wonder, from Wiau to wonder; lu hpa, drink, from lu, to drink. These combinations are rare. (/) A noun, Idgut, a thief, is in some dialects formed from Idgu, to steal, but seems to be without analogy. {g) A few nouns are formed by the combination of a verb and a noun, the performative of the noun being lost ; Ex. hpyen mu, a battle, from hpyen, war, and mu, from amu, work. 4. Foreign nouns, introduced from Shan, Bur- mese or Chinese. These words should not be con- founded with such roots as are common to all these languages. (Oomp. app. II.) GrBNDBR. § 13. The Kachin language recognizes three genders : masculine, feminine and common or neu- tfer as it may also be called. They may be dis- tinguished in the following ways : 1. By the use of different words, as : kawa, a father ; kanu, a mother. kdtsa, a father-in-law; kdnan, a mother-in-law. dingla, an old man ; gumgai, an old women. ngasu, a bullock ; dumsu, a cow. 2. By prefixing, lasha, male for the masculine, and numsha, female for the feminine, as : lasha ma, a boy ; numsha ma. a girl. lasha mdyam. a male slave ; numsha mdyam, a female slave. 24 KACHIN ftRAMMAE. 3. By prefixing shading, for the masc and shdyi for the fern, ms : shadinc/ sha, a son ; shai/i sha, a daughter. 4. By affixing iva for the masc. and jan for the fern, as : mddu ?va, a husband ; viddti jan, a wife. 5. The genders of brutes, birds, etc., are dis- tinguished by affixing la (Cowrie rang) for the masc. Hnd yi, and sometimes in the religious lan- o-uage hhi, for the fem., exept as shown under i 13. 1. f/wi la, a male dog ; c/ivi yi, a bitch. u la, a cock ; u yi, a hen. n la, an ox, (N. L.); u hku, a heifer, (N. L.) 6. Nouns of the conimon or neuter getider are the most numerous in Kachin, as nearly all inani- mate things would fall under this class, the ten- dency being to overlook any relation of gender, which does not consist in the distinction of the sex-es. ISTUMBEE. § 14. The Kachin nouns have regularly only two numbers the singular and the plural, but in certain instances by the help of the dc lu ai, he cannot do any- thing. Gaw is however often omitted in general usage, as the verbal particles would prevent any misunderstanding as to the person or thing i-efer- red to; ngai sa )ia nngai, I will go. (h) Gaic is often used with dai or ndai, its noun being understood but not expressed. Dai gaic, that (thing); ndai gaw jaw e, give (this near thing) to me. (Oomp. § 35. 2-a.) (c) The adversative postpositions chyam or chyawm, are commonly used before gaw, for the sake of definitness or emphasis; ngai chyawm gan\ as for me, or as regards me ; nanhte chyaiom gaw n mddat myit dai, as for you, you do not obey or, you, (ill spite of it all) do not obey. The Genitive. § 19. (a) The genitive in Kachin is generally a pure possessive, and is known by the particle a, (Cowrie ya, ye or e), affixed to the noun; shi a laika rai lu ai, it is his book ; anhtc a ntn, our house. ETYMOLOGY. 27 (h) Sometimes the noun denoting the thing possessed is repeated before and after the word representing the possessive, in which case the a is generally omitted ; ndai gumra shi gumra railu ai, this (horse) is his horse. (c) Occasionally, where the genitive is as much a genitive of quality as of possession, the a is omit- ted; ffu-i )iuw, dog's hair; shdraiv Idmi/in, tiger's claw. (d) The genitive may at times be used as a dative ; na a matu instead of nmig hpe mdtu, for you ; ngai a hpa gdlaiv n ta ? instead of ngai md- tu hpa etc, what do you do for me ? The Dative. § 20. {a) The particles of transmission are h;pe:, (Cowrie jj/e, and by some he), and kaw ; ngai hpe jaw e f give to me; ning rai shi shanhte kaw Met da sai, he gave this order to them. The hpe in common usage is often abbreviated to e; shi ejaw u! give to him. (Comp. § 23.) (&) The particle mdtu, or its couplet nidra, or both together, are used to express the person or thing in respect of whom or which anything is done; ski mdtu ngai dai gdlaw we ai, I did it for him; na nsha mdtu mdra shdrang u, persevere for the sake of your child. (c) A dative of time is sometimes especially in the religious language, expressed by the use of e, u goi gdri e, at (the time of) the cock-crowing. The Accusative. § 21. A noun in the accusative is often used without any determining particle, and is distin- guished only by its position in the sentence ; ntsin la wa rit, bring water, ngai gumra jawn nngai, I 28 KACHIN GRAMMAR. ride a pony. Hpe or hpe gaw, are however used when greater clearness is required, ngai shi hpe n tsaw nngai, I do not like him, shi hpe gaw kdning rai shdmying ya na n ni ? how will you name him ? The Locative. § 22- The locative is expressed by the use of de and e, the last particle having the force of in, at or among; ngai ivora shdra de sa mdyu nngai, I desire to go to that place; ndai hkan e hkrit shdra law nga ai, there is great danger in this vi- cinity. In certain localities the e is exchanged for ai, and the particles na and hta are used much in the same way as this locative; dai mdre hta in that city, na a myi na hpa nga n ta? what is in your eye ? The Ablative. § 23. The ablative is formed by the use of na, from, kaw nna, or de na; nye nta na, from my house; dai hpaiut shi kaw nna ngai sa ni ai, I came from him this morning; wora mdre de na, from that city. Grenerally kaw is used with per- sons, while de is impersonal. The Instrumental. § 24- The instrumental is formed by the use of hte, with; hpri hte dit u ! nail it witli iron ; nhtu hte kdhtani a ! cut with a knife. The hte is often shortened to e, or by some changed into ai in com- mon speech, nhtu e or nhtu ai kdhtam u / The Vocative. § 25. The vocative, as in Burmese, is often in- dicated by the simple stress laid on the word. Sometimes however in grave discourse the inter- ETYMOLOGY. 29 jection precedes, but more commonly the parti- cle e is affixed, mdsha ! lasha e, man ! Rem. (a) The nominative, genitive and objec- tive particles when united to the definitive adjec- tives ngai mi, iikaii mi, etc , the plural ending ni and the conditional postpositions i/ang and jang, always follow these parts, and not the noun to which they belong; gwi ngai mi gaw, one dog; wora mdsha ni hpe, those persons ; anhte sa yang gaw, if we go, shanhte ni a gumra hkum la myit. don't take their pony. (fe) It should be borne in mind that none of these particles are applied with grammatical strictness in common speech. Great freedom is exercised among the different tribes in all the peculiarities of their unsettled dialects. § 26. The most common particles indicating the cases my be illustrated in the following para- digm : — 8ing. Dual. Plural. fmasha gaw, masha yan masha ni gaw, masha chyawm gaw, masha ni chyawm gaw, ^ ^ gaw. Gen. masha a, masha yan a, masha ni a, Dat. mashahpe, or kaw, masha yan masha ni hpe or kaw, hpe. Ace, masha hpe, masha yan masha ni hpe, ! masha na, hpe, nta e, masha ni nna, masha de, masha yan na, nta ni e, Abl. masha na, or kaw masha yan nta ni de (rare), nna, na, or kaw masha ni kaw nna, nna, Instr. masha hte, masha yan hte, masha ni hte, Voc. masha e, masha yan e, masha ni e. 30 kachin geammae. Peculiaeities op the Nouns. § '21. Nouns indicating family relations have each three distinct forms showing their relation to the speaker, the person spoken to, and the per- son spoken of. Ex iva, a father; nye(ov nye a) wa, my father ; nwa, a father ; n, no doubt being an abbreviation of the 2nd per. sing, pronoun nang; na (or na a) nwa, your father ; kawa, a father, the ka, always indicating the 3rd per. sing, or plural; shi a kdiva, his father. nye sha, my child, anhte a slia, our child. na nsha, your child, nanlite a nsha, your child- shi kasha, his child, shanhte a kasha, their child. Rem. (a) Many Kachins often use the ka both in the 2nd and 3rd per. plural, thus say- ing nanhte a katva instead of mva; kasha instead of nsha, etc. (h) This use of the nouns enables a Kachin to leave out the pronouns in general conversation, without danger of being misunderstood, the person always being determined by the form of the noun. Thus, sha ni e, (my) children, instead of nye or ngai sha ni e; nshu lu n sha ni hpe, to your child- ren and grand-children- § 28. The performative a is frequently used with monosyllabic nouns in an enumerative dis- course ; ngai gaiv anga, a ja, a shan lu ai rai, I have cattle, gold and meat. § 29. The woi\ls for year, shdning ; month, shdta; and day, shdni, etc., always drop their per- formative sha in composition. Ex. mdsum ning, three years ; ning mi, one year ; kdshung ta, the cold season, lit. the cold months; nini, two days. § 30. Generic terms such as Idgat, bee, lapu, snake, lose their performative Id when one of its species is named. Thus gat gung (commonly pro- ETYMOLOGY. 31 nounced git gung), large yellow bee, instead of Idgat gung; pu hkram, the cobra, instead of Idpu hkram; kawa, baiTiboo, wa gat, the gigantochlea abbociliata. ADJECTIVES. § 31. Adjectives may precede or follow the noun. If preceding, are always connected by ai, (Cowrie de), to the following word, lasha ma kaja, a good boy ; kaja ai numsha, a good women. Classes op Adjectives. § 32. Adjectives may be divided into two ge- neral classes, viz : Descriptive and Definitive. § 33. Descriptive adjectives may be divided into two classes : 1 Primitive or underived. There are few adjec- tives of this class, all the words serving as such being verba] roots. Some of the most common are the following: be be, vain ; lila, useless; shawng, first ; hkru, good ; yawng, all ; grau, great. 2. Compounds: These are formed in the follow- ing ways : (a) By the use of the performatives gd, kd. Id, n, etc., kdmun, useless, from man, to be empty; kahta, upper, from hta, upon; kdba, big, great, from ba, to be first. To this class belong a great number of adjectives the derivation of which can not now be traced with certainty, kdji, small; gdlu, long; Idwu, lower ; kdta, inside ; nhku, inside ; nnan or ning- nan, new ; dingsa or ningsa, old ; gddun, short (6) By the reduplication of a verbal adjective; ding ding, true, from ding, to be true ; tsawm tsawm, pretty, from tsawm, to be pretty; lav lau, quick, from lau, to be quick; hpra>v hpraiv, white, from hpraiv, to be white. 32 KACHIN GRAMMAR. (c) By prefixing the performative a to a noun or a verb, achyang, black, from chyang, blackness; aka, broken, from ha, to break. (d) By the combination of a noun and a verb ; tsingdu sha, herbivorous, from tsingdu, grass, and sha, to eat; ynyit kdhtet, hasty, passionate. (e) By prefixing the negative n to a verbal ad- jective, n Jcdja, bad, from kdja, to be good. (/) By the combination of a noun, the nega- tive n, and a verb, asak n rawng, inanimate, from nsak, life, and ratvng, to contain. (^) By the use of the connective ai, when real- ly a participial adjective is formed, tsap ai md- slia, a standing person, or the person who stands, from tsap, to stand ; yup ai wa, a sleeping man, from yup, to sleep. § 34. In this connection must also be noticed such indefinite adjective phrases as are formed by the repetition of a verb, connected by md, indica- ting fulness or comprehensiveness, nga mdnga, all that is, all existence ; hkawm mdhkawm, all things walking, from hkawm, to walk; tu mdtu, all that grows, from tu, to grow ; pyen mdpyen, all flying things, from pyen, to fly. To express this idea differently, the idiomatic usage would require that the verb be connected by ai to either haw, kind, or rai, thing; hkatom ai baiv nlang, all things walking, all walking kinds; tu ai rai ma- hkra, all that grows. Rem. The md is no doubt a shortened form of ma, to be finished. (Comp. § 35. 2. d.) § 35. Definitive adjectives are of three kinds, viz : Articles, Pronominal and Numeral. 1 . A Hides : (a) Ndai, for things near at hand, dai for things at a distance, are often in careful ETYMOLOGY. 33 speaking used as the Definite Article in English; ngai shi hpe dai mam jaw, rai ti mung shi n la hkraw ai, I gave him the paddy, but he did not agree to take it ; ndai bum gaw ja ja tsaw ai, the mountain is very high. (b) The Numeral adjectives mi, ma, ngai mi, Idngai ngai, etc. (Comp, §§ 37, 38,) are often used as indefinite articles; gwi mi ngai hpe kdwa sa, a dog bit me; gumra ngai mi ngai mu ai, I see a pony; ga Idngai ngai sJia, only a (lit. one) word. 2. Pronominal adjectives may be classified as follows : (a) Demonstrative: These are, ndai, this, dai, wora or wawra, htawra and lera, which all may be translated into that. Ndai wa, this person ; dai nta, that house. (Comp. § 35. 1. a.) Wora, is used of objects on the same level with the speaker, htawra, with things above, and lera, with things below him. Wora gumra hpe sa yu su / go and see that pony; htatvra nta hpe ja ja tsawm ai, that house (up there) is very beautiful; lera hka nau sung ai, that river (down there) is too deep; ndai yang, this thing. Rem. {a) The above named adjectives become plural by the use of ni or hte, (Comp. § 15, 1) and may be translated into those, these, or with the personal pronouns plural you, or they, as deter- mined by the connection. Ndai ni ngai n chye nngai, these I do not know; wora ni sa shdga su! go and call those (over there;) or, go and call them; htawra ni gdlaw md sai, they (or those up there) did it; lera ni lung md ritl you (down there) come up ! ndai ni, these things. (p) Some Kachins seem to use ura, instead of wora, when a small distance is indicated. (b) Distributive: The most common of these are: G 5 34 KACHIN GEAMMAE. Shdgu, every; used mostly with nouns indicating, division of tribes, time or places; amyu haw shdgu, every kind and race ; shdni shdgu shdna shdgu, every day, every night ; shdra shdgu hkan e, at or in every place. Mdgup, the whole, every; used only with nouns indicating place; mung mdgup na, from every country; mung mdgup hta, in the whole of (that) country. Gu gu each, every one; gu gu jaw u, give to every one, or give all around. Kddai, kddai mung or kddai rai ti mung, often abbreviated to, kddai rai ti m', whoever, any one, no one, according to its position; kddai n chye, no one knows ; kddai mung chye ai, any one knows ; kddai rai ti mung sa mdyu ai sa lu ai, whoever de- sires to go, may go. Nga mdnga, every, each and all ; mdsha nga mdnga si na rai, every person, or each and all must die. A form gdde ai mung or gdde ai muk, is freely used instead of kddai etc.; gdde ai mung n chye, no one knows; gdde ai muk gdlaw lu ai, any one can do it. (c) Reciprocal: Those in common use are: Shdda da, each other, one another; Ldngai hte Idngai, one another, one by one ; one after another. Ex. Nanhte shdda da tsun mu, tell one another; shanhte shdda da n tsaw n ra ma ai, they do not love each other; shanhte Idngai hte Idngai jaiv mu ! give (them) one by one; shanhte Idngai hte Idngai du md ra na, they will come one after another. ETYMOLOGY. 35 (d) Indefinite: These are quite numerous, but the following are in most common use: Mahkra (from, ma, finished and hJcra, until,) nlang,andyawng, having the meaning of all; mdsha mahkra, all persons; shanhte nlang sa wa ma sai, they have all returned; arai yawng jaw rit, give all the things; (on the last Ex. Comp. § 64. 2.) Nlang is often followed by the plural Me and yawng by Meng for the sake of emphasis; nanhte nlang hte sa md rit, come all of you; nang grup grup arai yawng hteng e yu muf see or behold all the things around here. In the religious or N. L. numerous combina- tions, such as: danghta, dingtung, ding-yawng, ding- taivng or hkumhkam, are used with the same force as mahkra etc. It would be impossible to point out any fixed law by which each or any of these adjectives are governed. They are all used inter- changeably, some being preferred in some locali- ties more than in others. Pi ding-yawng lun u! pa dingtawng gun u! bring all of any worth; lit. all solid substance. Tup, all, the whole, always used with nouns of time; shdni tup, all (the whole) day; shdna tup, the whole night; shdning tup thfe whole of the year; ndai ning tup, throughout this year; this whole year, prat tup, the whole age. Ting, all, the whole, used with nouns indicating location; dai nta ting hta, in the whole house; Jinghpaw mung ting hta, in the whole Kachin country. Gum gum, hkum hkum, and sometimes num, all, complete; arai gum gum kdja nga ai, all the things are good; mdsha hkum hkum gdlaw ma ai, all per- sons do it. Hpa hpa; lama ma, some, nhkau mi, some, few. 36 KACHIN GRAMMAB. Shat hpa hpa nga ai, there is some rice, (a usage rather rare;) n-gu lama ma jaw e! give me some rice; mdsha nkau mi shat ska nga ma ai, a few persons are eating; gumra nkau mi sha nga ai, here are only a few ponies. 3. Numeral adjectives are written as follows: Langai, 1 Lahkawng, 2 Masum, 3 Mali, 4 Manga, 5 Kru, 6 Sanit, 7 Matsat, 8 Jahku, 9 Shi, 10 Shi langai, 11 Shi lahkawng, 12 Hkun, 20 Hkun langai, 21 Sum shi, 30 Mali shi, 40 Latsa, 100 Ni tsa, 200 Masum tsa, 300 Hkying mi, 1,000 Mun mi, 10,000 Mun lahkawng, 20,000 Sen mi, 100,000 Wan mi, 1,000,000 Ri mi, 10,000,000 § 36. There are properly speaking no ordinals in K^chin, but shawng na or sjmwng de, are often ETYMOLOGY. 37 used for first, and h]pang na or hpang de for second; shawng na mdsha, the first person; hpang de sa at mdsha, the person coming second. After this the order is expressed by repeating the cardinals after the nouns, dai mdsha mdsum sa tsun u ! go and speak to the third person; wora gumra mdli hjpe sa la su ; bring the fourth pony. § 37. In ordinary usage the Id, of Idngai, is often dropped and the form mi, is added to the ngm' mdsha ngai mi, instead of mdsha Idngai mi, which; however would be correct. § 38. Instead of Idngai, or its second form ngni mi, the simple forms mi or ma, are often used with familiar words; sometimes Id, is prefixed and mi, or ma, affixed to the noun; lap ma or, lap mi, one rupee instead of lap Idngai mi; Idning mi, one year instead of shdning Idngai mi. § 39. i'he form ni, is in certain instances used for IdhJcawng; ni ni, two days; ni ning, two years; ni tsa, two hundred. § 40. (a) In a few cases something like the Nu- meral Auxiliaries in Burmese are also found in Kachin. (Comp- Jud. Gram. § 98.) Kdwa yan mi, one bamboo; yan describing the thing as long and straight; nlung tawng mi, one stone; tawng point- ing out the thing as round or cubical, or as ap- proaching these forms; gdra singkawng, one sing- le hair. (&) A dual is here often found: dumsu gap mi, two (or a pair) of cows; wa dwi mi. two (or a pair) of hogs; u n-qup mi, two fowls; mdsha tsum mi, two human beings; pat man mi, a pair of tumblers; kyepdin man mi, a pair of shoes Rem. Here ought also to be mentioned the pe- culiar auxiliaries, out of superstitious fear, used by the Kachins when attempting to count the 38 KACHIN GRAMMAR. stars. They are counted by some as follows others may use forms somewhat different, 1, hkdbai, 2, Jikahawng, 3, dumbrung, 4, ngadi, 5, ngada, 6, dwndu, 7, dumdit, 8, dumdat, 9, dumdu, 10, dum- di, 11, dumdai, 12, dumhawng etc. Comparison of Adjectives. § 41. The Positive degree is expressed: (a) by the simple use of the adjective, as lasha kdja, a good man, or (&) by the use of the comparative adv. zatvn sawn, (Oomp, § 78,) or Me. Ndai gumra, wora gumra sawn sawn kdja nga ai rai, this pony is as good as that; ndai gaw ivora hte mdren, this is the game as that. § 42. The Comparative is expressed either : (a) by the used of hte and grau, or (6) by the use of nachying, often pronounced lachying. (Oomp. § 79.) Ndai laika gaw wora laika hte grau kdja ai, this book is better than that ; lit. this book as (com- pared) with that book is more good; nye nta shi a nta hte nachying kdja ai, my house is much bet- ter than his. This last usage is not very common. § 43. The Superlative is formed by the use of hta (by some hte) with htum or nhtum, the end, perfection, either preceding or following the ad- jective; ndai laika mahkra ni hta htum kdja or, kdja htum ai, this is the best book of all; dai wa shi hte nhtum n hkru, that man (compared with him) is the worst. Nouns useb Adjectively. § 44. The following classes of nouns are often used as adjectives. (a) Proper nouns such as names of races, coun- tries, towns etc., Inglik mung dan, the country of ETYMOLOGY. 39 England; Myen ga, the Burmese Language ; Sin- kai mare, the town of Sinkai; the Chinese for Bhamo. (6) Common nouns qualifying a following noun: hpri nta, an iron house ; sinprato mdga, the east side. (c) Generic nouns, such as names for tree, flower, plant, etc., when following the names of their species, make these occupy an adjective posi- tion. Maisak hpun, teak wood; mdri pan, a rose; lit. the dew flower. PKONOUNS. § 45. The pronouns follow the same law as the Nouns in regard to Grender, Number and Case, Ngai n sa hi, I cannot go, ngai, beingreither mascu- line or femenine as the case may be; shanhte ni they, a usage found at times; ngai hpe, to me. § 46. The Pronouns may be divided into four classes, viz : Personal, Possessive, Interrogative and Reflexive. § 47- Peesonal Pronouns. Sing: Dual. Plur. Ngai, I; An, we (two;) ^wto, we (three or more;) iV^a-wgi, you, thou; iV^aw, you(two;) Nanhte, you, (three or more;) )SiA*, he, she, it. 8ha'n,th.ej (tyto.) Shanhte, they , (three or more. ) Rem. It will be noticed that the plural forms anhte etc., are formed by the dual and the plural sign Me. Some Kachins seem to observe an addi- tional form, namely anhte etc, (formed as before by hte, with,) when just three or any other definite number is indicated. In this case anhte, etc, would only be used when the number referred to is in- definite or unknown. 40 KACHIN GEAMMAE. § 48. Instead of the pure Ohinghpaw dnhts, the Cowries use i, or i htenq, the last form also being common among the Northern Kachins. In- stead of nanhte, ni or ni hteng, are used in the same localities. Frequently hJcanhte, is heard instead of shanhte, and among the tribes just mentioned, such forms as shan hteng, or shan ni, are also found. The 3d. Per. Sing, shi, is by some pronounced hki/i. Nanff, in a direct discourse is often pronounced ning; ning gdlatv ndai, you did it. Some, probably influenced by Atsi, use ngaw instead of ngai, when speaking adversatively; ngatv n lu, I (as for me l) have it not. § 49. The Possessive is rendered by the addi- tion of a, either expressed or understood, (Comp, § 19. a) to the personal pronouns, or by the change of the form of these pronouns. Sing. Dual. Plur. Nye or ngai a, my; An a, ours; Anhte a, ours; Na or na a, your; Nan a, your; Nanhte a, your; Shi a, his, hers, its. Shan a, their. Shanhte a, their. Rem. Instead of nye, nye a, may also be used; nye a gumra, my pony. The simple from shi, is often used without the a; shi kasha, his child (Comp. § 27.) The forms an a, etc., are used, but many prefer to say an Idhkawng a, etc; nan lahkawng a nta, your house; shan Idhkawng a li, their boat. § 50. The following are the Interrogative Pro- nouns: kddai who ? gdra or gdra mdhtang, which ? and hpa (by some Northern Kachins hkai) what ? Rem. (a) The Inter. Pron. do not as a rule ask questions by themselves, but are generally followed by a verbal inter, indicating number, person etc. ETYMOLOGY. 41 Ex. Nang kddai? who are you? a more ex- act way would be to say: nang Tcddai rai n ta ? nang gdra la mdyu ? or, nang gdra la mdyu n ta ? which will you take ? gdra mdhtang grau mai ai i ? which is the best ? nang hpa gdlaiv n ta ? what are you doing ? Only in an abrupt almost disre- spectful manner would: nang hpa gdlaw ? be used. (&) An inter, auxiliary mi or me, (probably from the numeral form mi, one; (Comp. § 31) is often, for the sake of definitness, used with both the pronominal and adverbial interrogatives. With some mi, or me, are used interchangeably, but others only use mi, with the pronominal and me, with the adverbial inter. (Comp. § 80.) Hpa mi gdlaw n ta? what (one thing) are you doing ? ndai mdsha kdha gaw, kddai wa mi rai ta ? this large person — who is he ? or who is etc. gdra mi la na n ta ? which (one) will you take ? § 51. 77ie Reflexive Pronouns, are formed as follows: (a) By the use of hkum, nan, or Idla, added to the personal pronouns; hkum, is the one in gener- al use and nan, or Idla, may be added for the sake of emphasis. Ex. Ngai hkum sa na, I myself will go; nang hkum gdlaw na, you yourself will do it; shi hkum nan tsun sai, he himself said it; shi nan gat ai, he himself is running; nanhte Idla dai amu gdlaw na myit dai, you yourselves will do the work; shi hkum Idla hpdga n ga ai, he himself does not trade. (6) By a combination of the demonstrative pro- nominal adjectives dai, or ndai, with general noun particles. Ex. Dai de, that thing itself; dai or ndai ni, those or these things themselves. At times dai, is reduplicated following the Pers. Pron. when it g6 42 KACHIN GRAMMAR. takes the meaning of self; ngai dai dai, myself; nang dai dai, yourself; shi dai dai dau sat ai, he hanged himself: lit. killed himself by hanging. (c) By the use of hkrai, alone, following the Pers. Pron.; ngai hkrai lung na, I will go up myself; nang hkrai hti u! read yourself; shanhte hkrat du ma ai; they have come themselves. Rem. Hkrai, always carrying with itself the idea of exclusiveness or separation is more definite than hkum. (d) The reflexive tinang, himself , herself, your- self (either singular or plural,) or with the pos- sessive a, your own, his own, etc. stands without analogy, but is a form very much used; tinang hte seng ai amu, work concerning himself; kddai mung tinang a lam tsaw ai, every one likes his own way; tinang ni a gumra, their own pony; shi gaw tinang a ga pyi n chye ai, he does not even understand his own words. § 52. There are no relative pronouns in Ka- chin, but relative clauses are rendered: (a) By the use of the general connective ai; (Comp. § 85.) ngai hpe gunihpraiv jatv ai wa, the man who gave money to me. (6) By the use of a verbal noun; shingnoi ka- ta de nga ai gaw, the thing that is in the basket. (c) The distributive pronominal adjectives kd- dai mung, and kddai rai ti mung, may often be translated as compound relatives, whosoever, whichsoever. Kddai rai ti mung sa mdyu ai sa lu ai, whosoever wishes to go may go. VERBS. § 53. In respect to usage, Kachin Verbs may be either Transitive or Intransitive. Ex. anu, to ETYMOLOGY. 43 beat; sat, to kill; tu, to grow as a flower; hung, to blow. Transitive Verbs are sometimes made from Intransitive in the following ways: (a) By the addition of a final consonant; madit, to moisten, from mddi, to be moist. In all such cases the preceding vowel is necessarily shortened. (6) By the shortening of the intransitive verb; mdlan, to straighten from mdlang, to be straight. (c) By the use of an aspirate of the same class; hpaivng, to collect, unite, from pawng, to be collect- ed. (Oomp. Judson's Burmese Grammar § 106.) § 54. There is no passive voice in Kachin, but passivety is expressed as follows: (a) By the use of the accusative with a transi- tive verb as; Gam gaiv Ma naw hpe anu sai, which may be translated: Ma N"aw was struck by Gam. The most natural way, however, is to translate with the active use of the verb, thus, Gam struck Ma Naw. (h) By the use of the tones; raw, (the quick tone) to liberate; raw, (the grave tone) to be liber- ated; sM hpe raw kau u! set him free; shi gaw raw nga ai, he is made free; shi raw ai wa re, he is a liberated man. (c) By the use of hkrum, to meet with; experi- ence; shi gaw tsaiv ra ai law hkrum ai, he is much beloved; lit. he is meeting with much love; dai una gaw anu hkrum sai, that child was beaten; lit. met a beating. Causative Vekbs. § 55. A great number of "Verbs are used as causatives, by the help of verbal particles, preform, atives, or verbal auxiliaries, Thus: — 44 KACHIN GRAMMAR. (a) By prefixing sha, or jd, (Comp. Introduc- tion 6.) to the root of a simple verb; jdhkrit, or shdhkrit, to frighten, cause to be afraid, from hkrit, to fear; shdngut, bring to a close, cause to finish, from ngut, to be finished; shdnem, humiliate, cause to be low, from nem, to be low. This is a very- common usage. (b) By the use of shdngun, to cause, to send; shi hpe sa shdngun u! send him ! lit. cause him to go; shi hpe hkum sa shdngun, don't send him; lit. cause him not to go. (c) A very common causative is formed by the following verbal particles, thus: — 2d. Per. Sing, n ga 2d. Per. Plur. myit ga. 3d. „ „ u ga. 3d. „ „ mu ga. Ex. Nang laika hti n ga, nang hpe ngai tsun de ai, I am telling you so that you may be induced (caused) to read. Dai nli tu u ga ngai hkai we ai, I am sowing the seed, so that it may grow. (Comp. § 59 g.) Nanhte n mdsu myit ga, nanhte hpe yvhak jaw md de ga, I punish you so that you may not lie; lit. to cause you not to lie, I etc (d) In close relation to this is an idiom which may be regarded as partaking of the Optative force. It is formed by the combination of the ex- hortative ga, (Comp. § 64 5,) and the Affirmative possessive particles (Comp. § 60. a.) 1st. Per. Siug. li ga. 1st. Per. Plur. ma li ga. 2d. „ „ lit ga. 2. „ „ ma lit ga. 3d. „ „ lu ga. 3. „ „ ma lu ga. Ex. Nye railaw li ga, may my riches increase. Na mung dan mdden wa lit ga,- maj your coun- try extend. u ETYMOLOGY. 45 Nanhte a kdbu gdra latv iva ma lit ga, may your happiness increase. Rem. {a) The n, in § 55. c. may be exchanged for , when special emphasis is placed upon the ob- ject; nang laika Mi u ga, nqu de ai, I told you, that you may read the look- (b) The form li ga, may also be used as a pure causative; ni/e sut law li ga, ngai hpdga ga nngai, I trade, that my possessions may increase. Olabsbs of Verbs § 56. All verbs whether transitive or intrans- itive, may be divided into two classes, viz; Sim- ple and Compound. 1. Simple verbs express a single idea of state or action, and are to a large extent represented by monosyllabic roots. Sa, to go; wa, to return; mu, to see; gdlaw, to do. 2. Compound verbs are formed as follows: (a) By prefixing shd, jd, sd, or tsd, to a simple verb or noun root; jdhtum, to finish, from htum, an end; jdhkrat, to drop, from hkrat, to fall; tsd- sang, to lighten, from sang, to be light, not heavy. (b) By combinding two verbal roots; kdleng taw, to recline; tsun chyai, to converse. (c) By the combination of a verb and a noun; sai pru, to bleed, from sai, blood and pru, to pro- ceed from. (d) By combinding an adjective and a verb; kdha wa, to grow, from kaha, big and iva, to move. (e) By combinding an adverb and a verb; hai wa, to return, from hai, again and wa, to return. 46 KACHIN GRAMMAR. (/) Many verbs are formed by repeating (a) the last syllable of their preceding noun, or (b) Ijy repeating the noun itself; kdkup kup ai, to put on a hat; hyepdin din a% to put on a pair of shoes; nanisi si, to bear fruit; tsi tsi, to give medicine, from tsi, medicine; da da, to weave; from da, a web. (g) To this class must also such verbs be re- ferred, as are formed by a, continuative, even though the a, is separated from the verb, root in spelling; a mti, to be in a state of seeing; a karicm, to be constantly helping; the a, giving to the verb the idea of protraction or continuation; shi gaiv gdloi mung a machyi nga ai, he is always ill. The Accidents op Verbs. § 57. No inflections and consequently no change of the verb itself is possible in Kachin. All acci- dents of mode, tense, number and person are ex- pressed by the use of verbal particles following the verb. These particles, which are very numer- ous, give to the language when rightly used, a great degree of flexibility and definiteness. Modes. § 58. The Modes are six in number, viz: The Infinitive, Affirmative, Indicative, Potential, Sub- junctive and Imperative. Rem. (a) The particles of Mode and Tense can often not be separated, as the special function of the verb is not so much to express time as progress. (6) As a general rule ai, in all its combinations, li ai, ndai, nngai, ring ngai, etc. may be said to represent the Affirmative and Indicative in all the tenses, being with daw and taw, (Comp. §§6?. 63.) the only pure mode par. in Kachin; we, ETYMOLOGY. 47 m, etc. for the Present, se, sa, and its modification sa, for the Past, and na, for the Future, may be regarded as tense particles only. (c) At, either in its usual form, or abbreviated to a, is frequently used a-s a sign for an indefinite present; ngai gdlaio mdyu a, I wish to do it; anhte a sa nga at, we are going. (d) No separate particles are found for the Dual, these being the same as those of the Plural. § 59. The Infinitive Mode. {a) The Infinitive is used to express intention, design or result; ntsin lu na ngai sa nngai, I come to drink water. It may also be used as a verbal noun or substantive, and thus become the subject or object of a verb; anthe hpe kdrum na pru sa, our help is coming; mdchyi na hpe yu mu! help the suifering. (&) The simple unmodified verb, in general speaking, often stands for the Infinitive; anhte nam hhyen sa na, we will go to clear jungle, (o) Na, is the usual Infinitive sign to which the verbal auxiliary nga, is sometimes added; nang hpe ga tsun na, shi lung nu ai, he came up to speak to you; nanhts hpe shddum na nga, anhte tsun ga ai, we speak to remind you. (d) Hkra, may at times be used in the same way as na; ga tsun hkra ngai sa se ai, 1 came to speak. (e) Among the Cowries an infinitive in de, is often found; mdhkrai gdlaio de i sa sa, we came to build a bridge. (/) Mdjaiv, preceded by na, (Oomp. § 87) may also be rendered as an infinitive; ndai li mu na mdjaiv shi'yu loa sai, he went down to see this boat. 48 KACHIN GEAMMAR. (j)) Very often the most natural way to trans- late the forms u ga, mu ga etc. (Comp. § 55. c.) would be by the help of the infinitve; dai amu gdlaw u ga sht hpe shi shangun sai, he sent him to do the work. § 60. The Affiemative Mode. The particles belonging to this mode, directly affirm, either (a) possession real or supposed, or (6) a state closely related to the subject or the direct object. 1. PRESENT. (a.) Peesent Absolute. 1st. Per. Sing. 11 ai. 1st. Per. Plur. ma 11 al. 2d. „ „ lit dal. 2d. „ „ ma lit dai. 3d, „ „ lu al. 3d. „ „ ma lu al. Ex. Ni/e a laiJca rai li ai, it is my book. Na (or na a) gumra rai Hi dai, it is your pony. Nanhte a pdlatvng n rai md lit dai, it is not your coat. Nye ahkying gdrai n dtk li ai, my time is not yet fulfilled. Nanhte a ahkying ya du nga md lit dai, your time has now come. (6) Peesent Conjectueaii. 1st. Per. Sing, na 11 al; 1st. Per. Plur. na ma 11 al. 2d. „ ,, na lit dal; 2d. „ „ na ma lit dal. 3d. „ „ na lu al; 3d. „ „ na ma lu ai. Ex. Nye a laika rai na li ai, it may be my book. Shanhte a nta rai na md lu ai, it may be their house. ETYMOLOGY, 49 Kbm. The same particles are used when pre- ceded by an adverb of time indicating the past; mdni ngai mu at gumra nanhte a gumra rai na ma lit dai, the pony I saw yesterday may be yours. 2. PAST. This is formed by prefixing sd, to the particles of the Present Absolute, but in the plural the sd, must follow the plural sign md. Ex. Dai laika nye laiTca rai sd li ai, that book became mine. Wora nta kdba ma ning anhte a nta rai wa md sd li ai, that large house became ours year before last. Ndai amu gaw ngut mat sd li ai, the (my) work is completed. Anhte a ntsa e, dai nhtoi gingdawn gaw htoi jpru md sd li ai law, the morning star shone over us. 3. THE FUTURE. 1st. Per. Sing, rai na ra ai, or, rai wa na ra ai, etc.; the same particles being used all through the singular and plural. Ex. Dai gumra nye gumra rai na ra ai, that pony will become mine. Shi a yi nye a yi rai wa na ra ai, his paddy field will become mine. Rem. I have not been able to satisfy myself, that the above particles are very commonly ob- served except in certain localities. Still there can be no doubt that they are everywhere known and occasionally used, especially among the older people. (J 7 50 kachin geammar. § 61. The Indicative Mode. The Indicative mode, describes in a general way that which is or, that towards which an action has been, is, or will be progressing, being less emphat- ic and of wider usage than the Affirmative. 1. PRESENT. (a) Peesent Indefinite. The present indefinite, simply describes a state or action as now existing. 1st. Per. Sing, nngai. 1st. Per. Plur. ga ai. 2d. „ „ ndai. 2d. „ „ myit dai. 3d. „ „ ai. 3d. „ „ ma ai. Ex. Ngai laika ka da nngai, I am writing a letter. Nang nta gdlaw ndai, you are building a house. Shi dai amu gdlaw ai, he is doing the work. Anhte nang hpe san ga ai, we are asking you. Nanlite yup nga myit dai, you are sleeping. Shanhte lam hkawm ma ai, they are walking. Rem. The Cowries as a rule drop these particles and substitute shi, for the ai, both in the singular and in the plural; shi gdlaw shi, he is doing it; gdrai n myin shi, not yet ripe; shanhte gdrai n dti shi, they have not yet arrived. (b) Present Indefinite, used chiefly with verbs of motion such as, sa, to go or come; du, to arrive; lung, to ascend; yu, to descend, etc 1st. Per. Sing, ring ngai. 1st. Per. Plur. ra ga ai. 2d. „ ,, rin dai. 2d. „ „ ma rin dai. 3d. „ „ ra ai; (or, 3d. „ „ ma ra, or ma ru ai.) ru ai. ETYMOLOGY. 51 Ex. Ngai sa ring ngai, I am (in| the act of) coming. N'ang du rin dai, you are arriving. Shi yu ra ai, he is descending. Anhte bai iva rd ga ai, we are returning. (c) Dbsceiptivb Pbesent. (a) The particles here illustrated are used with great freedom both in the present and in the past (Comp. § 61. 3. d.) The same particles may also follow either the subject or the object according to the emphasis laid on the one or the other. Thus in the sentence, ngai shi hpe tsun we ai, I am telling him, the we, may follow ngai, or shi hpe; nang nta gdlaw tvu ai, you are building a house; here ivu, may emphasize the fact that you are building, or the other fact that you are build- ing a house. As a rule in sentences like these the particles follow the object, the subject being followed by the particles of the Present Indef- inite, (a.) (6) The 1st. Per. Plural, when subjective, has two forms; ga, when the object is in the singular, and gaw, when in the plural. The 3d. Per. Plural, when objective, also has two forms; nme, when the subject is in the 1st. Per. Singular, and, mu, when the subject is in the 2d. or 3d. Per. Singular. (c) The following list and examples will illus- trate the change of particles, as they are governed either by the subject or the object. The forms not exemplified follow the analogy of the Present Indefinite. 52 KACHIN GRAMMAK. Sub. Obj. 1st. Per. Sing, we 2d. 3d. 1st. 2d. 3d. ,, wu ai, de ai or, di ai. „ wu ai, we ai, Plur. ga ai or, gaw ai. mi or, mi ai, mi ai, ma de ga or, ma de ai, „ nme ai or, mu ai. Ex. Ngai laika ka da we ai, I am writing a letter. Nang Kkauna gdlaw wu ai, you are preparing a paddy field. Ngai nang hpe tsun de ai, I am telling you, Shi laika Mi wu ai, he is reading a book. Anhte nang hpe tsun ga ai, we are telling you. Anhte shanhte hpe tsun gaw ai, we are telling them. Nang anhte hpe jaw mi ya mi, give thou to us. Nanhte ngai hpe tsun mi ai, you are telling me. Nanhte hpe ngai tsun md de ga, I am telling you; (or let me tell you.) Ngai shanhte hpe tsun nme ai, I am telling them. Shi shanhte hpe tsun mu ai, he is telling them. Rem. Two other plural forms are also found, viz: md we, and shdjang. Md ive is, in certain lo- calities, used interchangeably with nme. Shdjang, is a general plural of a partitive force; anhte ndai ga na shdjang ga ai, we (all, each and all) hear this word; nanhte mung na shdjang myit dai, you also hear; shanhte shdga shdjang ma ai, they are calling. 2. PRESENT PERFECT. 1st. Per. Sing, ni ai. 1st. Per. Plur. sa ga ai. 2d. „ nit dai. 2d. „ „ ma nit dai 3d, „ „ sai. 3d. ,, „ ma sai. ETi'MOLOGT. 53 Ex. Ngai hka de sa ni ai, I have gone to the river. Nang amu kdja gdlaw nit clai, you have done a good work. Shanhte sa wa md sai, they have gone. Rem. Some Kachins use sing ngai, instead of ni ai, and sin dai, instead of nit dai. (b) A Present Perfect, somewhat more emphat- ic, is often formed by the use of ngitt, completed, finished, before the above named particles. Ex. Ngai dai amu gdlaiv ngut ni ai, I have done the work. Shanhte gat de sa ngut md sai, they have gone (lit. finished going) to the bazaar. 3. (a) PAST. 1st. Per. Sing, se ai. 1st. Per. Plur. sagaor,sagaw ai. 2d. „ ,, nu ai. 2d. „ „ ma nu ai. 3d. „ ,, nu ai. 3d. ,, „ ma nu ai. Ex. Mdni ngai ha wa se ai, I was plaiting a basket yesterday, Nang ma'na sa Idgu nu ai, you went stealing night before last. Mdning anhte hpdga ga sd ga ai, we were trading last year. Shanhte gdlaw md nu ai, they were doing it. Rem. (a) It will be noticed from the above ex- amples, that this tense is generally complemented by some adverb of time adding to it a certain de- finiteness. The particles however would be suf- ficient to express the time intended. 54 KACHIN GRAMMAR. (b) Certain Kachins affix an ai, after the 2d, and 3d. person, both singular and plural in this tense, apparently for emphasis. Ex. Shi gdlaiv nu ai, he did it, would be, shi ai gdlaw nu ai; nanhte ai sliaivncj de hkraiv ma nu ai, instead of, nanhte shatvng etc., you agreed to it before. (b) A Past Indefinite is frequently made by af- fixing sa, to all the forms both singular and plural. Ex. Ngai gdlaw sa, I did it. Nang mdning mung anhte yi gdlaw sa, we made a paddy field here even last year. (c) All the forms of the Descriptive Present (Oomp. § 61. c.) may also be used in the Past, when the speaker, as is common in Kachin, in thought remains in the present, but by the connection shows that the action belongs to the past. Nanhte ngai hpe tsun mi ai mdjaw, ngai mddat nngai, because you told me I obeyed. Often, however, the modified form of sa, sd, precedes, while the ga, (Oomp. § 61. c. c.) is drop- ped for ai. Nanhte hpe ngai tsun md sd de ai ga, the words I told you. 4. {a) PAST PERFEOT. 1st. Per. Sing, yu se ai. 1st. Per. Plur. yu sa ga ai. 2d. „ „ yu nu ai. 2. „ „ yu ma nu ai. 3d. „ „ yu nu ai. 3. „ „ yu ma nu ai. Ex. Gat de gdrai n du gang dai du toa hpe ngai mu yu se ai, I had seen the chief, before I arrived at the bazaar. ETYMOLOGY. 55 Nanhte sM hpe tsun yu sa ga ai, rai ti mung shi n mddat ai, you had told him, but he does not obey. (6) A second form of the Past Perfect is made by substituting ga, for yu, followed by the parti- cles described under § 61. 1. a. Ex. Ngai laika gdrai n shdrin gang, jdru ngai lu ga nngai, I drank whisky before I had learned to read; lit. before I learned books. Mdsum ning kaw nna shi dai amu gdlaw ga ai, he had done the work three years ago; lit. from three years. Rem. (a) The difference between yu, and ga, is, that yu, points as a rule to a single act completed in a single moment, while ga, indicates that the state or action had been going on, or had been hab- itual before it was brought to its final close. (&) In this, as in the case of the Present Per- fect (Comp. § 61. 2. b.) ngut, may be used with or without the se, etc. Mdsum ning me, ngai dai amu gdlaw nugt se ai, I had finished this work even three years ago. 5. THE FUTURE. (a) The ordinary future is formed by the use of na, followed by the particles under § 61. 1. a; re is, however, used instead of ai, in the 3d. person singular. Ex. Ngai dai mdre de sa na nngai, I will go to the village. Shi gdlaw na re, he will do it, Nanhte dai amu gdlaiv na myit dai, you will do the work. 56 KACHIN GRAMMAE. (b) A more definite future is formed by na, fol- lowed by the particles as described under § 61. 1. b. Ex. Nanhte kaiv yat yang ngai sa na ring ngai, I will come to you after a little while. Nye hpu hpawt de du na ra ai, my brother will come to morrow. Anhte wora shdra de sa na ra ga ai, we will go to that place. Dai ning nanhte gdlato na ma rin dai, you will do it this year. (c) An immediate and somewhat emphatic fu- ture, is formed by the use of ga, with the parti- cles of the Descriptive Present (c.) In fact in ordi- nary speaking it would be impossible to distinguish the two forms except by tone and connection, and from the fact that ai, would never here be used. Ex. Dai laika ngai nang e jaw de ga, I will give you the book. Ngai shanhte hpe tsun md we ga, I will tell them. In the 1st, and 2d. person singular na, abbrevi- ated to n, is sometimes used. Ex. Ngai dai hti n ga, I will read it; some- thing like: "let it alone," or "don't trouble your- self about it," is here implied. Nang gdlaw na n ga rd na, You will do it; (not he or I.) {d) A general future following the analogy of the Past Indefinite, used mostly among the Cow- ries, is formed by the use of rd na, in both singu- lar and plural. ETYMOLOGY. 57 Ex, Ngai gdlmv rd na, I will do it. Shanhte gdlaw rd na, they will do it. 6. FUTURE PERFECT. 1st Per. Sing.ngutna re ai; 1st Per. Plur. ngut na ra ga ai; 2iid „ „ „ „ wu dai; 2iid ,, ,, „ ,, mii dai; 3rd ,; „ ,, „ rn ai; 3rd „ ,,^ „ ,, maruai. Ex. Dai shdta gdrai n si yang, ndai amu ngai gdlaw ngut na re ai, before the month is out, I will have finished this work. Jan gdrai n du yang, shanhte ngnt na md ru ai, they will have finished before sunset. § 62. The Potential Mode. The Potential Mode asserts capacity or necessity, and is rendered as follows : 1. As a compound verb, by the use of lu, to be able, followed by the particles of the Affirmative and Indicative modes. Ex. Ngai gdlaw lu nngai, I can do it ; shanhte laika Mi lu ma ai, they can read; ma ni ngai gdlaw lu se ai, I could do it day before yesterday; nang gdlatv lu nhtawm e n gdlaw nit dai, you could have done it, but have not ; lit. you can do it, but you have not done it, (Comp. § 61- 3. d.;) hpawt de shi dai amu gdlatv lu na, he can do the work to- morrow- 2. By the use of the adverb nhten, may, proba- bly ; ngai sa na nhten, I may go ; ngai laika hti shdrin na nhten, I may probably learn to read. 3. By the use of lu, or lu na, must ; nang ndai gdlaiv lu na, you must do this ; h'pawt de nang gat a 8 58 KACHIN GEAMMAE. de sa hi na rin dai, you must go to the bazaar to- morrow ; nanhte ya nta de wa lu na myit dai, you must now return to the house. (Comp. § 64. 6.) 4. Daw, might, usually with the verbs lu, and nga, always has reference to the past whether com- pleted or incompleted. Ex. Dai hpawt nang nta e nga daw, ngai myit nna sa nngai, rai ti mung nang n nga ndai, think- ing that you might be in your house this morning, I went, but you were not there; shigumhpraw Idtsa lu daw shi na yu nna sa san wu ai, having heard that he might have one hundred rupees, he went and asked. Rem. Chye, to know, is often used with the same meaning as lu; thus: shi dai amu gdlaw chye ai, he knows how to do the work, may only be an other way of saying, he can do the work. § 63. The Subjunctive Mode. 1. The Subjunctive Mode expresses a thing as possible, conditional or hypothetical. Its particles are as a rule preceded by the following particles indicating number and person: 1st Per. Plur. ga; 2nd Per. Sing, n; 2nd „ „ myit; 3rd „ „ a; 3rd „ „ ma. 2. The par. for the Present or Future are : Yang or yang gaw. if; dam or dam yang, if, in case that; daw, if, supposing that. Ex. Nang jdru lu yang, nang na ndai, if you drink liquor you will be drunk ; nang ndai ni hpe gdlaw n yang gaw, if you do these things ; ngai si mat dam yang, nye arai mat ma na ring ngai, in case I die my property will be lost ; nang gum- ETYMOLOGY. 59 hpraio lu daw, gumra nang man lu ndai, if you, had money, you could buy a pony ; nang ndai n mu lu daw, myi Men nga ndai, if you can not see this you are blind. 3. A Past Perfect is formed by the use of taw, if, in case — had. Ex. Dai Jipawt nang nta e nga n taw, ngai hte hkrum na, if you had been in your house this morning you would have met me ; nang nang nga taw ngai yung n si na rai, if you had been here, my brother would not have died; shi kdji nga a gang, laika shdrin a taw gaw, sm laika chye na sai, if he had learned (books) while small, he would have known; nanhte mdni sa myit taw gaw, shanhte hte hkrum na myit dai, if you had come yesterday, you would have met them. Rbm. a general Subjunctive probably never used except with the Ist Persons Singular and Plural is formed by the use of mi. Ex. Shi nga nga u ga ngai myit tsaw ai re ai mi, dai, nang hte hpa seng nta? If I desire that he shall remain, how does that concern you? § 64. The Imperative Mode. 1. The simple form of the verb when pronounc- ed with the emphatic tone, often stands for the Imperative. Ex. Shihpe hkyela, save him; ngai hpejaw, give to me; nye ga mddat ya, listen to my words. ?. The verbs sa, to come, wa, to return, jaw, to give, Kkan, to follow, and their cognates, are in the imperative proper, followed by the locative rit, when a motion towards or in behalf of the object is implied. 60 KACHIN GRAMMAR. Ex. When calling in a gener- f Sing. Sa rit, come here, al way from a distance. | Plur. Sa md rit, come here. When calling known per- f Sing. Wa rit, come here, sons at a near distance. ( Plur. Wa md rit, come here. Nang ejaw rit, give here; ndai ngai hpe jaw rit, give this (thing) to me ; ngai hpe hkan ma rit, fol- low me. Rem. The wa, may be used as a polite expres- sion when addressing visitors, thus implying that as friends they are recognized as being on family terms. 3- The general Imperative signs are somewhat numerous and may be explained as follows : 1st Per. Sing, e; 2nd „ „ u, nu, su, sit;" 3rd „ „ u or, wu; 1st „ Plur. mi; 2nd „ ,, mu, ma nu, ma su, ma sit; 3rd „ „ mu. U, and mu, are used in ordinary requests or com- mands ; nu, is more urgent than u; su, directs at- tention towards a known object and implies im- mediate action; sit, stands in opposition to rit, and implies motion away from the subject. Rem. In the N. L. a form nit, is found as a couplet of both rit, and sit. Ex. Sa u, go, (you may go;) sa nu, go, (at , once;) sa wa su, go, (at once over there;) gdlatv md su, work, (at once;) nanhte nlang gat de sa md sit, go to the bazaar all of you; amugdlaw mu, do the work; ngai hpe ntsin jaw e, give me water; shanhte hpekdrum mu, help them; anhte hpe jaw mi, give to us. ETYMOLOGY. 61 4. When more emphasis or urgency is required , the above particles are strengthened by law, or yaw, and the verb itself may take the auxiliary dat, to hand over, set free, let go. Ex. Dai arai shi hpe jaw dat u law, give that thing to him ; anhte hpe jaio datjjni yaw, give to us. 5. The Exhortative; this is formed by affixing ga, or gaw, to the simple verb. Ex. Anhte gdlaw gaw, let us do it. Rawt mu, nang na sa wa ga, arise let us leave ; lit. return from here ; anhte hpun sa Ma ga, let us go and pick wood. 6. A Command of necessity is formed by adding lu na, to the simple verb. Ex. Nang dai amu gdlaw lu na ndai, you must do the work ; nanhte laika shdrin lu na myit dai, yoii must learn books, which is equal to, learn books. 7. The Pbohibitivje. (a). The prohibitive particle is hkum, by some pronounced shum, (Cowrie hpung, or pfung,) and may be used with the simple form of the verb. The prohibitive always precedes the verb, hkum gdlaw, don't do it ; hkum tsun, don't speak. As auxiliary particles, always following the verb, are often added for the sake of emphasis, et, or nit, for the sing, and myit, for the plur. Ex. Hkum gdlaw et, don't do it. Hpang de hkum gdlaw nit, don't do it afterwards • Wora dehkum sa myit, don't go over there- 62 KACHIN GRAMMAB. Rem. Et, is used in reference to an instantane- ous state or action, while nit, carries the prohibi- tion into the future. (h). The negative adverb gdrai, either alone or with kkum, may at times serve as a prohibitive. (Comp. § 74. b.) Ex. Gdrai rai, don't do it yet ; lit. not yet do it. Gdrai Mum sa, don't go yet. Rem. (a). The Cowries instead of gdrai rai, would say gdrai shu, (ft). Lu, is at times especially in the N. L. used as a prohibitive with or without hkum; hkum gdlaw lu, don't do it ; pung mdshawt ma ni e mdtsaw hkungga yai na lu, you who prepare the pung, (a kind of nat offering,) do not scatter around the offering. § 65. Inteerogatives. 1 . In asking general questions the interrogative particles may be preceded by rai ; shawng na lasha qaw kddai rai ta ? who was the first man ? shi hpa gdlaw na rai ta ? what will he do ? 2. In direct questions, besides the general con- nective ai, almost any one of the particles belong, ing to the Affirmative and Indicative modes, may precede the interrogative particles. Those in most common use, however, are the following: (a) Present. 1st Per. Plur. ga; 2nd Per. Sing, n, wu; 2nd „ „ myit; 3rd „ „ a; 3rd ,; „ ma. ETYMOLOGY. 63 (b) Past. 1st Per. Plur. sa ga; 2nd Per. Sing, wu, rin, nit, 2nd „ „ ma rin,manu, lit; ma nitj 3rd „ „ wu, ra; 3rd „ „ ma ru . (c) Future. 1st Per. Sing, na; 1st Per. Plur. na ra ga; 2nd „ „ na rin; 2nd „ ,, na ma rin; 3rd „ „ naruor, ra; 3rd „ ,. na ma ru or, ra- Rem. In the Future na, followed by the parti- cles of the Indicative Present is a frequent idiom. 3. The interrogative i, used very freely by some Kachins, is by others restricted to questions put to one's self or in behalf of one's self. Ex. Ngai hpa gdlaw na i ? what shall I do ? ShanJite kdning di na ma i ? how will they do it? Shi gdde sa na ra i ? where will he go ? Anhte kddai hpang de sa na i ? to whom shall we go ? 4. Ta, is used when information is sought, in reference to a perfectly unknown subject. Ex, Nang hpa gdlaw n ta ? what are you doing ? Shi kdnang nga a ta? where is he ? Nanhte gdde nga myit ta? how many are you ? Shi hpe kdning re ai wa re nang ngu wu ta ? what kind of man do you say he is ? l^a myi kdning rai hpaw lit ta ? how were your eyes opened ? 64 KACHIN GRAMMAR. Hpa mi nanlite shi hpe n woi tva md rin ta? why did you not bring him? shi gaiv lidning rat na ra ta? what will become of him, or, what will he do? 5. Ni, is used where some knowledge, real or supposed, is implied, either (a) for confirmation, or (b) to ascertain, if the state or action is still continuing. Ex. Ndai wa, dai lipyi sha ai wa n rai ni? this is the begger, is it not ? nanhte shut sha nga myit ni? are yovi eating ? shi tsun ai ga nang n kam n ni? don't you believe his words ? nanhte a dumsa ning nga ai, n rai md lit nif thus your Dumsa said, is it not so ? nanhte hpe mung lau kan md nit ni? have you also been deceived (and do you still con- tinue in this state?) 6. Hka, and ka, are found with questions, im- plying a strong uncertainty or surprise. For the s,ake of additional emphasis the inter, i, is freely used with these particles. Ex. Shanhte dai amu cliye gdlaw ma hka? do they really know that work, or, to do that work? nang Myen ga chye n hka i? do you really know Burmese ? ngaigin dichyeka i? how can I know? shing ngu aiga gaw, hpa nga ai railu ai ka i? words spoken thus — what is he really saying ? or, what is it he said ? Rem. The hka, should not be confounded with the same par. ased as an affirmative; shanhte Myen ga chye ma hka, may be translated: do they really know Burmese? or, they do really know Burmese. The difference is indicated by the tone. 7. The inter, sign for, (a) questions of alterna- tives, or (b) for indirect interrogations is kun, which may or may not be preceded by the most common particles of the Present and Future. ETYMOLOGY. 65 Ex. Ngai gdlaw no, kun, n gdlaw na kun, ngai n chye nngai, I do not know if I shall do it or not. Nang gdlaw na n kun, shi gdlaw na a kun, ngai Me n seng nngai, it does not concern me, whether you will do it or he, (will do it.) Shi nang e nga ai kun, shanJite san ma ai, they asked, whether he was here; nanhte hpa sha na kun, hkum my it ru my it, be not anxious for what you shall eat. 8. Among the Cowries law, and among other tribes le, are used as interrogatives mostly in re- tortive questions; ngai le9 me? do you mean me? hpa gdlaw law? what am I doing ? § 66. Quotations. Da, generally preceded by the particles illus- trated under § 65. 2. a., is always used as a sign of both direct and indirect quotations. Ex. Nang sa lu na, tsun n da, you said, you can go. Ngai n sa lu, ngu a da, he says, I cannot go. Anhte gdloi n jaw ga ai, nga ma da, they say, we will never give it ; dai lam n kdja, nga a da, he says, that the road is not good. § 67. The NsaATivE. 1. A question is not answered by yes, or no, as in English, but the verb or the whole statement i& repeated for the affirmative, and n, is prefixed for the negative. Ex. Na hkum pyaw n ni? are you well ? lit. does your body feel comfortable? affirmative, ^yaw a%, negative, npyaw ai; nang sana n taf affirmative sa na, negative n sa na, or, n sa na nngai, a 9 &6 KACHIN GRAMMAR. 2. The Modal adverbs (Comp. § 83.) can only be used after declarative sentences, to which as- sent or dissent is expressed. 3. For the use of the Prohibitive negative, see § 64. 7. § 68. Participles. While there are no proper participles in Kachin, participial constructions are formed as follows : 1. By the use of the adverbs yang, yang gmv and shdloi. Ex. Ndai hka rap yang shi shang si sai, he was drowned (while) crossing the river; shat sha nga ai shdloi shi yup nga ai, he was sleeping while eating. 2. By the use of the conjunctions, let, nhtawm, and ninglen. Ex. Sa let sha na, eating while walking ; sa let gat ai, goes running; sa nhtawm mdhkaivn nga ai, goes away singing. 3. By the use of the connective at; gat ai gumra, a running horse; tsap ai wa, the standing person. (Comp. § 34. 3.) § 69. Auxiliary Verbs. The following verbs may be designated as auxil- iaries : Nga, to be, exist, to remain, to have; always with the idea of stability or constancy; shi nang e sa nga ai, he is staying here; lit. he came and is remaining here; shi a nga nga ai, he is staying; ndai li hta kadai yu nga n ta? who has gone down into the boat ? Tai, to become; only used with iva. ETYMOLOGY. 6'7 Wa, to move, to become; tai toa, to become; sa wa, to go; ^u wa, to descend; lung wa, to ascend; ngai shi hpe tsi jaw ai majaw shi bran wa sai, be recovered because I gave him medicine. Rai or re, te be, to exist, (simply affirming the . fact of existence,) to be truly so; nang ma sha re, you are only a child ; ndai ga rai nga ai rai, this word is true. Ya, to give, have; used with verbs denoting a mental faculty or act; chye ya, to know; mu ya, to see; myit ya, to think; shi ngai hpe chye ya ai, he knows me. Kau, to throw away, get rid of; ntsin ru kau mu, pour out the water ; namsi hkum kahai kau mu, don't throw away the fruit. § 70. Other Verbal Particles. Besides the common particles already given, others of which some in different combinations do the service of verbs, are used as qualifying parti- cles with regular verbs. The most common of these may be divided as follows : 1. Temporal. Ni, near, at hand, about, at the point of; shi shat sha ni ai, he is about to eat; dai poi du ni ai, the feast is drawing near, or, is near at hand. Mdgang or, mdkang, to be nearing; in the act of arriving ; wora li du mdgang sa, that boat is draw- ing near ; mam ting ai ahkying du mdgang sai, the paddy sowing season is at hand. Boi, finished ; amu ngut hoi sa, the work is fin- ished. 68 kachin gbammab. 2. Declabative. Kam, to be willing; ndai mdsha dai amu kam gd- law ai, this person is willing to do the work; ngai n kam gdlaw ai, I do not wish, or, I am not will- ing to do it. Mdyu, to wish, long for, desire; shi sa mdyu ai, he desires to go; sM nang hpe kdrum mdyu ai, he wishes to help you; ngai shi hpe mu mdyu ai, I wish to see him. Bai, to repeat; bai gdlaw na n mat, to do it over again is not good; .anhte dai amu bai gdlaw mdyu ga ai, we wish to repeat that work. 3. Emphatic Asseetative. Mi, also; ngai ri sa na kun? may I also go ? ngai ri gdlaw na, I will also do it. Law, and yaw, give additional force to what has been said. Ngai sa na law, I will go; ya gdlaw mu yaw, now do it; ning rai shi tsun ai law, thiis he said. Le, and in the N". L. its couplet e, are often used in the same way as law; gdlu mdhkawng hkan nit le, kdba mddung gaw hkan sit e, follow the long road, follow the big path. Rai, with the idea of truly, surely; ngai hpe hkan yang gaw, nang lam n dam na rai, if you follow me you will not lose the road, or, you will surely etc. § 71. Vebbal Couplets. 1. Two synonyms are often combined for the sake of additional force or perspicuity; kdbu gdra, to be happy; tsaw ra, to love; gdlu kdba, to be great; Kdrai Kdsang gdlu kdba nga ai, Grod is great. These combinations are often used as substantives with the verbal auxiliaries. ETl'MOLOGY. 69 2. From this class of words the pure verbal couplets must be distinguished. These are formed by uniting two symphonious words, identical in meaning and usage, either for the sake of empha- sis or simple redundance; hdji kdjaw, to be small; gumle gumlau, to overthrow; kdsuJc kdsak, topsy turvey; mddat mdra, to obey; kdjam gdlam, to dis- turb. 3. Couplets may be parsed either separately or as combined verbs according to their relation to each other, or to their position in the sentence. ADVERBS. § 72. Classes of Adverbs. Kachin Adverbs are of two kinds, viz.: Proper and Compound. 1. Proper Adverbs, are primitive and underived, such as, lila, in vain ; nachying, verj ; chgang, quickly. 2. Compound Adverbs, being very numerous, are formed as follows: (a) By the reduplication of a simple verb; dan dan, plainly, from dan, to show; leng leng, brightly, from leng, to be bright. (b) By prefixing a, to a verbal stem; aldwan, quickly, from Idwan, to be quick. (c) By prefixing a, and affixing sha, to a simple verb; aloi sha, easily, from, loi, to be easy; atsawm sha, well, properly, from tsawm, to be beautiful. (d) By the use of the negative n, before a verb; n hdja, badly, from kdja, to be good. (e) Adverbs of time are formed from nouns or other adverbs by prefixing the demonstrative adr 70 KACHIN GBAMMAR. jectives ndai or dai, for the Present, md, ma or, moi, for the Past, and hta or, hpra, for the Future, or, by affixing de, for the last named tense. (For Ex. see § 74. 1.) (/) A number of adverbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by the use of the Locative case particles; Idgaw de, afoot, from, Idgaw, a foot; n hku de, inside, from nhku, the inside. § 73. When an adverb modifies an adjective or a verb it generally precedes, but follows when used with an other adverb. Ex. Ndai mdsha law kdja, this person is very good. Aldwan gat ai gumra, a fast running horse. Hpaivt de jau jau sa mu, go early to-morrow morning- In regard to their meaning and usage all adverbs may be divided into the following classes: § 74 Adverbs of Time. 1. The most common are those formed accord- ing to § 72. 2. 6. viz. : Dai ni, to day; dai hjaawt, this morning; dai na, this evening; dai ning, this year, Mdni, yesterday; mdning, last year; mdna, last night; mdyat, just now. Ma ni, day before last; ma na, night before last; ma ning, year before last; wa ni hpaivt, morning before last. Moi ning, three years ago or more; mo« mai, long ago. Htdning, next year. Hpra m, three days from now; hpra ning, three years from now. ETYMOLOaY. 71 Hpawt de, to-morrow; hpawt na de, to-morrow night. Rem. (a) Another form for the Future, mostly used by the Chinghpaws, is made by the help of din, between, betwixt; hpawt din ni, day after to- morrow; hpawt din hpawt, morning after to-mor- row morning. (6) The Cowries generally use hpra, where the Chinghpaws use din; thus: hpra ni, with them would mean, day after to-morrow. 2. The most common of the regular adverbs of this class are the following: Na, a long time, ago, since; shi si ai gaw na sai, it is long ago since he died; na, is often reduplicat- ed; kdga mung e shi na na nga sai, for a long time he has been in another country. Garai, not yet, usually followed by the negative; shi garai n gdlaw lu ai, he cannot do it yet; gdrai rai, don't do it yet; lit. not yet do it. She, when; shi ndai chye ai she, when he knew that. Hkra, until; ngai du ai du hkra nga nga u, re- main until my arrival; hkra, might also be regard- ed as a conjunction. Yat, in a moment; gat nhtang wa, I will return in a moment; yat gdlaw na nngai, I will do it im- mediately. Kdlang lang, at times, sometimes; kdlang lang ning rai hyin wa sai, sometimes it happens thus. Jang, when; at the time that, pointing towards a completed action; shi dai ga tsun ngutjang, when he had spoken thus; anhte ndai amu gdlaw ngut jang, when we have finished this work. Yang, when; indicating the action as incom- pleted; nang ndai gdlaw yang, when you do this. 72 KAOHIN GBAMMAE. The yang, is often followed by gaw; nanhte ndai gdlaw yang gaiv ngai hpe dum e law, remember me when you do this; yang me, may be used in the same way. Shdloi, when; at that time, or moment; shi ning rat tsun ai shdloi anhte mddat sd ga ai, when he spoke thus we listened; dai shdloi shanhte a poi ha- ha nga ma ai, at that time (then,) they had their great feast. Lang lang sha, seldom; nang e lang lang sha md- rang htu ai, it seldom rains here. Tut, generally reduplicated, tut tut, always, ever; shi gaw dai shdra e tut tut nga na re ai, he will al- ways stay at that place. Nde de, nde law, or nde nlaiv, so long; ngai gaw nde de nanhte hte ran nga se ai, I hare been with you so long. Shawng de, or, shawng na, before; shi gaiv nye a shawng de re ai, he is before me. 3. Other adverbs of this class such as, gdloi mung, for ever; hpang de, afterwards; ya hkring ma or, ya hkring sha, in a moment, after a little; ya e, just now, and gdde n na yang, without delay, in a moment, will be easily understood and need no further explanation. § 75. Advebbb op Place. Among the numerous adverbs belonging to this class, the following are in most common use: Ldhta or kdhta, above, at the higher place, over- head; shi gaw ldhta de na du sai, he has come from above. This as well as most of the adverbs of this class may also be used adjectively ; htaw ldhta. mung na mdsha, a man from the upper country. Ldwu, below, the opposite of ldhta; shi gaw nang Idwu e nga ai, he is here below; le ldwu mung de ngai sa na nngai, I will go to the lower country. ETYMOLOGy. 73 Npu, under, below, beneath; ndai wa gaw nta npu e nga ai, the hog is under the house. Nang, nang e, nang de, here, at this place; shi nang nga ai, he is here; nang s sa ma rit, come here. Nang, is often pronounced ning. Wo, or, waw, wo de, wo nang, wora de, (Comp. § 35. 2. a.) there, over there, yonder; shanhte ivo nang nga md sai, they are over there; wora de hpa n nga, there is nothing over there; wo de sa mu, go over yonder. Htaw, Maw de, Maw nang, Mawra de, over there, up there; Maw nga ai, it is up there; Maw de mu lu ai, up there it can be seen; htaw nang shdraw law nga ai, there are many tigers up there; Mawra de ngai lung wa na nngai, I will go up there. Le, le de, le nang, lera de, there, down there; nan- Me hpa rai lera de sa myit ta? why did you go down there ? Shawng, shawng de, before, in front, ahead; ngai shawng de sa wa na nngai, I will go ahead; nang shawng a tsap nga u, you stay in front. Spang, hpang de, after, behind; shi mahkrahpang de sa ai, he goes behind all. Man, man e, man de, before, in the presence of; shi man de shi pru wa sa, he went before him; shanhte a man e shang mu, come before them. Shingdu, or, shingtu, behind ; nye a shingdu de tsap mu, stand behind me. Shingkan, outside; shingkan dejaja kdshung ai, it is very cold outside. Ntaw, outside, in front of; ndai chyinghka ntaw depru mu, go outside, or, in front of the door; nto G 10 74 EAOHIN OBAMMAB. fUaw e hpun law nga ai, there are many trees in front of the house; nta ntaw grup grup ja ja tsawm ai, it is very pretty all around, outside the house. KMa, in, inside; nam Jcdta de dusat dumyeng law nga ai, there are many animals in the jungle; ndai sampu kdta e hang u, put it inside the box. § 76. Adverbs op Manneb. The most common are the following : Sawng, fully, perfectly; mai sawng rai sa, it is perfectly good; mahkra hten saivng rai sa, it is all completely broken. Be be, in vain, perfectly useless; shinanghpendai gumhpraw he he jaw kau ai, he gives you this mon- ey in vain. Kaman, for no purpose; nang kdman sa ndai, you go for no purpose. Lila, in vain, for no reason; lila ngai shdga ai n rai, I do not call without a purpose. Ldgaw de, afoot; shi Idgaw de sa sa, he went a- foot. Aldwan, quickly; aldwan sa rit, come quickly; aldwan gdlaw mu, do it quickly. Yat yat, slowly; yat yat gdlaw mu, do it slowly; shi yat yat du ra ai, he is coming slowly. Angwi, or, angwisha, kindly, softly, tenderly; shi angwi sha ga tsun ai, he speaks tenderly; angwi, is often reduplicated; angwi ngwi gdlaw mu, do it tenderly. Khten, perhaps, probably; shi du na nhten, he will probably come. ETYMOLOGY. 75 Dan dan, plainly, distinctly, openly; ga dan dan tsun u, speak distinctly; ndai amu shi dan dan gdlaw nu ai, he did this work openly. Leng leng, clearly, openly; shi ga tsun yang shi leng leng tsun ai, when he speaks he speaks clearly. Ding ding, truly, perfectly, completely; shi ding ding sa ra na, he will really go; n-gu hte u ni gaw ding ding ma sa, the rice and chickens are com- pletely exhausted. Mai, well; ndai gdlaw yang gaw mai a, if you do this, it is well; ndai law mai a, this is very well. § 77. Adverbs op Cause. Majaw, (Cowrie mdjoi,) dai mdjaw, because of, for that, for this reason, therefore; shi ning de gd- law ai mdjaw ngai mdsin pawt nngai, I became angry because of his doing this; gumra mdri ai mdjaw ngai sa ni ai, I went in order to buy a pony; shi n gdlaw mdyu ai, dai mdjaw ngai gdlaw se ai, as he did not wish to do therefore I did it. The forms shingrai mdjaw, dai re ai mdjaw, are used as the above, and need no further illustrations. Kdning rai nme law, because, for this reason. Rem. Nearly all of the conjunctions described under § 81.- may at times be translated as adverbs, always being in some way, closely connected with the the preceding verb. It would be impossible to lay down any definite rules, as to when one or the other of these expressions should be used, but must be learned by observation. § 78. Adverbs of Comparison. Grau, more than; shi gaw ngai hte mam grau lu ai, he has more paddy than I; ndai ma wora hte ngai grau tsaw nngai, I love this child more than that one. 76 KACHIN GEAMMAB. Mdren, the same, just as, alike; nan a ga mdren rai myii dai, your words agree, lit. are alike; ngai tsun ai Me mdren gdlaw u, do as I told you, ndai gumra tvora gumra Me mdren hpu ai, this pony is as expensive as that one. Zawn, or, sawn sawn, as, in the same way; ngai gdlaw ai zawn gdlaw mu, do as I do. Dai Ma kdga, or, simply, Ma kdga, besides, moreover apart from; gumhpraw shi jaw, dai Ma kdga arat law law shi jaw ai, he gave money and beside this many other things; shi Ma Tcdga kddai n gdlaw lu ai, no one apart from him can do it. Hte, like unto, as; ndai wora Me gddaw ai, this resembles that, lit. this like unto that etc. Ddram, about, like as, according as; gumhpraw lap shi ddram shi lu ai, he has about ten rupees; shi ngai hpe jaw dat ai ddram ngai baijaw wu ai, I gave back according as he had given me. Rem. In the N. L. nna, often abbreviated to n, is used very freely, instead of sawn; du sdlang ni u hku n'raivn nga ma hka gaw, may your chiefs and elders grow fat (or be at general ease) like heifers. § 79. Advbbbs op Degree, Ai, somewhat, to a certain degree; dai numsha ai n kdjd, that women is somewhat bad. Gdnoi noi, nearly, almost, not far off; shi gdnoi noi si sa, he almost died; ndai wa hpe ngai gdnoi not hkra nngai, I nearly hit this man. Nachying, or, lachying, very; shi nachying yak ai, he is very difficult; nachying gdlu kdha ai wa, a very great man. Apa, much, very much; shi shat apa sha ai, he eats very much rice. ETYMOLOGY. 77 La, very, much; ha la ai law, I am very tired. Ndai hte wa, so much, to this degree; ndai hte wa shijaw ai, he gave so much. Nau, much, very much, too much, too; nau ru ai wa, a very difficult person; shi shat nau sha ai, he eats too much rice. Ja ja, very, very much; ngai shi hpe ja ja tsaw nngai, I love him very much; instead of ja ja, gd- rai, or, grai, is used in some localities. Sha, only; loiloi sha jaw u, give only a little; ngai mam sha lu nngai, I have only paddy. Jan, more than; nta sum shijan ai, more than thirty houses. N-ga, more than, over and above; gumra Idtsa hte n-ga nga ai, there are over and above a hun- dred ponies. Nde law, nde de, or, shdde, this much, to this de- gree; nde law shi shdrang ai, this much he per- sisted. Pyi, even; ngaipyingdlaw lu, even I cannot do it. § 80. Inteeeogative Adverbs. (Comp. § 50. b.) 1. Of time: Gdloi, when ? ndai amu gdloi hyin a ta? when did this thing happen? gdloi hai wa na n ta? when will you return ? g^oi ngai shi hpe mu lu na i ? when can I see him? gdloi me sa n ta? when did you come ? Gdten, how long ? until when ? gdten du hkra nanhte hte ngai nga na myit ni ? how long shall I be with you ? 2. Of place: Gdde, where ? whither ? ndai lam gdde du n ni ? where does this road lead ? ya shi gdde nga? where is he now ? 78 KAOHIN GBAMMAB. Gdde na, or, gdde nna ? from where ? whence ? nanhte gdde nna rai myit ta? where are you from ? Kdnang, where? whither? shi kdnang nga? where is he? Kdnang, kdnang na, or, kdnang nna, whence? ya kdnang na rai wa sd ta ? where do you come from now ? Rem. Gdde, and kdnang, are generally used in- terchangeably, but the tendency is to use gdde, with places thought of as distant, while kdnang, is limited to places supposed to be near by. 3. Of manner: Kdning, kdning rai, kdning rai nme, kdning di, the last often changed to gin di? how ? in what way? ngai kdning rai gdlaw lu na i? how can I do it ? kdning rai nme hyin lu a hka i? how can it hap: pen? n shdrin taw, gin di chye lu na a kun? not having learned how can I know it ? 4. Of cause: Spa rat, when the cause is thought of as dis- tant, and nhpa rai, when near, (Cowrie pfa, or, n- pfa rai,) why ? Jipa rai gdlaw nu ta? why did you do it ? npha rai gdlaw ai i? why shall I da it. 5. Of quantity: Qdde, gdde me, or, gdde mi, how much? how many? gdde jaw n ta? how much shall I give you ? mdsha gdde nga ma ta ? how many persons are there ? nang gdde mi jaw mdyu n ni f how much do you wish to give ? Rem. The tones of gdde, where etc. and that of gdde, how much etc- should be carefully distin- guished. The first takes the short abrupt, and the last the emphatic tone. (Comp. § 5: 4. 5.) EtTMOLOGT. 7& § 81. Numeral Advebbs. Lang, times; Idhkawng lang sa su, go twice; sdnit shi lang shi gdlaw sai, he did it seventy times. Lang, is used in a number of combinations such as, lang mi, once; lang mdrang muk, once; gdde lang, how many times? lang mi sha shi gdlaw ai, he did it only once; lang mdrang muk sha shi n gdlaw lu, he could do it not even once; gdde lang tsun mytt ni ? how many times did you speak ? Ngai muk, once, singly; shi ngai muk sa ai, he went once (rare;) usually used as a numeral adjec- tive; ngai muk n nga, there is not even one thing. Bak hak, untold numbers; mdsha hak hak nga md sai, there are numbers of beings. Rem. {a) In the N. L. Idmun, Idtsa, and Iddi, frequently combined with lang, are freely used when an indefinite number is indicated; Idmun lam wunli ngai Ian, Idtsa lam wumgau ngai hpan, I create hundreds of ways of blessing, meaning, an indefinite number of blessings. (6) In ordinary usage these adverbs may also be regarded as numeral adjectives. § 82. COEEELATIVE AdVEEBS. Ning, or, ning de, shing, or, shing de, all mean, thus, and are used interchangeably. In the same way, ning rai, and shing rai, are used with the same meaning. Ning shi tsun nga ai, thus (in this way) he speaks; shing rai gdlaw mu, do it thus. § 83. Modal Adverbs. (Comp. § 72. 2.) Gdja truly, really; gdja gdsat ma ai i? do they really fight? Gdja shi mai wa ai, truly he is recovering. do EAOHIN OBAMMAB. Ahka, truly, verily, indeed; sM a gdlaw nga ahJca, he is actually working. Rai sa, it is right, may at times be used as our yes, (Comp. § 69;) rai sa ning rai nga ai, yes, it is so; shi gdlaw ai sawn, rai sa, it is right as he does it. N rai, it is not right, not according to fact, may at times be used as no, or, not; n rai, ning rai n nga ai, no, it is not so; nang gdlaw ai sawn n rai, it is not as you do it. Kdni, or, kdni gaw, well ! I do not know; hdni gaw, ngai n chye nngai, well, really, I do not know. Shdta, I do not know the thmg; shdta, shi myit ngai n chye, I do not know his mind. Rem. Kdni, has reference to the subject only, while shdta, points towards the object. Other words or expressions indicating assent and at times used as our yes, are the following: ara, yes, usually followed by rai sa; ara, ara rai sa, yes, yes, so it is; au, yes, used mostly by the Kachins up north; mlaw, yes, used mostly by the women. POSTPOSITIONS. § 84. There are properly speaking no preposi- tions in Kachin, as such particles as ma, or, md, should be regarded as tense formatives only. The relations of nouns to the other words in a sen- tence expressed by prepositions in English are here indicated by postpositions, answering the questions: whence? where? and whither? Regard- ing these postpositions the following should be observed: (a) Nearly all of the adverbs of place and some of the others, may be used as postpositions with- out any change of the word itself (Qomp. § 76.) ETYMOLOGY. 81 (&) _ The postpositions always follow the noun to which they belong. (c) When the noun is followed by its case end- ing, the postposition is always placed between the noun and the case affix. (d) Some postpositions are compound, being formed from two or more words of the same class. We need to give only a few examples of the most common postpositions as they will be easily recognized: Grup, often reduplicated, grup grup, around, about; hpyen mdsha ni ndai mdre grup grup nga ma sai, the soldiers were all about (or round about) the city. Ntsa, or, ningtsa, upon, above; shi dai nta ntsa e nga ai, he is upon the house; sumwi ningtsa shi lung wa sai, he went (ascended) above the clouds. Lai, beyond, on the farther side of; dai rat wora hpun lai nga ai, that thing is on the farther side of the tree. In the N. L. yin and hpyin are used in the same way; sumsai daw gawng yin sa wa ga; dbawng htuwibyen hpyin sa wa ga, let us pass be- yond the great post, let us pass beyond the paddy mill. Ldpran, or, kdpran between; ndai mdre wora hum Idpran e nga ai, this village is situated between the mountains. Kaw, in, with; ngai sM kaw nga nngai, I am with him; dai sumpu kaw bang u, put it in the box. Hta, in, more commonly used for in than kaw; sau ndai pyengdin hta ru bang u, pour oil in the lamp; ntsin hta dai bang u, put it in water. Hte rau, with; shi ngai hte rau nga ai, he is with me. a 11 82 KACHIN GBAMMAE. Nhku, or, htdhku, in, into; nta nhku e shi skang sai, he entered into the house. Na, from; shanhte a Tcddng na shipru wa sai, he went out from their midst. CONJUNCTIOITS. The conjunctions may be classified as follows: § 85. Copulative. Ai, is a general connective, and although at times it may be rendered as a relative, often it has no corresponding meaning in English; sat ai mdsha, a murderer, lit. the man who kills; ngai hkawm ai shaloi, when I was walking; shi hpa gd- law ai if what is he doing ? gdlaw shdngun ai Me mdren, as he was caused to do. Hte, and; gumra Idngai me Me, dumsu Idngai me ngai dut kau se ai, I sold one pony, and one cow. Nna, and; ngai sa nna du se ai, I went and arrived. Ma, and, besides that; gwi ma, wa ma, u ma ngai ra nngai, I want dogs, pigs and fowls. Eaitim' (pronounced, raitim, Comp. § 86.) and, is also used only in enumerative discourses; Mi/en mdsha rai tim, 8am ni rai tim, Miwa wa ni rai tim ndai amu chye ma ai, Burmans and Shans and Chinese know this work. Mung, also, and, likewise; ngai sa nna, shi mung sa na, I will go, and he will also go. Dai Ma kdga, also, besides that, moreover; ngai nta gdlaw, daihta kdga ngai li gdlaio na nngai, I am building a house and also (besides that) a boat. ETYMOLOGY. 83 Nde mung n-ga, moreover, lit. this much and over; over and above this; ngai lap sum shijaw, nde mung n-ga mam nawjaw se ai, I gave thirty rupees, and moreover, I gave paddy. Shdloi, or, shdloi gaw, then, how then; nang li n lu, ndai hka mung sung ai, shdloi gaw, nang kdning rai rap lu nawu ta ? you have no boat, and the river is deep, how then will you cross over ? Dai rai yang, or, sMng rai yang, therefore, since it is so. § 86. Adveesative. Ti, rai ti, rai ti mung, the last often abbrevi- ated to, rai ti m, but, however, nevertheless, al- though, notwithstanding; amu yalc ti ngai dang lu na nngai, the work is difficult but I will overcome it; ngai nctnhte hpe tsun md sd de ai, rai ti mung nanhte n mddat myit dai, I told you, nevertheless you do not obey; ngai amu lu rai ti mung ngai sa na nngai, I am engaged (lit. have work) but will go however. § 87. Causal, These are all expressive of reason or cause: MdjCLw, that; dai mdjaw, for; ning rai, or, sMng rai mdjaw, because of, since. All these combina^ tions may be used interchangeably. Shi ngai hpe mdtsan dum ai mdjaw ngai kdbu nngai, I rejoice because he has mercy on me; ngai hpe kdrum na mdjaw shi du sai, he arrived that he might help me; shi Idgu ai, dai mdjaw anhte shi hpe rim la ga ai, he was stealing, for that reason we captured him; shing rai mdjaw, anhte n hkraw ga ai, since it was so, we did not agree. 84 KAOHIN GKAMMAK. Nhtawm, (from htawm, after,) nhtawm me, since, because that, seeing that, inasmuch as; nang gdlaw nhtawm me "ngai n gdlaw nngai," nga ndai, since you have done it, you say, I have not done it; nang hJca de sa nhtawm hTca nja wa ndai, although you went to the river (or, you having gone, etc) you did not bring water. Nlen or ninglen, but, because, inasmuch; ngai chye nlen nang hpe a san nngai, inasmuch as I know, I ask you. This may also be translated, I know well enough, but because of this, or not- withstanding, I ask you. Gawp, because of; shi a gawp ai ngai a nga nga, because of him I exist. K&ning rai nme law, for, since; Tcdning rai nme lata, shi hpe mddun ya na ngai shdrang nga ndai, for, I am endeavoring to show him. This is a very common idiom in Kachin, always having a pre- ceding sentence as its antecedent. § 88. Conditional. fang, if; dai rai yang, if it is; shing rai yang, if so; shi sa yang anhte sa ga ai, if he goes we will go; dai rai yang. ngai hpa n tsun lu ai, that being so, I can say nothing. She, whatever, however; ngai hpa gdlaw ai she, shi n hkraw ai, whatever I do, he disagrees with it; she frequently has only a copulative force. ETYMOLOGY. 85 INTERJECTIONS. § 89. The following are the most common: Aw, expressive of surprise or satisfaction. Ak, expressive of pain. A, or, d, responsive, expressive of assent. Ala, expressive of earnestness. Adaw, expressive of attention. Gai, Tcai, or Kkai, be ready, now do it! enough! so. 0, many and various usages. Ooi, goi e, wonderful ! really ! We, expressive of haste. He, threatening, rather disrespectful. Ashe, what ? how is it ! ah ! Maw, here ! take it ! Rai tawP what then ? eh ? Ataw? what ? hay ? now then ! TLtaw, or taw, look up. 86 KACHIN GRAMMAR. APPENDIX I. KACHIN NAMES. Males: (Shadang sha.) Ma Gam, the 1st born, Ma Naw, the 2nd born, Ma La, the 3rd born, Ma Tu, the 4th born. Ma Tang, the 5th born. Ma Yaw, the 6th born, Ma Hka, the 7th born. Ma Yun, the 8th born, Ma Kying, the 9th born, Females: (Shayi sha.) Ma Kaw- Ma Lu. Ma Roi. Ma Htu. Ma Kai. Ma Hka. Ma Pri. Ma Yun. Ma Kying. Kying nang, the 10th born, Kying nang. Bern, {a) When grown persons are indicated N is generally substituted for Ma, thus, NGram, NKaw, NNaw, etc. (6) Besides these general names others are also used as more respectful or familiar designations. Some of these may be thus illustrated: Ma Gam, may also be called: Ma Shawng; Ma, or Shawng brang. Jl Naw, » »> Ji >J Baw Naw; Grawng Baw Grawng. Naw La, 1) }J ,, ,, La nau; La doi. Tu, it )f tt it Lum, Tu Lum. Tang, 1} » tt tt Gua, Ma Gun. Taw, f> It l> )J Htung, Yaw Htung. Hka, It tt It It Tawm, Hka Tawm. APPENDIX. II. 87 tfa Kaw; may t ilso be cal ed: MaShawng, Hkitt Nau, Ohyem. Lu, )i J> )) , Ma Baw, Baw, Baw Tawng. Rpi, tt J? ji , Ji, Roi Ji, Nau, Roi Nau. Htu, }f I) t> 1 Ma Lum, Htu I^um. Kai, j> » 7} , Htang, Ma Hta,ng. Hka, n 3) ]} Tawm, Hka Tawm. Pri. it )} 3> Pri Lum, Ma Ti. APPENDIX. II. 1. The following vocabulary -will give some idea as to the similarity between Kachin and Bur- mese. In many instances, however, it WQuld be impossible to say with any degree of certainty whether a word has been borrowed from the Bur- mese or Shan. Thus the word for an imag^ of Gaudama, pronounced Hpra or Hpdra, no doubt is to be derived from the Shan Hpra, rather than the Burmese o:jGps» 1. Words most likely derived from the Bmt- mese. AipUt wgrk, SSJU Ak^u, favor, grace; OSO^Sii Aki/awng, because of. snc^oSi Ahkang, permission, affair. £»3§lu Agyang, habit, behavior. 3srq]§ii .4m^«^ profit, gain. 09 §9^0 Amy^U, a kind, tribe. 33<8"' .. Arm, a disease. OSftOu 88 KAOHIN GBAMMAE. Ap, to hand over. ,. mS* Aya, an office. sscpu Up, to rule. ajSii TJtawng, a peacock. goolSsp Dek, a treasury. <^cB» Ddmya, a robber. cooggu Duhka, misery. ^c^" Ddsik, a seal. oSdBSn 2)^^M, power. osf ^i™ Gatvng-lawng, a large bell. colSgocooSsn Saw, or Hkaw, to preach. ecoooa^u Jawng, a school. carjoSiu J"anif,«food, provision. o^oSu Kinyit, an'iron style. cogSn Kyeju, or chyeju, grace. orci|s(j.8ii EJcauling, a sheaf of rice. ooooc^^S. Xam, a road. coSm Mandan, a charm. "cSb?" Ngdrai, punishment, hell. ci^sn Sakse, a witness, testimony. oocSccx). Sewg', a shop. sI^Sb Sdma, a master. cdoosh Sdnat, a gun cod^oSh Tawng ban, to beseech. craoSsof i 2. Roots in Kachin and Burmese derived from a common source: Ani, to be near. 3a|ti AJcawk, knock, rap. ciHc^i Ba^, to wind around. ooS" APPBNDii It. Bung, id Cbncord. *?« Bya, to show, exhibit. g. Dan, to be worthy of. eofn Da, to put. OOOSii Daw, to have something in common. ccoSn Gwi, a dog. egsu EJa,, to dance. 0011 Kang, custom, duties paid. roSsii Ku, to worship. (^811 Ku, a bed, a table. ^" Kdhtccp, piit upon. ooSii Kdtua, bamboo. ols" Kawan, to encircle. ofs» Koi, to hide from. qgoS. Hka, to be bitter. Slsn Rkun, tb be dry. 3^S» EJcye, to save. goSn La, a verbal emphatic. cg« Lam, to' expose to the sun. cgfs,, Li, to be heavy. ©038" Li, a boat. ocg« Laiv, verbal emphatic. ecooii Latct, to escape. <^c6n Loi, easy. <^oSii Ldgu, to steal. ^81 Ldpan, a flower. U^8ii Man, true. 9?' Mdnam, smell. fSsil JifeZ^jfour. CC08U 'Jf«w«V yesterday. UGj^ii Mdnga, five. d1: i/y«, the eye. i^o6« JVa,i the ear. fOSii G 12 89' 90 1 EAOHIN OBAMHAB. Nat, ajnat. ,o5. Ni, to be near. ?•» Nga, fish. Cll. Nem, to be low. ?s» Ngam, to be saltish. cf. Poi, a feast. ^.. Pyen, to fly. cj» Hta, to arise as billows. 00a (3) Aspirates changed into sibilants. Asak, life. oooonSi Sat, to kill. oaoSa Si, to die. Gcau Si, fruit. d8tu Sumsaw, a key. ooooii (Swn^', to use. ci^tn Sddi, to be careful. oacSi. Sha, a child. COOIn S/ia, only. 033u This list might be indefinitely enlarged, but the above examples may be sufficient for our purpose. It is easy to point out similarities in numerous cases even where, because of the lapse of time, more striking and interesting changes have taken place. II, W6rds derived from Shan may be classified as follows. Shan word. Kachin equivalent. (1) General words: Bye jau, to resolve, Myit da. Dakhpai, a paddle, Lasham. APPENDIX III. 91 Danam, a shore, river bank; Hka kau. Mai na, a nail. Ling, to serve at a feast; Jau. (2) Nouns in HJcaw, a palace: Hkawhkam, a king, ruler. Hkawseng, couplet of Hkawhkam. (3) Nouns in Jau, a chief, prince: Jaubu, a military leader, Du. Jaukang, a custom house officer. Jaulung and its couplet jauhpai an elder in a village. Jau padu, a gate keeper. (4) Nouns in Nam, water: Namdau, a pitcher. Nam man, oil; Sau. Nam hkun, a well; Hka htung. Nam woi, Shan sugar. Nam ling, dropsy. Nam ya, starch. Rem. The names of the months are often given in Shan among the Kachiris. (Oomp. App. III. 2.) APPENDIX III. KACHIN TIME. 1. SEASONS. (Du hkra ladaw.) (a) Ginhtawng ta, the dry season. (Qctober- March.) 92 KAOHIN GEAMMAB. Lanamta, the rainy season. (April — September.) (6) Within these two general divisions, the fol- lowing sub-divisions are found: — 1. Ginhtawng ta: Mangai ta, the time for the new rice. (October — November.) Kashung ta, the cold season. (December — March.) 2. Lanam ta: ( , Nlum ta, the, hot season. (April to middle of May.) Htingra ta, the paddy planting season. (Middle of May — June.) Mayu ta, the paddy growing season. (July — September.) Rem. Some give only two months to Kashung ta, namely December: and January and call Febru- ary — March, Htawng ga ta, or the real dry season. 2. MONTHS. (Shata.) Shan Names: Lunjing, October. Lungam, November. Lunsam, December. Lunsi, January. Lunha, February. Lunhuk, March. Lunkyet, April. Lunbet, May. Lungau, June. Lunsip, July. Lunsipet, August. Lunsip sawng, September. Rem. a month, which always means a lunar month in Kachin, is roughly speaking the time Kachin Names: Kala, Maji, Maga, Hkru, Ra, Wut, Shala, Jahtum, Shangan, Shimari, Gupshi, G-uptung, APPENDIX III. 98 from one new moon to, the othei*. Any division of weeks, is not found. Educated KacMns, however, are beginning to name the week days beginning with Sunday, as the first, second, and thirds etc^ 3. HOURS OF THE DAY. (Shani ahkying.) Yuptung, a boi; It 12 o'c ilock midnigh Hpung tsin se, ») 1—2 » A. M. U-goi, V 3 » » >> Grintawng pru, >) 4 V » » Manap, , ') 5 J> » » Jan pru, » 6 )) » » Jan da hkaw mi lung, » - 7 ■■ » ' » » Jan tsing law tsan. n, 8—11 » » » Jan pung ding ga. » 12 >J M. Jan kayau, » 1—2 >) ' P.M, Jan kadang. j> 3—4 » » » Jan nmaw mi rawng, » " 5 ;' » )j Jan shang madu, 'J 6 "( » j> Nrim, » 7 » » ?> Shang tawm, » 8—9 » » '> Pran tawm. J) ■ 10—11 » >> » The meaning of the terms used to indicate the divisions of the day may also be given: Yuptung, time of deep sleep; hp^ng tsin se, the morning hreeze;' Urgoi, the cock-crowing; gintawng pru, the rise of the morning star; jan da hkaw mi luting, the sun having ascended the length of one weaving board; jan tsing law tsan, the time when everybody is put; jan pungding ga^ the sun straight above the top of the inQad; jan kayau, the sun on the descent; jan kddang, the sun rapidly descend- ing; jan nmaw mi raiefig, ,the sun at the hight of 94 KACHIN GRAMMAR. one nmaw, a festal pole; jan shang mddu, the sun about to enter; nritn, the evening; shang tawm, the time when all enter their houses; p^mn tawm, the time when the young people are enjoying them- selves. APPENDIX IV. KACHIN WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY. 1. WEIGHTS. (Shenaibaw.) Lem mi, the weight of one malem, (a kind of seed) Dum „ equal to two lems. Pe „ „ „ „ dums. Mu „ „ „ „ Pes. Gahkan, the half of a viss. Joi mi, one viss. 2. MEASURES OF LENGTH. (Shadawn. ai baw-) Lamyin chyang, the breadth of a finger-nail. Layung tsen, one finger's breadth. Lahkawng pren, two „ „ Masum pren, three „ ,, Mali pren, four „ „ Lahpa mi, ' the breadth of the hand. Gumdum, from the end of the thumb to the end of the first finger. Gumchyan, or lahkam, from the end of the thumb to the end of the second fingei^. Latup dawng, from the elbow to knuckles on the fingers. APPENDIX IV. 95 Dawng mi, from elbow to the second finger- tip. Sinda ga, two dawngs. Lalam, a fathom. 3. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. (Shadang ai baw.) Latup mi, One handful; the hand nearly closed. Lapai mi, two latups; one open handful. Laku mi, two lapais. Jare mi, two lakus. Bye mi, four jares. Jik mi, four byes; the fourth of a basket. Hpai mi, two jiks; the half of a basket. Dang mi, two hpais; one basket. Jaw mi, ten dangs, or baskets. 4. MONEY. (Gumhpraw.) Ka mi, Hpaisan, Pe mi, Mu mi, Hti mi. Lap, or, gyap mi, Eawng mi, Hkan mi, Ga hkan, Pan mi, Joi mi, one pie. „ pice. „ anna, two annas, four annas, one rupee. two and a half rupees, ten rupees, fifty rupees, seventy-five rupees; one ga- hkan and ten rawngs. one hundred rupees. CONTENTS. Peepaoe, Page. 3 Intkoduction, „ 5- -12. PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. Sectiokb, The alphahe i: number of letters, 1 Powers of KacMn vowels: Rem, (a) use of o, and H; (b) use of ^, ■ -i ' > / directly, straightforwardly. a person somewhat, irrational, silly, puerile; cbinp. Tndna. xnj ' •' to hand over ; Bur. oaS" to commit, deliver, empower ; see parts . see §79. spotted ; ateng apang. to be speckled. fault, guilt, an eveli deed ; Bur. appearance ; likeness ; personal presence ; comp. nsam. ■.. , . beautiful; pleasing form and coun- tenance. see parts. fever ; (Cowrie.) to have fever. capital, money invested as in trade; comp. atu. _ 1 1 punishment, correction, discipline. to punish, chastise ; see parts.) to rub, scour, polish. to rub out or off ; see parts. to swallow eagerly ; to gulp ; dai shat mat ngai hpe araw shd- ngun e. EAOHIK GBAMMAB. 119 Aral 1 n. Arawng n. „ nga V. Asakcr • 'n. Asi j-> : i' n. Asawng V. .■^5.'i>\S'>^ ^A' Asliu > ashan | n Ashun V. ,,'i awan V. Ateng a. Atu . V. Atu n. Ahtik „ abau n. „ „ gawn V. Ahtu V. Ahtawk V. Ahtoi n. „ rawng n. Atsam Atsat V. Atsi V. „ yu V. Atsin . > V. „ sha adv. Atsin. atsu y. Ajtsu, '„ '■: atsam n. n. things, property, goods ; see rai- glory, power, honor ; mostly arawng sddang. to be glorious ; see parts, life; age; Bur. aoaocS" ': fruit; Gomp. si and § 28. j Xi to ridicule, mock, deride ; comp. roi. •'• n ^V'l A animajls of all kinds. ' ' to shake, stir by shaking. same as ashun. see apang. to shine ; atu kdhrim. interest, as on money ; Bur. osc^s; the Kachin term is gumhpraw kasha; comp. arang. fj a history, espiecially of an individ- uals pedigree. ^ame as ahtik; most common. to relate, narrate the history of a certain person to strike against ; comp. htu; to push, crowd. to touch lightly ; light ; see htoi. the name of a traditional person ; see Spelling Book § 19, third part ; also called Ahtoi raWng pyi. . .n-i \ td be decayed, crumbling; comp. tsam- to chop, mince ; atsat atsa. to gaze^ stare at. see parts. to be quiet, silent ; atsin nga ai. quietly, silently ; calmly, softly. to keep quiet. >ji pain, suffering, affliction. 120 VOOABtTIiABT. Awu „ asiu » „ di Awoi Aya Ayan Ayun Ayai Azin „ ayang n. n. V. n. n. a. n. V. adv. adv. pollution, corruption ; comp. wu. same as awu; most common. to pollute, defile, befoul; see parts. see supp. part 1. a place ; situation ; Bur, aosp* continuous, uninterrupted ; comp. yan. fine dust, powder ; ayun ayaw. to scatter, throw things around ; ayai kau ai, see next. accurately, percisely ; in all res- pects. B E Et E. par. see § § 20. (a); 24 and 64. 3. par. E. see § § 20. (c); 22. and 25. see § 64. 7. (a) and comp. Bur. soSt „ hteng I In Ing pron. » par. adv. V. V. I. see § 48. >> >» see § 65. 3. as, like as; used mostly in the re- ligious language, and often ab- breviated to n; in itself may be a shorter form of nna; comp. § 78. Rem. to overflow, inundate; shdu shding; see Spelling Book § 27. to conceal, hold back, as a part of truth ; by some pronounced yip. par. EA0HIJ5T GffiAltMAIl. o. see §§ 25, and 89. oJLSl U. ( Kem. Many of the wor^s here spelled by u are by some pronounced as 'Wu. u u u Ubya „ bya Ud^at Udi Udung „ uli Ugaw UgaiWn Ugoi „ kan ,, kawn hka V. par. par. n. n. V. n. iP. n. n. n. n. n. n. V, n. n. V. n. to overflow, deluge; see ing. see §§ 64. 3, and 55. (c.) a preforraative mostly used iwith names of human beings (males,) and sacrificial animals; by some changed into md, thus mdli in- stead of uli. a fowl, a bird; pj many pro- nounced wu or awu. - a foetus; the young of viviparous animals (not human,) in the womb; comp. pAya. to cast the young, as cattle. a cross for the slaying of S3,crifi- cia,! animals. a pasture; place for grazing; jidat shdra. an egg; see di. cattle or fow;ls for sacrificial pur- jposes. sa,me as udung: in common usage, breeding stbck. the horn bill; Buceros rhinoceros. a, chisel. the cock-crow; see app. III. 3. to offer a fowl to a nat. see § 12. 2. (e.) a jungle fowl. to drive away birds, as from a paddy field. a crow, a raven. G 16 122 VOCAfiULAEY. Uhkam „ hkai „ hkrung „ tsi la Uli Uli Ulawng Uloi , TJma Umat Umun Uni Up Ura Ura Uri Urung tJraw Usi Ushat Utawng Uhtang Uhtum Utsa Utsip V. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. V. n. a. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. V. n. n. to trap, insnare as birds; see parts. small chickens. living animals; opp. to usi. medicine as given by the nats. a cock. a living male human being; comp. Jcdbang; mostly used in the N. L. and by some pronounced mdli. see wali; a male, an inclosure for domestic animals; a barn, a bu£falo; comp. nga loi. the youngest male child in the fa- mily of a chief, succeeding his father, pregnancy of irrational animals, feathers- domesticated animals; opp, to usai. to rule, preside over, a pigeon. see § 35 2. Rem. (b.) a phesant. horns; more common forms nrung or ngarung. a bird's cage; a basket for bring- , ing fowls to market, a dead animal; N. L. comp. u hkrung. fodder for cattle; pasturage, a peacock. Bur. gooTSs a kind of fish; used as nat ofifer- ings. to be sterile: used of animals. a sparrow. a bird's nest; comp. tsip. Ai. Ai. Au Auk di Aw Awlaw Awng Awng Awza Ba Ba Ba Bak KACHIN GEAMMAK. AI. 123 par. adv. adv. V. V. a. n. see §§ 12. 3. (d.); 24; 58; 61. 1. (a.); and 85. see § 79. AU. see § 83. Rem. to snap, snatch at as a dog; comp. Bur. uoS. see parts; ma Idngai mi hpe gwi auk di nu ai, AW. to open a little; di kap aw kau ai; coup, of hpaw; figuratively, to speak; open the mouth for speaking, to consent; regard as correct, good, or just, to be happy, satisfied, content; to be fortunate, prosperous; comp. shdrawng. to overcome, beat, conquer; Bur. C£»oS, a custard-apple; Bur. @ao. B. to be tired, out of breath, fatigued; comp. hki, tsu, and pu. to carry a child on the back ac- cording to Kachin custom. a word of respect, used by a young- er child to an elder brother or sister. see § 81. 1^4 VOCABULAEY. Bam V. Bam bam Ban n. V. Ban V. Ban du Ban byau n. n. Bang V. Bat V. Be be Bu adv. V. Bii V. „ kasban V. Bu n. „ hltawm V. ., ni n. „ htawt V. Bubn Bu lap Bum a. n. n. „ yan Bum n. V. Bung n. to be damp, dank, moist; comp. mddi, and nyaw. see Introduction 9. (b.) to rest, have leisure, cease from work; comp. sa, and rau. to obstruct; to put up a temporary barricade; comp. 'pat. thatch-grass before it is cut. an ear ornament; the flat silver ear-bob. to put of place on or in; to pour, ru tang; comp. tawn, and da. to wind around, encircle; comp. lahat, gmribat, and Bur. ooS. see § 76. to put on, as a pair of trousers; comp. hptin. to have fever, Kkali bu ai; to be hot with rage, ning-yun bu ai. to be torn with rage; also called Man Tcdshan. a habitation, birth-place; place of origin, to visit, especially early places of habitation, inhabitants of a certain plaee; nanhte kddai bu ni ? who are you? lit. where is your birth-placfe, or habitation, as the case may be. to change place of residence; lit. move from the birth-place, stout and short: stubby, the betel leaf, a mountain, a mountain range, to swell, as the limbs when dis- eased; comp. bawm. a bamboo used for cooking pur- poses. KAOHIN GEAMMAE. 125 Bnflg V. „ sha „ ski Bunghku Bunghkum n. n. n. n. n. n. Bunghkum Buhghkaw „ „ khaw Bungli Bai n. n. V. n. V. Bainam „ „ kasha Bau n. n. V, Bau ,, dum n. V. „ masum n. Bau V. Bau V. Baw n. „ sang „ daw Baw n. n. V. Baw V. „ hkai v.- Baw n. to agree, correspond, harmonize, resemble; anhte a htung hking hung nga ai; conip. app. II. 2. see nhung. a mild breeze, a whirlwind, a haze. a stockade, wall around a village, a chair; a stool, a pillow, a turban. to put on a turban, work; comp Introduction 6. to repeat; comp. 70. 2 adv. over again, a goat; comp. nam la, nam yi. a kid. to take care of; to provide for; comp. pau. a gong. to sound a gong; see parts, the three gongs used at a death dance, (kdhung ium,) namely the dingngut bau, duptaivng bau, and htinglai bau. to become fleshy, large; used mostly in the N. L. to practice magic; to conjure, charm, a kind, sort; a race, comp. amyu. a person of the same tribe, relatives of the same tribe, to pack; arrange a load in proper order, lit baw ai. to uproot; to pull, as a plant out of the ground; to. extract as a tooth; comp. mdgang. to replant; see parts, the head. 126 VOOABUIiAEY. Baw mung n. Bawm V. Bawng V. Bawng „ dung n. n. Boi Boi par. V. Boi V. Baren n. „ „ lungpu n. Bra V. ,, wa V. Brak V. Bram V, Bran V. Brang n. „ ram n. Bru V. Bya V, Bya „ dan V. V. the man next to the chief in a Ka- chin village; bawmung hawmang. to swell, as from dampness. to consult, counsel, deliberate to- gether; comp. sdlang bawng. a man in confinement. one confined in fetters or chains; a prisoner. see § 70. 1. to swarm as bees, Idgat boi ai. to lend as money or rice on inter- est; comp. hkoi, an alligator. a cave where an alligator dwells, (Kachin tradition;) also a figura- tive name for the house (hting- nu,) of a chief; comp. mdraw lungpu. to scatter, disperse; disbanJ. the same, see parts and § 69. to wander about, rove, stray, brak hkawm ai. to seek, hunt for; used mostly up North; comp. tarn; hkai mi bram n ni ? where a S. Kachin would say, hpi mi tarn n ni ? to revive, convalesce bran wa; to reanimate, bring to health and strength, bran shdngun ai. see shdbrang and comp. § 29. a youth, see parts. to conduct funeral ceremonies: shanhte dai Lddu wa Pungngang hpe kdbung Idhkwi dum nna bru mu ai. see spelling-book § 29. to destroy, demolish; degrade; comp. Men, run, and byak mat. to show, exhibit; comp. app. II. 2. same as bya; most common form; see parts. EAOHIN &BASIMAB. 127 Byak „ mat Bye Byeng-ya V. V. n. n: Byet Bye jau Byik Byin n. V. V. V. Bying ,, tu n. n. Byawn Byawng V. V. Byawn V. to be spoiled. . \ I ^ to be ruined, destroyed; see parts, see app. IV. 3. wisdom, understanding; comp. hpaji and the Bur. ogo. a maggot; worms, as in a carcass, see app. II. ii. (1.) to be obstructed^ closed, to happen, chance, take effect; comp. words in § 69. a kind of tree, a place where the Bying grows; hying tu mdli ai ngat, see parts, and comp. spelling-book § 30. to proceed out from; opp. to lup. to melt, as wax before fire; comp. tun. to lead to as a road to a certain place; ndai lam %vora hkran hyawn. OHY. Chya Ohyam Chyam Chyang Chyang Chyang Chyap V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. to besmear, paint over; comp. oqg to try, experiment; same as chyam, see parts. to spread; to extend in all direc- tions; to be over-spread; myi- hprap Idmu chyam h^ra htoi kd- brim ai. to be black. to hire, as a day laborer; to serve; nchyang chyang ai. to hurry; mostly used as an adv. chyang chyang; comp. § 72. 2. (a;) chyang chyang di u, do it qiuickly. to know, as a dog his master's voice; dai gwi shi mddu a nsen chyap ai; to be acquainted/ with. ir/iij 128 VOCABULARY. Chyat Chye Chyen „ ga „ mi Chye » na » ya vChyi Chyim » yu Chying „ dawt Ghyinghka Ohyinghkye Chying- Hfcyen Ghying- hkrang Chyingnam Chyip „ chyip Chyu Chyu Chyu, „ chyu V. V. V. n. V. V. V. V. V. V. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. V. adv. n. V. n. V. to be narrow, close, so as to hard- ly admit of passage, ffh^at ai shdra; to stiok, .be fast as when attempting to pass a too narrow place ; shi efii/at mat sat; comp. jat. to pick, as a fowl- to divide in halves. to split in two equal parts; see parts. one half of a thing. to know; pronounced chi/eng ajid chyoi indifferent localities; see Introduction 4. (2.) (b;) chye is freely used with its couplet chyang; comp. Chye ning chyang, the omniscient one. to know; to understand; see parts. see parts, and conip. § 69, to set fire to; comp shdchyi. to taste. to try by tasting. the common, long native drum a large ancient kind of drum. a door. a hook, a bracket. a bamboo floor; bamboo Adoring. the native mustard plant. the sesamum plant. to be in order; mostly used in its transitive form shdchyip; ndai arai shdchyip u; comp. § 55. properly; ithorpughly, chyip chyip Idjang u. lead; by some pronounced ju. to depend on, to stay wit^; ndai ma nang.e,ohyu nga ai milk, to suck; to nurse as a baby. KAOHIIir GEAMMAE. 129 Chyumlaika Chyup Cliyai Chyai Chyawm Ohyawp Chyoi Ohyoi „ chyoi „ pra Chyawi V. V. V. par. V. V. V. adv, V. V. Da V. Da „ da „ hkaw n. V. n. „ lim Da n. V. Da „ndaigaw par. par. Daga n. a book of genealogies and general information comp. Spelling book §28. to absorb, suck up. to revolve, turn around as a wheel. to do a thing for the sake of plea- sure; tsun chyai, to have a friend- ly chat; hkawm chyai, to walk for divertisement; nga chyai to visit. see § 18 (c.) to wear, as a finger-ring, lachyawp chyawp ai- see chye. to be beautiful, pure, clean; trans. shachyoi, to beautify, make clean; to adorn. in a beautiful manner same as chyoi; see parts. to sew, join by needle and thread; comp. Bur. sj||S. D. to put, place; to cause to remain in a given position, thus, jaw da, hang da etc; comp. tawn. and Bur. (X)0! * a web. to weave. the pole around which the warp is fastened. a batten. to cast lots; throw the dice; to gamble; comp. hpaida da. see § 66. used as this or these before a quo- tation or an enumerative dis- course, a hot-bed hkauga. for paddy, also called G 17 130 vooabttlary. Dakhpai Dam Dam Dama Dau Dan Dan Dan dan Dang Dang „ SI Dang Dang „ kau Danghta Dap Dap Dap Dat Jung „ kau De De n. see app. II. ii. (1.) V. to lose the way, lam dam ai; to err, dam shut. par. see § 63. n. see supp. 1. n. a country; coup, of mung. V. to be worth, worthy of; to be ac- ceptable; comp. ging and Bur. V. to cut in two, as a rope; sumri dan u. V. to show, to indicate, point out; comp. mddun and by a. adv. plainly, clearly; see §§ 72. 1. (a.); 76. n. see app. IV. 3. and Bur. oo6s V. to choke, smother, suffocate; comp. dau. V. to die, as by suffocation, adv. about; m^im dang mdsum dang rai nga ai. V. to be able; to overcome, over- power, conquer. V. to overthrow, subjugate, a. see § 35. 2. (d.) n. a fireplace in or outside a Kachin house; ntaw dap, lupdaw dap, nla dap; a camp, hpyen dap; comp. Bur. od6 V. to prepare a camp. V. coup, of hka'p; comp. Introduction 9. (e.) n. ashes; wan dap. V. to loose, set free, liberate; comp. raw. V. to send away as free; comp. § 64. 4. V. to found, build as a village or a large house.' par. see § 22. as a verbal par. see § 61. 1. (c.) KACHIN GRAMMAR. 131 De na De ai me par. adv. Den V. , Dep V, Di V. Di V. T)i V. „ da V. Di V. „ hkrat V. Di n. „ bu n. Di n. „ di V. „ kawp Dik n. V. Dim V. ,, da V. Din adv Din V. Ding V. see § 23. .< , whenever, age after age; often ffdloi de ai me; coup, of jaw ai me; de ai me hkum yu, jaw ai me hkum pru. to cast out, expel; mostly used in in the form shdden. to reach up to a thing; dep n.ni? can you reach it. to do, make, form, fashion; often used as an auxiliary; gdlaw di, pyau di. - ; to close the eyes myi di. to set aside, leave out as one of a party. see part; nchyang ngai mi ngai di da na. to pick, as fruit from a tree.ior flowers from a stalk. to pick and throw down; to fall from a height. the common rice pot. a large bowl, or pot. an egg, see udi. to lay an egg. the shell of an egg. to be satisfied, myit dik, ai; to be complete, fulfilled, ahkying dik sai. to obstruct, hinder, prevent. see parts. see § 74 (a.); hka nang de din nga ai, in this case din may be trans- lated as a noun, an intervening space. to put on shoes kyepdin din ai; comp § 56. 2. (f.) , , to be straight, rectilinear; in, a moral sense to be honest, up- right, true; comp. § 6, b. 132 Ding bat Dingda .. ding „ dung „ dung „gam „ grin » grup „ khu j> j> '■^ „ hkru „ hkrawn „ la „ man »nye ,, „ hkrum „ nyawm „ru „ sa ,, sa 81 si „ sing „ tawk , „ dan , hta l)ip Dip n. n. adv, n. n. V. V. n. n. n. V. n. a. n. V. V. n. a. V. V. n, n. V. V. n. V. V. VOCABULARY, an arch; see part. the south; comp. nda. see § 76, and comp. man man. the north; also length in opposi- tion to breadth. see § 35. 2. (d); also pronounced dingtung. a locust; ding gam yaw. to be firm, durable, permanent. to cover, as with a net; sumgawn kdhai dinggrup. a family; all within a house. a married man; also called hting- gaw rawn ai wa. a bamboo drinking vessel. to pass through as a pole through a basket. an old man. honest, true; see parts. retribution; a woe; to suffer punishment, or woe, to bend low. squat; Bur. (§5. see Introduction 9. (a.) old; comp. nsa. to do with full determination, dingsa sa una gdlaw. to beckon; question by a sign, a small bell. the common small lizard, to cut across; go a short road, to shorten, abbreviate as in speak- ing. the world in which we live, ding- Ma ga, as distinguished from kdtsan ga; also called chyinghta ga. to press on or down. to force a person to do a thing; comp. kdmyet. KAOEIN aBAMMAB. 133 Dit Du Du Du „ hkra Du hkra ladaw Dum Dum Dum Dum Dum- brung etc. Dumka Dum- hpawng Dumsa „ ,, sha Dumsi » „ prung Dumsu ,, „ kasha Dung Dungji Dup Dut Dut Dai Dai n. n. V. adv n. V. n. V. n. a. n. n. n. V. n. n, n. n. V. n V. V. V. to nail, fasten with a nail; to drive as with a hammer, the neck, a chief. to arrive, come to a place. see § 74. 2. see app. III. 1. to remember, be conscious of; to feel; comp. hprang. a bin, granary; mam dum to play an instrument, sumhpyi dum; bau dum; to clap the hands lata dum. see app. IV. 1. see § 40. Rem. an ornamental bamboo case, as for a fan; from ndum and Jca a temporary collection of small houses; see parts- a nat-priest; see Introduction 8 — 10. V. to perform the duties of a dumsa, also aaMedi dumsa gdlaw. to receive the pay of a dumsa. a porcupine. the spines or quills of a porcupine. a cow. a calf; see § 12. 2. (a.) to sit; to perch. flour as used at a nat offering. to pound, crush by pounding; to set in order by pounding; N-gaivn wa Idmu ga hpe dup sai. to break off; to break as by pull- ing. to sell; opp. to mdri. to be sharp; Cowri' jur^. see § 35. 2. (a.) 134 TOOABULARY. Dai Dai pro. adv, conj, Dai n. „ daw V. ,, ,, sMra n. Dan V, Dau V. Daw n. Daw par Daw V. Daw V. Daw n. ;, hkrawng n. „ hpum n. Dawm Dawn Dawn V, Dawng Dawng n. V. ,, hkawn n. Dagam Dagup Dag raw • Daram V. V. V. adv Daren n. Daru V. Daru Dm V. a. 8ee§5l.(b.) ' '''"' for dai with adverbs of time see §§ 72. 2J(e.)|71 h. for adv. of comparison see § 78. see § 85. > the navel; see shddai. to be born; lit. cut the navel, place of birth. to kill by hanging. u to be entangled; coinp. khang, a pack, a load on a teast of burden;, also the basket used, see § 62. 4. to break; divide in certain parts; n. a part, division, , i : ■ to have something in common; to be related; Bur., goq6. .r a post; see shddaw. a staff; comp. sumdoi s the large post in front of a Kachin i house, to take back, withdraw as a thing offered; dawm la. . to geld, castrate, as fowls; (Shan) comp. dawng, mawn. to angle comp. hkan,.hkwi. i see app. IV. 2. ' * to suddenly- project out from; .to become visible, dawng pru. a flag, banner; sail of a boat, to swear; take an oath; to curse, same as dinggup; to bow down.; ' to put on, as b finger-stall, see §78. dysentery; ddren ren, v. to suffer ,. from dysentery. i ■ . to rebuke, scold, threaten, warn, to butt; daru hkat; bainam ddru ' hkatai. gr^at, excellent; coup, of mdgam. KACHIN GEAMMAI!,. 135 Dazik „ kap Dwi Dwi n. V. V. a. a stamp, a seal; Bur, o6s86; iklso pronounced \ mai V. )) nung V. » noi adv. )> ra pron )) ra V. 55 ri V. Grin Garu Grup Garai adv. Garai adv. Grau n. Grau a. Gasat V. Gaten adv. Gwi n. Gyi , V. Gyin V. n. postp to pacify, settle, as a quarrel, n-gung gdlaw ai; to pay indemni- ty, as for a broken marriage vow, ngai e n la teng yang gdlaw mi; to pay a certain sum to an elder sister, who according to Kachin custom is disgraced by her younger sister being asked in marriage, kdna hpe gdlaw na; money or other articles thus given are called shingkawt aija. indemnity paid, as for a broken marriage vow. see §§ 74. 3. 80. 1. to strike with the back of a knife or sword, n-gung gdmai. to delay; to be slow in acting; e.om.1^. Idnyan. see § 79. see § 50. to be happy, to rejoice; see kdhu. to shake, as from a chill; to tremble. unalterable, immutable, un- changeable; dinggrin. to shout, yell, raise a war-cry; comp. mdrawn. see § 84. adv. around, in a circle, on every side. see §§ 64. 7. b; 74. 2. see §§ 79, and comp. ja ja. a dooly, a litter. see § 42; adv. see § 78. to fight, engage in a combat; comp. sat. see § 80. 1. a dog; Bur. ogs to fall in, as a river bank, to be pressing, urgent, serious; to be shortened; shdgyin. 140 Gyoi Ja VOCABULARY. V. a. .. ja adv Ja V. Ja n. ,. li n. „ tsen n. Ja V. Jan n. Jan n. „ kadang n. ,, mai V. „ eliu mayu Jang Jang 1 n. adv n. Jang htung Jat n. V. Jat V. to be faded, wilted, shrunken; comp. nyip. to tie, bind, sumri Me gyit u. unstable, changeable, unsettled. J. to be hard opp. to Itya; a. strong, hard, intense, comp. n-gunja ai; myit ja ai; jan ja ai, etc. see § 79. to draw or bring water, hka ja ai. gold; property; the amount ne- cessary to procure a woman in marriage, a chief, or other male members of a community; N. L. females, especially of a chiefs household so addressed by the nats. to open the moixth widely; thus ja la, to gape, a respectful female designation; ngaijan, my wife, or my (elder) sister; comp. supp. 1. the sun; also the sun nat; jan ni, the sun nats. for this and other divisions of time, see app. III. 3. to shine, emit light, an eclipse; lit. the sun swallowed by a frog, see § 74. 2. a steelyard, a Roman balance; (Chinese.) the second spokesman in a mar- riage affair, to add on to, increase, augment, to stick temporarily as on sand or in m.nd;lijat mat sa; comp. mdra. KACH;N GhEAMMAB. 141 Jap Je Jen Jen da Jep Jet Jeyang Ji Ji Ji krawhg „ nu Ji nma Jik Jin V. V. V. V. V. V. n. n. n. n. n. n. V. Jing Jing hkam Jinghku „ „ hku Jinglam Ju Ju „ J n. n, V. n. V. u n. V, t to be hot, pungent to the taste; comp. mdjap. to tear, rend, as clothing, ,;e kau ai. to hang up, suspend as a skin when drying in the sun. see parts to prevent, hinder, prohibit by law or action, to hinder, prohibit, forbid, as a child from doing a thing, to draw an inference; pass an opinion; to judge, coup, of nat; ji jaw nat jaw ai mdsha. see supp 1. a mosquito, the common fly. time before the present order of things; see Introduction 9. b. see app. IV. 3. to be ready, as for work, or as food for eating; comp. hkid; shot jin sd ni ? to vie, emulate compete, contend for superiority; gat jing yu ga, let us compete in running; also pronounced hkying. the large horse-fly. a friend; jinghku jing-yu friends, to make friends, the trunk of an elephant, to burn, as wood, hpun ju ai; roast over a fire, shan ju ai; offer a chicken or hog to a nat, uju, wa ju. a thorn, to penetrate, prick as a thorn; to be pricked by a thorn. m. to to 142 VOOAB0LAET. Ju Ju majat Jum Jum Jumpha Jun Jun Jung Jung Jut Jai „ wa Jau „ jau Jau „ gawng Jau Jaw Jaw Jawm V. n. n. n. V. n. a. adv. par. n. V. V. n. adv. to snatch, to seize abruptly and repeatedly, shdraw ju ai mdjaw u. wa ma sai; fig. to be impu- dent, brazen, grasping, ju ai wa, comp, nju- endless, unceasing, everlasting. to take hold; to hold, grasp, seize. salt. a band, strap by which something is carried; also pronounced jingpha. to happen in accordance with pre- diction or wish; myihtoi ga jun ai; mdtsa ga jun ai; comp. dik and yam. to raise as a post of a new house. to be sharp; (Cowrie;) see dai to be set, firm, established; myit jungai; mdchyi jung ai, a chronic disease; comp. noi. a corner. to spend, as money; to be current as certain kind of coined money; dai law gumhpraw nang e n jai lu ai. see Introduction 8 — 9. early. early, in good season; comp. § 73. for words in Jau, see app. III. II. .-i. a man skilled in any art; ndanjau- gawng an archer. to serve as before a chief or at a special occasion comp. pdjau. to give, because requested or otherwise inclined; comp. ya. see app. IV. 3. together, in company, in union; jaivm gdlaw mu; jawm sha m,u; nanhte jawm sa md su^ KACHIN OBAHMAB. 143 Jawn V. Jawiig V Jawng Jawng Joi n n n Ja Jabu n „ hka V „ hkan n „hku n. „liku a. „ hkyi „hkyawn „ hkrai n n n „nun n „hpu n „ hpawt n „ rang n „re n „rit n „ru n „ rawp „hte n n ,, hten V. „ „ labye „ htuk n. V. „ htum n. „ htung n. „ htai n. to ride a pony or in a carriage; gumra jawn ai; leng jawn ai. to engage in rivalry; to compete, contend, amu gdlaw jawng ai, also pronounced shing jawng; comp. jing. an umbrella; comp. Bur, o^Ss a school, monastery, Bur, ooqjofis see app. IV. 1 and 4. see Introduction 6 and § 55. liquor drawn from the rice (tsa) after the best part (machyan) has been prepared, or drawn, to separate, disunite; comp. hka, a fresh water crab, juice, sap of vegetables, the number nva&;jdhku sJii, ninety, the barking deer; Bur. <^, a wolf, an orphan, the mother of N-gawnwa; Kachin tradition, the price, cost, charge, worth of anything; comp. hpu, the morning, a threshing floor, see, app. IV. 3. a frontier, boundary; lama gajArit. native liquor, a Burmese zayat. cause, occasion, provocation; sM jdhte tarn ai; comp. mdra. to destroy, injure; comp, hten, a cripple; a lame person, to adjust, put in order, comp. htuk; to spell, see app. Ill, 2, a great nat, much feared among all the Hill-tribes of U. Burma, a mat for a floor or a bed. 144 Ja htau „ wat V. VOCABULABT. to shout, call aloud; comp. g&ru. adv. loudly, jdhtau shdga u. to force, as money, on false pre- tence; to pick up a grievance; to accuse wrongly for the sake of causing trouble. Ka V. Ka V. Ka Ka V. n. Kam V. Kam V. Kamhtaw postp Kan Ka,n n. n. „ mase V. Kandang n. „ leng Kang n. V. Kang V. Kang n. Kang V. to write; laika ka ai; ka da, to compose, see parts, to embroider, maka ka; mark with different colors, to dance. Bur. oo; comp. mdnau. a basket; a wicker basket; the Bur. gSs; comp. shingnoi. to believe, have faith in; comp. sham, anl mdkam. to be willing, disposed, inclined, ngai kam gdlaw na; comp. mdyu, and § 70. 2. for, on account of; comp. mdtu and mdra. sulphur, brimstone, the stomach, abdomen, to have a motion of the bowels; to have diarrhoea, a carrying-pole such as used by coolies. a yoke for oxen, to be stretched, tight, tense, opp. to nu; comp shdkang. to go free, escape as when fired at; gap rai ti mung kang nna n hkra ai; comp. Bur. coSs custom, duties paid on goods; comp. Bur. ooSs. to be dry, as rice dried in the sun; n-gu kang ai. KACHIN 0BAmMAB. Ub Ka^p Kat V. „ kat adT Ke V. Kinding n. Ku n. Ku V. Kum V. Kttmba V. Eumbai n. Kumgyin n. Kumla n. Kumhpa n. Kumfcaw n. Kun par. Kmng V. „ dawn V. Eaidawn n. Kau V. Kau mi a. Kaw par. Kawng n. Kawng n. Kawp n. Eawp V. to build as a house or a viUsDgey nta leap, kdhtawng kap; to stick, adhere to, comp. Bur. coS. to be satisfied; comp. hkru. enough, in a sufficient degree*^ anhte hkru hkru kat kat sha ga ai. to be wet, moist; comp. tnadi (Cowrie.) a figurative name for the earth; see Spelling-Book § 27. a bed, yup ku; a table sha hu; ^ platform; Bur. \. to trust in; to pay respect, to wor- ship; comp. naw. to put up a partition, wall; s^&- kum kum ai. to fold, double, crease; pdnep kum- ba u. the spleen; also pronounced Iain- hai or kanpai: a cucumber. a sign, token>, indication; nta gd- law na kumla nga. a present, gift and oifering as to a nat. the man who follows the Nau- shawng in a dance, see § 65. 7. to be mature; same as gDing. to praise, conp. of shdkawn. a capon. (Shan.) to throw away, give up, abandon, part with; comp; § 89. some; usual form nkau mi. see § 20. a tusk, a hill. a crust, rind, shell, to abate, cool down; mdsin kawp ai. G 19 146J VOCABULAEY. .' f ■ Koi Kaang „ „likup hkrawng J hpan j ] sMngra v Kaup „ ba „ bu „ bun „ bung „ „ dum „ brim „ brawng ., bye „ byaw „ dum ,, dai „ dawn V. V. n. V. V. V. n. V. a. V. n. n, V. V. V. ¥. V. V. pron, V. to be hungry, n. hunger, hawsi hpanghdra hhrum ai. to go out of the way; turn aside from; avoid, a middle, midst, centre, hdang e tsap u. to divide in two equal parts; to have reached the half as of a road, lam kdang hJcup ai. to divide in halves. to put a thing so as to balance. the traditional home of the first human beings; Kdang SMngra qa kaw nna du ai.len. to cover; cacth as fish with a cast- ing-net. big, large, great; opp. to kdji; kd- la iva, V. to grow. to rejoice, be glad, happy; kdbu gdra. the winged white ant, eaten by the Kachins. the death-dance; coup, of Idhkwi; see Spelling Book § 29. to play and dance the death- dance; comp. ndaw. to be bright, shining; kdbrim rai nga ai. to act roughly; to stir up a tu- mult; to be unruly. to step on, tramp on. to cook, soften by cooking. to whisper; speek with a sup- pressed voice; comp. kdhte. see §§ 50. 52. to be rambling, incoherent, bro- ken, without order; ndai ma hU kddawn ai. KAOHIN GEAMMAR, '^m Kadawng • vga „ gam ,. gat „ gyi .. ja „ jam „ jet „ jai V. pron n. V. n. a. V. 1 >) )) I gum- y hkawng „ jau „ jawng „ kang „ hkyin „ la „ lang „ lang „ leng V. V. u. V. V. V. V. n. n. adv, V. to stumble, fall, be upset. {ilui other, another, not this but' the contrary, opposite. clay. to run; to flee; cOmpr^a^. ''■ - t- the yellow beads, usually worn by a chief; beads, in gen®ral.' good, well; proper, agreeable; n kdja, bad, unwell, improper. to confuse, create trouble; to act contrary to law op order kdjam gdlam amu gdlaw ai loa. '■'■'■ ■ little, small, unimportant; opp. to Jcdba; kdji wa, v. to grow small; kdji sha, adv. a little, in a Small degree or quantity. to be very hot; jan nau kdjet ai. to be rumored, spoken about;: to be famous, noted. publicity, notoriety, fame; a. fa- mous, etc., kdjai gumhkawng gdra ai (or tsaw ai) wa, a man who seeks fame or notoriety, to catch, as anything blown away by the wind. ... to be startled, scared; to twitch nervously. to roast, toast, bake by a^ slow fire; Bur. 006. to put or collect into heaps; ■ to crowd together as several fami- lies into the same house; also to marry a deceased brother's wife; gaida kdhkyin, same as gaidd: hta. see app. III. 2. a kite, a hawk; also pronounced gdlang; see lang. ^ • see § 74. 2. and comp. lang. to lie down, to recline, yupkdi^ng ai; comp. taw. 1 • 148 VOCABULABT. Kalep V. to slice; to cut into parts. „ man adv. see § 76 and comp. man; this term is more and more used as the Bur. aocooDOs „ mu , V. to struggle, kdmu hkat ai; to force against one's will; comp. Tcdmyet. „ myet v. to hit, as when anything falls upon anyone, dai hpun ngai hpe kdmyet ai; to force, induce by force; comp. dip. na n. see § 27. and supp. 1. „ nan v. to cling to, follow as a child its motlier. ),, aang adv. see § 80. 2. „ ai adv. see § 83. „ ning adv. see § 80. 3. " l' } adv. any-where, every-where. „ naag ] > j nu n. see § 27. and supp. 1; comp. nu; figurative usage: the main idea or stay, the principle part, the first cost; wan Jinghpaw ni a kdnu rai nga ai; hkrai tsun u. „ nut V. to go backwards, back; kdnut wa. „ nau n. see supp. 1. „ nawn v, to associate with, implying intimacy. „ nawng v. to thrust, push, press againat with force. „ nawng v. to be swarming, to abound as the sea with aquatic creatures. „ nga V. to bend or shake as the head, to bend backward a little; comp. nga. „ ngat V. to shake back and forth; to shake as the hands. „ ngai V. to remove; to put out of the way. „ pa V. to mend, to patch as old clothes. ga kdnu hkrai recede, draw to accompany, KAOHIK aBAMHAK. 149 Kapa,t V. to close, obstruct as a road or passage. „put V. to pack as earth around a post; to fill as a grave. „paw V. to break open; explode with a sharp crack or sound. „ prep V. to iteh; to feel a hot, itching sen- sation. „pru V. to indurate, harden; temper as steel. „ hpa u. the shoulder, also called Idpha. ,, hpu n. see hpu and supp. 1 . „ hpret V. to strike with the flat of th-e hand. „lipni n. a oOTering for rain, made of kai- du leaves; also called dwi. „ hpraw V. to be full of sores; §hi hkum ka.- hpraw hpye ad; n. sores. „ra n. hair of the head; comp mun. „ra V. to shake, vibrate; comp. shdra. „ Tan V. to divide, af^ortion, distribute; kdran Idjan, same as kdran; kdran ia, kdran jaw, see pants. „raaig V. to ibring to an edge; sharpen as an ^ge-tooi; nktu kdrang u. „rap la. the lower screen over a Kachin fire-place; comp. lupdtng. „ reu V. to be lonely; to be in mental un- rest, rm/it kdren.. -„ riiilm n. trouMe, anxiety. „ ring n. simple, unaffected, in the natural state; usually kdring kdrang; nang kdring kdrang ai mdsha hkrai hkrai. „ ru V, to shake up an 1 down, as when washing a bottle. „ pum T. to help, assist, aid. „ raa V. to dry, over a fire, mam kdrau ai; shan kd/rem ai. „ rawt V, to pull, drag, haul. 150 Earoi II. „ „ Jung Kra Era Kran Krang Kre Kei Krin Krum Kru Kraw Krawk Easa » si „ suk „ sha V. V. V. V. n. V. n. V. V. a. n. n. n. V. n. VO0ABUIiAEY,.0A./{ bamboos placed Outside a Eachiil house to indicate that some one is dead, and not yet sent to the nat-countryi;! also pronounced ffdroi. , ' -' : ,. - w;..! . to make a kdroi, see parts; also called kdroi roi. ,■ «r ' ' ., to warm one's self by fire or in the sun; wan kra,jan kra ai. to project, protrude, jut out. to cut off as a tree lelose to^he ground; h'pun kran kau ai. an altar; Used mostly in the N.L. comp. hkungri. to finiish, bring to. a closefvrihe form shdkre is mostly used. pith of a tree; also the inner solid substance of a tree, hjpun kri. to be bate, naked, vacant; to cut off, prune, lop. as superflu- ous branches, si mat ai Idknng Idkying ni- shi krum kau ai. the number six; comp § 35. 3. the chest, or the; part of the body just below the chest, regarded as the seat of the affections;; us- ual form kru^ Idwang, but also called krawng l&wang . ;^ •■ ^ to dig, as into a tree; to excavate hollow out, form a cavityj as in a rocky mountain side. a' messenger of a chief; an am- bassador. a pattern; a model for imitation; kdsi kdmdng: ;?• .. see § 71. 2. ' v/ a child; kdsha alM, the first born male child; kdsha hpungdim,rth.e last born child. ,v ' J-w*;-- .. KACHIN- GEAMMAE. 151 Kashin ,, shin „ shu „ shu „ shun ,. „ kashe „ shung ,, „ ta „ shawt „ ta „ ta V. V. n. V. n. V. n. T. adv. n. „ tawng „ hta ,, htam „ htan „ htap „ hte „ htet \V' ■ „ hti „ htigalai „ hti gari V. adv. V. n. V. V. V. V. to wash the hands or body, hdshin kdmun; comp. myit and hkrut. to dislocate as a joint; also to sprain, comp. kayaw. a grand-child; see supp. 1. to cool, as by putting a hot iron into water; gang kdpru ai shdloi kdshu kau ai. to wrest, take by force, coerce, kdshun la; comp. shdnyen. robbery; extortion, violence, to be cold; to freeze, see app. III. 1. to slip, lose foot-hold; nye Idgaw kdshawt ai. see § 75. nothing, not any thing, kdta n nga ai; a. destitute, stripped, emp- ty; kdnu kdwa kdta ai mdsha; gumhpraw kdta nga nngai; v. to be free from, not guilty of.rw kdta hka kdta ai wa; postp. without, wanting, to stumble, as over an obstacle; to fall as on a slippery road, see § 75. to cut; chop, as with an ax or sword, the forehead; also pronounced Idhtan. to add by placing one on another; comp. Map and Bur. oo5. to whisper, tsun kdhte ai. to be warm, hot; comp. kajet, jan ja, and lum. to sneeze, to change as clothing; n. a change as. of clothing, to be grasping, xilose-fisted; harsh, rigid, austere. 162 Kahtawng n. „ tSa n. „ tsan V. ,, tsan n. ,, tsap »t8i „ tsi „ „ katsan „ tsing „ tsing si „ tsu „ tsut „ wa „ wa „ wa „ wan „ wut ,, waw „ ya „yan „ yat „ yin »y»n „ yau ,. ya" V, V. a. V. V. V. V. n. n. V. V. n. V. V. V- V. V. n. V. VOGABULABY. a village; comp. mdre, and htmwng^, see supp. 1. to sift. the realm of the dead, the Hades in Kachin tradition; katsan ga, opp. to dinghta ga. to winnow by tossing up and down, to be cool; ntsin kdtsijaw e. to be silent,, void, solitary, empty; void, solitary, to be green, raw, unripe, to be withered as a limb; to be palsied, Idgaw lata kdtsing si ai mdsha. to roll up, as a mat. to wipe, clean or dry by rubbing, for nouns in wa, such as wa dot, wa di, etc., see supp. 1. bamboo, to bite, as a dog; comp. mdkra; also to ache, kdwa mdchyi ai. to go around as for inspection or visiting; kdwan hkawm ai; kd- wan yu ai; to encircle; comp. Bur. o^s to blow, as with the mouth, to lift, elevate from the ground, to itch; kdya ana; n. itch, to be ashamed; bashful n. shame, to go or draw in a long straig'ht line; comp. yan. to strike lightly; comp. anu. to turn about, turn around; change as the mind myit kdyin ai. to leak as a house or vessel. see appi III. 3. to mix; to unite by mixing. KACHI]^ GBAMJttA^. Kayaw „ yawp Kayawt Kya Kyem Kyit Kyaw Kazut y. y. V. V. V. V. V. w to sprain, oyersjtrain the lif ments; comp. kashin. tp wrap up, wind around as cloth- ing around a c|iild. to limp; comp. i/awt. to be soft, not hard; opp. to ja. to put aside, as valuable clothing not fqj^ everyday wear. to gir(^, to girdle, as with a belt or sash; shingkt/it Icyjf ai; ski hpajet la una kyit wu ai; comp. pyit. to be blind, niyi kyaw ai. tjO stay, remain iii a place without any special purpose; dai mdsha m,n() e a kdzut n^a ai. HK. Hka Hka Hka Hka „ga „ kap „ lu „ htang Hka par. V. n. V. V. V. n. y. V. n. n. see § 65. 6; comp. § 5. c. to be bitter; comp. jap and hkri; Bur. sis to separate, divid.e, coi|np. daw; to be separated, disjoined, severed; QOmp. jalfika. a debt, grievance; comp. ru. to pay or settle ,a debt, to jincur a debt; n. a debtor, hkjSb kap ai wa. to collect a debt. 9, .debtor; same as kka hap, see parts, to avenge or revenge; see parts. ,to pay a debt; more common than hka ga- a river, a spring; water in large quantities; comp. ntsin. I^he upper part of a river; opp, to hka nam. Or 20 154 VOOABULAET. Hkahkanu „ matsup n. n. „ nam n. „san n. Hkali „ „ bu „ „ kawp n. V. V. Hkam V. Hkan V. Hkan Hkan Hkan n. n. V. „ bawp n. „ sawt. V. „ tarn Hkan V. n. Hkang V. Hkarig n Hkanghkyi Hkansi n. n. muddy, unclean water. a confluence; a place where two or more streams meet, the lower parts of a river; see hka hku. clear, pure water, opp. to hka hkanu; comp. Bur. oGira^n fever; comp. ara. to have fever, to abate or be abated as fever; comp. kawp; the verb, hkali bran ai, is also used, to receive, accept; to bear, en- dure; usual form hkam la; comp. hJcap, Bur. £, and pdhkam. to fish with an ordinary net; sum- gawn hte hkan ai; nga hkan ai mdsha, a fisherman; comp. dawn and hkwi. a wild cat. see app. IV. 4. to follow, go after, chase; to imi- tate, copy; comp. nang. followers; usual form hkan bawp hkan nang ni. to imitate; play the part of an other; see parts, to seek, pursue; see parts, a place, circuit, any indefinite space, sharaw wora hkan e rai nga ai. to prosper; shi a kdshu kasha ni ring wa hkang wa ma ai. a trace; a foot-print, a track, la- gaw hkang; a scar, nmja hkang; hkang hkang, v. to imprint, make a mark as by pressure, a lion, a tax, tribute; see Introduction 5. KAOHIN GBAMMAE. 155 Hkap V to reach up to, attain to; comp. dap and see Introduction 9, e. Hkap V. to watch, wait for, hkap yu; to meet, intercept, lay hold of, hkap la, hkap jahkrum; comp. also such phrases as hkap san, hkap shdjut; to accept, agree to, hkap hkraw ai. Hkat V. to discuss; fight with words, ndawng hkat ai; to keep up, as a heated conversation, ndang kdlang hkat ai. Hkat V. to be burnt, scorched, parched. Hkawan n. the common curry cup. Hkayawm n. a cigar. Hki V. to be tired, fatigued; comp. ha; hkum hki ai; myit hki ai. Hkik a. to be beautiful, elegant, hand- some. „ hkik adv. beautifully, gorgeously . Hkindang n. hooks or buttons; also pronounced hkaidang. Hkinding n. a pole used for shutting a door; comp. Ming grang. Hking n. a sieve; hking hking, v. to sift with a sieve. Hking n. a saddle, gumra hking. Hking n. a custom, precedent, habit; comp. htung. Hkinjawng n. a nat-priest of the second order. Hku 11. a path, a road; comp. lam. Hku V. to make or become friends, jing- hku hku ai; to tame, as a wild animal, nga usai hku ai. Hku n. a hole, perforation; a rent, fis- sure. „ malang V. to open widely. „ waw' V. to make a hole, perforate. Hku n. starvation, famine. „hku V. to be starving, famishing. 186 VOOABTJLAEY. Hkum n. Hkum- ) hkraiig j Hkum n. par. Hkum a i*, litsin n. „ ma a. ,. P"P „ tawng n. n. Hkun HkUn Hkun a. n. V. Hkiing V. Hkungga V. Hkungga n. Hfeurl'gri Hkungraii n, V. likut V. Hkai V. an animal body; a principal part, as laikti hkum; a mass or por- tioii of matter, as nhtoi hkum; pron. see § 51. a shape, form, appearance. see § 64. 7; v. to forbid, prohibit; to obstruct, hinder, hkum da. see § 35. d.; as a preformative, see §6. b. the long white pumpkin. one, single; also hkum mi; comp. §38. tnud, mire; mortar. a solid piece of wood or stone, used as for a stool. twenty s6e Introduction 5, to be dry; used of clothmg; comp. kang and hkraw. to intercept, to stop, hpun kdwa hkung ai mdjaw nhung n hkra at; to overshadow and thtis pre- vent growth, hpun hkung at md- jaio mam si mat sa. to riespect, honor, reverence; hkuuggd lara di. an animal o£Fered as a sacrifice; comp. kumhpa and shdgti. a common nat altar; comp. tawn. to marry, also pronounced hkin- ran; identical in meaning are the terras num la, and num shdldi- to be ready, prepared; shat fikiit sa; to be settled, as in mind or opinion, myit hkut sai; c'otop. jin. to plant, replant, hpun hkai sa; to narrate, tell a story, maumdloi hkai ai. KAOHIN &RAMMAE. 157 Hkai Iji-on Hkainu n. Hkau n. Hkau V. HkfLuna n. » „ pa ri. „ „ galaw V. Hbaw f. Hkaw T. Hkaw V. Hkaw n. „ dung V. Hkaw a. Hkawm V. Hkawng V. HkaWng V. Hkawt V. Hkoi V. » ya V. Hkoi V. Hkagruwi n Hkagrit n. see § 50. maize, Indian corn. see supp. 1. to agree with, be on friendly terms, ngai sJii hpe hkau ai; to be suitable, proper, hkau ram; see parts; a lowland paddy field; opp. to yi. a tract of land cultivated as a lowland paddy fipld. see parts, to spill, to foretell a happy, fortunate event; hkaw ya, opp. to ana akra ya to evacuate the bowels, kan hkaw ai. for nouns in hkaw see app. III. 2. to reignj to exercise sovereign authority, useful, proper; n hkaw, inferior, useless, good for nothing, to walk, comp. sa; for such forms as hkawm tam, hkawm chyai, hkawm hkan, see parts, to bark, as a barking doer, jdhkyi hkawng ai. to rbll up, sumri hkawng u; to wind into a ring, to feign, pretend, hkawt hkyai; to 4ct without design or purpose, to borro-^ money or rice; comp. shap. to iend. to scatter as a flock of birds, u ni hkoi mat sa; to lift as a cloud, sumwi hkoi mat sa. •hith, dirt; hkdgrUwi kap, see parts, an insect; usual form hkdgrit hkd- dawn, shifigfai sumbra. 158 VOOABULAES". Hkadawn Hkyamsa Hkyangma Hkye Hkyen Hkyen Hkyen Hkyeng Hkyep Hkyet Hkyet Hkyi Hkying Hkying Hkyun Hkyawt Hkala lem „ „ sha „ lung n. n. n. V. V. n. V. a. V. V. n. n. n. a. n. V. V. V. n. a cricket; hkddawn hkdlung, see parts, happiness, pleasure, rest; Bur. ijSs ODOii a goose. to rescue, save as from drowning; comp. Bur. goSn to clear jungle, as for a paddy- field ; nam hkyen, yi hkyen. frost, snow, ice; hkyen hkrat, see parts. to be in sorrow, distress; comp. yawn. red, crimson. to break in small pieces, ahkyep hkyep at. to fall, as a river; to dry up as a liquid. a level stretch, of ground between two hills; ahkyet hkyau lang; comp. hkdraw, and kddit. excrement, dung- time, see ahkying. see, § 35. 3. the kidneys. to expel, force away, drive out, as nats or persons possessed by nats, nat hkyawt ai; hpyi hkyawt ai; to break away from a habit, kani hkyawt ai. to wound, as by a weapon, nhtu hte hkdla ai; also pronounced hkla; hkdla nlm, n. a wound, cut, slash, laceration; comp. nma. to deceive, mislead; comp. lem. to procure through deception, trickery or artifice. the young of any kind of animal; gumra hkdlunc, nga hkdlung, u hkdlung, shingtai hkdlung. KAOHIN GBAMMAR, 159 Hkalau V, Hkra V. Hkra Hkra Hkra n. adv n. Hkrau n. Hkrang V. Hkarang n. Hkrap V. Hkrat V. Hkren Hkri Hkri Hkri Hkri Hkrihkraw V. n. V. V. n. to allure, entice, tempt, seduce; comp. lau. to hit, as a mark; to come in con- tact with, to experience to suf- fer, ru yak ai shi hkrum ai hkra ai; comp. hkrum. a tripod. see § 74. 2 and comp. du hkra. the right in opp. to the left, pai; hkra lata, hkra mdga, hkra n- hkrem. see parts. a side, as of a river, lake, road, field etc; wora hkran, that side; ndai hkran, this side. to release, liberate; mostly used as the coup, of hki/e; hkye la, hkrang la; to pass or send through; comp. hkren. dry land; opp. to hka; hka, hka- rang, Idmu mahkra. to cry, to weep; hkrap ngu hkrap ngoi, see parts. to fall; to fall behind, hpang hkrat ai; to give, contribute, gumhpraw hkrat ai; to bear, give birth, used of animals, dumsu kasha hkrat ai. to pierce, send clear through; adv. throughout, from side to side, from top to bottom; npatvt ndung hkren yu ai, lit. he saw (from) the bottom throughout (to) the top, to braid. see supp. 1. to be sour, acid, as fruit comp. hka. black varnish, used by the Ka- chins. a joint. 160 VOCABULARY. Hkring V. Hkringdat n. Hkrit ^ ,, sliara V. n. Hkru V. Hkru V. Hkru V. Hkru Hkrudu Hkru turn n. n. n. Hkrum V, Hkrung Hkrup V. V. Hkrut V. Hkrai V. Hkrai a. to delay, wait; hkum hkring u; adv. see § 74. 3. the dwelling place of a nat; hhring-yu hkringdat. to fear, be afraid, dauger, occasion for fear; see parts, and comp. § 12. 3. c. to be full, satisfied with faod, shat hkru sai; comp. kat 9,ud lawng. to burn, consume by fire; comp. nat. to be good, mostly used with the negative; n hkru, to be bad, wicked; comp. n kdja m^ n shawp. see app. III. 2. a dove, the ankle; also pranounqed hkd- rvium. to meet, en,couiuter, hkrum yu; io experience, comp. hkra; to suffer, as punisihment or illnesg,; jg,ri hkrum ai; machyi mdkaw hkrum at. to live, be alive, to behold unexpeictedly; to come upon suddenly o.r by surprise hkrup >yu. to wash clathing; nha hkrut ai; comp. kdshin and myit. ■to buaid a bridge, mdhkrai hkrai ai; 'thus, Jikrai wa, a large tra- ditional bridge; see SpeJUiag Book §27. alone, single; only; adv. hkrm sha, only, solely, singly; pron. seei§ 51. c. KAOHIN &EAMMAE. 161 Hkrau Hkraw V. Hkraw V. Hkrawn V. Hkrawu V. Hkroi V. Hkwi V. V. to Gut out, as a nest of bees from a hollow tree; to dig into, as a worm into a tree. to assentj concur, agree to; yield, admit as right or best. to be or become dry; comp. Itang and hliVLn. to be leaning on one side; a. recum- bent, hkrawn taw. to thrust or conduct through^ as a bar through a hole; to pass through or by; comp. hyawn. to ascend, go upward; mostly N. L. coup, of loi; comp, lung. to search for, follow after, pursue for the purpose Of killing or catching; shan hkwi ai, to hunt, comp. §yam; nga hkwi ai, to fish, especially by the use of a dam, comp. dawn, and hkan; mdsha rim na hkwi ai, to seek in order to arrest any one. La n. a race, according to Eachin tradi- tion, formerly inhabiting, the Kaohin mountains; La lup, long mounds, or elevations of. the earth, found in the Kachin Hills, supposed to be graves of the La people. La a. for words in la or lasha see § 13. 2—5. J'^'^ • to wait, keep watch for; cottip. La V. ala; la nga u. hSb V. to shut, as a door, la da; opp. to . hpaw. La n. La or Ma La see app. I. b. La adv. see § 79. a 21 162 VOCABULAEY. La V. „ bat V. Laohyawp n. Lakle n. Lakhtak n. Lam n. Lam V. Lam n. „ she n. Lan V. Lang Lang adv. V. Lang V. Lang „ da n. n. » ji Langchyi Lap Lap Lat n. n. n. n. n. to take, accept; la kau, to remove; la sa, to take, convey; la wa, to bring. to refer to, have reference to; also lakap, see parts. a finger-ring; lackyawp chyawp ai, to put on and wear a finger- ring. magic, enchantment; laMe sdra, see parts; comp. rmndan. time during which a person ex- ists; de gdleji woi lak htak; Bur. coo5ooc6, same as Idlam; also used as a verb; see app. IV. 2- Bur. o5. to spread out, expose to the sun; jan lam ai; comp. Bur. cg^g a road, way, street. Bur. coSs; an antecedent, cause or reason, same as the Bur. ose^oSs, hpa lam tsun myit ta? lam kdji Tcdlu tsun mdyu ai mdjaw sa ga ai; lam mi gaw, adv. again, moreover. a crossing fork of two roads. to create; coup, of hpan. see § 81. to offer cattle as a sacrifice; nga lang ai; comp. ju. to carry in the hand, comp. gun and hpai; to take or bring along. see kdlang. an eagle, a vulture; Bur. coSsod. a hawk; comp. Bur. coSsoqJ a tower, turret; a watch-tower. a leaf; hpun lap; shatmai lap, one rupee; see app. IV. 4. the first born; see kdsha lat, and comp. Bur. cooS. KAOHIN GRAMMAE. 163 Le Le adv. Le Le par. V. Lem n. Lem V. Len n. „ hta V. Len V. Leng n. Leng V. „leng Leng Lep adv n. V. Let . Li Li par. par. n. Li V. Li n. „ shap V, Lila adv. Lim V. Ling n. thoughts, fancies, le le waw waw prusai; v. to be dim, blinded, mi/i le le rai nga ai. see § 75; lera, pron. a. see § 35. 2. see §§ 65. 8; 70. 3. to have passed through or be- yond; comp. lai and gale; shi dai JiTcu hta le; comp. Jikrawn. see app. IV. 1. to deceive, cheat, delude; comp, hkdlem and Bur. SS» a custom; comp. lai len, to follow an example, to imitate, to go about, to visit from place to place; to ramble, len hkaivm ai; comp. Bur. cg^n a wave; Bur. c^gsi. to be light, bright, visible; comp, Bur. coSsii plainly, clearly, openly, distinctly, a vehicle, cart; a wheel, to overtake, to come up with, to catch as in a pursuit, see § 68. 2. see § 60. 1—2, a disease; the Cowrie word for ana. to be heavy, not light; opp. to sang; Bur. ocos; comp. mdjun. a boat; any sailing vessel; comp. Bur. oojsii to row; lihtu, to push, propel a' boat with poles, see § 76. to overflow; reach a certain height as water at a flood; to cover as water a bridge, mdhkrai lim inat sai. to use as paper money instead of silver; tnaisau gumhpraw ling ai. 164 VOOABULABY. Ling Lit Lit Lu par par Lu V. Lu V. Luksuk n. Lum V. Lum V. Lum n. Lum V. Lung Lung V. n. „ bra n. „ hkrung n. n. V pu n. „ seng Lup n. n. ,, makoi n. to be of equal weight or valuej kani joi mi gumhpraw joi mi ling ai. a burden, a load for a human be- ing. see, li and § 60. see § 60; lu or lu na, §§ 62 and 64. 7. b. to drink; to smoke; luhpa, n. drink; lusha, food; comp. shahpa. to be able, can; to have, possess; comp. su. a body of warriors, hpi/en luksuk; forces, troops. to be round, globular; comp. tawng, trin, wan; Bur, c^s to be warm as clothing; tepid, lukewarm; comp. kdhtet; Bur c\. see app. I. b. to receive and care for, willingly and with pleasure; lum la ai; dai wa ngai hpe lum la ai. to ascend; go up; opp. to t/u. a stone; only used in composition; comp. nlung and § 30.. a stony tract of land. pebbles, gravel* a rock, a bowlder. a cave; comp. nhkun and ginlawng hku. a precious stone. agrave; the structure. over a grave; comp. nsung hku; v. to bury; mang lup ai,- mang mdkoi ai, to bury; having especial refer- ence to sending the spirit to the nat country; comp, shdbaum dat; the l%(^ mdkoi, may take place years after the mang lup, or mang mdkOi, KAOHIK GBAMMAR. 166 Lup hka „ rim Lupding „ daw Lai Lai Lai Laika Lau i, lati Lau Lauhki Law Lawk Lawm Lawng a. n. T. n. n. V. V. n, V. adr, r. n. par. n. V. the ditch around a Kachin grave. a bnrial place; lupra Tcdnen, v. to prepare the place for a grave. to put on the rafters for the roof of a grave. the upper screen over a fire-place; comp. hdrap; lupding nhtu, a large Bword given at a wedding or settlement of a grievance. the chief fite-place in a Kachin house; the place where friends or visitors are received, lup daw dap, or daw dap; the lup daw dap has four divisions, viz. Idhta >, nhtung dun, Idwu dun, and nhtinff htang dun,- the two first are reserved for visitors^ or ftiends especially honored, to pass by, go beyond; to over- stepy transgress, usually with Mawt; shi tdra lai wa htawt wa; pf)stp. see § 84. silk. a habit; custom, a model, pattern, lai ten; comp. ningli. a book, laili laika; a letter. to haste, be in haste. quickly, instantly. to tempts persuade; influence for good or bad; comp. agung alau. distilled liquor; comp. jdru. see §§ 64. 4; 6S. 8 laWf comp, § 72 a compartment of a paddy field. to be with, accompany; to coexist, be a part of. to bet, to stake in a wager; comp. taw and Bur. coaogj , 70.. 3. adv, law a. and 79. 166 Lawng „ dat LaWng Lawt Lawze Loi „loi Laing „ ban „ ban „ bu „ bau „ bawp „ dap „di „di n. V. n. V. n. n. n, n. n. n. n. n. adv, n. VOCABULARY. any instrument, such as a knife, bone, piece of leather etc., with which a man has been killed, by the means of sorcery; comp. bau. to send a lawng by the help of a nat or witch; also called lawng lawng ai. to be satisfied, satiated, glutted, comp. kkru; to satiate, gorge one's self, as with food pro- cured accidentally and unexpect- edly, sha lawng wa md sai. to be free, at liberty, unre- strained; comp. Bur. cgoS; to es- cape, gain liberty; to be exempt from; comp. raw. a mule, an ass; comp. Bur. ecoo, to be easy, not difficult; opp. to ru; Bur. cgoSs a little, a few, a small quantity, see § 79; loi loi sha, adv. little in a small degree. a deep part of a body of water; opp. to rai; hha Iding, comp. ing and Bur. ^06. a rest, a time of rest, Idhan nhtoi; comp. ban. a collection of fantastically paint- ed posts outside a village; also the place inside of such posts. a pair of trousers; comp. hu. a history; comp. ahtik abau; Idbau gawn, see parts. the calf of the leg, Idgaw Idbawp. the place on a nat-altar where the offering is put; also called hkri- dap. see § 81. the nose; Iddi hku, a nostril; Cow- rie nddi. EACHIN GBAMMAE. 167 Ladu u. „ „ hkrum n „ dau V „ dawn n ,, gat n „gu V vgaw n V „ gawn V „ gawt V » gyim V » ]a njang „ kan „ kang „kap „ku „ kung „ kung „ chyit „ hkam „ hkap „ „ dan „ hkat V. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. n. V. V. a set time; a definite period. to pass, as the time of one year, thus to be one year old; Iddu lai, see parts, a scrape, to stretch the hands forward; lata Iddawn cbi' bees, to steal; n. a theft or a thief; Idgu Idgut, see § 12. 3. f. a leg,^ a foot, to be lame; see parts, to be lazy, indolent, idle; Idgawn ai wa. to scoop up with the hands; lata hte Idgawt ai. to withdraw secretly as from a company, Idgyim sa ai; also pro- nounced mdgyim. to be bad, difficult as a road, lam Idja ai; to grow worse, as a state of illness, mdchyi Idja ai. to prepare, put in order; to repair, a hollow cylinder worn in the lobe of the ear. a ladder; a flight of stairs; Bur. Gcgooosi a pair of pinchers or snuffers, see app. IV. 3. the larger branches of a tree; Id- Jcung Idkying ni, branches, large and small, a stick or wooden spoon used for stirring rice while cooking, flax or hemp. see app. IV. 2. the large sinew of the ham. to hamstring, to hough, to kick as a horse. 168 VOCABULAEY. Lahku „ hkawn ,, hkawn „ hkawng „ hkreng ,, likru „ hkwi „ la „ hm »U „ ma „ man » mik „ mu „ „ mu „ „ mung „ mun ,. myi „ myin „ nam „nep V. n. V, a. n. n. V. pron n. V. a. n. n. n. V. adv n. n. n, n. to care for, protect, guard; usual- ly with its coup. Idnu. a bracelet; Idhkawn hkawn ai, to wear a bracelet, to collect as money, gumhpraw Idhkawn, hkansi Idhkawn ai; n. a collection; comp. Ma. the number two; see § 35. 3; Id- hkawng pren, see app. VI. 2. a fence around a grave; Idhkreng mdnau, v. to dance around a grave, the hoof; Idhkru ga, v. to be cloven- footed; to part the hoof, coup, of kdbung; by some regarded as a separate word, and used for the death-dance for persona of importance, see § 51. see app. IV. 2; and comp. lam. to be green, savory as green grass; tsit Idi ai tsing(h,. see § 35. 2. d. a while, a short interval of time; ngai n nga ai Idman e. a supernatural sign or occurence; comp. Bur. ^SoSn Idmik kumla, a miracle; see parts, the firmament, heaven; comp. mu,. to be cloudy; overdrawn with clouds, to be alternately cloudy and clear, see § 81. a large joint; comp. hkrihkraw; n, joint, as of bamboo, nails of the human body; olawg, talons, see app. III. 1. booty, loot; captives taken in war. KACHIiT GBAMMAE. 16^ Mai „ niiig „ nga „ iigaiig „ngTi „ nyan „ nyet „ nyau „ pa „ pai ., pai ,, P« „ paiwp „ pran „hpa „ hpa „ hpan „ hpu „ hpum „ hput „ hpaw n. n. n. B. ' li. n. r V. n. n. n. n. n. n. ostp V. n. n. n. V. n. li. n. a 22 lit. one'* day; comp. § 38. opp. to Idna, a night;, see ni. a day's jottrney, lam lani sat hJcawn ai; see parts, a! year; comp. ning and § 38. wild plantains; comp. Idngu. the head rnlan ot leader of a band when on the war-path; opp. to Idgap; the Idgap although in the rear may be the real leader, the plantain tree; Idngu hpun, Idngu si; see parts, to be slow. a cotton gin used by the Kachins; a gin such as used by the Pa- lawngs is called tddang. a cat, from nyau, to mew. a rafter extending from the plate O'f the building to the ridge; comp. shdr'e. see app. lY. 3. S'ee Idtung. a snake; comp. pu. a snail, see § 84. to sprinkle, as for the sake of pu- rification, the shoulders; also pronounced Jcdhpa. ■■•■ see app. IV. 2. the palm of the hand, lata Id-- ftpan; the sole of the foot, Idgcbw tdhpan. to see, behold, stare at; Idhptt yu ai; comp. hpu. the forearm; Idhpum Idhpaw, the arm. thd^ knee; Idhpnt hput di, to kneel. a leaf, considered as an article of use; comp. hpaw and Bur. ac^. 170 VOOABULART. Lahpaw „ hpawt „ hpawfc „ hpra „ hpri „ hpyen „ hpyaw „ru )> sa „ sa >> >> SI „81 „ sik „ 8U „shi „ ta „ tung „ tup n. V. V. n. n. n. V. n. n. n. V. n. n. n. n. n. n. a bow of the ordinary kind, used for clay pellets; comp. ndan. to keep closely, be unwilling to part with; to regret the loss of; shi kasha hpe jaw kau na shi Id- hpazot nga ai; n Idhpatvt, not to begrudge, or spare; sM a kasha hpe shi n Idhpawt ai, gumhpraw hpe mung n Idhpawt ai. to be or become worthless, use- less, ready to throw away, Id- hpawt mat ai; shan Idhpawt mat sai; n Idhpawt, to be in a desir- able condition, not spoiled or de- stroyed; nam si ngam da rai ti mung n Idhpawt nga ai. dry leaves on the ground. a rake. the lap; bosom. to whistle. a violent wind, a gale, hurrican; Idru ru, V. to blow a gale. a vein; also a sinew, a tendon. a word of contempt; comp. nmat to die by accident; considered very disgraceful, and unfortu- nate; thus, Idsa ga, the land of those having died by accident. to be poor, lean; opp. to hpum; Cowrie mdhkru. a whip, news about a death; Idsu su ai v. to call to a funeral, see Idtung. the hand; also the arm; Idta la, v. to choose, select; see parts, the first wife among two or more; the second is called Idshi, and the third Idpai. the fist; see also app. IV. 2, 3. KAOHIN GRAMMAB. 171 Latsa ,, hta ,, htan ,, htin „ wan „ wi „ wai yang „ „ yit „ yung „ „ tsen a. n. adv, n. n, V. V. n. n. n. n. V. n. n. one hundred. fingers or toes of the human body viewed collectively. see § 76. the forehead. the heel; Idgaw Idhtin. to be quick, rapid in progress; Idrau Idwan ai wa; comp. aid- wan. to flow as water; hka Idwi ai. to put on, as a shawl; to be warp- ped up as in a blanket; nba hta Idwai ai. a plain; low, level land in dis- tinction from mountains or high- land; Idyang ga, opp. toJ)um ga. a reel. a fan; comp. oaS. to fan. a separate finger or toe; yung. and the Bur. cooS^s see app. IV. 2. M. comp. Ma Ma Ma, or ma n. V. a. a child, comp. kdsha; ma jdngai, a baby; a servant, a personal at- tendant; sJii nye a ma rai nga ai; comp. ali ama; the inhabitants of a village or members of a clan; anhte Idhtaw ma ni rai ga ai; young and professedly imma- ture people in general; ndai kd- htaivng e ma hkrai hkrai rai nga ai; comp. Introduction 4. d. to be finished, ended, exhausted; comp. mat. see §§ 34. 38; verb. par. see §§ 60. 61; with adv. §§ 72. e; 74. 1; conj. § 85. 172 VOOABULAKY, Ma n. „ gTing „ kawn „ lau n. n. n. „ shat n. Maja Mak n. n. Mamu n. r, >, mu V. Mam n. Man V. Man Man a. V. Map V. Man „ e, etc. n. adv. „ pyawng „ yawng n. V. Mang n. Mang n. a pony; (Shan or Chinese.) a mare kept for mule-breeding. a stable-fed pony or horse. paddy, or other feed for a pony; (Chinese.) same as ma lau; often used by the Cowries where the Jinghpaws would use, gumra shat. fury, violence; comp. aja awa. shot; mak nu, a bullet; mak hpau, shot. a periodical fit or epilepsy, sup- posed to be caused by the pos- session of nats. to have an attack of fit, or epi- lepsy. the rice plant or grain; paddy; se- veral kinds are distinguished such as, t/i mam, hkauna mam, or nhpraw mam, nhaw mam, and nhkye mam. to be empty, vacant; comp. kd- man and Bur. ^. see § 40. b, to be wont, accustomed, used to, and thus acquired a habit of; shi dai amu man ai mdsha. to be true, faithful; coup, of ding or teng; man ai dang, a true, accepted measure, everywhere used. the human face; comp. myi man. see § 75. a field-glass; see parts. tp be f^rce to face; adv. face face. sacrificial meat, eaten only grown people. coup, of myit, myit mang; v. dream; see yup mang. to by to KAOHIN GEAMMAR. 173 Mang Mang ,. gang „ galang „ feashin ,, sharawn „ kta Map V. Mat V. Me Mi pron pron Miwa n. Minla n. Mu V. Mu n. Mu Mu par. V. n. n. n. V. to be shaded, to reflect different colors; chyang mang ai, hkyeng mang ai, hpraw manj ai. a corpse; a dead body; mdsha mang, nga mang, u mang. leprosy; manggang kap ai, v. to be leprous. a herald, a precursor; also an exe- cutioner; (Shan.) the ceremony of washing the face of a dead person with his left hand. to put a corpse in state in the nat place, after having been washed {mang kdshin,) and properly clothed. to remove a corpse from the death-chamber to the nat place; thus the mang kdshin, mang sharawn, and ynang jang, (see njang,) are included in the mang Ma. to defraud, cheat, swindle; map sha ai; comp, maw; by some pro- nounced mawp. to be lost; to have disappeared; rmt mat, to have perished, come to an end; comp. ma and shdmat. see § 50. b; comp. nme, § 80. 3. see § 50; numeral a. see § 35. b. verb. par. §§ 61. 1. c; 64. 3; 63. 3. a Chinaman; also pronounced mu- wa. a ghost, a spirit; see Introduction 6. to see, behold; comp. mdda and yu; to find, opp. to tarn. see app. IV^ 4. see§§ 55. c; 61. 1. c; 61. 6; 64. 3. to be agreieable to the taste, to be palatable; nam si mu ai. 174 VOCABULARY. Mu „aja V. „ nwa n. Muk n. Muk adv Muk V. Mun Mun Mun Mung ,, kan Mung Mung Mup Mut Mai Maiaw Maidang Maikyu n. n. a. n. n. n. n. pron V. V. V. n. n. n. the heaven, the sky; comp, lamu and Eur. ^tS»- the nat ruling the sty, mu nat; thunder, a thunder-clap, mu ngoi. to strike, as lightning; comp. Bur. ^eSsgsgS. a thunder-bolt; see parts. bread; Bur. t^^. see § 81. to be simple, somewhat foolish; muk muk re ai wa; comp. a- ngawk. hair of the body; comp. kdra; beard, fur, feathers; nga mun, u mun. see § 35. 3. luck, fortune; often used as a coup, of gam; mun rawng ai, v. to be lucky, fortunate, success- ful. a country; a kingdom; a division of land; comp. ga and dan; My en mung dan Men mat sai, Sam mung Sam ga naw rai nga ai; also pronounced, ming. the whole earth; the world; mung- kan ga e nga ai ni. a word, coup, of ga; words as given by the nats; nat tsun ai mung, nat tsun ai ga. see § 52; conj. see §§ b5. 86. to split bamboo; kdwa mup ai. to be blue; mut mut, bluish. to be good, well, proper, accepta- ble; comp. kdja. a species of reed; Bur. nq||. the buttocks. the bamboo out of which the com- mon drinking-cups (dinghkru) are made. KAOHIN GEAMMAE. 175 Mailak n. Mailung Maisau n. n. Mau V. „ hpa Maudung n. V. Maumawi n. Maw Maw interj V. Maw V. Mawm V. Mawn V. Mawn V. Mawn Mawn V. n. Moi Moi Maa n. adv. V. „^ n. a stick driven into the ground for tying purposes; a tent-pin; (Shan;) comp. app. II. 2. a log, as used for timber. paper. to wonder, marvel; to be aston- ished, amazed. a wonder, marvel. to be barren, unable to bear chil- dren; comp. uhtum. a story, narrative, tale; comp. labau. see § 89. to purpose, design, premeditate; comp. mawn. to defraud, cheat; maw sha; comp, map. to taste, by putting a little in the mouth; to nibble, to sip, mawm di; jdru loi mi mawm di yu u. to purpose, have under consider- ation; amu gdlaw mawn ai; comp. maw. to geld, castrate a hog; comp. dawn. to adorn, dress in fine clothing. the padding, (generally in the form of pillows,) used with a pack-saddle. see supp, 1. see §§ 72, e; 74. 1. to be speechless, incapable of ut- tering distinct sounds; not as strong as n shdga lu ai, by which our dumb, or mute are ex- pressed; also pronounced maa; comp. Bur, j», the Adam's-apple; the crop of a bird. 176 Maum „ un „ ut „ bai „ da „ dat „ dat „ „ da „ den „ di „ din „ dit n. V. V. n. V. V. V. n. VOOABTJIiARY. to hold shut up as in the motttb, ntsin mdum ai; mdlut mdum ai; to dissolve on the tongue, mdum sha ai. the cocoanut; Bur. o^^j maun hpun, mdun si; see parts. to swallow, same as mdyu; also ut; dai hpe ut di u. to turn around, change a course; comp. bai and shdbai; anhte pat sumhtang mdbai bai ba. to observe, look at, notice with care; to keep the eyes on; mdda yu ai; comp. mu. to listen, harken, tsun ai ga md- dat ai; to obey, mind, Met da ai ga mddat ai; mddat mdra ya ai, or, mddat mdnat etc. a direction, order, injunction, of- ten in the form of a will, as when dying parents give the fin- al instructions to their children; mddat ga; mddat tsun ai, v. to in- struct, order as stated; shi gdrai n si yang mddat shi tsun ai; comp. mdtsun. to leave, let remain, as one tree out of a number, the rest hav- ing been cut down or pulled up; nampan gdle haw kau nna, kdang na mddat da mu. to widen, enlarge in space; mdden wa, to be enlarged, extended. to be wet, moist; comp. mddit; and § 53. a. a partition; a wall regarded as a partition; mddin din, to separate by a partition. to wet, to nioisten,> comp. mddi. KACHIN GRAMMAE. 177 Madu „ dung „ dun ,, dai „ dai „ dawn „ doi .. ga „ gang >, gang „ gap „g«m », gup „gaw n. n. V. V. n. n. V. n. par. V. V. n. a. V. 7^-' a 23 a master, lord, owner, proprietor; comp, 5} 13. 4 and supp. 1. the warp; the basis, foundation or first principle of a thing; comp. kdnu. to show, exhibit to view ; to ex- plain, inform; comp. dan. to groan, moan; mdchyi ai mdjaiv mddai nga ai. a great nat especially honored by the chiefs and other men of in- fluence; mddai luphtaivng, an al- tar in the mddai dap, (see parts,) set apart for the mddai nat. to vomit, throw up, as a babe; comp. nhpat- a respectful name for the breasts of ir female; mddoi chyu hpang. to shield, defend; coup, of md- gawp. a side, margin, any outer portion considered apart from, and yet in relation to the rest ; thus, hhra mdga, pai mdga, ndaimdga, loora mdca; comp. nhhrem ; one of the four quarters of the hori- zon, a point on the compass; sin- praw mdga, sinna mdqa. see § 70. 1. to weed, as a paddy field ; yt md- gang ai. to cover, to overspread, to seal up; n. a cover, a lid. the ridge of a house; nta mdgum, see § 35. 2. b. to be bent,, crooked; comp. Bur. ccxxjcS; n. the roof of a house, nta mdgaiv- 178 yOCABULAEX^. ,) gra „ grang „gwi » gyi „ gyit » ja „ iap » ji „ ji >, jing ,. jun ., jai n. V. n. V. n. V. n. V. n. V. n. to .(Jefenid; coinp- niSgd; ma^ump mdga, n. a defence, or a defend- er; a protectioffi, or a protestor. a tiek. to gmsp; clatch, as a tiger its prey; comp. mdnat. newspr.oats;tbie place from which new sprouts appear, an elephant; !N^. h. manang md- gzvi. to be bent, curbed, curled. a knot; coipp, gyit. to watch; to ^e on the lookout; to be vigilant, the woof, mdjiin ri; comp. ma- dung; a respectful name for a woman; see JaM. red pepper; pepper in general; comp. jap. to be miserly, stingy, cfose; mdji ai wa, n. a stijjgy pert on, a mi- ser; ga mdji ai wa, a q aiet per- son, not given to mucl talk. steadiness, perseverancf mdji ji, V. to be persevering, un wavering, steady in mind or character. soot; wan inaji, to be genuine, true, legitimate. a centre; the nucleus gjeourid which thingg are g^theredi; fyom ju, to gather at a common cen- tre; comp. ddJH. to adhere to; to be persistent, firm, immovi^hile. to be heavy; only used of hurnftn beings, wa mdjun ai. to bless, consecrate, set apart for certain use by blessing; udi md- jai ai, to bless the egg used while seeking the proper place KAOHlS' &SA±^AR. m Mftjaw adv. n. „ ka „ ka ,, ka „ ka ,, kan ., kai' „ k&u „]joi „ kfaagt „ kret „ kri „ kriirr n. n. V. a. V. V. post^ V. V. V. n. for a grave; shat rman mdittti at; jam mdjai ai; ndaw mdjai ai; comp. seaman. see § 77; conj. see § 87. oi'igrinal na;ture or custom, majoi ehpanff ai haw; comp. samnUng:; adv. becaulse of cusfcm, or for no pBirticular purpose, Wajoi hkawm ai. words without particular mean- ing still in use; see also Ift=^ro- dlction 7. indidation as of ability, skill or talent; compi kama; dumsa md- ka pru nga ai; also ability, ta- leiit, ndai yna, ndup mika kUp ai. etebfoidtery ; comp. ka. to bite the lip, as when an^ry; ntiin mdka, comp. mdkrang. see app. iii'. 2^ also pronounced mdga. to s'peafc hastily and impa'Ci'eii'lfly, as when angry; rndkan la at wa. to put up in a bundle; shat mdkai ai; n- a bundle, besddte, at the side of; nta rmtkau e nga ai. to hidie, both in trans, and intratis. seii^e ; to bury, Inp mdkoi ai. to hold between the teeth or the lips, to bite off, as apieceof bread^frOm a slicfr. bra'SS, eop'per, tin; mdkri hki^tng^, coppef, tndkH hpmw, tin, mdkri tsit, brass, to sihaJrt, as the eyes, myi mdkfim oH; tfo be eret on edge, as the teeth, wa mdkrim ai. 180 VOOABULABY. \dakru n. „ cliyan n. „ cliyi V. „ hka V. „ hka n. „ hkam n. „ hku n. „ hkai n. ,, hkaw n. „ hkawu n. „ hkawn V. „ hkawng „ hkyit „ hkrai V. V. n. „ la V. „ lang „ lap V. V. .li a. „ li hka n. „ li tau n. ,. ling „ lu n. V. „ lut n. „ law V. the three stones supporting a cooking pot. the first and best part drawn, as of liquor, tea, etc., jd7-u mdchyan, pdlap machyan; comp. jdbu. to be ill, sick, not well; coup. mdkaw. to open, as the mouth in astonish- ment, mau mdhka nga; to be opened, as a door. the brim, or upper edges of a ves- sel; opp. to htumpa. a trap; comp. hkam. a noise, sound; comp. nsen. a hook; hpri mdhkai; v. to hook. chaff, the coarser part of husk; comp. hkungwi. a young girl, a maiden. to sing, chant; mdhkawn mdngoi nga ai. to gather, collect, hoard. to scratch with the nails. a bridge; comp. hkrai. to pry, bend open with a lever. see § 53. b. to forget; coup, mdli; mdlap mdli kau ai; see parts. the number four; mdli shi, forty; mdli pr en, see app. IV". 2. the Kachin name for the Irra- waddy. a crane. a forest, woods. to scald; soften by the means of hot water. tobacco. to loosen or be loosened, as a nail, rope etc.; to be out of joint. KAOHIN GRAMMAB. 181 ,, na „ na „ na ,, nam ,, nam „ nang „nap ,, nat „ nen „ ni „ ni „ ni „ nu „ nu „ nut ,, nai n. V, n. V. n. n. n. V. V. V. n. V, n. V. n. V. the largest part or side of a thing, divided in two unequal parts; mdlawng mdga, mdyen mdga. to be insane, mad, crazy; comp. angawk. food eaten at a funeral feast, mdna shat; mdna mdjaw, curry eaten with the mdna; mdna naw, to eat the food at a funeral feast, (disrespectful;) mdna sha. to endure, remain firm as under trial; gdde hkam rai ti mung, ngai a mdna nga ai. to smell; n. smell, scent; comp. Bur, ^iSs a visitor; a guest; mdlet mdhprang mdnam, to be a stranger or so- journer in a place. a companion, associate; Cowrie rmnnang. see app. III. 3. jdhpaiat mdnap jaujau e. to grasp or hold tightly; to squeeze; comp. mdgra. to be slippery, lam mdnen ai; to be smooth, sleek. to be soft, smooth, pleasant to the feeling. yesterday, comp. Bur. ««jf, and see § 74. 1. to laugh. a price for something for sale; comp. jdhpu. to be habitual, customary and thus proper; ndai ga mdnu ai. a moth; mdnut sha, v. to be moth- eaten. to twist, screw, bore; to rub as ears of corn in the hands; mdnai kdywp ai. 182 VOCABTJIiARy. Manam „ naw ,, ntiwn „ A)g-a „ ngad- „ ra „ ra ,, rang „re „ ren „ ri „ ri „ rin „ rit „rit „ run. „ rung ,, rau VI'. V. V. a. n. V. n'. n. n adv. V. n. V. V. n. n, n. n. a great feast or dance; v. to dant!e at a indnwu/ eonap. ka, and nau,- to spread the feathers of the tail as a peacock. to reach down* and take or pull out, as money from a bag. to envj ; to> view with jealousy. the number five; Bur. c1. see app. III. 1. to' put or be upon, mdra da at. fault, comp. ra,- guilt, mdra nga ai; comp. yuhah. rain; mdrarvg htu, v. to rain. a viilaige larger than a kdhtawng; a town. see § 78. to buy, purchase; mdri la, see parts; opp. to dut. dew; comp. saiwan; mdri hkrat, see parts'. to have a strong desire for; to be greedy, as for any object of en- joymeMt; gurnhpraw hta myit md- rin ai wa. to choke, as when under water; sM hka Moi m-drit si ai. to long for, to desire earnestly or eagerly. twins; v. to be alike and thus conftising, ga mdrun ai, the spine; spinal column; mdrung Minggu, v. to be tent, as of age; mdnmg' htinggaw, to be hump- backed. an individual, a single person; mdrcoi' gdde sw ma ta? a kind of tree from which a nar- cotic bark is obtained, useeb in fishing; mdvau rii ai,- comp. ru. KACHIlir GBAMMAE. 183 Miv^w „ sa ,, sail ,, sen „ sin „ „ pawt „ sit „ su ,, sum „ sawn „ sawp „ sha V. V. V. n. V. n. n. n. a steading opinion, report, or ru- mor, becoming, or being aated upon by, a nat, (the n^araiv imt,) to the hurtt of the individual unless pr.o|>erly propitiated; ma- raio kap or laiot, v. to be under the influence of the mdraiv; ma- raw raw or h^u, to propitiate the mdraw by saerifiqe; coup, nhiaw hkraw. to shout, 8c*!eam; comp. gdru to be aprid, biting to the taste, and thus causing an itching sen- sation; dai namsi mdsa ai. to be beautifwl, pleg,sant to sight or hearing; wora hum ga a md- san nga ai. to mark, siga, distinguish by a mark; mdsett laika, n. a mark, a sign. to peiat, aiaake pointed; to be pointed, aad thus sharp, the mind; comp. sin, and mpit tMsin. to be angry. a comb; v. to comb; comp. gut, and pdsi. to lie; to feign; to make a fel|i.e pretence; mdsu ai wa, n. a liar. the number three; mdsum pren, see app. IV. 2. sharp bamboo sticks, or slats. to stroke, to pa-t. a man, one of tbe human race; 9, stranger, another than one's self; mdsha num, another man's \yife. a house and premises, outside a village; where common sacrifices are ofSeved on speml occa^oiis. 184 VOCABULART. Mashi „ ta „ tep „ til „ tu „ tu ,, tut ,, tai ,, tsa „ tsan „ „ dum ,. tsat jj Tjsar „ tee „ tsi „ tsing „ tsut ,, tsaw htan „ htang n. the small of the back; the waist. V. to lick, to lap. V. to put close, to tie together; to clip, ssandau Me mdtep ai. 11. an end, extremity, point; corap. nchyan. n. children, off-spring, issue; ngai si ti mung, nye a mdtu nga nga ai, par. see § 20 b; V. to join, connect, link; to mediate, to bring together by mediation, as two parties at war, mdtut ya; mdtut mdnoi, adv. successively, in order; mdtut mdnoi ka da u. n. vengeance, revenge; comp. tai; mdtai dawp, v. to avenge, re- venge; n. an avenger. V. to swear, curse; mdtsa ga, profane language. V. to be poor, destitute, helpless; coup, mdyan. V. to have pity, compassion; see parts, to despise, scorn; mdtsat shdbat, n. refuse, foulness, dirt; a. disgust- ing, distasteful, the number eight; a wild beast; mdtse Idhye, wild, carnivorous animals, leaven, yeast, to keep in mind, myit hta mdtsing da ai; to mark, observe, a stopper, as for a bottle, the upper region; the space above the clouds; mdtsaiv ga, or ntsanq ga. to be engaged, bound by pledge or contract; mdhtan da ai num, n. a betrothed woman, pron see § 50. n. n. n. V. n. n. V. KAOHIN GEAMMAR. 185 Mahti „ htaw V. V. »ya „ yam » yat V. n. V. » yat »yu adv V. »yii „ yu n. V. »yii V. „ „ ta „ yawn n. V. Myan V. Mye V. Myen n. Myi n. Myi „ man n. n. „ pruwi n. „ hten „ htoi Myiprap Myin Mying V. n. n. V. V. Myit V. Myit part. a 24 to pinch. to spit; may en mdhtaw. to chew, masticate. a slave; see § 13. 2. to increase in number, as children or the young of animals; to teem, bring forth in abundance, mdyat mdya. see § 74. 1. to swallow; comp. mdut, and Bur, % see supp. 1. to wish, desire, long for; comp. Team. to be common, in general usage; mdyu ga. see app. III. 1. to join the hands, as in an act of worship; lata mdyawn. to be flexible, ductile, capable of being drawn out. to settle, as a grievance; ahka mye ai. a Burman, myen mdsha; myen mung, myen ga; see parts, prior time; adv. before, formerly, previously, the eye; comp. Bur. tjcS. the face, the countenance, tears; myi pruwi pru, v. to shed tears, to be blind; comp. Tcyaw, a prophet; comp. gumhpan. lightning; comp. Bur. S. to be ripe, as fruit; comp. kung. to name; comp. amying, and Bur. to wash the face; man myit ai; comp. kdshin. 8ee§§ 61. 1. a; 65. 2. a. 186 Myit „ ja „ mu „ ru „ wang »yu Mazing Na Na n. V. V. V. V. V. V. n. n. „na „ shi V. n. Na adv „ chying adv „ kru V, Na Na V. pron Na n. „ hpang Nahking „ htai Nam Nam V. n. n. n. V. Nam n. \rOOABULAEY. mind, emotion, thought; coup. manff. to be hard, obstinate; see parts; to be settled, convinced, ready to agree. to be troubled, see parts; n. trou- ble, distress; m7/it ru myit ra. to be doubting, uncertain. to think; reflect in mind, to pon- der; also called myit lu. to put in order, arrange; comp. Idjang da. N. time in duration, comp. ahkying; na na, adv, see § 74. 2. a period of four days set apart for the shddip nat. to observe the duties of the na. a period of two days for the same purpose, very; used only in composition; comp. la. very, exceedingly; beyond what is right or proper, to be gluttonous; nalcru hkinjin, n. a glutton, to feel; comp. dum. see § 49; noun afiix, see §§ 22. 23' verb. par. §§ 59. c; 60 b; 61. 5 a.' the ear; v. to hear, na na at- comp. Bur. ^Ts ' to be deaf; comp. Bur. ^ogofig a harrow; from hkauna, and hkim:. a native plough. see supp. 1. to be soft, fine in .texture; nam nam, a. soft, fine, a jungle; comp. malif^,. KAOHIK aBAMMAB. 187 Namchying „ pan „ si Nam . Naii Nang Nang Nang Nat Nat » jaw „ ra „ kawa „ htawt Nem Nem Nep Nep Na'- ••. Ni n. n. n. n. pron pron adv, V. V. n. V. n. V. n. V. V. n. V. V. par. the bright top-part on the tuft or crest of certain birds; uffaw hkungrang hpe gaw namchying ya dot wu ai; he gave the ugaiv hkungrang his (bright) "top- feathers;" V, to be fleshy, ruddy, healthy looking. a flower; see parts. fruit in general; comp. asi. water; (Shan.) for words in nam see app. II. ii. 4. nan, and nanhte, see §§ 47. 48. 49. 51. see § 47. see § 75. to be intoxicated, jdru nang ai; to be in a stupor. to burn, destroy by fire; wan Me nat kau ai; comp. Jikru. a nat. Bur. ^oS; comp. Introduc- tion 8 — 10. coup. ji. to offer to the hats; anhte ji jaw nat jaw ai mdsha rai ga ai. a place set apart for the nats; from nat, and shdra. to punish as a nat; to be ill on ac- count of the nats. a bamboo vessel used in the nat service. to be short, low, not tall or high; comp. Bur. ^5. to regret and thus to repent; myit nem, yvhak nem; Bur. ^S. the mucus of the nose; comp. ^6. to spread as a mat or cover; ju- >Mai nep; pdnep nep ai. . to be near, not distant; comp. Bur. f 8 and §70. 1. see §§ 15. 1; 61. 1; 65. 5.; pron. § 48. 188 VOCABULARY. Ni Ni Ni Ni Ning Ning Ning » jap Nip Nit Nu Nu Nu Nu Num „ dan Num n. „ nnan n. „ sa n. „ sha n. Nai V. Nai n. „ hkyeng n. „ sam n. „ tung n. Nau n. Nau adv Nau V. a. n. n. V. n. adv n. V. par. n. par. n n. see § 39. a day, opp. to na; comp. shdni, § 74, and Bur. e^. see supp. 1. to be tame, domesticated; opp. to tsai; comp. Bur. ^oS, and shdni. a year; comp. shdning and §§ 29. 38. see § 82. see § 6. b.; Introduction 4. b. strength, valor; ningjap mang, v, to exhibit strength or valor, to overshadow, shingnip nip; comp. Bur. ^5. see §§ 64. 3, 7. a; 65, b. a mother; comp. Tcdnu. see §§ 61. 3, 4; 64. 3. the brain; comp. Bur. §«e^Qc6. to be slack, not stiff; nkang; shin- gri nu ai. Bee § 6. b. to prevent, hinder; to intercept, comp. dan; coup, numwan; md- hpring gwi lawng wau hkum num- dan, may the barking of the dog not prevent etc. a woman; comp. Introduction 4. c. a bride; see parts, a person appointed to attend a bride on her marriage day. a female, opp. to lasha; numsha ma, a young girl, to be elastic, tough, the yam root or plant, a yam with a dark purple root, the common sweet potato, the common large kind of yam. see supp. 1. see § 79. to dance; see mdnau. KACHItl 0IIAMMAB. 189 Naubaw ,, dat „ shawng „ tung Naw Naw Nawn Nawng Nawng Noi Noi „ hkrat Nga Nga n. V. n. n. adv, V. n. V, V. n. V. the time when the mdnau will begin. to break up from a feast; n. the time for breaking up. the leader in a dance; see parts. the time during which a manau is held. to pay respect to, to greet as a subject his ruler; to worship, coup. ku. yet, still, besides; loiloinawjaw mi. to consiler, reflect, deliberate; coup, sawn; mostly used with the negative; hpa n nawn, Jipa n sawn yu ai; comp. gawn, a lake, pond of any size; comp. Bur. 4S- to give a prepared sacrifice to the nats; nat natong ai. to hang, suspend, noi da; to be conjoined, closely united with; comp. jung; thus mdnoi, to ad- here to, be united with. to be elastic; comp. myan. Indian rubber; comp. Introduc- tion 4. 2. to speak; comp. ngu, ga, and tsun; mostly used when quoting, or questioning something said in the past; shi ning nga ai; shi Tcdning nga ata? to be; see §§ 69, and 5. 5; nga nga, to be fixed, staying, remaining, or established; nga mdnga, a. see § 34; nga yawng nga bra, n. all that is, the world; see parts* 190 VOOABULAEY. Ngamai „ hpti^ „ pra „ taBg Nga „jthkraw „ sep Nga Nga Ngam Ngam Ngang Ngang Ngu Ngiit Ngai n. n. n. n, n. n. n. V. V. V. V, V. V. V. pron to be prosperous, and thus to have plenty and be contented; coup, ngamu; also used as an adv. shi ngamu ngamai a nga ngu ai. cattle of the bovine genus; domp. yam nga. a tamed bison; nga hpaw lani, a wild bison, a heifer; ootfip. upra. an ox; a beast of burden, comp. utang. fish, a fish; comp. Bur. dls dried fish, the scales of a fish, to be aslant; to lean a little to one side, n ggeng ai; comp. kdngOr. to be old; to lean, as it were, towards the grave; shiaprat nga ai; shi aprai nnga ai si mat sai. to leave, let remain; to set aside, ngam da; comp. di da, mddat da, Mi nga, and git nga. to taste of salt; to be properly salted; jum ngam ai; used mos:t- ly by the Kahko's where the Oiinghpaws would say, jum mu ai; opp. to jum hka ai. to be firm, strong, durable; comp. g^ng. to be salacious, lecherous; ngang nga ai, to live in an unrestrained, salacious, riotous manner, to speak, tell, declare; comp. nga, and ngoi. to be finished, completed, done; comp. kre, and § 61. 2. b; coup. dut, see §§ 46. 47; a. § 37. EACHIN GBAMMAB. 191 Ngawn Ngau „ gum Ngoi Ngwi N „ ba „ bang „ bung ,..baw Nda „ dan „ dang n. n. n. V. par. n. u. n. n. n. n. n, V. to be pleasant, agre^able; to. re- joice, be bappy; coup, of fyaw; comp. Introduction 4, c, and ngwi. timber, material for a house; the pieces of timber, serving as joists fpr a floor are named, dingbat, ngaydang, or ngauring, dinghkan, and ulu; the ck&ing- hhyen, is put on the ulu; c^imp. lapa, share, shddaw., hkaulef,, md- sen. the ornamented binder, by t^e stairs of a Kachin house. a sound, a nojee; v, to pro^ijop a sound, to be gentle, mild, peaceful; ngwi ngawn, n. peace, happiness. sign of the negative see § 67; sign of the second per. sing, see §§ 63. 1; 65, 2; conj. as an abbrevia- tion of nna, see in; as a possible abbreviation of ning, see Intro- duction, 4. b. a cover; blanket; comp. hpajawng; , r^ahj^n, v. to cover, as with a cover, blanket etc. rattan ring worn by the Kachin women around the waist. the back, part of a E^achin hous.e.; opp. to Mdaw. the atmosphere; air in motion, wind; nhung Jmng, v. to blow. see mam. width, breadth, in opp. to length; comj). difig dung; gdlu mdga, nda maga. a bow. to dispute, aoxitesti ndang hkat, to deny, con■;. ' j a towel; a handkerchief, a cloakj mantle, (Shan;) comp. nba. 2m Hpalap Hpam Hpan Hpan Hpan Hpang JJpang Hpang „ gera Hpe Hpu Hpu Hpum flpum Hpum Hpwn Hpun .ft'.., . n. V. adv. n. V. par n. V. V. V. V. rOOABTJLAKY. tea; the tea plant; also pro* nounced hpalap. to be numb, benumed, without feeling; Idgaw hpam ai; n-ma hpam ai. to create, form, set in order; coupi Ian; Bur. u^; hpan da. to manipulate the body in native fashion, as for cramp or general debility; hTcum hpan ai. to indicate, denote by a promise or temporary gift, any permanent gift to be given in the future; hkdgrmvi Tcddung hpan ai; shd- hrai hpan ai; comp. shdhpan. to begin, make a beginning, ndai amu nang hpang u, or gdlaw hpang u; to start at a work so as to establish a claim, ndai yi ngai hpang we ai; to be first, to have begun first, ndai amu ngai shawng gdlaw hpang we ai; comp, nhpang. see § 75; hpang hkrai, see parts. see Introduction 9, a. to be thirsty; comp. ra. see §§20. 21. see supp. l.hpu shawng — haw-^doi, see parts, and comp. app. I. b. to be of value, worth; to be ex- pensive; comp. jdhpu, and mdnu. to hold in the arms, to embrace. to be fat, corpulent, plump. to lie down, to lay; used of ani- mals, and especially of birds while hatching. naanure. to dress; to put on and wear a coat, pMawng hpun ai; comp. also nH i) hpun, Bur. . «ee $.pp. III. 2. to |)ear, bring forth, give birth; also T^roimwi&fs&Si jdngai. ' f, ^ Bend, dispatcfa. as a person; to be distinguished from shdgun, to ■send,, as ^letter. :, })eans,..'peas^) aleguminous plant of any kind. 8S a KXMm GlRAMSlAR. SI9 „ praw ,, ra - „ vmg „rm „ raw „ raw ,, ta „ tan „ tu » wa ^01 ■. V. V. n. V. n. V. n. n. adv, n. V. V. adv n. V. to ebok, boil. ■■ ■' ,';'•' ■^' to send out or forth, to bring out. a place; comp. § 12-. 3. c. to bear; to have patience, endu- ranefe; coraip. shdja. a place once used as a paddy field, but overgrown, to teach, instruct; to chastise; sh&rin eb^Jtyin; shSrin la, shdrin yoi, seiS parts. H tiger, ' a jungle fire. see § 83. i ';i'i.:',„l-^ the moon; a Ittiiar fflsSa^ cotop. app. HI, 2. and to. '- to revile, speak lightly -f^ to treat with contumely, to jok«, jest; to tfeiEe wii;h; to- blame, put; biail^ isii aflitj^4liftEfe|,,,n an assembly, vaS^'^^^egatiOH; a public adt don€» -]^t^i^8pije«)ii- sent, shawa amu. formerly, anciently, id tia*^fep«St; shdwoi moi m&i' a^hfe ning-rm gdltiw sd ga ai. - i ■'.-,' a female; s/i«^« ste? a daughter, to mourn, lament; to bemoaft', l^^- wail; coup; slvdrung; kdsha si mat ai mdjaiv, shi shdrung^^slid- ycmtrai nga ai. T. Ta Ta Tak Tam par. n. v. V. see § 65. 4. a month; only; used in composi- tion; comp. § 29. and app. III. ]. to conjecture, guess. to seek,- seardh for, look for; iam- hkawm — sa, see parts. 220 VOOABUiiABY. Tang Tang Tem Ten Teng Tijjang 'iin Ting. . TJHg V. V. V, n. pron ¥.. a. ■(To '■ iJfy: ;iB^ • II.. 'Jl. a. V. n, n. T«M Tup Tut Tai n. a. adv. V. to pawn, to mortgage; tang da, see parts, to be shallow; opp. to sung. to Jbe sober, calm, serious; tem si ai mdsha. time, looked upon in its totality; comp. ahkying, aprat, *na, and lakhtak; also pronounced aten. to be true, honest, upright; to be correct, accurate, truly, honestly; teng teng man man myit mu. see § 51. d. see § 86. ;to be short and rounded; tin tin, a. dwarfish, undersized; ndai wa gaw tin tin hu bu wa rai nga ai. see § 35. d. :tO' plant highland paddy; mam % ting ai ahkging du sai. a low stool, used especially by the nat priests, the common Kachin bag. a stringed instrument of any kind, a broom; ting-ye ye ai, v. to sweep, to grow or sprout as a plant, poison, venom, as of a snake; comp. guifg. the seed or kernel of fruit in ge- neral; namsi tum. to melt^ dissolve, as salt in water; comp. hyawng. to rise, swell, as a river after a heavy rain; hka tung wa sai. see supp. 1. ■ see §,36. d, sea 1.74. s§e I 69. KAOHIN GBAMMAB. 221 Tai V. Tau V. Tau V. Tau V. Taukawk n. Tauhpau Taw n. V. Taw V. Taw Tawm par. V. Tawm V. Tawn V. Tawn n. Tawn V. Tawng n. „ marang Tawngban n. V. to retaliate, to render like for like,; ngai hpe shi Tcdyat ai mdjaw, shi hpe ngai kdyat tai na nngai. to consider; to have regard for; comp. Bur. cooonS. to advance towards, to go in or- der to meet; shi hpe sa tau u. to support, render assistance; shanhte anhte hpe amu gdlaw tau ma ai. a turtle, a tortoise. a cannon; a large field -piece. to recline, to lie down, Tidleng taw; to be scattered around as small things on a floor; nang e arai kdji hdjaw taw nga ai. to be scarce, rare, few; lusha taw . ai,- jum taw ai; dai ning, mdkaw si taw ai. see § 63. to be absent, as from home, to be away, for one reason or an other; shanhte tawm mat wa sa; to have completed, finished, as some kind of work; n-gu hpai tawm sa. to be short; too short, as a piece of garment; hpun pdlawng tawm nga ai. to be blunt, dull, as an edge-tool; opp. to dai/ dai nhtu gaw jaja tawn nga ai. a kind of nat altar for the mdsha nat; tawn hkungri. to put, place; tawn da, to put down, establish. a short period of time; dai kd- htawng e tawng mi shi nga nga ai. a season, an interval. to implore, entreat, to apologize; Bur. GCOOSSO^. S22 Tarn ■ ^, dara ,j hkaw n. V. V. law; any particular principle or law; Bur. oaep. to administer the law, to judge, to preach, announce the law; see parts. TS. Tsa n. see Bupp. 1. Tsam V. to be decayed, rotten, dilapidated; ntatsamai. Tsan V. to be far^ distant, no]t neap; opp. to ni; comp. pa, . Tsang V. to be troubled, perplexed, afflict- ed; ru tsang ai ngai law hkrum nngai. Tsap n. a bear. . . ' Tsap ' V. to stand; to stop; comp. Bur. qS. Tseng V. to be done properly and com- pletely; nta ngut tsmg rai sa. Tset V. to be alert, energetic, wide awake; dai tset ai ma mi ngq, ai. Tsi V. a drug of any kindi, medicine, paint. „ sara n. a doctor; see parts. „ tsi ■ V. to administer medicine. Tsing V. to be fresh, green; comp. katsing; to soak as in a liquid, to drench, steep; comp. Bur. 85. >,du n. grass, weed; herbage in general; tsingdu tsingman. Tsingri V. to trouble, peirseeute, 0V6i5i?Ujn, tsingri tsingmt; also, pronounced mingri. - - Tsingret n. a saw; comp. ret. i'sitfyakn '. II.- calamity, evel, daftger; tsin-ymn tsindam hkrum ai, see parts. Tsip n. the nest of a bird. • -:- • -,, tsip V. to build aiH«fifo • ' - -^ - '< ■■- Tsit a. yellow or g*een. KACHM ajlAMM4'B. 2M Tm. Tsu Tsu. Tsum Tsu» , „ chyai „ shana Tsaw Tsabyi ;vt v.. > n. a. V. V. v.. V. V. n. to be sour, spoiled, putrified; she& m&>i tsu mat m; comp. yat and the Bur, :^8 to be weary, worn witb. fatigue; to be tired, stiff; ny.e a hkum tsu mat sai. the spirit of a dead person, ready : to enter the land of the ances- tors; t^n dnmsa. see parts. ■ seio § 4Q. b. to speak, tell, say; comp; nga, and nffUi see parts, see parts, a son of a chief; a prince; tsaii gam — la — ^m etc.; bee aj)p. 1. and cojaap, zau. to desire, wish, love; comp. ra* to be beautiful, prietty; to be good, pure; tsawni pra ai. the body apart from the soulj hkum tsaivp; a skin as shed by a serpent, Idpu tsawp. the grape vine or fruit; wine; tsAr hyi hpun^si — ■j.dJihu, see parts; ,V3| i,-B.ur, oq)S, HT, Hta V, Hta .&'..d. Htac'blhKf 4 ^ "J. ='ii"^^ • c^ r_r;-!j Htajk h:qy: to swells rise as the sea; to roH. in large billows, hkahtaai; Bur. «p. see § 22; postp, § 84, to pick up, take up, as from the floor; to pick as wood, hpun hta; to collect as taxes, hhihs^ hta; to accept, as a new doctrine, tMA' nnan Mala ai. ;to change, turn back, as from the ,filp&l,k ^ diPty; to apostktize. 224 VOOABULAEY. Htam Htam Htan Htan Htang „dip Htap Htat n. V. n. V. Hte Hte par pir Hten V. Hten V, Hteng Hteng par V. Htet V. Hti V. Hti n. Hti V. Htim V. Hting „bu n. »gaw n. „nu n. „ra n. Htingra ta Htu n. V. Htu V. n. I, part, a division, a share; dai gnmhpraw Mam shi hta karan u. to increase; coiip. of law; law wa htam wa. to reply, answer, respond; ngai shdga yang gaw htan u. to raise as a ladder against a house; Idkang htan at. a mould of any kind. to mould, to cast, a layer, stratum; comp. kdhtap. to be thick, not thin, n hpa ai. 8ee§§ 15.47. see §§ 24. 42-43; conj. § 86. to suppose, presume; comp. nhten. to destroy; comp. jdhten; to be destroyed, ruined; comp. run. see §§ 48, 15. to measure as grain; mam hteng yu u. to instruct, give instruction; to order. Met da; see parts. to read, to count; hti yu ai. see app. IV. 4. to leave or remain behind; ndai wa nta de hti nga ai; comp. di. to dart, to spring upon, as a tiger its prey; shdraw htim ai. a general preformative. a neighbor. a family, a household. the house of a chief; a palace. the site of a house; a building- place. see app. III. 1. to dig, delve; comp. Bur. ojs to push along as a small carriage, leng htu ai; to push, impel as a boat with a pole, li htu ai. KACHIN GRAMMAR. Htu V. Htuk V. Htum n. Htum n. Htung n. Htai V. Htai V. Htau V. Htaw Htarwkdang Htawm a. n. n. Htawng Htawt n. V. Htoi n. Htaning adv. Wa Wa n. to pound paddy in native fashioflij mam htu ai. to put things in proper order; tp adjust, arrange; cpmp. jdhtuh.^ , an end, a termination, extremity; comp. jdhtum. a mortar; a mortar for pound- ing paddy; hfumhym — gawng,-^ tawng, diflFerpnt kinds of paddy mortars; htuMrin, a paddy mill. a precedent, custom, usage; comp. Kking, and Bur, oqs to interpret as a dreapa, or an un- ugual supernatural appearance; yup mang Mai ai; shingran htai ai. to be keen, elear-sighted, acute of intellect; myit law Iciw htai ai wa. to strike, cut dow^, as with a sword; to kill by a single stroke; nga du htau kau sai. see § 35. 2. adv. see § 75. cholera, the future, htawm prat; adv. after, afterward; gdlaw ngut ai htawm. a prison, a jail; Bur. eoooS. to change, as a place of dwelling; to move; anhte wora kahtaiong de bu htawt wa mdyu ga ai. light; htoi htoi ai, v. to give light; comp. nhtoi. next year. W. for the different usages of this word, see § 5. a father, comp. supp. 1. and § 27; wadfii, wOf di, see Bxxj^ip. 1, a 29 22e VOCABULARY. Wa Wa Wa Wa ngan Wa n. „gaw n. » ji n. Wa n. „ klawi n. n. „ singgung n. Wa n. »gat n. „ra n. Waduyan Wakang Wamadai n. n. n. Wahpang Warn n. V, Wan n. „ daw n. -Vlpreii Wan n. n. grung n. V. par. n. n. a hut, small house in a paddy field; hJcauna wa; yi wa. see § 69. an intensive particle used with adverbs; nachying wa shdrang lu ai mdsha; gdja wa teng teng gd- law ai. a male human being, a man; comp. such combinations as, du wa, sd- lang wa, and myihtoi wa; ndai wa, this person. a man, having reached niaturity and independence. a tooth; comp. Bur. egos. the socket of a tooth. the gum; wa kam, a molar; wa man, the incisors. a hog. a wild boar. a flea; called by some wa hklai. the bristles on a hog's back. bamboo; comp. § 30. and Bur. dli a kind of bamboo; wa law — mang — mung, different kinds of bam- boo. the elephant bamboo. a centipede. a manger; a trough for animals. an orchid, wa mddai pan; by some called wundaipan. a brick-building. to dare; to have the courage to do a thing; comp. gwi, and Bur. b. a dish, bowl, plate, hka wan. a glazed earthen dish, bowl etc. a plate or saucer. fire, pronounced wawn, by the Cowries. a flame; v. to burn, wan ja ja grung nga ai. KAOHIN GRAMMAE. 237 Wan kra „ likut ,, nat „ nhtaw ,, shachyi „ wut We Wing Wo Wu Wu wu Wundung Wut Wut Wai Wai Waw Waw „ kap Wawm Wawt ,) bying n. V. n. V. V. par, n. adv V. n. n. n. n. n. V. V. n. V. V. n. n. to warm one's self by a fire, kd- shung at mdjaw wan kra at. smoke; wan hkut hku, v. to smoke. to set fire to, to burn as a house or a village. a live coal; a fire-brand. to set fire, to ignite; comp. chi/i. to light a fire; to make a fire. see § 61. 1. c. a compound, a yard, an enclosure; Bur. oSs see § 75; a.. § 35. 2. to pollute, make unclean, wu kau ai; comp. awu. a murmur, a half suppressed com- plaint; wu wu di di kdha rai nga ai. a centre, a central part. see app. III. 2. a brick. Bur. o^oS. a whirlpool, eddy, hka wai; Bur. bg to fade, become faint, to die asja flower, nampan ivai ai; con^. the phrase n Mum n wai, not end- ing, not fading. y to open, coup, of hpaw; to make a hole in or through, to perforate; to have a hole, perforation, puncture; ndai maisau waw mat sai. ..V" a cold, a headache because of a cold; coup, hpundaw; wawriwaw- ren, a cold or the effect of a cold. to catch a cold; also called ^wO'tv shang, see parts. to rise, as a blister or bubble; to be bloated, inflated. , , the common kind of land-leeoh.f a water leech. "228 VOOABUIiAET, Woi Woi Woi „ shin Ya Ya Ya Ya Ya Yak Yam Yam Yan Ynn Yan Yang Yang Yang-yi Yat Yait „yat Ya* Ye V. n. n. n. V. n. n. n. adv. V. V. n. par. par, V. n. adv. n. V. V. adv. adv, V. to lead, guide, conduct, as from one place to an other; woi la, woi hkan, see parts. see supp. 1, a monkey. a kind of monkey. Y. to give; comp. jaw; to pay, as a price for a thing, millet. a species of wild goat, a day; a natural day of 24 hours; comp. nhtoir shdni, and Bur. qoS. see § 74-3; now, the present time; comp. Bur. oo^. to be hard, difficult; comp. ru. to enslave, mdyam yam ai; to be tamed, domesticated, as animals; yam nga, n. domesticated ani- mals. a large glazed water chatty; a jar. see § 16. see § 40. to be extended; to move or pass on uninterrupted;, comp. ay an; to proceed consecutively one after the other; hpyen masha ni yan sa wa nga ma ai. a goat, (Chinese.) see § 74; verb. par. see 63; comp. Jang. potatoes; (Chinese.) to be rotten, putrid; mostly used of eatables; comp. tsu, to be slow; comp. Idnyan. slowJy, in a slow manner; see § 76. see § 74. to be daring, bold, Bur. ^s brav§; comp. KAOHIN aSAMMAB. ft9 Yea Yen Yep Yep Yi Yi „ hku „ magang Yin Yit V. Yu Yu Yu Yu „ bye Yup „ teu 11. V. |>ar. n. n. V. V. V. V. par. n. n. n. V. n. to go aside; to step to one s'idje) as when meeting any one on a nar- row road; lam yen u, clear the road. to skin, as a plantain; Idnguhpyi yen kuu m; coimp. se. a coon box; a small box or purse of any kind; mdlvt yep; gum- hpraiv yep. to be close together, to adjoin; dai arai l&hkawng yep nga ai; adv. yep yep, closely conjointly. see § 13. 5. a highland >pa,ddy field; comp. stubMe, straw. see pairts. to pull the weeds in a paddy field. to be giddy, dizzy; baw yin mtit sm; comp. Jcdyin. to mistaike; to icommit an error because of .oKversight or forget- fulness; tinang a nga achyoi slia n chye ai mdjaw, mdnang wa a nga la yit sa. to descend; to go down; opp. to lung. to see, to observe, to behold; comp. mu, and mdda. see § 61 4. a j'at; a mouse; yu chya, the com- men mouse. the flying fox. evjl, misfortune, sin; punishment for wrong-doing, yubak hkrum ai; comp. mdra, and shut; yubak gdlam-^dat — raw— nga— -jaw, see parts. ,t© sleep. :' a^ teed. 230 VOOABULABY. Yup la „ mang „ tung Yai Yau Yaw Yaw nam ta Yawm Yawn Yawng Yawng Yoi V. n. n. V. n. V. n. a. n. to have a short sleep; to take a nap. a dream; i/up mang mu, to dream; also called pup mang mang. see app. III. 3. to scatter, throw about; to do a- way with carelessly; gumhpraw yai kau mat sai; comp. ayai, and gat. to respond, to answer, as a ques- tion; to assent, admit as true or false; sM a ga ngai n na ra ai mdjaw tigai n yau nga nngai; ra ai shdloi ngai yau na nngai; to respond, as in a chorus, mdchyan ga yau ai. to feed, as animals, wa yaw ai; gumra hpe mam yaw u. same as Idnam ta; see app. III. 1. only used in the N. L. to be wanting; to grow or become less and less; gumhpraw lap mi Ma Mi mi yawm ai; hka yawm mat nga ai. sorrow, distress, grief; comp. hkyen; yawn hkyen ai law nga ai; V. to be sorry or have sorrow; wa si mat ai mdjaw anMe yawn hkyen hkrum ga ai. to set afloat, yaivng shdngun ai; to float down; comp. hpawng yawng ai, and waw. see 35. 2. d. a balance; a comp. joi. pair of small scales; Z. Zandau Zanhka n. a pair of scissors. a kind of orchid; ganhka wundai. KAOaiN GRAMMAE. 231 Ze ze a. shiining and whitish, myi le le, wa Ma MO Zen V. to clip, shear, comp. rep. Zep V. to scold, grumble; comp. put. Zingri n. see tsingri. Zawn adv. see § 78. Zaibru n. sand; gaibru chyang, a desert. Zai n. wisdom; comp. hyeng-ya. Zau n. the son of a chief; comp. tsau.