PROPERTY OF THE COfWONWfiALTH OF KENTUCKY NOT TO BE TAKEN PERMANENTLY FROM SCHOOLROOM COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY Course In Physical Education for the Common Schools of Kentucky RURAL SCHOOL EDITION JUNE 1920 Prepared and puWislied by ibe STATE BOARD OP HEALTH and the STATg BOARD OF EOUCATiON ^tate (EoUcge of Agrkultuw At (fantell MittuerBttg iCtbtarg Cornell University Library GV 224.K37 Course in physical education for tlie com 3 1924 014 568 426 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014568426 PROPERTY OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY NOT TO BE TAKEN PERMANENTLY FROM SCHOOLROOM COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY Course In Physical Education for the Common Schools of Kentucky RURAL SCHOOL EDITION JUNE 1920- Prepared and published by the STATE BOARD OF HEALTH and the STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION J jCy.- irr-flgSs""--i----,i!3.a THE STATE JOURNAL COMPANY Printer to the Commonwealth Frankfort, Ky. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE MORRIS-REYNOLDS PHYSICAL EDUCATION LAW 5 RESOLUTION OP ADOPTION OP COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDU- CATION ." g ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T FOREWORD 8 GENERAL STATEMENT 9 A Great National Movement 9 The Meaning of Physical Education 10 Aims of Physical Education 10 Need of Co-operation 11 Means to be Employed by the School 11 How to Begin the Work 11 Division of Time 12 Weekly Schedule 12 Oaily Program — Even Years 13 Daily Program — Odd Years 14 Rating of Pupils in Physical Education 15 How Teachers can Prepare Themselves to Teach Physical Education 16 Bibliography 16 PHYSICAL EXERCISES FOR BODILY DEVELOPMENT 18 Posture 18 Causes of Bad Posture 18 Some Types of Bad Posture 18 Some Types of Good Posture 18 Corrective Exercises 19 Marching and Free Hand Gymnastics ^20 Commands 20 Counting 20 Marching 21 Setting-up Exercises 22 Minimum Exercises 22 Imitative Exercises from New Jersey Manual 23- Examples of Free Hand Gymnastics (younger pupils) 24 Story Plays 26 Corrective Exercises 29 Illustrative Lessons 32 EDUCATION THROUGH FREE PLAY 38 The Playground 38 Mottoes and Aims 38 What We Need To Do 38 Play Equipment 39' Selection of Games 40 Games for Little Polks 4ft COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Games and Sports for Everybody 43 Races and Stunts for Boys 53 Standards of Physical Efficiency 55 Standards for Boys 57 Standards for Girls .- 59 Playground Equipment 60 The Little Wonder Box '. 60 Playground Equipment for School Yards 60 Dealers in Playground Equipment 60 Homemade Playground Equipment 61 ATHLETICS 66 Athletics for Every Pupil 66 Events for Boys 67 Events for Girls 69 Description of Athletic Events 69 Athletic Badges 73 For Boys 74 For Girls 74 Athletic Contests for Rural Schools , . . . 75 Suggested List of Events 77 Sample Program 7S Kentucky High School Athletic Association 79 Rules of Eligibility 79 MILITARY TRAINING 80 . TRAINING IN HEALTH HABITS 81 Health Chores 81 Statement of Chores 82 How Can We Get These Things Done? 82 Health Leagues 84 Modern Health Crusade ." 85 Table of Weight and Height of Boys 87 Table of Weight and Height for Girls 88 SAFETY FIRST ~. 89 The Four Giants 89 List of Dangers 90 FIRST AID 95 Description of Injuries 95 Treatments 95 Improvised Stretchers lOi First Aid Emergency Outfits 102 Pocket Emergency Kit 102 American Red Cross First Aid Box IO3 GOOD HEALTH THROUGH FOOD ' ! . "l04 What to Eat 1Q4 When to Eat \ 107 How to Eat jQY KENTUCKY'S HEALTH PROBLEM !!!.!! 109 CARE OF THE EYES ^ '.'!!!!!!!.!!! !l24 Practical Questions About the Care of Eyes Vi.^ Testing the Eyes ! ! . 126 Snellen's Test Card '.'.'.'.'. 127 THE MORRIS-REYNOLDS PHYSICAL EDUCATION LAW. AN ACT to provide physical education and training for all pupils in the common, graded, State Normal and aJl other public schools of Kentucky, supported wholly or in part by the State and prescribing the methods of carrying the same into effect. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE COMMONWEALTH OP KENTUCKY: Section 1. The Kentucky State Board of Education shall prescribe a course of study in physical education for all com- mon schools of the State, and shall fix the time when said course shall go into effect. This course s:hall occupy periods totaling .not less than thirty minutes each school day which shall be devoted to instruction in^ health and safety, to physi- cal exercises and to recess play under proper supervision. A manual setting out the details of said course of study shall be prepared by the Superintendent of Public- Instruction in co-operation with -the State Board of Health of Kentucky and such other expert advisers as he may choose. Said manual when published shall be sent by said Ken- tucky State Board of Education to the teachers of the com- mon schools in the State of Kentucky. Section 2. The curriculum of all State Normal Schools of Kentucky and of all other institutions in the State sup- ported wholly or in part by public funds having special courses adopted for the preparation of teachers, shall contain one or more courses in physical education, and after the first day of July nineteen hundred twenty-one, each person grad- uating from a teacher's course in any of these institutions shall have completed one or more courses in physical educa- tion. Section 3. County Boards of Education, Boards of Edu- cation of cities and of graded common school districts may employ supervisors and special teachers of physical education in the same manner as other teachers are employed, provided COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION they possess such qualifications as the State Board of Educa- tion may prescribe. Boards of Education of two or more school districts, city, graded school, or county, may jointly employ a supervisor or special teacher of physical education. Boards of Education may allow the use of school buildings and school grounds after regular school hours and during va-. cations as community centers for the promotion of play and other healthful forms of recreation, under such rules and reg- ulatons as to them seem proper. Approved by the Governor, March 22, 1920. Resolution of Adoption of Course in Physical Education. Section 1 of the Physical Education Law reads as follows : "The Kentucky State Board of Education shall prescribe a course of study in physical education for all common schools of the State, and shall fix the time when said course shall go into effect. This course shall occupy periods totaling not less than thirty minutes each school day which shall be devoted to instruction in health and safety, to physical exercises and to recess play under proper supervision. "A manual setting out the details of said course of study shall be prepared by the Superintendent of Public Instruction in co-operation with the State Board of "Health of Kentucky and such other igxpert advisers as he may choose. ' ' Said manual when published shall be sent by said Kentuek y State Board of Education to the teachers of the common schools in the State of Kentucky. ' ' In compliance with this provision of the law, we, the under- signed members of the State Board of Education, do hereby pre- scribe the following course of study in physical education for the common schools of this state, and adopt this manual setting,' out the details of said course of study. It shall be the duty of boards of education of county, city, and graded school districts; and of superintendents of county, city, and graded school dis- tricts ; and of all teachers employed in the common schools of this state, to carry into effect this course of study in accordance with provisions of the law. The publication of this course is authorized in conjunction with the State Board of Health, July 3, 1920. GEO. COLVIN, Chairman, FRED A. VAUGHAN, CHAS. I. DAWSON, Kentuekv State Board of Education. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The State Department of Education wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many persons who have assisted in the preparation of this Manual in Physical Education for the schools of Kentucky. It is impossible to mention all by name and the omission of any name is not to be construed as lack of appreciation. Among those who have made special con- tributions are the following: Dr. Arthur T. McCormack, Secretary of the State Board of Health, and his colleagues. Dr. Calvin N. Kendall, Commissioner of Education for New Jersey. Prof. John P. Smith, Professor of Social Science in Berea College Academy. Miss Ethel Fitzhugh and Miss Carolyn M. Strubel, of the Physical Education Department of the Schools of Louisville. Dr. F. W. Maroney, State Director of Physical Education for New Jersey. Miss M. G. Packer, Assistant State Director of Physical Education for New Jersey. Miss Lida Plafford, Secretary American Red Cross of Ken- tucky. Dr. B. W. Smock, Director of First Aid for Kentucky. Miss Jessie 0. Yancey, Director of State Legion of Modern Health Crusade. Miss Linda Neville, Director of Mountain Fund for Needy Eye Sufferers. Mrs. Jane T. Dahlman, Director of Bureau of Public Health Education of the State Board of Health. Mr. 0. C. Bird, State Director of Physical Education for the State of Alabama. Mr. P. M. Conley, Superintendent of the Schools of Jen- kins, Kentucky. The Educational Department had access to the manuals of Physical Education published by the various States. It has availed itself of the privilege so kindly granted of using ex- tracts from several of these manuals. Especially is this true of the Manuals of Physical Education for the States of New Jersey, Indiana, Alabama, Michigan and New York. The manuscript for the Manual was partly prepared, and the whole of it edited by Dr. John W. Carr, Director of the Division of Physical Education and Hygiene of the Educational Department of Kentucky. FOREWORD. The program outlined within makes no pretense to perfec- tion; it aims to be practical and' suggestive; it proposes the thing that can be done rather than an unattainable ideal. If bodies can be made stronger; if health can be made more gen- eral ; if wholesome games can be made more universal ; if the spirit of fair play can become the possession of more of our children; if the traffic in short coffins decreases — this new educational venture will have justified itself. The future belongs to the nation with the best bodies, other things being equal. Rome's strength was undermined by- malaria; France could not dig the Panama Canal because she was too busy digging graves in the Canal Zone. Bad health is often mistaken for bad morals; diseased minds too often are the result of diseased bodies"; but ten per cent, of our physi- cal and mental capacity is developed and utilized. There is too much wastage ; diseased and defective bodies cost too much. The boy that plays hard, as a rule, will study hard ; the boy that plays hard and studies hard while in school will more than likely find his work and stick to it when a man. Play among children is the greatest preventive of bad habits. It is blas- phemy to let children die of neglect and charge their death to the providence of God. He wants us to be healthy ; He wants us to be happy; He wants all talents with which we are endowed developed; He wants us to serve. Education has its trinity even as religion has: the mind, the body, the spirit. We can not neglect any" one of these phases of education with impunity. We dare not longer ignore the dependence of the one upon the others. Let us give our children sanitary and comfortable school rooms with competent teachers; let us give them at- tractive and commodious play grounds and teach them to play. In the school room, and on the play grounds, let us create an atmosphere that will develop the best instincts of mind, soul, and body. ' GEO. COLVIN, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. GENERAL STATEMENT. The Need of Physical Education. The draft revealed the fact that more than one-third of the young manhood of the United States was physically unfit for full military service. The publication of this fact startled the nation like an alarm bell at night. It revealed the great- est defect in American education- — ^neglect of the health and physical development of the children. Official reports show that twenty-eight per cent, of all Kentuckians examined 'by the Draft Boards were unfit for full military service. At least three-fourths of those rejected might have been fit if they had received proper physical train- ing. Sixty per cent, of all sickness, and forty-seven per cent, of all deaths in Kentucky ' are due to preventable diseases. This is the greatest loss and the greatest expense that the State has to bear, and is wholly unnecessary. Official reports show also that the rural sections make even worse showing than the cities, from the standpoint of health and general fitness. A Great National Movement. As a result of the publication of the facts concerning the physical unfitness of America's young manhood, a national movement has been inaugurated to remedy this great defect in our educational system, by making physical education part of the course of study in the public schools. Bills are now pending in Congress to appropriate from ten to twenty million dollars annually to aid the states in carrying out their physical education programs. One of the great political parties has in- cluded physical education in its platform as part of its social program, A^ a part of this great national movement, the last Legis- lature of Kentucky, by unanimous vote, enacted the Morris- Keynolds Physical Education Law for the Commonwealth. "This law," says Dr. McCormaek, Secretary of the State Board of Health, "is the greatest health law ever enacted in Ken- tucky. " It is for the purpose of putting this law into operation that this course in physical education has been prepared. The Meaning of Physical Education. "What the expression, "physical education," will finally mean will depend on the content that will be j)ut into the various courses in this subject. As now used in connection with the course of study in the public schools, it includes much 10 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION more than a course in gymnastics. It ^already embraces a number of things that have to do with the health and physical development of children. Among these, the following are important: 1. Furnishing necessary stimuli for growth and proper physical development of children. 2. Formation of health' habits. 3. Correction of certain physical defects. 4. Protecting the child from injury. 5. Inculcation of knowledge relative to health and open- mindedness toward health problems. 6. Safeguarding the health of the child by furnishing proper physical surroundings. 7. Training in the elements of citizenship as they pertain to cleanliness, public health and sanitation to the end that all may be healthy and strong. Aims of Physical Education. The purpose of physical education in the schools should be; 1. To alleviate mental strain. 2. To relieve the tension of long sessions in the hottest season of the year and in uncomfortable and often insanitary environment. 3. To produce good posture and correct carriage of body. 4. To satisfy the urgent demand of every healthy boy and girl for muscular movement or activity. 5. To ascertain by health examinations the physical con- dition of the child, in order that remediable defects and ten- dencies toward abnormal conditions may be corrected. 6. To promote health and normal growth. 7. To form correct health habits. 8. To develop strength, poise, beauty and general bodily vigor. 9. To establish the habits of daily exercise and a love for out-of-door life. ' 10. To furnish the proper outlet for the superabundance of energy of youth through the utilization of the social and pla>' instincts of children. 11. To strengthen the will power, and to teach alertness, quick perception and quick reaction. 12. To cultivate self-control, self-denial and loyalty to team and classmates, and a sense of fair-play. 13. To promote the joy of living, to bring more happi- ness into school life and to create a love for wholesome recrea- tion which will be beneficial in after life. COMMON SCglOOLS OF KENTUCKY 11 14. To improve discipline, to develop greater respect for the body and to give a higher moral tone to the school. 15. To make better citizens — men and women who are not only healthy and strong themselves, but who are concerned about the health and physical well being of their fellows. Need of Co-operation. In order to realize the aims of physical education, it is evident that there must be co-operation of several agencies. The school can do much, but the home must do its share also. There is work for health ofScers, for legislators and for other public officials. The children themselves must co-operate. Back of these there must be an enlightened public opinion. To form such an opinion, we must rely on parent-teacher associations, editors, physicians, nurses, ministers, child welfare ^organiza- tions, and the like. Fortunately, there is evidence that there will be co-op- eration. Kentucky is the first state where the State Board of Education and the State Board of Health have got together for the purpose of working out the problems of health educa- tion and the physical development of the people: There are more than thirty organizations back of the physical education movement in this country. No other movement in education has greater support. The watchword is, "forwaxd". Means to be Employed by the School. The chief means to be employed by the common schools in their part in physical education are: 1. Play — games, sports, and athletics. 2. Simple gymnastics — setting-up exercises, marching, and exercises to prevent and to correct certain bodily defects. 3. Training in the performance of certain health chores until they become habits. 4. Instruction in hygiene and sanitation, including safety ' and first aid. The school environment should be wholesome — good buildings, proper equipment, pure water, suitable playground, sanitary surroundings, teacher or pupil leadership and super- vision. The course of study outlined below is intended to suggest hov/ and to what extent these means may be used. How to Begin the V/ork. There are four lines of work to be carried on regularly — setting-up exercises, play, performance of health chores and instruction in hygiene and sanitation. Teachers are already familar with two of these lines — ^play and instruction in hy- giene. The way to begin the practice of setting-up exercises and training in health chores is suggested under the outline for these subjects. It is expected that teachers will fa- 12 COURSE IN PHYSICAL' EDUCATION miliarize themselves with this manual, then choose some of the simplest and easiest things. Teaeh these things well, and then proceed to widen the program. It will take time to get the full program into operation. By persistence and effort a reasonable part of the pro- gram should be in operation at the end of the first month, and by the end of the second month a satisfactory program should be in operation. Division of Time, Weekly Schedule. The law provides that the course in physical education "shall occupy periods totaling not less than thirty minutes each school day, which shall be devoted to instruction in health and safety, to, physical exercises and to recess play under proper supervision. The daily program given in the following section pro- vides a weekly schedule approximately as f oUows : Two 3-minute drills daily — setting-up exercises, posture drills 30 minutes per week One 20-minute period of supervised' play each day 100 minutes per week One 10-minute period for health chores daily 50 minutes per week Three periods per week for instruction in hygiene 58 minutes per week Total per week 258 minutes In order that there may be time for instruction in safety, and first aid, it will be found advisable to take part of the time assigned to health chores for this purpose. Illustration. The purpose of health chores is to cause pupils to form good health habits. Suppose we have health chores daily for three months, then we inform the children that we shall call for their records only once or twice per week for a time, but that they are to continue the practice of these chores faithfully. In this way, three or four periods a week may be used for instruction in teaching safety and first aid. Athletics may be included in the time given to supervised play. Athletic contests should be held after school hours or on Saturdays, unless directed otherwise by local school authorities. The time for marching should be at recess periods or as a part of setting-up exercises. The course provides that pupils should march to and from the room at recess periods. The time allotted for instruction in hygiene is the same as has heretofore been given to that subject. Special exercises with special programs should be held occasionally. Special programs should be arranged for these COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 13 exercises. Not only should pupils take part, but outside persona and organizations should be invited to participate. These exercises should take the place of a part of the regular daily program. Time Allotment for Physical Education. Daily School Program for Even Years. Time. Hour Minutes Class 8.00 10 8.10 10 i 8.20 12 ii 8.32 15 iii 8.47 18 iii 9.05 3 9.08 20 iv 9.28 20 • V 9.48 12 10.00 15 i, ii 10.15 20 iii 10.35 25 iv 11.00 30 V 11.30 15 11.45 ,50 12.35 10 12.45 15 i,ii 1.00 18 iii 1.18 15 V 1.33 3 1.36 20 iv 1.56 22 V 2.18 12 2.30 15 i 2.45 15 ii 3.00 18 iii 3.18 20 iv 3.38 22 V 4.00 Opening Exercises, Singing, etc. First Grade Reading and Spelling. Second Grade Reading and Spelling, Third Grade Reading and Spelling. Fourth Grade Reading and Spelling. Setting-up Exercises. Fifth Grade Reading and Spelling, TThF; History, MWF. ^Seventh Grade Reading and Spelling, MWF; Physiology, TTh. Recess First and Second Grade Arithmetic in same class. Third and Fourth Grade Arithmetic in same class. Fifth Grad§ Arithmetic. Seventh Grade Arithmetic. Writing Class, Whole School. Noon Intermission. Health Chores and Health Club. First Grade Language. Third Grade Language. Seventh Grade History, MWF; Civics, TTh. Setting-up Exercises. Fifth Grade Language. Seventh Grade Language. Recess. First Grade Reading and Spelling. Second Grade Reading and Spelling. Third Grade Geography, MW; Nature Study, TTh ,- Health, F. Fifth Grade Geography, MWF; Physiol- ogy, TTh. Seventh Grade Geography, MWF; Ag- riculture, TTh. School Dismissed. 14 COUKSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Notes. 1. Time for setting-up exercises, health chores, and su- pervised play is taken from the recess time. This does not re- duce the time allotted to any other subject, or disarrange daily program. 2. At the recess period's, the pupils are expected to march out orderly, provided weather is suitable lor outdoor recess. They should also form in line and march into school room or- derly. 3. Time allotted to health and physiology is the same as heretofore given to these subjects. Time Allotment for Physical Education. Daily School Program for Odd Years. •l-ime. Hour Minutes Class 8.00 10 8.10 10 i 8.20 12 ii 8.32 15 iii 8.47 18 iii 9.05 ■i 9.08 20 iv 9.28 20 V 9.48 12 10.00 15 i,ii 10.15 20 iii 10.35 25 iv 11.00 30 • V 11.30 15 11.45 50 12.35 10 12.45 15 i, ii 1.00 18 iii 1.18 15 V l.3;j 8 '1.36 20 iv 1.56 22 V 2.18 12 2.30 15 i 2.45 15 ii Opening Exercises, Singing, etc. First Grade Beading and Spelling. Second Grade Reading and Spelling. Third Grade Reading and Spelling. Fourth Grade Reading and Spelling. Setting-up Exercises. Sixth Grade Reading and Spelling, TThF; History MWF. Eighth Grade Reading and Spelling, MWF; Physiology, TTh. Recess. First and Second Grade Arithmetic in same class. Third and Fourth Grade Arithmetic in same class. Sixth Grade Arithmetic. Eighth Grade Arithmetic. "Writing Class, whole school. Noon Intermission. Health Chores and Health Club. Second Grade Language. Fourth Grade Language. Eighth Grade History, MWF; Civics, TTh. Setting-up Exercises. Sixth Grade Language. 'Eighth Grade Language. Recess. First Grade Reading and Spelling. Second Grade Reading and Spelling. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTPCKT 16 3.00 18 iii Fourth Grade Geography, MW; Nature Study, TTh ; Health, F. 3.18 20 iv Sixth Grade Geography, MWF; Physiol- ogy, TTh. 3.38 22 V Eighth Grade Geography, MWF; Agri- culture, TTh. 4.00 School Dismissed. Notes. 1. Time for setting-up exercises, health chores, and su- pervised play is taken from the recess time. This time does not reduce the time allotted to any other subject or disarrange daily program. 2. At the recess periods, the pupils are expected to march out orderly, provided weather is suitable for outdoor recwra. They should also form in line and march into school room orderly. 3. Time allotted to health and physiology is the same as heretofore given to these subjects. < Rating of Pupils in Physical Education. Pupils should be rated in physical education as in any other school work. It is one of the ways of impressing them with the importance of the things they are expected to do. Teachers will continue to rate pupils in "physiology" as they have done heretofore. In addition, give a rating in physical education. In estimating the grade to be given, consider the follow- ing points : 1. Setting-up exercises 2P a. Marching b. Gymnastics 2. Posture 20 a. Standing b. Sitting c. Walking d. Marching 3. Play' 20 a. Playing allotted time b. Co-operation in play c. Skill in play d. Conduct on the playground 4. Personal Habits — ^Hygienic 20 a. Cleanliness — face, hands, nails, teeth b. Housekeeping — neatness of desk and surroundings c. Performing health chores at home, including sleeping with windows open d. Deep breathing 16 GOUBSE IN PHY SIC AL EDUCATION 5. Personal appearance and manners 20 a. Neatness of dress— buttons on, clothes brushed, shoes cleaned. b. Hair neatly arranged c. Cheerfulness d. Attitude toward teacher, classmates and school. Total— Physical Education 100 How Teachers Can Prepare Themselves to Teach Physical Ed- ucation. 1. This manual is prepared with the hope that it will be of real service to teachers, especially while they are beginning their work. It is not expected that they will attempt to teach all the things suggested in the manual, but from the various exercises, games, sports, and the like, that they will make se- lections which will meet the needs of their particular schools. 2. At all the County Institutes the subject of physical ed- ucation will be presented. There will be pracftical demonstra- tions of parts of the course. Specialists should be secured to present the work at institutes. 3. The University of Kentucky and the State Normal Schools will conduct regular courses in physical education. Other institutions of the state will doubtless do the same. Special courses will be conducted at summer sessions of some institutions. 4. Special meetings of groups of teachers should be held from time to time. Some phases of physical education should be presented at such meetings, followed by practical demon- artrations. 5. There are a number of helpful books and pamphlets available on the subject. Some of the pamphlets are free to teachers, others may be obtained at very small cost. See bibliography. Bibliography. Principles of Health Control (Walters), Heath &-Co New York. ' Games for the Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium (Bancroft), $1.50. McMillan Co., New York. This is the best single volume on games yet published. The Posture of School Children (Bancroft). McMillan Co., New York. Plays and Games (Parsons). A. S. Barnes Co., New York Play and Recreation for the Open County (Curtis) Ginn & Co., New York. Feeding the Family (Rose). McMillan Co., New York. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 17 What To Do At Recess Time. Twenty-five cents. Ginn & Co., New York. Guide to Track and Field Work Contests and Kindred Activities (Stecher). J. J. McVey Co., Philadelphia. Boy Scouts of America (Boys' Manual, twenty-five cents; Scout Manual, fifty cents). Doubleday-Page Co., New York. Camp Fire Girls Manual. Ninety cents. Outfittng Co., New York. Spaulding's Athletic Library. American Sports Publishing Co., New York. This contains a large assortment of athletic books and rules. A complete list of titles may be obtained from the publishers. Pamphlets. Ilarmfulness of Heaaache Mixtures (free). United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Poster^pamJ>hlet on patent medicines and nostrums. 10c. American Medical Association, Chicago. First Aid^in the Home (free). Metropolitan Life Insur- ance Company, Ivlew York. Teeth, Tonsils and Adenoids. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York. A War on Consumption. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York. Diet for the School Child (five cents for first copy, two cents eacTi additional copy). United States Bureau of Educa- tion, Washington, D. C. Teach Health (five cents first copy, two cents each addi- tional copy). United States Bureau of Education-, Washington, D. C. Cho-Cho and the Health Fairy — six fairy stories. Ten cents. Child Health Organization, 156 Fifth Ave., New York. F. _B.* 308— What the Body Needs. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C. F. B. 717 — ^Food for Young Children. United States De- [>;irtment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. F. B. 817 — Cereal Foods. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. F. B. 292— Use of Sugar as Food. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. F. B. 375 — Care of Food in the Home. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. F. B. 712 — School Lunches. U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. F. B. 363— Use of Milk as Food. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. •Farmer's Bulletin. PHYSICAL EXERCISES FOR BODILY DEVELOPMENT. Posture. Correct posture is one of the first essentials to physical beauty and good health. "We should strive for it continually by: 1. Showing examples of good posture — standing, sitting and walking. See Cuts 3, 4, 23, 24, 25. 2. By adjusting seats so that pupils will be comfortable. Pupils' feet should rest on the floor, and seats and desks should be neither too far apart nor too close together. If seats are non-adjustable, foot rests should be provided. For improper sitting posture, see Cut 6. 3. Keeping a constant but not a nagginff eye on the child's sitting and standing posture throughoift- the school hours. Caution. — Do not require pupils to remain in same posi- tion too long. Give them a chance at least to stand and stretch, or to relax several times during each school day. Causes of bad posture. Some of the causes of faulty posture are : 1. Habitual standing and sitting in bad positions. See Cuts 2 and 6. . 2. Weak muscles caused by poor nourishment. 3. Carrying books and other burdens continually on one side. See Cut 1. 4. Seats and desks not properly adjusted. 5. Carelessness on the part of the child, and failure to. appreciate the importance of good posture. Soma types of bad posture. Some of the common types, of bad posture are : 1. Standing in a slouching position. See Cut 2. 2. Combination of drooping head and shoulders and pro- truding abdomen while standing. See Cuts 5 and 2^. 3. Forward head and rounded back while sitting See Cut 6. ^ Some types of good posture. 1. Standing position.— Feet n parallel position and a few, inches apart, weight resting equally on balls of feet and heels, arms stretching downward' with palms resting outside of thigh; chest broad, chin in andi COMMON SCHOOLS OP KENTUCKY 19 pupils standing as tall as possible. The head, body and feet should be approximately in line as shown by window pole test. -See Cuts 4 and 23. This is the fundamental position and should be taken when beginning any physical exercise, march, or while reciting. In response to the command, "position!" given to the class while standing, each pupil should instantly assume the position indicated above. 2. Sitting position.-^Sit as far back on chair or seat as possible, whole spine supported by back of seat, both feet resting on floor or foot- rest, knees forming a right angle. Head and chest must be carried high. If the pupil is not work- ing, his fingers should be clasped, hands resting on desk. This is the fundamental sitting position, and at command --"position!" given while pupils are seated, they should as- sume this position at once. The writing position is in the main the same as above, only pupil sits erect without leaning against back of seat, arms rest- ing naturally on desk, lateral edges of paper parallel with i-ight forearm, left hand advanced in front of right hand, holding the paper. In response to the command— "writing position!" pupil should assume liiis position. The reading position is the fundamental sitting position, only the hands hold the book so that person can read easily without bending over. Caution. "While the above positions are important, and we should encourage pupils continually to strive to attain them, yet it is too much to expect growing children to hold any one position continuously. Hence the importance of fre- quent periods for relaxation and stretehinir. Corrective Exercises. 1. Drooping head — Cuts 7 and 23). Assume correct standing position with hands on hips, relax head and drop it backward without effort. Lift head upward and draw chin strongly inward, making a double chin. Relax muscles, letting head drop backward and raise it with a strong upward pull. Repeat four to ten times in succession. 2. Hollow chest and drooping shoulders — (Cuts 8 and 9). Swing the arms forward on shoulder level and bend elbows so as to bring finger tips to top of shoulders, with elbows pointing forward. Lift elbows and form with them a semi- circle at sides, upward and backward. At close of position upper arms are close ait sides, shoulder blades flat on back. (Cut 9.) Take movement deliberately and repeat from four 20 COFBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION to ten times. Do not let the head fall forward nor the upper part of trunk fall back. 3. Protruding abdomen — (Cut 10). Take correct posi- tion, feet apart and hands on hips. Bend trunk to side as far as possible. Be careful not to twist body nor move feet from floor nor bend knees.' Return to upright position. Same to other side. Repeat four to ten times, each side slowly. These exercises are preventive as well as corrective exer- cises, and should be practiced frequently as part of the gen- eral setting-up exercises or free hand gymnastics. Encourage pupils to practice such exercises at hom6. We cannot obtain satisfactory results without continuing to practice exercises for considerable length of time. (See Cuts 24 and 25.) Marching and Free Hand Gymnastics. The purpose of marching and free hand gymnastics is corrective, hygienic and educational. It is, therefore, advisa- ble to have variety and to give the exercises in proper man- ner. Only the simplest exercises are suggested below. They may be given by command and also on count. Commands. There are two parts to a command — prepar- atory and executive. There is a pause between the two for the purpose of giving the pupils opportunity to understand definitely what is to be done. The preparatory part of the command is to tell the pupil what is to be done. It should be given distinctly and slowly enough for each pupil to under- stand what fehe command is. The executive part of the com- mand should be given quickly if the exercise is to be given fast ; slowly, if the reverse is true. Examples: Arms upward (Pause)— Bend! (given quickly). Trunk forward (Pause) — ^B-e-n-d! (given slowly). Counting: Exercises are also given by "count" instead of command. There is a preparatory command telling just what is to be done. Then the executive command — "Begin" and start counting 1-2-3-4-ete. Counts may be in groups of two (1-2, 1-2) or four (1-2-3-4, 1-2-3-4) or eight (1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8).- Ready for Marching or Gymnastics. All work should be laid aside immediately. Desks cleared if exercises are to be given in school room. Monitors open windows. Boys may remove coats and sweaters as teacher directs. Standing. For any exercise when the whole class is to take part. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 81 "Class — Attention!" (Best sitting position, head and chest high, back straight and away from bacK vf the seat, both feet on floor (Cut 11). "Stand — One!" (Pupils grasp corners of de^k and put one foot in aisle) (Cut 12). "Two!" (Class stands at attention in aisles.) "Attention!" means feet parallel and a few inches apart, weight resting equally on balls of feet and heels, arms stretched downward, with palms resting on outside of thigh, chest broad, chin in, and pupil standing as tall as possible (Cut 23). Sitting. "Be Seated — One!" (Foot nearest seat placed in front of it.) "Two!" (Class in seats at attention.) "And Rest!" or any other direction the teacher chooses to give. It is important that teachers drill pupils until they can execute these commands almost perfectly. Marching. Marching should form a part of the physical exercises daily. In training pupils to march well, teachers not only have a means for developing good position, but also one of the most effective means of discipline. At the beginning of the term, teachers should take extra time, if necessary, in teaching pupils how to march. Good leaders are very im- portant in marching. If two or more ranks are used, group smaller pupils in front, and large ones behind. Boys and girls should be grouped separately. Good music is desirable. In many country schools, Parent-Teacher Associations or other organizations have furnished victrola, organ or piano. If no musical instrument is available, teacher should beat time or clap hands, or children sing or hum some suitable march, such as "Yankee Doodle". In good weather, pupils should always march out of the school room at the forenoon and afternoon recesses. They should form in line (boys in one line and girls in another) and march into the school room after each recess, including the noon recess, provided weather is suitable. Marching should frequently form a part of the setting-up exercises. The command, "Stand tall like soldiers", is one of the simplest and easiest ways to get good results. The following are some of the simplest directions for marching : Form lines with proper spacing. This means the forma- tion of one or more lines, with pupils about 30 inches apart. 22 COUESE IN PHYSICAL EDTTOATIOIsr A simple way is for a pupil to stand so he can just touch the back of the one in front of him by extending his arms in front. Position. Assume fundamental position, previously de- scribed. Feet parallel and a few inches apart; knees straight; body erect and resting equally on both hips; chest lifted; shoulders square; arms hanging naturally at the sides; h'ead erect and squarely to the front ; chin drawn in ; weight of body j'esting equally upon the heels and bal's of feet (Cuts 3 and 23). "Mark time — March!" Marking time is "marching in place." Raise the feet alternately about two inches from the floor, unless ordered otherwise. Begin with left foot. The time is marching time, about 120 steps per minute. "Forward— March!" At the command, "March," move the left foot forward, and continue the march. Time about 120 steps per minute. "Class— Halt!" At the command— "Halt!" given as either foot strikes the floor, plant the other foot as in march- ing, raise and place the first foot by the side of the other, given in two counts. Facing. Facings are done from fundamental standing positions or while marching in place. "Right— Face!" Raise slightly the left heel and tin- right toe, turn to the right a quarter turn <90 degrees) on the heel of the right assisted by the pressure on the ball of the left foot, place the left foot by the side of the right. "Left — Face!" Execute just the reverse of "right— fac." "About— Face!" Carry the toe of the right foot about a half foot length to the rear, and slightly to the left of the left heel without changing position of the left foot, face to the rear, turning to the right on thejeft heel and right toe. Place the right heel by the side of the left. " These should be practiced until the pupils execute them well. Setting-Up Exercises — Three-Minute Drill. Below are given samples of setting-up exercises. Such exercises should be given at least twice per day, should be varied from time to time and may be given at command or on count. Minimum Exercise. 1. Fundamental position— "Face "Windows— Face ! " "Inhale slowly— One!" "Exhale slowly- Two ! ' ' Repeat four times. 2. "Mark time— March!" continue for quarter of a min- ute. "Halt!" COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 23 "Halt!" Instead of marking time, march once around the room. "March!" "Halt!" 3. "Hands on hips — Place!" "Standing on tiptoes, arms upward — Stretch ! ' ' Continue stretching for a few seconds. "Position!" (See Cuts 24 &T}d 25.) 4. "West Point breathing — One!" Keep hands close to body, turn them out, thumbs first, take deep breath in. "Two!" return to position and exhale. Reneat four times. "Seats!" Imitation Exercises. (From New Jersey Manual.) Teach by imitation. Not necessary to have uniformity, but see to it that the exercises are done vigorously and are always preceded and followed by breathing exercises. Take only a few of these exercises at on time. 1. Scooping sand. Stand with the feet apart, gather up sand with both hands and throw vigorously over head ten times. 2. Windmill. Straighten right arm up and left arm down. Carry right arm forward and downward, and left arm upward and backward, making a circle with each arm. 3. Swimming. Feet apart, bend arms, palms down, el- bows back. Next raise arms forward, palms down. Last, turn arms, palms outward, swing sideward along the shoul- ders. Ten times. 4. Ferryboat. Feet apart, arms raised sideward. Hold arms stationary and bend trunk first right, then left. Ten to sixteen times. 5. Locomotive getting up speed. Bend right elbow, force back left arm, raise forward, hands clenched. Now change position of arms, pulling vigorously. Repeat ten to sixteen times. Add leg exercises, bending one leg and then the other. Later, combine arms and legs. 6. Jumping Jack. Clap hands behind hips, then spring feet apart and clap hands over head. Spring feet together and clap hands behind hips again. Ten to sixteen times. 7. Cowboys throwing lasso. Feet apart, place left hand across small of back and raise right hand above head; swing the right arm round and round, beginning in circles toward the head. At the end of eight turns, throw the hand forward as if throwing a lasso. Repeat, changing hands, ten to sixteen times. 8. Teamsters warming up. Spring feet apart and raise arms sideward, palms facing forward. Now jump and cross d4_ C OURSE IN PHYSICA L EDUCATIUJN the feet and at the same time fold arms with a clap, embrac- ing yourself. Spring feet apart again and repeat, alternating crossing feet. Ten to sixteen times. 9. Shaking fruit from trees. Stand on tiptoe, arms raised high over head. Shake fruit from branches eight to ten times in quick rhythm. ^ 10. Sewing machine. Running in place, hands on hips, start slowly and lightly, and gradually increase speed. 11. Jack in box. Feet somewhat apart. Stoop down just a little on count 1, on count 2 spring high in air. Eight to ten times. 12. Rowing. Sit on desk, facing back of room, feet under seat. Bend trunk forward, arms outstretched, then bed arms and at same time raise trunk, leaning backward a little. Ten to sixteen times. 13. Flying. Run around room, arms waving like wings of birds. 14. Chopping Wood. Feet apart, raise ax over left shoul- der and chop down hard, then raise over right shoulder. Re- peat, changing shoulders, ten to sixteen times. 15. Hoisting the sail. Feet apart, right arm extended, grasping rope above, left hand grasping rope below waist. Pull rope down with right hand, bending both knees at same time. Repeat, changing hands. Keep going in rhythm, leu to sixteen times. 16. Follow the leader. Class follow a chosen leader around the room, repeating his actions, such as clapping hands, skipping, etc. 17. Marching. 18. Hopping exercises. Hands on hips, eight times on right foot. Eight times on left. Three times. 19. Jumping exercise. Hands on hips. Jump lightly on toes, either always landing in same place or springing ' feet apart and together. 2a. A minute run around room, lightly, on toes, or better still take a run on playground. Examples of Lessons in Freehand Gymnastics. (Esfjecially suitable for first and second grade pupils.) Use part or all of the lessons suggested. ' Teachers can readily arrange others. Lesson 1. 1. "When I clap my hands, let's all stand up." Em- phasize standing tall and still like a statue or soldier. 2. Run! One line at a time around room. Head high- light, guick steps like spirited horses. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 3. Hands placed on hips. Deep breathing — "In! Out!" 4. Bend forward, clapping hands in front of knees ; raise trunk and hands together in front of face. (Commands may be One! Two! Three! Four! Do it in ryhthm eight to twelve times.) 5. Raise arms over head. Stand on tiptoes. Shake fruit from branches of trees. (Eight to ten times in quick rhythm.) 6. Running in piace. Move feet as in running, but do not move from place. Start slowly and lightly, then gradually increase in speed — "Go!" 7. Raise arms sideward and take a long, deep breath — "One! Two!" Repeat. Lesson 2. 1. Standing from sitting position. Standing. Class — Attention! (Best sitting position, head and chest high, back straight and away from back of chair, or seat, both feet on floor) (Cut 11). Stand up — One! (Grasp corners of desk and place one foot in aisle) (Cut 12). Two! (Class stands ut at- tention in aisles). Sitting. Be seated — One! (Foot near seat, placed m front of it). Two! (Class in seats at attention.) And Rest! 2. Skipping. One line at a time around room. Empha- size lightness and vigor. 3. Turn the palms outward and take a deep breath. (Keeping arms at sides, turn palms outward and breathe in — One! Turn .palms back and breathe out. Two! (Cut 13.) Repeat. 4. Jack in the box. Feet somewhat apart. When I say One! bend the knees quickly. "One!' Now straighten knees. "Two!" Repeat. Try in rhythm. 5. Feet apart — Jump! Stoop down to scoop up sand with both hands ; stand erect and raise arms above head. Keep it up in rhythm from eight to twelve times — ' ' Go ! " 6. Hands on hips — "Place!" (Grasp hips just below waistline. Let the elbows point slightly backward ; keep wrist straight so there is a straight line from elbow to finger tips; keep fingers together and extended, with thumb at back and fingers in front. Quick movement. (Cut 14.) Take a deep breath ! (Head bent back to blow bubbles up into air.) " Blow ! ' ' Repeat, two counts. Lesson 3. 1. Class forward — "March!" (Two or three minutes.) Class — "Halt!" (After the word "Halt" take one step forward, 26 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION then bring up rear foot, clicking heels together.) (This takes two counts.) 2. Arm raising sideward with deep breathing — One! Two! Same with head pressing backward — One! Two! (Out 3. Hands on hips — Place! Heel raising in this time (demonstrate). Ready — Begin! Halt! 4. Driving stakes. Feet apart — Jump! Swing hammer back of shoulder, over head and down. 'Swing to other shoul- der. Demonstrate movement and start in rhythm. Go! and Halt! 5. Hands on hips — Place! Heels — Raise! Walking for- ward slowly on toes (as if on rails of track.) Ready — Go! and Halt! (Turn around.) Repeat, going back to place. 6. Hands on hips — Place! Jump on toes ten times. Ready — ^Begin! Fairly quick rhythm. 7. Turning of palms, with deep breathing— One! Two! (Cut 13.) Lesson 4. 1. Class forward— March! Class— Halt! 2. I-Ioisting sail (pulling rope over head). Feet slightly apart, right arm extended, grasping rope above, left hand grasping rope below waist. Pull rope down with right hand, bending both knees at same time. Repeat with left, etc. Keep going in rhythm — Go! and Halt! 3. Arm raising sideward with backward pressing of head —One! Two! (Cut 7.) 4. Shoveling snow or ice. Feet apart— Jump! Both hands grasping handle of shovel, bend down and shovel, then raise trunk, throwing contents of shovel over left shoulder. Keep it going in rhythm. Repeat, throwing over right shoul- der. Go ! 5. (Demonstrate before giving.) Hands on hips — Place! (Cut 14.) Feet apart, jump on toes. Ready— Begih! Ten counts. 6. Sitting erect in seats, grasping corners of desk. Chest raising, with a deep breath — ^Eaise! Lower! Repeat, two counts. Story Plays. Story plays appeal to children greatly. They not only afford opportunity for excellent physical exercises, but they cultivate the iraagination and add interest to the work. Do not insist on all children performing the actions indi- cated alike, but that each perform in his own way or follow a leader. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 27 For younger pupils. Jack Frost. 1. December calls Jack Frost to come and make the world beautiful, and all the fairies dance with joy. 2. He runs out and blows frostj^ breaths into the air. 3. He paints the windows and ground with frost, then climbs up and paints the roof. 4. When Jack Frost taps the tight chestnut burrs they fly open and the chestnuts pop out. 5. Jack Frost has made the air so cold that we want a fire on our hearth, so we must get the wood. 6. The little brook running* through the meadow freezes when Jack Frost touches it. Jumping hands. on toes, clapping Running once around room. Deep breathing. Vigorous painting motion, then climbing, then more painting. Cross the arms, and sit down on the heels; at a signal jump up and fling the arms sideways. Chopping. Running around the room — stopping vory still at sig- nal. The Night Before Christmas. 1. Santa Clans catches rein- deer. 2. Load sleigh with toys. 1 Fly over the house top. 4. Slide down chimney. Running once around room. Lifting movement. Running once around room. Sit on top of desks, slide down into seats. Walking on tiptoe. Climbing. Quick Running. 5. ("hildren wake up and steal down to watch Santa. 6. Santa sees them, and climbs up chimney with- out filling stockings. 7. Santa jumps into his sleigh and whirls away. 8. Reindeer, tired, hang heads, and take deep breaths. Animal Activities. 1. The dog can trot or run Run in a circle about the slowly or quickly. room, all rows at once. At first ' slowly, "Dog trot. ' ' Then more quickly. Let heads drop forward, raise them with deep breathing. 28 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 2. The bear has a very funny gait when he walks on his hind feet. 3. Pussy slips along so quietly that the mice never hear her, and that's how she catches them. 4. In India large, strong ele- phants do a great deal of work. They can handle heavy timbers with their trunks. 5. Mr. Toad and Mr. Frog hop along, but Mr. Frog can go much further be- cause he is thin and Mr. Toad is fat. Walk a few yards, swaying from side to side, using the arms for balance. Run quickly on tiptoe with bent knees, very quietly. Clap hands in front of body, swing arms (with straight elbows) from side to side. Get body twisting. Hands on floor, between feet, knees bent, short and long hops about the circle. Make Believes. 1. Blowing soap bubbles upward. Breathe in with back- ward moving of head. Exhale slowly. Imitation method. 2. Scooping leaves (or snow). "With feet apart stoop and bend forward, touching the floor, then straighten up and throw arms overhead. Imitation method. 3. Weathervane. With feet apart and arms horizontal, turn slowly from one side to the other, keeping feet firmly on floor and knees rigidly straight. Demonstrate then — Begin! Stop! Position — Stand! 4. Walking on rails. Short steps, one foot placed directly in front of the other. Slow rhythm.. Imitation. 5. Bouncing ball up and down. Jump up and down in place three or four times on signal given by teacher, simulating bouncing ball on floor. Eepeat five or six times. 6. Deep breathing. Breathe in! Breathe out! 1-2. Cutting the Grass. 1. Running lawn mower. Walk around, pushing lawn mower with both hands, making the sound "Br-r-r" to imitate mowef. 2. Raking the grass. Face the front of the room. Reach forward to either side with long strokes. 3. Pick up big armfuls and put 'in wheelbarrow (five or six times). 4. Run with wheelbarrow to big pile of grass (round room and back to place). COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 5, Empty wheelbarrow by taking out big armfols and throwing over pile. 6. Breathing. (Cut 13.) Cleaning House. 1. Open window. Starting at level of head, push up. 2. Roll up rugs. Stoop and walk forward a few steps. 3. Take outdoors over shoulder. Run around room one row at a time. 4. Beat them, kneeling, with a stick in each hand. 5. Shake them, standing. 6. Sweep the house. 7. Get dust out of lungs. Breathing. (Cut 13.) Indians. 1. Paddle in canoe to woods. Sit on desks. 2. Walk on tiptoes through woods, one hand shielding the eyes and looking all around among bushes as you go scouting along. 3. Shooting arrows. Kneeling on one knee, stretching arms and aim. Draw one arm back, and make a soft hissing noise as arrow goes through air. 4. Four or five running steps forward to bear. Stoop and pick up, throwing over shoulder. 5. Run back to canoe. 6. Paddle home. 7. Out of breath. Deep breathing. (Cut 13.) Corrective Exercises. (Prom New Jersey Manual.) , One or more corrective exercises may be combined with deep breathng for "setting up exercises". 1. Deep breathing with head pressing backward. One! Two! Repeat. (Cut 7.) 2. Arms upward: Bend! (With palms clenched, bend arms tightly at elbows, pressing elbows in at sides. Be careful to keep shoulders down and chest high. Don't let head protrude forward. This is done quickly. Cuts 15, 16.) Slow arm straightening upward. Stretch! Bend! Repeat. 3. Hands on hips : Place! (Grasp hips just below waistline. Let the elbows point slightly backward ; keep wrist straight so there is a straight line from elbow to finger tips ; keep fingers together and extended, with thumb at back and fingers in front. Quick movement.) Hopping twice on each foot, no stop at change. Go! twenty counts. Repeat if there is time. 30 CO URSE IN PHYSICAL EDTTCATION Exercises.for Head: 1. Hands on hips: Place! Relax head and drop it backivard. Eend! (This is preliminary and has no effort in it.) Lift head upward and draw chin strongly inward (as if making double ehin). Eaise! (Cut 7.) 2. All breathing exercises, especially those that include backward pressing of head, as : a. Arms raising sideward, palms up, with backward press- ing of head and deep breathing: One! Two! (Slowly raise arms sideward to shoulder level, palms down, fingers straight.) b. Arms sideward: Raise! Arm rotating outward, turning palms up, with deep breathing: One! Two. Exercises for Shoulders and Spine: 1. Arms upward : Bend L Elbows are brought in close to sides, chest high, head erect. Knld position a moment. 2. Arms forward: Bend! (Raise arms quickly to shoulder level, bending forward at elbows so that fingers touch chest in front. Keep wrist and fingers straight and palms turned down. Elbows should be well back to insure good position of chest, and head should be erect. Cut 22.) 3. Arms: Straighten! Slow arm straightening upward, head well back, weight forward: One! Positon: Two! 4. Arms sideward: Fling! Palms turned upward: Raise! (Keep weight forward head erect.) Position! Repeat. 5. Swimming movement. Arms bent for swimming ; One ! (Arms at sides, elbows half bent, palms down, fingers pointing forward.) Straightening arms forward: Two! Arms parting to sides: Three! (Hands back to back, pushing water back.) 6. Arms upward : Straighten ! Arms parting (to shoulder level): One! Raising: Two! Return to position. Repeat. 7. Hands on hips, feet apart : Place ! Trunk forward : Bend ! (Back straight, not rounded, neck pushed against back of collar, chin in.) Trunk: Raise! Repeat. This exercise may be used as a starting point for many movements ; as when the trunk is bent forward, head twisting may be given or arm stretching sideward or upward or any simple arm movement. Care should be taken not to hold this position too long or the child's back will become rounded, head will droop forward, etc. Abdominal Exercises: 1. Standing, hands lightly clasped over abdomen, take a deep breath, pulling in sharply at waist : In! Hold an instant: Out! Slowly let breath out and muscles relax. This is a very simple but very effective exercise. 2. Hands on hips: Place! Leg flinging forward (straight knee) : Go! Ten times with each leg. Alternate legs. How to Carry Books Correct Way Incorrect Way CUT 2 Poor Recitation Postures CUT 3 Good Recitation Postures CUT 4 Test of Postui-e ivith Window Pole CUT 5 Drooping Head, Protruding- Abdomen CUT 6 I'orward Head and Rounded Back CUT s To Correct Position of SlioulJers CUT 10 To Correct ProtruLUng: Abdomen CUT 11 ("Jla.ss — Attention ! CUT 12 Stand Up — One! (Notice one foot in aisle, hand grasping desk) CUT i:; West Point BiH-athin.a: — One! Twc cur 1 4 Han. Is .in Hips — Place! 'I'run k ]'^>r\van:l — B.>nd 1 CUT i:. Arms Upward — Bend! (Side View) CUT 16 Arms Upward — Bend! (Front View; CUT 1 7 Arms Upward — Eencl! Stooping touching door — One! CUT IS Hands on Hips — Place! Heels — Kaise! Knees — BendT CUT 19 Hands on Hips — Place! To the Left Side — Lunge! CUT 20 Arms Sideward — Fling! (Done quickly) (From Arms Forward Bend!) Arms Sideward — Raise! I'Done slowly) CUT 21 A V m s f o r w a vd — Ee n a '. CUT -22 Arms upward — Stretcli ! Arms forward (or sid'i'ward) upward — i-iaise! E^ <:2} Incorrect posture ( Weak or fatigue posture). The neck aiHl trunk form a zig- zag line. Correct posture (Strong, healthful, beautiful and effi- cient) The neck and trunk form a straight, vertical line DRAWINGS ILLUSTRATING POSTUKE Exaggerated posture (Rigid, ugly and in- correct) This pos- ture can be held only for a short time with great effort Prom photographs furnished by the American Posture League. Inc. Cut No. 23, 32 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION _ _ 3. Sitting on desk, hands on hips. Take a deep breath and let trunk fall slightly back from hips. Fall! Return! Great care must be used to keep head and chest on straight line with spine. Don't let head fall forward nor chest cave' in. Do not try to bend so far back that trunk is horizontal. As you bend back breathe in deeply and slowly. Feet should be caught firmly under seat. 4. Standing. Hands on hips: Place! Trunk bending to side: One! Up: Two! To opposite side : Three! Four! Do not twist shoiilders nor bend knees. Balance of Whole Body: 1. Arm raising sideward with heel raising: One! Two! Keep body erect. Hold on toes for an instant. 2. Hands on hips : Place ! Heels : Raise ! Knees : Bend ! Go down very slowly and sit on heels. Bend knees outward, hold- ing trunk and head erect. Knees: Straighten! Heels: Lower! Repeat. Illustrative Lessons. Explain and demonstrate the exercises you wish to give. The following exercises are only suggestive : Lesson 1. 1. Arm raising sideward with 'backward, pressing of head. (Slowly raise arms sideward to shoulder level, palms down, fingers straight. Cut 20.) One! Two! Eepeat. 2. Place hands on hips and feet apart : Jump ! Trunk for- ward: Bend! Raise! One! Two! Repeat. (Keep back straight head up.) 3. Hands on hips: Place! (Grasp hips just below waist- line. Let the elbows point slightly backward; keep wrist straight so there is a straight line from elbow to finger tips; keep fingers together and extended, with thumb at back and fingers in front. Quick movement. Gut 18.) Knee bending (heels off) : One! Two! Keep it up in this time (demonstrate). Ready: Begin! Halt! 4. Running, jump over two lines. Circle formation. Spring from one foot, land on both. 5. Breathing: In! Out! Repeat. (Cut 13.) Lesson 2. 1. Hopping : Go ! eight times right foot, eight times left ; four times right foot, four times left; two times right, two times left. No stop at changes; right, left; right, left (once each). A group of boys stretching informally The same group stretching with attention to form DRAWINGS ILLUSTRATING POSTURE From Bancroft's "The Posture of School Children," used by permission of the McMillan Company, publishers. Cut No. 24 34 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 2. Hands on hips and feet apart: Jump! Trunk forward downward: Bend! (Go down as far as possible, keeping 'head up and knees straight.) Straighten! Repeat : One ! Two! 3. Running jump over ruler. Circle formation. Spring from one foot, land lightly on both with moderate knee bend- ing, but do not try to hold landing. 4. Breathing: In! Out! Repeat. Lesson 3. 1. Arms bent and feet apart: Jump! Backward pressing of head with chest raising: One! Two! 2. Arms upward : Bend ! Stoop down, touching floor : One ! Up : Two ! Keep it up in this time. Ready : Begin ! Halt ! (Bend knees outward, arms between knees, hands touching floor, back straight, head up. (Cut 17.) 3. Arm bending and straightening upward: One; Two! Keep it up in rhythm : Go ! Halt ! (This is taken from the ' ' arm bend" position. Straighten arms vigorously over head, fingers extended, palms facing. Try hard to keep weight on balls of feet, head erect and arms pointing straight upward. Cut 22.) 4. Chopping wood. Feet apart: Jump! Holding ax over left shoulder, strike down and swing back to other shoulder with a twisting of trunk (demonstrate movement.) Ready: Begin! Count one as you chap down, two as you swing up to other shoulder. Lesson 4. 1. Right: Face! (Facing left or right on two counts, stopping on the first.) Left face : One! Two! Right face : One! Two! Repeat. 2. Hands on hips and left foot forward: Stride. Trunk twisting to left: One! Two! Same exercise right, with right foot forward: One! Two! (Try to twist at waist, not from ankles.) 3. Arms upward: Bend! Sideward: Straighten! Arms: Bend! Position; In four counts. Ready: Go! Halt! 4. Hands on hips: Place! Heels: Raise! Knees: Bend! Straighten! Heels: Lower! Repeat. Do not try rhythm. Lesson 5. 1. Arms forward : Bend ! Arm flinging sideward with knee bending (heels off) in this rhythm (demonstrate). Ready: Be- gin ! and Halt ! 2. Head pressing backward with chest raising : One ! Two ! Repeat. Upward stretching that distorts the posture Upward stretching that tends to cultivate good posture DRAWINGS-. ILLUSTRATING P'-TURE From Bancroft's "The Posture of School Children," used by permission of the McMillan Company, publishers. ^ Cut No. 25 OOUESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3. Hands on hips: Place! Heel raising: One! Knee bend- ing: Two! Knee straightening: Three! Heel lowering: Four! Try in rhythm. (Make each movement distinct. Good carriage of body.) 4. Breathing: In! Out! Eepeat. (Cut 13.) Lesson 6. 1. Hands on hips and left foot sideward: Place! Heel rais- ing: One! Lowering: Two! Position! Same to right on four counts. Continue in this rhythm: Begin! Halt! 2. Feet apart: Jump! Arm raising sideward with knee bending in this time (demonstrate). Ready: Begin! Halt! One! Two! Repeat. 3. Driving stakes with sledgehammer. Feet apart : Jump ! Swing hammer back on shoulder. Swing overhead and down : One! Up and back of other shoulder: Two! Keep it up in this time. Ready: Begin! Halt! Repeat. 4. Turning outward of palms with deep breathing : One ! Two! Repeat. (Cut 13.) Lesson 7. 1. Forward bending of arms with heel raising. (Raise arms quickly to shoulder level, bending forward at elbows so that fingers touch chest in front. Keep wrist and fingers straight and palms turned down. Elbows should be well back to insure good position of chest, and head should be erect.) (Cut 21.) One! Two! Keep it going in rhythm. Ready: Begin! Halt! 2. Arms upward : Bend ! One ! Stoop and touch floor : Two ! Up: Three! Position: Four! Continue in this time (demon- strate). Ready: Begin I Halt! (Cut 17.) 3. Arms sideward: Raise! Trunk bending to left: One! Over to right: Two! Keep it up in slow time. 4. Breathing: In! Out! Lesson 8. 1. Arms upward bend and left foot forward: Place! (With a quick movement place left foot to side, or front, with space of two-foot lengths between heels. Weight is evenly distributed between feet. Don't let feet drag on floor. In re- placing, come back quickly, clicking heels together.) Heel raising: One! Two! Position! Same to right on four counts. Keep it up in this tifae. Begin ! Halt ! COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTTTCKY 37 2. Arms forward— Bend! Feet apart — Jump ! Arms fling- ing sideward with knee bending : One ! Two ! Keep it going in slow rhythm. Ready: Begin! Halt! (Cut 21.) 3. Arms upward bend and feet apart: Jump! Forward bending of trunk. (Cut 16.) (Slowly bend trunk forward down- ward as far as you can go, still keeping head erect and back straight.) One! Two! Arm straightening sideward: Three! Position : Four ! Continue in this time. Ready : Begin ! Halt ! 4. West Point breathing (Cut 13). Lesson 9. 1. Arm raising sideward upward, clapping hands over head, with knee bending (heels o-ff) in this rhythm (demon- strate). Ready: Begin! Halt! 2. Arms forward bend and left foot forward: Place! Heels : Raise ! Arm flinging sideward, two counts. Heels : Lower ! Repeat. Change to right foot. 3. Clinch hands and arms sideward: Raise! Bend trunk left: One! Return: Two! right: Three! Return: Four! 4. West Point breathing. (Cut 13.) EDUCATION THROUGH FREE PLAY. The Playground. A playground well used is essential to the proper develop- ment of the child — physical, social, moral and intellectual. In- dividuality and leadership are developed on the playground rather than in the school room. The playground is the nursery of true democracy. One of the best ways to insure the per- petuity of the Republic is to provide ample playgrounds under proper supervision for all American youths. In suggesting games and sports for the rural schools, we have had in mind that most of the playgrounds are small, and many of them poorly located. Very few have any playground equipment. The aim, therefore, has been to suggest a variety of games and sports requiring no equipment. The time will come when playgrounds will be adequate in size — from three to ten .acres in extent — and well equipped. As teachers and school officials show the importance of these things, the people wHl provide them. But we can do much with what we already have. / Mottoes and Aims : 1. Everybody should play— all need to play, the weak as well as the strong. Every pupil should have a chance to play some every day. Our aim should be the health, growth, and happiness of all the children, not the development of winning athletic teams. 2. Play hard, but play fair. Be kind to playmates, cour- teous to opponents and fair to everybody. 3. Develop leadership. If you want to know who the real leaders of the school are, observe the children at play. They are the ones who are most likely to be the leaders when they become men and women, rather than the leaders in the class room. 4. Play according to the rules. What is the use of having rules if they are not to be obeyed ? Respect for law and order is fostered on the playground. What We Need To Do : 1. Plan our work for the play- ground as well as for the classroom. It is of equal importance. We should know the games. 2. Lay out the playground so that there may be diversified games and sports going on at the same time. The value of a COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 39 playground may be more than doubled by laying it out prop- erly. If there are fields or roads that may be used, take them into consideration in planning. 3. See to it that everybody has a chance to play, and that no one group monopolizes the playground; The girls especially should have a chance to play. 4. Develop leaders among the older pupils. They can lead one group while you are giving attention to another. Many pupils enjoy leadership. 5. Sympathize with and encourage the pupils in their play. You may not be able to take part in many of the games and sports, but remember that one of the best sorts of super- vision is sympathetic interest. 6. Do not coddle the pupils who fall down and get a bump. Tell them to get into the game. The playground is the place to develop real men and real women, not babies. 7. Protect the children from real dangers, such as being hit by bats, or hard balls, or being knocked down or run over. If a child is really hurt, see that he has proper attention. 8. In strenuous games observe carefully those who have undue shortness of breath, and who turn pale while playing. They may have heart trouble or some other organic disease. 9. See to it that the moral atmosphere of the playground is wholesome. Profanity, vulgarity and all questionable prac- tices should not be tolerated. 10. Let the children play, play, play! Play for all that's in it— play until the cheeks are aglow, the eyes sparkle, the blood is pulsating, the lungs are expanded, and until joy and happiness beam in every face. This is more than education. It is life. Play Equipment: 1. Every teacher should have a whistle. If you have no other equipment buy a whistle and use it. At one blast every pupil should stop instantly and remain per- fectly quiet until any announcement has been made. At two blasts, they should fall into line, or resume play, as per direc- tion. 2. It is almost necessary to have playground baseballs and bats, bean bags, bean-bag boards, jumping ropes, standards for high jumps, a chinning bar, and a plank two by four inches and twelve feet long fastened on edge to the ground. Most of these can be made by the children and the people of the district at very little expense. 3. It is desirable to have additional playground equip- ment, but the particular items of equipment should be de- 40 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION termined after a careful study of each playground and the amount of money available for equipment. Selection of Games: The games which have been selected are those which experience shows children like to play, and do play. Many of them are already played by the children of Kentucky. Most of them can be played without equipment of any sort. It is not expected that any school will attempt to play all the games listed, but will make selections to meet their own needs and desires. "When a game is found that the children like, play it until they tire of it. Seasonal games and sports such as marbles, coasting and skating are not listed. It is taken for granted that these will be played under such rules as teachers deem proper. Schools should have games of their own which they like to play. These they should play to their heart's content, pro- .vided they are not dangerous games and are clean and whole- some. Games and sports which are questionable from a moral standpoint should not be tolerated. GAMES FOR LITTLE FOLKS. These games are to be played on playground in good weather. Many of them may be played indoors. Older pupils can be trained to lead the little folks in their sports. Cat and Mouse. One player is chosen for cat and one for mouse. The others form a circle with clasped hands. The eat stands outside of the circle and the mouse inside. At the signal the cat chases the mouse in and out under the arms of the players in the circle, the circle players assisting or hindering the chase. When the mouse is caught, these two players take places in the circle and two other players are chosen to be the cat and mouse. An interesting variation is to have two cats and one mouse. Pox and Geese. One player is chosen to be the fox and stands in the center of the play space. The rest of the players, who are geese, stand in line at one end of the play space. The fox, facing them calls, "Eun, geese, Run", whereupon all the geese must run to the opposite end of the play space. All the geese who are caug'ht by the fox become foxes and assist in catching the geese the next time. The game continues until aU are caught. The last one caught becomes the fox for ■ the next game. COMMON SCHOOLS Of EJJINTUCKY _^ Flowers and Wind. Divide the players into two equal groups. One group represents the flowers, and the other side the wind. The flowers decide upon the flower that they will represent. Then they advance to the opposite end of the playground where the ' ' wind ' ' is stationed. The wind tries to guess the name of the chosen flower. As soon as they guess correctly, they chase the flowers back to their end of the playground. All the flowers caught become part of the group by which they were caught. The two groups no\^ exchange— the flowers becoming the winil, and the wiml becoming the flowers. Good Morning. A circle is formed by all the players except one. The odd player goes around outside the circle and taps another player on the back. They run around the circle in opposite directions and oil meeting on the other side of the circle, they must stop, shake hands, say, "Good Morning" and then continue to run in the same direction as before. The one reaching the vacant place last must start the new game. The game is enlivened by the entire circle skipping once between games, singing, "Tra-la, Tra-la, Tra-la." Wood Tag. This is a game of tag. When there are more than thirty players, it is desirable to have two or more who are "It" or "taggers". The players venture as near as possible to the one who is It, taunting him by crying, "Ticky, Ticky, touch wood!" When he gives chase, all players scatter and seek immunity from being tagged by touching a piece of wood. No growing thing, however, such as tree or shrub, is to be con- sidered as wood. No player may stay very long in any place of safety, and the moment his hand or foot be taken from the wood he is liable to be tagged. Catch of Fish. This is one of the very strenuous games, and affords oppor- tunity for some very good exercise and sport. A line is drawn across each end of the playground beyond which the players stand in two equal parties, one at one end and one at the other. The players of one party clasp hands in a long line to form a fish net. The players in the other party are fish. At a given signal both advance toward the center of the play- ground, which represents a stream, the object of the fish being 42 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION to swim across to the opposite shore without being caught in the net. To do this, they will naturally dodge around the ends of the net. The net should enclose or encircle any fish that it catches. The fish so caught may not try to break apart the clasped hands forming the net, but may escape by crawling through net, that is, under the clasped hands. Any fish caught in the net are out of game until all are caught; then the two sides change places, the net becomes the fish, and the fish, net. Hide the Thimble (Indoor). One player is sent from the room or closes eyes; one of those remaining Wdes a thimble, or some other small object. The absent player is then recalled and hunts for the thimble. While he is doing this, the others sing or clap, the sound being soft when the hunter is far from the object, and louder as he approaches. I Say Stoop (Indoor). (Imitative) A leader stands before the class and says, "I say stoop", at the same time stooping and rising, as in making a deep curtsy. All the players must stoop also, but if the leader says, "I say stand", they must remain standing. When the leader sees any. player stoop at the wrong time he calls that player to the front and that one becomes leader. As the players become used to it, the play is carried on more rapidly. Do This, Do That (Indoor). (Imitative like "I Say Stoop" with greater variety.) The leader makes a movement, at the same time saying, "Do This" or "Do That". If he says "Do This", all the players must imitate, but if he says "Do That", they must stand still. Any gymnastic movement or other suitable exercise may be used. When the leader sees anyone make a mistake, he calls that one up to be leader. Marching to Jerusalem (Indoor). Alternate rows stand. At a signal from the teacher, they march aroimd their own row of seats. When the teacher claps her hands, each player sits in the nearest seat. The children may sing as they march, stopping when the teacher claps her hands. One desk in each row is then marked with chalk (a cross mark) and no one may sit in that seat. Children repeat marching, one being left out each time. Every time they sit down, another desk is marked. Continue playing until there are but two players left, and these race for the remaining seat, the one gaining it winning the game. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 43 Giant's Cave (Playground). Children in one goal, Mother out in front. Giant in cave hidden somewhere. Children — "Mother, may we go out to play?" Mother — "Yes, but don't go near the giant's cave." Children run out and play around until Mother calls, ' ' Children, come home or the giant will catch you ! ' ' They all run for the goal, and the giant runs out and catches as many as he can. Those caught, all hide in different caves and the game is repeated. Bag Board. Procure an inclined board with a hole in it about ten inches square. The game is to throw bean bags through this hole. Sides may be chosen, each side taking a throw alter- nately. The throwing distance is from eight to twenty feet, depending upon the age of the players. Games and Sports for Everybody. Eraser Relay. Arrange same number of pupils in a row. Place an eraser on front desk in each row. At a signal to start, the first child in each row takes the eraser in both hands and passes it over his head to the child behind him. This continues till the last child receives it. The last child runs forward with it on right side of row and places it on the rack in front of the room; then returns to his seat by same way. Give each pupil a turn in the back seat. The row wins that places the eraser in place first the most times. Cap Tag. One player is selected to be "it", and an object (cap, ball, eraser) is given to another player. The rest of the players form a circle. The player who is "it" chases the player who has the object around the circle. Whenever the player with the object is in danger of being caught, he may pass the object to some other player, who then becomes the one to be chased. When a player is tagged with- the object in his hand, be becomes "it", or if he drops it on the ground the same penalty is inflicted. In either case the (Object is given to the chaser, who then is chased by the player who had the object before. 44 COPESE IN PHYSIOAL EDUCATION Drop the Handkerchief (Tag game). Players form in a circle, facing in. One player, who is called the "runner", runs around outside the circle and drops a handkerchief on the floor or ground behind some player, who then becomes "chaser". The "chaser" tries to tag the "run- ner" before he can reach the vacant place the "chaser" has left. Both may run around, across, or through the circle. If the "chaser" tags the "runner", the latter is "runner" again; if not, the "chaser" becomes "runner" for the next game. Chicka-me-crany-crow. Any number may play this. All but one line up wiih their arms about the waist of the one in front of them. The one in front is the old hen with her chickens behind her. The one left out is the witch, who is sitting on the floor building a fire with some sticks. The old hen with her flock walks around singing: 'Chieka-me-chicka-me-crany-crow, went to the well to wash my toe, and when I came back one of my chickens was gone. What time is it. Old Witch?" "One o'clock," an- swers the witch. The old hen does the questioning: "What are you doing with those sticks?" "Building a fire." "What are you going to build a fire for?" "To heat some water." "What are you going to do with the water?" "Scald a chicken." "Where are you going to get your chicken?" "Out of your flock." When she has said that she tries to catch a chicken, and the old hen tries to keep in front of her to ward her off, but she catches one after awhile and sets it down close to where she is building the fire. This is repeated until all the children have been caught, each time the witch answering the time of day to as many chickens as she has caught. The fun is in the witch catching the chickens. Black and White. The players are divided into two teams, one called "Black" and the other "White". They stand-in two lines about three feet apart, facing each other and equi- distant between two goals. The leader stands at one end of the line and tosses m> a block marked black on one side, and white on the other. If the black falls with the white side upper- most the "Whites" run for their goal, pursued by the "Blacks", who try to tag as many as possible. All who are COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY j45 tagged now belong to the tagger's side. The players determine the number of times the game shall be played, and the side having the greatest number of players at the end wins the game. Hill Dm. Two parallel lines are drawn near the center of the field of play, from ten to twenty feet apart. One player, "it" stands between them and calls : "Hill Dill, come over the hill, ' Or else I'll catch you standing still." The other players, who stand on one of these lines, then runs across the marked play area to the other line. While crossing this area they may be tagged, and all those tagged must join "it" and help tag the rest. The game continues until every player has been tagged. Wolf or Bull in the Ring (Especially suited for boysD. Players grasp hands and form a circle. One player the (wolf) bull stands in the circle. At a signal he tries to break out by rushing against the clasped hands of the players or by dodgiiig under. When he succeeds in getting out of the circle the players drop hands and run after him. The one catching him becomes the next (wolf) "bull in the ring." Pursuit Race. Players are divided into two teams, and stand facing each other about thirty feet apart, forming a hollow square. The first child at the right end of each team carries a ruler or stick in hand. At the word "Go" these two players run around the hollow square. It is a relay pursuit race and the runner of each team tries to overtake the runner of the other. As soon as a runner gets back to place he hands the ruler to* the next in line, who continues the pursuit. The first runner takes his place at the foot of the line. The race continues until a runner of one side overtakes a runner of the other and tags him with the ruler. Potato Relay Race.* Any number of players in lines one behind the other, all lines having same number of players. The lines or teams line up behind starting line. Fifteen feet in front of first player on each team is a box containing four small blocks of wood or stones or potatoes. Ten feet in front of each box are marked four small circles, one foot in diameter and ten feet apart. At the word "Go" the first child on each team takes one potato from box, runs to nearest circle in his line and places potato in •When the potato race Is part of an athletic contest, It Is conducted Bomewhat differently. See p. 71. 46 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDTJOATION it, then reiturns to box,^gets another potato, places it in circle next to first, and so on until all are placed. Player then runs back to line, taps next one on his team and runs to the rear end of line. The child who was tapped picks up the potatoes one at a time, in this manner. He takes ithe potato from circle nearest box and places it in box, then the next in order and places it in box, and so on until all have been placed in box again. The third child places potatoes as first did, the fourth child picks them up as second. This is repeated until all on team have run. The team finisihing first wins race. Dare. Draw two parallel lines called bases about forty feet apart. The space between the lines is the "land of dare." Divide playeofs into two groups, arrange each group back of its own base, facing the other group. Then one group challenges the other to come into the "laud of dare." The challenge is accepted. The challengers then rush across their own goal line, tagging as many as possible before they can retreat from the "land of dare. " Those tagged must aid the taggers. Then the other side issues the challenge and the game pro- ceeds as before. The side that succeeds in getting most mem- bers wins. Spider. First, get a stick and sharpen one end and stick it into the ground. Then the crowd forms a ring around the stick; joining liands they begin to pull to see who will be the one that knocks the stick down. The one that is so unfortunate as to do so is the "spider", and, therefore, he is compelled to 'catch all the rest. Before the game begins they must decide on wood, rocks or something they can stand on and not be "caught". "When one is caught, he must help catch the rest of the crowd. Cat Ball. There are two batters standing facing each other any distance apart they may choose. There is a catcher behind each batter, with as many fielders as care to play. One of the fielders pitches. When a batter misses a ball and the hind catcher catches it, then the hind catcher takes the batter's place and the batter takes the hind catcher's place. When a fielder catches it, the fielder takes batter's place and batter ■goes into field. If the ball is hit, the batters must change places. A batter may be "crossed out", i. e. be hit with the ball, or Jiave it thrown between him and the forward base. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUOltY 47 Bull Pen. . Divide up equally, one-half going inside the pen, the other to the corners provided for them. Each player has two eyes. Any player on the corners throws and tries to hit some one in the pen; if he does, the one hit runs to a certain distance after the ones who have the corners (there should be a limit fixed beyond which the pursuer cannot follow). If the pursuer hits someone he gets his own eye back, but if not he has only one eye left. If anyone on the corners has missed anyone in the pen, he has thrown one of his eyes away; after he has thrown both away he must stand aside until the game is over. Sometimes those who cannot play very well will give their eyej^ to some one who is a better player. When there are only two on the corners they may "smuggle", as they call it; that Js, go- off a little distance with the ball and hide it in pocket or some- where else, so that those in the pen do not know who has it. They also may run corners. "When there is only one left he may kneel on one knee in the middle of the ring and throw the ball, or run corners, always throwing the ball when on a corner. When those in the pen win, they get the corners; but if not, the corners keep their old places. Hat Ball (Boys). Hats are placed in a row. The boy at either end takes time about putting the ball into a hat. When the ball is dropped all run except the boy into whose hat the hall is placed. He tries to hit some player with the ball, but he cannot run more than ten steps from his own hat. If he fails, he gets a "pig" (stone or stick) in his hat. If he succeeds, the one hit must try to hit some one else. If he fails he gets a "pig" in his hat. Whenever a boy gets three "pigs" he is out of that game until "lining up" time comes. The game proceeds with those remaining until all are out save one. Then those out line up against the house, and, at a distance of ten steps, the one who did not get three "pigs" gets three throws at each of the others. If he misses anyone, that one gets as many throws at him as he missed hitting him. The game is then repeated. Single Relay. Divide the players into three or four equal teams. The first player of each team toes a starting line. Place some object, like a stone, Indian club or beanbag, about 75 or 100 feet in front of each team. At- the leader's command the 48 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDTJOATION first player of each team runs around the object and back to the starting line ; as he crosses the starting line he touches the outstretched hand of the next runner, who has moved up to the line. This player must not run until he has been touched by the ineoining runner. The players who have made the run should step to one side, or behind a restraining line, so as to cause no confusion. The team wins whose last player first crosses the starting line, which in this ease is also the finishing line. Arch Relay. The players are divided into two or more t6a,ms of equal number. The first player of each team stands on a line and the other players line up behind him, placing their hands, on the shoulders of the person in front, arms out- stretched. The first player of each team has a ball or bean-bag, and at the leader's command, passes the ball over his head, with both hands, to the player behind, and so on to the last player. The last player after having received the ball runs to the line and passes the ball over his head. Each player, after having passed the ball, should immediately place his hands on the shoulders of the person in front in order that the length of the rows will remain the same. The team wins whose first player first returns to the line. When played to meet the requirements for the athletic emblem, ten or more players shall constitute a team. Spud. A hollow rubber ball, tennis ball, or other soft ball is placed on the ground and the players, numbered in succession, gather close to the ball. The leader calls a number; the player bearing that number immediately picks up the ball and endeavors to hit one of the players, who in the meantime has run to a safe distance ; the players may dodge the ball if pos- sible. The ball is then returned and the player who last threw the ball calls the next number. Whenever a player is hit three times, or the thrower misses three times, he must stand twenty or thirty feet from the players, with back to them, while each of the players is given opportunity to hit him with the ball. Target Toss. Draw three concentric circles one foot, two feet and three feet in diameter, at the front of the room and at one side. The value of the smallest circle is five points, the next larger three points and largest one point. Draw a throw- ing line fifteen or twenty. feet from the circles. The players COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 49 are divided into two or more teams. Each player throws three bean-bags into the circles, making a score equal to the value of the circle in which the bag finally comes to rest. If the bag rests on the line dividing two circles' areas, the value of the larger circle. is counted. No score is made if the bag rests on the line of the largest circle. Duck on the Bock. A stake two feet long is driven into the ground one- half foot. A bean-bag is placed on the stake and a player chosen as guard. The other players, each with a bean-bag, line up behind a throwing line, twenty or twenty-five feet away, and endeavor to knock the bean-bag off the stake, either throwing in turn or at their pleasure. They will, of course, run forward and get their own bags, endeavoring to return without being tagged by the guard. The guard may tag only when his bag is on the stake, and whoever is tagged ex- changes places with the guard. Boys playing this game usually use stones. Leap Frog. (Boys.) The first player makes a back, standing either with his back or his side toward the one who is to leap over. The next player runs, leaps over the back, runs a few steps forward so as to allow space for a run between himself and the first player, and in his turn stoops over and makes a back. This makes two backs. The third player leaps over the ^rst back, runs and leaps over the second, runs a short distance and makes a third back, etc., until all the players are making backs, when the first one down takes his turn at leaping, and so on indefinitely. Leap Frog Relay. (Boys.) The players are lined up in two or more single files, as for the simplest form of leap frog, but the game is a race be- tween the different files. The first player takes his place on the starting or taw line and makes a "hack," with his head away from the file. The next player immediately jumps over and makes a back one pace forward of the first player. The third jumps over the backs of the two and makes a third back, and so on until all are jiown, when the first player jumps over all in succession, but steps one side when he has vaulted over the last back. The others all follow. The line wins which is first reduced to one player in the position of "back". In other words, when every player in the line has jumped over the back of every other player. 50 COTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDIJCATION Prisoner's Base. The ground is divided into two equal parts, with a small base or prison marked off at the farther end of each division. From five to fifteen players guard each side. They venture into the enemy's ground and, if caught, are put into the prison, where thej must remain until tagged by one of their own side who is free. Both prisoner and rescuer may be tagged and brought back to prison before reaching their own ground. The game is won when one side makes prisoners of all of its opponents, or when a free man enters the opponents ' ])rison, but this last may be done only when there are no prison- ers there. Poison. A circle is marked on the ground considerably smaller than an outer circle formed by the players, clasping hands. Each player tries, by pulling or pushing, to induce the others to step within the smaller circle, but endeavors to keep out of it himself. Any one who touches the ground within the inner circle, if only with one foot, is said to be poisoned. As soon as this happens, the Rlayer or players so poisoned become catchers; the other players shout "Poisoned," and at once break the circle and run for safety, which consists in standing on wood. The nearest chip will answer, but growing things are not counted wood. Any one caught before reaching safety, or in changing places afterward, joins the catchers, and when all have been caught the ring is once more surrounded. Pom Pom Pullaway. This game is often played between the curbings of a city street, but is suitable for any open play space which admits of two lines drawn across it with space of from thirty to fifty feet between them. All players stand on one side behind one of the dividiag lines, except one player, who is "It" and who stands in the center of the open ground. He calls any player by name and adds a formula, as below: "John Smith, Pom Pom Pullaway! Come away, or I'll fetch you away!" "Whereupon the player named must run across the open space to the safety line on the opposite side, the one who is "It" try- ing meanwhile to catch him before he reaches that line. If he gets over safely, he remains there until all of his comrades have joined him or have been caught. Anyone caught by the one who IS "it" joins the latter in helping to catch other players as they dash across the open space, but the one originally "It" COMMON aCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 51 remains the caller throughout the game. After all the uncaught players have crossed to one side, they try in the same way to return to their first goal. The first one to be caught is "It" for the nexit game. Players should give the chaser as much difficulty as possi- ble in catching them by making feints in one direction and sud- denly running in another, or by running diagonally instead of straight across, etc. Bope Jumping. First — Small single rope (about six feet long). a. Standing in place, the jumper turns rope forward or backward and jumps from ten to twenty times on toes of both feet. (Beware of exhaustion). b. Jump five counts on one foot, then five on the other. c. Running and skipping, rope turned forward or back- ward. Second — One large rope (ten to twenty feet long). a. Rope turned either toward or from the jumper. Run in, jump on toes ten to twenty times. b. Run in, jump once ; run out on opposite side or run out backward. e. Run in and jump five times, hands held in some par- ticular way, as sideways, at shoulder level, clasped behind, etc. d. Run in and jump various ways, as on both feet, one foot, on alternate feet, with rocking step, changing from one foot to the other. e. ' ' Chase the Fox. ' ' The jumpers, following each other, going through the various jumps the leader does. f. "Calling in." Player runs in and jumps three times, calling some one in by name on second jump. They jump to- gether once, the first player runs out on opposite side. The second player calls some one else in on second jump, etc. g. "Begging." Two players run in and jump together side by side. While jumping they change places. One player says, "Give me some bread and butter"; the other while chang- ing answers ,' ' Try next-door neighbor ' '. h. "Winding the Clock." Player runs in, counts con- secutively from one to twelve, turning half way round each time, and then runs out. i. "Drop the Handkerchief!" Player drops handkerchief and on the next jump picks it up. j. "Rock the Cradle." Instead of turning rope complete circle, swinging it in pendulum fashion. 52 COUBSE IN PHYSIOAL EDUCATION Third — Two large ropes. a. While the two ropes are turned inward, the players- run in, jump or skip over each rope in turn and run out on opposite side. Turned outward, do the same. b. Take fancy steps as described for single rope. Fourth — ^Large rope, and small individual rope. a. A player turning and skipping her own rope runs in and jumps both ropes five times and runs out on opposite or the same side. • b. While skipping individual rope, runs under the large rope. e. A player jumps in the large rope, at the same time- turning and jumping her own rope. Another player runs in, facing her, in the small rope ; jumps with her and then runs out again without stopping either rope. Playground Baseball. It is not necessary to describe the national game of base- ball; all boys and most girls know how the game should be played. Attention is called here simply to the advantages of playground baseball. The game is played, not with the regular hard baseball, but with a playgrounds baseball twelve inches, fourteen inches or seventeen inches in circumference ; these balls have a covering of thick, soft leather and are stuffed tightly. The bat that ia- used is also lighter than the regular baseball bat. The baseball field may be of such size as the playground will permit. Boys want to play baseball with might and main ; they do- not want to hit the ball lightly- or to throw "easy". The play- ers do not care what they throw or with what they hit, as long as they can do it with all their strength. Playground baseball permits the players to "swing" just as hard and to throw just as swiftly as if they were using the hard baseball and heavy bat and playing on a regulation diamond. However, none of the dangers that follow the use of a hard ball on a small playground are present when the playground baseball is used. Girls like this form of baseball because there is little danger of hurting their hands. Kick Ball. For schools that have a basketball. The ground is marked off and the players ar5 arranged similar to the regular game of playground baseball. A playground basketball is used and the pitcher delivers the ball by rolling it on the ground to the kicker, who stands on a home plate three feet square. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 5S The kicker, of course, endeavors to kick the ball fair. A ball that crosses the home plate, higher than the knees of the kicker, is called a ball, unless the player kicks at it. A player may also be put out, if he is hit with ball when off any base. In all other respects the game is played like playground baseball. Races and Stunts for Boys. Obstacle Relay Race. Two or more teams line up at a starting line in single file, that is one boy stands behind the other. Any number may be on a team. In front of each team are the following obstacles at the distance indicated: Thirty feet from start- ing line is a box, thirty-five feet from box is a barrel, forty- five feet from barrel is a sack, fifty feet from sack is a post. At the signal "Go" the first boy on each team runs forward, jumps over box, runs forward, crawls through barrel, runs for- ward, turns somersault over sack, runs forward around post and races back to starting line, touches next boy in line on his team, who follows suit. The first runner goes to the rear of the line; all others when finishing do likewise. The last man on each team must wear a handkerchief around his left arm. The team that finishes first wins the race. Medley Relay Race. Two or more teams line up at a starting line in single file, that is one boy stands behind the other. Any number may be on a team. Let us say there are six on a team. At the signal "Go" the first boy on each team runs forward to a given point directly in front of his team (this point may be a fence, posts or pegs in the ground or line), then runs back to starting line, touches next boy in line on his team, who hops forward on one foot to same given point and back to start- ing place, touches next boy in line on his team, who does the duck walk forward to given point and back to start; he in turn touches next boy on his team, who does crow hop to given point and back to start. The team to finish first wins race. Any other activities may be substituted for those given. "When each boy finishes and touches off he goes to the rear of his line. Duck Walk. Duck walk is done in this manner: Place hands on hips and bend knees until sitting on heels, walk forward, keeping- knees bent. 54 OOTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Crow Hop. Eaise arms sideward and bend knees slightly. Short hops forward waving arms to represent wings flopping. Centipede. Race. Two or more teams. Six boys on a team. The boys on each team straddle a pole (window-stick may be used), and run forward fifty feet or m.ore from starting line. During the race each boy must keep his hold on the pole. The team that finishes first wins the race. Wheelbarrow Race. Two boys on a team, one standing behind the other. Any number of teams may play. Teams line up behind starting line. Front boy places hands on ground and rear boy lifts up front boy's legs. At signal front boy walks forward on hands as fast as possible, rear boy holding up legs of front boy. The pair to reach "finish line" first wins race. Three-Legged Race. Two boys stand beside each other and have their inside legs tied together just above the ankles and also above the knees with strip of canvas, strong cloth or leather straps. Their inside arms are placed around the back of their team- mates. In this position they are told to run to specified dis- tance. Any number of couples may run. All start from same starting line. Couple finishing first wins. Sack Race. Boy must be in and covered with a strong sack extend- ing up to and tied around the neek. Hands must be inside. Competitors line up side by side at starting line. At signal all start and run specified distance. Boy reaching finish line first wins race. Skin the Snake. Any considerable number of players may compose a team. They are placed in lines one behind the other, with feet spread far apart. Bach player puts his right hand back between his legs and left hand forward, grasping the right hand of the player in front of him. At the signal the last player in each row lies down on his back and all walk backward with legs spread, each one lying down after he has passed over the last COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 55 player. When the players are prostrate, they should keep the knees down and the feet close to the player in front. The players backing up will then not be in danger of tripping over the feet. When the last player to lie down touches his head on the floor or ground, he immediately rises, walks forward, over the player in front- of him, pulling him up. All players rise to their feet in this manner. The hands must remain clasped in lying down and in getting up. The team wins that can first lie down and get up. , Tunnel Race. Any considerable number of players may compose a team. They are placed in lines, one behind the other, with feet spread far apart. The last player stoops and crawls forward, between the legs of the players, through the tunnel. Each player fol- lows in order. When they reach the front of the tunnel they stand in position. The team wins whose players first return to their ^original position. Variation : When all have crawled through the tunnel once all players right about face and crawl through in reverse order. Twisting Sticks. Two grasp a broom handle high over their heads. At the word the stick must be brought down between them, thereby twisting within the hands of one of the players. Booster Fight. (a) A eii-ele is drawn upon the floor. Two players squat' within it and place a stick under their knees, the arms under the stick and hands clasped in front of the knees. Each en- deavors to tip his opponent over. (b) A ring six feet in diameter is drawn upon the ground. Two players are placed in this, who stoop and grasp their ankles. In this position they try to displace each other by shouldering. The player who is overthrown or who loosens his grasp on his ankles, loses. STANDARDS OF PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY. In order that a pupil may know whether or not he is as efScient physically as the average pupil of his age, the following standards are submitted. The "required records" are the averages for several thou- sand pupils. Any person below this record should strive to reach or excel it. 56 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Chest Expansion: In measuring chest expansion place the tape around the chest just below the shoulder blades and at right angles to the spine. Measure when pupil has exhaled, and again when lungs are fuUy expanded. The difference is "chest expansion". Only light clothing should be worn at time of measurement. "Pull Up" (chinning) : A portable chinning bar in a door- way, or the rung of a ladder set at an angle against a building, may serve the purpose. Each person begins with his hands on the bar. Then with arms straightened at full length he pulls himself up without a kick, snap, jerk, or swing until his chin is above the bar. Lowering himself until his arms are straight he repeats the "pull up". Each "pull up" counts one time. "Push Up:" Pupil lies on floor or ground face downward, hands open and placed close to the shoul-ders. Straighten arms, supporting weight on hands and toes. Keeping back stiff, lower body and without resting, raise body. Each "push up" counts one time. A large sheet of paper or a cloth will prevent cloth- ing from becoming soiled. "Sit Up;" Pupil lies on back, head resting on floor or ground, feet together, arms extended, hands open and palms placed on top of thighs. Pupil raises trunk of body to sitting position. Keeping heels on floor, knees and elbows straight, permitting hands to slide over thighs and knees ; pupil must not grasp clothing with hands. "When the sitting position is reached, the trunk is immediately lowered and when head touches floor or ground, the trunk is immediately raised. Each erect position counts one time. Paper or cloth may be used to protect cloth- ing. Target: The target for accuracy throw should be seventeen inches wide and thirty-six inches high. The bottom should be fifteen inches from the ground. Potato Race : On direct line draw four circles, each twelve inches in diameter and five yards apart from center to center. Five yards back of the center of the first circle and at right angles to the direct line, draw a line to be used as a starting line. This is also the finish line. On the first circle place a basket or other receptacle not over two feet in height and with an opening not exceeding one foot in diameter. On the signal the girl runs from the starting line, takes- one potato from the basket and places it in the first vacant circle (the one nearest the basket), runs back to the basket, passes between it and the starting line, takes the second potato COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 57 from the basket, places it in the second circle, returns to the basket, passes between it and the starting line, takes the third potato from the basket, places it in the third circle and runs back to the starting line. From the starting line she runs to the first circle, picks up the potato and replaces it in the basket, passes between the basket and the starting line, runs to the second circle, picks up the potato, replaces it in the basket, passes between the basket and the starting line, runs to the third circle, picks up the potato, replaces it in the basket, and runs across the finish line. If a potato is dropped anywhere but in the circle where it should be placed or in the basket it must be picked up and properly placed before another is touched. Balancing: A two by four-inch plank, set on the two-inch side. The length should be twelve feet. There is no time limit in this event, but there should be an endeavor to meet the requirements promptly, without haste, and with perfect poise. The girl starts from the center of beam, walks forward to the end, without turning, walks backward to center; turns and walks forward to other end ; turns and walks forward to st9,rt- ing point.' ^ Other Events: These are so familiar that no descriptions are deemed necessary. Jumping for measuring should be on level ground and the person should not fall back or slide in broad jumping. All measurements should be accurate. Caution: Do not use league baseball Avhere small children are playing. Standard for Boys, Between Nine and Ten Years. Chest expansion 1% inches 50-yard dash 8 4-5 seconds Baseball distance throw (playground ball) ... 47 feet 4 inches Running broad jump 6 feet 6 inches Running high jump 2 feet 5 inches Standing broad jump 3 feet 7 inches Between Ten and Eleven Years. Chest expansion 1% inches 60-yard dash 11 seconds Baseball distance throw (playground ball) 57 feet 2 inches Running broad jump 7 feet Running high jump 2 feet 8 inches Standing broad jump 4 feet Push up 5 times 58 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Between Eleven and Twelve Years. Chest expansion 2 inches 75-yard dash 12 3-5 seconds Baseball distance throw (playground ball) 67 feet Running broad jump 8 feet 3 inches Running high jump 2 feet 11 inches Standing broad jump 4 feet 3 inches Push up 7 times Pull up (chinning) 3 times Between Twelve and Thirteen Tears. Chest expansion 21/4 inches 75-yard dash 12 1-5 seconds Playground distance throw 77 feet 2 inches Running high jump 3 feet 1 inch Running broad jump 9 feet 6 inches Standing broad jump ., 4 feet 6 inches Pull up (chinning) 3 times Between Thirteen and Fourteen Years. Chest expansion i 2% inches *60-yard dash 8 3-5 seconds 100-yard dash . .• 15 seconds Playground accuracy throw; throwing line 55 feet from target 3 hits in 7 throws Playground distance throw 88 feet League baseball distance throw 100 feet Running broad jump 11 feet 4 inches *Standing broad jump 5 feet 9 inches Running high jump 3 feet 4 inches Sit up 18 times *Pull up (chinning) 4 times Between Fourteen and Sixteen Years. Chest expansion 3 inches 60-yard dash 8 seconds 100-yard dash 14 se.conds Playground baseball accuracy throw ; throwing line 60 feet from target 3 hits in 7 throws Playground baseball distance throw 108 feet League baseball distance throw 140 feet _ — _. — *Any boy meeting these three tests is eligible to apply for the "Athletic Badge Test for Boys". For particulars write to Playground and Recreation Association, 1 Madison Ave., New York City. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 59 Running broad jump 13 feet Standing broad junip 6 feet 6 inches Running high jump 3 feet 10 inches Running, hop, step and jump 28 feet Pull up (chinning) 6 times Standards for Girls. Between Nine and Ten Years. « Chest expansion 1% inches 40-yard dash 8 4-5 seconds Baseball distance throw (playground ball) 25 feet 9 inches Running high jump 2 feet 5 inches Standing broad jump 3 feet 1 inch Between Ten and Eleven Tears. Chest expansion 1% inches 50-yard dash 9 seconds Baseball distance throw 30 feet 6 inches Running high jump 2 feet 8 inches Standing broad jump 3 feet 3 inches Sit up 8 times Between Eleven and Twelve Tears. Chest expansion 2 inches 60-yard dash 11 seconds Baseball distance throw (playground ball) 35 feet Running high jump 2 feet 9 inches Sit up ■■■■■ ,• 12 times Standing broad jump 3 feet 6 inches Between Twelve and Fourteen Tears. Chest expansion 2i/4 inches 75-yard dash 14 2-5 seconds Playground baseball distance throw 43 feet Running high jump 2 feet 10 inches Push up 3 times *Potato race 42 seconds *Balancing 24 feet in two trials *" Athletic Badge Test for Girls." For particulars write to Playground and Recreation Association of America, 1 Madison Ave., New Tork City. «0 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Flaygroimd Equipment. The Little Wonder Box. 1 No. 2X outseam basket ball 2 No. 82 bats 1 pair 6-in. basket ball goals 1 set 2 1-2 quoits with pins 1 No. 10 outseam volley ball 1 No. 2M medicine ball 1 No. ML volley ball net 1 No. 2 pump 1 P 14 playground ball 1 repair kit The repair kit contains needles, thread, wax, patching, rubber, cement, rawhide laces and other material to keep the equipment in repair, and all is in a specially designed box 36 inches long by 12 inches deep and 12 inches wide. The box has handles for carrying, a hinged lid and padlock and key. Price $35.00. Address Michigan Community Council Com- mission, 1 Perkins Building, Grand Rapids, Mich. Playground Equipment for School Yards. For Boys and Girls. Giant strides Special for Boys Horizontal ladders ^ , . , , , Seat swings ^"^ horizontal bajr Teeter boards P°le vaultmg set Tether balls ' ^ *^^ 1°^ hurdles Standards for high jumping „ . , „ „. , Hurl balls . Special for Girls Sand pit for broad jumping Long jumping ropes Rubber quoits or rings Short jumping ropes Basket balls Bean bags Footballs Bag boards Playgroiind baseballs and bats Grace hoops Medieine balls Soft rubber balls Volley balls . Indoor baseballs Dealers in Playground Equipment. Consult your local dealer or write to — American Playground Device Co., Anderson, Ind. A. G. Spalding Co., 328 W. Jefferson st., Louisville, Ky. Hill Standard Manufacturing Company, Anderson, Ind. Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, HI. Sutcliffe & Co., 220 Fourth st., Louisville, Ky. Bourne & Bond, 317 W. Market st., Louisville, Ky. E. W. A. Rowles Co., Republic Building, Louisville, Ky. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 61 Homemade Playground Equipment for Bural Schools. The following sketches «f homemade playground equip- ment were drawn by John F. Smith, Professor of Sociology, Berea College, Berea, Ky. The construction is simple, and the cost negligible. The people of any community can equip their school yard if they choose to do so. This homemade equipment will not only answer every purpose, but the mak- ing of such equipment will develop a school spirit on the part of the pupils and patrons worth many times more than the ■equipment itself. Construction — These pieces may be made of black walnut, ■oak or hickory poles, which should be cut between November and March while the bark is tight. Only a few tools are needed, such as a cross cut saw, handsaw, brace and bit, hatchet, draw- ing knife, and spade or post hole digger. Any one who has the most ordinary experience in the use of tools may do the work. With a little directing the work may all be done by the larger boys. Caution — ^Be sure that the equipment is well constructed and absolutely safer PLAY APPhmVS FOR RURAL SCHOOLS MADE OF POLES AND BM{K 331 e«s«jeo Pot-e cmmt stride pea- awwr STRIDE FOK CUM Bt/il6 WITH , , ' HAND PEI^S A PLftV L09 Wtfie. FOn WALKI/lla Cut No. 2fi HORIZONTAL BAR CHINN/N& POLE. INCLINED lADOER Cut No. 27^ «=i-'"S, THAPtCE ah^ , V JEE -SAW 12 ft JL g- Hemr-ao-MuND Cut No. 28 £WtN& 3 ft. PORCH 5WING- MADE OF SASiAI'AAS POlBA n^srtN TO A^FreRs wira »sw»4« Wft N(dtf Tmf Qnt No. 29 AiHLETICS. Athletics forms an important part of every system of phy- sifcal education. Nothing is better suited to develop school spirit than athletics. The spirit of loyalty, the ability to co- operate, the willingness to sacrifice self for the good of the team, the willingness to undergo arduous training and severe discipline — these are some of the things developed by athletics. Athletic contests furnish opportunities for developing public sentiment in the community, also for breaking down local preju- dices, and for promoting good fellowship. Athletics also helps to increase the interest of pupils in the school, to improve attend- ance, and if properly used to promote a higher degree of scholar- ship. But with all the advantages to be derived from athletics there have been some criticisms. Most of these are criticisms of abuses rather than criticisms of athletics per se. Among the criticisms worthy of consideration are the following: 1. Only a limited number can participate. Therefoje the great majority derive no personal benefit from athletics. The ones who need physical training least receive the"most training ; those that need it most, receive little training or none at all. This may be avoided by having "athletics for every pupil." 2. The physical is exalted above the intellectual — 'brawn above brains. 3. Various abuses creep into the management of athletic contests, such as dishonesty of different sorts, using players that are not bona fide members of the school, "professionalism" and the like. The last two objections may be eliminated by proper or- ganization and management of athletics. The Kentucky Ath- letic Association, referred to below, is maintained primarily for the purpose of putting athletics on a proper basis. 4. Some pupils who are physically unfit are allowed to take part in strenuous athletic contests to their barm. This is a valid criticism and should be given serious consideration. Super- intendents, principals and teachers are urged to use the great- est care in reference to the physical fitness of contestants, in inter-school athletic contests. The following practical suggestions are offered: (a.) If there is a medical inspector of schools, require each prospective contestant to present a certificate of physical fitne.ss properly signed by the medical inspector. (b). Observe pupils closely, and refuse to allow any pupil tojengage in any strenuous athletic contest who has undue short- COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 67 ness of breath; or who turns pale when running; or who is suffering from some injury ; or who has recently recovered from illness; or who is evidently too weak or too immature to par- ticipate in the contest. If in doubt, require a physical examina- tion by the health officer, or family physician, or ttake the advice of the public health nurse. ATHLETICS FOR EVERY PUPIL.* Below is giv(.>n in brief outline a scheme of "athletics for every pupil." This scheme is being carried out in some of the schools of Indiana. It is given with the hope that it will enaible the teachers of Kentucky to put into operation a scheme whereby, all pupils ten years of age or older may participate in athletic contests with other schools, tor among themselves, regardless of the number of pupils in the school or the age or sex of the pupils. The athletic contests may be carried on at different seasons of the year, and eonseqiiently the pupils may be in constant tra'ining. The pupils may meet each other on a common athletic field, or they may meet on their own play- grounds and compare results by correspondence. Honor is the very foundation of all athletic contests. The scheme in brief follows : 1. The play instincts of the children are utilized in train- ing them. Standards are set up for rating each one in play as in his studies. As everyone 's effort is to count, he is interested in doing his best for his group or school. A comparison of re- sults may be held monthly if desired. All pupils of the age contesting should take part, not a selected group. 2. A number of activities are chosen as set forth in the tables below. A minimum standard is fixed for pupils of dif- ferent ages and different sexes. Any pupil exceeding the minimum standard is given so many points. By this means it is possible to compare the pupil's who are ten years old with older pupils, or to compare boys with girls. See tables below. 3. To find out which team or group wins, the total sum of the individual records in any event, divided by the number of pupils participating, gives the average record for each pupil in the team or group. Illustration: Suppo,«e five boys ten years old are competing in high jumping with three boys fourteen years old. The mini- mum for ten-year-old boys is 2 feet ; for fourteen-year-old boys 2 feet 10 inches. Bach boy is allowed four points for each inch he scores above the minimum for his group. The five ten-year- old boys score points 10, 24, 36, 8, 12 — 90 points for the group. •Adapted from the Indiana manual of physical education. GOUESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Divide ninety by five and we have the average, 18 points for group. The three fourteen-year-old boys score 20, 12, 18 — 50 points for the group. Divide fifty by three — 16 2-3 points. The ten-year-old boys win. In the same way other groups may be compared. By this means it is possible to get up genuine contests among the various groups in the same school. The fact that a few pupils excel their fellows does not prevent real competi- ton^ EVENTS FOR BOYS. Table I. — Eunning Baces — Boys. Allow five points for each one-fifth of a second less than the minimum. Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Distance, yards 50 75 75 75 100 100 100 Minimum, seconds 9% 13% 13% 12% 15% 14% 14 Note 1. — A nine-year-old pupil running fifty yards in 9 1-5 seconds, the minimum, would score 0; if he runs that distance in 9 seconds he would score 5 points ; if in 8 seconds he would score 30 points and so on. Calculate in same way for pupils of other ages, observing the minimum. Note 2. — For rules relative to running see "Dashes" under "Description of Events". Table II. — Low Hurdle and Flag Races — Boys. Five points for each one-fifth of a second less than tbe minimum time. Ago 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Low hurdles, 220 yds. seconds 38% 38 37y6 Flag race, seconds 12% 12% 12% 11% 11% For ruks relative to hurdles and flag races see "Description of Events" Table III. — Distance Throw or Punt — ^Boys. Allow one point for each foot better than the minimum. Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Playground baseball, foet.. 42 55 62 72 85 103 130 League baseball, feet 85 95 130 160 Basket ball, feet 18 21 26 30 Foot ball punt, feet 47 56 67 76 For rules relative to each of the above, see "Description of Events" below. Table IV. — Running High Jump— Boys. Four points for each inch better than the minimum. Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Minimum, feet-inches 2 2-2 2-8 2-7 2-10 3-5 3-7 For rules relative to "High Jump" see "Description of Events". COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 69 Table V. — Broad Jump — ^Boys. Two points for each inch better than the mininmm. Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Bvuming broad jump 5'-9" 6'-3" 7'-6" S'-Q" lO'-T" 12'- 3" 13' Standing broad jump 3'-2" 3'-6" 3'-9" 4' 4'-a" 4'-10" S'-B" Running hop, step and jump 11' 13' 16' 19' 22' 26' 31' For rules relative to each of the above see "Description of Events". EVENTS FOR GIRLS. Table VI. — Running Races — Girls. Five points for each one-fifth of a second better than the minimum . Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Distance, yards 40 50 60 75 75 75 75 Minimum time, sec... 9% 9% 11% 14% 14 14 14 For rules relative to running see "Dashes" under "Descrip- tion of Events". Table VII.— Flag Race; All Up Indian Club Race; Potato Race — Girls. Five points for each one-fifth second less than the minimum. Age 10 11 12 13 14 or older Flag race, see 16 15% 15 14% 14 All up Indian club race, see 39 36 34 32 30 Potato race, see 52 48 46 44 41 All rules relative to each event, see "Description of Events". Table VIII.— Jumping.— Girls. Eunning High Jump — ^Four points for each inch better than the minimum. Standing Broad Jump — ^Two points for each inch better than the minimum. Age , 9 10 11 12 Minimum running high jump 2' 2'-2" 2'-3" 2'-4" Minimum standing broad jump 2'-7" 2'-9" 3' 3'-3" For rules relative to each of the above, see "Description of Events". Table IX.— Baseball and Basketball Distance Throw — Girls. One point for each foot better than the minimum. Age 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-17 Minimum distance play- ground baseball, feet 21 25 30 38 43 Basket ball, feet Volley ball, feet For rules rfelative to each see "Description of Events' 48 50 36 38 38 40 70 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Description of Athletic Events. 1. Dashes: Runners may start from the standing or crouching position. If from the standing position, no part of the body may be ahead of the starting line ; if from the crouch- ing position, the fingers must be back of the starting line. The starter gives the signal by saying: "On your marks," "Get set," "Go", If the runner prefers the crouching start, he shall take the following positions with respect to the com- mands: "On your marks", place fingers on starting line, other foot beside knee. "Get set", raises body off knee, pitching slightly forward and rest on hands and toes. Instead of " Go ", if possible use a starter's gun or strike together two boards. The runner may dig small holes for ' ' toe grips ' '. The timer shall be stationed at the finishing line and shall start his watch, when he hears the word " Go ", or the instant he sees the smoke of the gun. A white cord, held «hest high, at the finishing line, must be "breasted" by the runner and not touched with the hands. The instant the runner breasts the cord the timer shall stop his watch. The time is the numiber of seconds elapsed from the beginning to the end of the run. 2. Fla,g Race: Six one-pint bottles, and three 10-inch or 12-inch flags are necessary. Arrangement for Boys: The bottles shall be placed in a row ; bottles number one, two and three shall be five feet apart ; bottles number four, five and six shall be five feet apart. The distance between bottles number three and four shall be fifteen feet. The starting line for pupils eleven years old shall be thirty feet, and for pupils twelve years old forty feet, from bottle number one. Arrangement for Girls: Arrange bottles number one, two and three, and bottles four, five and six, as described above. The distance between bottles number three and four shall be ten feet. The starting line for pupils eleven years old. shall be twenty feet, for pupils twelve and thirteen years old twenty-five feet, and for pupils fourteen or sixteen years old thirty-five feet from bottle number one. The race for boys and girls is the same. Place one flag in bottles number one, two and three. The contestant runs from the starting line, removes the flag from bottle number pne and places it in bottle number four. He returns for flag number two, passing between bottles number one and two, and places it in bottle number five. He returns for flag number three, passing between bottles number two and three and places it in bottle number six, and then crosses the starting line. See Dashes, for start and finish. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 71 3. All-up Indian Club Bace: Draw two tangent circles, three feet in diameter. Thirty feet from a line drawn through the center of the circles and parallel to it, draw a starting line. Place three one-pound Model BS Indian clubs in a standing position, in one circle. On the signal the player runs to the circles and transfers the three clubs, one after the'^i)ther, using but one hand, to the other circle, and then runs back and touches the starting line. The player makes three such trips, finishing at the starting line. If a club falls over it must be set up before the run is continued. If this event is conducted outdoors, a wide board may be used. See Dashes for start and finish. 4. Potato Race : On a direct line draw four circles, twelve inches in diameter and five yards apart from center to center. Five yards back of the center of the first circle and at right angles to the direct line, draw starting line. This is also the finishing line. On the first circle place a basket or other receptacle not over two feet in height and with an opening not exceeding one foot in diameter. The basket should contain three potatoes or blocks of wood two inches square. On the signal the player runs from the starting line, takes one potato from the basket and places it in the first vacant circle (the one nearest the basket), runs back to the basket, passes between it and the starting line, takes the second potato from the basket, places it in the second circle, returns to the basket, passes between it and the starting line, takes the third potato from the basket, places it in third circle-and runs back to the starting line. From the starting line the player runs to the first circle, picks up the potato and replaces it in the basSet, passes between the basket and the starting line, runs to the second circle, picks up the potato, replaces it in the basket, passes between the basket and the starting line, runs to the third circle, picks up the potato, replaces it in the basket and runs across the finish line. If a potato is dropped anywhere but in the circle in which it should be placed or in the basket, it must be picked up and properly placed before another is touched. See Dashes for start and finish. 5. Playgroimd or League Baseball Distance Throw: For the Playground Baseball Throw use regular playground or in- door baseball. For the League Baseball Throw use regular league baseball. The thrower may run any distance before making the throw. Measure distance from the throwing line, directly in front of thrower, to spot^where the ball first struck 72 COUESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION the ground. If the player crosses the throwing line before the ball strikes the ground, the throw shall not be measured, al- though it shall count as a throw. Three throws shall be per- mitted. 6. Basketball Overhead Distance Throw: Draw a circle six feet in diameter on the floor^ or ground. In throwing con- testants shall not touch outside the circle with any part of the body until after the ball has struck the ground ; they shall leave from the rear half of the circle. If any part of the body touches outside the circle, the distance made shall not be- recorded, but the throw shall count as one trial. The throw is to be made with one hand. If this test is made out of doors it should, be done on a day when the wind does not blow. Three throws shall be permitted. 7. Punting Football: The regular Rugby football shall be used. The punter may run any distance before the punt is made. Measure distance from punting line directly in front of punter, to spot where the ball first struck the ground. If the punter crosses 'the punting line before the ball strikes the ground, the punt shall not be measured, although it shall count as a punt. Three punts shall be permitted. 8. Running High Jump: The jumping standards shall be placed on level ground. The ground on one side of the stand- ard shall be spaded, making a jumping pit of suitajble size. A straight non-sagging cross bar shall be used; a straight cane fishpole will serve as a cross bar. If the bar sags, the height shall be measured from the center of the bar. Running under the bar in making an attempt to jump shall be,.counted as a balk and three successive balks shall constitute a trial jump. Three jumps shall be permitted for each height. 9. Running Broad Jump: A line should be drawn or take- off four inches by eighteen inches should be imbedded firmly in the ground; the edge nearest the funning path shall be flush with the surface. The take-off should be painted white. The ground shall be spaded, some distance from the take-off, making a jumping pit of suita;ble size. Measure distance from the line or edge of the take-off nearest to the jumping pit, to spot where the heel or hand nearest the line or take-off first touches the ground. If the player steps over the line or take-off, the dis- tance shall not be measured, although it shall be counted as a jump. Three trials shall be permitted. 10. Standing Broad Jump: Arrange take-off as described under running broad jump ; if the event is conducted indoors, a chalk mark will answer for the take-off. The player toes the edge of the take-off or line. Measure distance from the take-off COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 73 or line, to spot where heel or hand nearest the take-off or line first touched the ground floor. The feet of the competitor may be placed in any position, but shall leave the ground once only in making- an attempt to jump. When the feet are lifted from the ground twice, or two springs are made in making the attempt, it shall count as a trial jump withoiit result. A competitor may rock backward and forward, lifting heels and toes alternately from the ground, but may not lift either foot clear of the ground, nor slide either foot along the ground in any direction. Three trials shall be permitted. 11. Bunning Hop, Step and Jump : Arrange take-off as de- scribed under running broad jump; if the event is conducted indoors, a chalk mark will answer for the take-off. The player hops off the take-off or line, landing on the same foot from which he hopped ; from this position he takes one step, landing on the opposite foot; the jump is taken from this foot, landing on both feet. The greatest effort should be put into the jump. Measure distance from edge of the take-off or line, to spot where the foot or hand nearest the take-off first touched the ground. If the player steps over the take-off the distance shall not be measured, although it shall be counted as a trial. Three trials shall be permitted. 12. Hurdles : Ten hurdles, two and one-half feet high. A lath placed on two uprights driven in the ground will be satis- factory. The hurdles shall be placed twenty yards apart. The starting line shall be twenty yards from the first hurdle and the finishing line twenty yards from the last hurdle. The hurdler shall be permitted to knock down only two hurdles. See Dashes for start and finish. ATHLETIC BADGES. In order to promote physical activities and as a recognition of physical efficiehey, the Playground and Recreation Associa- tion of America awards three grades of badges to both boys and girls. Any boy or girl meeting the tests given below is eligible to have his or her name sent to the Playground and Recreation Association of America, 1 Madison Ave., New York City, as an applicant for one of the badges.* Any pupil is eligible to apply for any badge at any time. That is, a pupil may try for the highest badge without having received the other two. Cost of badge, twenty-five cents. A pupil should be al- lowed to pay for his own badge, or it may be furnished by the school or by some public-spirited citizen or organization. No *Por particulars write Playground and ISecreatlen Association of America, No. 1, Madison Ave., New York City. 74 COUESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION one except the person to whom it is awarded is eligible to wear the badge. These badges are worn by pupils throughout the United States. They show that the wearer has met certain physical tests the same as a diploma shows that the holder has met cer- tain intellectual tests. Teachers should encourage pupils to try for athletic badges. The award of such badges should be on some public occasion, such as commencement or an athletic meet. Boys: First Test—. Pull up (chinning) 4 times Standing broad jump 5 feet 9 inches 60-yard dash 8 3-5 seconds Second Test — Pull up (chinning) 6 times Standing broad jump 6 feet 6 inches 60-yard dash 8 seconds Third Test- Pull up (chinning) g times Running high jump 4 feet 4 inches 220-yard run 28 seconds ■ Oirls: First Test- All-up Indian club race 30 seconds Potato Race * .42 seconds Basketball Goal Throwing 2 goals, 6 trials Balancing . . . . = ^ 24 feet, 2 trials Second Test — All-up Indian Club Race or 28 seconds Potato Race 39 seconds Basketball Goal Throwing 3 goals, 6 trials Balancing (bean-bag or book on head) .24 feet, 2 trials Third Test- Running and Catching 20 seconds Throwing for pistance, Basketball or 42 feet Volley-Bail Serving 2 in 5 trials COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 75 Explanatory Notes. Basketball Goal Throwing. The regular basketball goal may be used, or a ring eighteen inches in diameter (inside). It should be placed ten feet above the ground, and the inside rim shall extend six inches from the surface to Which it is attached. From a point directly under the center of the goal, draw a semicircle with a radius of fifteen feet, for a throwing line. The player may stand at any point outside of, but touch- ing the throwing line. The basketball used shall be of stand- ard size and weight. The goal may be made either by a clear throw or by bouncing against the back-board. Running and Catching. Alt a distance of thirty feet from the starting line and parallel to it, stretch a cord ten feet from the ground. On the signal, the girl runs from the starting Une, tosses a basketball or a volley-ball over the cord, catches it, and runs back to the starting line. Three such trips are made, fin- ishing at the starting line. In case of failure to catch the ball, it must be secured, tossed over the cord (either direction) and eaught before continuing the run. The starting line and the cord should both be well away from any wall, backstop, or other object, so that neither the contestant nor the ball shall touch any obstruction during the run. ATHLETIC CONTESTS FOR RURAL SCHOOLS. At least once or twice .a year there should be athletic con- tests. First, there should be contests of a group of neighbor- ing schools, and later a county athletic contest. The aims should be the encouragement and regulation of wholesome athletics among school children and to create an in- terest iu school affairs among the people in general. ^ While each community should work out the details for its own contest, yet the following general directions should be followed: 1. Appoint a committee to arrange all details and to be responsible for all money received. 2. Form definite rules relative to eligibility, and judges. 3. Bach team should be accompanied by a teacher or some other responsible adult. 76 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCAT ION 4. Contestants should be impressed with the fact that they are to play fairly, to.be courteous to opponents, and cheer- fully to abide by the decision of the judges. These contests are for the purpose of developing manhood and womanhood first, and for winning athletic honors second. 5. A peace officer or some other person or persons in authority should be appointed to preserve order. All pupils from the different schools should be impressed with the fact that they are not only "to root" for their respective teams, but that they are representatives of" their respective schools, and as such are expected to conduct themselves properly. 6. Parents and other friends of the schools should be en- couraged to attend and should be given a part in the program so far as practicable. There should be picnic dinners and a good time in general. 7. At a county contest, the County Superintendent, or the President of the County Board of Education should pre- . side. If this is not feasible, then a person chosen by a com- mittee of which the County Superintendent is a member should preside. This gives. official recognition to the event. 8. Prominent persons should be invited to serve on dif-. ferent committees. If possible, have some persons of state or national importance as guests of honor. 9. The inculcation of patriotism should be a part of the program. Therefore there should be marches at the county contests in which all pupils take part. In addition to school' banners, each school should have a flag. Part of the program should consist of the following patriotic numbers: a. Salute to the Flag — Standing at attention,* each pupil should repeat the following: "I pledge allegiance to my country's flag, and to the Republic for which it stands, one na- tion indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." b. Patriotic Song— Following the salute to the flag, "America" should be snng, followed by any other patriotic exercises which the committee may arrange. 10. Due publicity should be given to each meet, both be- fore and after it is held. If possible, printed programs should be provided. These programs should contain not only the program for the day, but the names of the different schools competing, the names of the members of the County Board of Education and other school officers, and the names of the members of the different committees, etc. Representatives of the press should be among the especially invited guests. •Any ex-seryice man will explain what "standing nt attention" means. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 77 Suggested List of Events with Apcredited Points. It is expected that a committee for each meet will make its own program, selecting events and indicating points to be award-ed for each. The following list is suggestive, not of the number of events, but of the number of points to be awarded in case these events are chosen. Features 1st Place Basketball 12 Points VoUey Ball 10 Zigzag Ball 10 Baseball .20 Horseshoes 4 Wrestling 6 Hop, Skip, Jump 6 Standing Broad Jump ... 6 Running Broad Jump .... 6 Running High Jump 6 Pole Vault 6 Sack Races 5 Stilt Races 6 Potato Races 6 Obstacle Races 6 Race on All-fours . . . . ^ . . 5 Walking Race 3 Walking Backward 4 Running Backward 6 Wheelbarrow Race 6 Relay Races 12 50-yard Dash 6 75-yard Dash 6 100-yard Dash 6 220-yard Low Hurdles ... 6 Bicycle Race 4 Cross Country Run 6 Dare Base 4 BuU Pen 6 Tug of War 8 Rope Walking 3 Lifting Weights 6 Archery Practice 8 Long Throw (Ball) 6 Accurate Throw (Ball) . . 6 Chinning 6 Tennis (Single) . ; 10 Tennis (Double) 15 2nd Place 3rd Place 8 Points 4 Points 5 ' 2 ' 5 ' 2 ' 10 ' 5 ' 2 ' 1 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 3 ' 1 ' 4 • 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 3 ' 1 ' 2 ' 1 ' 2 ' 1 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 8 ' 4 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 2 ' 1 ' 4 ' 2 ' 2 ' 1 ' 4..' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 2 ' 1 ' 4 ' 2 ' 5 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 4 ' 2 ' 5 ' 2 ' 10 ' 5 ' 78 COTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Sample Program for Athletic Meet — Jenkins Graded School District. General Regulations. 1. The school furnishing the pupils who get the greatest number of points will be called the Blue Eibbon school, and will receive a large blue ribbon to display in the school build- ing. The pupil or pupils who win first place in any event will be given a blue ribbon for the event. 2. Two disinterested parties will judge all contests. 3. There will be two heats in the hundred-yard dash. Winners, first and second in each heat, will compete in a final race for first place. The same rule will apply to the fifty-yard dash. 4. There will be three trials in all jumping events, The jump must be a clean jump without touching the ground, with toe in front or back. 5. There will be three trials in chinning. 6. There will be three trials in the baseball throw. The person who throws the baseball the farthest will be given the ball. Events. 1. 100-yard dash. (Two boys from each school will com- pete.) 2. 50-yard dash. (Two boys from each school will com- pete, not the same boys who took part in the 100-yard dash.) 3. Three-legged race. (Two boys from each school will compete.) 4. Sack Eace. (Boys under twelve may compete.-. Boys must furnish their own sacks.) 5. Kunning Broad Jump. (Three boys from each school compete.) 6. Standing Broad Jump. (Three boys from each school compete.) 7. Eunning High Jump. (Three boys from each school compete.) 8. Pulling up (Chinnin-g). Free for all. 9. Baseball Throw. Any boy over twelve may compete. 10. Baseball game between McEoberts and Jenkins. Each school should have elimination contests to determine ■what boys should represent the school in the events where the COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 79 number of boys is limited. Alternates should be selected in case the boy who makes the best showing cannot come, the other one will take his place. Kentucky High School Athletic Association. All High School contests should be held in accordance with the Kentucky High School Athletic Association. This Association has constitution and by-laws, certificates of eligi- bility, etc. It is an excellent organization, and each High School should be a member of 'it — dues $1.50 per year. Brief of Rules of Eligibility. 1. No high school student shall take part in inter-high school athletics for more than four years. 2. Contestants must be under twenty-one years of age. 3. A student is ineligible for athletic contests if he has at any time used his athletic skill or knowledge of athletics for gain. 4. No high school student shall take part in any contest who is connected with any other institution of learning. - 5. A student must have enrolled as a regular member of the school he represents not later than twenty school days after the beginning of the half of the school year in which the contest occurs. 6. A student, to be eligible during any semester, must have passed during the preceding semester in studies requir- ing at least fifteen prepared recitations per week. 7. A contestant must have maintained up to the end of the month preceding that in which the contest occurs, a pass- ing grade in studies requiring at least fifteen pr'epared recita- tions. For further particulars, address Mr. John Paust, Secretary Kentucky Athletic Association, Owensboro, Ky. MILITARY TRAINING. " It is comparatively easy to make soldiers out of civilians in a very short tin^e," says General Leonard Wood, "provided they are physically fit." It is the purpose of physical educa- tion to make American youths physically fit for any occupation, whether of peace or of war. Physical education is not a system of military training, but a part of education that lays the foundation for military training as well as for any other kind of training. Its object is to promote health, to develop strength, endurance and co-operation ; to promote discipline and the spirit of patriotism. While these things are not military per se, yet they are the foundation upon which all military training rests. A good system of physical education is the first requisite to military preparedness. Every great nation is recognizing this fact — England, France, Italy and the United States. It is not only the best foundation for military training, but it is by far the cheapest. Soldiers can be made out of the physically fit in less than half the time they can be made out of persons below par physically. Besides, schools cost less than military camps, and we escape the evil consequences of militarism. TRAINING IN HEALTH HABITS. It IS not enough to know the laws of health, the ' essential thing' is to practice them — to "make health habits automatic in youth". Let us think health— think health— THINK HEALTH! In order to accomplish these things a few fundamentals have been chosen, known as "Health Chores", and various schemes are being tried to have children continue to perform these "Chores" until they become fixed habits. To test the merits of any sqheme we have only to consider whether or not it will be of real assistance to us in training children to form the' necessary health habits. Superintendents and teachers should never lose sight of the fact that correct health habits are the essential thing. They should feel free to use their own ingenuity in helping pupils to form such habits. Health Chores. The "Health Chores" adopted for Kentucky are those recommended by the National Legion Modern Health Crusade. These chores are already being performed by tens of thousands of children in this State and by more than 4,000,000 children in the United States. Following the statement of each chore is a suggestive blank for keeping the individual record of each pupil.* *Keeord Chore Cards can be secured at twenty cents per 100 at State Legion Modern Health Crusade, Sixth avenue and Main street, LouigvlUe, Kentucky. 82 COXIESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION STATEMENT OF CHOKES. 1. I Tvaslied my hands before each meal today.* 2. I washed not only my face but my - ears and neek and I cleaned my finger-nails today. 3. I kept fingers, pencils and everything likely to be un- clean or injurious out of my mouth and nose today. 4. I brushed by teeth thorough- ly after breakfast and after the evening meal today. 5. I took ten or more slow, deep breaths of fresh air today. I was careful to protect oth- ers .,if I spit, coughed or sneezed. 6. I played outdoors or with windows open more than thirty minutes today. 7. I was in bed ten hours or more last night and kept my windows open. 8. I drank four glasses of water, including a drink before each meal, and drank no tea, coffee nor other injurious drinks today. 9. I tried hard today to eat only wholesome food and to eat slowly. I went to toilet each meal today. Iff. I tried hard today to sit up and stand up straight; to keep neat, cheerful and clean-minded; and to be helpful to others. 11. I took a full bath on each of the days of the week that are cheeked (x). First Week SecoN» Week Trt tm H Ito lb ito n te » u no IB H* la to IM — 1 1 1 1 Total number of chores done each day. How Can We Get These Things Done? 1. There should be a clear explanation as to what each chore means, and how and when it is to be done. "We should take a number of days if necessary to explain these things. Ten minutes a day is set apart on daily program for health chores. z. we snouid tate some of the easiest chores first and begin to have these practiced before attempting to get the •"Today" as used in the ahove means from the time the questions were asked yesterday until time questions were asked today. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 83 pupils to practice all. Examples, washed hands, kept things out of mouth, played out of doors for thirty minutes. Be sure to commend pupils who are faithful. 3. Daily health inspection is absolutely necessary. If hands and face are clean, hair combed, desk in order, and the like, these things can, and should be noticed. The very fact that the inspection is made is important. There should be rivalry among the pupils to have a good record. 4. Honor is the foundation of all reports of outside activi- ties. That fact should be impressed on all pupils. Great care should be taken to see to it that the reports made of the chores are correct. If the statements are not true, the record becomes worse than a farce. 5. Endeavor to secure the co-operation of parents and public-spirited citizens. If children are to have tooth brushes and handkerchiefs parents must furnish them. Children can- not take baths .unless provision is made at home for them to do so. Parent-Teacher Associations, health officers, nurses, min- isters, editors and others should be enlisted. Use prudence and patience, but keep going. 6. Get the pupils themselves interested. Boys like to be- .strong and athletic. Girls like to be beautiful — have bright eyes, rosy cheeks, clear complexion, erect carriage. Pupils like to know that they are growing — have proper weight for their height and age. Interest in these things form the motive for wanting to sleep ten hours, to eat proper food, to take baths, •etc. A height and weight card can be obtained free by addressing United States Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. A sample of this card is printed on pages 87 and 88 of ■this manual. 7. Give credit for health chores. This should not only be indicated on the report cards, but there should be a chart posted in the school showing the names of those who have been faith- ful in forming good health habits. The presentation of badges, buttons and the like is help- ful also. 8. Form health clubs. Such clubs are being formed in many schools throughout the country and when well conducted are highly successful. Pupils like to have a hand in doing things. It is a practical way to teach civics. For the organiza- tion of such clubs, see "Health Leagues" below. 9. Organize a branch of "Modern Health Crusade". The Modern Health Crusade is a national organization which is 84 X GOUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION doing a wonderful work. It has been in existence but a short time, but it already has a membership of millions. For particulars see "Modern Health Crusade" giren be- low. Also address, State Legion Modem Health Crusade, Sixth and Main streets, Louisville, Kentucky. HEALTH LEAGUES. Health Clubs are most successful when the County Su- perintendent takes the lead and forms a County Health League. Properly organized, such a league is helpful in many ways. It is one of the best means of training pupils in the duties of citizenship. They can and should be trained in self-government to a limited extent, and Health Leagues furnish the means for such training. The outline given below is for the- Junior Health Leagues of Mason County, Kentucky : A. The League and Its Purpose. The Mason County Health League comprises all the Mason County Health Clubs in the rural schools. Its purpose is to make Mason County boys and girls healthy, clean, happy citizens. B. The Mason County Health League. The pupils of each school shall organize their own Health Club. Bach room shall elect, at least, once a month, its own health officers. The offi- cers may appoint assistants to help them with their work. The chief health advisor is the teacher. C. The duties of the pupil health officers and their assist- ants shall be: 1. To keep the school room well aired. 2. To assist in keeping room and school ground clean, but not to conflict with the work of a paid janitor . 3. To help keep outbuildings clean. 4t'. To assist with games on play ground. 5. To assist in making the daily health inspection. D. Method of Making Daily Inspection. 1. The chief pupil officer takes the chair and asks the daily inspection questions : How many of you yesterday and so far today have done chores? 1. I washed my hands before each meal. 2. I washed my face, ears and neck and cleaned finger- nails. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 85 3. I kept fingers, pencils and unclean things out of my mouth and nose. 4. I brushed teeth after breakfast and supper. 5. I took ten or more slow, deep breaths of fresh air to- day. I was careful to protect others if I spit, coughed or sneezed. 6. I played outdoors or with windows open more than thirty minutes today. 7. I was in bed ten hours or more last night and kept my windows open. 8. I drank four glasses of water, including a drink before each meal, and drank no tea, coffee, nor other injur- ious drinks today. 9. I tried to eat only wholesome food and to eat slowly. I went to toilet at my regular time. 10. I tried hard today to sit up and stand up straight; to keep neat, cheerful and clean-minded; and to be help- ful to others. 11. I took a full bath on each of the days of the week that are checked (x). Total number of chores done each day MODERN HEALTH CRUSADE. As noted above, the "Modern Health Crusade" is a na- tional movement for the purpose of improving the health of the American people. It is approved by the Department of Physical Education of the National Education Association, by the Red Cross, by the State Board of Health, and other educa- tional and health organizations. Full particulars will be furnished by addressing State Legion Modern Health Crusade, Sixth and Main streets, Louisville, Kentucky. Some of the benefits derived from being Health Crusaders f oDow : 1. Detailed statements are furnished to teachers for es- tablishing loc^l bands of Health Crusaders and for carrying out the various chores. 2. Pupils feel that they are part of a great national move- ment. 3. Their imagination is stimulated and their enthusiasm- is aroused to be real Crusaders. ■4'. After a pupil has faithfully carried out the Health Chores for five, ten or fifteen weeks he is awarded a suitable- badge. 86 COTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDPOATION 5. There are also special blanks furnished for keeping the daily record of each pupil, also a large blank for keeping a record of the school. These are simple and easily kept. 6. There are suggestions of suitable material for health programs for special ocflasions. These include songs, exhibiiji of various kinds and exercises for children. 7. The relation of height to weight in children is im- portant. That is, if a child is as much as ten per cent, under ■weight or over weight for his height, it is well to inquire why. This inquiry leads to consideration of what is best to do, in •order to reach normal weight. The tables given below show the normal weight of both boys and girls at differsnt ages and at difiEerent heights. To find the normal weight of a child, take his height and age (nearest birthday) and consult the table. Illustration: John Jones is forty-eight inches high, a.nd nine years old. In table for "boys" to the right of_"48" in column "9 years" we find "55", his normal weight. The leaflets of the Modern Health Crusade contain helpful suggestions as to how to use these tables and the value to be ■derived from proper use of same. Height and Weight Table for Boys. Height IncEes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 li 17 18 Irs. Irs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Irs. Trs. Trs. Trs. Trs, 39 35 36 37 1 40 37 38 39 • 1 41 39 40 41 ' 42 41 42 43 44 43 43 44 45 46 44 45 46 46 47 45 47 47 48 48 49 46 48 49 50 50 51 47 51 52 52 53 54 48 53 54 55 55 56 57 49 55 56 57 58 58 59 50 <58 59 60 60 61 62 1 51 60 61 62 63 64 65 1 1 : 52 62 63 64 65 67 68 53 66 67 68 69 70 71 54 69 70 71 72 73 74 55 73 74 75 76 77 78 56 77 78 79 80 81 82 57 81 82 83 84 85 86 58 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 59 87 88 89 90 92 94 96 97 60 91 92 93 94 97 99 101 102 61 95 97 99 102 104 106 108 110 62 100 102 104 106 109 111 113 116 63 105 107 109 111' 114 115 117 119 64 113 115 117 118 119 120 122 65 120 122 123 124 125 126 66 125 126 127 128 129 130 67 130 131 132 133 134 135 68 134 135 136 137 138 139 69 138 139 140 141 142 1.43 70 142 144 145 146 147 71 147 149 150 151 152 72 152 154 155 156 157 73 157 159 160 161 162 74 162 164 165 166 167 75 129 170 171 172 76 174 175 176 177 Copyrighted by Child Health Organization Height and Weight Table for Girls. Height Taches 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Yrs. 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 Its. 35 37 39 40 42 45 47 48 49 51 53 36 38 40 42 43 45 47 49 50 52 54 56 59 62 Yrs. S Irs. 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 55 57 60 63 66 68 11 Trs. 56 58 60 64 66 68 71 74 78 82 86 90 94 99 104 109 13 Trs. 61 67 69 72 75 79 83 87 91 95 101 106 111 115 117 119 Copyrighted by Child Health Organization, 14 Its. 15 Trs. 70 73 76 80 84 88 93 97 102 107 112 117 119 121 124 126 129 77 81 85 89 94 99 104 109 113 118 120 122 126 128 131 134 138 16 Trs. 17 Trs. 18 Trs. 86 90 91 95 96 100 102 106 108 111 113 115 117- 119 120 122 123 124 126 127 128 130 132 133 135 136 138 140 142 145 147 98 104 109 114 118 121 124 127 129 133 136 139 143 148 106 111 115 119 122 125 128 130 134 137 140 144 149 For further particulars address State Legion of Modern Health Crusade, Sixth and Main streets, Louisville, Kentucky. SAFETY FIRST. Not only should pupils have attention called to the topics mentioned l^low, and other topics pertaining to their safety, but the school should be organized and conducted in such a way as to train pupils in "safety first". Special programs should be arranged from time to time with "safety first" as the central thought. For at least one month during the school year, the time allotted to "Health Chores" should be devoted to teaching "safety first". The Four Giants S — Steam A — ^Automobiles P— Fire E — Electricity T— Think Y— You Tihe first four letters of the word ' ' safety ' ' stands for four giants. S stands for the giant, "steam", which do£s many good things — draws trains, prflpels boats, drives machinery. But it also does some cruel things. If you get too near it, you are burned or scalded. If you get in front of a moving tr'ain, you may be run over. So watch that giant. A stands for another giant, the Auto Giant. The auto is run by gasoline, which comes from the earth. G-asoline does many good things — ^makes the motorcycle go, (\auses the the automobile to run, and sends the flying machine sail- ing through the air. But gasoline may burn you, smother you, and any of the machines run by it may kill you in an instant, if you don't watch out! F stands for the Fire Giant. He, too, does many good things for us — warms us, cooks our meals, melts our metals. But watch him. He often burns down forests, great cities and homes and schools. Watch for that Giant ! E stands for the Elecltric Giant, in some respects the greatest and best of them all. He carries your voice when you talk on the telephone; he carries your writing when you telegraph ; he lights your house, pulls and warms your street cars, and does many other wonderful things. Look up and you will see the harness of* the Electric Giant in every direction. On poles it is strung — ^big wires and little wires; trolley wires amd cables. But watch out! Touch one of them, and you are burned — perhaps killed. so COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUGATION T stands for Tbink, and T for You. It is you that must do the thinking. Tour safety and happiness depend more on you than any other person. The great giaaits — Steam, Automobiles, Fire and Electricity — will aH be good giants if you will only think. Think "Safety First". — ^Abridged from New Jersey Manual. Automobiles. Hundreds are injured or killed annually by being struck by automobiles, or by the wrecking of automobiles by careless driving. It is often the person's own fault if he is struck by an auto. Be careful. Look where you are going. Take no un- necessary chances. Reckless or inexperienced drivers also injure many persons by striking them. Drive carefully. Drive slowly at cross roads, on crowded streets, and in all dangerous places. Learn how to drive an auto before driving on public highways. Broken Glass and Rusty Nails. These are dangerous. They accumulate poisonous germs, and a wound from one of them often causes blood poisoning, and may cause death. - Do not throw broken glass or rusty nails where people will step on them. Do not neglect cuts or punctures made, by broken glass or rusty pails. See "Fi];st Aid". Coughing ajid Sneezing. Many diseases are spread by per- sons coughing or sneezing before other persons without put- ting a handkere^hief or something else over their mouths. Avoid coughing or sneezing, without putting your handker- chief or your hand over your mouth. If possible, avoid being near other persons who are sneezing or coughing without something over their mouths. This seems to be a little thing, but it is important. See "Health Chores". Dangers of the Street. One needs to constantly be on his guard while on the street. There are dangers from passing street cars, automobiles, wagons, trucks, drays, electric wires, and other things. One needs to be constantly on the lookout. Be careful. Observe the rules of traffic. Do whaJt the police- man tells you to do. He is your friend. Take no unnecessary chances by passing in front of moving vehicles. Do not hang on wagons, drays, etc. When alighting from street cars, face forward, holding on with left band. Girls and women espe- cially need to learn how to alight from a ^eet car. Do not "hop" street cars or trains, nor jump off while they are moving. Do not play in streets where there is traffic. Do not coast down streets where there is traffic. Safety first. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 91 Decomposing Matter. Decaying matter such as spoiled food, filth and the like often cause sickness or death. Do not eat food of- any kind thatt has been. thrown away. Filth and decayed substances are the feeding and breeding places for' flies and other insects which carry the causes of disease. Slops and other garbage should be kept under cover or screen and emptied frequently. Be careful not to throw thingi about which will rot. Open privy vaults and manure piles breed flies and spread " disease. Scatter the manure weekly, and use sanitary toilets. See page 112 of this manual. Deep Water. Hundreds are drowned annually by ventur- ing into deep water before they have learned to swim, or by taking unnecessary chances after they have learned to swim. Learn to swim in water not over your head, and then avoid taking unnecessary chances. ^ Safety fijst. Fire. Millions of dollars' worth of property, and hun- dreds of lives are lost eaich year .by fire. Many fires are due to carelessness. Be careful. Observe the following: Do not build bonfires near buildings or where the fire will spread. Be careful while playing around bonfires or other open fires. Do not leave the house with a big fire burning in the fire- place, grate or stove. If gas is used for fuel, be sure it is turned low or turned~out. Do not hurn paper or trash near buildings when it is windy; never leave such fires until they are thoroughly out. High winds often arise and revive fires. Do not carry gasoline in open vessels ; never carry it near the fire. Be careful in building a fire in the woods or at a camp, that the fire does not spread to woodland or buildings. Be careful with matches. Only safety matches should be used. Children should not play with matches. Never leave matches where small children can get them. 92 COITBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Be careful in lighting candles on Ghristmas trees. Chil- dren should never be allowed to light such candles. Never fill a lamp or gasoline s)tove,when lighted. Do not celebrate Fourth of July by shooting toy pistols, fire-crackers, Roman candles, sky rockets and other dangerous ■explosives. Remember "safety first". Do not neglect fire drills at school. Always : Study to prevent fires. Put out a lighted match before throwing it down. Give an alarm of fire as soon as you can ; call the fire department if in a city, notify as many people as possible if in a small town or the country. Avoid rubber hose connections for gas stoves. Keep things off the fire escape. Keep houses free from rubbish. See that ashes are not kept in wooden vessels. See to it that school room doors swing outward and are never locked on the inside when school is in session. Don't: Go into closets looking .for clothing with a lighted match. Put hot ashes and coals in wooden barrels or boxes. Allow waste paper, excelsior and rubbish to collect. Use gasoline and benzine for cleaning ia closed rooms. liook for gas leaks with a match or lamp. Allow lace curtains near gas brackets. Fail to examine the fire closely before going to bed, Flies. Flies are not only a nuisance, but they carry many ■dangerous diseases. Swat the fly. Screen the house. Do not leave the screen doors open. Trap the flies. Destroy their breeding places. The fly must go ! For the construction of a fly trap see pages 113 and 114 of this manual. I Gasoline. The vapor from gasoline is higihly inflammable. Never use gasoline near a flame of any sort. There is danger COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 93 of an explosion. If breathed in a closed room, the vapor from gasoline may cause death. Be careful. Use it only out of doors or in a garage with doors or windows open. Deaths result every year from persons using gasoline for cleaning, or about automobiles in closed rooms. Do not keep gasoline in the house. Haa€;ing on Wagons. Hanging on wagons or other ve- hicles is dangerous fun. Many boys lose their lives or are crippled for life each year by engaging in such practices. Take no chances. Safety first. Uluminating Gases. Illuminating gases escape througli leaky pipes, defective gas fixtures and carelessness in turning off. Do not neglect the odors of escaping gas. It may cause sickness or death. Do not hunt for a gas leak with a lighted match, lamp or candle. You may cause an explosicin or fire, or both. Be careful ! Mouth. Many diseases and accidents are caused by chil- dren putting pencils, pins, money, buttons, "any old thing" into their mouths, or by eating -with dirty hands. Keep things out of your mouth except proper food and drink. Wash your bands before eating. Eat clean, wholesome food and drink pure water. See "Health Chores". Mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are not only a nuisance, but some kinds are carriers of dangerous diseases. Screen the house. Keep the screens closed. Destroy the breeding places of the mosquitoes. If you can avoid doing so, do not go where there are many mosquitoes. Safety first. See page 239, The Body and Its Defenses. Poisons. Deaths result frequently from careless labeling and storing of medicines and poisons. AU poisons for killiug flies, mice, rats, etc., should be plainly labled and placed where children cannot get them and where adults are not likely to use them by mistake. A skull and cross bones is the com- mon label for poisons. Beware of anything having such a label. Poison Ivy. Poison ivy is a three-leafed vine that grows on stumps, old trees and along fences. Persons should never handle it, or play near it. The poison resulting from it is very 94 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION painful. Children should have some one to point out this plant to them. The five-leafed vine (Virginia creeper) which looks like poison ivy is not poisonous. Spitting. Promiscuous spitting is not only a filthy habit, but it is often the means of spreading deadly diseases. Espe- cially is this true if a person has lung (trouble, a bad cold, or certain other kinds of contagious diseases. Persons coughing under such conditions should put a cloth over their mouths, and spit into a vessel which should be washed and boiled, or into paper which shojild be burned. Consumption is not hereditary. It is contracted by the germs getting into the system. Promiscuous coughing and spitting is one of the common Ways of spreading this dreadful disease. Safety first. See page 90 of this manual. Throwing. Persons should be careful about throwing hard balls, stones, clubs, bottles and the like. You should not attempt to use a hard ball on a crowded playground. Boys especially like to throw, and they should be encouraged to do so. But be careful what you Ithnow, and where you throw. Trains. Thousands of persons are crippled or killed by railroad trains every year. Most of these accidents are due to carelessness — hopping trains, jumping off of moving' trains, sticking heads or arms out of windows, standing on platforms, walking on railroad tracks, crossing railroad itracks in front of approaching trains. The sign, "Stop, Ifook and Listen", should be heeded; failing to do so, has caused the death of many. Wires. Loose wires in streets or along roadsides where there are telegraph or telephone wires are ^dangerous. They may be charged with electricity, and to touch them may mean death. Think. Safety first. FIRST AID. First aid is the use of common sense rules "w'hicli save many lives. Often people are injured far-away from a doctor and die because no one at hand has a knowledge of first aid and can administer it calmly and effectively.' What people call "blood poisoning" doctors call infection. It is caused by living things known as germs which lare so small *hey can- not be seen by the naked eye. If these germs find their way into a cut they cause pain and suffering and, many times, the loss of a finger, hand or foot because a doctor did not -see the ease. The following rules will help you prevent such things and everyone should know them : A Bruise is an injury in which the skin is not broken and is aaused by a blow on some part of the body. For example, a "black eye", a "stumped toe". It is painful, the skin turns blue quickly and the part is very tender. Treatment: Application of cold water or witch hazel and a dressing to protect the injured part. If tie part is badly bruised and throbs, a doctor should see the case. This is also true when the nail (finger or toe) is loose. A Sprain is an injury to a joint, produced by sudden stretching of the parts that make up the joint, not including the bones. Everyone is familiar with what is called a sprained ankle, and many people have the idea that walking on it will keep it limber and help it. This is not true. It will make it worse. Treatment: Rest is the best treatment for a sprained joint. .The ankle should be raised to the heig'ht of a .chair seat and either hot or cold applications should be used to prevent swell- ing land pain. A roller bandage should be used, beginning to apply it at the extreme end of the injury and working up. It is well to consult a doctor. A Dislocation is the separation of the parts of a joint, caused by some unusual blow or strain. It is recognized by pain, swelling, stiffness and inability to move the joint. Fingers are often dislocated' by falls, by being struck upoh the end by a baseball, etc. 96 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Treatment : Pull the finger in a straigiht line. This is pain- ful, but necessary. The joint should then be bandaged and kept at rest for several d^ays. A Fracture is a broken bone. It is a serious trouble and should be turned over to a doctor as soon as possible. Some- times when a doctor is not at hand it is necessary for someone to treat the patient for the time being. A careful study of the following rules shqjild enable a person to know what to do until a doctor arrives. , Ten Rules in Dealing with Fractures. (Compiled by Dr. W. N. Lipscomb, Director of Bureau of First Aid, Lake Division, A. R. C. — Reprinted from Safety En- gineering Magazine.) 1. Do not remove a man even a few feet, before properly .securing the broken bones in place". Violation of this rule, notably in fractures of lower limb, may cause a far worse condition. 2. Carefully cut away clothing from the location of a fracture — look for the often-present wound and possible bleed- ing — apply iodine and sterile dressing to wound; then apply carefully padded splints. 3. Do not "poke around" or otherwise handle injured part too mucih when seeking to locate exact spot of the break. 4. If there is any doubt as to whether a fracture exists, ffive the patient the benefit of the doubt and treat the injury as a possible fracture. It is the only safe way. 5. Do not attempt to "set" a fracture in first aid work. All you are expected to do is to use the best means at hand to keep the injured part quiet and in its former natural position. 6. Fracture of leg — catch across toes with one hand, behind heel with other, and gently straighten; fracture of forearm — grasp above elbow and at hand; upper arm — ^grasp below elbow and at shoidder. Hold carefully and let another person apply splints. Do not allow patient to dictate a favorite method of his own, or let his condition prevent you from treating him. Fracture of ribs — ^tie coat around chest. 7. If -there is a compound fracture — that is, when open wound is also present, dress this first by all means. If bone protrudes, db not wash with water nor attempt to replace. On the other hand, place a sterile gauze pad underneath and over protruding end of bone, so that it vpill not return within tho skin and flesh carrying infection vrifh it. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 97 8. Be sure to pad splints oarefully witii anytlhing at haxid. Properly done, this insures more immediate comfort and does much to prevent pain when the inevitable swelling occurs after- ward If fingers or toes get blue and' cold, gently loosen the splint bandages a trifle. * 9. In .applying bandages around splints in case of broken leg, do not raise leg; slide bandages underneath with a flat, thin stick, and tie knots on the outside splints. Apj ly firmly, but not too tightly. Watch the condition of fingers i ad toes. 10. Always look out for and treat shock ; 1 )wer the head (except in skull injuries, when you should raise it), loosen the clothing, keep the patient warm, handle gently and as little as possible. Avoid too much stimulation and do not get in too much of a hurry. Always keep this rule in mind, not only in fractures, but in other serious emergency cases. A Wound is a break in the skin, usually produced by some sharp object. Wounds sometimes bleed a great deal, depending upon depth and location. Most cases of bleeding, like a cut finger, are not serious. It is only when a large blood vessel is cut that methods should be used to stop the bleeding. The danger of a wound lies in the fact that germs may enter and blood poison result. The doctor calls this infection. There are three principal kinds of wounds. The incised wound, usually known as a "cut", is made by a sharp instru- ment. It bleeds very quickly and the bleeding as a rule pre- vents germs from entering. It heals quickly if germs do not get in. The lacerated wound is a torn wound. It may be large or small. Germs nearly always get in it and blood poisoning often results. A punctured wound is a small hole in the skin and flesh, as made by a nail. Many think only a rusty nail is dangerous. Any nail may carry germs into the wound and cause infection and perhaps lockjaw. Anyone who steps on a nail should be taken to a doctor as soon as possible. Treatment: The general treatment of all wounds is more or less the same. Many people wrap a dirty handkerchief or rag around" a wound and think this is good treatment. Dirty rags and handkerchiefs frequently cause blood poisoning ; never use them. The following set of ten rules in the treatment of wounds should always be followed to prevent infection : 1. Never fail to give attention to a wound, no matter how small. 2. Never drag clothing over a wound, but cut and pull it away carefully. Watch for extra bleeding at 'this stage. 98 COTJBSE IN PHYSIOAL EDPGATION 3. Never put fingers or dirty materials in a wound for any purpose. 4. Bo not "wash out" a wound with water. It carries germs aiid is dangerous. 5. Keep handkerchiefs and similar dirty dressings away from wounds. If nothing surgically clean is at hand, leave it exposed to the open air; such is the safe away. 6. When a physician is not immediately available, apply tincture of iodine in the wound and for an inch around its mar- gin, except "in the case of exposed intestines, eye injuries, ordinary bruises and burns. 7. Apply carefully a sterile, surgically clean first-aid dressing to a wound. Do not contaminate with dirty hands or clothes. Do not bandage too tightly. 8. Whenever dressings become loose or wet it is necessary to change them. 9. If pain, throbbing and swelling develop in a wound, see a physician immediately. To delay is dangerous. The above means infection ("blood poisoning"). 10. Eemember that most cases of infection result from small wounds, especially of hands, as a result of neglect or bad treatment, and that infection means pain, loss of time and tem- porary or total disability. Pish Hook in the finger makes a punctured wound which is very painful. It is difficult to remove the fish hook due to the barb. Treatment: Do not try to pull a fisih hook out in the direc- tion in which it went in. The best plan ie to push the hook in a curved direction until the point comes out again, then remove the line from' the hopk at the eye. Now catch the barb and puU the eye through the puncture. This means the end of the fishing trip, because the boy should go home and treat it with iodine. Bleeding is that condition which results when a blood vessel is broken. It is no more than the filling of one 's blood. Bleeding from the head can be stopped by making pressure over the wound wi1ih a thick piece of gauze or clean sterile cloth. Nose bleed can be stopped best by putting patient in a reclining position, placing cold cloth over nose and back of neck. It can also be stopped by pressing the upper lip against the teeth and pinching the nose. Bleeding from the arm can be stopped by pressing the fist under the shoulder in the arm pit. Bleeding from the fingers and lower arm can be stopped by pressing at the inside of the elbow. Finger bleeding can be Bftopped by pressure on either side of the finger. Bleeding from COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 99 the leg, can be controlled by making pressure over the groin. Bleeding from the foot is best stopped by raising the foot and tying something around the leg, suoh as a rope, handkerchief, towel, etc. Th^^ called a tourniquet. Other tyjTes of wounds in addition to the above are bites of insects and other animals. Bee Stings are best treated by removing ' ' the stinger ' ' and applying a paste of baking soda and water. Mosquito Bites are more troublesome than serious. They should not be scratched. A good many remedies can be used, but witch hazel is the best. Dog Bites: Kill the dog and send his head to your doctor or the State Health Department, Sixth and IMain streets, Louis- ville, Ky. A doctor should be consulted at once. Treatment of wound should be immediate. ^ Treatment: Either put in a single drop of carbolic acid or burn it with a red-hot knitting needle. Then treat as a wound. However, do not fail to see a doctor as soon as possible. Snake Bite is not as fatal as most people think. Death from snake bites results quite often from the person who has been bitten running for help. This means that the poison is more rapidly carried by the blood throughout the body.* Treatment : The first thing to do is to keep quiet and treat the wound yourself. Place a bandage between heart and bite. This will prevent poison from entering body. Then suck wound by mouth, expectorating freely and frequently. Keep wound open. Burn with a hot piece of- steel. This is a serious procedure, but is warranted. Above all things, keep quiet. Loosen the bandage every fifteen or twenty minutes, to prevent mortification. If help is at hand the patient should drink plenty of strong black coffee. Get a doctor as soon as possible. Keep as warm as possible. Epileptic Fits^occur in persons subject to them, at various times. An individual may be a victim of these attacks often or there may be years between attacks. A person subject to them should see his family physician. Some times a person gives a short cry before going into the fit. The fit is recognized by sudden unconsciousness and the patient falling to the ground or floor. Frothing at the mouth usually occurs and there are *There are only three kinds of poisonous snakes in Ken- tucky — rattlesnakes, copperheads and water moccasins (cotton mouths.) 100 OOXJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION jerky, irregular movements of the arms and legs. The fit may last from one to ten minutes. Treatment: A fit is not dangerous in iteg^, except in the sudden falling of the individual, at "Whieh^BI^he may hurt himself. Therefore try to prevent a person from injuring him- self by falling. Also try to prevent hini from injuring himself during attack, such as bruising or breaking the arms or legs by striking against hard objects. Put a pencil or something between teeth. to keep patient from biting tongue. After fit is over it is well to let patient alone and let him sleep; Fainting: There are many causes for this very common condition. The individual who is subject to frequent attacks should consult a doctor. The most frequent cause of fainting is the lack of blood in the brain. Treatment: It is rarely ever necessary to do anything except lower the head. This does not mean to stand a patient on his head. Just place patient on the floor, bed or table, and put a pillow under back. This wiU usually revive him very quickly. It is well to place cold cloths upon the head and bathe the face with cold water. Should the patient be sitting in a chair, force the head forward and down between his knees, and the blood will quickly run into the head. Bums are wounds caused by dry heat. Scalds are wounds produced by moist heat. Treatment : The usual treatment for a small burn is to put on baking soda and water. Do not open blisters when they form, as they are nature 's dressing for a burn. Simply puncture a blister with a. hot needle and allow the fluid to escape. The old skin should be allowed to come off of itself. For deep bums which go through the skin, simply put on a dry sterile dressing. Carbolated vaseline may be used on a shallow bum, if it is not larger than a man's hand. Do not put flour and water paste or cotton on a burn. The foregoing rules are not a First Aid course, but merely a few helpful hints, given with the hope that they may be of service in your school room in time of accident. It is an esample of the kind of work the American Red Cross is endeavoring to do. Every school and home should have at hand some type of First Aid equipment, preferably tthe American Red Cross School and Household Outfit. "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Avoid accidents, and practice safety first. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 101 First Aid Improvised Stretchers. Older pupils should be instructed and trained in making and using improvised stretchers. (tonif^Ni'rMT f OH V»/teil) Cut No. 30 102 COUESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION C«*T 'T^eTch*!? ionfUti ri«T 1"> PotK'T »^ff«ff(»cy Hit- I C. |P n i Cut No. 31 First Aid Emergency Outfit, Each scliool should have a First Aid Emergency Outfit. The descriptions of two are given below. Each may be obtained frotn American Eed Cross, Washington, D. C. The prices are f. o. b. Washington and are subject to change. American Eed Cross First Aid Pocket Emergency Kit. Size, 51^x3x11)4 inches. Price, $1.00. 2 Finger Dressings 2 Small Dressings 1 Large Compress and Bandage Dressing 2 Vaporoles of Iodine CONTENTS. 2 Vaporoles of Aromatic Ammonia 1 Tube of Carbolated Petrolatum 1 Spool Adhesive Plaster 4 Safety Pins COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 103 American Red Cross First Aid Box. SCHOOL. Size, 18x11x3% incihes. Price, $9.50 eaeli, f. o. b. Washington, D. C. CONTENTS. A. E. C. First Aid Outfits A. R. C, Large First Aid Dressings 2 1-yard packages Sterilized Gauze 12 Assorted Gauze Bandages 1 Tourniquet 1 Tube Carbolated Petrol- atum or Boric Acid Ointment Wooden Splints 1/4-pound packages Ab- sorbent Cotton Envelope A. R. C. Finger Dressings (6) Envelope A. R. C. Small Dressing (3) 1-yard ' packages Picric Acid Gauze Iodine Containers 2-oz. bottle Saturated So- lution Boric ^cid 2-dram vial Olive Oil 4 2 4 2 2 1 1 2-dram vial Oil of Cloves 1 2-oz. bottle Jamaica Ginger ^ 1 bottle Cascara Sagrada Tablets 1 2-oz. bottle Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 12 Safety Pins 1 Pair Scissors 1 Pair Tweezers 1 Roll Adhesive Plaster (1. inch by 5 yards) 1 Package Paper Drinking Cups 12 Wooden Tongue Depress- ors 1 Medicine Dropper 1 Clinical Thermometer 1 A. R. C. First Aid Text- book, General Edition Culture Tubes (to be sup- plied by local Board of Health upon request) GOOD HEALTH THROUGH THE FOOD WE EAT. (Prepared by tke Bureau of Public Health Education, State Board of Health.) Once upon a time, a wise old man said, "Tell me ■what you eat and I wiU tell you w^hat you are." This is a very true saying, for unless we eat we cannot live, and unless we eat lihe right kinds of food we cannot live well. The body is composed of tissues, such as bones, muscles and glands. Food helps our bodies to grow by adding new tissue. Food keeps the body in good repair by replacing tissues as fast as they are worn out. Food keeps us warm by producing heat. Food makes us active by producing energy with which we can move our muscles in work and play. Our bodies need food to grow, to keep in good condition, to keep warm and to produce energy. The well-nourished child is less apt to develop disease or to succumb to infections. The work of the body goes on constantly. That is the heart beats, the blood circulates, the breathing continues, the diges- tion progresses, whether we are sleeping, resting, studying, playing or working. The work of the body is more intense' during running, jumping, sawing wood, washing dishes and other activities than while sitting down or sleeping. Different kinds of foods supply these various needs and w6 must know just what kinds and what amounts our own bodies require. Our success or failure in life depends, after aU, upon our choice of foods, upon what we do or do not know about their value and the needs of our bodies These needs change from month to month in the growing child. The bigger he grows and the more active he becomes the more food he will need. What to Eat. An easy way to select the right foods to eat is to group the different kinds according to their uses in the body and then make sure to have some food from each group in each meal. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 105 Group I. Foods which furnish substances that keep the body in good condition : Cellulose or fibrous tissues which form bulk for the intestines to work upon, thus preventing constipa- tion ; the mineral salts, such as iron for the blood, lime for the bones and teeth, phosphorus for every tissue ; and the vitamines, those substances so necessary for life, but which are not yet very well understood even by the scientists. Leafy Vegetables: Spinach Lettuce Watercress Cauliflower Cabbage Brussel Sprouts Dandelion Chard Celery Turnip Greens Other Greens Also: String Beans Green Peas Tomatoes Onions Green Corn Fruits : Berries : Oranges Apples Bananas Peaches Melons Pears Grape Fruit Dates Figs Prunes Raisins Dried and Evaporated Fruits Group II. Foods which furnish material for growth, valuable for the protein which they contain: Milk Eggs Fish Meat Cheese Nuts Legumes- -peas, beans, lentils 106 COXJKSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Group III. Foods which furnish heat and energy. This group is divided into two parts, the fats and the oarbohydrates. The carbohydrates are subdivided iato two groups, the starches and the sugars : FATS Butter Cream Oleomargarine Nutmargarine Bacon Fat Meat Lard Olive Oil Cottonseed Oil Peanut Oil CAEBOHYDEATES Starches : Sugars : Cereals of all kinds White Sugar Oat Meal Corn Meal Rye Barley Rice Wheat Prepara- tions: Bread Macaroni Root and Tuber Vegetables : Potatoes Carrots Squash Parsnips Turnips, etc. Brown Sugar Molasses Sorghum Corn Syrup Sugar Syrup ' Candy Preserves Jellies MUk. Milk is the best of all foods. Growing children should eat a- quart of milk each day — never less than a pint. Milk should be eaten — not swallowed down in great mouthfuls. Think how a baby or a calf drinks in little streams and then you will understand how Nature intends this almost perfect food should be taken. Children under seven years of age do not need meat. They require smaller quantities of food at each meal and more fre- quent lunches so that they will not gorge at meal time. They should be given a simple lunch of milk and crackers or stale bread at about 10:30 each morning. Simple, well-cooked, mild foods are best for all children. OOMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 107 When to Eat. Regular meals, three times each day, are best for normal, healthy children over eight years of age, as well as for adults. Younger children, very active children, or those who are under- weight, or who are weak or sickly, need a mid-morning and a mid-afternoon lunch of milk or soup or-eocoa with crackers or bread besides the regular three meals. How to Eat. Choosing our food and chewing our food are the only two responsibilities left to us. Nature takes care of the food after it passes our palates — digests, and assimilates it, building it over into new tissue for our bodies, repairing the worn-out tissues, or providing heat and energy for our bodily needs. "We have learned how to choose our foods. Now, we must learn to chew our foods well, to chew each mouthful into tiny pieces so that it may be softened, and moistened well with the digestive juice in the mouth. This digestive juice is called saliva and is very necessary in the digestion of starches and sugars. Pure water is necessary for every human being. We need a great deal of water to keep up our regular supply, for two- thirds of the body is composed of water. It is useful as a solvent for carrying along the partly digested food-stuffs and for flushing out the waste substances of the body. "Water at meal time should be taken freely but never used to wash down great gulps of food. It is best to drink water — a whole glass when first rising in the morning and several times between meals. Coffee and tea are not foods. They are both stimulants and should never be taken by young, growing children. Surroundings: Pleasant surroundings when we are eating are an aid to digestion, for they help to keep the mind hffppy. Happiness and cheerfulness hasten digestion. Fatigue: It is not wise to eat when one is very tired, be- cause then the digestive organs are unable to do their work well. After playing very hard or working very hard it is best to lie down and rest awhile, to become perfectly relaxed before eating. Ten hours' sleep each night is needed by every growing child. Teeth: Under Health Chores you have learned about the care of the teeth. This, you see, is very necessary in order that you may keep your teeth clean and strongs and able to do their part by chewing your food into tiny bits to make it ready for the next process of digestion. 108 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION Clean Hands: Clean hands are the only hands that should ever be allowed to carry food of any kind to the mouth. Dirty hands are apt to carry disease germs along with the food. A good rule to follow is this, ' ' I will always wash my hands clean before eating. ' ' School Lunches. Teachers, mothers, and school nurses will find much help in solving their problems of diet for school children by frequent reference to the practical book by Rose entitled: "Feeding the Family." Copies of this book may be purchased through the local book dealer or the Bureau of Public Health Education, State Board of Health, Louisville, Kentucky. A bulletin entitled "What is Malnutrition" by Lyda Rob- erts should be in the hands of every teacher. This bulletin is published by the Childi'en's Bureau, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Hot lunches served at cost in the school at noon are a great asset to children who must carry their lunches to school. These lunches should be simple and wholesome. Hot cream soups or other nourishing soups with crackers or bread ; sand- wiches of plain bread and butter or with jam, jelly, cheese, nut butter, egg and other fillings, with milk or hot cocoa ; macaroni, rice and potatoes served hot in various ways; ginger bread; plain cake ; stewed, baked or fresh fruits, are all possible in a school with little cooking equipment, if the bread and plain .cake are purchased ready made. A fireless cooker is a great asset in this work, especially for preparing soups.'* Nutrition clinics are now being introduced into many schools wihere several of the children are from seven to ten pounds underweight. These clinics are most valuable to the under-nourished child, who is unable to keep up with the nor- mal children in the class. It is of little use to try to pour knowledge into the brain of a weak, underfed child. He cannot assimilate it and such use of the funds appropriated by the voters for education is extravagantly wasteful. Nourish the child first, then educate him. Oftentimes this means merely a correction of the diet the child is receiving at home. For information regarding these clinics, write the Bureau of Public Health Education, State Board of Health, Louisville, Kentucky. »In Bome rural schools, a single warm dish is provided such as soup. Sometimes pupiis take turns in furnishing the materials. Members of the do- mestic science class take turns In preparing and serving. Sometimes Parent- Teacher Associations assist by furnishing the necessary equipment and In other ways. KENTUCKY'S HEALTH PROBLEM. (Prepared by the State Board of Health.) The greatest asset which Kentucky has is its vigorous, healthy people. Naturally, jt should be the healthiest of the States. The majority of its people live in small towns and in the country, and a little practical clean-up work done at each home in the State will help all of our people to live longer and will keep them well so that they can work and be happy while they live. Out of each twenty-nine people sick in Kentucky twenty-five have diseases the causes of whidi are known and a great majority of which can be prevented. Thirty-two thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine Kentuekians died in 1-817, wthich is selected from other years because no great epidemic occurred; 15,233 of these deaths were from preventable diseases. Four thousand four hundred and seventy different persons died with consumption; 823 deaths from typhoid fever are recorded; 1,386 babies under two years of age died with summer com- plaint ; 1,909 individuals died from violence. Since 1911 every baby born in Kentucky is or should be registered by the State in its Vital Statistics Bureau. More than 60,000 babies are born each year in .this State. As soon as they are naimed, the doctor makes out a birth certificate and sends it to an important officer in each community, known as a local registrar. , At the end of each month t!he local registrar sends, these certificates to the State Board of Health, at Louisville, where they are bound in books and kept in big fireproof vaults^ They are carefully indexed, and this record of births is one of the most important things the State does. If ajiy babies have- been born in your neighborhood since January 1, 1911, have the- children find out who your local registrar is and see if they have been registered'. Not being registered may deprive a child of property and other very important rights when it grows up, and! every child is entitled to be registered under the law. In the same way, every death is registered by the local registrar. This enables the health oifieer to know where the preventable diseases are occurring, so that they can help the people to get rid of them. All preventable diseases are spread by ignorance or by carelessness and are carried from person to person by germs, vrhioh are the seeds of disease. Consumption is one of the pre- 110 COTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUC ATION ventable diseases. It is not hereditary, and the only way a healthy person can get it is by breathing the germs, or seeds, of consumption into the throat or nose from the spittle coug'hed up by some one having the disease, or by drinking the milk or eating the meat of animals having the disease. To prevent consumption, which causes one out of every six funerals in Ken- tucky, it is only necessary for everybody to know that spittle frequently contains disease germs and that no one should cough or spit where other people can be poisoned by the disease seed in the spittle. If you have a cough or are compelled" to spit, make some little paper cornucopias and carry them in your pocket and always cou^h or spit in them and burn them up or bury them as soon as possible. Thisis the only Way you can be sure that you will never convey a lung disease to any other person if you should be so unfortunate as to contract one. One of the reasons so few people having consumption get well is because they cough and spit carelessly and then swallow or breathe again some of the germs they have coughed up. A consumptive who rebreathes some of the seed from his own lungs is poisoned more by them than a well person would be, so there are two reasons for every one's destroying what he coughs or spits up. The first is because otherwise he endangers the health iand lives of other people, and the second is because other\dse he prevents himself from getting well. Everybody who ctraghs or spits up much should get his iamily doctor to send a specimen of the spittle to the. laboratory of the State Board of Health, Louisville, Kentucky, so that it can be exam- ined for consumption germs. If the doctor does not send it, write a postal card to the laboratory and you will receive by mail k little bottle with the directions for sending in a specimen yourself. Typhoid fever is the most easily preventable of all diseases except consumption. The typhoid fever germs, or seeds, are very small and develop in the bowels and kidneys. The only way to get typhoid fever is by getting some of the bowel dis- charge or urine from a person sick with the disease into the mouth and bowels of another. This is not nice to think about, but it is important that every one should know that typhoid fever, like cholera, dysentery, and hookworm disease, grows from seeds which are found only in the bowel discharges or urine. As soon as every child and grown person is taught that the bowel discharges and urine of sick people contain germs wfhich may produce disease in well people, a health conscience will be aroused, and people will consider it as much a crime to scatter bowel discharges or urine on the ground or in open pits COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 111 • or sink holes as to scatter arsenic or other poisons where people can be killed or made sick by them. The seeds, or germs, of typhoid fever are frequently found in the bowels weeks and even months after the patient is well. For this reason, it is important that every one who has had typhoid fever should, as soon as he recovers, send a specimen otthe bowel movement to the laboratory of the State Board of Health, Louisville, so that he may know when he will no longer give this disease to other people. This examination is free. The laboratory will also examine without charge a specimen from the blood when- the family physician finds any one developing a fever which may be typhoid fever. During 1917, an average year, there were 12,345 cases and 823 deaths from typhoid fever in this State. Most of these were among young people. If proper care were taken of the bowel discharges and urine in the homes of our people, this sickness and these deaths would not have occurred. Aside from the grief and suffering, .written in broken hearts and wrecked homes, which this sickness and death represents, it presents a business problem worth studying in every school, hut especially in the towns without sewer systems and in the country. Doctors' bills and drug bills and nursing and loss of time and burial expenses of those who die average $175 for each case. Healthy human beings are productive machines, and each healthy young life in Kentucky may be valued at $2,500 merely as a machine. From these figures you can see that typhoid fever is costing the people of Kentucky $4,217,875 each year. This is a lot of money; especially, when you remember that the whole income of the State for the same year was about $8,000,000. Just think how much better it would be to spend this money for better schools and better salaries for teachers than for sickness and funeral expenses. Typhoid fever can be prevented. In Switzerland four persons in each 100,000 die from this disease annually ; in Germany, five in each 100,000 die from it; in England, seven in each 100,000; in the United States as a whole, twenty-seven in each 100,000 die from typhoid fever ; while in Kentucky, thirty-four in each 100,000 die each year from this one disease. Every home, schoolhouse, store, church or other building where people must stay for any length of time should have a sanitary privy con- nected with it, so that people who are sick will not endanger the health and lives of those who are well by scattering the discharges from their bowels and urine on the ground where it can get into the drinking water, or w^here flies and other insects can carry it back into unscreened kitchens and dining rooms. tS .^ O u ^ Kentucky Sanitary Privy No odor. No flies Self-cleaning For Information concerning cost and construction of Sanitary Privy, send to tlie State Board of Health, LoulSTille, Ky. Out No. 32 COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 113 Until a sanitary privy is ibuilt at your home, if any one is sick make up a thick ■t^hitewash from fresh quicklime, put aU. of the diachrarges from the bowels and kidneys into this whitewash, Cur No. 33 Parts of a Kentucky Flytrap. stir all well together with a stick, let them stand so for two hours, and then bury them as far as possible from the well or spring. Until every one in the community in which you live has a sanitary privy, and unless you have already had typhoid fever, you should go to your 'family physician and have hii^i inoculate you against typhoid fever. This will protect you from the disease for about two years. It costs less than $5 to be inoculated against typhoid fever, and it <5osts much more than this, besides being dangerous, to have this disease. The typhoid inoculation is furnished free to physicians by the State Board of Health, and they charge only for admin- istering it. 114 COUESB IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION The seeds, or germs, of typhoid fever and consumption are •frequently carried by flies to those' who have not had these diseases. In the country and in small towns, unless the water is polluted, most typhoid fever is carried in this way. Flies are as filthy as buzzards, and _ if they get on food after it is cooked, they make it unfit to eat. Flies breed in stable manure. If all the manure is cleaned out of the barns and scattered once a week from early spring until late jn the fall, there Will be very few flies. Every kitchen and dining room should be screened, and every family should have two or three fly kill-- ers, made by tacking a little piece of screen wire, six inches square, to a small wooden handle, and every fly that gets into the, house should be swatted. A convenient flytrap may be made by tacking screen wire around the side of a keg, most of the staves of which have been removed, or around an old banana crate. Put a wire top on it, and then make a long, narrow, screen-wire fun- nel, like the picture, and bait this trap with some apple peelings or sorghum, and it will catch flies by the bushel. Put one of these traps in the barn, another near the kitchen door, and one at the schoolhouse, and you will soon be pleasantly surprised to see how few flies there are. Flies probably carry more dis- ease germs than any other agency in Kentucky. Cut No. 34 Kentucky Flytrap — ^Ready for Use. Trachoma is a contagious disease of the eyes. It is com- monly known as red sore eyes. It was formerly considered incurable, but the United States Public Health Service has es- tablished hospitals in Kentucky, where it is constantly being COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 115 Cut No. 35 A Ten-lxour Catch. cured after a few days ' treatment. The State Board of Health conducts clincs in school dis- tricts where this disease occurs. Chil- dren having red sore eyes or any other contagious disease should not be permitted to at- tend school, and no well person should use the same towel or comb or dishes that are used by any person who has trachoma or any other contagious disease. As soon as a baby is born, the careful doctor drops some medicine furnished by the State Board of Health, as re- quired by law, into the eyes to prevent disease. When new- born babies have soi-e eyes a doctor should see them at once, and it should be reported to the health officer, as this is the most frequent cause of blindness. Pellagra is an infectious disease. The exact cause for it is not known, but it does not spread where people keep clean and have and use sanitary privies, and eat a little fre.sh meat, and eggs and the leafy vegetables and fresh fruits and drink milk each day. It is important to remember, in this connection, that in all contagious diseases when it is said that you and your family must keep clean, this also applies to every one else who lives within a mile of you, for diseases are frequently conveyed to neighbors by flies, dogs, cats, and other ageneios. Even if the farmhouse is clean and has running water and all the con- veniences, this will not keep your family well unless the tenants, whether white or colored, on the farm have clean houses and sanitary privies. Also, running water can be installed at very little expense in any house which has a pump. The State Board of Health publishes a circular telling exactly how this may be done, and yon can get it by writing a postal card to Louisville. Be sure to remember whenever any preventable disease occurs at your house that the doctor or your father should at once notify the county health officer. This should be done immediately, not only because the law requires it but so that 116 COUBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION the health officer can help the other members of the family and the people of the neighborhood not to contract the disease. The health officer will not interfere with your family physician, but will help him. Three hundred and thirteen children died in 1917 from diphtheria. This is the highest death rate of any State in the United States from this disease. Diphtheria is a seed disease, the seeds, or germs, growing in the throat. When a child has a sore throat with a w'hitish deposit on it, it is either diphtheria or tonsilitis. A competent doctor should see the child at once, and if it is diphtheria, antitoxin should be given within six hours after the ease is seen by the doctor. Reliaible antitoxins may be bought at cost through your county health officer. .A large supply is always kept by the State Board of Health at Louisville, Kentucky, and by your county health officer. If enough of it were used promptly in every case, there would b& practically no deaths from diphtheria. After the whitish deposit disappears from the throat some scattered seeds, or germs, are frequently found in it for days and occasionally for. weeks. For this reason, teachers and doctors should see that no child who has had diphtheria is allowed to return to school or to play with other children until a little cotton swab on the end of a small stick has been rubbed over the throat and placed in a test tube and sent to the laboratory of the State Bo'ard of Health at Louisville, and it has been determined that no diph- theria germs are still there. It is a crime for any one having- diphtheria to mix with other people until he knows that the germs have, disappeared from his throaJt. This work is done- by the State free of charge. Seven hundred and sixty-eight people died with measles and four hundred and seventy-seven with whooping cough in 1917; and, in addition to this, many others were weakened by these diseases so that they contracted pneumonia, consumption, and typhoid fever more easily. It is a crime for any one having measles or whooping cough to go where other people are until he is entirelj' well. As soon as all of our people understand this, there -will be no more measles and whooping cough in Kentucky. One thousand three hundred and eighty-six babies under two years of age died with summer complaint. Practically none- of these would have been sick if it had been fed nothing but mother's milk and clean, wholesome water. Never feed a baby under a year old solid food of any kind or description. If it is; necessary to feed it milk at all, be sure to get clean milk from healthy cows, and, in the case of young babies, dilute it -with at least equal parts of water, adding a little malt sugar and cream. All substitutes for mother's milk should be prepared; COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 117 after consultation with the family physician. No baby should ever be fed meat, beans, or any other vegetables or fruit. After they are a year old a little orange juice or dry cracker once-or tv(fice a day will do no harm. Be sure that the baby at your house is not fed anything but the food that nature intends for it. It is important that they be fed regularly. A little baby should get its nourishment every three hours. After it is six months old it should not nurse at night and not oftener than every four hours in the daytime. Think how you would feel if you ate every twenty minutes all day long: This is the way a baby feels if it is nursed every little while, and that is one rea- son so many of them cry and suffer. If the baby cries, give it a drink of water. All healthy babies cry some each day. Not one in a thousand babies gets less to eat than it ought, and practically every baby that has summer complaint has been fed too much. Scarlet fever is contagious as long as there are any scales on the skin — especially on the soles of the feet and the inside of the hands — and as long as there is any discharge from the nose or ears. It is a crime for any one who has scarlet fever to let any one else except the nurse come into the room where he is until the scales have all disappeared (this takes from six to fifteen weeks) and he has been thoroughly bathed all over and dressed in clean clothes and the room in which he has been sick has been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. There were 1,909 deaths from violence in Kentucky in 1917. Many of these deaths came from the use of alcohol or from carrying deadly weapons. Everybody should know that no one but a coward carries a dangerous knife or a pistol unless required to do so by law, and if one knows of a coward who carries such a weapon, he should tell the officers of the law so that the offender can be confined in a jail, just as you would confine a mad dog or any other dangerous animal. No educated' person Who has any self-respect uses alcohol habitually. It is dangerous to the health of any one who uses it, and dulls the senses and frequently causes him to do things that no person not under the influence of a drug would do. Most patent medicines should be avoided because they contain alcohol or other harmful drugs or are worthless. Patent medicines do no good and often do harm if one is really sick, and are unneces- sary otherwise. Everybody who works in a shop or a mine or on a railroad or a farm should keep as a motto, "Safety first," and should never do anything that endangers the health and life either of himself or anybody else. Most accidents are preventable by a little forethought. Our laboring people are our greatest asset, and as soon as a health conscience is aroused among our people, no employer of labor will be permitted to 118 COURSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION house them except in clean houses with screened kitchens and dining rooms, pure water supplies, and safe sanitary privies. In 1917 twelve hundred and fifteen persons in Kentucky died from cancer. In the earliest stage of the disease nearly all of these could have been cured by ■competent doctors. Warts, wghs, ulcers, and sores on the skin anywhere should be cured or removed, as these are frequently the starting places for cancers. When lumps or swellings appear in any part of the body, have them examined by a doctor. Within the first month or two all forms of cancer can be cured if thoroughly removed, including the sound tissue around them. Malaria does not cause many deaths in Kentucky, and it is much less frequent than we used to believe. Your doctor can tell if you have malaria by spreading a drop of your blood very thinly on a glass slide, before you take any quinine, and having this slide examined in the laboratory of the State Board of Health at Louisville. Quinine cures malaria, but it does not cure bad colds, and neither it nor any other medicine should be taken by anybody except upon the advice of a good doctor. Four hundred thousand people have sent specimens of their bowel movements to the State Board of Health to see whether any parasites or worms are in them. Nearly one-half of all these people and more than half of the school children among them have been found to have one or more kinds of worms in their bowels. Of these, the hookworm produces the most serious disease. Hookworms have a Latin name which means "American murderers," and are quite small (about half as long as a pin and as big around as a pin), and they hook themselves into the bowels and suck blood. Children having hookworm disease are frequently pale, stunted in growth, do not play actively as their fellows, and are frequently unable to keep up with their classes. At the beginning of each school term, in containers which will be sent free upon request, the teacher should collect specimens of its bowel movements from each child in the room or school and send them in to the lab- oratory of the State Board of Health at Louisville, and the parents of all those found to have any kind of worms should have them treated by their family physician so that they can be well and have a fair chance in school as well as afterwards in life. The law requires sanitary privies for 'boys and girls at each sehoolhouse. As soon as they are built, and then built at every home, there will be no more hookworm disease. If there are not two sanitary privies at your sehoolhouse, ask the teacher and the school trustee why, and if there is not one at your home and at the homes of your neighbors, ask your father and your neighbors why they, do not build them. Exact directions for COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 119 building can be obtained from the State Board of Health at Louisville by writing a postal card. Many of the disease seeds, or germs, when discharged from the body either in the spittle or bowel movement or urine get into water, and, in this way, enter other people's bodies and cause sickness. Be sure to see that at your home and your sehool'there is no chance for these things to get into your water supply. Collect some of the water in clean bottles, and if any dirt settles to the bottom of "the bottle, something should be done so that you can get clean water. If typhoid fever or any other water-borne disease occurs at your house, get your county health oiHcer to write to the water laboratory of the State Board of Health, at Louisville, for a container, and have the water examined to see whether it is poisoned with disease germs or not. All bored welFs should have a tight casing down to the rock, or at least down fifteen feet, and all wells and cisterns should have a tight rock or concrete cover, which should be raised so that surface water will run away from the well or cistern and not into it. Hogs, chickens and other stock should be kept away from the wells and cisterns. Spring water should not be used for drinking purposes unless it is analyzed fre- quently, as it is nearly always exposed to infection.* Many of the most serious diseases people have are caused by immorality. If you are a boy, ask your father what this means, and if you are a girl, talk about it with your mother. It is important for every boy to know that he should be as clean in his life and language as his mother or sisters^are. If a boy will never talk about anything he cannot say to his mother, and will never listen to anything he would not want his mother to hear, most of the immorality will be stopped. The State Board of Health, at Louisville, provides free books which will in- struct parents, teachers and boys and girls about these things. It is important for people to know that dogs and cats fre- quently convey contagious diseases from one house to another. -In any family where there is a contagious disease, all the dogs and cats should be confined. It costs almost as much to keep a dog a year as it does a sheep or child, and sheep and children are worth keeping and most dogs and eats are not. It would help the health of people very much if we could be rid of all the surplus dogs and cats in Kentucky. A hundred years ago everybody had smallpox and nearly one-half of the deaths in the world were caused by it. Now educated, law-abiding people in Kentucky do not have smallpox, because they know if they are vaccinated with clean virus, on •Boll the drinking water If there Is any question about Its purity. 120 COL'BSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION • a clean arm, by a competent doctor, as is required by law, that they are in no danger of having this loathsome disease. The bubonic plague and other diseases are spread by rats and fleas; besides spreading disease, rats eat much grain and destroy a great deal of property. Every house should be freed from rats. The United States Government publishes a bulletin telling how to get rid of them, and if you will write %o your Congressman at "Washington, he will mail it to you. If fleas, lice, or other vermin are found o.n the hogs, sheep, dogs, or cats at your house, such animals should be dipped in a disinfecting solution. Each county has a live-stock inspector, who will tell you how to do this dipping if you will ask him. Who is your county live-stock inspector? If a sick dog or any other sick animal bites a person, the person should be at once taken to a physician and the wound cauterized. The animal should be confined and given food and water, and if it gets well, there is no danger from hydrophobia, but if the animal dies within ten days or two weeks, the person bitten should be given the Pasteur treatment either at home by a competent physician, or, if- unable to do this, by the State Board of Health at Louisville, where such treatment may be obtained free. This treatment prevents hydrophobia in almost every case. The patient must stay there twenty-one days._ Madstones are frauds and do no g&od if one is bitten by a real mad dog. If the dog or other animal should be killed, the head should be cut off and packed in ice and sent by express to the laboratory of the State Board of Health at Louisville, where it will be determined whether the animal had hydrophobia or not. In many counties in Kentucky there is a great deal of hydro- phobia, while in others there have been no cases. Those living in small towns and cities are more frequently exposed to disease than in the country. When possible avoid a town or city which does not have filtered drinking water and a sanitary sewerage system. No child or young person should be sent to a school located in a town or city which does not have these protections. Knowledge of the laws that secure better health and longer life is growing very rapidly. Naturally the doctors learn about these laws first and teach the people about them. It is, there- fore, of great importance, that there should be a competent doctor available for every family in the State. It costs a great deal to educate a doctor now, and it is very expensiive for him to be a good doctor, because he must have books, instruments, and other things which cost more and more money each year. After a doctor has gone to school for five or six years the State Board of Health examines him to see whether he can practice with safety to the people. It is very important for your doctor COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 121 -to be a good one. There are several ways to tell about this. If he always washes the thermometer before and after giving it to a patient, if the kitchen and dining room at his home are screened and flies are kept out, if he has a sanitary privy at his house and at his office, if his office and home aire kept clean, and if he wears clean, shirts and keeps his hands and face clean, the chances are that he is good doctor. Medical knowledge has increased so rapidly that doctors have found it necessary to form county medical societies where they can meet together every month or two and talk over recent improvements in med- icine. Ask your doctor if he was at the last meeting of his county medical society. Doctors who do not attend these meet- ings, as a rule, do not keep up with modem developments and are not the best ones to have when you are sick. Doctors who are "too busy" to go to their county medical society generally are not good ones. More than any other class of men, doctors need each other's help. When you hear one of them say any- thing unkind about another doctor, if you Avill think about it, you will find that the man talking is nearly always talking about himself, and the unkind things he says about the other man are usually more nearly true about the one speaking than the one spoken of. From the doctors in each county the State Board of Health selects three men who, with the County Judge and one other person, form the County Board of Health. These select a coun- ty health officer, and whenever any one is sick with a prevent- able disease the doctor in attendance, or the head of the family, shouldvat once notify the health officer so he can help them to keep the disease from spreading to other members of the family and to other people. Only a few years ago, when even the doctors knew very little about preventable diseases, health officers did not have much to do except when smallpox, yellow fever, or cholera were in the State, but now when we know how to prevent most of the sickness and nearly one-half of the deaths, every county should have a competent doctor as a health officer, who should not practice medicine at all except in the county poorhouse, the jail, and other public institutions, but who should devote his entire time to keeping the people well. We have seen that typhoid fever alone costs more than $4,000,000 each year, and if every county in the State could have a health officer who could teach people not to have typhoid fever, all of these health officers would cost less than one-tenth of what typhoid fever alone is costing. Who is your county health officer? Does he practice medicine, or does he devote his whole time to preventing sickness? Have there been any pre- ventable diseases in your neighborhood? Find out if they were reported to the county health officer, and what he did to 122 COTJESE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION prevent them from spreading? If he did nothing, ask the County Judge whose fault it is. In many counties the health officer is paid practically nothing. All of the county medical societies in the State meet to- gether once a year in the State Medical Association. At these meetings ihe doctors discuss the newest methods for keeping people well and for getting well those who are sick. In addition to this, they nominate to the Governor some of their members to be appointed on the State Board of Health. This board supervises the work of the county and city boards of health. They keep the register of births and deaths. This has been called "Kentucky's Big Family Bible" because it is really like the old family record kept in the old Bibles, for every birth and every death is recorded there. They also have a bacterio- logical laboratory. This examines, without cost to any citizen, any of the products of disease so they can be taught not only what is the matter but how to keep these diseases from spread- ing. Your family physician or you yourself can send in specimens of spittle or bowel matter or urine any time for free examination for any disease that is suspected. This laboratory and all of the other departments of the State Board of Health are located at Ijouisville. They also have a water laboratory, and the water from the cities and towns, as well as from aU the schools, homes, and farms of the State can be examined here without cost, to see whether it is safe drinking water j besides this, they have sanitary inspectors who go about from place to place to help the county health officer and doctors to prevent disease. The time is coming very rapidly when doctors will be employed by the year to keep people well and, if they get sick, to treat them. In recent years, a new health agency has developed in the public health nurse. Beginning as attendants upon the sick, these trained women have developed for the purpose of main- taining health, safeguarding the lives of babies, inspecting school children with a view to detecting and having corrected the physical defects, preventing the spread of communicable diseases and increasing health and efficiency. Every county should have one or more public health nurses. Most of the people in Kentucky live now, and always will, either on farms or in small towns or mining camps. Farm life shovild be the healthiest and hsrppiest in the world, and as soon as our children learn 'to make country homes healthy and com- fortable, there will be small reason for any young person to leave the country to go to a city. Running water can be secured in almost any house at a cost not exceeding $15 to $25. A sanitary privy may be built for this amount or less. If the stables are cleaned out weekly and the manure is put on the COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 123 growing crops, as it should be, there will be fewer flies and less disease. If every county had a whole-time health officer who would co-operate with the people and help the doctors keep them well, Kentucky can be the healthiest State in all the world, and their pure-blooded Anglo-Saxon people can continue to be the strongest and most productive specimens of the race. It is for this purpose that this course in physical education for the common schools of Kentucky has been prepared and is re- quired by law to be taught to every pupil. It is for this purpose also that the State Board of Health and the local boards of health are created by law. Of course, teachers and doctors and health officers cannot do much unless they are helped by intelli- gent people. So it is necessary for us all to work together for the betterment of our ' ' Old Kentucky Home. ' ' CARE OF THE EYES. The proper care of the eyes of children is a matter of such importance that the following practical suggestions are made: 1. Questions and answers relative to diseases of the eyes. 2. Simple methods of testing the eyes, including the use of Snellen's Test Cards. Teachers should familiarize themselves with these simple facts in order to be able not only to protect the eyes of the children at school, but also to give practical advice to parents. There is a fund in Kentucky, known as the Mountain Fund for Needy-Eye-Sufferers, Miss Linda Neville, Manager, 722 West Main Street, Lexington, Ky. In case pupils having eye trouble are not financially able to be cared for properly, communicate with the manager of this Fund. Practical Questions Relative to Diseases of the Eyes.* 1. What is the cause of "babies' sore eyes"? The cause of "babies' sore eyes" is not light nor cold, but one kind of germs or another. i What ought to be done to every new-born baby to prevent "babies' sore eyes"? Two drops of a certain medicine should be dropped into each eye of every baby as soon as it is born. i'. What' ought to be done for a baby that has "babies' sore eyes"? The best eye-doctor should be sent for at once, without one hour's delay. 4. Is delay in getting treatment dangerous to the sight of a baby with "babies' sore eyes"? Yes, delay of only a few hours may result in lasting blindness. 5. What should be done for the baby's sore eyes until the eye-doctor should arrive? ♦Prepared by Miss Linda Neville and apijroved by Dr. AUport, Oculist, Chicago, 111. Dr. .7. A. Stucky, Oculist, Lexington, Ky. Dr. J. N. McCormack, State Board of Health, Louisville, Ky. Dr. John McMullen, United States Public Health Service, Louisville, Ky. COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 125 Until the arrival of the eye-doctor each sore eye should: be cleansed once in every few minutes with a solution of boric acid. This solution, poured each time on a fresh piece of raw cotton, should be dropped into the eye gently by squeeziag the cotton and without pressing the eye-ball. 6. What does the law of Kentucky require? The law of Kentucky requires doctors, nurses and heads of families and heads of institutions to report to health boards eases of "redness, swelling and inflammation" in the eyes of babies under thirty days old. 7. How soon must the report be made ? The report must be made to the county board of health within twenty-four hours after the "redness, swelling and iu- flammation" have been observed, otherwise to the city bokrd of health within six hours. 8. Is there a penalty for failing to obey this law? Yes, there is a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. 9. From whom can a person find out where the board of health is? From the Mayor or the County Judge, a person can learn where to find the Board of Health: • 10. "Will milk or tea cure "babies' sore eyes"? No, neither milk nor tea should be applied to them. 11. Is the disease of "babies' sore eyes" eontagiois, that is, catching? • Yes, the disease is carried on towels or hands with bath water or otherwise from the baby's sore eyes to grown per- sons and to children, and will cause sore eyes or sore throats in them. 12. What is another blinding, contagious eye-disease? Trachoma, or granulated eye-lids, sometimes called "red sore eyes". 13. Can a person have trachoma for days or weeks with- out knowing he has eye trouble ? Yes, for sometime the eyes of a person "with trachoma may feel comfortable to him and may look well to one who is not a doctor. 14. Does trachoma, if untreated, ever leave a person's eyes unharmed? Probably never or almost never unharmed. 15. What will happen to the person with trachoma who does not get skilled treatment? 126 COTJBSE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION His eyes will pain him and probably become nearly or en- tirely blind. 16. What does the United States Government do for Ken- tuckians with trachoma? The United States Public Health Service keeps up three hospitals for the free treatment of Kentuekians with trachoma. 17. Where are these three hospitals? In 1920, one hospital is at Pil^eville in Pike County, one hospital is at Jackson in Breathitt County, and the third hospital is at Greenville in Muhlenberg County. 18. Are any eyes which have not been injured, and are not diseased, defective? Yes, many an eye, which is neither diseased nor injured, is under a strain, which may or may not have made the ej'e look defective, and may or may not have been accompanied by. dimness of vision. 19. What, in many a case, removes eye-strain? In many a ease the wearing of spectacles, properly fitted to the eyes, removes eye-strain. 20. Are ail spectacles that immediately cause the eyes to feel comfortable and to^'see clearly properly fitted to the eyes? No, some spectacles that at first cause the eyes to feel comfortable and to see clearly are not properly fitted, and some spectacles that are properly fitted at first ttiake the eyes ache and see only imperfectly. 22. To whom should a needy perso'n with eye trouble apply for help? He should apply to the best doctor in his home place or to the community nurse or to the Red Cross Chapter or to the Bureau on Trachoma and Blindness of the Kentucky State Board of Health. The State Board of Health is at the comer of Sixth and Main streets, Louisville, Ky. Testing the Eyes. It is well for teachers to observe their pupils closely for defective vision. Sometimes pupils can be greatly assisted in their work by being provided with glasses. Even a change of seats in the school room is often very helpful. Be careful of the way the light strikes the blackboard. Headaches, swollen, crusted or reddened eyelids, inflamed balls and sties are always suggestive of eye strain. Tense facial H 8 fU H n O N h 8 o O Pi t^ to H Pi < COMMON SCHOOLS OF KENTUCKY 127 expression, "squinting," and wrinkling of the forehead may be caused by eye strain. If a pupil persists in holding the book close to his face, it suggests near-sightedness. Snellen Test Sheet. The Snellen Test Sheet,- enclosed in this pamphlet, may be used to great advantage as follows: 1. Hang the sheet in some place in a room where a. the pupil to be tested can stand or sit 20 feet from it; b. the light illuminates it, but does not shine directly into the face of the child ; c. The light is neither direct sunlight, nor a dim light. North light, near a window, on a bright day, is best. If a person with normal sight can see the letters marked "20 feet", the light is doubtless good light for the test; d. it is on a level with the eye of the pupil being tested ; e. it hangs flat, without creases, against a blank wall. It may be well to paste or fasten the sheet securely to a piece of stiff cardboard or a piece of board. 2. If a child wears glasses, test with the glasses on. It will thus be determined whether or not the glasses fit. 3. Do not allow the card to hang where other pupils may study it. They may unconsciously commit it to memory. 4. If there is suspicion that a pupil has learned the sequence of letters, have him read from right to left or skip about. 5. Hold a stiff card against the nose, half an inch to an inch in front of one of the eyes of the pupil. Be sure that both eyes are open, the covered eye as well as the one being tested, being careful to prevent the covered eye from seeing without pressing it. 6. If the uncovered eye can read easily the letters in the line indicated by twenty feet, that eye is not near-sighted. If it can read all but two or three letters it should be rated as passing the test. If the uncovered eye can read the line indi- cated by fifteen feet, it is far-sighted. If it cannot read the line indicated by twenty fCet, that eye is near-sighted and should be tested by the lines above, indicated 30 feet, 40 feet, and so on, until one line can be read, to determine approximately how serious the near-sight defect is- Index. Page Abdominal Exercises 30 About Face 22 Accredited Points 77 Acknowledgmen'ts 7 Aims of Physical Education 10 All-up Indian Club Race— Girls , 70, 71 American Red Cross Emergency Kit 102, 103 Animal Activities . 27 Arch Relay 48 Athletics 66 Athletic Association, Kentucky High Schools 79 Athletic Badges : 7i Athletic Contests for Rural Schools 75 Athletics for Everybody 67 Athletic Meets 78 Athletic Tests — Boys '. 74 Athletic Tests— Girls 74 Attention 21 Automobiles, dangers from 90 Bag Board 43 Balaiice of Whole Body , 32 Balancing \ 57 Basketball, Goal Throwing 74, 75 Bee Sting 99 Bibliography 16 Black and White 44 Bleeding — Treatment 98 Broken Glass, dangers from 90 Bruise — Treatment 95 -Bull in the Ring . . . .- 45 Bull Pen 47 Burns— Treatment : <". ■■ 100 Cancer ■• .118 Cap Tag , 43 Care of the Eyes 124 Cat Ball 46 Cat and Mouse 40 Catch of Fish 41 Causes of Bad Posture 18 Centipede Race 54 Chest Expansion 56 Chicka-me-crany-crow 44 Chinning Pole ■ 6-^ Cleaning House • • 29 Commands •' 20 Co-operation, need of 11 Coughing and Sneezing , 90 Counting ■ , ^y County Board of Health 121 Corrective Exercises ^ Abdominal • ■ • • J*J Head f. Shoulders ?nd Spmp ,,f ■,■:■' •'" Page Course adopted by State Board of Education 6 Crow Hop • • • 54 Cutting the Grass • • • ^° Daily PFOgram, Even Years 13 Dangers of the Street 90 Dare 46 Dashes • '0 Dealers in Playground Equipment 60 Decomposing Matter, dangers of 91 Deep Water, danger of 91 Description , Athletic Events 70 Diseases of the Eyes 124 Dislocation — Treatment 95 Diphtheria 116 Distance Punt 68 Distance Throw — Boys 68 Distance Throw— Girls 69 Division of Time — Weekly Schedule 12 Dog Bites 99 Do This, Do That 42 Drop the Handkerchief 44 Duck on the Rock 49 Duck Walk ., S3 Education Through Free Play 38 Epileptic Fits , 99 Eraser Relay 43 Even Years — Daily Program 13 Exercises, corrective 19 Eyes— Snellen's Test Sheet 127 Eyes— Testing of 126 Facing 22 Fainting — Treatment 100 Fire, dangers of 91 First Aid 95 Bee Sting 99 Bleeding 98 Bruise 95 Burns 100 Dislocation 95 Dog Bites 99 Emergency Outfit 102, 103 Epileptic Fits 99 Fainting 100 Fish Hooks 98 Fracture % Mosquito Bites 99 Sprains 95 Snake Bites 99 Stretchers, improvised 101 Wounds 97 Flag Race — Boys and Girls 70 Flag Races — Boys • '. 68 Flag Races — Girls 69 Flies, dangers from 92 Flowers and Wind 41 Fly-traps 113, 114, 115 Fish Hooks — Treatment 98 Pag* Fits, Epileptic 99 Foreword 8 Fox and Geese 40 Foods which Keep the Body in Condition : 105 Foods which Furnish Material for Growth lOS Foods which Furnish Heat and Energy 106 Fractures — Rules 96 Games 40 Arch Relay 48 Bag Board 43 Black and White 44 Bull in the Ring : 45 Bull Pen 47 Cap Tag 43 Cat Ball 46 Cat and Mouse 40 Catch of Fish 41 Chicka-me-crajiy-crow 44 Dare '• 46 Do This, Do That 42 Drop the Handkerchief 44 Duck on the Rock 49 Eraser Relay 43 Flowers and Wind 41 Fox and Geese 40 Giant's Cave 43 Good Morniinig 41 'Hat Ball 47 Hide the Thimble 42 Hill Dill 45 I Say Stoop 42 Kick Ball 52 Leap Frog 49 Leap Frog Relay _ 49 Marching to Jerusalem ' 42 Playground Baseball 52 Poison' SO Pom Pom Pullaway 50 Prisoner's Base . . '. 50 Potato Relay Race 45 Pursuit Race 45 Rope Jumping Si Single Relay 47 Spider 46 Spud 48 Target Toss 48 Wolf 45 Wood Tag 41 Games and Sports for Everybody 43 Games, Selection of .' 40 Gasoline, Dangers from 92 Giant's Cave 43 Giant Stride 63 General Statement _. 9 Good Morning 41 Good Health through the Food We Eat 104 Graniulatqd Eye Lids 125 Greased Pole 63 Hanging on Wagons, Dangers from 93 Hat Ball 47 Page Head, Exercises for 30 Health Chores 81 Health Chores — How Can' We Get Them Done 82 Haahh Habits 81 Health Leagues 84 Heig*ht and Weight Tables — Boys 87 Height and Weight Table — Girls 88 Hide the Thimble 42 High Jump— Boys 68 High School Athletic Association 79 Hill Dill .^ 45 Home-made Playground Equiprnent 61 Chinning Pole 62 Climbing-pole with Pegs 63 Giant Stride 63 Greased Pole 63 Horizontal Bar 62 Inclined Ladder 62 Merry-go-round 64 Play Log 63 Porch Swing 65 See-saw 64 Standards for High Jump 65 Swing 65 Trapeze, < 64 Wire for Walking 63 Hookworm 118 Horizontal Bar , 62 Hospitals for Eye Sufferers 126 How Can We Get Health Chores Done 82 How Teachers Can Prepare Themse^lves to Teach Physical Edu- cation 16 How to Eat 107 Hurdles 68, 73 rWuminating Gases, Dangers of 9.1 Illustrative Lelssoos 32 Imitative Exercises . .• 23 Inclined Ladder 62 Indians . . . ; 29 Informal Stretching — Boys . 33 I Say Stoop 42 Jack Frost 27 Jenkin's Graded School Athletic Meet 78 Jumpinig- — Boys 68 Jumping— Girls 60 "Kentucky's Big Bible" 122 Kentucky Flytrap 113, 114, 115 Kentucky's Health Problem . . _ 109 Kentucky High School Athletic Association 70 Kentucky Sanitary Privy 112 Kick Ball 52 Law, Physical Education 5 League Baseball Distance Throw 68, 71 Leap Frog .49 Leap Frog Relay 49 Left-Face 22 Lqssons in Freehand Gymnastics 24 List of Athletic Events 77, 78 Little Wonder Box 60 Make Believes '. 28 Malaria 118 Marching 21 Marching and Freehand Gymnastics 2fl Marching to Jerusalem 42 Mark Time 22 Meaning of Physical Education 10 Measles 116 Medley Relay Race S3 Merry-Go-Round _ 64 Military Training ." 80 Modem Health Crusade 8S Morris-Reynolds Physical Education Law 5 Mosquito Bites — Treatment 99 Mosquitoes, dangers from 93 Mountain Fund for Needy Eye Sufferers 124 Mouth, Dangers from Putting Unclean Things into It 93 National Movement, Physical Education 9 Need of Co-operation 11 Need of Physical Education 9 New Jersey Manual 23, 29 Night Before Christmas 27 Obstacle Relay Race .- S3 Odd Years, Daily Program 14 Pamphlets • 17 Pellagra US Physical Education 10 Aims of . . ." 10 Daily programs ■■ 13, 14 How teachers can prepare to teach 16 Law .^ S Meaning of 10 Rating of pupils in 15 Weekly Schedule 12 Physical Efficiency, standards of 55 Physical Exercises for Bodily Development 18 Play Equipment 39 Play Log : 63 Play, Mottoes and Anns : Jo Playground 38 Playground Baseball 52 Playground Baseball Distance Throwing 68, 69, 71 Playground Equipment 60 Playground Equipment for School Yards 60 Poison SO Poisons, dangers from 93 Poison Ivy, dangers from »3 Pole for Climbing with Pegs 63 Pom Pom Pullaway • 50 Porch Swing • ■ ■ ■ iV oo Position 18, 22 Page Posture 18 Causes of bad 18 Drawings illustrating 31 Some types of bad , 18 Some types of good 18 Potato Race 56 Potato Race— Girls 69, 71 Potato Relay Race 45 Prisoner's Base 50 Privy, Sanitary 112 Proper Spacing 21 Pull Up 56 Pursuit Race .'. . 45 Push Up 56 Races and Stunts for Boys S3 Rating of Pupils in Physical Education 15 Reading Position '. . 19 Ready for Marching or Gymnastics 20 Right-Face 22 Rooster Fight 55 Rope Jumping 51 Running and Catching 74, 75 Running Broad Jump 68, 72 Running High Jump 68, 69, 72 Running Hop, Step and Jump 68, 73 Running Races — Boys 67 Running Races — Girls 69 Rural Schools, Athletic Contests 75 Rusty Nails, Dangers from 90 ■ Sack Race 54 Safety First 89 Automobiles 90 Broken Glass 90 Coughing and Sneezing 90 Dangers of the street 90 Decomposing matter 91 Deep Water 91 Fire 91 Flies 92 Four Giants 89 Gasoline 92 Hanging on wagons 93 Illuminating Gas 93 Mosquitoes ; 93 Poisons 93 Poison Ivy 93 Rusty Nails ; 90 Spitting 94 Throwing 94 Trains 94 Wires, loose 94 Sanitary Privy 112 Scarlet Fever 1 17 Schedule, weekly 12 See-Saw 64 Setting-up Exercises 22 Shoulder and Spine Exercises 30 Page Sick Dogs, bites of 120 Single Relay '. 47 Sit Up 56 Sitting Position 19 Skin the Snake 54 Smallpox ; 119 Snake Bite : 99 Snellen's Text Sheet 127 Spider . .'. 46 Spitting, Danger from Carelessness 94 Sprain — Treatment ■ 95 Spread of Preven'table Diseases 109 Spud 48 Standards for Boys 57 Standards for Girls 59 Standards for High Jump 65 Standards of Physical Efificiency 55 Standing 20 Standing Broad Jump 68, 72 State Board of Health 121 Story Plays 26 Animal Activities ". 27 Cleaning llouse 29 Cutting the Grass 28 Indians ; 29 Jack Frost 27 Make Believe 28 Night Before Christmas 27 Street, Dangers of 90 Stretchers, Improvised 101 Stretching — Correctly and Incorrectly — Boys 33 Stretching — Correctly and Incorrectly— Girls 35 Summer Complaint 116 Stunts 53 Centipe'de Race 54 Crow Hop 54 Duck Walk 53 Medley Relay Race '. 53 Obstacle Relay Race 53 Rooster Fight 55 Sack Race 54 Skin- the Snake 54 Three-legged Race 54 Twisting Sticks ■ 55 Tunnel Race 55 Wheelbarrow Race 54 Swimg 65 Target 56 Target Toss 48 Testing the Eyes 126 Three-legged Race 54 Throwing, Dangers from Carelessness 94 Time Allotment — Daily Program 13-14 Time, Weekly Schedule 12 Tracoma 114, 125 Trains, Dangers of 94 Training in Health Habits 81 Trapeze 64 Tunnel Race S5 Twisting Sticks 55 Types of Bad Posture 18 Page Typels of Good Posture 18 Typhoid Fever 110 Violence, DesCths from 117 Vital "Statistics 122 Weekly Schedule — Physical Education 12 What to Eat 104 Wheelharrow Race 54 When to Eat • 107 Wires, Dangers from Loose 94 Wires for Walfcing 63 Wolf 45 Wood Tag 41 Woimds — Treatment ^ . . 97 Writing Position 19