oaCTOHKfl'iWO'Nr'lWffilJKCTOIEftftvrnareCuBWir-Wift)^^ rCTMIiVifi.'™30tavnr aPCiTK.ramLlPMIT COmCLLyNWCIillT CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 089 569 143 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924089569143 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA MACMILLAN'S CANADIAN SCHOOL SERIES SELECTED WESTERN FLORA MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN-, ALBERTA BY B. J. HALES, B.A. PRINCIPAL, NORMAL SCHOOL, BRANDON Authorized by the Advisory Board op the Department OF EorCATION FOR USE IN HlOH SCHOOLS AND Collegiate Institutes in Manitoba Coranto THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED 1919 Copyright, Canada, 1915 By the MACMIZ-LAN COMPANY OF CANADA. Limitko Reprinted, 1916 PREFACE This Flora contains 81 families, 291 genera, and more than 650 species. -While mailing no claim to being a complete flora of the territory covered, it is believed that it contains all the species likely to-be studied by students in the High Schools and Collegiate Institutes of the Prairie Provinces. The arrangement of families follows the order of Engler & Prantl which has now been almost universally adopted, and the nomenclature has been made to conform as closely as possible to the Vienna rules. The capitalization is that of the Index Kewensis, which is now being largely followed, and differs from that of many of the earlier floras in that adjectives derived from names of places are spelled without the capital. In- the descriptions the aim has been to introduce only such character- istics as can be observed by the beginner, and as far as possible to bring out the points of contrast between species found in the same locality. While the descriptions have- mostly been written with the plant in hand, yet full reference has been made to all the well-known floras covering the area. The author wishes especially to acknowledge the help derived from the following: "Gray's New Manual of Botany," revised by Rob- inson and Fernald ; "Illustrated Flora," Britton & Brown, both first and second editions; GrayV "Synoptical Flora of North America"; Piper's " Flora of Washington" ; and " A New Manual of Rooky_ Moun- tain Botany," Coulter & Nelson. Thanks are also due to the following persons for help : Miss M. E. Moodie and Mx. G. S. Johnson for checking the lists for Alberta and Saskatchewan, respectively.; Mr. J). W. Yuill for trying out and check- ing the key ; Professor B. L. Eobiiison, Harvard University, for confirm- ing a list of names ; Mr. J. M. Macoun, Curator of the Herbarium of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, for constant and invaluable assistance in fur- nishing descriptions -and confirming the determination of species; and to many ex-students of my own who have so kindly sent specimens for identification from all parts of the Canadian West. Special mention should also be made of the assistance received from Professor John Macoun 's " Catalogue of Canadian Plants." B. J. H. Brandon, August 1, 1915. ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES OP ,THE COMMON PLANTS OF MANITOBA, SAS- KATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA (Carried out to genera where the genus differs in characteristics from the family.) DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Fern-like or rust-like plants without true flowers and reproducing by means of spores. A. Rush-like plants with jointed stems, the joints surrounded by con- spicuous toothed sheaths ; the stems terminating in conical spikes. Equisetacece, p. 4 AA. FernJike plants with leaf-like fronds. Fronds from a creeping rootstock Polypodiacew, p. 1 Fronds from fleshy roots - . Ophioglossacece, p. 2 DIVISION 11. SPERMATOPHYTA Plants with true flowers and reproducing by means of seeds. SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERM^ Trees or shrubs with needle-shaped leaves and ovules not enclosed in an ovary. A. Flowers in catkin-like spikes which become cones in fruit . Pinacece, p. 4 SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERM^ Plants having the ovules borne in a closed ovary which matures into a fruit. Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONE.ffi; stems, when present, without central pith or annual rings ; seeds with only one cotyledon ; leaves usually straight-veined. vii Vm ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES A. Small, elliptical or flask shaped, aquatic plants without true stems or leaves, and swimming freely on the water . Lemnaceos, p. 14 AA. Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter sometimes reduced to scales. B. Perianth free from the ovary or wanting.. n. Perianth wanting or scale-like. D. Flowers enclosed in husk-like scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants With jointed stems, sheathitig leaves and 1 -seeded fruit. Stems hollow ; leaf-sheaths split . . Oraminew, p. 10 Stems generally solid, often triangular ; leaf-sheaths not split Cyperaceoe, p. 13 DD. Flowers not enclosed in glumes. Rush-like marsh plants with an ovary of 3 carpels Juncacew, p. 14 Leafy immersed plants with perfect flowers NajadacecB, p. 8 Flag-like marsh plants with flowers in dense cylin- drical spikes Typhaceoe, p. 7 cc. Perianth always present, either colored or herbaceous but never scale-like. j!i. Pistils numerous in a head or ring . Alismacew, p. 9 EB. Pistil one ; compound. Stamens 3 ; marsh hel-bs with rush-like leaves and flowers in spikes .... Juncaginaceoe, p. 8 Stamens 4 mianthemum, p. 17 Stamens 6 ; Divisions of the perianth alike. Rush-like plants Juncacece, p. 14 Not rush-like lAliacece, p. 15 Divisions of the perianth not alike ; leaves net- veined TRILLIUM, p. 19 BB. Perianth adhering to the ovary. Immersed aquatic herbs HydrochariiacecB, p. 9 Terrestrial herbs. Stamens 2 ; flowers irregular Orchidacem, p. 22 Stamens 3 '. . . . . Iridacem, p. 21 Stamens 6 Amaryllidacece, p. 21 Class 2. DICOTYLEDONE^ stems with a central pith ; if woody, the wood arranged in annual rings ; leaves net-veined ; embryo with two cotyledons. A. Corolla absent. B. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; one or both kinds in catkins or catkin-like clusters. ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES IX Fertile flowers, only, in catkins ' Urlicacece, p. 32 Sterile flowers, only, in catkins ; the fertile i\i a cup-like in- volucre . Fftgacen, p. 31 Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins. Ovary many-ovuled .... .... Salicaceoe, pJl5 Ovary 1-2-seeded ; cell 1-ovuled. Calyx regular, succulent in fruit . . . . Urticacece, p. 32 Calyx wanting ; two or three fertile flowers in the axil of each scale . . . ... . Betulacece, p. 28 BB. Flowers not in catkins. i;. Ovary or its cells 1— 4-ovuled. D. Pistils more than one, distinct. Stamens on the calyx ; leaves with stipules . Rosacew, p. 60 Stamens on the receptacle ; petioles spreading at the base Banunculacece, p. 44 DD. Pistil one, either simple or compound. B. Ovary superior. Stipules sheathing the stem . . . Polygonacem, p. 35 Stipules not sheathing the stem, p. Herbs. Style or stigma 1 ; flowers unisexual Urticacece, p. 32 Style 2-3-branched ; inflorescence not a spike EwphorbiacecB, p. 81 Flowers small in dense heads or spikes accompanied by scarious or colored bracts Amaranthacece, p. 39 Flowers small ; densely clustered ; no scarious bracts Chenopodiaceve, p. 37 p. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit 3-celIed Rhamnacece, p. 85 Fruit a double samara .... Aceracece, p. 83 Fruit a single samara Oleacece, p. 107 Leaves alternate ; Styles 2 Uriicace(B, p. 32 EB. Ovary inferior or apparently so. Aquatic herbs . HcUoragidacece, p. 96 Terrestrial. Herbs with colored calyx. Leaves opposite, simple . . . Nyciaginaceoe, p. 40 Leaves alternate, simple . . . commandka, p. 34 Shrubs. Leaves silvery or brownish scurvy Eleagnacece, p. 93 cc. Ovary or its cells many-ovuled. D. Ovary superior ; cab's present. Ovaries 2 or more Ranunculacea, p. 44 Ovary single, of 1 or 2 cells. X ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES Calyx of separate sepals Caryophyllacece, p, 40 Calyx 5-toothed glux, p. 105 AA. ,Calyx and corolla both present. B. Corolla of separate parts. c. Stamens more than twice as many as the sepals. D. CalyTS free from the ovary. E. Pistils several or many ; distinct. Aquatic herbs witli peltate leaves . Nymphacece, p. 44 ' Terrestrial plants. Filaments united in a tube . . . Malvacece, p. 89 Filaments not united, inserted on the calyx Rosacea}, p. 60 EE. Pistils forming 1 ovary but may have several styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, simple. > Ovules 2 Rosacece, p. 60 . Ovules many Ranunculacece, p. 44 Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled. ; Sepals 2 ; succulent plants with watery juice and free central placenta . Portulacacew, p. 43 Sepals 3-5 ; placenta parietal . . Cistacew, p. 89 Ovary several-celled. TerrestriW herbs ; filaments united forming a I tube Malvacem, p. 89 Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves pitcher-shaped . Sarraceniacece, p. 57 Leaves peltate Nymphacece, p. 44 Trees with 2-celled anthers . . . Tiliacece, p. 89 DD. Calyx adherent to the compound ovary. Ovary 1-5-celled. Fleshy-stemmed plants without true foliage CactacecB, p. 92 Leaf-bearing plants. Calyx 2-parted Porlulacacew, p. 43 Calyx of more than 2 parts. Leaves opposite, without stipules Saxifragacece, p. 58 Leaves alternate, with stipules . . Rosacece, p. 60 Leaves opposite, with stipules ; rough-leaved herbs . . Loasacece, p. 92 00. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. D. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary one. Ovary 2-S-celled. Calyx minute, petals valvate in bud . Vitacece, p. 86 Calyx 4-5-clef t, folded inward in bud RhamnacecB, p. 85 ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES XJ Ovary 1-oelled. Anthers opening by lids .... Berberidacem, p. 60 Anthers not opening by lids.- Style 1, unbranohed, stigma 1 Primulacem, p. 104 DD. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same number alternate with them. B. Calyx free from the ovary. p. Ovaries 2 or more, separate or slightly united. Stamens united, with a large common stigma ' Asclepiadacece, p. Ill Stamens free from each other. Stamens on the receptacle. Leaves fleshy ...'.. Crassulaceoe, p. 58 Leaves not fleshy. Ovary 5-lobed with 1 style Primulacece, p. 104 Ovaries distinct, styles and stigmas sepa- rate Ranunculacem, p. 44 Stamens on the calyx. With stipules Rosaceoe, p. 60 Without stipules .... Saxifragacece, p. 58 pp. Ovary 1. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta. Leguminosce, p. 68 Ovary compound. Q. Ovary 1-oelled. Corolla irregular. Petals 4, stamens 6 . . . Fumariacew, p. 50 Petals and stamens 5 . . . Violacem, p. 90 Corolla regular. Ovulfi solitary. Shrubs Anacardiacecs, p. 82 Herbs Cruciferw, p. 51 Ovules not solitary. Ovules at the bottom of the cell CaryophyUaceas, p. 40 Ovules attached to the sides of the cell. Leaves glandular hairy Drosoracece, p. 57 Leaves not glandular hairy. Petals 4. Stamens 6, equal, pod on a stipe Capparidacew, p. 56 Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short, pod sessile . . Cruciferm, p. 51 Petals 3 or 5. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal Saxtfragaom, p. 58 XU ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES Calyx of 3 equal or 5 unequal lobes Cistacew, p. 89 GO. Ovary 2-several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers opening by a pore at the top Polygalacece, p. 80 Anthers opening down the side BalsaminacetE, p. 84 Flowers regular. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules 1 or 2 in a cell. Herbs. Flowers unisexual . Euphorbiacece, p. 81 Flowers perfect. Cells of the ovary the same num- ber as the sepals Geraniacece, p. 79 Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals . Linacew, p. 78 Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound or palmately lobed Aceracece, p. 83 Leaves simple, alternate ; a, climb- ing shrub . . OBLASTRus, p. 82 Ovules several or many in a cell. Leaves compound, of three oboordate leaflets .... Oxalidacem, p. 78 Leaves simple. Style 1, stamens free from calyx. ' Ericaceae, p. 100 Styles 2 or 5 ; leaves opposite from swollen joints Caryophyllacece, p. 40 Stamens not just as many or twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens fewer than the petals OleacecB, p. 107 Stamens more numerous than the petals Aceracece, p. 83 EE. Calyx attached to the ovary for at least part of its length. Tendril-bearing, herbaceous vines Cucurbitaceoe, p. 132 Not tendril-bearing. ' Ovules more than 1 to a cell. Ovary 1-celled ; sepals 2 . . Portulacacece, p. 43 ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES xiii Ovary 2-many-oelled ; stamens on the calyx. Style 1 ; stamens 4-8 . . . Onagracece, p. 93 Styles 2 or 3 ; stamens 5 or 10 Saxifragacece, p. 58 Ovules only 1 in a cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs obatjeotjs, p.' 67 Herbs. Fruit di-y, styles 2 . . . UmbeUiferce, p. 97 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5 Araliacem, p. 97 Stamens 2, 4 or 8. Style 1, stigma 1~, fruit a drupe Cornacece, p. 100 Style 1, stigma 2-4-lobed ; fruit dry Onagracece, p. 93 BB. Parts of the corolla more or less united. c. Stamens more numerous than lobes of corolla. Ovary 1-celled Placenta 1, parietal Leguminosce, p. 68 Placentae 2,-parietal -. . Fumariacew, p. 50 Ovary 2-oelled ; cells 1-ovuled .... Polygalacem, p. 80 Ovary 5-many-celled. Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1 ; leaves simple Ericacem, p. 100 Styles 5 ; leaves 3-foliale .... Oxalidacece, p. 78 Stamens attached to the corolla. Trees or shrubs ; style 1 .... Ericacea, p. WO Herbs ; filaments united in a tube . . Malvaceae, p. 89 cc. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla lobes. D. Stamens of the same number as the corolla lobes and opposite to them ; style 1 . . . . Primulaceos, p. 104 DO. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer. B. Ovary free from the calyx tube, r. Corolla regular. G. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes. H. Ovaries more than 1, or if 1, deeply lobed. Ovaries 2, or if 1, then 2-horned. Stamens united . Asclepiadacew, p. Ill Stamens distinct . . Apocynacew, p. 110 Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed. Leaves alternate . Boraginacece, p. 114 Leaves opposite . . . Labiatce, p. 117 HH. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed. I. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1, corolla dry Plantaginacem, p. 127 Seeds several-many. Leaves entire and opposite. Oentianacece, p. 108 XIV ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES Leaves more or less divided, or compound. Corolla white, bearded within, leaves compound of 3 leaflets MBNYNANTHES, p. 109 Corolla white or purplish, not bearded within, leaves toothedj, lobed, or divided - Hydrophyllacece, p. 121 n. Ovary 2-10-celled. Leafless twinipg parasite cuscuta, p. 112 Leaves alternate. Stamens free from the corolla ; style 1 BricacetB, p. 100 Stamens on the corolla tube. Stamens 4. Leafy stemmed, leaves opposite Verbenaceae, p. 117 Stemless, corolla dry and mem- braneous Plantaginacece,' p, 127 Stamens 5. Fruit 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets Boraginaceas, p. 114 Fruit a pod or berry ; few- many-seeded. Style or stigma 3-branched Polemoniacem, p. 113 Style2-branched ; pod4-seeded. Convolmdaceae, p. 112 Style and stigma single, fruit a berry . . . Solanacew, p. 120 GQ. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes. Stamens, with anthers, 2 or 3. Ovary 4-lobed Lycopus, p. 120 Ovary 2-celled. Stemless herbs . ' . . PlantaginacecRt p. 127 Leafy stemmed herbs with capsule flat- tened and notched at the apex VERONICA, p. 125 Trees OUacece, p. 107 pp. Corolla irregular. Stamens, with anthers, either 2 or 4. Ovary 4-lobed, splitting, at maturity, 'into 4 nutlets Labiates, p. 117 Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2 ; aquatic, often free swimming LentibiUariaoece, p. 125 ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES XV Stamens 4 ; root parasite with'out green foliage Orobanchaceae, p. 126 Ovary 2-celled ; seeds numerous _ ^ Scrophulariacece, p. 122 3. Ovary adhering to the calyx tube. , TeudrU-bearing, trailing or climbing herbs Cucurbitacew, p. 132 Tendrils absent. Stamens separate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Stamens free from the corolla Campamdaceae, p. 132 Stame'ns inserted on the corolla tube. Leaves opposite or perfoliate Caprifoliaceoe, p. 129 Leaves opposite with stipules or whorled without stipules . . . RubiacecB, p. 128 Stamens 1 less than the lobes of the corolla Linnaw, p. 130 Stamens united by their anthers. Flowers separate, corolla irregular and split down one side Lobeliaceae, p. 133 Flowers united in heads on a common recep- tacle and surrounded by an involucre CompositcB, p. 134 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA. (Vascular Cryptograms.) Plants without true flowers, and reproducing with an alternation of generations. The sexual generation, the prothallus, is incon- spicuous, while the asexual consists of conspicuous fronds, some of which bear the reproductive bodies or spores. I. POLYPODlACE.® (Febn Family). Leaf-like herbaceous fronds springing from a creeping rootstock; spores enclosed in sporangia (spore-eases) collected in groups called sori or fruit dots, each of which is covered by aSoale called an indusium ; sori arranged in lines or clusters on the back or margin of the frond division. 1. ASPIDIUM. Wood FeSn. Fronds pinnate; fruit dots round, borne on the back of the fertile fronds which scarcely differ from the sterile; stipes nx)t jointed. 1. A. cristatum, (L.) Sw. ^'°- L — Prothallus of a Fern. Fronds lanceolate to oblong, the pinnse oblong to triangular, deeply out into 6 to 10 pairs q( sharply serrate segments ; fruit dots about half way between the margin and the midveinj tlie covering almost rounded and smooth ; stipe and rootstock covered with light brown scales. Moist cold woods, Man. and westward. B 1 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA 2. CYSTOPTERIS. Bladder Fern. Fruit dots on the back of the frond, the covering inflated, eate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds. Deli- 1. C. fi&gUis, (L.) Bebnh. Trouds lanceolate, 2 or 3-pinnate, the pinnules cut-toothed. Coolies, Alta. 3. PTERIS. Bracken. Spore case a continuous line on the back of the frond around the margin, and covered by the edge of the frond folding backwards over it. Fronds 1-3-pinnate. Fig. 2. — Fruiting Frond of ' Fern. Son at o. One sorus with its indusium at b. , ,' Fig. 3. — Aspidium cristatum. 1. P. aquilina, L. Bbake: Frond stout, 1-2 ft. hfgh, 3-forked at the top, each branch 2-pinnate; rootstock black, widely spreading. Rooky Mts. and E. Man. II. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. Mbre or less fleshy or succulent plants, consisting of a frond-like stem and leaf growing from a, .§hort rootstock or fleshy., root, The frond consists of two parts, the one fern-like and sterile, the other a spike or panicle of rather large sporangia, which- open at maturity OPHIOGLOSSACEJE by a transverse slit. The spores are developed from the main tissue of the fruiting stem, and the prothaUus is underground. 1. BOTRtCHIUM. MooNwoRT. Fleshy plants from a short, erect rootstock. The sterile portion ter-nately or pinnately compound ; the fertile portion pinnately divided, with sessile sepa- rate sporangia in rows on the sides of the branches ; spores yellow. 1. B. virginUnum, (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Febn. Sterile portion sessile, attached above the middle of the plant, the main divisions on short' stalks, 1 or 2- pinnate, and the leaflets pinnatifid; fertile part 2 or 3- pinnate. Cool rich woods, Man.-Alta. 2. B. Lun&ria, (L.) Sw. Pjq 4 3q_ The sterile part of the frond almost sessile, l^innate, trychiu m the divisions entire and somewhat fan-shaped, very Lunaria. succulent. Foothills of Rocky Mts. -^. Fig. 5. — Equisetum arvense. sterile shoot; /, fertile shoot showing the spike at a; b, sporophyll, with spo- rangia; 9, apore. 4 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA III. EQUISETACE^ (Horsetail Family). Rush-like plants from a perennial creeping rootstdck; stems hollow, jointed, and sheathed at the joints. 1. EQUISETUM. Horsetail. Stems simple or branched, the nodes solid and surrounded by a toothed sheath; fruit borne in a terminal cone-shaped organ formed by a number of shield-like bodies, closely fitted together, and bearing the sporangia on their inner surfaces. 1. E. arvgnse, L. Common HdBSETAiL. Fertile stems 2-10 in. high, simple or with very few branches, destitute of chlorophyll; sterile stems green and profusely branched, the branches springing in whorls from the nodes. Wet places, common. 2. E. fluviitile, L. Pipes. Stems 3 in. -4 ft. high, sparingly branched, all green and bearing on the top the fruit, which soon falls off, leaving a withered tip. Deep, damp soil, common. DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA. (Phanerogams, or Flowering Plants.) Plants bearing flowers with stamens or pistils or both, and reproducing by seeds. SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERM^. Seeds naked at the base of a scale. IV. PINACE.^; (Pine Family). Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice, and mostly entire needle- shaped leaves; flowers borne in a scaly catkin which at maturity becomes a cone, or else berry-like by the scales becoming fleshy; seeds naked, at the base of each scale; mostly evergreen. 1. PINUS. Pine. Cones formed of imbricated woody scales maturing the second year, and spreading when ripe, allowing the seed to fall; leaves never springing singly from the branch, when in 2's the pair forming a cylinder, when in more than 2, each triangular. PINACE^ - 5 1. P. Banksiana, Lamb. Jack Pine. Leaves in 2's, stout, about 1 in. long, divergent along the branches; cones usually curved, the scales blunt or ending with a minute prickle; a low tree. Sandy soil, E. and N. Man., N. Sask., and Alta. 2. P. strdbus, L. White Pine. Leaves in .5's, long and slender, the fascicles clustered in large tassels at the ends of the branches; cones 3-6 in. long, cylindrical, nodding, often slightly curved. A lofty tree with white wood, the most valuable timber tree of all the pines, but now scarce. .. S. E. Man. 3. P. sylvestris, L. Scotch Pine. Leaves in 2's about 2 in. long along the branch, but more clustered at the end; cones 1 J-3 in. long, the scales thick and rigid with a tubercle on the centre; bark gray. A' small tree, introduced, but thoroughly hardy in the prairie region, being exten- sively used for decorative pur- poses and for wind-breaks. fascicles given off all Fig. 6. — Cone of Pinus strobus. Fig. 7. — Pinus sylvestris. 4. P. resindsa. Ait. Red or NoBWAT Pine. Leavesin2's; cones erect, about 2 in. long, conical, the scales somewhat thickened, but smooth; bark rather smooth, reddish. A iall, graceful tree with somewhat hardwood ; valuable as timberv S. E. Man. 5. P. albicaulis, Engelm. Leaves in 5's, l|-2- thickened at the ends and often beaked but never awned, not spreading at maturity. A low, much branched tree with rough gray bark. Rocky Mts. White-bark Pine. in. long ; cones oval, sessile, dark purple, the scales 6. P. Murrayana, Balfour. Lodge-pole Pine, Black Pine. Leaves in 2's, about 2 in. long, somewhat rigid ; cones small, appressed, often persistent, the scales armed with prickles. A rather tall and often very slender tree usually growing in thick groves ; the source from which the western Indians secured poles for their lodges. Rocky Mts. and east to Meridian 114° and a small area in the Cypress Hills. 2. LARIX. Larch. Leaves soft, many in a fascicle, and deciduous; cones lateral, the fertile red while in flower. 6 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA 1. L. laricina, (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack, Hackmatack. Cones roundish, consisting of a few scales. A slender tree with reddish bark and hard resinous wood. (£. Americana, Michx.) Swamps, Man.- Alta. , 3. PICEA. Spruce. Leaves about | in. long, scattered on all sides of the stem, needle- shaped, stiff; cones pendulous, maturing the first year; otherwise resembling Pinus. 1. P. canadensis, (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce. Branchlets smooth, leaves slender, somewhat pale green ; cones cylindri- cal, deciduous. A fine tree with white wood, much used for both timber and decoration. (P. alba, Link.) Wet or sandy places, Man.-Alta. 2. P. mariSna, (Mill.) B. S. P. Black Spruce. Branchlets pubescent, leaves shorter, S^^^^S^^^^^^^iS^^ stouter, and darker green than in the preceding ; cones smaller, almost glob- ular, persistent. A valuable tree much resembling the preceding and found Fig. 8. — Picea mariana. in the same range. (P. nigra. Link.) 3. P. Engelmlnnii, (Parry) Engelm. Leaves J-1 in. long, four cornered, distributed singly and evenly along the branches; branchlets slightly pubescent; cones oval, about 2 in. long, the scales thin and blunt. A tall conical tree with reddish bark, but becoming shrubby at high elevations. Rocky Mts. 4. ABIES. Fib. Leaves flattened, arranged on two sides of the branch; cones erect, maturing the first year, deciduous. 1 . A. bals&mea (L.) Mill. Balsam. Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, violet-colored when immature. A conical shaped tree with rather smooth, gray bark, containing numerous blisters of resinous juice. E. and N. Man. to Lat. 58° and north-westward. 5. THUJA. Aebor ViTiB. Leaves appressed, imbricated, some awl-shaped and others scale-like; cones of few scales, spreading at ma- turity. 1. T. occidentilis, L. White Cedar. Leaves appressed in 4 rows on flat branchlets; scales of cones blunt. A Fig. 9. — Thuja occidentalis, TYPHACEiB 7 tree with gray, shreddy bark and light, but very durable wood, the latter with a strong resinous odor. Swamps, S. E. Man., and about the mouth of the Saskatchewan River. ,6. JUNIPERUS. Juniper. Leaves either needle-shaped or scale-like; fruit composed of 3-6 fleshy scales, each containing an ovule, and coalescing to form a sort of berry. 1. J. communis, L. Common Junipek. Leaves sharp-pointed, linear, arranged in whorls of 3; fruit axillary. An erect shrub often widely spreading. Wooded banks, Man.-Alta. 2. J. horizontSlis, Moeneh. Ground Cedae. Leaves scale-like; fruit terminal, borne on short re-curved peduncles. A prostrate shrub spreading over the ground like a mat. (J. Sabina, var. procumbens, Pursh.) Sandy hills, Man.-Alta. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA. Douglas Fir. Leaves short-petioled and arranged on the branches Uke teeth in a comb ; cone oblong, drooping, maturing in one season. A large, rough- barked tree. . 1. P. mucronata, Raf. An exceedingly large tree, 100-240 ft. high and 3-12 ft. in diameter, with very thick rough bark; cones somewhat fringed from the projection of the bracts beyond the scales. East side of Rocky Mts. from Lat. 53° southward. SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMiE. Seeds enclosed in an ovary. CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONE^. Parallel-veined leaves, endogenous " stems, monocotyledonous seeds, and flowers mostly in 3's. V. TYPHACE^ (Cat-tail. Family). Perennial marsh herbs with long, nerved, sword-shaped leaves, and monoecious flowers; inflorescence a spike borne on a long stem, the flowers destitute of floral envelopes. SELECTED WESTERN FLORA 1. TYPHA. Cat-tail Flag. Elowers in a long and very dense spike terminating the stem, the upper part containing the sterile, and the lower part the fertile flowers. At maturity the sterile flowers fall, off, leaving a part of the stem projecting beyond the fruit; seeds attached to bristles forming a copious down. 1. T. latifdlia, L. Common Cat-tail. Stout, with flag-like leaves and conspicuous spikes. Marshes, Man.- Alta. - VI. NAJADACE.^ (Pondweed Family). Immersed aquatic herbs with jointed stems, and leaves either sheathing or stipulate; flowers perfect with 4-6-parted perianth, 1-6 stamens, and 1-6 distinct 1-eelled ovaries, each usually 1-ovuled. 1. POTAMOGfeXON. Pondweed. Perianth 4:-parted; stamens 4, opposite the segments of the perianth; anthers 2-celled; ovaries 4; style short or wanting] fruit drupe-like when fresh. Immersed aquatic herbs, generally rooting at the joints, with alternate leaves some of which frequently float on top of the water. 1. P. pectinfitus, L. Stem thread-like, branched; leaves very narrowly linear; peduncles thread-like; flower spikes of 2-6 whorls somewhat widely separated. A common submerged plant in still or slow-running water, Man.-Alta. 2. P. perfoliiltus, L. Stem branching; leaves round, ovate, or lanceolate fron) a heart-shaped, clasping base, usually obtuse and crinkled on the edges; peduncles thick and spongy. Still or slow-running water, more local than' the preceding, Man. 3. P. 20Sterifdlius, Schumacher. Stem branching, with a flattened wing; leaves linear and grass-like, usually floating on top of the water for part of their length ; spike cylindrical and shorter than the peduncle. Still or slow-running water, Man.-Alta. VII. JUNCAGINACE^ (Arrow Grass Family). Marsh plants with cylindrical leaves, and perfect flowers in a raceme or spike supported on a naked scape. Perianth 3 or 6-lobed, carpels 3 or 6, united; fruit a follicle or capsule. i ALISMACEiE — HYDROCHARITACEiE 9 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Arrow Grass. Perianth 6-parted, greenish; stamens 3-6, with short filaments; pistil a 3 or 6-ceIied ovary, splitting when ripe into 3 or 6 carpels around a central axis. Low herbs with rush-like leaves sheathing the scape at the base. 1. T. maritima, L. ■ Scape 6 in.- 2 ft. high; leaves rather fleshy ; carpels mostly 6-grooved on / the back. Wet alkaline soil, Man.-Alta. 2. T. pallistTis, L. Scape 2-18 in. high;, leaves slender. Marshes, Alta. VIII. ALISMACE.^ (Water-plantain Family). Marsh herbs with scape-like stems and radical petiolate leaves, the petiole sheathing the stem at the base; perianth of 3 herbaceous, persistent sepals, and SVhite, deciduous petals; stamens 6 or more; ovaries distinct, 1-celled, and usually 1-ovuIed. 1. SAGITTARIA. Arrow-head. Sepals spreading in fruit; petals imbricated in the bud; ovaries crowded on a globular receptacle forming winged achenes when ripe. 1. S. latifSlia, WiUd. Glabrous; scape angled; petals waxy white; lower whorls of flowers fertile; leaves mostly arrow-shaped. In water or wet places, easily recog- nized by its arrow-shaped leaves and large white flowers. , Common and exceedingly variable, Man.-Alta. 2. ALISMA. Water Plantain. Flowers small, the whitish petals rolled inwardly in the bud; ovaries many, in a circle on the flattened receptacle; scape with whorled panicled branches'. 1. A. PlantSgo-aquatica, L. Perennial, from a strong corm; leaves ovate orBblong, acute, and some- times heart-shaped at the base, somewhat resembling those of the plantain ; panicle very loose. Common in shallow water, Man.-Alta. IX. HYDROCHARITACE.ffi (Frog's-bit Family).. Aquatic herbs with regular perfect or dioecious flowers; stamens," when present, 3-12, united in our species; stigmas 3; fruit ripening under water. 10 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA 1. ELODEA. Wateb-weed. Flowers dioecious, or the fertile bearing stamens; sterile flowers ininute, the fertile ones larger, with a 6-parted perianth. Slender, submerged, perennial herbs with somewhat transparent veinless leaves arranged opposite or in whorls. 1. E. canadensis, Miehx. Canadian Wateb-weed. Leaves linear to oval ; stamens 9 in sterile flowers, 3 or 6 sessile anthers in the fertile; a good aquarium plant, not uncommon on the bottom of slow- running or still water. (Anacharis canadensis of Planchon), Man. and west- ward. X. GRAMInE.