fyxmll Utttorjsitg Jiirarg THE GIFT OF PjV«^Jja)i«n^.H.Hju^ A-2.-|-|3C)5 2^|vili]t3 I7»4 Cornell University Library HA201 1900 .B3 ■3 "i 924 032 599 668 ^ olln Overs The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032599668 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS S. N. D. NORTH, DIRECTOR STATISTICS OF WOMEN AT WORK BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH CENSUS: 1900 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 CONTENTS. Page. General statistics '. ; 9 Introduction ^ , 9 Proportion of women at work 9 Race and nativity '. , 9 Age : 10 Marital condition .' 13 Marital condition and age 16 City and country 17 Comparison with earlier censuses - 20 Adoption and abandonment of occupations - 22 Family relationship ' 24 _Other breadwinners in the family 29 Occupations t 31 Leading occupations .' '. , 32 Race and nativity 33 Age 36 Marital condition : 37 L Increase, 1890 to 1900 : 38 Statistics of selected occupations 40' Servants and waitresses '. 40 Importance as an occupation for women , 40 Race and nativity 41 Parentage , 47 Age 48 Marital condition • 49 Comparison with census of 1890 .■ .' 50 Family relationship -. 54 Laundresses , 56 Race and nativity : 56 Parentage 58 Age , 58 Marital condition 59 Comparison with census of 1890 59 Family relationship 60 Other breadwinners in the family 61 Seamstresses 62 Race and nativity .- 62 Parentage _ 64 Age 65 Marital condition .' - - - 66 Comparison with census of 1890 67 Family relationship 68 Other breadwinners in the family 69 Dressmakers 70 Geographic distribution 70 Race and nativity '■ 70 Parentage 71 Age 71 Marital condition 72 Comparison with census of 1890 72 Family relationship - 73 Other breadwinners in the family 74 Milliners ■ 75 Geographic distribution •. 75 Race and nativity 76 Importance as an occupation for women 76 Parentage 77 (3) 4 CONTENTS. Statistics of selected occupations — Continued. Milliners — Continued. Page. Age 77 Marital condition 78 Comparison with census of 1890 79 Family relationship •. 80 Other breadwinners in the family ; 80 Textile mill operatives '. 81 Importance as an occupation for women 81 Race and nativity 82 Parentage 84 Age ; 85 Marital condition 87 Comparison with census of 1890 87 Family relationship ■ 89 Other breadwinners in the family 91 Saleswomen 91 Race and nativity 92 Parentage 93 Age , 94 Marital condition 94 Comparison with previous censuses 95 Family relationship 95 Other breadwinners in the family ;...'. 96 Clerks and copyists .'. .■ 97 Race and nativity 97 Parentage .'. 98 Age :..... 99 Marital condition 100 ■Comparison with census of 1890 100 Family relationship 101 Other breadwinners in the family 101 Stenographers and typewriters 102 Geographic distribution , . . .• 103 Race and nativity 103 Parentage 104 Age : 105 Marital condition 106 Comparison with census of 1890 106 Family relationship 107 Other breadwinners in the family 108 Teachers - 109 Importance as an occupation for women 109 Race and nativity - 109 Parentage - 114 Age 115 Marital condition - 117 "Comparison with previous censuses 118 Family relationship 121 Other breadwinners in the family '. 122 Farmers 122 Race and nativity - . - 123 Parentage 124 Age 125 Marital condition 126 Comparison with census of 1890 127 GENERAL TABLES. Table 1. ^Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, for states and territories: 1900, 1890, and 1880. 131 Table 2. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for states and territories: 1900 132 Table 3. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age' periods, for states and territories: 1900 , 134 Table 4. Number and percentage of breadwinners in the native white female population of native parentage 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 136 CONTENTS. 5 Page. Table 5. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the native white female population of foreign parentage 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 138 Table 6. — Number and percentage of breadwinners- in the foreign born white female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 140 Table 7. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the negro, Indian, and Mongolian female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 142 Table 8. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the negro female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900 144 Table 9. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900 146 Table 10. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900 147 Table 11. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for states and territories: 1900 152 Table 12. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, race, and nativity, for geographic divisions: 1900 154 Table 13. — Distribution, by race and nativity, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for conti- nental United States: 1900 158 Table 14. — Total number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 159 Table 15. — Per cent distribution, by race and nativity, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 160 Table 16. — Per cent distribution, by occupation, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 161 Table 17. — Distribution, by age periods, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 162 Table 18. — Female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by age and occupation, for the United States (area of enumera- tion) : 1900 and 1890 167 Table 19. — Per cent distribution, by age periods, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890 168 Table 20. — Per cent distribution, by occupation, of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by age periods, for tlie United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 and 1890 169 Table 21. — Distribution, by marital condition, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration) : 1900 170 Table 22. — Increase in the number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1890 to 1900 176 Table 23. — Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by occupation, for continental United States: 1900 178 Table 24. — Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in selected occupations, classified by race and nativity, for states and territories: 1900 180 Table 25. — Per cent distribution, by geographic divisions, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in selected occupa- tions, for continental United States: 1900 196 Table 26. — Distribution, by family relationship, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in selected cities and employed in selected occupations, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition: 1900 198 Table 27. — Distribution, by number of other breadwinners in the family, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in selected cities and employed in selected occupations, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition: 1900 208 Table 28. — Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by family relationship, and by race, nativity, marital condi- tion, and occupation, for selected cities: 1900 218 Table 29. — Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living at home, classified by number of other breadAvinncrs in the family, and by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, for selected cities: 1900 306 • LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, Bureau of the Census^ Washington, D. C, May 20, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on Women, at Work, presenting statistics of the women 16 years of age and over reported at the Twelfth Census as having a gainful occupation. This report was prepared under the supervision of Dr. Joseph A. Hill, chief of the division of revision and results. It is based mainly upon unpublished data compiled from the Census schedules, and its preparation was undertaken in the belief that these data, already in the possession of the Census Office and only partially exploited in the previous Census reports, contained information of great importance, which could be secured in equal completeness only through another census covering the entire population of the United States. The importance of the subject with which the report deals has been emphasized in the annual messages of the President of the United States and also by the passage at the recent session of Congress of an act providing for a special investigation of the industrial, social, moral, educational, and physical condition of women and child workers in the United States. It was evident, however, that the scope of this proposed investigation would be quite distinct from that of the statistical inquiries conducted by the Census. Among the topics to be covered by that investigation the act referred to specifies the hours of labor, term of employment, health, sanitary and other conditions surrounding the occupations in which the women and child workers are engaged, and the means employed for the protection of their health, person, and morals. These are topics on which the Census possesses no data. But on the other hand the Census ascertains the age, marital condition, race, nativity, parent nativity, illiteracy, and occupation not only of each woman at work but likewise of each member of the family or household in which she lives. While the two classes of data are entirely distinct, the one supplements the other. Indeed, a primary object in preparing the report herewith submitted was that the data obtained by the Census might contribute to the special investigation authorized by Congress. It might be said that the information supplied by the Census is in answer to the question of who and how many are the women engaged in gainful occupations rather than the question of the influence and conditions of their employment. This distinction was more clearly perceived as the work approached completion. When projected it was referred to as a report on the "occupations of women;" but when the work was completed it was felt that this would hardly be an appropriate title, since the data related not so much to the occupations of women as to the women employed in occupations. Accordingly the title "statistics of women at work" was finally selected as being more descriptive of the character of the report. In this report women at work are classified by age, race and nativity, nativity of parents, marital condition, and occupation. Statistics of this general character have been presented in more or less detail in the reports of each Census since and including that of 1870. But the present report, maldng a fuller use of the information found on the Census schedules, presents also statistics in regard to the family relationship of the women at work, classifying them with respect to their relationsliip to the head of the family and with respect to the number of other breadwinners in the family. It was my intention at one time to present in this report statistics of the wages paid to women employed in the manufacturing establishments included in the scope of the Census of Manufactures taken in the year 1905, but as another report is in preparation which will present the wage statistics compiled by that census for women as well as for men and children, it was thought inadvisable to repeat the figures in the present publication. Very respectfully. Hon. Oscar S. Straus, Secretary of Commerce and Labor. (7) STATISTICS OF WOMEN AT WORK. BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH CENSUS: 1900. GENERAL STATISTICS. INTRODUCTION. The statistics presented and discussed in this report on women employed in gainful occupations in the United States are derived in part from the published reports of the Twelfth and earlier censuses, but chiefly from the original schedules of the Twelfth Census. Statistics in regard to women at work or engaged in gainful occupations have been presented in the reports of each decennial population census of the United States since and including that taken in 1870. Those censuses of still earlier date that made inquiry regarding occu- pations either published the results without distinction of sex or gave figures for males only. The term "gainful occupation" has never been formally defined by the Census Office. But the printed instructions issued to the enumerators in the Twelfth Census state that the question regarding occupations "applies to every person 10 years of age and over who is at work, that is, occupied in gainful labor, and calls for the profession, trade, or branch of work upon which each person depends chiefly for support, or in which he is engaged ordinarily during the larger part of the time." These instructions also state that a return of occupation is required "for each and every person 10 years of age and over who was engaged in gainful labor during any part of the census year (June 1, 1899, to May 31, 1900, inclusive), or who is ordi- narily occupied in remunerative work but during the census year was unable to secure work of any kind." No return was to be made for a retired lawyer, mer- chant, or manufacturer, or for a wife or daughter living at home and assisting only in the household duties without pay; nor for a child doing domestic errands or family chores out of school hours but regu- larly attending school. In discussing occupation statistics it is desirable for brevity and convenience to adopt some single word as a designation for persons reported by the census as engaged in gainful occupations. The term "breadwinners," which has already been introduced in other Census publications, will be used here for this purpose without, however, precluding altogether the use of the longer designation. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. At the Twelfth Census, taken in the year' 1900, the number of women in continental United States 16 years of age and over reported as breadwinners, or as engaged in gainful occupations, was 4,833,630. The total number of women 16 years of age and over was 23,485,559. The proportion of breadwinners, there- fore, among women of that age was 20.6 per cent, or approximately 1 in 5. Among men of the same age the proportion was 90.5 per cent. The contrast is probably not greater than would be anticipated. Men take up some occupation almost as a matter of course, and usually follow it the greater part of their lives. With women the adoption of an occupation, although by no means unusual, is far from being cus- tomary, and in the well-to-do classes of society is ex- ceptional; and with this sex, moreover, the pursuit of an occupation is probably more often temporary than permanent. Race and nativity. — As would be expected the per- centage of breadwinners among women differs widely in the main classes of population as defined by race and nativity. It is greatest among negro women, and least among the native white of native parentage. It is greater among the native white of foreign parent- age — the children of immigrants — than among the for- eign born white, or immigrants. The percentages for these classes are shown in Table i, which for purposes of comparison includes the corresponding figures for males. (9) 10 WOMEN AT WORK. Tablb I. — Number and percentage of hreadvnnners in the male and female population 16 years of age and over, for continental United States: 1900. POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Male. Female. RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 24,851,013 22,489,425 90.5 23,486,669 4,833,630 Native white — both par- ents native 12, 647, 60S 4,277,137 5, 215, 356 2,535,109 175,806 11,265,961 3,916,970 4,798,863 2,356,442 151,189 89.1 91.6 92.0 93.0 86.0 12, 130, 161 4,288,969 4, 403, 494 2,589,988 72,947 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 11,288 14 6 Native white— one or both parents foreign bom. 26 4 Foreign born white Negro 19.1 43 2 Indian and Mongolian 15.5 The extent to which women in different classes of population engage in breadwinning pursuits is no doubt determined largely by differences in economic welfare. Probably few women take up a remunerative occupation who are so situated that they can live comfortably without it. It is the necessity of sup- porting themselves wholly or in part, and perhaps contributing to the support of those dependent upon them, that is usually the impelling motive. Of course this economic necessity varies in degree and depends largely upon the standard of living, or of comfort, in the social class to which the woman may belong. Moreover, the economic motive is in many cases strengthened by other motives or considerations and may sometimes have little importance in itself or even be entirely lacking. Doubtless a considerable num- ber of the women who engage in such pursuits as teaching, literary work, or some other of the so-called liberal professions, are not constrained thereto by any necessity of earning a living, but are actuated by the motives that do not differ materially from those which appeal to men in similar circumstances, such as some form of ambition, a love of activity, or a desire for social usefulness. But it is safe to say that while women of this class may be increasing in numbers, they make up only a very small fraction of the total number of women returned, by the census as breadwinners. They are not at present numerous enough to affect materi- ally the percentages shown in a comparison of large classes or destroy the presumption that these percent- ages will reflect to a great extent the economic position of the classes compared, showing a tendency to decline in proportion as women are removed from the neces- sity of earning a living. Nevertheless, the percentages- for the different classes in Table i appear not to correspond completely with the probable rank of these classes in economic posi- tion. It would be expected that, in so far as economic status is the determining factor, the percentage of breadwinners would be greatest among negro women and least among native white women of native parent- age; and this is shown to be the case. But it probably would not be expected that the percentage for native white women of foreign parentage would be greater than that for foreign born white women; for it is hardly to be supposed that the present day immigrants are better off in an economic sense than the children of immigrants, or the first generation of native Ameri- cans. Therefore, the fact that the women of foreign birth comprise fewer breadwinners in proportion to their numbers than the native women born of foreign parentage must be explained by the presence and in- fluence of some factor which counteracts or disguises the difference in economic position. The factor that has this effect is the age distribution which, as will be shown later, differs very strikingly in the two classes here compared (see page 12). Another modifying factor which does not readily admit of statistical measurement, but should be re- ferred to in this connection, is the opportunity for employment of women, which varies in different com- munities and classes and is perhaps increasing in all. This doubtless has an important effect on the extent to which women take up occupations or become bread- winners. .Opportunities are in general morfe abundant in the city than in the country; and the foreign born and their children, being concentrated in cities to a much greater degree than the native population of native parentage, would for that reason also be likely to include a larger percentage of breadwinners among women. It will be noticed that for men the percentage of breadwinners, as shown in the above table, does not differ materially in the different classes compared, but that such differences as exist correspond to the assumed gradations of economic welfare, the four niain classes — the negroes, the foreign born white, the native white of foreign parentage, and the native white of native parentage — ranking in the order in which they are here named. Probably the percentage of men who sooner or later take up an occupation is about the same in all classes of society, and these differences, which appear in the classes as enumerated on a given day arise chiefly from the fact that in the poorer classes men take up occupations earlier in life and perhaps follow them longer. Age. — Table ii gives the number and percentage of breadwinners among males and females classified by age. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 11 Table II. — Number ami percentage of breadwinners in the male and female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for con. tinental United States: 1900. POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Male. Female. AGE. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total- . 24,851,013 22,489,426 90.6 23,485,559 4,833,630 20.6 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 56 to 64 years 66 years and over... Age uiLknown 3,716,714 2,888,931 6,224,864 4,872,781 3,402,458 2,062,424 1,566,418 127, 423 2,855,425 2,689,226 5,993,847 4,704,682 3,260,259 1,856,181 1,063,856 75,949 76.8 93.1 96.3 96,6 95 5 90.0 68.4 59.6 3,837,851 2,914,591 5,860,616 4,339,166 2,994,983 1,940,111 1,525,080 73,161 1,237,967 898, 478 1,168,342 676,032 440, 826 256,705 138, 587 17, 694 32.3 30.8 19.9 15.6 14*7 13.2 9.1 24 2 It is apparent from Table ii that young women are engaged in breadwinning pursuits to a much greater extent than women of older years. The maximum percentage of breadwinners for this sex is in fact that shown for the youngest age group, 16 to 20 years, and the percentage declines without interruption in each older age period, the decline being most marked in the ten-year period beginning at 25. This decline reflects the fact that a large proportion of the women who take up an occupation iu early life abandon it later when they marry. Indeed, from an economic standpoint, marriage for a woman is in some respects analogous to an occupation for a man; and it has been said with some truth that marriage is wornan's occupation or profession. The resemblance is twofold. Through marriage, as from an occupation, a woman usually secures at least a livelihood and perhaps the enjoyment of wealth and luxury; and again marriage, like an occupation, normally and usually imposes upon, a woman certain duties and responsibilities, namely, those arising from the care of home and family, in- volving in the majority of cases more or less labor in the form of housework. Thus under ordinary condi- tions the married woman lacks the incentive as well as the time or opportunity to engage in a breadwin- ning occupation. Moreover, there are natural and obvious barriers to the employment of married women in pursuits which take them from their homes, espe- cially in cases where there are children in the home. Usually, therefore, a woman who may have taken up a breadwinning occupation in early life gives up that occupation when she marries, or soon thereafter, and devotes herself to the duties of domestic life. With the other sex, of course, matrimony does not have that result, but, on the contrary, usually acts as an added incentive for adopting or pursuing a breadwinning occupation. Accordingly the percent- age of breadwinners among men shows no marked decline until late in life. The fact that a large proportion of the women who are breadwinners in early life give up their occupation upon reaching the marriageable — or marrying — age affects the age distribution of the breadwinners of this sex so that it is in marked contrast with that of male breadwinners, as is shown by Table iii. Table III. — Distribution, by age, of the male and female breadwinners ■ 16 years of age and over, for continental United States: 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 1« to20 years. 21 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unloiown BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER. Male. Number. 22,489,425 5,544,651 2,855,425 2,689,226 5,993,847 4, 704, 682 3, 260, 269 1, 866, 181 1,063,856 75, 949 Per cent i . i Per cent distribu- ! Number, distribu- tion, tion. 100.0 : 4,833,630 ' 24.7 12.7 12.0 26.7 20.9 14.5 8.3 4.7 0.3 2, 136, 445 1,237,967 898, 478 1, 168, 342 675,032 440,825 256, 705 138, 687 17,694 44.2 25.6 18.6 24.2 14.0 9.1 5.3 2.9 0.4 It appears from the above table that almost 45 per cent of the women engaged in breadwinning pursuits were under 25 years of age, and more than 68 per cent were under 35. The corresponding percentages for the other sex are much lower, being 24.7 and 51.4, respec- tively. It is evident, then, that the extent to which women in any class of population or in any community are engaged in breadwinning occupations depends to a considerable degree upon the factor of age. Other things being equal, the class or commimity in which there is the largest percentage of young women will have the largest representation of breadwinners among that sex. Therefore, in undertaking to account for the differences between different classes of popula- tion as regards the proportion of women engaged in breadwinning pursuits, differences in age distribution become important factors to be considered. Table iv shows the age distribution for women ia the principal race and nativity classes of the popula- tion, for which comparisons have already been made. 12 WOMEN AT WORK. Table IV. — Distribution, by age, of the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AGE. All classes. Native white — both par- ents na- tive. Native white- one or both parents for- eign born. Foreign bom white. Negro. NUMBER. Total 23,485,559 12, 130, 161 4,288,969 4,403,494 2,589,988 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 3,837,851 2,914,591 5,860,616 4,339,166 2,994,983 1,940,111 1,525,080 73,161 2,092,138 1,490,273 2,860,606 2,115,226 1,590,440 1,081,431 864,846 35, 201 862,537 657, 463 1,323,801 868,394 366, 146 137,986 69,362 3,281 339,349 372,474 1,020,689 913, 674 735,067 657,010 456, 587 8,744 531,138 386,790 639, 369 429,442 293,688 157,579 128, 338 23,664 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 10.3 12.4 25.0 18.5 12.7 8.3 6.5 0.3 17.3 12.3 23.6 17.4 13.1 8.9 7.1 0.3 20.1 15.3 30.9 20.3 8.5 3.2 1.6 0.1 7.7 8.5 23.2 20.7 16.7 12.6 10.4 0.2 20.5 14.9 24.7 16.6 11.3 6.1 6.0 0.9 The per cent distribution given in the above table brings out the marked contrast as regards age constitu- tion between white women of foreign birth and native white women whose parents were of foreign birth. Of the latter, 35.4 per cent were under 25 years of age; of the former, only 16.2 per cent. It is this contrast in age which accounts in large part for the fact that the percentage of breadwinners is much greater among native white women of foreign parentage than among foreign born white women. It may be assumed that for the most part the two classes here compared live side by side in the same communities; and although the first generation of native Americans are presumably more prosperous as a class than the immigrants, the dif- ference is probably not great enough to have a marked influence on the extent to which women in these two classes of population engage in breadwinning pursuits. Therefore, as would be expected, the great difference noted in the percentage of young women becomes the decisive factor, and the class comprising the larger per- centage of young women naturally comprises the larger percentage of breadwinners. Among the native white women of native parentage the percentage of young women under 25 is 29.6, which is much larger than the corresponding percentage for the foreign born white, but considerably smaller than that for the native white of foreign parentage and that for the negro. It is probable that the rank of this class in the percentage of breadwinners among women is determined by economic position rather than by age constitution. This is equally true of the negro women, for whom the percentage of breadwinners is largest, although the percentage of young women is not larger than it is for the native white of foreign parentage. The effect of these differences in age distribution may be eliminated by a comparison for these different classes in the same age period, such as is presented by Table v. Table V.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND AGE, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. Total 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 56 to 64 years 66 years and over Age unknown FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Native white — both parents native. 12, ISO, 161 2, 092, 138 1,490,273 2,860,606 2,116,226 1,590,440 1,081,431 864, 846 35,201 Breadwinners. Number. Percent 1,771, 434,822 318,070 399,048 244,348 182, 106 '120, 592 67,624 6,356 14.1 20.8 21.3 13.9 11.6 11.5 11.2 7.8 16.2 Native white— one or both par- ents foreign born. 4,288,969 862, 637 667, 463 1,323,801 868,394 366,146 137,986 69,362 3,281 Breadwinners. Number. Percent. 346,022 248,202 297,768 130, 682 46,903 15,975 5,367 825 26.4 40.0 37.8 22.5 15.0 12.8 11.6 7.7 26.1 Foreign born white. Total. 4, 403, 494 339, 349 372,474 1,020,689 913, 674 736,067 557,010 456, 587 8,744 Breadwinners. Number. Percent 840,011 192,817 154, 743 202, 132 119, 164 86,069 64,634 28,261 2,301 19.1 66.8 41.6 19.8 13.0 11.7 9.8 6.2 26.3 Negro. 631, 138 386,790 639,359 429, 442 293,688 157,579 128,338 23, 654 Breadwinners. Number. Percent, 1,119,621 263,393 176,326 266,942 178, 802 124,023 64,534 36, 639 9,063 43.2 49.6 45.6 41.8 41.6 42.2 41.0 28.6 38.3 Table v shows that in each age group except the two oldest the percentage of breadwinners is smallest among the native white women of native parentage, and that in each age group except the youngest it is largest among negro women. It is apparent, also, that under the age of 25 the foreign born white women engage in breadwinning pursuits to a greater extent than native white women of foreign parentage. But this is not the case in the older age periods. Doubtless the comparison between the two classes is affected by a difference in marital con- dition. At each period of life the percentage of single women is somewhat smaller among the foreign born white women who have migrated to this country than among the native white women of foreign parentage. In other words, marriage, which interferes with the pursuit of an occupation, is somewhat more general among the former than among the latter.' In a com- ' Twelfth Census, Population, Part II, page Ixxxvii. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 13 parison restricted to single women, it will be found that at each age period the percentage of breadwin- ners is higher for the foreign born white than for the native white of foreign parentage (see Table ix) . The fact that after the age of 55 the percentage of breadwinners for the native white of native parentage becomes larger than that for the foreign born white and about the same as that for the native white of foreign parentage indicates, of course, that for some reason the native white women of native parentage continue or take up occupations late in life to a greater extent than women in the other classes. A partial explanation may be found in the difference of environ- ment. The native white are represented in agricul- tural communities to a greater extent than the foreign born, and it will be found that a large proportion of these older breadwinners among the native white of native parentage were returned as farmers, many of them probably being widows who, in carrying on the farms of their deceased husbands, were taking up an occupation of which they already had considerable knowledge and experience. The fact has been noted that the percentage of breadwinners among women is largest in the youngest age group, 16 to 20 years. This is also true in each of the classes of population distinguished in the above table except the native wliite of native parents among whom the highest percentage of breadwinners is that shown for the next older age period, 21 to 24. This may indicate that in thi-s class of the population women do not begin working at so young an age and perhaps do not marry as soon as in the other classes. It is noticeable that among negro women the per- centage of breadwinners, although .highest in the youngest age group, shows no very marked decline until the period of old age is reached, and that between the ages 25 and 54 the percentage remains almost stationary. It may be inferred, therefore, that mar- riage does not have the same effect in reducing the proportion of breadwinners among women of this race as it does among white women. This inference is substantiated by statistics, which will be presented in the next section, showing the proportion of bread- winners in the female population, classified by race and marital condition. Marital condition. — A classification by marital con- dition of the breadwinners of each sex 10 years of age and over is given in the Twelfth Census report on Occupations. This shows the total number in each of the four marital classes, comprising the single — with whom are included the unknown — the married, the widowed, and the divorced. But, as this classifi- cation was not combined with an age classification, it is not possible, without going back to the original returns and making a special count, to state accurately the number in each marital class for those breadwin- ners who are 16 years of age and over. The number may, however, be estimated with a close approach to accuracj^ by assuming that none of the breadwinners who were reported as married, widowed, or divorced were under 16, or in other words, that all those who were under 16 were single. On this assumption the total number of smgle breadwinners 16 years of age and over would be obtained by subtracting the total number of breadwinners 10 to 15 5'ears of age from the total number of single breadwinners 10 j^ears of age and over. Of course the result thus obtained is not quite accurate, because, without doubt, a small number of the breadwinners 10 to 15 years of age were married. Accordingly the estimated number of single bread- ^^^[nners 16 years and over is slightly too small, while the estimated numbers of the married, and possibly of the widowed and divorced, are slightlj- too large; but the differences are not serious enough to affect materially the comparisons or conclusions which may be based upon these estimates. It is necessary to make a similar estimate in order to obtain, for purposes of compari- son, the marital classification of the total female population 16 years of age and over. The figures showing marital condition for the population 15 years of age and over are given in the published Census reports, and the corresponding figures for the popula- tion 16 years of age and over have been computed hj assuming that all wonien just 15 years of age are single. This again results in a slight exaggeration of the number married and a slight understatement of the number single. The results obtained by making these assumptions are shown in the following tabular statement : AGE. Total. S.ngle (in-l eluding un- Married, known). 1 Widowed. Di- vorced. Females; 15 years and over... 24,249,191 1763,632 7,606,772 '763,632 13,810,057 2,717,715 114,647 16 years and over. .. Female breadwinners: 10 years and over. .. lOto 15 years, inclu- sive 23,485,559 5,319,397 1 485, 767 6,843,140 3,029,479 i 1485,767 13,810,057 769,477 2,717,715 857,005 114,647 63,436 16 years and over... 4,833,630 i 3,143,712 ' 769,477 1 857,005 63,436 1 Assumed to be single. Attention has already been called to the fact that the percentage of breadwinners among women under- goes a marked reduction at the period of life when most women marry. The effect of matrimony is shown more directly in Table vi, in which the percent- age of breadwinners among married women may be compared with that in other marital classes. Of the women who were married, 5.6 per cent, or approxi- mateh" 1 in 18, were returned in the census as being breadwinners or having gainful occupations. Among single women the proportion is 45.9 per cent, or about 9 in 20. Women living in widowhood take up bread- \\Tinning pursuits more generally than married women. 14 WOMEN AT WORK. but not so much as women who are single. The differ- ence in this respect between the widowed and the single is due partly to the difference in age. The widowed comprise a comparatively small proportion of young women and a large proportion of old women, many of whom are no longer able to work, and, if not provided with independent resources, must be supported by their children or other relatives or by private or public charity. Table VI. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the mule and female population 16 years of age and over, classified by marital con- dition, for continental United States: 1900. " POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Male. Female. MARITAL CONDITION. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 24,851,013 22,489,425 90.5 23,486,669 4,833,630 Single (incl. unknown)i. Marriedi 9,633,167 13,955,650 l,m,976 84,230 8,356,666 13, 150, 671 907,855 75,233 86.7 94.2 77.1 89.3 6,843,140 13,810,057 2, 717, 715 114, 647 3,143,712 769,477 857,006 63,436 46.9 Widowed' Divorced i 56 3 1 Estimated from published census returns giving the marital condition of the female population 15 years of age and over, and that of female breadwinners 10 years of age and over. It is interesting to note that the largest percentage of breadwinners among women in the above comparison by marital classes is that for divorced women. This is by far the smallest of the four marital classes, and the census returns of the number of women living in a state of divorce are doubtless deficient, perhaps because the fact of divorce entails in most communities some social condemnation, and is therefore not likely to be admit- ted in many cases where it actually exists. ^ It has ' Twelfth Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 385. been suggested that the returns which were received are in harmony with the theory that the increase in the number of divorces is in large measure the result of the more independent economic position of women, the figures indicating that the women who secure divorces are uncommonly well qualified to support themselves.^ At the same time it will be found that this marital class comprises a much smaller percentage of old women than the widowed,^ and it is not un- likely, moreover, that the divorced women may as a class be under a greater necessity of earning their own living than the other unmarried classes with which they are here compared. As already explained, comparisons of the number of breadwinners in different marital classes by age periods can not be derived from the published returns of the Twelfth Census, because the classification of bread- winners by marital condition was not combined with a classification by age. This combination was given in the Eleventh Census reports, but" was omitted in the Twelfth in order to include other detail which was re- garded as more important. From the Eleventh Cen- sus data, therefore, the comparisons referred to may be made; audit is probable that the general conclusions •based upon the Eleventh Census figures would be true of conditions at the time of the Twelfth Census, since such other comparisons as can be made for both cen- suses indicate that the relative position of different classes of population as regards the percentage of breadwinners did not materially change in the ten-year interval. Accordingly Table vii has been prepared with the belief that the figures for 1890 can be accepted as typical of conditions in 1900. ''■ Twelfth Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 442. 'Twelfth Census, Occupations, page ccxiii. Table VII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER', CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND MARITAL CONDITION, FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1890. Total 15 to 24 years i . . . 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown FEMALE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All Classes. Total. 19, 602, 178 6,400,635 4,682,432 3, 346, 031 2,430,878 1,499,997 1, 183, 669 68, 636 Breadwinners. 3,712,144 1,863,460 807, 670 441,067 313, 363 180, 387 98,158 18,039 18. i 29.0 17.2 13.2 12.9 12.0 8.3 30.8 Single (including unknown) Breadwinners. - Total. 1,250,912 :, 692, 607 971, 653 .332, 564 173,449 88,229 68, 755 23, 655 2,531,648 1,715,084 534,428 159, 827 71,148 28,481 12.161 10,419 Per cent. 40.5 37.3 55.0 48.1 41.0 32.3 17.7 44.0 11,124,786 1,758,695 3, 522, 268 2, 698, 266 1,796,979 906, 627 418, 399 24, 551 Breadwinner^ 615, 124 112,261 169, 322 122, 614 70,824 27,164 9,464 3,476 Per cent. 4.6 6.4 4.8 4.5 3.9 3.0 2.3 14.2 Widowed. 2,154,598 41,301 166, 762 296, 302 447,370 499,420 693, 324 10, 119 Breadwinners. Number. 630, 257 22,096 91,746 148, 383 165, 567 122, 629 75, 974 3,964 Per cent. 29.3 53.5 56.0 50.1 37.0 24.5 11.0 39.2 Total. 71,883 8,032 21, 749 18,899 13,080 6,721 3,091 311 Breadwinners. Number. 35,215 4,020 12, 175 10, 243 5,824 2,213 559 181 Per cent. 49.0 60.0 56.0 64.2 44.5 32.9 18.1 68.2 Although the percentage of breadwinners in each marital class was smaller in 1890 than in 1900, the rela- tive position of the classes compared was the same at the two censuses. In 1890, as in 1900, the divorced had the largest percentage of breadwinners; and next to them came the single, then the widowed, and lastly the married. This fact strengthens the presumption that a comparison by age groups at the later census, if it could be made, would probably show substantially the same relationship as at the earlier. The figures. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 15 for 1890, at any rate, show that in the youngest age, period, 1 5 to 24 years, the percentage of breadwinners for widows was slightly larger than that for the divorced, and that both these percentages were considerably larger than the percentage for the single. In the next age period, 2.5 to 34 years, the percentages were almost exactly the same for all three of the unmarried classes. For each age period above 34 years the highest percentage was always that for the divorced. Between the ages of 15 and 44 widows were engaged in breadwinning .pursuits to a greater extent than single women; but above the age of 44 the single show the higher percentage of breadwinners. Doubtless many young widows are impelled to take up some remunerative occupation by the necessity of support- ing not only themselves but their dependent children. As the years go by the children grow up and are able to support their mothers. It is probable, too, that women who become widows late in life are as a class better provided for than those who became widows at an earlier age. These conditions may explain why, with the advance in years, the percentage of breadwinners falls oif more rapidly among widows than in either of the other two unmarried classes. Among married women the percentage of bread- winners is highest in the youngest age group and steadily declines with each advance in age. Many married women who follow some breadwinning occu- pation for a time after marriage are compelled to abandon it later when, on account of the birth of children, domestic duties become more exacting. At a still later period the economic position of the family may so far improve, either through the increased earnings of the husband or the contributory earnings of older children, that the wages or earnings which the wife might obtain by engaging in some bread- winning pursuit are no longer essential. In Table viii the classification of women by mari- tal status is combined with that by race and nativity, but without distinction of age. Table VIII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE, All classes. [Single (including unknown).^ Married.i Widowed.! Divorced.! RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Bread wiimers. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 23,485,559 4,833,e30 20.6 6,843,140 3,143,712 45.9 13,810,057 769,477 6.6 2,717,715 857,005 31.5 114,647 63, 436 55.3 Native white— both par- 12,130,161 4,288,969 4,403,494 2, 589, 988 72,947 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 11,288 14.6 23.4 19.1 43.2 15.^ 3, 483, 867 1,802,436 832, 945 710,031 13,861 1, 177, 420 929, 852 586, 173 447,750 2,617 33.8 51.6 70.4 63.1 18.2 7,251,375 2,212,946 2, 855, 446 1,443,817 46, 473 217,257 68,976 102, 169 376.096 4,979 3.0 3.1 3.6 26.0 10.7 1,332, .334 266, 953 702,585 414, 107 11,736 347,663 83, 107 145,240 277, 665 3,440 26.1 32.3 20.7 67.0 29.3 62,586 16,634 12, 518 22,033 877 29, 726 8,809 6,429 18, 120 352 47.5 Native white— one or ' both parents Joreign 63.0 Foreign born white 51.4 82.2 Indian and Mongolian 40.1 1 Estimated from published census returns by method explained on page 13. Disregarding the figures for the comparatively small number of Indian and Mongolian women, it will be found that in each marital class except the widowed the percentage of breadwinners is smallest for native white women of native parentage; and in each marital class except the single is largest for negro women. The excep- tions noted arise from the fact that the foreign born whites have the largest percentage of breadwinners among single women and the smallest among the wid- owed. That the percentage of breadmnners should be exceptionally high among the single women of foreign birth who have migrated to this country would prob- ably be anticipated. But the fact that the widows in the foreign born population include relatively fewer breadwinners than any other class of widows may seem on first consideration rather remarkable. The probable explanation varies according to the class of widows with which the comparison is made. Comparing the foreign born white with the native white of native parentage, it should be noted that the former are coiicentrated in cities and industrial centers, while a large proportion of the latter live in agricul- tural communities where widows readily take up the occupation of farming. Again, as compared with the native white widows whose parents were foreign born, the widows of foreign birth comprise a large proportion of persons of advanced age; and, as com- pared with widows in the negro population, their economic position is doubtless so much superior that they are under less necessity of taking up bread- winning pursuits. In brief, white widows of foreign birth include more aged women than the native white widows whose parents were of foreign birth, are con- centrated in cities to a greater extent than native white widows whose parents were also native, and are better off in an economic sense than widows in the 16 WOMEN AT WORK. negro race; and these are probably the reasons why they have a smaller percentage of breadwinners than the classes of widows with which they are compared. Comparing the rank of the four marital classes with respect to the percentage of breadwinners, it will be noted that among the native white women of either na- tive or foreign parentage the order is the same as it is for the total population. The divorced women have the highest percentage; the single rank next in this respect; then come the widowed ; and lastly, with a percentage very much lower than that for any other marital class, the married. Among the foreign born white women the highest percentage is that for the single women; while among the negroes the percentage for the single is exceeded by that for the widowed as well as that for the divorced. In every race and nativity class the percentage of breadwinners is much lower for married women than for the single, widowed, or divorced. But this differ- ence is by no means so striking among negroes as it is among the whites, and it is thus evident that the married negro woman supports herself or contributes to the support of her family much more generally than the married white woman. This would probably be taken for granted without reference to statistics. But here, as in many other cases, the main value of the statistics consists in measuring the extent of differences known to exist. That even among negroes marriage makes a great difference in the economic position of women is indicated by the fact that the percentage of breadwinners for the single women of this race is almost two and one-half times that for the married women. On making the. same comparison for the dif- ferent classes of white women, it will be found, however, that the one percentage is about eleven times the other in the case of the native white of native parent- age, about seventeen times in the case of the native white of foreign parentage, and almost twenty times in the case of the foreign born white. Marital condition and age. — In the two preceding tables analyzing the census data relative to women engaged in gainful occupations, the race and nativity classification of population has been combined first with a classification by age and then with a classification by marital condition. The analysis may now be carried a step farther, by presenting the race and nativity classification in combination with a classification by both age and marital condition. To do this, however, it is necessary to revert again to the celisus of 1890, since, as already explained, the requisite detail is not presented in the published reports of the census of 1900. Table ix accordingly applies to the women enumerated at the earlier census, but doubtless repre- sents fairly well the conditions prevailing at the later, so far at least as the relative position of the different classes compared is concerned. To save space the table presents the percentages only. The numbers on which these percentages are based may be found in the published reports of the Eleventh Census.' Table IX. — Percentage of breadwinners in the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by age, marital condition, race, and nativity, for the United States: 1890. PEECENTAGE OF BEEADWINNEES AMONG 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE. WOMEN EACE AND NATIVITY. Total. 15 to 24 years. 25 to . 34 years. 35 to ! 46 to 1 55 to 14 : 54 64 years, years. (years. 65 years and over. Age un- known. ALL MAEITAL CLASSES. 18.9 29.0 17.2 13.2 12.9 12.0 8.3 30.8 Native white — botli parents 12.4 25.3 19.8 39.9 17.7 35.0 50.4 45.3 11.4 19.2 19.8 37.4 9.2 12.1 12.0 37.0 9.8 10.9 10.5 .37.8 9.9 10.7 9.4 37.2 6.7 7.2 6.1 26.2 22.2 Native white — one or both parents foreign horn Foreign bom white 31.1 37.5 42.1 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). 40.5 37.3 55.0 48.1 41.0 32.3 17.7 Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white 27.5 44.4 70.4 59.3 24.0 41,9 71.1 55.4 42.2 55.6 78.6 77.6 36.6 49.6 68.0 79.3 31.6 40.9 67.3 77.4 24.9 29.9 44.9 68.6 13.6 16.6 23.1 43.4 36.1 43.6 77.8 49.2 MAEEIED. 4.6 6.4 4.8 4 6 3.9 3.0 2.3 14.2 Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white Negro 2.2 2.7 3.0 22.7 2.5 3.1 4.7 24.5 2.4 2.6 3.4 23.3 2.3 2.6 3.1 22.4 2.1 2.6 2.6 21.0 1.7 2.2 1.9 19.1 1.2 1.7 1.4 15.2 5.6 6.5 8.2 29.3 "WIDOWED. All classes 29.3 53.5 55.0 50.1 37.0 24.5 11.0 39.2 Native white — both parents native 23.7 30.3 21.3 62.6 32.6 40.5 51.3 77.2 42.2 46.1 53.6 81.8 42.4 40.6 42.4 80.0 33.4 28.7 27.8 69.5 22.6 20.4 18.0 55.2 9.3 8.9 7.9 29.7 25.7 Native white— one or both parents foreign born . F'oreign born white '. Negro 27.6 26.6 58.5 DIVORCED. a" 49.0 50.0 66.0 54.2 44.5 32.9 18.1 58.2 Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born ' Foreign bom white Negro 42.6 47.9 44.8 79.8 39.7 45.4 6.5.8 75.2 48.5 .52.6 .59.4 81.2 48.5 48.5 63.0 83.7 40.2 37.9 41.8 84.3 30.7 35.9 29.9 64.6 16.2 25.6' 14.2 48.4 46.6 (•) W 75.2 1 1'er cent not shown where base is less than 100. It has been assumed that so far as the effect of eco- nomic conditions is concerned, the normal order of the four principal race and nativity classes, if ranked with reference to the decreasing percentage of bread- wirmers among women, would be as follows: 1, negro; 2, foreign born .white; 3, native white of foreign parentage; 4, native white of native parentage. The deviation from this order has been explained as due in part to the effect which age distribution has upon ' Eleventh Census, Population, Part I, page 831, and Part II, page 750. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 17 marital condition and this indirectly upon the propor- tion of breadwinners. Briefly stated, the chain of causation is as follows: The more young women, the more single women; and the more single women, the more breadwinners. Thus while the native white women born of foreign parentage are assumed to be better off economically than the foreign born white women, they have nevertheless a much larger percent- age of breadwinners because, as already explained, they have a relatively large proportion of yoimg and unmarried women. But in the above table the dis- turbing effect of differences in age distribution and marital condition is practically eliminated by present- ing the percentages by race and nativity for women in the same age group and 'same marital class. In general, it will be noted the order of the four race and nativity classes conforms to that designated as the normal, the largest percentage in the column being in most cases that for negro women, the foreign bom white usually ranking next, then the native white born of foreign parentage, and lastly the native white whose parents were also native. The most notable deviations from this order are those indicating that foreign born white women who are single and under 25 years of age are working at breadwinning pursuits much more generallj' than the corresponding class of negro women; that in the white population 55 years of age and over the native married women of foreign parentage comprise relatively more breadwinners than the married women of foreign birth; and that of the widows over 55 in the white population the natives whose parents were also natives engage in breadwinning to a greater extent than the natives whose parents were foreign born, and the latter, in turn, to a greater extent than the widows of foreign birth. Among divorced women the order of the percentage for the four race and nativity classes conforms to what is as- sumed to be the normal order in the two youngest age periods only; but in this detailed analysis the per- centage for the divorced can not probably be treated as especially significant, the numbers being, as already remarked, comparatively small and the census enu- meration presumably more or less defective. City and country. — A comparison of the occupation returns of the census by localities indicates that there is a larger proportion of breadwinners among women living in cities than among those living in rural districts. This result would probably be anticipated, because it is generally understood that the nature and variety of occupations carried on in commercial and manufac- turing centers afford more opportunities for women seeking remunerative employment than are presented in agricultural districts. It may also be due in part to the composition of the urban population, in which are represented the extremes of wealth and poverty, so that the demand for the employment of women in domestic or personal service, as well as in commercial and industrial pursuits, exists side by side with the 12694—07 2 necessity for seeking such employment. In the rural population there is usually a closer approach to social and economic equality, and probably less poverty in proportion to population. A comparison which segregates the distinctively rural districts from urban communities can not, how- ever, be made on the basis of census statistics, because the. returns by locality are not published in sufficient detail. In fact, the tabulation of the figures in such fullness as would be requisite for this purpose would hardly be justifiable, even if practicable. The Twelfth Census report on Occupations, however, published in considerable detail the occupation data for cities having a population of over 50,000; and on the basis of these published figures and of additional details compiled and published for the first time in the present report, a series of tables has been prepared comparing totals for cities of over 50,000 with those for smaller places or communities outside such cities, as regards the num- ber, classification, and proportion of breadwinners comprised in the female population 16 years of age and over. This comparison may be treated as representing ap- proximately the difference between city and country. The population living in cities of over 50,000 is of course exclusively urban; while the population living outside such cities is mainly rural, as is evident from the fact that, as shown by the Twelfth Census, 76.9 per cent of this population is found in places having less than 2,500 inhabitants. Thus the comparison is between the conditions prevailing in the distinctively urban population living in the large or middle class cities, and the mainly, though not entirely, rural population living outside such cities. Table x, presenting totals for continental United States, measures the differ- ence between these two classes of communities as regards the proportion of breadwinners comprised in the total female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity. Table X. — Kumher and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and oxer living in cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classir- fled by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. All classes 6,855,790 1 1 657 728 ' '^S 3 17 690 7fiQ ':i 17.si 000 18 " ' ' 1 ' Native white— both par- 1,703,955 1.700,209 2,095,206 353,787 2,633 414,954 .554, 806 494,043 193,318 607 24.4 32.6 23.6 54 6 Native white — one or both parents foreign 2,688,760 2,308,288 2,236,201 70,314 635,938 345,968 926, 303 10,681 20.7 15.0 41 4 Foreign born white Negro . . . Indian and Mongolian . . . 23.1 15.2 18 WOMEN AT WORK. For convenience the term "city" will be used in this connection to designate collectively cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, the term "country" being applied to the smaller cities and country districts. The above table shows that in the city as thus defined the per- centage of breadwinners among all classes of women is greater than it is in the country by a little more than one-half. This means, of course, that if the total female population 16 years of age and over were the same in the city as in the country and the percent- ages remained unchanged, there would be 3 women occupied as breadwinners in the city to every 2 in the country. Reducing the percentages to simple ratios, we find that in the city approximately 2 women out of every 7 are breadwinners; in the country 2 out of every 11. The comparison by race and nativity presented in the above table shows that for each class of the popu- lation the percentage of breadwinners is larger in the city than in the country. The contrast is most marked in the case of the native white of native_ parentage, for whom the percentage of breadwinners is almost twice as large in the city as in the country. This is explained in part by the fact that the white popula- tion of foreign birth or foreign parentage outside the larger cities is undoubtedly concentrated largely in the smaller cities, or the urban portion of what is here termed country, while the white population of native birth and native parentage is a more distinctively rural population and therefore affected to a greater extent by the conditions prevailing in rural communities, where, as has been assumed and as the statistics here considered indicate, the percentage of breadwinners among women is normally smaller than in the cities. The class which shows largest percentages and the smallest difference between city and country is the negro, a fact probably indicative of the comparative poverty of the race in all communities and implying the extensive employment of negro women as farm laborers in agricultural districts and as domestic serv- ants in cities. Table xi introduces into this comparison between city and country, as regards the number and propor- tion of breadwinners among women, a classification by age groups. It is evident from this table that the excess in the percentage of breadwinners in the city is most marked among young women, gradually becoming less in older age periods, and disappearing entirely in a compari- son for women 65 years of age and over. One reason may be that the cityward migration of women seeking employment, which is undoubtedly a contributory factor in making the proportion of breadwinners higher in city than in country, is confined mostly to single women in the younger years of life. At the same time it is noticeable that in the city the decline in the percentage of breadwinners accompanying the advance in age continues without interruption and is comparatively rapid, while in the country it is inter- rupted at the age of 35, and there is no further decline of any significance until the age of 65 is reached. This difference suggests that the occupations peculiar to the country are such as may be more readily contin- ued or taken up late in life. Now the principal occu- pations that are followed in the country and are also practically unrepresented in the city are those con- nected with agriculture; and attention has been called to the fact that the census shows a considerable num- ber of women in middle life or advanced age who are reported as farmers. These help to swell the percent- age of breadwinners in the country in the older age periods. Table XI. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, for continental United States: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK— In Cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwiimers. • Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 6,840,321 1,653,518 28.3 17,672,077 3,162,418 18 835,868 747, 661 1,634,070 1,162,907 724, 173 431,347 304, 306 434, 367 334, 196 446, 477 234, 180 124, 112 57, 479 22,707 62.0 44.7 27.3 20.1 17.1 13.3 7.5 3,001,993 2,166,930 4,226,546 3,176,259 2,270,810 1,508,764 1,220,775 803, 600 564,282 721,865 440,852 316,713 199,226 115,880 26.8 21 to 24 years 26 25 to 34 years 17. 1 35 to 44 years 13 9 13.9 55 to 64 years 13.2 65 years and over 9.5 The influence of this class upon the percentages given in the above table for smaller cities and country districts is apparent in Table xii, which has been prepared on the assumption that none of the women reported by the Census as engaged in agricultural pursuits lived in cities having over 50,000 inhabitants. This assumption is obviously a very close approxi- mation to the truth, only a very small number of women "^ in the large cities being reported as engaged in occupations connected with agriculture. The last column in Table xii shows what per- centages of the women living in the smaller cities and country districts are engaged in pursuits not con- nected with agriculture, and it is noticeable that be- ginning with the second age period, 21 to 24 years, this percentage steadily declines. On the other hand, the percentage engaged in agricultural pursuits, while it declines up to the age of 35, steadily increases after that until in the age group 55 to 64 years the percentage is as high as that in the youngest age group. This fall and rise reflects on the one hand the extent to which youno' women or girls employed as farm laborers, most of 'The total number was in fact 2,853. But this total has not been distributed by age periods in such detail as to make possible its exclusion from Table xii. PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 19 them probably being farmers' children working on the home farm, give up this occupation as they grow older; and on the other the extent to which women past middle life, especially those who are widows of farmers, assum; the management of farms. ^ Table Xll.— Female population 16 years of age and over living in cities of less than 50,000 inhabitants and in country districts, with number and percentage engaged in agricultural pursuits and in all other occupations, for continental United States: 1900. WOMEN ll'j YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES OF LESS THAN 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN COUNTEY DISTRICTS. AGE. Total. . Breadwinners. In agri purs Number. cultural In all other occu- lits. 1 pations. Percent. Number, i Percent. Total 17,572,077 766,677 4. 4 1 2,395,840 13.6 16 to 20 years 3,001,993 2,166,930 4,226,546 3, 176, 259 2,270,810 1,608,764 1,220,775 177,876 83,826 123, 677 114,152 116,842 5. 9 ' 626, 724 3. 9 ' 480, 466 2. 9 1 598, 188 3. 6 326, 700 5.1 1 199,871 20.9 22.1 14.2 10.3 8.8 7.3 4.6 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years . . 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 61,050 5. ' 54, 830 > On the assumption that none of the women in continental United States reported as engaged in agricultural pursuits in 1900 were living in cities of more than 60,000 inhabitants. The rise after the age of 35 in the percentage en- gaged in agriculture counterbalances the fall in the per- centage engaged in other pursuits, so that the percent- age for the two groups combined remains practically stationary, thereby producing the contrast between city and country pointed out and commented upon in connection with Table xi. In Table xiii the comparison between city and country by age periods corresponding to that presented for the total female population in- Table xi is shown separately for each of the race and nativity classes. In every age period except the oldest the percent- ages are uniformly higher in the city than in the country; and the exceptions in the oldest age period appear only for the two classes of native white women, being another indication of the extent to which widows living in the country — most of them native white — are engaged in farming. Table xiii also brings out the fact that after the age of 35 the percentages of breadwinners for native white women of native parentage approximate or exceed those for the white women of foreign birth or foreign parentage in the city as well as in the country. For the country the explanation may again be found in the extent to which the native white women of native par- entage engage in farming. But of course this explana- tion does not apply to the city, where the comparison by race and nativity shows the same general difference in the percentage of breadwinners among women of older years. It may be that in the city as well as in the country some of the principal occupations which ' See Table 17, page 162. are peculiar to the native white women of native par- entage are such as can be followed late in life more readily than pursuits in which the foreign born women or their daughters are ordinarily engaged. At the same time the difference suggests the possibility that marriage and the cares of a family are more apt to interfere with the pursuit of a breadwinning occupa- tion among women of foreign birth or foreign par- entage than among the native white women of native parentage. Table XIII. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in thefemale population 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 30,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classi- fied by age, for continental United States: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and coun- try districts. AGE. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per. cent. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total 1,694,953 413,348 24.4 39.2 36.5 10,400,007 1 1,363,262 13.0 J6 to 20 years 270, 486 221, 158 445, 024 307, 301 213, 804 135, 136 102,044 106,019 80,680 111,080 59,550 33, 626 16, 330 6,063 1,821,652 1,269,116 2, 416, 582 1,807,925 1, 376, 636 946,295 762,802 .328,803 2.37, 3S0 287,968 184, 798 148, 480 104, 262 01,661 18.0 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 25.0 i 19.4 I 15.7 1 12.1 6.9 11.9 10 2 45 to 54 years 10.8 05 years and over 8.1 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Total. . 1.699,173 '' 554,507 \ 32.6 || 2,586,515 ■ 535,412 j 20.7 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . .. 331,7.59 179.401 54.1 530,778 166,621 31.2 272, 884 126. 385 46.3 384,679 121,817 31.7 651, 706 154, 820 28.1 772, 095 142,942 18.6 344. 203 66, 654 19.1 524, 191 65,028 12.4 136,992 21,152 16.6 230, 153 26, 751 11.2 44. 545 5,751 12.9 93,441 10,224 10.9 18,084 1.338 7.4 1 51,278 4,029 7.9 FOREIGX BORN WHITE. 2,091,773 492, 727 23.6 2,302,977 344,983 15.0 178,776 118,097 66.1 160, 673 74,720 46.5 199,862 95, 326 47.7 172,612 59, 417 34.4 534, 651 125, 723 23.6 486,038 76,409 15.7 442, 106 71,418 16.2 471,468 47,746 10.1 333,584 46, 166 13.8 401, 483 39,903 9.9 232.122 25, 137 10.8 324,888 29,397 9.0 170,672 10, .860 6.4 1 286,915 17,391 6.1 Total. 351,792 192, .329 54.' 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . . . Total. 64, 426 30, 761 53,218 31,707 101.855 54, 671 68,861 37, 431 40, ,511 23,078 19, 459 10,243 13, 472 4,438 2,214,542 918,228 41.6 476,712 232, 632 48.8 333, .572 144, 617 43.4 .537, 504 212,271 39.5 360, .591 141,. 371 39.2 2.53,177 100,946 39.9 138,120 .54,291 39.3 114,866 32, 101 27.9 56.6 59.6 53.7 54.4 57.0 .52.6 32.9 INDIAN AND MONGOLI.VX. 2,630 607 I 23.1 68, 036 10, .532 ' 15.5 16 to 20 years 21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . 411 639 834 446 282 85 33 89 98 177 ■ 127 90 18 8 I 21.7 18.2 21.2 28.5 31.9 (') (') 12, 278 7,062 15, .327 12, 084 9,. 361 6,020 6,914 1,824 1,040 2.276 1,909 1,634 1,052 798 14.9 14.7 14.8 16.8 17.5 17.6 13.5 1 Per cent not sho^vn where base is less than 100. 20 WOMEN AT WORK. In the percentages for negro women the most notice- able pecuHarity, apart from the fact that they are exceptionally large, is the absence of any marked or uniform decline with advancing years. In old age, 65 and over, there is, it is true, a marked reduction, but there is none before that. In the city, however, there is a slight decline in the normal period of early mar- ried life, 25 to 34 years, followed by an increase thereafter. Comparisons with earlier censuses. — The number of breadwinners among women in continental United States, as reported by the census, increased from 2,353,988 m 1880 to 4,833,630 in 1900, an increase in twenty years of 2,479,642, or 105.3 per cent. In part this increase was the natural accompaniment of the increase in population, but in part it represents the increasing participation of women in gainful occupa- tions. The latter change is measured statistically by the percentage which the women who are breadwin- ners form of the total number of women. The follow- ing tabular statement gives the percentages at the censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900, and for purposes of comparison includes the corresponding figures for men : MALES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. FEMALES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CENSUS. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Continental United States: 1900 1890 24,a'51,013 20,133,514 15,359,866 22, 489, 425 18, 217, 797 13,919,7,'i5 90.5 90.5 90.6 23,48.5,5,59 18,9.57,672 14,752,258 4,833,630 3,696,615 2,353,988 20.6 19 1880 16.0 As shown by the above statement, the percentage of breadwinners among women increased from 16 in 1880 to 20.6 in 1900, which means that in 1880, 1 woman in every 6 >vas a breadwinner and in 1900, 1 in every 5. The increase was somewhat more marked in the first- half of the twenty-year period than i'n the second. If the percentage had been no higher in 1900 than it was in 1880, the number of women who were bread- winners in 1900 would not have exceeded 3,757,689, but it was, in fact, greater than that by 1,075,941. The increase between 1880 and 1900 in the number of women who were breadwinners might be analyzed as follows : Number of women who were breadwinners: ]900 4, 833, 630 1880 2, 353, 988 Increase 1880 to 1900 2, 479, 642 Attributable to growth of population 1, 403, 701 Attributable to increase in proportion of women follow- ing breadwinning pursuits ] , 075, 941 It would seem, then, that there were 1,075,941 women engaged in gainful occupations in the year 1900 who would not have taken up such occupation had the conditions and tendencies remained the same as they were twenty years before. This statement, however, is true only if the "conditions" referred to are understood to include the character and composition of the population. For in considering the significance of the increase, in the percentage of breadwinners the fact should not be overlooked that this increase might not necessarily involve any change in the habits of any one class of population. It might conceivably result simply from a change in the composition of the popu- lation consisting of an increase in the relative impor- tance of those race and nativity classes — such as the negro and the native white of foreign parentage — in which the proportion of breadwinners among women has always been relatively large. It might also be due in part to a change in the age composition of the population affecting the relative numerical importance of young women in the total population. In order, therefore, to determine more precisely the significance of the change, the comparison should be made by race and nativity classes and also by age groups. This comparison, however, must be confined to the period 1890 to 1900, since the analysis of the figures published in the Census report of 1880 is not sufficiently detailed for this purpose. Moreover, in order to obtain com- parable figures, it is necessary to lower the minimum age by one year, so that the totals include all women 15 years of age and over. Table xiv shows this com- parison, by race and nativity. Table XIV. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the male and female population 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity , fw continental United States: 1900 and 1890. por ULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. MALE. All classes 25,620,399 22,878,499 89.5 20,777,872 18,420,604 88.7 Native white — b o t li parents native Native white— one or both parents loreign 13,088,058 4, 463, 211 5, 257, 3.59 2,633,008 178, 763 11, 464, 896 4,009,387 4, 827, 273 2,424,646 152, 297 87.6 89,8 91.8 92.1 85.2 10,880,185 3,073,413 4,580,689 2,119,721 123,964 9,386,058 2, 675, 730 4,298,140 1,944,665 116,911 86.3 87.1 Foreign born white — 93.8 91.7 Indian and Mongolian. 93.5 FEMALE. All classes 24,249,191 4,997,415 20.6 19, 602, 178 3,712,144 1 18.9 Native white— b o t h parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign 12,561,813 4,475,907 4, 445, 332 2,690,583 76,656 1,824,690 1, 137, 649 861, 274 1,162,218 11,584 14.5 25.4 19.4 43.2 15.3 10,530,675 3,064,321 3,809,919 2,175,550 21,713 1,310,148 774,751 766,006 867,717 3,522 12.4 26.3 Foreign born white — 19.8 39.9 Indian and Mongolian. 16.2 The above table indicates that the increase in the per- PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 21 centage of breadwinners among women was practically confined to the native white of native parentage and to the negro. The more marked increase on the whole was that shown by the native white of native parentage. In 1890 the proportion of breadwinners among women in this class of the population was 12.4 per cent, or approximately one in eight; in 1900 it was 14.5 per cent, or more than one in seven. The percentage for the native white of foreign parentage shows practically no change, while that for the foreign born white shows a slight decrease, and that for the Indian and Mon- golian — a class which is numerically unimportant — shows a rather marked decrease. The exact nature of the changes that are taking place will be more apparent, Iiowever, when the classification by race and nativity is combined with a classification by age, as in Table xv. Table XV. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and nativity , for continental United States: 1900 and 1890. WOMEN 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 AGE. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. N^'^er. ^P^J ALL CLASSES. Total 24,249,191 4,997,415 20.6 19, 602, 178 3,712,144 18.9 16 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 66 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 7,616,074 5,860,616 4,339,166 2,994,983 1,940,111 1, 525, 080 73, 161 2,300,230 1,168,342 675, 032 440,825 256, 705 138,587 17,694 30.6 19.9 16.6 14.7 13.2 9.1 24.2 6,400,635 4.682,432 3.346,031 2,430,878 1,499,997 1.183,669 58, 636 1,853,460 807, 670 441,067 313,363 180,387 98, 158 18,039 29.0 17.2 13.2 12.9 12.0 8.3 30.8 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH TARENTS NATIVE. Total 12,561,813 1,824,690 14.6 10, 630, 676 1,310,148 12.4 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 66 years and over Age unknown 4,014,063 2,860,606 2,116,226 1,690,440 1,081,431 864, 846 35,201 805, 616 399,048 244,348 182, 106 120, 692 67, 624 6,366 20.1 13.9 11.6 11.5 11.2 7.8 15.2 3,362,544 2,397,797 1,828,798 1,352,603 846,819 713, .592 28, 622 696, 796 274, 481 167, 436 133, 163 84,049 47, 867 6,366 17.7 11.4 9.2 9.8 9.9 6.7 22.2 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR EOT [•H PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Total 4,475,907 1,137,649 25.4 ■3.064,321 774.761 ' 25.3 15 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 1,706,938 1, 323, 801 868,394 366,145 137,986 69,362 3,281 640,129 297,768 130,682 46,903 15,975 5,367 826 37.5 22.5 15.0 12.8 11.6 7.7 25.1 1,496,705 922, 681 387,445 152,880 57,996 42,729 3,886 523,902 35.0 176,057 : 19.2 46,756 1 12.1 46 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 16,649 10.9 6,186 10.7 3,094 7.2 1,207 1 31.1 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. Total 4.445,332 ' 861,274 19.4 3,809,919 756,006 19.8 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years .■.. 45 to 64 years 56 to 64 years 65 years and over. . . . Age unknown 7.53,661 1.020, 6?9 913, 574 736,067 557,010 456,587 8,744 368, 823 202, 132 119, 164 86,069 54,534 28,251 2,301 48.9 19.8 13.0 11.7 9.8 6.2 26.3 704, 787 S62, 915 761,969 680, 582 470, 192 321,487 7,987 366, 442 170, 791 91,612 71,497 43.996 19,669 2,999 60.4 19.8 12.0 10.5 9.4 6.1 37.5 Table XV. — Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female ■ population 15 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and nativity, for continental United States: 1900 and 1890— VonUnued. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. 1900 1890 AGE. Total. Breadwinnsrs. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. NEGRO. Total 2,690,683 1,162,218 43.2 2,176.550 867.717 39.9 15 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 56 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 1,018,523 639, 359 429,442 293,688 157,579 128, 338 23,654 482, 315 266,942 178, 802 124,023 64,534 36, 539 9,063 47.4 41.8 41.6 42.2 41.0 28.6 38.3 830.016 494, 123 363,723 242, 378 123, 659 104,373 17,378 376, 284 184, 633 134, 581 91,639 45,928 27,337 7,315 46.3 37.4 37.0 37.8 37.2 26.2 42.1 INDIAN AND MONGOLIAN Total 75,556 11,584 15.3 : 21,713 3, 522 16.2 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and ovpr. : . . Age unknown .' 22, 889 16,161 12,530 9,643 6,105 5,947 2,281 3, .347 14.6 2, 452 15. 2 2,036 16.2 1,724 17.9 1,070 17.6 806 13. 6 149 6. 5 6,583 4,916 4,096 2,535 1,432 1,388 763 1 .036 808 682 425 228 191 152 15.7 16.4 16.7 16.8 16.9 13.8 19.9 It may be noted that the comparison for a given age period between the proportion of breadwinners in 1890 and that in 1900 is virtually a comparison be- tween two successive generations of women at the same period of their life history. For instance, the women who were 35 to 44 years of age in 1890 were the survivors of the generation born in the decade 1845 to 1855; while those 35 to 44 j^ears of age in 1900 were the survivors of the nexti younger generation — that born in the decade 1855 to 1865.^ The figures pre- sented in Table xv show that when the older of these generations reached the age period 35 lo 44 years in 1890, 13.2 per cent of their number were employed in breadwinning pursuits. When the younger generation ^ At the census of 1890 the age question called for the age at the nearest birthday; but at the census of 1900 it called for the age at the last birthday. Each census was talien as of June 1, so that if the age returns conformed strictly with the requirements of the age question persons reported aa being from 35 to 44 years of age at the census of 1890 must have been born between December 1, 184.^, and December 1, 1855, while those reported in that age period at the census of 1900 must have been born between June 1, 1855, and June 1, 1865. Theoretically, therefore, persons reported at any given year of age or age period in the census of 1890 were as a group half a year younger than were those reported at the same age in 1900. In making the above comparisons by age periods this difference in the form of the age question has not been forgot- ten. But it has been ignored, partly because a difference of half a year in comparisons by ten-year age groups would have little effect on the results, and partly because, in the opinion of the writer, it seems doubtful whether the enumerators at the census of 1890 generally returned the age at the nearest rather than that at the last birthday. This doubt arises from the fact that the latter method of making age returns is the normal method, or the one in common use. Therefore it seems uncertain whether the actual difference in the age returns between the censuses of 1890 and 1900 was in fact as great as the difference in the form of the age question would imply. 22 WOMEN AT WORK. reached this same age period in 1900 the proportion of breadwinners included in their ranks was 15.6. Thus the younger generation was engaged in breadwinning pursuits to a greater extent than the older was at the same period of life; and in general the table shows that each successive generation of women have taken up gainful occupations to a greater extent than the preceding generation did. The only notable exception appears in the figures for the foreign born white in the youngest age period — these figures indicating that the immigrant women who were born in the decade 1865 to 1875 and had migrated to this country prior to the census of 1890 were employed in breadwinning pur- suits to a greater extent when they were 15 to 24 years of age than those of the next younger generation — born in the decade 1875 to 1885 and migrating to this coun- try prior to 1900 — were when they reached the same period of life. Recurring to the figures for the native white of for- eign parentage it will be found that, although the total as already noted shows no increase of any conse- quence in the percentage of breadwinners, each age group taken separately shows a very considerable increase. This increase in the percentage for the several age periods did not produce any appreciable increase in the percentage for the total, simply because the relative importance of the youngest age group — 15 to 24 years — in which the percentage of breadwin- ners is much the largest, declined very materially dur- ing the ten-year period, so that it had less influence on the total in 1900 than in 1890. In 1890 it comprised almost one-half of the total number of women in this class; in 1900, less than two-fifths. In the case of the foreign born white the decline in the percentage for the total was accompanied and in part caused by a decline in the percentage for the youngest age group. For the two other principal classes of population — the native white of native parentage and the negro — the percentage increased in every age period as well as in the total. Table xvi gives the proportion of breadwinners in 1890 and in 1900 for the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by marital condition. The increase in the percentage of breadwinners was most marked for married women, the percentage for this marital class being greater by almost one-fourth in 1900 than it was in 1890. In 1890, 1 married woman in 22 was a breadwinner; in 1900, 1 in 18. The percentages for the other classes show a greater absolute increase, but none show a greater relative increase. The increase in the percentage of single women employed as bread- , winners was confined to the native white population, the foreign bom white and negro showing practically no change in this respect. On the other hand, the extent to which married women are engaged in breadwinning pursuits increased in all classes of the population. The percentage of breadwinners among widows increased in every class of the population except the foreign born white. Table XVI. — Number and percentage of breadioinners in the female population 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition, for the United Stales (area of enumeration) : 1900 and 1890. FEMALE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 ' 1893 TION. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. ' Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. , ALL CLASSES. Total 24,293,163 5,007,069 20.6 19, 602, 178 3,712,144 18.9 Single 1 7,614,610 13,842,180 2,721,438 114,935 3, 309, 665 775, 924 857,922 63, .558 43.5 5.6 31.5 65.3 6,250,912 11,124,785 2,154,598 71,883 2,631,548 515,124 630,257 36,215 40.5 4.6 Widowed Divorced 29.3 49.0 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total 12, ,574, 963 1,825,850 14.5 10, 530, 675 1,310,148 12.4 Single' 3,918,599 7, 259, 967 1, 333, 719 62,678 1,230,803 217. 665 347; 736 29,746 31.4 3.0 26.1 47.5 3,233,405 6, 132, 027 1,120,959 44,284 889, 722 135,881 265, 679 18,866 27.5 Married Widowed 2.2 23.7 42.6 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Hotal.. ...... . 4,478,720 1,138,129 25.4 3,064,321 774,751 25.3 Single! Married Widowed Divorced 1,990,539 2,214,414 257, 107 16, 660 977, 094 69, 065 88,154 8,816 49.1 3.1 32.3 52.9 1, 562, 788 1,357,712 135,959 7,862 693, 373 36,375 41,236 3,767 44.4 2.7 30.3 47.9 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. Total ! 4,450,699 861,963 19.4 3,809,919 756, 006 19.8 Single • ' 875 547 607,701 102, 416 145, 315 6,441 69.4 3.6 20.7 51.4 791,040 2,435,046 574,854 8,979 557,116 72, 617 122,249 4,024 70 4 Married 2, 8.'i9 665 3.0 Widowed 702,953 Divorced 12,534 1 21.3 44.8 NEGRO. Total 2, 690, 652 1,162,260 43.2 2,175,550 867,717 39.9 Single ! .. 810, 647 1,443,8.59 414, UO 22, 036 490, 358 376, 114 277,666 18, 122 60.5 26.0 67.0 82.2 657,234 1,187,434 320,194 10,688 389, 668 269, 169 200, 360 8,530 59 3 Married Widowed Divorced 62.6 79 8 INDIAN AND MONGOLIAN. Total 98,129 18,877 19.2 21,713 3,522 16.2 19, 278 64,275 13,649 1,027 3,619 10, 764 4.061 433 18.8 16.7 30.0 42.2 6,445 12,566 2,632 70 1,669 1,082 743 28 Married 8 6 Divorced (=) 1 Including unknown. 2 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Adoption and abandonment of occupations. — Refer- ence has been made to the probability that only a minority of the women who appear in the census as breadwinners remain in this class throughout their active lives. Some indication of the extent to which their employment in gainful occupations is temporary may be derived from a comparison of the number of PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 23 female breadwinners reported in each ten-year age period in 1900 with the number reported in the next younger age period in 1890. Of course all persons who were alive at the date of both censuses were just ten years older at the later census than they were at the preceding one. It is true that many of those who were enumerated at the later census may not have been enumerated at the earlier, but this applies chiefly to the foreign born or immigrants, manj^ of whom doubtless were not in this country at the date of the earlier census. The value of the comparison, therefore, will not be seriously impaired by this circumstance if it is confined to the native population. For as regards the native population, it may be assumed that nearly everybody over 10 years of age enumerated in 1900 was also enumerated in 1890, being, of course, just ten years younger at the earlier census. In effect this becomes a comparison of the figures for the same generation at the beginning and the end of a decade. The kind of comparison referred to consists in esti- mating the decennial decrease in the ranks of the breadwinners produced by death and emigration, on the assumption that it would be the same for bread- winners as it is for the total female population in the same age group, and then comparing the result with the actual decrease, or possibly increase, as shown by the Census enumeration. The difference is assumed to represent the decrease or the increase resulting from the adoption and abandonment of breadwinning occupations during the ten-year interval. For ex- ample, there were 3,362,544 native white women of native parentage between the ages of 15 and 24 in 1890, and 596,796 of these women were engaged in gainful occupations. In the ensuing ten years the number of women in this group was, of course, reduced by deaths, and to some slight extent, perhaps, by emigration. "When the census of 1900 was taken those still living and still in this country were in the age period 25 to 34 years. The number of native white women of native parentage enumerated in that age period at that census was, in fact, 2,860,606, a reduc- tion of 14.9 per cent compared with the number 15 to to 24 years of age in 1890. This percentage represents approximately the decennial death rate in this class of population. The same percentage of reduction in the number engaged in occupations would have left 507,710 in 1900.^ This may be assumed to represent approxi- mately the number of women in this age class who had an occupation in 1890 and were still living in 1900: ' To obtain this result the exact percentage was used, ttie frac- tion being expressed as a common fraction and not as a decimal. But the number reported as having a gainful occupa- tion in 1900 was less than this by 108,662, being only 399,048. So it is safe to conclude that at least 108,622 of the native white women of native parentage 15 to 24 years of age reported as gainfully employed at the census of 1890 gave up their occupations before the census of 1900 was taken. But this is only the mini- mum number. The actual number was unquestion- ably much above this limit, because the reduction in the ranks of this group of breadwinners resulting from the abandonment of occupations before 1900 would be , partially counterbalanced and covered up by the addition of new recruits taking up occupations after 1890. The difference— 108,622— obtained by the above computation is therefore the net decrease resulting from changes other than those caused by death, and may be regarded as representing approximately the number giving up an occupation over and above the number adopting one in the interval between 1890 and 1900. The results obtained by making the computation here described are presented in Table xvii, the compu- tation having been made for each age group separately in each of the two classes of the native white female population and the figures for the total native white obtained by adding these results. In 1890 the number of native white women in con- tinental United States 15 to 24 j'ears of age reported as having a gainful occupation was 1,120,698. In the ensuing ten years the group of breadwinners in this gen- eration of women was reduced to 696,816 — a reduction of 423,882. The loss from deaths is estimated at 149,609 and the net loss from the adoption and aban- donment of occupations at 274,273, the latter repre- senting 24.5 per cent, or almost one-fourth of the women who had an occupation at the beginning of the decade, and 28.2 per cent of the estimated num- ber^ of those who had an occupation at the begin- ning of the decade and were still living at the end of the decade. Since the number that actually gave up their breadwinning pursuits in the interval must have been considerably in excess of this net reduction — which, as already explained, represents only the difference between the number giving up an occupation and the number adopting one — it seems a very conservative conclusion that not less than one- half of the native white women who were breadwinners 15 to 24 years of age in 1890 and were still living in 1900 had given up their gainful occupations in the interval. ^ Obtained by subtracting the estimated deaths from the reported number of breadwinners at the beginning of the decade. 24 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XVII.— COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS IN SPECIFIED AGE PERIODS REPORTED AT CENSUSES OF 1890 AND 1900, WITH ESTIMATE OF THE DECREASE RESULTING FROM DEATHS AND OF THE INCREASE OR DECREASE RESULTING FROM THE ADOPTION AND ABANDONMENT OF OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. AGE PERIOD. 1890 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years-and over 1900 4> 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years , 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over FEMALE BREADWINNERS. Number enumer- ated* 1890 1900 Increase (+) or decrease (-), 1890to 1900. Estimated as resulting from — Deaths or migration. Adoption and aban- donment of occu- pation. Number. Per cent, NATIVE "WHITE. ,120,698 696,816 -423,882 -149,609 -274,273 451, 438 375,030 -76,408 -42,758 -33,650 214, 192 229,009 + 14,817 -24,393 +39,210 149,802 136,567 -13,235 -28,309 + 15,074 141, 196 72,991 -68,205 -61,692 -6,513 -24.5 -7.6 +18.3 + 10.1 -4.6 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS 'NATIVE. 596,796 399,048 -197,748 -89,086 -108,662 274,481 244,348 -30,133 -32,347 +2,214 167, 436 182, 106 + 14,670 -21,823 +36,493 133,153 120, 592 -12,561 -26, 687 +14,126 131,916 67,624 -64,292 -58,803 -5,489 -18.2 +0.8 +21.8 +10.6 -4.2 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 523,902 297,768 -226,134 -60,523 -165,611 176, 967 130, 682 -46,275 -10,411 -35,864 46,756 46,903 + 147 -2,570 +2, 717 16, 649 15,975 -674 -1,622 +948 9,280 5,367 -3,913 -2,889 -1,024 -31.6 -20.3 +5.8 +6.7 -11.0 The tendency during the next ten years, or in the period of early middle life, is indicated by a comparison of the figures for the native white women who were 25 to 34 years of age in 1890 and 35 to 44 years of age in. 1900. Here the estimated reduction in the number of breadwinners through the abandonment of occupations was not so great, the net loss being 33,650, or 7.5 per cent. During- the next ten years of life the tide turns in the other direction, the number of women adopting occupations being so great as to more than make good the losses through death and the abandonment of occupations. This is shown by the fact that the num- ber of breadwinners in the generation of native women 35 to 44 years of age in 1890 actually increased from 214,192 in 1890 to 229,009 in 1900, and the computa- tion in the above table indicating that not less than 39,210, or 17.1 per cent of those who had an occupation in 1900 had entered the ranks of the breadwinners since 1890. This phenomenon is of course indicative of the fact that many women in middle life, being suddenly thrown upon their own resources by the death of hus- band or father or other relative are compelled to be- come breadwinners. There is little doubt, however, that a large proportion of these women who join the ranks of the breadwinners in middle life are the widows of farmers, who take up the occupation of their deceased husbands. This inference is confirnied by the fact that the increase as shown by the above table is much greater for the native white of native parentage than for the native white of foreign parentage. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. With a view to obtaining some light upon the home hfe and associations of the women who, are engaged in gainful occupations, a special tabulation has been pre- pared, classifying female breadwinners by their rela- tionship to the family in which they live. The data for this tabulation were obtained from the entries on the population schedule designating the head of each family and defining the relationship to the head of all other persons in the family, the relationship being indicated by such terms as "wife," "daughter," " son," "niece," "boarder," "servant," etc. Female bread- winners have been classified with respect to the rela- tionship indicated hj these returns in five classes. The first class comprises those who were returned as "heads of families;" the second those "living with father," that is, in a family of which the head as returned on the schedule was the father of the breadwinner; the third, those similarly "living with mother;" the fourth, those "living with other relatives," which includes married women living with their husbands; and the fifth, those returned as "boarders," which includes those living with their employer. The first FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. 25 four of these classes — comprising the breadwinners who are either heads of families or are living with father, mother, or other relative — may be appro- priately designated as the classes livuig at home in dis- tinction from the boarders and those living with employer. The fact should be noted, however, that the boarders may not always be separated from their relatives or other members of their family, but may represent cases in which an entire family is boarding together. Such cases have not been segregated in this tabulation. But an inspection of the schedules indicates that they are comparatively few ; so that it may be assumed that the great majority of the breadwinners comprised in this class are what may be termed solitary boarders. As already stated, breadwinners living with their employers have been included with boarders. This classification seems not inappropriate from an eco- nomic point of view, since the board in such cases con- stitutes a part of the breadwinner's compensation, so that she may be regarded as a boarder paying for her board by a part of the value of her services. Probably few female breadwinners other than servants, house- keepers, and nurses live with their employers. The tabulation here described was made for the fe- male breadwinners 16 years of age and over comprised in the population of 27 cities. The cities selected were those in which there were the largest numbers of women engaged in gainful occupations. The list includes all cities having over 150,000 inhabitants in 1900 with the exception of San Francisco, which was omitted be- cause of the radical change of conditions produced in that city by the earthquake of 1906. The list includes also four smaller cities, namely, Paterson, N. J.; Fall Eiver, Mass. ; Lowell, ]\Iass. ; and Atlanta, Georgia. The total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in these 27 cities was 1,232,268, which is a little more than one-fourth of the total number (4,833,630) in continental United States. Their classification by relationship to the family in which they lived is shown in the following tabular statement : FAMILY KELATIONSHIF. female breadwin- ners 16 years of age and over in 27 selected cities: 1900. Number. 1,232,268 798, 711 146, 902 323, 763 149, 770 178, 276 433,567 Per cent distribu- tion. 64.8 11.9 26.3 12.2 14.5 3S.2 Total Living at home Heads of families ■ Living with father Living with mother Living with other relative Boarding' 1 Includes those living with employer. Of the total number of women comprised in this tab- ulation, 433,557, or more than one-third (35.2 per cent), were returned as boarders, including those boarding with their employer. More than one-fourth were classified as living with father, which means that thej^ were returned on the schedule as living in a family the head of which was the father of the breadwinners, so that this class natural]}^ includes those living in the same household with father and mother as well as those living with father alone. The number living with mother, which was about one-half of the number living with father, represents the cases in which the mother was returned as the head of the family. Probably in the great maj ority of these cases the mother was a widow. The "other relative" with whom 178,276 of these breadwinners lived was in many instances the husband of the breadwinner. The total number of married breadwinners returned as living with "other relative" was, in fact, 66,368; but of course the "other rela- tive" may not in all cases have been the husband. In Table xviii the classification by family relation- ship is combined with a classification by race and nativitv. Table XVIII.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES; 1900. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. Total Living at home Heads of families Living with father Living with mother Living with other relative Boarding ' FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES. All classes. Native white — • Foreign born white. Negi Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. o. Number. Percent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Percent distri- bution. 1,232,268 100.0 279,013 100.0 424, 552 100.0 393, 682 100.0 134,945 100.0- 798,711 64.8 184, 676 66.2 333,793 7S.6 200,083 50.8 80, 137 59.4 14;;. 902 323, 703 149, 770 178.271; 433,557 11.9 26.3 12.2 14.5 35.2 31,976 76,869 36, 227 39,605 94,337 11.5 ' 27.6 13.0 14.2 33.8 31,496 167,954 81,966 52, 377 90, 759 7.4 39.6 19.4 12.3 21.4 53,780 69, 177 22,395 54,731 193. 599 13.7 17.6 5.7 13.9 49.2 29,641 9,762 9,177 31,557 54,808 22.0 7.2 6.8 23.4 40.6 1 Includes those living with employer. 26 WOMEN AT WORK. It should be remembered that more than one-fourth of the total number of breadwinners included in this classification were servants and waitresses. Since a large proportion of these lived with their employers, and were therefore classified with the boarders, it is evident that their inclusion in the totals increased very much the relative importance of the boarder group, and that the proportion of boarders among breadwinners in any class of the population would be determined to a considerable extent by the proportion of servants comprised in that class. This is the ex- planation of the large proportion of negro women in this group (40.6 per cent) and foreign born whites (49.2 per cent). In many respects, the distribution is more significant when servants, whose position in this classification is to a large extent determined by the nature of their occupation, are segregated from the other breadwinners, as is done in the following tabular statement : FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES: 1600. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. Total. Servants and waitresses. All other occu- pations. Number. Per rent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Total 1,232,208 100.0 327,573 100.0 904,695 100.0 Living at home 798,711 64.8 67,046 20.6 731,665 80.9 Heads of Jamilies . . . Living with lather . . Living with mother . Living with other 146,902 323, 763 149,770 178, 276 433,657 11,9 26.3 12.2 14.5 36.2 16, 177 18,808 9,772 22,289 260,627 4.9 5.7 3.0 6.8 79.6 130, 726 304,956 139,998 156,987 173,030 14.4 33.7 16.5 17.2 Boarding i 19.1 1 Includes those living with employer. By excluding servants the percentage of boarders in the total number of breadwinners is reduced from 35.2 to 19.1, and the relative importance of the other groups is correspondingly increased. The change pro- duced in the percentages for each race and nativity class is shown by Table xix, in which the distribu- tion by family relationship is presented for breadwin- ners, exclusive of servants and waitresses, classified by race and nativity and also by marital condition. Table xix shows that the proportion of bread- winners (exclusive of servants and waitresses) who are boarding is larger for the native white women of native parentage than for any other class. When, however, the comparison is confined to single women, the percentage of boarders for the native white of native parentage, though much larger than that for the native white of foreign parentage, is slightly smaller than that for the foreign born and consider- ably smaller than that for negroes. Doubtless many of the "VYOi^^en of native birth who are breadwinners in the city have migrated from the country in order to avail themselves of the larger opportunities for employment which the city usually offers. Such a migration quite commonly involves a separation from parents and other relatives and con- sequently leads to boarding. It is not improbable that this cityward migration may be even more general among the negro women than among the native white women of native parentage; and as regards the single white women of foreign birth, doubtless many of them parted from their families when they came to this country, which would account for the fact that the percentage of boarders is large in this group also. On the other hand, it is hardly possible that many of the children of immigrants have taken part in this city- ward migration, because most of the immigrants from foreign countries settle in cities on their arrival in the United States. Therefore it is not surprising to find that the percentage of boarders among the single native white breadwinners of foreign parentage is exception- ally small. It would perhaps be expected that the percentage of boarders would be higher among single women than among the married or the widowed and divorced. This proves to be true in a comparison for the aggre- gate number of breadwinners, although the differences are not very marked; it is also true, with greater con- trasts, for the foreign born white and the negro. But among the native white of either native parentage or foreign parentage the percentage of boarders is some- what higher for the widowed and divorced than it is for the single; and among the native white of foreign parentage it is higher for the married as well, the per- centage for single women in this class being, as already noted, exceptionally small. The percentage returned as living with parents — that is, with father or with mother — was naturally larger for breadwinners who are single, most of them being young women, than for the married or the widowed and divorced. Living with parents is for single women in early life the usual alternative to boarding; therefore it is not surprising to find that the native white of foreign parentage, being the class of single women having the smallest percentage of boarders, is also the class having the largest percentage living with parents. The probable explanation, as already suggested, is that migration to cities involving separation from parents is less usual in this class of the population than in the other race and nativity classes. The number of single female breadwinners living with father is more than twice the number living with mother. "Living with mother" implies that the mother is either a widow or a divorced woman, or a wife living apart from her husband. Probably if the sta- tistics were available it would be found that the pro- portion of breadwinners is greater among single women whose mothers are widows than among those whose fathers are living. But on the other hand as the great majority of single women are young women, it is prob- able that the total number whose fathers are still living greatly exceeds the total number whose mothers only are living, so that a relatively small percentage of breadwinners in the former class might easily represent a larger actual number of breadwinners than a large percentage in the class whose mothers are widows. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. 27 Table XIX.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900. , FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK (EXCLU.^I\ IS OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES). All classes. J Native white — Foreign born white. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. Both parents ' One or both par- native, j ents foreign born. Negro. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- Number, bution. ALL MARITJ Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. ^L CLASSES. Total 904,695 100.0 242, 905 100.0 362,535 100.0 236,993 100.0 62,230 [ 100.0 X/iving at home.. . 731,lilo 80.9 17.K, 397 73.4 318,110 1 87.7 183,512 77.4 51,628 i S:!.0 130,725 304,955 139,998 155, 987 173,030 14.4 33.7 15.5 17.2 19.1 30,644 74,572 35,344 37,837 64,508 12.6 30.7 14.6 15.6 26.6 29,680 160, 370 78, 875 49,185 44,425 8.2 44.2 21.8 13.6 12.3 49, 222 65,025 20, 967 48,298 53,481 20.8 27.4 8.8 20.4 22.6 21,171 1 34.0 Living with father 4,988 , 8.0 Living with mother . 4,807 1 7.7 20,662 [ 33.2 Boarding 2 10, 602 17. SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 677,722 100.0 187,613 100.0 316,097 100.0 155, 475 100.0 18, 524 100.0 543, 317 80.2 137, 622 73.4 , 278,869 SS. 2 113,794 73.2 13,028 70.3 31,626 294, 571 131,007 86, 113 134, 405 4.7 43.5 19.3 12.7 19.8 8,812 71,697 32, 8.35 24,278, 49,991 4.7 38.2 17.5 12.9 20.6 10,136 3.2 156,402 1 49.5 75,160 i 23.8 37, 165 11. 8 37,228 11.8 9,553 62.652 19, 525 22,064 41,681 6.1 40.3 12.6 14.2 26.8 3,125 3,820 3,479 2,004 6,496 10.9 Living With father Living with mother 20.6 18.8 14 1 Boarding 2 29.7 MAEKIED. 100.0 22, 456 Total - 97, 477 100.0 21,358 100.0 18,807 100.0 34,846 100. n 82, 725 84.9 16, 167 75.7 15,905 84.0 30, 342 87.1 20,305 ] 90.4 15,712 5,543 3,535 57,935 14, 752 16.1 5.7 3.6 69.4 15.1 3,690 1,446 906 10,125 5,191 17.3 6.8 4.2 47.4 24.3 3,124 1,934 1,364 9,483 2,902 16.6 10.3 7.3 60.4 15.4 5,699 1,438 593 22,612 4,504 16.4 4.1 1.7 64.9 12.9 3,197 725 670 16,713 2,161 14.2 3.2 3.0 70.0 9.6 WIDOWED AND DIVOEC ED. f 129, 496 100.0 33,934 100.0 i 27,631 100.0 46, 672 100.0 21,260 100.0 105,623 81.6 24, 008 72.5, 23, ,336 84.6 39,376 84.4 18,296 86 1 83, 387 4,841 ^,456 11,939 23,873 64.4 3.7 4.2 9.2 18.4 18,142 1,429 1,603 3,434 9,326 53.5 4.2 4.7 10.1 27.5 16,420 2,034 2,345 2,537 4,295 59.4 7.4 8.5 9.2 16.5 33,970 935 849 3,622 7,296 72.8 2.0 1.8 7.8 15.6 14,849 443 658 2,345 2,956 69 9 2 1 3. 1 13.9 1 Includes 32 Indian and Mongolian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table, s Includes those living with employer The widowed and divorced form the only marital class in which the number of breadwinners living with mother exceeds the number living with father. Most of the widowed and divorced are women who have reached middle life or advanced age. Three-fourths of the widows in the total population of the United States are over 45 years of age. While the proportion above that age is probably not so great among the widows who are breadwinners, yet without doubt most of them have reached the period of hfe when the chances are that one or both parents are no longer living. But if either parent is living, it is more apt to be the mother than the father, because the mother is usually younger than the father.^ This probably explain^ in part why the number of widowed and divorced breadwinners living with mother exceeds the number living with father. But another reason may be found in the probability that a widowed mother is ^ This probability is substantiated by the statistics of marital condition, which show that in cities of over 100,000 inhabitants widows outnumber widowers in the ratio of 3 to 1. There are several reasons for this excess of widows; one is found in the tact that in most marital unions the husband is older than the wife and therefore more likely to die first: another, in the fact that men remarry more often than women; a third, in the fact that women are longer lived than men. 28 - WOMEN AT WORK. less likely to be able to support a widowed daughter and more likely to need her assistance than a widowed or married *f a ther. Therefore the widowed daughter is more likely to become a breadwinner when her mother is the only parent living than she is when her father is living. Most of the widows and divorced women who are breadwinners are, however, heads of families, the num- ber in this class constituting 64.4 per cent, or two- thirds of the total number included in Table xix. A widow or single woman keeping a boarding house would ordinarily be returned as head of a family even though she had no relatives living with her. Of the bread- winners who were single, only 4.7 per cent were returned as heads of families. For negro women, however, the percentage is much higher, being 16.9. A married woman would not be classified as head of the family if she was liAdng in the same household with her husband. The fact then that 16.1 per cent of the married women included in Table xix were returned as heads of families means that at least that propor- tion — approximately 1 in 6 — were living apart from their husbands. It can not be assumed, however, that this includes all the married women living apart from their husbands. For while the fact that a mar- ried woman is returned as living with father, that is, in a family or household of which the head is her father or perhaps her father-in-law, does not necessarily imply separation from her husband any more than the fact that she is returned as living with mother or as board- ing, yet it is probable that a considerable number of these married women were in fact living apart from their husbands. To what extent this separation implies wife desertion or marital infelicity can not of course be determined from the census returns, as the occupa- tion of the husband may have necessitated separation from his family. Doubtless most of the married women living with their husbands and keeping house are comprised in the class returned as living with "other relative." This explains why the percentage living with "other relative" is much larger for the married than for any other marital class. It is smaller for the married white women who are of native birth and native par- entage than it is for any other class of married women, while the percentage boarding is considerably larger for them than for any other class, and the percentage returned as "heads of families" slightly larger. On the whole, then, the comparison here made sug- gests that a considerable proportion of the married women who are breadwinners are living apart from their husbands, and that the proportion is largest among the married white women of native birth and parentage. This would indicate that the adoption of a gainful occupation by a married woman is more frequently associated with a breaking up of the marriage rela- tionship among the native white of native parentage than in the other classes of population. Table xx shows for each of the selected cities what percentage of the total number of female breadwinners (not including servants and waitresses) 16 years of age and over in each class as defined by race, nativity, and marital status were returned as boarders. The cities are arranged in the order of rank as determined by the percentage shown for the aggregate number. The distinction of having the largest percentage belongs to St. Paul, Minn., in which city, according to the census returns, 33.6 per cent, or 1 in 3, of the total number of women' (other than servants) following bread winning pursuits in. 1900 were boarding. In this city the percentage for the single breadwinners who are of native birth and parentage reaches 48.6, representing almost one-half of the total number. The next city in rank is Lowell, Mass., and the third is Minneapolis, Minn. It seems rather remarkable that Lowell and Fall River — both textile mill cities of about, the same size and in the same state — should be so wide apart in rank, Lowell being, as just stated, the second city in this list, while Fall River is the nineteenth. Apparently the proportion of boarders is affected by varying local conditions and customs, and is not determined by any one feature alone such as size, locality, or composition of population. 'It is evident, however, that in most of the popu- lous metropolitan centers the proportion of boarders among the women who are breadwinners is relatively large, although not so large as it is in some of the smaller cities. Boston is the fourth city in the per- centage of boarders, ranking next to Minneapolis. Philadelphia is the seventh city, but is outranked by Kansas City, Mo., and Washington, D.' C. Chicago is the eighth city. The municipality comprised in Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, and representing what was formerly the city of New York, was eleventh in rank, coming below Detroit, Mich., and Rochester, N. Y., with a percentage of boarders not much smaller than that for Philadelphia and Chicago, but much less than that for Boston, Lowell, and the twin west- ern cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis. The borough of Brooklyn and Jersey City and New- ark, which are outlying cities in what is practicallj' one large metropolitan area having Manhattan Island as its center, contain a comparatively small percentage of boarders in the working female population, Jersey City coming at the very foot of the list, while Brook- lyn borough is twenty-third and Newark twenty- sixth. OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. 29 Table XX.— PERCENTAGE ^ OF BOARDERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION, FOR EACH SELECTED CITY: 1900. PERCENTAGE OF BOAKDEBS' AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AXD WAITRESSES). St. Paul, Minn I 33.6 Lowell, Mass { 31.9 Minneapolis. Minn 31.2 Boston, Mass i 28.0 Kansas City, Mo -... 24.9 Washington, D. C. Philadelphia, Pa... Chicago, 111 Detroit, Mieh Rochester, N. Y. . . Native white— Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign Ijorn white. New Yorli, N. Y<. Indianapolis. Ind. Providence, R. I.. Pittsburg, Pa Buffalo, N. Y 23.3 21.9 21.1 20.6 20.0 19 7 19.1 18.9 18.4 17.3 St. Louis, Mo _ 16.4 Baltimore, M<1 ! 10. Cleveland, ( )luo ] 15. 7 Fall River, Mass ' 13.9 Milwaulcee, Wis j 13.9 Louisville, Ky I 13. 5 Atlanta, Ga 1 12. 9 Broolclyn borough, X. Y 12. 8 New Orleans, La 12.6 Paterson, N. J ; 12.6 Newark, N.J i 12.1 Cincinnati, Ohio 11.7 Jersey City, N. J 10.8 35.8 32.1 34.2 28.0 28.2 28.6 21.1 21.4 20.6 20.0 20.6 21.1 18.4 19.0 18.1 16.9 18.5 15.9 14.0 14.8 15.1 20.0 12.8 16.5 12.5 12.0 12.2 10.6 21.2 31.3 20.7 28 6 17.6 11.9 21.4 18.5 2U. 7 18.5 15.6 10.2 18.2 23. 9 31.9 21.5 2K. 2 21.4 22.0 27.2 20.9 20.0 21.3 18.2 17.5 22.7 15.6 16.3 ;; 12.9 15.2 12.8 16.6 7.4 14.8 13.9 15.7 11.4 22.0 6.7 10.8 7.4 12.8 5.7 9.5 1 12 2 13.3 7.2 10.6 11.2 15.1 1 12.4 12.3 1 8.2 11.0 ' 10.9 12.4 p II '■C-M % 46.2 48.6 38.0 37.6 3.3.0 36.6 41.3 41.6 28.3 30.2 3Q.5 ; 31.4 26.2 25.4 3.'i.7 37.4 31.6 32.0 24.9 24.2 30.8 30.9 2L8 23.8 24.3 2.3.0 24.2 24.5 23.1 23.3 23.8 24.1 20.0 20.6 27.0 28.1 17.0 16.3 23.2 23.6 17.6 18.1 20.9 22.7 17.8 17.1 15.9 16.4 16.3 •15.9 16.0 16.4 15.7 15.6 13.0 12.3 28.6 37.7 20.9 37.4 21.4 31.6 39.9 25.9 42.2 26.7 23. 2 30. 9 26. 6 I 32. 4 28. 1 33. 1 28.7 , 30.9 26. 3 ! 29. 4 31.9 11.6 24.3 21.2 18.2 20.3 14.1 22.9 14.4 21.3 10.2 14.7 2L4 17.3 19.3 16.5 13.4 15.1 28.6 20.4 30.6 24.4 25.1 24.8 20.2 24.3 25.2 •21.8 18.0 19.8 20.8 13.8 17.2 20.6 17.7 18.1 30.1 19.3 28.2 13.7 18.3 20.0 14.2 13.3 13.0 16.3 11.7 14.6 11.6 12.1 12.0 11.1 9.7 9.6 8.2 12.7 1.7 S.O 0.3 S. 4 8.4 K.4 7.2 30.9 18.0 29.3 12.3 18.9 19.7 13.3 12.6 12.6 15.1 11.1 14.9 10.7 11.9 12.0 10.7 9.9 9.0 7.7 13.1 10.8 7.6 10.9 8.0 8.1 8.4 6.9 23.6 26.3 18.2 27.7 15.6 14.8 18.0 19.4 18.6 16.8 17.3 11.6 18.8 16.0 11.9 11.1 6.6 12.8 8.8 6.7 9.7 m 10.6 9.0 10.8 13.5 7.4 6.4 22.5 24.8 24.8 23.7 16.9 24.7 22.0 18.6 17.0 16.2 15.4 13.4 19.5 ' 12.! 12.: 29.8 37.0 33.7 33.5 27.6 31.5 26 4 20.8 j 24.2 24.7 j 22. 7 22^2 24.4 20.3 21.2 14.3 19.3 1 11.0 10.1 14.3 16.2 211. 3 16.4 10.0 11.5 11.3 18.0 m 31.4 11.4 16 8 9.0 16.5 34.2 39.8 40.9 38.5 36.9 44.7 28.3 24.3 26.7 . 28.0 26.9 30.3 27.2 26.7 26.1 27.1 23.7 19.5 17.8 14.2 13.9 31.3 15.6 22.3 16.2 16.4 18.7 11.1 17.4 12.6 11.2 9.5 16.9 11.4 4.8 8.5 11.8 3.0 Negro. "^■5 20.4 30.0 16.1 20.5 14.6 19.6 26.3 14.6 16.9 19.6 16.8 12.3 18 3 11.4 12.6 11.7 9.9 11.2 22.0 8.7 15.1 14.9 9.1 14.3 15.7 12. 3 16. 6 28.2 5.7 8.4 12.8 m m (■') 8.2 21.2 8.9 11.1 18.6 40.4 11.6 9.1 .11.6 16.5 8.7 14.2 (') 17.3 8.7 9.6 16.0 23.4 4.9 9.1 13.9 21.6 10.1 9.7 21.3 21.0 31.8 21.0 16.3 30.8 29.1 15.5 « 24.8 14.7 15.5 24.4 33.1 19.1 15.2 20.2 o (') S " (■•) 46.7 37.5 26.8 42.0 49.3 15.5 (.') 43.1 23.8 27.2 38.1 m 35.0 29.9 29.2 p) 22.5 16.9 28.0 20.4 m j: c oh o (') 28.3 13.7 8.7 22.6 18.3 [»i 17.2 7.4 8.2 14.0 11.0 i 5.7 16.3 « (■) 18.6 16.8 16.0 24 6 2L1 12.6 m 14.8 15.3 13.9 17.8 15.5 14.7 14.7 6.6 3.5 14.2 . 6.5 « I (■■) 22.3 13.3 25.3 ( 7.2 (^) ! (■') 11.4 6.9 13.2 10.7 (») 10.1 10.1 « 1 > or numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 28, page 218. - Includes those living with employer. The only two distinctively southern cities included in this comparison — ^Atlanta and New Orleans — come near the foot of the list, while Baltimore and St. Louis, cities in the borderland of the South, have an interme- diate rank. The figures do not indicate that the pres- ence of the negro very much affects the ranking of these cities. In other words, they would apparently have about the same rank in a comparison confined to the white population. OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. Another tabulation which was prepared for the pur- poses of this report, and was also derived directly from the entries on the Twelfth Census scliedules, classifies the women w'ho were breadwinners and were living at home with respect to the number of other bread- winners in the families in which they lived. On this basis of classification the families were divided into four groups, nameh^ those having no other bread- w^inners, those having one other, those having two 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. * Includes Manhattan and Bronx boroughs only. other, and those having more than two other. The other breadwinners include only those w"ho were related to the woman who is herself a breadwinner and were living in the same household or family. Relatives living elsewhere could not be considered because the Census schedules furnish no means of identifying such relatives. It was not possible therefore to compile similar data for those women who were living with their employers or boarding. Some of the latter, it is true, might have other members of their families boarding in the same house ; but otherwise the facts regarding the members of the families to which they were related by ties of kinship could not be ascertained. In Table xxi, summarizing the results of tliis tabu- lation, servants and waitresses have been excluded, in the belief that the comparison is rendered more sig- nificant if restricted to other breadwinners, who are for the most part engaged in occupations in which living wdth the employer is not customary. 30 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XXI.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BUEAD- WINNER8 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900. FEMALE BEEAD WINNERS 16 YEAES OE AGE AND OVEE (EXCLUSIVE OE SEEVANTS AND WAITEESSES) . All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Nej CLASS. Both parents native. One or both par- ents foreign born. ;ro. ^ Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. ALL MAKITAL CLASSES. Total 904,695 100.0 242,906 100.0 362,536 100.0 236,993 100.0 62,230 100. Living at liome 731, 666 80.9 178,397 73.4 318, 110 87.7 ,183,512 77.4 61,628 83.0 In-families having — 98, 861 218,415 188,089 226,300 173,030 10.9 24.1 20.8 26.0 19.1 27,202 59,426 47,848 43,921 64, 508 11.2 24.5 19.7 18.1 26.6 28,742 81,288 121, 147 44,426 7.9 23.4 24.0 33.4 12.3 30,710 67,633 43,090 62,079 53,481 13.0 24.3 18.2 22.0 22.6 12,202 20,063 10,215 9,148 10,602 19.6 32.2 16.4 14.7 17.0 Two other. Boarding '. SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 677,722 100.0 187,613 100.0 316,097 100.0 155,475 100.0 18,524 100. 543,317 80.2 137, 622 73.4 278,869 88.2 113,794 73.2 13,028 70.3 In families having— 44,010 141,880 155,423 202,004 134,406 6.5 20.9 22.9 29.8 19.8 13,860 43,015 41,288 39, 459 49,991 7.4 22.9 22.0 21.0 26.6 17, 549 66,333 79,699 115,388 37,228 6.6 21.0 25.2 36.5 11.8 9,871 28,983 31,385 43,555 41,681 6.3 18.6 20.2 28.0 26.8 2,730 3,548 3,151 3,699 6,496 14.7 19.2 One other 19.4 MARRIED. Total . 97,477 100.0 21,368 100.0 18,807 100.0 34,846 100.0 22,456 100 Living at home 82,725 84.9 16, 167 75.7 j 16,905 84.6 30,342 87.1 20,306 90 4 In families having — No other breadwinners 11,026 43,646 15,393 12,760 14, 752 . 11.3 44.7 16.8 13.1 15.1 2,764 8,267 2,937 2,199 5,191 12.9 38.7 13.8 10.3 24.3 2,411 7,757 3,053 2,684 2,902 12.8 41.2 16.2 14.3 16.4 3,838 16,512 5,467 4,526 4,504 11.0 47.4 15.7 13.0 12.8 2,011 11,010 3,934 3,360 2,151 9 49 17 5 Mnrp. thn.Ti two nthpr 14 9 Boarding ^. . 9 6 WIDOWED AND DIVORCI :d. ■*- Total 129,496 100.0 33,934 100.0 27,631 100.0 46, 672 100.0 21.250 100. Living athome 105,623 81.6 24,008 72.5 23, 336 84.5 39, 376 84.4 18,295 86.1 In families having — No other breadwinners 43,825 32,989 17,273 11,536 23,873 33.8 25.5 13.3 8.9 18.4 10,578 8,144 3,023 2,263 9,326 31.2 24.0 10.7 6.7 27.5 8,782 7,198 4,281 3,076 4,295 31.8 26.1 15.6 11.1 15.6 17,001 12,138 6,238 3,999 7,296 36.4 26.0 13.4 8.6 16.6 7,461 5,606 3,130 2,199 2,965 35.1 25.9 14.7 10.3 Boarding ^. 13 9 1 Includes those living with employer. Of the 904,695 female breadwinners included in the above total, 632,804, or almost 70 per cent, were living at home in families in which there were other bread- winners, and 226,300, or 25 per cent, were living in families in which there were at least 3 other (" more than 2 other ") , making a total of at least 4 breadwin- ners in the family. These represent the cases in which the earnings of the woman who was a breadwinner were presumably supplementary to those of other members of the family. In such cases her earnings might not be sufficient for her own support but would neverthe- less contribute something to the total family income. either lessening the burden resting upon other bread- winners in the family or providing herself with per- sonal comforts or luxuries which she might otherwise have to forego. The effect which the situation re- vealed by these statistics may have upon the wages which women receive is of course an interesting ques- tion, but is one which lies somewhat outside the scope and purpose of this report. About one-tenth (10.9 per cent) of the total number of women included in this tabulation lived in families in which there were no other breadwinners. This fact would suggest that they were supporting themselves OCCUPATIONS. 31 and one or more other persons dependent upon them; and probably such an inference would be correct in the great majority of cases. Yet it should be remem- bered that it might not be true of all cases, since a woman keeping a boarding house and having no rela- tive living with her would be included in this group; and so also would a woman keeping house by herself. Of the single women included in this classification, 29.8 per cent, or almost three-tenths, lived in families in which there were at least .3 other breadwinners, the number living in this class of families being greater than the number in any other class. But among the single white women of native birth and parentage the number hving in this class of families is not quite so large as the number living in families having only one other breadwinner. The contrast in this respect between the native white women of native parentage and the white women of foreign parentage or foreign birth probably indicates a difference in the average size of families. Large families would be apt to comprise more breadwinners than small families, and the families of immigrants are probal^ly larger on the average than those of native white Americans. As regards negro women who are single, it may be noted that for some reason, the number returned as being the only breadwinners in the families in which they lived represents an exceptionally large percentage (14.7) of the total number. Of the married women the largest proportion — 44.7 per cent of the total number — were living in families in which there was only 1 other breadwinner, and it may be assumed that in the majority of cases this other breadwinner was the husband of the married woman, although, of course, there is the possibility that the ^\■^fe might be living apart from the husband or that the latter might be an invalid or cripple re- turned as having no occupation, in which case the other breadwinner would necessarily be some other relative and probably in most instances a son or daughter. Wliere the married woman was the only breadwinner in the family it is probable that she was not living with her husband. More than one- tenth, or 11.3 per cent, of the total number of married women who were breadwinners were in this class. Wlien there are 2 or more than 2 other breadwinners in the family, the number necessarily includes other relatives than the husband, and probably includes one or more children of the married woman. A large proportion — 33. S per cent — of the widowed and divorced women included in this tabulation were the only breadwinners in the family. The proportion is much larger in this than in either of the other marital classes, while the proportion having 2 other or more than 2 other breadwinners in the family is considerably smaller. OCCUPATIONS. In the reports of the Twelfth Census (1900) the detailed classification of breadwinners with respect to the kind of work in which they were engaged distin- guishes 303 occupations. The complete classification with the number of females 10 years of age and over employed in each occupation may be found in the Twelfth Census report on Occupations, Table 1, and has not been reproduced in this report. Women are represented in all but 9 of these occupations. Naturally no women were reported as United States soldiers, sailors, or marines; nor were any reported as firemen (in fire department) , as street car drivers (though 2 were reported as motormen), as telegraph and telephone line- men, as apprentices or helpers to roofers and slaters, or as helpers to steam boiler makers or to brass- workers. But the reader may note with interest, and. perhaps with some surprise, that 5 women were em- ployed as pilots; that on steam railroads 10 were employed as baggagemen, 31 as brakemen, 7 as con- ductors, 45 as engineers and firemen, and 26 as switch- men, yardmen, and flagmen; that 6 women were reported as ship carpenters, and 2 as roofers and slaters; that as many as 185 were returned, as blacksmiths and 508 as machinists; that 8 were boilermakers, 31 were charcoal, coke, and lime burners, and 11 were well borers. Such figures as these have little socio- logical significance beyond indicating that there are few kinds of work from which the female sex is ab- solutely debarred, either by nature or law or custom. Of the 303 occupations distinguished in the Census classification there were 79 in which the number of females reported was less than 100, 59 in which it was between 100 and 500, and 31 in which it was between 500 and 1,000. This leaves 125 occupations in which over 1,000 females were employed, and of these occu- pations there are only 63 in which the number em- ployed was over 5,000. In the analysis of the occu- pation returns by race, nativity, age, and marital condition it was deemed advisable to consolidate I this detailed classification by using to a certain extent 1 groups or combinations of occupations. This was done to avoid over-elaborate and voluminous detail and in the belief that many of the distinctions made in the more detailed classification were not sufficiently significant and precise to justify extended anal^'sis. The consolidated or shorter classification included 140 occupations or occupation groups; and in this report the number has been further reduced to 47, by select- ing only those in which more than 5,000 women, or females 16 years of age and over, were employed. These 47 occupations, or occupation groups, however, account for 95 per cent of the total number of women in continental United States reported as having a gainful occupation. Those employed in other occu- pations are included in the residuary, or "all other" groups under the several main classes of occupations. This classification by occupation of female bread- winners 16 years of age and over is presented in Table XXII, which, for purposes of comparison, includes also the number of male breadwinners. 32 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XXII. — Male and female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by occupation, for continental United States : 1900. OCCUPATION. All occupations . Agricultural pursuits. Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and over- seers Ottier agricultural pursuits . Professional service Actors, professional show- men, etc Artists and teachers of art . , Literary and scientific per- sons _ Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons — Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service. . Domestic and personal service. . . Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewards . Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Launderers and laundresses. Nurses and midwives Servants and waiters Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation. Agents _. — Bookkeepers and account- ants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (ex- cept wholesale) Packers and shippers Salesmen and saleswomen . . . Stenographers and type- writers Telegraph and telephone op- erators Other persons in trade and transportation , Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill opera- tives Printers, lithographers, and pressmen Rubber factory operatives. . . Textile mill operatives Carpet factory opera- tives Cotton mill operatives. . . Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mdl operatives . . Other textile mill opera- tives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailors and tailoresses. .. Other textile workers — Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other ma nufacturing and menhanical pursuits BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. 22, 489, 425 8,549,739 2,900,026 5,367,169 282, 644 826,096 27, 483 13, 741 12,860 39,453 78,488 124, 615 118, 481 410,976 3, 348, 159 124, 024 11,826 46,264 8,224 48,360 2, 393, 729 50,019 12,266 257,096 390, 363 4, 163, 443 229, 751 179,817 627, 122 764, 602 37,882 448, 652 25,794 51,692 1,908,331 14,010 164, 181 3,267 21,333 4,275 18, 937 26,062 133, 515 13,882 231,696 9,721 104,783 10, 560 19,090 39, 402 48,140 196, 707 2,042 14, 704 1,696 4,557 8,009 157, 166 8,634 ^,091,268 20.9 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 100.0 38.0 23.9 1.3 0.1 0.1 'O.l 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.8 0.6 0.1 0.2 0) 0.2 10.6 0.2 0.1 1.1 1.8 IS. 5 0.8 2.3 3.4 0.2 2,0 0.1 0.2 8.6 0.1 0.7 (') 0.1 (') 0.1 0.6 0.1 1.0 (') 0.5 (') 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 (') 0.1 (') {■) (•) 0.7 (■) Pemale. 4.833,630 770,055 466, 405 307,706 5,944 429, 497 6,661 10,907 62,010 8,119 7,387 327,200 11,223 1,963,467 Per cent dis- tri- bu- tion. 6.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 40.4 5,440 69, 455 8,633 146,929 8,010 106,916 328, 935 108,691 ,166,661 14,997 481, 159 10, 468 72, 896 81,000 33, 826 17, 062 142, 266 85,086 21,980 16,687 1,199,452 14,303 36, 490 14, 498 7,806 7,170 6,767 8,709 16, 363 6,946 231,468 8,332 97, 181 28,293 26, 432 27, 169 44,051 675,255 338, 144 7,049 82,936 138, 724 27,788 61,671 19,043 37, 125 138, 574 0.1 1.2 0.2 3.0 0.2 2,2 6.8 2.2 24.1 0.3 10.0 1.6 1.7 0.7 0.4 2.9 1.8 0.6 0.3 24.8 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 4.8 0.2 2.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 14.0 7.0 0.1 1.7 2.9 0.6 1.3 0.4 Per cent. Male. 94.6 97.9 80.6 66.7 43.1 90.6 94.4 26.6 97.3 63.2 96.8 16.6 84.4 6.3 85.8 96.7 13.2 10.1 18.1 96.4 71.2 86.7 95.7 69.0 75.9 23.3 70.2 99.1 49.6 81.8 18.4 73.2 37.4 76.7 7.5.0 89.7 lift. 7 60.0 53.8 51.9 27.2 41.9 69.2 52.2 22.6 0,6 67,6 2,0 3,2 22.4 71.9 30.9 69.1 97.1 Fe- male. 17.7 8.3 13.6 5.4 2.1 19.5 44.3 66.9 9.4 5.6 73.4 2.7 36.8 4.2 83.4 16.6 94.7 14.2 89,9 81.9 10.4 4.4 28.8 13.3 4,3 31,0 24,1 76,7 29.8 0.9 17.6 60.5 18.2 81.6 26.8 62,6 23,3 26.0 10.3 33.3 50.0 46.2 48,1 72.8 68.1 40.8 47.8 77.4 99.4 32.4 98.0 77.6 29.1 69.1 1 Less than one-tpntii of 1 per cent. Leading occwpations. — In point of numbers by far the most important occupation for women is that of servant or waitress, the 1,165,561 women reported for this occupation constituting nearly one-fourth (24.1 per cent) of the total number in all occupations. The number of women in this occupation group returned as waitresses was 41,178. If the breadwinners grouped as textile workers are regarded as constituting a single occupation group, that group would rank next to servants and waitresses in numerical importance ; but in view of the fact that it comprises a number of rather diversified occupations, it seems more appropriate to give the second rank to the group of agricultural or farm laborers. To one unacquainted with occupation statistics it may seem surprising that almost half a million (456,405) women in continental United States were reported for this oc- cupation. The significance of the figures will be better understood if it is pointed out that 442,006, or 96.8 per cent, of these farm laborers were reported from the Southern states, or the South Atlantic and South Cen- tral divisions, and that 361,804, or 79.3 per cent, of the total number were of the negro race. Moreover, it ap- pears that 277,727, or 60.9 per cent, of the total num- ber were members of the farmer's family, representing the wives and grown-up daughters assisting in the work on the hoine farm. Next to these two leading occupations come 4 occu- pations not far apart in numerical importance, though widely difl'erent in character. They are the occupa- tions of dressmaker, laundress, teacher, and farmer. The largest of these occupations — that of dressmaker — employs 338,144 women, and the smallest — that of farmer — employs 307,706. It may be stated in this connection that the farmers are not concentrated in the South to the same degree as farm laborers and that 233,086, or 75.7 per cent, of the number are white women. Three-fifths of the total number of women reported as breadwinners are found in these 6 leading occupa- tions emplopng more than 300,000 women each, the aggregate number in the 6 occupations being 2,923,957., For the purpose of ranking it seems proper to treat the textile mill operatives as constituting a single oc- cupation group, the different occupations included in this total being very similar in their main character- istics. They all represent factory industries, and there is a general similarity also in the kind of work done and in the other conditions of employment. The total num- ber of women reported as textile mill operatives — 231,458 — makes this the seventh occupation group in numerical importance. The occupation next in rank is that of housekeepers and stewardesses. This comprised 146,929 women. The housekeepers here referred to are those working for wages, the housekeeping and housework done by women in their own homes not being included in the list of gainful occupations. OCCUPATIONS. 33 If there are added to the occupation groups alreadj' mentioned the group of saleswomen, comprising 142,265 women, and that of seamstresses, comprising 138,724, the Ust includes the 10 leading occupations for women and accounts for 3,583,333, or 74.1 per cent, of the total number of women who are breadwinners. Six of these are occupation groups in which women predominate, greatly outnumbering the men. In the group of textile mill operatives the two sexes are repre- sented in almost equal numbers. In the other three groups — comprising farmers, farm laborers, and sales- men or saleswomen — men are in the majority. The occupation group of "nurses and midwives" includes 108,691 women. It is probable that in the enumerator's schedule the term "nurse" was in many instances applied to women who were employed to take care of young children and would more properly have been returned as servants. In classifying the returns the attempt was made to distinguish trained nurses. The number of women actually classified as tramed nurses was a little over 11,000, the remainder being classified as "nurses (not specified)." It is not improbable that many of the latter were likewise trained nurses, but the returns were too indefinite for positive conclusions. The number of midwives in- cluded in this group was. 5,629. A large number of women — 106,916 — were included in the group designated as "laborers (not specified)." This group consists principally of women living in cities or town districts who were rettu-ned on the enumera- tor's schedule either as laborers without further speci- cation, or as common, general, or day laborers, or under some other designation which was either similarly in- definite or indicated employment as unskilled laborers in work not directly connected with any of the occu- pations classified under agriculture, trade and trans- portation, or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. If the schedule related to an agricultural district, the Bureau of the Census classified such returns as "agri- cultural laborers." Therefore it is probable the num- bers remaining in this group include few farm laborers; but in territorial distribution and race composition the group resembles the farm labo?er group, 79,997, or about 75 per cent, of the total number of women classified as laborers (not specified) being reported from the Southern states (South Atlantic and South Central divisions) and 70,112, or 65.6 per cent, of the total number being negroes. 12694—07 3 The 12 occupation groups thus far mentioned com- prise all those for which more than 100,000 women were reported. There are 7 other occupation groups in which the number of women was between 50,000 and 100,000. Alentioned in order of size, they are as fol- lows: Stenographers and typewriters (85,086), milli- ners (82,936), clerks and copyists (81,000), bookkeepers and accountants (72,896), tailoresses (61,571), board- ing and lodging house keepers (59,455), and musicians and teachers of music (52,010). The 19 occupations employing more than 50,000 women each, account for 4,293,894, or 88.8 per cent, of the total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over. Race and nativity. — In Table xxiii the per cent dis- tribution by race and nativity is shown for the total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over in each of the principal occupations for women, the occupations being given in the order of the rank in percentage of native white women of native parentage. The occupations in which the native white women of native parentage attain their greatest prominence are for the most part those requiring special coiu-ses of preparatory study, or at any rate, a good general education. At the head of the list is the group of officials in government service, an occupation in which 75.5 per cent of the women employed are of this nativity. Over three-fom'ths of the women in this occupation are ofiicials of the National Government. They are widely distributed throughout the country, and probably most of them are postmistresses. The "literary and scientific persons," who compose the occupation group having the next largest percentage of native white women of native parentage, include 3,122 Hbrarians and assistants and 2,614 women returned as "authors and scientists," the remaining number — 248 — being chemists, assayists, and metalliu"gists. There are in all 18 occupations in which more than one-half of the total number of women are native white of native parentage ; of these the two most important as regards the number of women employed are teaching and farming. The educational requirements explain the high percentage of native white women of native parentage in the occupation of teaching; while farming is an occupation which has never appealed very strongly to the immigrant, and accordingly is largely in the hands of the native white or negro population, as is indicated by the race and nativity of the women who were re- ported in this occupation. 34 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XXIII.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIED RACE AND NATIVITY CLASS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900. OCCUPATION. All occupations Officials (government) Literary and scientific persons Artists and teacbers of art Physicians and surgeons Musicians and teachers of music Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Agents Hotel keepers Farmers, planters, and overseers Glovemakers Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Telegraph and telephone operators Milliners Boarding and lodging house keepers Stenographers and typewriters Housekeepers and stewardesses Clerks and copyists Bookkeepers and accountants Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Seamstresses Saleswomen Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Boot and shoe makers and repairers Nurses and midwives Cotton mill operatives Packers and shippers Hat and cap makers Tol)aoco and cigar factory operatives Silk mill operatives Boxmakers (paper) Bookbinders Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Barbers and hairdressers Confectioners Paper and pulp mill operatives Gold and silver workers Servants and waitresses Carpet factory operatives Woolen mill operatives Tailoresses Laborers (not specified) Agricultural laborers Kubber factory operatives Janitors and sextons Laundress^ All other occupations FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Number. 4, 833, 630 8,119 5,984 10,907 7,387 62,010 327,206 10, 468 8,633 307,706 7,170 6,661 15,353 21,980 82,936 59,465 85,086 146,929 81,000 72,896 338, 144 28,293 138,724 142,265 27,788 36,490 108, 691 97,181 17,052 7,049 37, 125 26,432 14,498 14,303 33,825 5,440 7,805 8,709 5,767 ,165,561 8,332 27,169 61,571 106,916 456, 405 6,945 8,010 328,935 250, 419 Per cent in the specified race and nativity class, and rank of occupa- tion with respect to this per cent. Native white — both parents native. Percent. 36.7 75.5 74.1 69.5 66.1 65.6 63.5 63.4 69.1 58,3 66 4 55.1 561 54.6 54.5 53.4 53.3 63.0 50.6 49.2 46.2 43.6 43.4 42.3 41.1 40.3 40.3 36.1 36.7 35.3 34.3 32.4 31.9 31.4 30.9 30.7 29.7 29.4 27.9 26.2 26.0 25.0 22.9 20.2 18.1 18.1 16.8 12.7 34.1 Rank. Native white — one or both par- ents foreign born. Per cent. 23.6 18.7 19.4 21.6 17.2 25.7 27.0 21.6 17.8 6.1 29.8 29.8 37.1 39.1 34.7 16.5 39.6 19.9 39.6 42.0 34.7 37.5 30.2 45.6 42.0 17.9 20.9 48.7 42.4 27.0 42.8 63.8 57.4 24.3 32.6 45.2 44.8 52.5 19.2 43.8 41.9 38.4 6.3 1.4 50.6 23.9 8.7 38.7 Foreign born white. Percent. 17.4 6.1 6.0 8.0 14.4 6.4 6 3 12.5 21.2 11.4 14.1 15.3 7.2 6.2 10.6 241 6.9 20.6 9.1 8.6 16.4 18.9 18.1 11.9 16.5 14.3 24.6 42.7' 14.2 22.3 26.1 24.6 14.1 11.0 42.1 18.4 24.3 25.6 19.6 27.6 30.2 32.8 38.1 7.4 1.0 31.4 48.6 13.0 23.1 Rank. Negro, Indian, and Mongolian. 0.7 0.4 0.8 2.3 2.3 4.2 2.6 2.0 24.3 0.7 3.8 0.6 0.1 0.2 6.1 0.2 6.5 0.7 0.3 3.7 0.1 8.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 17.2 0.3 1.3 w 12.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.6 18.3 0.9 0.3 27.0 0.1 0.3 0.7' 66.0 79.5 (=) 10.7 66.6 4.1 24 29 23 18 18 13 16 20 6 24 14 28 42 37 12 37 11 24 31 16 42 10 31 29 37 7 31 21 46 8 37 31 37 16 6 22 31 46 4 42 31 24 2 1 46 9 3 > For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 13, page 158. a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Of the occupations classified under manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, the one having the highest percentage of native white women of native parentage is that of glovemakers. This is explained by the locali- zation of the glove industry. A large part — more than one-half in 1900 — of the glove product of the United States was manufactured in Fulton county, New York. Of the 7,170 women returned in the census of 1900 as glovemakers, almost 5,000 (see Table 24, page 190) were reported from the state of New York, and doubtless most of these were residents of that county. Probably, therefore, the composition of this occupation group is determined largely by that of the population of Fulton county, which is mostly a population of native stock. Another manufacturing pursuit in which the native white women of native parentage attain great, prominence is the printing trade. The 15,35.3 women reported as printers, lithographers, and presswomen comprise over 9,000 compositors (including proof readers) and over 5,000 printers and presswomen; and of the total number of women in this occupation group, 55.1 per cent are daughters of native American parents. The occupation is one that requires at least a good public school education as well as some tech- nical training. The native white of foreign parentage, or the OCCUPATIONS. 35 daughters of white immigrants, attain their greatest prominence in trades requiring some degree of tech- nical skill but not much general education. They are also trades which are mostly confined to large cities or to sections of the country in which a large percentage of the population is of foreign bhth. Bookbinding, an occupation in which 57.4 per cent of the women employed are the daughters of im- migrants, is centered in the large cities of the country. This is also true of the paper box industry, which ranks next in the percentage of female employees who are of this nativity. Most of the women reported as gold and silver workers are employees in jewelry manufactories, representing an industry which is largely centered in New England. The rubber fac- tory industry is not concentrated in the large cities to the same extent as these other industries, but like the manufacture of jewelry is mostly restricted to the three southern New England states — Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island — where the foreign born population attains exceptional prominence. These 4 occupation groups are the only ones in which a majority of the total number of women employed are native white of foreign parentage. Next in rank as regards the importance of the percentage of native white of foreign parentage comes the occupation of packers and shippers, in which 48.7 per cent of the women employed are of this race and nativity. More important in point of numbers of women employed than any of the occupations previously mentioned in this paragraph is the occupation of sales- women. Of the 142,265 women reported in this occu- pation, 45.6 per cent were native white of foreign parentage, which gives this occupation the sixth rank in the percentage here considered. A large propor- tion of these saleswomen are doubtless employed in the department stores of large cities. Of the women reported as confectioners — another occupation in which the native daughters of foreign born parents attain exceptional prominence — 75.3 per cent were employed in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, this being the largest percentage in cities of this size for any occupation with three exceptions (see Table 23, page 178). It may seem somewhat surprising to find that the occupation in which the foreign born white women are most prominent is that of janitors and sextons. As would be expected, very few of the women in this occupation group were returned as sextons — only 91 out of a total of 8,010. Most of the others we-jje re- turned as janitors or janitresses and probably in many cases the designation was applied to women who were regularly employed in sweeping and cleaning ofl&ce buildings without having any administrative respon- sibilities. The occupation which ranks next in the percentage of foreign born white women is that of cotton mill operatives. It may seem rather remarkable that an occupation having such a high rank in this percentage should rank comparatively low in the per- centage of native white whose parents were foreign born. This contrast is mainly the result of conditions in the New England states, where, according to the Twelfth Census returns, the immigrant women in the cotton mills outnumber the women who were bom in this country but whose parents were immigrants by very nearly 5 to 2. To a certain extent this reflects a difference in the relative importance of the two classes in the total population of that section of the country. While in the country as a whole there were about as many native white women of foreign parentage in 1900 as there were foreign born white women, in New England the former were less than two-thirds as numerous as the latter. This fact, however, would not fully account for differences noted in the extent to which the two classes are employed in the cotton mills; and probably therefore the contrast indicates a disposition on the part of the daughters of immi- grants to take up other kinds of employment. The occupation which ranks third in the percentage of foreign bom white women is that of retail merchants and dealers. Of the 33,825 women reported in this occupation, 14,254, or 42.1 per cent, were of this nativity. Next in rank in this respect comes the group of tailoresses, of whom 38.1 per cent were for- eigners by birth. This is an occupation concentrated mostly in large cities — New York and Chicago alone reporting more than one-third of the total number of women ' reported as tailoresses. In the Census classification probably most of the women employed in what are termed "sweat shop" industries appear either as tailoresses or as seamstresses. But the lat- ter occupation is more widely distributed through- out the country and is one in which the percentage of women of foreign birth is not exceptionally high. The occupation in which negro, Indian, and Mon- golian women are represented by the largest percentage of the total is that of agricultural laborer. Nearly four-fifths (79.5 per cent) of the total number of women in that occupation belong to these races. Next in rank as regards the percentage for these classes is the group of general laborers or "laborers (not specified);" then comes the occupation of laundress, and fourth that of servant or waitress. The negro (including Indian and Mongolian) women are also represented by high percentages in the occu- pation of farmer and in that of nurse or midwife; but the only manufacturing or mechanical occupation in which they attain any prominence is that of cigar and tobacco factory operative. While the breadwinners of this race constitute 23.4 per cent of the total num- ber of women reported as breadwinners, there are only 5 occupations in which their percentage is greater than that and only 9 in which it exceeds 10 per cent. This of course indicates their restriction to a com- paratively small number of pursuits. 36 WOMEN AT WORK. Age. — In Table xxiv the 47 principal occupations for women have been arranged in the order of rank as determined by the percentage which women 16 to 24 years of age form of the total number of women in the occupation, the percentages in the older age periods and the rank of the occupation as determined by these percentages being likewise indicated. The figures here presented are those for the area of enumeration, which includes the territories of Alaska and Hawaii and the military and naval stations of the United States. Therefore the numbers on which the percentages are based differ to some extent from those given in the preceding tables, which are con- fined to continental United States; but the differ- ence is. not great enough to appreciably affect the percentage. Table XXIV.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY AGE, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND. OVER EMPLOYED IN EACH OP THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN EACH AGE PERIOD, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. OCCUPATION. All occupations . Packers and shippers Silk null operatives Boxmakers (paper) Telegraph and telephone operators . . . Hosiery and knitting mill operatives . Gold and silver workers Bookbinders Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. Stenographers and typewriters Saleswomen Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Paper and pulp mill operatives Clerks and copyists Woolen mill operatives Shirt, collar, and cuff makers . . Rubber factory operatives Bookkeepers and accountants . Hat and cap makers Agricultural laborers Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Servants and waitresses TaUoresses Glovemakers FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE. 4,843,155 Milliners Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Carpet factory operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Musicians and teachers of music Seamstresses Laborers (not specified) Barbers and hairdressers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Artists and teachers of art Officials (govenunent) Nurses and midwives Literary and scientific persons . Laundresses Agents Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Physicians and surgeons Janitors and sextons Farmers, planters, and overseers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers All other occupations 17,052 26,432 14,498 21,999 28,293 5,767 14,306 37,126 85, 126 142,290 7,810 97, 181 15, 361 8,709 81,023 27, 169 27,788 6,946 72,928 7,049 458, 975 36,490 1, 166, 708 61, 612 7,175 82,958 6,713 8,332 327, 636 52,028 139, 149 107,081 6,448 338,290 147, 103 10,913 8,126 108,978 6,989 329, 369 10,472 33,872 7,399 8,012 307,788 59, 511 8,545 253, 642 Per cent in the specified age period, and rank of occupation with respect to this per cent. 16 to 24 years of Percent. Rank, 44.2 75.0 72.3 7L2 71.1 70.0 67.5 64.9 63.8 63.2 62.3 61.7 61.7 60.3 60.0 59.3 59.-0 58.7 57.6 57.4 55.6 64.5 54.3 53.4 62.6 49.5 49.4 48.8 48.4 46.4 43.3 42.7 39.2 38.0 32.6 28.2 27.8 27.3 25.7 25.5 23.3 17.7 8.6 6.8 6.0 3.1 2.6 53.4 25 to 34 years of Per cent. 24,2 17.4 19.2 20.8 22.6 19.6 22.0 24.3 20.6 30.6 26.6 16.6 22.4 28.3 22.4 25.0 24.2 30.2 32.4 26.0 20.6 27.1 24.0 ,23.0 24,1 27.8 86.7 24.9 34.8 33,3 25.4 22.2 30.7 30.6 21,5 36,9 29,0 25,8 31,3 24,7 24,5 20,2 27.9 21.4 9.7 16.9 13.9 21.6 Bank. 36 to 44 years of Percent. Rank. 4.9 5.7 5.7 4.4 6.7 7,5 6,9 9,8 5,1 7.7 10.6 10.3 7,6 9,8 8,7 10.4 10.8 9.1 7.8 11.3 11.4 12,5 11,0 13,2 13.8 13,0 10,1 12,4 11,7 14,4 15.6 16,7 17,3 20,9 18,3 20,8 19,8 16.1 20.0 23.4 24.0 27,8 29.8 33,6 19.8 29.1 28.8 12.0 46 to 54 years of '■ 55 to 64 years of age. age. Percent. Rank. ' Percent. 5,3 1,8 42 1,7 44 1,7 44 1.3 46 2.6 37 2.3 39 2,5 38 4.0 30 0.8 47 2.3 39 6.9 4.0 2,8 5,4 3,4 4.0 4,0 2,3 1,8 4,6 7.5 4.5 6.3 6.4 7.9 6.0 2,9 6,5 4,5 6,0 11,4 8,9 10,2 15,3 9.6 13,0 14,1 12,4 16,4 18,1 2L8 19,1 23,9 26,3 27.0 28,8 0,6 0,6 0,4 0.3 0.9 0,6 1,2 1,3 0,2 0,7 3,4 1,2 0,7 1,8 1,2 1,1 1,5 0,6 0,5 L8 3.7 1.2 3.2 3.1 3,4 2,7 0,7 4.6 1.7 2,2 4.9 6.8 3.5 4.2 10.6 4,3 7,8 11.2 7.7 8.0 10.8 14,4 10.7 11.2 23.2 16.6 18.5 3.8 Rank. 66 years of ai and over. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0,2 0,2 0,4 C) 1.7 0.2 0.2 0,6 0,3 0,3 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.9 0.3 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.4 3.2 0.5 0,5 2.3 4.0 1.3 1.4 6,8 1,4 2.9 6,6 2,8 3,4 4,6 7,0 5.2 3.6 16,8 7,1 7,3 2,0 Rank. I Por numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 17, page 162, ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 36 36 44 44 35 35 35 30 47 35 17 35 35 25 32 32 25 35 44 26 16 32 17 19 23 24 30 12 28 28 22 20 6 20 13 5 14 11 4 7 10 1 3 2 The age composition of any occupation group is affected by a number of more or less independent influences. Other things being equal, an occupation of recent origin or of recent exceptional growth will com- prise a larger percentage of young persons than one which has been longer established and is growing at a slower rate. The high rank of the packers and ship- pers in the percentage of young women is doubtless attributable in part to the fact that this is an occupa- tion which has only recently begun to report large OCCUPATIONS. 37 numbers of women. Few occupations have shown a more rapid increase in this respect, the number of women 15 years of age and over reported as packers and shippers being three times as great in 1900 as it was in 1890. Recent growth is an important factor also in explaining the large percentage of young women among telegraph and telephone operators and among stenographers and typewriters, the former occupation ranking fourth in the percentage 16 to 24 years of age and the latter ninth. .The latter occupa- tion ranks ninth also in the percentage 25 to 34 years of age, but has a very low rank in the percentage for older age periods. As time goes by, the numerical preponderance of young women in these occupations will probably become less marked. Most of the occupations carried on in factories com- prise a large percentage of young women, especially if the industry represented is one in which child labor is extensively employed. This is illustrated by the high percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age in the various classes of textile mill operatives and among boxmakers (paper), gold and silver workers, bookbinders, and tobacco and cigar factory operatives. Glovemaking, on the other hand, is an industry which is to a considerable extent carried on in the homes of the workers, and this explains the fact that, as compared with most other manufacturing pursuits, it has a rather small percentage of young women and a large percentage of women over 35. Another factor of importance is the age at which women usually enter the occupation, which in, turn depends to a considerable extent upon the preparatory training or study required for it. Of the women reported as physicians and surgeons, only a very small percentage are under 25 years of age, while the per- centage 35 to 44 years is larger than it is in any other occupation employing more than 5,000 women except one. For similar reasons the percentage of women 25 to 34 years of age is exceptionally high among actresses, artists and teachers of art, teachers in schools and colleges, musicians and teachers of music, bookkeepers and accountants, and literary and scien- tific persons, these 6 occupations having the highest rank in this percentage, while their rank in the per- centage of women under 25 is comparatively low. There are other occupations which require no special preparatory training and are adopted principally by women who are thrown upon their own resources in mid- dle life. Such is the occupation of boarding house keeper, the allied occupation of hotel keeper, and the occupation of retail merchant. Each of these occupa- tions comprises a comparatively srr.all percentage of women under 35 years of age, but ranks high in the per- centages in each older age group. Farming — an occu- pation which is likewise resorted to principally by wo- men in middle life or advanced age — has the highest rank in the percentage of women 55 years of age and over of any occupation shown in Table xxiv. Those breadwinning pursuits which may be readily carried on at home are naturally preferred by married women and widows with families and accordingly comprise a rather large percentage of middle-aged or elderly women. The occupation of laundress comes into this class and so perhaps does that of dressmaker. At the same time the age distribution of the laundress group is doubtless affected to a considerable extent by the fact that it is one of the principal occupations for negro women. Marital condition. — Table xxv shows the per cent distribution by marital condition of the total number of women employed in each specified occupation, and the rank of such occupation as regards the percentage in each marital class, the occupations being arranged in the order of rank as determined by the percentage of single women. The marital condition of any group is to a large extent determined by the age composition of that group. An occupation in which a large percentage of the women are under 25 years of age will normally comprise a large percentage of single women; and in the majority of cases it will be found that the rank of any occupation in the percentage of single women, as shown in the above table, does not differ widely from its rank in the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age, as shown in Table xxiv. For two occupations only are both rankings identical; but there are 7 occupa- tions for which the difference is only 1 , 12 for which it is only 2, 5 for which it is only 3, and 3 for which it is only 4. This leaves only 18 occupations out of 47 in which the difference between the two rankings is 5 or more. If the rank of an occupation in the percentage of single women is high as compared with its rank in the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age, this fact indicates that the occupation comprises a rela- tively large number of single women above 25 years of age and few, if any, married women below that age. This is a condition which appears to obtain to a marked degree among teachers — an occupation group which ranks sixth in the percentage of single women, but only twenty-ninth in the percentage of women iinder 25. A similar though less marked contrast between the two rankings appears in the occupations of stenogra- phers and typewriters, bookkeepers and accountants, literary and scientific persons, musicians and teachers of music, and artists and teachers of art. On the other hand the fact that the rank of an occu- pation in the percentage of young women is much higher than its rank in the percentage of single implies that there are relatively fe^v single women over 25 in that occupation and perhaps a good many married women under that age. Occupations which come into 38 WOMEN AT WORK. this class are packers and shippers, silk mill operatives, hosiery and knitting mill operatives, confectioners, cotton mill operatives, tobacco and cigar factory operatives, glovemakers, actresses and professional show-women, agricultural laborers, and laborers (not specified) . Table XXV.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIC MARITAL CLASS, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. OCCUPATION. All occupations Stenographers and typewriters Bookkeepers andaccountants Bookbinders Telegraph and telephone operators Boxmakers (paper) Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Packers and snippers Gold and silver workers Silk mill operatives Saleswomen Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Clerks and copyists Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Rubber factory operatives Hat and capmakers „ Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Paper and pulp mill operatives Boot and shoe makers and repairers Woolen mill operatives Musicians and teachers of music Milliners Tailoresses Literary arid scientific persons Servants and waitresses Artists and teachers of art Carpet factory operatives Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Seamstresses Dressmakers Glovemakers Barbers and hairdressers Housekeepers and stewardesses Officials (government) Nurses and midwi ves Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agricultural laborers . . . : Agents Physicians and surgeons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Boarding and lodging house keepers Janitors and sextons Hotel keepers Farmers, planters, and overseers All other occupations , FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. 4,843,155 85. 126 72,928 14,306 21,999 14, 498 327,635 17,052 5,767 26, 432 142, 290 15,361 81,023 28,293 6,945 7,049 27,788 8,709 36, 490 27, 169 52,028 82,958 61, 612 6,989 1,166,708 10,913 8,332 7,810 97,181 37, 126 139, 149 338,290 7,175 8,448 147,103 8,126 108,978 6,713 458,975 10, 472 7,399 107,081 329,359 33, 872 69,611 8,012 8,545 307,788 253, 642 Per cent in the specified marital class, and rank of occupation with respect to this -per cent. Single (including unknown). Per cent. 65.0 94.9 92.9 92.8 92.7 92.5 92.2 91.0 90.3 90.2 90.2 89.7 87.4 86.4 84.2 84.2 82.8 81.3 80.7 79.6 7&5 77.8 77.7 76.7 75.8 74.6 74.6 73.7 71.9 68.5 61.4 60.2 59.4 59.1 68.7 62.4 48 47.1 45.3 41.7 28.8 24.6 14.1 12.3 11.2 9.1 73.3 Rank. 16.0 2.5 4 2.8 4.1 4.3 4.5 5.0 6.4 6.3 5.4 6.2 5.2 81 8.!f 9.1 8.6 9.7 12.6 13.7 12.4 12.6 11.1 10.0 10.4 13.9 13.1 10.4 20.3 19.2 11.5 14.6 30.3 22.0 12.3 21.2 12.7 38.4 39.2 20.9 31.9 34 2&6 26.3 42.6 30.8 15.6 14.3 Rank. Widowed. Per cent. 2.0 2.6 10 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.2 4.5 4.0 49 6.1 6.6 6.8 5.1 6.0 6.7 7.6 10.2 11.3 11.7 89 11.6 14 2 5.5 8.0 17.3 161 7.3 15.3 25.8 18 3 ' 27.0 6.4 12.0 28 6 20.2 27.1 34 8 46 56 6 43.5 64 2 73.4 11.4 Rank. Divorced. Per cent. 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.6 1.8 1.0 2.5 2.5 1.4 1.6 2.8 0.8 3.4 1.9 2.4 1.8 40 1.7 3.8 1.9 1.0 32 32 43 40 43 43 32 24 43 32 27 32 40 43 32 32 30 21 32 18 18 24 22 20 16 30 27 40 24 14 11 22 6 6 16 14 4 27 3 5 11 1 13 2 ^ For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 21, page 170. The difference between the two classes of occupa- tions here compared may not indicate that marriages are less usual in one class than in the other, but more probably results from the fact that in the one class women are more apt to give up their occupation when they marry than in the other. Increase, 1890 to 1900. — The increase between 1890 and 1900 in the number of women 15 years of age and over employed in each of the principal occupations for this sex is shown in Table xxvi. As previously ex- plained, it is necessary in making comparisons with the census of 1890 to extend the age limits so as to include all female breadwinners 15 years of age and over. OCCUPATIONS. 39 Table XXVI. — Increase in the number of female breadwinners 15 xjears of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890. OCCUPATION. AU occupations , Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service . Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music . . . . Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house Iteepers. Hotel lieepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal serv- ice Trade and transportation. Agents Boolclceepers and accountants Clerics and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen '. Stenographers and typewriters .Teiegrapla and telephone operators.. "Otner persons in trade and trans- portation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and press- women Rubber factory operatives Textile miil operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting miil opera- tives Silk miil operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cufl makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechan- ical pursuits FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 5,007,069 811 497: 307: e: 327, 11 2,012, 5, 59, 8, 147: 8 111 332, 108, 1,213, 16, 10, 73; 83, 34, IS. 146! 85! 22; 1,258, 15, 7, 250, 8. 104, 31 29; 28: 47; 693, 342; 7, 85! 143! 29: 65, 20: 40, 819 1890 3,712,144 595, 134 363,554 226,427 5,153 311,241 4,491 10,775 2,764 34, 435 4,875 4,557 245,839 3,505 1,590,187 2,779 32,593 6,276 86,089 2,803 50,321 215, 121 41,396 1,146,255 8,554 222, 553 4,853 27,606 62,817 25,284 6,147 57, 171 21,214 8,403 9,068 993,029 11,271 32,948 12, 325 5,328 3,608 3,253 8,719 12,026 6,331 211, 112 10, 452 84,220 19, 321 19, 108 34,428 43,583 588, 277 290,308 6,652 60,653 143, 339 15,534 61,488 10, 403 25,853 71,978 Increase, 1890 to 1900. 1,294,926 216,610 134,332 81,361 917 119,525 2,328 214 3,225 17, 822 3,251 2,842 82,066 7,777 421,853 2,754 26,918 3,269 61,014 6,225 61,182 117,544 67,582 68,573 7,792 5,685 46, 214 20,909 8,724 12,526 89, 406 64,698 14,061 9,360 266,364 3,900 6,'337 3,667 3,268 3,9,35 2,906 446 3,744 907 39,264 n,773 20,724 11,787 10,092 1 5, 467 3,901 104,881 52,271 846 24,372 169 13,975 3,865 9,621 14, 472 78,649 Per cent. 34.9 1 Decrease. 36.4 36.9 35.9 17.8 38.4 51.8 2.0 116.7 51.8 66.7 62.4 33.4 221.9 99.1 82.6 62.0 70.9 186.4 121.6 54.6 163.3 6.0 91.1 117.1 167.4 33.3 166.4 306.0 167.2 103.3 26.7 34.6 16.2 29.8 61.1 109.1 89.3 6.1 31.1 14.3 18.6 117.0 24.6 61.0 62.8 115.9 9.0 17.8 18.0 12.9 40.2 « 90.0 6.3 92.5 66.0 109.3 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The percentages of increase vary widely in the dif- ferent occupation groups. The largest percentage is that for stenographers and typewriters — an occupa- tion in which there were more than four times as many women in 1900 as in 1890, representing an in- crease of 305 per cent. Next in the rank as regards the percentage of increase comes the group compris- ing the miscellaneous occupations classified under "other professional service." Here the increase was 221.9 per cent. The 11,282 women classified in this group in 1900 included 3,405 clergymen, 2,193 journalists, 1,037 architects, designers, draftsmen, etc., and 1,010 lawyers. Of clergymen of this sex and age in 1890 there were 1,143; of journalists, 888; of architects, etc., 327; and of lawyers, 208. The other occupation groups in which the number of women more than doubled are, in order of the per- centage of increase, the following: Packers and shippers, janitors and sextons, bookkeepers and ac- countants, telegraph and telephone operators, nurses and midwives, saleswomen, laborers (not specified), agents, literary and scientific persons, and glove- makers. The two miscellaneous groups "other per- sons in trade and transportation" and "other manu- facturing and mechanical pursuits" also come in this class. The fact that three of the residuary groups are included in this list implies perhaps an increasing diversity of occupations for women. In all, then, there are 14 occupation groups in which the number of women increased between 1890 and 1900 by more than 100 per cent, although the increase during that interval in the total number of women employed in all occupations was only 34.9 per cent. Many of these groups repi'esent occupations of a relatively high grade requiring a good degree of in- telligence and education, and commanding better wages than can be obtained from factory labor or in other pursuits demanding only physical strength and ordinary intelligence. The only occupation group in this list which represents a distinctly low grade of labor is that designated as "laborers (not specified)." To a certain extent the classification under this desig- nation represents a failure to secure explicit informa- tion. It is not probable, however, that any of the breadwinners returned as laborers without specification of the kind of labor belonged in the skilled trades or the occupations requiring special education and train- ing. But it may be that if the returns had been more specific the large increase shown for this group would disappear, being distributed among other allied groups. As pointed out in another connection, the large in- crease in the number of saleswomen probably is due in part to an improvement in classification, by which saleswomen in 1900 were more carefully distinguished from clerks and copyists than was the case in 1890. Some of the other differences in the growth and rela- tive importance of different occupations may be influ- enced by similar factors. In general, there is probably some differentiation of occupations in progress, or a tendency toward specialization, which affects the classification and designations both in popular usage and in census returns. For example, the occupation 40' WOMEN AT WORK. of housekeeper and stewardess, which shows a rather large percentage of increase, is probably to some ex- tent a differentiation or offshoot from the more com- prehensive group of servants and waitresses, for which the percentage of increase is small. The only occupation groups showing decreases are those of "carpet factory operatives," "woolen mill operatives," and "seamstresses." The first two de- creases may be assumed to represent an actual decline in the employment of women in the specified indus- tries; but the significance of the decrease in the number of seamstresses is not altogether certain, be- cause this designation does not stand for a very clearly defined occupation. These 3 groups showing a decrease all come in the general class desigfiated as "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits," and it may be noted the range of the percentages of increase is on the whole lower for the occupations classed under this main head than for the other occupations. STATISTICS FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. In the following pages detailed statistics of women at work are presented for a few selected occupations. To have discussed in equal detail all the occupations in which considerable numbers of women were em- ployed was obviously impracticable, and it is quite probable that some of the occupations that are not included have as good a claim to consideration as some of those that are. But the selection was determined partly with reference to the importance of the occupa- tion as measured by the number of women employed in it and partly with reference to its typical character. Domestic service is represented by servants and laun- dresses; the needle trades, by seamstresses and dress- makers; the factory industries, by textile mill oper- atives; commercial pursuits, by saleswomen; clerical service, by clerks and copyists, and by typewriters and stenographers; the professions, by teachers; and agri- culture, by farmers. SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. The total number of male and female servants and waiters in continental United States reported by the T'welfth Census was 1,560,721. Only three occupa- tions in the Census classification were of greater numer- ical importance — one being that of farmers, another that of farm laborers, and the third that of general laborers or "laborers (hot specified)" comprising per- sons reported as laborers without specification of the kind of labor performed. Importance as an occupation for women. — The occu- pation of servant is of much greater importance for women than for men. In fact, the number of women in continental United States 16 years of age and over who, according to the Twelfth Census, were employed as servants or waitresses (1,165,561) far exceeds the number reported in any other occupation and repre- sents 24.1 per cent, or almost one-fourth, of the total number in all occupations. On the other hand, the number of men 16 years of age and over em- ployed as servants or waiters represents only 1.1 per cent of the total number employed in all occu- pations. A classification of servants and waiters by sex and age is presented in the following tabular statement : ' breadwinners: 1900. AGE AND SEX. In all oc- cupations. Employed as servants and waiters. Number. Per cent. Per cent distri- bution. Continental United States 29,073,233 1,560,721 5.4 100.0 22, 489, 425 4,833,630 1,750,178 257,095 1,165,561 138,065 1.1 24.1 7.9 16.5 Women 16 years of age and over 74.7 8.8 1,264,411 485, 767 19,863 118,202 1.6 24.3 1 3 Girls.. 7.6 Of the total number of servants and waiters re- ported by the Census, 74.7 per cent, or three-fourths, were Women 16 years of age and over; 16.5 per cent were men; and the remainder, representing 8.8 per cent, were children 10 to 15 years of age, most of whom were girls. The group of servants and waiters, as its designation indicates, embraces two rather distinct occupations. The number of persons employed in each has been dis- tinguished in the Census returns, although this dis- tinction is not carried through the various detailed classifications by age, sex, race, nativity, etc. The relative importance of the two subdivisions of this occupation group may, however, be determined from the figures in the following tabular statement: SERVANTS AND WAITERS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. AGE AND^SEX. Total. Servants. Waiters. Number. ■Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 10 years and over: Both sexes 1,560,721 1,453,677 93.1 107,044 6 9 Male 276,9.58 1,283,763 138,065 212, 727 1,240,960 134,989 76.8 96.7 97.8 64,231 42,813 3,076 23 2 3.3 10 to 15 years- 2 2 Male 19,863 118,202 1,442,656 18,422 116,567 1,318,688 92.7 98.6 92.7 1.441 1,635 103,968 7.3 Fema le 1.4 16 years and over- 7.3 Male 257,095 1,165,561 194,306 1,124,383 76.6 96.5 62,790 41, 178 24 4 3.5 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 41 Of the total number of servants and waiters, 93.1 per cent were returned as servants and 6.9 per cent as waiters. It is evident that the occupation of waiters is relatively of much less importance for women than for men. Of the women, or females 16 years of age and over, in this occupation group, only 3.5 per cent were waitresses, all the rest, representing 96.5 per cent of the total number, being returned as servants. But of the men in this group, 24.4 per cent were waiters. In the occupation of waiters men outnumber women in the ratio of 3 to 2 ; but in the occupation of servants there are approximately six women to every man. Race and nativity. — In the following tabular state- ment the women employed as servants and waitresses are classified by race and nativity: RACE AND NATIVITY. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR CON- TINENTAL UNITED states: 1900. ■ 1 All classes .- Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro Indian and Mongolian i.ies.-wi 305,883 223,. 327 322, 062 313, 078 1,211 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 26.2 19.2 27.6 26.9 0.1 It is evident that no one class greatly predominates in this occupation. Native white women of native parentage are almost as numerous as foreign born white women or negro women. The foreign born white servants, however, constitute the largest class. Next in point of number comes the negro, a class almost as large as the foreign born white. The native white servants whose parents were foreign born con- stitute the smallest class, with the exception of the Indian and Mongolian, whose numbers are compara- tively insignificant. Table xxvii gives for purposes of comparison the race and nativity of men, women, and children em- ployed as servants and waiters. Of the women employed as servants, 73 per cent were white. But of the men reported in this occupa- tion, hardly more than one-half (51.4 per cent) were of the white race ; the remainder were negroes, Indians, or Mongolians. Very few, however, were Indians, the total number of male Indian servants and waiters 10 years of age and over being only 131. Therefore the total for Indians and Mongolians given in the above table consists almost entirely of MongoUans, or Chinese and Japanese. Among child servants there is a similar contrast between the sexes as regards the proportions in which the races are represented, 55.1 per cent of the boys being negroes as compared with 27.3 per cent of the girls. Table XXVII. — Distribution, by race and nativity, of servants and waiters, classified by sex and age, for continental United States: 1900. race and nativity. SERVANTS AND WAITERS. Aggre- gate. Men 16 years oJage and over. Women 16 years of age and over. Children 10 to 15 years of age. Total. Boys. Girls All classes Native white— both par- ents native Native white — one , or both parents foreign born Foreign born white Negro Indian and Mongolian . . . 1,560,721 402,188 283,250 392, 439 465, 734 17, 110 257,095 46,311 27,034 58,815 109, 417 15, 518 1,165,561 305,883 223, 327 322.062 313,078 1,211 138,065 32,889 11,562 43, 239 381 19,863 2,270 761 10,944 200 118, 202 44,306 30,619 10,801 32,295 181 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. All classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Native white — both par- ents native 25.8 18.1 25.1 29.8 1.1 18.0 10.5 22.9 42.6 6.0 26.2 19.2 27.6 26.9 0.1 36.2 23.8 8.4 31.3 0.3 28.6 11.4 3.8 55.1 1.0 37.5 Native white— one or ' both parents foreign born Foreign born white 25.9 9.1 27.3 Indian and Mongolian . . . 0.2 It is evident, therefore, that the predominance of females in this occupation is much more marked in the white race than in the negro. It will be found that the female white servants outnumber the male in the proportion of almost 7 to 1, or more accurately 13 to 2, while among negro servants the ratio of females to males is about 3 to 1. The sex distribution on a percentage basis is shown in the following tabular statement : SERVANTS AND WAITERS 10 YEARS FOE CONTINENTAL UNITED OF AGE AND OVER, STATES: leOO. RACE. Total. Number. Per cent. Male. Female. Male. Female. 1,560,721 276,968 1,283,763 17.7 82 3 White 1,077,877 466. 734 1,227 15,883 140,879 120,361 131 15,587 936,998 345,373 1,096 296 13.1 26.8 10.7 98.1 Indian 89 3 Mongolian 1.9 The composition of the servant class as regards race and nativity, which is shown by states and territories in Table xxviii, varies widely in different sections of the countrj^, depending of course, to a considerable degree, upon the composition of the general population. [2 WOMEN AT WORK. :able XXVIII.— DISTKIBUTION, by BACE and nativity, op women 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. WOMEN 16 TEARS Or AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. All classes. Number. Per pent. STATE OR TERRITORY. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both par- ents na- tive. One or both par- ents for- eign bom. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents for- eign bom. 1,165,561 305,883 223,327 322,062 314,289 26.2 19.2 27.6 27.0 North Atlantic division 446,342 110,350 77,522 211,867 46,603 24.7 17.4 47.6 10.4 New England 118,669 24,664 17,676 69,918 6,311 20.8 14.9 .59.0 5.3 10,832 6,735 6,054 68,701 8,146 18,101 327, 773 6,008 3,046 3,224 8,662 996 2,828 85,686 1,536 1,049 1,610 9, .522 1,005 2,955 59,846 1,152 47,399 5,185 10,459 141,949 98 108 68 3,218 960 1,859 40,292 65.5 45.2 53.3 12.5 12.2 16.6 26.1 14.2 16.6 ,26.6 13.9 12.3 16.3 1S.3 29.6 37.6 19.0 69.0 63.7 57.8 43.3 0.9 1.6 1.1 4.7 11.8 10.3 12.3 174,289 38. 478 115,006 161,379 31,938 6,469 47,279 27,598 34,180 6,125 19,541 . 3,107 93,488 17,240 31,221 4,116 14,683 8,644 16,966 126,55^ 18.3 16.8 41.1 17.1 19.6 15.9 17.0 1.9 ,53.6 44.8 27.1 2.6 8.4 22.5 14.8 78.4 91,133 18,907 2,965 3,912 65,349 20.7 3.3 4.3 71.7 4,024 28,945 14,694 35, 204 8, 266 70,246 814 6,527 1,021 5,579 5,966 8,691 226 1,792 362 92 493 142 492 2,359 744 130 187 204 2,492 19,267. 12,567 29, 4a3 1,620 61,209 20.2 19. !■ 6.9 15.8 72.2 12.4 5.6 6.2 2.5 0.3 6.0 0.2 12.2 8.1 5.1 0.4 2.3 0.3 61.9 66.6 85.5 Virginia 83.5 West Virginia 19.6 87.1 21,395 14,210 29,032 5,609 360,202 5,114 853 2,163 661 126,527 19 26 53 44 125,598 27 51 60 66 87,168 16,2.35 13, 280 26,756 4,938 26,909 23.9 6.0 7.6 10.0 34.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 34.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.2 23.8 76.9 93.5 92.2 Florida 88.0 7.3 235, 896 85,635 78,275 57,785 14,201 36.3 33.2 ■ 24.5 6.0 60,953 29,889 74,919 .36,542 33,593 130,306 29,399 19,003 20, 761 10,994 5,478 40,892 16,700 6,563 22,369 13,641 20,012 47,323 9,850 1,864 27, 157 10,994 7,920 29, .383 6,004 3,469 4,632 913 183 12,708 48.2 63.6 27.7 30.1 16.3 31.4 27.4 18.6 29.9 37.3 59.6 36.3 16.2 6.2 36.2 30.1 23.6 22.6 8.2 11.6 6.2 2.5 0.5 9.8 31,648 26,588 38,670 5,275 4,467 11,818 11,850 148,169 3,334 10,101 16,792 633 1,003 3,997 6,032 27,436 16,343 10, 873 8,980 1,974 2,069 4,276 2,808 6,119 11,643 6,143 4,267 2,648 1,347 3,070 1,266 3,791 328 471 9,631 20 38 475 1,745 111,823 10.6 38.0 40.8 12.0 22.5 33.8 50.9 18.6 51.6 40.9 23.2 37.4 46.4 36.2 23.7 3.5 36.8 19.3 11.0 60.2 30.2 26.0 10.7 2.6 i.d 1.8 24.9 0.4 0.9 4.0 14.7 75.5 92,547 17,045 2,034 1,053 72,416 18.4 2.2 1.1 78.2 29, 422 27,466 19,979 15,680 55,622 8,594 5,831 1,719 901 10,391 1,676 206 103 49 3,085 808 140 78 27 2,738 18,344 21,289 18,079 14,7a3 39,408 29.2 21.2 8.6 5.7 18.7 5.7 0.8 0.5 0.3 5.6 2.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 4.9 62.3 Tennessee 77.5 90.5 93.8 70.8 • 19,691 9,748 2,031 1,866 22,286 43,469 1,924 2,953 1,146 1,158 3,210 13,972 1,099 214 51 205 1,616 11,981 612 129 17 97 1,883 15,120 16,066 6, 4.52 817 406 15,677 2,396 9.8 30.3 66.4 62.1 14.4 32.1 6.6 2.2 2.6 11.0 6.8 27.6 3.1 1.3 0.8 5.2 8.4 34.8 81.5 66.2 40.2 Oklahoma . 21.8 70.3 (^ Western division 5.5 12,442 4,414 3,118 3,978 932 35.5 25.1 32.0 7.5 2,922 945 767 6,886 922 3,363 543 2,420 390 27,674 716 418 312 2,343 626 729 865 316 241 1,583 113 1.333 1,247 194 , 195 ' 2,238 104 1,007 94 17 19 722 80 284 24.5 44.2 40.7 34.0 67.8 21.7 29.6 33.4 31.4 23.0 12.3 39.8 42.7 20.5 25.4 32.6 11.3 30.0 3.2 1.8 2.5 10.6 8.7 8.5 164 464 101 8,829 1,919 2,087 4,823 112 1,114 107 7,530 154 800 53 10,135 113 42 129 1,180 30.2 19.2 25.9 31.9 20.6 46.0 27.4 27.2 28.4 33.1 13.6 36.6 20.8 Utah 1.7 33.1 Pacific 4.3 4,770 4,182 18,716 1,171 1,0.54 6,305 1,535 904 7,696 161 137 892 40.2 49.9 26.8 24.5 26.2 28.3 32.1 21.6 41.1 3.2 3.3 4.8 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 43 In the South most of the female servants are ne- groes; in the North foreign born whites are repre- sented by large numbers in this occupation. But the relative numerical importance of immigrants as serv- ants is not as great as it is perhaps generally believed to be. The foreign bom white servants attain their greatest prominence in some of the North Atlantic states. In Massachusetts 69 per cent of the female servants 16 years of age and over are white women of foreign birth. Next comes Rhode Island, in which the percentage is 63.7. In Connecticut it is 57.8 and in New York 53.6. North Dakota is the only other state in which the white immigrants represent more than one-half of the total number of adult female serv- ants of the age here considered. On the other hand, there are 8 states and territories in which a majority of the adult female servants are na- tive white born of native parents. These states and territories represent widely separated sections of the United States and diverse economic and social condi- tions. Two of them are New England states — Maine and Vermont. Another is West Virginia, where the percentage of native white servants of native parentage reaches a maximum, being 72.2. The other states and territories in this list are Indiana, Kansas, Indian Terri- tory, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. These states and territories contain no very large cities and in all of them more than half the total population live in rural districts or in places having less than 2,500 inhabitants. This is probably one reason for the predominance in these states of female white servants of native birth and parentage, the population of foreign birth or par- entage being mostly an urban population. In 10 other states the native white of native parent- age, although not constituting a majority of all the female servants 1 6 years of age and over, form the largest of the four race and nativity classes distinguished in Table xxviii. These states and the percentages which the native white of native parentage form of the total number of women employed as servants are as follows : Oregon (49.9), Ohio (48.2), New Hampshire (45.2), Idaho (44.2), Pennsylvania (41.1), Missouri (40.8), Wyoming (40.7), Washington (40.2), Colorado (34), and Arizona (30.2). The native white servants, including those of for- eign as well as native parentage, constitute a majority of all the female servants 16 years of age and over in most states outside the South, including all the North Central states except North Dakota, all the Western states, the three northern New England states, and the state of Pennsylvania. In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions the negro servant predominates, about three-fourths of the women employed as servants and waitresses be- ing of that race. In 4 Southern states — South Caro- lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi— over 90 per cent are negroes. In Table xxix the classification by race and nativity is presented separately for women servants employed in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and for those employed in smaller cities and country districts. The comparison indicates in a general way the dif- ference between city and country, although not all the population living in the smaller cities and coun- try districts is distinctively rural. The difference as regards the composition of the servant class consists principally in the greater relative importance of the foreign born white servant in the larger cities, and of the native white servant of native parentage in the smaller cities and country districts. In the larger cities 45.3 per cent of the total number of women serv- ants are white immigrants and only 12.6 per cent are native white of native parentage; in the smaller cities and country districts, on the'other hand, the percent- age for the former class is only 17.2, while that for the latter rises to 34.3. A similar contrast is apparent in the comparison for each of the geographic divisions. The foreign born white servants attain their greatest relative importance in the larger cities of New Eng- land, where they constitute 71.7 per cent of the total number of women servants; the percentage of native white servants of native parentage is highest (45.8) in the smaller cities and country districts of the Eastern North Central division, but is only a little higher there than it is in the corresponding portion of the Southern North Atlantic division. In the totals for continental United States the per- centage of native white servants of foreign parentage is the same in the larger cities as it is in the smaller cities and country districts, being in each class of communities 19.2; while the two percentages are not similarly, identical in any of the geographic divisions, the differences that appear are usually not very marked. 44 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XXIX.— DISTBIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES IN CITIES HAVINfi AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. WOMEN 16 TEAES OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. All classes. Number. Per cent. > GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION. Native white- Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mongolian. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents loreign bom. Total. Negro. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. IN CITIES HAVING AT LEASI 60,000 INHABITANTS. 432,600 64,639 82,903 196,031 99,027 98,842 12.6 19.2 46.3 231,787 26,646 37,922 140, 714 27,606 27,662 11.0 16.4 60.7 New England 47, 652 184, 135 46,821 4,630 21,016 3,206 6,999 31,923 1,747 34,182 106,532 3,057 2,941 24,664 37,812 2,939 24,623 37,810 9.5 11.4 7.0 12.6 17.3 3.8 71.7 57.9 6.7 6 2 Northern South Atlantic 36,539 9,282 113,408 2,926 279 20,119 1,701 46 36, 498 2,969 88 43,140 28,943 8,869 13,661 28,041 8,869 13,646 8.0 3.0 17.7 4.7 0.6 32.2 8.1 0.9 38.0 79 2 N orth Central division 12 Eastern North Central 77,837 35,571 26,004 13,196 6,923 2,446 24,439 1^,059 2,261 32,640 10,600 1,363 7,662 6,989 18,934 7,660 6,986 18,934 17.0 19.6 9.8 31.4 33.9 9.0 41.8 29.8 5.5 '9 8 76.7 Eastern South Central . 14,982 10,022 16,480 1,.360 1,086 3,223 1,026 1,236 4,475 •647 716 7,757 11, 949 6,985 1,025 11,949 6,985 890 9.1 10.8 19.6 6.8 12.3 27.2 4.3 7.1 47.1 79 8 69.7 6.2 Rocky Mountain 3,044 1,098 12,338 708 138 2,377 687 440 3,348 1,215 490 6,052 434 30 561 434 29 427. 23.3 12.6 19.3 22.6 40.1 27.1 39.9 44.6 49.1 14 3 2,7 Pacific 4.5 IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS. 733,061 261,344 140,424 126,031 21.5,262 214,236 34.3 19.2 17.2 29.4' 214,565 84,804 39,600 71, 153 18,998 18,913 39.5 18.6 33.2 8.9 New England 70, 917 143,638 115,558 20, 134 64,670 24,393 11, 677 27,923 1,360 35, 736 35,417 1,059 3,370 15,628 88,746 3,358 15,555 88,733 28.4 45.0 21.1 16.6 19.4 1.2 50.4 24.7 0.9 4.8 10.9 76.8 54,694 60,964 252, 794 15, 981 8,412 106, «I8 1,264 96 89, 100 943 116 44,028 36, 406 52,340 13,268 36,403 62,330 13,059 29.3 13.8 42.1 2.3 0.2 35 ..2 1.7 0.2 17.4 66.7 86.9 6.2 158, 069 94,736 123, 165 72,439 33,969 24,990 53,836 36, 264 2,858 25,245 18,783 2,428 6,539 6,719 92,889 6,412 6,847 92,641 46.8 36.9 20.3 34.1 37.2 2.3 16.0 ' 19.8 2.0 4.1 7.1 75.4 77,566 46,600 26,989 9,398 2,265 16,336 15,685 9,305 10,749 1,008 1,850 7,606 406 2,022 7,363 60, 466 32,423 1,371 60,461 32, 180 890 20.2 20.4 39.8 1.3 4.1 27.8 0.5 4.4 27.3 78.0 Western South Central 71.1 Western division 5.1 Roclcy Mountain 3,706 591 6,452 2,431 893 4,182 2,763 617 4,083 498 254 619 457 75 358 39.4 26.2 42.1 26.9 39.6 27.3 29.4 22.9 26.6 6.3 11.3 Pacific 4.0 In most of the geographic divisions the colored ser- vants (negro, Indian, and Mongohan) are represented by a percentage which is larger in the cities of over 50,000 than outside such cities, although in the totals for con- tinental United States the difference is the other way, the larger percentage being that for the smaller cities and country districts. The following tabular statement shows what pro- portion of the women 16 years of age and over are employed as servants or waitresses in the total popu- lation and in each race and nativity class : RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white Negro Indian and Mongolian WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED states: 1900. Total. 23, 485, 659 12, 130, 161, 4, 288, 969 4, 403, 494 2,689,988 72,917 Servants and wait- resses. 305,883 223, 327 322.062 313,078 1,211 Per 10,000. 252 521 731 1,208 166 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 45 For the total population the proportion is 496 per 10,000, or approximately 5 (4.96) per cent. In other words, 1 woman in every 20 is a servant or waitress. The proportion varies widely in the different race and nativity classes. For the native white born of native parents it is 252 per 10,000, which is very nearly equivalent to 1 woman in every 40. In pro- portion to their number this class contributes fewer servants than any other of the four main classes. The negroes are the class in which the proportion of women employed in this occupation' is largest. Of the negro women 16 years of age and over 12 per cent (1,208 per 10,000), or almost one-eighth, are servants. It is noticeable and significant that the ratio for white women whose parents were immi- grants (521 per 10,000) is considerably smaller than that for white women who are themselves immigrants (731 per 10,000). Apparently the second generation in our population of foreign origin is more averse to domestic service than their parents were; or perhaps it would be more correct to say that they are better qualified to enter other occupations and therefore have a wider choice in making their selection, and that at the same time they are as a class in a better economic position and therefore under less necessity of taking up breadwinning pursuits. Table XXX. — Number and ■proportion of servants and waitresses in female population 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. "WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— In cities having at lea.st 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Num- ber. Per 10,000. Num- ber. Per- 10,000. 5,856,790 432,600 739 17,629,769 733,061 416 Native white — both par- 1,703,955 1,700,209 2,096,206 353,787 2,633 54,539 82,903 196,031 98,842 186 320 488 936 2,794 703 10,426,206 2,688,760 2,308,288 2,236,201 70,314 251,344 140,424 126,031 214,236 1,026 241 Native white— one or both parents foreign 542 Foreign bom white 546 968 Indian and Mongolian. . . 146 Table xxx shows the difference in the proportion of women employed as servants and waitresses between the population living in cities of at least 50,000 in- habitants and the population living in smaller cities and country districts. The one is a distinctively urban population; the other a mixed population, be- ing in part urban and in part rural. In a way this table measures the difference between the two classes of communities as regards the opportunities and the demand for the employment of women as servants. In the larger cities the occupation employs 739 women in every 10,000, or approximately 1 woman in every 14. In the smaller cities and country districts the corre- sponding ratio is 416 per 10,000, or 1 in 24. The dif- ference doubtless represents mainly the influence of the distinctively rural communities in lowering the latter ratio. Probably the ratio for the smaller cities alone would not differ so much from that for cities of over 50,000. The great importance of domestic service as an oc- cupation for negro women is strikingly shown by this table. Nearly 28 per cent (2,794 per 10,000), or more than one-fourth of the negro women living in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants are employed as servants or waitresses. For foreign born white women the corre- sponding ratio is only one-third as great, being 936 pei* 10,000, or less than 1 in 10. The two classes of native white women, as would be expected, show still lower ratios, the lowest being that for the native white of native parentage. The comparison by race and nativity for women living in smaller cities and country districts is in some respects less significant, being affected by the dissimilarity in the local distribution of the classes compared. The native white of native parentage are concentrated in the country districts to a greater degree than either the foreign born or the native born of foreign parenta,ge, and therefore represent to a greater extent the conditions prevailing in a dis- tinctively rural environment. The figures for the negro living outside the larger cities represent mainly conditions in the agricultural regions of the South. Thus outside the larger cities the opportunity to find employment as servants must differ widely for these different classes. The proportion of women employed as servants and waitresses in any class of the population depends partly upon the proportion who are under the neces- sity of earning their living or entering any occupation as breadwinners, and partly, of course, upon the ex- tent to which the breadwinners select this particular occupation as the means by which the necessary liveli- hood may be most readily obtained. Attention has been called to the fact that the occupation of servant comprises about one-fourth of all the women who are breadwinners. In Table xxxi the varying importance of this occupation is shown for the female bread- winners in the principal race and nativity classes. Table XXXI. — Numher and percentage of servatits and waitresses among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity , for continental United States: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bora white Negro Indian and Mongolian FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 4,833,630 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 10,288 Servants and wait- resses. Number. Per cent 1,165,561 305,883 223, 327 322,062 313,078 1,211 17.3 20.5 38.3 28.0 11.8 46 WOMEN AT WORK. Of foreign born white women who are breadwinners, 38.3 per cent are servants and waitresses. This is the highest percentage shown in the above table. Of the total number of negro women who are breadwinners only 28 per cent are servants and waitresses. But here again the difference is one of environment rather than of race, the negro population being to a large extent rural, while the foreign born white are concentrated in cities. Therefore in determining the influence of race and nativity more significant results may be obtained by a comparison restricted to city population such as is presented in the first three columns of Table xxxii. Table XXXII. — Number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. Table xxxii brings out the fact that 51.1 per cent of all negro women living in cities of over 50,000 in- habitants and engaged in gainful occupation are serv- ants or waitresses, while the corresponding percentage for the foreign bom white women is but 39.7, being only a little higher than it was in Table xxxi, which gave to- tals for continental United States. It appears, there- fore, that in the larger cities one-half of the negro women seeking employment and two-fifths of the white immigrant women enter domestic service. The pro- portion for the native white women is much smaller, being only 13.1 per cent for those of native parentage and 14.9 per cent for those whose parents were immi- grants. Considerable significance may be attached to the fact that the difference between these two per- centages is small, because it would seem to indicate that the children of immigrants if bom and educated in this country are hardly more willing to become serv- ants when seekmg employment than are the children of native Americans. This similarity between the two classes of breadwinners living in the larger cities is, however, not apparent in all parts of the United States. It obtains only in the North Atlantic states. In the largest cities of the other main geographic divisions the percentage of breadwinners who are servants is somewhat higher among the native white women of foreign parentage than anaong those of native parentage, as will be seen by reference to Table xxxiii, in which the percentages are given for each main and minor geographic division. Table XXXIII.— PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DIS- TRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. EACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1,657,728 432,500 26.1 3,175,902 733,061 23.1 Native white— both par- 414,954 554,806 494,044 193,317 607 54,539 82,903 196,031 98,842 185 13.1 14.9 39.7 51.1 30.5 1,357,012 635,938 .345,967 926,304 10, 681 251,344 140,424 126,031 214, 236 1,026 18.5 Native white — one or both parents foreign bom Foreign bom white Negro 26.2 36.4 23.1 Indian and MongoUan 9.6 "ERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities a:nd country districts. GEOGEAPUIC DIVISION. AU ela.sses. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro. All classes. Native white — Foreign bom ( white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. 26.1 2.'i.3 13.1 14.9 39.7 51.1 23.1 18.5 26.2 36.4 23.1 12.0 12.0 40.8 64.7 26.3 21.1 19.1 39.4 69.6 21.0 26.6 31.0 8.8 13.0 7.7 8.6 12.9 9.5 34.5 43.3 30.7 49.6 67.1 48.6 21.2 29.8 18.5 11.9 24.3 11.5 13.0 23.9 14.4 34.3 46.4 21.2 67.0 70.1 22.3 Northpm South \tlantic 31.5 29.0 26.5 8.1 5.0 16.8 9.9 4.0 20.2 31.6 16.2 37.4 54.5 36.0 48.7 32.0 13.4 29.0 20.4 6.3 23.6 17.9 4.0 33.3 29.1 6.6 35.6 44.5 16.6 47.9 24.8 27.2 32.1 31.8 32.6 23.5 16.8 16.7 14.6 IS. 6 2i.4 16.9 36.7 39.7 30.3 61.7 45.3 43.8 29.3 28.5 16.6 25.3 20.6 10.8 32.0 35.6 13.4 35.5 35.6 IS. 6 48.4 47.5 19.6 12.5 IS. 6 13.6 14.1 20.3 17.7 33.1 28.1 40.7 44.3 43.0 63.0 17.0 16.1 22.1 11.4 9.9 18.1 10.4 15.9 24.5 14.3 19.8 .31.3 19.7 Wpstom South Central 19.4 44.5 25.4 28.6 22.7 13.2 16.0 13.6 21.2 28.9 16.3 46. 7 '36.2 40.1 66.5 (') 49.5 24.7 15.4 22.1 18.8 15.9 18.0 28.3 23.0 23.0 ' 36.8 17.0 31.9 46.8 36.8 43.8 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 47 The relative importance of domestic service as an occupation for women in the larger cities of different sections of the United States is indicated by the per- centages presented in the first column of Table xxxiii. The importance of this occupation is least in New England cities, where only 21 per cent of all the women who are breadwinners are servants or wait- resses. This means probably not that there is less demand for servants in that part of the country than elsewhere, but that there are more opportunities for women to obtain employment in other pursuits. In the Western South Central states the corresponding percentage is 32.6, representing nearly one-third of all the women who are breadwinners. In general, the occupation is of less importance in the cities of the North Atlantic, North Central, and Western states than in those of the Southern states. For the smaller cities and country districts the com- parison by geographic divisions shows a wider varia- tion in the percentage which servants and waitresses formed of the total number of women employed as breadwinners. The extremes appear in two adjacent geographic divisions, the maximum percentage, 32, being that for the Northern South Atlantic division and the minimum, 13.4, that for the Southern South Atlantic. It is evident that in the former division the conditions resemble those in the North, where, as compared with the South, the percentages here con- sidered are, in general, high. The percentages are affected by a diversity of influences not always easy to determine or measure. But it may be noted that outside the larger cities the principal occupations which rival domestic service in the employment of women are those connected with the factory and the farm. In the Southern South Atlantic states large numbers of white women are employed in the cotton nulls, which are mostly located in small towns or vil- lages, and large numbers of women, both white and negro, are employed on farms. In the North the mill industries are concentrated to a greater extent in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and women are not em- ployed so generally in farm work. This is one reason, doubtless, why the servants' occupation in the country and small towns attains greater importance in the North than in the South. Another reason is found in the difference between the two sections as regards the demand for servants outside the large cities. In the rural districts of the South — particularly in the section designated as the black belt — there are com- paratively few f amihes employing servants. The con- trast between North and South as regards the demand for servants is probably not so great in the larger cities as it is in the smaller cities and country districts. A comparison by race and nativity for the several geographic divisions brings out the fact that both in the larger cities and in the smaller cities and country districts the percentage of servants in the total num- ber of adult female breadwinners is almost invari- ably higher — and usually much higher — for the foreign born white than for either class of native white, and sim- ilarly the percentage for the negro is almost without exception higher than that for the foreign born white. There is no such uniform relationship between the per- centages for the two classes of native white women. Usually the higher percentage is that for the natii* white of foreign parentage. But in the smaller cities and country districts of the North and South Atlantic minor divisions the difference is the other way; and, as already remarked, in the larger cities of the North Atlantic divisions the two percentages are almost exactly the same. For each class of native white women the percentage of servants in the total number of breadwinners is generally higher in the smaller cities and country dis- tricts than in the larger cities of the same geographic division. For the foreign born white and the negro the higher percentage as a rule is that for the large cities. Parentage. — Table xxxiv classifies the female bread- winners 10 years of age and over with respect to the birthplace of their parents, and gives the number and percentage of servants and waitresses in each speci- fied class. Table XXXIV. — Number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PAKENTAGE. All classes . Native parentage. Native white. All other. Foreign parentage. Austria Bohemia....- Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark England and Wales. . France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland other countries. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Servants and wait- resses. Number. 5,319,397 1,283,763 3,247,907 693, 679 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 Mixed foreign parentage. 25, 590 25,719 102, 181 78, 979 15,580 158,912 21,164 538, 192 14, 631 634, 201 26, 093 47, 934 38, 536 40,816 46, 173 81, 148 15, 125 47,689 112,827 350, 189 343, 490 590,084 8,909 6,316 27, 521 8,092 6,867 28, 708 4,719 160,939 6,087 195,000 2,386 22, 519 8,815 5,853 9,616 45, 794 4,646 14,400 22,997 24.1 21.4 18.2 26.0 28., 34.8 24.6 26.9 10.3 44.1 18.1 22.3 29.9 41.6 30.8 9.2 47.0 22.9 14.3 20.6 56.4 30.7 30.2 20.4 For the purposes of this report it was deemed inad- visable to make this tabulation fpr adult female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, since the figures for breadwinners 10 years of age and over could be easily derived from the Twelfth Census report on Occupations, and are probably equally significant 48 WOMEN AT WORK. in showing comparatively the extent to which the women of the different parent nativities engage in the specified occupation. The term "foreign parentage," as here used, means that one or both parents were born in foreign coun- tries, the term "native parentage," that both parents were bom in the United States, or that one was born in the United States, the birthplace of the other being unknown. The specified foreign countries indicate the birthplace of both parents or of one parent where the other was born in the United States. ' ' Mixed foreign parentage" includes the cases in which the father and mother were born in different foreign countries. Naturally most persons of native parentage were natives oi the United States, but a few were of foreign birth. On the other hand, a large proportion of the children of foreign born parents were themselves for- eign born. The population of native parentage other than the native white consists mostly of negroes; but this total may include also some Indians and Mon- golians, together with the comparatively few white persons born abroad whose parents were native of the United States. Essentially, then, the difference between the two classes of native parentage distinguished in this table is that between the native white of native parentage and the negro. The latter are included with "all other" of native parentage, and make up the greater part of that total, which comprises a percentage of servants and waitresses (26) which is considerably larger than that for the native white of native par- entage (18.2), but not as large as that for the total number of female breadwinners of foreign parentage (28.5). Of the principal countries represented by our popu- lation of foreign parentage, Ireland ranks first in the number of female servants. Almost one-third of the total number of female servants and waitresses of for- eign parentage are Irish. Germany is represented by the next largest number. The other countries are of much less importance, so far as actual numbers are concerned. But there are several other coun- tries which are represented by a much larger per- centage of servants in the total number of female breadwinners. The highest percentage is that for Sweden. Of the female breadwinners representing this country, 56.4 per cent, or more than one-half , are servants and waitresses. The next highest percentage is that for the sister country of Norway, and the next is that for Denmark. In proportion to its importance the immigration from these Scandinavian countries contributed more female servants than that from other parts of Europe. Noticeably low are the percentages for the Italians, the Canadian French, and the Russians. The last are probably for the most part Russian Jews. It is evident that the women of these nationalities are not attracted by domestic service. The Canadian French prefer the textile mills, and the Russian Jews and the Italians the sweat shops. Age. — The age distribution of women employed as servants "is shown in Table xxxv. Rather more than one-half — 53.4 per cent — of the total number 16 years of age and over are under 25, or 16 to 24 years of age. Of the total number of women in the United States (area of enumeration) ^ employed in all occupa- tions, 44.2 per cent are in this age period, so that in domestic service the proportion of young women would appear to be considerably above the average. But when the 47 occupations employing more, than 5,000 women are ranked with reference to the percent- age of breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age it will be found that the servant's occupation occupies a median position, th^e being 22 occupations for which the per- centage is higher and 24 for which it is lower (see Table xxiv). ' Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. Table XXXV.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years . . . 25 to 34 year.i . . . 35 to 44 years.. . 45 to54yea,ra... 55 to 64 years... 65 years and ove Age unloiown . . . WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SEKVANTR AND WAITRESSES. Ail classes. Number. 1, 166, 708 622, 494 2S0, 416 127,966 73, 069 37,282 19, .576 5,905 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 53.4 24.0 11.0 6.3 3.2 1.7 0.5 Native wliite — Both parents native. Number. 305,975 1S6, 886 57, 718 26,723 17, 410 10,253 5,380 1,605 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 61.1 18.9 8.7 5.7 3.4 1.8 0.5 One or both parents . foreign born. Number. 223,381 144, 614 50, 111 19,598 6, 368 1,884 582 224 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 64.7 22.4 8.8 2.9 O.S 0.3 0.1 Foreign born white. Number. 322, 190 156, 149 92,498 36,225 20, 180 10,659 5,291 1,188 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 48.5 28.7 11.2 6.3 3.3 1.6 0.4 Negro. Number. 313, 091 133. 895 79; 415 45, 161 28,997 14. AM 8,299 2,870 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 42.8 26.4 14.4 9.3 4.6 2.7 0.9 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 49 The foreign bom white and the negro women em- ployed as servants comprise a much smaller percentage of young women than either class of native white fe- male servants, indicating the probability that the for- mer as a class take up this occupation later in life and at the same time are less likely to give it up as they grow older. Negro women in particular continue to Table XXXVI.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. follow this occupation to a very great extent after they are married. The figures for the native white of for- eign parentage reflect the age composition of this class in the general population. Being the daughters of immigrants they comprise a relatively large number of young women. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. .\11 classes. Native white— Foreign bom white. AGE. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. N-^ber.^Pf,, Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total ... . 4,843,155 1,166,708 24.2 1,773,109 306,975 17.3 1,091,200 223, 381 ma 840,686 322, 190 38.3 1,119,653 4.39, 725 266,956 178,810 124,024 64,535 36,539 9,064 313,091 133,895 79,415 46,161 28,997 14,454 8,299 2,870 28.0 16 to 24 years 2,139,370 1,171,952 676.548 441, 457 256,926 138,691 18,211 622,494 280,416 127,966 73,069 37,282 19, .576 5,905 29.1 23.9 18.9 16.6 14.5 14.1 32.4 ■ 753,266 .399,376 244,556 182,214 120,650 67,6,55 5,392 186,886 57,718 26,723 17,410 10,253 5,380 1, 605 24.8 14.5 10.9 9.6 8.5 8.0 29.8 593, 435 297,916 130,749 46,925 15,982 5,368 825 144,614 60, 111 19,598 6,368 1,884 24.4 16.8 15.0 13.6 11.8 347,769 202,322 119,316 86,136 54,563 28,262 2,328 156,149 92,498 36,225 20,180 10,669 5,291 1,188 44.9 45.7 30.3 23.4 19.5 18.7 51.0 30.4 25 to 34 years 29.7 25.3 45 to 54 years 23.4 ■*)5 to 64 years . 22.4 65 years and over Age unknown 582 224 10.8 27.2 22.7 31.7 Table xxxvi shows what proportion of the total number of female breadwinners in each specified age period are servants or waitresses. These percentages indicate a decline in the relative importance of do- mestic service as an occupation for female breadwin- ners in the older years of life. Of the breadwinners of this sex 16 to 24 years of age, 29.1, or nearly 3 in 10, are servants; of those 55 years and over, hardly more than 14 per cent, or 1 in 7, are employed in that occu- pation. This decline, however, is not in any way abnormal, nor is it the result of conditions peculiar to the servant's occupation. It simply reflects the importance of farming as an occupation for women in middle life and old age (see Table 1 7, page 1 62 ) . The large number of women adopting the farmer's occu- pation late in life naturally tends to reduce the rela- tive importance of other occupations in the older age periods. The reduction is more marked for the na- tive white of native parentage than for the other race and nativity classes, because the great majority of the women who become farmers are of that nativity. The influence of farming as an occupation is of 12694—07 i course eliminated when the comparison is restricted to cities of over 50,000 population. When that is done, it will be found that the occupation of servant still undergoes a decline in its relative importance for the older age periods, but the decline is not very marked. On the other hand, by confining the com- parison to smaller cities and country districts the de- cline is very much accentuated. The contrast is shown in the following tabular statement: AREA. PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAIT- RESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS: 1900. 16 years and over. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 44 years. 46 years and over. Continental United States 24.1 29.1 22.1 15.5 In cities having at least 50,000 inhab- itants 26.1 23.1 27.0 30.3 26.0 19.8 22 5 In smaller cit.es and country districts. ia3 Marital condition. — Table xxxvii shows the mari- tal condition of women employed as servants and waitresses. 50 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XXXVII.— DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAES OP AGE ASD OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. Ali Classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro. MARITAL CONDITION. Botli parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Indian and Mongolian. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Total 1,166,708 100.0 305, 975 100.0 223,381 100.0 322, 190 100.0 313,091 100.0 2,071 100.0 Single ' 895,084 120, 941 136,065 14,618 76.7 10.4 11.7 1.3 245,042 24,843 30,530 5,560 80.1 8.1 10.0 1.8 201,559 9,668 10,635 1,719 90.2 4.3 4.7 0.8 280,616 15,322 24,863 1,389 87.1 4.8 7.7 0.4 167,060 70,205 69,911 5,915 53.4 22.4 22.3 1.9 807 1,003 226 35 39.0 Married 48.4 10.9 1.7 ^ On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. 2 Including unknown. In domestic service, as in most occupations, the ma- jority of women are single, but as usual there are marked variations in this respect in the different race and nativity classes. The percentage of single is highest for those native white servants who are the daughters of immigrants. This class, it will be re- membered, likewise comprises the largest percentage of young women, or women under 25. There is, of course, a natural and obvious connection between these two facts. Usually the percentage of single women in any classification varies with the percentage of young women. The more women under 25, the more single women. Nevertheless, in this occupation the correspondence in the order of the two per- centages is not complete. The class of native white servants of native parentage, while ranking second in the percentage of young women, ranks third in the per- centage of single women, the second rank as regards the latter percentage being held by the foreign born white servants. The contrasts between the different classes as re- gards the relations between marital condition and age are perhaps more effectively shown by the following tabular statement, which compares the percentage 25 years of age and over with the percentage that are or have been married, comprising the married, widowed, and divorced: RACE AND NATIVITY. Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro WOMEN EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAIT- RESSES, FOB THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERA- TION): 1900. Per cent 25 years of age and over. 35.3 51.5 57.2 Per cent married, widowed, and divorced. 12.9 40.6 It will be noted that in comparison with the per- centage 25 years of age and over, the percentage married, widowed, and divorced appears to be excep- tionally small among the foreign born white servants. They are as a class much older than the native white of native parentage,, yet they include a smaller pro- portion of women who are or have been married. In age there is not much contrast between them and the negro; but in marital status the difference is very great. It is evident that for some reason matrimony is less usual among the immigrant white women em- ployed as servants than among the native white fe- male servants. Possibly the difference may indicate that the foreign born white servants have a tendency to continue in this occupation unless they marry; while the native white in older years are apt to leave the occupation whether they marry or not. It is evi- dent that large numbers of negro women continue to work as servants after marriage, the married, widowed, and divorced forming 46.6 per cent of the total number of adult female servants of this race. Comparison with census of 1890. — In making com- parisons with the census of 1890 it is necessary to lower the age limit for adults so as to include all persons 15 years of age and over, the women 16 years of age and over not being separately tabulated at that census. The total for 1900 in the comparative tables which follow is, therefore, somewhat greater than that used in the previous discussion. The number of female servants 15 years and over increased from 1,145,255 in 1890 to 1,213,828 in 1900, an increase of 6 per cent in ten years. This is a very small percentage of increase as compared with that for most of the other principal occupations in which women are engaged (see Table xxvi), and as compared with an increase of 34.9 per cent in the total number of women engaged in all occupations and of 20.7 in the total population. SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 51 Table XXXVIII. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as servants and waitresses, for the United States: 1900-''- and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER RMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. BACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Num- ber. Per cent. All classes 1,213,828 100.0 1,145,256 100.0 68,573 6.0 Native white— both parents native 323,703 237,639 327, 700 26.7 19.6 27.0 26.6 0.2 311,479 196,641 366,097 270,889 1,149 27.2 17.1 32.0 23.7 0.1 12,224 41,898 2 38,397 51,842 1,006 3.9 Native white— one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white . . 21.4 2 10.5 Negro Indian and Mongolian 322,731 2,165 19.1 87.6 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. In the number of native white women of native parentage employed as servants the increase was even smaller, being only 3.9 per cent. The number of native white women of foreign parentage and of negro women in this occupation increased more rapidly, the increase for each of these two classes being about 20 per cent. For the foreign bom white women, on the other hand, there was a decrease of 10.5 per cent. As a result of these changes the relative importance of im- migrant women in the servant class underwent a rather marked decline. In 1890 they constituted 32 per cent of the total number of women employed as servants and waitresses; in 1900 only 27 per cent. Probably this decline reflects the decreased immigration in the decade 1890 to 1900, as compared with 1880 to 1890, and also indicates the change in the character of the im- migration . The newer immigration, consisting largely of Russians, Italians, and Poles, is less inclined to enter domestic service than was the case with the older immigration of Irish and Germans. This is indicated by a comparison of the percentages presented in Table XXXIV, while the decline in the total immigration and the change in its character are indicated by Table XXXIX. Table XXXIX. — Number of immigrants arriving in the United States during the decades ISSl to 1890 and 1891 to 1900. COUNTRY OF LAST PERMANENT RESI- DENCE. Total Austria-Hungary. . . . England German Empire Ireland Italv> Russian Empire and Finland Sweden All other. 1881 to 1S»« ISOI to lilOO Number. 5,246,613 353, 722 644,680 1,462,970 655, 482 307, 310 230, 116 391,776 1,210,567 Per cent distri' bution. 100.0 eT 12.3 27.7 12.5 6.9 4.4 7.5 23.1 Number. 3,687,564 592, 707 216, 726 605, 152 388,416 661, 893 505, 290 226, 266 001,114 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 16.1 5.9 13.7 10.6 17.7 13.7 6.1 16.3 Increase (+) or decrease (- ) . Number. -1,669,049 -1-238,985 -427,964 -947,818 -267,066 -1-344,583 -1-275, 174 -165,610 -609,443 Per cent. -29.7 -1-67.6 -66.4 -65.2 -40.7 -1-112.1 -H19.6 -42.2 -60.3 The fact that the number of women employed in all occupations increased over 34 per cent while the num- ber employed as servants increased only 6 per cent involves, of course, a very considerable decline in the relative importance of domestic service as an occupa- tion for women. The change is indicated in Table XL, which includes all female breadwinners and female servants 15 years of age and over. Table XL.— Number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States: 1900 ^ and 1890. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Servants and waitresses. Total. Servants and waitresses. Nimiber. Per cent. Number. Per cent. All classes . . 6,007,069 1,213,828 24.2 3,712,144 1,145,256 30.9 Native white — both par- ents native 1,825,850 1,138,129 861,963 1,162,250 323,703 237,639 327,700 322,731 17.7 20.9 38,0 27.8 1,310,148 774,751 756,006 - 867,717 311.479 196, 641 366,097 270,889 2,3.8 Native white— one or both parents foreign bom 2,'). 3 Foreign bom white 48.4 ,11.2 J Including Sicil.v and Sardinia. 1 For area of enumeration. In 1890 female servants formed 30.9 per cent of the total number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over. In 1900 the percentage had declined to 24.2. Every class distinguished in the above table participated to a greater or less degree in this decline in the relative importance of the servant's occupation. But the change was most marked for the native white of native parentage, the percentage for this class show- ing a reduction of one-fourth. For the foreign bom white and the native white of foreign parentage the reduction in the percentage was nearly the same, being in each case about one-fifth. Among negro female breadwinners the change was less striking, but even for them the servant's occupation was of less impor- tance relatively in 1900 than it was in 1890. Table xli shows the changes between 1890 and 1900 in the age distribution of the female servants in each race and nativity class and the increase or decrease in each age group. This table brings out the fact that in 1900, as com- pared with 1890, there was an actual though slight decrease in the total number of young women 15 to 24 years of age employed as servants. As the majority of female servants are in this age period, the decrease had a preponderant influence upon the total numbers, and accounts for the fact already noted that the total increase was small. The comparison by race and na- tivity shows, further, that the decrease for the young- est p,ge period is confined to foreign born white serv- ants, and for that class is very marked, representing a reduction of 21.6 per cent, or more than one-fifth. The other nativity classes show an increase in this 52 WOMEN AT WORK. age group, but in the case of each of the two classes of native white servants the percentage of increase is much less than that for the older age groups. Table XLI. — Increase in the number of women 15 years of age and over employed as servants and waitresses, classified by race, nativity, and age, for the United States: 1900 ^ and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS 'AND WAITRESSES. AGE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. Total 1,213,828 15to24year8 ' 669,614 25 to 34 years 280,416 35 to 44 years 127,966 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 years and over. Age unlmown 73,069 37,282 19,576 5,905 100.0 j 1,145,255 100.0 68,573 55.2 ; 674,968 58.9 !6,354 23.1 238, 132 20.8 42,284 ■10.5 1 104,039 9.1 23,927 6.0 1 64, 770 5.7 8,299 3.1 34,253 3.0 3,029 1.6 21,031 1.8 n,455 0.5 8,062 0.V 2 2,157 6.0 20.8 17.8 23.0 12.8 8.8 26.9 2 26.8 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown 323, 703 100.0 311,479 100.0 12,224 3.9 204,614 63.2 199,930 64 2 4,684 2.3 57,718 17.8 53,202 17.1 4,516 8.5 26,723 8.3 24,989 8.0 1,734 6.9 17,410 5.4 16,223 5.2 1,187 7.3 10,253 3.2 9,037 2.9 ■1,216 las 5,380 1.7 5,531 1.8 2 151 22.7 1,605 0.5 2,567 0.8 2 962 2 37.5 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Total. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 1... 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unlmown 237,539 100.0 195,641 100.0 : 41,898 21.4 158, 772 66.8 146,795 75.0 11,977 8.2 60,111 21.1 36,791 18.8 13,320 36.2 19,598 8.3 7,952 41 11,646 146.5 6,368 2.7 2,380 1.2 3,988 167.6 1,884 0.8 788 0.4 1,096 139.1 682 0.2 402 0.2 180 44 8 224 0.1 533 0.3 2 309 2 58.0 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. Total . 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown 327,700 100.0 366,097 100.0 2 38,397 2 10.5 161,659 49.3 206, 103 56.3 2 44,444 2 21.6 92, 498 28.2 90,597 24 7 1,901 2.1 36,225 11.1 32,357 8.8 3,868 12.0 20,180 6.2 20,004 5.5 176 0.9 10,659 3.3 10,346 2.8 313 3.0 5,291 1.6 4,865 1.3 426 8.8 1,188 0.4 1,825 0.5 2 637 2 34 9 NEGRO. Total 322,731 100.0 270,889 100.0 51,842 19 1 143, 535 44 5 24 6 14 9 45 2.6 0.9 121,599 57,282 .38,657 26,079 14,041. 10,215 3,116 44 9 21.1 14 2 9.6 5.2 3.8 12 21,936 22, 133 6,604 2,918 413 » 1,916 2 246 18.0 25 to 34 years 79,415 45,161 28,997 14,454 8,299 2,870 38.6 17.1 45 to 54 years 11.2 2.9 65 years and over 2 18.8 27.9 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. Practically all the servants between 15 and 24 years reported at any census must have entered that occu- pation at some time during the previous ten years, or since the last preceding census was taken. The fig- ures, then, clearly point to the conclusion that the total number of young women entering domestic serv- ice is decreasing, being smaller between 1890 and 1900 than it was between 1880 and 1890, and that this decrease results from a large decrease in the number of young immigrant women of that age period, par- tially offset by a small increase in the number of native white women and a considerable increase in the num- ber of negro women. It is probable that the majority of the servants 25 to 34 years of age also adopted this occupation within the preceding ten years. But as regards servants over 35, the probability is that most of them took up the occupation before they were 25 years of age, and therefore not within the preceding decade. So far as this is the case, the increases in the older age groups reflect changes that took place at earlier periods in the history of the occupation. Thus the figures for the "foreign born white servants, showing an exceptionally large increase in the age group 35 to 44, suggests that there was a great increase in the number of immigrant women entering the occupation about fifteen or twenty years prior to 1900. This seems probable in view of the fact that there was a great increase of immigration in the period 1880 to 1890 as compared with the pre- ceding decennial period, and the further fact that this immigration consisted largely of Germans and Irish. The figures in the above table show also noticeably large increases for the. native white of foreign parent- age in each of the three age periods included between the age of 35 and that of 64; and, if the hypothesis just suggested is correct, this would indicate that a marked increase in the number of native white women of foreign parentage entering this occupation began about the middle of the century. It may not be im- mediately obvious why this should have been the case. It should be remembered, however, that the native women who were the daughters of immigrants and had reached middle life or old age in 1900 represent a very early immigration. The immigrant parents of those who were over 35 in 1900 must have come to this country prior to 1865; and, similarly, the immigrant parents of those who were over 35 in 1890 must have migrated prior to 1855. Now the immigration fig- ures show a large and increasing influx of immigrants in the period 1844 to 1854. Then came a financial panic and later the Civil War. The tide of immigra- tion was suddenly and greatly checked, and did not regain its former magnitude until about 1870. It seems not improbable, therefore, that between 1854 and 1870 the supply of servants was being recruited largely from the ranks of the children of those immi- grants who came to this country prior to 1855 rather than by newly arrived immigrants. It may be admitted that this historical explanation of these large increases for the older age groups ap- pearing in a comparison of the figures for 1900 with those for 1890 is in some degree hypothetical. Un- fortunately the figures for earlier censuses are not SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 53 presented in sufficient detail to make possible a statis- tical verification of its correctnass. The alternative assumption that these increases record recent changes may seem to the reader more plausible, as indicating that as the supply of young servants is becoming inadequate, older women, having less prejudice against domestic service and perhaps less adaptabihty for other pursuits, are induced to enter the occupation in increasing numbers, or to remain in it longer than they formerly did instead of giving place to younger women. But whatever interpretation may be adopted for the exceptionally large increases in the older age groups, the following conclusions appear to be estab- lished beyond question: The supply of servants is in- creasing but slowly, and is not keeping pace with the growth of population. The young women who join the ranks of the breadwinners show an increasing ten- dency to select other occupations in preference to domestic service. It looks, therefore, as if the servant problem was destined to become even more acute in the future than it is at present. Although the num- ber of negro women entering the occupation still shows a considerable increase, the supply of foreign born servants is actually diminishing. In Table xlii the increase or decrease between 1890 and 1900 in the number of female servants 10 years of age and over is shown by race and nativity for each geographic division. Table XLII. — Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and over employed as servants and waitresses, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890. FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE* AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. 1,283,763 1,216,639 67,124 1 6.5 North. Atlantic division 475, 370 465,376 19,994 4 4 122,482 ! 117,621 4,861 15, 133 > 2, 950 4.1 Southern North Atlantic . . South Atlantic division . 352,888 184, 115 337,765 187,066 4.5 ■1.6 Northern South Atlantic . . Southern South Atlantic. . . 102,825 81,290 410,673 107, 799 79,266 383,787 > 4,974 2,024 26,786 '4.6 2.6 7.0 Eastern North Central Western North Central 262,991 147,582 167,053 242,474 141,313 147,851 20,617 6,269 19,202 8.5 4.4 lao Eastern South Central Western South Central 104, 309 62,744 46, 652 96,280 61,671 42.560 8,029 11,173 4,092 8.3 21.7 9.6 13,399 3,769 29,484 12, 146 3,646 26,768 1,263 123 2,716 10.3 3.4 Pacific ; 10.1 Table XLII. — Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and over employed as servants and waitresses, for geographic divisions: 1900 and iS90— Continued. 1 Decrease. FEMALES 10 YEARS OF PLOYED AS SERVANTS AGE AND OVER EM- AND WAITRESSES. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1000 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Percent. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 350, 189 334,427 15, 762 4.7 North Atlantic division 124,087 123,426 661 0.5 New England Southern North Atlantic . . South Atlantic division 26, 181 97,906 33,098 27,836 95,590 37,506 11,655 2,316 1 4, 408 15.9 2.4 111.8 Northern South Atlantic . . Southern South Atlantic. . . 22,599 10,499 144, 139 23,881 13,625 130,532 11,282 1 3, 126 13,607 15.4 122.9 10.4 Eastern North Central Western North Central South Central division 97,355 46,784 33,534 87,145 43, 387 31,070 10,210 3,397 2,464 11.7 7.8 7.9 Eastern South Central Western South Central 20,845 12,689 15,331 21,523 9,547 11,893 1678 3,142 3,438 13.2 32.9 28.9 4,938 852 9,541 4,366 603 6,934 582 249 2,607 13.4 41.3 Pacific 37.6 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH FOREIGN BORN. PARENTS 263,946 207,248 46,698 22.5 North Atlantic division 85,822 80,531 5,291 6.6 New England 18,912 66,910 3,514 17,689 62,842 3,907 1,223 4,068 1393 6.9' Southern North Atlantic . . South Atlantic division 6.5 110.1 Northern South Atlantic . . Southern South Atlantic. . . North Central division. 3,357 167 145,587 3,674 233 108,566 1317 176 37,031 18.6 132.6 34. 1 Eastern North Central Western North Central South Central division 89,933 55,654 5,796 71,791 36,766 5,298 18, 142 18,889 498 25.3 61.4 9.4 Eastern South Central Western South Central 2,232 3,664 13,227 2,446 2,853 8,966 1213 711 4,271 18.7 24.9 47.7 3,408 1,513 8,306 2,141 1,286 5,530 1,267 228 2,776 Basin and Plateau 17 7 Pacific 50 2 F OREIGN BOB N WHITE. Continental United States . 332,863 374,263 141,390 111.1 North Atlantic division 216,784 220,721 13,937 11.8 70,901 145,883 4,247 67,711 153,010 6,201 3,190 1 7, 127 11,954 4.7 14.7 131.5 Southern North .Atlantic . . South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic. . Southern South Atlantic. . . North Central division. 4,040 207 92,231 5,679 i 522 122, 349 11,639 1315 130,118 128.9 160.3 124.6 Eastern North Central Western North Central 60,750 31,481 4,020 73,303 49,046 5,639 '12,653 U7,665 11,619 117.1 135.8 128.7 Eastern South Central Western South Central 1,083 2,937 1,931 3,708 , 1848 1771 143.9 120.8 1 Decrease. 54 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XLII. — Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and over employed as servants and waitresses, for geographic divisions: 1900 and ^S90— Continued. FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEB EM- PLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Percent. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued. Western division. 15,581 19, 343 1 3, 762 1 19 4 Rocky Mountain 4,092 1,094 10,395 4,834 1,489 13,020 '742 1395 12,625 1 15 3 126.5 Paciflo 120.2 NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN. Continental United States 346,765 300,711 46,054 16 3 North Atlantic division 48,677 30,698 17,979 68.6 New England . . . 6,488 42,189 143,256 4,385 26,313 139,451 2,103 15,876 3,805 48 Southern North Atlantic . . South Atlantic division 60.3 2.7 Northern South Atlantic . . Southern South Atlantic . . North Central division. 72,829 70,427 28,616 74,566 64,886 22,350 11,736 6,541 6,266 12.3 8.5 28 Eastern North Central Western North Central South Central division 14,953 13,663 123,703 10,235 12,115 105,844 4,718 1,548 17,859 46.1 12.8 16.9 Eastern South Central Western South Central 80,149 43,554 2,513 70,381 35,463 2,368 9,768 8,091 145 13.9 22.8 6.1 Rocky Mountain 961 310 1,242 815 269 1,284 146 41 142 17.9 15.2 Pacific . 13.3 1 Decrease. In one minor division — the Northern South Atlan- tic — the total number of female servants was actually smaller in 1900 than in 1890. The decrease was more than sufficient to counterbalance the small increase in the Southern South Atlantic division, thus producing a decrease in the total for the South Atlantic division. The minor geographic division showing the largest in- crease in the actual number of female servants is the Eastern North Central; but the largest percentage of increase was that shown for the Western South Central division. The decrease in the number of foreign born white female servants is apparent in every geographic division except New England. In the southern divi- sions there are comparatively few servants of this class, and therefore the fact that the largest percentage of de- crease is that for one of these divisions is not especially significant; outside the South, the Western North Central division shows the largest percentage of de- crease and also the largest numerical decrease for this class of servants. It may seem rather remarkable that the largest increase of negro (including Indian and Mongolian) female servants, whether measured by numbers or by percentages, took place in a northern division — the Southern North Atlantic — while the adjoining divi- sion on the south — the Northern South Atlantic — shows an actual though small decrease, and is the only division in which there was any decrease shown for this class of servants. This contrast between the figures for the two divisions would seem to indicate that there had been a northward migration of negro female servants, and that in the North they were to a certain extent taking the place of the foreign born white servants whose numbers, as just pointed out, are decreasing. In the Southern North Atlantic divi- sion the percentage of negroes in the total number of female servants increased from 7.8 in 1890 to 12 in 1900. Family relationship. — In Table xlhi the women employed as servants and waitresses in 27 selected cities (the list of which appears in Table xliv) are classified according to their relationship to the families in which they live. Of the 327,573 servants and waitresses in these cities, 67,046, or 20.5 per cent, were living at home and 260,527, or 79.5 per cent, were either living with their employer or boarding. It may be taken for granted that all but a small number of the latter were in fact living with their employers, this mode of life being customary for women employed in domestic service. The proportion living at home varies widely in the dif- ferent classes. Of the negro women who are servants, 39.2 per cent live at home, or 2 in 5; of the foreign born white women only 10.6 per cent, or 1 in 10. The small percentage for the latter is indicative of the comparative isolation of the immigrant servant, who in many instances is without near relatives in this country. Similar reasons explain the fact that the percentage living at home is smaller for the native white whose parents were native Americans than for the native white whose parents were immigrants. Many of the former are country girls and but few of the latter; therefore the former when they enter domestic service are more apt to be separated from their relatives either because they migrate to cities in search of employment, or, if employed in the country, because distances are too great to permit living at home. SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 55 Table XLIII.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY- SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. Number. Per cent. BACE AND NATIVITY. Aggre- gate. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Living with em- ployer Total. Heads of families. Living with - Total. Heads of fam- ilies. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. All classes 327,573 67,046 16,177 18,808 9,772 22,289 260,527 20.5 4.9 6.7 3.0 6.8 79 5 Native white— both parents native Native white— one or both parents 36, 108 62,017 156, 689 72,715 6,279 15,683 16,571 28,509 1,331 1,816 4,558 8,470 2,297 7,584 4,152 4,774 883 3,091 1,428 4,370 1,768 3,192 6,433 10,895 29,829 46,334 140,118 44,206 17.4 25.3 10.6 39.2 3.7 2.9 2.9 11.6 6.4 12.2 2.6 6.6 2.4 6.0 0.9 6.0 4.9 5.1 4.1 15.0 82.6 Foreign born white 89 4 Negro 60 8 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). 263,055 40,943 4,286 17,488 8,295 10,874 222,112 15.6 1.6 6.6 3.2 4.1 84.4 Native white— both parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign born 28,662 64,678 137. 196 42,490 4,285 13,016 10,719 12,923 376 546 1,243 2,122 2,156 7,310 3,965 4,057 741 2,796 1,278 3,480 1,013 2,364 4,233 3,264 24,377 41,662 126, 477 29,567 15.0 23.8 7.8 30.4 1.3 1.0 0.9 5.0 7.5 13.4 2.9 9.5 2.6 5.1 0.9 8.2 3.5 4.3 3.1 7.7 85.0 76.2 Foreign bom white. 92 2 Negro 69 6 MARRIED. All classes - 28,124 12, 189 2,252 767 737 8,433 15,935 43.3 8.0 2.7 2.6 30.0 56 7 Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents 3,047 2,886 6,723 15,461 830 1,047 1,982 8,329 205 236 489 1,322 89 144 99 435 65 129 60 483 471 538 1,334 6,089 2,217 1,839 4,741 7,132 27.2 36.3 29.5 53.9 6.7 8.2 7.3 8.6 2.9 5.0 1.5 2.8 2.1 4.5 0.9 3.1 15.5 18.6 19.8 39.4 72.8 63.7 70.5 Negro 46.1 ■WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. 36,394 13, 914 9,639 553 740 2,982 22,480 38.2 26.5 1.5 2.0 8.2 61.8 Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born 4,399 4,453 12,770 14,764 1,164 1,620 3,870 7,257 751 1,034 2,826 5,026 52 130 88 282 77 166 90 407 284 290 866 1,542 3,235 2,833 8,900 7,507 26.5 36.4 30.3 49.2 17.1 23.2 22.1 34.0 1.2 2.9 0.7 1.9 1.8 3.7 0.7 2.8 6.5 6.5 6.8 10.4 73.5 63.6 Foreign born white 69.7 50.8 Naturally the percentage living at home is much greater for married, widowed, and divorced women than for single women. It would perhaps be expected that the percentage would be greater for the married women than for the widowed and divorced; yet in each of the three classes of white servants the two percent- ages differ but little. Probably a considerable number of the married women who are employed as domestic servants are deserted wives or wives separated from their husbands. This is presumably the case with most of those married women living at home and classified as heads of families, since in the census a wife would not be accepted as head of the family so long as she was living with her husband.' Of course the returns convey no indication of what the relations between hus- band and wife may be in those cases where married female servants live in the home of their employers. Married women living at home and with their hus- bands appear in this classification as living ' ' with other relatives." This explains why the percentage in this class is so much larger for married women than for either of the other two marital classes distinguished in the above table. Table xliv shows the distribution by family rela- tionship of women who are servants for each of the 27 selected cities. 56 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XLIV.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. Aggre- gate. Total Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Buffalo, N.Y Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolis, Minn New Orleans, La New York, N. Y. : Brooklyn borough Manhattan and Bronx bor- oughs Newark, N. J Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Providence, E.I Rochester, N. Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn Washington, D. C 327,573 4,139 15,725 19,348 7,781 33,241 8,499 7,310 6,422 3,038 4,228 6,657 1,619 5,744 5,640 26,624 68,165 4,659 1,186 35,509 7,790 4,322 3,293 13,393 4,694 14,694 Number. Living at home. Total. 67,046 2,613 5,468 2,783 1,679 6,846 2,331 1,464 1,116 154 1,198 665 940 2,770 249 1,095 661 4,890 3,855 9,072 823 173 5,236 1,476 656 466 2,616 682 6,079 Heads of famUies. 16,177 1,091 1,342 744 230 1,045 694 218 159 32 317 271 912 63 119 156 1,506 708 2,530 176 49 1,139 181 191 120 501 126 1,463 Living with- 18,808 255 1,228 563 889 2,361 741 716 482 30 327 252 197 474 53 607 1,369 1,918 316 59 1,397 717 167 140 915 317 1,224 Mother. 9,772 355 839 392 234 780 409 184 170 22 212 102 191 438 34 142 65 746 1,045 132 23 686 246 101 73 503 73 Other relative. 22,289 912 2,059 1,084 326 1,660 487 346 305 70 342 216 281 946 99 227 1,740 1,188 3,579 201 42 2,015 332 197 133 697 166 2,406 Living with em ployer or boarding. 260,527 1,526 10,257 16,665 6,102 27,395 6,168 5,846 5,306 834 2,768 2,373 3,288 3,887 1,370 4,649 4,989 4,009 22,769 59,093 3,836 1,013 30,273 6,314 3,666 2,827 10,777 4,012 8,615 Per cent. 30.5 63.1 34.8 14.4 21.6 17.6 27.4 20.0 17.4 15.6 30.2 2L9 22.2 41.6 15.4 19.1 11.5 54.9 13.3 17.7 14.6 14.7 18.9 15.2 14.2 19.6 14.5 41.4 Living at home. Heads of families. 26.4 8.6 3.8 3.0 3.1 8.2 3.0 2.5 3.2 8.0 3.1 6.4 13.7 3.9 2.1 2.8 16.9 2.7 3.7 3.8 4.1 3.2 2.3 4.4 3.6 3.7 2.7 10.0 Living with- 5.7 6.2 7.8 2.9 11.4 7.1 8.7 9.8 7.5 3.0 8.2 4.7 7.1 3.3 10.6 3.5 10.1 2.8 9.2 3.9 4.3 6.8 6.8 8.3 3.0 8.6 5.3 2.0 3.0 2.3 4.8 2.5 2.6 2.2 5.3 3.4 4.5 6.6 2.1 2.5 1.2 8.4 2.8 1.9 1.9 3.2 2.3 2.2 3.8 1.6 6.7 Other relative. 6.8 22.0 13.1 5.6 4.2 5.0 5.7 4.7 4.7 7.1 8.6 7.1 6.6 14.2 6.1 4.0 4.1 19.6 4.3 3.5 5.7 4.3 4.6 4.0 5.2 3.5 16.4 Living with em- ployer or boarding. 79.5 36.9 65.2 85.6 78.4 82.4 72.6 80.0 82.6 84.4 69.8 78.1 77.8 58.4 84.6 80.9 88.5 46.1 85.5 82.3 85.4 85.3 81.1 84.8 85.8 80.5 85.5 58.6 For most of these cities the percentage living with their employers or boarding is fairly uniform, ranging between 75 and 85. But in cities where the negro servant predominates this percentage is much smaller, while the percentage returned as heads of families is .^exceptionally large. Probably the other variations between the different cities are also to a large extent the result of difference in the race or nativity com- position of the servant class. LAUNDRESSES. According to the census of 1900 there were 328,935 women 16 years of age and over engaged in the occu- pation of laundress in continental United States. This occupation included 6.8 per cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners and gave em- ployment to a larger number than any other occupa- tion except three — servants and waitresses, agricultural laborers, and dressmakers. It is, moreover, an occu- pation largely confined to the female sex, the total number of females 10 years of age and over (335,282) reported as laundresses constituting 86.9 per cent of all the persons engaged in laundry work in this country in 1900. Of these females, 325,351, or 97 per cent, were engaged in hand laundry work, while only 9,931, or 3 per cent, were employed in steam laundries. The 50,683 males employed in laundry work included 12,014 engaged in steam laundries and 38,669 doing hand laundry work. Among the latter are probably included all, or nearly all, the 25,314 male Chinese who were engaged in laundry work. This occupation is for the most part an industry of the home, enabling a large class of women to maintain the family to which they belong, or materially assist in its support, without the necessity of special technical training or experience and without seriously interfering with their household duties. Bace and nativity. — Table xlv gives the distribution by race and nativity of women 16 years of age and over employed as laundresses in continental United States in 1900 for cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and for smaller cities and country districts. LAUNDRESSES. 57 Table XLV .—Distribution, by race and nativity, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 in- habitants and in smaller cities and country districts, for conti- nental United States: 1900. LAUNDRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. KACE AND NATIVITY. Aggregate. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. • Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. 328,935 100.0 113,801 100.0 215,134 100.0 Native white— both par- 41,643 28,727 42,774 215,042 749 12.7 8.7 13.0 65.4 0.2 9,234 16,481 26, 446 61,616 24 8.1 14.5 23.2 54.1 0) 32,409 12,246 16,328 153,426 725 15.1 6.7 7.6 71.3 0.3 Native white— one or both parents foreign Foreign born white Indian and Mongolian. . . 1 Less than one-tenth o£ 1 per cent. The native whites of either native or foreign parent- age supphed about 21 per cent of all the laundresses in continental United States in 1900, while the foreign born whites and negroes, who probably represent a lower grade of labor, furnished about 79 per cent. Of the total number of women in this country, more than one-half were native whites of native parentage, but this nativity class furnished only one-eighth of the total number of laundresses. The negro race, representing only 1 1 per cent of the total number of women, com- prised 64.5 per cent of all the laundresses and found this occupation the third in importance in their choice of employments. If the race and nativity distribution of the laun- dresses is compared with that of the women engaged in each of the other 46 occupations employing at least 5,000 women, it will be found that in no occupation was a smaller percentage formed by native whites of native parentage and that in only two was a larger percentage formed by negroes. In the percentage of native whites of foreign parentage the occupation of the laundress ranked forty-fourth and in that of foreign born whites thirtieth (see Table xxiii, page 34). Comparing the distribution for the large cities with that for the rural communities^ it is evident that the negroes and native whites of native parents were con- siderably more important in the rural districts than in the cities, while the reverse is true as regards the native whites of foreign parentage and foreign born whites; but in both sections the negroes made up the bulk of the workers in this occupation. Table XLVI. — Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of laun- dresses 16 years of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900. LAUNDRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. Per cent. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mongo- lian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States 328.9.35 12.7 8.7 13.0 65 6 North Atlantic divi.=ion 68,67,') 18.8 20.8 39.7 20.7 New "England 15,004 43,671 101,174 17.1 19.4 4.4 19.2 21.4 n.6 47.2 37.1 0.6 16.5 Southern North Atlantic . . South A tlantic division 22.1 94.4 Northern South Atlantic... Southern South Atlantic. 38,942 62,2.32 61,037 0.6 3.1 27.2 1.5 0.1 20.5 1.1 0.1 24.1 90.8 96.8 28.2 Eastern North Central Western North Centrnl South Central division . 36,572 24,465 99,236 28.9 24.7 6.7 23.5 16.1 1.5 27.1 19.5 1.6 20.6 39.7 90.2 Eastern South Central ^\ estern South Central Western division 60,618 38,618 8,813 5.9 7.9 32.7 1.0 2.3 21.0 0.4 3.5 31.1 92.7 e«.3 15.2 Rocky Mountain 3,213 1,301 4,299 47.2 10.8 28.5 17.0 99. fi 13 2 Basin and Plateau 15. 1 47. 7 25 8 31 4 26 3 Pacific 13 3 ! 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 185. As shown by Table xlvi, the negroes practically monopolize the laundry work of the Southern states, forming 94.4 per cent of the number of laundresses in the South Atlantic division and 90.2 per cent of those in the South Central division. This is a natural result of the fact that they constituted about one-third of the entire population of these sections, but even in the other divisions where they formed less than 2.5 per cent of the inhabitants they comprised from 13.2 to 39.7 per cent of the total number of laundresses. In New England, the Southern, North Atlantic, the Basin and Plateau, and the Pacific divisions the foreign born whites were more numerous than any other nativity class, forming 47.2 per cent of the total number of laun- dresses in New England, 37.1 per cent in the Southern North Atlantic, 47.7 per cent in the Basin and Plateau, and 32.4 per cent in the Pacific sections. In the North Central division also the foreign born whites made up a large proportion of the total number of laundresses. Table xlvii exhibits the number and the proportion of laundresses among female breadwuiners, classified by race and nativity, for cities of 50,000 or more in- habitants, and for smaller cities and country districts. 58 WOMEN AT WORK. Table XLVII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF LAUNDRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign bom Foreign bom white Negro Indian and MongoUan FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. 4,833,630 Laundresses. Number. Percent. 328,935 41,643 28,727 42, 774 215,042 749 6.8 2.4 2.6 5.1 19.2 6.6 In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. Total. 1,657,728 414, 954 554,806 494,044 193,317 607 Laundresses. Number. Percent. 113, 801 9,234 16, 481 26,446 61,616 24 6.9 2.2 3.0 5.4 31.9 4.0 In smaller cities and country districts. Total. 3,175,902 1,357,012 535,938 345,967 926,304 10,681 Laundresses. Number. Percent. 215, 134 32,409 12, 246' 16,328 1.53, 426 725 2.4 2.3 4.7 16.6 6.8 The women of continental United States employed as lavmdresses accounted for about one-fifteenth (6.8 per cent) of the total number of females engaged in gainful occupations in 1900. Among the native white women of native parentage only 2.4 per cent of the breadwinners were engaged in the occupation of laun- dress, while of the negro women who were breadwin- ners, 19.2 per cent, or almost one-fifth were employed in this occupation. The percentage of laundresses in the total number of females engaged in gainful employment was prac- tically the same for both city and country. This sim- ilarity between city and country was also shown by the three Caucasian nativity classes. For the negro race, on the other hand, the percentage was 31.9 in the larger cities, as compared with 16.6 in the smaller urban comftiunities and rural districts, representing a proportion for the larger cities just about double that for the country and smaller cities. This contrast is explained by the fact that a large proportion of the country negro women are engaged in agricultural pur- suits. In the cities negro women who are compelled to become breadwinners must, of course, take up other pursuits, and in consequence the percentage of laundresses among them was larger. Parentage. — Table xlviii gives the number and per cent of laundresses, bynationahty of parents, among the female breadwinners 10 years of age and over in 1900. In this table the negro makes up the bulk of the "all other" group under "native parentage." Therefore it is not surprising that this group comprises the larg- est actual number of laundresses and the largest per- centage in the total number of breadwinners gainfully employed. The native white laundresses of native par- entage were second numerically, aggregating 42,777, which was, however, only 2.2 per cent of all the women of that nativity who worked for a living. Only the French Canadians, with 1.7 per cent, and Russians, with 1 per cent, had a lower percentage of their total number of breadwinners thus employed. In the population of foreign parentage, many of whom were also of foreign birth, the laundresses with Irish parents exceeded all the other nationalities, numbering 27,333; those of German parentage, with 20,315, ranked next in numerical importance. The percentages for these two nationalities were 4.3 and 3.8, respec- tively. The women of French parentage had the highest proportion, 5.1 per cent, of their breadwinners doing laundry work, though eight of the foreign coun- tries specified in this table are represented by larger actual numbers engaged in this employment. Table XLVIII. — Number and percentage of laundresses among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes Native parentage Native white All other Foreign parentage Austria Bohemia Canada (English) Canada ( French) Denmark England and Wales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland other countries Mixed foreign parentage FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Laundresses. Total. Number. Percent. 5,319,397 335,282 6.3 3,247,907 259,903 8.0 1,926,637 42,777 2.2 1,321,270 217, 126 16.4 2,071,490 75,379 3.6 25,590 554 2.2 26,719 876 3.4 102, 181 2,190 2.1 78,979 1,331 1.7 16,580 569 3.7 158,912 3,816 2.4 21,164 1,069 5.1 538, 192 20,315 3.8 14, 631 323 2,2 634,201 27,333 4.3 26,093 604 2.3 47,934 1,793 3.7 38,636 1,607 4.2 40,816 405 1.0 46. 173 1,060 2.3 81,148 3,931 4.9 15, 125 560 3.7 47,689 4,124 8.7 112,827 2,919 2.6 Age. — Table xlix shows the distribution by age of laundresses, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration).' ' Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. LAUNDRESSES. 59 Table XLIX.— Distribution, by age, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to fi4 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years .... Go years and over Age unknown LAUNDRESSES 16 YE.IRS Or AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white — Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign bom white. Negro. 329,359 76,576 81,352 77,094 54,028 26,300 11,157 2,852 41.680 9,987 8,869 9,967 7,619 3,755 1,283 200 28,738 11,100 7,121 6,605 2,888 813 1.S2 29 42,835 6,493 8,398 11,552 9,291 4,982 1,952 167 215,043 48, 757 56,6.39 48, 765 34,059 16,690 7,701 2,432 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.3 24.0 38.6 15.2 24.7 21.3 24.8 19.6 23.4 23.9 23.0 27.0 16.4 1,S,3 10.0 21.7 8.0 9.0 2.8 11.6 3.4 3.1 0.6 4.6 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 22.7 26.3 22.7 15.8 7.8 3.6 1.1 Practically three-fourths (71.4 per cent) of all the women who reported their occupation as that of laun- dress were between the ages of 16 and 44, and were nearly equally divided between the three age periods included within these limits, the age period 2.5 to 34 years slightly predominating. The special significance of this age distribution is the fact that the percentage of young women in the occupation is small and the per- centage of middle aged and old women is large, as com- pared with most other occupations (see Table xxiv, page 36). This is due niainly to the fact that the oc- cupation can be carried on at home, and therefore by a woman with a family. Table L. — Number and percentage of laundresses among female breadwinners 16 years of age and^ over, classified by age, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900. Total . 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 4,843,155 139, 370 171,952 676, 548 441, 467 266, 926 138, 691 18,211 Laundresses. Number. Per cent. 329, 359 76,576 81,352 77, 094 54,028 26, 300 11, 157 2,852 3.6 6.9 11.4 12.2 10.2 8.0 15.7 Table l shows that the percentage of female bread- winners who were laundresses increased with ad- vancing age. The fact that while the total number of female breadwinners in the country decreased rapidly with advancing age the number of laundresses decreased very slowly or not at all, indicates that the number of women in middle age or older who take up this occupation for a livelihood, or to supplement the earnings of other members of the family, is large, as compared with the total number of women who are obliged to work at this time of life. The percentage of laundresses in the total number of female breadwinners reaches its maximum in the age period 45 to 54 years. Marital condition. — The following tabular state- ment shows the number and percentage of laundresses in the United States (area of enumeration) in 1900, dis- tributed by race and nativity and by marital condition: RACE AND" NATIVITY. Number. All classes. Native white — both parents native. . . Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro LAUNDRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR THE ITNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. 329,359 41,680 28,738 42,835 215,043 S-g-^ ^eT 56.9 34 23.1 34.0 16.2 21.8 40.5 Wid- owed. 34 8 37.3 24.6 42.2 34.3 Di- vorced. 4.5 2.3 2.0 2.1 ^ On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. For numbers on which the per- centages are based, see Table 21, page 170. 2 Including unknown. In this occupation the proportion of single was highest among native whites of foreign parents and lowest among negroes, while the reverse was true for the proportion married. Practically 57 per cent of the native white laundresses of foreign parentage were single and only 23.1 per cent of the negroes. The married negro laundresses constituted 40.5 per cent of all the negro women thus employed, as compared with 24.7 per cent for native white of native parent- age, 21.8 per cent for foreign bom white, and 16.2 per cent for native white of foreign parents. Among the foreign born white laundresses the widows predominated, aggregating 42.2 per cent of the total number, the largest proportion of widows among the laundresses of any race and nativity class. Widows also predominated among the native white laundresses of native parentage, comprising 37.3 per cent of the total number in this nativity group. Of the 47 occupations employing more than 5,000 women each, there are only 3 in which the percentage of married women was larger than it was for laun- dresses, and only 5 in which the percentage of wid- owed women was larger (see Table xxv, page 38) . Comparison with census of 1890. — The increase be- tween 1890 and 1900 in the number of female bread- winners 15 years of age and over engaged as laundresses is shown in Table li. 60 WOMEN AT WORK. Table LI. — Distribution and increase, hy race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as laundresses, for the United States: 1900^ and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS LAUNDRESSES. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent. 332,665 100.0 215,121 100.0 117,544 54.6 Native white— both parents 42,322 29,641 43, 107 216,528 1,067 12.7 8.9 13.0 65.1 0.3 19,517 12,698 31,905 150,430 571 9.1 5.9 14.8 69.9 0.3 22,805 16,943 11,202 66,098 496 116.8 Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white. 133.4 35.1 43.9 Indian and Mongolian. 86.9 1 For area of enumeration. Between the years 1890 and 1900 the total number of laundresses 15 years of age and over increased 117,544, or 54.6 per cent. The percentage of increase was much greater for the native white than for the foreign born white or the negro. Table lii shows the number of laundresses in 1900 and 1890 and the percentage they formed of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity. For each race and nativity class the percentage was somewhat larger at the end of the decade than at the beginning, thus indicating a gen- eral though not very marked increase in the relative importance of this occupation. Table LII. — Number and percentage of laundresses among female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 EACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Laundresses. Total. Laundresses. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Ali classes 5,007,069 332,665 6.6 3,712,144 215, 121 5.8 Native white— both par- 1,825,850 1,138,129 861,963 1,162,260 42, 322 29,641 43, 107 216, 528 2.3 2.6 6.0 18.6 1,310,148 774,751 756, 006 867,717 19,617 12, 698 31,905 150,430 1.5 Native white— one or both parents foreign bom Foreign born white 1.6 4.2 17.3 • For area of enumeration. Table liii shows the number of laundresses per 10,000 population at the censuses of 1900 and 1890 for each main geographic division, from which it may be noted how the changes in the number of laundresses compared with the changes in population. Table LIII. — Number of laundresses 10 years of age and over per 10,000 population, for continental United States: 1900 and 1890. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. NUMBER OF LAUNDRESSES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE PER 10,000 POPULATION. 1900 1890 44 34 North Atlantic 28 21 South Atlantic ... 99 89 North Central ... . 24 15 South Central 72 55 22 14 The number of laundresses 10 years of age and over per 10,000 population in continental United States increased from 1890 to 1900 for the country as a whole and for every geographic division. Perhaps this re- flects the growth in the wealth and prosperity of the country, which has probably reduced the proportion of housewives doing their own laundry work, and thus increased the demand for professional laundresses. On the other hand, the increase in the proportion of laundresses has without doiibt been retarded in some degree by the introduction of the steam laundry. It is probable that the noticeable contrast between the North and the South as regards the proportion of laundresses in the total population is due to the fact that the steam laundry has attained greater prominence in the North, and the further fact that there are large numbers of Chinese laundrymen in the northern cities doing work which would otherwise be done by women. In the combined population of the two southern divisions there was approximately 1 laundress to every 120 persons, and in the rest of the country only 1 to every 392 persons. Family relationship. — In order to present further data concerning the women who are breadwinners, special tables have been prepared from the Census schedules, showing certain facts in regard to family relationship of this class of women in 27 selected cities.' While as applied to the occupation of laundress this tabulation represents conditions in the larger cities of the coun- try in 1900, it may be noted that 22 out of these 27 cities are northern cities, and therefore the totals reflect conditions in the North rather than in the South where the majority of the laundry workers are found. The following tabular statement gives the total number of laundresses 16 years of age and over in these 27 selected cities in 1900, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity: 'For a list of these cities, see Table xliv, page 56. LAUNDRESSES. 61 LAUNDRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND IN 27 SELECTED CITIES: ' 1900. 3VER MARITAL CONDITION. All Classes. Nativewhite — Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. Total 80,342 27,270 23,066 30,006 6,809 12, 373 21,373 Single (including unknown) . . Married 2,984 1,083 1,742 7,662 1.582 3,129 8,165 3,889 9,319 8,456 16,512 15,813 Widowed and divorced 1 For a list of these cities, see Table xliv, page 56. In Table liv the number of laundresses in each class as given above are distributed on a percentage basis according to their relationship to the head of the fam- ily in which they live. T.\BLE LIV. — Per cent distribution,^ by family relationship, of laun- dresses 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. I'EE CENT DISTRIBUTION OF L.IUNDRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native wiiite— Foreign born white. One or Both 1 both parents 1 parents native. foreign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLA SSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.6 77.9 83.6 74.7 87.2 38.4 10.1 7.6 26.6 17.4 30.0 , 19.5 11.0 17.5 22.1 26.6 27.1 16.2 14.7 16.4 46.9 7.3 3.6 16.8 25.3 39.1 With father 5.1 With mother 6.5 With other relative 36.6 12.8 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.8 70.7 80.5 49.6 73.0 Heads of families 13.6 26.0 16.9 12.4 32.2 5.9 .35.0 17.8 12.1 29.3 4.7 41.1 22.8 11.9 19.5 13.1 16.4 7.8 12.2 50.4 24.9 With father 15.1 With mother 20.0 With other relative 13.0 27.0 MARRIED. Total 100.0 ioo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 91.6 83.6 86.4 89.9 93.0 18.3 3.3 2.8 67.2 8.4 26.4 4.2 4.0 49.0 16.4 28.2 6.5 6.7 46.0 13.6 29.8 3.1 1.2 65.8 10.1 14.1 3.0 With mother 2.9 With other relative 73.1 7.0 WIDOWED AND DI VORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 89.2 86.9 89.9 90.3 ,W.6 76.6 1.8 2.7 8.2 10.8 73.5 2.5 3.8 7.1 13.1 75.2 3.5 5.3 69 10.1 83.7 1.0 1.0 4.6 0.7 72. S With father 1.9 3.1 With other relative 10.8 11.4 I For numbers on which the percentages arc based, see Table £6. page 198. ! Inchides those living with employer. Table liv shows that 82.6 per cent of the laun- dresses 16 years of age and over in the selected cities in 1900 were living at home and 17.4 per cent were boarding or living with employer. It is probable that practically all the laundresses boarding either worked in steam laundries or went out to work by the day. The percentage boarding was largest for the foreign born white and smallest for the negro. Nearly two-fifths of the laundresses living at home, or 38.4 per cent of the total number, were heads of the families in which they lived; 26.5 per cent were living with their husbands or relatives o'ther than parents; and the remaining 17.7 per cent were living with father or mother. The percentage of laundresses returned as heads of families was highest among the foreign born whites, for whom it was 46.9, the next highest percentage being that for negroes. The percentage' of negro laundresses living with "other relative" is exceptionally large, because so large a proportion of them are married women living with their husbands. Among the single the proportion living with father or mother was much .larger for the native white than for the foreign born white or negro. Noticeably large is the percentage of boarders among the single foreign born white. As would be expected for the married class the number living with husband swells the pro- portion classified as living with "other relative," mak- ing it larger than it is in any other marital class. This proportion is exceptionally large for negroes, consti- tuting 73.1 per cent qf the total number married. The comparatively large proportion of married white women returned as heads of families is probably indicative of large numbers separated from their hus- bands. The widowed and divorced laundresses for every race and nativity class were nearly all heads of the families in which they lived, while the proportion of those living in other relationship to the family was small. Other breadwinners in the family. — In Table lv the laundresses in the 27 cities under consideration, classi- fied by race, nativity, and marital condition, are so distributed as to show the economic position of the laundresses so far as it can be indicated by the num- ber of breadwinners in the family to which they are related. Of the total number of laundresses included in this tabulation, more than one-fifth, or 21.9 per cent, were apparently the sole support of the families to which they belonged. That this percentage is exceptionally large is indicated by the fact that in the total for all occupations exclusive of servants and waitresses the corresponding percentage is only 10.9 (see Table xxi, page 30). The foreign born whites ranked first in this respect, 27.5 per cent of the laundresses of this nativity class having no other breadwinner in the family. This is consistent with the fact that an ex- ceptionally large proportion of them were widowed or divorced (see tabular statement above) . The fami- lies in which there was a laundress having the assist- 62 WOMEN AT WORK. ance of one other breadwinner were most numer- ous among negroes, in which racial class the proportion of married women was largest. The families having two or more than two other wage-earners besides the laundress attained their greatest prominence among the native whites of foreign parentage, which accords with the fact, as indicated by Table liv, that the pro- portion of single women living with their parents is exceptionally large in this nativity class. Table LV. — Per cent distribution} by number of other breadwinners in the family, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION OF YEARS OF AGE AND LAUNDEESSES 16 OVEE. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. ALL MAEITAL CLA 3SES. Total 100.0 100.?) 100.0 100.0 100. 82.6 77.9 83.6 74.7 87.2 In lamilies having— No other breadwinners. 21.9 29.9 16.2 14.6 17.4 19.2 25.6 17.2 16.0 22.1 15.5 24.5 20.3 23.4 16.4 27.5 25.4 12.5 9.2 25.3 21.3 34.6 Two other 16.8 More than two other . . 14.6 12.8 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.8 70.7 80.5 49.6 73.0 In families having— No other breadwinners. One other 12.5 17.7 17.0 20.6 32.2 7.4 19.5 20.7 23.1 29.3 6.5 20.0 22.7 31.2 19.5 12.0 13.8 11.2 12.5 50.4 20.3 18.7 16.0 More than two other . . Boarding 2 , . 18.0 27.0 MAEEIED. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.6 83.6 86.4 89.9 93.0 In families having — No other breadwinners . 11.5 48.0 17.4 14.7 8.4 17.7 40.9 13.6 11.4 16.4 17.1 40.1 16.2 13.0 13.6 19.9 45 3 15.0 9.7 10.1 8.5 49.9 18.4 More than two other. . 16.3 7.0 WIDOWED AND DI^ 'ORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 Living at home 89.2 86.9 89.9 90 3 88.6 In famiUes having — No other breadwinners . One other . 38.5 27.0 14.6 9.1 10.8 40.2 26.3 13.5 6.8 13.1 36.7 27.3 16.3 9.6 10.1 44.4 27.2 12.6 6.1 9.7 35.3 26.8 15.5 More than two other . . 11.0 11.4 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 2 Includes those living with employer. Of the laundresses who were widowed or divorced 38.5 per cent appear to have been the sole support of their famiUes. In this marital class the negro laun- dresses had apparently the most assistance from other members of the family, while the foreign born white had the least. But the differences are not very strilung. SEAMSTRESSES. In continental United States at the Twelfth Census 138,724 women 16 years of age and over were classified as seamstresses and they formed 91.9 per cent of the total number of persons included in that occupation. The occupation of seamstress is one that is not very clearly defined by its designation. Naturally the Cen- sus Office classified as seamstress everyone that was so returned on the enumerator's schedule, which means everyone that called herself a seamstress or was so designated by the enumerator. But there were many other designations ' returned which for the purposes of classification were considered equivalent to the term "seamstress." The list indicates that the occupation includes many of the women working in sweat shops; but it probably includes also a considerable number of women who go out to do sewing by the day. Probably many of the seamstresses reported for the smaller towns and rural districts come into the latter class. Of the occupations which gave employment to at least 5,000 women, there were 9 in which the num- ber of women was larger than in this occupation of seamstress, but only 3 in which women formed a greater percentage of the total number of persons em- ployed. The occupation of the seamstress, therefore, ranks tenth in the number of women employed and fourth in the percentage which women formed of the total. Since women formed so large a proportion of the total number of persons classified as seamstresses, the term will be used hereafter, unless otherwise specified, to designate only the adult females engaged in this occupation. Race and nativity. — The distribution, by race and nativity, of the seamstresses in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts is shown in Table lvi. If the race and nativity distribution of the total number of seamstresses is compared with that of the total number of women engaged in the 46 other occu- pations employing at least 5,000 adult female bread- winners, the occupation of the seamstresses will be found to be in a nearly median position. In the percentage of native white of native parentage it ranked twenty-second; in that of native white of for- eign parentage, twenty-fifth; in that of foreign born ^Among them the following: Apron makers. Buttonhole makers. Carpet .sewers. Fur sewers. Necktie makers. Shirt-waist makers. Skirt makers. Stitchers (overalls). Stitchers (suspender). Underwear makers. Waist makers. Window-shade stitchers. Wrapper makers. SEAMSTRESSES. 63 white, twenty-first, and in that of negroes tenth (see Table xxiii, page 34). Table LVI. — Distribution, by race and nativity, of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhab- itants and in smaller cities and country districts, for continental United States: 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. BACB AUD NATIVITY. Aggregate. In cities hav- ing at least 50,000 inhab- itants. In smaller cities and country- districts. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri bution. 138,724 100.0 72,352 100.0 66,372 100.0 Native white — both parents native . . GO, 223 41,888 25,050 11,296 267 43.4 30.2 18.1 8.1 0.2 19,817 27,663 20,302 4,432 138 27.4 38.2 28.1 6.1 0.2 40,406 14,225 4,748 6,864 129 60 9 Native white— one or both parents foreign born 21.4 7.2 Indian and Mongolian 0.2 A marked contrast, however, will be noted between the seamstresses in the large cities and those in the smaller cities and country districts. In the large cities 66.3 per cent of the seamstresses were white women of foreign birth or parentage, while in the smaller cities and country districts the correspond- ing percentage was only 28.6. Both the native white of native parentage and the negroes were of much greater importance among the seamstresses in the smaller cities and countr}^ districts. The difference between the several sections of the country in respect to the race and nativity of seam- stresses is shown in Table lvii, which gives the per cent distribution for main and minor geographic divisions. The native whites of native parentage were the most numerous class among the seamstresses in all the minor geographic divisions of the country except the Southern North Atlantic, the Eastern North Central, and the Basin and Plateau, where they were slightly outnumbered by the native whites of foreign parent- age. The percentage which they formed of the total number of seamstresses was, however, as a rule smaller in the North and West than in the South. In the North and West native whites of foreign parentage were of great importance, actually outnumbering those of native parentage in the three divisions men- tioned above. Foreign born whites were also numer- ous in the Northern and Western states, especially in those which make up the North Atlantic group. The percentage for negroes was, of course, large only in the South. Table LVII. — Per cent distribution, by race and nativity, of seam- stresses 16 years of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. Per cent.i GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mongo- lian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States. 138,724 43.4 30.2 18.1 8.3 North Atlantic division 46,312 34.2 33.2 31.1 1.5 9,522 36,790 19,229 39.1 33.0 61.2 31.6 33.5 11.9 27.8 32.0 4.5 L5 Southern North Atlantic. . South Atlantic division 1.5 22.5 Northern South Atlantic. . Southern South Atlantic. . North Central division 11,489 7,740 49,393 60.3 62.4 4L3 18.2 2.5 40.3 6.5 1.6 16.4 15.0 33.5 2.0 Eastern North Central Western North Central. . . . 32,727 16,666 19,107 39.3 45.3 53.6 41.1 38.6 14.7 17.6 14 1 4.0 1.9 2.1 27.8 Eastern South Central Western South Central Western division . ... 11,292 7,815 4,683 58.1 46.9 42.2 13.3 16.6 33.3 2.0 6.8 19.1 26.5 29.7 5.4 1,104 339 3,240 58.6 32.4 37.6 24.3 32.7 36.5 14.1 30.1 19.7 3.0 4.7 Pacific 6.3 I For numbers on which the percentages are based see Table 24, page 194. If the figures for the several states given in Table 24 (page 194) are considered, it will be noted that in all but 12 of the states and territories the native whites of native parentage were the most numerous class among seamstresses. In Rhode Island, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Utah, and California the most numerous class was the native white of for- eign parentage ; in New York and North Dakota, the foreign born white; and in the District of Columbia, Florida, and Louisiana, the negro. The distribution of the adult female seamstresses in the 6 leading cities of the country, by race and nativity, is shown in Table lviii. More than one- fourth of the total number of seamstresses reported by the Census were in these 6 cities. In Philadelphia and Baltimore the native whites of native parentage were the most numerous class, but in the other cities they were outnumbered by one or both of the other white classes. In New York, which contained 11.8 per cent of the total number of adult female seamstresses in the country, more than one-half were of foreign birth and almost 9 out of 10 were of either foreign birth or foreign parentage. 64 WOMEN AT WORK. Table LVIII.— DISTBIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, F SIX LEADING CITIES: 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Number. Per cent. CITY. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Native whit^— Foreign born white. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Meg: Indii andM golii New Yo A 1 - 16,310 7,029 3,507 3,905 2,120 6,079 1,629 910 1,305 992 505 2,566 5,514 3,066 1,199 2,286 648 1,595 8,921 2,906 883 516 929 597 246 147 120 111 38 321 10.0 12.9 37.2 25.4 23.8 50.5 33.8 43.6 34.2 58.5 30.6 31.4 64.7 41.3 25.2 13.2 43.8 11.8 Philadelphia ; St Louis . ... ^Includes Manhattan and Bronx boroughs only. The question that naturally arises is to what extent these differences between the race and nativity classes represent differing tendencies toward entering this occupation. To answer this question, Table Lixhas been prepared, which shows the percentage which seamstresses form of the total number of adult femi breadwinners in each race and nativity class for cit ,of at least 50,000 inhabitants and for smaller cities a country districts. Table LIX.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SEAMSTRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF A AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND CO! TRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign bom Foreign bom white Negro, Indian, and Mongolian FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. 4,833,630 1.771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,130,909 Seamstresses. Number. Percent. 138,724 60,223 41,888 26,060 11,563 3.4 3.8 3.0 1.0 In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. Total. 414,964 554,806 494,044 193,924 Seamstresses. Number. Percent, 72,352 19,817 27, 663 20,302 4,570 4.8 6.0 4.1 2.4 In smaller cities and couni districts. 3,175,902 1,357,012 536, 938 345,967 936,985 Seamstresse! Number. Perci 66,372 40,406 14, 225 4,748 6,993 The occupation of seamstress, judged by the figures in Table lix, was of nearly equal importance for the three classes of whites, but it was of considerably less importance for the negroes. In the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants it gave employment to the largest percentage among the native whites of foreign parentage, while in the smaller cities and country districts the percentage was highest among the native whites of native parentage. For all classes the occu- pation was of greater importance in the large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts. Parentage. — The importance of the occupation for the women of the different foreign nationalities is shown in Table lx, which gives the percentage of seamstresses among the female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by the nationality of th parents. If one parent was native and the other f eign born, the person is classified according to 1 nationality of the one who was foreign. The occupation of seamstress was of greatest imp tance among the female breadwinners of Russ: parentage, giving employment to 13.3 per cent of ■ total for that nationality. The other classes wh have recently come to this country from southeast! Europe reported comparatively high percentages seamstresses, probably because of their tendency concentrate in large cities where industries employ seamstresses are located. The nationalities wh represent the earlier periods of immigration hi smaller percentages of seamstresses. SEAMSTRESSES. 65 Table LX. — Number and percentage of seamstresses amonij female breadwinners 10 years of age and oecr, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes Native parentage Native white All ottier Foreign parentage Austria Bohemia Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark England and Wales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage Total. Number. Per cent. 5,319,397 146,105 3,247,907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 25,590 25,719 102,181 78,979 15,580 168,912 21,164 538, 192 14,631 634,201 26,093 47,934 38,536 40,816 46,173 81,148 15,126 47,689 112,827 73,619 62.375 11,244 72,486 1,679 1,276 2,275 1,194 381 3,933 932 23,561 813 16,937 1,572 1 128 2.015 5,419 971 2,119 437 2,244 3,701 3.2 0.9 3.5 6.2 5.0 2.2 1.5 2.5 2..') 4.4 4.4 5.6 2.7 6.0 2.4 5.2 13.3 2.1 2.6 2.9 4.7 3.3 Age. — The age distribution of the seamstresses 16 years of age and over is given in Table lxi. Although in this occupation the proportion of middle aged aijd elderly woirien employed was large as com- pared with that in most of the other principal occu- pations for women (see Table xxiv, page 36), yet the age distribution of the total number of adult seam- stresses was rather similar to that of the total number of adult female breadwinners. The two classes of native whites, however, were slightly older among the seainstresses than among all breadwinners, while the reverse was true of the foreign born whites (see Table 17, page 162). That the foreign born whites were younger in the occupation of seamstress reflects the extent to which young women in immigrant families are employed in sweat-shop industries. Table LXI. — Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration):^ 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. . . . 65 years and over Age unknown — SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign bom white. Negro. 139,149 35,401 21,728 12,266 6,769 3,264 241 60,339 21,889 14,763 10,485 6,918 4,164 2,003 127 41,912 21,026 11,984 6,907 2,064 25,085 13,092 4,664 3,056 2,113 1,332 786 42 11,297 3,309 3,784 2,201 1,128 676 257 42 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 42.7 36.3 26.4 24.5 U.H 17.4 S.X 11.5 4.9 6.9 2.3 3.3 0.2 0.2 100.0 50.2 28.6 14.1 4.9 1.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 52.2 18.6 12.2 8.4 5.3 3.1 0.2 100.0 29.3 33.5 19.5 10.0 5.1 2.3 0.4 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civihan employees) stationed abroad. Perhaps these facts will be more obvious from an inspection of Table lxii, which shows the percentage of seamstresses among the female breadwinners of each race and nativity class distributed by age. Table LXII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SEAMSTRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. Total. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 4, 843, 155 2,139,370 1,171,962 676,548 441,457 266,926 65 years and over 138, 691 18,211 Seamstresses. Number. 139, 149 59,480 35,401 21,728 12,266 6,769 3,264 241 Per cent. 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 L3 Native white- Both parents native. Seamstresses. One or both parents for- eign born. Foreign born white. Seamstresses. Number. 1,773,109 I 60,339 753, 266 399,376 244,666 182, 214 120,650 67,656 6,392 21,889 14.763 10,485 6,918 4,154 2,003 127 Per cent. 2.9 3.7 43 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.4 593, 435 21,026 297,916 11,984 130,749 6,907 46,925 2,064 16,982 693 6,368 211 825 28 3.5 40 4.5 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.4 Total. 840,1 347, 7.59 202, 322 119, 316 86, 136 54,563 28,262 2,328 Seamstresses. Number. 25.085 3.0 Per cent. 13,092 4,664 3,056 2,113 1,332 786 42 3.8 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.8 1.8 Negro. Total. 1,119,653 439,725 266, 956 178, 810 124, 024 64.535 36, 539 9,064 Seamstresses. Number. 11,297 3,309 3,784 2,201 1,128 576 257 42 Per cent. 8 1.4 1.2 9 0.9 0.7 0.5 12694—07- 66 WOMEN AT WORK. For all classes combined and for each class of na- tive whites the occupation of seamstress was of great- est importance for female breadwinners in the age period 35 to 44 years. But for the foreign born whites it was of greatest importance in the youngest period, and for the negroes in that from 25 to 34. The dif- ferences between the several age periods shown by each class were, however, so slight that this is one of the striking features of the table. It shows that the occupation of seamstress was of about equal impor- tance for female breadwinners of all ages. The difference between the age distribution of seamstresses in the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and the smaller cities and country districts is shown in Table lxiii. Table LXIII. — Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age and oicr, in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller i and country districts , for continental United States: 1900. i SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AGE. Total. In cities having at least 50,000 inbabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Total 1 138,487 100.0 72,245 100.0 66,242 100.0 16 to 24 years 59,304 56,905 19,020 3,258 42.8 41.1 13.7 2.4 35,498 27,603 7,896 1,248 49.1 38.2 10.9 1.7 23,806 29,302 11,124 2,010 35.9 44.2 16.8 65 years and over 3.0 1 Not including age unknown. The seamstresses in the large cities were consider- ably younger than those in the smaller cities and country districts. In the large cities 49.1 per cent, or almost one-half, of the total number were from 16 to 24 years of age, while in the smaller cities and country districts onlj^ 35.9 per cent were within these ages. This difference was probably due largely to the fact that most of the immigrants and the children of immigrants employed in this occupation were found in the large cities. The age distribution of seamstresses in the 5 cities in which the largest numbers were employed is given in Table lxiv. In New York city, where the proportion of foreign born whites among seamstresses was highest, 63.3 per cent of the total number of women engaged in this occupation were between the ages of 16 and 24. The percentage in this age period was also rela- tively high in Chicago and St. Louis, where the native whites of foreign parentage were numerous. In Phil- adelphia and Baltimore, on the other hand, cities in which a larger proportion of seamstresses were native whites of native parentage, the percentages formed by young women were the lowest. Table LXIV. — Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, for five selected cities: 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AGE. New York, N. Y.i Oticago, 111 Baltimore, Md. St. Louis, Philadel- Mo. phia, Pa. t NUMBER. Totals 16, 285 7,012 5,072 3,899 3,504 16 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over , . 10,307 4,426 1,329 223 3,803 2,684 475 50 2,423 1,922 621 106 2,043 1,497 321 38 1,216 1,522 630 136 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total" 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over . . 63.3 27.2 8.2 1.4 54.2 38.3 6.8 0.7 47.8 37.9 12.2 2.1 52.4 38.4 8.2 1.0 34.7 43.4 18.0 3.9 ^ Includes Manhattan and Bronx boroughs only. 2 Not including age unknown. Marital condition. — A subject closely allied to age is that of marital condition, for where the proportion of young women is small the proportion of single women is apt to be correspondingly small. In Table Lxv the adult female seamstresses are classified by race, nativity, and marital condition. Table LXV. — Distribution,^ by marital condition, of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration) : 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white — Foreign born white. MAEITAL CONDITION. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. NUMBER. 139,149 60,339 41,912 25,085 11,297 Single (including unknown) . . . 96,773 15,967 24, 133 2,276 38,264 7,557 13,140 1,378 35,103 2,291 4,061 467 18,951 1,929 3,976 >229 4,342 3,864 393 Divorced 198 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single (including unknown) . . . 69.6 11.5 17.3 1.6 63.4 12.5 21.8 2.3 83.7 5.5 9.7 1.1 75.5 7.7 15.9 0.9 38.4 25 6 1.8 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. Although the occupation of the seamstress ranked comparatively high among the principal occupations for women in the proportion of the total number who were widowed and divorced (see Table xxv, page 38), yet the distribution of the seamstresses by mar- ital condition corresponded rather closely with that SEAMSTRESSES. 67 of the total number of female breadwinners. This would naturally be expected, since the age distribution of the two was rather similar. Some variations in the marital condition of the seam- stresses of the several race and nativity classes will be noted, but these are to be explained principally by the differences in age distribution. The large number of married women among the negroes, however, is a racial characteristic reflecting the tendency for the married women of this race to be engaged in gainful occupa- tions. Comparison with census of 1890. — A subject of par- ticular interest in the study of any occupation of women is that of the changes which have taken place between recent censuses. In Table lxvi the distribu- tion by race and nativity of the seamstresses 15 years of age and over is shown for 1890 and 1900. Table LXVI. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of seamstresses 15 years of age and over, for the United States: 1900^ and 1890. SEAMSTRESSES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER KACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. 143,270 100.0 143,339 100.0 !69 (») Naiive white— both par- ents native 61,517 43,622 26,236 11,374 521 42.9 30.4 18.3 7.9 0.4 69,806 40,761 21,000 11,681 91 48.7 28.4 14.7 8.1 0.1 28,289 2,861 5,236 !307 430 2 11. 9 Native white— one or both parents foreign bom Foreign born white 7.0 24.9 »2.6 Indian and Mongolian (') 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. 3 Less than one-tenth, of 1 per cent. * Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Durinsf the decade from 1890 to 1900 the number of seamstresses decreased by 69. This decrease was con- fined, however, to the negroes and to the native whites of native parentage. The native whites of foreign par- entage increased 7 per cent and the foreign born whites 24.9 per cent, and as a result the proportion which these classes formed of the total number- of seamstresses materially increased. These changes naturally affected the importance of the occupation for the several classes, as is indicated in Table lxvii, which shows for each race and nativity class the percentage that seamstresses formed of the total number of female breadwinners 15 years of age and over in 1890 and 1900. Table LXVII. — Number and percentage of seamstresses among female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity , for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Seamstresses. Total. Seamstresses. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 5,007,f , 143,270 2.9 3,712,144 143,339 3.9 Native white— both par- 1,825,850 1,138,129 861,963 1,162,250 61,517 43, 622 26,236 11,374 3.4 3.8 3.0 1.0 1,310,148 774,751 756, 006 867,717 69,806 40,761 21,000 11,681 5.3 Native white— one or both parents loreign 5.3 Foreign born white 2.8 1.3 1 For area of enumeration. The occupation of seamstress was of increased im- portance only among the foreign born white. For other classes the percentage which seamstresses formed of the total number of female breadwinners was smaller in 1900 than m 1890. The changes which have taken place during the dec- ade in the age distribution of the seamstresses in each race and nativity class are shown in Table lxviii. In all classes of the population except the foreign born white the women employed as seamstresses in 1900 were older than those engaged in that occupation in 1890. In fact, in all classes except the foreign born v/hite the number of seamstresses between 15 and 24 years of age was actually smaller in 1900 than in 1890. Among the native white of native parentage the de- crease in number was common to all age groups, but among the other classes the general tendency was toward an increase in the older age periods. The increase of 56.8 per cent among the foreign born white seamstresses 15 to 24 was exceptional, indicating probably the extent to which the young women from eastern Europe were entering the occupation. The marked increase among the native white of foreign parentage in the age groups from 35 to 64 years prob- ably reflects the increase in this class which occurred at an earlier period.' ' See page 52. 68 WOMEN AT WORK. Table LXVIII. — Distribution and increase, by age, of seamstresses 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity , for the United States: 1900^ and 1890. Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown SEAMSTRESSES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 Number. Per cent distri- bution. 1S90 Number. Per cent distri- bution, Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. 143,270 100.0 143,339 100.0 2 69 63,601 44.4 66, 174 46.2 '2, SIS 35, 401 24.7 35,770 26.0 369 21,728 15.2 19, 187 13.4 2,541 12,266 8.6 11,814 8.2 452 6,769 4.7 6,498 4.5 271 3,264 2.3 3,507 2.4 !243 241 0.2 389 0.3 2 148 m 23.9 1.0 13.2 3.8 4.2 2 6.9 2 38.0 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 61,617 100.0 69,806 100.0 2 8,289 23,067 37.6 26,820 38.4 23,753 14,763 24.0 17, 471 26.0 2 2,708 10, 485 17.0 11,082 15.9 2 697 6,918 11.2 7,530 10.8 2 612 4,164 6.8 4,290 6.1 2 136 2,003 3.3 2,371 3.4 2 368 127 0.2 242 0.3 2 116 2 11.9 2 14.0 2 16.5 2 6.4 28.1 23.2 2 16.6 247.6 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOEEIGN POEN. 43,622 22, 735 11,984 5,907 2,064 693 211 28 100.0 62.1 27.5 13.5 4.7 1.6 0.6 0.1 40,761 25,909 10,460 2,924 916 341 175 46 100.0 63.6 25.6 7.2 2.2 0.8 0.4 0.1 2,861 23,174 1,534 2,983 1,148 362 36 2 18 7.0 2 12.3 14.7 102.0 125.3 103.2 20.6 0) FOEEIGN BORN WHITE. 26,236 14,243 4,664 3,066 2,113 1,332 786 42 300.0 54.3 17.'8 11.6 8.1 6.1 3.0 0.2 21,000 9,084 4,536 3, 129 2,226 1,327 665 35 100.0 43.3 21.6 14.9 10.6 6.3 3.2 0.2 6,236 5,159 129 273 2 112 6 121 7 24.! 56.8 2.8 22.3 2 6.0 0.4 18.2 W 11,374 3,386 3,^84 2,201 1,128 576 257 42 29.8 33.3 19.4 9.9 6.1 2.3 0.4 11,681 4,330 3,293 2,031 1,134 637 296 60' 100.0 37.1 28.2 17.4 9.7 4.6 2.5 0.6 2307 2944 491 170 26 39 239 218 22.6 221.8 14.9 8.4 2 0.5 7.3 2 13.2 (<) 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. 3 Less than one-tenth oi 1 per cent. ■t Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. The difference between the increase in the several main and minor divisions is presented in Table lxix for seamstresses at least 10 years of age. Table LXIX. — Increase in the number of seamstresses 10 years of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890. SEAMSTRESSES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 146, 105 146,043 62 f) 49,443 47,450 1,993 42 New England . . . 9,737 39,706 20,085 10,557 36,893 24,335 2 820 2,813 2 4,250 2 7.8 Southern North Atlantic South Atlantic division 7.6 2 17.6 Northern South Atlantic Southern South Atlantic North Central division . 12,169 7,916 52, 119 13, 198 11,137 46,947 2 1,029 2 3,221 5,172 2 7.8 2 28.9 11.0 Eastern North Central 34,701 17,418 19,688 31,820 15,127 22,796 2,881 2,291 2 3, 108 9.1 Western North Central South Central division. 15.1 2 13.6 Eastern South Central 11,700 7,988 4,770 13,080 9,716 4,515 2 1,380 2 1,728 256 2 10.6 Western South Central 2 17.8 5.6 1,126 344 3,301 1,287 458 2,770 2 162 2 114 631 2 12.6 2 24.9 Pacific 19.2 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Decrease. The number of seamstresses at least 10 years of age increased by 62, or less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Marked decreases were apparent in some sections, especially in the South. These decreases were prac- tically counterbalanced by increases in the Southern North Atlantic states and in the two groups of the North Central division. Family relationsJiip. — To determine the position of the seamstresses in the families in which they lived a special tabulation has been made for 26 selected cities. The seamstresses who lived in these cities are shown in Table lxx, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition. Table LXX. — Seamsiressis 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition, for ticenty-six selected cities: ' 1900. SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. Total 56,496 13,366 22, 147 17,969 3,012 Single (including unknown) 43,764 4,250 8,481 9.282 1,238 2,846 18,921 994 2,232 14,248 1,112 2,609 1,313 905 Widowed and divorced 794 ^ Includes all Massachusetts. cities in the list given in Table XLlv, page 56, except Fall River, SEAMSTRESSES. 69 The per cent distribution, by relationship to the family, of each of the groups of seamstresses shown in the above table is given in Table lxxi. Table LXXI. — Per cent distribution,^ hy family relationship, of seam- stresses IG years of age and over, classified hy marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.9 72.7 86.9 79.6 81.2 Heads of families 14.1 34.8 15.9 16.1 19.1 17.3 25.4 13.3 16.7 27.3 10.4 40.8 22.4 13.2 13.1 14.4 38.1 10.7 16.4 20.4 24 Witli father 13.5 With mother With other relative 11.5 32.2 18.8 e INGLE (INCLUDING I rNKNOWN) Total ioo.o 80.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 71.9 87.1 79.1 75.2 Heads of families 4.6 43.4 19.0 13.9 19.1 6.6 34.4 17.0 14.9 28.1 3.9 46.3 24.6 12.3 12.9 4.4 47.0 12.7 15.0 20.9 9.3 With father 26.7 With mother 21.0 With other relative 18.3 24.8 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.1 75.4 84.3 83.1 87.8 20.1 7.0 5.5 49.5 17.9 21.9 6.7 5.4 41.4 24.6 23.9 11.4 10.9 38.1 15.7 21.7 6.2 2.5 52.7 16.9 11.4 With father -. . . 3.8 3.4 With other relative 69.3 12.2 WIDOWED AND DI 'OECED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.2 74.1 85.7 81.0 83.5 Heads of families With father With mother With other relative Boarding 2 59.9 4.4 5.5 10.4 19.8 63.5 4.0 4.9 11.7 25.9 59.5 7.3 9.6 9.4 14.3 66.3 2.9 2.8 9.0 19.0 62. 8 2.9 4.8 13.0 16.5 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. 2 Includes those living with employer. The distribution of the total number of seamstresses by relationship to the family in which they live will be found to correspond very closely to a similar distribu- tion of all the female breadwinners for whom the special tabulation was made if the servants and waitresses are excluded from the total (see Table xix, page 27). The figures for the several race, nativity, and marital classes, however, present one marked peculiarity — the single foreign born ^vhites showed a higher percentage living with the father than any other class. This pecu- liarity probably results from the comparatively large number of young people in this class among seam- stresses. Other hreadwinners in the family. — The actual num- ber of seamstresses in the 26 selected cities, classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and number of other breadwinners in the family are shown in Table 27 (page 208) . The per cent distribution by number of other breadwinners is given in Table lxxii. Table LXXII. — Per cent distribution,^ by number of other bread- winners in the family ^ of seamstresses 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF SEAMSTRESSES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASS. All classes. Native white — Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 80.9 72.7 86.9 79.6 81.2 In families having— No other breadwinners. One other 10.6 22.9 21.0 26.6 19.1 12.3 23.0 18.8 18.6 27.3 9.3 22.2 23.0 32.4 13.1 9.9 22.4 20.6 26.8' 20.4 14.6 30.6 Two other 17.7 More than two other . . . Boarding 2 18.3 18.8 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNSOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.9 71.9 87.1 79.1 75 2 In famiUes having — No other breadwinners 6.0 20.6 22.9 31.4 19.1 6.9 20.6 21.4 23.1 28.1 6.3 20.9 24.0 35.8 12.9 4.8 20.2 22.4 31.6 20.9 8.8 20 3 20.6 More than two other . . . 25.6 24.8 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 S2.1 75.4 84.3 83.1 87 8 In families having — No other breadwinners One other 13.6 39.9 16.2 12.5 17.9 14.7 35.7 14.8 10.2 24.6 17.4 33.9 17.3 15.7 15.7 14.4 41.2 16.5 11.0 16.9 6.7 50 5 Two other More than two other. . . Boarding 2 16.4 14.3 12.2 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 100.0 100 80.2 74.1 85.7 81.0 S3 5 In famlHes having— No other breadwinners 31.8 ! 26.3 13.5 8.5 19.8 28.9 25.9 11.8 7.5 25.9 31.0 27.3 16.7 10. S 14.3 35.3 21 i. 3 12.3 7.1 19.0 33.2 Two other 14 6 More than two other. .. 10.8 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 2 Includes those living with employer. Of the 56,495 seamstresses included in this tabula- tion, only 5,919, or 10.5 per cent, were the sole bread- ■wimiers of the families in which thev lived, while 70 WOMEN AT WORK. 39,783, or 70.5 per cent were living in families which contained other breadwinners. Among the single women comparatively high percentages will be noted in the class having more than two other breadwinners, especially among the native whites of foreign parent- age and the foreign born whites. This class proba- bly consist mostly of young women living in large families. Among the married the largest percentages were in the class with one other breadwinner, who in most cases was probably the husband. The largest proportion — 31.8 per cent — of the widowed and divorced seamstresses were living in families in which there were no other breadwinners, and thus presumably were supporting themselves and perhaps had other persons dependent upon them. DRESSMAKERS. At the Twelfth Census 338,144 women 16 years of age and over in continental United States were reported as dressmakers. They formed 97.5 per cent of the total number of persons — men, women, and children — engaged in that occupation. Of the other occupations which furnished employ- ment to at least 5,000 women, two — that of servant and waitress and that of agricultural laborer — con- tained a larger number than the occupation of dress- maker; but in none was the percentage of the total formed by women higher. The occupation of dress- maker, therefore, ranked third in the actual number of women employed and first in the proportion which women formed of the total number of persons engaged in the occupation. Geographic distribution. — While dressmaking is an occupation which is generally represented in all sec- tions of the United States and in smaller towns and country districts as well as in large cities, the geo- graphic distribution of the dressmakers differs con- siderably from that of the total adult female population, as is evident from the following tabular statement : GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION. FEE CENT DISTRI- BUTION or WO- MEN 16 YEARS or AGE AND over: 1900. Total. Dress- makers. 100.0 100.0 30.7 13.1 34.6 16.8 4.9 44.1 8.2 36.6 South Centpal 6.2 5.9 Dressmakers are concentrated in the Northern and the Western divisions of the country to a greater extent than the total adult female population. This condition, of course, indicates that the demand for dressmakers is greater in the North and the West than in the South, which is a natural result of the differences in the composition and wealth of the population in the two sections. Race and nativity. — The distribution, by race and na- tivity, of the women engaged in this important occupa- tion in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts is shown in Table Lxxni. Table LXXIII. — Distribution, by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, for continental United States: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS. RACE AND NATIVITY. Aggregate. In cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country tlistricts. Number. rer cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Total 338,144 100.0 149,296 100.0 188,848 ■ 100 Native white— both par- ents native . . 152,821 117,287 55,523 12,418 96 45'. 2 34.7 16.4 3.7 (■) 42,716 61,166 38,200 7,196 29 28.6 41.0 25.6 4.8 (1) 110,105 56,131 17,323 6,223 66 58 3 Native white—one or both parents foreign Foreign born white 9.2 Indian and Mongolian . . (') 1 I^ess.than one-tenth of 1 per cent. When the race and nativity distribution of the total number of dressmakers shown in the above table is compared with that given in Table xxiii (page 34), for the women engaged in each of the other occupations employing at least 5,000 adult female breadwinners, the occupation of dressmaker, like that of seamstress, will be found to occupy a median position. In the percentage of native white of native parentage it ranked twentieth; in that of native white of foreign parentage, twenty-second ; in that of foreign bom white, twenty-third; and in that of colored, fifteenth. There is a marked difference between the large cities and the smaller cities and country districts as regards the distribution of the dressmakers by race and nativ- ity. In the smaller cities and country districts 58.3 per cent of the dressmakers were native white women of native parentage and only 38.9 per cent were white women of either foreign birth or parentage ; but in the large cities the corresponding percentage was only 28.6 for native whites of native parentage, while it was 66.6 for the whites of foreign birth or parentage. The importance of the occupation among working women of the different race and nativity classes is shown by Table lxxiv. DRESSMAKERS. 71 Table LXXIV.— NUMBER AXD PERCENTAGE OF DRESSMAKERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. RACE AND NATIVITY. Aggregate. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Dressmakers. Total. Dressmakers. Total. Dressmakers. Number. Per cent. Number. : Percent. Number. Per cent. All classes 4,833,630 338,144 7.0 1,667,728 149,296 9.0 3,175,902 188,848 5.9 Native white — both parents native . . . 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 11,288 152,821 117,287 65,523 12,418 95 8.6 10.8 6.6 kl 414,954 654,806 494,044 193,317 607 42,716 61,166 38,200 7, )9."i 29 10.3 11.0 7.7 3.7 4.S 1,357,012 536,938 346,967 926,304 10,681 110,105 56,131 17,323 6,223 66 8.1 Native white— one or both parents foreign born.. . . 10.5 Foreign bom white 5.0 0.6 Indian and Mongolian 0.6 It appears from Table lxxiv that both in the large cities and in the smaller cities and country districts the native white working women of foreign parentage have engaged in the occupation of dressmaking to a greater extent in proportion to their numbers than the working women in any other race and nativity class. Thus, although more native white women of native than of foreign parentage are employed in this occupation, the latter class in proportion to its working strength outranks the former. Parentage. — Table lxxv presents comparative fig- ures for each of the principal nationalities making up the foreign element in this occupation. The table in- cludes all females 10 years of age and over, since the data for women alone are not available. Table LXXV. — Number and percentage of dressmakers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents , for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes . Native parentage 3, 247 , 907 FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 6,319,397 Native white J'^^^Sn Another ,, 1,321,270 Foreign parentage 2,071, 490 Dressmakers. Number. Per cent. 166,. 533 164,425 12,108 Austria Bohemia Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark England and AVales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage . 25,690 1,534 6.0 25,719 1,675 6.6 102,181 9,015 8.8 78,979 6,096 6.4 15,580 1,.542 9.9 168,912 14,80.5 9.3 21,164 2,(i97 12.7 538,192 49,504 9.2 14,631 584 4.0 634,201 54,474 8.6 26,093 2,507 9.6 47,934 4,073 8.6 38,636 1,831 4.8 40,816 3,014 7.4 46,173 3,893 8.4 81,148 5,903 7.3 15,126 1,373 9.1 47,689 3,276 6.9 112,827 11,465 10.2 6.5 6.1 8.0 0.9 As would be expected, dressmaking is most important for working women of French parentage, 12.7 per cent of whom were engaged in that occupation. Among most of the other European nationalities also the percentage of female breadwinners who were dress- makers is considerably higher than the corresponding percentage for the native white of native parentage. The marked tendency of the women of these nation- alities to enter the occupation m^y probably be attributed to the fact that dressmaking has for years been considered an important part of the public school training of girls in many countries on the con- tinent of Europe, and is therefore naturally followed by the emigrants from these countries and by their children. Age. — Statistics showing the distribution by age periods of the dressmakers of the several race and nativity classes are presented in Table lxxvi for the entire area of enumeration.^ In the case of dressmaking, as with most of the other leading occupations for women, over one-half of those employed were under 35 years of age. The proportion in the youngest age group, however, is comparatively small. Of the 47 leading occupations for women, there are 33 with a larger percentage of young women (see Table xxiv, page 36). In the percentage of older women the rank of this occupation is much higher, rangiog from eighth in the age periods 25 to 34 years and 35 to 44 j^ears to twentieth for the age period 65 years and over. Most of the occupations with a greater concentration in the group 25 to 34 years are pursuits requiring considerable preparatory study and training. The fact that dressmaking can be pursued at home by women whose household duties do not permit them to participate in shop or factor}^ work is of significance in this connection. '■ Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. 72 WOMEN AT WORK. Table LXXVI. — Distribution, by .age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years i5to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOTED AS DRESSMAKEES. All Classes. Native white— Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. Negro. 338,290 110,365 103,421 70,719 34, 548 14, 170 4,626 452 162,866 40,717 43,551 35,188 20,618 9,362 3,143 287 117,314 47,701 39,881 21,674 6,109 1,519 368 62 55,566 18,473 15, 466 11, 140 6,668 2,889 966 64 12,421 3,428 4,478 2,688 1,246 396 148 37 PER CENT DISTEIBTJTION. 100.0 32.6 30.6 20.9 10.2 4.2 1.4 0.1 100.0 26.6 28.5 23.0 13.5 6.1 2.1 0.2 100.0 40.7 34.0 18.5 5.2 1.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 33.2 27.8 20.0 11.8 6.2 1.7 0.1 100.0 27.6 36.1 21.6 10.0 3.2 1.2 0.3 The proportion of native white dressmakers of for- eign parentage in the two youngest age periods is relatively large — a natural result of the fact that the number of persons of advanced years is comparatively small in that class of the population, and the further fact that the number of young women who are bread- winners in the families of immigrants is relatively large. While the white women of foreign birth or par- entage reported as dressmakers are most numerous in the age period 16 to 24 years, the maximum num- ber of native white women of native parentage and of negro women in this occupation is found in the next older period. That, in comparison with other occupations, dress- making is not so much a young woman's occupation as an occupation for women in middle life is further indicated by Table lxxvii, which shows the propor- tion of dressmakers among all female breadwinners for the various age periods. Table LXXVII. — Number and percentage of dressmakers among female breudvAnncrs 16 years of agr and orrr, classified by age, for the United States (rirca of ennmeralion): 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AGE. Total. Drpssmakers. Number. Per cent. Total 4,843,1.06 338,290 7.0 16 to 24 years 2, 1,39, 370 1,171,952 676, 548 441,4,67 256, 926 138,691 18,211 110, 3.55 103,421 70,719 34,648 14,170 4, 625 452 5.2 8.8 10.5 45 to 54 years 7.8 6.5 3.3 Age unknown . . 2.5 As an occupation for women, dressmaking reaches its greatest importance in the age period 35 to 44 years. While more than one-tenth of all the female bread- winners in this age group were dressmakers, only one- twentieth of those 16 to 24 years of age were employed in this trade. Marital condition. — Statistics relating to the mar- ital condition of dressmakers in the several race and nativity classes are presented in -Table lxxviii. Table LXXVIII. — Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS. All Classes. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. NUMBER. Total 338,290 152,866 117,314 66, 566 12,421 Single! 231,859 49,253 51,057 6,121 ■ 91,942 27,673 29,320 4,031 97,245 9,021 9,837 1,211 37,522 8,224 9,162 658 6,090 4,390 Married Widowed 2,723 218 Divorced PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single' 68.5 14 6 15.1 L8 60.1 18.0 19.2 2.6 82.9 7.7 8.4 1.0 67.6 14.8 16.6 1.2 41.0 36.3 Widowed ... 21 9 Divorced 1 8 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. 2 Including unknown. From Table lxxviii it will be seen that 68.5 per cent of the women employed, as dressmakers, or about 7 in every 10, were single. The large proportion of single women in this occupation is striking in view of the fact that dressmaking is one of the few occupations which can, as a rule, be pursued after marriage as well as before, and which is in many cases the resource of married women who are compelled to rely upon their own efforts for the support of their families. It is significant, however, that 30 of the 47 leading occupa- tions for women had a larger percentage of single women, while only 16 had a larger percentage of mar- ried women (see Table xxv, page 38); and it is inter- esting to note that the proportion of single women among dressmakers was practically the same as that for seamstresses, a kindred occupation. Comparison with the census of 1890. — Statistics for dressmakers 15 years of age or over at the censuses of 18!)0 and 1900 are presented in comparative form in Tables lxxix and lxxx. It will be seen that the two censuses show little dif- ference in the distribution by race and nativity of women in this occupation, the greatest change being a relative increase of 1 per cent in the proportion that negroes constituted of the total. There was also DRESSMAKERS. 73 relatively little difference in the percentages of in- crease for the white nativity classes. The negroes, however, showed the large gain of 65.4 per cent, although the actual increase for them was smaller than that for any of the white classes. Table LXXIX. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as dressmakers, for the United States: 1900^ and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS. KACE AND NATIVITY. 190O 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. ■Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. 342,579 100.0 290,308 100.0 52,271 18.0 Native white— both par- 153,912 119,685 56, 381 12,478 123 44.9 34.9 16.5 3.6 129,768 103,056 49,846 7,543 95 44.7 35. S 17.2 2.6 24,144 16,629 6,635 4,935 28 18.6 NatiVe white — one or both parents foreign born 16.1 Foreign bom white 13.1 65.4 Indian and Mongolian, . . (») 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Table LXXX. — Distribution and increase, by age, of women IS years of age and over employed as dressmakers, for the United States: 1900^ and 1890. Total 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over -Age unknown WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS. 1900 Number. 342, 579 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 33.6 30.2 20.6 10.1 4.1 1.4 0.1 1890 Number. 290,308 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 44.8 30.0 14 2 7.2 2.7 0.8 0.2 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. 52,271 = 16,531 16, 185 29,401 13,738 6,263 2,421 '196 Per cent. 18.0 ni.9 18.6 71.2 65.9 79.2 109.8 8 30.2 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. The group 15 to 24 years shows a marked falling off both in the actual number and in the proportion of the total, although it still remained the largest, while the o-roup 35 to 44 years shows marked increases, and the succeeding age groups also show gains. The group 25 to 34 years shows practically the same proportions. The marked increase in the average age of dress- makers is due probably to the increasing importance of business and commercial occupations for women, since young women who formerly might have taken up dressmaking as a pursuit now enter these occupations in increasingly larger numbers. Reference to Table 16 (page 161) will show that there has been a relative falling off in the importance of the occupation for women, the decrease amounting to 1 per cent. The chief falling off was shown for the two classes of native whites, the decrease amounting to but one- tenth of 1 per cent for the foreign whites, and the occu- pation increasing slightly in importance for the negroes. Family relationship. — For the purpose of obtaining further information concerning the economic condition of women dressmakers, special tabulations have been made for this class of breadwinners in 27 selected cities, and are presented in Tables lxxxi and lxxxii. The dressmakers included in these special tabulations are classified by race and nativity and marital condition in the following tabular statement : WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS IN 27 SELECTED CITIES:' 1900. MARITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. Total 111,969 28,482 46,926 31,550 6,006 Single (including unknown) . . . 82, 112 12, 101 17,766 18,056 3,824 6,602 39,769 2,620 4,537 22, 138 3,909 5,603 2,146 1,747 Widowed and divorced 1,113 I For a list of these cities, see Table xliv, page 56. Although the 111,969 dressmakers in these cities constituted a little less than one-third of the total num- ber 16 years of age and over in continental United States, the statistics presented for them are doubtless representative of the conditions prevailing in the coun- try at large, or at any rate in urban communities. Table lxxxi shows the relationship of the dress- makers in the selected cities to the families in which they lived. The table shows that 82.7 per cent of the dress- makers in the selected cities were heads of families or were living with parents or other relatives, while 17.3 per cent were boarding. The proportion of boarders was highest among the single — 18 per cent — and lowest among the married — 13.3 per cent. When the proportions for the several race and na- tivity classes are compared, marked differences are apparent. Among the native white dressmakers of native parentage 25.3 per cent were boarding, as com- pared with 19.7 per cent of the foreign born white and 10.4 per cent of the native white of foreign parentage. These differences are due largely to the fact that many native white women of native parentage who are gain- fully employed have migrated from homes in the coun- try districts to the cities, while the majoritj' of those of foreign parentage are already living with their parents or other relatives in the large urban communities. 74 WOMEN AT WORK. Table LXXXI. — Per cent distribution,'^ by family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PEK CENT DISTEIBUTION OP WOMEN IE OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MAKERS. YEARS DRESS- FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. AU Classes. Native white — Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.7 74 7 89.6 80.3 79.6 Heads of families 18.1 29.8 14.8 20.0 17.3 22.2 21.1 11.1 20.3 25.3 12.2 40.7 21.0 15.7 10.4 22.6 24 9.8 23.9 19.7 22.0 14 3 With mother . 9.9 With other relative 33.4 20.5 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.0 72.1 89.8 77.0 72.7 8.2 38.8 18.6 16.3 18.0 9.4 30.7 15.2 16.8 27.9 6.0 46.5 23.4 ■ 13.9 10.2 11.0 32.8 12.9 20.2 23.0 11.0 With father 26.7 18.3 With other relative 16.7 27.3 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.7 82.6 88.7 89.6 86.6 Heads of famiUes . . 17.1 6.3 3.6 59.6 13.3 18.9 6.2 3.4 541 17.4 19.1 9.9 6.1 63.6 11.3 17.3 4 6 2.2 66.6 10.4 10.0 With father 6.3 With mother 3.6 With other relative 67.7 13.6 WIDOWED AND DIV OECED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 77.5 87.9 86.8 81.7 Heads of families 64.4 43 48 9.7 16.7 69.2 3.4 4.6 10.4 22.6 02.7 7.7 8.4 9.1 12.1 72.7 2.5 2.6 9.1 13.2 62.0 Withfather 4 3 With mother 3.6 With other relative 11.8 18.3 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. 2 Includes those living with employer. Other hreadwinners in the family. — Of much interest in the present discussion are statistics showing the num- ber of other breadwinners in famiUes in which there was at least- one adult female employed as a dressmaker. Such data are presented in Table lxxxii. Table LXXXII.— Per cent distribution,'^ by number of other brem winners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employt as dressmakers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativit for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEAES AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS DRESSMAKERS. CLASS. All classes. Native white — Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents tor- eignbom. Negn ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 82.7 74.7 89.6 80.3 79 In famiUes having— No other breadwinners One other 12.6 26.9 20.4 23.9 17.3 15.1 26.3 17.7 15.7 25.3 9.!l 24.0 23.6 32.0 10.4 14.0 27.1 18.6 20.6 19.7 14 32 17 More than two other . . . 14 20 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 ' 100.0 100 Living at home 82.0 72.1 89.8 77.0 72 In families having — No other breadwinners 8.2 22.6 22.3 28.9 18.0 9.6 22.9 19.9 19.8 27.9 7.0 22.4 24.9 35.6 10.2 9.1 22.9 20.0 26.0 23.0 10 22 19 More than two other. . . 20 27 MARRIED. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Living at home 86.7 82.6 88.7 89.6 86 In families having— No other breadwinners. 11.0 46.6 17.1 12.1 13.3 11.8 42.8 17.2 10.7 17.4 13.4 43.3 17.9 14.2 11.3 10.4 61.0 16.2 12.0 10.4 6 49 17 More than two other .. . Boarding^ ^. 12 13 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Living at home 83.3 77.6 87.9 86.8 81 In families having — No other breadwinners 34.0 26.5 13.9 8.9 16.7 32.4 26.9 12.0 7.3 22.5 33.9 27.0 16.7 H.4 12.1 36.1 27.2 14.6 8.9 13.2 33 26 14 More than two other . . . Boardings . 8 IS 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 8 Includes those living with employer. A considerable proportion of the women employed i dressmakers — 12.6 per cent — were apparently the so' support of the families in which they lived ; but a vei much larger proportion — about 70 per cent — were li'' ing in families in which there were other breadwinner MILLINERS. 75 and almost one-fourth of the total number — 23.9 per cent — were living in families in which there were at least three other breadwinners. The variations in the per cent distribution for the different classes distin- guished in the above table are similar to those shown and discussed in connection with other occupations. MILLINERS. At the census of 1900 there were 82,936 women re- ported as milliners in continental United States, and the occupation was fourteenth in rank among the pursuits in which women are engaged as breadwinners. Millinery is preeminently a woman's occupation, 94.4 per cent of all the milliners being women. Only two occupations had a larger proportion of women — that of dressmaker, with 97.5 per cent, and that of house- keeper and stewardess, with 94.7 per cent. These three occupations and that of seamstress, with 91.9 per cent, were the only ones in which women constituted over nine-tenths of all persons employed. The number of men, women, boys, and girls em- ployed as milliners in continental United States in 1900 is shown in Table lxxxiii. Table LXXXIII. — Distribution, by sex and age, of milliners 10 years of age and over, for continental United States: 1900. SEX AND AGE. Total Males 16 years and over 10 to 15 yea rs Females 16 years and over 10 to 15 years MILLINERS 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. 87,859 1,739 1,696 43 80,120 82,936 3,184 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 2.0 1.9 0.1 94.4 3.6 In addition to the women engaged as milliners, 3,184 girls from 10 to 15 years of age were so employed. Thus the total number of female milliners was 86,120, or 98 per cent of all the milliners. The percentage of females among milliners was even greater in 1890, beino- 99.4. Although the number of male milliners was small at each census, it was over four times as great in 1900 as in 1890. Since the men and children employed as milliners form such a small proportion of those engaged in the occupation, in this discussion, unless otherwise stated, the term "milliners" will be used to mean women milliners. OeograpUc distribution.— The demand for millinery depends largely upon the number of women in a com- munity, although the race composition of the popula- tion the general economic conditions, and other char- acteristics have an influence on the demand. The distribution of all women and of milliners by geo- graphic divisions is given in Table lxxxiv, which shows also the number of milliners per 10,000 women and the number of women to each milliner for each of the divisions. Table LXXXIV. — Proportion of milliners among women 16 years of age and onr and number of women to each milliner, for geo- graphic divisions: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number of women 16 years of age and over GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Total. Milliners. Number. Perl 0,000. milliner. 23,485,559 82, 936 35 283 7,218.443 32,008 44 226 2,016,845 6,201,508 3,086,268 9,123 22,885 5,169 45 44 17 221 Southern North Atlantic ^ 227 597 Northern South Atlantic Southern South Atlantic North Central division 1,383,461 1,702,807 8,097,861 .3,319 1,850 35,870 24 11 44 4)7 920 226 Eastern North Central Western North Central 5,075,415 3,022,446 3,935,399 22, 958 12,91-2 5,619 45 43 14 221 234 700 Eastern South Central Western South Central Western division 2,179,641 1,755,7.58 1,147,588 3,074 2,545 4,270 14 14 37 709 690 269 325,048 117,296 705,244 974 351 2,945 30 30 42 3.34 334 239 In a general way the distribution of milliners follows the distribution of the female population 16 years of age and over, the rank of the main geographic divisions being the same for milliners and for all women. There was, however, more or less concentration of the milli- ners in certain sections of the country. The concen- tration was mainly in the North Central and the North Atlantic divisions, the former furnishing 43.3 per cent of the milliners and only 34.5 per cent of the total num- ber of women, and the latter reporting 38.6 per cent of the milliners and 30.7 per cent of the women. Two minor divisions in these divisions — the Eastern North Central and the Southern North Atlantic — had over one-half of the total number of milliners — 27.7 per cent and 27.6 per cent, respectively. The corresponding proportions for the total number of women were 21.6 per cent and 22.1 percent (see Table 25, page 197). The influence of the large proportion of negroes in the Southern states and their generally poor economic condition is reflected in the relatively small proportion of milliners to the total number of women 16 years of age and over. The South Central division had only 14 milliners to 10,000 women and the South Atlantic division only 17, while the proportion for the whole of continental United States was 35 to 10,000, or more than twice that for either of these divisions. The two Northern divisions were supplied equally well with milliners, each having 44 to 10,000 women. The Western division also was above the average in this respect. The relative importance of this occupation in the 76 WOMEN AT WORK. various sections of the country is shown again by the fact that, while in continental United States as a whole there were on an average 283 women to each milliner, the average was only 226 for the North Atlantic and North Central divisions and 269 for the Western division, while it was as high as 597 for the South Atlantic and 700 for the South Central. Race and nativity. — The per cent distribution of mil- liners, by race and nativity, is shown in Table lxxxv for the geographic divisions. Table LXXXV. — Per cent distribution,''- by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, for geo- graphic divisions: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED A3 MILLINERS: PER CENT — GEOGEAPHIC DIVISION. Native white— Foreign born white. • Both parents native. One or both parents loreign born. Negro. Continental United States 54.5 34.7 10.6 0.2 North Atlantic division 46.8 38.7 14.4 0.1 New England 49.5 45.8 79.6 35.9 39.8 16.7 14.5 1,4.3 3.3 0.2 Southern North Atlantic . . 0.1 South Atlantic division. 0.4 75.2 87.6 54.7 20.8 9.2 36.0 3.7 2.5 9.2 0.3 Southern South Atlantic . .* 0.7 North Central division 0.1 52.6 58.4 78.4 37.7 32.8 17.1 9.5 8.7 3.5 0.2 Western North Central. 1.0 South Central division 78.0 78.9 48.3 18.5 15.5 38.4 2.6 4.5 13.1 0.9 Western South Central 1.1 Western division Rocky Mountain 0.3 56.6 33.3 47.3 30.5 46.2 40.1 12.6 20.6 12.4 0.3 Paciflc 0.3 > For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 194. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Almost nine-tenths of the women employed as mil- liners were native white. More than one-half were native white of native parentage and more than one- third were native white of foreign parentage. The foreign born whites formed 10.6 per cent of the total number and the colored, only two-tenths of 1 per cent. The colored consisted of 169 negroes and 4 Indians, there being no Chinese and no Japanese. In compari- son with the other principal occupations in which women are engaged, millinery ranked fourteenth in the proportion of native whites of native parentage and twenty-second in the proportion of those of foreign parentage (see Table xxiii, page 34). The proportion of native whites was as high as 96.3 per cent for the South Atlantic division and 9.5.5 for the South Centra], while for the North Atlantic division it was only 85.5 per cent and for the Western, only 86.7 per cent. In the Southern divisions more than three-fourths of the milliners were native white of native parentage. The proportions of those of foreign extraction — native white of foreign parentage and foreign born white — were greatest in the North Atlantic and the Western divisions. Importance as an occupation for women. — The rela- tive importance of the milliner's occupation for women engaged in gainful pursuits is indicated in Table lxxxvi. Table LXXXVI. — Number and percentage of milliners among female breadwinners 18 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classi- fied by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white — both parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign born . Foreign born white Negro Indian All classes Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born . Foreign born white Negro Indian All classes Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born. Foreign bom white Negro Indian FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. Number. Percent. AGGREGATE. 4,833,630 1,771,966 1,090,744 840, Oil 1, 119, 621 11,288 82,936 45, 186 28,748 8,829 2.6 2.6 1..1 (■) IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITAJJTS. 414, 954 554, 806 494,044 193, 317 607 31,510 11,136 14,824 5,461 (') 2.7 2.7 1.1 IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUN- TRY DISTRICTS. 3, 175, 902 51,426 34,050 13, 924 1.6 (■) 2.5 2.6 1.0 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Milliners formed 1.7 per cent of the total number of women gainfully employed in continental United States. The proportion of milliners in the large cities — 1.9 per cent — was a little greater and the pro- portion in the smaller cities and country districts — 1.6 per cent — slightly less. Thus it is evident that there was some concentration of the milliners in the larger cities, although the contrast is not nearly so marked for this occupation as it is for most occupations. It is interesting to note that among the leading occupations for women, millinery ranked twenty-ninth in the pro- portion living in the large cities (see Table 23, page 178) . The greater importance of this occupation in the large cities is perhaps more effectively shown when the distribution between the large and the small commu- nities of the women employed as milliners is compared MILLINERS. 77 with the corresponding distribution of the general female population over 15 years of age. While the large cities contained a little less than one- fourth of the total number of women, they reported almost two-fifths of the milliners. In the large cities there were 54 milliners to 10,000 women, while in the less populous districts there were only 29. In other words, there were 186 women to each milliner in the large cities and 343 in the more nearly rural districts. Parentage. — Further consideration of the importance of millinery among occupations for women is given in Table lxxxvii, which shows the percentage of milli- ners among all female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents. Table LXXXVII. — Number and percentage of milliners among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes. . Native parentage . Native white. . All other Foreign parentage. Austria Bohemia ; Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark England and Wales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Bussia Scotland Sweden Switzerland other countries Mixed foreign parentage. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 5,319,397 3,247,907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 25,690 25,719 102,181 78,979 15,580 158,912 21,164 538,192 14,631 634,201 26,093 47,934 38,536 40,816 46,173 81,148 15,125 47,689 112,827 Milliners. Number. Per cent. 86,120 46,418 46,245 173 39,702 448 240 2,, 500 1,152 254 3,892 568 12,240 202 9,942 191 748 368 1,054 996 952 308 574 3,073 (') 1.7 0.9 2.5 1.5 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 1.4 1.6 0.7 1.6 1.0 2.6 2.2 1.2 2.0 1.2 2.7 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Among the milliners of foreign parentage those with parents born in Germany ranked first in numbers and those of Irish parentage were second. The proportion of milliners among female bread- winners was highest — 2.7 per cent — for those with par- ents born in France. The other foreign countries lead-' ing in this respect were Eussia, Canada (English), Eng- land and Wales, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland. j^ge_ — The age composition of the total number of milliners and of the three classes of white milliners in the entire area of enumeration' is shown in Table LXXXVIII. 'Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. Table LXXXVIII. — Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified by race and nativity, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. All classes. Native white — Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. NUMBER. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown 82, 958 45, 193 28, 752 40,964 23,070 10, 778 4,971 2,267 727 181 20, 928 12,694 6,245 3,115 1,559 505 147 15,834 8,293 3,277 959 302 65 22 8,840 4,120 2,031 1,230 893 402 152 12 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 49.4 27.8 13.0 6.0 2.7 0.9 0.2 46.3 28.1 13.8 6.9 3.4 1.1 0.3 100.0 55.1 28.8 11.4 3.3 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 46.6 23.0 13.9 10.1 4.5 1.7 0.1 In this occupation, as in most other pursuits in which women are engaged, the younger women pre- dominate. In 1900 the percentage of women from 16 to 34 years of age was somewhat greater, however, for milliners than for all women gainfully employed, the percentages being 77.2 and 68.4, respectively. Almost one-half, 49.4 per cent, of the milliners were from 16 to 24 years of age, while the corresponding proportion for the total number of gainfully employed women was only 44.2 per cent. Still, there are a num- ber of the leading occupations for women in which the percentage of young women in 1900 was greater than it was among milliners. But while there were 25 hav- ing a larger percentage in the age period 16 to 24 years, there were only 13 with a larger percentage in the next older age period, 25 to 34 years, thus indicating a con- centration in the latter period greater than existed in most occupations in which women are numerous (see Table xxiv, page 36). The highest proportion in the youngest age period is shown for the native whites of foreign parentage. This may result from the general tendency among foreigners to allow their children to begin working at an early age. It should be noted, however, that in the general population the native whites whose parents were immigrants comprise a larger proportion of young women than either the foreign bom or the native born of native American parents. This condition is re- flected in the percentages shown in Table lxxxix, 78 WOMEN AT WORK. which gives, for the entire area of enumeration, the proportions for the various classes of white milKners in each age period. Table LXXXIX. — Per cent distribution, hy race andnativity, of white women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified hy age, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. WHITE WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS MILLI- NBES; PEE CENT— Native wMte- Both par- ents native. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown One or both par- ents foreign born. 54.5 51.1 55.0 57.9 62.7 68.8 69.5 81.2 Foreign born white. 34.7 38.7 35.9 30.4 19.3 13.3 8.9 12.2 10.1 8.8 11.4 18.0 17.7 20.9 6.6 With each older age group the proportion for native whites of foreign parentage decreases and that for native whites of native parentage increases. The relative importance of milliners of the various age groups among all female breadwinners of corre- sponding age is shown in Table xc. Table XC. — Number and percentage of milliners among female bread- winners 16 years of age and over, classifiedby age, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total. 4,843.155 2, 139, 370 1,171,952 676, 648 441,457 256, 926 138, 691 18,211 Milliners. Number. Percent 82,958 40,964 23,070 10, 778 4,971 2,267 727 181 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.1 O.H 0.5 1.0 The proportion of milliners among female bread- winners was greatestjfor the age group 25 to 34 years, and next greatest for the group 16 to 24 years. The percentages for these two groups were the only ones that were greater than the percentage for all milliners. The relative importance of the milliners from 16 to 24 years of age among all milliners in the large and the small communities is shown in the following tabular statement : WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS MILLI- NERS. AREA. Total. 16 to 24 years. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 82,936 40,966 49.4 Cities having at least 50, 000 inhabitants . . 31,510 51,426 18,282 22,674 68.0 44.1 In the large cities more than one-half of the milliners were under 25 years of age. The fact that the propor- tion of young milliners was much greater in large cities than in the less populous sections is probably indicative of the more rapid growth of this occupation in cities and of the greater prominence in the cities of native whites of foreign parentage, who, as has been shown by previous tables, are as a class younger than the native whites of native parentage. Moreover, the larger millinery establishments are generally located in the large cities, and it is probable that in a large establishment there would be a greater percentage of young women than would be found in the same number of milliners distributed in small establish- ments. Marital condition. — Table xci shows the distribution by marital condition of milliners in each of the princi- pal race and nativity classes. Table XCI. — Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16 years of age and over employed as millinexs, classified by race andnativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE PLOYED AS MILLINEES. EM- MARITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white — Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. NUMBEE. Total 82,958 45, 193 28, 752 8,840 169 Single 2 65, 112 10, 453 6,343 1,050 33, 448 6,919 4,065 761 25, 139 2,101 1,304 208 6,424 1,388 950 78 101 42 24 2 PEE CENT DISTBIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single 2 78.5 12.6 7.6 1.3 74 15.3 9.0 1.7 87.4 7.3 4 6 0.7 72.7 15 7 10.7 0.9 59 8 24 8 14 2 1 2 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. 2 Including unknown. MILLINERS. 79 Single women predominated decidedly in this occupa- tion, forming more than three-fourths of all the milli- ners. The married milliners ranked next, with about one-eighth of the total number. The proportion of single milliners was largest in the case of the whites of native birth and foreign parentage. Comparison with census of 1890. — Table xcii shows, by race and nativity, the number and the per cent distribution of the women 15 years of age and over who were employed as milliners in 1890 and in 1900. It gives also the number and the percentage of the in- crease in 1900 as compared with 1890. Table XCII. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as milliners, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. All classes 8.5,025 100.0 60,653 100.0 24,372 40 2 Native white— both par- 45, 943 29, 718 9,187 173 4 54.0 35.0 10.8 0.2 34, 855 18, 194 7,240 359 5 57.5 30.0 11.9 0.6 11,088 11,524 1,947 M86 21 31.8 Native white — one or both parents foreign 63.3 Foreign born wliite Negro 26.9 251 8 (<) 1 For area of enumeration. ^ i^ess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Decrease. ^ Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. The number of milliners at least 15 years of age increased 40.2 per cent in 1900 as compared with 1890. This rate is considerably greater than the rate of increase for the total number of women of the same age, 23.7 per cent, and greater also than the rate for all women breadwinners, 34.6 per cent. In 1890 there was 1 milliner to every 323 women 15 years of age and over; in 1900, 1 to every 285. This change not im- probably reflects the advance in the prosperity of the country, since millinery is to a certain extent a luxury, and probably in the family budget forms an item of expenditure that responds quickly to fluctuations in income. The greatest increase, numerically and relatively, is shown for the native whites of foreign parentage, this increase being somewhat less than two-thirds. For the native whites of native parentage the percentage of increase was only about one-half as great. The foreign born whites increased a little over one-fourth, while the small number of negro milliners decreased about one-half. The large relative increase in the native whites of foreign parentage was naturally accompanied by an increase in the proportion which they formed of the total number of milliners. Even with a decreased proportion the native whites of native parentage con- stituted over one-half of the total in 1900. The changes in the age composition of the milliners at least 15 years of age are shown in Table xciii, which presents the figures reported at the censuses of 1890 and 1900. Table 'X.Clll. ^Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of age and over employed as milliners, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. Total. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. 1900 Number. 85,025 43, 031 23,070 10, 778 4,971 2,267 727 181 Per cent distri- bution 100.0 50.6 27.1 12.7 5.8 2.7 0.9 0.2 1890 Number. 60,653 27, 830 16,348 8,367 5,070 2,037 813 188 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 46.9 27.0 13.8 8.4 3.4 1.3 0.3 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. 24,372 15,201 6,722 2,411 299 230 2 86 27 Per cent. 40.2 54.6 41.1 28.8 22.0 11.3 210.6 23.7 i For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. The employment of young women in this occupation has greatly increased. The number of milliners 15 to 24 years of age increased 54.6 per cent and constituted 50.6 per cent of the total number in 1900, as compared with 45.9 per cent in 1890. It is natural that the in- crease should be most marked among the younger women, since it is not customary for older women to undertake to learn a new occupation, especially one like millinery for which a term of apprenticeship is generally necessary. The increase between 1890 and 1900 in the number of milliners 10 years of age and over is shown by geo- graphic divisions in Table xciv. Table XCIV. — Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and over employed as milliners, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890. FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Percent. Continental United States 86, 120 61,291 1 24,829 40.5 33,671 5,298 37,038 5,752 4,361 23,095 4,429 25,193 5,267 3,307 10,576 869 11,845 485 1,054 45.8 19.6 47.0 9.2 31.9 South Atlantic North Central South Central Western The largest increases are shown for the North Cen- tral and the North Atlantic divisions, and these divi- sions, moreover, are the only ones with a percentage of increase greater than the average. The percentage of increase for the South Central division was only 9.2. 80 WOMEN AT WORK. Family relationsMp. — The consideration of the rela- tionship of milliners to the heads of the families in which they were living is of interest, and special tabu- lations of such statistics have been made for the milli- ners in 27 selected cities. Table xcv shows the num- ber of milliners in these cities, and their distribution by marital condition, race, and nativity. Table XCV. — Women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven I cities:' 1900. , WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. Total 23, 453 7,464 11,396 4,626 67 Single (including unknown) . . . 20, 453 1,458 1,542 6,301 634 629 10, 447 457 492 3,658 453 416 47 14 Widowed and divorced 6 1 For a list of these cities, see Table XLiv, page 66. Of the 23,453 milliners in the selected cities over one-half were native white of foreign parentage, and all except 3,000 were single women. The distribution, by family relationship, of the milli- ners in the selected cities is shown in Table xovi. On an average 1 milliner out of every 7 living in the 27 selected cities was boarding. This proportion is small in comparison with the proportion — 1 in 5 — of boarders among all women breadwinners exclusive of servants and waitresses in these cities (see Table XIX, page 27). The number of milliners who were heads of families was also relatively small, being about 1 in 15, as compared with 1 in 7 for all the women, except servants and waitresses, engaged in gainful pur- suits. Since these proportions were small, the num- ber of milliners living at home with father, mother, or other relative was comparatively large, forming 79 per cent. About two-thirds, 64 per cent, of all the milli- ners in these cities were living at home with their parents — 46 per cent with their ^fathers and 18 per cent with their mothers. In the case of milliners, as in the case of all women following breadwinning pursuits in the selected cities, except servants and waitresses, relatively more board- ers belonged to the class of native white of native parentage than to any other class. This condition reflects the greater cityward migration of the children of native parents. When foreigners come to this country they generally locate in the larger cities, and they and their children reside together there. This is probably one explanation of the fact that the pro- portion of those living at home was greatest for the native whites of foreign parentage. The proportions of those boarding and of those returned as heads of families were greatest in the case of the widowed and divorced. This is not surpris- ing, for one would expect the greatest proportions of the other classes to be living at home — the single with their parents and the married with their husbands. Table XCVI. — Per cent distribution,'- by family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All classes. Native white— Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign bom white. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.8 78.0 91.4 84.6 Heads of families 6.8 46.0 18.0 16.0 14.2 6.7 41.0 15.2 15.1 22.0 5.3 61.3 2L9 13.0 8.6 10.9 With father 41.1 12.9 With other relative 19.7 15.4 SINGLE (INCLUDING tINKNOWW). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "86.8 79.7 91.9 84.5 3.4 61.4 19.7 12.2 13.2 3.4 46.9 16.8 12.6 20.3 3.0 64.9 22.9 11.2 8.1 4 8 With father 49.5 With mother 16.4 14 7 15.6 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.7 73.4 88.8 87.4 10.6 8.9 6.6 67.7 17.3 9.0 9.4 6.2 49.8 26.6 10.1 11.8 8.8 58.2 11.2 With father 5 7 2 4 With other relative . . . 66 7 12 6 ■WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. 100.0 100.0 100.0 76.7 65.0 83.5 48.4 8.6 8.0 10.8 24.3 37.8 8.7 7.8 10.7 35.0 49.8 11.0 12.8 10.0 16.5 62 4 With mother 2 7 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. 3 Includes those living with employer. Other breadwinners in the family. — Some idea of the extent to which the women in this occupation are de- pendent upon their own earnings for the support of themselves or their families may be obtained from the per cent distribution according to number of other breadwinners in the family, as shown in Table xovii. TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 81 Table XCVII. — Per cent distribution,'^ by number of other bread- winners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF "WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS MILLINERS. CLASS. Native white— All classes. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.8 78.0 91.4 84.6 In families having— No other breadwinners One other. 7.1 24.9 24.2 29.6 14.2 7.6 26.7 22.8 21.0 22.0 6.3 23.6 25.6 35.9- 8.6 8.0 25 3 Two other 23.0 More than two other. 28.3 16.4 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 ! 100.0 100.0 Living at home. . 86. 8 ' 79. 7 1 91. 9 84.6 5.4 23.5 In families having— No other breadwinners One other 5.7 ■2^H 5.1 22.7 26.3 37.8 8.1 5.6 22.0 25. 7 ' 26. i 32. 2 23. 1 13. 2 20. 3 24.8 32.0 15.5 MARI lED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.7 73.4 88.8 87.4 In families having— No other breadwinners 8.0 419 15.0 15.0 17.3 6.9 40.3 13.5 12.7 26.6 7.9 45.5 17.9 17.5 11.2 9.1 49.0 13.9 15.5 12.6 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 1 1 100. 100. ; 100. 100.0 75. 7 65. 83. 6 82.4 26.6 23.7 7.6 In families having— No other breadwinners 28.1 24.8 13.2 29.9 23.4 17.3 13.0 28.0 28.0 17.1 9.7 i 7.2 9.4 24. 3 , 35. 16. 5 17.6 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table ; 2 Includes those living with employer. , page 208. The proportion of milliners who were apparently the sole support of the families in which they were living was small, being 7.1 per cent, or about 1 in 14. The proportion who were boarding and were therefore ap- parently dependent upon their own earnings was twice as great, while the number living in families with other breadwinners formed 78.7 per cent of the total. The native whites of foreign parentage had the smallest proportion of milliners in families with no other breadwinners and the largest pr&portion in 12694—07 6 families having three or more others gainfully em- ployed — a condition that is not surprising when it is remembered that there is a tendency among the for- eigners who come to this country to let as many of their children as possible become breadwinners in order to add to the earnings of the family. When the marital classes are considered it is seen that the single, as would be expected, had the smallest proportion in families with no other breadwinners and the largest in families with more than two others engaged in gainful occupations. Almost one-half of the married women employed as milliners were living in families in which there was only one other bread- winner, and it is probable that in many cases this one was the husband. Over one-half of the widowed and divorced were either the sole support of the families in which they lived or were living in families having only one other breadwirmer. TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. At the Twelfth Census of the United States the num- ber of women at least 16 years of age reported as textile mill operatives was 231,458. The importance of the several branches of the textile industry in con- tributing to this number is shown in the following tabular statement, which distributes the adult female operatives according to the class of mills in which they worked : All classes Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Sillc mill operatives Carpet factory operatives other textile mill operatives WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OP- ERATIVES FOR CONTI- NENTAL UNITED states: 1900. Per cent Number. distribu- tion. 231,458 100.0 97,181 42.0 28,293 12.2 27,169 11.7 26,432 11.4 8,332 3.6 44,051 19.0 The cotton mills furnished employment to a greater number of women than any other branch of the tex- tile industry. Women engaged in the cotton mills were, in fact, more than three times as numerous as those emploj^ed in the hosiery and knitting mills, which in this respect ranked second. The woolen and the silk mills employed almost as many women as the hosiery and knitting mills, but the carpet factories employed a far smaller number, only 3.6 per cent of the total. Importance as an occupation for women. — When the number of adult female operatives in all branches of the textile industry is compared with the number ( f women engaged in other occupations, the textile mill opera- tives will be found to rank seventh, being (nitnum- bered by the servants and waitresses, the a) -(■) (') 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 (>) 1.7 0.6 1.0 2.3 0.8 3.8 0.7 0.6 ^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In the Northern and Western group of states the foreign element, including white women of either for- eign birth or foreign parentage, constituted 78.7 per cent of the total number of women employed in the occupation. In the South this class of women formed only 5.2 per cent of the total, while the native white of native parentage formed 93.7 per cent. These figures reflect the concentration of the two classes of population in the different sections rather than any marked tendency on the part of either class to become textile mill operatives. In the North, where women of foreign birth or parentage predomi- nate in the mill towns, the proportion of this class of women in the occupation is large, while in the South, where the native white of native parentage are in the majority, this class is most largely represented among textile mill operatives. It is. probable, therefore, that more satisfactory con- clusions as to the relative tendency of the nativity classes to enter the occupation can be reached by com- paring the number of women employed as textile mill operatives with the number of the same race and na- tivity class in the total population. This comparison, reduced to a percentage basis, is shown in Table c. In the North and West, as shown in Table c, the textile mills were most important as a source of employment for white women of either foreign birth or parentage. The percentages of textile mill oper- atives among the women of these classes were par- ticularly large in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, ajid Connecticut. In the Southern states, on the other hand, the tex- tile mills were of greatest importance for white women of native parentage, this being particularly noticeable in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Ala- bama, which were the leading Southern states in the industry. In the North and West, as is also indicated in Table c, the industry furnished emplojnnent to a higher percentage of the total number of women than it did in the South. In Rhode Island 1 woman in 10 was a textile mill operative and in Massachusetts 1 in 17; but in North Carolina and South Carolina the corre- sponding ratios were only about 1 in .50 or 60. The percentage of native white women of native parentage employed in the textile mills is, however, not as large in the North as it is in the South. 84 WOMEN AT WORK. Table C. — Percentage of textile mill operatives in the female popula- tion 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for leading states: 1900. Continental United States Northern and Western states. Maine New Hampshire . Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut New York :.. New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin All other Southern states. . Maryland Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Alabama All other PEECENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL OPEEATIVES IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK. All classes. 1.0 1.2 3.2 ai 1.1 5.9 10.4 3.7 0.9 2.4 1.8 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.1 Native white- Both parents native. 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.9 0.6 1.2 3.6 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 (') 1.0 0.6 2.6 4.4 1.7 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.1 One or both parents foreign born. 1.8 1.9 6.0 15.8 2.3 9.2 18.1 7.3 1.7 42 3.8 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.4 Foreign born white. 1.8 1.9 10.8 19.7 1.7 8.7 12.3 4.4 0.6 3.2 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 (') Negro. « m 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0) « (') (') (>) 0) C) (■) (■) (') (■) 0) (>) 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The importance of the occupation as a source of employment for working women is indicated in Table CI, which shows the proportion of the female bread- winners of each race and nativity class employed in textile mills. It appears from the table that in the Northern and Western states the occupation is nearly three times as important- as an employment for women bread- winners of all classes as it is in the vSouthern states. For the native white of native parentage its impor- tance is nearly twice as great in the latter states as in the former, while for the two other classes of white women this occupation is of importance only in the Northern states. These variations are of course due largely to the fact that in the North this occupation is pursued chiefly by those of foreign descent, and in the South by the native white of native parentage. The occupation is nowhere important for the negroes. In several of the states shown in this table the pro- portion of female breadwinners employed as textile mill operatives is strikingly high. In New Hamp- shire, for instance, more than one-half of the foreign born white women gainfully employed were in the tex- tile mills, and in Rhode Island and in Maine, two-fifths. Rhode Island led in the importance of the occupation for the native white of foreign parentage, the proportion being about the same as that for the foreign born. This is the only Northern state, moreover, in which more than 10 per cent of the total number of native white women of native parentage gainfully employed were textile mill operatives. As would be expected, how- ever, the proportion of textile mill operatives among female breadwinners of this nativity class was highest in the Southern states, the highest percentage — 21.6 per cent — being shown for South Carolina. Table CI. — Percentage of textile mill operatives among female bread- winners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for leaaing states: 1900. Continental United States Northern and Western states. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin All other Southern states Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Alabama All other PERCENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All 16.8 30.4 6.9 19.1 33.1 14.0 3.8 10.6 9.0 0.8 1.9 0.6 1.5 2.1 0.3 2.2 2.6 1.5 7.5 4.9 3.2 1.3 1.6 1.8 0.6 Native white — Both parents 3.3 6.6 9.1 3.4 6.3 16.1 6.9 4.0 6.1 7.6 0.7 1.5 0.4 1.6 1.0 0.3 6.5 5.7 4.2 17.0 21.6 12.9 1.4 3.6 7.9 1.2 One or both parents foreign born. 7.4 21.0 39.4 9.2 22.1 40.1 18.6 5.3 14.1 14.7 1.0 3.4 0.7 1.6 2.4 0.4 2.5 1.7 2.0 7.5 6.3 2.9 4.0 2.0 1.4 2.3 Foreign born white. 9.7 40.3 55.9 10.5 26.8 40.8 17.6 2.5 15.0 7.9 1.5 2.4 0.6 1.0 2.5 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.6 4.4 6.2 1.3 1.6 0.7 0.2 0.5 Negro. (') 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 (■) 0.1 0) 0.1 0.1 0.1 (■) 0, 1 Less than gne-tenth of 1 per 'cent. Parentage. — In order to show the importance of the occupation to the different nativity classes in more detail than has heretofore been attempted, Table cii is presented. Table CII. — Number and percentage of textile mill operatives among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. Native parentage . Native white . All other Foreign parentage . Austria Bohemia Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark England and Wales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK. Textile mill oper- atives Total. Number. Per cent. 6,319,397 278,343 5.2 3,247,907 99,183 3.1 1,926,637 98,596 6.1 1,321,270 687 * « 2,071,490 179, 160 8.6 25, 590 1,583 6.2 26, 719 445 1.7 102, 181 5,071 6.0 78,979 41,444 62.5 15,580 268 1.7 158,912 18,647 11.7 21,164 851 4.0 638, 192 21,791 4.0 14, 631 1,360 9.2 634, 201 68,817 9.3 26,093 2,316 8.9 47,934 250 0.5 38,536 6,793 15.0 40,816 968 2,4 46, 173 4,693 10.2 . 81,148 2,037 2.5 16, 126 875 6.8 47,689 3,750 7.9 112,827 8,211 7.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 85 Of the persons in the several classes of foreign parentage, the occupation of textile mill operatives is of greatest importance for the French Canadians, Poles, EngUsh, and Scotch. The large proportion of French Canadian breadwinners — more than three times as great as that shown for any of the other classes — is indicative of the fact that the immigrants from French Canada and their children are found mainly in the towns of New England, where the textile nulls are an important source of employment for the lower grades of workers. They form the largest for- eign class in the occupation with the exception of the Irish; but neither of these classes is as important numerically as the native whites of native parents. Age. — The age distribution of the female textile mill operatives 16 years of age and over is presented for each race and nativity class in Table cm. Table CIII.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. "WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVEa All classes. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age imknown 231,458 146, 126 61, 236 21,560 8,363 2,849 967 357 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 63.1 22.1 9.3 3.6 1.2 0.4 0.2 Native white — Both parents native. 74, 617 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 51,514 12,884 5,645 2,749 1,187 484 154 69.0 17.3 7.6 3.7 1.6 0.6 0.2 One or both par- ents foreign bom. Number. 77,621 50,126 19,204 6,408 1,470 220 54 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 64.7 24.8 8.3 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 Foreign born white. Negro. Number. 78, fas 44, 231 19,068 9, 455 4,105 1,420 406 158 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 56.1 24.2 12.0 5.2 1.8 0.5 0.2 Number. 252 90 51 37 22 23 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 52.4 18.7 10.6 7.7 4.6 4.8 1.2 Young women predominate among female textile mill operatives, those from 16 to 24 years of age form- ing 63.1 per cent, or more than three-fifths of the total number of women so employed. Of the other occupa- tions employing more than 5,000 women, only 7 show a higher percentage of young women (see Table xxiv, page 36) . Of the separate occupations included uiider the general classification of textile mill operatives, 2 show a higher percentage of young women than does the group as a whole — silk mill operatives, with 72.3 per cent, and hosiery and knitting mill operatives, with 70 per cent — and these two pursuits rank second and fifth, respectively, among all occupations in the proportion of women 16 to 24 years of age. The white female textile mill operatives of native birth and parentage were somewhat younger on the whole than those of native birth and foreign parentage, and considerably younger than those of foreign birth. It is probable that this difference reflects the recent rapid development of textile manufactures in the South, where the great majority of the adult female operatives have been recruited from among the young white women of native parentage. The age distribution of the female textile mill opera- tives in the leading states is given in Table civ. In the Northern states the female textile mill operatives are considerably older than in the South- ern states, since the proportion in the age group 16 to 24 years was but 61.7 per cent in the North and West, as compared with 72.1 per cent in the South. Even wider differences are shown for individual states. In Massachusetts, the leading Northern state in the industry, where the number of white women of native parentage employed as textile mill opera- tives is relatively small, the proportion of women under 25 years of age is but 57.1 per cent, as com- pared with 77.1 per cent for North Carolina, the leading Southern state. 86 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CIV.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900. Continental United States Northern and Wostern states . . . Maine NewHampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin All other Southern states Maryland Virginia '. North CaroUna South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Termessee Alabama All other WOMEN 1& YEAES ot AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. Total.' 196, 162 7,902 12,088 1,281 60, 623 15,911 11,706 24, 046 15,068 35, 607 1,960 2,097 1,541 1,838 2,229 2,266 34,949 2,304 1,740 9,594 6,969 6,825 1,236 1,613 2,857 2,812 Number. 16 to 24 ■years. 146, 126 120,946 4,462 6,610 716 34, 610 9,465 7,313 14,699 9,987 25,072 1,267 1,429 1,064 1,271 1,775 1,305 26, 181 1,536 1,154 7,401 5,271 3,854 789 1,128 2,094 1,964 25 to 44 years. 72, 796 64, 520 2,857 4,714 469 22,616 6,694 3,836 7,996 4,471 9,383 432 526 312 428 346 540 8,276 46 to 64 years. 11, 212 9,827 661 814 89 3,241 821 524 1,248 572 1,053 189 111 131 104 72 307 1,386 636 . 428 1,916 1,498 1,627 358 409 676 730 120 139 263 196 334 67 69 85 113 65 years and over. 32 50 7 156 31 31 34 35 36 113 Per cent. 16 to 24 years. 26 to 44 years. 61.7 66.6 53.9 66.9 67.1 59.5 62.5 61.1 66.3 70.4 65.0 68.1 69.0 69.2 79.6 57.6 72.1 32.9 36.2 39.0 36.6 37.3 35.2 32.8 33.3 29.7 26 4 22.2 26.1 20.2 23.3 15.5 23.8 23.7 66.7 1 66.3 i 77.1 I 76.6 66.2 63.9 69.9 73.3 69.6 27.6 24.6 20.0 21.6 27.9 29.0 25.4 23.6 26.0 45 to 64 years. 6.0 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.3 5.2 4.6 5.2 3.8 3.0 9.7 5.3 8.5 5.7 3.2 13.6 6.2 8.0 2.7 2.8 5.7 5.4 4.3 3.0 4.0 66 years and over. 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.2 1.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 6.0 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.5 1 Not including age unknown. The importance of this occupation among female breadwinners in the different age groups is shown in Table cv. Table CV. — Number and percentage of textile mill operatives am,ong female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for continental United States: 1900. . Total 16 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown . . . FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 4,833,630 2, 136, 445 1,168,342 675,032 440, 825 256, 705 138, 587 17, 694 Textile mill opera- tives. Number. Per cent 231, 458 146, 126 61,236 21,-560 8,363 2,849 967 357 Table cvi shows for each state the percentage which textile mill operatives constituted of female breadwin- ners in the three principal age groups. Table CVI . — Percentage of textile mill operatives among female bread- winners 1 6 years of age and over, classified by age, for leading states: 1900. 6.8 4.4 3.2 1.9 1.1 0.7 2.0 Textile mill operatives are most important in the age group from 16 to 24 years, where the proportion which they constitute of the total number of women gainfully employed is 6.8 per cent. In the following age group there is a marked falling off in relative im- portance, and a similar falling off, though less marked, is shown for each succeeding group. The decrease in relative importance in the older age groups is, how- ever, occasioned largely by the high proportion which certain other occupations, such as farmers, house- keepers, show for these groups (see Table xxiv, page 36) . Continental United States Northern and AVcstcrn states. . . Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan ^ Wisconsin All other Southern states Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Alabama All other PER CENT OF TEXTILE MILL OPERA- TIVES AMONG FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 6.1 16.8 30.4 6.9 19.1 33.1 14.0 3.8 10.6 9.0 0.8 1.9 0.6 1.5 2.1 0.3 2.2 16 to 24 years. 26 to 44 years. 46 years and over. 3.9 8.0 6.2 2.5 1.6 7.5 4.9 3.2 L3 1.6 1.8 0.5 21.7 40.4 8.0 25.7 42.2 19.0 5.0 14.4 13.0 1.2 3.0 0.8 2.0 2.9 0.4 4.0 4.1 2.7 13.4 8.5 6.3 2.3 3.1 3.3 0.9 15.1 29.3 6.8 16.2 28.5 11.6 3.2 8.4 6.4 0.6 1.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.4 1.8 1.0 4.5 2.9 2.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.3 1.5 2.2 5.6 11.6 2.0 8.1 14.1 4.6 1.5 3.1 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.9 0-7 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 87 For each of the age groups textile mill operatives are much more important relatively in the Northern than in the Southern states. In the 'majority of the New England states the percentages are especially high, indicating the importance of the textile uidus- tries as a source of occupation in those states. In the South the presence of a large number of negroes reduces the relative importance of the occupation. The importance of the occupation for young white women of native parentage is, however, reflected in the relatively high percentages shown for the age group 16 to 24 years in North Carolina and South Carolina. Marital condition. — The proportion of single women in any group of textile mill operatives will depend to a considerable extent upon the proportion of women 16 to 24 years of age in the group. Other factors, however, are to be taken into consideration, as may be seen by a comparison of the age distribution pre- sented in Table civ with the distribution by marital condition given in Table cvii. Table CVII.— DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900. Continental United States . Northern and Western states . . . Maine New Harapsbire. Vermont Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin All other Southern states. Maryland Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Another WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEtt EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. Total. 196, 423 7,907 12,116 1,282 60,695 15,941 11, 787 24,061 15,073 35,628 1,951 2,097 1,542 1,841 2,230 2,272 35,035 2,311 1,744 9,607 6,975 5,846 1,235 1,622 2,880 2,815 Single.2 Married. Widowed. Divorced. 184,826 158,615 5,358 8,464 973 46, 162 13,001 9,883 20,033 12,841 32,140 1,597 1,783 1,283 1,492 2,030 1,575 26,210 2,114 1,296 7,617 4,673 3,915 994 1,267 2,091 2,243 33,234 27, 195 2,080 2,864 210 11,492 2,140 1,408 2,681 1,427 1,942 160 128 103 213 83 364 6,039 265 1,529 1,880 1,154 122 175 495 321 12,189 9,630 381 666 83 2,829 702 461 1,371 767 1,402 178 158 133 116 • 98 295 2,559 90 176 433 394 708 105 163 264 226 1,210 122 16 212 98 35 76 1 48 i 144 : 16 1 28 ' 23 20 19 38 227 9 7 28 28 69 14 17 30 I 25 Per cent. Single.'' Married. Widowed. Divorced. 79.9 67.8 69.9 75.9 76.1 '81.6 &3.8 83.3 8.5.2 90.2 81.9 85. 83.2 81.0 91.0 69.3 74.8 91.5 74.3 79.3 67.0 67.0 80.5 78.1 72.6 79.7 13.8 26.3 23.6 16.4 18.9 13.4 11.9 10.7 9.5 5.5 8.2 6.1 6.7 11.6 3.7 16.0 17.2 4.2 15.2 15.9 27.0 19.7 9.9 10.8 17.2 11.4 4.9 4.8 5.6 6.6 4.7 4.4 3.9 5.7 6.0 3.9 9.1 7.6 8.6 6.3 4.4 13.0 3.9 10.1 4.5 6.6 12.1 8.6 10.0 9.2 8.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 0.9 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. 2 Including unlmown. In spite of the younger age of textile mill operatives in the South, shown by Table civ, the proportion of single women among them is much lower than in the North, where about four-fifths of the total number of women in this employment are single, as compared with slightly less than three-fourths in the Southern states. The proportion of married women is higher in the South than in the North; yet in ]\Iaine and New Hampshire it is higher than in any Southern state except South Carolina. The percentage of widows among the female textile mill operatives is also larger in the South than in the North. Large numbers of widows in the South resort to the mill towns in order the more readily to find employment for themselves and their children. In general, the larger proportion of married and widowed in the South would seem to indicate that the economic necessity impelling them to take up the occupation is greater than in the North. In the North and West there was more or less corre- spondence between the rank of the several states in the percentage of young women among female textile mill operatives and their rank in the percentage of single women among these operatives. In Pennsylvania, with 70.4 per cent of its operatives 16 to 24 years of age, 90.2 per cent were single; and in Massachusetts, with 57.1 percent in tlie youngest age group, 76.1 per cent were single. Comparison ivith census of 1890. — One of the most interesting topics connected with the discussion of women at work is that of the increase in numbers. In order, however, to obtain comparable figures the age limits must be extended to include women 15 years of age. Table cviii gives the number and per cent dis- tribution by race and nativity of female textile mill operatives 15 years of age and over in 1890 and 1900 and the amount and per cent of increase in each na- tivitv class for the decade. 88 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CVIII. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as textile mill operatives, for continental United States: 1900 and 1890. WOMEN IS'YEAES OF AGE AND OVEn EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPEEATIVES. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 i Increase, 1890 to 1900. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent. All classes 250,376 100.0 211,112 100.0 39,264 18.6 Native vphite— both parents native 82,228 84,211 83,405 526 6 32.8 33.6 33.3 0.2 55,627 77,471 77,334 773 7 26.3 36.7 36.6 0.4 26,701 6,740 6,071 1247 11 48 1 Native white— one or both parents loreign born Foreign born white 8.7 7 9 Negro . 132 Indian « 1 Decrease. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. ^ Per cent not shown where base is less tban 100. The particular significance of the table is the change in the per cent distribution of female textile mill opera- tives between 1890 and 1900. At the beginning of this decennial period the native whites of native par- entage formed 26.3 per cent of the textile mill opera- tives in continental United States, as compared with 32.8 per cent at the end of the period; while the other three nativity classes each had a lower percentage in 1900 than in 1890. During the decade, therefore, the increase in the number of native white women of native parentage in the textile mills was much greater than that of either of the other classes, and formed 68 per cent of the increase in the total number of female textile mill operatives. The exceedingly large increase in this class is to be accounted for by the rapid development of the textile industries — especially of the cotton manu- factures — in the South. Table oix shows, for 1890 and 1900, the percentage which textile mill operatives formed of the total num- ber of female breadwinners in each race and nativity class. Table OIX. — Number and percentage of textile mill operatives among female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and. nativity , for continental United States: 1900 and 1890. FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 KACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Textile mill operatives. Total. Textile mill operatives. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. All classes 4,997,415 250,376 5.0 3,712,144 211,112 5.7 Native white— both pa- rents native 1,824,690 1, 137, 649 861,274 1,162,218 82,228 84,211 83, 405 526 4.6 7.4 9.7 C) 1,310,148 774,751 756,006 807,717 65,527 77,471 77,334 773 4.2 Native white— one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white 10.0 10.2 0.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The native white female breadwinners of native parentage were the only ones among whom the im- portance of the textile mills as a source of emplojnnent for women increased. In 1900 the textile mill opera- tives formed 4.5 per cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners of this class as contrasted with 4.2 per cent in 1890. Although apparently this is only a slight increase, it is particularly significant in view of the decrease in the percentages reported for each of the other classes, for it reflects the development of the textile industry in the South. The development of the industry in the South also affects the figures in Table ex, which shows the age dis- tribution of the three white classes of female textile mill operatives for 1890 and 1900. Table CX. — Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of age and over employed as textile mill operatives, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900 and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. AGE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. Total . 250,376 100.0 211,112 100.0 39,264 18.6 15 to 24 years. . . 165,044 51,236 21,560 8,363 2,849 967 357 65.9 20.6 8.6 3.3 LI 0.4 0.2 143,075 40,852 14, 648 6,947 3,257 1,926 407 67.8 19.4 6.9 3.3 L5 0.9 0.2 21,969 10,384 6,912 1,416 1408 1959 160 15 4 25 to 34 years 25 4 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 20.4 1 12 5 65 years and over Age unknown . . 149.8 112 3 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total ■... 82,228 100.0 .55, 527 100.0 26,701 48.1 15 to 24 years 59, 125 12,884 5,645 2,749 1,187 484 • 164 7L9 15.7 6.9 3.3 1.4 0.6 0.2 35,294 9,272 4,811 2,836 1,797 1,350 167 63.6 16.7 8.7 5.1 3.2 2.4 0.3 23,831 3,612 834 187 1610 1866 113 67 6 35 to 44 years 17 3 45 to 54 years 13 1 65 years and over 164.1 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Total 84,211 100. '0 77, 471 100.0 6,740 8.7 15 to 24 years 56,816 19,204 6,408 1,470 220 64 39 67.6 22.8 7.6 L7 0.3 0.1 59,395 14,543 2,710 621 133 103 66 76.7 18 8 3.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 12,579 4,661 3,698 949 87 149 127 14.3 32.0 136.5 182.1 66.4 147.6 {') 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unlniown . . FOREIGN BORN -WHITE. Tot£.l 83,405 100.0 77,334 100.0 6,071 7.9 15 to 24 years 48,803 19,058 9,465 4,106 1,420 406 158 68 5 22.8 1L3 4.9 L7 0.5 0.2 48,028 16,881 7,044 3,511 1,283 419 168 62.1 21,8 9.1 4.5 1.7 0.6 0.2 775 2,177 2,411 594 137 113 ■10 L6 12.9 34.2 16.9 10.7 13.1 16.0 46 to 54 years 65 years and over 1 Decrease. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 8 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 89 The most striking difference between the three classes of white female textile mill operatives was in the age period 15 to 24 years. Among the native whites of native parentage the increase of textile mill operatives within these ages was 67.5 per cent, as con- trasted with an increase of only 1.6 per cent among the foreign born whites and a decrease of 4.3 per cent among the native whites of foreign parentage. Among the native whites of native parentage this age period of 15 to 24 became of much greater importance during the decade, since the percentage of the total number of female textile mill operatives of this nativity class who were within these ages increased from 63.6 in 1890 to 71.9 in 1900. Among the classes of foreign birth or parentage, on the other hand, the importance of tex- tile mill operatives of these ages decreased noticeably, for the percentage which those 15 to 24 formed of the total fell from 76.7 to 67.5 among the native white of foreign parentage and from 62.1 to 58.5 among the foreign born whites. These changes in the youngest period are probably to be accounted for almost completely by the develop- ment of the industry in the South. Of course this accounts entirely for the increase in the number of native whites of native parentage. That the foreign born whites increased but little while the native whites of foreign parentage actually decreased was probably largely the result of the competition of the Southern mills in the production of the coarser grades of. cotton, which practically retarded the growth of mills manu- facturing such goods in the North. Table ex also suggests some other interesting sub- jects for consideration. Possibly the decrease in the older age periods, which is shown for all classes, results from the increased speed of modern machinery which makes the work too tiring for old people. The decrease in the number of native whites of native parentage in the age periods over 44 may also reflect the gradual replacement of this class by the foreign born whites and the native whites of foreign parentage which was in progress before the introduction of the industry in the South led to a large increase in the numbers of yoimg women of this class. The difference in the development of the textile industry during the decade in the two sections of the country is shown in Table cxi, in which the increase in the number of female operatives 10 years of age and over is shown for the principal states. In the Northern and Western states the number of female textile mill operatives 10 years of age and over increased 11.7 per cent, while in the Southern states the percentage of increase was 104.2. In no one of the important textile states of the North except New Jer- sey and Pennsylvania was the percentage of increase large, but in the leading Southern states. North and South Carolina, the increase was one of nearly 200 per cent in each instance. Table f'XI. — Increase in number of females 10 years of age and over em-ployed as textile mill operatives, for leading states: 1900 and 1890. FEMALES 10 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERA- TIVES. STATE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 278,343 228,302 50,041 21.9 Northern and Western states. 226,657 202,990 23,667 11.7 Maine 9,027 13,406 1,466 66,644 18,605 13,216 26,885 17,988 45,436 2,240 2,385 1,771 2,033 2,906 2,643 51,686 8,833 14,430 1,372 58,558 18,613 13,174 26,012 14,720 32,976 3,076 2,683 2,355 1,361 1,926 2,901 25,312 194 11,024 94 8,086 18 42 873 3,268 12,460 1830 1298 1584 672 980 1258 26,374 2.2 New Hampshire. . . 17.1 6.9 Massachusetts 13.8 Rhode Island W ^0.3 New York 3.4 New Jersey 22.2 37.8 Ohio 127.0 Indiana. . 111.1 124.8 49.4 Wisconsin. 50.9 All other 18.9 Southern states 104.2 3,029 2,236 ■14,969 11,164 8,483 1,527 2,136 4,449 3,693 2,938 1,511 5,162 3,747 4,661 1,602 1,621 1,830 2,340 91 725 9,807 7,417 3,922 176 515 2,619 1,353 3.1 Virginia 48.0 North Carolina 190.0 South Carolina 197.9 86.0 14.7 Tennessee . 31.8 143.1 All other 57.8 1 Decrease. ~ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Family relationship. — Another important subject is the position of the female textile mill operatives in the families to which they belong. To determine this a special tabulation has been made for the cotton mill operatives in 9 cities.' To have included in this tabu- lation female operatives employed in all branches of the textile industry would have involved an additional amount of labor which, as a large proportion of all female textile mill operatives are employed in cotton mills, was considered inadvisable. The 19,223 female cotton mill operatives who were included in the special tabulation are classified by race, nativity, and marital condition in the following tabular statement. As 14,999, or 78 per cent, of them were in Fall River and Lowell, the statistics are principally illustrative of the conditions in these 2 cities. 1 The cities included were selected primarily on the basis of the total number of female breadwinners 16 years and over in all occu- pations, and without special reference to the number employed in the cotton mills. Accordingly some of the cities included in the list are of little importance so far as this occupation is concerned. The 9 cities included with the number of women in each employed in cotton mills are as follows; Fall River, Mass., 10,274; Lowell, Mass., 4,725; Baltimore, Md., 1,132; Philadelphia, Pa., 1,110; New- ark, N. J., 584; Providence, R. I., 570; New Orleans, La., 336; Atlanta, Ga., 334; and Indianapolis, Ind., 158. 90 WOMEN AT WORK. WOMEN 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS COTTON MILL OPERATIVES IN 9 SELECTED CITIES. MAKITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white — Foreign born white. Both par- ents na- tive. One or both par- ents for- eign horn. Negro. Total 19,223 2,793 4,909- 11,505 16 Single (including unknown) . . . 13, ■'52 4,222 1,249 2,262 322 209 4,034 657 218 7,450 3,241 814 6 2 8 Widowed and divorced The white women in each of the race, nativity, and marital classes shown in this tabular statement are distributed in Table 26 (page 198) according to their relationship to the family in which they live. The percentages derived from this distribution are given in Table cxii. Of the 19,223 adult female cotton mill operatives in the 9 selected cities, 3,908, or 20.3 per cent, boarded. If this percentage is compared with those which ob- tained in the other 16 occupations covered by the special tabulation, it will be found that the proportion of boarders was higher among the women engaged in 5 (see Table 26, page 198) . These 5, with the percentage which boarders formed of the total number of women engaged in each, were as follows : Servants and wait- resses, 79.5 ; housekeepers and stewardesses, 65.5 ; nurses and midwives, 61.3; teachers, 27.7; and stenographers and typewriters, 20.7. Of these, the first 3 were occu- pations in which the women often almost necessarily lived with their employers, a relationship to the family treated in this tabulation as equivalent to boarding. The percentage of boarders among the adult female cotton mill operatives, therefore, compared with that among women engaged in occupations which do not necessitate boarding, was high. Among the several classes, however, some wide differences will be noted in this percentage. It was lowest among the single native whites of foreign par- entage and highest among the widowed and divorced native whites of native parentage. For all nativity classes it was highest among the widowed and divorced ; for the two native white classes it was lowest among the single, but for the foreign born whites it was lowest among the married. Of the adult female cotton mill operatives who lived at home, the largest proportion were in families of which the father was the head. An inspection of the figures for the three marital classes will show, however, that this was true only of the single. The largest proportion of married women lived with some other relative, probably in most cases the husband, while the largest number of the widowed and divorced women were themselves heads of families. As compared with the native whites, either of native or foreign parentage, few foreign born whites, in proportion to their numbe lived with father or mother. The reason for this is, course, that in many cases they had no parents in t country. That fewer native white women of nati parentage than native white women of foreign parei age were living at home was due probably to the h that many of native parentage left their families a came to the cities from rural districts, while most of t native whites of foreign parentage were born in t cities. Table GXII. — Per cent distribution,^ by family relationship, women 16 years' of age and over employed as cotton mill operatii classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for nine selec cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WO* 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER : PLOYED AS COTTON MILL OPE TIVES. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All Classes. Native white— Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Forei bon whit ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 79.7 77.6 87.4 - 6.7 34.6 14.7 23.6 20.3 5.1 40.2 17.0 15.3 22.4 4.6 43.9 21.5 17.4 12.6 With father.. ' 2 With mother 2 2 Boardings, SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 1 10 Living at home 80.0 80.3 j 88.6 7 TTpa,d,s nf families 3.0 46.2 18.8 12.0 20.0 2.1 47.8 19.1 11.3 19.7 2.6 51.4 24.1 10.5 11.4 With father 4 1 1 With other relative MARRIED. Total . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 Living at home 80.9 68.3 83 7 8 6.3 , 5.5 4.0 65.2 19.1 6.2 8.7 6.5 46.9 31.7 5.3 9.4 8.2 60.7 16.3 With father e 1 B oarding 2 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 72.2 100.0 62.2 100.0 77.5 10 7 49.0 .5.8 6.4 11.0 27.8 35.4 6.2 10.0 10.5 37.8 39.4 10.1 12.8 16.1 22.5 5 With father.. With mother With other relative 2 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26 paee 198 2 Includes those living with employer, ' TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES. 91 Other breadwinners in the family. — Fully as impor- tant as the subject of the relationship of the female cotton mill operative to the family in which she lives is the question of how far she is the source of support of that family. This question is considered in Table cxiii, which gives the per cent distribution of the adult female cotton inill operatives in the 9 selected cities by the number of other breadwinners in the family. The actual numbers from which these percentages are derived are presented in Table 27 (page 208). Table CXIII. — Per cent distribution,^ by number of other breadwin- ners in the family, of womfien 16 years of age and over employed as cotton mAll operatives, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for nine selected cities: 1900. PEK CENT DISTKIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS COTTON MILL OPERATIVES. CLASS. Total. Native white — Both parents native. One or botn par- ents for- eign born. Foreign bom white. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.7 '77.6 87.4 76.8 In families having— No other breadwinners 4.9 22.2 17.8 34.8 20.3 4.4 18.1 19.4 35.7 22.4 4.S 21.7 21.0 40.2 12.6 5.1 23.4 Two other . .... 16.0 32.4 Boarding^ 23.2 SINGL E (INCLUDING UNKN 3WN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 80.3 88.6 75.2 In families having— No other breadwinners 3.6 14.2 19.2 42.9 20.0 3.0 16.2 21.0 40.1 19.7 3.7 17.0 22.2 45.7 11.4 3.7 12.2 17.0 42.3 24. S MARRIED. ' Total 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 80.9 68.3 83.7 81.6 In families liaving— No other breadwinners 4.1 48.3 13.6 14.9 19.1 5.0 32.3 12.] 18.9 31.7 3.8 50.2 15.5 14.2 16.3 4.1 49.5 13.4 14.7 18.4 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.2 62.2 77.6 73.1 In families having— No other breadwinners 21.9 21.2 15.9 13.2 27.8 18.2 16.7 13.4 13.9 37.8 22.5 23.4 14.2 17.4 22,5 22.6 21.7 17.1 11.7 26.9 1 For numbers on wliich the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 2 Includes those living with employer. Of the 19,223 cotton mill operatives who were included in the tabulation, but 936, or 4.9 per cent, were in families of which t\\e\ were the only bread- \\dnners, while 6,699, or 34.8 per cent, were in families in which the other breadwinners numbered more than 2. Similar tabulations were made for 16 other occupations, only 1 of which, that of servants and waitresses, showed a smaller percentage of the total living in families having no other breadwinners. None of these 16 showed a higher percentage living in families having more than 2 other breadwinners (see Table 27, page 208) . The reason why the female cotton mill operatives were assisted by more breadwinners than women engaged in other occupations was prob- ably twofold : The families of the cotton mill operatives were often the larger; and the j^oung children of such families, living as they do in mill towns, probably found employment earlier than children of the other classes -of families. Wide variations will be noted in the figures for the three marital classes. Of the single, the largest per- centage (42.9) hved in families having more than 2 other breadwinners; of the married, the largest (48.3) lived in families having 1 other breadwinner; while of the married and divorced, the largest^ (27.8) boarded. Such variations are, of course, to be explained largely by the facts brought out in Table cxii. The single female operatives generally lived with the father or mother and thus had the parents and brothers and sisters to aid them. The married usually lived with the husband, who was the 1 other breadwinner, since in most cases the children, if there were any, were too young to be gainfull}^ occupied. The widowed and divorced women were often themselves heads of fam- ilies, and in such cases, unless they had children old enough to help them, would naturally be the only breadwinners. The figures for the three white classes of female cotton mill operatives do not disclose anj^ very marked differences. It would seem that the foreign born whites had fewer other breadwinners in their families than either class of native whites, and this would natur- ally be expected, since probably fewer members of their families were in this country. The figures for the married, however, would not support this view; but it should be noted that the figures for the several classes of married, and also of widowed and divorced, are almost too small to permit safe generalization. SALESWOMEN. In 1900, 142,265 women 16 years of age and over were reported as saleswomen in continental United States. As a field of employment for women this occupation ranked eighth. Although numerically considered the occupation of saleswomen is one of the most important in the emplojonent of women, it is not one of those in 92 WOMEN AT WORK. which this sex assumes relatively high proportions. Of the 611,139 persons reported in 1900 for the occu- pation "salesmen and saleswomen," only 23.3 per cent were women, and but 24.4 per cent were females 10 years of age and over, the proportion in each case being less than one-fourth. Of the 46 other occu- pations employing at least 5,000 women, there were 31 in which the percentage of women was larger (see Table xxii, page 32). The proportion of women among salesmen and saleswomen is, however, larger than it is among all persons gainfully employed, for whom the percentage is 17.7, a variation due of qourse to the wider range of occupations open to men. From an economic standpoint this occupation naay perhaps be regarded as occupying a median position. The work is probably less exhausting and the general conditions more attractive than is apt to be the case in the calling of a factory operative, and from a sani- tary standpoint it is perhaps to be preferred, although conditions are often far from being ideal. On the other hand, the long, close confinement and the relatively low wages cause it to contrast unfavorably with a number of other occupations, and especially with those for which technical training is required. Race and nativity. — Table oxiv presents the per cent distribution, by race and nativity, of saleswomen in the different geographic divisions of continental United States. By far the largest proportion, 87.9 per cent, of the women employed as saleswomen in continental United States were native white women. These were divided in almost equal proportions between those of native and of foreign parentage, there being a difference of 3.3 per cent in favor of the latter. The proportion of foreign born white is relatively small, while that of colored (negro, Indian, and Mongolian) is insignificant. Reference to Table xxiii (page 34) will show that this is one of the leading occupations in the pro- portion which the native white of foreign parentage constitute of the total number of women employed, its rani in this respect being sixth. Of the 5 occu- pations reporting a higher percentage for this nativity class, none employed over 20,000 women. Table CXIV. — Per cent distribution,'^ by race and nativity, of sales- women 16 years of age and over, far geographic divisions: 1900. SALESWOMEK 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. Per cent. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Native white^ Foreign bom white. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Continental United States. 142,265 42.3 45.6 11.9 0.3 North Atlantic 69,258 9,000 49,259 7,994 6,754 36.4 68.0 41.7 66.5 43.1 49.0 26.1 47.3 27.6 45.3 14.5 4.4 10.9 4.5 11.3 South Atlantic 1 5 North Central South Central 1 4 Western ■ 2 ' For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 187. Reference to Table 25 (page 196) will show that the territorial distribution for this occupation does not fol- low the distribution of the total population or that of all women gainfully employed, but that there is a marked concentration in the more populous sections of the country where trade and commerce are most highly developed. The. North Atlantic and the North Central divisions, which comprised 62.4 per cent, or about three-fifths of the total population, reported 83.3 per cent, or five-sixths, of the saleswomen, the North Atlantic division alone reporting 48.7 per cent, or nearly one-half, although this division comprises only 27.7 per cent of the total population. The 4 leading states. New York, Pennsylvania, Massachu- setts, and Illinois, in the order named, each with over 10,000 saleswomen, reported an aggregate of 69,305, representing 48.7 per cent, or nearly one-half, of the total number of saleswomen, although these states comprised but 27.9 per cent, or about one-fourth, of the total population. Table cxv shows, for the different race and nativity classes, the proportion of saleswomen 16 years of age and over among all female breadwinners of the same age, for the country at large, for the large cities, and for the smaller cities and country districts. Table CXV.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SALESWOMEN AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUN- TRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. KACE AND N.tTIVITY. All classes. Native white — both parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white Negro Indian and Mongolian FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. 4,833,630 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 11,288 Saleswomen. Number. Percent, 142,265 60,120 64,857 16,896 378 14 2.9 3.4 5.9 2.0 (■) 0.1 In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. Total. 1,657,728 414,964 554,806 494,044 193,317 607 Saleswomen. Number. Percent. 27,234 43,717 12,743 151 4 6.6 7.9 2.6 0.1 0.7 In smaller cities and country districts. Total. 3,176,902 1,357,012 535,938 345,967 926,304 10,681 Saleswomen. Number. Percent. 58,416 32,886 21,140 4,1.53 227 10 1.8 (■) 2.4 3.9 1.2 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. SALESWOMEN. 93 It will be seen that in a comparison restricted to the white race, the occupation is most important for the native born of foreign parentage and least impor- tant for -those of foreign birth, the proportion of female breadwinners 16 years and over employed as sales- women being almost three times as great in the former nativity class as in the latter. • Among female breadwinners of all classes saleswomen form a much larger proportion in the large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts, the proportion in the former being 5. 1 per cent, or about 1 in 20, and in the latter 1.8 per cent, or less than 1 in 50. For each race and nativity class the proportion is also higher in the large cities. The large number of women engaged in agricultural pursuits in the rural districts is of course a factor in producing these differences, but even when women employed in these pursuits are excluded, in the smaller cities and country districts the propor- tion that saleswomen constitute of the total number of women gainfully employed in pursuits other than agricultural would be but 2.4 per cent, or less than half as great as the corresponding percentage for the large cities. The fact that in the large cities as well aS in the smaller cities and country districts, the occupation is less important for native white women of native parentage than for those of foreign parentage may indicate that women of the former nativity class are more apt to enter pursuits requiring a special train- ing and skill, and are consequently on a somewhat higher economic plane than is represented by this occupation. It will be seen that while the numbers of native white of native and of foreign parentage are nearly the same for the country at large, there is a marked dif- ference in the distribution in the different areas. In the large cities more than one-half of the saleswomen are native white of foreign parentage, while in the smaller cities and country districts more than one-half are na- tive white of native parentage. These variations are of course due mainly to differences in the composition of the general population. A reference to Table 23 (page 178) will show more clearly the degree to which the occupation tends to concentrate in the large cities. Of the total number of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, 58.9 per cent, or nearly three-fifths, are in cities of 50,000 or more in- habitants, although the corresponding proportion for all women gainfully employed is but 34.3 per cent, or about one-third. Only 11 of the 47 occupations employing at least 5,000 women and but 3 of those employing at least. 20,000 women show a higher pro- portion in the large cities. It will be seen from Table cxv that this concentration of saleswomen in the cities is especially marked, for the native white of foreign parentage and for the foreign born white, the per- centages in cities being 67.4 and 75.4, respectively. The o-reater importance of the occupation in the large cities is due of course to the much higher devel- opment of mercantile enterprises in these cities. But this development has also resulted in women becom- ing much more important in the occupation. In the big department store where there are frequently hun- dreds of employees, women are, as a rule, employed to a much greater degree proportionally than in smaller estabhshments. This fact is perhaps more clearly in- dicated in Table cxvi, which shows the proportion of females among the total number of salesmen and sales- women 10 years of age and over for 10 cities, selected as having the highest development of trade and repre- senting the principal sections of the country. Table CXVI. — Number and percentage of females among sales- men and saleswomen 10 years of age and over, for ten selected cities: 1900. SALESMEN 10 YEARS AND SALESWOMEN OF AGE AND OVEK. CITY. Total. Saleswomen. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 611, 139 149,230 24.4 New Yoric i . . ... 43,701 29,828 24,150 11, 536 14,221 7,979 6,988 2,891 3,964 2,848 15, 149 ■ 7,816 7,832 2,585 5,136 3,042 1,434 786 1,320 777 34.7 Chicago 26.2 32,4 St. Louis Boston . 22.4 36.1 38.1 20.5 New Orleans 27.2 Washington 33.3 27.3 1 Includes Manhattan and Bronx boroughs only. Tiiis table shows that in all but 2 of the selected cities the proportion of females in the occupation is liigher than for the country at large, the difference in the case of Baltimore amounting to 13.7 per cent. In 5 cities — New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, and Washington — the proportion of females among salesmen and saleswomen is approximately 1 in 3 or even higher, and of these cities the first 3 probably are those in which the department store has attained the highest state of organization. Parentage. — Table cxvii indicates the importance of the occupation for the principal parentage classes represented by saleswomen 10 years of age and over. This table brings out clearly the effect which the unimportance of the occupation among the colored races has in reducing the general average, as a higher percentage is shown both for the native white of native parentage, and for all but three nationalities among those of foreign parentage than for the total of all races and nativities. For the two countries, Germany and Ireland, which furnish over three-fifths of all saleswomen of foreign parentage, the percentage of female breadwinners employed as saleswomen is higher than it is for all of foreign parentage, bringing out clearly the relative importance of the occupation for these nationalities. The occupation is most im- portant relativeh", however, for female breadwinners of Russian parentage, of whom 6.8 per cent were employed as salesw6men, against 4.9 per cent for those of German parentage, and 4.2 per cent for all of foreign parentage. 94 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CXVII. — Number and percentage of saleswomen among female breadmnners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes Native parentage Native white All other Foreign parentage Austria-Hungary ' Canada (English) Canada (French) France and Switzerland Germany Great Britain' Ireland Italy Poland Russia " Scandinavia ' AJl others ^ FEMALE EEEADWINNEES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total. 5,319,397 3, 247, 907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,07*1,490 65,940 102, 181 78,979 36,289 538, 192 205,085 634,201 26,093 38, 536 40,816 144,662 160, 516 Saleswomen. Number. Per cent. 149,230 62, 827 62,427 400 86, 403 2,245 4,047 1,736 1,287 26,449 8,295 27,090 717 1,375 2,767 3,030 7,365 28 (■) 3.2 4.2 3.4 4.0 2.2 3.5 4.9 4.0 4.3 2.7 3.6 6.8 2.1 4.6 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Includes Bohemia. ■8 Includes England, Wales, and Scotland. * Includes Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. 6 Includes those of mixed foreign parentage. Age. — Table cxviii presents the distribution by age periods of saleswomen of each race and nativity class. Table CXVIII. — Distribution, hy age, of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, classified by race ana nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration):^ 1900. SALESWOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. All Classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Foreign born white. Negro. Total . 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown Total - 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown 142, 290 88,626 37, 911 10, 948 3,334 1,007 288 176 60, 129 64,864 16, 898 36, 195 41,454 10,773 15,857 18,228 3,709 5,280 4,216 1,404 1,943 769 608 587 132 278 156 30 98 111 35 28 378 197 105 47 14 9 4 2 PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 02.3 60.2 63.9 63.8 26.6 26.4 28.1 21.9 7.7 8.8 6.5 8.3 2.3 3.2 1.2 3.6 0.7 1.0 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.3 m O.li 0.1 0,2 0.1, 0.2 100,0 52.1 27.8 12.4 3.7 2,4 1,1 0,5 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. s Less tiian one-tenth of 1 per cent. This table shows that 62.3 per cent, or more than three-fifths, of the total number of saleswomen 16 years of age and over are under 26 years of age, and 88.9 per cent, or approximately nine-tenths, are under 35 years of age. There are no very marked contrasts in the per cent distribution shown for the three classes of white women. But the few negro women reported for this occupation are as a group considerably older than the white women. Reference to Table xxiv (page 36) will bring out even more clearly the fact that this is preeminently an occupation for young women. Of the 47 occupations employing at least 5,000 women, that of saleswomen ranks tenth in the proportion under 25 years of age, while only 5 of the occupations showing a higher proportion employ over 20,000 women. Table cxix shows, by age groups, the percentage of female breadwinners that are employed as saleswomen. Table GXIX.^Number and percentage of saleswomen among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown FEMALE EEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. 4,843,155 2, 139, 370 1,171,952 676, 648 441, 467 256, 926 138, 691 18,211 Saleswomen. Number. Per cent. ^,42,290 88,626 37, 911 10,948 3,334 1,007 288 176 2.9 4.1 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.0 It appears from this table that for the race and na- tivity classes combined the occupation is most impor- tant relatively for females from 16 to 24 years of age, the percentage being 4.1, or about 1 in 25, against 2.9 for those of all ages. The percentage decreases in each succeeding age group. Marital condition. — The following tabular statement presents, for continental United States, the distribu- tion according to marital condition of saleswomen 16 years of age and over: MAEITAL CONDITION. SALESWOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER, FOE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES ; 1900. Number. 1 Per cent distribu- tion. 1 Total ... - 142,265 100 I'^ingle (including unlinown) 128,409 7,613 6,243 90 3 Widowed and divorced 4 4 I On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation arc 16 years of age and over. It will be seen that this is preeminently an occupa- tion for single women, and in fact it is 1 of the 10 occu- pations reporting the largest percentages of single SALESWOMEN. 95 women. This high proportion of single women is generally characteristic of the trade and transportation group, 5 out of the 10 occupations reporting 90 per cent or more as single, belonging to this group (see Table 21, page 170). It may be noted that the high rank of this occupation in the percentage of single women corresponds closely to its rank in the percentage of women under 25 years of age. This indicates of course that large numbers of girls and young women enter this occupation and that comparatively few of them remain in it after they marry. Comparison with previous censuses. — ^At censuses prior to 1870 salesmen and saleswomen were probably returned and classified as clerks. In 1870, however, a separate classification was adopted, but from the smallness of the total reported both at this census and that of 1880—14,203 and 32,279, respectively— it seems probable that persons who should properly have been reported for this occupation were still largely returned as clerks. The attention of the Census Bureau was called to this fact, and at the census of 1890, as well as in 1900, specific instructions were issued, cautioning the enumerators against confusing the two occupations. Under these instructions the number of salesmen and saleswomen returned in 1890 was 264,394, an increase over 1880 of 232,lli, or 719.1 per cent. In 1900 there was another phenomenal increase, the number reported at that census being 611,139. As stated in the Twelfth Census Report on Occupations,^ it seems probable that even at the census of 1890 many salesmen or sales- women had been improperly returned as clerks, and the fact that the. latter occupation showed the com- paratively small increase for both sexes of 72,769, or 13.1 per cent, would seem to bear out the theory that there was a more accurate segregation in 1900. Because of the difference in the age periods adopted at the two censuses, it is impossible to make any com- parison for female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, but the increase in the number of saleswomen 15 years and over was 89,406, or 156.4 per cent. The only occupations reporting a larger absolute increase in the total number of females employed were those of agricultural laborers and laundresses (see Table 22, page 176). Apart from the improved accuracy ia classification, it is probable that the rapid development of the department store system in the larger cities may have had an importent share in causing this increase. This increase, whether real or apparent, has, however, resulted in a marked increase in the importance of this pursuit in the census returns. At the census of 1900 2.8 per cent of all females gainfully employed were reported for this occupation, against but 1.5 per cent at the census of 1890. There has also been an ap- parent increase in the importance of women in the occupation, 24.4 per cent of those reported as salesmen and saleswomen in 1900 being females, against 22.1 'Twelfth Census, Occupations, page per cent in 1890. Although, for the reasons just mentioned, it is impossible to say just how far this represents an actual increase, it is certain that the development of the department store has had an important influence in raising the proportion of women employed. As compared with 1880, however, the increase is apparently slight, amounting to four-tenths of 1 per cent ; but there is too much uncertainty attend- ing this comparison to permit any conclusions to be drawn. Family relationship. — Table cxx presents statistics as to the family relationship of the 65,186 saleswomen" in 27 selected cities, who represent 45.8 per cent, or nearly one-half, of the total number of saleswomen 16 years of age and over in the United States. The fol- lowing tabular statement indicates the race, nativity, and marital condition of these saleswomen : SALESWOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES: 1 1900. MAKITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or hoth parents foreign bom. Negro. Total : 65,186 19,396 .35,093 10,595 102 Single (including unknown) . . . Married Widowed and divorced 60,062 2,486 2,638 17, 372 919 1,105 33,219 839 1,005 9,367 712 516 74 16 12 • For a list of these cities, see Table XLiv, page 56. Grouping together all saleswomen, whatever their marital condition, reported as living with father, and all married saleswomen reported as living with other relative — who, in the majority of cases, was the hus- band — an aggregate is obtained of 31,936, or 49 per cent, of the total number of saleswomen in the selected cities (see Table 26, page 199). It is probably safe to assume that except in a relatively small propor- tion of these cases the father or husband is himself a wage-earner, and bears the main burden of the family support, so that the saleswoman's earnings in such cases are of value because they enable her to live according to a somewhat higher standard rather than because they are required for a livelihood. In view of the relatively low rates of wages paid in this occu- pation, the large proportion of saleswomen in this class is significant. It indicates that to at least half of the saleswomen in these large cities the wages re- ceived represent added comfort of living rather than the bare necessities; and, conversely, the prevailing rate of wages makes it inevitable that such women should be relatively numerous in the occupation. This ability to obtain a class of help not entirely depend- ent upon their earnings is probably a prominent factor in keeping down the rates of wages and in increasing the emploj^ment of women in the large department stores. 96 WOMEN AT WORK. -Table CXX. — Per cent distribution,^ • by family velationship, of . saleswomen 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity , for iwen(y-seven selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF SALESWOMEN -16 - ' , ■ -YEARS OF AGE -AND OVER. ■AJI classes. ' Native white— 'Foreign, born white. Both parents ■ native. ■ One or ■ both parents ■ - foreign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL -OLASSES. '- ' Total 100.0 100.0 ~ -100.0 - -100.0 • -100. 85.1 76.0 - 90.6 83.5 - 70.6 * ' ■ Heads of families . . .>. ....:. ■Withfather '.'- i9' 47.2 21.3 13.8 14.9 3.2 40.6 •18:4 13.-9 .24.0 2.'1 • -60.9 25. 1 ■ 12.5. 9.4 '' ' 4.7 . .46.9 14.2 ' ■ 17,7, 16.5 4.9 27.6 \ . With motbier.-- .'...-. -.1 •■■ With other lelative Boarding ^ . . ■ . 18.6 19.JJ 29.4 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN), Total -.^...V. 7 . Xoo.o 100^.0 100.0 100.0 « Living at home . ......^.-.^ 7... 86-1 .77.7 91.2 83,5 ■<*> Heads of iamilies. . -> -•..'... ■- Withfather : With mother ... j ..•..--;.'. .,. ,. With other relative........ 1.3 50.1 22.3 12.4 13.9 1.5 44.1 19.4 12.7 22.3 1.1 52.8 25.7 11.6 8.8 1.8 51.8 • 15.5 14.6 16.6 1." MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (') Living at home 76.4 " 65.4 80.2 86.2 (') 9.2 12.2 7.0 48.0 23.6 8.9 10.2 7.1 39.2 34.6 10.1 16.4 10.4 43.3 19.8 8.4 ,9.8 2.8 66.2 13.8 ^^ With father • ■ With mother ., With other relative Boardings -■.:,'"'. ■ : ■ WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. '- - ' Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 w "Ltving at home 71.0 59.2 80.7 78.1 ffl' ^ 32.1 13.0 12.7 13.2 29.0 26.2 10.2 11.1 12.7 40.8 29.6 18.2 17.9 .15.0 19.3 62.5 8.7 6.0 10.9 21,9 (') With father ; .'. m - With mother ■ ■ With other relative , J . 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. J Includes those living with employer. 3 per.cent jiot shown where base is less than, 100. ■ Other hreadvnnners in the family. ^Purthev light is thrown upon the economic position of the saleswomen in the selected cities by Table oxxi, which presents statistics as to the number of other breadwinners in the families of which these women are members. This table shows that 80 per cent, or four-fifths, of the saleswomen in these cities are living in families in which there are other breadwinners, and that 57.2 per cent, or nearly three-fifths, are living in families with at least 2 other breadwinners. On the other hand, only 5.1 per cent, or about 1 in 20, were living in fami- Hes having no other breadwinners. This is a small proportion as compared with that for most of the other iinportant occupations represented in the special tabulation (see' Table 27, page 208), and is less Ihaii half as -Igrge: as the proportion (10.9 per cent), for all occupations, •exclusive of servants and waitresses (se6 Table XXI, page 30) . : - - " '• Table CXXI.— P«r cent distribution,^ by number of other bread- winners in 'the famil-g, of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, - classified by 'marital- condition, race, -and' nativity , for twenty-seven seUcted .cities: ,1900., , ; .. , ^.. PER CBNT ' DISTRIBUTION OF SALESWOMEN 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLAgS^. ,. " An'' ' ■ classes:, - Native white— Foreign bom white. f-Both .'parents -native. phe or both parents foreign born. Negro. '■ ■ . . ■* ""-,■'.'■'- ^'' ■'■'■'--' ALL Marital CLASSES. „, ', ../Total-^.-.^:-..;. .......... -100..0 -lOO.O-l' 100.0, , 100:0 100.0 85.1 76,-0- 90. 6 83.6. - 70.6 In familiea having— No other breadwinners. One other 6.1 22.8 25.1 32.1 14.9 ' 6.6- 23.-6 , 24.0 •22.8- 24.-0 4.9 22.-0 26.3 37.4 0.4 '■ 5^.0 , , 53.6 23.3 31.7 16.6 2.9 30.4 22.5 MOire than two oth^r . . Boarding 2 J . .. ^ _. 14.7 29.4 , SINGLE ' (INCLXTDINS "UNKNOWN) . Total. _...".;..;;.•.. _,..,_...-.- .ipo-.o. 100.0 100.0 100.0 (=) Living at Honife . . , - 86.1' 77.7 91.2 83.5 " (») In families having— No other breadwirCders. -i,2 - 22.1- 2B.0 33.8 :ia.9 "4.6 - 23.-2 ■ 25.4 24:4 ; 22.3 4.2 21.6 26.8 38.6 8.8 3.5 21.8 24.3 34.0 16.5 More than two other. . Boarding^;. ' - . MARRIED. Total ..: lOO.O' 100.0 100.0 mo (.') Living at home -•..., ^. 76.4 66.4 80.2- ■ 86/2 ■ (=) In families having-r-.^,' NO other breadwinners. One other :..- Two other j 9.0 38.2 14.7 14.5 23.6 8.1 34.4 12.6 10.3 34.6 11.0 36.8 15.7 17.8 19.8 S.V 45.6 16.3 16.2 13.8 :■■(•;)■■' More than two other. . Rnfl.rrlinP'2 Ml ■WIDOWED AND "DIVORCED. Total...:..,.;,.;.: 100.0 . ioo.o iog.O 100.0 (}) Living at home .:.' . 71.0 59.2 80.7 78.1 (■) In families having — No other breadwinners. 20.8 23.8 14.8 11.7 29.0 17.* 21.6 11.0 -8.7 40.8 20.6 26.1 18.9 16.1 19.3 27.9 24.2 14.3 11.6 21.9 Two other. More than two other. . Boarding 2 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page-208." 2 Includes those lining with" employer. ' Per cent not sho"wn whete base i^'less than 100. Ignoring the percentages for the small number of ne- groes, the proportion of boarders is greatest among na- tive white women of native parentage, indicating that they probably engage in the occupation as a means of independent livelihood more often than do women of CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 97 the other nativity classes. The boarders probably rep- resent to a large extent women who have come from the country districts to -seek employment in the city. In spite of the probability that these women in most cases have no one but themselves to support, it is doubtful whether in the majority of instances their wages are sufficient to afford them more than the barest livelihood, so that it is probably among such women that the economic aspect of the occupation is most serious. It is perhaps significant that while in the 27 cities as a whole approximately one-half of the saleswomen are living with father, the detailed figures given in Table 28 (page 218) show that in the 2 Southern cities of Atlanta and New Orleans the proportion is only about one- third, the percentages being 34.2 and 31.3, respec- tively. On the other hand, these cities report high proportions as living with mother, that for New •Orleans being almost exactly one-third. In fact, this city alone out of the 27 shows more saleswomen living with mother than with father. The proportion living in families with no other breadwinners is also relatively high in these cities. This fact may perhaps indicate that the attitude toward the employment of white women in the South is marked by more or less aversion to entering pursuits in which they come directly into competition with men; for it would appear that in this section of the country women take up these pursuits only when the burden of supporting the family devolves upon them by the loss through death or other cause of the male head, the natural breadwinner of the family. CLERKS AND COPYISTS. The Twelfth Census report on Occupations shows that there were 630,127 persons employed as clerks and copyists in continental United States in 1900. The group of breadwinners thus classified included persons engaged in clerical work of every kind, and embraced such widely diverse pursuits as those of bank clerks, postal clerks, mail clerks, mail carriers, clerks in na- tional, state, county, or city offices, and shipping clerks. Many of these occupations are not well adapted to the employment of women, and consequently bread- winners of this sex are not especially prominent among clerks and copyists either numerically or in proportion to the total number of persons included in the classification, as is shown in the following tabular statement ; AGE AND SEX. Total 630.127 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 Males 16 years and over. 10 to 15 years Females 544, S81 16.5 527, 122 17, 7£9 85,246 16 years and over . 10 to 16 years 81,000 4,246 83.7 2.8 13.5 12.8 0.7 The 81,000 women 16 years of age and over returned as clerks and copyists in 1900 formed only 12.8 per cent of the total number of persons in this occu- pation group. Of the 140 different groups of occu- pations distinguished in the Census report, 14 employed a larger number of women, and 43 a larger percentage of women.' As a field for the employment of women, therefore, the occupation of clerks and copyists is not of excep- tional importance as regards the number of women employed, and the main reason for making a separate study of it in the present report is that it gives em- ployment to a relatively high grade of labor. Race and nativity. — The superior qualifications required have a direct effect upon the race and nativity constitution of this group of female breadwinners, as is shown in Table cxxii. Table CXXII. — Distribution, by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerics and copyists, for conti- nental United States: 1900. KACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white Negro WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED Au CLEBES AND COPYISTS. Number. 81,000 40,984. 32,099 7,368 Per cent distribu- tion. 50.6 9.1 0.7 More than 90 per cent of the women employed as clerks and copyists were native whites, those of native parentage representing over 50 per cent of the total and those of foreign parentage nearly 40 per cent. The occupation ranked eighteenth among the 47 prin- cipal occupations for women in respect to the propor- tion of native white women of native parentage and sixteenth in respect to the proportion of native white women of foreign parentage (see Table xxiii, page 34) . The relative prominence of these two classes of women in the occupation is largely the result of their superior training and education as compared with other classes, also of racial advantages as compared with the negro women, and of familiarity with English as compared with most of the foreign born. There was considerable variation among the differ- ent geographic divisions in respect to the proportion of the two principal classes, as is shown in Table cxxiii, which presents the race and nativity distri- bution of female clerks and copyists 16 years of age and over for geographic divisions. In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions the native white women of native parents greatly out- number all the other race and nativitv classes, forminsr ' Twelfth Census, Occupations, Tables xlvii and xlviii, pages cxxxiii and cxxxv. 12694—07- 98 WOMEN AT WORK. 74.2 per cent of the total number of women employed in the occupation in the former division and 71.6 per cent in the latter. In the North Atlantic, North Cen- tral, and Western divisions, however, the proportion of native white of native parents in the occupation is considerably less, ranging from 43.9 per cent in the North Central division to 51.5 per cent in the Western. These variations in the proportions for the two prin- cipal classes among the several divisions are probably almost entirely due to the geographic distribution of these classes in the general population. In the Southern states the white population, consists very largely of the native white of native parentage, while in the Northern and Western states there is a large representation of native whites of foreign parentage. Table CXXIII. — Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, for geographic divisions: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS. Number. Per cent.- GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. Continental United 81,000 50.6 39.6 9.1 0.7 34,922 8,030 31,832 3,037 3,179 49.3 74.2 43.9 71.6 51.5 ' 40.6 19.6 45.4 22.5 38.3 9.8 3.2 10.3 3.2 9.9 0.3 3.0 North Central 3 2.7 Western 0.2 I For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 186. The importance of the occupation among female breadwinners of the different race and nativity classes is indicated by Table cxxiv. In this table the pro- portion of women clerks and copyists among all working women 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, is shown for continental United States and separately for cities having 50,000 or more inhabitants. It appears that in cities having at least 50,000 in- habitants 5.2 per cent of the breadwinners among the white women of native parentage were employed as clerks and copyists, or 1 in 19, while only 4 per cent of those of foreign parentage were thus employed, or 1 in 25. In other words, the occupation appears to be con- siderably more important in the large cities for native white working women of native parentage than for those of foreign parentage, for the reason probably that the former class of women are reluctant to take up some of the employments which are pursued very ex- tensively by the latter and are as a rule somewhat better qualified educationally for the work of a clerk or copyist. Table CXXIV. — Number and percentage of clerks and co among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States and for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. RACE AND NATIVITY. Total. Clerks and copyists. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. Num- ber. Per cent. Total. Clerics and copyists. Num- ber. Per cent. 4,833,630 81,000 1.7 1,657,728 49, 483 3.0 Native white— both parents native 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 40,984 32,099 7,368 539 2.3 2.9 0.9 (') 414,954 554, 806 494,044 193,317 21,579 22,147 5,426 329 5.2 Native white— one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white 4.0 1.1 Negro ■ 0.2 ^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent Parentage. — ^At this point it may be interesting to present the statistics by race and nativity in somewhat greater detail, especially as regards the foreign element. Table cxxv has been introduced for this purpose, show- ing the relative importance of the occupation among the breadwinners of native and of foreign parentage and of several different specified nationalities. Data for this analysis are not available for women 16 years of age and over exclusively, and consequently it has been necessary to present the statistics for females 10 years of age and over. Table CXXV. — Number and percentage of clerks and copyists among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes . . Native parentage . Nati-fre white . Ail other Foreign parentage . Canada (English) England and Wales Gei^nany Ireland Scotland other countries Mixed foreign parentage . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 5,319,397 3,247,907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 102, 181 158, 912 538, 192 634, 201 46, 173 479, 004 112,827 Clerks and copyists. Number. Per cent. 42,442 520 42, 284 2,823 4,433 11,3..7 12,088 1,193 6,340 3,460 (') 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.0 2.6 1.3 3.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. It appears from the table that the nationalities from northern and western Europe, which predominated in the early immigration to this country, find the occupa- tion more important than do the other nationalities which represent a more recent immigration movement coming largely from southern and eastern Europe. The CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 99 English (including the English Canadians, Scotch, and Welsh), the Germans, and the Irish have 2 per cent or more of their female breadwinners employed as clerks and copyists, and in this respect compare very favorably with the white women born in this country of native parents. None of the southern or eastern European nationalities, however, have as many as 2 per cent of their female breadwinners in the occupation, and for this reason have not been shown separately in the table. The difference between the two classes of nationali- ties is no doubt due to the fact that both native whites of foreign parentage and foreign born whites are in- cluded under the head of foreign parentage in the above table. In consequence the nationalities represented in the earlier immigration as compared with the later would have a larger proportion of native born persons and a smaller proportion of foreign born, and thus would be in a better position to enter an occupation like that of clerks and copyists, in which a certain amount of educational training, the ability to speak English, and familiarity with American institutions and methods are of paramount importance. Age.-^ln Table cxxvi the women clerks and copy- ists 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, are distributed by age periods. The census figures do not admit of this distribution being made for continental United States, to which the statistics heretofore presented apply, and accordingly the table includes all the women employed as clerks and copy- ists in the entire area of enumeration' at the census of 1900. Of the 81,023 women included in Table cxxvi, 48,068, or 59.3 per cent, were from 16 to 24 years of age. So large a proportion in the youngest age period is rather exceptional, only 14 of the 47 occupations employing more than 5,000 women showing larger pro- portions of young women (see Tabic xxiv, page 36). Of the native white women of foreign parentage who are engaged in this occupation, 64.8 per cent are in the youngest age group. This is the largest proportion shown for any race and nativity class, the foreign born whites showing the next largest proportion, 60.2per cent. The explanation of this condition does not appear from the statistics, but it is probable that the large proportion in the youngest age group among female clerks and copyists of foreign parentage is due in part to the fact that the proportion of young women in this element of the female population is exceptionally large, principally because this is the youngest class in the population, being composed of the children of immi- grants born after their parents came to this country. ^ Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. Table CXXVI. — Distribxlion, by age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, classified by race and nativity,, for the United Stales (area of enumeration): 1900. Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years ... . 55 to 64 years. . . . 65 years and over Age unknown Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 ye^rs. . . . 55 to 64 years &5 years and over Age unknown WOMEN 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE EM- PLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPyiSTS. All classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Foreign born white. Negro. NUJIBEK. 81,023 48,068 21,728 7,083 2,776 991 265 112 40,994 32, 108 7,372 22, 540 20. 793 4,437 11,237 8,594 1,760 4,318 2,059 639 1,901 494 354 724 126 130 192 23 44 82 19 8 539 292 133 67 27 11 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 59.3 26.8 8.7 3.4 1,2 0.3 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.0 64.8 60.2 27.4 26.8 23.9 10.5 6.4 8.7 4.6 1.5 4.8 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 54.2 24.7 12.4 6.0 2.0 1.1 0.6 Table cxxvii shows the number of women clerks and copyists in each age period, together with the percent- age which they form of the total number of female breadwinners of the same age. Table CXXVII. — Number and percentage of clerics and copyists among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for the United States (area of enumeration): 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AGE. Total. Clerks and copy- ists. Number. Per cent. Total 4.84.3,155 81,023 1.7 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 2, 139, 370 1,171,952 676, 648 441,457 256,926 138, 691 18,211 48,068 21,728 7,083 2,776 991 265 112 2.2 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.6 Age unknown The female clerks and copyists from 16 to 24 years of age and those from 25 to 34 years of age form 2.2 per cent and 1.9 per cent, respectively, of the total numbe'r of female breadwinners in these age periods. In no other age group do they form more than 1 per cent of the total number of female bread- winners, and the percentage thus formed decreases as the oldest age period is approached. It is evident, therefore, that the occupation is more important as an 100 WOMEN AT WORK. employment for the two younger classes of women workers than for those in the older age groups. The proportion of female clerks and copyists in the youngest age period does not differ greatly for the several geographic divisions from that for continental United States, except in the Northern South Atlantic states, as is shown by Table cxxviii. Table CXXVIII. — Number and percentage of clerks and copyists 16 to H years of age in total number of female clerks and copyists 16 years of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CI.EHKS AND COPYISTS. GEOGEAPHIC DIVISION. Total. 16 to 24 years. Number. Percent. Continental United States 81,000 48,057 59.3 34, 922 20. 524 68.8 New England 10, 326 24,596 8,030 5,256 15,268 3,071 50.9 62.1 38.2 Southern North Atlantic South Atlantic division. . . Northern South Atlantic. . . 6,969 1,061 31,832 2,429 642 20,816 34 9 Southern South Atlantic . 60.5 65.4 North Central division Eastern North Central 23,044 8,788 3,037 ib, 202 6, 614 1,814 66.0 63 9 Western North Central South Central division 59.7 Eastern South Central 1,849 1,188 3,179 1, 115 699 1.832 Western South Central Western division. . . 57.6 Rocky Mountain 841 266 2,072 484 175 1,173 57 6 Basin and Plateau Padflo In the Northern South Atlantic states only 34.9 per cent of the clerks and copyists are from 16 to 24 years of age, New England having the next larger propor- tion, 50.9 per cent. Outside these two divisions the percentage under 25 nowhere falls below 56. The relatively small proportion of women clerks and copyists who are from 16 to 24 years of age in the Northern South Atlantic states reflects the conditions in the Government service at Washington, where most of the women clerks and copyists reported for this group of states are employed, the majority of them being 25 years of age and over. The influence of the exceptional conditions in Wash- ington on the age constitution of the women clerks and copyists in the Northern South Atlantic states is indi- cated by the following tabular statement in which the percentage of women clerks and copyists 16 to 24 years of age is shown separately for Washington, other cities of 50,000 or more inhabitants, and smaller cities and country districts: Total. 16 TO 24 YEARS,. Number. Percent. Northern South Atlantic division 6,966 2,429 34.9 4, 6C1 1,120 1, 186 1,128 647 654 24.2 Other cities of 50,000 or more inhabitants 57.8 55.2 It is evident from the above statement that the small proportion of women clerks and copyists reported for the age period 16 to 24 years of age in Washington, 24.2 per cent, has brought the percentage for this age period in the Northern South Atlantic division from approxi- mately 60 per cent to 34.9 per cent and is thus solely responsible for the small proportion of young women found in the occupation in that division. Marital condition. — In Table cxxix the women clerks and copyists, classified by race and nativity, are distributed by marital condition, so as to show the percentage of single, married, widowed, and divorced. Table CXXIX. — Per cent distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, classified by race and nativity , for the United States (area of enumera- tion): 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS : PEE CENT '— Single." Married. Widowed. Divorced 89.7 5.2 ' 4.5 0.6 Native white — ^both parents na- tive.....' 87.5 94.0 85.0 66.8 6.1 3.0 8.7 20.8 5.6i 2.6 5.8 11.5 0.8 Native white— one or both par- 4 Foreign bom white. 5 0.9 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 21, page 170. 2 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. 3 Including unknown . The occupation of clerk and copyist is followed almost exclusively by single women. In fact, in only 11 of the 47 occupations employing more than 5,000 women was the proportion of single women greater than in this occupation (see Table xxv, page 38)- The proportion of single women was largest, and the proportion of married, widowed, and divorced women smallest, among the native whites of foreign parentage. Comparison with census of 1890. — It would be in- teresting in connection with the present investigation to compare the statistics regarding the employment of women as clerks and copyists at earlier censuses with those for the present census. But, unfortunately, the value of the returns at former censuses was greatly im- paired by the fact that large numbers of salesmen and saleswomen were reported as clerks, thus greatly swell- ing the number of persons included in the latter class at the expense of the former.^ This confusion in the constitution of the two classes at former censuses pre- cludes any detailed comparison of the statistics with those for 1900, and consequently Table cxxx is the only table presented in this connection. The total number of women clerks and copyists in- creased 20,909, or 33.3 per cent, in 1900 as compared with 1890. Substantial increases are shown for each of the race and nativity classes, these increases being sufficient to keep the position of each class practically unchanged as regards its proportionate share in the occupation. ' See page 95 of this report. CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 101 Table CXXX. — Distribution ■ and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over, employed as clerks and copyists, for theUnited States: 1900^ and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS. EACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900 Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent. All classes 83,726 100.0 62,817 100.0 20,909 33.3 Native white— both parents native 41,918 33,364 7,886 549 50.1 39.8 9.4 0.7 31,431 24, 741 6,299 341 50.0 39.4 10.0 0.5 10,487 8,623 1,686 208 33.4 34.9 Native white— one or both parents foreign born Negro 61 ^ For area of enumeration. Family relationship. — Certain data bearing upon the relationship of the women clerks and copyists to the families from which they were reported have been com- piled from the original enumeration schedules of the Twelfth Census for the 27 cities which led in 1900 in the number of female breadwinners. The detailed fig- ures appear in the general tables which accompany the present report and should be consulted in connection with the discussion that follows (see Tables 26 to 29). The following tabular statement shows the number of female clerks and copyists included in these 27 cities and their distribution by race, nativity, and marital condition : WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS IN 27 SELECTED CITIES:! 1900. MARITAL CONDITION. All Classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. 39,487 16,433 18,282 4,622 260 Single (including unlrnown) — Married 36,348 1,740 2,399 14,088 890 1,466 17, 189 480 613 3,894 338 290 177 32 Widowed and divorced 41 1 For a Ust of these cities, see Table xliv, page 36. The percentages based upon the data concerning the family relationship of the 39,487 women who were employed as clerks and copyists in the 27 selected cities, are shown in Table cxxxi. Of the women in this occupation, 32,410, or 82.1 per cent, were living in their own families — 1,895, or 4.8 per cent, being the heads of the families in which they lived; 25,191, or 63.8 per cent, living with their parents; and 5,324, or 13.5 per cent, living with other relatives. The remaming 7,077 women, or 17.9 per cent of the whole number, were boarding in other than their own families. Leaving the negroes out of consideration as being numerically unimportant, the native whites with both parents native comprised the largest proportion of boarders (25.6 per cent), and the native whites of for- eign parentage the smallest proportion (10.2 per cent). This contrast between the two classes mentioned is probably due to the fact that the women in the latter class are largely native to the city in which they are employed, while many of the native whites of native parentage have migrated from country districts and are consequently obliged to board. 'Table CXXXI. — Per cent distribution,^ by family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, dassijied by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS or AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All Classes. Native white — Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.1 74.4 89.8 79.8 68.0 4.8 42.8 21.0 13.5 17.9 6.4 35.4 18.6 13.9 25.6 2.9 50.1 24.8 12.0 10.2 6.1 41.9 14.4 17.4 20.2 12.0 With father 2L2 With mother. 14.4 , With other relative Boarding 2 , . 20.4 32.0 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.5 76.1 90.6 80.0 66.7 TTp.fi (Is nf families 2.1 46.9 22.5 12.1 16.5 2.8 40.1 20.6 12.7 23.9 1.4 52.3 26.5 11.2 9.5 2.4 48.0 16.1 13.4 20.0 5 1 With father 28.8 With mother 17.5 With other relative 15.3 33.3 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 m Living at home 73.3 66.0 . 80.8 82.6 (») 11.8 8.9 6.3 46.3 26.7 13.0 12.7 8.3 5.6 1.8 66.9 17.6 With father 7.1 6.7 39.1 34.0 16.0 8.8 44.4 19.2 With mother With other relative WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 m Living at home 67.7 62. 5 76. 7 74.1 {') TTefld.s nf fn.Tnilie.s 39.5 8.1 9.5 10.7 32.3 37.7 1 36.7 6. 8 ! 14. 2 7. 6 15. 8 10. 4 10. 37 5 ■?:i ^ 62.8 2.4 .5.9 13.1 2.5.9 8 With father With mother Boardings, . . 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. 2 Includes those living with empl05'er. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Other hreadunnners vi the famihj. — Some indication of the economic importance to their families of the 102 WOMEN AT WORK. women employed as clerks and copyists in the 27 selected cities may be obtained from Table cxxxii. Table CXXXII. — Per cent distribution,^ by number of other bread- winners in the family, ofivomen 16 years of age and over employed as clerks and copyists, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PEE CENT DISTEIBXJTION OF WOMEN 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPYISTS. CLASS. All classes. Native whih — Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.1 74.4 89.8 79.8 68.0 In families having— No other breadwinners. One other 6.9 24.3 23.9 27.0 17.9 8.3 26.0 22.0 18.1 25.6 5.8 22.8 26.1 35.1 10.2 6.0 23.9 22.1 27.7 20.2 10.8 26.0 Two other 15.6 More than two other. . 15.6 32.0 SI NGLE (INCLUDING UI JKNOWN) . Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.5 76.1 90.5 80.0 66.7 In families having — No other breadwinners. 5.5 23.8 25.1 29.1 16.5 6.6 25.8 23.7 19.9 23.9 4.9 22.6 26.7 36.3 9.5 4.4 22.1 23.2 30.2 20.0 7.9 21.5 Two other 18.1 More than two other. . Boarding ^ 19.2 33.3 MARRIED. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 m 73.3 66.0 80.8 82.5 C*) In families having — No other breadwinners. 12.2 33.0 14.6 13.6 26.7 12.5 32.5 11.2 9.8 34.0 14.4 29.0 17.3 19.6 19.2 8.9 37.9 19.8 16.0 17.5 More than two of her. . WIDOWED AND DIV ORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (') 67.7 1)2. 5 76.7 74.1 (*) In families haying- No other breadwinners. 23.4 24.3 12.8 7.3 32.3 22.5 23.2 11.5 5.3 37.5 24.0 22.8 17.3 11.9 23.3 24.8 31.7 10.0 7.0 25.9 More than two other. . 1 For numbers on which the percentages am based, sec Table 27, page 208. 8 Includes those living with employer. 8 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Of the 39,487 female clerks and copyists included in the above tabulation, 32,410, or 82.1 per cent, were living in their own families, 2,724, or 6.9 per cent, being apparently the sole support of the families to which they belonged; 9,585, or 24.3 per cent, living in families having 1 other breadwinner; 9,420, or 23.9 per cent, in families having 2; and 10,681, or 27 per cent, in families having more than 2. In other words, of the female clerks and copyists living at home, 1 in 12 was apparently the sole support of the family to which she belonged, and of those who were aided by other breadwinners in supporting the family more than one-third had the aid of at least 3 others. As would be expected, the percentage living in families having no other breadwinner was largest for the widowed and divorced, 561, or 23.4 per cent, of the 2,399 women of this class being reported as the only breadwinners in their families. The fact that 212, or 12.2 per cent, of the 1,740 married women in the occupation were apparently the only support of the families to which they belonged seems surprising at first, but is consistent with the fact that 11.8 per cent of such women were returned as the heads of families (see Table cxxxi), and were therefore presumably living apart from their husbands. Of the several race and nativity classes, the native whites with one or both parents foreign born had the smallest proportion of women clerks and copyists in families with no other breadwinners, and the largest proportion in families having at least 3 other bread- winners. STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. In 1900 there were 85,086 women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters in continental United States. The number thus engaged formed 1.8 per cent of the total number of gainfully employed females over 15 years of age, this occupation ranking thirteenth among the leading occupations for women. It is one of the 1 1 occupations in which more than three-fourths of the total number of adults employed were women, and one of the few important occupations for this sex which requires technical train- ing in addition to a general education. Not only do females form a majority of those engaged in this occupation, but their relative importance is increasing. Of the total number of persons 10 years of age and over thus employed in 1900, 76.6 per cent were females, as compared with 63.6 per cent in 1890. Moreover, it is only among women that the occupation is of any considerable importance. Of the female breadwinners over 15 years of age, 18 in every 1,000 were stenographers, as compared with only 1 in every 1,000 among male breadwinners over 15 years of age. Of the 86,158 females 10 years of age and over who were engaged in this occupation in the entire area of enumeration,^ 75,274, or 87.4 per cent, were returned as stenographers and 10,884, or 12.6 per cent, as type- writers. The census of 1900 was the -first in which a distinction was made between these two classes of wage-earners, but the basis of the distinction is not altogether clear. In the discussion which follows, ste- nographers and typewriters will be considered as con- ' Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 103 stituting a single class and will, for the sake of brevity, be designated as stenographers. Geographic distribution. — Women employed as ste- nographers were reported at the census of 1900 fTom every state and territory in continental United States, the number ranging from 20 in Nevada to 16,269 in New York (see Table 24, page 188). TRe majority of them, however, were found in a comparatively small number of states, as is indicated in Table cxxxiii, which shows, for the several geographic divisions, the number of female stenographers 16 years of age and over andthe percentage in each race and nativity class. Table CXXXIII. — Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and type- writers, for geographic divisions: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE- WRITERS. Number. Per Native wliite— cent. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. 53.3 One or both p.arents foreign born. 85,086 30.6 6.9 0.2 North. Atlantic division 36,233 50.3 41.6 7 9 0.2 New England 9,846 26, 393 3,703 57.5 47.7 79.0 34.7 44.1 18.3 7.6 8.1 1.9 0.2 Southern North Atlantic. . South Atlantic division 0.1 0.8 Northern South Atlantic . Southern South Atlantic . . North Central division 2,557 1,146 .35,626 75.9 86.0 51.9 21.0 12.1 41.0 2.2 1.3 6.8 0.9 0.6 0.2 Eastern North Central Western North Central South Central division 24,171 11,4.55 3, 9.59 49.5 ,57.0 70.9 42.8 37.3 26.9 7.5 5.5 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.4 Eastern South Central Western South Central 2,431 1,528 5,. 559 69.4 73.4 52.2 28.7 24.0 40.8 1.4 i 0.5 2.3 ! 0.3 6.9 0.1 Jlocky Mountain 1,205 275 4,079 61.7 46.9 49.8 31.7 46.5 43.1 6.5 ! 0.1 6.5 1 Pacific 7.1 m 1 For numbers on which the percentagos are based, see Table 24, page 188. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Almost 60 per cent of the stenographers (59.4 per cent) were reported for two minor divisions in the northern section of the country, the Southern North Atlantic division reporting 26,393, or 31 per cent, and the Eastern North Central division 24,171, or 28.4 per cent. These two divisions contained only 41.4 per cent of the general population, which would seem to indicate a marked concentration of stenographers in the Northern states (see Table 25, page 196). The 12 leading states, which contained only 53.4 per cent of the total population, reported 66,485 women employed in this occupation, or 78.1 per cent of the total number. These states with the number and per- centage of this class of wage-earners and the percent- &(re of the general population are as follows: STATE. FEMALE STENOGRA- PHERS AND TYPE- WRITERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1900. Per cent distribu- tion of total pop- Number. Per cent distribu- tion. ulation: 1900. Continental United States 85,086 100.0 100.0 16,269 10, 554 6,465 6,431 6,346 4,369 3,659 2,801 2,726 2,467 2,395 2,013 18,601 19.1 12.4 7.6 7.6 7.5 5.1 4.3 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.4 21.9 9.6 Illinois 6.3 8.3 3.7 Ohio I 5.5 4.1 2.5 3.2 2.0 3.3 2.3 2.7 All other 46.6 It will be noted that all of the 12 leading states ex- cept California are in the North Atlantic and the North Central divisions and that the first 5 states, which reported more than one-half of the total number (54.2 per cent), are east of the Mississippi river. New York alone reported nearly one-fifth of the total number, and Illinois about one-eighth. The former state con- tained less than one-tenth of the total population of the country and the latter about one-sixteenth. It is apparent, therefore, that there was a marked concen- tration of stenographers in a few states, and this is due largely to the centralization of trade, commerce, and manufacture in these states. Race and nativity. — The race and nativity of the total number of persons employed as stenographers is affected in some degree by the constitution of the gen- eral population, but more, perhaps, by the fact that stenography and typewriting requires a special train- ing in addition to a general education, and in most cases in the United States requires also a ready knowledge of English. In view of these facts, therefore, it is to be expected that comparatively few women of foreign birth would be found among those engaged in this pur- suit; and this is indicated by the figures presented in Table cxxxiii. As sho\\Ti in that table, the native white of native parentage constituted slightly more than one-half (53.3 per cent) of the total number of female stenographers. In this connection it may be noted that this class was in the majority in only 18 of the 47 'leading occupations for women and formed only 36.7 per cent of the total number of women'gainfully employed (see Table xxiii, page 34) . The native whites of foreign parentage formed a large proportion (39.6 per cent) of the total number of stenographers. On the other hand, the foreign born white constituted only 6.9 per cent, while the percentage of negro, Indian, and Mongolian women was so small that this class will not be considered in the discussion which follows. Conditions of employment in large and small com- munities in general vary so greatly that a comparison 104 WOMEN AT WORK. of the statistics is of considerable significance. Such a comparison is made for stenographers in Table cxxxiv, which shows for each race and nativity class the rela- tive importance of the number thus employed in the total number of gainfully employed females 16 years of age and over in cities of at least 50,000 population and in smaller cities and rural districts. Table CXXXIV. — Number and ptrcentage of stenographers and type- iixriters among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for continental United States: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes . Native white— both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro Indian and Mongolian All classes . Native white— both parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign bom . Foreign bom white Negro Indian and Mongolian - All classes . Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign bom . Foreign bom white Negro Indian and Mongolian FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. stenographers and typewriters. Number. Percent. AGGREGATE. 4,833,630 1,771,966 1,090,744 840,011 1,119,621 11,288 45, 373 33,688 6,845 174 6 1.8 2.6 3.1 0.7 IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS. 1,657,728 64,063 414,954 554,806 494,044 193,317 607 26,323 24,078 4,539 122 1 3.3 0.1 4.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUN- TRY DISTRICTS. 3,176,i 1, 357, 012 635,938 345,967 926, 304 10,681 31,023 20,050 9,610 1,306 62 5 1.0 1.5 1.8 0.4 iLess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. From Table cxxxiv it will be seen that in the large cities 33 women in every 1,000 gainfully employed were stenographers, and in the smaller places only 10 in every 1,000. In the large cities 61 women in every 1,000 gainfully employed among the native white of native parentage were to be found in the occupa- tion of stenography, while among native white women of foreign parentage only 43 in every 1,000 were thus employed. In the smaller cities and country districts, on the other hand, the relative importance of this occupation for female breadwinners was slightly greater among native white women of foreign parentage than among those of native parentage, probably because the former class is largely concentrated in the smaller cities, where opportunities for employment as stenog- raphers are better than in the country districts. Table CXXXIV shows clearly how unimportant this occupa- tion was for women of foreign birth, less than 1 per cent of the gainfully employed women of this class being stenographers. Parentage. — In Table cxxxv the women of foreign parentage employed as stenographers are classified by the country of birth of their parents. This table also shows for each parent nativity class the proportion which the number engaged in this occupation formed of the total number in all occupations. Table CXXXY .—Number and percentage of stenographers and type- writers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes . . Native parentage . Native white . All other Foreign parentage . Austria Bohemia Canada (English) Canada ( French) Denmark England and "Wales France Germany ., Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland other countries Mixed foreign parentage . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 5.319,397 3,247,907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 26, 690 25,719 102, 181 78, 979 15,580 158, 912 21, 164 538, 192 14,631 634, 201 26, 093 47,934 38, 636 40,816 46,173 81,148 15, 125 47,689 112, 827 Stenographers and typewriters. Number. Percent. 86, 118 46,893 46, 719 174 40,225 330 178 3,225 373 226 4,944 396 9,277 205 12,411 93 663 227 625 1,568 995 232 474 3,893 1.6 1.4 m 1.9 1.3 0.7 3.1 0.5 1.4 3.1 1.9 1 7 1.4 1.9 0.4 1.3 0.6 1.3 3.4 1.2 1.5 1.0 3.4 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. It will be seen from Table cxxxv that stenography was of greatest importance for women of Scottish par- entage, 3.4 per cent of the total number of female bread- winners of this nativity being stenographers. The next highest proportion — 3.1 per cent — is shown for women whose parents were born in England and Wales and those of English-Canadian parentage. It is to be noted that for female breadwinners representing these countries stenography was a more important occupa- tion than for the native white of native parentage. Table cxxxv also shows that females with parents bom in Ireland, England and Wales, Scotland, and English Canada aggregated 22,148, or 25.7 per cent of the total number employed as stenographers. This proportion, combined with that for native white women of native parentage, shows that 78.8 per cent of the females engaged in this occupation — about 4 in every 5 — were of English speaking parentage. The only other country for which a considerable number was reported was Germany. Stenographers whose parents were born in Germany numbered 9,277, or 10.8 per cent of the total. STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 105 Age. — Of special significance in the study of statis- tics relating to the occupations of women are the data showing the age constitution of the female wage-earning population. Such data are presented in Table oxxxvi for stenographers, classified by race and nativity. Table CXXXVI. — Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and over em-ployed as stenographers and typewriters, classified by race and nativity , for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. Total. 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown Total. 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 56 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown WOMEN 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE- WRITERS. All classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. Negro. 86.126 63, 816 26,001 4,361 676 133 29 120 45, 398 26,560 15, 105 2,990 625 100 20 33,700 23,214 9,256 1,090 105 15 3 17 5,848 3,930 1,586 261 44 16 6 5 174 107 53 10 2 2 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 63.2 30.5 5.1 0.8 0.2 C) 0.1 100.0 58.5 33.3 6.6 1.2 0.2 C) 0.2 100.0 100.0 68.9 27.6 3.2 0.3 (■) (') 0.1 67.2 27.1 4.5 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 61.6 30.6 5.7 1.1 1.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. From Table cxxxvi it will be seen that the great ma- jority (93.7 per cent) of the women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers were less than 35 years of age, 63.2 per cent being 16 to 24 years. Of the total number of women gainfully employed only 44.2 per cent were in this age period. In only 8 of the leading occupations for this sex was the proportion 16 to 24 years of age larger than in stenography (see Table xxiv, page 36) . This occupation, therefore, is essentially a young woman's pursuit, which is rather to be expected, since it has become of general impor- tance only in recent years. Table cxxxvii shows, for each race and nativity class, the relative importance of stenographers among the gainfully employed women in the specified age groups. The proportion of stenographers among gainfully em- ployed females of all classes was larger in the age period 16to 24 years (2.5 per cent) than in any older age period, although not much larger than in the period 25 to 34 years (2.2 per cent). The percentage for each of the older age groups is very small, which is indicative of the fact noted above that the occupation is new and that consequently the great majority of the women engaged in it are young. It will also be seen from Table cxxxvii that among gainfully employed women 16 to 24 years of age ste- nography was relatively of greater importance as an occupation for the native white of foreign parentage than for those whose parents were native born, while in the next older age period the reverse Was true. Among the native white of native parentage this occupation was of greater importance for women 25 to 34 years than for those 16 to 24 years; while among those whose parents were foreign born it was of greater importance for the younger age group. The signifi- cance of these differences is not easy of determina- tion. They may indicate that as compared Avith native white of foreign parentage the native white of native parentage take up stenography at a somewhat older age. Table CXXXVII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. AGE. Both parents native. One or both parents for- eign born. Negro. Total. Stenographers and type- writers. Total. Stenographers and type- writers. Total. Stenographers and type- writers. Total. Stenographers and type- writers. Total. Stenographers and type- , writers. Number. Per cent. 1 Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 4, 843, 155 85,126 1.8 1,773,109 45,398 : 2.6 1,091,200 33,700 3.1 840,686 5,848 0.7 1,119,653 174 O 2,139,370 1,171,962 6''6,548 441, 467 256,926 138,691 18,211 53,816 26,001 4,351 676 133 29 120 2.5 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 (') 0.7 753,266 399, 376 244,656 182,214 120, 650 67,655 5,392 26,560 15, 105 2,990 625 100 20 98 3.5 3.8 1.2 0.3 0.1 (') 1.8 593, 435 297,916 130, 749 46,925 15, 982 5,368 825 23,214 9,256 1,090 105 15 3 17 3.9 3.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.1 347,759 202, 322 119,316 86, 136 64, 663 28,262 2,328 3,930 1,586 261 44 16 6 5 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 C) 0) 0.2 439, 725 266, 956 178,810 124, 024 64, 536 36,539 9,064 107 63 10 2 2 (') (') m (1) (') 65 years and over Age unknown ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 106 WOMEN AT WORK. Marital condition. — Statistics relating to the conju- gal condition of women stenographers of the several race and nativity classes are presented in Table CXXXVIII. Table CXXXVIII. — Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, clas- sified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumera- tion): 1900. MARITAL COHDITIOST. Total Single 2 Married Widowed.. Divorced.. Total Single 2 Married Widowed.. Divorced.. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYP/EWRITERS. All classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign bom white. Negro. 85,126 45, 398 33,700 ' 5,848 80,811 2,079 1,704 532 42,380 1,416 1,206 396 32,724 486 379 112 6,665 166 113 24 146 22 6 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 100.0 2.5 2.0 0.6 93.3 3.1 2.7 0.9 100.0 97.1 1.5 1.1 0.3 100.0 ' 95.0 2.7 1.9 0.4 83.9 12.6 3.5 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occapation are 16 years of age and over. ^ 2 Including unknown. Of the total number of stenographers the great ma- jority — 19 in every 20 — were single. None of the other leading occupations for women shows so large a proportion of single women. It is interesting to note that in the total number of women gainfully employed the proportion of single persons was only 13 in 20 (see Table xxv, page 38). A large proportion of single persons would be expected among female stenog- raphers, since this occupation is very largely a young woman's pursuit. Comparison with census of 1890. — In the treatment of stenographers and typewriters the classification of occupations at the several censuses varies so greatly that few comparisons can be made. Persons engaged in this occupation were reported separately in 1900 and 1890, but prior to 1890 they were apparently included with clerks and copyists, principally because their number was very small. At the census of 1870, how- ever, 154 persons were reported separately as "short- hand writers." Table oxxxix shows the distribution by race and nativity of females 15 j'ears of age and over employed as stenographers in 1900 and 1890, with the amount and per cent of increase. Table CXXXIX. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent. 85,912 100.0 21,214 100.0 64,698 305.0 Native white — both parents native . . 46,669 34, 100 5,960 177 63.2 39.7 6.9 0.2 12,861 6,966 1,366 31 60.6 32.8 6.4 0.1 32,808 27,134 4,604 146 255 1 Native white— one or both par- ents foreign bom 389.5 339. S « ' For area of enumeration. ' Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Between 1890 and 1900 the number of stenog- raphers increased 64,698, or 305 per cent. In the total number of women 15 years of age and over gainfully employed the increase was only 34.9 per cent (see Table xxvi, page 39). This exceptional rate of in- crease in the number of stenographers is of course due cliiefly to the fact that the typewriter has been de- veloped and put into general use largely since 1890. Marked differences are apparent in the proportions which the several race and nativity classes formed of the "total number at the two censuses. The native white of native parentage, who constituted 60.6 per cent of the total number of women stenographers in 1890, formed only 53.2 per cent in 1900, while the propor- tion of native white of foreign parentage increased from 32.8 per cent to 39.7 per cent and that of foreign born white from 6.4 per cent to 6.9 per cent. This increase in the relative importance in this occupation of persons of foreign parentage becomes of greater significance when the proportions are compared with those for the total number of women in all occupations. RACE AND NATIVITY. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. All occupations, All Native white— both parents native Native white— one or both parents foreign bom Foreign bom white Negro 1900 1890 1 100.0 100.0 ' 36.6 22,8 17.3 23.3 35.3 20.9 20.4 23.4 Stenographers and type- writers. 1900 I 1890 100.0 100.0 53.2 39.7 6.9 0.2 60.6 32.8 6.4 0.1 From the above tabular statement it will be seen that the change shown in the distribution by race STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. 107 and nativity of stenographers is in marked contrast to the corresponding distribution for all occupations. In the latter case the percentages for the several race and nativity classes varied but Uttle between 1890 and 1900. The changes noted for stenographers indicate that the native white of foreign parentage and the for- eign born white have entered this occupation very largely since 1890. In recent years the facilities for acquiring the art of stenography have become more general, as, for instance, in the public schools, and this may have resulted in greater advantage to those of foreign birth or parentage than to those whose parents are native. Table cxl shows, for 1900 and 1890, the age distri- bution of women stenographers 15 years of age and over, with the amount and percentage of increase. Table (JXL. — Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. AVOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS i STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. AGE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. Total 86,912 100.0 21,214 100.0 64,698 305.0 64,602 26,001 4,351 676 133 29 120 63.6 30.3 5.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 16,188 6,026 789 126 10 1 76 71.6 23.7 3.7 0.6 (») C) 0.4 39,414 20,976 3,562 551 123 28 44 269.5 417.4 35 to 44 years 461.5 440.8 55 to 64 years (3) 65 years and over 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Less than one-tentb of 1 per cent. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Stenography was not so exclusively a young woman's pursuit in 1900 as in 1890. In the earlier year 71.6 per cent of the stenographers and typewriters were 15 to 24 years of age, and in the later, 63.6 per cent. This decrease for the youngest age period was offset very largely by the increase in the proportion 25 to 34 years. Family relationship. — In order to throw more light upon the economic conditions surrounding the em- ployment of women in gainful pursuits special tabula- tions of census data have been made for 26 selected cities. The cities selected, which, with few exceptions, are those having over 150,000 inhabitants in 1900, contained a relatively large number of women ste- nographers — in all, 40,580, or about one-half (47.7 per cent) of the total number in continental United States. The 40,580 stenographers included in this special tabulation are distributed by marital condi- tion, race, and nativity in the , following tabular statement : WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS IN 26 SELECTED CITIES: 1 1900. MARITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. Total 40,680 17,816 18.947 3,718 98 Single (including unknown) — Married Widowed and divorced 38,666 883 1,031 16,612 : 18,436 636 242 669 270 3,638 93 87 SO 13 5 1 Includes all cities in the list given in Table xliv, pag.-" 66, except Fall River, Massachusetts. The percentage of the stenographers in these cities who were living in the home of their parents or other relatives and the percentage who were living away from home are shown for each marital, race, and nativity class in Table cxli. Tliis table shows that 79.3 per cent — about 4 in every 5 — of the total number of women stenographers in the selected cities were living at home either as heads of families or with parents or other relatives, while 20.7 per cent were boarding. The proportion boarding was smallest among single persons and larg- est among the widowed and divorced, the difference amounting to 18.7 per cent. Only 1 person in 5 among single stenographers was returned as a boarder, while among the widowed and divorced approximately 2 in every 5 were so returned. The proportion of boarders is also large for the married stenographers. Marked differences are apparent in the proportion of boarders among women stenographers of the several race and nativity classes. In the aggregate for all marital classes the native white of foreign parentage show the smallest proportion boarding, about 9 in every 10 living in their own homes or in those of parents or relatives, as compared with 8 in 10 for the foreign born wliite and 7 in 10 for the native white of native parentage. Among native white women of foreign parentage approximately 15 in every 20 were living with their parents; among the foreign born white, 13 in every 20; and among the native white of native parentage, 11 in 20. It is thus to be seen that a considerably smaller proportion of the native white women of native parentage are living at home than of those of foreign birth or parentage. 108 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CXLI. — Per cent distribution,^ hy family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All classes. Native white — Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. ' ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.3 69.8 88.2 79.2 TTefl.fi.i of fa.Tnilifis 2.3 43.9 20.9 12.2 20.7 3.0 34.8 18.7 13.3 30.2 1.5 52.2 23.6 10.8 11.8 2.7 With father 45.5 With mother 17.2 With other relative 13.7 Boarding^ 20.8 SING LE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN) . Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 80.1 70.6 88.8 79.6 Heads of families 1.7 45.4 21.4 11.6 19.9 2.1 36.4 19.4 12.6 29.4 1.2 S3.1 23.9 10.6 11.2 2.0 With father 47.1 With mother 17.7 With other relative 12.7 20.4 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 m 64.6. 62.2 65.7 («) 5.5 14.0 7.4 37.6 35.4 6.2 11.4 7.1 37.6 37.8 4.1 19.8 8.7 33.1 34.3 With father (3) With mother (.') WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 (') T.iviTig; at hfiTne 61.4 56.5 70.7 (3) Heads of families . ^ 21.8 14.7 12.9 11.9 38.6 20.9 12.9 11.1 11.7 43.5 22.6 19.3 18.1 10.7 29.3 (3) With father C) With TTiothp.r (3) With other relative (') Boarding 2 (3) 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26, page 198. ' Includes those living with employer. 3 Per cent not shown where base is leas than 100. Other breadwinners in the family. — In most cases when a woman engages in gainful occupation her earn- ings supplement those of other members of the family. Perhaps no available statistics afford a better measure of the extent to which this is the case than those pre- sented in Table oxlii, which gives the per cent distri- bution, by number of other breadwinners m the family, of the women engaged in this occupation in the selected cities. Table CXLII. — Per cent distribution,^ by number of other breadwin- ners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE- WRITERS. CLASS. All classes. Native white- Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Foreign born white. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100. 100. 100.0 TilviTlg a.t hnme 79.3 69.8 88.2 79.2 In families having— No other breadwinners One other . 6.4 24.4 23.6 24.9 20.7 7.6 26.1 20.6 15.5 30.2 5.5 23.2 26.2 33.4 11.8 5.5 22.2 24.5 More than two other 27.0 Boarding^ 20.8 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T.iviTig fl.t hoTTift 80.1 70.6 88.8 79.6 In families having — No other breadwinners One other 6.0 24.2 24.2 25.6 19.9 7.1 26.1 21.4 16.0 29.4 5.2 23.1 26.5 33.9 11.2 5.1 21.7 25.1 More than two other 27.5 20.4 MARRIED. Total . 100.0 100.0 100.0 (.') Living at home 64.6 62.2 65.7 (3) In families having — No other breadwinners 6.0 34.1 11.7 12.8 35.4 7.1 34.4 10.1 10.7 37.8 4.1 33.1 14.5 1.4.0 34.3 fa] More than two other. WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. 100.0 100.0 100.0 m 61.4 56.5 70.7 m In families having— No other breadwinners One other . . '. 2L2 21.9 10.3 8.0 38.6 20.3 20.9 8.7 6.6 43.5 23.3 21.9 14.1 11.5 29.3 (•) Boarding^ 1 For nmnbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 2 Includes those living with employer. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. From Table cxlii it appears that in the total num- ber of women stenographers in the selected cities, 74.9 per cent, or about 3 in every 4, lived in families having at least 1 other breadwinner, and 24.9 per cent lived in families in which there were at least 3 ("more than 2") other breadwinners. Only 6.4 per cent of the stenographers were the only breadwinners of the TEACHERS. 109 families in which they hved. In most of the leading occupations for women the proportion of those who are apparently the sole support of the family in which they live is larger than it is in this occupation (see Table 27, page 208). Women of native birth and parentage employed as stenographers are apparently the sole source of support for their families in a larger percentage of cases than are women of any other nativity. Thus in the total for all marital classes 7.6 per cent of the native white of native parents were living in families in which there were no other breadwinners, as compared with 5.5 per cent of the native white of foreign parentage and of the foreign born white. These facts may perhaps indicate that in the case of female stenographers of native parentage the necessity for employment is more urgent than for those of any other class. TEACHERS.^ At the census of 1900 the number of women at least 16 years of age who were reported as teachers or professors in schools, colleges, and universities in con- tinental United States was 327,206. This makes teaching first in numerical importance among the pro- fessional occupations open to adult women and fifth among all occupations into which they enter. The 327,206 teachers and professors were outnumbered by the 1,165,561 servants and waitresses, the 456,405 agri- cultural laborers, the 338,144 dressmakers, and the 328,935 laundresses. They were first, however, among the 429,497 women engaged in professional service, forming 76.2 per cent of that total. Importance as an occupation for women. — The extent to which women monopolize the profession of teaching is indicated in the following tabular stq,tement, which classifies the total number of teachers and professors in schools, colleges, and universities as males and females, children and adults. As no distinction is made in these or in subsequent figures between the teachers and the professors, the term "teacher" will hereafter be applietl to both classes together whenever they are mentioned in the text. teachers: 1900. Total. Male. Female. All classes ^-f^, 133 Adults 16 years and over. Children 10 to 15 years 445,687 446 118,481 38 327,614 Women 16 years of age and over are by far the most important class among teachers in the United States, forming 73.3 per cent of the total number reported at the census of 1900. In this connection it is interesting ' For a discussion of the census statistics for all teachers, both male and female, see Census Bulletin 23, reprinted in Twelfth Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 475. to refer to Tables ix and x of the special report on teachers contained in Census Bulletin 23, which dealt with all teachers at least 10 years of age. It will be found that in 1900 women predominated among the teachers in all sections of the country. The per- centage which they formed of the total varied from 85.1 in New England to 60.1 in the Western South Central states, and was generally higher in the North than in the South. In all the main divisions of the country the percentage which women formed of the total number of teachers was larger in the cities of at least 25,000 inhabitants than in the smaller cities and country districts. For continental United States as a whole 82.1 per cent of tjie teachers in cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants were women, as contrasted with 70.6 per cent of those in the smaller cities and country districts. Of the total number of teachers 16 years of age and over 73.4 per cent, or about 3 out of 4, were women. This large proportion caused the profession of the teacher to rank tenth among all occupations in the relative prominence of women. The occupations hav- ing a larger proportion of women are shown in the following tabular statement, together with the percent- ages which men, women, and children form of the total engaged in them:^ PERSONS AT LEAST 10 YEARS OF AGE EN- GAGED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATION, FOB CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. OCCUPATION. Per cent men. Per cent women. Per cent children 10 to 15 years of age. Total. Boys. Girls. 0.6 6.3 1.9 3.0 10.1 12.9 16.6 23.0 16.5 26.6 97.5 94.7 94 4 91.9 89.9 85.3 83.4 75.7 74.7 73.3 1.9 (■) 1.9 "■"3,"7" 5.1 0.1 0.2 3.6 49 ■Nrnr.qfi.q a.r[c\ miflwivpR Launderprs and laundresses 1.8 6.2 1.6 Stenographers and typewriters 1.3 8.8 0.1 0.4 1.2 0.9 7.6 0.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. It will be noted that the occupations in wMch the percentage of women is larger than it is in teaching do not require such high educational qualifications as that profession. In the proportion of women, therefore, as well as in the actual number employed, it would seem that teaching is the leading occupation for female breadwinners in those classes of the population which are the more highly educated and presumably the more prosperous. Race and nativity. — The classes of the population from which the female teachers come are shown in the following tabular statement, which gives the distribu- tion by race and nativity : ^ For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Twelfth Census, Occupations, Table xlvii. no WOMEN AT WORK. KACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white — ^both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro Indian and MongoUan WOMEN 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE EM- PLOYED AS TEACH- I EKS FOK CONTINEN- TAL UNITED states: 1900. Number. 327,206 207,823 88,449 17, 218 13, 478 238 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 63.5 27.0 5.3 4.1 0.1 Native white women with both parents native, the largest element among adult female teachers, formed 63.5 per cent of the total number; native white women with one or both parents foreign born formed 27 per cent; and thus it is evident that out of every 10 adult females engaged in this profession, 9 were white women born in this country. One in 20 was a foreign born white woman and 1 in 25 a negro. The Indian and Mongolian female teachers were numerically unim- portant, contributing less than 1 to every 1,000 of the total. If the figures for female teachers are contrasted with those given in Table xxiii (page 34) , for women engaged in the 46 other occupations which contained at least 6,000 adult female breadwinners, some interesting facts will be noted. The percentage which native whites with both parents native formed of the total was greater in only 5 occupations than it was in teaching, and all 5 were professional pursuits which contained a com- paratively small number of women. The percentage of foreign born whites, on the other hand, was lower only among women engaged as government officials or as agricultural laborers. The rank of teaching in the proportion of native whites of foreign parentage was twenty-eighth and in the proportion of negroes thir- teenth. The occupations in which a larger percentage of the total number of women were native whites of foreign parentage were mainly manufacturing or mechanical pursuits or else those connected with trade and transportation. The occupations which had a higher percentage of negroes were chiefly those con- nected with domestic and personal service or agriculture. The proportion which the different race and nativity classes formed of the total number of adult female teachers was of course determined to a large degree by the composition of the population, and hence it differed rather widely in the several states, as is shown by Table oxliii, in which the female teachers 16 years of age and over are classified bj- race and nativity for states and territories. Table CXLIII.— DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEAKE OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED AS TEACHEES AH classes. Number. Per cent. STATE OK TERRITOEY. Native white — Foreign barn white. Negro, In- dian, and Mongo- lian. Native white — Foreign born white. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents loreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. 327,206 207,823 88,449 17,218 13,716 63.5 27.0 5.3 4.2 101,799 64,887 30,142 6,367 403 63.7 29.6 6.3 0.4 34, 179 24, 273 7,797 2,061 48 71.0 22.8 6.0, 0.1 Maine 6,499 2,817 2,845 15,857 2,100 5,061 67,620 4,724 2,424 2,197 10,359 1,384 3,185 40,614 588 280 632 4,291 557 1,549 22, 345 185 111 116 1,183 157 310 4,306 2 2 1 24 2 17 355 86.9 86.0 77.2 65.3 65.9 62.9 60.1 10.7 9.9 18.7 27.1 26.5 30.6 33.0 3.4 3.9 4.0 7.6 7.5 6.1 6.4 (•) 0.1 Vermont 0.2 Rhode Island 0.1 Connecticut 0.3 Southern North Atlantic ... .... 0.5 New York . . . 35, 410 7,836 24,374 30,908 19, 327 4,902 16, 385 21,879 13,234 2,311 6,800 2,195 2,736 636 1,035 612 113 88 154 6,222 54.6 62.6 67.2 70.8 37.4 29.5 27.9 7.1 7.7 6.8 4.2 2.0 0.3 1.1 Pennsylvania 0.6 South Atlantic division 20.1 16, 527 12,265 1,697 401 2,164 74.2 10.3 2.4 13.1 717 4,755 1,598 6,769 2,688 14, 381 478 3,322 807 6,340 2,318 9,614 161 871 258 182 235 498 26 190 85 70 30 211 62 372 448 1,177 105 4,058 66.7 69.9 50.5 78.9 86.2 66.9 21.1 18.3 16.1 2.7 8.7 3.5 3.6 4.0 6.3 1.0 1.1 1.5 8.6 Maryland 7.8 28.0 Virginia . 17.4 West Virginia 3.9 28.2 4,088 3,150 5,480 1,663 3,016 2,072 3,462 1,064 64 104 209 121 27 19 51 114 981 965 1,758 364 73.8 65.8 63.2 64.0 1.6 3.3 3.8 7.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 6.9 24.0 30.3 Georgia 32.1 Florida 21.9 1 Less than one- tenth, of 1 per cent. TEACHERS. Ill Table CXLIII.— DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OTEE EMPLOYED AS TEACHEES. All classes. Number. Per cent. STATE OR TERRITORY. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, In- dian, and Mongo- lian. Native white — Foreign born white. Both par- ents native. One or both par- ents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Nortb Central division 139,596 83,952 46,636 7,854 1,154 60.1 33.4 5.6 0.8 Eastern North Central 76, 444 44,896 26, 473 4,663 522 68.7 34.6 6.0 7 Ohio 18,580 9,806 23,087 12,834 12, 137 63, 152 12,700 7,244 13,081 6,893 4,978 39,056 4,893 2,082 8,424 4,761 6,313 20, 163 792 325 1,443 1,158 835 3, .301 196 155 139 22 11 632 68.4 73.9 66.7 63.7 41.0 61.8 26.3 21.2 36.6 37.1 52.0 31.9 4.3 3.3 6.3 9.0 6.9 5.2 Indiana Illinois 6 Michigan Wisconsin 1 Western North Central . .', 1 Minnesota 10,825 19,579 11,711 1,876 3,135 7,673 8,353 34,114 4,498 12,416 8,299 755 1,650 5,169 6,269 24,527 5,290 6,610 2,464 673 1,224 2,175 1,727 2,825 1,025 544 476 442 2.50 321 243 861 12 9 472 6 U 8 114 6,901 41.6 «3.4 70.9 40.2 62,6 67.4 76.1 71.9 48.9 33.8 21.0 35.9 39.0 28.3 20.7 8.3 9.5 2.8 4.1 23.6 8.0 4.2 2.9 2.5 4 Missouri North Dakota South Dakota , 4 Nebraska 1 Kansas South Central division 17 3 18, 030 13,035 1,166 266 3,673 72.3 6.5 1.4 Kentucky 6,052 4,538 3,332 4,108 16,084 4,496 3,420 2,253 2,866 11, 492 668 267 132 99 1,659 154 37 46 19 605 734 814 901 1,124 2,328 74.3 76.4 67.6 69.8 71.4 11.0 5.9 4.0 2.4 10.3 2.6 0.8 12 1 Mississippi 5 ^7 4 Western South Central 3.8 Louisiana. . 3,277 2,428 707 1,202 8,470 20,789 1,930 1,832 465 982 6,283 12,578 633 120 35 146 725 6,651 145 57 14 25 364 1,524 669 419 193 49 1,098 36 58.9 76.6 65.8 81.7 74.2 60.5 19.3 4.9 5.0 12.1 8.6 32.0 4.4 2.3 2.0 2.1 4.3 7.3 17 4 17.3 Oklahoma 4 1 Texas . • 13 ■Rooky Mnnntnin 5,259 3,562 1,348 327 22 67.7 25.6 6.2 4 1,020 632 424 2,793 390 1,741 607 432 274 1,967 282 866 321 170 124 650 83 764 84 30 26 167 20 107 8 69.6 68.4 64.6 70.4 72.3 49.7 31.5 26.9 29.2 23.3 21.3 43.9 8.2 4.7 6.1 6.0 5.1 6.1 8 9 5 4 1 3 373 1,038 330 13, 789 254 472 140 8,160 88 501 175 4,539 28 64 15 1,090 3 1 68.1 45.5 42.4 59.1 23.6 48.3 63.0 32.9 7.5 6.2 4.5 7.9 8 Utah 10 1 2,585 2,530 8,674 1,636 1,781 4.733 698 588 3,263 248 156 686 3 5 2 63.3 70.4 54.6 27.0 23.2 37.5 9.6 6.2 7.9 1 2 0) 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table cxliii shows that in all states, with the ex- ception of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iftah, and Nevada, the native white teachers with both parents native were the most numerous class. The percentage which they formed of the total number of teachers varied from 86.2 in West Virginia to 40.2 in North Dakota, and was generally highest in the two southern divisions and lowest in the North Central and Western. In the four states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Utah, and Nevada the most numerous class was the native white with one or both parents foreign born. In most of the other North Central and Western states, and in many of those in the North Atlantic division, teachers of this class were of great numerical importance, but they were not strong in the South. Neither had the foreign bom teachers entered the South in any considerable num- bers, but they were fairly numerous in the Northern and Western states. Negro teachers, as would natur- ally be expected, were an important factor only in the Southern states. Such a consideration of the proportions which teach- ers of the different nativity classes formed of the total number in the several states naturally leads to the question whether the differences noted are to be at- tributed wholly to differences in the composition of the general adult female population, or whether they indicate a tendency on the part of one race or nativity class to become teachers in relatively larger numbers 112 WOMEN AT WORK. than another. To answer this question Table cxliv has been prepared, which shows for each race and na- tivity class the number of teachers in every 10,000 females 16 years of age and over. It also shows similar data for cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and for smaller cities and country districts. Table CXLIV.— NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF TEACHERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. KAOE AND NATIVITY. WOMEN 16 TEAKS Or AGE AND OVER. A U cla.ssps Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign bom white Negro Indian and Mongolian Aggregate. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country- districts. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Total. Number. Per 10,000. Number. Per 10,000. Number. Per 10,000. 23,485,659 327,206 139 5,855,790 76,274 130 17, 629, 769 250,932 142 12,130,161 4,288,969 4,403,494 2,589,988 72,947 207,823 88,449 17,218 13,478 238 171 206 39 62 33 1,703,966 1,700,209 2,095,206 363,787 2,633 36, 514 30,670 7,553 2,531 6 208, 180 36 72 23 10,426,206 2, 588, 760 2,308,288 2,236,201 70,314 172,309 67,779 9,665 10,947 232 165 223 42 49 33 Table cxliv shows, for the country as a whole, that in proportion to their numbers in the general population the native white women with one or both parents for- eign bom contributed more teachers than any other race or nativity class, and that native white women with both parents native were second in this respect. When the figures for the two are combined, it is found that of every 10,000 white women 16 years of age and over who were born in this country 180 were teachers. This-ratio is more than three times that reported for the negroes and about five times that reported for the for- eign born whites or for the Indians and Mongolians. Between the large cities and the smaller cities and country districts, however, some differences are appar- ent. In the large cities the number of teachers per 10,000 adult women was larger for the native whites with both parents native than for the native whites with one or both parents foreign born, but in the smaller Table CXLV.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900. cities and country districts the reverse was the case. Perhaps, however, the most striking difference is among the negroes, for in the large cities 72 adult negro women in each 10,000 were teachers, as contrasted with 49 in smaller cities and country districts. Possibly a better measure of the comparative im- portance of teaching as a profession for women in the different classes of population may be obtained by com- paring the number of teachers not with the total num- ber of women but with the total number of working women, thus eliminating the wide differences between the classes in the degree to which the women become breadwinners. Figures for such a comparison are pre- sented in Table cxlv, which shows the percentage that teachers form of the total number of adult women workers of each class for large cities and for smaller cities and country districts. FEMALE DREADWINNEUE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. In cities having at least .50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Per cent. All classes 4,a33,630 327,206 6.8 1,657,728 76,274 4.6 3,176,902 260,932 7.9 1,771,966 1,090.744 840, Oil 1,119,621 11,288 207, 823 88,449 17,218 13,478 238 11.7 8.1 2.0 1.2 3.1 4)4,984 554, 806 494,044 193,317 607 35,514 30,670 7, 553 2,531 6 8.6 5.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 1,357,012 .535,938 ,345.967 926,304 10,681 172,309 57,779 9,665 10,947 232 12.7 10.8 2.8 1.2 2.2 Table cxlv shows that the importance of teaching as an occupation decreases with the economic strength of the classes compared. The native whites with both parents native, who are generally considered the most TEACHERS. 113 prosperous class, had the largest percentage of teachers in the total number of employed women, while the ne- groes, who are regarded as the lowest in the economic scale, had the smallest. That these percentages should correspond roughly to the variations in the general well-being of the different classes would naturally be expected. A girl who is to become a teacher has to be supported while obtaining the necessary education for some years after she has reached the age when she could earn money by entering an occupation of a lower grade. This foregoing of the wages which she might earn, even where the educational institutions are public or eleemosynary, constitutes a tax on the resources of the family which can not easily be borne by those in the poorer classes. It is not surprising, therefore, in view of these facts, to find that the rank of the nativity classes was practi- cally the same in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts. It should be noted, however, that among the white female bread- winners the proportion of teachers was considerably higher in the smaller cities and country districts than in the cities of 50,000* or more inhabitants. Probably this was due chiefly to the greater diversity of occupa- tions in the large cities. To determine how far these differences exhibited in Table cxlv are common to all sections of the country. Tables cxlvi and cxlvii have been prepared for main and minor geographic divisions. Both present figures for the adult female teachers — classified by race and nativity — in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, the first table giving the absolute number of teachers and the second the percentage which they form of all adult female breadwinners. Table CXLVI.— WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. WOMEN 16 TEAES OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS— In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. AU classes. Native white — Foreign born white. Negro. Indian and Mongo- lian. AU classes. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Indian and Mongo- lian. 76,274 35,514 30,670 7,553 2,531 6 250,932 172,309 57,779 9,666 10,947 232 38,140 17,872 16,118 3,859 290 1 63,659 47,015 14,024 2,508 105 7 8,949 29,191 5,892 5,086 12,786 3,211 2,973 13,145 1,139 860 2,999 287 29 261 1.263 1 25,230 38,429 25,016 19,187 27,828 18,668 4,824 9,200 1,056 1,201 1,307 325 17 88 4,963 1 6 2 4 4,786 1,106 24,064 2,705 506 10,401 989 150 10,569 257 30 2,656 835 418 437 11,741 13,276 115,532 9,660 9,108 73,651 708 348 36,067 144 181 5,198 1,328 3,635 675 1 Southern South Atlantic 2 1 3 41 16,584 7j480 3,006 6,761 3,650 1,356 7,745 2,824 923 1,888 768 182 200 237 645 59,860 55,672 31,108 38,145 36, 406 23,171 18,728 17,339 1,902 2,665 2,633 679 313 362 5,195 g 1 32 161 1,664 1,342 5,172 803 553 2,674 435 488 1,921 63 119 569 363 182 6 16,366 14,742 15,617 12,232 10,939 9,904 731 1,171 4,730 193 486 955 3,210 1,985 9 161 2 19 Rocky Mountain 1,024 342 3,806 676 166 1,832 265 79 4 1 1 4,236 1,399 9,983 2,886 700 6,318 1,083 626 3,021 248 70 637 6 1 2 138 1 37 1,518 ! 453 2 2 5 In every minor division for which figures are shown in Table cxlvii, with the sole exception of the South- ern South Atlantic, the rank of the different classes of the population according to the proportion of teachers among the female breadwinners 16 years of age and over was native white with both parents native, native white with one or both parents foreign born, foreign born white and negro. In the Southern South Atlantic states the proportion of teachers, both in the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and in the smaller cities and 12694—07 8 country districts, was lower among the native white with both parents native than among those with one or both parents foreign .born. This peculiarity may have been due to the fact that in the far South the population of foreign birth or parentage is so small that a slight immi- gration of teachers of that class would greatly affect the proportion. On the whole, therefore, the figures for the different sections seem to support the theory that the proportion of teachers varies with the economic strength of the different classes here compared. 114 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CXL VII. —PERCENTAGE; OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DIS- TRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. • PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. All classes. 4.6 Native white— Foreign born white. Negro. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. Continental United States 8.6 6.5 1.5 1.3 7.9 12.7 10.8 2.8 1.2 4.2 8.4 5.1 1.1 0,7 7.8 11.7 6.8 1.4 0.4 New England 3.6 4.2 4.0 9.9 7.9 7.7 4.2 6.3 6.2 0.9 1.2 2.9 0.6 0.7 1.6 7.5 8.0 4.0 14.2 10.4 8.8 5.4 7.9 11.2 1.2 1.7 6.5 0.3 0.4 1.2 4.1 3.5 5.4 7.5 9.0 8.7 6.8 12.9 5.8 2.7 5.2 2.3 1.6 1.7 1.6 6.9 2.9 13.3 12.2 6.8 16.3 10.1 14.4 13.5 4.5 10.3 4.2 1.6 Southern South Atlantic 1.2 2.5 5.3 5.7 3.9 8.6 8.8 8.1 6.9 5.7 6.9 2.1 2.9 4.0 1.4 1.8 1.3 11.1 16.7 4.2 13.3 21.3 10.0 11.1 17.5 8.9 3.8 4.8 6.2 2.4 Western North Central 2.6 '1.1 3.5 4.4 7.4 7.4 9.5 11.3 6.0 8.0 7.6 3.2 4.7 3.0 1.3 1.1 0.4 3.6 6.2 12.8 8.9 11.6 16.7 7.5 10.1 16.4 6.8 4.8 4.1 1.0 Western South Central 1.2 0.5 8.6 8.9 7.0 12.6 18.1 10.5 8.2 9.1 7.4 3.0 2.7 3.0 0.5 0) 0.1 11.2 9.6 14.4 14.7 18.8 17.6 12.6 16.1 16.6 3.2 2.3 6.0 0.6 0.5 0.2 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Table cxlvii also indicates that the percentages which teachers formed of the total number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over varied rather widely between different sections of the country. Many different causes probably contributed to this result. The percentages would naturally be affected by differences in the provisions which are made for teaching, since there will be few teachers where the pubhc maintains few schools. The comparatively small percentages showoi for "all classes" in the smaller cities and country districts of the Southern divisions is probably attributable in part to this cause, although to some extent it is due to the fact that in these • sections of the country relatively more of the total number of teachers were males. The per- centage of teachers among the adult female bread- winners in any section may also be affected by the number and character of the pursuits which are open to women, for it is obvious that, other things being equal, where there are many occupations open to women the proportion of teachers will be lower than where there are few. Differences between the large cities and the smaller cities and country districts may probably in a very large measure have resulted from the greater diversity of occupations and greater op- portunities for the employment of women in the large cities. The comparatively low percentage in the North Atlantic states as contrasted with the North Central and Western was also due probably to this cause. The percentages for the white of foreign birth or par- entage in the several divisions were influenced of course by the nationalities which contributed to that class of the population. The high percentages in the Southern South Atlantic states for the native white of foreign parentage and the foreign born white may have been due to the comparatively large proportion of Anglo- Saxons in those classes in that section of the country, and the low percentages in the North Atlantic states may have been due to the influx into that section of the nationalities from southern and eastern Europe. Parentage. — The extent to which women of the different nationalities become teachers is indicated by Table cxlviii, which gives the number and percent- age of teachers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by the nationality of their parents. The highest proportion of teachers among the female breadwinners of the different nationalities is found, as would naturally be expected, among women whose parentage was Anglo-Saxon and whose mother tongue was therefore English. The percentages in Table CXLVIII are higher for English speaking countries, with the exception of Ireland, than for any others. Of the European countries which do not use English, those in the western part of the continent contributed relatively more teachers than those in the eastern. Although this may be partially due to differences in the tendencies of the several nationalities, vet it is TEACHERS. 115 probably to be accounted for chiefly by the difference in the periods during which the various peoples have been a factor in the population of the United States; for when the mother tongue is not English the teachers whose parents were of foreign birth represent for the most part the daughters of immigrants born and edu- cated in this country. Many teachers of foreign lan- guages, however, are foreigners by birth; and the com- paratively high percentage of teachers among female breadwinners of French parentage doubtless results in part from the demand for native teachers of the French language. Table CXLVIII. — Number and percentage of teachers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. PARENTAGE. Total. Teachers. Number. Per cent. 5,319,397 327,614 6.2 3,247,907 221,705 6.8 Native white 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 208,063 13,642 105,909 10.8 1.0 Foreign parentage 5.1 Austria Bohemia Canada (English) 25,590 26,719 102, 181 78,979 15,580 158,912 21,164 638, 192 14,631 634,201 26,093 47,934 38, 536 40,816 46,173 81,148 15,125 47,689 112,827 377 409 9,190 1,640 692 13,327 1,566 21,166 104 35,265 194 1.6 1.6 9.0 2.1 4.5 8.4 7.3 3.9 0.7 6.6 0.8 2,934 1 6.1 Poland 553 1.4 278 0. 7 4,298 2,265 901 1,568 9,213 9.3 2.8 6.0 3.3 8.2 j^^g. — The differences in age between the teachers in the several classes of the population are shown in Table cxlix, which gives the distribution by age periods. The total number, it will be noted, exceeds that previously given by 429, a difference which results from the fact that figures were available only for the Table CXLIX —DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. entire area of enumeration' and not for continental United States. When the percentages for the different classes shown in Table cxlix are compared it will be found that the negro teachers were the youngest, more than one-half of them being under 25 years of age. This is doubtless indicative of the fact that very few of the older women in this race have sufficient education to enter this pro- fession. The foreign born white were the oldest, having only 31.1 per cent in the age period 16 to 24. For the two classes of native whites the percentages under 25 were about the same, 47.8 for-those with both parents native and 45.3 for those with one or both parents for- eign born. Teachers over 54 years of age formed 7.6 per cent of the foreign born whites, the only class in which they were of importance, for among teachers of all classes they formed only 2.2 per cent. When these percentages for teachers of all classes are compared with those given in Table xxiv (page 36) for the total number of female breadwinners it will be seen that the teachers were younger than the average female breadwinners. Of the total number of teachers, 46.4 per cent were under 25 years of age and 81.2 per cent were under 35. The corresponding percentages for the total number of adult female breadwinners were 44.2 under 25 and 68.4 under 35. In view of the compara- tively long period of school attendance necessary in preparation for teaching and the demand for experienced teachers in preference to the young and inexperienced, it is surprising at first to find that the teachers are younger than the average female breadwinners. The explanation is possibly that marriage usually causes the teacher to leave her profession, while it often does not affect women engaged in many of the other occupa- tions. If the teachers are contrasted with female breadwinners engaged in occupations which contain a correspondingly high proportion of single women — for, example, with the bookkeepers and accountants, the clerks and copyists, the stenographers and typewriters, or the saleswomen — the teachers will be found the older. ^ Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. • WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. All classes. Native white — Foreign born white. AGE. Both parents native. Oneor both parents foreign born. Negro. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Total 327,635 100.0 208, 030 100.0 88,572 100.0 17,299 100.0 13,479 100.0 152,149 114,012 38,475 14,879 5,690 1,515 916 46.4 34.8 11.7 4.5 1.7 0.5 0.3 99,477 70,422 22,937 9,569 3,906 1,005 714 47.8 33.9 11.0 4.6 1.9 0.5 0.3 40,091 33,131 11, 143 3,207 731 155 114 45.3 37.4 12.6 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 5,373 5,. 542 3,145 1,864 9S3 331 61 31.1 32.0 18.2 10.8 5.7 1.9 0.4 7,041 , 52.2 4,857 j 36.0 35 to 44 years - 45 to 54 years 1,230 1 y.i 232 ! 1.7 70 0.5 23 0.2 26 0. 2 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 116 WOMEN AT WORK. The effect of marriage may be better brought out in Table cl, which gives the proportion of teachers among the total number of adult female breadwinners in each age period for race and nativity classes. Table CL.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. -Native white— Foreign born white. AGE. Both parents n.itive. One or both parents for- eign born. Negro. Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. • Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 4,843,165 327,6.35 6.8 1,773,109 208,030 11.7 1,091,200 -88,572 8.1 840,686 17,299 2.1 1,119,653 13,479 1 2 16 to 24 years 2,139,370 1.171,952 ■ 676, 548 441,467 256, 926 138,691 18,211 152, 149 114,012 .38, 475 14,879 5,690 1,515 915 7.1 9.7 5.7 3.4 2.2 1.1 5.0 753,266 399,376 244,556 182,214 120,650 67,6.55 6, .392 99,477 70, 422 22,937 9,569 3, 906 1,005 714 13.2 17.6 9.4 5.3 3.2 1.5 13.2 .693, 435 297,916 130,749 46,925 15,982 5,368 825 40, 091 33, 131 11,113 3,207 731 155 114 6.8 11.1 8.5 6.8 4.6 2.9 13.8 347, 759 202, 322 119, 316 86, 136 64,563 28,262 2,328 5,373 5, .642 3,145 1,864 983 331 61 1.5 2.7 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.2 2.6 439, 726 266, 956 178, 810 124,024 64,535 36,539 9,064 7,041 4,857 1,230 232 70 23 26 1 6 35 to 44 years 7 45 to 64 years 0.2 65 years and over 4ge unknown 0.1 3 Teaching, as is indicated in Table cl, was most im- portant as a profession among female breadwinners 25 to 34 years of age, and became of less importance in each successive age period. In the period 25 to 34 years the percentage which teachers constituted of the total number of female breadwinners was 9.7 and in the period 16 to 24 years, 7.1. Each advancing period after that of 25 to 34 showed a diminishing percentage, until among the female breadwinners 65 years and over only about 1 in 100 was a teacher. The same tendency was exhibited by all classes of the population though to varying degrees. It was most marked among the native whites with both parents native and least marked* among the foreign born whites. The differences between the several sections of the country in respect to the age of adult female teachers are shown in Table cli, which gives the distribution by age periods for main and minor geographic divisions. Table CLI.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Total.i Number. Per cent. 16 to 24 years. 26 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 years and over. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 years and over. 326,296 151,994 162,266 20,527 1,609 46.6 46.7 6.3 101,635 39,823 62,364 8,767 681 39.2 51.6 8.6 34,060 67, 475 30,837 12,695 27, 128 14,380 17,941 34,423 13,869 3,196 5,571 2,333 228 363 255 37.3 40.2 46.6 52.7 51.0 45.0 9.4 8.3 7.6 Southern North Atlantic 5 South Atlantic division . 8 Northern South Atlantic . . 16,481 14, 356 139, 263 6,961 7,419 71,934 8,061 5,818 61,028 1,316 1,018 5,933 154 101 368 42.2 51.7 51.7 48.9 40.5 43.8 8.0 7.1 4.3 9 Southern South Atlantic 7 76,288 62,975 34,003 36, 962 36,982 17,443 36, 155 24,873 14,203 3,936 1,997 2,153 245 123 204 47.1 57.1 51.3 47.4 39.6 41.8 5.2 3.2 6.3 Western North Central . . . 2 South Central division 6 Eastern South Central 17, 976 16, 027 20,658 8,997 8,446 8,414 7,782 6,421 10,802 1,093 1,060 1,341 104 100 101 sq.i 62.7 40.7 43.3 40.1 52.3 6.1 6.6 6.5 6 6 6,201 1,738 13,719 2,333 892 6,189 2,558 764 7,480 298 75 968 12 7 82 44.9 61.3 37.8 49.2 44.0 64.6 5.7 4.3 7.1 4 1 N ot including age unknown. TEACHERS. 117 An inspection of Table cli shows that the proportion of women over 44 years was greatest in the New Eng- land, the Northern South Atlantic, and the Southern North Atlantic states, and that it was smallest in the Western North Central, the Basin and Plateau, the Eastern North Central , and the Rocky Mountain states. It is rather interesting to note that the rank of the minor divisions, according to the percentage which women 44 years of age and over formed of the total number of adult female teachers, corresponds rather closely to the ranlc according to the percentage which single women formed of the total number of adult women in the general population.' This similarity suggests that possibly the teachers are older in those communities where marriage for this sex is less general. The difference between the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants and the smaller cities and country districts in respect to the age of teachers is shown in Table clii for continental United States. Table CLII. — Distribution, by age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as teachers, living in cities having at least 60,000 inhaKtants and in smaller cities and country districts , for conti- nental United States: 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACH- ERS. I In cities :j having Aggregate. || ^^^^^ I inhabit- '! ants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total 1. 326,296 16 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 66 years and over. 161,994 152,266 20, 527 1,509 76,045 23,581 43,608 8,283 673 250, 251 128, 413 108, 658 12, 244 936 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 1. 100.0 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. 46.6 46.7 6.3 0.5 100.0 100.0 31.0 57.3 10.9 0.8 61.3 43.4 4.9 0.4 I Not including age unknown. The teachers in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants, as is indicated in Table clii, were older than those in smaller cities and country districts. This may have been due to the difference between the two classes of communities in respect to the requirement for entrance into the profession. In a rural community a pupil of one year may be the teacher of the next. In the cities and large towns this is rarely the case, for there the demand is for experience. Many teachers, therefore, serve a sort of apprenticeship in the country schools, and later, when they are older and more experienced, 1 For the per cent distribution, by marital condition, of the adult women in the general population of the minor divisions, see Twelfth Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 393. obtain the more highly paid and often pleasanter posi- tions in the large towns or cities. Whether any difference exists between the large cities and the smaller cities and country districts in respect to the importance of teaching as a profession for women of the several ages is shown in Table cliii. This table gives, for continental United States, the percentage which teachers formed of the total number of female breadwinners in each age period over 15 years. Table CLIII. — Percentage of teachers among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, for con- tinental United States: 1900. PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS. 16 years and over. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 44 years. 45 years and over. Continental United States 6.8 7.1 8.3 2.6 Citieshavingat least 50,000 inhabitants. Smaller cities and country districts 4.6 7.9 3.1 9.4 6.4 9.3 4.3 2.1 The importance of teaching as an occupation, judged by the percentage which women engaged in that pro- fession formed of the total number of women gainfully employed, was greater in the large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts for women 45 years of age and over, but not for younger women. Although this difference may have been caused in part by differ- ences in the age distribution of the urban and rural teachers, yet this is probably an incomplete explana- tion, not sufficient to account for such a wide variation. The lower percentage in the large cities for female bread- winners under 45 years of age is due probably to the greater diversity of employment afforded by the urban centers, while the higher percentage in the ages over 45 is partially the result of the presence in the country of the female farmers, who become of great numerical importance after the age of 45, thus forcing down the percentages for all other occupations. Marital condition. — A subject closely connected with age is that of marriage; and in Table cliv the female teachers 16 years of age and over are classified by race, nativity, and marital condition. When the female teachers are compared with the women engaged in other occupations, as shown in Ta- ble XXV (page 38) , it will be found that the percentage of single women among teachers was exceptionally high. Of the total number of female breadwinners, only 65 per cent were single, while the corresponding percentage of the-teachers was 92.2. In only five oc- cupations, as a matter of fact, was the percentage of single higher than in the profession of teaching. These five included the stenographers and typewriters, the bookkeepers and accountants, the bookbinders, the telegraph and telephone operators, and the paper box- makers. 118 WOMEN AT WORK. Table CLIV. — Distribution} by marital condition, of women 16 i of age and over employed as teachers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900. WOMEN 16 VEAES OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. MARITAL CONDITION. All classes. Native white — Foreign- born wliite. ■ Bath par- ents native. One or both par- ents for- eign born. Negro. NUMBER. Total 327,636 208,030 88,672 17,299 13,479 Single^ Married Widowed Divorced 302,140 14,681 9,610 1,204 191,400 9,188 6,576 866 85,001 1,883 1,501 187 15,762 715 775 47 9,762 2,863 . 760 104 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.2 4.5 2.9 0.4 92.0 4.4 3.2 0.4 96.0 2.1 1.7 0.2 91.1 4.1 4.5 0.3 72.4 21.2 5.6 0.8 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 16 years of age and over. ^Includmg unknown. Another striking feature of Table cliv is the marked difference which it discloses between the marital con- ditions of the white and the negro teachers. Of the whites, about 9 out of 10 were single, while among the negroes the corresponding figures were only about 7 out of 10. Every marital class other than the single con- tained a larger percentage of the negroes than of the whites. Although the differences in marital condition between the several classes of white teachers is to be explained partially by differences in their age distribu- tion, no such explanation applies to the differences be- tween whites and negroes, since for negroes, as already noted, the percentage of women under 25 is larger than for white teachers. The difference in proportion mar- ried is therefore mainly a race distinction. Comparison with ■previous censuses. — Perhaps the most interesting figures concerning the women engaged in a specified occupation are those which show the changes that have taken place between recent censuses. The census of 1900 included women 15 years of age with the adults, and therefore it becomes necessary to in- clude them in the figures for 1900 in order to present comparable data. Accordingly in Table clv, which gives the distribution by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900 and the per cent of increase in each class during the decade, the figures deal with teachers 15 years of age and over. Although the number of female teachers 15 years of age and over increased between 1890 and 1900 in each class of the population, the rates of increase for the several classes were by no means uniform. The great- est, 72.6 per cent, was reported for the negroes; the smallest, 25.3, for the native whites with both parents native. The result of these differences in rates was of course to change the percentages which teachers of the different classes formed of the total number. The percentage for the native whites with both parents native fell from 67.6 to 63.5, while that for the native whites with one or both parents foreign born rose from 23.6 to 27, and that for the negroes from 3.2 to 4.1. Table CLV. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women IS years of age and over employed as teachers, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. ' WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Num- ber. Per cent. All classes 327,905 100.0 245,839 100.0 82,066 33.4 Native white — ^both parents native 208,193 88,630 17,314 13,513 266 63.6 27.0 5.3 4.1 0.1 166,207 57,999 13,793 7,830 10 67.6 23.6 6.6 3.2 41,986 30,631 3,521 5,683 245 25.3 Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white Negro 52.8 26.5 72.6 Indian and Mongolian P) 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. That these .changes correspond to changes in the percentages which teachers formed of the total num- ber of adult female breadwinners of the different classes is shown in Table clvi. Table CLVI. — Number and percentage of teachers among female breadwinners 15 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900. 1890 Total. Teachers. Total. Teachers. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 5,007,069 327,905 6.5 3,712,144 245,839 6.6 Native white — both par- 1,825,850 1, 138, 129 861,963 1,162,250 208, 193 88,630 17,314 13, 513 11.4 7.8 2.0 1.2 1,310,148 774,751 756,006 867,717 166,207 67,999 13,793 7,830 12.7 Native white — one or both parents foreign born Foreign born white 7.5 1.8 0.9 1 For area of enumeration. Teaching, judged by the proportion of the total num- ber of female breadwinners who were engaged in that profession, was of practically the same importance in 1900 as in 1890. A comparison of the figures presented in Table clvi will show, however, that it was of de- creased importance among the native whites with both parents native, for it contained 12.7 per cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners of that TEACHERS. 119 class in 1890 as contrasted with only 11.4 in 1900. The increase in the importance of the profession among the other classes was, however, sufficient to offset this decrease among the native whites of native parentage. Whether changes have also occurred in the age dis- tribution of the teachers of the several classes during the decade from 1890 to 1900 is a question answered by Table olvii. This table gives the age distribution of the female teachers 15 years of age and over, classi- fied by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, together with the number and percentage of increase in each age period during the decade. The women 15 years of age and over who were teaching in 1900 were older than those engaged in the profession in 1890. In 1890, as Table clvii shows, 55.6 per cent of the total number of teachers were under 25 years of age, while in 1900 the corresponding percentage was only 46.5. All the age periods over that of 15 to 24 years contained a higher percentage of the total in 1900 than in 1890. The largest numeri- cal increase during the decade was that of 42,879 in the age period 25 to 34 years, but the largest propor- tional increase was that of 81.6 per cent in the age period 55 to 64 years. All classes show this increase in the relative impor- tance of the older age groups, and therefore it is not improbable that it is the result in part of a tendency to enter the occupation at an older age after a longer period of preparatory training. The multiplication of normal schools would contribute to this result, as 'would also the raising of the legal requirements for entrance into the profession. In comparing the per- centages of increase shown for the different age groups, it should be remembered, however, that most of the women of older years entered this profession in their youth. To some extent, therefore, the increase shown by the table for the older age group may reflect an influx of young women into this occupation at an earlier period of its history. This is probably the sig- nificance of the exceptionally large percentage of in- crease shown for native whites of foreign parentage in the age periods above 35.^ In the case of the negroes, the high percentage in the older age periods is prob- ably due to some extent to the fact that among them teaching as a profession is of such recent origin that the mere advancing years of the first persons who entered it would affect the percentages. ' See page 52. Table CLVII. — Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of age and over employed as teachers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. AGE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. Total . . 327,905 100.0 245,839 100.0 82,066 33.4 15 to 24 years 152,419 114,012 38,475 14,879 5,690 1,515 915 46.5 34.8 11.7 4.6 1.7 0.5 0.3 136,610 71, 133 22,668 10,343 3,133 913 1,039 55.6 28.9 9.2 4.2 1.3 0.4 0.4 15,809 42,879 15,807 4,536 2,557 602 »124 11.6 60.3 69.7 45 to 54 years 43.9 81.6 65 years andover Age unknown 65.9 811. 9 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total 208, 193 100.0 166,207 100.0 41,986 25 3 15 to 24 years 99, 640 70,422 22,937 9,569 3,906 1,005 714 47.9 33.8 11.0 4.6 1.9 0.5 0.3 93, 064 46,412 15,600 7,533 2,313 618 767 56.0 27.9 9.3 4.5 1.4 0.4 0.5 6,576 24,010 7,437 2,036 1,593 387 2 53 7.1 51.7 48.0 45 to 54 years 27 68 9 65 years and over Age unknown 62.6 2 6.9 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Total 88,630 100.0 57,999 100.0 30,631 52 8 40,149 33, 131 11, 143 3,207 731 155 114 45.3 37.4 12.6 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 33,767 18,332 4,264 1,185 251 84 126 58.2 31.6 7.3 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 6,382 14,799 6,889 2,022 480 71 212 35 to 44 years . . . 161 9 191.2 29.5 65 years and over Age unknown FOREIGN BORN WHITE. Total 17,314 100.0 13,793 100.0 3,521 25.5 15 to 24 years 5,388 5,542 3,145 1,864 983 331 61 31.1 32.0 .18.2 10.8 5.7 1.9 0.4 4,593 4,319 2,514 1,523 533 201 110 33.3 31.3 18.2 11.0 3.9 1.5 0.8 795 1,223 631 341 450 130 2 49 17.3 28.3 25.1 22.4 84.4 64.7 244.5 25 to 34 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over NEGRO. Total 13, 613 100.0 7,830 100.0 5,683 72.6 7,075 4,857 1,230 232 70 23 26 52.4 35,9 9.1 1.7 0.5 0.2 0.2 5,180 2,068 399 102 36 10 35 66.2 26.4 5.1 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 1,895 2,789 831 130 34 13 29 36.6 134.9 208.3 127.5 (■) m (?) 25 to 34 years. 45 to 54 years 65 years and over Age unknown . . ^ For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 120 WOMEN AT WORK. The percentages of increase among female teachers during the decade 1890 to 1900 were very different for the several sections of the country, as is shown in Table CLViii. The figures given in that table deal with all female teachers 10 years of age and over, as figures for adults only were not available. Table CLVIII. — Increase in the number of females 10 years of age and over employed as teachers, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890. FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TliACHERS. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. Continental Ignited States 327,614 246,066 81,648 33 1 101,912 80,538 21,374 34, 227 67,6.S5 30,968 28,262 52,276 21,364 6, 965 15,409 9,604 21.1 Southern North Atlantic 29.5 Northern South Atlantic Southern South Atlantic 16,543 14,425 139, 730 12,217 9,147 110,095 4,326 5,278 29, 635 35.4 57.7 26.9 76,512 63, 218 34, 189 60,707 49,388 22,070 15,805 13,830 12,119 . 26.0 Western North Central 28.0 54.9 18,066 16,123 20,815 13,66.5 S, 415 11,999 4,411 7,708 8,816 32 3 91.6 73.5 5,269 1,743 13,803 2,651 879 8,469 2,618 864 5,334 98.8 98.3 Pacific -- - 63.0 An inspection of Table clviii shows that the Rocky Mountain, the Basin and Plateau, and the Western South Central states reported the highest percentages of increase, while the lowest were in New England and the Eastern North Central states. These variations between the several sections of the country in respect to the percentage of increase in teachers reflect in a large measure the variations between them in respect to the increase in the general population.^ The rank of the divisions according to the percentage of increase in the number of teachers was not, however, exactly the same as the rank according to the percentage of in- crease ia the general population. Such variations as occur are to be attributed to differences in the develop- ment of the school systems. A given increase in the actual number of teachers will cause a large percentage of increase where the school system is not well de- veloped, while it will cause only a small percentage where the school system is already adequate. New England, for example, ranked fifth in the actual in- crease in the number of teachers, but it was last in the percentage of increase. Similar reasons account for the differences between the several sections of the country shown in Table CLix. This table gives the number of teachers 16 'For a discussion of the increase in population, see Twelfth Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 35. years of age and over in 1880 and 1900, together with the percentage of increase during the twenty-year period. Table CLIX. — Increase in the number of women 16 years of age and over employed as teachers, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1880. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. GEOGEAPITIC DIVISION. 1900 1880 Increase, 1880 to 1900. Number. 'percent. Continental United States 327,206 163, 870 173, .3.36 ! 112.7 101,799 60,207 41,592 i 69.1 New England 34, 179 67,620 30, 908 23,424 36,783 11,746 10, 755 30,837 19, 162 45.9 Southern North Atlantic South Atlantic division. .. 83.8 163.1 Northern South Atlantic Southern South Atlantic 16, 527 14, 381 139,596 6,827 4,919 65,995 9,700 9,462 73, 601 ■ 142.1 192.4 111.5 Eastern North Central 76,444 . 63, 152 .34,114 41,321 24,674 10,9,51 36, 123 38,478 23, 163 86.0 Western North Central 155.9 South Central division . 211.5 18, 030 16,084 20,789 7,453 3,498 4,971 10, .577 32,586 15,818 141.9 Western South Central .359.8 318.2 Rockv Mountain 5,2.59 1,741 13,789 580 462 3,939 4,679 1,289 9,8,50 806.7 285.2 Pacific 250.1 During the twenty-year period covered by Table CLIX the highest rate of increase was 806.7 per cent, reported for the Rocky Mountain division. The smallest was 45.9, reported for New England. As a rule the percentages for the older communities were much lower than those for the newer. Another interesting comparison which may be made with prior censuses concerns the relative importance of women in the profession at the different dates. Fig- ures for such a comparison are presented in Table clx, in which the teachers 10 years of age and over are classified by sex for the censuses beginning with that of 1870. Table CLX. — Distribution, by sex, of teachers 10 years of age and over, for continental United States: 1900, 1890, 1880, and 1870. TEACHERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CENSUS. Number. Per cent. Total. Male. female. Male. Female. 1900 446, 133 347, 344 227,710 126,822 118,519 101,278 73,335 42,775 327, 614 246,066 154, 375 84,047 26.6 29.2 32.2 33.7 73.4 1890 70.8 1880 57.8 1870 66.3 It will be noted in the above table that the impor- tance of females in the profession of teaching has increased at each census since that of 1870. In that year 66.3 per cent of the total number of teachers 10 years of age and over were females, but by 1900 the proportion had increased to 73.4 per cent. TEACHERS. 121 Family relationship. — In order to determine the rela- tionship of female teachers to the families in which they live, a special tabulation was made of data con- tained in the schedules of the Twelfth Census for the 27 cities which reported the largest number of adult female breadwinners. The teachers included in this special tabulation are classified by race, nativity, and marital condition in the following tabular statement : ■WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHEKS IN 27 SELECTED CITIES:' 1900. All clashes. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. 62,876 22,902 22,565 6,710 1,698 Single (including unknown) . . 49,210 1,468 2,198 21,102 667 1,133 21,600 406 660 6,102 227 381 1,406 169 Widowed and divorced 124 1 For a list of these cities, see Table xliv, page 66. The teachers in each class shown in this tabular statement are distributed in Table 26 (page 198), according to their relationship to the family in which they live. The per cent distribution by family rela- tionship derived from these actual numbers is shown in Table clxi. Table clxi shows that about ] teacher in 4 boarded. If these figures for teachers are compared with those for the other 16 occupations shown in Table 26, it will be found that only 3 of these occupations — serv- ants and waitresses, housekeepers and stewardesses, and nurses and midwives — had a higher percentage boarding. That the percentage should be higher in these 3 is due to the fact that the term "boarding" includes women living with employers, a class which, in these 3 occupations, is very numerous. That the occupation of teachers should outrank 13 of the others in the proportion boarding is a reflection of the extent to which it is necessary for teachers to leave home in order to get positions. The relative number of teachers who boarded was by no means the same for the different race, nativity, and marital classes. It varied from 56.2 per cent among the single foreign born whites to 13.3 per cent among the married native whites with one or both par- ents foroio-n born. For each race and nativity class it was lowest among the married; for the negroes and the native whites with both parents native it was highest among the widowed and divorced, while for the native whites with one or both parents foreign born and the foreign born whites it was highest among the single. Of the teachers who lived at home, the largest propor- tion were in families of which the father was the head. When the figures for the different marital classes are examined, however, it will be found that this was true only of the single. The largest number of married teachers lived with some other relative, presumably the husband, while the largest number of widowed and divorced women were themselves heads of families. As contrasted with teachers of other race and nativity classes, few foreign born whites lived in families of which fathers or mothers were heads. This of course is because in many cases they had no parents living in this country, a fact which also accounts for the high percentage of boarders comprised in this class. Table CLXI. — Per cent distribution,'- by family relationship, of women 16 years of age and over employed as teachers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities: 1900. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. , FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. All classes. Native white — Foreign bom. white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "Living at home 72.3 72.6 77.6 47.1 83.0 "Reads of families 6.6 33.4 18.2 14.1 27.7 6.9 32.8 17.7 16.2 27.4 6.3 38.2 20.8 13 3 22.5 10.0 17.3 8.6 11.3 62.9 8 4 With father 32.2 With mother 21.7 With other relative .-. . Boarding^ 20.6 17.0 SINGLE (INCLUDING U NKNOWN) . Total Living at home. Heads of families . . . With father With mother With other relative- Boarding' Total Living at home . Heads of families . With father. With mother. With other relative. Boarding =^ 100.0 100.0 72.0 72.6 77.3 t 4.9 3.5.2 19.0 12.8 28.0 6.1 34.9 18.7 13.9 27.4 21.3 12.4 43.8 6.6 18. S 9.1 9.2 66.2 82.8 6.2 36.7 24.9 16.0' 17.2 MARRIED. 112 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total - - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. O' ' 72.4 68.7 79.3 70.6 81.6 Heads of families .... 43.7 7.9 7.1 13.8 27.6 41.0 6.7 6.6 14 4 31.3 42.3 12.0 9.6 15.5 20.7 63.3 16 3.7 9.2 29.4 46.2 With father 11.3 With mother 10.5 With other relative 115 18.5 1 For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 26. page 198. 2 Includes those living With employer. 122 WOMEN AT WORK. Other breadwinners in the family. — Another tabulation which was made from the entries on the schedules of the Twelfth Census for the 27 cities classifies the adult female teachers according to the number of other breadwinners in the families in which they lived. These other breadwinners include only relatives of the teacher living in the same house with her. Relatives living elsewhere could not be included, as the Census schedules furnished no means of identifying them. Boarders in the house were purposely omitted from the tabulation because, as a rule, their connection with the family was a purely business relationship. The actual numbers derived from this tabulation are shown in Table 27, (page 208), for each race, nativity, and marital class, and the percentages based upon these figures are presented in Table clxii. In the 27 selected cities 4,919 teachers were the only breadwinners of the family in which they lived, and of this number 4,247, or 86.3 per cent, were single women. These teachers, who apparently were the sole means of support of their families, formed 9.3 per cent of the total and were less numerous than those living in families of any of the other three classes. The most numerous class, exclusive of that "boarding," consisted of those who lived m. families having one other breadwinner, for they formed 22.8 per cent of the total, as compared with 20 per cent for those in families having 2 other breadwinners and 20.2 per cent for those in families having more than 2. If the figures for the several marital classes are com- pared, some interesting facts will be noted, which are true almost without exception for each race and nativity class. Teachers living in families which con- taiaed 2 or more than 2 other breadwinners formed the highest percentage among the single; those living in families containing only one other, the highest per- centage among the married; and those who were the only breadwinners, the highest percentage among the widowed and divorced. The explanation of these dif- ferences is to be found in Table clxi. Single teachers, exclusive of boarders, usually lived with their fathers and mothers and married teachers with their husbands ; but the widowed and divorced were heads of families. The single teacher was not usually the only breadwin- ner, for she was generally assisted by the father and one brother or sister, perhaps more than one. The married teachers were usually too young to have children who were old enough to be breadwinners and thus they were usually assisted only by the husband. As the widowed and divorced women were probably somewhat older than the married, they often had a child who was a breadwinner, but where they had no such child they were the only ones to support the family. Tablb clxii. — Per cent distribution,^ iy number of other bread- winners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed as teachers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected citieS: 1900. PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION OF WOMfiN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign Vjorn. Negro. ALL MARITAL CLASSES. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Living at home 72.3 72.6 77.5 47.1 83.0 In families having — No other breadwinners . One other 9.3 22.8 20.0 20.2 27.7 10.3 25.8 20.7 15.6 27.4 8.3 21.3 21.4 26.4 22.5 9.3 14.8 10.6 12.4 52.9 8.3 29.0 22.0 More than two other . . 23.6 17.0 SINGLE (INCLUDING UNKNOWN). Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.0 72.6 77.3 43.8 82.8 In families having — No other breadwinners. 8.6 21.9 20.5 20.9 28.0 9.7 25.2 21.4 16.3 27.4 7.9 20.7 21.7 27.0 22.7 7.7 12.4 10.8 12.9 56.2 6.5 27.0 Two other 23.3 More than two other - . 26.0 17.2 MARRIED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.7 77.2 86.7 82.8 85.8 In families having — No other breadwinners. 8.1 46.5 14.2 12.9 18.3 7.0 45.9 13.2 11.1 22.8 8.9 42.7 18.3 16.8 13.3 10.1 50.7 10.6 11.5 17.2 7.7 52.1 13.6 More than two other . . 12.4 14.2 WIDOWED AND DIVORCED. Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 72.4 68.7 79.3 70.6 81.5 In families having— No other breadwinners. One other 25.2 26.2 13.3 7.8 27.6 23.7 25.7 13.1 6.2 31.3 23.9 28.9 15.7 10.7 20.7 29.7 25.2 8,7 7.1 29.4 29.8 21.0 Two other IB 5 More than two other . . 12.1 18.5 ' For numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 27, page 208. 2 Includes those living with employer. FARMERS. At the census of 1900 the number of women 16 years of age and over reported as farmers, planters, and overseers in continental United States was 307,706. That so many women were engaged in an occupation which is naturally regarded as one followed almost FARMERS. 123 exclusively by men seems at first somewhat surpris- ing. The total number of adults reported as engaged in this occupation was, however, 5,674,875, so that the number of women reported constituted but 5.4 per cent, or approximately one-twentieth of the total. In only 4 of the 47 occupations employing at least 5,000 adult female breadwinners did women constitute a smaller proportion of the total. These 4 included the barbers and hairdressers, the laborers (not specified), the merchants and dealers (except wholesale), and the agents. Although the occupation of the farmer was thus among the lowest in the percentage formed by women, yet it was sixth in actual number of women employed, being exceeded only by the servants and waitresses, the female agricultural laborers, the dressmakers, the laundresses, and the teachers. Because of the large number of women engaged in it, the occupation of farming is very important in a consideration of the employment of women. Race and nativity. — The extent to which women of the four race and nativity classes have contributed to this large number is indicated in Table clxiii, which also shows the difference in the distribution in the sev- eral geographic divisions. The actual numbers are given in Table 24 (page 180). Table CLXIII. — Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity , of women 16 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers, for geographic divisions: 1900. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS. Number. Continental United States 307, 706 North Atlantic division. . . Nev? England Southern North Atlantic South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic. Southern South Atlantic. . North Central division Eastern North Central. . . Western North Central. . . South Central division Eastern South Central . . , Western South Central . . . Western division. Rocky Mountain. . . Basin and Plateau. Pacific 30,019 8,928 21,091 66, 657 19, 570 47,087 84,656 46, 839 37, 817 114, 896 68, 693 46, 202 2,633 2,385 6,461 Per cent. Native white — Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. 75.1 82.6 71.9 75.3 54.5 68.1 52.9 55.6 55.8 46.0 56.4 14.1 5a 6 6.1 10.4 5.7 12.4 2.0 0.5 14.0 15.4 12.2 0.8 2.6 11.7 12.6 8.0 12.6 Foreign bom white. 11.5 16.2 2.0 0.2 25.9 33.0 0.7 4.3 27.5 22.6 24.2 30.7 Negro, Indian, and Mongo- lian. 0.2 0.5 37.7 20.7 44.7 0.7 1.8 42.8 37.3 8.4 53.7 a2 iFor numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table 24, page 180. Native white women with both parents native were by far the most important class among female farmers. forming 58.3 per cent of the total number. This pro- portion of native white women of native parentage was exceptionally high, exceeding that in all but 8 of the 46 other occupations which contained at least 5,000 adult female breadwinners. On the other hand, the 6.1 per cent which the native white of foreign parentage constituted of the total was a proportion lower than that shown for any of the other 46 occupations except that of agricultural laborers (see Table xxiir, page 34). Negro, Indian, and Mongolian women were of practically the same importance among the female farmers as they were among the total number of adult female breadwinners, forming about 24 per cent in each case. The foreign born whites formed 11.4 per cent of the female farmers, as contrasted with 17.4 per cent of the total number of adult female breadwin- ners. This difference is to be attributed largely to the tendency of the foreign bom white women to en- gage in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and domestic and personal service in preference to agri- culture. The native whites of native parentage were the most numerous class among female farmers in each of the five main geographic divisions. There was, however, wide variation in the relative numbers in the different divisions, the proportions ranging from 46 per cent, or less than one-half, in the Western division, to 75.1 per cent, or three-fourths, in the North Atlantic division, while in New England the proportion was over four- fifths. In the other three main divisions the propor- tions approximate fairly closely those shown for the country at large. In the two Southern divisions, where* the negro population is large, the proportion was high for the colored races, which were an insignificant ele- ment in every other division except the Western. The large percentage of colored female farmers shown in the West was due mainly to the high percentage in the Basin and Plateau states, where more than half were of the colored races, this division being the only one of the geographic divisions or subdivisions in which the native white of native parents were in a minority. This results from the fact that a large number of Indian women were reported as farmers in Arizona. The highest percentage of foreign born white was found in the North Central states, to which the agricultural classes from western Europe have come in large numbers. In no division did the na- tive whites of foreign parentage form a large percent- age of the total, a fact probably to be explained par- tially by the younger age of this nativity class. This discussion of the proportion which the dif- ferent classes form of the total number of female farmers naturally raises the question whether, in pro- portion to its numbers, one class tends more than another toward farming. Table clxiv shows the per- centage that farmers formed of the total number of 124 WOMEN AT WORK. adult female breadwinners in each race and nativity class. Table CLXIV. — Number and percentage of farmers, planters, and overseers among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, far continental United States: 1900. RACE AND NATIVITY. All classes Native white — both parents native Native white — one or both parents foreign born. I'oreign born white.,.', Negro Indian and Mongolian FEMALE BREAD WINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 4, 833, 630 1,771,966 1,090,744 840, Oil 1,119,621 11,288 Farmers, planters, and overseers. Number. Per cent. 307, 706 179, 448 18, 663 34, 975 71,665 2,955 6.4 10.1 1.7 4.2 6.4 26.2 The percentage which farmers formed of the total number of adult female breadwinners was more than twice as great for the Indians and Mongolians as it was for the native whites with both parents native, the class that ranked second in this respect. The reason for this high percentage among the Indians is twofold. In the first place, Indian women, perhaps more than any other class, were restricted to a few rural occu- pations. In the second place, when the tribal reser- vations of the Indians were partitioned, farms were allotted to the women. As a result, 26.2 per cent, or more than 1 in 4, of the female breadwinners of the Indian race were farmers. That the native whites of native parentage ranked next to the Indians in the percentage which farmers constituted of the total number of female breadwinners is attributable to several causes. The higher proportion shown for them as compared with the other white nativity classes was probably due to the fact that this nativity class was more largely concentrated in the agricultural districts than was the case among those of foreign birth or parentage, who tend to seek the cities, where they engage in trade and transportation or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. They exceeded the negroes, the group that ranked third, probably because they were a wealthier class, and thus included relatively more women who had the means to possess a farm. The much smaller importance of the occupation for the white of foreign parentage as compared with the foreign born white is probably to be explained by the much lower average age of the former class, as farming is preeminently an occupation for women over 40. The difference in the relative importance of the occupation for the various race and nativity classes in different sections of the country is indicated in Table CLXV, which presents the percentage which farmers constituted of the total number of adult female bread- winners in each class for geographic divisions. The figures for the Indians and Mongolians have been omit- ted, since the female farmers among these races num- bered only 2,955 and were located mainly in the West- ern and South Central states. Table CLXV. — Percentage of farmers, planters, and overseers among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for geographic divisions: 1900. PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS AMONG FEMALE BREAD- ■WINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. All classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Negro. Continental United States 6.4 10.1 1.7 4.2 6.4 North Atlantic. . 1.7 8.6 6.4 14.0 6.0 3.7 15.9 8,3 25.7 6.4 0.6 2.3 2.6 5.1 2.4 0.8 3.4 10.3 14.1 7.4 0.1 South Atlantic 5.3 North Central 1.2 South Central , 8.9 Western 0.7 For women of all classes, farming was most impor- tant as an occupation in the South Central division and least important in the North Atlantic, the percentages being 14 for the former against 1.7 for the latter. In the North Central and Western states farming was most important as an occupation for the foreign born white women, but in the other sections it was most important for native whites with both parents native. . The proportion of farmers among the foreign born white women, although less than that among the negroes for continental United States as a whole, was, as a matter of fact, greater in all the divisions except the South Atlantic. Even the native white women with one or both parents foreign born, the class which had the lowest proportion for continental United States as a whole, had a larger proportion than the negro women in all divisions except the two Southern. The variations between the geographic divisions in the rank of the classes according to the proportion of farmers among female breadwinners were of course affected by differences in the geographic distribution of these classes. The negroes outranked the foreign born whites in the country as a whole because they were concentrated in the agricultural sections of the South, where farming as an occupation for women was of greatest importance, although in the rest of the country they form but an insignificant element. Parentage. — Table clxvi indicates the importance of the occupation for the different nationalities repre- sented among females reported as farmers, planters, and overseers. The only nationality for which the occupation approached the importance shown for the white of native parentage was that of the Norwegians, for whom the proportion of the total number of female breadwinners reported as farmers was 7.1 per cent. The Swiss ranked second, with 5.8 per cent, exactly FARMERS. 125 equaling the general average. All the other coun- tries of western Europe, with the exception of Ire- land and Sweden, also show a relatively high per- centage as compared with the total for those of foreign parentage. For most of the countries of eastern Europe, on the other hand, the percentage of farm- ers was low. This was particularly noticeable for the Italians, the Eussians, the Poles, the Austrians, and the Hungarians, the nationalities which of late years have been coming to this country in large num- bers. The low percentage for these nationalities is to be attributed mainly to their tendency to congre- gate in large cities where they find employment in manufacturiag and mechanical pursuits. It is per- haps noteworthy that approximately one-third of those of foreign parentage reported in this occupation were of German parentage. Table CLXVI. — Number and percentage of farmers, planters, and overseers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, clas- sified by nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900. PARENTAGE. All classes Native parentage Native white All other J^'oreign parentage Austria Bohemia Canada (EngUsh) Canada (French) Denmark England and Wales France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Other countries Mixed foreign parentage FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 5,319,397 3,247,907 1,926,637 1,321,270 2,071,490 25,690 25,719 102, 181 79,979 15,580 158,912 21, 164 538, 192 14,631 634,201 26,093 47,934 38, 636 40.816 46, 173 81,148 15, 125 47,689 112,827 Farmers, plant- ers, and over- Number. Per cent. 307,706 248,897 179, 448 69, 449 68,809 364 953 1,804 626 744 5,625 773 19,260 231 11,092 134 3,394 545 373 1,758 2,116 880 1,246 1,901 5.8 7.7 9.3 5.3 2.8 1.4 3.7 1.8 0.8 4.8 3.5 3.7 3.6 1.6 1.7 0.5 7.1 1.4 0.9 3.8 2.6 5.8 2.6 1.7 Age. — That farming is preeminently an occupation for women in middle life or old age is shown by Table CLXVii, in which the distribution by age periods is given for female farmers, classified by race and na- tivity. Of the total number of female farmers, only 13.5 per cent, or about 2 in 15, were under 35 years of age; while 66.3 per cent, or almost 2 in 3, were over 44. That the female farmers as a class should be so old is the result of the conditions under which most of them take up farming. The occupation naturally does not appeal to young unmarried women. It normally re- quires a certain amount of capital and experience, and to a single woman without family ties other methods of gaining a livelihood are more feasible. The statis- tics indicate that most of the women reported as farmers were once farmers' wives, who upon the death of the husband carried on the farm. This fact will become more evident when the figures for marital con- dition are considered. • Table CLXVII. — Distrioution, by age, of women 16 years of age and over employed as farmers, -planters, and overseers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration): ' 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS. AU Classes. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Indian and Mongo- lian. NUMBER. Total 307, 788 179, 476 18,665 1 34,982 71,665 3,001 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . . . Age unknown 11,632 29,761 61,004 81,078 71,367 51,643 1,303 4,193 12,688 32,791 48,744 46,011 34,661 387 796 2,114 5,040 5,301 3,482 1,909 24 328 1,299 4,249 9,426 11,320 8,282 79 5,982 13, 169 18,296 16,947 10,069 6,427 775 334 491 628 661 486 364 38 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total 100.0 1 100.0 ! 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over . . . Age unknown 3.8 9.7 19.8 26.3 23.2 16.8 0.4 2.3 7.1 18.3 27.2 25.6 19.3 0.2 4.3 11.3 27.0 28.4 18.7 10.2 0.1 0.9 3.7 12.1 26.9 32.4 23.7 0.2 8.3 18.4 25.6 23.6 14.1 9.0 1.1 11.1 16.4 20.9 22.0 16.2 12.1 1.3 I Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civiUan employees) stationed abroad. The lower average age among the negroes was pos- sibly due to the large number of tenant farmers among them. These tenant farmers hire a small area, agree- ing to pay rent out of the crop which they raise during the year, and they probably enter the occupation because it affords a ready means of obtaining a liveli- hood. Among the Indians the high percentage of young women among the female farmers was probably due to the facts that the other occupations into which they may enter are restricted in number, and that many of them obtained farms through the partition of the tribal reservations. The comparatively high per- centage of young women among the native white female farmers with one or both parents foreign born is prob- ably nothing more than a reflection of the comparative youth of this element in the general population. This is brought out more strongly in Table clxviii, which shows, for the several race and nativity classes, the percentage which farmers form of the total number of female breadwinners in each age group. Although among the total number of adult female breadwinners the occupation of the farmers was much less important for the native whites of foreign parent- age than for the foreign born whites, this was not the 126 WOMEN AT WORK. case in a' single one of the groups of known age. Ex- cept in the period 16 to 24 — where the percentages were identical — the native white female breadwinners of foreign parentage reported a higher percentage of farmers than the foreign born whites. This indicates conclusi,vely that the relatively small importance of the occupation for the native whites of foreign parent- age was due almost wholly to the fact that the propor- tion of them who had reached the age at which women ordinarily take up this occupation was so much smaller than the corresponding proportion of the foreign bom whites. Table CLXVIII.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900. , Total 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Age unknown FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK. Total. 4, 843, 155 2,139,370 1,171,952 676,548 441, 457 256,926 138,691 18,211 Tanners, planters, and overseers. 307,788 11,632 29,761 61,004 81,078 71, 367 51,643 1,303 Per cent. 6.4 0.6 2.5 9.0 18.4 27.8 37.2 7.2 Native white — Both parents native. Total. 1,773,109 753, 266 399,376 244,656 182, 214 120, 650 67, 655 5,392 Farmers, planters, and overseers. Number. 179, 476 4,193 12,688 32,791 48,744 46,011 34,661 387 Per cent. 10.1 0.6 3.2 13.4 26.8 38.1 61.2 7.2 One or hoth parents foreign bom. Total. Fanners, planters, and overseers. Number. 1,091,200 593, 435 297,916 130,749 46,926 15,982 5,368 825 18,665 795 2,114 5,040 5,301 3,482 1,909 24 Per cent. 1.7 0.1 0.7 3.9 11.3 21.8 35.6 2.9 Foreign born white. Total. 840, 686 347,759 202, 322 119,316 86, 136 54,563 28,262 2,328 Farmers, planters, and overseers. Number. 34,982 328 1,299 4,249 9,425 11,320 8,282 79 Per cent. 4.2 0.1 0.6 3.6 10.9 20.7 29.3 3.4 Negro. Total. 1,119,653 439,726 266,956 178, 810 124,024 64, 635 36,539 9,064 Farmers, planters, and overseers. 71, 665 5,982 13, 169 18, 296 16,947 10,069 6,427 775 Per cent. 6.4 1.4 49 10.2 13,7 16.6 17.6 8.6 Table CLXViii also shows that the occupation of farming became of increased importance as the age of the female breadwinners increased. Of the female breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age, only five-tenths of 1 per cent were farmers, but the proportion in- creased steadily until among those 65 years of age and over 37.2 per cent of the total were engaged in that occupation. This steadily advancing propor- tion is observable for all classes of the population, though it is more marked for some than for others. This of course is simply another indication of the fact that as a rule women become farmers only upon the death of their husbands. That such is the case is shown in Table clxix, in which the female farmers are classified by race and nativity and marital condition. Marital condition. — No less than 73.4 per cent of the total number of female farmers were widows. Even among the negro female farmers, where widows were rel- atively least numerous, they formed 64.5 per cent of the total number. Married women, who were next in im- portance to the widows, formed only 15.6 per cent of the total and were most numerous relatively among the negroes. Single women formed 9.1 per cent and were relatively most numerous among the native whites with both parents foreign born. Of the 47 occupations em- ploying 5,000 women, this showed the lowest proportion of single women and the highest proportion of widows. Table CLXIX. — Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers, classified by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enu- meration): 1900. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EM- PLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVER- MARITAL CONDITION. All classes Single^ Married Widowed Divorced All classes Single^ Married Widowed Divorced ■AH classes. Native white — Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. Negro. NUMBER. 307,788 179,475 28, 1 18 47,983 225, 991 ■5,696 16,320 22, 626 137, 681 2,949 18, 666 2,407 3,493 12,376 34, 982 71, 665. 1,036 5,359 28,098 489 8,185. 15,442 46,234 1,804 PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. 100.0 9.1 15.6 73.4 1.9 100.0 9.1 12.6 76.7 1.6 100.0 12.9 18.7 66.3 2.1 100.0 3.0 15.3 80.3 1.4 100. 11.4 21.6 64.5 2.5 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women in this occupation are 36 years of age and over. 2 Including unknown. FARMERS. 127 Comparison with census of 1890. — More or less un- certainty attends any comparison of the number of women reported as farmers at the censuses of 1890 and 1900. In 1890 girls of 15 were classified as adults, and it is possible, therefore, that the number of women reported as farmers at that census might include a few of that age, which would not be the case for 1900, as all girls under 16 engaged in farm pursuits were classified as agricultural laborers. It seems probable, moreover, that at the former census the term "farmer" was em- ployed more or less loosely, and that a very large num- ber of persons were reported as farmers who should properly have been classified as agricultural laborers. In 1900, on the other hand, there was probably no such inaccuracy in classification. The effect of any such errors in the returns would be to make the apparent increase in the number of farmers smaller than the actual increase.^ At the same time it seems doubtful just how far the foregoing inaccuracies affected the figures for women in this occupation. The increase in the number of women reported as farmers in continental United States amounted to 81,279, or 35.9 per cent, against an increase of 131,756, or 36.2 percent, in the number re- ported as agricultural laborers. This latter increase seems hardly abnormal as compared with the former. It is possible, therefore, that so far as women are con- cerned, the comparison between the censuses may give a fairly accurate measure of the changes in the occu- pation. These facts should be borne in mind in considering Table clxx, which gives the distribution of the female farmers by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, to- gether with the percentage of increase for each class during the decade. The largest actual increase shown by any of. the nativity classes was one of 40,733 among the native whites with both parents native, but the largest pro- portional increase was one of 1,058.7 per cent for the Indians and Mongolians. This enormous percentage is not, however, of particular significance, since the 1890 census included only those Indians who were living outside of tribal relations, while the 1900 census embraced all Indians. The native whites with one or both parents foreign born more than doubled in num- ber, and the negroes increased 45.2 per cent. The smallest relative increase and the next to the smallest actual increase was reported by the foreign born whites. The effect of these differences in the rates of increase was of course to change somewhat the relative im- portance of the different classes among the female farmers. The native whites of native parentage and the foreign born whites became slightly less important relatively, while the importance of all other classes increased. Table CLXX. — Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of women 15 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE FARMERS, PLANTERS AND OVER EMPLOYED AS , AND OVERSEERS. RACE AND NATIVITY. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. 307,788 Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent. All Classes 100.0 226,427 100.0 81,361 35.9 Native white— both par- ents native 179, 475 18,665 34,982 71,665 3,001 68.3 6.1 11.4 23.3 1.0 138,742 8,954 29, 106 49, 366 ' 259 61.3 4.0 12.9 21.8 0.1 40,733 9,711 5,876 22,299 2,742 29.4 Native white— one or both parents foreign 108.6 Foreign born white 20.2 45.2 Indian and Mongolian . . 1,058.7 1 For area of enumeration. From Table 16 (page 161) it will be seen that the relative importance of the occupation for the different nativity classes showed little variation between the two censuses, the greatest difference being a loss of eight-tenths of 1 per cent for the native white of native parentage. A slight gain in importance is shown for the other nativity classes. The changes that occurred during the decade in the age distribution of the female farmers is shown in Table clxxi. This table also gives for each age period the percentage- of increase in the number of female farmers. Table CLXXI. — Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers, for the United States: 1900 ' and 1890. iFor a more complete discussion of the return of farm labwers as farmers in 1890, see Twelfth Census, Occupations, page Ixxu. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS. AGE. 1900 1890 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. 1 Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per , cent. Total 307,788 100.0 226,427 100.0 81,361 35.9 15 to 24 years 11,632 29,761 61,004 81,078 71,367 61, 643 1,303 3.8 9.7 19.8 26.3 23.2 16.8 0.4 12, 551 19,244 41,898 63, 644 64,501 33,981 708 5.5 8.5 18.6 28.1 24.1 15.0 0.3 2 919 10,517 19, 106 17,634 16,866 17,662 595 S7.3 64.7 35 to 44 years 45. B 27. G 30.9 66 years and over 62.0 84.0 1 For area of enumeration. 2 Decrease. It will be noted in Table clxxi that female farmers 35 to 44 years of age showed the greatest actual in- cre^-se during the decade, although the greatest rela- tive increase was in the period 25 to 34 years. These two periods, together with that of 65 years and over, were the three which included a larger proportion of the farmers in 1900 than thej- did in 1890. In the 128 WOMEN AT WORK. period 15 to 24 years the number of female farmers actually decreased 919, or 7.3 per cent. This decrease, however, was probably the result of the inclusion in the 1890 figures of a large number of agricultural laborers of that age. The decrease, as shown by the census returns, was confined to the negroes, who were almost exclusively in the South, where the misuse of the term "farmer" in 1890 was the greatest. For all the other classes there was a slight increase in the number of farmers for the period 15 to 24 years. GENERAL TABLES 12694—07 9 (129) PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK. 131 Table 1.— NTjMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1900 1890 1880 Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Percent. Number.i Percent. Number. Percent. 23,485,559 4,833,630 20.6 18,967,672 3,696,616 19.0 14, 752, 258 2,353,988 16.0 7, 218, 443 1,734,928 24.0 6,994,793 1,341,607 22.4 4,871,598 911,343 18.7 2,016,845 561,235 27.8 1,721,262 455,265 26.4 1,438,295 312,249 21.7 Maine . . 243, 813 149, 608 118, 568 1,031,522 153, 717 319,617 5,201,598 49,917 39, 807 21, 862 317,558 48,203 83,898 1,173,693 20.5 26.6 18.4 30.8 31.4 26.2 22.6 233, 010 140,329 114,976 836,642 126,600 269, 705 41273,531 43,360 .^4,931 18,759 253,073 38,018 67,124 886,342 18.6 24.9 16.3 30.2 30.0 24.9 20.7 223, 189 128,133 112,608 654, 415 100,063 219,887 3,433,303 31,881 28, 419 15, 113 165, 121 27,065 44,660 599,094 14.3 22.2 Vermont 13.4 26.2 Rhode Island 27.0 Connecticut . . . 20.3 Southern North Atlantic 17.4 New Yorlc 2,538,959 637,031 2,025,608 3,086,268 636,319 142,718 395,656 772, 160 25.0 22.4 19.6 25.0 2,106,517 489, 780 1,677,234 2,562.926 482, 239 102,877 301,226 695,995 22.9 21.0 18.0 23.3 1,731,564 368, 669 1,333,180 2,176,892 338,219 62, 438 198,437 464,922 19.5 16.9 14.9 21.4 Northern South Atlantic 1,383,461 286,491 20.7 1,174,806 233,742 9,424 78, 049 31,049 95,078 20, 142 362,263 19.9 1,002,349 161,851 16.1 60, 090 390,551 109,031 554, 436 269,353 1,702,807 11,894 91,097 40,382 114, 438 28, 680 485,669 19.8 23.3 37.0 20.6 10.6 28.5 53,966 337,936 85,890 486, 458 211,565 1,388,120 17.5 23.1 36.1 19.6 9.6 26.1 45,512 291,512 62,443 436,408 166, 474 1,174,543 7,088 54,094 19,064 71,339 10,266 303,071 15.6 Maryland 18.6 30.5 16.3 6.2 25.8 547,099 375, 745 633,097 146,866 8,097,861 127, 740 142, 433 182,037 33, 459 1,316,724 23.3 37.9 28.8 22.8 16.2 460,050 311,979 508,776 107,316 6,642,824 97,842 105,807 134,654 24,050 966,501 21.3 33.9 ■26.4 22.4 14.4 400, 417 273,986 427,559 72,581 4,909,095 67,997 99,974 120,628 14,472 501,406 17.0 36.5 28.2 Florida 19.9 10.2 5,076,415 852, 297 16.8 4,151,762 607,018 14.6 3,285,068 346, 744 10.6 1,380,154 804, 478 1,511,608 766,656 612,519 3,022,446 233, 177 111,024 275, 106 126,517 106, 474 463,427 16.9 13.8 18.2 16.5 17.4 15.3 1, 183, 143 676, 130 1,163,486 639, 021 489,972 2,491,072 173, 640 80, 393 187,581 90,071 75, 433 348,483 14.7 11.9 16.1 14.1 15.4 14.0 977,977 576, 686 881,612 475,519 373,275 1,624,027 105,388 47,872 99,005 61,534 42,945 154,662 10.8 8.3 11.2 10.8 11.5 9.5 486,861 676,947 944, 161 76,936 105, 435 298,893 433,223 3,936,399 90,887 102,037 145, 498 13,073 14, 425 44, 121 53,386 818, 602 18.7 15.1 15.4 17.0 13.7 14.8 12.3 20.8 358,266 559, 212 772, 841 45,288 83,249 278, 246 393,981 2,981,386 62,229 76,985 106,367 7,400 10,999 40,733 43, 770 583,841 17.4 13.8 13.8 16.3 13.2 14.6 11.1 19.6 201,926 445,716 587,658 1 29, 132 109,714 249,882 2,389,162 23,573 42,383 58, 180 2,672 9,725 18,129 433,172 11.1 9.5 9.9 9.2 8.9 7.3 South Central division 18.1 Eastern Soutli Central 2,179,641 304,333 23.1 1,802,662 367,976 20.4 1,536,574 286,808 18.7 636,330 692, 601 620,252 431, 458 1,755,758 98, 181 103,553 158,345 144, 254 314,169 15.5 17.5 30.4 33.4 17.9 636,287 602,487 418,394 346,394 1,178,824 77,486 72, 974 109,091 108, 426 215,865 14.4 14.6 26.1 31.4 18.3 459,034 427,627 351,267 298,656 862,588 49,036 46,352 98,566 92,866 146,364 10.7 10.8 28.1 31.1 Western South Central 17.2 394,450 352, 725 96, 548 101,980 810,055 1,147,588 100, 484 62, 532 10, 020 9,708 122, 425 192,316 27.8 17.7 10.4 9.5 15.1 16.8 315, 706 286,803 93, 453 41,887 29.6 14.6 263,203 199,910 76,011 23,200 28.5 11.6 14,946 561,369 775,744 1,014 79,511 119,671 6.8 14.2 16.4 389, 476 405,511 48, 153 43, 145 12.4 Western division 10.6 325,048 49,942 16.4 206, 694 30, 126 14.7 87,205 7,813 9.0 56, 590 37,940 19,952 158,835 61,731 117,296 9,639 4,376 2,893 27, 369 5,766 18,466 16.9 11.5 14.5 17.2 11.1 15.7 27, 337 17,768 12, 646 106,329 41,615 76,694 4,494 1,802 1,707 18,484 3,639 9,887 16.4 10.1 13.6 17.4 8.7 12.9 6,147 6,631 3,863 39,838 31,826 55,561 482 274 439 4,608 2,010 4,488 7.8 .6.0 11.4 11.6 6.3 Basin and Plateau 8.1 30, 399 76,724 11, 173 706, 244 6,162 10,334 1,969 123,909 20.3 13.6 17.6 17.6 13, 097 53,086 10, .511 493, 466 1,534 6,663 1,800 79,658 11.7 12.3 17.1 16.1 7,161 36,292 12, 108 262, 746 15,429 38, 675 208, 641 451 2,676 1,461 30,844 6.3 7.1 12.1 11.7 131,677 114,562 459,015 20,203 17,916 85,790 15.3 15.6 18.7 79,123 79, 043 335, 290 10, 658 10,394 68, 606 13. 5 13.1 17.5 1,009 2,676 27, 159 6.5 6.9 13.0 1 Obtained by subtracting estimated numtier 16 years of age from number 15 years of age and over. 132 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 13.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS- IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. STATE OK TEREITOET. Continental United States. North Atlantic division . . New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island Connecticut Southern North Atlantic. New York New Jersey... Pennsylvania. . South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia.; West Virginia Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Florida North Central division. . . Eastern North Central. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan, . Wisconsin. Western North Central. . Miimesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Central division. . . Eastern South Central . Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Western South Central . Louisiana Arkansas Indian Territory. Oklahoma Texas Western division. . . Rocky Mountain . Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Basin and Plateau. Arizona- Utah Nevada. . Pacific Washington . Oregon California FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. 23,485,359 7,218,443 2,016,845 243, 813 149, 608 118, 668 1,031,522 153, 717 319, 617 5,201,698 2,538,959 637,031 2,025,608 3,086,268 1,383,461 60,090 390, 551 109,031 654, 436 269, 363 1, 702, 807 547,099 375, 746 633,097 146, 866 8,097,861 6,075,415 1, 380, 164 804, 478 1.511,608 766, 656 612,519 3,022,446 486, 851 676, 947 944, 161 76, 936 106, 435 298, 893 433, 223 3.935,399 2, 179, 641 6a5, 330 592,601 520, 252 431, 458 1,755,758 394, 450 362, 726 96, 548 101,980 810,055 1,147,588 Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. 4,833,630 1,734,928 561,236 49,917 39, 807 21,852 317, 568 48,203 83,898 1,173,693 635, 319 142, 718 396,656 772, 160 286, 491 11,894 91,097 40,382 114, 438 28, 680 485, 669 127, 740 142, 433 182,037 33, 469 1, 315, 724 852,297 233, 177 111,024 275, 106 126,617 106, 474 463, 427 90, 887 102, 037 146, 498 13,073 14,425 44, 121 53,386 818,502 504, 333 98, 181 103,663 158, 345 144,254 314, 169 109, 484 62, 532 10,020 9,708 122, 425 192, 316 325,048 i 49,942 66,690 37, 940 19, 962 158, 836 51,731 117,296 1 75, 724 11, 173 1.31,677 114,6.52 4.59,015 4,375 2,893 27,369 5,766 18, 466 6,162 10,. 334 1,969 20, 203 17, 916 85, 790 20.5 26.6 18.4 30.8 31.4 26.2 25.0 22.4 19.6 20.7 19.8 23.3 37.0 20.6 10.6 28.5 23.3 37 9 28.8 22.8 16.2 16,8 16.9 13.8 18.2 16.6 17.4 15.3 18.7 16.1 15.4 17:0 13.7 14.8 12.3 20.8 23.1 16. 5' 17 5 30.4 33,4 17 9 27.8 17 7 10.4 9,5 15.1 16.4 16.9 1L5 14 5 17 2 11,1 15.7 20.3 13.6 17 6 15.3 15.6 18.7 Native white — both parents native. Total. 12,130,161 3,296,734 921, 193 178,033 93,008 77, 657 385,796 52,578 134, 121 2,375,541 934, 323 270, 449 1,170,769 1,795,699 876, 367 38,049 212, 491 49, 127 343, 449 233,241 919,242 156, 670 330, 194 70,052 4, 115, 662 2,542,904 826,628 596,007 659, 779 322, 298 138,292 103,544 359,089 621,795 14,825 33,099 149,983 290, 423 2,370,549 1,336,171 469, 666 427,639 267, 692 170,174 1, 036, 378 146, 606 236, 805 69, 824 78,014 504, 129 651,617 179,1 21,174 19,761 9,876 89, 690 39, 206 34, 418 10, 147 20,601 3, 670, 337, 602 68, 129 72, 471 196,902 Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. 1,771,966 614, 686 186,948 31,794 18,936 13, 123 85,798 11,537 25,761 427,638 180, 263 45,165 202, 210 253, 959 114, 726 5,533 35,945 11,489 39, 689 22,070 139,233 55,979 31,631 43,823 7,800 671,843 364,386 121, 864 73,485 97,377 47,912 23,747 207, 458 18,656 61,394 74,648 2,571 5,109 21,579 33, 501 248,598 148, 373 47,880 42,446 35,925 22, 122 100, 226 17, 476 24, 137 6,328 6,849 45, 436 82,980 25,010 3,419 2,306 1,402 13, 998 3,886 4,645 1,300 2,757 9,933 10, 628 32, 864 14.6 20.; 17 9 20.4 16.9 22.2 21.9 19.2 18.0 19.3 16.7 17.3 13.1 14.6 16.9 23.4 11.6 9.5 15.1 15.4 20.2 13.3 11.1 13.9 14.3 14.7 12.3 14.8 14 9 17 2 13.2 18.0 14.3 12.0 17 3 15.4 14.4 11.5 10.6 11.1 10.2 9.9 13.4 13.0 9.7 11.9 10.2 9.1 8.8 9.0 15.0 13.9 16.1 11.7 14 2 15.6 9.9 13.5 12.8 13.4 16.0 14.6 14.5 16.7 Native white — one or both par- ents foreign born. Total. 4,288,969 1,638,830 403,684 26,269 18, 079 22, 344 229,081 35,860 72,961 1,236,246 691,630 147,018 396,598 128, 799 107, 767 6,692 59, 214 14, 836 9,982 17,033 21,042 2,585 4,163 8,357 6,937 1,304,761 319,691 128, 413 399, 657 208,080 248,920 727,010 172,506 183, 873 176,683 18, 731 30,674 71,919 73,724 209, 349 81,987 52, 223 13,700 9,424 6,640 127, 362 39,748 8,863 2,469 9,232 67,060 280,220 64,380 13,619 9,588 4,659 32,444 4,070 37,565 6,053 29, 327 3,175 178, 286 26,726 20, 863 130, 697 Breadwinners. Number. Percent. 1,090,744 524, 022 160,080 7,197 7,228 5, .683 96, 111 16, 162 28.799 363,942 216, 496 44, 118 103, 328 24, 192 1,809 14,081 3,916 1,522 2,864 3,583 438 780 1,525- 840 448, 268 299, 747 73,800 24,010 98, 366 45, 841 67,730 148,521 42, 145 35,426 37,312 4,246 5,524 13,218 10,650 34,690 16, 993 12, 364 2,387 1,326 916 17,697 6,245 1,281 270 999 8,902 65,989 11,836 2,771 1,165 845 6,542 512 6,402 655 4,199 648 4,239 29,064 26.4 32.0 28.5 40.0 25.0 41.6 46.1 39.6 ?9.5 31.3 30.0 26.1 22.5 27.0 23.8 26.4 15.2 16.8 17.0 16.9 18.7 18.2 14.1 22.1 23.0 23.1 18.7 24.6 22.0 23.2 20.4 24.4 19.3 21.3 22.7 18.0 18.4 14.4 16.6 20.7 23.7 17.4 14.1 13.8 13.9 16.7 14.5 10.9 10.8 13.3 20.0 18.4 20.3 12.2 18.1 20.2 12.6 14.4 lao 14.3 17.3 18.1 20.3 22.7 RACE AND NATIVITY. 133 Table 2.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. STATE OR TERRITORY, FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Continental United States. . . North. Atlantic division New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont , Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Southern North Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania South Atlantic division. . . Northern South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . , Virginia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia ■.. Florida North Central division Eastern North Central. . Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsm Western North Central. . Minnesota Iowa Missouri '. North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Central division Eastern South Central .. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Wostrrn South Central.. Louisiana Arkansas Indian Territory Oklahoma Texas Western division.': Rocky Mountain Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico : Basin and Plateau Arizona T^tiih Nevada Pacific Washington Oregon California Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mongolian. Negro. Total. Bread winners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Percent. Number. Per cent. Numljcr. Per cent. 4,403,494 840,011 19.1 2,662,935 1,130,909 42.5 2,589,988 1,119,621 43.2 3,134,648 525,833 24.6 148,231 70, 487 47.6 145,688 69,802 47.9 668,958 203,120 30.4 23,110 11,087 48.0 22,603 10, 937 48.4 39,832 38,292 18,317 404,318 61,656 106,593 1,465,690 10,669 13,490 3,044 130,945 18, 602 26,370 322, 713 26.8 35.3 16.6 32.4 30.'2 24.7 22.0 689 279 250 12, 327 3,623 5,942 125,121 257 154 102 5, 704 1,902 2,968 59, 400 37.3 55.2 40.8 46.3 52.5 49.9 47.5 447 272 249 12,138 3,608 5,889 122, 985 167 153 102 6,664 1,896 2,956 58, 865 37.4 56.3 41.0 46.7 52.5 50.2 47.9 870,564 193,061 402.065 87,845 215, 592 40, 703 66,418 14.958 24.8 21.1 16.5 17.0 42,442 26,503 56, 176 1,074,026 22,968 12,732 23,700 475, 468 54.1 48.0 42.2 44.3 40,810 26, 476 ,55,700 1,072,056 22,512 12,716 23,637 474, 961 56.2 48.0 42.4 44.3 72.643 12, 617 17.4 326,704 134,956 41.3 .326,565 134,939 41.3 5,878 43,467 8,990 6,580 7,728 15,202 1,036 7,856 2,029 928 768 2.341 17.6 18.1 22.6 14.1 9.9 15.4 9,471 75,379 36, 078 194,425 11,361 747,321 3,516 33,215 22,948 72,299 2,978 340.512 37.1 44.1 6.3.6 37.2 26.2 45.6 9,467 75, 372 36,066 194, 313 11,347 745, 491 3,613 33,214 22,948 72,287 2,977 340,022 37.1 44.1 63.6 37.2 26.2 45.6 1,560 2,140 4,425 7,077 1,769,348 .229 353 607 1,152 239, 111 14.7 16.5 13 7 16.3 13.5 180,628 212, 772 290,121 63,800 181,080 71,094 109, 669 136,082 23, 667 56,502 39.4 51.5 46.9 37.1 31.2 178,940 212, 738 290, 112 63, 701 . 163,939 70,627 109,6,55 136,080 23, 660 66,271 •39.5 51. 5' 46.9 37.1 33,7 1,137,630 159.633 14.0 90,214 28.632 31.6 85.926 28,058 32.7 201, 609 60,982 423,666 229, 150 222, 129 631.812 27, 415 6,866 69,879 30,926 24,548 79, 478 13.6 11.3 16.5 13 5 11.1 12.6 32, 326 19,076 28, ,506 7.128 3,178 90,866 10,098 6,663 9,483 1,839 449 27,970 31.2 34.9 33.3 25.8 14.1 30.8 32, 311 19,001 28, 475 6,313 826 78,013 10,096 6,651 9,480 1,607 224 27,213 31.2 36.0 33.3 30.2 27.1 34.9 206, 581 129,875 93, 156 41,251 34,951 73,930 52,068 138,902 29,194 14, 166 13, 171 6,070 3,552 8,406 4,920 17.. 536 14.1 10.9 14.1 14.7 10.2 11.4 9.4 12.6 4,220 4,110 53,627 2,129 6,711 3,061 17,008 1,216,599 892 1,062 20,367 186 240 918 4,315 517, 678 21.1 25.6 38.0 8.7 3 6 30.0 25.4 42.6 1,594 4,001 53,689 73 125 2,115 16,616 1,198,825 566 1,051 20,369 27 .53 875 4,292 515,911 34.9 26.3 38.0 0) 42.4 41.4 26.0 43.0 37,547 4.786 12.7 724,936 334, 181 46.1 724. 240 334,068 46.1 23, 149 6,904 5,040 2,454 101,355 2.996 861 545 384 12,7.50 12.9 12.5 10.8 15.6 12.6 90,292 144, ^8 238,096 252, 190 491,663 34,941 57,869 120,549 120,832 183, 497 38.7 40.1 50.6 47.9 37.3 90,266 144,326 238,046 251,603 474,585 34,938 57,854 120, 546 120,730 181,843 38.7 40.1 60.6 48.0 .38.3 21,064 5,002 1,409 5,766 68,114 272,751 2.560 630 118 459 S,993 42. 573 12.1 , 12.6 ; 8.4 ' 8.0 13.2 15.6 187,032 102.065 22.846 8.968 170,752 43.000 83,214 36, 484 .3,304 1,401 59,094 10.774 44.5 35.7 14.5 1.5.6 34.6 25.1 186,872 102,047 9,550 5, 480 170, 636 9,, 580 83, 158 36, 482 1,987 1,144 69,072 3,676 1,744 44 5 36.8 20.8 20.9 34.6 38.4 66,967 10.312 1.5. 4 14.004 2.78.5 19.9 4,326 40.3 17,787 7,007 4, 682 33, 164 4,327 34,417 3,035 789 588 5, 487 413 4.395 17.1 11.3 12. 6 16.5 9.5 12.8 4,010 1,.594 735 3,537 4,128 10.906 8,062 989 1,856 18.090 314 115 58 1,342 956 4,023 7.8 7.2 7.9 -.37. 9 23.2 36.9 472 89 225 3,124 416 544 208 29 54 1,327 126 252 44.1 24.0 42.6 30.4 46.3 7,137 24.807 2, 473 171, 367 847 3.209 339 27.866 11.9 12.9 13.7 16.3 3, .360 169 494 3. 966 41.7 17.1 26.6 21.9 347 1.50 47 4,711 695 337 .3,679 166 70 17 1.680 47.6 46.7 0) 35.7 32. Ii21 18. 932 119.814 4.424 2.7.52 20,690 13.6 14.5 17.3 4,202 2,286 11,602 997 397 2,572 23.7 17.4 22.2 213 154 1,313 30.6 4.5.7 35.7 iPercent not shown where Nasr is less than 100. 134 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 3.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. FEMALE POPULATION. 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. 36 to 44 years of age. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Continental United States 3,837,851 1,237,967 32.3 2,914,691 898,478 30.8 6,860,616 1,168,342 19.9 4,339,166 675,032 15.6 North Atlantic division : 990,213 452,210 46.7 837,099 346, 556 41.4 1,835,915 448,910 24.5 1,386,205 234,434 16.9 264,656 128,249 50.4 225,664 113,256 50.2 498,821 165,467 31.2 .381, 405 79,912 21.0 31,853 18, 133 14,749 128.988 20, 403 40, 430 735.657 11,322 8,786 5,038 69,067 12,638 21,398 323,961 35.5 48.5 34.2 53.6 61.9 52.9 44.0 24,273 15,346 11,482 120,827 17,907 36,830. 611,435 9,271 7,341 3,900 66,787 9,769 17, 187 233,301 38.2 47.8 34.0 54.4 54.6 48.0 38.2 52,041 33,408 26,636 267,984 39, 331 80,421 1,337,094 12,051 10, 141 5,116 93, 184 12,997 21,979 293, 443 23.2 30.4 20.0 34.8 33.0 27.3 21.9 44,052 27,069 21,237 198,606 29,769 60,682 1,004,800 6,837 5,952 3,002 46,457 6,637 11,027 154,522 15.5 14 1 23 4 22 3 18.2 Souttiem North, Atlantic 15.4 New York 345,284 88,339 302,034 586,270 169,846 41, 111 113, 004 190,230 49.2 46.5 37.4 32.4 295,996 73,782 241,667 418,305 125,811 28,044 79,446 121,560 42.6 38.0 32.9 29.1 664,637 166,227 616,230 731,540 161,506 34,777 97,160 170,202 24.7 20.9 18.8 23.3 494,605 126, 676 384,519 528,932 86,369 18,653 49,500 118,791 14 8 South Atlantic division 22.5 Northern South Atlantic 237,753 63,033 26.5 177,664 46,778 26.3 333,713 65,754 19.7 248,134 45,948 18.5 8,804 62,020 14, 577 101,893 50, 469 348,517 2,951 22,850 5,994 24,718 6,520 127, 197 33.6 36.8 41.1 24.3 12.9 36.6 6,914 46, 444 14,199 73,404 36,603 240,741 2,080 15,019 6,878 17,693 6,108 74,772 30.1 32.3 48.4 24.1 14.0 31.1 14, 182 94,556 29,267 128, 352 67,356 .397,827 122,863 86,886 160,986 37,092 2,016,315 2,772 21,054 11,333 24,232 6,363 104,448 19.5 22.3 38.7 18.9 9.4 26.3 11,779 73,936 20,727 95,835 45,858 280,798 1,771 14, 136 7,700 18,421 3,920 72,843 19 1 District of Columbia 37.1 19 2 Southern South Atlantic 25.9 108,405 83, 178 128, 716 28,218 1,302,260 34,773 40, 666 45,261 6,697 369.391 32.1 48.8 36.2 23.4 28.4 76, 962 63,717 89,868 21, 194 967,595 20,393 21,694 27,711 4,974 269,340 26.8 40.4 30.8 23.5 27.8 24,533 .30,775 40,956 8,184 313,964 20.0 35.4 27.1 22.1 15.6 90,351 60, 632 104,670 25,145 1,530,947 17,724 20,620 28,585 5,914 162, 776 34 Florida 23 6 Eastern North Central 781,053 242,099 31.0 589,639 170, 104 28.9 1.260,479 203, 611 16.2 971,633 107,746 11.1 Ohio 204,987 126,906 231,464 116,086 101,611 521,207 63,017 27,704 76,804 36,983 37,591 127,292 30.7 21.8 33.2 31.9 37.0 24.4 157,029 91,492 181,922 87,604 71,492 378,066 44,692 20, 174 56,160 26,394 22, 684 99,236 28.5 22.1 30.9 30.1 31.7 26.2 335, 853 194,651 401,811 182,480 145,684 765,836 55, 850 26,035 70,910 28,748 22,068 110,343 16.6 13.4 17.6 15.8 15.1 14.6 260,592 152,208 296,497 146,460 116,876 659,314 30,600 15,612 35,728 14,739 11,067 55,030 11 7 12 1 10 1 Wisconsin 9 5 Western North Central 9.8 83,631 111,684 163,474 13,579 18,928 63,815 76, 196 784.697 ■ 28, 289 29,014 35,335 4,249 4,566 12,702 13,137 189,318 33.9 26.0 21.6 31.3 24.1 23.6 17.2 24.1 61,007 82, 136 119,695 10,305 12,920 38,265 63,738 565,105 21,016 22,930 27,603 3,091 3,270 10,171 11,256 125,874 34.4 27.9 23.0 30.0 26.3 26.6 20.9 22.7 124, 339 165,768 240, 837 20,597 25,646 74,682 103,968 970,773 22,018 24,173 36,690 2,779 2,984 10,285 12,514 183,867 17.7 14.6 14.8 13.5 11.6 13.8 12.0 18.9 93, 567 124,117 172,113 15,857 20,607 65,946 77, 117 659, 472 9,376 11,476 19,957 1,343 1,521 4,913 6,446 126,967 Xowa 9 2 11 6 South Dakota 7 4 8 4 19 3 Eastern South Central 426, 899 116,749 27.3 302,916 77, 218 25.6 627,658 113, 531 21.5 365,070 77,913 21.3 114, 409 114,709 105,939 91,842 357.798 18,998 21,382 39,885 36, 484 72,669 16.6 » 18.6 37.6 39.7 20.3 83,766 81,292 74,532 63, 326 252, 189 16,248 15, 543 ■ 23,600 22,827 48,656 18.2 19.1 31.7 36.0 19 3 156, 510 143,597 122,785 104, 666 443,216 22,713 23,180 34,418 33,220 70,320 14.5 16.1 28.0 .31.7 15.9 111,987 98,509 85,069 69,505 294, 402 16,008 16,380 23,972 21,553 49,054 14 3 Tennessee 16 6 28.2 Western South Central 16.7 76, 441 74, 183 20,969 19,026 167,189 174, 411 24,997 15,641 2,604 2,033 27,294 .36,818 32.7 21.1 12.4 10.7 16.3 21.1 56,375 51,424 14,035 13,372 117,983 136,487 16,024 9,536 1,430 1,693 19,973 35,158 28.9 18.5 10.2 12.7 16.9 25.8 99,996 87,564 25, 462 27,290 202,914 306,073 26,858 12,924- 2,013 2, 146 27,385 51,419 26.9 14.8 7.9 7.9 13.6 16.8 66,168 56,926 16, 112 18,751 136, 446 233, SlO 17,362 9,338 1,567 1,428 19,369 32,064 26 2 Arlcansas 16 4 9 7 Texas 14.2 13 7 48.805 8,655 17.5 39,774 8,860 22.3 93,642 13,756 14.7 69,603 9,094 13.1 Montana 8,042 6,624 3,339 22,373 8,427 21,416 1,844 936 696 4,195 ■ 884 3,795 22.9 14.1 20.8 18.8 10.6 17.7 7,358 4,811 2,728 18,827 6,050 14,793 1,932 837 616 4,8.38 637 3,094 26.3 17.4 22.6 25.7 10.5 20.9 18, 140 10,562 5,906 46, 234 13,800 29,619 2,918 964 744 7,850 1,290 4,298 16.1 9 12.6 17.4 9.3 14.5 12, 487 7,519 4,131 34,871 10, 496 21,615 1.517 690 401 6,371 1,115 2,944 12.1 9.2 Wyoming 9.7 16.4 New Mexico, . 10.6 13.6 6,202 14,512 1,701 104, 191 943 2,665 287 24,468 18.1 17.7 16.9 23.5 3,723 9,791 1,279 81,920 724 2,079 291 23,204 19.4 21.2 22.8 28.3 8,442 18, 453 2,724 182,812 1,636 2,167 496 33,365 19.4 11.7 18.2 18.3 5,799 13,787 2,029 142,492 1,191 1,426 328 20,026 20.5 Utah 10.3 Nevada 16.2 14.1 20,634 19, 490 04,067 4,629 4,329 15,610 21.9 22.2 24.4 15, 168 13,931 52,821 3,871 3,700 16, 633 26.5 26.6 29.6 36, 430 28,997 118,385 6,226 4,489 23,060 14.8 15.5 20.0 29, 128 22,663 90,801 3,237 2,552 14,237 11.1 regon 11.3 15.7 AGE. 135 Table :i.—XL'MBER AND PERCEXTAGE OF BREADWINKERS IX THE FEMALE POPULATIOX 16 YEARS OF AGE AXD -OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. STATE OR TEBRITORV. Continental United States. North Atlantic division. . FEMALE POPULATION— continued. 45 to 54 years of i Breadwinners. Total. >Juml)er. Percent. New England. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Connecticut Southern North Atlantic . New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Soutli Atlantic division. Northern South Atlantic . Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic. . North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia :... Florida North Central division Eastern North Central . . Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Western North Central. Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Central division... Eastern South Central. Kentucky.- Tennessee . . Alabama. . . Mississippi. Western South Central . Louisiana Arkansas Indian Territory. Oklahoma Texas AVesteru division. . . Rocky Mountain. Montana Idaho Wyoming. .. Colorado New Mexito . Rasin and Plateau. Arizona. rtah Nevada. Pacific . Washington. Oregon California 276, 691 35,227 21, 452 17,422 138, 194 21.119 43. 277 685,959 440,825 135, 178 45,006 337, 194 83,933 264. 832 386, 417 4,763 3,607 2,133 24,637 3,554 6,312 90, 172 14.0 10.3 50,168 10, 767 29,237 ITS 642 8, 248 51 8X9 14 678 71 660 32 167 69,664 43, ■ 32. 813 1,137 9,304 5,167 14.160 3,045 54, 136 14,506 14. 780 13.5 16.8 12 2 n'.s 16 8 14.6 13.1 55 to 64 years of age. Breadwinners. Total. 1,940,111 Number. Percent 651, 754 197, 336 28,075 16,769 13,794 93,692 13,98G 31,023 4.54, 418 14.9 12,8 11.0 .-, J 18.4 13.8 17.9 35.2 19.8 9..-) 26.1 224, 512 55,405 174, 501 238, 435 113,992 5,613 33,665 9,079 45, 415 20,220 124, 443 20.8 ' 33.8 1 76, 578 17, 745 20,642 4.208 27.0 23.7 1,030,859 100,424 9.7 658, 320 64,370 9.8 185,851 107, 838 184, 580 104,246 75, 814 18,853 10, 451 19,078 9,531 6,457 10.1 9.7 10.3 9.1 8.5 372,530 36,054 9.7 55,913 83,872 116,466 8,587 13,358 37, 346 5ti,9.S8 5,238 7,111 13,544 894 1,089 3,245 4,933 9.4 8.5 11.6 10.4 8.2 8 7 8.7 472,296 98, 223 20.8 265, 766 59,551 22.4 78,229 73, 374 64, 219 49.944 12, 049 13.313 18.712 15. 477 1.5.4 18.1 29.1 31.0 206. 530 38, 672 18.7 46,584 42,600 10,789 12,304 94. 253 13,088 8,035 1,342 1,182 15, 025 28 1 18,9 12.4 9.6 15.9 42,914 26, 461 45,299 9,769 687,424 443,087 128, 192 72, 496 118, 729 72,098 51,572 244,337 36, 544 58,411 7.5, 447 4,447 8,041 23, 102 38. 345 274, 399 159,942 142,761 i 20,051 38. 8S0 49, 467 44, 826 36, 621 29.02S 114,457 27.262 23,327 1 5.212 I 7.043 51,613 ! 88,099 256,705 26,048 3,371 2,325 1,600 12, 265 1,7.51 3,736 50, 335 27.022 6.\h i 17, 126 51, 139 19, 659 711 5,454 2,326 9,017 2,161 31,480 9, 125 8, .503 11,620 2,232 62. 602 39,920 12,217 6,806 10,460 6, 398 4,039 22.682 3,097 4,572 8, .596 4.59 683 1,897 3, 378 56, 657 35,265 7,715 8,284 10,302 8,964 21,392 7,384 4,372 817 ;,139 10,924 5,733 4,323 2,165 20,030 j 6,629 13,367 3,599 8,234 1..534 90, 514 5.697 sir 482 2.59 3,ia5 961 2,234 915 1,033 286 14.7 14.5 11.1 12 13.8 14.5 16.7 25. 4 12 5 18.6 15 7(111 1. 774 11 3 14 419 1. 549 10 7 60.395 i 8. 797 14 6 20. 725 2,023 2,410 1.084 10.599 3.709 , S. .386 1,917 5,623 1,046 3.S. 7SS 9,027 8,908 40.8.53 2,697 329 309 130 1,370 559 1,349 483 703 163 916 883 5,079 11.6 12.7 12.0 13.9 11.6 13.1 12.5 12.0 11.1 12.0 11.2 9.8 21.4 17.2 12.7 16,2 25.6 19.9 10.6 25.3 21.3 32 1 25 7 9.0 9.0 9.4 8,8 8,9 7.8 8.0 7.8 11.4 10.3 8.5 8.2 8.8 20.6 22.0 15.6 18.5 28.1 30.9 18.7 27.1 18.7 13.0 11.6 15.8 12.4 13.0 11.3 12.8 12.0 12 9 13. 1 15.7 25.2 12.5 15.6 10.1 9.9 12.4 65 years of age and over. Total. 1,525,080 540, 272 177,343 27, 746 17,041 14,006 80,128 10,905 27,517 362,929 182, 863 42,384 137, 682 8,570 4,328 26, 133 6,371 36, 172 15, 566 95,468 34, 637 20, 235 33,944 6,652 544, 571 361,232 105, 481 57,095 93,488 56, 620 48,548 183,33? 30,940 49,091 53,05.5- 3,391 5,752 15,245 25,865 196,520 120, 123 37,892 32. 877 27, 875 21,479 76, 397 21,083 14, 534 2,758 3,639 34,383 59,679 ' Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. 138, 587 38, 481 12,833 2,188 1,528 1,014 5,276 750 2,077 25,648 13, 521 2,930 9,197 29,672 11,277 399 2,828 954 5,719 1,377 18, 395 5,903 5,173 6,197 1,122 33,969 22,664 7,554 3,932 5,266 3,515 2,397 11,305 1,599 2,450 4,406 222 278 793 1,557 31,582 20, 844 4,765 4,810 6,147 5,122 10, 738 4,178 2,050 262 344 3,904 4,883 12,006 1,035 1,743 1,489 542 5,902 2.330 7,006 1,278 5,073 655 40,667 127 143 41 431 293 257 338 99 3,154 9.1 7.1 7.2 9.0 7.2 6.6 6.9 7.5 5,656 6,078 28,933 413 399 2,342 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 17.0 25.6 18.3 16.9 6.2 6.3 7.2 6.9 5,6 6.2 4.9 6.2 5.2 5.0 8.3 6.5 4.8 5.2 6.0 17.4 12.6 14.6 22.1 23.8 14.1 ' 19.8 14.1 9.5 9.5 11.4 8.2 7.3 9.6 7.3 12.6 20.1 6.7 15.1 7.8 7.3 6.6 8.1 Age unlcnown. Bread wiimers. Number, j Per cent. 73,161 : 17,694 14,336 I 3,776 7.4 6.9 6.7 16.1 12.7 9.2 it 10.8 15.0 ;i 15.8 I 8,8 19.3 I 5,029 546 391 242 3,103 310 437 9,306 3,868 1,285 4,153 222 1,909 133 1,705 1,124 7,238 2,303 848 3,036 1,061 17,890 10,063 2,169 1,792 4,117 1,063 922 7,827 1,020 1,868 3,074 173 184 502 1,006 22,137 11,367 3,070 3,417 3,212 1,668 10, 770 1,542 2,178 1.221 555 5,274 6,468 29.1 114 127 50 885 107 182 2,311 3,627 73 452 478 196 2,3 783 322 1,065 228 3,268 1,783 310 699 209 171 1,485 255 312 667 36 34 115 166 6,024 1,262 607 2,762 593 636 I 122 ' 65 ■ 1,346 1 20.9 32.5 20.7 28.5 34.5 41.6 24.8 27.8 19.4 23.7 24.1 32.9 23.7 22.6 28.0 17.4 33.1 34.0 38.0 35.1 21.7 18.3 17.7 18.2 17.3 17.0 19.7 18.5 19.0 25.0 16.7 18.4 20.8 18.5 22.9 16.5 27.2 28.7 22.3 19.3 40.8 36.4 38.5 29.2 10.0 11.7 2.5.5 15.4 1,713 248 14.5 164 42 25.6 202 24 11.9 57 6 (') 999 149 14.9 291 \ -' 9.3 895 57 6.4 439 13 3.0 251 24 9 6 205 20 9.8 3,860 694 18.0 934 237 25.4 166 15 9.0 2.760 442 16.0 ■136 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 4.— NUMBEB AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPUl.ATION OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE, 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. 36 to 44 years of age. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadw Number. nners. Per cent, i Total. Breadwinners. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. !^uinber. Per cent. Continental United States 2,092,138 434,822 20.8 1,490,273 318,070 21.3 2,860,006 399,048 1 13.9 j 2,116,226 244,348 11.6 467,118 151,669 32.5 363,615 111,849 31.6 737,244 145,768 19.8 583,713 84, leo 14.4 104,776 33,713 32.2 82,693 ia,262 7,708 7,221 34,795 4,827 11,880 270,922 31,072 37.6 184,436 40,667 25.3 161,503 29,389 18.2 31,786 9,316 9,654 42,767 6,117 16,136 362,342 6,0.52 2,940 2,966 13,940 2,497 5,318 117,966 27.8 31.6 30.7 32.6 40.8 35.1 32.6 5,456 2,924 2,286 14,112 2,032 4,263 .- 80,777 33.6 37.9 31.6 40.6 42.1 35.9 29.8 35,213 17,663 15,663 78,274 10,894 26,839 652,808 7,463 4,460 2,821 23,101 2,840 5,980 99,101 21.2 25.3- 18.1 29.6 20.1 22.3 17.9 31,201 16,157 12,820 68,742 9,324 23,319 422,150 4,686 3,109 1,689 14,646 1,726 3,734 54,771 14.7 19.2 13.2 21.2 Rhode Island 18.5 16.0 Southern North Atlantic 13.0 New York 134,601 38,644 189,097 331,687 45, 124 12,322 60,510 63,217 33.6 31.9 32.0 19.1 101,873 29,167 139,882 235,684 33,194 8,223 39,360 40,380 32.6 28.2 28.1 17.1 208,266 62,616 281,920 420,216 42,403 10,293 46,405 50,538 20.4 ! 10.4 16.6 12.0 162,701 49,628 209,821 306,743 24,484 6,049 24,238 36,775 16.0 12.2 11.6 11.7 Northern South Atlantic 154,674 26,012 16.8 113,041 19,273 17.0 210,863 25,038 11.9 161,266 16,669 11.0 5,767 36, 124 0,570 60,913 45,300 176,913 1,484 10,080 1,811 7,582 6,065 37,206 26.7 27.9 27.6 12.4 11.2 21.0 4,263 26,022 6,065 44,641 32,050 122,643 975 6,281 2,008 6,084 3,926 21,107 22.9 24.1 33.1 13.6 12.2 17.2 8,566 50,799 12,975 80,449 58,066 209,362 1,163 8,011 3,292 7,932 4,660 25,500 13.5 15.8 26.4 9.9 8.0 12.2 i 7,184 38,076 9,016 58, 133 38,857 154,478 742 4,907 2,0£6 5,917 2,937 19,206 10.3 12.9 District of Columbia Virginia 22.9 10.2 7.6 Southern South Atlantic 12.4 North Carolina 68,350 31,507 63,788 13,270 722,540 15,382 9,632 10,840 1,351 149,377 22.6 30.6 17.0 10.2 20.7 47,189 21,362 44,682 9,410 602,230 8,240 6,174 6,676 1,117 113,616 17.6 24.2 14.7 11.9 22.6 80,923 36,444 76,081 16,914 980,726 9,462 5,962 8,388 1,088 133,032 11.7 16.8 11.0 10.0 13.6 61,200 25,745' 56,606 12,027 723,795 7,378 3,961 6,649 1,318 72,403 12.1 15.4 Georgia 11.8 Florida North Central division. . U.O 10.0 Eastern North Central 430,779 136,848 101,931 113,027 49, 423 29,560 291,761 95,840 22.2 301,613 69,714 23.1 598,129 84,071 14.1 448,849 47,267 10.6 Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan 33,363 19, 176 23,212 12,257 7,842 53,537 24.4 18.8 20.5 24.8 26.5 18.3 98,063 69,780' 80,527 35,678 1 17,676 200,617 23,116 13,302 18,754 9,241 5,301 43,901 23.6 19.1 23.3 26.9 30.2 21.9 194,463 141,796 162,046 70,972 28,862 382,. 596 27,596 16,190 24,660 10, 744 4,881 48,961 4,794 12,146 17,004 688 1,133 6,294 8,003 47,984 14.2 11.4 16.2 16.1 16.9 12.8 144,733 108,241 117,817 66. 197 21,861 274,946 16,080 9,896 13,763 6,082 2,451 26,136 10.4 9.1 11.7 10.8 11.2 Western North Central 9.1 Minnesota , Iowa : Missouri 19,668 63,691 118,586 2,717 6,395 28,079 .52,725 479,158 4,822 14,112 18,470 780 1,500 5,653 8,200 55,310 24.6 22.2 15.6 28.7 23.6 20.1 15.6 11.6 13,136 43,831 80,898 2,019 4,134 19,705 36,894 331,181 4,337 11,463 13,963 588 1,131 5,136 7,284 37,051 33.0 26.2 17.3 29.1 27.4 26.1 19.7 11.2 24,491 84,981 164,413 3,940 7,974 37,062 69,736 680,781 19.6 14.3 11.0 14.9 14.2 14.3 11.6 8.3 18,166 62,766 107,646 2,895 6,060 27,108 50,406 394,606 2,264 6,930 9,084 263- 573 2,490 3,942 38,000 12.4 9.4 9.0 9.1 South Dakota. 9.5 Nebraska 9.2 7.8 South Central division 9.6 Eastern South Central 260,294 32,634 12.6 181,608 21,640 11.9 319,827 28,434 8.9 223,288 22,086 9.9 Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Western South Central 89,439 82,420 53,458 34,977 218,864 9,761 8,015 9,849 5,009 22,676 10.9 9.7 18.4 14.3 10.4 63,359 57,600 36,978 23,771 149,673 7,095 5,946 5,084 3,616 15,411 11.2 10.3 13.7 14.8 10.3 114,867 103,240 01,801 39,913 260,954 9,685 8,337 6,243 4,269 19,560 8.3 8.1 10.1 10.7 7.6 79,904 71,265 44,302 27,827 171,218 7,093 6,681 5,071 3,341 15,914 8.9 9.2 11.4 12.0 9.3 Louisiana Arkansas 31,904 60,039 16,220 16,103 106,598 91,735 4,288 6,441 1,837 1,448 9,662 15,249 13.4 10.9 12.1 9.6 9.1 16.6 21,596 33,511 10,289 10,552 73,626 67,663 2,640 3,275 925 1,231 7,340 15, 176 12.2 9.8 9.0 11.7 10.0 22.5 37,065 58,403 . 18,866 21,195 126,365 141,641 3,684 4,301 1,198 1,,511 8,966 21,726 9.7 7.4 6.4 7.1 7.1 15.3 23,434 38,306 . 11,805 13,931 83,742 107,409 2,657 3,883 974 993 7,407 14,010 11.3 10.1 8.3 Oklahoma Texas Western division 7.1 8.8 13.0 Rocky Mountain. 29,269 4,1^7 Ji.l 22,620 4,315 19.2 49,479 6,588 13.3 36,232 4,529 12.5 Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado : 3,400 3,866 1 1,778 13,744 0,482 7,362 6,53 508 335 2,055 676 918 19.2 13.1 18.8 16.0 8.9 , 12,5 2,873 2,649 1 1,336 1 10,962 ! 4,701 4,721 1,431 2,797 493 40,322 668 456 290 2,477 424 891 241 549 101 9,969 23.3 17.2 21.7 22.6 9.0 18.9 16.8 19.6 20.5 24.7 6,391 5,346 2,960 24,488 10,295 8,626 990 495 377 3,919 807 1,163 15.6 ' 9.3 12.7 16.0 7.8 13.4 4,346 3,730 1,963 18,250 7,943 6,159 647 366 197 2,676 746 767 12.6 9.8 10.0 14.7 New Mexico Basin and Pl;dtf';in 9.4 12.5 1,702 5,034 626 .55,104 175 605 78 10,204 2,232 2,4.55 5,517 10.3 13.2 12.5 18.6 3,014 4,663 949 83,636 386 591 170 13,985 "~ 2,509^ 2,658 8,818 12.8 12.7 18.6 10.7 1,938 3,696 625 05,078 243 432 92 8,714 12.5 Utah 12.0 14 7 Pacific 13.4 Washington Oregon 11,866 13,112 30, 126 18.8 18.7 18.3 8,217 9,252 22,853 1,981 2,180 5,808 24.1 23.0 25.4 17,704 18,056 47,087 1 14.1 1 14.7 18.6 ; 13,830 i 13,028 37,620 1,537 1,494 6,683 11.1 11.0 15.1 AGE. 137 Table 4.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. XATIVE WniTE FEM.4LE POPUL.\TION — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. STATE OR TERRITORY. 4o to 54 years of age. ■55 to 64 years of age. 65 years of ago and over. Age unknown Total. Bread\ Number. vinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Continental United States 1,590,440 182, 106 11.5 1,081,431 120, 592 11.2 864,840 67,624 7.8 35,201 5,366 15.2 469,350 58,497 12.5 , .350,729 38,600 11.0 326,811 22,474 6.9 8,154 1,.569 19.2 143,378 21, 736 16.2 117,762 14,855 12.6 123,567 8,861 7.2 3,028 655 21.6 26,969 14,726 11,517 00,926 8,299 20,950 325.i.72 3,539 2,348 1,356 10,317 1,236 2,941 36,761 13.1 1.5.9 11.8 16.9 14.9 14.0 11.3 22,745 12,814 9,932 48,371 6,448 17,442 232,977 2,737 1,773 1,168 6,304 768 2,115 23,746 • 12.0 13.8 11.7 13.0 11.9 12.1 10.2 23,446 14,334 10,812 SO, 101 6,606 18,369 . 203, 244 1,896 1,290 816 3,098 401 1,361 13,613 8.1 9.0 7.5 6.2 6.2 7.4 6.7 412 290 148 1,820 172 186 5,126 76 91 32 381 32 43 914 18.4 31 4 New Hampshire Massa ch usetts 20 9 Connecticut Southern North Atlantic. 23.1 17.8 Kew York 131, 952 38,628 155,392 233,368 16,959 4,066 15,736 29,963 12.9 10.6 10.1 12.8 99, 336 27,578 106,063 161,381 11,125 2,706 9,914 20,889 11.2 9.8 9.3 13.8 93,666 23,682 86,097 113,113 6,692 1,421 6,600 12,599 7.0 60 6.5 11.1 2,029 606 2,491 4,608 382 85 447 608 18 8 New Jersey 14 Northern South Atlantic 112,903 12,808 11.3 74,541 9,096 12.2 56, 866 5,613 9.9 2,214 317 14.3 Delaware ... . 5,425 28,050 6,754 45,089 27,585 120,465 558 3,333 1,375 5,115 2,427 17, 145 10.3 11.9 20.4 11.3 8.8 14.2 a, 783 18,694 4,645 30,021 17,398 76,840 .379 2,118 684 4,106 1,809 11,793 10.0 11.3 14.7 13.7 10.4 15.3 2,972 14,074 3,019 23,659 13, 142 66, 247 226 1,115 249 2,859 1,164 6,986 7.6 7.9 8.2 12.1 8.9 12.4 90 653 83 644 844 2, 294 16 100 4 94 103 291 (■) District of Columbia (') West Virginia Southern South Atlantic 12.7 North Carolina 47,823 20,112 43,199 9,331 529,754 6,859 3, 375 5,708 1,203 49,904 14.3 16.8 13.2 12.9 9.4 31,288 13,004 27, 180 5,368 363, 769 5,056 2,232 .3,748 767 33, 421 16.2 17.2 13.8 14.1 9.2 24,740 9,221 18,960 3,326 281, 427 3,480 1.245 1,914 347 18,340 14.1 13.5 10.1 10.4 6.5 813 276 800 406 11,422 122 50 100 19 1,751 15 G eorgia . 12 5 Florida , 4 7 Eastern North Central 333,734 32,046 9.6 234, 122 21,833 9.3 189, 167 12,661 6.7' 6, 621 953 14.6 109,956 79,321 82, 622 45,736 16,099 196,020 10, 422 7,131 8,569 4,394 1,540 17,858 9.5 9.0 10.4 9.6 9.6 9.1 77,621 53, 149 56, 448 34,919 12,085 129,647 7,330 4,842 5,357 3,267 1,037 11,588 9.5 9.1 9.5 9.4 8.6 8.9 63, 5.57 40, 468 44,665 28,688 1.1,779 92,270 4,764 2,762 2,738 1,787 610 6,679 7.5 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 1,407 1,321 2,627 685 481 4,901 197 187 344 140 85 798 Indiana . 14 2 13 1 Wisconsin ^ - 17 7 Western North Central 16.3 12,074 45,128 75,950 1,727 4,213 18,752 38, 176 290,249 1,236 3,849 7,458 208 393 1,660 3,054 34,763 10.2 8.5 9.8 12.0 9.3 8.9 8.0 12.0 8,379 31,584 49,264 889 2,556 11,488 25, 497 172,655 724 2,406 5,146 89 266 906 2,061 22,663 8.6 7.6 10.4 10.0 10.0 7.9 8.1 13.1 7,167 25,749 33,326 549 1,657 7,443 16,380 114,611 343 1,283 2,690 32 101 358 872 11,976 4.8 6.0 8.1 5.8 6.1 4.8 5.3 10.4 563 1,360 1,823 89 110 346 610 7,408 146 206 233 23 22 83 85 851 25 9 12 8 {') 24 11 5 Eastern South Central 167, 177 20,289 12.1 104,699 14,315 13.7 74,048 8,489 11.5 4,230 486 11.5 Kentucky i 57,173 53, 432 34, 771 21,801 123,07^ 6, .332 6,113 4,842 3,002 14, 474 11.1 11.4 13.9 13.8 11.8 36,483 .S3, 977, 21, 184 13,050 67,966 4,703 4,531 3,082 1,999 8,348 12.9 13.3 14.6 15.3 12.3 27,000 24,095 14,525 8,428 40, 563 3,172 2, 736 1,640 941 3,487 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.2 8.6 10.9 10.1 5.9 9.6 7.3 7. 7 1,436 1,714 673 407 3,178 139 188 114 45 365 9.7 11 11 1 Western South Central 11.5 16,836 29,284 7,782 9,159 60,011 67,719 2,277 3, 845 817 828 6,707 8,989 13.5 13.1 10.5 9.0 11.2 13.3 9,395 16, 643 3,796 5,234 ,32,889 42, 897 1,331 2,300 438 ,500 3,713 5,019 14.2 13.8 11.6 10.8 11.3 ! 1 11.7 6,092 9,862 1,786 2,478 20.345 28,884 666 997 106 237 1,481 2,235 286 697 281 362 1,553 3,709 32 95 33 35 170 577 13 6 11 7 Texas 10 9 15 6 Rockv Mountain 21,686 3,098 14.3 12, 285 1,563 12.7 0,948 610 8.9 1,278 174 13 6 2,156 2,208 1,021- 11,282 5,019 3,630 i.ns 2, 067 445 42,403 326 241 113 1,720 698 507 15.1 10.9 11.1 16.2 13.9 14.0 1,207 1,254 608 6,469 2,847 2,156 133 163 59 791 417 285 11.0 13.0 11.6 12.2 14.6 I 13.2 679 654 2(;2 3,662 1,691 1,521 68 68 25 260 195 106 10.0 10.4 9.5 7.1 11.5 7.0 122 46 49 833 228 243 34 10 6 101 23 18 27 9 Idaho 0) 0) 12 1 164 268 75 5, 384 14.7 13.0 16.9 12.7 564 » 1,284 308 28, 456 64 177 44 3,171 11.3 13.8 14.3 11.1 349 1,008 164 20,416 23 62 21 1,513 6.6 6.2 12.8 7.4 31 162 60 2,188 4 13 1 385 8.6 Utah 7,985 8,907 26,511 849 944 3,591 10.6 10.6 14.1 4,808 5,647 18,001 475 541 2,155 9.9 9.6 12.0 2,985 3,748 13,682 202 243 1,068 6.8 6.6 7.8 644 122 1.422 148 13 224 23.0 10 7 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 138 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 5.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOKEIGN BOKN. 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 26 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. ,^ ■ Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Number. Percent. Continental United States 802, 537 345,022 40.0 657,463 248,202 37.8 1,323,801 297,768 22.5 868,394 130,682 16.0 Nortti Atlantic division 306,788 159,743 62.1 247,228 118,164 47.8 510,718 148,971 29.2 340,641 65,093 19.1 82,333 46,092 56.0 64,141 36,680 57.2 127,918 48,762 38.1 79,913 20,176 25.2 6,330 4,133 3,702 46,860 7,732 14,576 224,436 2,212 2,263 1,398 26,262 5,178 8,789 113,651 41.5 54.8 37.8 56.0 67.0 60.3 50.6 3,550 2,854 2,799 36,957 5,959 12,022 183,087 1,572 1,560 1,113 21,879 3,636 6,920 81,484 44.3 54.7 39.8 59.2 61.0 67.6 44.5 6,728 6,474 6,259 73,906 11, 514 24,037 382^800 1,884 2,045 1,609 29,905 4,768 8,551 100,209 28.0 37.4 25.7 40.5 41.4 35.6 26.2 4,812 3,261 4,866 46,510 6,735 14,739 260,728 874 913 840 12,355 1,857 3,337 44,917 18.2 28.0 17.3 27.1 Rhode Island 27.6 22.6 Southern North Atlantic 17.2 124,883 28,879 70,673 19,584 66,281 15,511 31,859 6,496 53.1 53.7 45.1 33.2 103, 788 22,978 56, 321 16,542 48, 266 10,015 23,203 6,180 46.5 43.6 41.2 31.3 217,369 47,028 118,403 37,967 60,493 11, 626 28,190 7,990 27.8 24.6 23.8 21.0 147,931 30,141 82,656 29,083 27,670 4,943 12,404 4,737 18.6 New Jersey 16.4 15.0 South Atlantic division 16.3 Northern South Atlantic 16,051 5,870 36.6 13,784 4,552 33.0 32,195 7,006 21.8 24,897 4,075 16.4 1,062 9,139 1,853 1,546 2,461 3,533 509 3,866 560 274 661 626 48.4 42.3 30.2 17.7 26.9 17.7 884 7,404 1,966 1,349 2,181 2,758 379 2,593 746 274 560 628 42.9 35.0 37.9 20.3 25.7 22.8 1,969 17,438 4,894 2,934 4,960 6,772 510 3,829 1,360 444 863 984 25.9 22.0 27.8 15.1 17.4 17.0 1,596 14,038 3,280 2,115 3,868 4,186 274 2,336 738 297 431 662 17.2 Maryland 16.6 District of Columbia Virginia 22.6 14.0 11.1 Southern South Atlantic 15.8 North Carolina 386 625 1,343 1,179 435,697 72 132 280 142 155,210 18.7 21,1 20.8 12.0 35.6 341 506 1,037 874 316,749 74 134 276 144 104,943 21.7 26.5 26.6 16.5 33.1 683 1,112 2,324 1,653 622,976 112 211 400 261 116,021 16.4 19.0 17.2 15.8 18.5 464 882 1,763 1,087 401,492 69 147 296 150 47,709 14.9 16.7 Georgia . . 16.9 Florida 13.8 North Central division 11.9 • Eastern North Central 261,790 103,130 39.4 195, 108 67,605 34.7 401,236 77,470 19.3 269,168 33,488 12.4 Ohio .61,2.37 19,144 83,981 48,722 68,706 173,907 21,692 6,212 36,063 16,928 23,235 62,080 42.3 32.4 41.8 34.7 39.6 29.9 34.0 29.0 35.8 30.4 24.5 25.0 18.6 21.6 42,052 16,056 63,303 32,847 40,850 121, 641 15,717 4,875 22, 576 10,874 13,664 37,338 37.4 30.4 36 7 331 33.2 ,30.7 96,291 38,589 130,076 60,344 76,936 221,740 20,320 6,874 26, 190 10,904 13,182 37,551 21.3 17.8 20.1 18.1 17.1 16.9 72,079 30,276 79,475 38,144 49, 196 132,324 9,941 3,696 10,085 4,282 5,486 14,221 13.8 Indiana . 12.2 12.7 11.2 Wisconsin 11.1 "Western North Central 10.7 49,402 40, 331 31,258 6,237 9,120 20,036 17, 523 39,654 16,778 11,712 11, 186 1,894 2,235 5,011 3,265 8,557 31,728 30,206 26, 318 3,414 5,396 12,799 11,781 30,976 10,964 9,133 8,488 1 137 1,513 3,469 2,644 6,739 34.5 30.2 32.3 33 3 28.0 27.1 22.4 21.8 63,188 56,699 56,754 5,299 8,454 20,561 20,795 63,029 10, 218 9,235 10,438 819 1,130 2,989 2,722 9,694 19.2 16.3 18.4 15.5 13.4 14.5 13.1 15.2 27,097 34,958 38,081 2,706 5,190 11,435 12,857 43,889 3,047 3,513 4,723 272 428 1,105 1,133 6,665 11.2 10.0 12.4 North Dakota 10.1 8.2 Nebraska . 9.7 8.8 12.9 Eastern South Central 12, 636 3, S.W 30.5 11,274 3,461 30.6 25,341 5,187 20.5 18,801 2,702 14.4 Kentucky 7,646 2,280 1,611 1,099 27, 018 2,959 479 256 163 4,701 38.7 21.0 15.8 14.8 17.4 7,114 1,987 1,264 909 19,702 2,671 604 223 153 3,288 1,030 . 247 34 193 1,784 13,176 36.1 25.4 17.6 16.8 16.7 16,828 4,140 2,583 1,790 37,688 3,877 729 340 241 4.407 23.0 17.6 13.2 13.5 11.7 12,616 2,853 1,963 1,369 26,088 1,922 364 252 164 2,963 15.2 12.8 Alabama 12.8 12.0 Western South Central 11.8 5, 630 1,704 506 1,832 17,347 60,834 1,037 310 72 241 3,041 16,016 2,739" 18.4 18.2 14.3 13 2 17.5 24.7 ~ 2i7r 6,249 1,243 335 1,316 11,559 45,968 19.6 19.9 10.1 14.7 15.4 28.7 12, 398 2,560 769 2,764 19, 207 89, 111 1,842 297 72 263 1,933 16,192 14.9 11.6 9.4 9.6 10.1 18.2 9,312 1,703 434 1,906 11,733 53.289 1,338 206 48 146 1,225 7,478 14.4 Arkansas .... ' 12.1 Indian Territory 11.1 7.7 Texas 10.4 Western division 14.0 Rocky Mountain 12, 969 2,729 2,243 1,039 0,113 846 10,130 9,911 2,217 1,660 811 4,710 613 6,995 2,001 26.2 21,069 3,506 16 6 13,302 1,937 14.6 Montana 715 344 233 1, 351 96 1,723 26.2 15.3 22.4 22.1 11.4 17.0 646 277 208 1,385 86 1,427 29.1 17.8 26.6 29.4 13.9 20.4 ■4,778 3,280 1,436 10, 293 1,282 11,986 874 299 226 1,957 150 1,416 18.3 9.1 16.7 19.0 11.7 11.8 2,768 1,712 883 7,136 803 6,191 354 160 109 1,199 115 561 12.8 Idaho - 9.3 12.3 Colorado 16.8 14.3 Basin and Plateau 9.1 1, .367 8,026 748 37,735 144 1,453 126 10, 554 10.6 18.1 16.8 28.0 928 5,489 578 29,062 124 1,160 143 9,148 13.4 ^1.1 24.7 31.5 1,556 9,448 982 66,056 223 1,026 167 11,270 14.3 10.9 17.0 20.1 792 4,874 626 33,796 87 405 69 4,980 11.0 ' Utah 8.3 13.1 Pacific 14.7 Washington 0,006 4,861 26, 809 1,439 1,360 7,756 24.0 28.0 28.9 4,132 3,166 21,776 1,112 1,016 7,021 26.9 32.2 32.2 8,042 6,064 41,950 1,279 1,055 8,936 15.9 17.4 21.3 5,323 3,864 24,609 639 484 3,857 12.0 Oregon .. 12.5 15.7 AGE. 139 Table 5.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. 45 to 54 years of age. 55 to 64 years of age. 65 years of age and over. Age unlcnown. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 366, 146 46,903 12.8 137, 986 15,975 11.6 69,362 5,367 7.7 3,281 825 25.1 North Atlantic division 148,961 22,492 15.1 66,026 7,026 12.5 27,459 2,238 8.2 1,030 296 28.6 32,784 6,148 18.8 10, 972 1,660 15.1 6,208 449 8.6 316 113 35.9 Maine 2,653 1,477 2,794 17,743 2,809 6,308 116, 177 414 306 410 3,571 654 893 16,344 15.6 20.7 14.7 20.1 19.7 16.8 14.1 1,289 666 1,307 6,473 797 1,640 45,053 166 99 159 870 136 231 5,366 12.9- 17.5 12.2 16.9 16.9 15.0 11.9 868 296 603 2,444 292 706 22,251 65 36 50 206 24 69 1,789 7.6 12.2 8.3 8.4 8.2 9.8 8.0 29 18 24 • 188 22 34 715 10 6 4 74 10 9 182 39.4 Vermont Rhode Island 25.5 Connecticut . Southern North Atlantic New York 63,871 11,656 40,651 14,889 9,911 1,492 4,941 2,080 15.6 12.8 12.2 14.0 23,303 4,212 17,538 6,520 3,014 474 1,878 878 12.9 11.3 10.7 13.5 10, 166 2,045 10,040 4,094 868 145 776 382 8.5 7.1 7. 7 9.3 319 80 316 120 93 12 77 32 New Jersey 24 4 26.7 Northern South Atlantic 12,423 1,716 13.8 5,250 676 12.9 3,067 269 8.8 90 28 m 706 7,016 " 1,616 1,104 1,981 2,466 96 974 336 120 190 364 13.6 13.9 20.8 10.9 9.6 14.8 286 2,700 809 535 920 1,270 30 339 145 58 104 202 10.5 12.6 17.9 10.8 11.3 16.9 193 1,432 416 389 637 1,027 10 128 30 62 49 113 5.2 8.9 7.2 13.4 7.7 11.0 6 47 2 10 25 30 1 17 1 3 6 4 (') (') (') Maryland District of Columbia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic 295 616 994 661 162, 742 35 81 163 86 16,852 11.9 15.7 16.4 12.9 10.4 196 269 • 499 307 60,571 40 44 76 42 6,077 20.6 16.4 15.2 13.7 10.0 221 246 393 168 30,023 36 29 33 15 2,076 16.3 11.8 8.4 8.9 6.9 8 14' 8 1,521 2 J 1 380 0) (') (■) 25.0 Georgia Florida North Central division Eastern North Central 112,822 11,883 10.6 ' 42,892 4,408 10.3 20, 857 1,543 7.4 888 220 24.8 Ohio 35,207 14,566 28,601 16,989 17,459 49,920 3,803 1,472 3,146 1,736 1,726 4,969 10.8 10.1 11.0 10.2 9.9 10.0 15, 563 6,440 9,414 7,497 3,978 17,679 1,629 643 923 838 376 1,669 10.6 10.0 9.8 11.2 9.4 9.4 8,086 3,239 4,470 3,425 1,637 9,166 649 220 304 259 111 533 8.0 '6.8 6.8 7.6 6.8 5.8 176 104 337 112 169 633 49 19 80 20 52 160 27 8 18.3 Illinois 23.7 17.9 32.7 Western North Central 25.3 Minnesota 7,740 13,664 15, 275 750 1,798 4,597 6,190 19,859 826 1,219 1,690 96 167 435 646 2,700 10.7 9.0 11.1 12.7 8.7 9.5 8.8 13.6 2,174 5,006 6,316 196 502 1,643 2,843 7,392 203 446 682 17 46 146 229 1,006 9.3 8.9 10.9 8.7 9.2 8.9 8.1 13.6 999 2,956 2,430 95 191 810 1,685 4,260 60 127 172 8 8 65 103 388 6.0 4.3 7.1 4.2 6.8 6.1 9.1 178 154 151 29 23 48 60 290 59 41 34 3 7 8 8 41 33.1 26.6 22.5 North Dakota (I) South Dakota 14.1 Nebraska Kansas Eastern South Central 8,498 1,155 13.6 3,344 441 13.2 2,013 179 8.9 80 22 (') Kentucky 6,277 1,365 1,049 807 11,361 699 191 144 121 1,545 13.2 14.0 13.7 15.0 13.6 I4.7" 14.2 10.8 \ 10.7 13.1 14.1 1,806 613 536 389 4,048 233 80 73 55 666 12.9 13.1 13.6 14.1 14.0 902 441 401 269 2,247 88 39 35 17 209 9.8 8.8 8.7 6.3 9.3 34 21 17 8 210- 15 1 4 2 19 (') (') (') 9.0 Western South Central 4,669 917 251 862 4,662 19,694 686 130 27 92 610 2,779 1,673 436 109 359 1,471 7,478 237 55 13 45 215 988 14.2 12.6 11.9 12.5 14.6 13.2 804 284 64 183 912 3,526 74 34 4 18 79 283 9.2 12.0 "9.8 8.7 8.0 13 16 2 10 169 320 1 2 (') Arkansas (■) 1 15 77 8.9 Texas 24.1 4,883 818 562 356 2, 808 339 1,600 767 ^131 60 52 468 46 189 15.6 1,662 235 15.0 623 50 8.0 61 10 « 16.0 10.7 14.6 16.7 13.6 11.8 224 159 100 963 116 447 42 17 16 144 16 63 18.8 10.7 16.0 15.0 13.8 14.1 75 69 32 387 60 176 8 7 1 31 3 20 0) (') (') 8.0 (■) 11.4 10 3 2 34 12 30 1 1 (■) (1) 7 1 3 C) (■) 275 1,122 203 13,211 2,024 1,695 9,492 54 116 19 1,833 252 204 1,377 19.6 10.3 9.4 13.9 99 253 95 5,469 17 29 17 690 (') 11.0 (■) 12.6 35 99 42 383 422 1,922 5 8 213 (■) (') (') 7.8 11 ^ 'I 229 1 - 64 0) Q) Pacific 27.9 Washington 12.5 12.0 14.5 784 791 3,894 96 87 507 12.2 11.0 13.0 25 33 155 6..J 7..S 8.1 32 11 186 7 1 66 (1) California 30.1 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 140 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 6.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULA- TION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. FOREIGN BOBN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION. 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years ol age. 25 to 34 years ol age. 35 to 44 years of age. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Continental United States 339,349 192,817 66.8 372,474 154,743- 41.5 1,020,689 202, 132 l-9.'8 913,574 119, 164 13.0' 193,367 127,701 66.0 212,921 103, 405 48.6 645,469 134,597 24.7 434,261 73,069 16.8 64,262 46,745 72.7 75,515 43,608 57.7 180,132 57,055 31.7 135,386 28,263 20.9 4,637 4,635 1,351 37,766 6,076 9,797 129; 105 3,016 3,651 662 28,080 4,714 6,733 80,956 65.0 76.6 48.3 74.4 77.6 68.7 62.7 4,381 4,733 1,430 47,252 6,660 11,059 137, 406 2,211 2,825 482 28,762 3,836 6,602 59,797 50.5 59.7 33.7 60.8 57.6 49.8 43i5 9,953 10,202 3,763 112,226 16,020 27,969 365,327 2,651 3,600 661 38,501 4,909 6,733 77,542 26.6 35.3 17.6 34.3 30.6 24.1 21.2 7,901 7,597 3,516 81,948 12,945 21,479 298,875 1,329 1,901 456 18,620 2,635 3,422 44,806 16.8 25.0 13.0 22.6 20.4 15.9 Southern North Atlantic 15.0 79,304 16,655 33,146 5,727 54,340 10,765 15,851 2,638- 68.5 64 6 47.8 44.3 83,484 17,460 36,462 6,146 40,066 7,406 12,336 1,923 48.0 42.4 33.8 31.3 216,764 49,180 99,383 17,627 52,116 9,537 15,890 3,010 24.0 19.4 16.0 17.1 176,001 41,179 81,695 16,277 30,272 5,586 8,948 2,422 17.2 13.6 11.0 14.9- Northern South Atlantic 4,565 2,230 48.8 5,023 1,677 33.4 14,195 2,474 17.4 13,287 1,968 14.8 370 2,979 390 380 446 1,162 194 1,629 178 98 131 308 52.4 54.7 45.6 25.8 29.4 26.5 491 2,987 557 463 525 1,123 198 1,064 239 81 105 246 40.3 35.3 42.9 17.6 20.0 21.9 1,368 8,230 1,825 1,436 1,336 3,432 268 1,413 488 173 132 536 19.6 17.2 26.7 12.0 9.9 15.6 1,.214 7,939 1,590 1,2,52 1,292 2,990 143 1,149 390 174 112 454 11.8 14.5 District of Columbia 24.5 13.9 8.7 Southern South Atlantic 16.2 78 105 271 708 114,582 22 32 74 180 55,248 ^5 27.3 25.4 48.2 109 105 265 644 125,098 23 37' 71 116 41,959 21.1 35.2 26.8 17.9 33.5 371 354 894 1,813 366,828 51 56 127 302 60,799 13.7 15.8 14.2 16.7 13.9 314 339 872 1,466 371,867 41 66 112 235 32, 297 13.1 19.5 12.8 ■plnrida 16.0 8.7 Eastern North Central 74,588 38,509 51.6 81,098 28,305 34.9 236,944 34,167 14.4 236,197 21,594 9.1 11,884 2,691 30,309 16,882 12,822 39,994 6,317 1,148 17, 155 7,451 6,438 16,739 53.2 42.7 56.6 44.1 50.2 41.9 12,778 3,090 34,208 18,267 12,755 44,000 4,255 942 13,348 6,001 3,769 13,654 33.3 30.5 39.0 32.9 29.5 31.0 37,685 9,193 101, 421 49,511 39,134 128, 884 5,191 1,143 17,260 6,667 3,906 16,632 13.8 12.4 17.0 13.5 10.0 12.9 37,594 10,133 92,505 50,710 45,266 135,670 3,692 858 9,948 4,041 3,055 10,703 9.S 8.5 10.8 8.0 6.8 Western North Central 7.9 13,974 7,002 4,282 4,296 2,521 5,177 2,742 10, 117 6,694 2,992 2,104 1,553 815 1,889 792 2,235 47.2 42.7 49.1 36.1 .32.3 36.5 28.9 22.1 15,691 7,671 5,149 4,658 2,717 5,301 2,913 9,534 5,598 2,176 1,894 1,345 594 1,407 641 1,727 &5.7 28.7 36.8 28.9 21.9 26.5 22.0 18.1 45, 486 23,009 16,782 10, 961 7,882 16,289 9,475 26,909 6,723 2,522 2,794 1,341 686 1, 745 821 3,014 14.8 11.0 17.7 12.2 8.7 10.7 8.7 11.2 47, 479 25,621 16,762 9,857 8,196 16,829 10,926 26,438 3,893 1,862 1,917 773 473 1,128 657 3,079 8.2 7.3 11.4 7.8 5.8 6.7 6.0 '11.6 Eastern South Central 1,664 540 32.5 1,778 474 26.7 5,473 799 14.6 6,209 822 13.2 812 369 388 95 8,453 376 92 49 23 1,695 46.3 24.9 12.6 (•) 20.1 901 377 377 123 7,766 342 69 47 26 1,253 38.0 15.6 12.5 21.1 16.2 2.906 1,201 987 379 21, 436 504 169 93 43 2,216 17.3 13.2 9.4 11.3 10.3 3,512 1,304 993 400 20,229 475 171 116 61 2,267 13.5 13.1 11.6 15.3 Western South Central 11.2 Louisiana , 1,244 298 128 368 6,415 15,556 164 71 17 66 1,377 5,095 13.2 23.8 13.3 17.9 21.5 32.8 1,154 362 137 418 6,685 18,776 158 79 14 48 954 5,729 13.7 21.8 10.2 11.5 16.8 30.5 3,299 1,045 334 1,411 15,347 64,866 344 103 22 76 1,670 10,712 10.4 9.9 6.6 5.4 10.9 16.5 3,286 1,076 362 1,310 14,196 64,731 394 108 26 81 1,648 8,297 12.0 -10.0 7.2 6.2 Texas 11.6- Western division 12.8. Rocky Mountain 4,513 1,358 30.1 5,956 1,631 -27.4 19,582 2,861 14.6 17; 236 2,008 ' 11.7 1,365 362 397 2,050 339 2,104 448 78 116 673 43 525 32.8 21.5 29.2 32.8 .12.7 25.0 1,887 499 489 2,716 365 2,213 589 97 107 797 41 451 31.2 19.4 21.9 29.3 11.2 20.4 6,101 1,647 1,314 9,365 1, 1,55 6,474 964 141 124 1,554 78 742 15.8 8.6 9.4 16.6 6.8 11.5 4,569 1,779 1,153 8,708 1,027 7,286 617 150 86 1,168 98 811 11.3 Xdalio 8.4 7.4 Colorado 13.3 9.5 Basin and Plateau 11.1 Arizona 747 1,297 60 8,939 84 430 11 3,212 11.2 .33.2 (■) 35.9 680 1,421 112 10,606 75 356 20 3,647 11.0 2.5.1 17.9 34.4 1,948 4,135 391 38, 810 199 .499 44 7,109 10.2 12.1 11.3 18.3 1,660 5,110 516 40,209 212 643 66 5,478 12.8 Utali 10.6 10.9 Paeiflc .' 13.6 2,254 1,186 5, 499 735 468 2,009 32.6 39.5 36.5 2,420 1,291 6,895 672 467 2,508 27.8 36.2 36.4 8,628 4,358 25,824 1,216 668 6,225 14.1 15.3 20.2 9,132 4,675 26, 402 862 486 4,130 9.4 10.4 15.6 1 Per cent not sliown where base is less than 100. AGE. 141 Table 6 — NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULA- TION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. STATE OR TERRITORY. Continental United States... North Atlantic division New England Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Southern North Atlantic New York New Jersey Pennsylvania South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . . Virginia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida North Central division Eastern North Central.. . Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Western North Central. . Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Daicota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas ' .South Central division Eastern South Central. .. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Western South Central. . Louisiana Arkansas Indian Territory Oklahoma Texas Western division Rocky Mountain Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Basin and Plateau Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific Washington Oregon Caliiomia FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— Continued. 45 to 54 years of age. Total. 97,608 5,502 5,223 .%078 57,991 9,512 16,302 230,313 136,669 30,650 62,994 15,386 12,741 958 7^468 1,732 1,158 1,425 2,645 285 374 829 1,157 315, 980 200,590 36,564 11,539 70, 150 40,519 41,818 115,. 390 35, 591 24,664 18,9.57 5,788 6,268 13,632 10,490 26,091 Breadwinners. Number. Percent. 86,069 46, 928 15, 760 780 941 357 10,059 1,502 2,121 31,168 20,923 3,895 6,350 2,218 1,823 103 1,049 367 185 119 395 43 65 108 179 17,100 3,426 1,029 6,344 3,174 3,127 9,789 3,058 1,907 1,907 560 503 1,052 802 3,367 7,857 4,845 1,533 930 549 I 18,234 ' 3, 9.54 990 249 1,064 11,977 49,689 931 531 198 96 106 2,436 10,379 2,125 1,316 701 5,510 6,702 570 148 20 77 1,621 1,435 1,145 4,907 650 32,608 320 152 87 792 ,S4 168 624 103 4,337 5,132 3,520 23,956 536 351 3.450 14.3 16.1 14.2 18.0 11.6 17.3 15.8 13.0 13.5 15.3 12.7 10.1 14.3 10.8 14.0 21.2 16.0 8.4 14.9 7.7 10.1 9.7 8.0 7.7 7.6 12.9 11. 11.0 12.9 10.3 19.3 13.4 14.4 14.9 8.0 7.2 13.5 13.4 13.8 15.1 11.6 12.4 14.4 11.6 13.4 55 to 64 years of age. 65 years of age and over. Total. 557,010 Breadwinners. Number. Percent. 64,534 67, 120 3,976 3,375 2,541 39,099 6,463 11,666 169,696 99,579 22,078 48,039 13, 867 11, 795 846 7,014 1,565 1,029 1,341 2,072 215 414 647 796 160,000 32, 743 11,720 51,210 29,088 35,239 90,573 25,673 21,549 17,516 3,149 4,177 9,793 8,716 21, 437 7,870 7,47 5,124 1,165 738 445 13, 965 4,161 771 128 723 .S, 182 34,317 5,762 1,102 831 411 2,997 421 5,082 604 4,000 478 23,473 3,048 2,279 18, 146 442 449 279 4,799 705 1,196 18,562 11,844 2,376 4,342 1,776 1,528 85 961 262 127 93 248 102 19, 704 12,046 2,642 960 3,686 2,163 2,595 7,658 2,118 1,653 1,624 331 345 808 779 2,531 460 111 92 67 1,801 542 82 12 75 1,090 4,091 143 116 372 44 633 77 491 65 271 '■ 220 2,237 Total. 11.7 11.1 13.3 11.0 12.3 10.9 10.3 10.9 11.9 10.8 9.0 12.8 13.0 10.0 13.7 16.7 12.3 6.9 12.0 12.6 12.3 10.5 12.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 7.2 7.4 7.4 456,587 Breadwinners. Number. Percent. 179, 47, 794 3,212 132,396 12,551 10,800 185 448 638 222,637 146,393 045 454 095 949 850 76,244 8.2 :[ 7.7 9.3 10.5 8.3 8.3 438 199 420 498 144 821 724 6,960 9.0 9.5 12.5 15.1 12.9 13.0 10.6 9.4 10.4 13.3 11.9 12.: 13.0 14.0 13.4 12.4 10.5 12.5 12.7 12.3 13.6 11.6 615 568 211 1,742 24B 4,482 325 3,.sftS 2.59 214 197 144 1,854 260 643 9,004 5,552 1,086 2,366 1,008 42 562 104 83 70 7,616 1,836 760 1,996 1,390 1,634 4,119 1,166 1,011 881 157 131 360 413 1,483 6.3 8.2 5.6 6.9 6.7 6.7 7.2 6.9 6.0 6.9 8.4 6.3 11.9 10.0 6.9 7.5 5.3 5.7 6.1 4.6 5.8 4.7 5.2 5.0 6.1 6.3 4.2 5.3 6.1 4, 9.54 2yh 1 942 ! 68 616 1 51 448 55 10,742 1,013 6.0 7.2 8.3 12.3 9.4 ' 3,925 , 368 444 38 68 6 4.58 ! 32 • 5,-847 569 23,903 1,809 9.4 8.6 (■) r.o 9.7 7.6 3,382 1 263 7.8 54 9.5 14 6.6 123 7.1 23 9.3 326 7.3 27 8.3 260 6.7 39 15.1 1,220 7.6 112 5.8 91 5.7 1,017 8.1 Age unknown. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. 8,744 2,301 4,109 i 1,485 1,637 101 78 68 1,007 83 200 2,572 1,343 221 1,008 264 237 20 149 607 27 26 13 380 41 120 878 490 53 335 56 1,726 296 316 162 768 224 256 56 26 142 38 34 249 260 288 44 46 88 82 674 44 43 50 10 5 17 15 100 39.6 26.7 (') 3; i.O 34.1 36.6 24.0 33.2 23.9 (') 2( 0) (■) (') (') (') (') (■) 17.1 17.7 16.0 18.5 17.0 13.3 17.4 17.7 16.5 y 17.4 (') (') (') (') 14.8 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 142 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 7.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE ■ POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. NEGRO INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE POPULATION. 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. I Number. Percent. Number. Percent. | Number. Percent. Continental United States 543,827 265,306 48.8 394,381 177,463 45.0 656,620 269,394 41.1 441,972 180,838 40.9 North Atlantic division 22,960 13,097 67.0 23,335 13, 138 56.3 42,494 19,574 46.1 27,590 12,112 43.9 New England 3,186 1,699 53.3 3,315 1,895 57.2 6,335 2,983 47.1 4,543 2,084 45.9 Maine... 100 49 42 1,696 478 921 19,775 43 32 22 795 249 .568 11,398 43.0 (■) (') 49.8 62.1 60.6 57.6 80 50 32 1,823 461 869 20,020 32 32 20. 1,044 265 602 11,243 (') (•) (■) 67.3 67.5 57.8 56.2 147 69 61 3,679 903 1,576 36,159 63 36 24 1,677 474 709 16,691 42.9 (') (') 46.9 52.6 46.0 45.9 138 64 46 2,406 755 1, 146 23,047 48 29 17 1,037 419 534 10,028 34 8 (■) Massachusetts 43.1 65.5 46.6 Southern North Atlantic 43 6 6,496 4,161 9,118 229,372 4,101 2,513 4,784 117,979 63.1 60.4 62.5 51.4 6,851 4,177 8,992 169,933 4,296 2,401 4,547 74,067 62.7 67.6 50.6 46.3 12,238 7,403 16,618 255,731 6,495 3,421 6,676 108,664 53.1 46.2 40.4 42.6 7,972 4,728 10,347 177,829 4,043 2,075 3,910 75,857 58.7 43.9 37.8 42.7 Northern South Atlantic 62,463 28,921 46.3 47^3" 52.8 69.8 1 42.9 , 29.9 63.4 46,716 21,276 46.5 76,470 31,236 40.8 58,685 23,336 39.8 1,615 13,778 5,764 39,064 2,252 166,909 764 7,275 3,445 16,764 673 89,058 1,276 10, 031 5,611 26,951 1,847 114,217 528 5,091 3,885 11,264 518 .52,791 41.4 50.8 69.2 •41.8 28.0 46.2 2,280 18,089 9,673 43,533 2,995 179,261 841 7,801 6,193 15,683 718 77,428 36.9 43.1 64 7 36.0 24 43.2 1,785 13,883 6,841 34,335 1,841 119,144 612 6,745 4,506 12,033 440 52,521 34 3 41.4 District of Columbia 66.9 36.0 West Virginia 23.9 Southern South .\tlantic 441 North Carolina 39,591 50,941 63,316 13,061 29,441 19,297 30,770 34,067 4,924 9,556 48.7 60.4 53.8 37.7 32.5 28,323 31,744 43,884 10,266 23,518 12,056 16,349 20,788 3,598 8,823 42.6 51.6 47.4 35.0 37.6 40,886 49,976 71,687 16,712 46,786 14,908 24,546 32,041 5,933 15, 102 36.5 49.1 44 7 35.5 32.3 28,373 33, 666 46,539 10, 666 33,793 10, 236 16,446 21,628 4,211 10,367 36. I 48.9 46.6 39.9 30.7 Eastern North Central 13,896 4,620 33.2 11,720 4,480 38.2 24, 170 7,903 32.7 17,419 5,397 31.0 Ohio 5,018 3,140 4,147 1,058 633 15,645 687 660 9,348 329 892 523 3,206 255,768 1,655 1,168 1,.174 347 76 4,936 33.0 37.2 33.1 32.x 14.3 31.8 4,146 2,666 3,884 812 312 11,798 1,604 1,055 1,483 278 60 4,343 38.7 41.1 38.2 34.2 19.2 36.8 8,424 5,073 8,268 1,653 752 22,616 2,743 1,828 2,800 433 99 7,199 32.6 36.0 33.9 26.2 13.2 31.8 6,186 3,559 5,700 1,409 665 16,374 1,881 1,164 1,942 334 76 4,970 30.4 32.7 341 23.7 13.6 Western North Central 30.4 95 198 3,576 22 16 149 880 123,216 16.2 30.0 38.3 6.7 1.8 28.6 27.4 48.2 452 529 7,330 214 673 450 2,160 183,414 127 159 3,158 21 32 160 686 80,357 28.1 30.1 43.1 9.8 4.8 36.6 31.9 43.8 1,174 1,079 13,888 397 1,335 780 3,963 300,064 283 271 5,354 31 35 257 968 123,265 24 1 25.1 38.6 7.8 2.6 32.9 24 4 41.1 815 773 9,724 399 1,161 574 2,928 194, 639 181 170 3,633 35 47 190 714 80,223 22.2 22.0 37.4 8.8 4 Nebraslta 33.1 24 4 South Central divisiort 41.2 Eastern South Central 162,306 79,719 52.3 108,256 51,663 47.7 176,917 79, HI 44 7 116,772 62, 303 44 8 16,612 29,640 50, 482 66,671 103,463 5,902 12, 796 29,732 31,289 43,497 35.7 43 2 58.9 56.2 42.0 12, 392 21,428 35,913 38,523 75, 168 5,240 9,036 18,246 19, 132 28,704 42 3 42 2 50.8 49.7 38.2 21,909 35,010 57,414 62, 584 123, 137 8,747 13,965 27,742 28,667 44,164 39.9 39.9 48.3 45.8 35.9 15,955 23,097 37,811 39,909 77,867 6,618 9,264 18,534 17,987 27,920 40.9 40.1 49.0 45.1 Western South Central 35.9 37,063 22,142 5,106 1,723 36,829 0,286 19,508 9,819 678 278 13,214 1,468 51.8 44.3 13.3 16.1 35.9 23.2 27,377 16,308 3,274 1,086 27,113 4,181 12,196 6,935 457 221 9,896 1,078 44.6 36.4 14.0 20.3 36.5 25.8 47,-233 25,496 5,493 1,920 42,995 10, 456 20,088 8,223 721 296 14,826 2,789 42.5 32.3 13.1 16.4 34 6 26.7 30, 136 15,840 3,511 1,604 26,776 8,121 12,973 5,141 519 208 9,079 2,279 43.0 32.6 14 8 13.0 33.9 Western division 28.1 Rocl 41.0 25.3 42.6 61 266 3,358 1 10 92 1,241 71,868 22 67 1,243 1 4 28 307 30, 278 (■) 26.2 37.0 (') (') 24.7 42.1 46 177 2,878 2 5 67 1,060 59,218' 8 29 663 2 16.4 23.0 (■) • 20 94 812 4 22 250 ^1'. Iowa. 30.8 South Dakota 12 167 17,628 15.9 29.8 is 263 12,962 6 58 5,006 (') 22.1 38.6 Eastern South Central 82,149 37, 161 45.2 44,381 19,766 44.6 37,059 11,695 31.6 6,918 2,734 39.5 10,932 17,041 27,460 26, 716 51; 849 4,486 6,810 13,629 12,236 19,939 41.0 40.0 49.6 45.8 38.5 6,048 9,070 14, 162 15, 101 27,487 2,319 3,562 7,055 6,830 10,612 38.3 39.3 49.8 46.2 38.2 5,035 7,S97 12,331 12,296 22, 159 1,208 1,967 4,421 4,099 5,933 24.0 26.6 35.9 33.3 26.8 1,506 1,667 2,510 1,236 6,044 619 469 1,189 557 2,272 34.5 28.1 Alabama 47.4 45.1 Western South Central 37.6 21,115 11,409 998 737 17,590 1,129 9,550 3,912 245 148 6,084 479 45.2 34.3 24.5 20.1 34.6 42.4 12,027 5,475 482 444 9,069 491 6,270 1,936 96 96 3,116 187 43. S 35.3 19.9 21.4 34.4 38.1 10,265 3,943 377 313 7,271 357 3,065 980 75 38 1,775 78 29.9 24.9 19.9 12.1 24.4 21.8 1,194 1,449 236 79 3,086 140 550 538 67 20 1,097 60 46.1 37.1 Indian Territory 28.4 (') Texas 35.5 42.9 467 236 50.5 194 76 39.2 112 18 16.1 63 27 (1) 47 12 16 356 36 57 30 7 4 ISO 15 30 C) <'io.6 (') 20 3 9 143 19 17 5 2 8 1 3 90 10 16 i 2 2 1 i 17 63 6 6 44.1 65 2 5 23 1 3 (1) 6 (>) 33 17 7 605 18 10 213 (■) (■) (") 35.2 6 4 280 4 1 6 4 6 229 3 1 2 54 (') 23.6 1 4 1 2 Utah Pacific 106 ■ 37.9 72 30 (') 69 26 510 21 13 179 (') 35.1 30 13 237 8 5 93 (') 39.2 19 16 194 4 3 47 (•) 24.2 10 1 61 7 (0 23 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 12694—07 -10 146 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 9.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900. San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. .. Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn. . Hartford, Conn Bridgeport, Conn . . Wilmington, Del... "Washington, D. C. Atlanta, Ga Savannah, Ga Chicago, 111 Peoria, JU Indianapolis. Ind. Evansville, Ind... Dea Moines, Iowa... Kansas City, Kans. Louisville, Ky New Orleans, La. . . Portland, Me Baltimore, Md... Boston, Mass Worcester, Mass. Fall River, Mass. Lowell, Mass Cambridge, Mass-. . . Lynn, Mass Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass. Springfield, Mass. . . Somerville, Mass Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich . Minneapolis, Minn. . . St. Paul, Minn Duluth, Minn St. Louis, Mo Kansas City, Mo. St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nebr Manchester, N. H. Newark, N, J Jersey City, N. J.. Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J.... Hoboken, N, J .. Elizabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y. Buffalo, N.Y.... Rochester, N. Y. Syracuse, N. Y.. Albany, N. Y.... Troy, N. Y Utica, N. Y Cleveland, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Portland, Oreg , Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburg, Pa , Allegheny, Pa Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa Harrisburg, Pa Providence. R. I Charleston, S. C Memphis, Tenn Nashville, Tenn San Antonio, Tex Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va Seattle, Wash Milwaukee, Wis FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK. Aggregate. Total. 116,078 37,984 24, 685 48,335 38, 228 28, 463 25,039 26,273 109,031 33,895 20, 095 549, 954 19, 616 62, 181 21,058 22, 131 16, 126 74, 656 102, 463 20,039 184, 628 207, 621 41,508 36, 184 36,461 33,916 25,899 22,846 22,755 23, 618 23,371 98,547 30,980 67,933 52, 147 14, 335 196,511 58,602 30, 426 33, 436 21,547 84,411 67,352 35,760 26,514 24,501 18,539 16. 769 1,175,841 115,732 60,056 40,054 36, 371 24,309 21.359 125,281 119,655 44. 770 44,961 30, 674 26, 650 465,711 102, 750 42, 738 32, 439 27,392 17, 432 17,212 IS, 334 65,807 21,087 34, 846 30, 195 17, 757 17,884 32, 202 20, 531 91,853 Breadwinners. Number. 29,303 8,285 5,165 11,967 ID, 694 8,597 7,299 7,099 40,382 14,257 138,020 5,125 15, 444 5,788 5,143 3,025 21,831 26,845 5,465 56,563 68,799 11,945 16, 170 16,453 10, 877 8,467 9,558 8,161 6,712 5,785 24,997 7,586 19, 110 15, 444 3,4:3 .50, 149 15,684 9,324 9, ,506 9,522 22, 105 15, 343 10, 968 6,248 5,485 4,596 3,499 344, 569 26, 738 18,910 10, 492 9,991 9,952 6,482 29,263 35, 150 9,982 11,036 7,399 6,983 136,368 22, 205 10, 160 7,807 7,001 3,505 4,348 4,323 22,008 8,934 14, 203 11,068 3, 896 3,841 11,885 4,674 23, 523 Per cent. 25.2 21.8 20.9 24.8 28.0 30.2 29.2 27.0 37.0 42.1 43.6 25.1 26.1 24.8 27.5 23.2 18 8 29.2 26.2 27.3 30.6 33.1 28.8 44.7 45.1 32.1 32.7 41.8 35.9 28.4 24.8 25.4 24.5 28.1 29.6 23.9 25.5 26.8 30.6 28.4 44.2 26.2 22.8 30.6 23.6 22 3 24.3 20.9 29.3 23.1 31.5 26.2 27.5 40.9 30.3 23.4 29.4 22.3 24.5 24. 1 26.2 29.3 21.6 23.7 24.1 25.6 20.1 25.3 23.6 33.5 42.4 40.8 30.7 21.9 21.5 36,6 22.8 2.5. Native white— both parents native. Total. 25,213 20, 338 8,959 23,384 12,608 9,912 7,518 13, 089 49, 127 16, 605 5, 439 109,321 8,206 34,168 8,244 13,302 8,296 26.988 27, 189 10,913 77, 486 63,002 13,528 4,697 8,332 8,933 11, 617 3,666 C,723 10,568 9,488 19,637 10,705 19, 562 11,726 2,760 49,939 32, 654 18,846 13,270 6,231 22, 121 16,092 7,783 14, 673 10,810 2,517 4,600 213,329 24, 650 16,916 15, 127 12,741 6,974 6,634 27,289 31,115 16, 615 25, 393 15,801 12,383 173,634 29.338 14, 192 7,585 21,710 5,354 5,581 13,771 20, 483 6,753 11,227 13,729 6,239 4,944 15, 619 9,531 10,966 Breadwinners, Number. 6,194 4,186 1,637 6,348 2,506 2,275 1,834 2,799 11,489 3,587 27,069 1,997 7,746 2,274 2,801 1,394 6,103 4,840 2,608 18,686 15,290 3,094 1,326 2,853 2,145 3,398 1,198 1,500 2,371 2,002 4,696 2,577 4,415 3,091 633 12,560 7,366 6,636 3,612 1,918 5,496 3,106 2,186 3,227 2,229 606 708 52, 402 6, 997 5, 163 3,544 3,145 2,622 1,976 6,363 9,494 3,6.58 5,970 3,677 3,243 46,756 6, 371 3,682 1,687 5,649 1,097 1,344 3,117 6,280 1,036 2,114 2,640 1,004 918 3,294 2,167 3,206 Per cent. 24.6 20.6 18.3 22.9 20.6 23.0 24.4 21.4 23.4 21.7 18.0 24.8 24.3 22.7 27.6 21.1 16.8 22.6 17.8 23.0 24.1 28.8 22.9 28.2 34.2 24.0 29.3 32.7 22.3 22.4 21.1 24.0 241 22.6 26.4 22.9 25.2 22.6 29.4 27.2 30.8 24.8 20.6 28.1 22.0 20.6 24.1 16.7 24.6 24.3 30.5 23.4 24.7 37.6 30.2 23.3 30.5 21.4 23.5 23.2 26.2 26.4 21.7 25.9 22.2 26.0 20 5 24 1 22.6 2.5.8 18 18.8 19.2 16.1 18.6 21.1 22.6 29.2 Native white — one or both parents foreign born. Total. 44,862 8,644 7,648 11,695 10,175 7,018 6,994 4,989 14,836 1,427 2,116 166,700 6,821 14, 167 7,508 4,546 3,039 21, 735 30,992 3,599 41,875 63,639 10,314 8,335 8,279 8,284 5,275 5,747 3,819 6,432 5,066 31, 743 9,118 21,109 18,775 3,662 82,603 11,069 5,958 8, 456 3,731 26, 823 23,989 9,892 4,996 5,643 6,748 5,319 362,683 42,870 22,867 13,227 14,097 9,526 8,246 40, 463 53,976 14,975 11,037 8,936 6,823 124,739 32,672 14, 692 12,035 3,101 6, 856 5,819 1,966 16,909 2,039 3,674 2,824 4, 661 6,239 2,261 4,826 40, 172 Breadwinners. Number. 13,096 2,095 2,034 3,246 4,022 2,829 2,806 1,493 3,916 322 416 54,975 2,186 3,929 2,073 1,362 601 5,876 5,276 1,259 11,302 21,282 4,367 4,869 4,539 3,298 2,258 3,150 1,841 2,117 1,612 10,600 3,047 7,791 7,335 1,039 23, 422 3,048 1,923 2,957 2,086 9,004 7,312 4,113 1,305 1,680 2,259 1,550 117,832 11,936 8,834 4,612 4,877 4,983 3,100 12, 791 17,788 4,433 3,116 2,549 2,134 42, 380 8,177 Per cent. 3,897 4,074 945 1,695 1,951 501 7,765 423 760 662 812 1,520 439 1,188 3,915 29.2 24.2 26.6 27.8 39.6 40.3 40.1 29.9 26.4 22.6 19.7 33.0 32.0 27.7 27.6 30.0 19.8 27.0 17.0 35.0 27.0 39.7 42.3 68.4 64.8 39.8 42.8 64.8 48.2 39.0 31.8 33.1 33.4 36.9 39.1 28.4 28.4 27.5 32.3 36.0 55.9 33.6 30.5 41.6 26.1 29.8 33.5 29.1 33.4 27.8 38.6 34 1 34.6 ,52.3 37.6 31.6 33.0 29.6 28.2 28 5 31.3 34.0 25.1 26.6 33.9 30.5 24.7 33.6 25.5 45.9 20 7 20 7 23.4 17.4 24.4 19.4 24.6 34 6 Foreign born white. Total. 43, 677 8,122 7,649 11,644 14, 401 10,782 10,034 4,540 8,990 941 1,303 262, 429 4,138 7,887 2,692 3,674 2,480 10, 472 14,230 6,417 32, 592 96, 559 17,238 22,982 19, 795 15,266 8,729 13,403 11,608 7,185 8,762 45,677 10,919 26,709 20,926 7,744 50, 181 7,944 3,566 10, 437 11,. 574 32,710 26,908 17,579 4,729 7,346 9,643 6,506 582,973 , 47,575 20, 043 11,293 9,102 7,616 6,495 55, 368 28,910 12, 499 5,674 4,669 6,912 141,011 35, 364 12,766 12, 649 2,399 5,135 6, .583 1,103 26,505 1,183 2,010 1,376 4,128 6,590 1,244 5,955 40, 404 Breadwinners. Number, 9,401 1,671 1,366 2,600 3,514 3,138 2,421 838 2,029 128 246 61,098 770 1,204 257 776 272 1,446 1,927 1,664 6,297 29,968 4,290 9,845 4,891 2,716 6,179 4,601 2,020 2,144 9,219 1,880 6, 699 4,789 1,679 7,734 1,664 723 2,371 5,515 6,365 4,466 4,359 785 1,273 1,715 1,022 158, 470 8,643 4,807 2,277 1,784 2,233 1,376 9,322 5,202 1,757 858 702 1,434 34, 478 6,983 2,236 1,993 334 660 990 154 8,036 207 312 196 619 1,364 218 1.211 6, ,305 Per cent. 2L5 20.6 17.9 22.3 24 4 29.1 24.1 18.4 22.6 13.6 18.0 19.5 18.6 15.3 9.5 21.1 11.0 13.8 13.5 30.7 19.3 31.0 24 9 42.8 46.6 32.0 31.1 38.6 40.0 28.1 24 5 20.2 17.2 25.1 22 9 21.7 15.4 20.8 20.3 22.7 47.6 19.5 16.6 24.8 16.6 17.3 17.8 15.7 27.2 18.0 24.0 20.2 19.6 29.3 21.2 16.8 18 14 1 16.1 1,5.1 20.7 24.5 16.9 17.5 16.8 13.9 12.9 17.7 14.0 30.3 17.6 15.5 14.2 15.0 20.6 17.5 20.3 15.0 Negro. Total. 612 786 395 1,592 1,143 748 493 3,647 36,066 16, 020 11,177' 11 , 476 451 5,959 2, 614 609 2,312 16, 461 30,046 107 32,671 4,406 428 170 56 1,430 276 31 671 432 55 1,688 236 543 719 161 13,774 6,931 2,057 1,270 11 2,765 1,363 ,506 2,116 760 31 444 26, 836 636 229 407 431 193 2,159 5,654 680 2,856 1,218 261 26,266, 5,4741 1,087 169 182 87 229 1,493 1,899 12, 107 17,935 12,266 2,728 92 13,076 149 311 Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. 243 302 116 768 591 353 22,948 10,220 7,128 4,875 172 2,665 1,184 204 758 8,406 14, 801 32 20,278 2,269 194 130 32 642 96 31 213 203 27 582 81 201 228 82 6,428 3,615 1,142 565 3' 1,241 469 300 930 303 16 219 16, 826 261 106 159 185 114 30 787 2,666 234 1,091 471 128 13,737 1,674 335 53 73 53 63 551 7,266 11,017 7,670 1,461 48 7,932 73 98 39.7 38.4 29.4 48.2 51.7 47.2 48.5 54.0 63.6 68.0 63.8 42.5 38.1 43.0 45.3 33.5 32.8 54.4 49.3 62.1 51.3 46.3 76.5 (') 37.9 34.4 0) 31.7 47.0 (') 36.6 34.3 37.0 31.7 54.3 46.7 52.2 56.5 44.5 (') . 46.0 33.7 69.3 44.0 39.9 0) 49.3 59.0 41.1 46.3 39.1 42.9 59.1 (■) 36.6 47.2 34.4 38.2 38.7 49.0 52.3 30.6 30.8 31.4 40.1 0) 27.5 36.9 .5L8 60.0 6L4 6L7 53.6 0) 60.7 49.0 31.6 iPer cent not shown where base is less than 100. IN CITIES. 147 Table 10.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900. San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal... Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn . Hartford, Conn Bridgeport, Conn. . Wilmington, Del. . . Washington, D. C. Atlanta, Ga Savannah , Ga Chicago, 111 teoria, 111 Indianapolis, Ind. Jlvansvillc, Ind... Des Moines, Iowa. . . Kansas City, ICans. Louisville, Ky New Orleans, La. . . Portland, Me Baltimore, Md . . . Boston, Mass Worcester, Mass. Fall River, Mass. Lowell, Mass Canibridge, Mass Lynn, Mass Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass. Springfield, Mass Somerville, Mass Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn St. Paul, Minn Duluth, Minn St. Louis, Mo Kansas City, Mo. St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nehr Manchester, N. II. Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J . . Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J... Ehzabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y. Bu/Ialo, N. Y.... Rochester, N. Y. Syracuse, N.Y. . . .\lbany, N. Y Troy, N.Y Utica, N. Y Cleveland, Ohio.. Cincinnati, Ohio. Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio Portland, Oreg. . , Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburg, Pa Allegheny, Pa Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa. Harrisburg, Pa.. Providence, R. I. Charleston, S. C... Memphis, Tcnn. . . Nashville, Tenn... San Antonio, Tex. Salt Lake City, U Richmond, Va. . . Seattle, Wash.... Milwaukee, Wis.. FEMALI POPULATION. 16 to 20 years ol age. 21 to 24 years of age. 26 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. 45 years 3f age and over. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Nimiber. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 15,168 6,128 40.4 14,801 6,768 39.0 32,815 8,342 25.4 22,350 4,625 20 7 30,094 4,285 14 2 4,831 1,319 27.3 4,102 1,417 34.5 9,861 2,467 25.0 8,046 1,594 19.8 10,882 1,460 13.4 3,272 1,011 30.9 2,832 951 33.6 6,024 1,469 24 2 4,845 844 17.4 7,528 868 11.5 5,995 1,800 30.0 5,605 2,141 3a 2 13,793 3,670 26.6 10,881 2,440 22.4 11,578 1,838 15.9 4,760 2,587 54.3 4,496 2,324 51.7 10,215 2,933 28.7 7,686 1,414 18.6 11,118 1,419 12.8 3,320 1,761 53.0 3,643 1,907 52.3 8,223 2,541 30 9 5,623 1,216 22.0 7,741 1,166 15.1 3,448 2,062 69.8 3,201 1,544 48.2 6,961 1,927 27.7 4,949 993 20.1 6,447 767 11.9 3,627 1,812 50.0 3,194 1,374 43.0 6,869 1,820 26.5 5,304 1,065 19.9 7,181 997 13.9 14,577 6,994 41.1 14, 199 6,878 48.4 29,267 11,333 38 7 20,727 7,700 37.1 30,128 8,447 2ao 6,911 2,674 45.2 4,844 2,359 48.7 9,002 3,946 43.8 6,318 2,677 42.4 7,651 2,551 33.3 3,191 1,341 42.0 3,186 1,476 46.3 5,828 2,576 44 2 3,667 1,742 47.6 4,103 1,566 381 78,796 41,436 52.6 70, 382 29,185 41.5 164,011 37, 797 23.0 116,149 17,789 15.4 119,864 11,609 9.6 2,924 1,368 46.4 2,519 1,089 43.2 6,612 1,489 27.0 3,863 734 19.0 4,792 455 9.5 8,721 3,416 39.2 7,686 2,900 37.7 17,240 4,479 26.0 12,235 2,603 20.6 15,938 2,040 12.8 3,391 1,670 49.2 2,866 1,237 43.2 5,868 1,566 26.7 3,897 695 17.8 5,022 616 12.3 3,328 1,203 36.1 2,993 1,200 40.1 6,113 1,572 25.7 4,138 661 16.0 6,467 484 &9 2,499 884 35.4 2,033 555 27.3 4,794 761 15.7 3,140 420 13.4 3,642 409 11.2 10,914 4,615 42.3 9,906 4,041 40.8 19,944 6,060 30 4 14, 467 3,642 25.2 19,073 3,360 17.6 16, 469 4,534 29.3 12,831 3,786 29.5 27, 101 6,961 25.6 19,062 4,957 26.0 27,856 6,566 23.6 2,264 987 43.6 2,248 1,192 63.0 5,014 1,575 31.4 3,882 843 21.7 6,562 866 13.0 27, 838 13,957 50.1 22,529 9,510 42.2 47,073 13,944 29.6 36,408 9,302 26.6 50,107 9,613 19.2 24,016 12,872 63.6 25,879 14,103 64 5 60,242 21,469 35.6 41,717 10,668 25.6 54,966 9,414 17.1 5,246 2,780 63.0 6,099 2,761 54.1 11,327 3,656 32.3 8,119 1,480 18.2 11,677 1,265 10.8 6,264 4,877 77.9 4,858 3.250 66.9 9,315 4,342 46.6 6,800 2,264 33.3 8,899 1,425 16.0 5,126 3,747 73.1 4,798 3,349 69.8 9,845 4,840 49.2 6,804 2,391 35.1 9,812 2,093 21.3 4,050 2,086 51.5 4,385 2,466 66.2 9,342 3,289 35.2 6,369 1,518 23.8 9,656 1,492 15.5 2,913 1,511 61.9 2,847 1,610 56.6 6,908 2,507 36.3 5,314 1,611 2&4 7,737 1,281 16.6 3,389 2,532 74.7 2,953 1,941 65.7 6,113 2,654 43.4 4,349 1,374 31.6 5,952 1,035 17.4 3,179 2,204 69.3 2,736 1,567 57.3 6,741 2,250 39.2 4,346 1,191 27.4 6,731 943 14 2,693 1,305 48.5 2,746 1,399 50 9 6,442 2,087 32 4 4,641 1,017 22.4 7,150 893 12.5 2,703 1,165 42.7 2,772 1,317 47.5 6,460 1,709 26.6 4,679 827 18 1 6,794 754 11.1 14,562 7,563 51.9 12,710 5,677 44 7 27,085 6,698 24 7 19, 605 2,870 14 6 24,459 2,172 8.9 4,624 2,293 49.6 3,956 1,706 43.1 8,184 1,915 23.4 6,004 893 14 9 8,176 774 9.5 9,995 4,763 47.7 9,295 4,565 49.1 19, 898 6,768 29.0 14,432 2,464 17.1 14,177 1,615 10.7 8,466 4,550 53.8 7,281 3,737 51.3 14,958 4,373 29.2 10, 553 1,675 15.9 10,591 1,000 9.4 2,122 907 42.7 1,944 851 43.8 4,650 998 21.9 3,231 409 12.7 2,407 243 10 1 29,623 14,212 48.0 26,041 10,092 38.8 56,600 13,498 24 3 37,665 6,650 17.7 46,885 5,480 11.7 8,368 3,062 36.5 8,081 3,243 40.1 17,622 4,923 27.9 11,823 2,546 21.5 12,656 1,893 15.0 6,466 2,918 53.4 4,395 2,186 49.7 8,863 2,583 29.2 5,658 906 16.0 5,973 711 11.9 5,416 2,286 42.2 4,656 2,235 48.0 9,816 2,927 29.8 6,608 1,210 18.6 7,004 832 11.9 3,217 2,336 72.6 2,754 1,907 69.2 6,700 2,696 47.3 4,135 1,488 36.0 5,673 1,068 18 8 11,884 7,021 59.1 10,345 4,424 42.8 23,117 6,337 23.1 16,849 2,734 16.2 22,098 2,660 11.6 9,649 4,917 51.0 8,467 3,379 40.0 19,218 3,636 18.9 13, 576 1,795 13.2 16,399 1,615 9.8 6,247 3,618 69.0 4,475 2,271 50.7 9,669 2,645 27.7 7,172 1,354 18 9 9,299 1,067 11.5 3,622 1,867 51.5 3,010 1,112 36.9 6,865 1,383 20.1 5,503 891 16.2 7,404 973 13.1 3,441 1,559 45.3 2.829 1,094 38 7 6,371 1,363 21.4 4,975 702 141 6,889 758 D.O 2,741 1,680 57.6 2.302 995 43.2 5,478 1,032 18.8 3,962 606 12.8 4,464 482 10.8 2,406 1,128 46.9 2.024 724 35.8 4,645 823 17.7 3,334 416 12.5 4,354 407 9.3 171,666 101, 735 69.3 1.53. 731 70, 180 45.7 338, 175 87,690 25.9 232,950 45,006 19.3 277,577 39,478 14 2 16,858 7,984 47.4 14,021 5,749 41.0 32,088 7,053 22 24,202 3,397 14 28,475 2,543 8.9 7,813 4,804 61.5 6,971 3,848 55.2 15,641 5,210 33.3 12,577 2,836 22.5 16,868 2,144 12.7 5,040 2,472 49.0 4,633 2,121 45.8 10,721 2,944 27.5 8,144 1,607 19.7 11,504 1,342 11.7 4,719 2,366 50.1 4.413 2,153 48 8 9,218 2,773 30.1 7,138 1,402 19.6 10,832 1,288 11.9 3,347 2,253 67.3 3,086 2,008 65.1 6,392 2,941 46.0 4,635 1,515 32.7 6,792 1,211 17.8 2,668 1,608 60.3 2,474 1,350 64 6 5,329 1,787 33.5 4,188 912 21.8 6,650 816 12 3 19,278 9,736 50 5 16, 173 6,242 38.6 34,778 7,082 20.4 24, 356 3,349 13.8 30,537 2,816 9.2 17,194 9,662 56.2 14,446 6,676 46.2 31,760 9,158 28.8 23,882 5,273 22.1 32,264 4.341 13.5 6,710 3,178 47.4 5,602 2,123 37.9 12,570 2,680 20.5 8,892 1,178 13.2 10,968 918 8.4 6,199 2,516 40 6 5,677 2,201 38.8 12,392 3,269 26.3 . 9,124 1,732 19.0 11,338 1,287 11.4 4,221 2.002 47.4 3,735 1,508 40.4 8,173 2,047 25.0 j 6,203 982 15.8 8,316 851 10.2 4,136 1,725 41.7 3,585 1,555 43.4 7,670 2,015 26.3 5,491 989 18.0 5,743 691 12.0 69,766 34,238 57. 3 66.549 26, 753 4/. 3 127,337 36,976 29.0 93,576 19,596 20 9 127,077 18,267 14 4 16,181 6,577 40 6 14, 459 6,160 35.7 29, 493 5,861 19.9 19,659 2,595 13.2 22,859 1,996 8.7 6,415 2,961 46.2 6,726 2,116 37.0 11,914 2,652 22.3 8,204 1,316 16.0 10, 435 1,097 10.5 6,340 2,738 51.3 4,498 2,004 44 6 9,083 1,897 20.9 6,011 664 11.0 7,409 482 6.5 4,132 2,453 59.4 3,346 1,351 40.4 6,919 1,605 23.2 6,283 798 15.1 7,663 787 10.3 2,598 1,039 40.0 2,174 776 35.7 4,737 919 19.4 3,350 400 11.9 4,549 366 8.0 2,897 1,483 61.2 2,471 1,083 43.8 4,652 1,028 22 1 3,196 437 13.7 3,981 312 7.8 2,619 1,164 44.4 2.296 866 37.7 4,881 1,111 22.8 3,606 564 15.8 5,015 627 12.5 8,218 5, 168 62.8 7,946 4,493 .56.6 17,788 6,328 35.6 12,877 3,203 24 9 18,897 2,869 15.2 3.431 1.475 43.0 2.766 1,324 47.9 6,452 2,407 44 1 4,020 1,786 44 4 6,391 1,942 36.0 5,660 2, 827 49.9 5. 138 2,403 46.8 10, 107 4,010 39.7 6,461 2,400 37.1 7,393 2, .536 34 3 4,929 1.796 36.4 4. l.-,2 1,759 42.4 8,066 3,060 38.0 5,489 2,127 3&8 7,636 2,317 30.7 2,9.51 751 25.4 2.433 676 27.8 4,915 1,069 21.7 3,272 704 21.5 3,942 654 16.6 2,959 923 31.2 2,352 816 317 4.538 970 21.4 3,418 542 15.9 4,601 12 8 5,188 2.355 45.4 4,454 2,073 46.5 8,123 2,953 36.4 6,942 2,113 35.6 8,370 2,320 27.7 2,748 9lJi ' 36. 2 1 2.484 895 36.0 6. 193 1,441 23.3 4,539 767 16.9 4,016 455 11.3 16.331 12.H.'i 5. 142 42. 3 24.293 5,152 21.2 18,094 2.406 13.3 21,891 1,.566 7.2 148 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 10.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900— Continued. San Francisco, Cal. . . Los Angeles, Cal Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn. . , HartJord, Conn Bridgeport, Conn Wilmington, Del Washington, D. C. . . Atlanta, Ga Savannah, Ga Chicago, 111 Peoria, 111 IndianapoUs, Ind E vansville, Ind Des Moines, Iowa Kansas City, Kans. . Louisville, ICy New Orleans, La Portland, Me Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Worcester, Mass Pall River, Mass Lowell, Mass Camhrldge, Mass Lynn, Mass Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass.. Springfield, Mass Somerville, Mass Detroit, Mich Grand Bapids, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn. . . St. Paul, Minn Duluth, Minn St. Louis, Mo Kansas City, Mo St. Joseph, Mo Omaha, Nebr Manchester, N. H Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J Elizabeth, N. J New York, N. Y Buffalo, N.Y Rochester, N. Y Syracuse, N. Y Albanv, N. Y Troy,lsr. Y Utica, N. Y Cleveland, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Portland, Oreg Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Allegheny, Pa Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa Harrisburg, Pa Providence, R. I Charleston, S. C Memphis, Tenn Nashville, Tenn San Antonio, Tex Salt Lake City, Utah Richmond, Va Seattle, Wash Milwaukee, Wis NATIVE "WHITE FEMALE POPULATION — BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE, 16 to 20 years of age. Total. 3,819 2,711 1,204 3,052 1,432 1,071 1,009 1,986 6,670 2,681 911 15,794 1,429 6,224 1,715 2,063 1,417 5,068 6,190 1,084 13,564 5,666 1,617 844 992 984 1,204 460 678 1,098 1,012 3,058 1,694 2,900 2,129 440 10,338 4,990 3,631 2,139 698 3„637 2,721 1,214 2,170 1,666 633 743 36,028 5,127 2,801 2,147 2,120 1,147 1,087 4,383 7,007 2,669 4,005 2,684 1,970 25,212 5,439 2,699 1,377 3,474 1,008 964 2,053 2,369 1,006 1,862 2,298 1,198 2,425 1,320 2,867 Breadwinners. Number. 1,236 615 265 761 621 372 492 868 1,811 877 162 5,625 638 1,811 791 460 1,824 1,293 362 6,668 2,067 672 381 609 302 497 232 265 402 300 ■1,214 601 780 746 124 4,222 1,551 1,891 718 245 1,796 1,119 720 1,009 610 239 207 16,349 1,979 1,413 634 578 1,690 3,622 968 1,470 1,127 711 12, 497 1,708 1,022 563 2,063 340 400 913 1,045 195 512 563 217 173 878 417 1,2.39 Per cent. 32.3 22.7 22.0 24.6 36.4 34 7 48.8 43.2 27.6 32.7 16.7 35.6 37.6 34.7 46.1 29.1 32.6 36.0 20.9 33.4 41.7 36.6 37.7 46.1 61.3 30.7 41.3 50.4 39.1 36.6 29.6 39.7 37.7 26.9 35.0 28.2 40.8 31.1 52.1 33.6 41.0 49.4 41.1 59.3 46.5 36.6 44.8 27.9 42.6 38.6 50.4 37.6 42.2 56.3 63.2 36.3 60.3 36.3 36.7 42.0 36.1 49.6 31.4 39.3 40.9 59.4 33.7 41.5 44.5 44.1 19.4 27.5 24.5 18.1 IS. 4 36.2 31.6 43.2 21 to 24 years of age. Total. 3,340 2,220 994 2,777 1,167 1,024 787 1,574 6,066 2,361 796 14, 441 1,179 4,373 1,284 1,804 1,120 4,028 4,199 1,044 10,065 5,618 1,207 471 782 859 988 374 579 967 915 2,689 1,318 2,436 1,697 7,697 4,610 2,800 1,931 560 2,702 2,007 987 1,720 1,232 340 613 28,681 3,546 2,149 1,804 1,723 879 816 3,716 4,720 2,159 3,501 2,117 1,764 21,744 4,709 2,252 1,027 2,693 741 792 1,761 2,060 711 1,706 1,890 866 668 2,067 1,164 1,803 Breadwinners. Number. 709 268 917 443 400 329 663 2,008 674 5,298 419 1,452 617 631 275 1,214 837 3,348 2,427 602 206 461 340 621 206 238 355 1,043 528 943 757 137 2,478 1,604 1,342 838 300 1,038 646 454 621 429 116 147 10,285 1,341 1,076 680 693 496 409 1,344 1,834 747 1,240 749 705 8,831 1,656 780 380 1,046 263 295 632 925 180 434 465 177 188 649 404 742 Per cent. 34.4 31.9 27.0 33.0 38.0 39.1 41.8 36.8 33.1 28.5 19.2 36.7 36.6 33.2 40.3 36.0 24.6 30.1 19.9 44.6 33.3 44.0 41.6 43.7 69.0 62.7 65.1 41.1 40.2 38.8 38.8 40.1 38.7 44.6 39.4 32.2 34.8 47.9 43.4 54 5 38.4 32.2 46.0 36.1 34.8 34.1 28.7 35.9 37.8 50.0 37.7 40.2 56.3 50.1 30.2 38,9 34.6 35.4 35.4 40.0 40.6 33.0 34.6 37.0 38.8 35.5 37.2 35.9 44.9 25.3 25.4 24.6 20.4 28.1 31.4 35.0 25 to 34 years of age. Total. 6,840 4,991 2,039 6,285 2,739 2,351 1,676 3,276 12,975 4,326 1,543 31,916 2,249 9,281 2,314 3,567 2,410 7,122 7,270 2,386 19,518 12,416 2,978 932 1,714 1,840 2,531 762 1,296 2,389 2,143 5,329 2,614 4,909 3,127 731 13,828 9,470 6,587 3,861 1,331 6,420 4,002 1,941 3,600 2,494 681 1,071 56,846 6,561 4,080 3,660 3,098 1,711 1,528 7,600 8,172 4,686 7,023 4,019 3,661 44,817 8,485 4,080 2,034 5,458 1,355 1,469 3,688 4, .535 1,396 3,199 3,724 1,738 1,228 3,995 2,737 2,567 Breadwinners. Number. 1,727 1,249 464 1,614 679 633 440 634 3,292 947 270 8,628 576 2,176 653 867 326 1,564 1,246 705 4,481 4,578 915 317 756 633 918 304 376 680 ' 668 1,340 701 1,343 914 192 3,125 2,230 1,521 1,226 522 1,264 689 608 691 519 116 166 13,428 1,465 1,317 902 761 682 500 1,823 2,187 969 1,710 914 1,009 11,761 1,753 1,020 404 1,272 248 339 787 1,413 245 556 758 277 263 788 661 Per cent. 26.2 26.0 22.8 26.7 24.8 26.9 26.3 19.4 25.4 21.9 17.5 27.0 26.6 23.4 23.9 24.3 13.6 22.0 17.1 29.5 23.0 36.9 30.7 34.0 44.1 34.4 36.3 39.9 29.0 28.5 26.6 25.1 26.8 27.4 29.2 26.3 22.6 23.6 27.2 31.8 39.2 23.3 17.2 26.2 19.2 20.8 17.0 15.5 23.6 22.3 32.3 24.6 24.6 39.9 32.7 24.3 26.8 20.7 24.3 22.7 28.3 26.2 20.7 25.0 19.9 23.3 18.3 23.1 21.3 31.2 17.6 17.4 20.4 15.9 21.4 19.7 24.2 26.7 35 to 44 years of age. Total. 4,658 4,048 1,744 4,891 2,284 1,760 1,349 2,404 9,016 2,958 926 20,949 1,449 6,488 1,325 2,376 1,458 4,630 4,196 2,094 13,867 9,650 2,428 804 1,503 1,497 2,248 700 1,265 1,849 1,854 3,493 2,022 3,809 2,124 600 8,149 6,351 3,434 2,500 1,260 3,849 2,711 1,471 2,846 1,976 427 787 37, 158 4,000 2,909 2,784 2,145 1,217 1,022 4,836 4,860 3,088 4,726 2,887 2,428 32,349 5,033 2,311 1,326 4,048 895 1,009 2,611 3,586 1,007 2,019 2, .398 1,009 961 2,712 1,891 1,601 Breadwinners. Number. 1,099 806 304 1,112 391 266 338 2,066 649 194 4,477 272 1,201 218 181 80O 707 446 2,684 2,757 467 203 364 673 206 272 406 372 62? 374 717 373 95 1,498 1,152 446 376 691 368 290 427 290 75 82 6,992 686 693 566 386 401 221 812 1,070 473 879 446 476 6,196 817 480 169 615 124 173 182 317 44C 162 158 453 336 320 Per cent. 23.6 19.9 17.4 22.7 17.1 20.9 19.0 14.1 22.9 18.6 21.0 21.4 18.8 18.6 16.5 16.3 12.4 17.3 16.8 21.3 18.6 28.6 19 2 26.2 32.5 24.3 29.9 29.4 21.6 22.0 20.1 18.0 18.6 18.8 17.6 15.8 18.4 18.1 13.0 19.7 29.8 18.0 13.2 19.7 15.0 14.7 17.6 10.4 18.8 17.2 23.8 20.0 17.9 32.9 21.6 16.8 22.0 16.3 18.6 16.4 19.6 19.2 16.2 20.8 12.7 15.2 13.9 17.1 14.1 22.7 18.1 15.7 18.6 16.1 16.4 16.7 17.8 20.0 46 years of age and over. Total. 6,073 6,151 2,869 5,967 4,860 3,699 2,677 3,823 14, 418 4,090 1,246 24,972 1,900 8,576 1,605 3,413 1,882 6,036 6,269 4,272 20, 184 19,206 5,371 1,627 3,303 3,686 4,497 1,365 2,892 4,237 3,534 4,878 3,135 5,396 2,471 573 9,480 7,216 3,344 2,820 2,445 6,442 3,601 2,166 4,292 3,427 536 1,381 53,774 6,375 4,874 4,730 3,636 1,988 2,059 6,763 6,310 4,002 6,962 4,142 2,646 48,763 5,641 2,921 1,751 5,991 1,342 1,341 3,644 7,873 1,615 2,399 3,402 1,323 1,106 4,383 1,940 2,007 Breadwinners. Number. 916 787 319 902 626 312 400 2,308 636 2,871 192 1,067 196 151 691 743 526 2,648 3,337 637 216 754 247 347 467 370 608 261 66 1,163 820 327 331 462 686 293 213 470 380 60 106 6,214 523 407 398 266 773 875 397 649 437 336 i,291 533 376 161 120 136 416 1,073 234 292 407 164 129 608 214 202 Per cent. 15.1 12.8 11.1 15.1 10.8 13.6 11.7 10.5 16.0 13.1 16.7 11.5 10.1 12.3 12.1 8.7 8.0 11.4 14.1 12.3 12.6 17.4 11.9 13.3 19.0 13.5 16.8 18.2 12.0 11.5 11.3 9.6 11.8 11.3 10.2 11.6 12.3 11.4 9.8 11.7 18.9 10.6 8.1 9.8 11.0 11.1 11.2 7.7 11.6 9.7 13.1 12.6 11.2 20.0 12.9 11.4 13.9 9.9 10.9 10.6 12.7 12.9 9.4 12.8 9.2 10.8 8.9 10.1 11.4 13.6 14.5 12f2 12.0 12.4 11.7 11.6 11.0 10.1 IN CITIES. 149 Table lO— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS- 1900— Continued. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal... Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn. Hartford, Conn Bridgeport, Conn Wilmington, Del Washington, D. C Atlanta, Ga Savannah, Ga Chicago, III Peoria, III Indianapolis, Ind. Evansville. Ind Des Moines, Iowa. , . Kansas City, Kans. Louisville, Ky New Orleans, La Portland, Me Baltimore, Md. .. Boston, Mass Worcester, Mass. Fall River, Mass. Lowell, Mass Cambridge, Mass Lynn, Mass Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass. Springfield, Mass — Somer ville, Ma*is Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn St. Paul, Minn Duluth, Minn St. Louis, Mo Kansas City, Mo. St. Joseph, Mo... Omaha, Nebr Manchester, N. H Newark, N. J Jersey City, N.J Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J.... Hoboken, N. J. .. Elizabeth, N. J.. New York, N. Y. Buffalo. N. Y.... Rochester, N. Y Syracuse, N. Y Albany, N. Y Troy, N. Y Utica, N. Y Cleveland, Ohio.. Cincimiati, Ohio. Toledo, Ohio Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio Portland, Oreg . . Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburg, Pa Allegheny, Pa Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa, Harrisburg, Pa. . Providence, R. I- Charleston, S. C Memphis, Term Nashville, Tenn San Antonio, Tex Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va Seattle, Wash Milwaukee, Wis 16 to 2C years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of ige. 45 years 3f age and over. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. ( '^™'^"-,cent. Xumber. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 9,120 3,822 ' 41.9 8,314 3,293 39.6 15,459 3,884 2,5.1 7,804 1,476 18.9 4,086 607 14 9 1,524 493 32. 3 1,243 432 34.8 2,667 635 23.8 1,850 346 18.7 1,349 188 13.9 1,691 591 34.9 1,337 492 36.8 2,336 697 25.6 1,326 229 17.3 948 121 12.8 2,084 680 32.6 1,712 717 41.9 3,758 1,006 26.8 2,626 574 21.9 1,511 266 17.6 1,981 1,203 60.7 1,693 1,012 69.8 3,408 1,199 36.2 2,036 433 21.3 1,052 174 16.5 1,225 713 58.2 1,201 723 60.2 2,413 906 37 5 1,480 3,54 23.9 695 132 19..0 1,299 833 64.1 1,165 670 57.5 2,323 841 36.2 1,475 353 23.9 730 108 14 8 787 431 54.8 695 326 46.9 1,476 407 1 27 6 1,202 230 19.1 824 99 12.0 1,853 660 30.2 1,966 746 37.9 4,894 1,360 27 8 3,280 738 22.5 2,841 511 18.0 310 71 22. 9 182 76 41.2 416 100 24. 292 47 16.1 227 29 12.8 369 97 26.3 270 69 25.6 644 113 ! 17.5 456 76 16.7 373 60 16.1 39,834 21,886 64.9 29.279 12,628 43.1 55,443 14,112 25.5 29,400 4,771 16.2 12,596 1,546 12.3 1,166 620 53.2 1,014 518 51.1 2,322 657 : 28.3 1,546 304 19.7 773 87 U.3 2,2o0 1,026 46.0 2,0.31 851 41.9 4,715 1.220 1 25.9 3,193 698 18.7 1,987 228 11.5 1,166 628 53 9 1,076 468 42.6 2,527 626 218 1,674 247 14 8 1,064 114 10.7 899 395 4.3.9 758 365 46.8 1,497 427 28.6 819 133 16.2 567 51 9.0 563 212 37. 7 464 132 29.1 1,075 165 15.3 697 68 11.4 349 23 6.6 3,160 1,476 ! 46.7 3,114 1,297 41.7 7,170 1,853 26.8 5,213 845 16.2 3,069 397 13.0 4,137 878 21. 2 4,038 874 21.6 9,922 1,595 16.1 7,480 1,149 16.4 6,406 779 14 4 070 269 40. 1 569 317 55.7 1,186 418 35.3 694 173 24.9 478 81 16.9 6,463 3,246 1 50.2 5,299 2,093 39.5 12, 499 3.071 24 6 9,989 1,837 18.4 7,606 1,048 13.8 10,214 6,301 t 51.9 8,858 4,938 55.7 17,788 6,909 38.8 10,589 2,908 27.6 6,157 1,209 19.6 2,260 1,236 ! 54.7 1,832 1,102 60.2 3, 409 1,438 42.2 1,890 466 24.1 921 136 14 7 2,345 1,823 77 7 1,618 1,185 73.2 2,530 1,313 51.9 1,220 412 33.8 619 136 21.8 1,830 1,309 71.5 1,"26 955 72.0 2,597 1,366 52.6 1,553 630 40.6 969 277 28.6 1,678 868 61.7 1,445 829 67 4 2,567 984 38.3 1,.5.52 387 24 9 1,038 229 22.1 991 531 53.6 822 519 63.1 1,685 715 1 42. 4 1,144 367 32.1 626 125 20.0 1,425 1,035 1 72.6 1,046 738 70.6 1,847 914 1 49. 6 976 361 36.0 444 109 24 5 962 683 71.0 602 397 65.9 1,187 496 ' 41. 8 691 196 28.4 377 69 18.3 985 541 64.9 862 479 66.2 1,826 715 39.2 1,137 277 24 4 631 105 16.6 1,022 463 44.3 807 387 48.0 1,641 487 29.7 930 204 21.9 664 80 12.0 7,280 4.014 i 55.1 5,384 2,497 46.4 9,959 2,650 26.6 5. »62 966 16.5 3,256 370 11.4 2,060 1.115 54.4 ],690 764 ■ 48. 1 2,805 763 ' 26. 8 1,667 272 16.3 1,004 143 14 2 4,845 2.603 53.7 3,921 2,083 63.1 6,979 2,236 32.0 3,774 656 17.4 1,.579 209 13.2 4,386 2,543 68.0 3,468 1,871 54.1 6,247 2,094 33.6, 3,291 633 19.2 1,340 158 11.8 961 380 39.6 670 280 41.8 1,191 261 21.9 607 85 14 229 31 13.5 14, 844 7,606 61.2 13,373 5,404 40.4 28,373 6,679 23.6 17,618 2,733 15.5 8,313 980 11.8 1,796 709 39.6 1,726 737 42.7 3,883 1,011 26.0 2,303 417 18.1 1,359 174 12.8 1,177 632 53.7 984 477 48.5 1,952 549 28.1 1,142 191 16.7 700 73 10.4 1,887 903 47.9 1,548 804 51.9 2,768 833 30.1 1,473 282 19.1 775 131 16.9 967 660 68.3 646 472 73.1 1,181 611 ' 51.7 605 255 42.1 331 88 26.6 5,191 3,201 61.7 4,214 1,984 47.1 8,646 2,373 1 27 4 5,622 1,021 18.2 3,114 423 13.6 4,979 2,668 63.6 4,127 1,843 44.7 8,031 1, 870 23. 3 4,595 690 15.0 2,257 241 10.7 2,353 1,665 70.8 1,728 963 65.7 3,068 992 32. 3 1,666 360 21.6 1,077 133 12.3 791 469 59.3 1 667 253 37.9 1,673 310 19. 7 1,136 166 14 6 821 106 12.9 1,023 546 53.4 835 390 46.7 1,794 460 25. 6 1,292 194 15.0 697 90 12.9 1,590 950 69.7 1,176 546 46.4 2,291 542 23. 7 1,181 173 14 6 610 48 9.4 1,104 587 53.2 871 335 38.5 1,716 396 i 2.3. 1 1,086 168 15.5 542 64 11.8 71,621 40,917 57.1 58,095 26,706 46.0 115, 373 31,197 1 27.0 69,478 13,248 19.1 37,895 5,734 15.1 7, 623 3,692 48.4 6,186 2,698 43.6 13, 467 3,356 24.9 10,007 1,529 15.3 5,677 660 11.8 3,638 2,413 66.3 3,228 1,846 57 2 7,029 2,672 36.6 6,466 1,378 25.2 3,488 617 17.7 2,027 1,102 54 4 1,894 1,003 63.0 4,423 1,443 32.6 3,094 686 22.2 1,786 277 16.5 2,134 1,166 54.6 2,115 1,149 64.3 4,515 1,645 34.2 3,206 698 21.8 2,122 318 15.0 1,695 1,235 72.9 1,603 1,120 69.9 3,106 1,639 52.8 1,911 709 371 1,204 278 23.1 1,132 719 63 5 1,175 703 69.8 2,501 968 38.7 1,955 476 24 3 1,467 230 16.7 9,670 5,070 52.4 7,177 3,024 42.1 12,807 3,093 24.2 7,042 ■ 1, 161 16.6 3,763 441 11.7 8,356 5,036 60.3 7,605 3,742 49.2 17, 682 6,184 29.5 12,896 2,735 21.2 7,620 1,085 14 4 3,026 1,628 63 8 2,427 1,016 41.9 4,761 1,146 24.0 3,017 455 16.1 1,741 189 10.9 1,497 726 48.5 1,404 621 44.2 3,496 998 28.5 2,751 634 19.4 1.877 233 12.4 1,150 649 56.4 1,152 546 47 4 2,947 818 27 8 2,272 372 16.4 1,412 163 11.5 1,579 715 45.3 1,142 536 46.9 2,143 668 26.5 1,238 218 17.6 716 96 13.4 19,941 12,254 61.5 17,653 8,968 60.8 38,799 12, 112 31.2 27,703 5,881 21.2 20,641 3,127 15.2 6,505 2,705 41.6 5,128 1,940 37.8 10,083 2,188 21.7 6,244 873 14 4,605 470 10.2 2,620 1,282 48.9 2,127 819 38.6 4,475 1,030 23.0 3,083 466 16.1 2,384 300 12.6 2,834 1,603 63.0 2,286 1,154 50.5 3,947 1,042 26.4 2,011 296 14 7 952 77 8.1 447 281 62.9 1 444 226 50.9 918 249 271 749 125 16.7 541 63 11.6 1,265 628 41. 7 1,061 386 36.4 2.249 517 23.0 1,348 173 12.8 928 89 9.6 1,355 742 1 54. 8 1,078 631 49.3 1,788 475 26.6 995 147 14 8 602 56 9.3 242 109 ' 45.0 260 106 40.8 619 158 25.5 438 69 16.8 407 59 14 5 3,358 2,294 68.3 2,730 1,736 63.6 5,647 2,414 43.5 3,301 951 28.8 1,966 370 18.8 312 80 25.6 254 73 28.7 679 121 20.9 460 82 17 8 430 67 15 6 588 177 30.1 668 166 29.2 1,263 244 19.3 793 115 14 5 460 58 12.6 438 113 25.8 450 138 30.7 928 230 24.8 609 124 20.4 396 57 14 4 978 236 24.1 781 167 20.1 1,470 224 15.2 946 130 13.7 468 62 13.2 1,631 531 32.6 1,177 414 35.2 1,956 407 20.8 1,069 126 11.8 1 404 42 10.4 357 98 27.5 302 93 30.8 666 134 20.1 526 75 14 3 406 37 9 1 977 356 36.4 762 254 33.8 1,688 336 21.2 968 155 16.0 623 83 15.9 9,296 5,883 63.3 7,094 3,204 45.2 12,998 3,270 25.2 7,606 1,237 16.3 3,171 319 10.1 150 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 10.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900— Continued. FOREIGN BOEN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION. 16 to 20 years of age. 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age and over. CITY. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1,926 476 339 669 1,206 928 1,077 302 390 71 83 21,864 249 397 61 267 150 416 532 499 2,397 7,686 1,422 3,050 2,2a7 1,193 686 , 1,497 1,453 667 669 4,0)8 936 2,179 1,875 709 2,609 545 233 1,191 1,661 2,643 1,768 1,609 365 644 613 486 60, 180 4,036 1,335 810 407 476 440 4,952 1,116 914 267 230 520 10,682 3,474 1,032 1,109 182 312 551 63 2,246 51 106 06 319 427 62 429 3.132 1,001 169 140 305 791 625 700 172 178 20 37 13, 412 169 211 27 163 66 228 105 349 1,427 6,275 961 2, 6.62 1,924 838 475 1,268 1,226 344 397 2,226 558 1,360 1,239 397 1,468 284 127 579 1,431 1,776 1,040 1,171 210 355 388 288 42,939 2,283 959 640 274 363 303 2,978 756 648 138 160 281 6,949 1,853 592 063 100 158 330 21 1,698 15 31 30 90 216 20 181 2,106 52.0 36.5 41.3 46.3 66.6 67.3 66.0 57.0 46.6 (') C) 61.1 67.9 53.1 (■) 61.0 44.0 54.8 19.7 69.9 69. 5 68.6 66.9 87.0 83.8 70.2 69.3 84.0 84.4 61.8 60.2 56.4 5d.6 62.4 66.1 56.0 58.6 52.1 64.5 48.0 86.7 67.2 68.8 72.8 69.2 65.1 63.3 69.3 71.4 66.6 71.8 66.7 67.3 76.3 68.9 60.1 67.8 60.0 51.7 66.2 64.0 05.1 53.3 57.4 69.8 64.9 50.6 59.9 (') 75.6 {') 29.2 m 28.2 60.6 (') 42.2 07.2 2,720 646 451 916 1,498 1,312 1,168 409 557 63 76 25,099 200 507 104 337 197 480 542 624 2,415 10,866 1,994 2,738 2,679 1,881 1,006 1,528 1,469 869 1,038 4,429 1,023 2,863 2,040 890 3,036 661 265 959 1,556 2,968 2,139 1,681 365 673 781 665 62,396 4,203 1,,552' 87u 510 569 470 4,947 1,326 931 384 281 681 12,662 3,693 1,221 1,153 176 363 664 63 2,928 61 109 69 329 492 65 544 3,141 1,244 236 180 397 792 714 501 170 239 20 22 10,624 127 227 46 182 51 211 116 403 871 6,354 1,127 1,833 1,926 1,200 569 992 896 497 569 2,046 405 1,507 1.076 ■420 1,226 300 139 494 1,134 1,149 811 803 121 237 331 200 30, 180 1,666 900 415 280 367 231 1,730 664 320 157 132 292 6,247 1,324 461 463 69 118 240 24 1,707 19 25 12 67 208 14 216 1,175 45.7 43.0 39.9 43.3 62.9 64.4 42.9 41.6 42.9 (■) 0) 41.9 48.8 44.8 44.2 54.0 25.9 44.0 21.2 64.6 36.1 58.5 66.6 66.9 71.9 63.8 55.6 64.9 61.0 57.2 64.8 46.2 39.6 52.6 52.7 47.2 40.4 46.1 62.6 51.6 72.9 38.7 37.9 47.8 34.1 35.2 42.4 35.4 48.4 39.6 58.0 47.2 54.9 64.5 49.1 35.0 50.1 34.4 40.9 47.0 50.3 49.3 36.9 37.8 39.3 33.7 32.6 42.6 (') 68.3 0) 22.9 « 20.4 42.3 (1) 39.7 37.4 9,776 l,t.42 1,539 3,264 3,768 3,226 2,828 1,093 1,826 231 286 72,702 804 1,471 291 878 661 1,483 1,746 1,420 6,403 2S, 618 4.828 5,803 5,621 4,615 2,622 3,498 3,104 2,122 ■2,657 11,351 2,712 7,811 6,323 2,663 9,090 1,993 784 2,826 3,185 8,265 6,741 4.373 1,122 1,868 2,499 1,733 167, 466 11, 867 4,479 2.619 1, 490 1,528 1,284 13,757 4,193 2,918 1,036 816 1,784 36,466 9,001 3,044 3,037 498 1,107 1,334 194 7,210 179 383 198 905 1,317 223 1,792 8, 616 2,551 485 366 811 915 905 686 219 488 34 53 13,430 196 274 51 218 61 282 246 447 1,108 9,219 1,254 2,674 2,709 1,511 864 1,430 1,330 634 644 2,650 443 2,126 1,287 503 1,775 497 218 704 1,562 1,384 960 1,044 153 293 369 212 38,153 2,160 1,301 646 416 594 316 1,916 983 .390 210 152 368 9,007 1,373 512 437 65 139 200 37 2.254 34 62 33 124- 286 37 401 1,164 26.1 25.0 23.8 24.8 24.3 28.1 20.7 20.0 26.7 14.7 18.6 18.5 24.4 18.6 17.5 24.8 9.4 19.0 14.1 31.6 17.3 32.3 26.0 46.1 49.1 33.5 32.6 40.9 42.8 29.9 24.2 22.5 16.3 27.2 24.2 19.7 19.5 24.9 27.8 24.9 49.0 16.7 14.2 23.9 13.6 15.7 14.8 12.2 24.2 18.1 29.0 21.7 27.9 38.9 24.6 13.9 23.4 13.4 20.3 18.7 20.6 25.4 16.3 16.8 14.4 13.1 12.6 16.0 19.1 31.3 19.0 16.2 16.7 13.7 21.7 16.6 22.4 13.5 9,444 1,941 1,676 2,996 3,038 2,123 ' 2,016 970 1,690 219 239 62,090 784 1,403 408 833 631 1,584 1,851 1,070 5,974 20,676 3,709 4,738 3,738 3,025 1,869 2,669 2,252 1,465 1,788 9.938 2,269 6,726 4,981 1.999 9,109 1,817 687 2,266 2,267 6,872 5,973 3,950 1,104 1,562 2,337 1,373 121,066 10,066 4,165 2,178 1,695 1,470 1,191 12,031 4,939 2,616 1,082 803 1,719 28,552 7,313 2, .586 2,643 448 1,090 1,149 170 5,569 176 37^ 227 868 1,360 199 1,623 8,816 1,906 368 280 557 469 425 329 110 390 23 46 7,346 132 197 46 118 34 243 271 217 899 4,557 517 ' 1,620 1,267 662 453 813 680 296 248 1,173 232 1,037 622 217 1,158 280 86 306 856 831 663 665 127 169 266 123 21,844 1,126 744 327 286 386 210 1,207 900 198 134 82 264 5,163 626 310 195 42 96 108 26 1,203 36 62 44 151 242 29 249 826 20.2 19.0 16.7 18.6 16.4 20.0 16.3 11.3 24.6 10.6 18.8 11.8 16.8 14.0 11.3 14.2 5.4 16.3 14.6 20.3 15.0 22.1 13.9 34.2 33.9 21.9 24.2 30.6 30.2 20.1 13.9 11.8 10.2 15.4 12.5 10.9 12.7 15.4 12.4 13.5 37.8 12.1 11.1 16.8 11.5 10.8 10.9 9.0 18.0 11.2 17.9 16.0 16.9 26.2 17.6 10.0 18.2 7.6 12.4 10.2 14.8 18.1 8.6 12.0 7.4 9.4 8.8 . 9.4 16.3 21.6 19.9 16.4 19.4 17.4 17.8 14.6 16.3 9.4 19,523 3,193 3,686 3,787 4,872 3,191 2,936 1,755 4,626 366 679 80,279 2,038 4,082 1,826 1,352 850 6,466 9,638 1,771 15,326 28,737 5,274 6,627 5,626 4,614 2,528 4,146 3,221 2,161 2,589 15,920 3,970 7,111 6,651 1,685 26,267 2,927 1,589 3,189 2,896 11,961 10,284 6,962 1,774 2,673 3,411 2,347 181,180 17,387 8,459 4,900 4,973 3! 097 19,624 17,302 5,108 2,889 2,525 2,302 63,220 11,836 4,879 4,684 1,095 2,257 1,977 613 8,542 726 1,033 . 824 1,661 2,973 688 1,534 16,676 2,628 411 393 521 639 467 305 164 733 ..'.. 31 86 6,301 146 286 .- 87 T 93 60 478 1,180 240 1,966 4,469 439 1,068 1,183 666 366 671 465 246 272 1,217 242 664 646 138 2,070 288 153 286 518 1.224 992 674 172 214 370 198 25,003 1,310 872 446 524 515 315 1,476 1,885 300 216 186 238 6,860 796 361 235 67 148 108 46 1,160 104 132 76 181 396 114 150 1,031 13.6 12.9 . Oakland, Cal 11.0 13.8 11.1 14.6 10.4 Wilmington Del 9.3 Washinerton D C 16.8 8.7 12.7 Chieaffo 111 7.8 Peoria, 111 7.2 7.0 4.8 6.9 7.1 7.4 12.4 Portland Me 13.6 Baltimore, Md 12.8 16.6 8.3 Fall River Mass 16.0 21.4 14.4 14.5 16.2 14.4 11.4 10.5 7.6 6.1 9.3 St Paul Minn ^ 8.2 8.7 St Louis Mo 7.9 9.8 St Joseph, Mo 9.6 8.9 17.9 Newark N J 10.2 9.6 Paterson N J 11.3 Camden, N, J Trenton N J 9.7 8.3 10.8 Elizabeth N J 8.4 New York, N. Y 13.8 Buffalo NY 7.6 10.3 9.1 Alhanv N Y 10.5 Troy NY 14.6 Utica, N. Y 10.2 7.5 10.9 Toledo Ohio 5.9 7.6 7.3 10.3 12.9 6.7 7.4 6.0 6.1 6.6 5.5 7.5 13.7 rhirlpston S C . , . . 14.3 12.8 9.2 San Antonio, Tex 10.9 13.3 16.6 9.8 6.2 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. IN CITIES. 151 Table 10.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OV,ER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS: 1900— Continued. San Francisco, Cal . Los Angeles, Cal . . . Oakland, Cal Denver, Colo New Haven, Conn. Hartford, Conn Bridgeport, Conn.. "Wilmington, Del... Washington, D. C. Atlanta. Ga Savannah, Ga Chicago, III Peoria, 111 Indianapolis, Ind. Evansville, Ind... Des Moines, Iowa.., Kansas City, Kans . Louisville, Ky New Orleans," La. . . Portland, Me Baltimore, Md... Boston, Mass Worcester, Mass. Fall River, Mass. Lowell, Mass Cambridge, Mass Lynn, Mass Lawrence, Mass New Bedford, Mass. Springfield, Mass Soraerville, Mass Detroit, Mich Grand Rapids, Mich. Minneapolis, Minn. . . St. Paul, Minn Duluth, Minn St. Louis, Mo Kansas City, Mo St. Joseph, Mo Omaha, Nebr Manchester, N. H. Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J.. Paterson, N. J Camden, N. J Trenton, N. J Hoboken, N. J Elizabeth, N. J . . . New York, N. Y.. Buffalo, N. Y Rochester, N. Y. . Syracuse, N. Y. . . Albany, N. V Trov, N. Y Utica, N. Y Cleveland. Ohio... Cincinnati, Ohio.. Toledo, Ohio Columbu.'i. Ohio... Dayton, Ohio Portland, Oreg*.. Pliiladelphia, Pa.. Pittsburg, Pa Allegheny, Pa Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Erie, Pa Wilkesbarre, Pa.. Harrisburg, Pa... Providence, R. I.. Charleston, S. C... Memphis, Tenn... Nashnlle, Tenn... San Antonio, Tex. NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION. 10 to 20 years of age. Total. Salt Lake City, Utah. Richmond, Va Seattle, Wash Milwaukee, Wis 62 108 36 197 142 96 63 652 5,760 2,848 1,828 1,197 80 870 449 369 2.270 4.607 10 6.414 450 47 25 194 32 84 63 10 200 43 70 74 12 1,929 1,026 425 198 1 412 181 71 305 108 5 39 66 58 29 9 273 716 101 429 157 25 3,874 762 164 20 29 13 27 261 244 2,061 3,104 2,127 456 2,344 12 30 Breadwinners. Number. 21 38 13 64 72 51 37 351 3,445 1,706 1,055 612 31 368 224 45 146 1,087 2,258 6 3,626 229 21 21 6 6 109 18 20 22 914 508 268 86 248 90 02 178 48 3 46 2, 525 30 19 22 31 21 8 97 348 34 181 76 13 2,530 311 65 13 11 121 121 1,1S5 2,107 1,090 208 2 1.359 4 Per cent. 0) 35.2 0) 32.5 60.7 (1) (>) 63.6 59.8 59.9 .57.7 42.8 (!) 42.3 49.9 (■) 39.6 47.9 49.0 (■) 67.0 50.9 0) A') (.') 40.2 "l Oi (') (■> Ci 52.9 0) (') (') 0) 47.4 49.5 63.1 43.4 60.2 49.7 0) 58.4 44.4 (') 0) 66.2 (') Oi (') (■l Oi .35.5 48. (; 33.7 42.2 48.4 (') 65.3 40.8 39.0 (.'! (1) m (1) 46.4 49.6 51.2 45.6 21 to 24 years of age. 25 to 34 years of age. Total. 67 78 38 197 138 106 81 515 5,610 2,237 2,044 1,556 66 775 402 94 262 2,284 4,051 11 4,748 633 66 31 11 199 31 5 84 58 12 208 25 73 85 28 1,935 1,094 346 217 2 461 184 79 268 4,529 86 41 56 65 35 13 332 795 85 388 186 38 4, 486 928 !25 32 34 9 37 212 226 1.750 2.755 1,753 457 Breadwinners. Number. 30 37 7 110 70 44 314 3,885 1,590 1,231 735 25 370 216 32 97 1,319 1,960 6 3,197 384 26 11 5 35 34 6 91 9 32 32 14 984 602 227 99 1 253 79 51 117 27 23 31 26 144 436 40 183 81 12 2,703 340 56 17 20 9 17 103 125 1,052 1,778 1.144 276 13 6 2.019 1,316 23 13 50 21 Per cent. (') (') 0) 56.8 55.8 66.0 (') 61.0 69.3 71.1 60.2 47.2 (') 47.7 53.7 (') 37.0 57.7 48.4 0) 67.3 60.7 (') ('1 (■) 48.7 C) (1) 0) 0) (!) 43.8 0) (1) (■) (!) 60.9 55.0 65.6 45.6 (') 54.9 42.9 (■) 43.7 (>) (') (') 66.2 (') (') (') (■) (■) (') 43.4 64.8 0) 47.2 43.8 (') 60.3 36.6 44.8 0) (') (') (') 48.6 55.3 60.1 64.5 65.3 00.2 (■> 65.2 C I 167 222 101 480 300 232 134 1,025 9,570 4,029 3,356 3,943 137 1,773 736 171 658 4,169 8,164 22 8.652 1,512 112 50 13 420 69 6 149 104 19 446 53 195 261 73 4,206 2,276 630 361 3 785 444 177 570 215 7 125 8,454 202 53 119 115 47 16 713 1,813 204 837 392 101 8,269 1,924 315 64 45 26 61 380 496 3.299 5.262 3, 206 801 29 3,239 49 112 Breadwinners. Number. 73 85 29 238 140 97 60 560 6,193 2,865 2,140 1,627 60 809 336 60 199 2,361 3,864 5 6.284 763 49 38 9 161 20 6 47 57 10 158 18 64 78 42 1,919 1,185 295 164 1 316 117 101 229 91 5 49 4,797 81 20 53 51 26 4 341 163 56 4,092 647 90 14 19 16 14 129 247 2,007 3.148 2,039 444 14 1,994 26 33 Per cent. 43.7 38.3 28.7 49.6 46.7 41.8 44.8 54.6 64.7 71.1 63.8 41.3 43.8 45.6 45.7 35.1 30.2 66.6 47.3 0) 61.1 50.5 43.8 (') (') 38.3 0) (') 31.5 54.8 (') 35.4 0) 32.8 29.9 CI 45.6 52.1 66.7 45.4 0) 40.3 26.4 57.1 40.2 42.3 0) 39.2 56.7 40,1 0) 44.5 44.3 (1) CI 35.1 44.3 37.3 40.7 41.6 65.4 49.5 28.4 28.6 C) C) C) C) 33.9 49.8 60.8 ,59.8 63.6 55.4 C) 61.6 (1) 29.5 35 to 44 years of age. Total. 149 189 94 368 227 159 109 728 6,838 2,849 2,036 2,706 85 1,151 .490 HI 454 3,040 5,534 23 6, 577 900 92 38 10 295 53 4 130 90 321 45 116 157 23 2,675 1,352 395 268 3 606 297 85 417 146 5, 236 138 92 37 20 447 1,187 171 • 665 241 69 4,969 1,069 225 31 38 17 43 287 418 2,376 3,270 2,255 449 23 2,506 41 71 Breadwinners. Number. 61 70 30 197 120 68 55 377 4,508 2,058 1,427 1,196 26 607 184 22 137 1,754 2,830 6 3,982 446 40 29 6 105 18 4 '43 39 3 104 15 50 12 1,259 696 184 129 1 191 84 39 171 49 2 43 2,918 56 21 38 33 20 169 668 62 185 82 31 2,355 279 60 4 16 7 9 90 233 1,486 1,906 1,513 261 16 1,556 17 23 Per cent. 40.9 ,37.0 (') 53.5 52.9 42.8 50.5 51.8 65.9 72.2 70.1 44.2 C) 44.0 37.6 19.8 30.2 57.7 51.1 C) 60.5 49.6 C) 0) 0) 35.6 C) 0) 33.1 C) (I) 32.4 (1) 43.1 29.9 C) 47.1 61.5 46.6 48.1 (1) 37.7 28,3 (1) 41.0 33.8 C) 55.7 40.6 C) C) C) C) C) 37.8 47.9 30.4 32.7 34.0 C) 47.4 26.1 2i;.7 C) C) C) C) 31.4 55.7 62.5 58.3 67.1 58.1 C) 62.1 C) C) 45 years of age and over. Total. 152 179 120 316 334 155 106 778 8,242 2,978 1,806 2,014 81 1,293 527 125 561 3,513 7,643 41 6, 992 865 111 26 14 316 86 8 224 121 7 404 67 85 128 14 2,831 1,152 340 220 2 581 257 94 517 84 4,718 136 101 44 27 387 1,122 117 609 237 38 4,551 778 251 22 36 22 61 350 510 2.617 .1,501 2,914 490 17 2,892 15 37 Breadwinners. Number. 68 33 145 181 67 42 334 4,895 1,965 1,211 790 30 469 220 42 175 1,784 3,863 4,061 409 64 16 6 58 53 3 118 19 34 46 1,266 610 158 85 227 89 47 225 74 4 39 2,623 50 18 23 39 20 5 126 496 32 189 66 16 1,989 196 61 9 9 12 106 255 1,535 2,054 1,777 247 1,660 6 14 Per cent. 36.8 38.0 27.5 45.9 54.2 ■43.2 40.0 42.9 59.4 65.6 67.1 39.2 C) 36.3 41.7 33.6 31.2 60.8 50.5 C) 57.9 47.3 48.6 C) C) 31.0 C) C) 26.9 43.8 C) 29.2 C) C) C) 44.7 63.0 46.6 38.6 39.1 34.6 C) 43.6 38.5 Q) (') 53.5 36.8 C) C) 38.6 C) C) 32.6 44.2. 27.4 .Sl.O 27.8 C) 43.7 25,2 24.3 C.) C) C) C) 30.3 50.0 .18.7 5S.7 61.0 50.4 C) 57.4 C) C) 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 152 WOMEN AT WORK. Table H.— NUMBER AND, PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, STATE OB TEBRITOBT. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND 0;i'EE. Aggregate. Native white— both parents native. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and coun- try districts. In cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and coun- try districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1 Continental United States North Atlantic division New England. . . ^ 6.865,790 1,657,728 28.3 17,629,769 3,176,902 18.0 1,703,966 414,954 24 4 10,426,206 1,357,012 13 ? 3,145,338 917,647 29.2 4,073,105 817, 281 20.1 843, 050 212,667 25.2 2,453,684 401,919 16.4 T 673,302 226,572 33.7 1,343,543 334,663 24.9 198, 118 51,658 2,508 1,918 26.0 723,075 136,390 18.7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Maine . 20,039 21,647 5,466 9,522 27.3 44 2 223,774 128,061 118,568 657, 343 87,910 227,887 2,729,562 44,462 30,285 21,852 154,631 26,135 67,308 482,618 19.9 23.6 18.4 27.7 29.7 25.1 17.7 10,913 6,231 23.0 30.8 167,120 86,777 77,667 255,243 32,096 104,183 1,730,609 29,286 17,017 13,123 50,621 6,267 19,086 266,529 17.5 19.6 16.9 19.8 19.5 18.3 15.4 474, 179 65,807 91,730 2,472,036 162,927 22,068 26,690 691,075 34 4 33.5 29.0 28.0 130,563 20,483 29,938 644,932 36,177 6,280 6,676 161,109 26.9 25.8 22.3 25.0 Southern North Atlantic 11 12 13 1, 473, 722 274,306 724,008 427,211 427,134 68,234 195,707 147, 889 29.0 24 9 27.0 34.6 1,065,237 362,726 1,301,600 2,659,057 208,185 74, 484 199,949 624,271 19.5 20.5 15.4 23.6 296, 271 77, 496 271,166 183,018 74,849 17,567 68,703 41,870 25.3 22.7 26.3 22.9 638,052 192,963 899,604 1,612,681 105, 414 27,608 133,507 212,089 16.5 14 3 14 8 13.2 South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic T\ 352,134 115,929 32.9 1,031,327 170,562 16.5 155,321 36,267 23.3 721,036 78,459 10.9 16 17 18 19 20 '1 26,273 184,628 109,031 32,202 7,099 66,563 40,382 11,885 27.0 30.6 37.0 36.9 33,817 205,923 4,795 34,534 14 2 16.8 13,089 77,486 49,127 15,619 2,799 18,685 11,489 3,294 21.4 24 1 23 4 21.1 24,960 136,005 2,734 17,260 11.0 12.8 District of Columbia 522,234 , 269,353 1,627,730 102,653 28,680 453,709 19.6 10.6 27.9 327,830 233,241 891,545 36,396 22,070 133,630 11.1 9.5 15.0 Southern South Atlantic 75,077 31,960 42.6 27,697 5,603 20.2 22 23 24 25 3fi 547,099 364,668 579,107 146,860 6,366,684 127,740 133,499 169,011 33,459 871,693 23.3 37 6 27 5 22.8 13.7 362,326 150,917 308,260 70,052 3,627,899 55,979 30,595 39,266 7,800 461,809 15.4 20.3 12.7 11.1 12.5 21,087 53,990 8,934 23,026 42.4 42.6 6,753 21,944 1,036 4,567 18.0 20.8 North Central division 1, 731, 177 444, 131 25.7 487,763 120,034 24 6 97 Eastern North Central Oliio 1,239,530 313,313 25.3 3,835,886 538,984 _14J_ 13.8 12.4 14 14 7 15.9 13.1 317, 420 78,626 24 8 2,225,484 285,759 12.8 28 29 30 31 32 ^3 365,341 83,239 569,570 129,527 91,853 491,647 92,830 21,232 143, 145 32,583 23,523 130,818 25.4 26.5 25.1 26.2 26.6 26.6 1,014,813 721,239 ' 942,038 637, 129 520, 666 2,630,799 140,347 89,792 131,960 93,934 82,951 332,609 116,273 ■ 42,412 117,527 30,242 10,966 170, 343 29,062 10,020 29,066 7,273 3,205 41, 408 25.0 23.6 24 7 24.0 29.2 24 3 710,255 653,695 542,262 292,056 127,326 1,402,416 92,802 63,465 68,311 40,639 20,542 166,050 13.1 11.6 12. 6 13.9 16.1 11.8- Illinois Western North Central 34 35 36 134,415 22, 131 286,539 37,987 5,143 75, 157 28.3 23.2 26.3 352,436 664, 816 668,622 76,936 105,435 265,457 417,097 3,675,482 52,900 96,894 70, 341 13,073 14,425 34, 615 60,361 740,659 15.0 14 8 10.7 17.0 13 7 13.0 12.1 20.2 34,037 13,302 101,439 8,139 2,801 25,462 23 9 21.1 25.1 69,507 345,787 520,356 14,825 33,099 136,713 282, 128 2,285,177 10,517 48,693 49, 186 2,671 5,109 17,967 32,107 231,897 15.1 141 9.5 17.3 15.4 13 1 11.4 10.1 37 38 39 40 41 33,436 16, 126 269,917 9,506 3,025 77,843 28.4 18.8 29.9 13,270 8,295 85,372 3,612 1,394 16,701 27.2 16.8 19.6 South Central division 4? Eastern South Central 139,697 47,102 33.7 2,039,944 •457,231 22.4 51,944 10,857 20.9 1,283,227 137,516 10.7 43 44 46 46 47 74,666 66,041 21,831 25,271 29.2 38.9 560,674 527,660 520,2.52 431,458 1,635,538 76,350 78,282 158,345 144,254 283,428 13.6 14 8 30.4 33.4 17.3 26,988 24,966 6,103 4,754 22.6 19.0 442,678 402,683 267,692 170,174 1,001,950 41,777 37,692 36,926 22,122 94,381 9.4 9.4 13.4 13.0 9.4 Tennessee Western South Central 120,220 , 30,741 25.6 33,428 5,844 17.5 48 49 60 61 62 .53 102,463 26,845 26.2 291,987 362,725 96,648 101,980 792,298 855,441 82,639 62,632 10,020 9,708 118,529 122,098 28.3 17.7 10.4 9.5 15.0 14 3 27,189 4,840 17.8 119,417 236,805 69,824 78,014 497,890 446,865 12,636 24,137 6,328 6,849 44,432 59,298 10.6 10.2 9.1 8.8 8.9 13.3 Texas 17,757 292,147 48,335 3,896 70,218 21.9 24.0 6,239 104,752 1,004 23,682 16.1 22.6 Western division 54 Rocky Mountain 11,967 24.8 276,713 37,975 13.7 23,384 5,348 22.9 156,313 ' 19,662 12.6 56 56 57 68 69 66,590 37,940 19,952 110,500 51,731 99,412 9,539 4,375 2,893 15,402 5,760 14,624 16.9 11.6 14.6 13.9 11.1 14 7 21,174 19,751 9,876 66,306 39,206 29,474 3,419 2,306 1,402 8,660 3,885 3,727 16.1 11.7 14 2 13.0 9.9 12.6 Colorado 48,335 11,967 24.8 23,384 6,348 22.9 Basin and Plateau 17,884 3,841 21.5 4,944 918 18.6 61 62 30,399 67,840 11,173 479,316 6,162 6,493 1,969 69,499 20.3 11.2 17.6 14 6 10,147 15,657 3,670 261,078 1,300 1,839 588 35,909 12.8 11.7 16.0 13.8 Utah 17,884 3,841 21.5 4,944 918 18.6 63 M Pacific 226,928 54,410 24.1 76,424 17,416 22.8 66 20,531 26,650 178,747 4,674 6,983 42,763 22.8 26.2 23.9 111,146 87,902 280,268 15,629 10,933 43,037 14.0 12.4 15.4 9,631 12,383 54,510 2,157 3,243 12,016 22.6 26.2 22.0 68,598 60,088 142,392 7,776 7,285 20,848 13.3 12.1 14 6 67 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. CITY AND COUNTRY. 153 OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. FEMALE POPULATION, 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER— COntimiecl. Native white— one or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. Negro. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners, Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1,700,209 554,806 32.6 2,588.760 535,938 20.7 2,095,206 494,044 23.6 2, 308, 288 345.967 15.0 353, 787 193, 317 54 6 2,236,201 926,304 41.4 1 911,220 317,016 34.8 727, 610 207,006 28.5 1,306,667 345, 274 26.4 827, 981 180,559 21.8 84, 133 42,616 60.7 61, 456 27,186 44 2 2 162,616 70,099 43.1 240,968 89,981 37.3 300,139 98,971 33.0 368,819 104, 149 28.2 12,355 5,928 48.0 10,248 5,009 48.9 ,^ 3,599 3,731 1,259 2,086 35.0 55.9 21,660 14,348 22,344 114,891 18, 951 48,774 486,642 5,938 5,142 5,583 45,778 8,397 19, 143 117,025 27.4 36.8 25.0 39.8 44.3 39.2 24.0 5,417 11,574 1,664 5,515 30.7 47.6 34, 415 26,668 18, 317 182,892 35,151 71,376 459,162 9,005 7,975 3,044 56,262 10,566 17,297 76,410 26.2 29.9 16.6 30.8 30.1 24 2 JO. 6 107 11 .32 3 29.9 340 261 249 4,184 1,709 3,505 51,207 135 150 102 1,938 912 1,772 22, 177 39.7 57.5 41.0 46.3 63 4 50.6 43 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 iii, 190 16,909 24, 187 748,604 49, 333 7,765 9,656 246,917 43.2 45.9 39.9 33.0 221,426 26,505 36,217 1,006,528 74,683 8,036 9,073 246, 303 33 7 30.3 25.8 24 6 7,954 1,899 2,384 71,778 3,726 984 1,183 36,688 46.8 51.8 49.6 61.1 463, 415 83, 409 201, 780 69,543 156,074 27,223 63, 620 18,311 33.7 32.6 31.5 26. 3 228.215 63,009 194,818 59, 256 60,422 16,895 39,708 9,464 26.5 26.6 20.4 16.0 685,097 105,421 216,010 50,859 179,490 19,985 46, 828 9,962 26.2 19 21.7 19.0 185,467 87,640 186,055 36,986 36, 102 20, 718 19,590 4,996 19.6 23 6 10.5 13 5 28, 816 7,975 34, 987 123,764 16, 681 3,468 16,539 77,739 57.9 43 5 47.3 62.8 11,994 18,600 20,713 948,292 5,831 9,248 7,098 397,222 48.6 50.0 34 3 41,9 11 12 13 14 63,961 17,150 ! 26,8 43,796 7,042 16.1 47,372 9,382 19 8 18.4 19.3 22.6 17.5 25,271 3,235 12.8 85,460 53, 126 62.2 241, 105 81,813 33 9 15 4,989 41,875 14,836 2,261 1,493 ; 29.9 11,302 1 27.0 3,910 1 26.4 4,39 j 19. 4 1,703 17, 339 316 ' 18.6 2,779 1 16.0 4, .546 32,592 8,990 1,244 838 6,297 2,029 218 1,332 10,875 198 1,569 14 9 14 3 3,647 32,671 36,066 13,076 1,968 20,278 22,948 7,932 64 62.1 63 6 60.7 5,820 42,701 1,545 12,936 26.5 30.3 16 17 18 7,72i 17,033 15,460 1,083 14.0 2,804 16.8 2, 422 i 15, 7 5,336 7,728 11,715 710 768 1,761 13 3 9.9 15,0 181,237 11,347 707, 187 64,365 2,977 316,409 35.5 26.2 44 6 19 5,582 1,161 20,8 3,487 580 16.6 38.304 24, 613 64 3 21 2,585 2,124 4,814 5 937 438 1 16. 9 357 I 16. 8 787 16. 3 840 It 1 1,560 957 2,121 7,077 1,154,433 229 146 234 1,152 123,840 14 7 15.3 11.0 16.3 10.7 178,940 200,631 263,915 63,701 100, 372 70,627 102,390 118,732 23, 660 27,242 39.6 51.0 45.0 37.1 27.1 2,039 3,543 423 20. 7 738 20. 8 1,183 2,304 207 373 17.5 16.2 12, 107 26,197 7,265 17, 348 60.0 66.2 23 24 25 564,833 180,780 32.0 1,466,938 267,488 18.2 614,915 115,271 18.7 63,567 28,029 441 26 405,616 131,302 32.4 899, 145 168, 445 18.7 481,256 88,574 18.4 656,280 71,059 10.8 35,201 14,806 42.1 50,725 13,252 26.1 27 129, 387 21,675 173, 521 40,861 40, 172 159,217 40,677 6,002 57,161 13,647 13,915 49, 478 31.4 27.7 32.9 33.2 34.6 31.1 190,304 106,738 226, 136 167,219 208, 748 567,793 33, 123 18,008 41,205 32,294 43,815 99,043 17.4 16.9 18.2 19.3 21.0 17.4 107, 110 10,579 266,567 56,596 40,404 133,659 17,841 1,461 51,868 11,099 6,305 26,697 16.7 j 13 8 19.5 19.6 15.6 ' 20.0 94, 499 50,403 157, 099 ' 172,554 181,725 498, 153 9,574 5,405 18,011 19,826 18,243 ,52, 781 10.1 10.7 11.5 11.5 10.0 10.6 12,566 8,573 11,927 1,824 311 28,366 6,249 3,749 5,047 663 98 13,223 41.8 43 7 42.3 36.3 31.5 46.6 19, 745 10,428 16,548 3,489 516 49,647 4,847 2,902 4,433 944 126 13,990 24 6 27.8 26. S 27.1 24 6 28.2 28 29 30 31 32 33 43,646 4,546 99,630 16, 105 1,362 28,393 37.1 30.0 28.5 128,960 179, 327 75,953 18, 731 30,674 63,463 70,685 145,463 25,980 34,064 8,919 4,246 5,524 10, 261 10,049 21,304 20.1 19.0 11.7 22.7 18.0 16.2 14.2 14 6 55, 378 3,674 61,690 13, 167 776 10,111 23 8 21.1 16.4 151,203 126,201 31,466 41,251 34,951 63,493 49,588 106,686 16,027 13,389 3,060 6,070 3,552 6,035 4,648 13,036 10.6 10.6 9.7 14 7 10.2 9.5 9.4 12.2 1,413 609 22, 762 511 204 11,185 36.2 33:5 49.1 181 3,392 30,827 73 125 845 14,204 1,120,389 45 847 9,174 27 63 310 3,534 472,656 24 9 25.0 29.8 (') 42.4 36.7 24 9 42.2 34 35 36 ?Q 8,456 3,039 63,886 2,957 601 13,386 35.0 19.8 21.0 10,437 2,480 32,216 2,371 272 4,500 22.7 11.0 14 1,270 2,312 78,436 565 758 43,255 44 5 32.8 56.1 39 40 41 28,233 7,298 25.8 63, 754 9,695 18.0 13,858 1,954 141 23,689 2,832 12.0 45,662 26,993 69.1 678,578 307,075 45.3 42 21,735 6,498 5,876 1,422 27.0 21.9 30,488 7,202 9,424 6,640 91,709 6,488 965 1,326 916 11,609 21.3 13 4 14.1 13.8 12.7 10,472 3,386 1,446 508 13 8 [ 15,0 1 12, 677 3,518 5,040 2,454 82,997 1,650 353 545 384 10,204 12.2 10.0 10.8 15.6 12.3 15, 461 30,201 8,406 18,587 64 4 61.6 74,805 114, 125 238,045 251,603 441,811 26,532 39,267 120,546 120, 730 165,681 36.5 34 4 50.6 48.0 37.5 43 44 45 35,653 6,088 17.1 18,358 2,546 13 9 32,774 16,262 49.6 47 30,992 5,276 17.0 8,756 8,853 2,469 9,232 62,399 189,493 969 1,281 270 999 8,090 30,676 11.1 14 5 10.9 10.8 13 16.2 16.3 14,230 1,927 13 5 6,834 5,002 1,409 5,766 63,986 182, 202 623 630 118 469 8,374 23,536 9.1 12.6 8.4 8.0 131 12.9 30,046 14, 801 49.3 166,826 102,047 9,660 5,480 167,908 5,693 68,357 36,482 1,987 1,144 57,611 1,998 43 6 35.8 20.8 20.9 34 3 35.1 48 49 1 51 4,661 90,727 812 j 17. 4 25, 313 ' 27, 9 4,128 90,649 619 15. 19,037 ! 21.0 2,728 3,887 1,461 1,678 53 6 43 2 52 63 11,695 3,246 1 27, S 52,685 8,. -.89 11,644 2, 600 1 22. 3 55, 323 7,712 13 9 1,592 768^ 4,S. 2 2,733 976 35.7 54 13,619 2,771 1 20.3 17,787 7,007 4,682 21,520 4,327 27,827 3,035 789 588 2,887 413 3,041 17.1 11.3 12.6 13 4 9.6 10.9 472 89 225 1,532 416 452 208 29 54 559 126 204 44 1 0) 24 36.5 30.4 45.1 55 9,588 4,659 1,105 i 12.2 845 18 1 3,290 15,9 512 : 12. 6 56 67 11,695 3. 240 27. 8 20, 749 4,070 11,044 2. lioO 1 22. 3 1,592 768 48.2 58 50 6,239 1,520 1 24,4 1 ■ .31,316 i 3,882 12.4 6,590 1,354 ,20.5 92 48 (■) 60 5,053 23,088 3,175 655 13 2,679 1 11.6 548 17. 3 7,137 18,217 2,473 99,052 847 1,865 339 12, 783 11.9 10.2 13 7 12.9 347 58 47 2,508 165 22 818 47.6 (') (') 32.6 0,239 1,520 1 24 4 6,590 1,354 20,5 92 48 '■') 62 72,793 4,826 0,823 61,144 1 20,547 ' 2.S,2 105,492 18,205 17,3 72, 315 15,083 ' 20.9 2,203 862 39.1 64 1,188 2,134 17,225 24.6 31.3 28,2 21,899 14,040 09, 553 3,661 16.7 2, 105 15. 0- 12,439 17.9 5,955 6,912 59,448 1,211 1 20.3 1,434 20.7 12, 438 20. 9 26,666 12,020 60,366 3,213 1,318 8,252 12.0 11.0 13 7 149 261 1,793 73 128 661 49 49.0 36.9 546 76 1,886 140 ! 25. 6 26 ; (1) 652, 34 6 65 66 67 154 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 1^.— NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, GEOGRAPHIC niVISION. FEMALE POPULATION. 16 to 20 years ol age. 21 to 24 years of age. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. ~ Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. ALL CLASSES. 1 835,858 434,367 52.0 3,001,993 803, 600 26.8 747,661 334,196 44.7 2,166,930 664,282 26.0 North Atlantic division 2 435, 842 247, 625 56 8 564,371 204,685 36.9 397,660 188,646 47.4 429. 449 167.910 35.9 3 New England . . - 84,806 351,036 63,763 49,960 197,665 29,608 68.9 66.3 46 4 169,760 384,621 522, 607 78,289 126,396 160, 622 46.1 32.9 30.7 83, 360 314,290 55, 171 47, 130 141,616 24,993 56.6 46.0, 45.3 142,304 297,145 363, 134 66,125 91,786 96,667 46.5 30.9 26.6 4 5 South Atlantic division 6 51,230 12,633 257,221 24,118 5,490 128,839 471 43.8 50.1 186,523 335,984 1,046,039 38,915 121,707 240,662 20.9 36.2 23.0 44,376 10, 796 224,619 19,836 6,158 94,349 44.7 47.8 42.0 133,188 229,946 742,976 26,943 69,614 174,991 20.2 30.3 23.6 7 Southern South Atlantic . 8 North Central division q Eastern North Central.. . 181,960 75,271 39,923 94,064 34,775 14,523 61.7 46.2 36.4 599,103 446,936 744,774 148,035 92,517 174,796 24.7 20.7 23.6 157,900 66,719 34, 460 65, 686 28,663 12,666 41.6 43.0 36.8 431,639 311,337 520,645 104,418 70, 573 113,209 24.2 22.7 21.7 10 11 South Central division n 21,503 18, 420 39, 109 9,238 5,285 13,872 43.0 28.7 36.6 406,396 339,378 136, 302 107, 611 67,284 22,946 26 6 19.8 17 19,196 15, 264 35,761 8,203 4,462 13,543 42.7 29.2 37.9 283, 720 '236,926 100.726 69,016 44,194 21,616 24.3 18.7 21.5 13 Western South Central. . . 14 Western division 15 5,995 2,969 30, 155 1,800 923 11,149 30.0 31.2 37 42,810 18,456 74,036 6,755 2,872 13,319 15 8 16.6 18.0 5,606 2,352 27,804 2,141 816 10,586 38.2 34.7 38.1 34, 169 12, 441 64,116 6,719 2,278 12,618 19.7 18.3 23.3 IB 17 Pacific Continental United States NATI VE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 18 270,486 106,019 39.2 1,821,652 328, 803 18.0 221, 168 80,680 36.5 1,269,115 237, 390 18.7 19 North Atlantic division 127, 285 56, 426 43.6 339,833 96,243 28.3 104, 110 40,720 39.1 249,506 71,129 28.6 20 22,018 105,267 29,143 8,664 46,862 10,429 38.9 44.5 36.8 82,768 257,075 302, 444 25, 149 71,094 62,788 30.4 27.7 17.5 19,292 84,818 23, 639 8,608 32,212 7,575 44.1 38.0 32.0 63, 401 186,104' 212,045 22, 564 48,665 32.805 35.6 26.1 15.6 21 Southern North Atlantic . 22 South Atlantic division 23 Northern South Atlantic . 24,545 4,598 82.476 9,206 1,224 31,688 37 6 26 6 38.3 130, 129 172,315 640,064 16,807 36,981 117, 789 12.9 20.9 18.4 ■19,771 3,868 67,803 6,668 1,007 24,918 33.2 26 36.8 93,270 118, 775 434, 427 12,705 20, 100 88,697 13.6 16.9 20,4 24 25 North Central division 2fi Eastern North Centra) 52,429 30,047 16,616 20, 496 11,092 4,409 39.1 36.9 26.5 378, 360 261,714 462,542 76,344 42,445 60,901 19.9 16.2 11.0 43,360 24, 443 12,689 16,913 9,005 3,127 36.7 36.8 24.6 258,253 176, 174 318,492 53,801 34, 896 33,924 20.8 19.8 10.7 27 Western North Central 28 South Central division 29 9,228 7,388 14,966 2,899 1,510 4,167 31.4 20.4 27.8 251,066 211,476 76, 769 29, 736 21, 166 11,082 11.8 10.0 14.4 7,024 5,066 12,917 2,113 1,014 4,340 27.7 20.0 33.6 173,984 144,608 54, 646 19, 527 14,397 10,835 11.2 10.0 19.8 SO Western South Central 31 Western division 32 3,052 890 11,024 761 173 3,243 24.6 19.4 29.4 26, Z17 6,472 44,080 3,376 745 6, 961 12.9 11.5 16.8 2,777 668 9,472 917 188 3,235 33.0 28.1 34.2 19,743 4,053 30,850 3,398 703 6,734 17.2 17.3 21.8 33 Basin and Plateau 34 Pacific Continental United States ] dATIVE Wi ITE— ONE OE BO TH PAEEN rs FOREIGN BORI f. 35 331,759 179, 401 54.1 630, 778 165, 621 31.2 272,884 126, 386 46 3 384, 679 121,817 31.7 3fi North Atlantic division 176,322 100,486 .57.3 131, 446 69,257 46.1 145, 163 72,128 49.7 102,065 46,036 46.1 37 33,212 142,110 10, 461 19, 752 80,734 4,583 69.6 66.8 43.9 49, 121 82, 325 9,133 26, 340 32,917 1,913 63.6 40.0 20.9 27,212 117,951 8,968 16, 469 66,669 3,475 60.6 47.2 38.7 36,929 65, 136 7,574 20,221 25, 816 1,705 54.8 39.6 22.6 3S Southern North Atlantic 39 South Atlantic division 40 9,460 991 118, 079 4,335 248 64,264 46.8 25.0 54.4 6,591 2,542 317,618 1,635 378 90,946 23.3 14.9 28.6 8,262 706 94, 126 3,258 217 42,012 33.4 30.7 44.6 5,522 2,052 222, 624 1,294 411 62,931 23.4 20.0 28.3 41 Southern South Atlantic 42 North Central division 43 Eastern North Central ... . . , 86,721 31,358 9,301 48,281 15,983 2,880 65.7 51.0 31.0 175, 069 142, 549 30,353 64,849 36,097 5, 677 31.3 26.3 18.7 67,233 26,892 8,951 29,869 12, 143 2,632 44.4 45.2 29.4 127,875 94, 749 22,025 37,736 25,196 4,107 29.6 26.6 18.6 44 45 « South Central division 4B 4,186 5,115 18, 606 1,760 1,114 7,188 42.2 21.8 38.6 8,460 21,903 42,228 2,090 3,687 7,828 24.7 16.4 18.5 4,132 4,819 15,677 1,601 1,031 6,138 38.7 21.4 39.2 ' 7,142 14,883 30,291 1,850 2,257 7,038 25.9 16.2 23.2 47 Western South Central- 4S Western division 49 Rocky Mountain . 2,084 1,631 14,891 680 631 5,977 32.6 32.6 40.1 10,886 8,499 22,844 2,059 1,192 4,577 18.9 14.0 20.0 1,712 1,177 12,788 717 414 5,007 41.9 35.2 39.2 8,199 5,818 16,274 1,884 1,013 4,141 23.0 17.4 25.4 ■in ■il Pacific .... CITY AND COUNTRY. 155 OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION,S: 1900. FEMALE POI'UL ATION— COl ars of age itinucd. 25 to 34 years of age. 35 t 44 yc least ts. md s. 45 j^ears of age and o\ T. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smfi coun Total. Uer cities and try districts. Breadwinners. In cities having at 50,000 inhabitan In smaller cities , country districi In cities having at least 50.000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- oer. Per ce^t. ALL CLASSES. 1,634,070 446,477 27.3 4,226,546 721,865 17.1 1,162,907 234, 180 20.1 3,176,259 440,862 13.9 1,459,825 204,298 14.0 5,000,349 631,819 12.6 1 877, 469 245,369 28.0 958, 446 203, 641 21.2 623,869 124,830 20.0 762,336 109,604 14.4 804, 405 109,366 13.6 1,350,271 139.686 10.3 2 185,636 691, 833 111,614 66,803 178,566 38,979 36.0 25.8 34.9 313, 185 645, 261 619,926 88,664 114,877 131,223 28.3 17.8 21.2 131,890 491,979 82, 376 33,398 91,432 26,376 26.3 18.6 32.0 29.5 44.3 16.5 249, 615 512,821 446,566 46, 514 63.090 92, 416 18.6 12.3 20.7 14.3 25.0 _8._9_ 9.3 8.2 18.5 186,812 618,893 112,931 28,739 80, 617 27,436 15.6 13.0 24.3 466, 658 884,713 695,959 54, 148 85.538 140,325 11.6 9.7 20.2 3 4 5 91,332 20,282 493,970 30,050 8,929 120,615 32.!) 44.0 24.4 242,381 377, 545 1,522,346 36,704 95,519 193,339 14.7 25.3 12.7 68,381 13,995 348, 341 20,170 6,205 67,344 179.763 266,803 1,182.606 26,778 66, 638 106,432 95,786 17, 145 402.347 21,377 6,068 41,912 22.3 36.3 10.4 285, 418 410,541 1,860,507 42,372 97, 953 * 155, 083 14.8 23.9 8.3 6 7 8 351,866 142, 104 70, 123 83, 222 37,393 21,150 23.7 26.3 30.2 908, 613 613,732 900,650 120, 389 72,950 162,707 13.2 11.9 18.1 251,303 97,038 48,751 40, 404 16,940 13.830 16.1 17.6 28.4 720, 330 462,276 610, 721 67,342 38,090 113,137 293, 565 108,792 65,800 29, 345 12,667 15,423 10.0 11.0 23.4 1,169,093 691, 414 877,416 97,609 57, 474 171,039 8.3 8.3 19.5 9 10 11 38,107 32,016 80,894 13,130 8,020 20, 364 34.6 25.0 26.2 489, 451 411,199 225,179 100,401 62, 300 31,055 20.5 16.2 13.8 26,417 22,334 69,670 8,169 5,661 11,801 30.9 25.3 19.8 22 4 15.9 19.6 338,653 272,068 174,040 69.744 43,393 20,263 20.6 16.9 11.6 34,002 31,798 74,342 8.203 7,220 10, 172 24.1 22.7 13.7 15.9 12.8 13.3 611,829 366,586 216.197 107, 457 63,582 26,686 21.0 17.4 11.9 12 13 14 13,793 4.638 62,603 3,070 970 15. 724 26.6 21.4 25.1 79,849 26,081 120,249 10,086 3,328 17,641 12.6 13.3 14.7 10,881 3,418 45,271 2,440 542 8,819 58,622 18,197 97,221 6,654 2,402 11,207 11.4 13.2 11.5 11,578 4,601 68,263 1.838 576 7,769 60,033 24,458 131,706 7,591 3,702 14,393 12.6 15.1 10.9 15 16 17 NA TIVE WHITE — BO rH PARENT S NATIVE. 445,024 111,080 26.0 2,415,582' 287,968 11.9 307,301 69, 660 19.4 1,807,925 184, 798 10.2 450,984 66,019 1 12.4 3,086,733 314,303 10.2 18 212,098 65,029 25.9 525,146 90,739 17.3 151,015 29,950 19.8 432,698 54,210 12.5 2-5,209 CO, 877 j 12.6 901,681 88,694 9.8 19 44,019 168,079 47,027 14, 437 40,592 10, 657 32.8 24.2 22.7 140,417 384,729 373, 188 32,230 58, 509 39,881 23.0 15.2 10.7 36, 131 114,884 32,890 8,860 21,090 6,366 24.5 18.4 19.4 126,432 307,266 272, 853 20, 529 33,681 29, 409 16.4 11.0 10.8 75, 634 169,676 49, 759 10,948 19,929 6,742 14.5 11.7 13.6 309,163 592, 518 448,103 34,504 64,190 66, 699 11.2 9.1 12.7 20 21 22 39, 763 7,264 135, 159 9,195 1,462 34,006 23.1 20.1 25.2 171,090 202,098 845, 666 15,843 24,038 99,026 9.3 11.9 11.7 27,999 4,891 88.623 5,441 926 16,512 19.4 18.9 18.7 123,266 149,687 636,272 11,128 18,281 65, 891 9.0 12.2 8.8 42,808 6,951 110,846 6,764 978 12, 600 13.5 14.1 11.3 201,502 246,601 1,064,104 21,763 34, 946 89, 166 10.8 14.2 8.4 23 24 25 87, 669 47, 490 23,053 22,262 11,744 4,401 26.4 24.7 19.1 510,460 335,106 557,728 61,809 37,217 43,583 12.1 11.1 7.8 67,723 30,800 14,252 11, 169 6,343 2,432 19.3 17.3 17.1 391,126 244, 146 380,264 36, 098 19, 793 36,568 9.2 8.1 9.4 74,252 36, 594 18,428 11,8.36 6,692 26,742 8,485 4,015 2,297 11.4 11.0 12.6 682,761 381,343 559, 087 68,055 31,110 67, 105 8.5 8.2 12.0 26 27 28 14,045 9,008 27,687 2,878 1,623 6,987 20.5 16.9 26.2 305,782 261,946 113, 964 26, 556 18,027 14, 739 8.4 7.2 12.9 9,047 5,205 20,621 1,563 869 4,290 17.3 16.7 20.8 214,241 166,013 86, 848 20, 523 15,046 9,720 9.6 9.1 11.2 1,390 907 »603 11.7 13.8 13.5 334,088 224, 999 112,758 41,703 26,402 12, 640 12.6 11.3 11.2 29 30 31 6,285 1,228 20, 174 1,614 263 5,110 25.7 21.4 25.3 43, 194 7,398 63,362 4,974 890 8,875 11.6 12.0 14.0 4,891 961 14,769 1,112 158 3,020 22.7 16.4 20.4 31, 341 5,198 60,309 3,417 609 6,694 10.9 11.7 11.3 5,957 1,106 19,679 902 129 2,572 15.1 11.7 13.1 34,962 6,201 71, 695 4,375 769 7,496 12.5 12.4 10.5 32 33 34 K.iTIVE %\T IITE — ONE OR BO TH PAEEN rS FOREIGN BOEl f. 551,706 154,826 28.1 772,095 142,942 18.6 344,203 65,654 19.1 624, 191 66,028 12.4 198,621 28,241 14.2 374,872 40,004 10.7 35 293, 545 89, 160 30.4 217, 173 59,811 27.6 185, 539 38,232 20.6 156, 102 26,861 17.3 111,215 16,886 15.2 121,230 14,870 12.3 36 53, 134 240,411 21,174 21,726 67, 434 5.306 40.9 28.0 25.1 74, 784 142, 389 16,793 27,036 32,775 2,684 36.2 23.0 16.0 31,273 154,266 16,205 8,707 29,626 3,086 27.8 19.1 19.0 48, 640 106,462 12,878 11, 469 16,392 1,652 23.6 14.6 12.8 17,698 93, 517 12.706 3,426 13,460 1,861 19.4 14.4 14.6 31,266 89,964 12,797 4,831 10,039 1,489 15.6 11.2 11.0 37 38 39 19. 535 1,639 186,327 4,972 334 48,781 25.6 20.4 26.2 12, 660 4,133 436,649 2,034 650 66, 240 16.1 15.7 15.2 14, 997 1,208 110,6.39 2,880 205 18,850 19.2 17.0 17.1 9,900 2,978 290,953 1,195 467 28,859 12.1 15.3 9.9 11,676 1,0.30 55,375 1,695 166 6,748 14.5 15.1 12.2 9,064 3,733 197,961 966 623 18,257 10.7 14.0 9.2 40 41 42 132,362 53,965 20,753 34, 626 14,255 4,146 26.1 26.4 20.0 268, 874 167, 775 42,276 42, 944 23,296 5,448 16.0 13.9 12.9 78,915 31,624 15,041 13, 652 5,198 2,363 17.3 16.4 15.7 190,253 100,700 28,848 19,836 9,023 3,302 10.4 9.0 11.4 40, 164 15,211 9,788 4,918 ' 12.2 1,830 12.0 1,363 13.8 136, 407 61, 554 21,723 1 12,916 5,341 2,741 9.6 8.7 12.6 43 44 45 9,361 11,392 29.907 2,327 1,819 7,433 24.9 16.0 24 9 15, 980 26,296 59,204 2,860 2,588 8,759 17.9 9.8 14.8 6,615 8,426 16,879 • 1, 084 1,279 3,124 16.4 15.2 18.5 12, 186 16,662 36,410 1,618 1,684 4,364 13.3 10.1 12.0 3,916 5,873 9.337 612 13. 1 841 : 14.3 1,403 , 14.7 9,940 11,783 j 21,161 1,263 1 1,478 2,647 12.7 12.5 12.5 46 47 46 3,758 1,956 24,193 1,006 407 6,020 26.8 20.8 24.9 17,311 10,030 31,863 2,500 1,009 5,250 14.4 10.1 16.5 2,625 1,069 13, 186 574 126 2,424 21.9 11.8 18.4 10,677 5,122 20,611 1,363 436 2.656 12.8 8.5 12.4 1,511 404 7,622 266 17.6 42 10.4 1,095 14.4 5,557 1,819 13,785 776 230 1,641 14.0 12.6 11.9 4£ 5C 51 156 WOMEN AT WORK. Taelk 12.— number and PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, GEOGEAPHIC DIVISION. FEMALE POPULATION. 16to20,yearsof age. 21 to 24 years of age. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Nimiber. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. FOEEIGN EOEN WHITE. 52 178,776 118, 097 66.1 160,573 74,720 46.6 199,862 95,326 47.7 172,612 59, 417 34.4 S3 121,312 84,489 69.6 72,056 43,212 60.0 134,788 67, 821 50.3 78, 133 35,584 45.5 54 28, 105 93,207 3,356 20,934 63,668 1,869 74.6 68.2 56.7 36, 167 36, 898 2,371 25,811 17, 401 669 71.4 48.6 28.2 36, 164 99,634 3,636 21,204 46,617 1,365 60.3 46.8 37.3 40,361 37,772 2,611 22, 404 13,180 668 65.5 34.9 22.6 55- 5fi South Atlantic division 57 3,151 205 47,893 1,797 72 28,962 57.0 36.1 60.5 1,414 957 66,689 433 236 26,286 30.6' 24.7 39.4 3,446 189 53,670 1,294 61 22,948 37.6 32.3 42.8 1,577 934 71,428 383 185 19,011 243 19.8 26.6 58 59 fif> 38,235 9,668 1,439 23,279 5,683 484 60.9 58.8 33.6 36, 353 30,336 8,678 16,230 11,066 1,751 41.9 36.4 20.2 42, 432 11,238 1,619 17, 563 5,395 430 41.4 48.0 28.3 38, 666 32, 762 8,016 10,752 8,269 1,297 27.8 25.2 16.2 ffl f,?. 63 588 861 4,776 289 196 2,293 49.1 22.9 48.0 1,076 7,602 10,780 261 1,600 2,802 23.3 19.7 26.0 648 871 6,260 248 182 2,772 jS.3 20.9 44.4 1,130 6,886 12,525 226 20.0 1 64 1,071 2,957 15.6 23.6 fi.5 m 659 427 3,690 306 216 1,772 46.3 50.6 48.0 3,864 1,677 5,249 1,053 309 1,440 27.3 18.4 27.4 916 492 4,842 397 208 2,107 43.3 42.3 44.8 5,040 1,721 5,764 1,234 243 1,480 24.5 14.1 26.7 fi7 «8 Pacific ContineBtal United States NEGEO. m 54,426 30,761 66.6 476,712 232,632 48.8 63, 218 31,707 59.6 333,572 144, 618 43.4 7n 11,848 7,109 60.0 10,427 5,829 55.9 13,640 7,961 58.8 9,467 6.084 53.8 71 1,465 10,383 20,807 709 6,400 12,727 48.4 61.6 61.2 1,649 8,778 208,171 976 4,863 105,087 69.2 65.3 50.5 1,694 11,846 18, 923 968 7,003 12, 686 66.6 59.1 66.6 1,672 7,885 140, 763 924 4,160 61,424 68.8 52.8 43.6 7? 73 74 14,070 6,737 8,769 8,781 3,946 4,020 62.4 68.6 46.9 48,338 169,833 18,005 20, 139 84,948 5,364 41.7 63.1 29.8 12,892 6,031 9,001 8,712 3,873 4,470 67.6 64.2 49.7 32,807 107,946 12,860 12,569 48,865 4,208 38.3 46.3 32.7 7'i 76 North Central division - 77 4,567 4,202 12,564 2,005 2,016 6,750 44.0 48.0 53.7 8,642 9,363 239,348 2,521 2,843 116, 122 29.2 30.4 48.6 4,867 4,134 11,300 2,361 2,119 6,476 48.3 51.3 57.3 6,460 6,400 169,833 2,076 2,132 73, 671 32.1 33.3 43.4 7S Western North Central - . 70 Eastern South Central M 80 7,501 5,063 448 4,284 2,466 155 57.1 48.7 34.6 144,625 94, 723 761 75,404 40, 718 230 62.1 43.0 30.2 6,792 4,608 464 4,241 2,235 216 62.4 49.6 47.4 101,383 68, 460 669 47,399 26,272 231 46.8 38.4 34 5 SO 197 8 243 64 2 89 32.6 (') 36.6 359 66 346 98 21 111 27.3 (') 32.1 197 13 244 110 6 99 55.8 0) 40.6 336 62 271 113 22 96 33.6 m 36.4 81 Basin and Plateau 1 Per cent not stiown where base is less than 100. CITY AND COUNTRY. 157 OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900— Continued. FEMALE POPULATION— continued. 25 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age and ovi r. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. In cities having at least 60,000 inhabitants. In smaller cities and country districts. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Total. Breadwinners. Number. Per cent. Num- • ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num-' ber. Per cent. 15.7 FOREIGN rOKN WHITE 634,651 125, 723 23.5 486,038 76,409 442, 106 71,418 16.2 471,468 47. 746 10.1 736,378 82,163 11.2 1,012,286 86,691 8.6 52 345,710 88,588 25.6 199,749 46,009 23.0 270,843 48,932 18.1 163,418 24,137 14.8 432,062 64,513 12.6 312,479 31,063 9.9 53 84, 825 200,886 10,239 28,928 59,660 1,973 34.1 22.9 19.3 96,307 104, 442 7,388 28, 127 17,882 1,037 29.6 17.1 14.0 61,912 208,931 9,367 14,611 34, 321 1,631 23.0 16.4 16.3 73, 474 89, 944 6,910 13, 652 10,48.5 891 18.6 11.7 12.9 89, 628 342, 424 24,156 13,063 41,450 3,198 14.6 12.1 13.2 122, 498 189,981 17,648 13,779 17,284 1,804 11.2 9.1 10.2 54 56 56 9,544 696 152,574 1,852 121 29, 147 19.4 17.4 19.1 4.651 2,737 213,264 622 415 21,662 13.4 15.2 10.2 8,733 634 136,228 1,428 103 16,328 16.4 16.2 12.0 4,554 2,356 235,639 640 351 15,969 11.9 14.9 6.8 22,395 1,761 223, 7.50 2,977 221 17,668 13.3 12.5 7.9 12,941 4,707 665, 440 1,235 569 40,600 9.5 12.1 7.2 57 68 69 120, 666 31,908 4,714 21,759 7,388 747 18.0 23.2 15.8 116,278 96, 976 22,195 12,408 !),244 2.267 10.7 9.6 10.2 107, 179 29,049 4,909 12, 472 3,866 771 11.6 13.3 15.7 129,018 106,621 21,529 9,122 6,847 2,308 7.1 6.4 10.7 172,239 51.611 19,522 13, .372 4,296 2,047 7.8 8.3 10.6 334,744 230.696 45,708 2o,390 17,270 5,3,34 7.0 7.5 11.7 60 61 62 2,064 2,650 21,414 377 370 5,268 18.3 !4.D 24.6 3,409 18, 786 43, 452 422 1.845 5,444 12.4 9.8 12.5 2, 190 2.719 20, 759 349 422 3,866 15.9 16.5 18.6 4,019 17,610 43, 972 473 1,835 4,441 11.8 10.5 10.1 8, 323 11.199 36, 898 686 1,361 4,737 8.2 12.2 12.8 13,966 31,742 71,011 1,445 3,889 7,830 10.3 12.3 11.0 63 64 65 3,264 1,317 16,833 811 286 4,171 24.8 21.7 24.8 16,318 6, 167 21,977 2,050 : 12.6 4.56 1 8.8 2,938 1 13.4 2,966 1,360 16, 403 667 242 3,057 18.6 17.8 18. e 14,240 1 5,926 23, 806 1,461 ■569 2,421 10.2 9.6 10.2 3,7S7 2,973 30,138 621 396 3. 820 13.8 13.3 12.7 15,7.36 13,293 41,982 1,907 1,458 4, 465 12.1 11.0 10.6 66 67 68 • ■ NEC EG. 73, 112 101,865 54,671 53.7 537,504 2)2,271 .39.5 I 08,&'il 37,431 54.4 360,591 141,371 39.2 37,7.59 51.4 506,163 187,337 37.0 69 26,044 12, 570 48.3 16,966 6,866 43.0 16,4'10 7,707 46.9 10, 731 4,301 40.1 15,889 7,068 44.5 14,222 4,881 .34.3 39.6 33.2 37.0 70 3,041 22,403 33,170 1,710 10,800 21,043 47.0 48.5 03.4 2,592 13, 364 222,063 1,239 5,627 87,538 47.8 42.1 39.4 2,658 13,882 i 23,909 1,216 6,491 16, 392 47.5 46.8 64.4 1,895 8,8o6 ] 163, 587 846 3,456 60,383 44.6 .39.1 39*3 2.925 12,964 26. 304 1.294 5,774 15,041 44.2 44.5 59.5 2,465 11,757 2)6,940 977 3,904 80,221 71 72 73 22, 486 10, 684 19,.S90 14,031 7,012 8,081 62.4 65.6 43.6 63, 966 168,098 23, 365 17, 203 70, 336 6,185 31.9 41.8 26.5 16,648 7,261 1 13,031 10,421 4,971 5,646 62.6 68.5 4o.3 42,017 111,570 17,750 12,910 47,473 4,511 30.7 42.5 25.4 18,904 7.400 12,351 10,940 4.701 4,993 57.9 63.5 40.4 61,890 155,050 26.838 18,416 61,805 6,542 29.8 39.9 24.4 22.4 26.4 38.6 74 75 76 11, 159 8,731 21,602 4,676 4,006 11, SJIi 41.9 45.9 64.9 12,071 11,2'J4 274.371 3,144 3,041 111,085 26.0 26.9 40.5 7,480 5,661 14,1)48 3,110 2, 636 8,264 41.6 45.7 i 9, 163 8,687 177,213 2,216 2,295 71,675 24.2 26.7 40.4 6,896 5,456 18,061 2,569 2,424 9.725 37.3 44.4 63.8 13,746 13,093 247,023 3,080 3,462 95,281 77 78 79 12,637 S.965 1,1 80 29 (i40 7,548 4,308 521 69.7 48.1 46.3 ! 164.125 ; 110,246 1.749 71,549 1 43.6 39,5o6 ! 35.9 597 34.1 8,565 5,983 ; 923 5,173 3,091 422 60.4 51.7 45.7 108, 105 69,108 1,310 47,114 24, ,661 501 43.6 35.5 38.2 9,928 8.133 837 5,615 4,110 332 56.6 50.5 39.7 163, 661 93.362 ).140 63,007 32,274 412 41.0 34.6 36.1 80 81 82 238 14 269 49.6 (') 42.0 924 151 674 319 1 34.5 77 1 51.0 201 I 29.8 ! 368 23 532 197 16 209 63.5 (') 39.3 628 107 .575 248 .50 203 39.6 46.7 36.3 316 17 504 146 8 179 46.9 (■> 35.5 4.57 73 610 185 33 194 40.5 0) 31.8 83 84 86 158 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 13.— DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE 7\ND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900. OCCUPATION. Ml occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service 1 . . Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers 'of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Eubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory opera tivos Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers MiUiners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. 4,833,630 770,066 456, 406 .307, 706 0,944 429, 497 6,661 10,907 5,984 .52,010 8,119 7,387 327, 206 11,223 1,953,467 5,440 59, 455 8,533 146,929 8,010 106,916 328,935 108, 691 1, 165, 661 14,997 481,159 10, 468 72,896 81,000 33,825 17,052 142, 265 85,086 21,980 16,587 1,199,452 _J. L_l_ 14,303 36, 490 14, 498 7,805 7,170 5,767 8,709 15, 353 6,946 231, 458 8,332 37, 181 28, 293 26, 432 27, 169 44,051 676,2.55 338, 144 7,049 .S2. 936 l:».724 27.788 111. ,571 19,043 37, 125 138, .574 Number. Native white - Both parents native. 1,771,966 264, 639 82,665 179, 448 2,626 276, 110 One or l3oth par- ents for- eign T)orn. 1,090,744 25, 763 6,236 18, 663 864 112, 767 3,404 7,584 4,435 34, 138 6,127 4,882 207,823 6,717 535, 156 1,670 31,766 5,040 77,912 1,348 21,639 41,643 43,764 305,883 4,601 223,840 6,641 35,896 40, 984 10, 462 6,091 60, 120 45, 373 12,011 6,262 473, 221 4,487 14,720 4,620 2,316 3,969 1,607 2,558 8,453 1,267 74,617 2,164 35,079 12, 333 8,571 6,803 9,667 293.664 152, 821 2,491 45, 186 60, 223 11,412 14,087 7,444 12, 750 48, 204 1.983 2,361 1,163 13, 347 1,520 1,274 88,449 2,070 326,788 1,775 9,784 1,518 29, 178 1,916 6,778 28, 727 19,505 223,327 3,280 193,528 2,247 30, 610 .32,099 8,218 8,309 64, 857 33,688 8,601 8,207 16,500 7,793 3,528 2,138 3,029 3,899 5,703 3, .507 77,521 3,048 20,299 10, 606 11,304 11,380 20, 284 232, 297 117,287 2.987 28, 748 41,888 11,665 23,631 6,091 10, 028 .58. 748 Foreign born white. 840,011 40, 874 Negro. 1,119,621 434, 041 4,643 34,975 1,356 25,827 1,020 875 361 3,349 415 1,063 17,218 1,526 455, 744 1,002 14, 305 1,807 30, 331 7,925 42,774 26, 702 322,062 4,947 .59,773 1,313 6,194 7,368 14,264 2,426 16, 896 5,845 1,,355 4,122 257, 793 1,575 6,201 2,041 1,894 1,014 1,129 2, 227 1,100 2,180 78,833 2,513 41,514 5,339 6,513 8,910 14,0.38 122.847 55, .523 1,669 8.829 25, 0,50 4,. 598 23, 447 3,831 9,705 28,047 361, 804 71,665 572 25 1,169 50 160 13, 478 307 634,083 981 3,576 152 9,406 864 70, 112 216,042 18,672 313,078 2,210 3,920 265 189 539 856 224 378 174 11 1,284 32,069 34 66 44 67 10 2 26 96 1 481 7 289 15 44 70 56 24, 385 12,418 2 169 11,296 109 301 I 00 4,639 2,219 ; Indian md Mon- golian. 11,288 4,738 1,257 2,955 526 12 34 16 102 3 462 749 48 1,211 59 Per cent. Native wliito- Both parents native. One or both par- ents for- eign bom 34.4 238 3 2 7 10 36 2 14 6 2 20 3,471 2. 062 95 4 267 4 105 1,587 3 1,356 18.1 58.3 44.2 56.1 69.6 74.1 75.5 66.1 63.6 59.9 27.4 30.7 53.4 59.1 53.0 16.8 20.2 12.7 40.3 26.2 30.0 46.5 63.4 49.2 50.6 30.9 35.7 42.3 63.3 54.6 37.8 31.4 40.3 31.9 29,7 56.4 27.9 29.4 55.1 18.1 32 2 26.0 36.1 43.6 32.4 25.0 21.9 43.5 45.2 35.3 .54.6 43.4 41.1 22.9 39.1 34.3 34.8 22.6 1.4 6.1 14.6 26.3 29.8 21.6 19.4 25.7 18.7 17.2 27.0 23.8 16.7 32 6 16.6 17.8 19.9 23.9 6.3 8.7 17.9 19.2 21.9 40.2 21.5 42.0 24.3 48.7 39.1 29.5 36.1 57.4 45.2 53.8 45.2 29.8 .52.5 44.8 37.1 50.5 33.5 43.8 20.9 37.5 42.8 41.9 46.0 34.4 34.7 42.4 34.7 30.2 42.0 38.4 32.0 27.0 42.4 Foreign born white. 1.0 11.4 22.8 6.0 15.3 8.0 6.0 6.4 5.1 14.4 5.3 13.6 23.3 Negro. 18.4 24.1 21.2 20.6 48.6 7.4 13.0 24.6 27.6 33.0 12.4 12.5 8.5 9.1 42.1 14.2 11.9 6.9 6.2 24.9 21.5 11.0 14.3 14.1 24.3 14.1 19.6 25.6 7.2 31.4 34.1 30.2 42.7 18.9 24 6 .32.8 31.9 18.2 16.4 22.3 10.6 18.1 16.5 .38.1 20.1 26.1 20.2 79.3 23.3 3.7 0.8 0.4 2.2 0.6 2.2 4.1 2.7 32.5 Indian and Mon- gohan. 18.0 6.0 1.8 6.4 10."7 65.6 65.4 17.2 26.9 14.7 0.8 2.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 7.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.1 0) 0.3 0.6 (■) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.6 3.7 (') 0.2 8-1 0.4 0.6 0.6 12.5 1.6 o.a 1.0 (') (■) O.I 0.1 0.1 (') 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 (') 0.4 0.2 (■) 0.1 0.4 (') (•) (') (') 0. (') (1) (') (■) 0.1 0.3 {>) C) {'■} 0.3 n (') (') 0.2 8. a (') 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY. 159 Table 14.— TOTAL NUMBER. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890. OCCUPATION. All occupations. , Agricultural pursuits. . Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers . Other agncultural pursuits Professional service. Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service. Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Kubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives . Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cufi makers. Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. FEMALE BREADTVINKEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. 1900 Total. 811,744 497,886 307, 788 0,070 430, 766 6,819 10,989 5,989 52, 257 8,126 7,399 327,905 11,282 2,012,040 5,533 59, 5U 8,545 147, 103 8,028 111,503 332, 665 108,978 1,213,828 16,346 494,126 10, 638 73,820 83, 726 34,008 18, 673 146, 577 85, 912 22,454 18,418 1,258,393 15,171 38,285 15, 992 8,586 7,543 6,158 9,164 15, 770 7,238 250, 376 8,679 104,944 31,108 29,200 28,961 47,484 693, 158 342, 579 7,398 85,025 143,270 29,509 65, 353 20, 024 40, 325 150, 627 Both par- ents native. Native white- 92,201 i;9,475 2,656 275,765 3,484 7,621 4,439 34,264 6,132 4,886 208, 193 6,746 554,903 1,701 31, 773 5,045 77,993 1,353 22, 613 42, 322 43, 866 323,703 4,534 228, 349 6,677 36,200 41,918 10, 506 6,711 61,561 45, 669 12,284 6,823 492, 501 4,797 15,410 6,063 2,555 4,100 1,705 2,689 8,662 1,333 82,228 2,256 38, 931 13,598 9,653 7,316 10,474 298,388 153, 912 2,588 46, 943 61,517 12,118 14,657 7,653 13,866 61, 706 One or both par- ents for- eign bom. 1,138,129 26, 663 7,114 18, 665 874 113,112 2,022 2,393 1,164 13,423 1,622 1,276 88,630 2,682 341,604 1,804 9,797 1,518 29,209 1,924 7,304 29,641 19,646 237, 539 3,322 199,864 ■ 2,271 31,070 33,364 8,286 9,123 67,054 34, 100 8,771 5,825 456,896 8,667 17, 364 8,564 3, ,885 2,317 3,244 4,120 5,867 84,211 3,833 21,967 11,709 12,636 12, 157 22,010 240,253 119, 685 3,112 29, 718 43, 622 12, 324 25,275 6,517 11,249 63,486 Foreign bom white. 4,800 34,982 1,383 26,002 1,046 886 361 3,373 415 1,067 17,314 1,540 462,119 1,026 14,326 1,811 30,348 3,890 8,189 43, 107 26,750 327, 700 4,972 61,776 1,318 6,347 7,886 14, 298 2,605 17, 553 5,960 1,386 4,424 270,901 1,673 5,440 2,321 2,073 1,072 1,207 2,330 1,142 2,234 83,405 2,583 43, 731 5,784 6,960 9,415 14,932 127,463 56, 381 1,696 9,187 26, 236 4,942 24,901 4,060 10,411 30, 130 Negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 393, 771 74,666 1,157 15,887 267 89 25 1,197 57 170 13,768 314 663,414 1,002 3,615 171 9,563 861 To. 397 217, 695 18,816 324,886 3,618 4,137 272 1 203 1 559 i 918 I 234 I 409 183 13 1,346 34 71 44 73 54 2 26 99 2 532 7 315 17 27,054 12,601 2 ! 177 11,895 125 460 1,794 4,799 5,306 18))0 Total. 3, 712, 144 595, 134 363, 554 226,427 5,163 311, 241 4,491 10, 776 2,764 .34,436 4,875 4,557 245,839 3,505 1,590,187 Native white- Both par- ents native. 1, 310, 148 190, 789 49, 935 138,742 2,112 211,716 2,470 7,912 2,083 23, 676 3,768 3,202 166,207 2,398 427,251 2,779 32, 593 5,276 86,089 2,803 60,321 216,121 41,396 ,146,255 8,554 222, 553 774 17,030 3,146 46, 823 471 7,7o4 19,617 17,480 311,479 2,797 100,529 4,853 27,606 62, 817 25, 284 6,147 57,171 21,214 8,403 9,058 993,029 3,346 14,872 31,431 7,407 1,830 21,781 12,861 4,204 2,791 379,863 11,271 32,948 12,325 5,328 3,608 3,263 8,719 12,026 6,331 211,112 10, 452 84,220 19, .321 19,108 34.428 43, 583 588,277 290, .308 6, 552 60,663 143, 339 15,534 61,488 10, 403 25.8.5.3 71.978 3,044 13,892 3,739 1,283 2,017 1,036 2,298 6,260 1,190 65. 527 3,247 21,674 7,217 4,072 7,644 11,673 260, 129 129, 768 2,364 34,855 69, 806 5,140 15. 528 7,014 22, 4.34 One or both par- ents for- eign born. Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, -and Mongo- lian. 774, 751 12,817 2,998 8,964 866 71,093 1,064 2,008 451 7,585 749 050 .57,999 687 236,322 756,006 33, 179 2,661 29, 106 1,412 19,687 876 788 207 2,668 333 572 13, 793 450 451,681 927 4,018 635 11,280 666 3,086 12, 698 5,847 195,641 1,626 86,019 10,534 24,741 5,219 3,340 28,537 6,966 3,393 2,481 368, 600 6,930 14,543 0, 969 2,198 1,115 1,693 3,706 4,666 3, .330 77,471 4.147 23. 121 8,129 9.665 16.051 16. .3.58 203,952 103,056 .3, 030 18, 194 40, 761 7,347 26,2.50 6,314 8,070 .33,858 9,736 1,369 19, 775 1,323 4,481 31,905 13,164 366,097 3,269 33,714 636 2,145 6,299 12,010 6,713 1,356 750 2.875 217,845 871,239 358,349 307.960 49; 625 764 8,845 81 67 23 606 25 133 7,840 70 474,933 516 1,809 126 8,211 444 35,020 151,001 4,905 272,038 863 2,291 63 55 346 140 31 66 9U 26, 821 1,283 4,431 1,612 1,774 471 624 2,694 1,0.30 1,808 77, 334 3,016 39, 182 3,951 5,368 10, 663 15, 164 103, 862 49, 846 1,164 7,240 21,000 2,993 19. 266 2,. 364 14 82 73 5 21 71 3 780 42 243 24 13 70 388 20, 334 7,638 4 364 772 54 445 57 11 6,714 4,055 14,308 I 1,.378 1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval (including civilian employees) stationed abroad: in 1890, continental United States only. ^rvire of the United States 160 WOMEN AT WORK. Tablk 15.— per (5ENT DISTRIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCVPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION i): 1900 AND 1890. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All occupations . . . Agricultural pursuits. Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits Professional service- Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers land hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified; Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service. Trade and transportation. Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, andpresswomen. Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives , Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Per cent native white— Percent negro, Indian, Both parents native. One or both parents Joreign born. white. and Mongolian. 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1S90 1900 1890 36.5 35.3 22.7 20.9 17.2 20.4 23.6 23.5 33.8 32.1 3.3 2.2 5.1 5.6 57.9 60.2 18.5 13.7 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.7 79.1 84.7 68.3 61.3 6.1 4.0 11.4 12.9 24.3 21.9 43.8 41.0 14.4 16.8 22.8 27.4 19.1 14.8 64.0 68.0 26.3 22.8 6.0 6.3 3.7 2.8 51.1 55.0 29.7 23.7 15.3 19.6 3.9 1.8 69.4 73.4 21.8 18.6 8.1 7.3 0.8 0.6 74.1 75.4 19.4 16.3 6.0 7.5 0.4 0.8 65.6 68.8 25.7 22.0 6.5 7.5 2.3 1.8 75.5 77.3 18.7 15.4 5.1 6.8 0.7 5 66.0 70.3 17.2 14.3 14.4 12.6 2.3 2.9 63.5 67.6 27.0 23.6 5.3. 5.6 4.2 3.2 59.8 68.4 23.8 16.7 13.7 12.8 2.8 2.0 27.6 26.9 17.0 14.9 23.0 28.4 32.5 29.9 30.7 27.9 32.6 33.4 18.5 20.2 18.1 18.6 53.4 52.3 16.5 12.3 24.1 29.9 6.1 5.6 59.0 59.6 17.8 12.0 21.2 25.9 2.0 2.4 53.0 54.4 19.9 13.1 20.6 23.0 6.5 9.5 16.9 16.8 24.0 20.2 48.5 47.2 10.7 15.8 20.3 15.4 6.6 6.1 7.3 8.9 65.8 69.6 12.7 9.1 8.9 5.9 13.0 14.8 65.4 70.2 40.3 42.2 17.9 14.1 24.5 31.8 17.3 11.8 26.7 27.2 19.6 17.1 27.0 32.0 26.8 23.8 27.7 32.7 20.3 19.0 ■ 30.4 38.2 21.5 10.1 46.2 45.2 40.4 38.7 12.5 15.1 0.8 1.0 63.4 68.9 21.6 16.6 12.5 13.1 2.6 1.3 49.0 53.9 42.1 38.2 8.6 7.8 0.3 0.2 50.1 50.0 39.8 39.4 9.4 10.0 0.7 0.6 30.9 29.3 24.4 20 6 42.0 47.5 2.7 2.6 35.9 29.9 48.9 54.3 14.0 15.1 1.3 0.7 42.0 38.1 45.7 49.9 12.0 11.7 0.3 0.2 53.2 60.6 39.7 32.8 6.9 6.4 0.2 0.1 54.7 50.0 39.1 40 4 6.2 8.9 0.1 0.7 37.0 30.8 31.6 ' 27.4 24.0 31.7 7.3 10.1 39.1 38.3 36.3 37.1 21.5 21.9 3.0 2.7 31.6 27.0 57.1 61.5 11.0 11.4 2 0.1 40.3 42.2 45.4 44.1 14,2 13.4 0.2 0.2 31.7 30.3 63.6 56.6 14.6 13.1 0.3 (}) 29.8 24.1 45.2 41.3 24.1 33.3 0.9 1.4 54.4 55.9 30.7 30.9 14.2 13.1 0.7 0.1 27.7 ,31.8 52.7 52.0 19.6 16.1 (=) 29.3 26.4 45.0 42.5 25.4 30.9 ■ 0.3 0.2 54.9 62.1 37.2 38.8 7.2 8.6 0.6 0.6 18.4 18.8 50.7 52,6 30.9 28.6 (^) « 32. H 26.3 33.6 36.7 33.3 36.6 0.2 4 26.(1 31.1 ■14.2 39.7 29.8 28.9 0.1 0.4 37.1 25.7 20 9 27.5 41.7 46.5 0.3 0.3 4.3.7 37.4 37.6 42.1 18.6 20.4 0.1 0.1 3.3.1 21.3 42.9 50.6 23.8 28.0 02 1 0.1 25.3 22.2 42.0 46.6 32.5 31.0 0.3 0.2 22.1 26.8 46.4 37.6 31.4 34,8 0.1 0.9 43.0 44.2 34.7 34.7 18.4 17,7 3. 9 3. 5 44.9 44.7 34.9 35.5 16.5 17.2 3.7 1 2.6 35.0 36.1 42.1 46.2 22.9 17.6 (=1 01 54.0 67.5 35.0 30.0 10.8 11.9 2 0.6 42.9 48.7 30.4 28.4 18.3 14.7 8.3 8.2 41.1 33.1 41.8 47.3 16.7 19.3 0.4 0.3 22.4 25.3 38.7 42.7 38.2 31.3 0.7 0.7 38.2 25.6 32.5 51.1 20.3 22.7 9.0 0.5 34.4 27.1 27.9 31.2 25.8 28.0 11.9 15.7 34.3 31.2 42.1 47.0 20.0 19.9 3.5 1.9 ' Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaslca and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service ol the United States (including <'ivilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only. 2 Less than one-tenth ol 1 per cent. OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY. 161 Table 16.— PER CKNT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREAD^^'INNEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 0: 1900 AND 1890. OCCUPA.TION. PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. fotal. Ail occupations. . . Agricultural pursuits. ISOO 100.0 I 1890 Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. OthPr agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-woraen, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Oincials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . Hotel keepers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons , Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwivcs Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service. Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation. Manufacturing and m.echanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Gloveraakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and prcsswomen. Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Olher textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Tailoresses Other textile workers * Tobacco and cigar factory operatives - . Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. 6. 1 6.1 0.1 0.1 8.G 8.4 n.i 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 O.rt li.O 0.2 0,1 0.1 1.2 0.2 2.9 0.2 2.2 G.a 2.2 24.2 0.3 9.9 0.2 1..5 1.7 0.7 0.4 2.0 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 5.0 0.2 2.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.9 13.8 6.8 0.1 1.7 2.9 0.6 1.3 0.4 0.8 3.0 42.8 0.1 0.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 1.4 5.8 1.1 30.9 0.2 6.0 0.1 0.7 1.7 0.7 0.2 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 Native white- Both parents native. 1900 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 5.7 0.3 2.3 0.5 0.'5 0.9 1.2 1.6 .1.9 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.7 1.9 100.0 5.0 9.8 0.1 1890 100.0 One or botti par- ents foreign born. Foreign born white. laoo 3.8 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.9 0.3 0.3 11.4 0.4 30.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.8 0.3 0.2 12.7 0.2 32.6 0.1 1.7 0.3 4.3 0.1 1.2 2.3 2.4 17.7 0.2 12.5 0.1 1.3 0.2 3.6 0.6 1.5 1.3 23.8 0.2 7.7 0.4 2.0 2.3 0.6 0.4 3.4 2.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 4.5 0.1 2.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 10.3 8.4 0.1 2.5 3.4 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.3 1.1 2.4 0.6 0.1 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 4.2 0.2 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.9 19.9 9.9 0.2 2.7 6.3 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.7 0.6 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 7.8 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 ■ 2.6 0.2 0.0 2.6 1.7 20.9 0.3 17.6 0.2 2.7 2.9 0.7 0.8 3.9 3.0 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 7.4 0.3 1.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.9 21.1 10.5 0.3 2.6 3.8 1.1 2.2 0.6 1.0 1890 0.4 1.2 0.1 100.0 4.8 0.6 4.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 7.5 0.1 30.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.5 ■ 0.1 0.4 1.6 0.8 25.3 0.2 11.1 0.1 1.4 3.2 0.7 0.4 3.7 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.3 • 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 10.0 0.5 3.0 1.0 1.2 2.1 2.1 20.3 13.3 0.4 2.3 5.3 0.9 3.4 0.7 1.0 4.4 0.1 0.1 m (.-) 0.1 2.0 0.2 53.6 0.1 1.7 0.2 3.5 0.6 1.0 5.0 3.1 38.0 0.6 1890 Negro. 1900 0.4 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 m m 0.1 1.8 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.2 2.6 0.2 0.6 4.2 1,7 48.4 0.4 4.5 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.7 0.3 2.0 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 9.7 0.3 5.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.7 14.8 6.5 0.2 1.1 3.0 0.6 2.9 0.5 1.2 3.5 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 10.2 0.4 5.2 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.0 13.7 6.6 0.2 1.0 2.8 0.4 2.5 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.1 1. P) ,55. 0.1 0.3 (!) 0.8 0.1 6.3 18.6 1.6 27.8 0.2 0.3 m 0.1 P) P) 0.1 2.8 (=) (.■') P) (=) (?) m m (•) P) p) (•-) P) ('-) 2.1 1.1 (!) (■-) 1. 0.4 0.2 1890 35.5 5.7 0.1 C) (}) 0.1 P) P) m P) 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 4.0 17.3 0.6 31.2 0.1 0.3 (}) P) I P) P) P) P) 0.1 3.0 P) P) i}) (=) P) P) P) P) P) (!) P) P) P) P) 0.1 P) P) 1 P) P) Pi 2.3 0.9 0.5 0.1 lOoTTinrises in 1900 continental United State , the territories of Alailca and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 12694—07 -11 162 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSI- FIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREAUWINT^RS. 16 years of age and orer. 16 to 24 years of age. Number. Per cent. 5 to 34 years 35 of age. Number. Per cent. to 44 years of age. Number. Per cent. 45 to ._ 54 years 55 of age. Number. Per cent. ITovL'^" Ageunlmown. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other a^cultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service i Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel Iceepers Houselceepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal serviee Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation — Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives , Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses ^ Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. 4,843,155 2,139,370 1,171,952 676,548 441,457 395,617 8.2 772,731 458,975 307, 788 5,968 430,067 6,713 10,913 5,989 62,028 8,126 7,399 327,635 11,264 1,956,973 5,448 59, 511 8,545 147, 103 8,012 107,081 329, 359 108, 978 1, 166, 708 16,228 481,380 10, 472 72,928 81,023 33,872 17,052 142,290 86, 126 21,999 16,618 1,202,004 14,306 ■36,490 14,498 7,810 7,175 5,767 8,709 15,361 6,945 231,458 8,332 97, 181 28,293 26, 432 27, 169 44,051 675,948 338, 290 7,049 82,958 139, 149 27,788 61,612 19, 102 37, 126 140,411 262,633 34.0 126,062 14.8 116,879 15.1 150,225 19.4 250,029 11,632 972 188, 178 54.5 3.8 16.3 43.8 94,410 29,761 147,800 20.6 9.7 14.9 34.4 52,321 61,004 1,127 56,213 11.4 19.8 18.9 13.1 34,563 81,078 1,238 23,737 7.5 26.3 20.7 5.5 25,495 123,010 1,720 12,975 5.6 40.0 3.0 3,279 3,032 1,527 22,544 2,220 604 152, 149 2,923 817,623 48.8 27.8 25.5 43.3 27.3 6.8 46.4 25.9 41.8 2,462 3,915 1,873 17,330 2,356 2,065 114,012 3,787 463,461 36.7 35.9 31.3 33.3 29.0 27.9 34.8 33.6 23.7 677 2,272 1,200 7,494 1,607 2,205 38,475 2,283 294,032 10.1 20.8 20.0 14.4 19.8 29.8 11.7 20.3 15.0 194 1,048 742 3,137 1,060 1,411 14,879 1,266 201,320 2.9 9.6 12.4 6.0 13.0 19.1 4.5 11.2 10.3 74 623 632 1,177 7,205 973 169,396 2,071 1,874 222 41,413 483 42,021 76,576 28,021 622, 494 2,448 272,069 38.0 3.1 2.6 28.2 6.0 39.2 23.3 26.7 53.4 16.1 56.5 1,672 10,060 1,190 31,621 1,716 23, 791 81,352 28,078 280,416 3,565 130,201 30.7 16.9 13.9 21.5 21.4 22.2 24.7 25.8 24.0 22.0 27.0 944 17,298 2,457 26,886 2,695 16, 794 77,094 17,637 127,966 4,362 44,679 17.3 29.1 28.8 18.3 33.6 15.7 23.4 16.1 11.0 26.9 9.3 16,064 2,457 22,511 1,914 12,225 54,028 15,389 73,069 3,177 19, 782 8.9 27.0 28.8 15.3 23.9 11.4 16.4 14.1 6.3 19.6 4.1 266 14, 104 2,200 24, 159 1,185 11,628 37,457 19,338 56,858 2,201 13,954 1,856 41,856 48, 008 2,902 12,791 53,816 15,637 6,517 598,867 17.7 57.4 59.3 8.6 76.0 62.3 63.2 71.1 39.2 49.8 2,570 23, 597 21,728 6,834 2,973 37,911 26,001 4,979 3,608 305,428 24.5 32.4 26.8 20.2 17.4 26.6 30.5 22.6 21.7 25.4 2,511 5,673 7,083 9,417 836 10,948 4,351 975 2,885 167, 172 24.0 7.8 8.7 27.8 4.9 7.7 5.1 4.4 17.4 13.9 1,892 1,288 2,776 7,392 311 3,334 676 293 1,820 79,739 18.1 1.8 3.4 21.8 1.8 2.3 0.8 1.3 11.0 6.6 1,603 430 1,266 7,256 137 1,295 162 87 1,728 49,067 9,282 19,830 10,322 4,822 3,555 3,895 5,227 9,256 3,993 146, 126 4,030 59, 955 19, 793 19, 116 16,026 27,207 271,623 110,355 3,922 40,964 59, 480 16,321 32, 426 8,155 23,685 87,261 64.9 54.3 71.2 61.7 49.5 67.5 60.0 60.3 67.5 63.1 48.4 61.7 70. 72.3 59.0 61.8 40.2 32.6 65.6 49.4 42.7 58.7 52.6 42.7 63.8 62.1 3,475 9,873 3,015 1,297 1,730 1,269 1,947 4,348 2,096 51,236 2,078 21,769 6,535 5,082 6,794 9,978 188,375 103,421 1,833 23,070 35,401 6,718 14, 149 3,783 7,657 29, 110 24.3 27.1 20.8 16.6 24.1 22.0 22.4 28.3 30.2 22.1 24.9 22.4 19.6 19.2 26.0 22.7 27.9 30.6 26.0 27.8 25.4 24.2 23.0 19.8 20.6 20.7 4,567 832 827 993 431 856 1,174 635 21, 560 1,030 10,006 1,893 1,519 2,812 4,300 117, 696 70,719 795 10,778 21,728 3,003 8,143 2,429 3,628 13, 102 6.9 12.5 6.7 10.6 13.8 7.5 9.8 7.6 9.1 9.3 12.4 10.3 6.7 5.7 10.4 17.4 20.9 11.3 13.0 15.6 10.8 13.2 12.7 9.8 353 1,634 250 457 569 131 470 428 159 8,363 540 3,875 731 461 1,097 1,659 69, 128 34, 648 325 4,971 12,266 1,120 3,969 1,929 1,495 6,302 2.6 4.5 1.7 5.9 7.9 2.3 5.4 2.8 2.3 3.6 6.5 4.0 2.6 1.7 4.0 3.8 8.7 10.2 4.6 6.0 8.8 4.0 6.4 10.1 4.0 4.6 207 547 74 401 322 41 202 134 60 3,816 651 1,433 311 176 384 38,231 18,795 167 2,994 10,033 599 2,856 2,787 614 4,428 1.1 5.7 10.6 2.7 10.7 15.9 2.2 8.6 8.7 4.9 23.7 26.7 16.4 14.8 10.9 11.4 17.7 4.9 13.6 2.9 15.3 0.6 1.6 21.4 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.4 10.4 4.1 1.4 1.5 0.5 5.1 4.6 0.7 2.3 0.9 0.7 1.6 7.8 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.4 2.0 5.7 5.6 2.4 3.6 7.2 2.2 4.6 14.6 1.7 3.2 18,211 2,167 1,303 20 1,164 27 23 15 100 15 37 915 32 111 19 514 19 622 2,852 616 5,905 475 40 84 112 71 4 176 120 28 60 1,731 8 21 12 367 3 143 30 79 57 45 462 7 181 241 27 69 19 47 218 0.4 "as 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 (') 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 'Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ! Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. OCCUPATION AND AGE. 163 Table 17 — DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSI- FIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900— Continued. ' OCCUPATION. Ail occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers . ! Other agricultural pursuits Professipnal service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientiiic persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses .' Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants. Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers. Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 16 years of age and over. 1.773,109 264,687 82, 584 179,475 2,628 275,384 3,425 7,588 4,439 34,145 6,132 4,886 208,030 6,739 535,666 1,672 31, 773 6,045 77,993 1,348 21,705 41,680 43,866 305, 975 4,509 223,938 6,643 35,911 40,994 10,471 6,091 60, 129 45,398 12,018 6,283 473,634 4,489 14, 720 4,620 2,315 3,969 1,607 2,558 8,457 1,257 74,617 2,164 35,079 12,333 8,671 6,803 9,667 293,832 162,866 2,491 46, 193 60,339 11,412 14,087 7,444 12, 761 48,342 16 to 24 years 25 of age. Number. 753,266 61, 210 4,193 344 122,334 1,645 1,915 1,008 14,795 1,648 304 99,477 1,542 238,844 112 22, 163 116 7,787 9,987 9,587 186,886 726 121,856 1,110 19,046 22,540 1,070 4,613 36, 195 26, .560 8,437 2,286 214,486 2,920 7,632 3,321 1,516 1,663 1,086 1,676 5,098 776 51,514 853 24,601 8,801 6,855 4,304 6,100 99,522 40, 717 1,267 20,928 21,889 6,814 5,832 2,075 8,385 29,376 Per cent. 21.1 62.0 2.3 13.1 44.4 ,48.0 25.2 22.7 43.3 26.9 6.2 47.8 22.9 44.6 35.7 2.8 2.2 28.4 8.5 36.9 24.0 21.9 61.1 16.1 54.4 16.7 53.0 55.0 10.2 75.7 60.2 58.6 70.2 36.4 45.3 65.0 61.8 71.9 66.5 41.9 67.6 65.5 60.3 61.7 69.0 39.4 70.1 71.4 80.0 63.3 63.1 33.9 26.6 50.9 46.3 36.3 59.7 41.4 27.9 65.8 eo.8 to 34 years of age. Number. 399,376 26,923 13,859 12,688 376 92,329 1,277 2,705 1,382 11,300 1,736 1,304 70,422 2,203 103,882 513 4,576 663 14,581 247 11,636 57, 718 991 62,969 1,499 12,035 11,237 2,222 946 16,857 15, 105 2,673 1,395 113,273 953 3,591 835 369 976 326 456 2,322 287 12,884 356 5,986 2,079 1,261 1,416 1,786 78,329 43,551 596 12,694 14,763 2,358 3,275 1,092 2,662 9,294 Per cent. 16.8 7.1 14.3 33.5 37.3 35.6 31.1 33.1 28.3 26.7 33.9 32.7 19.4 30.7 14.4 12.9 18.7 18.3 18.9 21.3 26.5 18.9 22.0 28.1 22.6 33.5 27.4 21.2 15.5 26.4 33.3 22.2 22.2 23.9 21.2 24.4 18.1 15.9 24.6 20.2 17.8 27.5 22.8 17.3 16.5 17.1 16.9 14.7 20.8 18.5 26.7 28.6 23.9 28.1 24.6 20.7 23.2 14.7 20.8 19.2 35 to 44 years 46 of age. Number. 41,532 8,221 32, 701 520 34, 766 349 1,667 906 4,879 1,185 1,427 22, 937 1,416 72, 746 299 8,588 1,407 13,212 419 3,963 9,967 7,045 26,723 1,123 22,604 1,583 3,513 4,318 2,743 330 5,280 2,990 618 1,129 73,008 347 2,062 295 205 646 125 207 649 123 5,646 295 2,646 835 332 639 899 56,739 36,188 317 6,245 10,485 1,250 2,154 1,100 1,061 4,914 Per cent. 15.7 10.0 18.3 19.8 12.6 10.2 22.0 20.4 14.3 19.3 29.2 11.0 21.0 13.6 17.9 27.0 27.9 16.9 31.1 18.3 23.9 16.1 8.7 24.9 10.0 10.5 26.2 5.4 6.6 5.1 18.0 7.7 14.0 6.4 8.9 16.3 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.6 13.6 7.5 6.8 3.9 9.4 9.3 19.3 23.0 12.7 13.8 17.4 11.0 15.3 14.8 8.2 10.2 to 64 j^ears of age. Number. 182,214 54,900 6,670 48, 744 686 102 802 599 2,134 842 966 9,569 852 59,348 149 8,929 1,443 12,905 320 3,112 7,619 6,562 17, 410 9,865 1,268 940 1,901 2,180 136 1,943 525 204 758 42,245 163 1,018 122 125 431 63 151 288 53 2,749 259 1,235 406 87 286 476 33,980 20,618 192 3,116 6,918 681 1,382 1,174 422 Per cent. 10.3 20.7 6.7 27.2 22.3 5.8 3.0 10.6 13.5 6.2 13.7 19.8 4.6 12.6 11.1 28.1 28.6 16.5 23.7 14.3 18.3 16.0 6.7 19.9 4.4 19.1 2.6 4.6 20.8 2.2 3.2 1.2 1.7 12.1 8.9 3.6 6.9 2.6 6.4 10.9 3.3 6.9 3.4 4.2 3.7 12.0 3.5 3.3 1.0 4.2 4.9 11.6 13.5 7.7 6.9 11.6 5.1 9.8 15.8 3.3 6.6 55 years of age and over. Number. 188,305 85,067 3,690 80,672 796 29 480 530 966 707 852 4,911 699 58, 215 110 8,763 1,419 14,871 241 2,668 6,038 8,718 16,633 754 6,294 1,161 310 916 2,238 65 743 120 29,575 104 381 44 97 248 18 64 88 15 1,671 400 633 188 31 134 385 24,639 12,505 114 2,064 6,157 391 1,416 1,992 Per cent. Age unknown. Number. 10.6 32.1 4.3 44.9 30.3 3.3 0.8 6.3 11.9 2.8 11.5 17.4 2.4 10.4 10.9 27.6 28.1 19.1 17.9 12.3 12.1 19.9 5.1 16.7 2.8 17.3 0.9 2.2 21.4 1.1 1.2 0.3 0.6 11.0 6.2 2.3 2.6 1.0 4.2 6.2 1.1 2.5 1.0 1.2 2.2 18.5 1.5 1.5 0.4 2.0 4.0 8.4 8.2 4.6 4.6 10.2 3.4 10.1 1.8 4.1 6,392 134 387 7 23 19 14 81 14 33 714 27 4 33 11 261 77 200 318 1,605 16 460 4 12 3 154 1 79 24 5 24 21 623 287 5 147 127 18 28 11 Per cent. 0.3 "02 0.2 0.2' 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 (=) 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 164 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSI- FIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP-ENUMERATION'): 1900— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations. . . Agricultural pursuits. Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits Professional service . Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, et: Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and raidwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service. Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits . Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers ' Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers MiUiners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Tailoresscs Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 16 years of age and over. 25, 775 6,243 18, 665 867 112,921 1,995 2,363 1,164 13, 352 1,522 1,276 88,572 2,677 325,949 1,775 9,797 1,518 29,209 1,917 6,787 28, 738 19,546 223, 381 3,281 193,588 2,248 30, 624 32, 108 8,223 8,309 64,864 33, 700 8,6U 4,901 432, 967 8,208 16,500 7,793 3,528 2,138 3,029 3,899 5,706 3,507 77, 521 3,648 20,299 10,606 11,304 11,380 20, 284 232, 352 117, 314 2,987 28, 762 41,912 11,665 23, 631 0,091 10,028 68, 758 16 to 24 years of age. Number. 693,435 64.'4 Per cent. 5,592 21.7 4,606 795 191 50,123 1,057 842 431 6,124 499 101 40,091 978 176,721 73.8 4.3 22.0 44.4 53.0 36.6 37.0 46.9 32.8 7.9 46.3 36.5 54.2 850 318 66 9,845 151 3,749 11, 100 5,352 144, 614 676 121,202 539 18,858 20,793 1,065 6,301 41,454 23,214 6,277 2,701 239, 797 5,341 9,425 6,469 2,401 1,335 2,008 2,606 3,465 2,027 60,120 2,009 12, 373 7,366 8,347 6,889 13, 092 108, 937 47, 701 1,647 15,834 21,026 6,691 12,423 3,616 7,360 39, 337 47.9 3.2 4.3 33.7 7.9 66.2 38.6 27.4 64.7 20.6 25 to 34 years of age. Number. 297,916 3,213 916 2,114 183 41,688 695 907 384 4,671 503 445 33, 131 952 77,661 23.8 Per cent. 12.6 14.7 11.3 21.1 36.9 34.8 38.4 33.0 36.0 33.0 34.9 37.4 35.6 676 2,136 309 8,050 484 1,353 7,121 6,602 60, HI 919 32.6 21.8 20.4 27.6 26.2 19.9 24.8 33.8 22.4 28.0 62.6 I 63,497 27.6 J to 44 years of age. Number. 417 5,040 215 14,963 181 416 209 1,808 326 414 11, 143 466 43,995 13.6 Per cent. 6.7 27.0 24,8 13.3 9.1 17.6 18.0 13.6 21.4 32.4 12.6 17.4 246 3,742 578 6,376 6, 606 4,022 19, 698 1,040 13,884 24.0 61.6 64.8 13.0 76.8 63.9 68.9 72.9 65.1 66.4 740 32.9 9,777 31.9 8,694 26.8 2,209 26.9 1,696 , 19.2 18,228 I 28.1 9,266 27.5 1,989 23.1 1,108 22.6 121,857 65.1 67.1 70.2 68.1 62.4 64.3 60.7 57.8 64.7 1 66.7 61.0 69.4 73.8 60.5 64.5 46.9 40.7 66.1 .W.l .TO. 2 ,57.4 ,52.6 59.4 73.4 66.9 2,172 4,904 1,811 657 516 699 966 1,724 1,107 19, 204 1,066 5,295 2,425 2,374 3,089 4,966 72,603 39,881 926 8,293 11,984 3,393 6,648 1,478 2,044 13,460 28.1 26.6 29.7 23.2 18.0 24.1 23.1 24.6 30.2 31.6 24.8 28.9 26.1 22.9 21.0 27.1 24.5 31.2 34.0 31.0 28.8 28.6 29.1 28.1 24.3 20.4 22.9 663 1,703 2,059 2,961 324 4,216 1,090 280 62,236 13.9 38.2 38.1 21.8 41.9 14.6 23.0 20.6 8.8 31.7 7.2 24.6 6.6 6.4 36.0 3.9 6.6 3.2 3.3 14.2 12.1 619 1,789 428 320 196 210 343 411 323 0,408 3S0 2,007 654 498 1,121 1,738 36, 324 21,674 346 3,277 5,907 1,219 3,297 604 503 4,462 6.3 10.8 5.5 9.1 9.1 7.2 9.2 8.3 10.7 9.9 6.2 4.4 9.9 16.6 18.5 11.6 11.4 14.1 10.6 14.0 6.0 7.6 > to 54 years 55 of age. Number. 187 5,301 167 4,672 ' 47 131 92 563 122 216 3,207 194 18, 792 83 2,337 383 3,217 382 2,888 2,204 6,368 468 3,639 287 226 494 1,360 77 769 106 66 265 14,277 120 332 76 104 70 44 81 85 40 629 137 70 241 407 10, 667 6,109 66 969 2,004 280 962 95 1,104 Per cent. 3.0 28.4 18,1 2.4 6.5 7.9 4.2 8.0 16.9 3.6 7.2 5.8 4.7 23.9 25.2 II. 19.9 6.8 10.0 11.3 2.9 14.3 1.9 12.8 0.7 1.6 16.5 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.7 6.4 1.6 2.0 1.0 2.9 3.3 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.9 2.4 2.6 1.3 0.6 2.1 2.0 4.6 6.2 1.8 3.3 4.9 2.4 4.1 3.7 0.9 1.9 ., -jrs of age and over. 21, 360 6,616 119 1,445 48 180 84 8,443 19 1,253 181 1,686 95 232 996 1,344 2,466 173 1,261 127 47 149 616 10 162 18 6 126 274 46 84 30 13. 27 74 3,697 1,887 11 367 904 77 291 160 23 376 Per cent. .\ge unknown. Number. 2.0 I 1.7 28.9 13.7 1.3 0.7 2.8 4.1 1.3 4.7 7.6. 1.0 3.1 2.6 1.1 12.8 11.9 6.8 5.0 3.4 3.6 6.9 1.1 5.3 0.7 6.6 0.2 0.5 7.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.6 1.6 0.4 1.3 2.2 0.7 1.2 2.6 0.2 0.6 12 24 2 130 114 3 337 1 11 1 36 1 7 29 22 224 5 105 i Per cent. 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2 13 19 12 1 36 17 3 3 215 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 (■) 0.1 0.1 (=) 0.1 0.1 ('') 0.1 (») (=) (•) (^) 1 1 (^) 7 0.1 1 I («) 39 ill 4 ! 134 62 2 22 28 6 10 0.1 C-) 0.1 (•) (■) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (•) (=) 0.1 (') 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. 2 Ijcss than one-tenth of 1 per cent. OCCUPATION AND AGE. 165 Table 17 — DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSI- FIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP ENUMERATION'): 1900— Continued. OCCUPATION. .\11 occupations ^ Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists ana teachers of art Literary and scientilic persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) , Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors In colleges, etc Other professional service , Domestic and personal service.,.^ Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers , Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laund resses Nurses and midwivcs Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) , Packers and shippers. Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen EublDcr factory operatives Textile mill operatives (!^arpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. FOREIGN BOKN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS. 16 years of age and over. 840,686 40,917 4,567 84,982 1,36S 25,937 1,031 875 361 3,3.54 415 1,067 17, 299 1,535 456,070 1,002 14,326 1,811 80,348 7,963 42,835 26, 750 322, 190 4,955 69, 793 1,314 6,195 7,372 14,260 2,426 16,898 6,848 1,357 4,123 257,969 1,.576 5,201 2,041 1,894 1,014 1,129 2,227 1,101 2,180 7.9, 833 2,513 41,. 514 5.339 6.513 ,?, 916 1-1,038 122,937 55, 666 1,569 8,840 25, 085 4,598 23,448 3,831 9, 705 28, 132 16 to 24 years of. age. Number. 347, 7,59 2 271 1,788 328 155 7,581 412 235 82 1,008 61 67 5,373 343 393 355 29 6,491 128 2,196 6,493 4,864 166, 149 447 27, .582 127 3,829 4, 4.37 690 1,760 10,773 3,930 911 1,125 132,780 1,003 2,737 1,512 892 549 740 1,031 640 1,189 44,231 1,107 22,822 3,627 3,879 4,811 7,985 65,409 18,473 1,008 4,120 13,092 2,732 14,035 1,949 5,884 16,963 Per cent. 0.9 11.3 29.2 40.0 26.9 22.7 ,30.1 14.7 6.3 31.1 22.3 38.9 39.2 2.5 1.6 21.4 3.3 27.6 15.2 18.2 48.5 9.0 46.1 9.7 61.8 60.2 4.8 72.5 67.2 67.1 27.3 61.5 &3.7 52.6 74.1 47.1 54.1 65.5 46.3 58.1 54.5 66.1 44.1 55.0 67.9 59.6 64.0 45.1 33.2 64.2 46.6 62.2 59.4 .59.9 50.9 60.6 60.3 25 to 34 years of age. 202, 322 2,150 755 1,299 405 272 93 976 100 270 5,542 521 120,913 285 2,210 183 6,537 782 1,510 8,398 7,641 92,498 12,684 252 1,728 1,760 2,167 371 3,709 1,686 316 795 58,396 24.1 16.5 3.7 7.0 31.5 39.3 31.1 26.8 29.1 24.1 25.3 32.0 26.5 28.4 15.4 10.1 21.5 20.1 19.0 19.6 28.6 28.7 17.5 21.2 19.2 27.9 23.9 15.2 15.3 21.9 27.1 23.3 19.3 22.6 1,365 355 255 229 244 529 265 702 19,058 665 10, 434 1,029 1,441 2,274 3,215 28,184 ! 15, 466 310 2,031 ; 4,664 946 4,086 I 681 1,746 6,125 ■ I 21.5 26.2 17.4 13.6 22.6 21.6 23.8 24.1 32.2 24 2 26^5 25.1 19.3 22.1 25.5 !2.9 22.9 27.8 19.8 23.0 18.6 20.6 17.4 17.8 18.0 18.2 35 to 4 1 years of age. 119,316 5,209 744 4,249 216 4,964 1.38 181 81 81 324 3,145 325 163 3,946 423 5,698 1,210 1,569 .:,562 4,790 36, 225 1,422 7,568 314 447 639 3, 446 162 1,404 261 77 115 694 105 281 139 ,303 109 9,466 345 5,317 404 689 1,045 1,655 19, 130 11,140 131 1,230 3,056 5.30 2,596 447 1,250 2,711 Per cent. 16.3 12.1 16.8 19.1 13.4 20.7 22.4 20.6 19.5 30.4 18.2 21.2 14.7 45 to 64 years of age. Number. Per 10,373 25.4 614 9,425 334 2,946 11.4 13.4 26.9 24.4 16.3 27.5 23.4 18.8 31.1 19.7 27.0 17.9 11.2 28.7 12.7 23.9 7.2 8.7 24.2 6.3 8.3 4.5 5.7 20.1 13.4 7.3 13.3 5.1 14.8 13.7 8.5 13.6 9.9 8.7 12.0 13.7 12.8 7.6 10.6 11.7 11.8 15.6 20.0 8.3 13.9 12.2 11.5 11.1 11.7 12.9 9.6 43 110 50 400 92 205 1,864 182 47,538 101 4,125 .596 .5,245 1,029 1,334 9,291 4,385 20,180 1,252 5,a53 310 118 354 3,664 87 608 44 33 635 69 282 48 216 58 34 237 54 4,105 194 2,090 186 302 561 772 11,813 6,568 78 893 2,113 256 1,577 328 610 1,834 4.2 12.6 13.9 11.9 22.2 19.2 10.8 11.9 10.4 10.1 28.8 32.9 17.3 26.5 16.8 21.7 16.4 6.3 25.3 9.8 23.6 1.9 4.8 25.7 3.6 0.8 2.4 16.4 7.5 4.4 5.4 2.4 11.4 3.0 10.6 4.9 3.0 7.7 5.0 3.6 4.6 6.3 5.5 11.8 5.0 10.1 8.4 5.6 6.7 8.6 6.3 6.5 55 years of ag and over. Age unknown. ,82,825 9.9 20,813 50.9 648 19, 602 663 2,196 32 75 54 276 81 200 1,314 163 41,419 59 3,659 576 6,271 736 1,314 6,934 4,961 16,950 6,014 306 71 174 4,266 56 376 22 18 726 lis 19 247 39 15 124 31 26 1,826 201 804 91 130 205 395 8,246 3,855 42 554 2,118 130 1,124 423 210 1,435 14.2 56.0 41.2 8.5 3.1 8.6 15.0 19.5 18.7 7.6 10.6 9.1 5.9 25.5 31.8 20.7 18.9 16.5 16.2 18.5 5.0 19.4 10.1 23.3 1.1 2.4 29.9 2.3 2.2 0.4 1.3 17.6 3.0 2.3 0.9 13.0 3.8 1.3 6.6 2.8 1.2 2.3 8.0 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.8 6.7 6.9 2.7 6.3 8.4 2.8 4.8 11.0 2.2 5.3 2,328 ■101 1 31 4 106 5 40 167 109 ,188 6 158 1 47 2 72 20 16 155 64 Per 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 C.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 (=) 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ! Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 166 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSI- FIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900— Continued. * OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show- women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (govermnent) Physicians and surgeons ■. . . Teachers and j)rofes3ors in colleges, etc other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation .' Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators other persons in trade and transportation. . . Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives PnnterSjlithographerSj and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosierj and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cut! makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits NEGBO FEMALE BREADWINNERS. 16 years of age and over. 1,119,653 434,041 361,804 71,665 572 15, 615 252 83 25 1,159 50 160 13, 479 307 634, 104 981 3,576 152 9,408 854 70, 112 215,043 18,676 313,091 2,211 ?,920 265 189 539 856 224 378 174 11 1,284 32,073 34 66 44 67 10 2 25 96 1 481 7 289 15 44 70 56 24, 389 12,421 2 109 11,297 109 301 90 4,639 2,219 16 to 24 years of age. Number. 439,725 197, 167 191,047 5,982 138 160 40 6 603 10 29 7,041 59 222,828 221 313 15 28, 173 48,757 8,181 133,895 329 1,390 121 292 197 107 10 399 18 33 20 12 4 1 14 S3 1 262 1 159 9 35 21 27 7,025 3,428 82 3,309 84 2,056 Per cent. 62.8 8.3 24.1 51.2 63.5 62.0 (.') 18.1 52.2 19.2 35.1 22.5 8.8 9.9 30.3 10.4 40 2 22.7 43.8 42.8 14.9 35.6 30.2 64.0 64.2 7.9 51.8 52.1 61.5 &\ 32.4 48.6 29.3 77.1 32.9 C) 44.3 40.7 25 to 34 years of age. Number. 266,956 90,601 77,305 13, i69 127 6,529 82 30 14 381 15 42 4,867 108 159, 617 293 202 16,700 66, 639 2,142 79, 415 551 1,000 78 62 133 214 60 105 63 1 304 10, 309 90 1 64 2 6 16 12 8,431 4,478 1 49 3,784 19 80 20 Per cent. 23. S 20.9 21.4 18.4 22.2 35.6 32.6 m 32.9 (') 26.3 36.0 36.2 25.2 29.9 31.5 26.3 25.6 23.7 23.8 26.3 11.5 25.4 24.9 25.5 29.4 27.5 24.7 25.0 26.8 27.8 30.6 (=) 23.7 32.1 (') m 18.7 18.7 <.') (=) 34.6 36.1 (^) 29.0 33.6 17.4 26.6 (') 26.2 21.6 35 to _ _ 44 years of age. Number. 178,810 60,866 42,470 18,296 99 1,494 117 13 39 1,230 75 109, 479 234 1,010 42 1,577 262 10,181 48,765 1,663 45, 161 584 696 61 10 67 244 30 47 10 7 7 4,994 2,688 1 26 2,201 3 65 11 823 361. Per cent. 14.0 11.7 25.6 17.3 9.6 3.2 m 10.1 m 24.4 9.1 24.4 17.3 23.9 28.2 27.6 16.8 30.7 14.6 22.7 8.9 14.4 26.4 17.8 23.0 6.3 12.4 28.5 13.4 12.4 5.7 17.7 19.6 10.6 20.5 21.6 14.8 19.5 2.8 21.6 m 17.7 16.3 46 to 54 years .56 of age. Number. 124,024 45,046 28,021 16,947 77 2 3 1 40 4 24 232 37 75, 135 152 666 29 1,134 182 7,242 34,059 2,225 28,997 449 426 27 4 27 183 10 14 2 3,076 37 1 21 2 2 9 2 2,423 1,246 4 1,128 2 34 9 224 Per cent. 11.1 10.4 7.7 23.6 13.5 0.8 m 3.5 m 16.0 1.7 12.1 11.8 15.5 18.6 19.1 12.1 21.3 10.3 15.8 11.9 9.3 20.3 10.9 10.2 2.1 5.0 21.4 4.6 3.7 1.1 7.7 (») 7.3 m <.') (») 9.9 10.0 In^ovt'^' Agennknown. Number. 101,074 37,633 21,013 16, 496 124 61,018 78 426 23 1,327 112 7,327 24,391 4,299 ■22,763 282 372 18 1 17 134 6 13 2 2.4 10.0 1.8 11.3 {') 7.9 10.1 1,436 544 9 833 1 22 27 154 227 Per cent. 9.0 8.7 23.0 21.7 '6.' 9' 16.3 0.7 8.8 9.6 8.0 11.9 15.1 14.1 13.1 10.5 11.3 23.0 7.3 12.8 9.6 0.6 3.2 16.7 2.7 3.4 1.1 14.1 6.9 9.4 (=) 4.2 (') (.') (=) C=) 5.9 4.4 Number. 5.3 7.4 0.9 7.3 m 10.2 9,064 2,730 1,9 775 7 36 26 1 6,127 3 35 3 106 7 489 2,432 166 2,870 16 36 14 135 37 Per cent. 0.5 1.1 1.2 m 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.0 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.9 1.1 0.4 n 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.1 1 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. zper cent not shown where base is less than 100. OCCUPATION AND AGE. 167 Table 18.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS. OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specifiedj I^aundresses Nurses and mid wives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen — Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits . Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers , Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen '. . Kubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives , Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and culf makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. 1900! 15 years of age and over. 811,744 497,886 307,788 6,070 430,766 5,819 10,989 5,989 .■12,257 S,126 7,399 327,905 11,282 2,012,040 5,533 69,511 8,545 147,103 8,028 111,503 332,605 108,978 1,213,828 16,346 494,126 10,538 73,820 83,726 34,008 18,673 146,577 85,912 22,454 18,418 1,258,393 15,171 38,285 15,992 8,686 7,643 6,168 9,164 15,770 7,238 260,376 8,679 104,944 31,108 29,200 28,961 47,484 693,158 342,579 7,398 85,025 143,270 29,509 66,363 20,024 ■10,326 150,627 15 to 24 years of 301,646 288,940 11,632 1,074 188,877 3,385 3,108 1,527 22,773 2,220 604 162,419 2,941 872,690 2,156 1,874 222 41,413 499 46,443 79,882 28,021 669,614 2,566 284,815 1,922 42,748 50,771 3,038 14,412 92,913 54,602 16,092 8,317 666,256 10,147 21,626 11,816 5,598 3,923 4,286 5,682 9,666 4,286 166,044 4,377 67,718 22,608 21,884 17,817 30,640 288,833 114,644 4,271 43,031 63,601 18,042 36, 167 9,077 26,884 97,467 1890 15 years of age and over. 3,712,144 595,134 363, 564 226, 427 5,153 311,241 4,491 10,776 2,764 34,436 4,875 4,557 245,839 3,605 1,690,187 2,779 32,593 5,276 86,089 2,803 50,321 216,121, 41,396 1,146,255 8,554 222,553 4,853 27,606 62,817 26,284 6,147 67,171 21,214 8,403 ' 9,0o8 993,029 11,271 32,948 12,326 6,328 3,608 3,253 8,719 12,026 6,331 211,112 10,452 84,220 19,321 19,108 34,428 43,583 588,277 290,308 6,652 60,653 143,3.39 15,534 61,488 10,403 25,863 71,978 15 to 24 years of age. 1,853,460 213,902 200, 154 12,551 1, 197' 163, 978 2,323 4,324 762 16,890 l,5i9 659 136,610 831 789,347 26 to 34 years of age. 807,670 91,006 70,901 19,244 860 91, 458 35 to 44 years of 441,067 44, 233 41,898 889 31, 943 1, .646 3,683 776 10,896 1,188 1,179 71,133 1,058 336,662 1,206 979 132 19,462 230 21,893 59,409 9,657 674,968 1,411 132,464 1,045 17,950 41,842 2,647 4,796 39,553 16,188 6,811 3,632 553,769 8,338 19,983 9,797 2,877 2,003 2,322 6,587 8,325 4,535 143,075 6,431 56,188 14,184 15,185 23,602 28,485 279,202 130,175 4,039 27,830 66,174 9,907 34,330 6,747 18,092 49,633 725 5,879 762 18,127 645 10,509 SI, 281 8,744 238,132 1,858 49,784 1,222 7,291 14,274 4,907 906 12,607 5,025 1,901 1,751 238,761 2,019 8,377 1,918 771 861 664 1,727 2,529 1,348 40,852 1,938 17,270 3,376 2,872 7,023 8,374 160,370 87,236 1,573 16,348 35,770 3,624 13,505 2,314 4,373 12,952 387 1,515 539 4,149 909 1,071 22,668 706 195,657 45 to 64 years of 313,363 92,380 27,868 63,644 968 15, 589 444 9,425 1,494 15,930 822 7,635 46,920 6,730 104,039 2,218 20,031 1,190 1,661 4,204 6,630 3,486 789 477 ],306 106,416 600 3,060 436 669 429 180 755 791 311 14,648 864 6,612 1,006 692 2,343 3,231 77,648 41,318 522 8,367 19,187 1,242 6,271 741 2,099 4,800 120 809 408 1,761 733 885 10,343 530 137,995 55 years of age and over. • 278,545 108, 658 18,953 88,482 1,223 6,965 242 9,152 1,586 14,813 645 6,307 32,642 7,101 64,770 1,738 11,422 823 482 1,701 5,874 1,108 125 127 1,089 55,977 221 1,037 116 549 204 55 409 272 90 6,947 807 2,934 398 241 978 1,589 42,606 20,820 258 5,070 11,814 500 3,794 350 859 2,013 64 406 269 634 453 739 4,046 304 118,947 153 7,061 1,281 17,283 446 4,652 22,614 8,889 65,284 1,284 8,164 547 149 588 5,134 63 401 11 45 1,226 35,821 80 383 40 466 104 27 222 87 34 5,183 1,399 1,142 315 95 420 1,812 27,045 10,111 145 2,850 10,005 233 3,464 237 3.82 1,769 Age un- known. 18,039 2,169 1,445 708 16 62 38 10 105 13 24 1,039 17 11.579 9 97 22 474 15 325 2,255 275 8,062 45 26 73 208 92 10 116 76 42 55 2,285 13 108 19 7 7 5 19 22 13 407 13 174 92 1,406 648 15 188 389 28 124 14 48 211 'Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only. ' Figures for age periods 25 years and over are given in Table 17. 168 WOMEN AT WORK. Tablb 19.— per cent DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890. FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND over: per cent— OCCUPATION. 15 to 24 years of age. 26 to 34 years of age. 35 to 44 years of age. 45 to 54 years of age. 55 years of age and over. Age unknown. 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1890 All occupations 46.0 49.9 23.4 21.8 13.5 11.9 8 8 8 4 7.9 7.5 0.4 0.5 37.2 35.9 16.4 15.3 14.1 14 6 14 4 16.5 18.6 18 3 0.4 0.4 58.0 0.8 17.7 43.8 55.1 5.5 23.2 52.7 19.0 9.7 14 7 34 3 19.6 8.5 16.7 29.4 10.5 19.8 18.6 13.0 12.2 18.6 17.3 10.3 6.9 26.3 20 4 5.5 7.7 28.1 18.8 5.0 6.1 40.0 28 3 3.0 5.2 39.1 23.7 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 49.6 28 3 26.5 43.6 27.3 6.8 46.6 26.1 43.4 61.7 40.1 27.6 49.0 32.4 14.6 55.6 23.7 49.6 36.1 35.6 31.3 3a 2 29.0 27.9 34 8 33.6 2i>.0 34 4 34 2 28.1 31.6 24 4 26.9 28.9 30.2 21.2 9.9 20.7 20.0 14 3 19.8 29.8 11.7 20.2 14 6 8.6 141 19.5 12.0 18 6 23.5 9.2 20.1 12.3 2.8 9.6 12.4 6.0 13.0 19.1 4 6 11.2 10.0 2.7 7.6 14 8 5.1 16.0 19.4 42 15.1 8 7 1.1 5.7 10.6 2.7 10.7' 15.9 2.2 86 8 4 1.2 3.8 9.7 1.8 9.3 16.2 1.6 10.4 7.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 39.0 3.1 2.6 28.2 6.2 41.7 24.0 25.7 65.2 16.7 57.6 43.4 3.0 2.5 22.6 8.2 43.5 27.6 23.3 58.9 16.5 69.6 30.2 16.9 13.9 21.6 21.4 21.3 24 5 26.8 23.1 21.8 26.3 26.1 18.0 14 4 21.1 23.0 20.9 23.8 21.1 20 8 21.7 22.4 17.1 29.1 28 8 18.3 33.6 15.1 23.2 16.1 10.6 26.7 9.0 16.0 28.9 28.3 18.5 29.3 15.2 21.8 16.3 9.1 26.9 9.0 88 27.0 28.8 15.3 23.8 11.0 16 2 - 141 6.0 19.4 40 8.7 281 30.0 17.2 23.0 10.5 15.2 17.2 5.7 20 3 6.1 48 23.7 26.7 16.4 14 8 10.4 11.3 17.7 47 13.6 2.8 5.5 21.7 24 3 20.1 15.9 9.2 10.5 21.5 48 15.0 3.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 2.9 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 18.2 67.9 60.6 8.9 77.2 63.4 63.6 71.7 46.2 62.1 21.6 65.0 66.6 10.5 78.0 69.2 71.6 69.2 40.1 55.8 24 4 32.0 26.0 20.1 16.9 25.9 30.3 23.2 19.6 24 3 25.2 26.4 22.7 19.4 14 7 21.9 23.7 22.6 19.3 24 23.8 7.7 85 27.7 45 7.5 6.1 43 16.7 13.3 24 5 6.0 6.7 26.2 4 7 6.1 3.7 5.7 14 4 10.7 18.0 1.7 3.3 21.7 1.7 2.3 0.8 1.3 9.9 6.3 17.0 1.7 2.7 23.2 1.5 1.9 0.6 1.5 12.0 5.6 15.2 0.6 1.6 21.3 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.4 9.4 3.9 11.3 0.6 0.9 20.3 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.6 13.6 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 m 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 Clerks and copyists 0.3 0.4 Packers and shippers ., 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 Bciokbinders 66 9 66.5 73.9 65.2 52.0 69.6 62.0 61.3 59.2 66.9 50 4 64.5 72.7 74.9 61.5 64.5 41.7 33.6 57.7 50.6 44.4 61.1 65.3 45.3 66.7 64.7 74.0 60.7 79.5 64.0 66 6 71.4 64.1 69.2 71.6 67.8 52.0 66.7 73.4 79.6 68.6 66 4 47.6 44 8 61.6 46.9 40.2 63.8 55.8 64.9 70 69.0 22.9 26.8 1&9 15.1 22.9 20.6 21.2 27.6 29.0 20.5 23.9 20 7 17.8 17.4 23.5 21.0 27.2 30 2 24 8 27.1 24 7 22.8 21.7 18.9 19.0 19.3 17.9 26 4 16 6 14 5 23.9 20.4 19.8 21.0 21.3 19.4 18.5 20 5 17.5 15.0 20 4 19.2 27.3 30 24 27.0 25.0 23.3 22.0 22.2 16.9 18.0 6.5 11.9 5.2 9.6 13.2 7.0 9.3 7.4 8.8 8.6 11.9 9.5 6.1 6.2 9.7 9.1 17.0 20.6 10.7 12.7 16.2 10 2 12.6 12.1 9.0 8.7 6.3 9.3 3.6 12.4 11.9 5.5 8 7 6.6 49 6.9 83 7.7 6.2 3.6 6.8 7.4 13.2 14 2 8 13.8 13.4 8.0 10.2 7.1 8.1 6.7 2.3 4 3 1.6 6.3 7.5 2.1 5.1 2.7 2.2 3.3 e.2 3.7 2.3 1.6 3.8 3.6 8 5 10.1 44 5.8 8 6 3.8 61 9.6 3.7 4 2 2.0 3.1 0.9 10 3 5.7 1.7 4 7 2.3 1.4 3.3 7.7 3.5 2.1 1.3 2.8 3.6 7.2 7.2 3.9 8 4 82 3.2 6.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 1.4 1.4 0.6 47 43 0.7 2.2 8 0.7 1.6 7.6 1.4 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.8 6.5 5.6 2.3 3.5 7.0 2.0 4 4 13.9 1.5 2.9 0.7 1.2 0.3 8.7 2.9 0.8 2.5 0.7 0.5 2.5 13.4 1.4 1.6 0.5 1.2 42 46 3.5 2.2 4 7 7.0 1.5 6.6 2.3 1.5 2.6 0.1 (=) 0.1 0.1 ■"■■6.'i' 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 - 1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, tlie territories of Alaslca and Hawaii, and persons in tlie military and naval service, of the United State? (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 189U, continental United States only. ' Less ttian one-tenth of 1 per cent. OCCUPATION AND AGE. 169 Table 20 — PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890. OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music '. Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation — Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits . Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives '. Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cu£E makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BEEADWINNEES— 15 years of ^ and over age 1900 100.0 9.9 6.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 6.5 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.2 2.9 0.2 2.2 24.2 0.3 0.2 1.5 1.7 0.7 0.4 2.9 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 6.0 0.2 2.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 13.8 6.8 0.1 1.7 2.9 0.6 1.3 0.4 0.8 3.0 1890 100.0 9.8 6.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 1.4 5.8 1.1 0.1 '0.7 1.7 0.7 0.2 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 5.7 0.3 2.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.2 15.8 7.8 0.2 1.6 3.9 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.7 1.9 15 to 24 years age of 1900 100.0 1890 12.5 0.5 (=) 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 (••) 0.1 0.1 (>) 1.8 (^) 2.0 3.5 1.2 29.1 0.1 12.4 0.1 1.9 2.2 0.1 0.6 4.0 2.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 7.2 0.2 2.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.3 12.5 6.0 0.2 1.9 2.8 0.8 1.6 0.4 1.2 4.2 10.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 (») 0.9 0.1 (=) 7.4 (') 42.6 0.1 0.1 (=) 1. (') 1.2 3.2 0.5 36.4 0.1 0.1 1.0 2.3 0.1 0.3 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 7.7 0.3 3.0 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5 15.1 7.0 0.2 1.5 3.6 0.6 1.9 0.4 1.0 2.7 25 to 34 years age. of 1900 8.1 2.5 0.1 12.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.2 9.7 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.1 2.7 0.1 2.0 6.9 2.4 23.9 0.3 0.2 2.0 1.9 0.6 0.3 3.2 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 4.4 0.2 1.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.2 2.0 3.0 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.7 2.5 1890 2.4 0.1 11.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.1 8.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 2.2 0.1 1.3 6.3 1.1 29.5 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 5.1 0.2 2.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.0 19.9 10.8 0.2 2.0 4.4 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.5 1.6 35 to 44 years age. of 1900 16.9 7.7 9.0 0.2 8.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 5.7 0.3 43.5 0.1 2.6 0.4 4.0 0.4 2.5 11.4 2.6 18.9 0.6 6.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.1 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.2 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 17.4 10.5 8.1 1.6 3.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.5 1.9 1890 100.0 10.0 9.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.2 6.1 0.2 44.4 0.1 2.1 0.3 3.6 0.2 1.7 10.6 1.6 23.6 0.5 4.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.6 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.3 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 17.6 9.4 0.1 1.9 4.4 0.3 1.4 0.2 0.6 1.1 45 years of aj and over. 31.9 7.2 24.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 2.6 0.3 44.3 0.1 3.6 0.6 6.6 0.4 2.8 10.9 41 16.5 0.6 4.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 15.4 0.1 0.3 (=) 0.1 0.1 (») 0.1 0.1 C') 1.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 11.6 6.4 0.1 1.0 2.7 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.3 1.3 1890 100.0 34.0 7.9 26.7 0.4 3.8 m 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 2.4 0.2 0.1 2.7 0.5 5.4 0.2 1.7 9.3 2.7 20.3 0.5 3.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.9 (2) (') 0.4 16.5 (=) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 (') (=) 0.1 0.1 2.0 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 11.8 5.2 0.1 1.3 3.7 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons In the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 170 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION^): 1900. OCCUPATION. All occupationa Agricultural pursuits ■ . Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers. Other agricultural pursuits Professional service. Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Artists and teacliers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons ,. . Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service. Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers .' Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service . Trade and transportation. Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glo vemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen. Kubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cufl makers. Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits . FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEB. 4,843,1.55 772,731 458,975' 307,788 5,968 430,067 6,713 10,913 5,989 52,028 8,126 7,399 327,635 11,264 1,956,973 5.448 59,511 8,645 147, 103 8,012 107,081 329,359 108,978 1,166,708 16,228 481,380 10, 4Y2 72,928 81,023 33,872 17,052 142,Sj90 85,126 21,999 16,618 1,202,004 14, 306 36,490 14, 498 7,810 7,175 5,767 8,709 15,361 6,945 231,458 8,332 97, 181 28,293 26,432 27, 169 44,051 676,948 338,290 7,049 82,958 139, 149 27,788 61,612 19,102 37, 126 140, 411 Number. Single.3 220,515 28,118 1,556 375,918 3,515 8,269 4,656 41,426 4,805 3,349 302, 140 7,758 1,204,484 3,283 8,376 954 87,460 990 44,596 94,702 63,982 895,084 5,067 408, 141 4,926 67,720 72,684 8,332 16,510 128,422 80,811 20,393 9,343 907,019 13,274 29,658 13,409 5,824 4,406 5,206 7,213 13,799 6,002 184,826 6,217 71,627 24,720 23,832 21,917 36,512 231,869 5,936 65, 112 96,773 23,405 47,959 11,649 26,694 114,017 Married. 775,924 229, 438 179,756 47,983 1,699 31,954 2,577 1,519 600 1,724 2,358 14,681 2,029 324, 105 1,198 15,637 2,630 18,086 3,404 31,416 112,012 13,842 120,941 34, 179 2,-189 2,950 4,219 9,673 861 7,621 2,079 897 3,690 156,248 401 4,678 619 817 2,170 315 844 946 678 33,234 1,087 19,688 2,280 1,671 3,721 4,787 89,528 49,253 643 10, 453 16,967 2,385 6,807 4,020 7,110 15, 108 Widowed. 857,922 283, 448 54,882 225,991 2,575 19,500 433 969 676 1,487 1,499 9,610 1,338 33, 104 4,633 37,901 3,485 29j062 114,679 29,384 136,066 6,810 35,345 2,998 1,856 3,624 15, 249 586 5,342 1,704 592 3,394 124,674 Divorced. 63,568 9,656 3,822 6,696 138 2,695 188 156 67 648 110 193 1,204 33,429 135 2,394 328 3,656 133 2,007 7,966 1,770 14,618 422 3,715 579 1,848 416 1,109 525 195 590 496 12,189 968 5,381 1,145 823 1,355 2,617 93,207 51,057 430 6,343 24, 133 1,831 6,293 3,120 2,974 10,209 369 402 496 618 95 905 532 117 191 14,063 52 406 55 60 74' 51 62 120 27 1,210 60 485 148 106 176 235 10,521 6,121 41 1,050 2,276 167 553 313 348 1,077 Percent. Single.' 65.0 32.4 48.0 9.1 26.1 87.4 62.4 75.8 77.7 79.6 69.1 45.3 92.2 60.2 14.1 11.2 59.4 12.3 41.7 28.8 68.7 76.7 31.2 84.8 47.1 92.9 89.7 24.6 91.0 90.2 94.9 92.7 66.2 76.4 Married. 39.2 15.6 28.5 7.4 38.4 13.9 10.0 12.4 21.2 31.9 4.5 18.0 16.6 22.0 26.3 30.8 12.3 42.5 34.0 12.7 10.4 30.4 7.1 92.8 81.3 92.5 74.6 61.4 90.3 82.8 89.8 86.4 79.8 74.6 73.7 87.4 90.2 80.7 82.9 71.4 68.5 84.2 78.5 69.6 84.2 77.8 61.0 71.9 81.2 20.9 4.0 5.2 28.6 5.0 5.4 2.6 4.1 22.2 13.0 Widowed. 2.8 12.5 4.3 10.4 30.3 5.4 9.7 6.2 8.3 14.4 13.1 20.3 8.1 6.3 13.7 10.9 13.2 14.6 9.1 12.6 11.5 8.6 11.1 21.1 19.2 10.7 12.0 73.4 43.1 6.4 8.9 11.3 6.7 18.3 20.2 2.9 11.9 20.2 15.3 55.6 54.2 25.8 27.1 34.8 27.0 11.7 35.8 7.3 28.6 2.5 4.5 45.0 3.4 2.0 2.7 20.4 10.4 4.0 6.1 2.8 14.2 7.3 3.4 6.8 3.2 4.9 Divorced. 5.3 11. fi 5.6 4.(1 3.1 .5.0 5.7 13.8 15.1 6.1 7.6 17.3 6.6 10.2 16.3 8.0 '7.3 1.3 T2 0.8 1.9 2.3 2.8 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.4 2.6 0.4 1.2 1.7 2.5 4.0 3.8 2.6 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.2 2.6 0.8 3.4 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.2 C.4 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.3 1.6 0.6 0.9 1.6 0.9 0.8 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years nf age and over. , ,^ „ .^ ^ „, ^ ,. , ,. J Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persona in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ' Including unlmown. OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION. 171 Table 21,— DISTRIBUTION,^ BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2) : 1900— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons. Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation....... Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists ; Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits- Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. Total. 1,773.109 264, 687 82,584 179, 475 2,628 275,384 3,425 7,588 4,439 34,145 6,132 4,886 208,030 6,739 535, 566 1,672 31,773 5,045 77,993 1,348 21,706 41,680 43,866 .S05.975 4,509 223,938 6,643 .35,911 40, 994 10, 471 6,09! 60,129 45, .398 12,018 6,283 473,634 4,489 14,720 4,620 2,315 3.969 1,607 2,668 8,457 1,267 74,617 2,164 35,079 12,333 8,671 6,803 9,667 293,832 152,866 2,491 45, 193 60,339 11,412 14, 087 7,444 12.751 48,342 Number. Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced 57,885 16,320 710 239,642 1,783 5,683 3,435 27,043 2,226 191,400 4,434 346,350 916 4,110 501 44,403 240 10, 129 13,968 25.355 246,042 1,686 189, 520 3,022 32, 577 35,878 3,140 5,368 52, 626 42.380 10,922 3,607 327,735 4,044 10,699 4,166 1,769 1,997 1.403 2,085 7,450 1,041 57,965 1,273 25,772 10,334 7,851 6,213 7,522 187,883 91,942 1,918 33, 448 38,264 9.013 9,737 3,561 9,391 .37,842 40,339 17, 123 22, 525 691 20,682 1,.326 1,097 454 4,390 1,337 1,574 9,188 1,316 66, 619 406 8,223 1,622 9,902 414 4,708 10,279 4,951 24,843 1,271 16,847 1.411 1,8.57 2,505 3,164 400 4,107 1,416 620 1,377 73.078 164 2,709 276 250 1,592 ni 246 626 118 11,074 413 6,610 1,266 443 1.092 i;250 47, 484 27, 573 335 6,919 7,657 1,387 1,878 1,835 2,474 6,965 146,946 7,096 137,681 1,169 13,248 208 682 611 2,260 1,172 955 6,6'i6 894 18,026 2,719 21,276 652 6,314 15,567 12. 526 30, 530 1,378 15,291 1,941 1,209 2,281 3,966 266 2,819 1,206 387 1,216 63,974 252 1,028 147 274 336 67 187 294 82 4,871 433 2,390 631 223 390 804 51,744 29,320 211 4,065 13.140 901 2,224 1,883 737 3,955 29,746 3,487 480 2,949 58 1,912 108 126 .39 462 85 131 866 96 13,320 61 1,414 203 2,412 42 554 1,866 1,034 6,660 174 2,280 268 330 211 57 29 284 31 22 44 26 40 707 45 307 102 54 108 91 6,721 4,031 27 761 1,378 111 248 165 149 590 Per cent. Single.' Married. Widowed. Divorced, 70.1 9.1 27.0 87.0 62.1 74.9 77.4 79.2 67.7 45.6 92.0 65.8 64.7 64.8 12.9 9.9 66 9 17.8 46.7 33.5 57.8 80.1 37.4 84.7 45.5 90.7 87.6 30.0 88.1 87.6 93.3 90.9 57.4 69.2 90.1 72.7 90.2 76.4 50.3 87.3 81.5 88.1 82.8 77.7 .'i8.8 73.6 83.8 91.6 76.6 77.8 63.9 60.2 77.0 74.0 63.4 79.0 69.1 47.8 73.6 78.3 20.7 12.6 26.3 7.5 38.7 14.4 10.2 12.9 21.8 32.2 4.4 19.5 12.4 24.3 26.9 .32.2 12.7 30.7 21.7 24.7 11.3 8.1 28.2 7.5 21.2 5.2 6.1 30.1 6.6 3.1 6.2 21.9 15.4 3.7 18.4 6.0 10.8 40.1 6.9 9.6 7.4 9.4 14.8 19.1 18.8 10.3 5.2 16.1 12.9 16.2 18.0 13.4 15.3 12.5 12.1 13 3 24.7 19.4 12.3 19.6 56.1 8.6 76.7 44.5 6.1 9.0 11.5 6.6 19.1 19.5 3.2 13.3 20.4 17.3 56.7 53.9 27.3 48.4 29.1 37.3 28.5 10.0 30.6 6.8 29.2 3.4 5.6 37.9 4.4 4.7 2.7 3.2 19.4 13.6 5.6 7.0 3.2 11.8 8.5 4.2 7.3 3.5 6.5 6.5 20.0 6.8 5.1 2.6 5.7 8.3 17.6 19.2 8.5 9.0 21.8 7.9 16.8 25.3 6.8 8.2 1.7 1.3 0.6 1.6 2.2 3.1 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.4 2.7 0.4 1.4 3.6 4.5 10 3.1 3.1 2.5 4.5 2.4 1.8 3.8 4.1 0.7 0.8 2.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.6 1.9 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.0 2.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.6 1.0 2.3 2.6 1.1 1.7 2.3 1.0 1.8 2.2 L2 1.2 lOn the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ' Including unknown. 172 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900— Continued. .OCCUPATION. All occupatiotis Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) .'. Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents - Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Oth& persons in trade and transportation Manufaoturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners '. Glovemakers -■ Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk miU operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers ' PTat and cap makers: MiUiners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits . NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEAES OP AGE. AND 'OVEE HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOEEIGN BORN. 1,091,200 25, 775 6,243 18,665 867 112,921 1,99S 2,363 1,164 13,362 1,522 1,276 88,572 2,677 326,949 1,775 9,797 1,518 29,209 1,917 6,787 28, 738 19,546 223, 381 3,281 193,688 2,248 30,624 32,108 8,223 8,309 64, 864 33, 700 8,611 4,901 432, 967 8,208 16,500 7,793 3,628 2,138 3,029 3,899 5,706 3,607 77,521 3,648 20,299 10,606 11,304 11,380 20,284 232, 352 117, 314 2,987 28, 752 41,912 11,666 23,631 6,091 10,028 68, 758 Number. Single.' Married. , Widowed. Divorced. 930, 165 8,083 6,303 2,407 373 104,284 1,118 1,929 982 11,466 1,043 651 86,001 2,104 262, 176 1,404 1,712 256 21,018 313 4,702 16, 360 13,627 201,669 1,325 177,619 1,356 29, 370 30,170 2,994 7,915 61,052 32,724 8,230 3,808 378,003 7,775 14, 962 7,361 2,968 1,708 2,828 3,531 5,332 3,177 69,293 3,195 17, 199 9,857 10,743 10,161 18,138 196, 656 97,245 2,727 25, 139 35,103 10,528 20, 616 6,298 8, 915 63, 497 69,066 83, 154 747 3,493 183 249 88 1,119 261 369 340 24,767 198 2,639 429 2,976 733 1,025 4,668 1,869 9,568 762 7,291 383 690 962 1,926 200 1,907 485 207. 631 176 987 231 240 314 115 213 213 191 5,621 260 2,337 4.58 1,380 15,862 9,021 132 2,101 2,291 578 1,369 630 2,797 12, 836 172 12, 376 288 3,147 128 166 83 654 198 213 1,501 206 34,973 149 6,061 766 4,669 829 965 7,062 3,861 10,635 1,106 7,708 454 852 3,068 167 1,648 379 161 527 24,490 241 470 183 298 94 70 140 136 131 2,366 197 686 266 203 322 702 17,706 9,837 119 1,304 4,0.51 526 1,603 403 2,262 1,816 433 23 485 63 20 11 123 20 43 187 28 4,043 24 486 67 566 42 105 668 47 110 124 235 27 257 112 2,885 241 6 77 35 26 2,128 1,211 9 208 467 34 163 46 Per cent. Single.' 12.9 43.0 92.4 66.0 81.6 84.4 86.8 68.6 51.0 96.0 78.6 79.1 17.6 16.9 72.0 16.3 69.3 56.9 69.2 90.2 40.4 91.7 60.3 95.9 94.0 36.4 96.3 94.1 97.1 96.6 77.7 87.3 917 90.7 94.6 84.1 79.9 93.4 90.6 93.6 89.4 87.6 84.7 93.0 95.1 84 7 82.9 91.3 87.4 83.7 90.2 87.2 87.0 91.0 Married. Widowed. Divorced. 12.0 18.7 21.1 4.4 34.9 ■10.5 7.6 8.4 17.2 28.9 2.1 12.7 7.6 11.2 26.9 28.2 10.2 38.2 16.1 16.2 9.6 4.3 23.2 3.8 17.0 2.2 3.0 23.4 2.4 2.9 1.5 2.4 10.8 6.4 2.1 6.0 3.0 6.8 14.7 3.8 5.5 3.7 6.5 7.2 0.8 11.5 4.3 2.9 7.6 6.8 6.8 7.7 4.4 7.3 6.5 5.0 6.8 6.2 6.3 4.8 2.8 66.3 33.2 2.8 6.4 7.0 7.1 4.9 13.0 16.7 1.7 7.7 10.7 8.4 61.7 60.6 15.9 43.3 14.1 24.6 19.7 4.7 33.7 4.0 20.6 1.6 2.6 37.3 2.0 2.6 1.1 1.7 10.8 6.6 3.0 2.8 2.3 8.5 4.4 2.3 3.6 2.4 3.7 3.1 6.4 3.4 2.4 1.8 2.8 3.5 7.6 8.4 4.0 i6 9.7 4.5 "6.4 6.0 4.0 3.8 0.8 1.7 0.3 2.1 2.7 2.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 3.4 0.2 1.0 1.3 4.9 4.4 1.9 2.2 1.5 2.3 1.6 0.8 2.7 0.6 2.1 0.4 0.4 2.9 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ,. , j. 2 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ' Including unknown. OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION. 173 Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION/ BY MARITAL CONDITION, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900— Continued OCCUPATION. All occupations Agriciiltural pursuits Agricultflral laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional sliow-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons l Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house licepers Hotel keepers Houselieepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses . '. Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Boolckeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton-mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mm operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile- workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits rOEEION BOEN WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK. Total. 840,686 «,917 4,567 34,982 1,368 26,937 1,031 875 361 3,354 415 1,067 17,299 1,535 456,070 1,002 14, 320 1,811 30,348 3,890 7,963 42,835 26,760 322, 190 4,965 59,793 1,314 6,195 7,372 14,260 2,426 16,898 5,848 1,357 4,123 267,909 1,575 5,201 2,041 1,894 1,014 1,129 2,227 1,101 2,180 78, 833 2, 513 41,614 5,339 6,513 8,916 14,038 122,937 55. 506 1,669 8,840 2.5,085 4. 598 23,448 3,831 9,706 28, 132 Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced. 586, 514 3,474 2,182 1,036 256 2i,oio 472 600 226 2,227 201 421 15,762 1,095 335,466 693 1,899 167 17, 743 276 2,910 14,668 15,508 280, 610 1,176 39,304 432 5,023 0,267 2,005 2,096 14, 626 6,565 1,228 1,614 187, 271 1,430 3,949 1,856 1,009 095 973 1,580 934 1,783 57,289 1,747 28,489 4,621 5,198 6,518 10,816 88,085 37,522 1,290 ti.424 18,961 3,766 17,461 2,671 0,279 21,349 102,416 7,536 1,824 5,359 363 2,667 443 146 50 004 102 348 715 259 42, 339 219 3,900 523 3,453 1,902 2,741 9,321 3,629 15, 322 1,329 8,678 318 374 640 4,138 201 a, 485 166 70 1,296 41, 190 57 867 301 240 379 100 269 16,435 420 10,680 662 .S94 1,7-17 2,142 16. 0:-!!! 8.224 'l74 1,388 1,929 410 3,380 531 2,492 3,832 145, 316 29, 371 644 28,098 729 2,094 0,441 530 92 114 78 475 107 286 775 168 ' 74,649 166 8,162 1,067 8,704 1,671 2,222 18,094 7,340 24,863 2,360 11,400 627 177 429 7,900 120 818 113 54 1,262 27,801 82 345 80 610 71 58 261 61 125 4,852 337 2,249 255 396 610 1,000 17,654 9,102 100 950 3,976 400 2,463 2.816 17 489 30 166 Percent. Single.^ Married. Widowed. Divorced 24 366 54 90 862 273 ,389 91 411 37 21 36 157 10 70 24 6 51 1,701 7 6 3 257 9 96 11 26 36 SO 1,102 058 5 78 229 22 144 26 135 47.8 3.0 18.7 45 8 09.3 48.4 39.5 91.1 71.3 73.5 39.9 16.3 25.8 10.3 59.2 13.3 9.2 58.4 7.1 30.6 34.0 58.0 87.1 23.7 05 7 32.9 90.8 85.0 14.5 80.4 80.0 95.0 90.6 36.7 72.0 75.9 90.9 56.5 68.6 80.2 71.0 84.8 81.8 72.7 69.5 68.6 84.7 79.8 73.1 77.0 71.7 67.5 82.2 72.7 75.5 81.9 74.5 69.7 64.7 75.9 43.0 10.7 13.9 18.0 24.0 32.0 4.1 16.9 9.3 21.8 27.2 28.9 11.4 48.9 34.4 21.8 13.6 4.8 20.8 14.5 24.2 6.0 8.7 29.0 8.3 2.7 5.1 31.4 16.0 .3.0 16.7 4.9 15 9 23.7 7.9 17.0 9.1 12.4 20. S 10.7 26.7 10. .1 13.7 19.6 15 3 13.0 14.8 11.1 15.7 7.7 8.9 14.4 13.9 2.5.7 13.0 17.3 11.9 80.3 53.3 8.9 13.0 21.0 14.2 25.8 26.7 4.5 10.9 16.4 16.6 57.0 68.9 28.7 43.0 27.9 42.2 27.4 7.7 47.6 19.1 40.1 2.9 6.8 65.4 4.9 4.8 1.9 4.0 10.8 6.2 0.6 3.9 20.9 7.0 5.1 11.7 5.5 6.7 6.2 13.4 6.4 4.8 6.1 0.9 7.1 14.4 10.6 0.4 10.7 1.5.9 8.7 10.5 15.7 9.1 10.0 0.8 1.3 0.4 1.4 2.2 0.6 2.3 1.0 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.9 2.4 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.1 2.0 1.0 0.4 1.9 2.8 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.3 9 org 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of a^e and over. 2 Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons In the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. 3 Including unknown. 174 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2): 1900— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailoresses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits NEGKO FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. 1,119,653 434,041 361,804 71, 665 672 15, 515 252 83 25 1,159 50 160 13,479 307 634, 104 981 3,576 152 9,408 854 70,112 215,043 18,676 313,091 2,211 3,920 265 189 539 856 224 378 174 11 1,284 32,073 481 7 289 15 44 70 56 24,389 12,421 2 169 11,297 109 301 90 4,639 2,219 Number. Single. 3 Married. Widowed. Divorced. 154, 669 8,185 121 10,840 139 50 13 686 19 47 9,762 124 258,910 367 647 28 4,238 161 26,713 49,635 9,559 167,060 502 1,652 115 144 360 126 132 2]£ 146 11 407 13,384 276 2 167 8 40 25 34 9,792 5,090 101 4,342 98 129 32 2,109 376, 114 172,766 157,073 15,442 250 3,542 105 25 360 362 962 60 1,694 355 22,741 87,128 3,316 70,206 846 1,294 77 27 112 416 68 109 22 474 10,864 102 4 61 4 2 18 13 8,415 4,390 2 42 3,864 8 85 24 1,512 753 93,234 46,808 46,234 192 1,001 6 7 4 108 10 46 750 71 175,187 226 1,838 71 3,237 330 19,411 73,727 5,627 69,911 67 16 62 302 33 56 6 5,767 2,723 24 2,893 3 81 33 947 458 18, 122 5,067 3,254 1,804 9 132 6 104 3 12,348 26 129 1,247 4,553 174 5,915 54 50 21 526 425 218 2 198 Per cent. Single.' Married. Widowed. Divorced 37.5 42.8 11.4 21.1 (.<) (.') 59.2 (<) 29.4 72.4 40.4 40.8 37.4 18.1 18.4 45.1 18.9 38.1 23.1 61.2 53.4 22.7 42.1 43.4 76.2 66.8 14.6 66.1 83.9 W 31.7 41.7 i<) (<) (<) (') (') w 57. i S. (<) 40.2 41.0 59.8 38.4 42.9 (') 45.5 44.5 33.6 43.4 21.6 43.7 W (<) 8.1 21.2 35.5 36.9 26.9 32.9 18.0 41.6 32.4 40.5 17.8 22.4 33.0 29.0 14.3 20.8 48.5 25.9 28.8 12.6 36.9 33.9 (<) (*) (<) (<) (<) (') (<) 21.2 w 21.1 (<) (<) (<) (') 34.5 35.3 (<) 24.8 34.2 7.3 28.2 (.<) 32.6 33.9 24.8 12.9 64.6 33.6 6.5 2.0 9.3 (*) 28.8 5.6 23.1 27.6 23.0 51.4 46.7 34.4 27.7 34.3 30.1 22.3 36.6 23.6 11.5 35.3 14.7 14.8 3.5 29.) 22.1 (<) <<) (') (') (') (<) 19.4 (<) w (') 21.9 14.2 25.6 2.8 26.9 W 20.4 20.7 1.6 0.9 2.5 1.6 (<) 1.2 3.7 0.8 1.0 2.7 3.6 2.0 2.6 0.9 1.8 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.0 0.9 1.6 0.5 0.3 1.6 1.6 (') (.<) 1.0 'i.'i 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.8 (<) 1.5 0.9 1 On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over. ^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad. ' Including unknown. * Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 176 WOMEN AT WORK. Table a2.— INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED OCCUPATION. All occupations Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits Professional service .' Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians-and surgeons Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Hotel keepers I Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons La.borers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal sendee Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers a,nd typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation . . . Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers Gold and silver workers Paper and pulp mill operatives Prmters, lithographers, and pressworaen Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers ^. Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seamstresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Tailore.sses Other textile workers Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. 1900 5,007,069 811,744 497,886 307, 788 6,070 430, 766 6,819 10, 989 5,989 62, 267 8,126 7,399 327,906 11,282 5, .533 59,511 8,545 147, 103 8,028 111,603 332,666 lOS, 978 .213,828 16, 346 494, 126 10, .538 73, 820 83, 726 34,008 18,673 146, .577 85,912 22,4.54 IS, 418 15,171 38,286 35,992 8,686 7,543 6,158 9, 164 15, 770 7,238 250, 376 8,679 104,944 31,108 29,200 28, 961 47,484 B9.1, 158 342, 579 7,398 85, 025 143,270 29, .509 66, 353 20, 024 40, 325 1.50,627 1890 3,712,144 695, 134 363,554 226,427 5,153 311,241 4,491 10,775 2,764 34,435 4,876 4, ,567 245,839 3,505 1,. 590, 187 2,779 32,593 5,276 86,089 2,803 ,50, 321 215, 121 41.396 1,145,255 222, ,553 4,853 27,606 62,817 25,284 6,147 57, 171 21.214 8,403 9.058 993, 029 11,271 32,948 12,325 5,328 3,608 3,253 8,719 12,026 6,331 211,112 10, 4,52 84,220 19,321 19, 108 34, 428 43, 583 588, 277 i.90, 308 6, 552 60, 653 143, ,339 15, .534 61,488 10,403 25,853 71,978 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. 216,610 134, 332 81,361 917 119,525 2,328 214 3,225 17,822 3,251 2,842 82,066 7,777 421,853 2,754 26, 918 3,269 61,014 6,226 61,182 117,544 67,582 68, ,573 7,792 271,573 5,686 46,214 20, 909 8,724 12,526 89,406 64,698 14,051 9, 360 266,364 3,900 5, 337 3,667 3,258 3, 935 2,905 446 3,744 907 39,264 2 1,773 20, 724 11,787 10, 092 !5,467 3,901 104, R,S1 52, 2 n 846 21,372 2 69 13,975 3, ,865 9,621 1 t. 472 78, filfl 34.9 36.9 •35.9 17.8 38.4 61.8 2.0 116.7 61.8 66.7 62.4 33.4 221.9 26.5 99.1 82.6 62.0 70.9 186.4 121.6 54.6 163.3 6.0 91.1 122.0 117.1 167.4 33.3 34.5 203.8 156. 4 305.0 167.2 103.3 26.7 34.6 16.2 29.8 61.1 109.1 89.3 6.1 31.1 14.3 18.6 '17.0 24.6 61.0 52.8 2 15.9 9.0 17.8 18.0 12.9 40.2 (■) 90.0 6.3 92.5 .56.0 109.3 Native white — both parents native. 1900 274, 332 92,201 179.475 2,656 275, 766 3,484 7,621 4,--l,39 ,34,264 6,132 1,886 208, 193 6,746 554,903 1,701 31,773 6,046 77, 993 1,353 22,613 42, ,322 43, 866 323, 703 4,634 228, 349 6,677 36, 200 41,918 10, ,506 6,711 .61,561 45,669 12, 284 6,823 492,501 4,797 15,410 5,063 2,655 4,100 1,705 2,689 8,662 1,3,33 82, 228 2,266 38, 931 13, 598 9, 653 7,316 10,474 298, 388 153,912 2,588 46,943 61,517 12,118 14,6.57 7,653 13,,Sfi6 51,7(15 1890 1,310,148 190, 789^ 49,935 138, 742 2,112 211,716 2,470 7,912 2,083 23,676 3,768 3,202 166,207 2,398 427,261 774 17,030 3,146 46, 823 471 7,734 19,517 17, 480 311,479 2,797 100, .529 Increase, 1890 to 1900. Number. Per cent. 616, 702 8,3, .543 42,266 40, 733 544 64,049 1,014 = 291 2,356 10,688 2,364 1,684 41,986 4,348 127,652 3, 346 14, 872 31,431 7,407 1,836 21,781 12, 861 4,204 2,791 379,863 3,044 13, 892 3,739 1,283 2,017 1,036 2,298 6,260 1,190 55,527 3,247 21,674 7,217 4,072 7,644 11,673 260, 129 129, 768 2,364 34,855 69,806 5,140 16, 528 2,668 7,014 22, 434 92/ 14, 743 1,899 31,170 882 14, 879 22, 806 26,386 12,224 1,737 127,820 3, .331 21,328 10, 487 3,099 4,875 39, 780 32, 808 8,080 4,032 112, 638 1,753 1,518 1,324 1,272 2,083 669 .391 2,402 143 26, 701 2 991 17,257 6,381 5, .581 2.328 2 1,199 38,2.59 24,144 224 11,088 2 8, 289 6, 978 2 871 4,985 6,8.52 29, 271 39.4 43.8 84.6 29.4 25.8 ,30.3 41.1 23.7 113.1 44.7 62.7 62.6 26.3 181.3 29.9 119.8 86.6 60.4 66.6 187.3 192.4 116.8 150.9 3.9 62.1 127.1 143. 4 33 4 41.8 266.6 182.6 2.55. 1 192.2 144.6 29.7 o7.6 10.9 36.4 99.1 103.3 64.6 17.0 38.4 12.0 48.1 2 30.6 79.6 88.4 137.1 24.3 2 10.3 14.7 18.6 9.6 31.8 2 11.9 135.8 2 5.6 186. 8 97.7 130.6 iComprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United .States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only. 2 Decrease. INCREASE, 1890 TO 1900. 177 BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1890 TO 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Native white — one or both parents foreign born. Foreign born white. Neg ro. Increase, 1890 to 1900. Increase, 1890 to 1900. Increase, 1890 to 1900. 19«0 1890 1900 1890 1900 189« Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1,138,129 774,751 363, 378 46.9 861,963 756,006 105,967 14.0 1,162,260 867,717 294, 533 ■ 33.9 1 26, 653 12,817 13,836 108.0 41,165 33,179 7,986 24.1 462, 148 357, 749 104,399 29.2 2 7,114 2,998 4,116 137.3 4,800 2,661 2,139 80.4 389,896 307; 668 82,228 26.7 3 18,665 8,954 9,711 108.4 34,982 29,106 5,876 20.2 71,665 49,366 22,299 46.2 4 874 865 9' 1.0 1,383 1,412 2 29 22.1 587 716 2 128 2 17.9 6 113,112 71,093 42,019 59.1 26,002 19,587 6.415 32.8 16, 577 8,780 6,797 77.4 6 2,022 1,064 958 90.0 1,046 876 170 19.4 257 63 194 (») 7 2,393 2,008 385 19.2 886 788 98 12.4 85 65 20 « 8 1,164 451 713 1.58. 1 361 207 154 74.4 26 22 3 « 9 13,423 7,586 6,838 77.0 3,373 2,568 805 31.3 1,179 690 689 99.8 10 1,522 749 773 103.2 415 333 82 24.6 60 25 25 « 11 1,276 650 626 96.3 1,067 572 495 86.5 160 115 46 39.1 12 88,630 57,999 30,631 62.8 17,314 13,793 3,. 521 25.5 13,513 7,830 5,683 72.6 13 2,682 587 2,095 356.9 1,540 450 1,090 242.2 308 70 238 (') 14 341,604 236, 322 105,282 44.6 462, 119 451,681 10, 438 2.3 648,006 472,787 176,219 37.1 15 1,804 927 877 94.6 1,026 562 464 82.6 984 513 471 91.8 16 9,797 4,018 5,779 143.8 14,326 9,736 4, .590 47.1 3,576 1,786 1,790 100.2 17 1,518 635 883 139.1 1,811 1,.369 442 32.3 152 126 26 20.6 18 29,209 11,280 17,929 158.9 30, 348 19, 775 10, .573 .53.5 9,408 8,104 1,304 16.1 19 1,924 565 1,359 240.5 3,890 1,323 2,567 194.0 858 443 416 93.7 '20 7,304 2§,641 3,086 4,218 136.7 8,189 4,481 3,708 82.7 72,873 34, 773 38, 100 109.6 21 12,698 16,943 133.4 43, 107 31,905 11,202 35.1 216, 628 150.430 66,098 43.9 22 19,546 5,847 13,699 234.3 26,760 13,164 13, 586 103. 2 18,676 4,890 13, 786 281.9 23 237,539 195,641 41,898 21.4 327,700 366,097 2 38,397 '10.5 322,731 270,889 51,842 19.1 24 3,322 1,625 1,697 104.4 4,972 3,269 1,703 52.1 2,220 833 1,387 166.6 25 199,864 86,019 113,845 132.3 61,776 33, 714 28,062 83.2 3,994 2,2.37 1,757 78.5 26 2,271 808 1,463 181.1 1,318 636 682 107.2 270 62 208 (•) 27 31,070 10, 534 20,636 194.9 6,347 2,145 4,202 195.9 193 54 139 V) 28 33,364 24, 741 8,623 34.9 7,885 6,299 1,586 25.2 649 341 208 61.0 29 8,286 5.219 3,067 58.8 14,298 12,010 2,288 19; 1 8.50 619 237 .38.3 30 9.123 3,340 5,783 173.1 2,605 930 1,675 180.1 232 34 198 « 31 67,054 28,637 38,617 136.0 17,553 6,713 10,840 161.5 387 139 248 178.4 32 34, 100 6,966 27, 134 389.5 6,960 1,356 4,604 339.5 177 31 146 (') 33 8,771 3,393 5,378 158.5 1,386 750 036 84.8 11 66 2 45 (') 34 5,825 2,481 3,344 134.8 4,424 2,875 1,549 53.9 1,319 901 418 46.4 35 456, 896 368,500 88,396 24.0 270,901 217, 845 53,056 24.4 32, 625 26,164. 6,361 24.3 36 8,667 6,930 1,737 25.1 1.673 1,283 390 30.4 34 14 20 (') 37 17, 364 14,643 2,821 19.4 6,440 4,431 1,009 22.8 68 78 2 10 (=) 38 8,564 6,969 1,595 22.9 2,321 1,612 709 44.0 44 4 40 (') 33 3,885 2,198 1,687 76.8 2,073 1,774 299 16.9 67 72 25 h 40 2,317 1,115 1,202 107.8 1,072 471 601 127.6 10 4 6 41 3,244 4,120 1,693 3,706 1,551 414 91.6 11.2 1,207 2,330 524 2,694 683 2 364 130.3 2 13.6 2 25 2 4 42 21 (■') 43 5,867 4,666 1,202 26.8 1,142 1,030 112 10.9 98 71 27 (») 44 3,669 3,330 339 10.2 2,234 1,808 426 23.6 2 3 21 « 46 84,211 77, 471 6,740 8.7 83,406 77, 334 6,071 7.9 626 773 2 247 232.0 46 3,833 4,147 2 314 27.6 1 2,583 3,016 2 433 2 14.4 7 40 233 (') 47 21,967 23, 121 2 1,154 26.0 ; 43,731 39, 182 4,649 11.6 316 241 74 30.7 48 11,709 8,129 3,580 44.0 6,784 3,951 1,833 46.4 17 24 27 (') 49 12, 535 9,665 2,870 29.7 6,960 6,358 1.602 29.9 52 13 39 (') 50 12, 157 16,051 2 3,894 2 24.3 9,415 10,663 2 1,248 211.7 73 70 3 (=) 51 22,010 16,358 6,662 34.6 14,932 16, 164 2 232 21.5 62 385 2323 283.9 62 240, 253 203,952 36,301 17.8 127,463 103,862 23,601 22.7 24, 550 1 20,054 4,496 22.4 53 119,685 103,066 16,629 16.1 66,381 49,846 6,535 13.1 12,478 7,543 4,9.35 65.4 64 3,112 3,030 82 2.7 1,696 1,164 542 47.0 2 4 ■ 22 55 29, 718 18, 194 11,524 63.3 1 9, 187 7,240 1,947 26.9 173 359 2 186 251.8 56 43,622 40,761 2,861 7.0 26,236 21,000 5,236 24.9 11,374 11,681 2 3U7 22.6 57 12,324 7,347 4,977 67.7 4,942 2,993 1,949 66.1 120 54 66 (') 58 25,275 26,250 2 975 23.7 24,961 19.266 5,696 29.6 312 366 254 2 14.8 59 6,517 5,314 1,203 22.6 4,060 2,364 1.696 71.7 91 47 44 P) 60 11,249 8,070 3.179 39.4 10,411 6,714 3,697 65.1 4,796 4,046 750 18.5 61 63,486 33,858 29,628 87.6 30. 130 14,308 15,822 110.6 2,303 1,024 1,279 124.9 62 12694—07- 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. -12 * I-ess than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 178 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 23.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. OCCUPATION. AH occupations , Agricultural pursuits , Agricultural laborers Farmers, planters, and overseers Other agricultural pursuits , Professional service , Actresses, professional show-women, etc Artists and teachers of art Literary and scientific persons Musicians and teachers of music Officials (government) Physicians and surgeons ; Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Other professional service Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers (including hotel keepers) Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses Other domestic and personal service Trade and transportation Agents Bookkeepers and accountants , . Clerks and copyists Merchants and dealers (except wholesale) Packers and shippers. , Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators Other persons in trade and transportation Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits •Bookbinders Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Confectioners Glovemakers G old and silver workers : Paper and pulp mill operatives i Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen ; Rubber factory operatives Textile mill operatives Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Other textile mill operatives Textile workers i. Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Milliners Seam stresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers > Tailoresses Other textile workers i Tobacco and cigar factory operatives '. Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total. Number living in— Per cent living in — Cities liaving at least 60,000 inhab- itfenta. Smaller cities and country- districts. Cities hav- ing at least 60,000 in- habitants. Smaller cities and country districts. 4,833,630 1,657,728 3,176,902 34.3 65.7 770,055 2,853 767,202 0.4 99.6 456, 405 307,706 5,944 1,510 641 802 454,895 307,165 5,142 0.3 0.2 13.5 99.7 99.8 86.5 429,49/ 118,854 310,643 27.7 72.3 6,661 10,907 5,984 52,010 5,182 5,351 2,811 18,563 1,479 5,556 3,173 33,447 77.8 49.1 47.0 35.7 22.2 60.9 63.0 64.3 8,119 7,387 327,206 11,223 659 3,858 76,274 6,156 7,460 3,529 250,932 5,067 8.1 52.2 23.3 54.9 91.9 47.8 76.7 45.1 1,953,467 683,609 1,269,858 .36.0 65.0 5,440 67,988 146,929 8,010 3,744 25,289 33,722 6,842 1,696 42,699 113,207 1,168 68.8 37.2 23.0 85.4 31.2 62.8 77.0 14.6 106,916 328,935 108,691 1,165,561 14,997 10,769 113,801 48,869 432,500 8,073 96,147 215, 134 69,822 733,061 6,924 10.1 34.6 45.0 37.1 53.8 89.9 65.4 65.0 62.9 46.2 481, 159 285,004 196,155 59.2 40.8 10,468 72,896 81,000 33,825 17,052 4,965 42,385 49,483 19, 175 10,352 5,503 30,511 31,617 14,660 6,700 47.4 58.1 61.1 56.7 60.7 52.6 41.9 38.9 43.3 39.3 142,265 85,086 21,980 16,687 83,849 54,063 10, 614 10,218 68,416 31,023 11,466 6,369 68.9 63.5 47.8 61.6 41.1 36.5 52.2 38.4 1,199,452 567, 408 632,044 47.3 52.7 14, 303 36,490 14,498 7,805 7,170 11,768 13,864 10,010 5,881 1,764 2,535 22,626 4,488 1,924 5,416 82.3 38.0 69.0 75.3 24.5 17.7 62.0 31.0 24.7 76.5 5,767 8,709 15,353 6,945 3,471 2,345 6,369 2,308 2,296 6,364 8,984 4,637 60.2 26.9 41.6 33.2 39.8 73.1 68.5 66.8 231,458 8,332 97,181 28,293 26, 432 27,169 44,051 90,566 3,639 33,844 10,676 11,085 8,493 22,819 140,902 4,693 63,337 17,617 15,347 18, 676 21,232 39.1 43.7 34.8 37.7 41.9 31.3 51.8 60.9 66.3 65.2 62.3 58.1 68.7 48.2 675,255 338, 144 7,049 82,936 138, 724 27,788 61,571 ■ 19,043 324,610 149,296 3,522 31,610 72,362 13,608 44,412 9,810 350,746 188,848 3,527 51, 426 66,372 14, 180 17,159 9,233 48.1 44.2 50.0 38.0 52.2 49.0 72.1 61.5 51.9 55.8 50.0 62.0 47.8 51 27.9 48.5 37, 125 138,574 19,659 74,913 17,466 63,661 63.0 54.1 47.0 45.9 180 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900. FEMALE BKEADWINNER3 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Agricultural laborers. Farmers, planters, and overseers. Actresses, professional show-women, etc. STATB, OR TERRITOEY. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro, Indian, and ' Mon- golian. Continental United States 456,405 82, 665 6,236 4,643 363,061 307,706 179,448 18,663 34,975 74,620 6,661 3,404 1,983 1,020 254 North Atlantic division 3,211 706 1,737 502 900 72 30,019 22,550 3,113 4,239 117 3,702 1,783 1,157 648 114 373 91 233 9 8,928 7,378 605 1,026 19 478 217 172 70 19 123 69 112 207 74 121 2,506 89 54 77 84 15 54 -1,364 16 6 23 33 3 11 411 19 9 11 89 63 52 667 2,963 1,469 1,336 1,695 190 1,375 21,091 10,512 1,283 9,296 66, 667 2,636 1,362 1,050 1,163 157 1,011 15,172 157 35 133 96 7 77 2,608 167 71 162 330 23 283 3,213 4 1 1 6 3 4 98 19 20 3 348 36 52 3,224 7 10 1 158 16 26 1,666 10 9 2 120 14 17 985 1 1 1 New Hampshire Vermont 1 1 3 4 63 64 4 10 578 16 2 Rhode Island Southern North Atlantic 95 New York 1,269 365 871 185,827 543 158 663 36,388 254 53 104 150 451 131 86 222 21 23 19 149,067 6,950 940 7,282 40,401 1,455 96 1,057 632 2.047 231 936 505 60 16 22 26,119 2,817 142 265 250 1,333 70 163 146 865 49 71 62 639 19 20 25 80 11 18 South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic 9,264 2,121 48 198 6,897 19, 570 14,728 393 389 4,060 190 111 53 18 8 Delaware '. 107 899 4 7,8.56 398 176,563 78 253 2 1,400 388 34,267 2 37 ""m 27 421 2 6,442 5 142,170 316 2,250 9 12,164 4,831 47,087 253 1,687 6 8,253 4,630 25,673 12 136. 84" 162 239 26 166 4 99 95 116 25 263 ■■3,"728' 44 21,059 7 81 32 57 13 60 5 42 24 32 8 34 2 25 5 19 2 9 10 6' 2 7 Virginia 6 4 102 9 1 24 Southern South Atlantic 10 38,001 71,865 59,744 6,953 9,636 12,498 H,067 9,593 1,109 4,423 29 40 24 9 3,180 6 10 6 3 1,856 26,469 60,748 50,121 5,832 177 16,074 13,646 14,308 3,160 84,656 11,640 4,454 8,176 1,403 47,216 64 50 83 62 11,823 33 24 24 35 24,604 4,347 9,017 6,026 1,670 1,013 7 2 32 19 1,777 4 2 21 7 975 2 1 South Carolina 3 4 478 4 2 231 Florida . 6 North Central division 93 Eastern North Central 4,937 2,353 1,597 929 58 46,839 27, 193 7,203 12,113 330 1,221 640 335 175 71 Ohio 1,087 659 1,312 742 1,137 4,699 770 488 636 272 187 2,070 217 131 363 261 635 1,583 86 32 293 206 313 927 16 8 30 3 2 119 13, 169 8,894 10,159 7,801 6,816 37,817 9,401 6,746 6,269 3,604 1,173 20,023 1,980 1,063 1,435 1,272 1,463 4,620 1,673 1,037 2,385 2,868 4,160 12,491 115 48 70 57 40 683 237 85 716 121 62 666 153 61 341 60 25 335 56 15 198 44 22 143 19 3 124 15 14 56 9 Illinois 53 2 Wisconsin 1 Western North Central 22 852 884 1,247 273 325 662 666 256, 179 85 385 913 61 65 189 382 39, 632 495 345 178 66 170 224 105 2,204 271 150 65 144 100 142 55 1,388 1 4 91 2 5,402 6,846 13,862 1,312 1,468 3,246 5,682 114,895 673 3,064 10,993 183 308 1,322 3,480 64,001 774 1,121 1,164 165 238 462 696 1,767 3,885 2,653 1,411 839 844 1,432 1,427 2,472 70 8 294 125 78 29 79 46,665 183 74 153 3 10 105 28 233 83 55 87 2 8 81 19 113 62 12 44 1 2 16 7 66 29 5 13 9 Iowa 2 Missouri 9 North Dakota South Dakota 7 14 213,065 8 1 38 1 Kansas 1 South Central division 16 Eastern South Central 165, 614 1 23,887 245 92 141,390 68,693 38,227 553 498 29,415 96 48 32 9 7 Kentucky 2,350 12, 133 73,738 77, 393 90,666 1,875 3,270 12,425 6,317 15, 645 42 37 71 95 1,969 8 17 12 55 1,296 425 8,809 61,230 70,926 71,665 13,680 14,447 20,428 20,138 46,202 12,653 11,861 8,180 5,633 25, 774 239 108 109 <)7 1,204 290 96 62 60 1,974 698 2,382 12,077 14,358 17,260 45 36 12 4 137 20 19 7 2 66 16 13 2 1 34 6 1 2 .29 3 Tennessee 2 1 Mississippi 1 Western South Central 9 Louisiana 42, 653 20,963 1,600 420 26,029 1,552 3.285 4,401 1,176 254 6,529 486 64 114 18 33 1,730 200 106 46 2 11 1,132 177 39,098 16,403 404 122 15,638 690 8,654 13,194 2,339 2,685 19,330 11,479 3,076 8,032 1,378 1,946 11,342 5,280 125 179 24 200 676 1,338 115 131 11 184 1,533 3,155 5,338 4,852 926 355 6,779 1,706 14 8 6 6 6 1 2 1 1 13 102 699 8 46 388 2 25 220 3 24 78 7 Western division 13 269 158 38 45 18 2,633 1,484 333 596 220 186 118 43 21 4 Montana 27 42 13 89 88 230 137 64 29 1,063 13 12 8 64 71 29 4 16 3 11 4 33 7 7 2 24 5 23 3 7 452 621 168 904 488 2,385 175 300 83 668 358 336 78 93 -27 113 22 190 136 174 66 217 13 578 63 54 2 6 96 1,281 43 17 3 122 1 24 21 10 2 86 12 5 1 26 9 2 1 9 1 3 3 8 145 Basin and Plateau * . 11 10 Arizona 8 21 298 2 26 6 129 5 17 1 109 122 1 22 527 1,420 875 90 6,461 1,286 1,309 3,866 90 205 41 3,460 24 169 7 815 36 608 34 1,981 1,270 3 8 205 11 12 1 489 8 3 L 9 2 Utah 1 64 Pacific 259 167 9 Washington . 632 109 422 58 57 183 14 22 93 19 16 74 441 14 72 640 845 1,976 166 151 499 374 290 1,317 107 23 75 139 39 311 85 19 155 38 12 117 15 4 35 1 Oregon 4 A OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIE 181 Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIOXS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. STATE OR TERRITORY Continental United States. Nortli Atlantic division.. New England Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts .. , Rhode Island Connecticut Southern North Atlantic. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic. Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Florida North Central division . . . Eastern North Central. Ohio Indiana — Illinois Michigan . . Wisconsin. Western North Central., Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Central division . . . Eastern South Central. Kentucky.. Tennessee.. Alabama. . . Mississippi . Western South Central. Louisiana Arkansas Indian Territory. Oklahoma Texas Western division Rocky Mountain .. . Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Basin and Plateau . .\rizona Utah Nevada Pacific. Washington . Oregon California FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Artists and teachers of art. Total. 10,907 4,569 121 73 48 887 93 3,179 1,946 344 454 Native white- Both parents native. 7,584 3,108 1,043 109 66 40 634 65 129 2,065 One or both parents foreign bom. 2,361 1,008 230 3 5 164 17 33 778 17 149 146 85 67 233 49 31 105 48 3,703 2,539 704 225 1,040 386 184 1,164 226 276 357 14 19 112 160 1,225 194 646 105 73 46 202 46 28 93 36 2,506 1,678 509 181 649 237 102 487 105 Foreign bom white 6 318 224 42 62 30 24 Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. 87 144 36 278 84 lis i •'3 ! 1 B 8 13 i 86 122 667 49 6 103 65 14 4 19 134 157 85 357 33 19 ' 54 63 19 16 t 20 18 231 ; 196 1 1 23 306 209 152 18 13 5 167 6 42 8 7 7 4 3 1 132 25 2 2 S 34 3 112 94 706 84 I 18 69 : 20 , 427 i 214 10 5 63 Literary and scientific pf rsons. Total. 5,984 3,046 1,334 365 33 10 20 108 15 6 i 6 129 14 3 1 11 76 4 1 4 52 302 36 9 10 25 15 ■-) 5 19 1 580 14 1 252 1 ... 1 ... 7S ., 115 87 60 850 51 171 Native white- Both parents native. 4,435 1 One or both parents foreign born. 1,163 2,312 1,143 1,038 176 305 13 13 38 17 2,005 364 148 639 i 199 165 , 118 ; 147 152 7 14 83 69 7 41 17 5 3 64 i 1 33 26 266 104 82 55 710 41 151 1,712 ii 1,169 671 137 361 8 87 64 78 1 69 3S .34 13 12 81 i 1)7 276 HI 135 100 431 81 118 106 41 31 16 12 16 11 7 36 43 14 11 5 4 106 7 18 264 29 110 74 32 122 40 56 1 106 Negro, Foreign Indian, born ' and white. Mon- golian. 361 171 4 37 25 4 2 1 ; 7 3 i 4 3 215 9 ' S3 27 25 7 i 1 24 2 L. 166 74 26 Musicians and teachers of music. Total. Native white- ■n^fy. i One or DOtn 1^ th parents L.^Ift. ""ti™- l?ore5n born. Foreign born white Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. 52,010 34,138 I 13,347 18,187 11,388 5,916 3,985 567 306 276 3,467 456 844 12,271 6,765 1,378 4,128 3,273 1,873 128 703 307 464 271 1,400 333 236 628 203 21, 194 13, 207 3,492 1,863 4,527 2,089 1,236 7,987 1,073 2,186 2,197 120 218 863 1,330 5,246 2,473 872 734 475 392 485 245 229 2,229 264 633 7,403 3,630 869 2,914 1,337 5,058 1,449 56 40 39 894 149 271 3,609 2,229 400 980 330 100 468 173 378 218 20 168 72 39 41 121 294 172 636 141 13,831 ] 5,902 8,405 3,846 2,606 1,432 2,729 1,169 669 837 356 1.400 670 683 6,426 I 2,066 484 1,524 1,603 51 135 699 1,030 4,115 633 389 .327 163 67 28 21 418 23 21 7 305 32 30 810 88 158 106 6 3 4 19 1,1J2 100 48 337 227 76 441 141 7 .6X9 62 11 472 72 50 41 28 6K 13 2 205 52 7 240 36 24 2,170 29 14 93 472 373 110 169 1,649 4,110 253 299 85 151 1,382 146 34 13 144 2,324 ; 1,322 25 8 2 3 55 546 226 1.57 84 48 562 25 59 161 35 446 384 2.169 77 61 24 374 20 53 24 16 129 6 6 38 17 1.651 282 250 1,119 110 93 794 16 3 323 50 40 233 ; 1,176 267 64 1 39 11 10 96 31 76 133 5 39 47 35 7 14 33 37 20 49 27 61 23 101 67 57 60 37 .32 15 2 37 17 2 4 11 4 1 13 182 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATER AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE- -continued. Officials (government) . Physicians and surgeons. Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . ■STATE OR TERRITORY. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Ne^ro, Indian, and Mongo- lian. Total. 7,387 2,758 Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parentis native. One or both parents loreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both >arents foreign born. Continental United States 8,119 1,859 6,127 1,520 415 57 4,882 1,274 1,063 168 327,206 207,823 88,449 17,218 13,716 North Atlantic division 1,413 321 122 3 1,856 442 430 30 101, 799 64,887 30,142 6,367 403 697 5C3 93 40 1 1,056 760 142 145 9 34, 179 24,273 7,797 2,061 48 Maine 151 77 73 282 41 73 1,162 136 72 66 201 30 58 850 12 2 5 52 10 12 228 3 3 2 28 1 3 82 67 61 21 729 56 122 1,702 60 54 19 504 34 89 1,096 5 6 2 101 12 16 300 1 1 1 5,499 2,817 2,845 15,857 2,100 5,061 67,620 4,724 2,424 2,197 10,359 1,384 3,185 40,614 588 280 632 4,291 557 1,649 22,346 186 111 115 1,183 167 310 4,306 2 2 1 1 118 9 16 286 6 1 1 21 24 2 17 Southern North Atlantic 2 365 499 109 554 990 352 78 420 894 108 19 101 46 39 10 33 21 925 176 601 303 547 127 -422 196 165 30 106 42 202 18 65 38 11 1 9 28 35,410 7,836 24,374 30,908 19,327 4,902 16,385 21,879 13,234 2,311 6,800 2,196 2,7,36 635 1,035 612 113 2 88 154 South Atlantic division 29 6,222 Northern South Atlantic 397 345 27 15 10 200 124 38 26 12 16,527 12,265 1,697 401 2,164 13 100 18 186 80 593 13 78 11 169 74 549 7 87 56 32 IS 103 4 62 36 16 16 71 2 23 9 2 2 4 1 12 5 8 6' 6 717 4,766 1,598 6,769 2,688 14,381 478 3,322 807 5,340 2,318 9,614 151 871 258 182 236 498 26 190 85 70 30 211 62 13 4 6 4 19 8 3 2 2 6 1 372 448 9 1.177 West Virelnla 105 Southern South Atlantic 19 12 16 4,068 184 104 221 84 2,999 174 93 213 69 2,072 1 3 7 8 759 i' s" 166 9 7 1 2 2 22 17 43 21 3,015 18 9 27 17 1,990 1 2 1 8 7 64 4,088 3,150 5,480 1,663 139,696 3,016 2,072 3,462 . 1,064 83,952 44,896 64 104 209 121 46,636 26,473 27 19 61 114 7,864 4,663 981 965 Georgia 3 536 6 4 426 1,758 Florida 364 1,154 Eastern North Central 1,610 1,108 410 90 2 1,890 1,213 314 312 61 76, 444 522 Ohio 429 282 510 216 173 1,389 348 231 313 123 93 964 67 44 159 70 70 349 14 6 37 23 10 76 451 195 820 270 164 1,125 317 145 494 169 88 777 62 27 140 48 37 222 48 17 167 51 29 113 24 6 19 2 13 18,580 9,806 23,087 12,834 12, 137 63,152 12,700 7,244 13,081 6,893 4,978 30,056 4,893 2,082 8,424 4,761 6,313 20, 163 792 326 1,443 1,158 835 3,301 195 Indiana 1 1 155 139 22 11 "Western North Central 632 173 391 284 32 72 176 261 1,315 74 286 225 11 36 130 202 1,149 80 97 46 13 29 34 50 123 19 8 13 8 7 12 9 1 22 199 260 303 15 24 134 190 381 106 187 213 12 18 94 147 246 53 55 65 2 2 , 27 28 64 38 17 31 1 4 10 12 42 2 1 4 3" 3 39 10, 825 19,579 11,711 1,876 3,136 7,673 8,353 34,114 4,498 12, 416 8,299 755 1,660 5,169 6,269 24,627 5,290 6,610 2,464 673 1,224 2,175 1,727 2,825 1,026 544 476 442 260 321 243 861 12 9 472 6 11 8 114 21 5,901 Eastern South Central 694 638 44 3 9 178 112 30 11 25 18,030 13,035 1,166 266 3,573 196 144 183 171 621 178 137 170 153 511 18 5 10 11 79 98 48 16 16 203 65 28 11 8 134 18 9 1 2 24 6 2 2 1 31 9 9 2 5 14 0,052 4,638 3,332 4,108 16,084 4,496 3,420 2,253 2,866 11,492 668 267 132 99 1,659 154 37 46 19 605 734 2 1 19 814 2 7 12 901 1,124 Western South Central 2,328 142 117 46 53 263 956 107 110 36 41 217 599 29 4 3 10 33 271 3 1 2 2 11 84 3 2 5 25 39 13 26 100 930 15 26 10 19 64 695 4 1 1 5 13 200 4 6 2' 19 128 2 6 2 4" 7 3,277 2,428 707 1,202 8,470 20,789 1,930 1,832 465 982 6,283 12,578 633 120 35 146 725 6,661 145 67 14 25 364 1,524 569 419 193 49 Texas - 2 2 1,098 Western division 36 334 62 61 25 156 30 145 228 74 31 1 220 16 15 12 172 5 44 149 40 31 5,269 3,562 1,348 327 22 38 44 12 110 24 59 17 12 8 33 4 66 6 5 5 13 2 19 1 8 10 6 121 4 15 6 4 3 26 1 17 2 1 3 26 1,020 632 424 2,793 390 1,741 607 432 274 1,967 282 866 321 170 124 650 83 764 84 30 26 167 20 107 8 9 6 Tiasin and Plateau . . '. 1 11 1 4 24 101 20 477 11 42 6 312 10 43 13 131 3 16 • 34 4 34 6 666 4 10 1 431 373 1,038 330 13,789 264 472 140 8,160 88 501 175 4,639 28 64 15 1,090 3 Utah 14 3 143 10 1 86 i' 6 1 1 Pacific 10 88 106 283 47 86 180 27 16 89 14 6 14 62 82 522 39 59 333 11 15 117 11 8 67 1 6' 2,585 2,530 8,674 1,036 1,781 4,733 698 588 3,253 248 166 686 3 5 2 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 183 Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BKEADWINNEHS 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Barbers and hairdressers. Boarding and lodging house keepers. Hotel keepers. STATE OR TERRITORY. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- goUan. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Ne^ro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Continental United States 5,440 1,670 1,775 1,002 993 59,455 31,756 9,784 14,305 3,610 8,533 5,040 1,518 1,807 168 North Atlantic division 2,204 559 844 580 221 20,724 10, 110 3,505 6,630 479 1,564 706 346 507 5 484 160 187 102 35 7,651 3,457 1,088 3,014 92 311 209 37 64 1 Maine. 11 16 9 346 30 72 1,720 7 9 6 109 8 21 399 1 4 2 136 15 29 657 3 3 1 75 5 15 478 724 548 346 4,221 654 1,158 13,073 615 315 200 1,653 256 518 6,653 52 68 64 591 132 181 2,417 157 165 82 1,905 259 446 3,616 72' 7 13 387 65 33 13 137 16 47 1,253 55 29 11 74 12 28 497 i' 1 24 3 8 309 10 3 1 38 1 11 443 Vermont 26 2 7 186 1 Connecticut Southern North Atlantic 4 New York 1,146 160 415 269 228 43 128 80 461 65 131 68 378 35 65 25 78 17 91 96 6,379 2,003 4,691 5,680 2,846 1,067 2,740 4,171 1,298 345 774 419 2,157 487 972 329 78 104 205 761 634 258 361 762 231 116 150 617 147 57 105 65 254 84 105 57 2 New Jersey 1 Pennsylvania. . . . 1 South Atlantic division 33 Northern South Atlantic 220 69 64 22 65 2,923 2,059 294 234 336 280 204 31 32 13 Delaware . . 7 84 86 28 15 49 2 27 28 6 6 11 1 41 16 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 3 3 7 35 13 31 207 820 480 933 483 2,757 130 566 310 682 371 2,112 19 114 55 54 52 125 31 84 55 31 33 95 27 56 60 166 27 425 5 48 21 92 114 482 1 30 10 73 90 413 1 8 3 6 13 24 3 9 6 4 10 25 1 District of Columbia Virginia . 2 9 West Virginia 1 Southern South Atlantic 20 North Carolina 9 12 22 6 1,947 9 8 9 5 470 698 427 1,107 525 18,450 616 333 834 329 9,661 11 18 65 31 3,722 6 14 38 37 4,406 65 62 170 128 661 128 66 161 127 3,265 110 61 149 93 1,803 7 1 5 11 725 4 1 3 17 717 7 2 8 1 662 2 2 3' 3 Georgia 4 Florida 6 North Central division 544 271 20 Eastern North Central 1,324 382 393 198 351 11,790 6,025 2,453 2,929 383 1,765 964 419 377 5 Ohio 269 168 584 175 128 623 67 69 154 74 28 280 61 37 180 43 72 151 23 3 128 26 19 73 118 69 122 33 9 119 2,879 1,890 4,198 1,782 1,041 6,660 1,672 1,395 1,922 698 338 3,636 566 271 911 366 339 1,269 494 163 1,213 701 358 1,477 147 61 152 17 6 278 359 288 651 236 231 1,500 236 215 358 97 58 839 81 47 153 66 82 306 41 24 139 83 90 340 1 2 1 Wisconsin 1 Western North Central 15 123 101 222 9 7 98 63 207 33 46 92 3 6 65 35 51 41 29 58 i' 15 7 18 31 11 15 6 18 15 57 949 1,118 2,885 111 153 680 764 7,583 242 654 1,705 25 71 384 555 4,767 247 225 507 23 36 138 93 666 438 225 467 63 41 154 89 578 22 14 206 5" 4 27 1,572 239 276 496 47 60 178 204 1,697 47 150 366 5 29 102 140 1,344 71 67 64 14 15 39 36 126 118 58 58 28 16 37 25 129 3 1 Missouri 8 9 vl 15 9 20 123 3 98 Eastern South Central 90 18 12 2 58 3,457 2,264 206 158 829 668 550 44 37 37 Kentucky 33 35 17 5 117 4 10 4 8 4 1 i" 20 21 12 5 65 848 1,004 951 654 4,126 613 659 595 397 2,503 73 52 45 36 460 58 38 44 18 420 104 255 267 203 743 143 151 155 219 1,029 118 136 129 167 794 10 4 8 22 82 10 6 8 13 92 5 5 Alabama 10 17 Western South Central 33 6 13 61 44 15 5 7 46 813 2 4 3 5 19 318 1 1 1 5 1 36 9 1 2 17 83 896 804 181 132 2,113 ! 7,018 422 518 126 108 1,329 3,047 148 65 9 12 226 1,472 114 40 13 4 249 2,362 212 181 33 8 309 137 158 256 86 72 457 1,245 119 215 65 56 339 570 14 14 3 7 44 266 14 14 2 6 56 397 11 Arkansas 13 16 3 3 301 7 111 18 Western division 12 173 69 62 19 23 2,683 1,169 600 842 72 416 191 103 118 4 22 2 2 145 2 31 7 1 2 58 1 12 5 4 1 6 635 182 96 1,650 120 488 170 88 36 813 62 152 150 41 29 356 24 102 289 48 31 447 27 222 1 34' 12 81 57 33 203 42 112 27 33 14 93 24 36 22 11 8 53 9 26 31 13 11 55 8 48 1 57 14 16 1 2 2 ] Basin and Plateau 13 4 2 7 24 4 2 11 i 1 1 212 204 72 3,847 82 ! 60 10 1,726 39 47 16 770 85 91 46 1,298 6 6 53 22 63 27 717 9 20 7 343 6 15 5 137 2^ 14 231 1 Utah 1 Pacific 609 237 226 88 58 6 106 44 459 51 20 166 25 12 189 15 5 68 15 7 36 621 546 2,680 320 319 1,087 124 101 545 168 118 1,012 6 8' 36 182 111 424 S7 72 184 47 19 71 46 20 165 2 1 * 184 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALB BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued Houselceepers and stewanlesses. Janitors and sextons. Laborers (not specified). STATE OR TERRITORY. Total. Native wbite — Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both jarents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Continental United States 146,929 77,912 2J, 178 30,331 9,608 8,010 1,348 1,916 3,889 857 106,916 21,639 6,778 7,926 70,674 North Atlantic division 59,277 31,215 10,776 15,391 1,895 5,610 760 1,301 3,163 386 12,298 3,878 2,829 4,052 1,639 New England 23,903 13,042 3,493 6,976 393 326 58 70 141 57 3,077 774 861 1,242 200 Maine 3,292 ^ 2,695 1,744 11,366 1,542 3,374 35,374 2,619 1,839 1,201 4,977 677 1,729 18, 173 275 256 295 1,818 274 575 7,283 386 486 245 4,375 527 968 8,416 13 15 3 186 64 112 1,502 2 4 1 268 17 34 5,284 1 2 1 48 2 4 702 i" 1 i" 371 226 231 880 240 1,129 9,221 212 80 90 142 25 225 3,104 50 61 71 222 66 401 1,968 102 92 66 426 118 438 2,810 7 New Hampshire 3 4 55 6 8 1,231 120 4 16 3,022 46 5 6 329 90 Rhode Island 31 66 Southern North Atlantic 1,339 16, 137 4,177 15,060 12,970 6,942 2,066 9,166 9,127 3,953 732 2,598 626 4,773 1,116 2,528 647 469 264 769 2,670 4,294 236 754 379 400 44 258 103 1,002 i41 188 58 2,688 127 207 60 204 24 101 168 4,534 1,270 3,417 46,754 1,303 252 1,549 6,238 1,169 248 661 263 1,639 469 702 230 423 301 Pennsylvania 615 South Atlantic division 40,023 Northern South Atlantic 7,766 5,381 516 421 1,448 315 95 66 47 117 8,624 1,693 234 214 6,483 496 2,294 529 2,704 1,743 5,204 293 1,419 234 1,998 1,437 3,746 44 264 72 55 91 HO 33 227 63 52 46 126 126 394 160 699 169 1,222 7 203 40 39 26 64 2 64 3 9 17 8 50" 6" 2 1 38 4 2 2 3 4 61 33 28 1 51 252 1,764 261 5,939 408 38,130 51 323 87 915 317 4,545 21 127 66 19 12 29 12 172 16 6 9 16 168 1,142 District of Columbia 103 5,000 West Virginia Southern South Atlantic 70 33,540 2,186 892 1,659 467 54,269 1,679 696 1,122 249 26, 102 13 19 50 28 16,081 18 20 67 31 11,445 476 157 430 169 1,631 11 10 34 9 1,582 2 1 i' 1 1 651 8 9 29 6 187 9,845 10,177 16, 108 2,000 11,904 2,147 946 1,183 269 4,763 9 6 8 6 2,862 1 4 4 7 2,700 7,688 9,221 4 2 373 i' 471 14,913 Florida 1,718 North Central division 1,679 Eastern North Central 33,724 17,507 8,996 6,296 925 1,207 272 355 467 113 8,063 3,103 2,166 2,074 720 Ohio 9,542 4,917 10, 130 5,339 3,796 20,635 6,145 3,673 4,612 2,409 868 8, .596 2,0.52 816 2,698 1,547 1,883 6,085 1,030 317 2,685 1,330 1,034 5,149 315 211 336 53 11 706 460 132 436 115 64 375 122 62 67 17 4 101 166 35 110 36 19 116 129 19 222 56 41 84 64 16 37 6 74 2,256 1,157 2,401 1,372 877 3,841 1,075 710 711 447 160 1,660 564 191 632 410 369 696 370 108 836 446 315 626 247 148 Illinois 222 70 33 Western North Central 859 4,211 5,261 4,534 1,107 759 1,884 2,789 12, 126 737 2,209 2,790 183 236 839 1,601 7,641 1,684 1,812 838 273 284 564 640 775 1,769 1,176 493 644 232 465 370 629 21 64 413 7 7 26 178 3,081 53 58 198 6 ?0 49 16 17 71 27 15 22 4 6 66 417 740 1,585 60 108 371 560 33, 243 82 396 714 12 41 164 251 5,462 129 169 228 12 40 74 44 365 191 132 116 36 22 102 29 426 16 43 Missouri 528 1 8 25 33 182 3 10 13 38 3 4 5 22 2 8 10 20 3' 5 102 5 31 236 South Central division 27,000 Eastern South Central 6,826 4,630 373 222 1,701 134 26 14 13 81 20,050 3,303 76 60 16,611 2,362 2,484 1,166 814 5,300 1,583 1,863 698 386 3,111 232 72 42 27 402 122 53 26 21 407 425 496 400 380 1,380 94 21 14 5 48 22 4 11 2 1 11 2 50 13 13 6 21 1,690 3,368 8,359 6,633 13, 193 783 1,161 903 466 2,169 36 14 11 16 279 20 4 5 31 366 862 2,199 7,440 6,120 Western South Central 12 8 7 10, 389 947 1,108 432 469 2,344 8,297 371 724 322 341 1,3.53 3,827 86 29 18 66 203 1,920 61 25 10 30 281 2,319 429 330 82 32 507 231 26 6 7 3 6 3 1 10 2 5,484 2,568 393 92 4,656 2,717 381 778 204 63 743 1,298 79 12 3 8 177 469 64 7 4 301 517 4,970 1,771 186 27 16 257 2 74 2 64 3 105 9 14 3,435 Western division 433 Rocky Mountain 2,513 1,211 572 640 90 38 14 8 12 4 1,172 825 143 111 93 647 242 287 1,176 161 ,509 236 126 134 608 107 192 162 62 67 264 17 163 240 49 74 249 2S 164 9 6 12 56 9 10 7 2 2 3 66 29 27 334 717 353 19 9 11 133 653 50 20 9 10 77 27 69 18 9 4 59 21 85 8 2 2 30 1 26 11 1 4 6 9 4 65 16 Basin and Plateau 7 15 149 177 256 76 6,275 88 67 37 2,424 36 105 13 1, 196 44 84 26 1,626 10 1 23 2 193 1 5 1 49 127 129 97 1,192 12 32 6 423 15 49 5 257 33 47 5 321 67 Utah i 14 1 78 10 1 81 Pacific 131 66 191 1,0.30 899 3,346 .531 548 1,345 196 168 831 280 172 1,073 23 U 97 8 2 183 3 1 52 1 48 4 1 73 io 150 149 893 48 70 305 22 ■ 25 210 64 14 253 26 125 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 185 Table 24.- -FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Laundresses. Nurses and midwives. Servants and waitresses. STATE OR TERRITORT. Total. Native white— Negro, Foreign Indian, born and . white. Mon- ' goUan. Total. Native white— Negro Foreign Indian born and white. Mon- golian Total. Native white— Both parent native One 01 both s parent foreign bom. Both parents native. One oi both parent foreigr born. ^ Foreign Indian, Both rts; ^£ -t' born. Continental United States 328,935 41,643 28,727 42,774 215,791 108,691 43, 764 19,506 26,702 18,720 1,165,661 305,883 223,327 322,062 314,289 North Atlantic division 58,675 11,030 12,219 23,282 12, 144 47,365 21,^40 9,534 16,667 924 446,342 110,350 77,522 211,867 46,603 New England. 15,004 2,563 2,884 7,079 2,478 16, 467 7,502 2,494 5,282 189 118, 669 24, 664 17, 676 69,918 6,311 995 634 541 8,751 1,672 2,511 43,671 473 243 236 1,114 132 365 8,467 195 129 138 1,821 241 360 9,335 305 254 160 4,622 601 1,147 16,203 22 8 17 1,194 588 639 9,666 1,277 940 683 9,035 950 2,682 31,898 18, 641 3,712 9,646 15,666 7,447 980 662 471 3,700 383 1,316 13,738 115 85 118 1,518 155 503 7,040 179 200 90 3,726 380 707 10, 385 3 3 4 91 32 56 735 10,832 6,735 6,054 68, 701 8,146 18, 101 327, 773 6,008 3,046 3,224 8,562 996 2,828 85,686 1,635 1,049 1,610 9,622 1,005 2,955 69,846 3,191 2,632 . 1, 162 47,369 5,185 10, 459 141,949 98 Vermont 68 3,218 960 Rhode Island Connecticut... 1,859 40,292 Southern North Atlantic 25, 861 6,422 11.388 101, 174 3,796 913 3.758 4,496 5,994 955 2,386 644 11,768 1,952 2,493 476 4.313 2,602 2,751 95,658 6,541 1,653 5,544 4,293 4,316 819 1,906 62} 7,337 1,111 1,937 685 347 129 259 10,067 174,289 38,478 115,006 161,379 31,938 6,469 47,279 27,598 34, 180 6,125 19, 541 3,107 93,488 17,240 31,221 4,116 14,683 8,644 16,965 126,558 New Jersey Pennsylvania South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic. . . . 38,942 2,579 591 429 35.343 2,633 632 585 3,697 91,133 18, 907 2,965 3,912 65,349 Delaware... 609 10,316 7,156 19,206 1,655 62,232 88 573 160 954 804 1,917 30 399 53 13 96 53 16 276 63 19 55 47 475 9,068 6,880 18, 220 700 60,215 264 2,390 1,311 3,024 458 8,219 168 946 491 728 300 1,660 33 297 107 41 54 89 41 368 119 40 17 100 22 779 694 2,215 87 6,370 4,024 28,945 14,694 36,204 8,266 70, 246 814 5,527 1,021 5,579 5,966 8.691 226 1,792 362 92 493 142 492 2,359 744 130 187 204 2,492 19, 267 12,567 29, 403 District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia Southern South Atlantic 61,209 12,506 12, 496 29, 989 7,241 61,037 781 212 632 292 16, 601 2 14 17 20 12, 529 1 4 10 32 14,684 11,722 12,266 29,330 6,897 17,223 2,139 1,679 3,690 711 26,895 674 242 671 173 11,873 9 16 47 18 6,873 11 20 43 26 7,443 1,445 1,402 3,029 494 706 21,396 14,210 29,032 6,609 366,202 j 5,114 853 2,163 561 126, 527 19 26 63 44 126,598 27 51 60 66 87, 168 16,235 13,280 26,766 4,938 26,909 South Carolina Georgia Florida... North Central division Eastern North Central 36,572 10. 557 8,594 9,905 7,516 18,229 8,043 4,676 6,235 375 236,896 86,635 78,276 57, 786 14,201 Ohio 10, 535 6,139 12.941 3,882 3,075 24.465 3,274 2,846 3,019 1,064 354 6,044 2,449 895 3,024 1,096 1,130 3,935 2,005 460 4,483 1.429 1,528 4,779 2,807 1,938 2,416 293 63 9,707 4,600 1,917 6, 673 2,881 2,158 8,666 2,440 1,109 2,580 1,233 611 3,830 1,096 397 1.603 698 783 2,297 946 281 2,331 923 754 2,208 119 70 149 27 10 331 60,953 , 29,889 ■ 74,919 36,642 33,593 I 130,306 29,399 19,003 20,761 10,994 5,478 40,892 16,700 5,653 22, 369 13, 641 20,012 47,323 9,860 1,864 27, 157 10,994 7,920 29,383 6,004 3,469 4,632 913 Indiana. Illinois Michigan Wisconsin. . 183 Western North Central 12,708 Minnesota 3,154 3, ,395 12, 462 354 364 1,589 3.147 99,236 291 1,375 2,568 43 90 568 1,109 6,634 809 843 1,502 73 89 316 303 1,483 1,989 857 852 223 164 476 218 1,591 66 320 7,540 15 21 229 1,517 89, 528 2,233 1,727 2,560 216 217 832 881 10,857 684 930 1,115 53 104 380 564 2,828 730 458 668 67 43 208 143 576 804 323 557 104 63 2.30 127 582 15 16 230 7 14 47 6,871 31,648 26,588 38,670 5,275 4,467 11,818 11,850 148, 169 3,334 10, 101 15,792 633 1,003 3,987 6,032 27,436 16,343 10,873 8,980 1,974 2,069 4,276 2,808 6,119 11,643 5, 143 4,267 2,648 1,347 3,070 1,265 3,791 328 Missouri.. 9,631 20 North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska 475 Kansas 1 745 111,823 Eastern South Central 60,618 3,594 592 248 56, 184 7,065 1,775 292 195 4,803 !.2, 547 17,045 2,034 1,063 72, 415 Kentucky 13,292 19, 724 17,048 10, 554 38,618 1.333 1,730 377 154 3,040 443 108 32 9 891 196 29 16 7 1,343 11,320 17,867 16,623 10, 384 33,344 1,765 2,133 2,009 1,158 3,7J2 841 497 319 118 1,053 179 51 47 16 284 112 54 20 9 387 633 1,531 1,623 1,016 2,068 29,422 27, 466 19,979 15,680 55,622 8,594 5,831 1,719 901 10,391 1,676 206 103 49 3,085 808 140 78 27 2,738 18 344 21,289 18,079 14,703 39,408 Mississippi. . Western South Central 13,587 5,788 787 532 17,924 8,813 480 672 287 IBS 1,433 2,882 278 49 21 27 516 1,852 152 19 9 12 1,151 2,741 12,677 5,048 470 326 14,824 1,338 1,628 539 68 96 1,661 7,908 281 164 114 24 97 1,036 328 20 7 676 162 19,691 9,748 2,031 1,866 22,286 43, 469 1,924 2,953 1,146 1,158 3,210 13,972 1,099 214 61 206 1,516 ll,t81 612 129 17 97 1,883 15,120 16,056 6 452 Arkansas Indian Territory'' 46 1 1 , 1 67 I 10 1 11 495 ' 136 255 3,530 1.901 , 2,326 817 Texas . . 15,677 2 396 Rocky Mountain 3,213 I 1.516 547 725 425 1.878 925 ; 376 i 636 42 12, 442 4,414 3,118 3,978 932 Montana 456 179 137 1.574 867 1,301 108 76 42 576 714 141 110 35 39 321 42 1P7 183 51 42 381 68 621 55 17 14 296 43 342 343 134 63 1.171 167 635 117 ! 66 157 76 ! 27 32 36 9 16 3 i' 32 5 10 2,922 946 767 6,886 922 3,363 716 418 312 2,343 626 729 865 316 241 1,683 113 1,333 1,247 194 195 2,238 104 1,007 94 Wyoming 19 581 116 194 260 ' 308 23 23 1 New Mexico SO Basin and Plateau 164 267 284 449 594 258 4,299 67 66 8 1,225 65 127 5 1,108 215 383 23 1,395 102 18 222 571 121 452 62 5,395 49 130 15 2,411 20 124 20 1,362 45 196 26 1,522 7 2 1 100 543 2,420 390 27, 674 164 464 101 8,829 112 1,114 107 7,530 154 800 53 10,135 Utah Nevada 129 1,180 698 542 3,059 246 264 715 170 114 824 244 127 1,024 38 37 496 799 546 4,050 386 307 1,718 184 101 1,077 1 221 131 1,170 8 7 85 4.776 4,182 18,716 1,919 2,087 4,823 1,171 1.054 5,306 1,535 904 7,696 137 Calflornia 892 186 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. Agents Bookkeepers and accountants. Clerks and copyists. STATE OR TERRITORY. Total. Native white— Foreign bom wliite. Negro, Indian, and Mongo- lian. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or hoth parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents loreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents Joreign bom. Continental United States 10,468 6,641 2,247 1,313 267 72,896 35,896 30,610 6,194 196 81,000 40,984 32,099 7,368 649 North Atlantic division 4,160 2,411 1,015 670 54 39,255 18,563 16,919 3,724 49 34,922 17,230 14,167 3,423 102 1,321 872 223 208 18 16,687 8,680 6,348 1,645 14 10,326 6,639 3,608 1,153 Maine 105 72 50 813 104 177 2,829 85 63 36 513 58 117 1,539 12 7 10 135 26 33 792 8 1 4 155 17 23 462 1,076 766 366 11,294 1,351 1,856 22,668 839 544 229 6,502 652 914 9,883 189 138 103 4,503 585 830 10,571 48 73 23 1,280 113 108 2,079 9' 1 4 35 923 471 222 6,486 968 1,266 24,596 668 306 148 3,316 501 600 11,691 176 88 58 2,368 372 546 10,559 79 77 16 787 79 115 2,270 New Hampshire 1 10 3 4 36 Rhode Island 6 5 Southern North Atlantic 76 New York 1,659 316 854 517 800 170 569 360 515 90 187 52 328 51 83 35 16 5 15 70 13,391 2,605 6,672 2,491 4,764 1,252 3,867 1,860 7,054 1,164 2,363 615 1,560 186 333 67 13 3 19 49 13,602 2,746 8,348 8,030 5,169 1,420 5,102 6,967 6,738 1,071 2,750 1,677 1,570 240 460 256 25 15 36 South Atlantic division 240 Northern South Atlantic 295 188 36 25 46 1,859 1,364 420 51 24 6,969 5,160 1,429 217 173 13 109 61 71 41 222 9 69 34 43 33 172 4 12 13 2 5 16 190 712 476 283 198 632 136 515 323 238 152 496 43 176 133 25 43 95 11 16 18 4 2 16 5' 2 16 1 26 232 1,094 4,664 608 371 1,061 172 744 3,486 466 292 807 49 306 939 66 70 148 7 36 155 13 6 39 4 Maryland 15 9 1 10 13 5 25 3 24 g District of Columbia Virginia 84 73 West Virginia . 3 Southern South Atlantic 67 • 51 29 105 37 4,306 44 17 80 31 2,867 2 2 10 2 922 4' 6 452 5 6 9 4 65 146 118 282 86 25,317 132 97 209 58 12,195 6 17 52 20 11,001 2 io" 4 2,068 6 4 11 4 53 246 190 496 130 31,832 227 120 383 77 13,987 6 41 73 29 14, 456 1 13 16 9 3,276 13 16 23 Florida 15 114 Eastern North Central 2,909 1,883 644 344 38 18,636 8,462 8,440 1,697 37 23,044 9,273 11,123 2,563 85 Ohio 722 458 1,035 452 242 1,397 499 379 611 270 124 984 144 61 268 93 78 278 62 13 144 86 39 108 17 6 12 3 1 27 4,704 2,087 7,346 2,765 1,634 6,781 2,606 1,422 2,799 1,113 522 3,733 1,909 606 3,682 1,247 997 2,561 178 52 847 405 115 471 11 8 18 16 5,690 1,760 10,610 3,269 1,825 8,788 2,944 1,076 3,510 1,217 526 4,714 2,302. 624 5,692 1,495 1,110 3,332 319 58 1,453 544 189 713 26 2 Illinois 65 Michigan 3 Westem North Central 29 Minnesota 208 358 408 23 30 162 208 774 403 111 261 308 10 22 120 152 564 59 66 74 11 6 30 32 103 36 28 15 2 2 10 16 36 3 3 11 1,467 1,643 2,126 73 100 672 800 2,240 649 888 1,237 33 59 405 662 1,667 721 591 776 24 32 211 206 583 195 63 105 16 9 55 28 52 2 1 8 i" 4 38 2,327 1,666 2,380 124 160 1,056 1,086 3,037 759 968 1,495 39 74 679 800 2,173 1,220 615 766 47 68 367 249 083 343 69 111 38 15 108 29 97 5 3 8 3 Nebraska 2 8 71 2 Kansas 8 84 Eastem South Central 286 50 21 46 1,466 978 420 30 28 1,849 1,325 422 50 62 192 116 52 43 371 137 92 28 29 278 33 8 4 6 53 13 7 1 16 9 9 19 9 25 806 372 170 108 784 480 280 127 91 589 300 72 34 14 163 18 7 4 1 22 8 13 5 2 10 848 618 275 208 1,188 633 410 220 162 848 278 76 40 28 261 27 16 4 3 47 10 16 11 15 Westem South Central 32 Louisiana 82 46 20 17 206 721 42 36 19 15 166 439 23 4 1 1 24 155 7 1 10 8 197 135 38 70 344 3,693 116 116 33 62 263 1,711 73 16 1 7 66 1,592 7 2 i' 12 283 2 1 4 3' 7 384 112 55 138 499 3,179 246 91 44 113 366 1,637 113 13 6 21 108 1,217 16 3 i' 26 316 10 5 5 7' 120 1 9 7 2 Texas . 10 9 205 133 44 26 3 706 , 431 213 61 1 841 498 252 87 4 22 16 11 160 6 51 12 9 4 104 4 30 5 6 1 30 2 6 6 6" 14 119 34 31 497 25 157 56 26 16 316 17 69 62 7 11 137 6 75 11 1 4 43 2 13 i' 188 33 40 556 25 266 90 25 21 347 15 106 58 7 14 164 9 130 39 1 5 41 1 30 1 i 2 3 14 1 5 42 4 465 3 24 3 276 1 4 1 105 1 13 38 106 13 2,730 26 37 6 1,211 10 58 7 1,304 2 11 64 186 26 2,072 31 63 12 1,033 21 98 11 836 2 25 3 199 Utah 1 81 3 209 6 5 74 61 340 53 33 190 9 16 80 12 2 67 333 303 2,094 193 173 845 106 103 1,096 35 27 147 0' 406 223 1,443 226 132 676 131 61 643 49 29 121 1 1 3 3 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 187 Table 24 — FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER- -continued. Merchants and ^Icalers (except wholesale) . Packers and shippers. Saleswomen. STATE OR TEERITOEY. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign bora white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro. Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States 33,825 10,462 8,218 14,254 891 .17,052 6,091 8,309 2,426 226 142,265 60,120 64,867 16,896 392 North Atlantic division 16,232 3,942 4,072 8,132 86 9,849 3, .392 4,985 1,462 10 69,258 25,220 33, 940 10,026 72 3,262 1,007 686 1,542 17 4,041 1,249 2,040 745 7 17,883 6,332 8,393 3,137 21 Maine 228 128 77 2,097 322 400 12,980 164 80 50 551 58 104 2,935 33 18 13 468 70 94 3,386 31 30 14 1,076 193 198 6,690 144 68 20 2,314 304 1,191 5,808 99 40 11 702 83 314 2,143 39 14 6 1,124 164 693 2,945 6 14 3 482 57 183 717 6' i' 3 1,207 614 441 11,686 1,408 2,527 51,375 780 336 242 3,723 387 864 18,888 314 203 163 5,637 753 1,323 26,547 113 74 36 2,312 263 339 6,889 Nfiw TTampshirA 1 12 1 4 69 14 Rhode Island 5 Connecticut 1 Southern North Atlantic 51 New York 6,249 1,967 4,764 3,846 2,823 1,048 444 1,443 1,648 1,720 446 1,220 657 3,467 1,063 2,060 1,106 14 14 41 436 2,950 690 2,168 1,350 722 252 1,169 694 1,727 366 853 342 499 72 145 117 2 1 197 28,920 5,199 17,256 9,000 7,968 2,077 8,843 6,119 16, 125 2,480 6,942 2,350 4,811 633 1,445 396 16 9 26 South Atlantic division 135 Northern South Atlantic 1,060 587 961 215 1,105 474 337 116 178 6,832 4,436 2,028 311 67 238 1,470 417 524 174 1,023 111 434 123 294 98 588 47 380 67 47 46 70 73 600 158 100 30 144 7 66 69 83 8 642 8 328 119 246 4 297 8 126 39 220 3 235 1 102. 8' 403 3,273 1,247 1,254 655 2,168 267 1,906 809 1,009 446 1,683 111 1,196 376 158 187 322 21 161 49 59 21 85 4 10 13 27 72 5 6 8 1 170 19 28 West Virginia 2 Southern South Atlantic 221 78 207 242 415 159 _ 8,641 156 108 243 81 2,892 6 20 28 16 2,446 9 54 52 29 3,250 36 60 92 33 53 193 4 40 8 4,741 178 2 36 4 1,400 16 1 2 1 6 566 485 932 196 49,259 496 367 686 134 20, 549 33 79 170 40 23,300 U 16 47 11 6,349 15 1 1 3 2,676 i' 760 23 29 Florida 11 61 Eastern North Central 6,199 1,852 1,783 2,529 35 3,702 1,093 1,992 616 1 33,801 13,064 16,747 3,946 44 Ohio - - - 1,760 664 2,253 877 645 2,442 603 298 533 282 136 1,040 537 196 585 233 232 663 609 164 1,121 359 276 721 11 6 14 3 1 18 1,449 310 1,032 406 506 1,039 604 206 144 69 71 307 741 79 646 210 316 584 104 26 241 127 118 144 i' 4 9,555 4,247 11,443 4,474 4,082 15,458 4,530 2,771 3,377 1,521 865 7,486 4,383 1,316 6,087 2,178 2,783 6,663 626 166 1,968 773 434 1,403 16 6 Illinois 21 2 Western North Central 17 397 446 925 45 55 215 359 3,092 106 223 322 15 24 109 241 1,346 141 123 272 7 12 45 63 611 147 99 325 22 19 68 51 840 3 1 6 1 176 241 549 1 3 37 32 404 32 75 173 97 126 324 47 40 48 1 1 6 1 13 4" 11 2,529 3,632 5,296 205 319 1,557 2,020 7,994 687 1,807 2,780 45 124 806 1,336 5,318 1,612 1,490 2,153 87 153 579 579 2,206 430 233 354 73 42, 171 100 360 2 9 North Dakota 2 24 11 175 3 4 295 7 20 205 1 6 111 Eastern South Central 1,607 740 311 353 203 276 161 112 9 4 4,463 2,980 1,262 166 66 635 334 308 330 1,486 237 166 166 171 606 193 61 38 29 300 170 87 46 60 487 35 30 58 80 92 200 63 10 3 128 91 50 7 3 54 102 8 2 7 2 3' 1 2,129 1,174 731 429 3,531 1,190 892 566 332 2,338 844 234 126 59 '943 87 32 19 17 205 8 16 21 21 Western South Central 63 4 7 45 679 177 41 62 526 2,014 162 115 28 47 254 634 193 17 6' 84 432 300 16 2 4 165 927 24 29 11 5 23 21 102 4 45 2 51 1 1 5 1 930 468 120 247 1,766 6,754 465 373 93 200 1,217 2,914 423 67 .16 35 402 3,062 40 16 3 10 136 765 12 12 8 2 22 708 7 400 11 231 3 74 1 3 11 13 Rocky Mountain 448. 206 94 148 1 29 13 12 4 1,633 837 618 177 1 76 34 30 273 35 153 22 18 13 124 28 34 27 6 6 53 2 30 26 10 11 96 6 89 1 1 1 232 153 63 1,143 42 637 83 73 31 624 26 181 102 68 26 411 12 386 47 12 7 107 4 70 28 13 12 3 1 15 2 10 3 32 103 18 1,413 9 21 4 395 9 16 5 308 14 66 9 690 2 13 1 1 io" 1 2 43 576 18 4,484 23 150 8 1,896 16 366 5 2,058 4 61 5 518 Utah Pacific 20 664 385 209 67 3 12 165 160 1,098 75 63 257 38 29 241 51 54 686 1 4 15 37 30 597 28 13 344 6 16 187 3 1 63 3 634 696 3,154 317 395 1,184 215 231 • 1,612 102 66 350 Oregon. 4 8 188 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE— continued Stenographers and typewriters. Telegraph and telephone operators. Bookbinders. STATE OE TERRITORY. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro^ India^ and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, and Mon- golla,iL Both parents native. One or both parents loreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign horn. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States 85,086 45, ,373 33,688 6,845 180 21,980 12,011 8,601 1,356 13 14,303 4,487 8,207 1.676 34 North Atlantic division 36,239 18,244 15, 059 2,880 66 8,239 4,030 3,649 ■ 556 4 8,364 2,325 5,050 980 9 New England 9,846 5,662 3,415 760 19 2,243 1,156 900 185 2 1,932 409 1,194 324 5 Maine 685 294 323 6,431 585 1,.528 26,393 657 219 237 3,379 d64 906 12,582 101 61 77 2,443 182 561 11,644 27 14 9 593 38 69 2,130 180 120 76 1,380 160 327 6,996 144 90 49 589 84 200 2,874 26 21 23 650 64 116 2,749 10 9 4 139 12 11 371 2 2 49 17 28 1,667 72 109 6,432 36 12 15 278 33 35 1,916 12 4 12 1,072 29 65 3,866 1 1 1 302 10 9 666 16 1 2 37 5 Rhode Island Southern North Atlantic 4 New York 16,269 3,659 6,465 3,703 6,587 1.792 4,203 2,926 7,997 1,644 2,003 677 1,667 221 242 70 18 2 17 30 3,423 627 1,S46 1,262 1,279 294 1,301 1,075 1.864 296 689 171 27J 37 66 14 1 i' 2 4,450 629 1,463 687 1,061 1.57 698 492 2,866 317 674 157 521 65 SO 24 3 1 South Atlantic division 14 Northern South Atlantic ■2,657 1,940 ,538 55 24 706 577 119 9 1 568 393 141 23 11 137 872 707 514 327 1,146 101 639 502 448 250 986 .33 216 170 48 71 139 3 17 21 8 6 15 39 196 82 226 165 556 28 147 65 206 141 498 9 44 26 17 24 52 2 4 2 1 i' 16 161 279 84 28 119 12. 112 178 68 23 99 4 45 73 15 4 16 4 17 1 1 1 - District ol Columbia 14 10 11 Southern South Atlantic 6 5 1 3 North Carolina 226 193 5S5 142 35,626 208 172 485 121 18,492 12 21 88 18 14,620 4 2 128 117 260 61 8,736 123 102 225 48 4,501 4 15 23 10 3,598 1 23 22 68 6 4,373 19 18 57 5 1,274 2 4 10 2 10 1 2,439 2 2 75 1 3 633 1 3 1 Florida 1 North Central division 2,566 631 2 Eastern North Central 24, 171 11,968 10,349 1,805 59 6,260 3,105 2.670 482 3 3,283 879 1,979 423 2 Ohio 6,346 2,457 10,564 2,801 2,013 11,456 3,590 1,778 4,583 1,284 763 6,534 2,469 628 4,961 1,165 1,126 4,271 268 49 981 375 132 634 19 2 29 7 2 16 1,773 782 1,996 1,203 506 2,475 1,017 613 810 458 207 1,396 694 161 996 559 260 928 62 7 18S 186 39 151 i 2 763 263 1,651 330 276 1,090 326 132 283 107 31 395 393 109 1,096 177 205 587 42 22 273 46 ■ 40 108 2 Illinois Wefitem North Central 2,396 1,947 4,369 163 200 1,269 1,123 3,959 ■J44 1,217 2,576 57 118 794 829 2,808 1,157 664 1,650 72 69 3s,4 265 1,066 286 63 142 34 13 69 27 70 8 3 2 407 590 847 36 50 207 278 1,738 159 380 489 16 32 120 200 1,398 235 188 ,334 11 15 75 70 310 73 22 24 9 3 12 8 26 4 218 150 654 4 13 76 ■J5 4o3 34 79 188 1 7 33 53 256 136 57 334 2 6 33 19 159 48 14 32 1 North Dakota 2 1 16 10 3 9 9 Eastern South Central 2,431 1,686 698 35 12 779 638 134 5 2 333 196 122 6 9 1,242 779 282 128 1,628 740 610 230 106 1,122 481 1.56 42 19 367 18 11 5 1 35 3 2 5 2 4 249 296 120 114 959 193 248 103 94 760 53 45 16 20 176 2 3 1 i' 173 146 14 1 100 78 108 10 94 24 4 1 4 Tennessee 9 1 3 Western South Central 21 2 00 37 Louisiana Arkansas 392 227 31 126 753 5, 669 249 180 26 103 564 2,903 142 44 2 19 160 2,267 1 2 1 2 29 386 152 150 22 26 609 2,006 104 122 20 22 492 1,007 45 27 3 2 17 18 11 13 6 6 1 2 1 1 Oklahoma 4 100 873 2 63 446 2 34 110 17 126 26 275 3 31 Western division 3 Rochy Mountain 1,205 744 382 78 1 338 204 115 1 19 74 39 31 1 ' Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado 217 59 62 836 31 275 106 32 35 550 21 129 86 21 27 238 10 128 25 6 59 24 8 233 14 88 28 18 6 142 11 33 26 6 3 79 2 46 6 4 3 3 63 1 22 2 2 3 26 1 47 1 12 1 4 33 1 5 ■ 4 '' 18 8 9 39 216 20 4,079 704 649 2,726 27 92 10 2,030 12 107 9 1,757 20 60 8 1,580 15 20 3 765 6 36 5 712 2 19 1 350 1 3 1 96 8 1 8 Utah 17 1 290 4 ^ Pacific 2 103 236 18 Washington Oregon California 423 387 1,220 206 218 1,333 76 44 171 291 220 1,069 170 143 462 95 68 549 26 9 32 28 290 19 18 69 7 8 221 6 2 10 2 68 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 189 Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED Of'CUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEHS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—COn tinned. Boot and shoe makers and repairers. * Boxmalcers (paper). Confectioners. STATE OR TERRITORY. i Total. Native white — Foreign born white. N«ro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white- Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. ]3oth parents native. 14,720 One or both parents foreign bom. One or Both both parents parents native. , foreign j born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States 30,490 16, .500 5,201 69 14,498 4,620 7,793 2,041 44 7,806 2,316 3, .628 1.894 68 North Atlantic division 28, 678 11,985 12,112 4,534 47 10,727 3,330 6,776 1,586 36 3,861 997 1,685 1,171 8 New England 21,362 8,515 8,963 3,8.39 46 4,420 1,.339 2,332 719 30 1,017 162 516 .336 3 Maine 1.457 3,131 91 16,369 lis 206 7,316 1,054 1,715 53 5,606 15 72 3,470 281 833 30 7,653 75 91 3,149 121 580 8 3,060 27 43 695 1 3 92 163 43 2,687 318 1,117 6,307 47 89 27 838 84 254 1,991 38 45 15 1,410 100 664 3,444 7 29 1 428 74 180 866 ii' io' 6 65 6 36 846 34 31 2,844 25 2 13 114 1 7 836 30 1 23 427 21 14 1,169 10 3 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts 40 1 302 12 9 835 2 Connecticut 1 Southern North Atlantic 2 5 New York 3,807 1,310 2,199 272 1,167 766 1,537 188 2,142 469 648 66 497 84 114 7 1 1 3,831 779 1.697 635 958 233 800 436 2,261 428 765 177 619 116 131 18 3 2 1 4 1,.643 269 1,042 395 262 68 505 210 697 90 382 103 581 100 1,54 54 3 New Jersey X 1 South Atlantic divison 11 28 Northern South Atlantic 229 153 65 7 4 521 328 173 16 4 334 165 97 51 21 Delaware 11 138 8 76 2 57 1 5 13 264 7 216 21 114 6 120 6 190 7 108 7 130 2 20 14 4 10 237 34 24 29 61 6 116 11 10 23 46 3 82 7 2 3 6 1 33 6 8 3 3 1 13 1 District of Columbia 10 Virginia 73 7 43 67 2 35 3 3 1 1 2 2 7 3 3 4 West Virginia Southern South Atlantic 2 7 North Carolina 6 6 28 3 6,866 6 2 26 1 2,331 22 4 84 4 2.798 22 4 80 2 718 6 5 46 4 2,887 4 3 37 1 853 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 4 1.655 5 1,458 1 2 564 Florida 2 421 4 North Central division 3,921 610 12 Eastern North Central 4,625 1,726 2,483 412 4 2,361 846 123 818 397 177 437 585 1,413 .361 2 1,862 467 154 97 116 45 66 386 960 417 8 Ohio 2,792 104 918 233 .578 2,241 1,2.52 64 253 68 89 606 1,412 34 521 131 385 1,438 127 6 142 34 103 198 1 303 85 80 101 16 133 467 34 550 130 242 76 4 .187 63 31 60 i' 1 2 397 164 741 186 364 1,035 173 58 394 97 238 498 66 9 228 43 71 147 4 Illinois 2 Wisconpin 1 385 176 1,668 1 55 48 498 235 108 1,091 95 20 77 1 93 47 260 16 12 92 52 32 148 26 3 18 2' 238 187 465 9 9 71 66 307 34 71 204 3 1 32 41 135 127 102 217 4 7 30 11 114 76 14 41 2 1 9 4 40 1 3 North Dakota 8 5 ■ 466 4' 174 3 1 264 5 23 166 6 8 84 6 4 ,S0 11 2 2 22 6 18 Eastern South Central 441 166 255 18 3 135 69 66 1 189 ,87 79 15 8 423 14 3 1 25 152 12 1 253 1 1 17 i' 1 1 79 52 3 1 31 25 41 2 1 15 53 11 1 1 129 44 12 4 118 48 31 4 4 48 66 12 1 15 1 7 1 3 Western South Central 9 9 4 15 1 36 25 10 16 2 3 2 8 2 3 19 4 8 3 11 1 36 11 5 9 67 356 13 3 4 9 19 120 12 2 8 6 3 1 1 Indian Territory 7 208 4 42 1 137 2 28 1 ^ 172 4 52 3 105 1 15 21 168 12 65 5 2 1 4 3 1 11 2 ; 6 4 2 89 39 36 14 1 1 1 20 4 1 62 2 47 6 11 1 1 22 1 27 3 3 Wyoming 4 3 i 9 4 4 1 32 1 9 8 31 4 18 9 3 2 1 11 1 2 45 1 8 27' 1 10 Utah 31 4 IS 9 3 2 1 Nevada 173 :« 118 19 1 158 8 14 136 S 47 99 12 219 72 19 18 35 105 40 2 8 3 162 4 1 .30 4 ""ii'i 4 6 37 4 7 88 i 11 44 29 146 12 10 83 12 1 27 1 2 17 1 1 190 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. Glovemakers. Gold and silver workers. Paper and pulp mill operatives. STATE OE TEERITOET. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both 38 rents foreign bom. Continental United States 7,170 3,969 2,138 1,014 49 5,767 1,607 3,029 1,129 2 8,709 2,558 3,899 2,227 25 North Atlantic division 5,474 3,498 1,262 705 9 5,669 1,543 2,914 1,111 1 6,474 1,656 2,976 1,835 7 235 61 82 92 3,828 1,061 1,907 859 1 1 4,567 835 2,170 1,.559 3 3 97 2 125 3 5 5,239 3 33 1 22 2' 3,437 2 8 2 6 262 138 49 3,735 13 370 1,907 165 47 18 550 3 52 821 69 46 22 1,792 7 244 806 38 45 9 1,390 3 74 276 26 1 52 1 2 1,180 38 2 51 2 1 613 1,7&5 1,910 143 1,741 508 517 28 482 789 1,044 74 1,007 467 349 41 252 1 3 Southern North Atlantic 9 4 New York 4,993 174 72 102 3,365 33 39 99 1,064 94 22 3 555 47 11 9 793 707 241 30 151 187 144 19 492 431 84 10 150 89 13 1 1,062 187 658 246 319 74 428 175 529 90 187 53 210 23 43 9 4 South Atlantic division . . 9 100 98 2 29 19 9 1 224 154 53 9 8 72 75 5 41 31 22 37 61 5 36 15 21 27 8 8 37 2 59 2 2 36 1 59 2 1 1 1 15 3 11 6 2 11 8 1 1 6 3 15 i' 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 20 1 1 1 1 1,241 264 1 701 North Central division . 275 I 156 41 100 15 1, 351 710 853 380 8 Eastern North Central 1,142 224 652 265 1 141 37 89 15 1,809 663 781 358 7 143 101 643 33 222 99 85 43 51 17 28 40 49 53 398 •12 140 49 9 4 194 4 54 10 31 12 88 7 3 15 12 9 16 18 3 62 3 3 11 . 1 558 88 251 335 577 142 297 60 74 164 68 47 196 25 114 106 340 72 63 3 62 61 169 22 2 1 10 4 1 4 Western North Central 4 1 16 70 10 2 33 2 9 32 8 5 5 1 1 11 1 23 7 89 6 4 25 9 3 49 8 1 1 10 14 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 2 6 17 16 6 5 7 12 8 4 1 1 1 6 2 4 15 7 7 1 6 2 4 9 6 2 5 7 1 Western South Central 2 2 2 1 : 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 22 1 9 Western division 351 106 172 34 39 2 1 10 3 5 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 7 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 i' 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 5 i 2 Basin and Plateau 16 6 1 2 7 1 1 15 1 330 5 1 99 1 2 7 1 1 Pacific 170 30 31 1 1 14 3 9 2 8 33 289 4 4 91 4 2 164 1 6 1 7 2 1 3 1 1. 29 26 5 1 i 1 6 1 1 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 191 Table 24,— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Printers, lithograpliers, andpres-swomen. Rubber factory operatives. Textile mill operatives. STATE OR TEREITORY. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both )arent8 ioreign born. Both parents native. One or both )arents foreign bom. Continental United States 15,353 8,463 5,703 1,100 97 6,946 1,257 3,507 2,180 1 231,468 74,617 77,521 78,833 487 North Atlantic division 6,431 2,9,52 2,859 606 14 6,281 998 3,202 2,080 1 184,490 37,673 70,701 76, 164 62 2,953 1,323 1,297 323 10 5,238 663 2,619 1,965 1 109,728 12,493 37,787 59,412 36 Maine. . . 372 155 142 1,946 84 254 3,478 285 116 82 693 36 112 1,629 71 29 51 988 42 116 1,562 16 11 9 258 6 24 283 1 ■ 4 8 1 1 2 2 6 7,907 12, 116 1,282 60,695 16,941 11,787 74,762 2,097 1,724 449 4,681 1,860 1,782 25,080 1,511 2,850 614 21,063 6,489 5,360 32,914 4,299 7,640 319 36,031 7,586 4,638, 16,742 New Hampshire 2 Massachusetts . 7 2,789 1,024 1,413 1,043 309 162 191 345 1,335 623 768 583 1,144 349 464 115 1 20 7 Connecticut 2 4 7 Southern North Atlantic 26 New York 2,017 320 1,141 982 797 134 698 693 1,024 151 387 227 196 34 53 28 385 401 267 3 69 132 144 2 271 218 94 1 45 51 19 24,061 16,073 36,628 27,616 7.202 2.753 15, 125 26,465 11,491 6,207 15,216 '714 5, .356 6,109 5,277 136 12 1 3 34 4 10 301 798 41 67 480 92 118 184 533 212 25 28 3 2 1 5,186 4,467 688 96 36 30 44 276 76 107 160 8 21 167 6 10 15 2 1 18 4 3 1 1 19 6 1 6 741 2,311 4 1,744 386 22,429 401 2,047 3 1,668 348 21,998 286 237 1 31 33 126 .53 26 1 3 2 1 1 16 1 40 30 4 265 28 35 109 12 6,436 28 30 92 10 3,83.5 9,607 6,975 6,846 1 11,161 9,606 6,831 5,661 33 49 44 10 22 8 68 3 11 1 2,193 3' 388 2 3 1 20 73 133 Florida 1 658 266 .303 100 3,927 4,949 2,264 21 Eastern North Central 3,997 2,270 1,454 264 9 630 248 284 98 9,661 3,289 4,409 1,947 16 Ohio 1,258 S84 1,133 587 435 2.439 791 430 577 307 165 1,565 416 136 448 222 232 739 49 16 104 57 38 124 2 2 4 1 485 40 34 208 29 3 214 7 23 63 4 8 1,961 2,097 1,542 1,841 2,230 1,500 80« 1,121 360 770 235 638 741 807 735 744 1,382 540 401 166 444 324 613 317 6 Indiana 4 3 3 71 28 8 7 40 19 23 2 Western North Central 11 5 298 650 748 29 79 230 405 572 134 436 463 16 43 152 321 464 128 189 260 6 32 54 70 70 36 24 23 7 4 20 10 25 1 1 419 374 463 26 17 123 78 7,420 57 248 201 198 78 205 13 1 22 23 870 162 47 .56 13 6 33 1 94 2 1 2 1 26 7 17 2 1 11 68 53 6,354 4 4 23 1 1 1 102 291 232 41 9 9 6, ,510 5,772 687 53 98 125 103 28 35 281 91 84 25 32 222 27 10 1 3 29 5 3 1 2 6 1 1,235 1,622 2,880 773 910 690 1,507 2,8)2 733 582 490 47 18 32 283 45 6 1 1 41 10 62 19 7 16 14 4 35 69 12 33 132 932 27 58 10 29 98 519 5 8 3 3 2 434 96 3 10 367 772 197 93 3 6 284 298 215 3 20 2 1 3 13 ,354 1 15 63 1 64 287 2 19 186 2 6 6 3 2 1 1 14-1 93 43 5 3 143 101 20 22 14 21 13 83 13 45 6 16 8 56 9 20 7 5 5 22 4 23 1 2 7 1 131 2 143 1 2 1 96 1 .33 1 1 5 4 2 19 31 16 1 79 2 17 23 5 743 S 10 2 406 8 12 3 288 1 1 Utah 143 33 31 79 Pacific 46 3 3 2 1 486 164 236 85 I 64 154 525 46 122 238 13 27 248 5 6 36 1 10 173 ,303 6 107 52 2 43 191 3 23 59 3 3 2 1 1 192 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES! 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND Over— continued. Carpet faxjtory operatives. Cotton mill operatives. Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. STATE OR TERRITORY. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign bora white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- gohan. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- goUan. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bora. Continental United States 8,332 2,164 3.648 2,513 7 97, 181 35,079 20.299 41,514 289 28,293 12,333 10,606 6,339 15 North Atlantic division 7,002 1,266 3,498 2,235 3 66,556 6,489 18,826 41,225 16 21,784 9,172 8,362 4,246 4 1.539 150 829 660 59,942 4,293 15,922 ,39,713 14 6,512 1,682 2,451 2,476 3 3 3 5,322 9,041 450 34,593 6,654 3,882 6,614 777 525 87 1,863 619 422 2,196 1,120 1,985 186 8,841 2,425 1,365 2,904 3,425 6,531 177 23,879. 3,610 2,091 1,512 io' i 2 28 1,170 432 3,261 409 1,212 16,272 28 470 210 675 68 231 7,590 277 159 1,113 237 665 5,911 422 63 1,572 104 315 1,770 1 7 1,188 2 339 .1,463 4 102 1 40 1,116 i 653 1 174 2,669 2 433 1 Rhode Island 125 1,675 1 Southern North Atlantic 3 1 3,085 220 2,158 73 477 78 581 63 1,567 76 1,026 1,040 66 569 4 1 2,413 1,430 2,771 23,930 756 268 1,172 23,190 968 765 1,171 438 688 396 428 70 1 1 232 6,799 561 7,922 2,129 3,013 240 4,337 1,977 2,788 239 2,884 117 998 72 700 28 2 1 7 45 35 6 4 2,984 2,603 323 44 ^ 14 1,161 1,023 114 20 4 4 13 3 13 12 28 8 15 5 3 5 3 12 12 28 5 1 3 318 1,679 124 1,520 165 146 28 13 1 2E8 253 179 232 68 21 11 1 987 959 12 3 13 386 264 968 375 964 3 22 3 8 1 8 Wpst Virginia 4 20,946 20,587 115 26 218 3 8 15 5 8,950 6,712 5,283 1,375 8,890 6,588 6,109 29 42 44 6 12 8 26 70 122 1 3 470 149 349 464 143 347 3 2 6 1 2 Tlnrirln North Central division 1,122 740 133 246 3 652 590 130 4,047 926 2,071 1,048 2 Eastem North Central 774 ,i08 101 162 3 1,262 602 550 108 2 3,829 859 1,965 1,004 1 232 153 189 104 96 348 173 128 125 63 19 232 30 16 19 10 26 32 28 8 45 30 51 84 1 1 74 923 132 8 125 113 22 538 16 2 24 .50 43 347 79 5 76 40 9 36 37 1 25 22 2 1 586 444 619 973 1,207 218 214 168 104 266 107 67 260 206 268 493 748 106 122 70 246 214 352 44 i 1 Westem North CentraL 1 47 177 55 2 • 4 57 6 8.5 7 129 55 3' 35 3 75 3 18 37 30 3 1 44 2 i" 24 1 143 66 9 23 40 4 86 16 4 34 8 1 i 13 7 1 7" 3 6 1 1 15 44 21 6,098 20 15 4,649 10 5 372 14 39 i' 38 1 1 3 1 286 252 28 4 2 Eastem South Central 64 59 3 1 1 4,456 4,238 168 13 37 249 235 11 2 1 39 36 1 1 1 261 690 2,774 731 642 156 645 2,740 698 411 96 27 14 31 204 9 3 1 26 1 15 19 2 1 7 183 45 14 37 2 177 43 13 17 4 6 2 1 1 25 23 2 1 Westem South Central 21 16 3 2 17 2 1 348 74 1 1 218 222 155 72 1 175 2 18 36 17 17 1 1 11 10 1 6 4 60 3 3 20 1 1 6 2 1 183 99' 27 73 8 50 1 47 1 13 Westem division 25 6 28' Rocky Mountain 10 6 1 3 126 92 18 16 1 4 1 3 1 29 1 I 2 2 1 i26 92 18 io 1 19 Basin and Plateau 8 2 1 1 18 4 6 8 29 8 2 19 1 1 18 4 6 8 Pacific 11 6 2 3 95 6 55 34 29 2 22 5 4 4 3 2 3 1 1 i' 1 1 1 1 94 1 54 2 27 2 3 6 34 2 22 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 193 Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONSi CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE — Continued. Silk mill operatives Woolen mill operatives Dressmakers. STATE OR TEEEITOET. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white — Foreign bom white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both native. One or both parents foreigp bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Continental United States 20, 432 8,571 11,304 6,513 44 27,169 6,803 11,380 8,916 70 338, 144 162,821 117,287 65,523 12, 513 North Atlantic division 25, 460 7,974 11,034 6,441 11 23,277 4,777 10,035 8,466 9 148,987 59,076 64,701 32,682 2,628 New England 4,644 898 2,170 1,573 3 17,288 2,917 7,117 7,248 6 35,006 14, 191 10,816 9,564 435 98 156 1 1,448 220 2,721 20,816 22 69 1 215 24 577 7,076 34 30 42 67 1,362 1,016 316 9,615 3,324 1,755 5,989 953 295 124 850 421 274 1,860 751 221 888 368 162 374 124 4,143 1,462 852 2,918 247 347 68 4,521 1,437 628 1,208 i 4 1 3 3,380 2,138 1,681 19,471 3,050 5,286 113,981 2,449 1,269 971 6,397 1,000 2,105 44,886 458 349 522 6,210 1,104 2,173 43,885 472 519 187 6,603 847 936 23,018 1 New Hampshire 1 1 765 57 1,284 8,864 466 139 859 4,868 2 261 Rhode Island. . 99 1 8 72 Southern North Atlantic 2,193 New York 3,166 8,605 9,045 384 773 1,462 4,841 306 1,748 3,891 3,225 36 641 3,251 976 11 4 1 3 31 2,617 404 1,298 386 1,235 30 444 371 393 2 2 i' 4 63,582 11,268 39, 131 27,796 18,495 4,863 21,627 17,913 27,046 4,367 12, 472 3,372 17,060 1,770 4,188 8S7 981 New Jersey . . . 268 944 South Atlantic division- .' 5,624 Northern South Atlantic 319 271 36 11 1 263 230 30 2 1 16,838 10, 708 2,989 751 2,390 Delaware. 59 89 1 170 36 67 ""ies 15 19 1 1 8 3 43 84 28 73 13 11 2 1,164 7,056 2,967 3,875 1,776 10,968 807 4, 195 1,167 3,171 1,368 7.205 270 1,824 415 142 338 383 63 454 164 49 41 136 34 683 District of Columbia 1,231 Virginia . . . 1 69 67 141 64 65 138 4 2 1 613 West Virginia ■ ... 29 65 35 30 3 3,234 65 S„ 30 56 56 2,700 2,631 4,297 1,330 120,446 2,382 1,151 3,0.51 621 62,641 38 68 150 127 48,637 12 19 43 62 17,707 268 South Carolina 1,393 Georgia 85 82 3 1,053 Florida 620 525 273 196 55 1 2,060 723 953 382 2 1,460 Eastern North Central 523 272 196 54 1 1,716 555 &32 326 2 81,429 34, 444 33,554 12,361 1,070 Ohio 6 2 3 1 698 429 150 186 353 345 174 214 49 77 41 168 258 186 78 76 236 121 166 30 21 32 77 56 2 22,280 9,168 24,590 13, 129 12,262 39,016 11,767 6,460 8,842 4,878 2,607 18, 197 8,296 2,266 10,034 6,231 7,737 16,083 1,863 349 5,241 2,918 2,000 5,346 374 Indiana. 103 Illinois 89 428 7 263 60 133 22 31 473 1 102 18 Western North Central 2 1 1 390 1 Minnesota . 87 104 102 7 9 70 69 41 30 33 3 37 4 10 4 8,520 10,066 9,592 1,000 1,098 4,048 4,692 21,041 1,642 5,067 5,627 160 384 2,067 3,250 14,176 4,616 4,026, 3,085 406 521 1,374 1,065 3,393 2,205 946 706 433 191 583 282 869 57 27 1 1 174 North Dakota . . 1 South Dakota 2 1 1 2 43 1 1 IfiQ 2^ 819 1 13 270 24 1 26 54 105 South Central division 2 1 i 2,603 1 ^,i^^./ 2 1 1 1,126 782 267 24 63 12,261 8,573 1,920 277 1,491 1 1 1 429 670 2 25 43 142 618 2 20 37 259 8 22 1 6 43 5,264 3,456 2,137 1,404 8,780 3,361 2,675 1,538 999 6,603 1,460 239 158 63 1,473 178 66 30 13 692 265 Tennessee . 1 486 Alabama 411 3 1 2 4 1 329 Western South Central 1,112 1 1 3 5 1 5 1 1 2,362 1,222 386 484 4,326 19,875 979 906 329 389 3,001 9,015 652 107 22 65 627 7,184 173 22 13 16 369 3,478 658 Arkansas 188 Indian Territory 1 22 Oklahoma. .. \ 15 Texas 35 31 116 92 2 60 1 329 Western division. 61 17 38 6 198 4 2 i 2 4,598 2,549 1,261 742 46 1. 961 382 260 2,529 466 1,825 392 198 121 1,450 388 567 329 122 94 663 53 798 226 61 44 387 24 442 14 Idaho i ' ....!, 2 2 1 1 1 1 50 8 29 New Mexico ! ' 1 Basin and Plateau 6 2 .1 22 20 18 1 ij 300 1,328 197 13,452 137 338 92 5, S99 63 667 68 5.125 92 317 .33 2,294 8 Utah u 2 4 ^ I! ho ,S 22 20 6 55 ' 15 38 2 205 106 70 28 1 Washington 1 1 2 1 29 40 1 14 13 i' 1,951 1,747 9,754 994 1,048 3,8,57 547 478 4, 101) 387 209 1,698 129 74 86 20 54 14 38 2 12694—07- -13 ' 194 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY. FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900-Coiitinued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE— continued. Hat and cap makers. Milliners. Seamstresses. STATE OE TEEEITOEY. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign bom white. N^ro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign bom. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Continental United States 7,049 2,491 2,987 1,569 2 82,936 45,186 28,748 8,829 173 138,724 60,223 41,888 26,050 11,563 North Atlantic division 6,098 2,076 2,605 1,416 1 32,008 14,983 12,386 4,598 41 46,312 15,855 15, 353 14, 409 695 New England 1,943 754 748 440 1 9,123 4,512 3,273 1,320 18 9,522 3,719 3,011 2,661 141 Maine 26 2 3 633 10 1,269 4, 155 12 1 2 151 1 587 1,322 9 1 1 220 7 510 1,857 5 1,134 658 539 4.815 ■713 1,264 22,885 902 456 363 2,029 268 494 10,471 165 112 147 1,902 313 634 9,113 ■67 90 29 872 129 133 3,278 12' 3 3 23 705 474 538 6,147 1,017 36,790 460 302 302 2,048 199 408 12,136 135 84 168 1,986 258 380 12,342 108 88 68 2,022 151 214 11,758 2 New Hampshire Vermont -.- Massachusetts 261 2 172 976 1 91 33 15 554 Rhode Island Southern North Atlantic New York 2,120 1,125 910 168 467 222 633 122 1,007 628 222 31 646 275 55 15 12,715 2,163 8,007 5,169 4,498 1,028 4,945 4,116 5,792 848 2,473 862 2,414 287 577 169 11 12" 22 22,713 3,426 10,661 19,229 4,573 1,444 6,119 11,762 8,110 1,296 2,936 2,282 9,754 620 1,384 865 276 66 212 New Jersey South Atlantic division Northern South Atlantic 158 112 31 15 3,319 2,496 691 123 9 11,489 6,929 2,088 743 1,729 Delaware 2 145 1 5 5 10 1 101 1 5 4 10 31' 1 13 216 1,612 334 657 501 1,850 180 1,147 197 587 385 1,620 26 386 118 56 105 171 8 76 17 12 10 46 1 3 2 2 1 13 233 6,612 808 3,048 788 7,740 175 3,814 282 2,048 610 4,833 33 1,774 106 62 113 194 15 629 47 31 21 122 10 395 Maryland District of Columbia Virginia 907 44 2,691 West Virginia 1 Southern South Atlantic North Carolina 507 349 822 172 35,870 492 284 710 134 19,620 9 50 87 25 12,899 5 12 18 11 3,308 1 3 7 2 43 2,301 1,461 3,131 847 49,393 1,775 826 1,873 359 20,397 34 45 67 48 19,893 10 16 22 74 8,123 482 South Carolina 674 1,169 366 980 8 2 628 8 2 197 Florida North Central division 300 131 ' Eastern North Central 482 144 227 111 22,958 12,076 8,668 2,187 37 32,727 12,861 13, 467 5,776 633 Ohio 165 69 121 38 89 146 45 54 27 11 7 53 80 13 53 16 65 73 40 2 41 11 17 20 6,172 3,483 7,195 3,366 2,742 12,912 3,742 2,598 3,342 1,566 828 7,544 2,105 783 2,866 1,266 1,639 4,241 308 100 977 529 273 1,121 17 2 11 5 2 6 9,668 6,214 11,518 3,017 2,310 16,666 4,265 3,849 3,254 1,070 413 7,546 4,203 1,846 4,800 1,243 1,375 6,426 1,013 326 3,254 674 510 2,347 187 lUinois 210 Michigan 30 Western North Central 347 Minnesota 42 15 40 8 1 19 19 13 20 15 1 1 2,060 3,450 3,823 200 329 1,262 1,798 5,619 576 2,149 2,461 47 168 779 1,365 4,406 1,091 1,086 1,168 84 120 360 332 962 380 215 192 69 41 123 101 195 4 2' 56 2,977 2,535 8,625 95 214 1,074 1,246 19, 107 482 1,338 4,296 21 96 490 824 10,234 1,513 930 3,235 34 82 367 265 2,800 966 268 762 37 29 201 94 767 16 North Dakota 3 South Dakota 13 22 14 104 6 11 8 77 7 8 6 26 8 Nebraska 3 16 63 South Central division 1 5,316 Eastern South Central 78 64 14 3,074 2,399 668 80 27 11,292 6,566 1,505 227 2,994 Kentucky 42 33 1 2 26 29 32 1 2 13 13 1 1,517 763 456 348 2,545 1,110 623 366 300 2,007 363 103 67 35 394 38 20 17 5 115 6 7 6 8 29 4,468 3,054 2,018 1,752 7,816 2,683 1,980 1,026 877 3,668 1,200 147 70 88 1,295 134 65 26 13 630 451 872 Alabama 897 774 Western South Central 12 1 2,322 1/OUisiana 2 2 2 1 19 51 1 2 1 9' 19 1 345 426 159 221 1,394 4,270 177 370 141 183 1,136 2,061 130 36 12 33 183 1,639 26 13 1 5 70 569 12 7 5 5' 11 4,041 844 171 167 2,592 4,683 1,393 673 116 128 1,468 1,975 831 38 8 18 400 1,560 180 23 2 10 315 |96 1 637 210 Indian Territory. . . 1 1 10 25 45. 11 Texas 419 Western division 7 252 Rocky Mountain 10 4 4 2 974 651 297 123 3 1,104 647 268 166 33 Montana 1 1 185 95 78 576 40 351 90 56 47 336 . 22 117 57 33 24 170 13 162 36' 6 7 69 5 * 72 2 i' 138 114 71 698 83 339 64 ■73 36 409 65 110 45 24 23 171 5 111 24 15 10 97 10 102 5 2 Wyoming 2 7 4" 2 1 2 2 21 New Mexico . J 16- Arizona 45 274 32 2,945 29 74 14 1,393 10 141 11 1,180 6 59 7 364 8 108 194 37 3,240 38 57 15 1,218 20 70 12 1,181 32 65 5 638 9 Utah 2 Nevada 5 Pacific 41 15 21 5 203 Washington 1 13 27 io' 5 1 3 17 518 450 1,977 278 299 816 156 112 912 78 39 247 2 352 421 2,467 189 232 797 93 106 982 58 73 607 12 10 6"::::;:;::i 181 1 OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES. 195 Table 24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BBEADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK— continued. Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Tailoressej. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. STATE OB TEERITOBT. Total. Native white — Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Total. Native white— Foreign born white. Negro, Indian, and Mon- golian. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Both parents native. One or both parents foreign born. Continental United States 27,788 11,412 11,665 4,598 113 61,571 14,087 23,631 23,447 406 37, 125 12,750 10,028 9,705 4,642 North Atlantic division 22,366 8,881 9,591 3,881 13 34,085 7,036 11,301 15,686 62 18,260 766 7,146 4,448 6,647 19 2,444 857 1,049 537 1 5,407 1,604 1,369 2,403 31 131 361 272 2 132 11 453 1,314 53 481 19,922 96 5 164 435 5 152 8,024 21 6 254 502 24 242 8,542 15 763 401 322 3,406 261 254 28, 678 537 250 135 574 46 62 5,432 127 47 119 874 96 106 9,932 99 102 68 1,934 117 83 13,283 i 24' 2 3 31 23 12 3 633 54 141 17,494 13 10 4 """247' 27 73 4,087 New Hampshire 8 1 224 14 25 6,375 Vermont 35 376 24 87 3,344 2 61 13 42 7,015 1 1 -Rhode Island 1 Southern North Atlantic 12 17 New York 14,507 1,588 3,827 2,410 5,174 666 2,184 1,589 6,933 597 1,012 657 2,388 325 631 112 12 20,916 1,371 6,391 3,729 2,212 294 2,926 1,812 7,471 592 1,869 967 11,213 479 1,591 872 20 6 5 78 8,292 968 8,234 7,162 974 140 5,901 1,962 2,164 424 1,499 638 5,152 403 820 716 2 1 Pennsylvania 14 South Atlantic division 52 3,946 Northern South Atlantic 2,372 1,555 655 no 52 2,903 1,092 937 851 23 4,410 1,381 451 210 2,368 Delaware 184 2,058 6 105 19 38 157 1,308 6 65 19 34 23 629 4 105 88 2,110 208 328 169 826 68 569 110 272 83 720 26 739 68 31 73 30 3 794 24 17 13 21 1 8 6 8 55 47 721 16 3,446 180 2,752 28 266 5 984 98 681 16 282 7 76 70 87 3 171 4 20 12 506 16 2 District of Columbia Virginia 3 1 36 2,366 Southern South Atlantic 2 2 1,578 20 4 13 1 2,462 20 1 13 770 284 66 455 21 18,863 272 37 401 10 3,501 1 8 19 2 9,072 3 5 10 3 6,251 8 16 25 6 39 1,897' 4 19 832 9,649 602 1,395 South Carolina 1 2 4 18 61 2,924 1 1 1,137 87 4,325 606 2,173 178 520 35 127 Eastern North Central 1,773 511 826 403 33 15, 699 2,566 7,568 5,533 32 7,481 2,383 3,304 1,788 6 324 447 453 415 134 689 125 122 75 175 14 269 120 216 228 162 100 311 47 109 150 78 19 117 32 5,282 1,156 6,337 1,724 1,200 3,164 1,223 556 361 322 104 935 3,049 514 2,501 783 721 1,504 992 80 3,468 619 374 718 18 6 7 i' 4,263 671 1,042 1,227 378 2,068 1,770 299 180 81 53 541 1,923 230 307 603 241 1,021 508 41 ' 553 542 84 385 2 1 2 1 1 2 Western North Central 121 159 42 402 8 18 186 88 20 181 63 4 34 3"9 610 1,756 18 12 132 237 3,122 36 201 514 3 3 46 132 l-,349 162 297 933 1 6 38 68 1,423 201 112 304 14 4 47 36 232 s" 1 1 118 209 406 1,287 ■ 3 . 6 07 to 2,001 25 154 282 1 1 23 55 694 127 198 649 1 1 20 25 644 57 63 236 1 4 24 10 117 1 1 120 32 54 178 8 39 94 12 10 69 11 5 10 1 5 546 Eastern South Central 127 65 53 6 3 2,677 1,141 1,330 185 21 1,564 516 441 99 508 103 18 6 48 17 52 1 3 ' 2, 190 325 108 54 445 727 270 86 49 208 1,291 28 10 1 93 168 12 3 2 47 4 6 9 2 97 1,302 246 16 455 48 13 428 10 3 S8 1 321 187 3 3 Western' South Central 51 29 16 4 2 437 178 203 18 38 28 16 10 .2 233 34 1^4 156 1,772 60 23 7 12 106 389 62 7 i" 23 868 18 4 1 1 23 406 93 402 162 193 9 38 1 3' 109 3 32 163 3 13 24 Texas 23 372 13 7S 6 211 4 75 10 73 9 52 r Western division 8 4 17 S 9 220 83 76 61 30 3 13 14 21 3 6 189 2 55 3 6 2 2 66 16 12 1 2 46 1 30 3 2 1 2 2 1 78 1 9 17 8 9 26 3 12 10 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 49 2 1,497 2 ' " 2 Utah 3 2 1 6 1 297 13 1 776 30 2 1 1 352 68 202 74 8 315 109 121 20 60 37 19 331 1 12 55 1 5 196 118 90 1,280 38 ! 27 27 ' 35 232 1 714 52 35 228 1 106 14 5 102 4 1 15 7 2 51 3 2 32 2 8 196 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 25.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900. PER CENT DISTEIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS. Total po.pu- lation. Female popula- tion 16 years of age and over. Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over— GEOGEAPmC DIVISION. In all gain- ful occu- pa- tions. In agricultural pursuits. In professional service. In domestic and personal service. Agri- cul- tural ^ labor-' ers. Farm- ers, plaut- rs, and over- seers. Ac- tresses, profes- sional show- women, etc. Artists and teach- ers of art. Liter- ary and scien- tific per- sons. Musi- cians and teach- ers of music. Offi- cials (gov- ern- ment). Physi- cians and sur- geons. Teach- ers and profess- ors in col- leges. Bar- bers and hair- dress- ers. Board- ing and lodg- ing house keep- ers. Hotel keep- ers. House- keepers and stew- ard- esses. Jani- tors and sex- tons. Continental United States . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 North Atlantic division 27.7 30.7 36.9 0.7 9.8 65.6 41.9 60.9 35.0 22.9 37.3 31.1 40.5 34.9 18.3 40.3 70.0 7.4 20.3 13.7 8.6 22.1 13.1 1L6 24.3 16.0 0.2 0.6 40.7 2.9 6.9 21.7 7.2 48.4 3.8 12.7 29.1 6.3 22.3 28.6 6.1 11.4 23.6 6.3 8.6 14.3 12.2 14.3 23.0 4.1 10.4 20.7 9.4 8.9 31.6 4.9 12.9 22.0 9.6 3.6 14.7 8.9 16.3 24.1 8.8 4.1 Southern North Atlantic. South Atlantic division 66.0 4.7 Northern South Atlantic. Southern South Atlantic . North Central division 5.9 7.8 34.7 5.9 7.3 34.5 6.9 10.0 27.2 2.0 38.7 2.1 6.4 16.3 27.5 2.9 0.9 26.7 4.2 2.1 34.0 3.7 1.4 33.6 3.6 2.7 40.7 4.9 7.3 36.9 2.7 1.4 40.8 6.1 4.4 42.7 4.0 0.9 36.8 4.9 4.6 3L0 3.3 6.6 38.3 6.3 3.5 36.9 3.9 0.8 19.8 E astern North Central . . . Western North CentraL . . South Central division 21.1 13.6 18.5 21.6 12.9 16.8 17.6 9.6 16.9 1.1 1.0 66.1 16.2 12.3 37.3 18.3 8.3 3.6 23.3 10.7 7.2 23.6 9.9 3.3 25.4 15.4 10.1 19.8 17.1 16.2 25.6 15.2 5.2 23.4 19.3 10.4 24.3 11.5 3.8 19.8 11.2 12.8 20.7 17.6 19.9 23.0 14.0 8.3 15.1 4.7 2.3 Eastern South Central . . - Western South Central. . . Western division 9.9 8.6 5.4 9.3 7.5 4.9 10.4 6.6 4.0 36.3 19.8 0.3 22.3 15.0 3.7 1.4 2.1 10.5 3.9 3.3 10.7 2.0 1.3 7.2 4.8 5.3 7.9 8.5 7.6 11.8 2.4 2.7 12.6 6.6 4.9 6.4 1.7 2.2 14.9 6.8 6.9 11.8 7.8 12.1 14.6 4.6 3.6 6.6 1.7 0.6 3.2 l^(y>ty Mn^intfiiri .... 1.6 0.6 3.2 1.4 0.6 3.0 1.0 0.4 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0,8 2.1 2.8 0.4 7.3 1.9 0.4 8.4 1.3 0.4 6.4 L7 0.5 5.7 4.1 1.8 5.9 3.0 0.6 9.0 1.6 0.5 4.2 3.2 0.6 11.2 4.5 0.8 6.6 4.9 L3 8.4 1.7 0.3 3.6 0.6 Basin and Plateau Pacific 0.3 2.4 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS— Continued. Female breadwinners 16 years of age and over— (continued) GEOGBAPHIC DIVISION. In domestic and personal serv- ice — Continued. In trade and transportation. In manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. • Labor ers (nol speci- ffed). Laun- dresses. Nnrses and mid- wives. Serv- ants and wait^ resses. Agents. Book- keepers and ac- count- ants. Clerks and copy- ists. Mer- chants and dealers (except whole- sale) . Pack- ers and ship- pers. Sales- wom- en. Ste- nogra- phers and type- writers Tele- graph and tele- phone opera- tors. Book- bind- ers. Boot and shoe makers and re- pairers. Box- makers (pa- per). Con- fec- tion- ers. Glove- mak- ers. 1 Continental United States . . . 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 North Atlantic division 11.5 17.8 43.6 38.3 39.6 53.9 43.1 48.0 57.8 48.7 42.6 37.6 68.6 78.6 74.0 49.5 76.3 2.9 8.6 43.7 4.6 13.3 30.8 14.2 29.3 14.4 10.2 28.1 13.8 12.6 27.0 4.9 22.9 3L0 3.4 12.7 30.4 9.9 9.6 38.4 11.4 23.7 34.1 7.9 12.6 36.1 6.3 11.6 31.0 4.4 10.2 27.3 6.7 13.6 45.0 4.8 .58.5 20.0 0.7 30.6 43.6 4.4 13.0 36.4 5.1 3.3 Southern North Atlantic . South Atlantic division 73.1 1.4 Northern South Atlantic. Southern South Atlantic . North Central division 8.; 35.7 11.1 11.8 18.9 18.6 6.9 7.8 .24.7 7.8 6.0 31.4 2.8 2.1 41.1 2.6 0.9 34.7 8.6 1.3 39.3 8.3 3.0 25.6 6.5 1.4 27.8 4.8 1.5 34.6 3.0 1.3 41.9 3.2 2.5 39.7 4.0 0.8 30.6 0.6 0.1 18.8 3.6 0.8 19.3 4.3 0.8 37,0 1.4 (') 17.3 Eastern North Central... Western North CentraL . . South Central division 7.5 3.6 31.1 11.1 7.4 30.2 16.8 8.0 10.0 20.2 11.2 12.7 27.8 13.3 7.4 25.4 9.3 3.1 28.4 10.8 3.7 18.3 7.2 9.1 21.7 6.1 2.4 23.8 10.9 5.6 28.4 13.5 4.7 28.5 11.3 7.9 23.0 7.6 3.0 12.7 6.1 1.3 16.3 3.0 1.1 23.7 13.3 3.9 15.9 1.4 (■) Eastern South Central . .. Western South Central. . . Western division 18.8 12.3 2.5 18.4 11.7 2.7 6.6 3.5 7.3 7.9 4.8 3.7 3.8 3.5 6.9 2.0 1.1 4.9 2.3 1.5 3.9 4.8 4.4 6.0 1.6 0.8 4.2 3.1 2.5 4.7 2.9 1.8 6.5 3.5 4.4 9.1 2.3 0.7 3.1 1.2 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.2 1.2 2.4 1.6 4.5 4.9 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.7 0.6 5.0 1.1 0.3 2.4 2.0 0.5 4.4 1.0 0.2 3.7 1.0 0.3 2.6 1.3 0.6 4.2 0.2 0.1 3.9 1.1 0.4 3.2 1.4 0.3 4.8 1.5 0.4 7.2 0.5 0.2 2.4 (■) 0.1 0.6 0.1 (>) 1.1 1.1 0.6 2.8 0.1 Basin and Plateau 0.2 4.6 1 Leas than one-tenth, of 1 per cent. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 197 Table 25.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900— Continued. PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGKAPHIC DIVISIONS— Continued. Female breadwinners 16 years' ol ago and over— (continued) In manufacturing and mechanical pursuits— Continued. GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION. Gold and silver work- ers. Paper and pulp mill opera- tives. Prin1> ers, litho- graph- ers, and press- women. Rub- ber fac- tory opera- tives. Textile mill operatives. Textile workers. Total. Carpet factory opera- tives. Cotton mill opera- tives. Ho- siery and knit- ting mill opera- tives. Silk mill opera- tives. Woolen mill opera- tives. Dress- mak- ers. Hat and cap mak- ers. Milli- ners. Seam- stress- es. Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Tai- lor- esses. To- bacco and cigar factory opera- tives. Continental United States . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 North Atlantic division 96.1) 74.3 41.9 90.4 79.7 84.0 68.6 77.0 96.3 85.7 44.1 86.5 38.6 33.4 80.6 66.4 49.2 66.4 30.2 0.5 52.4 21.9 2.8 19.2 22.7 6.4 75.4 15.0 (•) 47.4 32.3 11.9 18.5 65.6 0.9 61.7 6.8 24.6 23.0 54.0 7.5 17.6 78.8 1.6 63.6 22.0 1.5 10.4 33.7 8.2 27.6 58.9 2.4 11.0 27.6 6.2 6.9 26.5 13.9 8.8 71.7 8.7 8.8 46.6 6.1 2.1 Southern North Atlantic. South Atlantic division 47.1 19-. 3 Northern South Atlantic. Southern South Atlantic . North Central division 0.5 2.7 2.6 0.3 22.4 5.2 ■ 1.2 41.9 0) 9.5 2.2 9.7 4.8 0.5 0.3 13.5 3.1 21.6 1.4 4.1 3.4 14.3 1.2 0.2 2.0 1.0 0.6 7.6 6.0 3.2 35.6 2.2 0.1 8.9 4.0 2.2 43.3 8.3 .5.6 36.6 8.5 0.1 8.9 4.7 1.3 30.6 11.9 7.4 25.7 Eastern North Central. .. Western North Central. . . South Central division 2.4 0.3 0.1 20.8 1.6 0.2 26.0 16.9 3.7 9.1 0.4 4.2 0.6 3.2 9.3 4.2 1.0 1.3 0.1 6.2 13.5 0.8 1.0 2.0 (') (') 6.3 1.3 4.3 24.1 11.6 6.2 6.8 2.1 1.6 27.7 15.6 6.8 23.6 12.0 13.8 6.4 2.6 0.6 26.5 6.1 5.1 20.2 6.6 ,6.4 Eastern South Central . . . Western South Central. . . Western division 0.1 0) 0.1 0.2 (■) 0.3 1.9 1.8 6.1 (■) 2.8 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 4.6 0.7 , 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.2 0) 0.2 4.1 0.2 1.0 3.6 2.6 5.9 1.1 0.4 0.7 3.7 3.1 5.1 8.1 5.6 3.4 0.5 0.2 1,3 4.3 0.7 2.9 4.2 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 'I, 0.9 0.3 4.8 ■ ■■(■!)■ ■• 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 (') 0.1 (') 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.6 4.0 0.1 ""'o.'e' 1.2 0.4 3.6 0.8 0.2 2.3 0.1 (■) 1.3 0,4 0.1 2.4 0.1 Basin and Plateau . 0.1 0.1 (') 0.2 w Pacific (■) 0.3 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 198 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION; 1900. FEMALE BEKADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.l Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Livipg with em- ployer or Total. Heads of families. Living with— Total. Heads of families. Living with - Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. ALL OCCUPATIONS. All classes 1,232,268 798,711 146,902 323,763 149,770 178,276 433, 557 64 8 11.9 26.3 12.2 14 5 35.2 Single 2 - 940,777 125,601 165,890 584,260 94,914 119, 537 35,912 17,964 93,026 312,059 6,310 5,394 139,302 4,272 6,196 96,987 66,368 14,921 356,517 30,687 46,353 62.1 76.6 72.1 3.8 14.3 56.1 33.2 5.0 3.3 14 8 3.4 3.7 10.3 52.8 9.0 .37.9 24 4 Widowed and divorced 27.9 BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY '). 15,133 14, 824 12, 875 91 104 1,754 309 98.0 85.1 0.6 0.7 11.6 2.0 2,824 3,367 8,942 2,691 3,298 8,835 2,498 1,675 8,702 40 32 19 42 18 46 111 1,575 68 133 i 9.5. 3 1 88.5 49.7 97.3. 1.4 1.0 0.2 1.5 0.5 0.5 3.9 46.8 •0.8 47 Married 69 107 9&0 98.8 2.0 Widowed and divorced 1.2 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLyl). 31,068 26, 204 863 14,804 6.597 3,940 4,864 84.3 2.8 47.7 21.2 12.7 15.7 Single 2 29,017 1,041 1,010 24, 774 734 696 488 86 239 14, 542 134 128 S,383 71 143 3,361 443 136 4,243 307 314 85.4 70.6 68.9 1.7 8.3 28 6 50.1 12.9 12.7 22.0 6.8 14.2 11.6 42.6 13.5 14 6 Married . . . . . 29.5 Widowed and divorced 31.1 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. All classes 39,487 32,410 1,895 16,915 8,276 5,324 7,077 82.1 4.8 42.8 21.0 13.6 17.9 Singles 35,348 1,740 2,399 29,609 1,276 1,625 742 206 947 16,566 155 194 7,939 109 228 4,262 806 256 5,839 464 774 83.5 73.3 67.7 2.1 11.8 39.5 46.9 8.9 8.1 22.5 6.3 9.5 12.1 46.3 10.7 16.5 26.7 Widowed and divorced 32.3 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY^^). All classes 19,223 15,315 1.292 6,652 2,828 4,543 3,908 79.7 6.7 34.6 14.7 23.6 20.3 Single 2 13, 752 4,222 1,249 10,996 3,417 902 415 265 612 6,349 231 72 2,580 168 80 1,652 2,763 138 2,756 805 347 80.0 80.9 72.2 3.0 6.3 49.0 46.2 6.5 5.8 18.8 4.0 6.4 12.0 65.2 11.0 20.0 19.1 Widowed and divorced 27.8 DRESSMAKERS. All classes 111,969 92,637 20, 273 33, 417 16, 609 22,338 19,332 14,764 1,605 2,963 82.7 18.1 29.8 14.8 20.0 17.3 Single! 82,112 12, 101 17,756 67,348 10,496 14, 793 6,755 2,075 11,443 31,890 766 761 15,308 441 860 13,395 7,214 1,729 82.0 86.7 83.3 8.2 17.1 64.4 38.8 6.3 4.3 18.6 3.6 4.8 16.3 69.6 9.7 18 Married 13.3 Widowed and divorced 16.7 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. All classes 23,518 8,115 2,666 419 226 4,904 15,403 34.5 10.9 1.8 1.0 20.9 65.5 Single! 13,144 2,999 7,375 4,409 1,015 2,691 639 326 1,601 322 40 57 169 22 35 3,279 627 998 8,735 1,984 4,684 33.5 33.8 36.5 4.9 10.9 21.7 2.4 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.6 24 9 20.9 13.5 66.5 Married 66.2 Widowed and divorced 63.5 LAUNDRESSES. All classes 80,342 66,386 30,883 8,110 6,079 21,314 13,966 82.6 38.4 10.1 7.6 26.5 17.4 Single 2 27,270 23,066 30,006 18, 499 21, 130 26, 757 3.718 4,212 22,963 6,809 763 538 4,604 6.57 818 3,368 15,498 2,448 8,771 1,936 3,249 67.8 91.6 89.2 13.6 18.3 76.5 26.0 3.3 1.8 16.9 2.8 2.7 12.4 67.2 8.2 32.2 Widowed and divorced MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY'). All classes 14, 336 13.709 S, 264 1,212 694 3,539 627 95.6 57.6 8.5 1 *-^ 24 7 t 44 Single 2 3,6.52 3,838 6,840 3, 251 3.750 6,708 1,126 808 6,330 1,008 129 75 658 41 95 5,59 2,772 208 401 88 138 89.0 07.7 98.0 ,30.8 21.1 92.6 27.6 3.4 1.1 15.3 1.1 1.4 15. 3 72. 2 3.0 11.0 2.3 2.0 Widowed and divorced I For a list of the cities, see page 56. 3 ifclSirciUes ta'the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. ^Sdeltle^rtSfs'o" At^anL",^'1^.rStir;,, M M.s..: Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark. N. J.; New Orleans, La.; PhUadelphia. Pa.; and Providence, R. I. « Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 199 Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES "—Continued. Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MAKITAL CONDITION. Living at liome. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Lining with em- ployer or board- Total. Heads ol families. Living witli— Total. Heads ol families. Living with - Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. MILLINERS. All classes. 23, 453 20,127 1,604 10,784 4,227 3,512 3,326 85.8 6.8 46.0 18.0 15.0 14.2 Single 2 20,453 1,458 1,542 17,753 1,206 1,168 704 153 747 10,622 130 132 4,022 82 123 2,606 841 166 2,700 252 374 86.8 82.7 76.7 3.4 10.6 48.4 51.4 8.9 8.6 19.7 5.6 &0 12.2 57.7 10.8 13.2 17.3 24.3 "Widowed and divorced MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY 3). All classes 12,691 10, 360 1,303 4,965 2,070 2,032 2,331 81.6 10.3 39.0 16.3 16.0 18.4 Single 2 10,073 1,371 1,247 8,278 1,108 974 532 143 628 4,688 141 126 1,905 57 108 1,153 767 112, 1,795 263 273 82.2 80.8 78.1 5.3 10.4 50.4 46.5 10.3 10.1 18.9 4.2 8.7 11.4 55.9 9.0 17.8 19.2 2L9 Married . . Widowed and divoreed NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 34,724 13,453 5,057 2,163 1,348 4,885 21,271 38.7 14.6 6.2 3.9 141 61.3 Single 2 22, 822 3,550 8,352 6,583 2,525 6,346 963 475 3,619 1,894 99 170 1,122 64 162 1,604 1,887 1,394 17,239 1,025 3,007 24.5 71.1 64.0 4.2 13.4 43.3 as 2.8 2.0 4.9 1.8 1.9 7.0 53.2 16 7 75.5 28.9 36 Married Widowed and divorced SALESWOMEN. All classes 66,186 55, 466 1,861 30,742 13,889 8,974 9,720 85.1 2.9 47.2 21.3 13.8 14.9 Single 2.. 60,062 2,486 2,638 51,693 1,899 1,874 785 228 • 848 30,096 304 342 13,380 173 336 7,432 •1,194 348 8,369 587 764 86.1 76.4 71.0 1.3 9.2 32.1 50.1 12.2 13.0 22.3 7.0 12.7 12.4 48.0 13.2 13.9 2a6 29.0 Married Widowed and divorced SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES 0NLY<). All classes 56,495 45,702 7,942 19,685 : 9,001 9,074 10, 793 80.9 14.1 34.8 15.9 16.1 19.1 Single 2. . 43, 764 4,260 8,481 36, 412 3,491 6,799 2,010 853 5,079 19,010 299 376 8, .302 235 464 6,090 2,104 880 8,352 759 1,682 80.9 82.1 80.2 16 20.1 59.9 43.4 7.0 4.4 19.0 5.5 6.6 13.9 49.6 10.4 19.1 17.9 19.8 Widowed and divorced SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. All classes 327,. 573 67,046 16,177 18,808 9,772 22,289 260,527 20.6 15.6 43.3 38.2 49 6.7 3.0 6.8 79.5 Single 2 263,056 28,124 36,394 40,943 12, 189 13,914 4,286 2,252 9,639 17,488 767 553 8,295 737 740 10, 874 8,433 2,982 222, 112 15,935 22,480 1.6 &0 26.6 6.6 2.7 1.5 3.2 2.6 2.0 4.1 30.0 8.2 84.4 56.7 61.-8 Widowed and divorced STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CIT ES 0NLY< . 40,580 32,168 923 17,818 8,469 4,958 8,412 79.3 2.3 43.9 20.9 12.2 20.7 Single 2 38,666 883 1,031 30,965 570 633 649 1 49 225 17,542 124 152 8,271 65 133 4,603 332 123 7,701 313 398 80.1 64.6 61.4 1.7 5.6 21.8 45.4 14.0 14.7 21.4 7.4 12.9 11.6 37.6 11.9 19.9 36.4 38.6 Widowed and divorced TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY 5). 37,862 33,677 3,793 17,171 5,959 6,754 4,185 88.9 10.0 45.4 15.7 17.8 11.1 Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced 30,332 3,864 3,676 26,911 3,644 3,222 972 462 2,359 16,674 271 226 5,699 121 239 3,666 2,660 398 3,421 310 464 8a7 92.0 87.6 3.2 12.0 64.2 55 7.0 6.1 18.5 3.1 6.6 12.1 69.8 10.8 1L3 ao 12.4 52,876 38,203 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES , ETC. All classes . . . . 3,495 17,650 9,604 7,454 14,673 72.3 6.6 33.4 18.2 14.1 27.7 Single' Married Widowed and divorced 49,210 1,468 2,198 35.412 1.199 1,592 2,403 132 960 17,329 147 174 9,366 83 155 6.314 837 303 13, 798 269 606 72.0 81.7 72.4 49 9.0 43.7 35. 2 10.0 7.9 19.0 6.7 7.1 12.8 57.0 13.8 2ao las 27.6 1 For a list of the cities, see page 56. ' Including unlmown. • Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Pateraon, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. » Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul, Minn. 200 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED BY RACE NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MAKITAL CONDITION. Single! Married Widowed and divorced . Single! Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Single! Married Widowed and divorced . Single! Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Single! Married Widowed and divorced . All classes. Single! Married Widowed and divorced . Single! Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Single! Married Widowed and divorced . Single! Married Widowed and divorced . NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.l Aggregate, 279,013 184,676 216,275 24, 405 38, 333 1,105 1,368 3,640 11,668 10,585 523 560 16, 433 14,088 890 1,455 2,793 2,262 322 28,482 18,056 3, 824 6,602 2,984 1,083 1,742 Number. Living at home. Total. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Per cent. Living at home. Total. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Other relative. ALL OCCUPATIONS. 141,907 16,997 25, 772 9,187 3,895 18,893 76,869 73,853 1,535 1,481 33,676 971 1,680 39,605 25,291 10,596 3,718 94, 337 74, 368 7,408 12,561 65.6 69.6 67.2 4.2 16.0 49.3 34.1 6.3 3.9 13.0 15.5 4.0 4.4 BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY 3), 5,996 1,059 1,342 3,595 674 3,638 715 95.8 98.1 85.0 89.0 49.3 97.2 1.7 1.0 0.2 0.8 1.6 0.4 0.6 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES 0NLY<). 8,849 8,157 332 360 233 42 159 1,505 ,553 64 2,131 32 65 1,240 194 71 2,428 191 200 77.1 63.5 64.3 3.7 2.2 8.0 28.4 43.0 12.2 11.6 20.1 6.1 11.6 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 10,721 587 910 392 116 549 5,812 I 3,064 2,285 5,650 60 110 1,785 348 1.52 3,367 303 545 76.1 66.0 62.5 35.4 2.8 13.0 37.7 40.1 7.1 6.8 20.5 6.7 7.6 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY 5). 1,816 220 130 ,081 28 13 474 432 21 21 428 265 151 22 446 102 79 80.3 68.3 62.2 40.2 2.1 6.2 35.4 47.8' 8.7 6.2 19.1 6.5 10.0 DRESSMAKERS. 13,015 3,157 5,116 6, 333 1,703 722 3,908 5,542 237 226 2,743 131 296 3,027 2,067 5,041 667 1,486 74.7 72.1 82.6 77.5 9.4 18.9 59.2 30.7 6.2 3.4 15.2 1 3.4 4.5 4,528 2,110 905 1,613 1,743 176 286 1,281 1,132 1,044 45 43 530 43 360 631 123 874 178 229 70.7 83.6 86.9 5.9 26.4 73.5 36.0 4.2 2.5 17.8 4..0 3.8 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. 14.2 11.7 43.4 9.7 11.7 3.5 47.4 0.8 11.7 37.1 12.7 12.7 39.1 10.4 11.3 46.9 10.5 16.8 64.1 10.4 12.1 49.0 7.1 33.8 34.4 30.4 32.8 4.2 1.9 1.2 24.2 22.9 36.5 35.7 25.6 23.9 34 37.5 19.7 31.7 37.8 27.9 17.4 22.5 711 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 6,567 2,017 85 01 1,160 4,560 30.7 10.8 1.3 0.9 17.7 69.3 3,280 " 894 2,393 1,001 310 706 206 104 401 57 11 17 38 6 17 700 189 271 2,279 .584 1,687 30.5 34.7 29.6 6.3 1 11.6 i 16.8 1.7 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.7 21.3 21.1 11.3 69.6 65.3 70.5 LAUNDRESSES. 29.3 16.4 13.1 MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY ). 2,188 1,952 957 258 1,56 681 236 89.2 43.7 11.8 7.1 26.6 10.8 797 602 789 641 567 744 179 108 070 220 28 10 130 8 18 112 423 46 156 35 45 80.4 94.2 94.3 22.5 17.9 84.9 27.6 4.7 1.3 ia3 1.3 2.3 14.1 70.3 5.8 19.6 5.8 5.7 ' For a list of the cities, see page 66. ! Including unknown. 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. ■I Tncludesall cities in the list of27 except New Orleans, La. s Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark, N. J.; New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Providence, R. I. 9 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City. Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.;andSt. Paul, Minn. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 201 Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWIIOJERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1— cont'd. Aggregate. Number. , Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. Living at home. i Living with eni- ; ployer or Living at home. Living with em- ployer or Total. 1 Heads of families. Living witli — Heads of families. Living Witt - Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. ' Total. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. MILLINERS. . 7,464 5,822 602 3,058 1,138 1,124 1,642 78 6.7 41.0 16.2 15.1 22.0 Singles 6,301 534 629 5,021 392 409 216 48 238 2,953 50 55 1,061 28 49 791 266 67 1,280 142 220 79.7 73.4 65.0 3.4 9.0 37.8 46.9 9.4 8.7 16.8 5.2 7.8 12.6 49.8 10.7 20 3 26.6 Widowed and divorced 35.0 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY'). 411 classes 5,905 4,583 592 2,165 854 972 1,322 77.6 10.0 36.6 14 5 16.5 22 4 Single 2 4,601 686 618 3,604 521 458 245 67 J80 2.024 73 68 778 19 57 557 362 63 997 165 160 78 3 75.9 74.1 5.3 9.8 45 3 44 10.6 11.0 16.9 2.8 9.2 12.1 52.8 8.- 6 21.7 Married 24 1 Widowed and divorced 25.9 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. All classes 11,023 3,295 1,264 526 314 1,191 7,728 29.9 11.6 4 8 2.8 10.8 70 1 Singles.. __ _ 7,855 730 2,438 1,490 431 1,374 314 121 829 465 19 52 242 19 63 479 272 440 6,365 299 1,064 19 59 56.4 40 16.6 34 5.8 2.6 2.1 3.1 2.6 2.2 6.1 37.3 l&O 81.0 Married . 41. Widowed and divorced 43.6 SALESWOMEN. All classes 19,396 14, 750 618 7,871 3,563 2,698 4,646 76.0 3.2 40.6 18.4 13.9 24 Single 2.. 17,372 919 1,105 13,496 601 654 268 82 278 7,664 94 113 3,376 65 123 2,198 360 140 3,877 318 451 77.7 65.4 59.2 1.5 8.9 26.2 44 1 10.2 10.2 19 4 7. 1 11.1 12.7 39 2 12.7 22.3 Married 34 6 Widowed and divorced 40.8 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY*). All classes 13,366 9,717 2,317 3,389 1,7S3 2,228 3.649 72.7 17.3 25.4 13.3 16.7 ■ 27.3 Single 2 9,282 1,238 2,846 6,674 933 2,110 522 271 1,524 3,193 83 113 1,576 67 140 1,383 512 333 2,608 306 736 71.9 76.4 74.1 5.6 21.9 53.5 34 4 6.7 4 17.0 5.4 49 14 9 1 41.4 11.7 28.1 24 6 Widowed and divorced 26.9 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 2.4 All classes 36, 108 6,279 1,331 2,297 883 1,768 29,829 17.4 3.7 6.4 49 82.5 Singles 28,662 3,047 4,399 4,285 830 1,164 375 205 751 2,156 1 741 89 1 66 62 i 77 1,013 471 284 24, 377 2,217 3,235 15.0 27.2 26.5 1.3 6.7 17.1 7.5 2.9 1.2 2.6 2.1 1.8 3.5 1.5.5 6.5 85.0 72.8 Widowed and divorced 73.5 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITI ES ONLY<) All classes 17,816 12,442 529 6,201 3,338 2,374 5,374 69 8 3.0 34 8 18.7 13.3 30.2 Single 2 16,612 535 669 11.731 333 378 356 33 140 6,054 61 86 3,226 38 74 2,095 201 78 4,881 202 291 70.6 62.2 66.6 2.1 6.2 20.9 36.4 11.4 12.9 19.4 7.1 11.1 12.6 37.6 11.7 29.4 37.8 Widowed and divorced 43.5 TAILOEESSES (21 CITIES ONLY 6). 3,908 ' 3,175 566 1,306 592 721 733 81.2 14 2 33.4 16.1 18.4 18.8 Single 2 2,889 395 624 2,338 334 503 144 66 347 1,255 27 24 531 20 41 408 222 91 551 80. 9 61 84.6 121 80. 6 5.0 16.6 55.6 43.4 6.8 3.8 18.4 5.1 6.6 14 1 66.2 14 6 19.1 16.4 Widowed and divorced 19.4 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGE S, ETC. 22,902 16,618 1,583 7,505 4,060 3,470 6,284 72.6 6.9 .32.8 17.7 15.2 27.4 Single^.. 21, 102 667 1,133 15,325 515 778 1,068 61 464 7,366 63 76 3,952 33 76 2,939 368 163 6,777 152 355 72.6 77.2 68.7 5.1 7.6 41.0 34 9 9 4 6.7 18 7 49 6.6 13.9 55 2 14 4 27.4 22.8 Widowed and divorced 31.3 ' For a list of the cities, see page 56. 2 Including unknown. 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fail River, Mass. 5 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul, Minn. 202 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. NATIVI WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED CITIES. ^ Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or Total. Heads of lamilies. Living with— Total. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. ALL OCCUPATIONS. All classes 424,5.52 333,793 31,496 167,954 81,966 52,377 90,759 78.6 7.4 39.6 19.3 12.3 21.4 Single ' 370,775 21,693 32,084 291,885 16,962 24,956 10,682 3,360 17,464 163,712 2,078 2,164 77,962 1,493 2,5U 39,529 10,021 2,827 78,890 4,741 7,128 78.7 78.1 77.8 ■ 2.9 15.5 54.4 44.2 9.6 6.7 21.0 6.9 7.8 10.7 46.2 8.8 21.3 21.9 22.2 Widowed and divorced BOAKDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY'). 3,069 3,009 1 2,595 22 ' 35 357 60 98.0 84.6 0.7 11.4 11.6 2.0 Single 2 659 655 1,755 632 642 1,735 568 328 1,699 10 5 7 16 5 14 38 304 16 27 13 20 95.9 98.0 98.9 86.2 50.1 96.8 1.5 0.8 0.4 2.4 0.8 0.8 5.8 46.4 0.9 4 1 Marripfl 2.0 1.1 Widowed and divorced BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY*). 15,601 14,237 310 8,354 3,730 1,843 1,364 91.3 2.0 53.5 23.9 11.8 Single 2 . 14,989 305 307 13,761 243 233 206 24 80 8,244 56 54 3,642 26 62 1,669 137 37 1,228 62 74 91.8 79.7 75.9 1.4 7.9 26.1 55.0 18.4 17.6 24.3 8.6 20.2 11.1 44.9 12.1 8 2 Widowed and divorced 24.1 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 18,282 16, 414 634 9,154 4,625 2,201 1,868 89.8 . 2.9 50.1 24.8 12.0 10.2 Single 2 17,189 480 613 15,556 388 470 248 61 225 8,995 72 87 4,386 42 97 1,927 213 61 1,633 92 143 90.5 80.8 76.7 1.4 12.7 36.7 62.3 15.0 14.2 26.5 8.8 15.8 11.2 44.4 10.0 9.5 Married . 19.2 Widowed and divorced 23.3 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY 6). 4,909 4,292 227 2,166 1,054 865 617 87.4 4.6 43.9 21.5 17.4 12.6 Single! Married Widowed and divorced 4,034 657 218 3,573 550 169 106 35 86 2,072 62 22 972 54 28 423 399 33 461 107 49 88.6 83.7 77.5 2.6 6.3 39.4 61.4 9.4 10.1 24.1 8.2 12.8 10.6 60.7 15.1 11.4 16.3 22.5 DRESSMAKERS. All classes 46,926 42,034 5,726 19,113 9,847 7,348 4,892 89.6 12.2 40.7 21.0 15.7 10.4 Single 2. 39,769 2,620 4,537 35,721 2,324 3,989 2,379 .501 2,846 18,505 259 349 9„306 159 382 6,531 1,405 412 4,048 296 548 89.8 88.7 87.9 6.0 19.1 62.7 46.5 9.9 7.7 23.4 6.1 8.4 13.9 63.6 9.1 10.2 11.3 Widowed and divorced 12.1 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES All classes . 6,211 2,010 602 171 73 1,764 3,601 42.0 9.7 2.8 1.2 28.4 58.0 Single 2 4,063 679 1,469 1,782 231 597 185 77 340 137 13 21 59 6 8 1,401 135 228 1 2,281 448 872 43.9 34.0 40.6 4.6 11.3 23.1 3.4 1.9 1.4 1.6 0.9 0.5 34.5 19.9 15. 5 !- 56. 1 66.0 Widowed and divorced 69.4 L.AimDRESSES. 12,373 10,346 3,162 3,358 2,003 1,823 2,027 83.6 25.6 27.1 16.2 14.7 16.4 Singles 7,662 1,582 3,129 6,166 1,367 2,813 362 446 2,354 3,147 103 108 1,747 90 166 910 728 185 1,496 215 316 80.6 86.4 89.9 4.7 28.2 75.2 41.1 6.5 3.5 22.8 5.7 5.3 11.9 46.0 5.9 19.5 13.6 10.1 Married Widowed and divorced MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES NLY6). 4,021 3,872 1,952 677 401 942 149 96.3 48.5 14.3 10.0 23.4 3.7 Singles. 1,557 910 1,554 1,4.52 892 1,528 371 175 1,406 603 45 29 337 . 21 43 241 651 50 105 18 26 93.3 98.0 98.3 23.8 19.2 1 90.5 32.3 4.9 1.9 21.6 2.3 2.8 15.5 71.5 3.2 6.7 2.0 Widowed and divorced 1.7 ] 1 For a list of the cities, see page 56. 2 Including unknown. ,, ^ a „ ^ ... »t ,- 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. \ . ■1 Includes aU cities in the list of 27 except New Orleans, La. ,.,.,.„ . , , .„, ., ^ , , . „ 5 Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapohs, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newarlt, N. J.; New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Providence, R. I. , . , , ,^ „.^ ,_ - „ ,, ,,. ,. -,. „ , » Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapohs, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Mmu.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 203 Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. 1 1 NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN SELECTED CITIES ' — continued. 27 Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MAKITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or Total. Heads of families. Living with — Total. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. MILLINEKS. 11,396 10,417 600 5,843 2,491 1,483 979 91.4 6.3 51.3 21.9 13.0 8.6 Single 2.. 10,447 467 492 9,600 406 411 309 46 245 5,736 64 64 2,388 40 63 1,168 266 49 847 61 SI 91.9 88.8 83.5 3.0 10.1 49.8 54.9 11.8 11.0 22.9 8.8 12.8 11.2 68.2 10.0 8.1 11.2 Widowed and divorced 16.5 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY^). All classes 4,780 4,239 353 2,266 981 640 541 88.7 7.4 47.4 20.6 13.4 11.3 Singles 4,164 321 295 3,706 286 247 170 39 144 2,183 46 36 918 25 38 435 176 29 458 89.0 35 1 89.1 48 ■■ 83.7 11 4.1 12.1 48.8 62.4 14.3 12.2 22.0 77.9 12.9 10.4 54.8 H.8 11.0 10.9 Widowed and divorced 16.3 NCRSES AND MIDWIVES. 7,676 3,225 1 1,009 818 482 916 i| 4,461 42.0 13.1 10.7 6.3 11.9 68.0 Single! 5,505 591 1,580 1,778 387 1 I'O™ 220 90 699 730 2.5 63 396 ■23 03 432 249 235 3,727 204 520 32.3 66.6 67.1 4.0 15.2 44.2 13.3 4.2 4.0 7.2 3.9 4.0 7.8 42.1 14.9 67.7 34.5 Widowed and divorced 32.9 SALESWOMEN. All classes . 35,093 31,802 739 17,879 8,806 4,378 3,291 90. r, 2.1 50.9 26.1 12.5 9.4 Singles 33,249 839 1,005 30,318 673 811 357 85 297 17,658 138 183 8,539 87 180 3,864 363 151 2,931 166 194 91.2 80.2 80.7 1.1 10.1 29.6 52.8 16.4 18.2 25.7 10.4 17.9 11.6 43.3 16.0 8.8 Married. . 19.8 Widowed and divorced 19.3 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY'i. 22,147 19,237 2,311 9,044 4,958 2,924 2,910 1 86.9 10.4 40.8 22.4 13.2 13.1 Singles 18,921 994 2,232 16,486 838 1,913 746 238 1,327 8,767 113 164 4,638 108 212 2,335 379 210 2,435 156 319 87.1 84.3 85.7 3.9 23.9 59.5 46.3 11.4 7.3 24.5 10.9 9.6 12.3 38.1 9.4 12.9 Married Widowed and divorced 16.7 14.3 SERVANTS AND WAITKESSES. All classes 62,017 15,683 1,816 7,584 3,091 3,192 1 46,334 26.3 2.9 12.2 5.0 5.1 74.7 Single 2 54,678 2,886 4,453 13,016 1,047 1,620 546 236 1,034 7,310 144 130 2,796 129 166 2,364 538 290 41,662 1,839 2,833 23.8 36.3 36.4 1.0 8.2 23.2 13.4 5.0 2.9 5.1 4.6 3.7 4.3 18.6 G.5 76.2 63.7 Widowed and divorced 1 63.6 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CIT ES ONLY * ■ All classes 18,947 16,717 289 9,897 4,476 2,055 2,230 88.2 1.5 62.2 23.6 10.8 11.8 Single s 18,435 242 270 16,367 159 191 218 10 61 9,797 1 4,406 48 21 62 49 1,946 80 29 2,068 83 79 88.8 65.7 70.7 1.2 4.1 22.6 63.1 19.8 19.3 23.9 8.7 18.1 10.6 33.1 10.7 11.2 34.3 Widowed and divorced 29.3 TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY 5). 14,335 13,466 1,106 7,330 3,405 1,625 869 93.9 7.7 51.1 23.8 11.3 6.1 Single 2 12,583 740 1,012 11,865 680 921 415 102 589 7,110 102 lis 3,214 60 131 1,126 416 83 718 60 91 94.3 91.9 91.0 1 3.3 13.8 58.2 56.5 13.8 11.7 26.5 8.1 12.9 8.9 56.2 8.2 5.7 Married . 8.1 Widowed and divorced 9.0 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGE S, ETC. 22,565 17.485 1,197 8,610 4,688 2,990 5,080 77.5 5.3 38.2 20.8 13.3 22.5 Singles Married Widowed and divorced 21,600 405 5l« 16,690 351 444 926 34 237 8,487 56 67 4,698 37 .53 2,679 4,910 224 64 87 116 77.3 86.7 79.3 4.3 8.4 42.3 39.3 13.8 12.0 21.3 9.1 9.6 12.4 55.3 15.6 22.7 13.3 20.7 1 For a list of the cities, see page 66. s Including unknown. ' Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass : and Paterson, X. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. ' Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson. N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul, Minn. 204 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.l Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MAKITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or Doarding. Living at home. Total. Heads of lamilies. Living with— Total. Heads of families. Living with - Living with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. boarding. ALL OCCUPATIONS. 393,682 200,083 53,780 09, 177 22,395 54,731 193,699 168,168 9,246 16, 196 50.8 42.5 77.8 72.8 13.7 17.6 5.7 13.9 49.2 Single^ 292,671 41,569 59,443 124,513 32,324 43,246 10,796 6,188 36,796 66,617 1,637 1,023 20,803 653 939 26,297 23,946 ■ 4,488 3.7 14.9 61.9 22.8 3.7 1.7 7.1 1.6 1.6 9.0 57.6 7.6 67.5 22.2 27.2 Married Widowed and divorced BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY"). 4,986 4,886 4,263 27 1 21 574 101 98.0 85.5 0.5 0.4 11.6 2.0 Single 2 863 1,089 3,034 816 1,069 3,000 768 629 2,966 10 12 5 6 5 10 32 523 19 47 20 34 64.6 98.2 98.9 89.0 48.6 97.8 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.7 0.5 0.3 3.7 48.0 0.6 5.4 1.8 1.1 Widowed and divorced BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY^). 3,718 3,049 109 1,737 625 578 669 82.0 2.9 46.7 16.8 15.5 18.0 3,381 206 131 2,801 154 94 48 18 43 1,716 14 7 596 13 16 441 109 28 580 62 37 82.8 74.8 71.8 1.4 8.7 32.8 50.8 6.8 6.3 17.6 6.3 12.2 13.0 52.9 21.4 25.2 28.2 Widowed and divorced CLERKS AND COPYISTS. All classes 4,522 3,608 274 1,896 661 787 914 79.8 6.1 41.9 14.4 17.4 20 2 Single^ 3,894 338 290 3,114 279 215 93 28 153 1,870 19 7 628 6 17 523 226 38 780 59 75 80.0 82.5 74.1 2.4 8 3 52.8 48.0 5.6 2.4 16.1 1.8 6.9 13.4 66.9 13.1 20 Widowed and divorced 25.9 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY'). 11, 505 8,841 919 3,374 1,295 3,253 2,664 76.8 8.0 29.3 11.3 28.3 Single 2 7,460 3,241 814 6,601 2,645 595 261 209 449 3,196 141 37 1,171 93 31 973 2,202 78 1,849 596 219 75.2 81.6 73.1 3.6 6.4 56.2 42.9 4.4 4 6 16.7 2.9 3.8 13.1 67.9 9.6 24.8 18.4 Widowed and divorced 26.9 DRESSMAKERS. 31,550 25,332 7,114 7,584 3,095 7,539 6,218 80.3 22.5 24.0 9.8 23.9 Single 2 22, 138 3,909 5,503 17,062 3,502 4,778 2,438 678 3,998 7,269 177 138 2,866 87 142 4,479 2,560 500 6,086 407 725 77.0 89.6 86.8 11.0 17.3 72.7 32.8 4.5 2.5 12 9 2.2 2.6 20.2 65.5 9.1 23 Married - . . - 10 4 Widowed and divorced 13.2 1 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 8,982 2,797 952 112 32 1,701 6,185 31.1 10.6 1.2 0.4 18.9 68.9 5,029 1,005 2,948 1,383 283 1,131 192 89 671 88 9 15 26 1 5 1,077 184 440 3,646 722 1,817 27.6 28.2 38.4 3.8 8.9 22.8 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 21.4 18.3 14.9 72.5 71.8 Widowed and divorced 61.6 LAUNDRESSES. 21,373 15,968 10,027 . 1,662 780 3,599 5,416 74.7 . 46.9 7.3 3.6 16.8 26.3 Single^ ■ Married 8,165 3,889 9,319 4,047 3,495 8,416 1,072 1,158 7,797 1,340 120 92 635 48 97 1,000 2,169 430 4,118 394 903 49.6 89.9 90.3 13.1 29.8 83.7 16.4 3.1 1.0 7.8 1.2 1.0 12.2 55.8 4.6 60.4 10.1 Widowed and divorced 9.7 MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY =) . 7,939 7,714 5,272 364 132 1,946 226 97.2 66.4 4.6 1.7 24.6 2.8 Singled 1,250 2,242 4,441 1,1?8 2,210 4,376 663 512 4,197 276 53 35 89 9 34 200 1,636 110 128 32 66 89.8 98.6 98.6 44.8 22.8 94.6 22.0 2.4 0.8 7.1 0.4 0.8 16.9 73.0 2.5 10.2 Married 1.4 Widowed and divorced 1.5 1 For a list of the cities, nee page 56. 2 Including unknown. 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. ■■ Includes all cities in the Ust of 27 except New Orleans, La. » Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark, N. J.; New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Providence, R. I. « Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 205 Table 26;— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTE D CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MARITAL CONDITION. FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED :ITIES I — continued. Aggregate. Number. • « Per cent. Liv ing at home. Living with em- ployer or boarding. Living at home. Total. Heads of lamilies. Living with — Total. Heads of families. Living with - Living with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. other relative. boarding. MILLINERS. 4,526 3,830 493 1,860 586 891 696 84.6 10.9 41.1 12.9 19.7 15.4 Single 2 3,658 453 415 3,092 396 342 177 57 269 1,812 26 22 564 11 11 539 302 50 566 57 ■ 73 84.5 87.4 82.4 4.8 12.6 62.4 49.6 5.7 5.3 15.4 2.4 2.7 14.7 06.7 12.0 15.5 4 Married . 12.6 Widowed and divorced 17 6 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY^). 1,573 1,200 310 399 177 314 373 76.3 19.7 26 4 11.3 20.0 23.7 Single 2 1,064 241 278 774 200 226 102 30 178 375 9 15 165 4 8 132 157 25 280 41 52 73.4 83.0 81.3 9.7 12.4 64.0 35.6 3.7 5.4 16.7 1.7 2.9 12.5 65.1 9.0 26.6 17.0 Widowed and divorced All classes 18.7 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 12,926 4,963 2,307 394 219 2,043 7,963 38.4 17.8 3.0 1.7 15.8 61.6 Single 2 7,696 1,721 3,509 1,310 1,320 2,333 360 222 1,725 319 40 35 183 10 26 448 1,048 647 6,386 401 1,176 17.0 76.7 66.5 4.7 12.9 49.2 4.1 2.3 1.0 2.4 0.6 0.7 5.8 60.9 15.6 83.0 23.3 Widowed and divorced 33.6 SALESWOMEN. 10,595 8,842 499 4,964 1.501 1,878 1,753 83.5 4.7 46.9 14.2 17.7 16.5 Singles 9,367 712 616 7,825 614 403 168 60 271 4,849 70 \ 45 1,460 20 31 1,358 464 56 1,542 98 113 83.5 86.2 78.1 1.8 8.4 62.5 51.8 9.8 8.7 16.6 2.8 6.0 14.6 65.2 10.9 16.5 13.8 Widowed and divorced All classes 21.9 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY <). 17,909 I 14,301 2,590 6,845 1,914 2,962 3,668 79.6 14.4 38.1 10.7 16.4 20.4 14,248 1,112 2,609 11,264 924 2,113 620 241 1,729 6,700 69 76 1,812 28 74 2,132 686 234 2,984 188 496 79.1 83.1 81.0 4.4 21.7 66.3 47.0 6.2 2.9 12.7 2.5 2.8 15.0 52.7 9.0 20.9 Married 16.9 Widowed and divorced 19.0 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 156,689 16,571 4,558 4,162 1,428 6,433 j 140,118 10.6 2.9 2.6 0.9 4.1 89.4 Single^ 137,196 6,723 12,770 10,719 1,982 3,870 1,243 489 2,826 3,965 99 88 1,278 60 90 4,233 1334 866 126, 477 4,741 8,900 7.8 29.5 30.3 0.9 7.3 22.1 2.9 1.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 3.1 19.8 6.8 92.2 70.6 Widowed and divorced 69.7 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITI :s ONLY<) 3,718 2,945 102 1,693 640 510 773 . — 79.2 2.7 46.5 17.2 13.7 20.8 Single - 3,538 93 87 2,815 69 61 i 72 6 24 1,667 13 13 627 4 9 449 46 15 723 24 26 1 79.6 ! (5) r (5) 2.0 (5) 47.1 17.7 (=) la.y (=) 20.4 (') Widowed and divorced (=) TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY «). 19,463 16,891 2,090 8,503 1,934 4,364 2,562 86.8 10.7 43.7 9.9 22.4 13.2 Single 2 14,784 2,677 1,992 12,643 2,494 1,754 406 290 1,394 8,279 141 83 1,834 39 61 2,124 2,024 216 2,141 183 238 85.5 93.2 88.1 2.7 10.8 70.0 56.0 5.3 4.2 12.4 1.6 3.1 14.4 75.6 10.8 14.5 Married Widowed and divorced 6.8 11.9 TEACHER S AND PRC )FESSORS I N COLLEGE S, ETC. 5,710 2,690 572 988 486 644 3,020 47.1 10.0 17.3 8.5 11.3 52.9 5,102 227 381 2,233 188 269 336 33 203 961 10 17 465 7 14 471 138 35 2,869 39 112 43.8 82.8 70.6 6.6 14.5 53.3 18.8 4 4 4.5 9.1 3.1 3.7 9.2 CO. 8 9.2 66.2 Married 17.2 Widowed and divorced 29.4 1 For a list of the cities, see page 66. s Including unknown. * 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. s Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. « Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul, Minn. 206 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANI> OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. NEGRO FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 37 SELECTED CITIES. 1 Aggregate. J Number. Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. L ving at home. Living- with em- ployer or boarding. Li ving at home. Total. Heads of families. Living with— Total. Heads of families. Living with— ■ Living with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. boarding. ALL OCCUPATIONS. All classes 134,946 80,137 29,641 9,762 9,177 31,557 64,808 59.4 22.0 7.2 6.8 23.4 40.6- Single 2 61,014 37,917 36,014 25,951 28,634 26,552 5,247 4,519 19,875 7,877 1,160 726 6,969 1,163 1,065 5,868 21,802 3,887 35,063 9,283 10,462 42.6 75.5 71.0 8.6 11.9 56.2 12.9 3.1 2.0 11.4 3.0 3.0 9.6 57.5 10.8 57 5 Widowed and divorced 29.0' BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY'). 965 934 822 2 2 108 . 31 96.8 85.2 0.2 0.2 11.2 Single! 197 255 513 184 245 505 179 144 499 1 1 2 2 100 6 13 10 8 93.4 96.1 98.4 90.9 56.5 97.3 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.0 39.2 1.2 3.9^ 1.6 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES 0NLY<). All classes . . 81 69 10 31 . 14 14 12 m (>) (=) ffl (') P) Single - - - * 62 7 12 55 5 9 1 2 7 29 ' 14 11 3 7 2 3 (') C) (') (=) (») P) P) Widowed and divorced 2 (') CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 250 170 30 63 36 61 80 68.0 12.0 2L2 14.4 20.4 32.0 Single^ 177 32 41 118 22 30 9 1 20 61 1 1 31 1 4 27 19 5 69 10 11 66.7 i") 5.1 28.8 17.6 P) 15.3 33.3 Married P) Widowed and divorced H COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLYS). 16 16 4 6 7 (.') (.') (*) (.') Single 2 6 2 8 6 2 8 6 1 1 5 P) (') (=) « (») 1 3 (=) (>) DRESSMAKERS. 5,006 3,981 1,099 715 496 1,671 1,025 79.5 22.0 14.3 9.9 33.4 20.6 Single^ . 2,146 1,747 1,113 1,560 1,512 909 235 174 690 574 93 48 393 63 40 358 1,182 131 686 235 204 72.7 86.5 81.7 11.0 10.0 62.0 26.7 5.3 4.3 18.3 3.6 3.6 16.7 67.7 1L8 27.3 13.5 Widowed and divorced 18.3 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. All classes 1,757 691 243 191 257 301 51 60 279 1,066 39.3 17.1 2.9 3.4 15.9 60.7 Single 2 . . .. 772 420 565 56 56 189 40 46 7 9 4 5 101 119 69 529 229 308 31.6 46.6 46.5 7.3 13.3 33.5 6.2 1.7 0.7 6.0 2.1 0.9 13.1 28.3 10.4 68.6 54.6 Widowed and divorced 54.5 LAUNDRESSES. All classes 40,781 35,551 16,949 2,068 2,657 14,877 6,230 87.2 39.1 6.1 6.5 36.5 12.8 Single 2 8,456 16,512 15,813 6,176 15,363 14,012 2,108 2,. 322 11,519 1,278 495 295 1,692 476 489 1,098 12,070 1,709 2,280 1,149 1,801 73.0 93.0 88.6 24.9 14.1 72.8 15.1 3.0 1.9 20.0 2.9 3.1 13.0 73.1 10.8 27.0 Married Widowed and divorced 7.0 11.4 MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY'). All classes 188 171 83 13 5 70 17 91.0 44.1 6.9 2.7 37.2 9.0 Single! 42 84 62 30 81 60 13 13 67 9 3 1 2 3 6 62 2 12 3 2 (>) (') (') « Married « Widowed and divorced (.') 1 For a list of the cities, see page 56. 2 Including unlcnown. ,, ^ j ^ ,. j. xt ^r 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall Kivor, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. \ . 4 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except New Orleans, La. 5 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. ,. ., , ^ ., ^, i.t i t.t t xt /-» i t -m.., j , i_. "Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapohs, Ind.; Lowell,Mass.; Newark, N. J., New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, ^^''Indudes^au'cities'inthelistof 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn. ; Rochester, N. Y. ; and St. Paul, Minn. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 207 Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. NEGRO FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1— Continued. Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MABITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or boarding. Living at home. Total. Heads of families. Living with— Total. Living with— Living with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. families. Father. Mother. Other relative. boarding- Singles Married Widowed and divorced. Single 3 Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. . Singles , Married Widowed and divorced. . All classes. . Single^ Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. . Singles Married Widowed and divorced. MILLINERS. All clasaes- 67 58 9 23 12 14 9 (') C'') m (») (») V) Singles.. . 47 14 6 40 12 6 2 2 5 22 9 3 7 7 2 m Married 1 C») MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY'). All classes 433 338 48 126 58 106 95 78.1 11.1 29.1 13.4 24.5 21.9 Singles 254 123 56 194 101 43 15 7 26 106 13 7 44 9 5 29 72 5 60 22 13 76.4 82.1 (') 5.9 5.7 41.7 10.6 17.3 7.3 11.4 58.5 23.6 Married 17.9 Widowed and divorced m NURSEE AND MIDWIVES. 3,097 1,969 476 425 333 735 1,128 63.6 15.4 13.7 10.8 23.7 36.4 1,765 508 824 1,005 387 577 69 42 365 390 15 20 301 12 20 245 318 172 760 121 247 66.9 76.2 70.0 3.9 8.3 44.3 22.1 3.0 2.4 17.1 2.4 2.4 13.9 62.6 20.9 43.1 23.8 30.0 SALESWOMEN. (') (=) 18.6 V) m o (■') SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY 5). 3,012 1,313 905 794 1 2,446 724 407 346 970 666 81.2 , 988 795 663 122 103 499 350 34 23 276 31 38 240 627 103 325 110 131 7i2 87.8 83.5 24.0 13.5 I 32.2 9.3 11.4 62.8 26.7 21.0 18.3 3.8 3.4 69.3 2.9 4.8 13.0 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 72,715 42,490 15,461 14,764 12,923 8,329 7,267 2,122 1,322 5,026 4,057 436 282 3,480 483 407 3,264 6,089 1,542 29,567 7,132 7,507 39.2 30.4 53.9 49.2 5.0 8.6 34.0 9.5 2.8 1.9 6.0 8.2 3.1 2.8 1.5.0 7.7 39.4 10.4 164 40 32 27 44 21 87. 2 30 20 8 11 n 4 1 2 28 6 (=) 29 1 5 8 : 4 (■') (-) 1 For a list of the cities, sec page 56. 3 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. ' Including unknown. * Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga. ; Fall River, Mass. ; Lowell, Mass. ; and Paterson, N. .T. 'Includes all cities iwthe list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. 'Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. I.; Providence, R. I.; 24.8 12.2 16,5 60.1 69.6 46.1 50.8 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITIES ONLY 5). flS 63 3 27 15 '1 : 18 , 35 « i'-) (') CI m m 80 13 5 51 ! 9 ... 3 24 2 1 12 2 1 1 I 29 4 (=) ^^1 (») (») 3 1 TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY«). TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES ETC. 1,698 1,409 1 143 547 369 350 289 : 83.0 8.4 .32.2 21.7 20.6 17.0 Single' Married Widowed and divorced 1,406 169 124 1,163 145 101 73 14 56 .515 18 14 350 6 13 ■ 225 ■ 242 107 24 1 18- 23 j 1 1 82. 8 85.8 81.5 .-, 8.3 4.5.2 36.7 10.7 11.3 24 9 3.6 10.5 16.0 63.3 14.5 17.2 14.2 18.5 and St. Paul, Minn. 208 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES. ' Aggregate. Number. Per cent. V MAKITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Total. In familie s having — Total. In families having — Living with em- ployer or No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. board- ing. ALL OCCUPATIONS. All classes ... . 1,232,268 798,711 110,661 240,963 203,371 243,716 433, 557 64.8 1 9.0 19.6 16.5 19.8 35.2 Single 2 . 940, 777 125,601 165, 890 584,260 94,914 119,537 48,607 12,679 49, 375 153, 419 60,177 37,367 166,271 17,486 19,614 215,963 14, 572 13,181 356,617 30,687 46,353 62.1 76.6 72.1 5.2 10.1 29.8 16.3 39.9 22.5 17.7 13.9 11.8 23.0 11.6 7.9 37.9 24.4 27.9 Widowed and divorced BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY 3|. 15,133 14,824 8,199 4,031 1,623 971 309 98.0 54.2 26.6 10.7 6.4 Single' 2,824 3,367 8,942 2,691 3,298 8,835 1,989 1,109 5,101 419 1,423 2,189 185 487 951 98 279 594 133 69 107 95.3 98.0 98.8 70.4 32.9 57.0 14.8 42.3 24.6 6.6 14.5 10.6 3.5 8.3 6.6 2.0 1.2 Widowed and divorced BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY <) . 31,068 26,204 1,936 7,826 7,692 8,850 4,864 84.3 6.2 25.2 24.4 28.5 Single' 29,017 1,041 1,010 24, 774 734 696 1,601 96 239 7,239 344 243 7,333 145 114 8,601 149 100 4,243 307 314 85.4 70.5 68.9 5.6 9.2 23.7 24.9 33.0 24.1 25.3 13.9 11.3 29.6 14.3 9.9 Married 29 5 Widowed and divorced 3L1 2,724 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. All classes 39,487 32, 410 9,585 9,420 10,681 7,077 82.1 6.9 24.3 23.9 27.0 17 9 Single ' 35, 348 1,740 2,399 29,509 1,276 1,625 1,951 212 561 8,429 674 582 8,860 254 306 10,269 236 176 5,839 464 774 83.5 73.3 67.7 6.6 12.2 23.4 23.8 33.0 24.3 25.1 14.6 12.8 29.1 13.6 7.3 16 6 26.7 Widowed and divorced 32.3 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY '') . 19,223 15,315 936 4,263 3,417 6,699 3,908 79.7 4.9 22.2 17.8 34.8 42.9 14.9 13.2 20.3 Single' 13,752 4,222 1^249 10,996 3,417 902 489 174 273 1,959 2,039 265 2,644 574 199 6,804 630 165 2,756 805 347 80.0 80.9 72.2 3.6 4.1 21.9 14.2 48.3 21.2 19.2 13.6 15.9 20.0 Married 19.1 Widowed and divorced 27.8 DRESSMAKERS. 111,969 92,637 14,079 28,946 22,870 26,742 19,332 82.7 12.6 26.-9 20.4 23.9 17.3 Single' 82. 112 12, 101 17, 756 67,348 10,496 14, 793 0,716 1,328 6,035 18,597 5,637 4,712 18,340 2,066 2,464 23, 696 1,466 1,682 14,764 1,606 2,963 82.0 86.7 83.3 8.2 11.0 34.0 22.6 46.6 26.5 22.3 17.1 13.9 28.9 12.1 8.9 18.0 Married 13.3 Widowed and divorced 16.7 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 23,518 8,115 1,783 2,841 1,784 1,707 15, 403 34.5 7.6 12.1 7.6 7.3 66.5 Single' 13,144 2,999 7,375 4,409 1,015 2,691 627 227 929 1,564 396 881 1,102 193 489 1,116 199 392 8,735 1,984 4,684 33.5 33.8 36.6 4.8 . ''■^ '12.6 n.9 13.2 11.9 8.4 6.4 6.6 8.5 6.6 5.3 66.5 Married 66.2 Widowed and divorced 63.6 LAUNDRESSES. 80,342 66, 386 17, 616 24,007 13,018 11,745 13,966 82.6 21.9 29.9 16.2 14.6 17.4 Single ' 27, 270 23,066 30,006 18, 499 21, 130 26,757 3,414 2,643 11,559 4,834 11,074 8,099 4,626 4,020 4,372 6,626 3,393 2,727 8,771 1,936 3,249 67.8 91.6 89.2 12.6 11.6 38.6 17.7 48.0 27.0 17.0 17.4 14.6 20.6 14.7 9.1 32.2 g.4 Widowed and divorced 10.8 MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY «) . All classes 14,336 13,709 4,376 4,913 2,436 1,985 627 .95.6 30.6 34.3 17.0 13.8 4.4 3,652 3,838 6, 846 3,251 3,750 6,708 893 554 2,928 914 1,960 2,039 696 703 1,038 749 633 703 401 88 138 89.0 97.7 98.0 24.5 14.4 42.8 25.0 61.1 29.8 19.0 18.3 15.2 20.6 13.9 10.3 11.0 Married 2.3 Widowed and divorced 2.0 ' For a list ol the cities, see page 56. 'Including unknown. s Includes all cities in the list ot 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. V. 4 Includes all cities in the list ol 27 except New Orleans, La. » Includes the cities ol Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark, N. J.; New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Providence, R. I. * » Jiomdes all cities in the list ol 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 209 Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES '—Continued. Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MABITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Total. In families having — Total. In families having — Living with em- ployer or No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. ing. MILLINEHS. 23, 453 20, 127 1,654 5 849 ^ 07.1 ! fi 04Q 3,320 86.8 7.1 24.9 24.2 29.0 14.2 „.„ Single- 20, 453 1,458 1,542 17,753 1,206 1,168 1,105 116 433 4,813 654 382 5,253 218 204 6,682 218 149 2,700 262 374 86 8 5.4 8.0 28.1 23.5 44.9 24.8 25.7 15.0 13.2 32.2 15.0 9.7 13.2 82.7 75.7 17.3 Widowed and divorced 24.3 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY 8) . 12,691 10,360 1,462 3,897 2,672 2,329 2,331 81.0 11.5 3a 7 21.1 18.4 18.4 Single 2 10,073 1,371 1,247 8,278 1,108 974 904 113 385 2,941 647 309 2.293 203 176 2,080 146 104 1,795 263 273 82.2 80.8 78.1 9.6 8.2 30.9 29 2 47.2 34.8 22.8 14.8 14.1 20.6 10.6 8.3 17 8 19.2 Widowed and divorced 21.9 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 34, 724 13,453 3,144 4,995 2,773 2,541 21,271 38.7 9.1 14.4 8.0 7.3 01.3 Single 2 22,822 3,550 8,352 5,583 2,525 5,345 1,007 280 1,857 . 1,710 1,323 1,950 1,297 529 947 1,563 393 585 17,239 1,026 3,007 24.5 71.1 64.0 4.4 7.9 22.2 7.5 37.3 23.4 5.7 14.9 11.3 0.8 11.1 7.0 75 5 Married 28.9 Widowed and divorced 36.0 SALESWOMEN. All classes 05, 186 65, 466 3,319 14,838 16,301 20,948 9,720 85.1 5.1 22.8 25.1 32.1 14 9 Single! 60,062 2,480 . 2,638 51,693 1,899 1,874 2,547 224 548 13, 201 950 627 16, 606 305 391 20,280 360 308 8,309 587 764 86.1 76.4 71.0 4.2 9.0 20.8 22.1 38.2 23.8 26.0 14.7 14.8 33.8 14.6 11.7 '13.9 Widowed and divorced 29.0 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY *) . 56, 495 45, 702 5,919 12,925 11,839 15,019 10,793 80.9 10.5 22.9 21.0 20.6 Single! 43,764 4,250 8,481 35,412 3,491 6,799 2,644 576 2,699 9,003 1,694 2,228 10,004 • 688 1,147 13,701 533 725 8,362 759 1,682 80.9 82.1 80.2 6.0 13.6 31.8 20.6 39.9 26.3 22.9 16.2 13.5 31.4 12.6 8.5 19.1 Married 17 9 Widowed and divorced 19.8 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 327.573 203, 055 28, 124 36.394 67, 046 40,943 12. 189 13,914 11,800 22, 548 15,282 17, 416 200, 527 20.5 3.6 6.9 4.7 5.3 79.5 Single ! 4.597 1,053 5,550 11,539 6,631 4,378 10,848 2,093 2,341 13,969 1,812 1,646 222,112 15,935 22,480 15.6 43.3 38.2 1.7 5.9 15.2 4.4 23.6 12.0 4.1 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.4 4.5 84 4 50.7 Widowed and divortjed 01.8 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITI E3 ONLY') All classes 40,580 32, 168 2,609 9,891 9,503 10,105 8,412 79.3 0.4 24. 4 23.6 24.9 20 7 Single 2 .... 38,666 883 1,031 '• 30,965 570 033 2,337 63 219 9,364 301 226 9,354 103 106 9,910 113 82 7,701 313 398 80,1 64.6 01.4 0.0 6.0 21.2 24.2 34.1 21.9 24.2 11.7 10.3 25.6 12.8 8.0 19 9 35.4 Widowed and divorced 38.6 TAILOKESSES (21 CITIES ONLY"). All classes 37.8(i2 33, 677 2,965 9,290 9,349 12,067 4,186 88.9 7.8 24.0 24.7 31.9 11 1 Single ! 30, 332 3.854 3.676 20,911 3,544 3,222 1,503 309 1,153 0, 353 1,897 1,040 8,031 723 595 11,024 015 428 3,421 310 464 88.7 92.0 87.0 5.0 8.0 31.4 20.9 49.2 28.5 20.5 18.8 16.2 36.3 10.0 11.6 11.3 8.0 Widowed and divorced 12.4 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGE S, ETC. 52,876 38, 203 4,919 12,0.56 • 10, 670 10,658 11 14,073 72.3 y.3 22. S 20.0 20.2 27. 7 Single! 49,210 1,468 2,198 35, 412 1,199 1.592 4.247 119 653 10,789 10,009 082 209 10,297 13,798 72.0 8.6 8.1 25.2 21.9 40.5 26.2 20.5 14.2 13.3 20.9 12.9 7.8 28.0 Married 189 . 269 ' 81.7 18 3 Widowed and divorced 575 292 172 006 72.4 27.6 ' For a list of the cities, see page 66. ! Including unknown. ^Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.: Fall River, Mass.: Lowell, Mass.: and Paterson, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. » Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall Elver, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul. Minn. 12694—07- -14 210 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MAKITAL CONDITION. NATIVE ■WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEAEa OF AGE AND OVEE HAVING BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.' Aggregate. Living at home. In families having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Living at home. Total. In families having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer 01 board- ing. All classes.. Single !i Married Widowed and divorced . Single^ Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Single! Married Widowed and divorced. Single' Married Widowed and divorced. Single' Married Widowed and divorced. Single' Married Widowed and divorced. Single' Married Widowed and divorced . All classes. Single' Married Widowed and divorced. Single' Married Widowed and divorced . 216,275 24, 405 10,885 523 560 16, 433 14,088 890 1,455 2,793 2,262 322 209 5,809 2,984 1,083 1,742 797 1)02 789 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 184. 676 141,907 16, 997 25, 772 14, 339 2,919 11,064 61, 567 44, 362 8,678 8,527 49, 358 42, 490 3,078 3,790 40,716 2,322 2,391 94, 337 74, 368 7,408 12, 661 65.6 69.6 67.2 6.6 12.0 28.9 20.5 35.6 22.2 19.6 12.6 9.9 BOOKKEEPEES AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY*). ;,157 332 360 3.237 2,692 2,123' 721 43 133 2,945 163 129 2,472 65 66 2,019 61 43 2,819 2,428 191. 200 77.1 63.5 64.3 Ij. 8 8.2 23.8 27.8 31.2 23.0 23.4 12.4 9.8 CLEEKS AND COPYISTS. 10, 721 587 910 1,369 931 111 327 4, 266 3.6,39 289 338 3, 609 2,974 100 168 2,810 87 77 3,367 303 545 76.1 66.0 62.6 6.6 12.6 22.5 25.8 32.5 23.2 23.7 11.2 11.5 COTTON MILL OPEEATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY' 5) . 1,816 220 130 122 506 367 104 35 475 39 28 906 61 29 627 102 79 80.3 68.3 62.2 4.4 3.0 5.0 18.2 16.2 32.3 16.7 21.0 12.1 13.4 DKESSMAKEES. HOUSEKEEPEES AND STEWAEDESSES. LAUNDEESSES 1,486 2,110 905 1,513 221 192 700 683 443 469 617 146 235 932 689 124 119 1,281 874 178 229 70.7 83.6 7.4 17.7 40.2 25 6 19.5 40.9 26.3 20.7 13.5 13.5 MEECIIANTS AND DEALEES (19 CITIES ONLY 6). 1,952 641 567 744 169 105 367 291 240 352 149 112 91 240 135 59 46 236 156 35 46 80.4 94.2 94.3 29.3 21.2 17.4 46.5 23,6 48.3 30.4 18.7 18.6 11.5 18.8 9.5 6.2 18.2 19.1 11.7' 7.7 19.9 9.8 5.3 40.1 18.9 13.9 23.1 11.4 6.8 U.O 16.9 9.8 5 8 33.8 34.4 30.4 32.8 BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPEES (23 CITIES ONLY 2). 6,113 6,996 3,390 1,649 622 336 117 98.1 55.5 27.0 10.2 5 6 1.9 1,105 1,368 3,640 1,059 1,342 3,595 814 451 2,125 151 578 920 66 207 349 28 106 201 46 26 45 95.8 98.1 98.8 73.7 33.0 58.4 1.3.7 42.3 26.3 6.0 151 9.6 2.6 7.7 5.5 12 1.9 1.2 22.9 36.6 35.7 23.9 34 37.5 19.7 31.7 37.8 28, 482 21,288 13,015 3.167 5,116 4,298 7,480 5,048 4,462 7,194 74.7 15.1 26.3 17.7 15 7 26.3 18,056 3,824 6, 602 1,709 452 2,137 4,135 1,637 1,708 3,599 659 790 3,572 409 481 5, 041 667 1,486 72.1 82.6 77.5 9.5 11.8 32.4 22.9 42.8 25.9 19.9 17.2 12.0 19.8 10.7 7.3 27.9 17.4 225. 6,667 2,017 576 733 374 334 4,550 30.7 8.8 11.2 6.7 5.1 69.3 3,280 894 2,393 1,001 310 706 211 79 286 380 106 247 227 46 102 183 80 71 2,279 584 1.687 30.5 34.7 29.5 6.4 8.8 12.0 11.6 11.9 10.3 6.9 .5.0 43 5 6 8.9 3.0 69.5 65.3 70.5 22.1 29.3 16.4 13.1 19.6 5.8 5.7 1 For a list of the cities, kcc page 56. 2 Including unknown. „., ^^ ^ ^^ ^ v^ t it,,.* xt >- 3 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, ,N. J.; and Rochester, N. \ . includes all cities in the list of 27 except New Orleans, La. ,. , , t ,, ,, ' tt , x, t ^, ., , includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapohs, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark, N. J.; New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Ea.; *" « Includes'^all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 211 Table 2T.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IX THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IX SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MARITAL CONDITION, NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED CITIES' — COnt'd. Aggregate. All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced, All classes Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced AH classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced All classes -.. Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced Number. Living at home. Total. In families having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Per cent- Living at borne. In families having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More j than two other, i living with em- ployer or board- ing. MILLINERS. 6,301 534 629 5,822 5,021 392 409 565 1,990 ' 1,701 1,566 1,642 78.0 7.6 2(i. 7 22.8 21.0 22.0 361 37 167 1,626 215 149 1.581 72 48 1,463 68 45 1,280 142 220 79.7 73.4 65.0 6.7 6.9 26.6 ■ 25.8 40.3 23.7 25.1 13.5 7.6 23.1 12.7 7.2 20.3 26.6 35.0 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY^). 5,905 4, .-,83 739 1.914 1,182 748 1,322 77.6 12 5 32.4 20.0 12.7 22.4 4,601 686 618 3,604 521 458 481 61 197 1,466 302 146 1,009 95 78 648 63 37 997 165 160 78.3 75.9 74.1 10.5 8.9 31.9 31.9 44.0 23.6 21.9 13.8 12.6 14.1 9.2 6.0 21.7 241 25.9 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 11,023 3,295 837 1,306 649 504 7,728 29.9 7.6 11.8 5.9 4.6 70.1 7,855 730 2,438 1,490 431 1,374 342 69 426 506 227 573 329 81 239 314 54 136 (;, 365 299 1,064 19.0 59.0 56.4 4.4 9.5 17.5 6.4 31.1 23.5 4.2 11.1 9.8 4.0 7.4 5.6 81.0 41.0 43.6 SALESWOMEN. 17,372 919 1.105 13, 495 601 654 807 74 197 4,031 316 233 4,417 116 122 4,431 4,240 4,646 3,877 318 451 76.0 77.7 65.4 59.2 5.6 4.6 8.1 23.6 23.2 34.4 21.6 24.0 25.4 12.6 11.0 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY^). SERVANTS AND "WAITRESSES. 24.4 10.3 8.7 1 For a list of the cities, see page 56. 3 Including unlcnown. ' Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. » Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.: Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul, Minn. 22.3 34.6 40.8 13,366 9,717 1,644 3,080 2,510 2,483 3,649 I 72.7 12.3 23.0 18.8 18.6 27.3 9,282 1,238 2,846 6,674 933 2,110 639 182 823 1,901 442 737 1,990 183 337 2,144 126 213 2.608 305 736 71.9 75.4 74.1 6.9 14.7 2,S.9 20.5 35.7 25.9 21.4 14.8 11.8 23.1 10.2 7.5 28.1 24.6 25.9 36, 108 6,279 1,120 2,141 1,610 1,508 29,829 17.4 3.1 5.9 42 42 82.6 28, 662 3,047 4,399 4,285 830 1,164 479 155 486 1,347 411 383 1,202 141 167 1,267 123 128 24,377 2,217 3,235 1.5.0 27.2 26.5 1.7 5 1 11.0 4.7 13.5 8.7 42 4 6 3.8 4 4 40 2.9 85.0 72.8 73.5 ST ::nographers and typewriters (26- ciTi ES ONLY') 17,816 12, 442 1,359 4,653 3, 668 2. 762 5. 374 || 69. 8 , 7.6 26.1 20.6 15.5 30.2 16,612 535 669 11,731 333 378 1,185 38 136 4,329 184 140 3,556 54 58 2.661 57 44 4,881 202 291 70.6 62.2 66. 5 7.1 7.1 20.3 26.1 34.4 20.9 21.4 10.1 8.7 16.0 10.7 6.6 29.4 37.8 43.5 TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLYS). 3,908 3,175 2,338 334 ,503 392 1,003 872 908 733 551 61 121 81.2 80.9 84.6 80.6 10.0 25.7 22.3 23.2 IS. 8 2,889 395 624 179 42 171 640 177 186 711 68 93 808 47 53 6.2 10.6 27.4 22.2 44 8 29.8 24 6 17.2 14 9 28.0 11.9 8.5 19.1 16.4 19.4 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGE S, ETC. 22,902 16,618 2,369 5,920 4. 750 3, 579 6,284 72. 10.3 9.7 7.0 23.7 25.8 20.7 15 6 27.4 21.102 667 1.133 1.5.325 515 2,053 47 269 5,323 306 291 4,514 88 148 3, 435 74 70 5.777 152 365 72.6 i 77.2 ' 68.7 25.2 45.9 25.7 21.4 13.2 13.1 16.3 11.1 6.2 27.4 22.8 31.3 212 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION. BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MARITAL CONDITIOIT. Single^ Married Widowed and divorced . All classes. ,SingIe2 Married TVidowed and divorced . All classes . Single" Married Widowed and divorced. Single" Married ■ Widowed and divorced . All classes. Single" Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Single" Married Widowed and divorced . . Single" Married Widowed and divorced . . . All classes . Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced . NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3 16 YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVEK HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.! Number. Per cent. Living at home. Living with employ- er or board- ing. Living at home. Living with employ- Aggregate. Total. In families having— Total. In families having— No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. board- ing. ALL OCCUPATIONS. 424, 552 333, 793 370,776 21,693 32,084 Single" Married Widowed and divorced. 291,885 16,952 24,966 18, 363 2,615 9,383 85, 590 69,665 8,217 7,708 91,071 S3, 237 3,256 4,578 126,781 120, 630 2,864 3,287 90, 759 78, 890 4,741 7,128 78.7 78.1 77.8 12.1 29.2 20.2 18.8 37.9 34.0 22.4 15.0 14.3 32.6 13.2 10.2 BOAEDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY 3). 659 665 1,765 3,009 I 632 ' 642 1,735 434 224 178 113 I 281 i 433 56 96 204 29 41 108 95.9 98.0 53.7 34.2 56.4 26.9 17.1 42.9 24.7 8.5 14.7 11.6 4.4 6.3 6.2 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY^'). 15, 601 14, 989 306 307 14,237 13,761 243 233 740 32 3,509 108 78 4,087 3,991 63 43 5,621 60 43 1,228 62 74 91.3 91.8 79.7 75.9 6.4 1 23.7 4.9 10.5 22.5 23.4 35.4 25.4 26.6 17.4 14.0 16.4 1 14.0 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 18,282 17, 189 480 613 1,056 15, 556 388 470 836 69 1.51 142 140 ,583 83 106 6,415 6,248 l\ 1,633 94 ll 92 73 143 90.5 80.8 76.7 4.9 14.4 24.6 22.8 22.6 29.6 22.8 26.7 17.3 17.3 36.1 36.3 19.6 11.9 4,034 657 218 3, 573 660 DRESSMAKERS. 39,769 2,620 4,537 42,034 35,721 2, .324 3,989 4,063 679 1,469 LAUNDRESSES. 12,373 1.913 2,507 7,662 1,582 3,129 6, 106 1,.367 2,813 270 1,147 1,636 635 ' 855 1,740 257 510 i 2,394 206 301 2,027 I 1,496 I 215 I 316 BO. 5 36.4 B9.9 16.6 6.5 17.1 36.7 24.6 20.0 40.1 27.3 20.3 22.7 16.2 16.3 23.4 31.2 13.0 9.6 21.4 21.3 21.9 22.2 4.1 2.0 1.1 8.2 20.3 24.1 9.6 19.2 23.3 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY 5) 1 223 1,066 1,030 1 1,974 ; 617 j 87.4 4.6 21.7 21.0 40.2 12.6 ! 149 26 49 684 330 51 897 102 31 1,843 93 \ 38 i 461 107 49 88.6 ' 83.7 77.5 3.7 3.8 22.5 1 17.0 50.2 23.4 22.2 15.5 14.2 46.7 14.2 17.4 11.4 16.3 22.5 4, 663 11, 266 11,076 16, 039 '4,892 89.6 9.9 24.0 23.6 32.0 10.4 2,766 8,909 361 1,134 1,536 1,223 9,896 468 712 14,160 371 518 4,048 296 548 89.8 88.7 87.9 7.0 13.4 33.9 22.4 43.3 27.0 24.9 17.9 16.7 35.6 14.2 11.4 10.2 11.3 12.1 402 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 2,610 842 708 658 i 3,601 j 42.0 6.5 13.6 11.4 10.6 68.0 1,782 1' 231 597 174 46 182 565 89 188 528 57 123 515 !i 39 1' 104 ij 2,281 448 872 43.9 34.0 40.6 4.3 6.8 12.4 13.9 13.1 12.8 13.0 8.4 8.4 12.7 5.7 7.1 66.1 66.0 69.4 16.4 19.5 13.6 10.1 ' MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLYO). ! 4,021 3,872 1,085 1,363 761 683 149 96.3 27.0 33.6 18.7 17.0 3.7 1,557 1 910 ' 1,554 1,452 892 1,628 276 138 671 428 460 465 342 173 236 406 121 156 i 106 18 26 93.3 11 17.7 98.0 1] 15.2 98.3 i 43.2 27.5 60.5 29.9 22.0 19.0 16.2 26.1 13.3 i' 10.0 6.7 2.0 1.7 1 For a list of the cities, see page 56. " Including unlcnown. , -r -„ u. ttt j-nv,* xtit 3 Includes ali cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except New Orleans, La. ,. , . t n ,. . ai , xt t n>T « , , t,, .. , 5 Includes the cities of Atlanta, Oa.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall Riwr, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass., Newark, N. J., New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa.; ^^ « Incrudes^aii cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fail River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul, Minn. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 213 Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MAMTAL CONDITION. NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWlNNERa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1— continued. Aggregate. Number. Living at home. In lamiliee having— No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. I Living with employ- er or board- ing. ■ Living at home. Total. In families having— No other bread- One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with employ- er or board- ing. Single" Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced . All classes . Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes . Singles Married Widowed and divorced. All classes. Singles Married Widowed and divorced. MILLINERS. 11,396 10,417 719 2,690 2,916 4,093 979 91.4 6.3 23.6 25.6 35.9 8.6 10,447 457 492 9,600 406 411 536 36 147 2,367 208 115 2,748 82 85 3,949 80 64 847 51 81 91.9 88.8 83.5 5.1 7.9 29.9 22.7 45.5 23.4 26.3 17.9 17.3 37.8 17.5 13.0 8.1 11.2 16.6 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY=). 4,780 4,239 448 ' 1,413 1,115 1,263 641; 88.7 9.4 29.6 23.3 26.4 11.3 4,164 321 295 3,706 286 247 340 29 79 1,168 171 84 1,021 46 48 1,187 40 36 458 35 48 89.0 89.1 83.7 8.2 9.0 26.8 27.8 53.3 28.5 24.5 14.3 16.3 28.5 12.5 12.2 11.0 10.9 16.3 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 7,676 3,226 1 632 1,098 701 794 i 4,451 42.0 8.2 14.3 9.1 10.3 58.0 6,506 591 1,580 1,778 ! 387 1,060 254 38 340 529 187 382 404 96 201 591 3,727 ! 66 204 137 520 32.3 65.5 67.1 4.6 6.4 21.5 9.6 31.6 24.2 ■ 7.3 16.2 12.7 10.7 11.2 8.7 67.7 34.5 32.9 SALESWOMEN. 35,093 33, 249 839 1,006 30, 31^ 673 811 1,410 92 207 7,732 7,170 300 262 132 190 12,841 149 162 3,291 90.6 4.9 22.0 26.3 37.4 2,931 166 "194 91.2 80.2 80.7 4.2 11.0 20.6 21.6 35.8 26.1 26.8 15.7 18.9 38.6 17.8 16.1 SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITIES ONLY<). 18,947 18,436 II 16,367 242 1 1 169 270 191 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC. 1 For a list of the cities, see page 66. * Including unknown. 3 Includes ail cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; FallEiver, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. 'Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall Eiver, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. J .; Providence, R. I.; and St. Paul. Minn. 8.8 19.8 19.3 SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY^) 22,147 19,237 2,063 4,906 5,095 7,173 2,910 86.9 ! 9.3 22.2 23.0 32.4 131 18,921 994 2,232 16,486 838 1,913 1,199 173 691 3,960 337 609 4,660 172 373 6,777 166 240 2,435 156 319 87.1 84.3 85 7 6.3 17.4 31.0 20.9 33.9 27.3 24.0 17.3 16.7 35.8 15 7 10.8 12.9 15 7 14.3 62,017 15,683 1,609 4,302 4,138 6,634 46,334 26.3 2.6 6.9 6.7 9.1 74.7 54,678 2,886 4,463 13,016 1,047 1,620 804 204 601 3,332 460 510 3,638 203 297 6,242 180 212 41,662 1,839 ■ 2,833 23.8 36.3 36.4 1.6 7.1 13.6 6.1 15.9 11.5 6.7 7.0 6.7 9.6 6.2 4.8 76.2 63.7 63.6 1,040 4,389 4,966 6,323 2,230 ' 88.2 6.5 23.2 26.2 33 4 11.8 967 10 63 4.250 80 59 4,892 36 38 6,258 34 31 2,068 83 79 88.8 66.7 70.7 6.2 4.1 23.3 23.1 33.1 21.9 26.5 14.6 14.1 33.9 : 14.0 11.5 ■' 11.2 34.3 29.3 TAILORESSES (21 CITIES 0NLY6). 1 14,335 1 13,466 1,130 3,231 3,796 5,310 869 93 9 7.9 22.6 26.5 37.0 6.1 12,583 740 ,| 1,012 |l 11,865 680 921 748 72 310 2.587 360 284 3,482 136 177 6,048 112 160 1 718 60 91 94.3 91.9 ! 91.0 5 9 9.7 30.6 20.6 48.6 28.1 27.7 18.4 17.5 40.1 15.1 1 14.8 5.7 8.1 9.0 22,566 17,485 1,878 4,800 4.840 5,967 6,080 77.5 8.3 21.3 21.4 26.4 22.5 31,600 405 560 16,690 351 444 1,708 36 134 4,465 173 162 4.678 74 88 5,839 i 68 60 4,910 54 116 77.3 86.7 79.3 7.9 8.9 23.9 20.7 42.7 28.9 21.7 • 18.3 15 7 27.0 16.8 10.7 22.7 13.3 20.7 214 WOMEN AT WORK. Table aT.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OP FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.' Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Total. In families having — Total. In families having— Living ■with em- ployer or No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. board- ing. ALL OCCUPATIONS. All classes 393, 682 200, 083 34,050 63, 565 46,663' 55,805 193, 699 50.8 8.6 16.1 11.9 14.2 49.2 Single 2 292,671 41,569 59,442 124, 513 32, 324 43,246 11,231 4,186 18,633 32, 655 17,573 13,337 34,012 5,784 6,867 46,615 4,781 4,409 168, 158 9,245 16, 196 42.5 77.8 72.8 3.8 10.1 31.3 11.2 42.3 22.4 11.6 13.9 11.6 15.9 11.6 7.4 57.5 22.2 Widowed and divorced 27.2 BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY 3). All classes 4,986 4,885 2,574 1,321 574 416 101 98.0 51.6 ! 26.5 11.5 8.3 2.0 "Single 2 . . . 863 1,089 3,034 816 1,069 3,000 584 329 1,661 141 461 719 53 161 360 38 118 260 47 20 34 54.6 98.2 98.9 67.7 30.2 54.7 16.3 42.3 23.7 6.1 14.8 11.9 4.4 10.8 8.6 5.4 Married 1.8 Widowed and divorced 1.1 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY"'). 3,718 3,049 188 875 t 894 1 1,092 ' 669 82.0 5.1 23.6 24.0 29.4 18.0 Single 2 3,381 206 131 2, ,801 154 94 137 20 31 771 70 34 852 27 15 ■ 1,041 37 14 580 82.8 4.1 9.7 23.7 22.8 34.0 26.0 25.2 13.1 11.5 30.8 18.0 10.7 17.2 Married. 52 37 74.8 71.8 26.2 Widowed and divorced 28.2 CLERKS AND COPYISTS. All classes. 4,522 3,608 273 1,082 1,000 1,253 914 79.8 6.0 23.9 22.1 27.7 20.2 Single 2 3,894 338 290 3,114 279 216 171 30 72 862 128 92 904 67 29 1,177 54 22 780 59 76 80.0 82.5 74.1 4.4 8.9 24.8 - 22.1 37.9 31.7 23.2 19.8 10.0 30.2 16.0 7.6 20.0 17.5 Widowed and divorced 25.9 COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY^). All classes 11,505 8,841 688 2,688 1,839 3,726 2,664 76.8 5.1 23.4 16.0 32.4 23.2 Single 2 7,4.50 3,241 814 6,601 2,645 695 272 132 184 907 1,604 177 1,267 433 139 3,156 476 95 1,849 696 219 75.2 3.7 12.2 49.6 21.7 17.0 13.4 17.1 42.3 14.7 11.7 24.8 Married 81.6 4.1 73.1 22.6 18.4 Widowed and divorced 26.9 DRESSMAKERS. All classes 31,550 25, 332 4,411 8, 560 j 6, 864 6,497 6,218 80.3 14.0 27.1 18.6 20.6 19.7 Single 2 22,138 3,909 5,503 17,052 3,502 4,778 2.018 406 1,987 '5,068 1,995 1,497 4,426 632 806 5,540 6,086 77.0 89.6 86.8 9.1 10.4 36.1' 22.9 51.0 27.2 20.0 16.2 14.6 25.0 12.0 8.9 23.0 Married 469 488 407 1 725 10.4 Widowed and divorced 13.2 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 8,982 2,797 1,383 283 1,131 584 1,041 576 596 6,185 31.1 6.5 11.6 6.4 6.6 68.9 Single 2 5,029 1,005 2,948 186 60 339 555 108 378 300 67 219 343 68 195 3,646 722 1,817 27.5 28.2 38.4 3.7 6.0 11.6 11.0 10.7 12.8 6.0 5.7 7.4 6.8 6.8 6.6 72.5 71.8 61.6 Widowed and divorced LAUNDRESSES. All classes 21,373 15,968 5,887 5,429 2,667 1,975 6,416 74.7 27.6 25.4 12.5 9.2 25.3 Single 2 8,165 3,889 9,319 4,047 3,496 8,416 981 772 4,134 1,130 1,760 2,539 9i2 5o5 1,170 1,024 378 . 573 4,118 394 903 49.6 89.9 90.3 12.0 19.9 44.4 13.8 46.3 27.2 11.2 15.0 12.6 12.6 9.7 6.1 60.4 10.1 9.7 Widowed and divorced MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19 CITIES ONLY'). 7,939 7,714 2,597 2,767 1,30, 1,046 226 97.2 32.7 34.9 16.4 13.2 2.8 1,266 2,242 4,441 1,128 2,210 4,376 43C 305 1.856 290 1,157 1,320 199 400 705 203 348 495 128 .32 65 89.8 98.6 98.5 34.7 13.6 41.8 23.1 51.6 29.7 16.8 17.8 15.9 16.2 16.5 11.1 10.2 1.4 1.5 Widowed and divorced 1 For a Ust of the cities, see page 66. 'includes an cit^es^in'the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; .Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. < Includes all cities in the hst of 27 except New Orleans, La. ,. ^ .„ t r, ., xt , -k, r . -kt r^ , 5 Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass., Newark, N. J., New Orleans, La.; Philadelphia, Pa,; "'^ 8 IncUides' all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas aty. Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. y.; and St. Paul, Minn. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 215 Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ^ AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED 3Y RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MARITAL CONDITION. FOREIGN BORN "WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES I— COntiUUed. Aggregate. Number. Living at home. In families having— Total. No other ^„„ bread- ; ^?"1 «nTiTi«rc I Other. Two other. More than two, other. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Total, In famiUes having— No other bread - One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. MILLINERS. 4,526 3,830 ; 362 1,144 . 1,043 1,281 696 84.6 8.0 26.3 23.0 28.3 15.4 Siii!?le 2 . 3,668 453 415 3,092 396 342 205 41 116 806 222 116 909 63 71 1,172 70 39 566 57 73 84.6 87.4 82.4 5.6 9.1 28.0 22.0 49.0 28.0 24.8 13.9 17.1 32.0 15.5 9.4 15.5 Married Widowed and divorced 12.6 17.6 MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES 0NL\3). All classes 1,573 1,200 236 433 294 237 373 76.3 15.0 27.5 18.7 15.1 23.7 Single ! 1,064 241 278 774 200 226 124 ' 18 94 251 118 64 209 40 46 190 24 23 280 41 52 73.4 83.0 81.3 11.8 7.5 33.8 23.8 49.0 23.0 19.8 16.6 16.2 18.0 10.0 8.3 26.6 Married 17.0 Widowed and divorced 18.7 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 12,926 4,963 1,411 1,926 934 692 7,963 38.4 10.9 14.9 7.2 5.4 61.6 Single! 7,096 1,721 3,509 1,310 1,320 2.333 337 149 925 428 685 813 285 277 372 260 209 223 6,386 401 1,176 17.0 76.7 66.6 4.4 8.7 26.4 5.6 39.8 23.2 3.7 16.1 10.6 3.4 12.1 6.4 83.0 Married 23.3 Widowed and divorced 33.5 SALESWOMEN 10,596 8,842 529 2,489 2,464 3,360 1,753 83.6 6.0 23.5 23.3 31.7 16.5 9,367 712 510 7.825 614 403 327 58 144 2,039 325 125 2,274 116 74 3,185 115 60 1.642 98 113 83.6 86.2 78.1 3.5 8.1 27.9 21.8 45.6 24.2 24.3 16.3 14.3 34.0 16.2 11.6 16.5 Mfi,rried, 13.8 Widowed and divorced 21.9 SE AMSTRESSES (26 CITI ES ONLY 4). 17,969 I 14,301 1 1,772 4,018 3,699 4.812 3,668 79.6 9.9 22.4 20.6 26.8 20.4 Single 2 Married Widowed and divorced 14,248 1,112 2,609 ' 11,264 1 924 ' 2.113 691 160 921 2,876 468 686 3,194 184 321 4,504 122 186 2,984 188 496 79.1 83.1 81.0 4.8 14.4 36.3 20.2 41.2 26.3 22.4 16.6 12.3 31.6 11.0 7.1 20.9 16.9 19.0 SERVANTS AND "WAITRESSES. 156, 689 16, 671 3,340 6,932 3,573 3,726 140,118 10.6 2.1 3.8 2.3 2.4 89.4 Single ' Married Widowed and divorced 137,196 6,723 12,770 10, 719 1,982 3,870 1,360 348 1,632 3,672 1,061 1,199 2,627 317 629 3,060 256 410 126,477 4,741 8,900 7.8 29.5 30.3 1.0 5.2 12.8 2.7 15.8 9.4 1.9 4.7 4.9 2.2 3.8 3.2 92.2 70.5 69.7 STI :nographers and typewriters (26 CITI ES 0NLY<) A.11 classes. 3,718 2,945 204 827 911 1,003 773 79.2 6.5 22.2 24.5 27.0 20.8 3,638 93 87 2,816 69 61 180 5 19 768 33 26 889 12 10 978 19 6 723 24 26 79.6 (') (=) 6.1 (>) (=) 21.7 (=) (') 26.1 . (S) (*) 27.6 (') (') 20.4 (=■) (=) Widowed and divorced TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY S) . All ci.asses 19,453 16,891 1,418 6.007 4,656 5,810 2,662 ■! 86.8 7.3 25.7 23.9 29.9 13 2 Single = 14,784 2.677 1.992 12,643 2,494 1.754 568 193 657 3,105 1,342 560 3,828 508 320 6,142 451 217 2,141 183 238 85.5 93.2 88.1 3.8 7.2 33.0 21.0 50.1 28.1 26.9 19.0 16.1 34.8 16.8 10.9 14.5 Married 6 8 Widowed and divorced 11.9 TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGE S, ETC. All classes 5,710 2.690 631 843 006 710 3,020 47.1 9.3 14.8 10.6 12.4 62.9 Single ' 5,102 381 2.233 188 269 396 23 113 032 115 96 649 24 33 657 26 27 2,869 39 112 43.8 82.8 70.6 7.7 10.1 29.7 12.4 50.7 25.2 10.8 10.6 8.7 12.9 11.5 7.1 56 2 Married Widowed and divorced 29.4 > For a list of the cities, see page 56. 2 Including unknown. ' Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga.; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. * Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass. » Per cent not shown where base is loss than 100. • Includes all cities in the list oi 27 except Fall River, llass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Lowell, Mass.; Paterson, N. .1.; Providence, B. 1.; and .'S \ Paul, Minn. 216 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. NEGRO FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES.l Aggregate. Number. Per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Total. In families having — Total. In families having— Living with em- ployer or board- ing. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. ALL OCCUPATIONS. 134,945 80, 137 17,931 30,235 16,276 15,696 54,808 59.4 13.3 22.4 12.1 11.6 40.6 Single 2 61,014 37,917 36,014 26, 951 28,634 25,552 4,684 2,956 10,291 6,736 15,709 7,790 6,532 5,366 4,377 7,999 4,603 3,094 35,063 9,283 10,462 42.5 75.5 71.0 7.7 7.8 28.6 11.0 41.4 21.6 10.7 14.2 12.2 13.1 12.1 8.6 57.5 Married 24.5 Widowed and divorced 29.0 BOAKDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS (23 CITIES ONLY'). All classes 966 934 587 234 71 42 31 96.8 60.8 24.2 7.4 4.4 3.2 Single 2 197 255 613 184 245 606 157 105 326' 14 103 117 10 23 38 3 14 25 13 10 8 93.4 98.1 98.4 79.7 41.2 63.4 7.1 40.4 22.8 6.1 9.0 7.4 1.5 5.5 4.9 6.6 Married „ 3.9 Widowed and divorced 1.6 BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS (26 CITIES ONLY1). 81 69 10 19 19 1 21 12 w (') (.>) (») (') w Single 2 62 7 12 65 5 9 3 1 6' 14 3 2 18 20 1 7 2 3 (=) (') (») (") (>) (=) (') (=) ■ w (") (») Married Widowed and divorced (5) 1 (=) (5) CLERKS AND COPYISTS. 260 170 27 66 39 39 80 68.0 10.8 26.0 16.6 16.6 32.0 Single 2 .... 177 32 41 118 22 30 14 2 11 38 16 12 32 4 3 34 1 4 69 10 11 66.7 (») (^) 7.9 (>) 21.5 (») 18.1 (') (S) 19.2 (=) (5) 33.3 (»). Widowed and divorced o COTTON MILL OPERATIVES (9 CITIES ONLY'). All classes 16 16 3 4 6 3 « (') « « (') 6 2 8 6 1 2 8 1 1 2 6 (') (>) P) 1 2 Widowed and divorced . 1 3 (=) « DRESSMAKERS. All classes 6,006 3,981 716 1,640 881 744 1,025 79.5 1 i 14.3 32.8 17.6 14.9 20.5 Single 2 2,146 1,747 1,113 1,560 1,512 909 223 119 374 486 871 284 419 306 156 433 216 95 586 235 204 72.7 86.5 81.7 10.4 6.8 33.6 22.6 49.9 25.5 19.6 17.5 14.0 20.2 12.4 8.5 27.3 Married . . 13.5 Widowed and divorced 18.3 HOUSEKEEPERS AND STEWARDESSES. 1,767 691 221 226 126 119 1,066 39.3 12.6 12.8 7.2 6.8 60.7 772 420 665 243 191 257 57 42 122 64 93 08 47 34 45 75 22 22 529 229 308 31.6 ' 45.6 45.5 7.4 10.0 21.6 8.3 22.1 12.0 6.1 8.1 8.0 9.7 5.2 3.9 68.5 54.5 54.5 Married Widowed and divorced LAUNDRESSES. All classes . . 40,781 8,4.56 16,512 15,813 36, 661 8.703 14,065 6,845 5,938 II 6,230 87.2 21.3 34.5 16.8 14.0 12.8 Single 2 6,176 16,363 14,012 1,716 1,409 5,678 1,685 8,236 4,244 1,357 3,032 2,456 1,518 1 2,280 2,686 !! 1,149 1,734 || 1,801 73.0 93.0 88.6 20.3 8.5 35 3 18.7 49.9 26.8 16.0 18.4 16.5 18.0 16.3 11.0 27.0 7.0 11.4 Widowed and divorced MERCHANTS AND DEALERS (19> CITIES ONLY^). All classes 188 171 52 74 29 16 17 91.0 27.7 39.4 16.4 8.5 9.0 Single 2 42 84 62 30 81 60 12 6 34 8 62 14 6 IS 6 5 5 6 12 3 2 (5) (>) (') (') (*) (») (=■) (') (.<■) (5) {") (») (») Married Widowed and divorced 1 For a list of the cities, sea page 56. 2 Including unknown. 'Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey City, N. J.; Paterson, N. J.; and Rochester, N. Y. •• Includes all cities In the list ol 27 except New Orleans, La. £• Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. ^Includes the cities of Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Lowell, Mass.; Newark, N.J. ; New Orleans, La.; Pliiladelphla, Pa.; and Providence, R. I. 'Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga,; Fall River, Mass.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Kansas City, Mo.; Lowell, Mass.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Rochester, N. Y.; and St. Paul Minn. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. 217 Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWIN- NERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued. MABITAL CONDITION. NEGKO FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1— Continued. Aggregate. Number. Living at home. Total. In famiiies having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Per cent. Living at home. Total. In families having- No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All Classes Single^ Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Single 3 Married Widowed and divorced All classes Single' Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Singles Married Widowed and divorced All classes Single' Married Widowed and divorced All classes Single' Married Widowed and divorced . \ All classes Single' Married Widowed and divorced . MILLINEES. m (•) (,^\ (.'■) m w (.'•) MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC (23 CITIES ONLY'). 254 123 56 338 194 101 43 15 95 78.1 76.4 82.1 (^) 9.0 7.5 4.1 (.') 26.0 45.5 21.3 17.9 (') 21.7 14.6 NURSES AND MIDWIVES. 3,097 1,765 508 824 1,969 1,005 387 577 263 74 24 166 254 224 188 279 75 135 1,128 760 121 247 SALESWOMEN. 102 70.6 2.9 (.') 30.4 (•) m (2) 22.5 (=) (=) C') 14.7 V') 72,715 42,490 15,461 14, 764 28,509 12,923 I 8,329 I 7,257 j 5,729 1,964 ■945 2,830 10, 172 3,188 4,699 2,285 6,060 3,381 1,432 1,247 6,548 4,400 1,253 895 44,206 i 29,567 I 7,132 I 7,507 39.2 7.9 30.4 53.9 49.2 4.6 6.1 19.2 8.3 7.5 30.4 15.5 8.0 9.3 8.4 9.0 10.4 8.1 6.1 STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS (26 CITIES ONLY^). 63 6 22 19 16 35 51 9 3 5 17 4 1 17 2 12 3 1 29 4 i 2 1 w m C') (.') C) TEACHERS AND PROFESSORS IN COLLEGES, ETC. 1,405 169 124 (=) (■■) 23.6. 17.9' (') 63.6 8.5 21.5 15.8 17.8 36.4 66.9 76.2 70.0 4,2 4.7 20,0 14.4 44.1 22.8 15,8 14,8 16,4 22.5 12.6 10,8 43.1 23.8 30.0 29.4 (') SEAMSTRESSES (26 CITIES ONLY 5). 3,012 2,446 440 921 534 651 566 81.2 14.6 30.6 17.7 18.3 18.8, 1,313 906 794 988 795 663 115 61 264 267 467 197 270 148 116 336 129 86 325 110 131 75.2 87.8 83.5 8,8 6.7 33,2 20.3 60.5 24.8 20.6 16.4 14.6 26.6 14,3 10.8 24.8 12.2 16.5. SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES. 69.6, 46.1 50.8 («) (.■■) TAILORESSES (21 CITIES ONLY«). 164 143 24 64 26 39 21 87.2 14,6 32.9 IS. 9 23.8 12.8 76 65 8 21 10 26 11 m (') m m m (.') 41 35 1 18 11 5 6 m m (') W' (=) ■ (.") 47 43 ' 16 15 '5 8 ' 4 m ('') m (.2) CT (-) 1,409 141 493 374 401 1 1 1 289- 83.0 8.3 29.0 22,0 23.6 17. 0' 1,103 145 101 91 13 37 379 88 26 328 23 23 365 21 15 i 242 24 23 ' 1 82,8 85,8 1 81.5 6,5 7.7 29.8 27,0 52.1 21.0 23.3 13.6 18.5 j 26.0 12.4 12,1 17.2 14.2 18.5- 1 For a hst of the cities, see page 56. 2 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. < Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Atlanta, Ga ; Fall River, Mass.; Lowell, Mass.; and Paterson, N. J. 5 Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass, ^Includes all cities in the list of 27 except Fall River, Mass.; Jersey CSty, N. J.; Lowell, Mass,; Paterson, N. J.; Providence, R. I,; and St. Paul, Minn. 218 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900. ATLANTA, OA. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. Total. Living at tiome. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living at'home. Heads of families. Living with— Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Ail occupations Board'ng and lodging house keepers.. . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc AU other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers.. . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Milliners , Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen ' Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations 4,037 10, 220 191 4,753 635 156 4,007 186 293 ALL CLASSES. 3,607 66 2,199 86 53 1,069 13 121 17 255 101 14 253 60 20 17 397 110 12 353 44 20 2,995 80 1,654 177 54 894 51 85 1,946 11 248 161 23 1,438 17 47 3,507 / 52 1,025 388 52 1,771 128 91 13 318 20 18 265 4 18 560 14 160 92 9 215 55 15 711 272 104 6 264 14,267 4,347 1,709 1,598 3,770 2,833 6,092 799 1,475 1,271 827 208 159 12 2 36 1 27 41 11 5 26 35 96 28 5 1 33 1 9 111 26 132 5 44 40 20 23 108 2 44 37 10 334 30 116 74 64 50 213 6 107 64 12 768 250 85 89 229 106 306 33 98' 65 68 117 16 2,228 1 263 1 407 18 1,669 82 255 55 1,056 8 326 1 167 11 145 4,822 280 152 11 63 30 28 30 117 3 50 23 18 768 103 108 114 183 260 484 27 99 106 70 234 8 80 65 33 48 198 3 75 62 22 495 144 72 62 130 87 248 34 61 49 50 4,139 1,091 266 355 912 1,526 1,844 273 217 265 219 262 7 89 62 37 67 237 4 86 66 31 236 54 58 31 67 36 130 8 53 21 18 476 36 160 96 114 70 372 14 149 90 62 1,013 194 288 144 224 163 693 25 264 127 81 740 989 645 775 888 2,685 143 916 660 354 140 9 2 34 1 26 34 10 5 25 31 92 24 5 1 32 1 8 25 6 43 40 17 19 102 2 43 37 9 27 116 69 67 50 207 6 107 69 11 184 68 72 ■ 149 94 254 20 54 56 60 11 53 30 28 30 117 3 60 23 18 17 7 4 6 99 96 7 7 2 3 8 80 65 32 48 197 3 75 62 21 91 58 50 76 64 196 16 62 43 43 22 2 2 18 88 73 8 2 1 5 7 89 62 36 66 235 4 86 66 30 61 68 30 52 36 129 7 63 21 18 23 100 52 63 53 244 10 94 51 44 145 279 142 197 211 612 28 259 124 83 142 67 7 214 18 17 1,720 5 23 15 24 72 35 138 23 182 36 54 870 60 30 57 22 11 24 64 23 77 36 42 67 30 45 118 8 133 105 12 813 12 24 BAIiTIMORE, MD. AU occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives D ressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners 56,563 540 587 766 1,132 4,773 696 535 7,680 1,188 1,035 ALL CLASSES.! 8,481 13, 179 6,538 11,686 16,779 37,488 1,752 12,502 6,905 4,630 464 4 2 61 9 144 125 4 1 10 6 301 118 74 88 658 2 297 113 69 30 327 172 137 100 679 6 318 164 107 37 516 feo 143 221 1,039 18 502 206 122 764 1,393 1,189 757 3,318 224 1,292 609 606 89 19 10 95 483 371 25 15 8 37 165 114 32 171 63 231 21 105 26 30 2,569 512 491 3,129 979 1,858 372 383 337 243 711 43 33 378 23 194 88 34 22 36 53 491 209 177 105 925 22 482 200 130 12,699 4 77 84 191 587 623 14 91 ' Inch;des married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 219 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ATLANTA, GA. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living witli- Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. ALL CLASSES. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses , Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 1,776 12 103 22 113 60 200 548 'l\ 2 30 '293' 4 1 21 133 1 (i 7 1 1 3 12 2,480 39 2 7 40 139 2 1,351 7 72 9 67 549 3 31 44 118 16 262 4,506 121 11 12 54 261 63 1,990 23 181 14 134 1,310 15 63 44 220 3,000 118 6 187 7 89 686 2 40 16 133 43 4 10 66 107 12 7 22 47 23 10 39 22 149 336 91 528 105 3 3 19 146 10 4 63 13 2 38 11 104 43 3,098 BALTIMORE, MB. 3 12 22 6 173 3 13 144 26 479 62 90 2,144 323 3,616 2,472 98 152 378 11 1 4 67 1 55 42 2 4 5 292 43 45 1,340 42 1,966 1,589 52 80 172 4 3 2 70 17 161 62 6 4 40 9 2 4 44 7 38 26 3 2 3 132 9 32 540 249 1,274 672 29 57 140 6 1 2 29 1 19 4 4 3 4 26 3 1 54 6 112 77 2 2 14 3 6 14 26 40 75 4 57 4 17 394 3 4 9 43 14 24. 4 18 4 13 18 3 4 5 68 515 2 73 39 4 376 4 17 ' ALL CLASSES.! V 9,328 1,334 384 309 5,704 1,697 9,747 5,395 293 324 1,262 2,483 Boarding and lodging house keepers 113 13 61 46 675 90 198 3,408 413 66 61 2 I 90 9 66 481 82 3 1 1 4 6 24 2 3 99 6 5 49 3 25 12 471 22 124 2,576 315 34 2 5 10 14 39 65 9 165 5 7 283 16 36 47 780 235 106 2,414 581 54 278 2 17 13 440 65 78 1,716 541 28 2 2 5 9 112 36 17 310 27 13 2 5 • 8 61 2 6 87 5 7 2 4 6 60 2 3 42 4 2 4 4 4 47 6 6 ■16 131 142 3 65 5 4 6 291 4 Millinfirs 7 'Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman. 220 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 38.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.— Continued. OCCUPATION. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen ,. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. 406 1,498 603 2,810 5,079 15, 725 1,516 717 2,272 1,948 667 4,390 Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living wlth- Father. Mother. Other relative. .4LL CLASSES ^ — continued. 49 219 50 77 705 1,342 41 114 260 26 721 159 158 276 1,675 1,228 812 323 747 739 377 1,617 101 586 856 839 297 151 131 712 79 269 131 461 974 2,069 199 116 427 446 77 795 772 45 338 10,257 167 118 634 204 66 645 322 933 452 2,612 3,739 10,656 1,392 691 2,170 1,417 599 3,188 19 38 6 26 120 387 87 44 4 107 153 147 258 1,326 1,581 1,117 793 316 742 721 365 1,662 70 95 566 706 286 148 440 280 121 653 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 581 700 162 111 211 56 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. 18,686 1,986 6,074 2,719 3,243 4,663 14,848 486 5,846 2,538 2,177 348 294 3 1 47 3 88 76 3 1 6 409 3 199 80 56 71 388 1 196 77 52 493 20 209 108 81 75 442 5 206 105 62 1,025 31 477 179 129 209 938 13 .465 171 109 2,396 384 616 313 590 493 1,685 112 568 273 344 286 46 10 3 26 201 154 17 7 3 14 101 28 38 8 19 8 60 3 34 8 8 345 94 66 37 83 65 169 6 69 31 25 269 137 15 8 93 16 60 23 12 5 9 641 25 307 115 106 88 588 11 301 110 89 240 28 102 37 46 27 191 11 98 34 27 575 71 27 21 ■ 82 374 374 12 24 18 18 279 13 140 50 55 21 229 1 131 46 32 1,560 31 715 306 . 264 245 1,457 10 699 294 232 2,566 331 809 372 491 563 1,927 58 767 337 323 1,501 64 98 46 68 1,225 1,158 8 92 40 33 820 25 402 151 122 120 743 5 393 144 99 504 5 204 103 91 101 486 3 198 101 87 1,406 66 471 290 290 289 1,350 54 470 283 273 472 80 143 80 99 70 326 14 137 72 49 230 7 203 120 903 46 366 26 379 31 368 204 1,832 114 874 42 343 19 267 2,219 43 36 590 3» 302 66& 7,746 14a 112 505. 161 53 3,801 2 63. 65- 180 388. 113 7 48. 11 77 21 302 19 222 102 270 54 29 306 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses '. Merchants and dealers Milhners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations ^ Includes married women living with their husbands. 11,302 1,238 4,328 2,202 1,766 1,778 9,170 303 4,162 2,073 1,163 1,479 160 2 92 37 16 13 163 1 92 35 15 10 241 5 111 61 44 20 217 1 107 56 38 15 1,453 174 577 297 28.5 120 1,176 62 549 281 188 96 142 103 16 22 2 41 1 9 35 26 88 5 74 63 2 1 39 17 12 54 8 4 321 15 83 66 64 34 171 9 75 47 19 21 328 325 182 20 19 169 19 81 108 52 78 286 31 9 15 167 16 77 16 32 13 11 105 8 43 ■ 26 22 6 93 3 42 26 17 5 211 45 26 13 38 89 124 4 23 10 18 69 217 15 111 38 36 17 174 2 103 37 16 16 1,090 28 653 265 167 77 1,027 11 646 266 147 67 1,595 180 634 396 236 149 1,292 43 693 372 159 125 1,146 57 158 64 77 790 940 13 154 57 48 668 585 8 351 126 65 36 550 1 341 122 55 31 198 574 3 32 114 189 43 120 22 89' 16 144 193 559 114 189 42 120 21 84 16 26 140 687 67 298 169 .122 41 569 18 289 152 79 31 265 9 158 69 28 11 246 2 154 65 25 10 1,.556 270 609 333 234 110 1,185 65 679 304 147 90 ' Includes 1 Chinese woman. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 221 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living witll- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen ■ Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants ■Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cull makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Taiioresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations 46 156 86 92 •503 2,488 52 6 30 270 31 505 1,503 23 25 57 30 51 214 136 30 4 10 59 13 173 834 14 119 20 21 59 109 23 6 15 21 26 111 65 17 5 56 ALL CLASSES 2 — continued. 34 5 11 110 221 I 3 36 2 101 291 1 3 32 3 3 27 6 38 22 4 4 4 1 81 37 409 147 8 9 100 4 66 1 65 39 8 2 11 10 45 17 106 41 15 10 21 24 271 63 837 475 49 43 122 70 1,031 1,091 2,581 734 36 63 328 6 26 7 72 28 11 5 11 1 2 2 20 4 7 2 3 1 13 9 72 24 1 9 18 8 196 19 261 180 7 12 38 6 16 2 37 20 7 4 5 24 299 42 697 513 26 35 58 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 745 39 2 15 12 177 4 10 49 79 16 25 20 21 104 19 17 1 3 34 7 83 184 12 20 45 431 100 13 94 111 24 144 20 52 425 207 47 15 46 87 13 214 1,209 182 1 10 12 229 24 10 67 101 13 11 42 10 15 226 43 15 2 12 53 5 126 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN BORN. 84 5 2 19 469 16 12 6 48 6 11 36 6 3 1 3 ' 1 35 6 79 6 1,298 4 10 158 48 19 91 141 16 6 72 22 37 192 151 18 3 10 62 13 225 792 5 36 12 14 105 41 7 2 5 43 7 82 1 2 4 1 5 24 2 5 2 4 13 13 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 2 1 '4 3 2 11 17 321 134 4 145 5 19 148 1,420 17 4 20 24 1 65 572 4 16 79 67 10 2 5 4 58 2 12 143 16 3 12 11 212 2 2 22 24 1 1 'i9 1 4 18 3 4 1 14 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman. 222 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BALTIMORE, MB.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) " Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 6,297 397 148 124 230 551 261 151 597 1,787 126 782 170 973 1,492 1,105 318 1,154 2,228 3,759 173 1,071 286 384 104 94 28 109 62 239 32 86 23 47 16 43 1 24 16 43 115 10 81 36 1 1 1 22 i' 4 3 4 141 4 8 49 28 44 8 4 5 7 376 5 4 161 6 52 34 3 1 11 57 3 3 59 139 129 15 3 1 12 16 79 15 28 13 124 3 78 15 16 136 189 60 121 91 394 12 182 58 73 112 56 18 100 1,501 1,428 16 54 15 50 11 13 10 13 79 113 6 13 10 10 no 295 61 223 93 519 12 292 56 83 10 99 26 21 14 149 ' 2 97 24 12 361 243 81 211 77 451 31 236 73 56 20,278 3,765 1,672 1,299 5,433 8,109 9,711 790 1,423 1,009 916 527 92 106 42 205 82 218 18 89 32 27 119 11 6 6 18 78 62 5 6 6 2 207 1 62 11 11 83 40 72 17 10 6 7 6,784 1 2,239 369 391 2,943 852 1,474 349 245 254 192 451 46 102 43 90 170 306 7 97 41 40 321 58 43 28 126 66 126 7 39 22 26 11,291 1,109 916 711 1,814 6,741 7,130 350 817 594 569 166 5 74 30 36 22 148 1 70 27 29 412 143 65 37 119 58 175 36 60 28 24 51 76 6 20 3 98 12 69 1,293 74 76 14 65 6,673 52 44 32 434 121 32 ,800 21 37 BOSTON, MASS. ALL CLASSES. All occupations 68,799 7,303 14,605 7,621 8,935 30,435 54,936 2,356 14,086 7,182 6,970 25, 341 Boarding and lodging house keepers 1,423 866 3,641 642 466 2,106 661 6,312 2,146 2,865 691 1,295 918 2,428 462 616 5,012 2,120 19,348 2, 167 1,896 2,481 506 997 411 6,624 1,197 27 125 30 8 82 9 1,143 223 1,044 365 130 91 230 9 19 126 281 744 40 216 173 6 56 38 891 4 415 1,430 262 223 832 340 1,291 24 256 46 448 325 92 260 269 2,083 440 563 851 528 693 262 427 169 1,993 6 218 744 126 128 420 102 811 20 170 44 227 106 76 103 141 1,046 269 392 412 249 418 94 232 73 1,006 179 133 480 86 69 272 63 1,216 -■18 469 162 182 151 266 70 88 703 384 1,084 239 431 335 65 166 80 1,150 37 72 762 138 48 600 47 1,862 1,461 927 74 308 246 1,765 30 99 1,065 766 16,666 626 472 862 79 116 01 1,478 324 825 3,289 564 440 1,897 529 4,585 1,304 1,346 242 1,081 744 1,796 447 570 4,629 1,567 16,284 2,063 1,610 2,293 480 887 350 4,900 297 17 84 12 5 46 3 489 69 119 79 72 49 63 7 7 66 77 212 31 88 120 6 20 16 313 4 408 1,409 257 220 810 333 1,240 17 232 43 435 308 79 248 263 2,04« 426 528 841 506 679 260 415 164 1,922 6 213 721 123 120 406 100 768 15 142 33 208 96 68 99 139 1,014 229 341 406 229 406 91 221 68 934 6 126 413 57 53 236 51 774 296 145 45 119 91 118 66 76 611 274 667 219 315 291 56 134 65 670 12 61 662 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 105 42 401 Confectioners . 42 1,324 708 42 Milliners 247 200 Packers and shippers 28 Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.-. Saleswomen 85 890 561 14, 536 Stenographers and typewriters 567 372 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives . 798 68 97 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations 47 1,061 > Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 223 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BALTIMORE, MD.— Continaed. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. ' FOREIGN BORN WHITE 885 185 17 1 13 589 81 1,653 1,134 17 20 181 301 Dressmakers -. 69 14 47 56 184 29 12 53 65 4 152 11 189 14 1 10 23 50 5 1 16 6 2 15 3 2 49 3 33 29 130 18 10 31 16 2 126 8 134 1 10 2 3 1 6 89 53 41 130 315 103 15 150 294 9 111 10 333 58 14 .32 110 291 37 12 108 90 3 83 8 288 5 3 13 9 7 13 20 29 2 17 34 1 1 14 1 21 10 Housekeepers and stewardesses 30 Laborers (not specified) .- 2 i" i" 2 2 2 1 2 6 Merchants and dealers 1 2 Nurses and midwives 35 Saleswomen 1 4 i" 1 1 Seajn stresses .... 1 42 3 2 1 2 21 Servants and waitresses 166 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tailoresses Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 5 2 1 3 1 2 3 8 1 1 4 4 9 All other occupations . 42 7 5 15 NEGRO. 6,105 715 173 178 3,901 1,138 4.462 2.260 76 112 616 1,398 207 23 102 3,211 55 f 125 2,232 11 139 17 1 24 420 7 15 199 11 7 1 3 92 162 8 68 2,469 31 88 985 5 86 10 13 6 151 16 14 916 1 ii 102 .34 33 2,099 90 70 1,929 7 98 57 5 21 1,470 32 36 1 6 3 16 8 8 282 19 12 260 1 10 20 Housekeepers and stewardesses . . 21 Laborers (not specified) 79 69 2 45 2 2 54 2 2 9 35 4 267 33 4 63 1 7 20 30 1.026 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations j 32 1 i 10 BOSTON, ]MASS. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants , Boat and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) , Clerks and copyists , Confectioners , Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses , Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 5,901 966 209 196 2,294 2,236 7,963 3,981 210 243 671 2.858 353 170 3 167 6 16 8 746 20 730 7 i' 1 4 6 2 20 3 1 3 157 11 15 10 56 65 95 30 6 13 11 35 60 2 1 3 2 3 6 26 5 16 4 38 8 16 2 2 1 3 1 18 2 2 101 8 9 5 3! 48 108 28 13 10 6 61 23 3 6 1 10 3 9 3 1 1 2 2 704 106 27 23 346 202 1,023 548 24 30 95 326 274 32 4 1 59 178 568 132 3 4 ' 64 365 649 162 8 19 261 99 970 763 15 9 63 120 161 40 1 1 105 14 288 246 2 10 12 18 107 13 5 9 58 o2 107 45 8 10 5 39 104 9 8 5 67 25 70 33 9 4 3 21 183 26 1 3 61 93 450 142 12 6 86 205 11 1 2 22 1 4 15 3 2 10 5 10 71 1 10 76 4 18 189 1 10 39 1 2 19 1 1 28 2 21 4 194 21 89 198 33 6 9 80 70 355 171 8 21 30 125 1,406 126 18 23 289 950 1,658 406 17 28 128 1.079 62 4 6 3 15 34 42 5 4 4 6 24 191 28 13 9 89 52 196 100 9 11 27 48 80 10 3 10 33 24 108 43 11 3 11 40 13 1 7 1 6 6 27 6 5 13 57 1 6 2 5 5 6 5 53 8 28 14 32 8 2 2 13 7 29 14 3 3 2 7 829 139 41 31 410 208 795 439 30 41 76 209 1 Includes married women hving with their husbands. 224 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BOSTON-, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . — ■Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses- Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives < . Printers, lithographers, and presswomen ■Saleswomen .Seamstresses -Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators -AH other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders - Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .... Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists •Confectioners Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers FEMALE BKEADWINNEEa 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEK. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown). Living at home. Living with em- Living at home. Living with em- Total. Heads of Living with — ployer or Total. Heads of Living with — ployer or families. Father. Mother. Other relative.^ ing. families. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. ' NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 15, 290 1,885 2,746 1,622 2,046 6,991 11,346 694 2,634 1,510 1,276 5,232 489 417 3 2 50 17 97 84 3 2 3 5 1,296 62 358 227 187 462 1,140 38 348 215 147 392 138 10 44 16 21 47 105 4 43 15 11 32 865 37 267 145 111 305 768 22 259 137 95 245 1,447 345 129 80 253 640 796 114 113 72 112 385 649 62 6 4 108 469 317 17 3 2 67 228 166 118 54 38 26 8 14 11 17 29 55 32 82 53 25 8 13 7 6 7 38 12 19 437 55 116 58 49 159 336 31 109 51 24 121 496 56 137 51 84 168 394 27 130 48 51 138 781 61 15 12 72 621 571 17 11 11 35 497 157 6 41 28 32 50 133 1 38 27 26 41 1,192 42 316 191 157 486 1,017 22 310 180 119 386 505 69 64 45 79 258 314 21 51 33 44 165 1,519 45 53 35 79 1,307 1,096 12 48 30 39 967 1,019 26 263 179 105 446 950 21 257 173 94 406 151 18 12 8 35 78 90 8 10 6 12 54 1,382 114 323 210 191 544 1,262 82 316 204 161 499 146 1 51 25 23 46 132 1 51 25 16 39 2,337 367 524 281 364 801 1,703 160 501 259 207 576 NATIVE ^ WHITE— o^ E OB BOl m PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 21,282 1,416 8,405 4,377 2,854 4,231 18,791 585 8,229 4,178 2,380 3,419 223 615 193 15 2 169 23 100 5 37 51 594 47 9 1 167 3 294 290 95 33 1,718 48 886 432 209 143 1,667 35 877 425 196 134 328 12 163 77 31 46 304 7 161 75 23 38 327 6 165 102 36 18 317 5 165 98 33 16 930 31 469 224 112 94 871. 17 458 218 105 73 285 3 170 69 22 21 277 2 167 69 21 18 2,088 231 767 471 304 285 1,780 124 747 446 242 221 495 41 8 10 150 286 314 18 5 7 124 160 557 115 152 86 93 111 377 12 143 79 60 83 166 72 20 19 36 19 82 19 19 15 17 12 643 40 238 130 74 61 489 23 235 118 61 52 298 15 156 38 44 45 258 10 149 35 28 36 454 44 51 42 39 278 358 11 44 37 22 244 284 3 167 66 37 11 275 2 166 62 35 10 363 8 195 98 37 25 351 4 194 97 34 22 2,700 49 1,S60 680 341 270 2,687 29 1,339 664 324 231 648 70 184 123 123 148 540 23 179 1J2 110 116 2,333 96 264 164 193 1,626 1,869 23 242 142 132 1,330 76 879 11 503 191 90 84 861 8 500 191 86 482 60 127 •114 98 83 396 32 119 104 81 60 846 34 336 178 114 184 810 28 330 171 105 176 303 4 188 01 31 19 298 4 187 59 31 17 574 17 292 162 08 35 539 7 286 154 63 29 193 14 91 41 33 14 177 9 90 38 28 12 2,680 183 1,169 628 416 284 2,349 77 1,137 594 324 217 FO REIGN BC EN WHITE 29,968 3,518 3,268 1,616 3,662 18,004 23,722 984 3,149 1,413 2,229 15,947 656 556 1 2 86 11 171 161 1 2 3' 4 161 9 79 31 21 21 149 7 76 30 19 17 523 15 185 83 83 167 478 11 183 79 69 136 169 7 63 33 32 44 141 1 51 33 22 34 302 14 93 50 48 97 261 7 90 49 35 80 218 5 137 24 34 18 197 1 133 22 24 17 2,681 535 387 248 631 880 1,954 246 374 230 413 691 914 105 7 4 149 649 628 21 7 4 99 497 1,650 651 70 52 238 639 764 74 59 38 66 527 405 254 18 14 97 22 107 48 16 11 21 11 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 225 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, ANl? OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BOSTOX, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All occupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookkeepers and accountants , Boot and shoe makers and repairers . •Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers HiUtners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen ■Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters "Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc, . Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers .... Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers .... Boxmakers (paper) -Clerks and copyists : ■Confectioners Dressmakers JEousekeei>ers and stewardesses Xaundresses "Merchants and dealers - - - 2tf iUiners Musicians and teachers of music JJurses and midwives Tackers and shippers Trinters, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . , Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives , Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations NATIVE WHITE— BOTH P.iRENTS NATIVE. 1,635 248 49 43 593 702 2,309 943 63 69 177 1,057 116 98 18 48 245 87 63 6 1 3 40 8 5 7 6 5 12 46 34 10 12 107 21 8 17 23 31 14 6 31 25 26 10 16 24 4 128 7 45 5 28 84 58 8 6 14 15 36 6 44 25 168 21 9 17 5 101 276 58 15 59 406 245 62 35 54 47 148 9 88 128 214 28 32 69 5 331 270 18 5 12 191 37 49 19 IS 24 32 5 12 39 24 1 8 26 1 6 5 I 2 11 5 1 3 3 2 7 25 10 6 5 3 1 6 5 2 4 34 20 3 5 2 2 23 32 171 183 22 1 9 30 4 5 1 1 7 47 55 62 2 2 2 2 5 5 4 1 6 3 3 2 24 15 88 15 2 1 1 3 4 4 2 3 87 209 41 29 8 9 9 4 2 6 8 8 1 4 2 3 7 10 14 1 7 6 3 29 56 68 2 4 2 1 172 20 15 51 9 303 3 6 28 2 54 11 9 153 12 13 124 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 1,130 181 90 87 369 403 1,361 649 86 112 105 409 60 11 27 14 6 24 5 109 82 71 26 25 28 30 5 6 49 36 247 10 43 19 3 17 7 170 36 2 3 1 1 4 1 13 5 20 8 2 1 3 22 4 9 6 2 5 2 3 6 4 1 9 1 28 61 12 2 3 5 15 112 10 24 10 4 36 3 169 99 109 58 29 12 66 4 6 64 72 217 8 43 17 2 18 9 161 110 4 10 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 16 14 3 4 1 1 7 1 6 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 5 1 5 3 9 3 4 10 6 12 2 io 1 5 1 7 2 1 3 1 5 3 46 12 30 15 12 15 10 2 3 10 11 50 2 11 6 91 18 83 45 15 4 30 4 15 40 50 3 19 4 11 15 2 2 3 5 1 4 1 36 65 5 1 2 2 6 1 1 11 3 5 1 3 5 16 5 1 6 1 6 4 19 1 2 19 13 158 6 14 3 1 3 1 31 1 5 7 23 10 2 7 2 5 1 1 2 1 20 11 8 13 7 2 11 2 6 3 20 19 138 2 9 2 4 7 1 5 1 12 6 9 5 1 3 2 22 1 2 1 29 5 3 78 8 4 77 * 3 2 14 1 a 36 FO REIGN BC RN WHITE All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers •Clerks and copyists Oonfectioners Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers 2,514 435 63 50 1,113 853 3,732 2,099 56 53 320 1,204 65 80 1 13 9 13 9 177 ^40 73 4 3 14 6 10 1 78 50 47 5 336 6 13 12 14 6 416 200 599 194 330 2 2 6 6 3 247 69 487 181 3 1 1 1 3 6 2 1 1 2 3 6 2' 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 32 16 2" 7 4 07 1 1 42 15 90 25 1 1 8 7 15 1 10 1 41 29 32 3 311 86 111 102 287 104 3 1 7 8 1 7 3 65 6 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 12694—07- -15 226 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BOSTON, MASS.— Continued. FEMALE BKEAD1VINNER3 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. ■ Single (including unknown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with e^u- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with Other relative.^ Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. FOREIGN BORN "WHITE — Continued. Milliners 310 109 1,163 102 1,113 929 14,286 261 1,254 244 324 143 2,051 35 18 121 3 35 134 481 3 133 25 34 12 333 92 30 26 44 406 199 228 81 388 27 100 61 566 37 12 15 21 172 89 162 42 126 29 69 25 196 58 21 149 22 205 178 668 44 298 30 76 33 463 88 28 852 12 295 331 12,757 91 309 133 55 22 493 262 83 846 97 1,019 698 12,622 246 1,019 212 263 115 ' 1,401 18 10 34 2 14 31 148 2 45 10 11 2 80 89 28 24 43 399 193 214 80 376 26 96 48 544 37 10 14 21 168 83 140 41 118 29 56 23 175 34 12 59 20 168 120 447 39 222 25 64 27 231 74 23 715 11 270 271 11,673 83 258 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — 122 47 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . All other occupations 15 371 NEGRO. All occupations 2,269 486 86 106 373 1,209 1,076 93 74 81 85 743 126 492 1,210 431 32 224 122 107 8 7 28 43 12 18- 41 36 27 121 144 81 47 122 875 165 55 123 697 201 5 33 29 26 6 5 24 39 10 12 29 30 7 13 49 16 27 60 566 90 BXrrFALO, X. Y. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwivea Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers — Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc, All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 2 26, 738 2,889 8,219 3,222 3,018 . 9,390 22,111 790 8,014 3,058 1,972 8,277 359 200 973 307 2 16 2 83 77 1 3 2 7 191 116 56 13 6 517 205 116 119 934 14 506 198 109 107 1,404 47 733 323 172 129 1,331 24 718 317 ■ 162 120 3,076 479 1,205 481 483 428 2.474 194 1,167 454 316 343 553 67 22 6 107 351 357 18 20 6 84 230 1,084 377 469 198 , 120 167 130 456 35 178 100 42 101 235 24 16 86 16 93 38 20 12 10 13 617 29 242 85 74 87 459 13 239 83 49 75 321 26 137 50 63 45 261 12 133 46 34 36 1,000 210 96 103 40 131 630 746 28 93 32 60 543 3 141 41 15 10 209 2 141 41 15 10 1,463 37 776 266 189 195 1,356 11 763 255 156 171 716 100 301 139 89 87 567 20 296 127 60 64 7,781 230 889 234 326 6,102 6,894 60 863 212 235 5,524 1,033 26 457 209 143 198 989 20 450 205 136 179 981 110 548 184 100 39 849 33 538 175 69 34 1,677 112 697 288 235 445 1,603 84 691 284 212 432 202 9 91 46 18 38 196 8 89 45 17 37 2,811 489 1,119 429 445 329 2,063 99 1,092 411 211 260 N ATIVE WH ITE — BOTI I PARENTS NATIVE. 0,997 579 1,911 749 681 2,077 4,980 180 1,873 709 462 1,766 100 365 84 7 11 3 19 19 176 84 36 62 348 7 173 81 34 53 408 18 213 85 47 45 380 7 209 81 40 43 639 107 218 68 101 145 481 40 210 63 51 117 115 16 2 2 15 80 61 4 2 1 11 43 121 45 27 14 14 21 63 3 26 13 4 17 147 4 69 26 17 32 136 3 69 25 11 28 133 9 56 17 26 26 102 3 54 15 11 19 262 26 20 9 24 183 203 7 18 .6 12 160 387 9 ■196 68 66 59 353 2 192 63 47 49 116 16 53 15 19 13 86 1 52 13 13 7 1,277 37 168 30 67 985 1,086 9 163 26 49 849 406 8 160 85 66 107 386 6 148 83 50 98 519 38 193 89 69 130 488 24 191 87 61 125 1,002 155 380 157 123 187 789 1 45 376 152 68 148 > Includes married women living with their husbands. ♦ , . *v,- * i,, ! Includes 261 negro women and 1 Indian woman, for whom figures are not shown separately ni this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 227 Table 28.^FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BOSTON, MASS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. OCCUPATION. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of lamilies. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. I^iving with — Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer 'or board- mg. Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mldwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoressea Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified), All other occupations FOREIGN BORN WHITE— continued. 664 10 117 14 352 1 5 2 3 10 1 i' 9 4 16 4 63 8 17 6 2 1 5 4 2 1 61 13 36 2 30 41 148 3 62 3 18 5 3 39 1 12 23 441 24 10 231 145 1,000 118 31 14 298 87 270 1 71 13 18 37 643 24 7 3 o4 All occupations. . . Dressmakers Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . 16, 12 32 183 51 32 200 227 102 290 19 144 62 65 30 126 24 BUFFALO, N. Y. All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives,. . . . Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriter J Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations ALL CLASSES.! 1,812 90 il 3 li 19 !l 40 245 ij 54 !| 197 95 30 39 53 50 366 23 35 24 4 361 65 843 5 i 15 ! 19 137 105 72 20 25 26 10 1 212 5 I 4 ' 39 i 31 i 10 ' 1 3 6 21 ..... 8 249 2,815 ' 20 ■ 33 I 357 ! 142 431 189 170 1 54 99 521 21 97 jl 50 2 387 183 1 1 15 242 36 367 179 10 13 1 20 65 132 73 28 1 294 203 1 1 1 i Ij 30 1 14 20 4 5 4 90 19 2 66 13 16 329 11 4 10 1 45 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. AH occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and' accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwaves Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 261 negro women and 1 Indian woman, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 410 77 20 13 177 123 607 322 18 27 42 198 29 ■ 15 1 11 2 52 50 1 1 8 2 1 3'| 2 7 .. 4 9 12 1 3 3 1 5 2 16 5 6 68 12 2 1 42 11 90 65 6 4 8 17 13 3 2 8 41 9 1 2 29 18 6 1 9 4 1.. 13 i 2 4 40 7 11 36 1 1 1 2 2 8 2 4 4 2 17 20 2 1 ' 1 3 12 1 1 4 6 47 18 1 15 3 1 2 7 2 19 4 2 3 2 8 10 3 1 1 1 4 1 j 20 12 1 5 85 6 2 2 1 11 64' 106 22 3 2 72 15 2 2 2 !J 5 1 6 22 2 9 2 4 2 6 4 26 88 1 23 2 1 [ 49 is! 125 87 2 228 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BUFFALO, K. Y.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers ' Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and tjrpewriters Tailoresses ^ Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. ... Laundresses _ Merchants and dealers^ Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations FEMALE 'BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. 8,543 138 129 200 860 196 547 183 111 440 282 210 3,534 178 345 239 951 Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative, 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 11,936 967 96 1 4,534 1,970 1,307 3,158 10,524 113 1 74 16 9 30 122 126 40 2 479 7 275 101 63 33 464 795 19 430 194 95 57 769 1,539 193 688 315 215 128 1,330 228 28 14 2 57 127 166 398 122 103 78 66 40 221 152 83 13 11 38 7 SO 258 17 136 48- 34 23 233 138 11 64 26 29 8 117 295 17 51 22 33 172 240 126 2 82 30 6 6 126 793 12 448 169 87 77 753 383 46 158 93 47 39 323 2,838 59 468 138 105 2,068 2,617 449 5 235 aoi 60 48 434 556 60 300 141 54 11 496 916 67 350 190 130 189 888 101 4 49 23 9 16 97 1,253 138 595 248 165 107 1,048 342 4,436 1,886 27 1 73 269 39 100 6 12 423 193 91 672 302 6 14 2 12 96 63 19 11 8 9 134 46 5 63 24 8 45 19 2 82 30 2 442 163 15 156 84 18 456 127 5 230 99 20 293 135 47 346 189 4 47 22 34 583 241 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 122 8 104 1,273 1,705 490 987 4,028 6,490 257 1,700 451 515 119 2 17 17 2 24 32 122 29 1 1 16 66 20 64 17 10 90 44 30 26 , 181 5 86 43 24 173 295 96 163 133 652 62 284 87 103, 20 6 2 33 135 124 7 4 2 24 290 68 28 94 67 167 19 56 24 18 132 6 4 38 3 25 13 4 3 3 8 37 12 23 31 89 1 36 12 14 53 32 9 71 275 302 13 30 7 20 16 133 29 46 58 249 7 129 29 34 35 88 31 23 33 156 4 86 30 10 110 261 58 140 2,965 3,118 . 28 252 52 100 13 72 23 27 43 no 9 72 23 26 51 206 30 40 18 284 9 203 28 27 17 54 9 35 124 224 13 54 8 28 224 351 95 190 91 595 37 340 86 67 2,880 2 30 53 105 95 32 6 20 7 151 6 71 31 1,934 41 10 184 16 2 24 23 116 87 50 2 26 232 50 40 17 121 65 CHICAGO, ILL. All occupations. Actresses, professional sliow-women, etc . Agents Artists and teactiers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging liouse keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and slioe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists ALL CLASSES. ii 138,020 607 578 708 453 2,151 1,400 4,970 455 7.32 8,203 15,067 26 153 66 79 1,879 24 171 16 16 213 41,090 90 91 223 122 10 771 2,220 224 462 4,061 Confectioners 551 96 254 79 92 30 401 20 Dressmakers 12,769 2,518 3,620 1,500 2,445 2,686 9,017 773 Glovemakers 5'4 18 366 102 51 37 545 7 Housekeepers and stewardesses 2.963 460 68 26 441 1,968 ; 1,582 83 Laborers (not specified) 1,189 209 463 116 216 185 1 758 15 1 Includes married women living with th^ir husbands. ^Includes 1 Chinese, 1 .Japanese, and 1 Indian woman, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 16,576 71 51 110 40 334 970 106 171 1,665 16,828 78 94 134 81 208 155 672 61 56 976 342 189 175 131 46 116 937 48 28 1,288 109,994 329 305 538 286 368 1,337 4, .529 401 705 7,610 3,753 32 28 21 330 13 96 3 5 98 39,915 64 83 207 115 2 763 2,164 216 458 4,003 248 3,461 361 51 441 14,6 51 47 102 38 2 325 930 99 167 1,615 73 1,371 99 21 113 9,985 41,642 18 36 68 32 16 132 544 45 49 798 33 1,397 46 ' 276 46 188 107 133 80 18 104 795 38 26 1,096 27 2,015 32 1,151 143 FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 229 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BUFFALO, X. X.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Other relative.^ Liviiig with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living wlth- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer . or board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. , Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. . Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses TeELchers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations , AH occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 20 22 100 7 17 6 4 ■90 10 1 2 12 5 13 1 2 \ 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 17 9 ISl 779 175 36 20 S 1 12 1 82 18 18 3 121 45 4fi 10 15 4 S2 5 18 1 l(i 5 150 13 2 47'i 13 3 6 45 4 31 29 60 2 9 14 134 45 124 62 14 7 20 38 121 1 4 1 9 10 3 12 1 2 2 2 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 37 383 12 7 112 5 2 109 1 1 1 11 1,274 70 2 7 126 54 269 112 7 86 15 38 266 7 44 6 175 4 93 10 226 109 3 35 4 40 4 140 20 70 166 2 2 15 24 6 14 2 4 74 5 1 4 1 13 35 11 1 3 5 170 2 2 15 CHICAGO, ILL. All occupations. Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists 11,075 229 105 92 84 404 38 22s 22 12 296 1,460 14 359 235 17 207 12 268 2 67 42 ALL CL.\SSES.2 Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) 1 Includes married women living with their husbandt;. s Includes 1 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 1 Indian woman, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 309 6,616 58 51 56 43 180 19 110 9 4 147 58 859 5 09 1.58 2,909 133 28 18 22 12 230 1 20y 20 49 168 78 25 216 32 15 297 74 2,292 15 1,022 196 9,636 10 99 30 41 1,342 7 61 13 9 97 64 1,477 310 152 612 568 2 7 10 1 189 21 54 24 29 16 4 3 18 82 7 2 ■< 31 101 1 441 4 230 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate, Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factpry operatives . . . . All other occupations All occupations , Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers .... Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accoimtants Clerks and copyists Dressmakersl. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen '.' . . Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations 27,069 275 286 393 102 716 180 1,498 2,231 2,682 635 227 870 931 1,152 290 169 1,353 910 3,118 3,082 160 2,694 322 120 2,187 ALL CLASSES 2 — continued. 6,178 2,303 1,177 613 1,042 1,143 2,929 249 1,112 432 319 1,491 801 128 59 422 81 377 117 101 46 68 3,164 212 1,444 449 506 553 2,715 97 1,412 432 348 2,021 180 781 299 319 442 1,683 74 736 276 157 3,782 586 185 113 587 2,311 2,439 136 156 94 179 823 23 538 153 66 43 789 9 534 160 56 548 198 37 19 162 142 234 74 30 16 26 546 24 241 129 68 84 472 8 236 120 45 7,213 199 3,644 1,315 906 1,149 6,693 78 3,675 1,282 708 7,029 873 2,797 980 1,022 1,357 5,599 217 2,718 909 701 33,241 1,045 2,361 780 1,660 27,395 28,467 260 2,271 705 1,027 7,958 198 3,279 1,451 961 2,069 7,499 152 3,222 1,414 835 5,742 488 3,231 866 648 519 4,942 127 3,166 819 381 7,194 475 2,400 1,206 1,021 2,092 6,460 309 2,338 1,158 717 1,246 37 624 247 164 174 1,169 20 614 237 146 506 14 348 89 28 27 484 6 346 88 20 959 73 472 171 141 102 826 25 462 164 90 774 28 438 75 66 177 706 4 431 71 36 9,302 1,367 3,920 1,323 1,299 1,393 7,011 270 3,818 1,234 601 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,437 10 77 42 19 625 77 697 111 151 94 71 132 94 11 55 138 101 114 28 214 16 17 366 5,921 113 15 323 12 35 21 51 418 162 148 842 32 764 140 39 656 2,769 25 13 63 4 1 33 231 362 190 11 81 123 26 10 36 172 76 66 478 10 47 15 251 3,719 27 46 71 14 71 24 205 291 520 76 77 60 142 158 119 73 22 182 133 134 414 34 418 38 22 348 11,223 19,912 986 6,665 2,547 2,059 172 147 3 26 17 6 117 139 17 30 10 16 114 287 17 105 49 30 60 66 3 14 3 6 16 92 166 85 3 2 14 34 86 31 511 1,281 44 438 218 154 652 1,986 32 832 340 234 962 1,469 177 291 160 202 425 277 22 8 8 38 129 244 15 73 44 29 39 68 9 19 7 6 290 690 34 276 78 90 257 707 42 283 108 83 840 816 42 26 21 40 92 130 33 17 9 16 49 132 1 50 32 14 526 1,111 16 405 162 120 411 602 30 143 65 77 2,669 2,402 29 143 54 68 1,234 2,814 83 818 460 345 66 103 6 32 10 17 914 2,336 142 736 372 273 81 286 6 139 43 33 27 84 4 38 15 9 566 1,498 92 628 231 138 816 56 426 340 1,874 40 88 63 950 1,054 24,214 1,876 449 1,928 152 25 85 164 95 66 86 30 5 32 427 548 629 201 83 27 212 191 687 56 36 287 2,108 1,108 38 813 66 18 409 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations . Actresses, professional show-women, etc - . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists 64,976 3,416 24,035 9,353 5,905 12,267 48,929 1,179 23,664 8,978 4,491 10,717 164 9 33 27 24 71 93 4 28 22 8 31 177 27 51 36 28 36 118 1 49 35 14 19 212 12 80 42 40 38 173 4 74 38 29 28 158 13 70 31 26 18 135 8 66 30 16 15 522 453 15 3 643 4 262 62 94 10 55 119 936 105 8 1 635 7 86 6 969 266 61 2,710 55 1,396 601 342 316 2,568 38 1,374 581 298 277 305 5 148 86 38 28 286 2 146 81 34 23 506 9 324 131 30 12 494 4 323 127 28 12 4,611 78 2,546 1,109 470 408 4,411 43 2,509 1,086 416 357 301 27 158 56 43 17 249 7 153 53 20 16 6,482 753 2,167 902 860 800 4,475 270 2,102 841 619 643 364 9 243 69 32 11 350 3 241 67 30 9 742 103 26 12 153 449 478 30 21 U 120 296 414 22 260 69 41 22 366 2 257 68 21 18 Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 1 Indian woman, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 231 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. OCCUPATION. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families.! Livirig with- Father. Mother. Other relative.^ Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Living at home. Heads of famiUes. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living witb em- ployer or hoard- ing. Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners , Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwi ves , Packers and shippers , Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators , Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . ... All other occupations , All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc . . Agents Artists and teachers of art , Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Booickeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers , Milliners Musician? and teachers of music Nurses and midwi ves Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teaehers and professors in colleges, etc., Telegraph and telephone operators Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations . Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists 2,964 52 54 25 146 107 117 101 129 85 20 115 295 131 27 199 18 23 325 2,478 31 343 7 74 26 ALL CLASSES 2 — Continued. 1,059 275 36 30 004 115 2,190 1,779 30 51 119 468 80 17 3 353 15 646 604 10 11 11 219 18 18 8 127 48 230 97 14 9 31 245 16 26 8 146 50 193 91 19 U 16 458 52 10 6 285 105 885 398 19 13 123 16 • 2^ 2 2 4 3 1 9 114 20 18 150 36 10 102 14 2 3 2 2 3 6 1 12 3 164 24 10 38 3 322 31 31 12 165 83 298 90 38 21 33 458 83 23 19 248 85 972 573 56 52 73 1,806 116 44 34 414 1,197 2,969 679 46 41 219 234 6 24 12 103 89 225 40 33 25 23 365 64 31 10 233 27 435 297 34 27 34 408 19 38 24 263 64 336 147 24 24 41 38 3 4 5 16 10 39 14 6 5 2 10 1 13 8 42 1 9 12 62 8 35 2 8 1 2 71 2 5 9 37 4 3 • 2 19 9 32 20 4 2 2 1,009 180 58 27 621 123 1,282 917 44 62 77 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 134 1,337 20 26 33 7 65 7 46 48 245 18 36 50 40 65 43 54 7 63 39 44 57 14 128 6 11 176 977 64 14 11 11 3 1 35 45 105 63 20 10 33 34 34 15 28 227 51 7 40 8 5 ,193 29 95 62 21 478 6 110 128 760 257 152 247 76 17 127 219 421 137 30 160 18 13 364 2,018 35 436 63 107 -74 32 37 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 210 16 Confectioners 31 4 2 Dressmakers 343 70 19 Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) 1 Includes married women iiving witii tiieir liusbands. ! Includes 1 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 1 Indian woman, lor whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 1 1 23 184 2 10 18 24 3,568 34 17 8 311 17 69 12 8 103 21 664 7 190 22 1,881 4 23 5 1 299 5 13 3 4 30 16 413 6 62 16 261 323 268 211 10 79 52 a32 3 30 11 116 218 1,984 104 43 100 12 1 8 4 182 13 37 17 1 49 59 218 171 , 26 2 46 32 119 21 6 72 334 75 U 61 7 4 909 2 21 1 27 102 2 103 1 232 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Mving at home. Heads of families. Living witfi- Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Mother." Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Laundresses . •. Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mldwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations. . '. All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers .... Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot .and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists.-. Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Murses and mldwives Paciters and shippers Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Ah Other occupations 51,098 I 7,117 116 110 117 809 251 749 100 178 1,309 197 4,208 178 1,434 631 3,118 877 752 267 ■1,605 145 1,713 2,906 19,471 871 3,381 901 164 132 341 541 3,318 4,875 104 397 152 917 147 2,505 653 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN — Continued. 1,656 252 668 270 201 265 1,244 32 649 239 120 381 169 61 35 106 10 155 37 58 20 23 1,533 77 826 271 206 153 1,400 43 810 261 160 775 40 393 145 93 104 682 14 381 137 57 926 115 88 42 108 573 694 37 80 37 60 541 13 345 120 43 20 .630 8 344 120 39 281 10 149 74 29 19 260 6 146 71 23 4,131 85 2,296 878 473 399 3,919 41 2,262 861 410 3,066 233 1,526 566 366 375 2,691 67 1,487 632 295 8,146 155 1,229 369 359 6,034 7,374 56 1,200 361 287 3,980 63 2,013 830 417 657 3,843 52 1,989 816 384 2,195 62 1,492 383 152 106 2,063 24 1,467 370 110 3,561 162 1,437 702 465 795 3,304 113 1,405 679 361 759 17 409 168 98 67 732 12 404 165 88 331 3 241 68 10 9 326 1 240 68 9 497 12 273 116 60 36 463 6 270 111 45 218 7 151 34 14 12 200 1 148 32 8 4,361 350 2,391 845 432 343 3,798 100 2,345 803 276 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 27 709 30 200 151 1,475 637 63 20 397 95 4 7 43 19 714 3,210 6 32 4 142 353 57 116 661 78 1,100 108 30 170 414 40 329 72 60 140 6 928 1,103 421 ,707 200 75 160 286 1,125 136 13 28 187 15 391 29 2 15 94 27 37 22 4 261 326 244 138 462 104 32 13 40 6,261 • 20 19 20 77 37 124 13 19 204 38 949 16 189 150 495 254 157 56 343 20 47 249 486 833 124 460 130 28 15 59 42 588 23,608 11 199 10 788 19 1,013 121 696 31 109 64 844 18 27 217 522 17,023 168 355 372 25 39 156 581 39, 178 58 46 72 146 236 668 79 167 1,174 116 2,935 167 776 328 1,.301 151 617, 170 873 191 54 1,551 2,246 17,454 826 2,773 787 160 119 279 494 2,176 1 14 4 131 2 14 1 320 3 24 11 157 71 20 17 57 1 23 21 117 112 16 97 53 3 2 15 1 110 6 4 31 1 142 347 53 114 657 77 1,047 106 22 154 380 22 323 64 48 138 2 906 1,075 853 413 1,667 191 71 164 282 129 12 28 182 13 357 28 1 39 122 90 27 31 20 4 256 303 223 134 438 101 29 13 38 37 277 1,097 92 88 46 425 33 300 113 232 30 1 18 16 101 17 1 62 12 101 61 943 116 23 269 37 334 156 2,359 4 146 81 153 49 ,669 257 1,973 11 148 51 139 60 1,237 327 176 14 141 10 666 13 114 20 167 29 97 13 72 15 176 321 586 104 253 36 27 224 176 204 S 126 93 480 19 14 345 310 6,480 602 92 766 63 31 11 274 37 20 25 ■5 21 87 7 11 171 8 656 17 615 104 485 20 87 49 • 665 17 19 192 430 15,680 158 318 353 22 g 36 147 479 2 87 39 44 27 946 164 1 Includ'fes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. ^83 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWIhNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators rextile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music JSurses and midwives Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Seamstresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations 112 129 305 70 59 153 14 1 21 12 236 4,418 49 26 19 141 14 45 7 5 72 36 524 6 150 176 535 49 292 9 46 94 207 644 276 46 6 7 26 22 604 1,215 25 130 34 270 33 561 162 3 7 105 1 23 32 171 NATIVE "WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. 1 11 5 136 2 ■28 28 219 31 7 16 2 248 127 62 40 162 6 12 100 246 467 67 73 104 13 4 13 6 327 172 120 29 21 68 4 4 29 140 86 10 34 43 5 2 3 3 210 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 2,520 851 17 25 12 5 9 5 67 7 5 6 26 7 4 4 51 16 27 1 345 42 1 3 1 30 9i 125 8 , 300 41 219 3 46 6 38 8 210 43 5 35 4 65 9 132 22 131 431 16 6 184 12 34 4 2 7 20 2 14 6 337 41 7,502 4,878 9 2 38 26 26 18 522 514 2 2 .36 12 14 8 6 4 63 32 45 41 749 555 6 2 508 153 127 108 1,282 1,147 434 409 69 36 48 30 440 234 8 6 45 33 68 27 453 314 1,373 315 18 4 332 247 68 38 8 1 6 5 36 26 25 17 638 514 7 85 11 204 26 187 93 1 28 15 27 7 320 42 1,687 119 67 608 64 707 164 858 66 73 32 363 30 223 81 17 I 5 33 116 4 23 7 1 66 1 3 26 37 335 24 7 23 2 1 3 1,808 4 10 5 4 12 1 12 1 90 2 307 9 16 7 136 1 4 16 70 912 4 25 15 3 1 3 61 1 31 27 82 15 403 51 'Includes married women living with their husbands. 23| WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CINCINNATI, OHIO. FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND 3VER. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown) . ' OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or board- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.i Father. Mother. Other relative. ALL CLASSES. 35,150 5,630 10,069 6,079 4,190 9,282 27, 518 1,573 9,689 6,708 2,649 7,899 Boarding and lodging house keepers 319 202 666 1,317 384 959 2,662 504 2,932 422 599 380 757 347 1,919 2,831 8,499 1,255 1,701 1,312 1,493 3,690 281 19 17 46 8 34 630 36 1,361 282 47 43 170 24 66 554 694 34 216 115 100 763 2 73 312 687 212 452 887 16 313 34 282 147 44 193 889 937 741 588 724 397 777 1,362 6 63 199 383 105 265 535 4 234 27 139 96 28 72 553 674 409 332 480 296 382 797 22 32 77 158 42 118 420 96 676 63 95 52 96 45 236 351 487 146 211 197 163 608 8 15 61 43 17 90 190 353 , 468 16 36 42 419 13 175 315 6,168 155 70 307 71 260 96 183 641 1,261 368 900 2,015 314 1,057 106 622 324 479 314 1,802 2,218 6,996 1,213 1,427 1,236 1,349 2,708 83 9 13 26 2 18 231 7 193 41 17 1" 28 7 37 193 229 25 84 92 33 186 1 71 310 670 208 446 858 13 251 22 279 140 36 190 877 895 699 582 682 392 761 1,306 3 60 193 375 102 253 502 3 178 25 132 91 21 69 624 625 366 329 463 292 366 746 3 30 67 142 39 104 291 66 117 8 66 41 33 36 203 266 299 136 147 169 127 269 6 13 Bookkeepers and accountants 58 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 38 17 79 133 Housekeepers and stewardesses 225 318 9 Milliners 28 33 361 12 161 249 5, 403 stenographers and typewriters . . ... 141 Tailoresses 61 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 291 62 201 I rATIVE WHITE— BOT H PARENTS NATIVE. 9,494 1,232 3,022 1,605 1,061 2,674 7,822 .432 2,940 1,410 759 2,281 Boarding and lodging house keepers 137 268 357 121 391 696 125 433 177 178 259 133 694 739 1,948 534 284 456 379 1,285 121 9 7 1 12 212 10 144 14 17 41 9 25 171 118 16 39 39 33 194 1 113 219 79 185 198 3 83 72 76 16 72 287 227 169 224 133 155 191 619 4 84 70 26 94 77 1 45 41 41 8 27 139 127 83 127 64 93 86 278 9 22 44 10 62 119 11 67 26 22 28 19 64 77 88 61 38 86 49 170 2 40 17 6 48 90 100 94 25 22 166 6 79 137 1,490 106 20 83 20 124 53 265 345 120 368 453 76 232 151 ' 151 177 119 560 664 1,670 509 226 429 342 1,022 46 7 6 1 112 214 79 182 185 3 77 71 72 13 70 283 216 166 221 127 154 189 505 1 82 68 26 90 68 1 38 38 38 5 26 131 115 75 126 45 91 83 264 3 16 42 10 48 70 4 29 18 18 12 16 54 63 63 56 29 7S 38 93 2 38 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 15 6 5 70 3 22 4 6 6 2 17 63 42 12 10 30 13 68 43 60 Housekeepers and stewardesses 65 66 Milliners 20 17 141 backers and shippers 6 75 107 1,324 95 15 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 76 19 92 NATIVE w SITE — ONE OR BOTI ! PARENTS FOREIGN 80RN. 17,788 1,894 6,201 4,096 1,937 3,660 15,329 638 6,007 3,889 1.504 3,291 126 307 906 248 512 1,590 212 853 178 378 177 262 203 8 6 29 7 21 258 7 336 109 21 17 48 10 46 185 443 124 243 6.38 10 154 20 203 68 18 118 41 109 306 77 162 410 1 118 19 93 53 18 43 23 49 104 28 52 220 51 107 27 61 22 29 25 8 18 24 12 34 64 143 138 3 10 17 149 7 115 356 865 235 482 1,346 159 433 64 341 155 192 186 3 4 18 2 12 106 3 45 15 9 : 9 11 ! 2 44 184 431 121 240 625 9 38 106 301 74 164 391 1 22 46 94 26 46 176 42 48 6 35 17 • 16 20 8 17 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 21 12 Clerks and cop Joists . ... 30 47 104 137 : 96 14 ! 18 107 1 201 65 14 117 89 51 15 41 7 Musicians and teachers of music 13 137 Packers and shippers 6 I Includes married women living with their liusbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 235 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CIN^CnOTATI, OHIO. OCCUTATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. Living at home. Living with em- Living at home. Living with em- Total. Living with — ployer or Total. Living with— ployer Heads of Heads oJ families. Father. Mo^h-- re?are.. ing. families. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. ALL CLASSES. 2,657 596 203 119 1,207 432 . 5,075 3,361 177 252 334 961 69 61 1 18 1 7 9 154 15 17 37 14? 9 4 15 1 3 1 1 3 7 2 4 1 1 1 2 7 2 6 4 2 8 i 1 2 29 5 10 4 4 9 3 4 4 3 1 3 1 n 7 34 3 12 2 9 2 3 25 4 3 7 177 47 13 5 98 14 470 362 16 28 31 43 35 1 1 1 11 21 156 28 2 18 107 706 194 35 25 407 45 1,169 964 27 31 52 96 78 16 10 1 50 1 239 226 2 1 6 6 35 2 3 3 25 2 42 28 4 4 6 23 7 2 1 10 3 33 17 5 4 1 6 55 11 47 14 1 4 3 • 29 7 21 9 1 4 223 22 70 128 16 25 8 1 2 4 3 21 34 2 12 49 2 10 8 10 153 48 16 11 63 15 460 313 26 38 32 61 518 85 22 16 130 265 985 380 20 27 68 600 17 1 2 1 5 8 26 8 4 2 5 6 101 12 30 8 61 173 120 12 19 13 9 30 2 3 2 17 6 46 21 2 2 11 10 67 16 9 6 32 5 77 51 7 11 4 4 360 82 27 20 204 27 622 495 29 31 35 32 NATIVE WHIl E— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 563 148 39 33 219 124 1,109 652 43 62 83 269 15 4 8 1 7 9 ■ 6 4 1 69 9 .4 66 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 16 5 3 3 2 3 78 22 7 2 40 7 165 120 6 7 9 23 10 1 4 5 39 6 3 30 76 30 2 4 32 8 125 92 4 3 6 20 9 11 10 1 1 2 4 4 3 2 2 3 17 16 72 10 7 32 1 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 ' 13 22 6 14 1 3 4 6 9 20 7 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 2 4 2 40 16 6 3 8 8 135 92 6 9 6 22 99 18 2 2 15 62 179 68 1 6 10 104 8 1 1 1 5 17 3 3 1 4 6 16 10 3 3 6 1 4 6 42 17 26 9 3 1 3 1 5 2 5 3 4 19 7 1 1 9 1 18 13 1 2 2 123 28 9 6 66 14 140 98 5 8 11 18 1 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN B ORN. 751 179 96 [ 56 315 106 1,708 1,077 98 151 118 264 3 4 17 1 1 1 8 8 24 4 2 8 1 1 6 2 4 3 1 1 5 3 6 1 1 3 6 2 2 7 14 59 2 17 3 3 5 1 2 2 1 6 31 6 16 186 3 7 136 2 6 17 1 1 4 3 8 13 13 11 118 3 47 8 8 42 302 4 243 1 10 6 12 31 23 48 7 8 14 32 19 9 8 1 6 2 1 18 16 4 92 18 13 86 11 6 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 lb 5 2 6 3 64 32 4 1 8 9 6 1 i 3 1 11 7 2 2 All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . . . Boxmakers (paper) , Clerks and copyists , Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations , All occupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations All occupations Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants , Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners '. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 236 WOMEN AT WOEK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CrNCIiNNATI, OHIO— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWlISrNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mothe'r. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Xriving at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses , Merchnftnts and dealers Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants ajid waitresses Tailoresses ; Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . , All other occupations All occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations- . . 1,051 1,187 428 486 225 144 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN — Continued. 1,204 25 651 391 149 88 1,142 14 546 371 131 1,691 234 636 507 199 115 1,439 94 611 475 169 3,460 174 437 217 177 2,455 3,082 66 419 199 140 677 16 342 195 79 46 662 11 340 194 75 1,163 113 499 392 120 39 1,036 53 473 377 97 673 SI 219 176 78 149 651 44 217 175 70 913 45 466 266 94 43 834 13 456 262 78 1,996 369 781 503 253 99 1,666 104 743 472 162 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 5,202 1,549 138 663 301 611 2,078 3,203 274 605 270 289 311 45 42 66 20 178 44 42 38 39 134 16 385 2 29 27 70 89 97 61 140 1 26 19 14 695 14 16 8 189 145 8 6 25 5 30 16 4 5 1 219 76 15 7 51 1 23 35 23 100 7 100 99 9 5 6 48 5 18 119 22 316 121 60 35 48 62 186 30 67 31 31 1,904 177 69 25 74 1,559 1,560 39 62 21 60 247 64 91 33 48 11 162 21 81 30 20 134 21 9 11 24 69 113 15 7 10 16 201 22 120 31 20 8 173 7 116 31 11 833 369 172 80 151 61 411 61 166 74 65 332 148 101 129 664 77 1,164 252 694 218 100 82 47 139 100 2,258 36 145 35 85 1,765 15 41 76 4 6 37 1,378 10 65 443 50 CLEVELAND, OHIO. All occupations . Boarding and lodging liouse keepers . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Mercliants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives ALL CLASSES. Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses ., Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations 29,263 429 857 894 3,026 646 1,440 305 766 326 914 218 1,707 1,326 7,310 1,380 1,336 1,748 343 280 254 276 3,483 375 30 31 492 66 679 180 54 2 44 163 218 40 74 100 9 12 7 10 497 9,969 1 434 486 1,240 28 219 26 422 152 63 148 944 674 716 631 865 657 178 180 179 3,476 2 183 161 465 2 149 8 126 54 32 34 324 223 184 278 221 328 77 42 25 28 631 3,390 47 109 109 520 108 293 86 91 41 106 212 123 346 leo 146 203 63 522 4 101 107 309 443 200 6 74 44 580 271 40 460 26 15 21 10 397 23,473 49 788 840 2,331 382 600 60 '662 266 612 210 1,567 1,094 6,200 1,317 1,198 1,650 332 262 235 243 2,595 46 1-8 16 168 24 43 23 20 12 19 1 17 39 45 26 24 423 481 1,205 25 204 19 410 146 54 146 921 657 692 623 839 638 176 176 178 188 1,490 3,279 1 174 157 434 2 131 7 118 47 27 32 306 206 163 214 322 76 42 24 28 500 301 66 60 16 36 26- IfS 85 228 163 49 21 14 18 219 7,812 233 266 54 35 476 7 168 107 6,072 265 33 447 24 11 16 9 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 237 Table i38.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CINCINNATI, OHIO— Continued. FEMALE BRE.tDWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE 4ND OVEE- -cnntinned. Married. Widowed and divorced. j:ciipation. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of . families. Living With— Heads of families. Living with — with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.' Father, Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE —ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. 25 61 116 7 46 5 34 142 2 18 26 4 9 7 1 18 1 6 15 7 7 6 11 23 19 3 19 3 15 SO 1 4 58 3 37 191 262 8 81 17 45 287 9 122 82 5 53 7 27 224 1 16 11 1 8 1 4 23 13 26 12 1 13 1 9 21 7 17 18 1 4 5 1 11 Seamstresses 11 Servants and waitresses 139 Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses 7 2 3 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacuo and cigar factory operatives 1 4 6 3 5 31 4 10 4 8 FOREIGN BOSN WHITE. 494 141 37 7 245 64 1,505 1,134 21 24 77 Dressmakers 29 7 100 32 27 7 23 68 36 12 139 8 1! !. 8 ' 1 2 1 1 i 19 1 47 23 19 4 13 10 25 5 8 71 104 66 355 127 92 13 107 286 49 9 14 283 86 15 320 123 61 10 84 127 41 4 11 252 2 1 5 2 1 3 8 7 9 1 11 1 4 14 3 3 1 15 5 5 5 43 39 6 6 5 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 SalRHWOTTlfiTl 3 ' 1 4 1 ' 2 1 1 t! 3- 1 Seamstresses „ 7 11 2 2 4 56 2 43 2 3 1 13 138 Tailoresses 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 2 2 2 2 5 3 NEGRO. 749 128 31 23 428 139 753 498 15 15 56 Servants and waitresses 412 235 102 77 30 21 18 9 4 12 8 3 281 86 61 24 102 13 387 258 108 309 113 76 8 5- 2 9 5 1 25 16 16 36 119 14 CLEVELAND, OHIO. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers -. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music, Nurses and mldwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . — Woolen mill operatives All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 2,439 433 130 70 1,132 674 3,351 1,997 139 127 286 802 116 26 22 280 78 321 , 102 47 33 85 2 66 80 566 28 69 52 3 10 9 19 425 69 3 3 61 8 90 20 3 1 U 1 44 15 8 170 19 184 74 27 22 41 2 2 6 27 49 31 1 10 6 29 1 9 14 414 5 5 1 2 2 264 43 32 415 186 519 143 57 37 217 6 74 152 544 35 68 46 8 18 10 463 i 260 9 12 273 33 446 137 31 22 100 1 20 99 136 12 44 17 2 10 3 9 321 1 5 2 21 1 y 4 8 3 13 10 11 3 8 6 2 i 2 23 3 9 4 49 24 25 3 4 3 29 1 10 9 32 2 10 10 2 4 2 2 49 6 3 14 2 9 7 6 2 1 9 2' 23 11 12 49 128 31 2 10 3 75 2 8 7 11 1 6 5 5 1 15 12 5 9 4 5 1 2 2 1 3 5 16 1 3 1 7 25 37 2 6 3 10 7 13 5 8 ■ 13 37 29 86 13 47 30 2 6 6 18 254 16 22 360 9 2 8 1 2 3 1 57 2 1 79 1 23 18 51 13 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 238 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHJO-Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown) . Living at home. Living with em- Living at home. Living with em- Total. Heads of Living with — ployer or Total. Heads of Living with ployer or board- families. Father. Mother. Other relative.i ing. families. Father. Mother. Other relative. mg. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 6,363 827 137 16 1,673 688 844 2,331 4,860 251 1,602 639 606 1,862 161 1 56 23 34 20 264 20 11 295 120 69' 115 52 26 60 277 16 121 49 33 .58 248 7 118 47 29 47 650 183 138 60 137 132 393 57 129 51 66 91 178 23 58 2 25 31 15 122 33 88 66 8 5 2 • 21 14 6 64 146 16 14 21 229 16 116 29 27 41 188 6 113 26 17 26 148 21 64 18 19 26 108 7 60 16 6 20 344 37 16 9 22 260 242 7 15 8 1 6 206 421 19 194 69 60 89 376 8 185 66 60 76 193 52 47 25 26 44 127 16 41 22 16 32 1,076 28 71 21 64 901 ' 856 4 66 18 30 737 584 26 174 99 76 179 617 17 171 94 68 167 644 40 226 111 99 168 595 28 219 110 78 160 105 4 53 17 17 14 100 3 62 17 16 13 043 161 306 119 172 195 674 47 296 109 81 142 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 12,791 740 6,008 2,188 1,170 2,686 11,469 242 6,876 2,088 873 2,380 492 10 275 118 66 24 466 6 270 114 54 22 498 10 304 99 50 35 480 7 302 98 44 29 1,572 150 820 305 198 99 1,369 67 800 288 145 79 199 14 15 1 37 132 138 6 13 1 25 93 419 86 146 89 62 46 305 11 141 81 32 40 412 16 248 87 37 24 384 10 241 83 29 21 133 9 69 31 14 10 117 4 68 29 7 9 208 29 32 14 23 110 162 8 26 11 14 93 131 2 90 25 11 3 125 1 88 24 10 2 998 15 591 228 99 65 938 4 678 219 80 67 729 63 428 144 61 43 655 14 422 136 48 35 2,310 56 371 105 87 1,691 2,071 11 363 96 67 1,535 695 10 390 166 64 76 677 7 386 162 60 72 757 22 623 157 43 12 715 10 614 161 30 10 871 36 387 188 80 180 840 34 376 186 C9 177 212 4 113 55 31 9 209 4 112 64 30 9 113 2 80 18 8 5 108 2 77 18 8 3 101 3 72 14 7 5 96 1 72 13 6 4 126 102 952 16 338 5 198 3 114 125 1,489 102 926 16 320 5 110 2 88 1,815 213 46 FOREIGN BORN WHITE 9,322 1,398 2,217 562 1,220 1 3,926 6,770 187 2,154 524 656 3,349 138 125 3 1 12 11 1 1 7 104 6 1 1 11 1 11 110 67 26 12 57 24 742 145 272 93 164 68 643 40 266 90 90 57 243 22 368 11 44 39 171 145 200 7 19 10 40 25 40 103 70 725 37 180 1 96 31 184 122 6 1 54 i 1 22 12 4 1 4 1 119 21 56 9 24 9 86 3 54 9 13 .350 66 13 8 67 206 211 4 11 7 16 173 283 10 156 37 51 29 249 6 166 31 33 386 53 198 63 ■32 60 304 9 193 47 20 36 3,634 97 253 42 155 2,987 3,027 16 243 38 111 2,619 129 4 66 23 20 16 121 2 65 22 15 17 110 511 38 311 56 86 20 431 6 305 66 47 227 24 42 28 21 112 211 18 42 26 16 150 10 4 89 99 22 11 20 14 9 10 128 124 88 98 22 11 11 7 7 6 6 86 138 2 146 10 276 86 458 12 117 32 234 6 122 114 743 84 439 12 109 12 71 1,207 38 All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . , Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses _ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses , Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . . , Telegraph and telephone operators , Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) , Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations r Boarding and lodging house keepers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All .other occupations 1 Includes married women living with their husbanas. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 239 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO-^Continued. . CCTJPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNEKa 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. . Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.^ Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. TotaL Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . . Laundresses .' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations. Bookkee'pers and accountants . . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen miU operatives All other occupations. > AU occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers - Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers . Milliners Nurses and midwives.. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters TfliilorGssGS .,,_---.---------------■' Teachers and profes.sors in colleges, etc — Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 27 36 18 17 24 17 20 104 15 22 1 131 102 33 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 3 2- 2 4 190 pio 95 20 21 161 03 44 23 23 78 29 46 116 22 27 4 138 7 7 28 42 3 7 2 39 9 7 SO 1 29 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 15 2 28 28 111 9 21 21 37 232 19 7 125 37 128 9 21 10 1 169 1 'iih' '2 4 14 24 2 1 1 11 6 83 1 1 1 1 13 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 1,065 171 34 13 553 284 1,497 1,040 29 25 111 292 34 23 1 14 2 40 11 1 2 6 14 1 2 1 11 2 00 4 125 48 8 29 15 10 28 3 36 U fi 5 18 140 97 3 116 77 339 101 23 95 13 58 236 4 37 9 14 8 13 256 97 1 91 13 303 99 17 55 3 38 67 1 30 5 10 2 9 199 1 2 1 83 4 1 2 2 1 1 4 14 11 2 14 10 15 2 3 12 3 2 16 7 54 186 61 2 2 4 15 10 44 1 2 2 8 6 217 2 1 1 is' 1 5 4 25 21 20 271 4 1 2 8 1 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 9 151 1 1 43 4 4 1 2 2 g 1 3 2 2 23 1 1 2 11 3 19 208 1 39 8 3 u 18 J Includes married women living with their husbands. 240 > WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP A'GE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND "BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO-Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINN2BS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unlmown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads ol families. Living with— Heads ol families. Living with— with em- ployer or - Father. Mother. . Other relative.! ■Father. Mother. Other relative. mg. KEGRO. All occupations 787 185 61 38 166 347 384 40 68 28 37 221 laundresses ^ 150 391 246 67 37 81 4 21 36 8 16 14 46 50 60 25 267 55 29 247 108 8 14 18 2 20 36 5 12 11 7 20 10 7 181 33 DETROIT, MICH. All occupations '. Boarding and lodging liouse keepers — Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) ■Clerks and copyists Dressmakers "Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses ., Mercliants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers fialeswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and prof essors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators — Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. AH other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants ■Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants. . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses "Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Jlurses and midwives ALL CLASSES. 10,500 380" 177 665 1,217 138 103 300 255 169 136 24,997 2,329 7,874 3,006 2,663 9,126 20,^4 542 7,719 2,864 1,798 306 252 1 4 46 3 42 30 2 8' 748 15 336 175 84 138 714 11 333 171 76 262 3 164 51 24 10 246 2 163 50 22 1,300 43 688 271 163 235 1,213 13 686 266 142 2,815 457 905 399 428 626 2,213 152 884 369 293 484 46 1 1 99 337 '273 13 1 1 77 244 34 116 48 22 24 183 2 114 44 8 936 362 247 86 128 113 448 21 234 77 36 286 166 31 16 71 12 84 23 29 15 12 539 40 235 93 79 92 469 14 230 91 51 423 32 194 77 40 80 359 10 186 74 27 642 92 24 20 85 421 415 13 23 18 29 249 6 166 39 24 14 239 4 162 38 22 1,056 34 471 199 153 199 964 11 462 194 126 860 80 305 147 102 226 726 16 303 140 81 6,422 159 482 170 305 5,306 5,639 30 460 147 186 934 20 412 192 92 218 903 12 408 187 86 875 75 461 138 102 99 773 24 455 130 76 1,297 96 429 203 147 422 1,240 74 424 200 129 352 8 158 80 42 64 333 4 156 78 41 969 33 743 97 48 48 915 14 731 94 31 3,008 286 1,405 499 379 439 2,493 49 1,375 478 239 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 4,696 480 1,169 535 563 i,949 3,772 140 1,137 498 367 183 6 65 42 .19 51 167 3 64 42 17 354 17 133 65 51 88 315 4 132 66 40 668 132 89 56 95 196 384 36 , 86 49 56 106 5 1 1 17 82 61 3 1 . 1 11 147 16 48 23 20 41 125 6 47 23 13 154 12 66 20 18 38 128 6 63 19 12 157 22 4 3 17 111 98 4 4 2 5 213 7 64 22 26 94 187 3 61 21 24 154 18 37 26 14 60 122 2 37 24 9 867 20 49 25 34 739 752 8 46 17 18 302 7 120 41 33 101 288 4 • 118 4a 29 445 34 142 69 56 144 421 26 141 69 46 1,046 186 351 143 163 204 734 35 337 126 87 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 689 4,495 1,661 988 2,767 9,670 194 4,435 1,611 •^ 801 4 208 93 38 37 372 4 207 90 37 2 121 37 12 5 175 2 120 37 12 14 366 149 73 73 641 7 355 146 68 121 660 218 150 168 1,067 43 648 209 116 8 3 47 8 83 6 96 94 2 42 6 57 30 57 28 58 137 40 33 32 221 4 133 40 17 16 134 50 31 24 233 6 132 48 23 6 93 40 11 20 160 3 91 38 10 16 7 6 18 90 96 3 7 5 8 7,961 2 123 9 206 615 181 15 80 5 83 62 332 13 171 186 4,816 210 413 54 45 352 1,630 41 74 157 35 83 78 50 663 97 139 149 34 4 65 141 52 4 27 24 18 73 ' Includes married wompn living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 241 Table 28 — FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE . IND OVER— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCDPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with — Heads of famihes. Living with — with em- ployer or Father, Mother. Other relative.' Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. N15GE0. 203 37 1 4 95 ir 25 39 06 200 108 2 6 24 60 Laundresses 53 80 70 14 6 17 1 7 46 13 68 64 68 45 17 46 1 1 3 1 2 8 5 11 11 Servants and waitresses 3 1 40 9 DETROIT, MICH. All occupations Boarding and lodging house Iceepers. . . Boolckeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmalcers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boolzkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses ■ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives 74 16 3 37 208 75 29 143 71 42 29 47 4 44 45 316 10 44 30 239 293 ALL CLASSES. 73 54 645 35 5 1 15 113 14 12 72 66 26 12 22 1 20 15 55 5 20 9 1 17 119 10 214 1 6 2 5 2 39 190 18 3 50 394 136 32 346 131 28 35 180 6 48 467 21 58 42 10 24 276 1,494 184 32 22 294 122 20 14 70 1 19 47 107 6 39 19 4 13 185 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 2 3 12 21 1 3 8 6 2 2 1 7 2 1 220 21 700 1 7 1 14 73 4 17 4 3 11 75 1 14 30 276 7 5 7 5 1 48 366 67 16 14 144 125 668 273 16 33 52 194 9 18 59 20 13 13 10 13 9 59 4 4 136 1 3 14 1 3 9 2 1 2 1 6 i 2 8 30 3 6 6 3 1 4 9 4 3 66 6 7 14 16 3 4 4 9 3 37 21 126 36 9 14 49 13 23 1 56 10 20 176 2 10 82 1 6 4 16 3 14 7 3 8 117 1 1 2 4 ?■ 3 9 3 1 7 25 31 1 • 2 3 1 6 2- 1 9 1 1 7 24 1 1 . 1 3 1 7 3 6 39 2 4 1 8 s' 7 11 5 33 22 " 9 33 NATIVE WTIITE— ON E OR Bon PH PARENT S FOREIGN BORN. 352 65 29 16 ! 143 99 678 330 31 34 44 139 ■ 56 17 5 25 11 4 .9 1 1 1 6 1 14 104 26 4 64 11 1 31 2 1 3 1 13 2 2 3 30 4 3 11 8 1 4 4 7 13 1 4 b 66 B 2 46 8 1 11 1 8 1 7 2 4 1 4 4 20 18 1 9 2 i 2 2 i' 1 1 3 2 1 5 \ 1 1 1 2 3 I 6 14 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 12694—07- -16 242 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued. DETROIT, MICH.— Continued. OCCUPATION. Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph ana telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. . All other occupations All occupdftions Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses S cenographers and typewriters Tailoresse.s Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN — continued. 135 668 392 2,141 431 618 182 4?2 1,582 2 16 22 37 10 28 43 6 11 167 305 177 264 233 264 223 87 380 796 20 127 83 73 106 73 115 46 64 90 34 43 73 21 18 173 7 64 74 1,677 31 164 22 132 531 601 175 460 1,353 92 299 176 258 231 261 221 86 376 785 20 124 81 70 102 71 113 46 53 290 21 U 117 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 9,219 144 185 280 983 229 108 443 166 132 \ 343 274 295 3,110 198 357 225 477 1,271 124 5 12 198 30 22 216' 64 11 35 81 3 40 18 19 168 2,138 63 99 242 137 58 174 61 358 647 1 40 66 114 13 29 4 20 10 49 35 44 43 44 16 38 180 1,014 18 27 39 175 33 12 54 44 28 60 61 47 138 25 18 29 1C8 4,187 1 50 74 254 166 14 56 6 26 218 61 112 33 208 7,231 13 175 256 740 124 166 35 106 217 245 234 2,702 193 304 209 441 1,002 2,085 62 99 236 129 68 171 59 351 533 39 54 102 32 39 43 41 15 37 176 1 22 34 119 24 2 12 6 15 16 45 38 79 24 32 15 17 102 128 304 150 7 32 33 223 13 180 29 201 81 6 44 68 1,575 47 164 19 127 3,660 1 48 67 212 92 37 3 22 176 49 68 2,443 66 47 108 31 172 5 135 12 FALL EIVEE, MASS. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton miU operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLASSES.! 16,170 132 157 10,274 684 269 341 179 163 136 264 445 1,562 696 1,245 2 2 691 111 31 09 5 18 10 32 27 •58 180 5,847 sF 99 3,890 181 88 3 21 84 17 147 810 202 2,116 19 24 1,437 270 86 4,012 19 24 2,926 167 68 297 100 1,330 57 209 20 13 73 834 109 127 69 121 147 0,903 368 207 158 62 133 90 225 772 423 1,278 416 354 2 1 195 41 6 5 8 3 3 4 4 20 28 35 3,705 167 85 1 20 79 17 140 26 185 776 191 1,955 19 23 1,316 64 35 2 10 25 7 36 17 69 252 81 1,202 11 18 783 53 29 53 12 14 4 27 36 42 123 67 2,160 7 7 905 43 53 97 12 12 59 18 689 107 52 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 130 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 243 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. DETROIT, MICH.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. Married, Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Totiil. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living With - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.i Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITI —ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. 2 12 12 66 5 13 5 4 7 86 1 3 1 5 3 9 1 7 3 1 25 18 91 7 18 12 3 5 143 1 Saleswomen. ... 1 4 5 1 3 2 3 4 46 1 1 8 12 25 3 14 6 3 1 114 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 4 2 7 7 1 2 1 2 Servants and waitresses 4 1 2 58 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph, and telephone operators Tohacco and cigar factory operatives 2 i 1 8 3 1 19 1 4 4 46 3 3 1 9 8 10 8 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 692 145 25 18 306 198 1,296 802 28 22 lOS 339 Boarding and lodging house keepers 38 5 9 84 35 17 73 42 18 27 19 22 136 1 24 6 19 117 22 16 3 4 48 5 8 33 36 12 15 14 8 21 93 5 15 159 70 22 204 88 8 99 10 39 272 4 29 10 17 152 91 1 9 116 22 16 180 83 6 43 8 18 59 1 1 2 5 1 2 1 8 4 2 9 2 1 19 2 1 38 1 4 2 4 14 30 2 9 1 3 6 2 3 101 1 1 11 3 T)r««STnfl-^'^^s 4 7 2 28 44 5 27 5 1 5 2 9 10 1 6 1 3 36 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 2 9 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 36 1 6 1 3 18 2 166 3 3 12 .3 12 56 3 ! 2 , 2 14 21 5 11 113 3 1 1 1 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 2 5 6 2 8 3 10 22 NEGRO. 120 16 3 6 52 43 151 89 7 8 19 28 35 35 30 7 2 7 2 1 6' 23 16 13 3 30 10 64 48 39 50 16 23 1 4 2 4 1 3 4 12 3 5 15 8 FALL HIVER, MASS. All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants. Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and capmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwi ves Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations 2,815 145 46 38 63 IS 13 27 109 11 246 140 1 173 16 2 5 15 ALL CLASSES. 2 120 3 1 152 I 12 I 3 27 4 2,597 5 2,081 108 28 5 41 12 171 91 1 314 7 1 556 71 13 6 27 145 6 54 1 5 4 33 6 12 69 107 1 11 323 64 2 21 46 2 15 4 14 6 16 110 312 111 7 2 85 2 10 2 76 1 10 I Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 130 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 244 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. FALL RIVEK, MASS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unknown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living .':t home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.' Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 1,326 126 486 184 254 277 983 42 457 167 121 196 rinttnTi mill nppTfltivp.iurses and midwives. 23 2 87 1 9 14 1 32 1 2 4 3 35 2 2 7 442 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 5 10 22 LOWELL, MASS. All occupations Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Woolen mill operatives All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 2 47 31 27 43 21 ,112 151 220 65 24 24 63 21 173 4 7 413 31 108 150 214 19 145 91 1,405 946 1 5 26 11 1 11 3 5 1 15 6 1 1 30 7 5 38 8 536 7 438 33 9 7 101 10 20 12 103 74 15 43 44 5 3 1 2 1 14 10 8 9 1 6 2 37 14 9 34 6 124 4 3 1 26 2 1 229 1 2 126 17 3 23 5 8 Y 76 9 5 3 82 39 1,485 96 11 9 20 17 378 104 63 142 46 6 52 16 2? 187 129 10 61 109 3 7 5 161 69 22 l.';2 .542 2 1 5 4 166 18 30 82 5 1 24 7 128 32 3 12 20 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 32 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 256 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. LOWELL, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. TotaL Living r.t home. Heads of families. Living witli- Father. Mottier. Other relative. ' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. AH occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . AH other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses : Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Woolen mill operatives AU other occupations 2,853 107 132 406 175 317 118 102 219 249 134 609 4,539 154 167 ,099 171 526 164 190 174 636 150 380 728 106 163 3,220 343 1,113 236 ! 105 141 1, 194 1 ,212 188 467 541 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 349 594 298 442 1,170 2,016 133 663 270, 231 14 57 30 22 44 146 10 53 28 17 / 46 25 19 35 110 2 42 23 16 39 41 35 58 233 2.53 19 41 34 18 47 21 13 41 53 91 15 18 7 13 16 107 29 47 118 249 4 100 29 28 9 1 28 25 11 83 36 45 79 2 4 1 24 10 8 10 17 17 17 9 5 18 170 140 6 8 4 9 27 71 34 35 68 216 22 70 34 33 19 62 31 45 102 200 10 52 26 26 20 15 9 27 63 95 9 13 8 13 124 146 70 ■94 175 392 30 141 61 40 NATIVE "WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 255 77 75 355 65 262 77 170 260 123 20 83 127 19 20 179 35 55 31 14 23 101 28 70 119 15 20 318 15 78 14 142 44 120 20 41 153 3,802 144 150 864 133 148 139 172 518 132 340 586 74 73 341 57 280 83 13 63 248 74 166 243 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 778 1,732 682 1,896 77 6 22 20 30 6 ^■^ 260 523 257 753 76 68 36 93 24 413 122 192 31 5 2 69 37 4 5 37 11 41 18 47 39 29 16 67 78 341 88 273 9 41 22 61 49 132 57 135 68 99 63 108 3,941 5^ 1,427 1 71 362 ; 139 22 24 1.043 432 55 94 213 6,332 3-^ 122 2,128 210 938 135 29 101 971 815 133 356 365 38 44 180 24 93 31 11 36 112 20 121 38 27 141 38 32 26 113 67 87 62 120 765 230 1,627 614 835 23 12 5 29 1 25 - 6 86 484 225 327 24 64 32 30 7 400 113 120 7 6 2 37 5 2 4 2 2 38 17 26 10 26 13 29 18 322 76 91 2 38 22 33 • 15 126 64 76 89 60 39 12 17 227 13 68 13 104 44 18 35 116 3,026 1 50 ,006 60 298 \ 84 16 19 893 38 81 172 MILAVAUKEE. WIS. All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. Clerks and copyists ALL CLASSES.^ 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes ys negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 23, 623 2,254 8,938 2,911 2,303 7,117 20,146 i 561 8,707 2,773 1,470 6,635 301 246 1 3 49 2 1 47 : 39 1 3 3 1 231 2 178 41 9 1 1 227 2 174 41 9 1 662 13 291 119 60 79 536 6 289 116 56 70 289 10 184 68 24 13 276 4 183 66 20 13 .502 14 276 110 51 51 1 468 4 266 109 43 46 FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 257 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. LOTyELL, MASS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCXJPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with— Head.H of families. Living with— with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.' Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENT.? NATIVE. All occupations 434 50 21 9 175 179 403 )66 10 19 36 172 Bookkeepers and accoimtants 13 11 100 43 44 19 15 44 i 31 20 90- 1 1 6 ■7 5 1 1 4 1 2 3 IS 2 2 1 5 2 38 25 18 6 3 7 1 18 10 42 4 6 56 6 17 12 S 32 1 7 6 24 8 U 53 41 24 54 8 35 6 18 19 127 3 4 14 25 7 6 5 7 4 7 8 76 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 Clerks and copvists 1 2 3 1 9 2 Cotton mill operatives 36 Dressmakers 2 4 3 1 3 9 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 13 Housekeepers and stewardesses 39 Saleswomen 3 1 1 1 2 Servants and waitresses 1 2 1 1 4 12 25 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 4 2 1 8 g Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . All other occupations 1 5 1 1 31 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 509 34 39 32 254 150 228 1 102 94 11 26 Bookkeepers and accoun tants 10 13 185 24 24 15 33 1 87 12 26 79 3 1 1 8 1 4 1 2 3 8 80 16 14 12 5 3 3 70 1 2 1 25 Carpet factory operatives 1 9 2 4 60 14 16 1 18 1 31 6 14 63 2 5 4 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 9 i 4 25 s 4 Dressmakers 1 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 1 1 1 8 1 3 5 4 13 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 2 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 3 1 2 15 9 49 9 16 33 18 1 2 24 15 3 37 6 I 2 4 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . 1 3 2 1 4 2 ^ 13 FOREIfiN BORN WHITE. 1,851 130 8i 50 971 615 846 418 20 18 90 Boarding and lodging house keepers 27 29 827 84 152 30 42 33 94 308 43 70 I 112 1 8 3 52 15 6 3 7 2 4 11 2 5 12 19 21 409 60 71 8 30 22 22 170 26 53 60 i 312 3 56 19 2 5 05 102 12 6 30 49 12 265 49 23 71 34 7 129 89 12 42 64 46 5 122 36 11 21 26 7 25 49 5 25 41 1 2 3 17 3 1 14 6 i 29 3 12 Cotton mill operatives 25 3 8 10 1 1 1 7 1 109 8 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 9 36 Laundresses 2 3 2 18 3 5 7 1 1 1 7 4 Servants and waitresses 1 1 2 5 16 12 2 6 9 85 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 22 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. 1 3 2 3 2 7 11 MIL-NVAUKEE. WIS. ' Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 98 negro women, for whom figures ar? not shown separately in this table. ALL CLASSES. 2 1,463 94 98 1,256 230 137 40 703 146 2,121 130 336 Boarding and lodging house keepers 72 3 7 4 17 25 46 1 182 1 19 9 182 3 1 2 1 5 1 3 2 6 3 7 4 7 2 2 1 2 2 2 Boot and shoe maimers and repairers Clerks and copyists 2 3 5 3 17 2 12694—07- -17 258 WOMEN AT- WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with.— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Confectioners Dressm^ikers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and mid wives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. TaUoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Milliners -. Nurses aijd mid wives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 13,915 106 175 373 197 316 145 2,021 363 188 414 495 158 231 134 1,096 601 3; 308 551 401 741 165 151 118 1,467 ALL CLASSES 2— continued. 216 26 138 28 21 3 183 6 136 28 10 3,035 355 1,436 471 457 316 2,592 164 1,399 440 315 597 10 442 100 22 23 678 2 440 99 16 357 32 19 6 63 237 256 15 15 5 45 1,139 484 264 85 194 112 469 26 222 69 60 249 163 22 17 48 9 59 17 14 13 8 703 34 377 139 80 73 626 13 366 132 52 258 20 112 50 26 50 217 7 109 43 12 564 91 47 9 118 299 343 20 35 5 30 203 144 882 43 339 12 ISO 4 162 199 1,486 143 870 43 333 11 122 1,658 25 13 936 114 469 151 100 112 806 36 452 139 81 5,744 119 607 142 227 4,649 5,396 39 594 129 187 886 13 452 204 96 121 860 10 446 204 84 696 56 406 115 80 40 603 20 397 107 45 1,253 77 390 184 116 487 1,217 61 386 182 110 240 8 177 38 7 10 229 1 175 37 6 225 10 141 29 26 19 215 6 137 29 24 186 6 132 30 4 13 177 2 129 30 3 2,594 336 1,362 400 264 232 2,081 58 1,331 381 119 NATIVE IVHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,205 265 1,063 397 324 1,166 2,750 71 1,039 381 222 143 5 V3 25 10 30 132 1 72 24 9 121 3 67 24 15 12 109 1 63 24 12 317 39 119 41 59 59 256 12 119 38 39 127 2 63 20 15 27 113 1 63 17 12 101 263 10 10 6 140 10 24 75 37 80 246 2 5 6 137 8 23 52 52 672 12 61 9 21 669 629 4 60 9 17 271 4 130 63 36 48 257 3 127 53 27 339 23 108 60 25 133 319 13 107 48 22 139 12 61 21 19 26 122 5 59 21 15 712 146 236 102 90 140 488 24 226 95 38 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 13 204 3 12 111 20 8 22 "12' 1 6 3 149 1 134 192 123- 173 97 987 282 15 122 270 78 29 295 371 285 243 262 126 101 82 832 3 32 86 42 78 21 346 60 3 62 113 34 6 27 264 109 101 140 81 116 27 17 20 277 1,198 19 8 46 •18 27 12 287 7 39 70 62 13 30 5' 91 62 118 55 30 78 6 18 • 3 104 4,012 43 7 32 2 198 11 119 59 40 25 144 3 107 2,668 21 269 10 106 12,816 25 172 361 190 302 130 1,794 358 157 269 457 145 183 133 1,060 535 3,193 544 375 730 162 147 115 1,278 333 18 1 5 3 3 3 107 1 5,707 1 131 191 122 168 96 961 281 13 116 264 76 29 99 615 292 362 282 241 81 814 1,969 3 32 83 41 77 21 323 60 2 47 109 29 4 27 268 100 98 140 76 116 26 17 20 262 219 6 31 40 36 10 16 5 78 62 107 53 23 78 3 284 21 176 92 46 263 2 148 98 4,447 117 34 10 19 13 192 1,037 26 47 20 64 29 539 47 129 22 105 3,862 40 7 30 2 184 11 102 54 37 25 126 2 102 72 2,604 63 20 258 5 9 10 1 Includes married women living with tlieir husbands. 2 Includes 98 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 259 Table 28,— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, .AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. ^^ idowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of lamihes. Living with - Heads oJ families. 1/iving with - with em- ployer or board- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.^ Father. Mother. Other relative. ALL CLASSES^— continued. 16 189 8 24 218 53 43 22 100 2 42 34 114 9 39 13 3 4 1 219 3 23 2 21 1 2 29 5 9 2 10 11 126 6 7 119 38 25 13 71 1 24 14 25 4 31 4 1 1 17 254 11 77 452 137 34 19 121 2 30 96 234 17 54 23 8 6 7 294 17 178 8 13 398 126 16 8 63 10 9 1 10 8 16 1 2 13 3 2 1 2 1 3 6 5 4 6 2 3' 2 14 21 1 16 23 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives , . 1 4 60 10 5 5 8 1 4 11 15 2 3 1 17 51 12 4 7 2 14 2 Milliners 1 3 2 9 1 5 5 70 2 2 2 j 7 Musicians and teachers of music. 2 Nurses and midwives 2 37 1 2 10 7 9 1 8 3 3 3 2 1 1 17 2 4 4 10 68 73 3 35 13 7 2 4 221 4 8 9 4 5 16 8 4 1 9 9 132 2 1 3 2 1 6 1 1 4 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 6 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 2 1 1 20 57 8 125 12 11 28 ^ ATIVE WHITE — BOT I PARENTS NATIVE. 169 32 12 4 78 43 286 162 12 12 .24 76 4 6 25 3 4 8 14 4 6 6 90 1 1 2 17 2 2 1 4 1 3 3 10 1 1 3 14 7 7 ■ 37 11 17 9 29 10 14 11 134 4 2 23 1 7 4 8 1 9 7 96 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 4 3 3 8 \fi11iTipr<; 6 1 1 8 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 45 5 1 7 1 1 7 20 2 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. 1 1 1 3 2 5 1 25 4 2 5 21 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR B01 H PARENT 3 FOREIGN BORN. 417 72 53 24 219 60 683 69 1 10 5 6 8 129 2 22 97 15 8 35 1 17 45 70 3 18 7 1 3 3 118 436 52 60 35 100 Boarding and lodging house keepers 22 2 2 2 8 7 98 3 9 48 23 5 13 5 16 1 59 1 f 2 1 2 2 2 2 8 '86 2 3 83 7 1 13 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 2 1 2 11 2 1 12 1 1 4 3 4 62 2 3 27 14 2 8 2 « 5 14 14 6 9 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 1 6 13 16 2 2 1 5 3 5 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 15 1 19 21 45 4 8 4 2 1 1 7 2 4 2 4 10 7 10 o 1 7 1 2 3 2h 4 29 24 1 11 4 3 3 3 1 A 2 4 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 6 39 2 1 2 1 1 5 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 2 1 i 1 1 1 i - - i 1 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. i 1 1 2 92 2 1 10 i !:.:.-.:.:. 71 17 1 8 1 6 39 2 10 2 4 1 J Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 98 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 260 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MILWAUKEE. WIS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads ol lamilies. Living with— Heads of families. Living with— with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.i Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 6,305 118 1,118 2,058 460 767 1,902 4,634 161 1,956 423 300 1,704 Boarding and lodging house keepers 100 110 7 6 346 96 57 3 49 51 27 17 15 235 17 108 12 18 111 29 78 35 29 82 41 12 20 175 1 58 9 90 38 5 78 18 18 1,374 10 95 13 95 11 640 202 72 165 19 78 180 200 1,547 191 166 108 1,056 10 36 1 2 12 10 10 1 13 10 3 17 2 26 1 Dressmakers 690 329 160 1 131 5 12 120 128 174 146 29 75 758 85 37 3 26 1 3 23 28 32 30 18 15 159 319 150 1 95 3 79 36 3 17 56 8 11 15 3 6 21 23 61 14 10 9 64 52 7 55 26 3 61 17 14 1,281 7 92 13 75 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses 215 117 652 136 228 199 252 1,713 254 171 138 1,422 Laundresses •Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives 1 23 26 24 27 18 15 155 118 125 171 140 29 69 736 Seamstresses -, . . . Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise speoifled) . . MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations , Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists , Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seam stresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 2 19,110 332 645 664 1,887 479 1,055 380 325 628 844 1,074 5,640 897 222 1,331 201 179 2,337 4,415 270 246 422 109 110 172 221 226 167 413 391 750 928 2,230 267 24 30 450 41 24 119 37 132 156 20 37 20 17 398 244 285 356 3 120 161 136 37 332 290 197 323 50 129 95 154 1 44 18 106 104 65 162 . 24 16 281 53 80 78 366 90 138 69 54 95 144 157 233 109 44 181 24 32 442 9,188 12 168 166 561 344 374 91 68 359 226 391 1,989 293 67 483 32 46 619 15,609 51 590 597 1,335 317 606 331 253 411 740 933 6,257 822 188 1,212 185 152 1,629 42 10 20 170 12 67 12 12 27 18 57 58 13 21 32 12 4 101 241 275 341 1 108 166 129 31 319 282 189 312 48 396 97 67 667 1,426 120 91 142 1 46 42 43 18 104 102' 58 145 24 190 24 16 260 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 595 1,059 468 14 100 49 13 105 29 137 56 26 12 1 1 8 42 12 11 60 25 49 8 8 11 84 33 30 33 15 20 26 7 14 118 58 40 221 122 236 205 83 27 25 85 13: 13 32 35 ! 40 21 20 50 80 74 118 82 35 44 121 68 58 340 151 278 222 1,529 64 47 25 37 103 135 184 81 36 148 21 23 216 3,218 146 993 434 324 239 4 97 43 23 218 7 101 26 19 209 33 51 21 23 57 5 8 8 88 3 39 12 123 6 57 24 12 133 8 7 8 18 189 7 81 32 24 109 7 29 14 14 348 6 25 6 13 336 8 109 55 29 666 18 208 117 68 604 34 189 75 65 8,307 150 148 474 237 321 74 44 298 196 357 4,768 271 .59 446 31 42 385 1,321 72 65 81 43 26 24 92 45 298 135 254 141 1 Includes married wo- en living with their husbands. s Includes 201 negro and 4 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 261 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MILWAUKEE, ■WIS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. laving at home. Living Heads of families. Living with — Heads of families. Living with — with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.' Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 649 124 73 12 396 44 1,122 843 29 25 ^V 154 Boarding and lodging house keepers 31 65 5 9 155 30 83 15 8 41 30 3 20 154 14 8 1 17 46 4 2 85 24 63 13 4 8 24 2 10 94 76 85 8 36 332 87 67 4 44 125 33 2 10 213 76 67 6 2 295 82 41 2 33 37 23 9 2 1 4 1 7 6 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives .. - . 1 6 2 1 1 39 4 6 5 11 2 9 1 2 13 3 29 25 2 10 2 1 1 2 i 11 5 1 1 10 2 Nurses and midwives . .... 1 3 2 14 1 Seamstresses ... 3 4 1 2 2 4 3 6 1 4 Servants and waitresses .... 2 2 26 1 1 67 Tailoresses 2 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile workers (not otherwise specified^ . All otb%r occupations 2 4 40 6 15 9 170 1 17 1 4 7 3 16 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. AU occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamst passes - Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressinakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations ALL CLASSES. '^ 1,450 285 75 28 700 362 2,0.51 1,257 74 51 150 619 90 21 37 219 43 156 22 48 66 54 48 167 45 16 51 6 8 354 39 1 6 42 5 63 2 2 12 1 15 25 1 4 6 48 8 16 134 4 65 11 27 35 34 19 39 24 8 26 3 6 195 3 5 10 31 34 21 6 13 IS 11 9 97 12 3 11 191 34 20 333 119 393 27 24 151 60 93 216 30 18 68 11 19 354 186 13 4 238 24 242 12 10 80 18 60 73 6 12 23 8 10 238 2 3 3 2 4 8 5 2 4 1 6 7 2 6 2 1 2 6 4 4 7 1 8 1 1 16 4 2 8 13 8 24 20 9 1 2 23 7 3 10 4 S6 73 6 3 5 4 8 4 4 4 1 7 1 1 4 1 32 11 1 11 2 1 5 3 1 2 4 25 124 10 5 2 1 4 1 7 26 1 3 59 4 31 14 5 81 53 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 628 81 33 11 248 1 155 669 368 33 23 60 185 12 19 91 13 12 33 23 20 15 29 35 32 194 1 4 18 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 6 55 3 6 15 11 4 10 9 5 5 21 10 7 49 19 9 122 39 10 16 65 17 33 36 20 53 230 9 2 86 6 4 4 35 4 20 11 5 19 164 1 3 4 1 1 1 4 1 3 6 3 7 5 22 is 2 2 1 3 2 5 19 7 12 5 5 18 15 97 5 1 1 10 4 2 2 3 6 20 10 1 1 1 1 4 7 g 3 3 1 3 S8 2 1 5 7 7 g 21 4 6 9 2 1 1 6 17 32 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. = Includes 201 negro and 4 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 262 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MISTNEAPOLIS, MINN".— Continued. OCCtrPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks an(rcopyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations 310 831 153 224 186 115 169 439 509 2,343 422 449 103 156 1,093 147 617 213 724 232 179 405 2,781 127 131 164 979 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 568 10 140 13 4 21 17 52 43 3 12 7 12 172 1,913 1 114 134 202 50 91 67 17 176 148 102 177 157 56 44 378 59 30 79 61 12 16 158 942 43 41 160 31 28 16 21 74 74 73 50 75 16 34 184 3,633 60 71 238 109 84 36 16 104 124 176 2,095 113 144 12 50 201 273 295 668 115 164 170 104 126 395 452 2,243 407 424 99 134 842 1,862 114 130 195 167 146 155 55 41 369 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 1,002 823 290 750 3,834 5,405 119 23 5 24 169 97 36 116 199 450 16 2 45 150 143 285 55 22 97 265 402 47 12 3 38 132 151 9 72 25 30 43 156 50 109 30 60 156 371 67 62 22 115 2,515 2,626 25 28 14 26 34 112 ' 8 33 12 17 61 122 i 20 62 15 29 38 140 187 291 111 154 236 708 706 58 26 77 61 11 16 149 39 38 112 25 12 22 9 11 64 66 64 45 65 16 26 106 309 795 276 468 ?0 1 70 94 35 72 4 1 32 56 49 21 47 13 10 3 8 6 71 24 15 32 107 30 55 24 61 22 100 16 28 14 22 5 33 11 15 7 62 15 25 56 279 101 76 3,398 63 65 210 87 76 33 14 lU 164 2,031 108 134 12 45 166 3,667 3 179 106 229 117 40 147 2,419 32 58 31 196 NEAV ORLEANS, LA. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ALL CLASSES. 2 26,845 7,295 3,397 3,436 6,450 6,267 12,867 1,177 3,008 2,870 1,941 3,871 619 286 469 25 2 80 3 80 36 66 9 36 117 225 110 5 1 78 1 73 5 43 26 336 22 116 119 58 21 269 3 111 100 44 11 1,554 524 225 281 347 177 871 118 208 252 185 108 274 74 6 12 26 156 114 16 4 9 12 73 317 104 43 38 85 47 122 14 36 27 19 26 6,223 2,641 327 426 2,239 690 1,161 273 197 256 163 272 492 349 8 14 110 11 47 22 6 6 8 6 185 26 ^ 62 33 40 24 145 8 60 33 28 16 288 61 > 61 74 63 29 203 18 54 68 39 24 690 139 69 58 166 268 356 14 54 51 43 194 745 37 233 246 155 74 669 12 230 235 127 65 2,543 733 409 456 652 293 1,370 127 380 376 293 195 8,899 1,506 898 746 1,740 4,009 4,667 286 760 591 510 2,520 333 13 89 112 78 41 310 10 85 109 70 36 223 46 66 59 50 13 132 10 49 60 16 7 1,109 152 263 279 201 224 957 79 244 264 171 199 396 18 160 146 67 15 364 7 148 139 60 10 1,433 456 321 254 271 131 768 46 304 231 110 78 ' Includes 1 Chinese woman. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 263 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living witb em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 392 74 26 13 183 96 488 269 25 16 39 139 Bookkeepers and accountants 6 11 69 11 26 7 8 10 17 22 61 8 14 1 10 121 2 3 3 37 3 10 6 5 6 7 8 6 5 9 1 3 10 7 6 1 1 2 6 1 34 1 3 10 4 94 27 34 9 3 33 27 35 ■ 49 7 11 3 12 130 3 1 6 Clerks and copyists 2 15 1 8 3 5 i 2 3 Dressmakers 2 59 9 29 4 1 14 11 23 12 1 2 2 4 95 4 11 3 1 1 1 4 3 18 Housekeepers and stewardesses 16 Laundresses 1 2 1 2 MiUiners 1 2 Musicians and teachers of music 1 Nurses and midwives 1 1 11 7 2 5 1 2 2 1 13 Saleswomen 8 Seamstresses 1 2 2 11 Servants and waitresses 2 3 30 Stenographers and typewriters 4 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 3 1 7 1 Textite workers (not otherwise specified) . . 2 25 5 71 2 19 2 6 ? 3 3 6 16 rOKEIGN EOEN -WHITE. 467 116 13 4 236 98 827 577 15 10 46 Boarding and lodging house keepers 42 56 17 100 31 17 9 56 6 ' 5 6 122 1 19 9 2 44 5 21 40 1 45 21 16 4 12 4 2 3 68 2 6 14 10 3 1 3 34 81 111 53 222 60 6 25 99 9 4 18 149 80 90 10 185 29 3 17 34 7 2 11 109 1 4 12 5 9 Dressmakers 2 1 1 6 1 15 30 1 2 1 1 Nurses and midwives 12 Saleswomen 1 2 Seamstresses 2 1 2 22 1 1 1 1 3 6 Servants and waitresses 62 Tailoresses 2 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — 1 1 1 24 1 10 5 3 7 7 NETV ORLEANS, LA. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. , . Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers MiUiners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations I Includes married women living with their husbands. ALL CLASSES. 2 6,547 770 216 221 3,600 740 8,43; 6,348 173 345 909 1,666 87 32 24 197 36 108 2,296 116 18 28 47 4 1 45 7 20 291 20 3 6 1 1 3 6 3 7 74 2 36 22 10 108 6 64 1,742 91 10 16 3 3 6 29 19 12 112 1 3 2 315 29 43 486 124 87 2,766 330 22 57 312 16 18 361 51 70 1,977 307 15 37 1 1 6 16 23 1 2 4 9 1 6 77 1 2 2 1 4 54 8 2 334 11 2 8 1 8 1 2 53 2 4 40 64 4 96 6 9 306 4 5 3 2 6 4 122 28 408 1,742 8 5 56 196 1 4 2 3 32 75 87 18 274 933 4 21 2 28 465 212 48 765 2,490 17 117 20 550 1,024 1 3 11 66 3 4 3 2 8 5 8 49 80 3 8 13 5 18 36 10 85 297 4 9 9 6 30 53 7 70 1,024 5 4 20 4 27 18 73 1 32 36 10 223 2 1 6 52 2 6 1 2 2 5 25 21 2 131 2 6 1 26 59 117 22 442 34 72 6 369 9 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman. 264 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ]VEW ORLEANS, LA.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unlcnown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads ot families. Living with— Heads of families. Living with- - with em- ployer or board- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.i Father. Mother. Other relative. NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 4,840 910 1,010 861 824 1,245 3,447 217 982 772 652 924 Boarding and lodging house keepers Clerks and copyists 173 171 144 478 203 120 124 324 604 900 199 428 161 811 159 16 7 149 77 19 13 16 168 64 5 49 3 165 1 49 64 83 30 29 7 106 103 90 62 106 71 219 10 33 26 96 41 28 16 60 136 . 74 49 89 29 140 3 24 9 65 31 12 84 44 97 617 32 90 7 130 43 138 127 290 79 89 87 301 367 666 181 375 156 548 40 ■2 2 34 5 7 3 6 36 21 4 25 1 32 1 48 63 80 28 26 7 106 100 88 49 103 71 214 2 49 39 86 24 32 5 98 100 65 61 94 61 157 43 33 76 19 29 4 95 81 47 69 91 50 145 26 23 54 12 19 6 65 88 43 42 79 28 78 20 Cotton mill operatives 6 Dressmakers 46 Laundresses. . . 15 Musicians and teachers of music 9 67 40 Seamstresses 63 Servants and waitresses 467 Stenographers and typewriters ; . 27 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 77 6 79 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOKEIGN BORN. All occupations 5,276 1,076 1,001 1,243 917 1,040 3,589 219 940 1,086 573 771 Boarding and lodging house keepers 122 174 575 262 170 117 385 710 1,020 133 447 191 970 107 6 170 109 118 27 15 180 81 8 65 9 180 1 47 97 24 5 20 122 135 116 37 95 69 233 2 79 139 44 8 36 140 184 124 51 129 83 224 10 30 117 51 37 22 86 147 96 29 78 27 187 2 12 52 34 2 12 22 64 603 8 80 3 146 17 135 378 87 23 84 344 461 722 128 404 174 632 17 44 92 18 4 19 120 128 104 36 94 67 214 66 128 33 4 33 133 160 92 60 122 77 198 20 77 14 2 15 67 100 55 28 71 26 98 5 42 5 12 6 6 39 12 6 41 3 30 39 17 1 11 18 44 459 Stenographers and typewriters 8 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 76 1 92 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 1,927 921 55 51 247 653 601 79 48 39 54 381 166 143 242 164 642 680 86 94 190 97 76 378 11 1 7 3 1 11 2 27 16 18 48 14 32 119 36 27 3 31 425 131 45 12 6 49 294 196 9 4 2 11 14 39 10 6 11 \ 14 23 9 7 1 11 7 25 10 7 21 7 2 24 18 257 V 89 NEGRO. All occupations 14,801 4,389 1,331 1,291 4,462 3,328 6,230 662 1,038 973 762 1,795 Boarding and lodging house keepers 131 345 102 184 5,616 384 1,065 6,437 163 376 114 119 41 68 2,261 84 288 1,285 16 123 1 49 6 19 356 41 161 565 52 42 13 119 10 54 2,129 107 366 1,538 26 111 3 24 41 35 598 111 101 2,364 17 34 39 168 44 64 983 182 493 2,985 130 152 36 33 10 10 259 9 42 239 7 17 1 42 6 12 204 37 137 450 49 36- 2 34 4 18 272 41 160 685 52 65 26 3 15 161 38 142 561 47 55 43 5 9 136 29 102 398 16 26 14 21 18 233 69 70 1,337 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — 12 19 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 265 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads ol families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or board- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 368 77 12 22 167 90 1,025 616 16 57 105 231 Boarding and lodging house keepers 23 14 g 40 38 9 11 7 48 61 6 8 3 92 12 3 1 12 10 1 10 7 2 20 22 6 6 3 24 15 4 6 1 2 3 5 3 2 6 1 11 37 107 19 9 148 86 22 26 16 189 173 12 45 2 171 107 11 4 103 62 11 10 8 128 37 1 1 1 1 1 i' 1 2 2 6 5 8 3 3 1 2 12 6 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 21 7 4 3 2 24 16 3 4 1 19 14 Laundresses 1 12 2 5 6 1 1 7 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 \ 23 Servants and waitresses 5 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives i 1 24 1 110 12 1 23 1 5 •3 43 i 18 2 7 33 NATIVE WHI FE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 448 77 26 36 236 73 1,239 779 35 121 108 196 Boarding and lodging house keepers 25 13 39 40 41 11 15 60 70 13 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 12 8 10 6 21 26 33 5 11 30 12 1 3 2 2 80 26 158 135 106 22 26 189 228 5 38 14 212 77 6 115 97 99 18 7 130 63 2 24 4 137 1 1 3 3 1 1 11 10 9 3 1 6 22 24 1 7 5 21 1 2 2 3 4 19 11 2 2 8 17 . 29 1 3 1 11 4 13 7 7 3 2 11 6 11 1 1 1 1 4 39 2 4 7 1 1 2 9 3 3 5 16 105 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 6 3 126 4 1 3 . . . 2 13 1 5 2 10 78 20 34 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 263 70 4 5 140 44 1,063 772 3 7 53 228 25 20 60 14 30 124 9 7 10 3 4 37 ...1 16 1 86 111 187 101 218 360 68 83 178 83 68 302 1 1 1 1 2 5 8 6 5 9 20 11 1 2 9 40 6 9 76 19 2 1 2 2 'I 11 151 2 1 2 2 34 NEGRO. All occupations 4,467 546 174 158 3,057 532 5,104 3,181 119 160 643 1,001 Boarding and lodging house keepers 28 93 13 74 2,198 75 286 1,581 22 97 14 11 4 13 267 6 37 180 1 13 13 67 2 44 1,685 52 214 897 11 72 1 6 5 10 106 fl 372 3 6 64 94 45 46 2,434 127 286 1,871 11 126 64 75 27 35 1,735 69 209 866 8 93 6 1 3 72 3 13 67 5 4 3 1 4 68 2 11 65 2 2 2 4 e 3 1 308 26 39 243 4 15 3 83 2 13 60 1 4 7 •49 259 30 5 57 20 665 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — 6 14 9 i-Includes married women living with their husbands. 266 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YOEK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROTJGH). OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. ALL CLASSES. 2 All occupations- Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers- and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) . Laundresses Merchants and dealers . . Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers . Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill .operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses -- Servants and waitresses Stenographers and Lypewriter.s Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . , Telegraph ancl telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations 735 1,839 2,629 712 935 2,867 343 9,080 409 1,563 447 530 4,622 1,560 1,688 1,088 2,699 919 452 6,453 3,434 26, 624 373 4,097 5,260 4,697 900 1,335 1,079 10, 465 614 79 54 49 35 117 1,901 35 128 250 148 2,262 919 118 123 • 616 27 21 708 37 13 73 691 317 74 77 1,122 28,303 330 462 1,281 112 2,809 175 25 12 175 381 124 800 456 187 485 208 3,253 1,180 1,369 146 212 1,970 2,285 1,716 478 654 601 4,248 14, 114 10 459 609 178 248 749 51 1,524 101 21 7 70 342 76 348 200 120 236 126 1,465 611 590 82 975 207 222 2,229 13,993 91 303 325 110 138 425 64 1,837 74 438 168 80 948 403 281 180 407 122 59 645 1,188 58 46 644 1,089 772 119 192 1,816 16 132 242 45 52 1,009 24 951 141 129 1,369 49 38 640 405 22,769 49 17 635 298 903 129 87 1,050 80,264 111 1,733 2,609 647 862 2,670 209 6,701 367 35 334 1,513 334 1,497 872 1,662 880 418 6,029 2,664 22,938 316 342 3,949 3,920 4,376 864 1,198 967 8,604 2,679 94 40 22 26 12 41 17 601 18 37 10 19 274 101 41 43 73 13 161 168 15 6 48 122 208 26 25 316 27, 652 2 853 1,376 322 454 1,254 108 2,686 171 21 171 343 106 779 428 165 478 206 3,189 1,145 1,322 141 209 1,942 2,234 1,688 474 643 493 4,140 13, 342 2 439 600 170 232 1,412 94 18 6 66 267 58 333 188 98 230 122 1,421 560 533 76 77 947 856 271 214 2,107 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 7 282 288 93 120 367 28 1,231 61 309 7 41 268 48 226 116 136 111 49 773 602 792 41 37 617 472 673 146 161 1,237 19,673 1,960 6,846 3,148 2,972 4,647 16, 121 551 6,656 2,974 2,203 261 215 2 4 34 6 34 28 1 2 461 21 225 91 78 36 420 8 220 88 72 853 26 408 179 116 125 799 9 399 175 101 169 13 83 40 24 9 163 7 82 38 20 208 2 118 43 30 15 195 1 116 41 24 1,099 34 470 262 164 169 1,013 14 460 261 143 1,784 465 443 241 355 290 1,160 115 417 207 216 338 332 32 114 4 72 81 68 221 42 175 174 12 13 4 67 58 33 36 31 188 76 36 23 41 12 89 13 34 22 n 426 26 206 76 65 53 373 6 196 72 63 449 44 189 68 76 72 367 12 180 65 46 735 129 57 22 100 427 460 21 46 15 45 219 11 109 50 35 14 207 5 108 49 31 160 5 69 40 15 21 140 2 68 39 13 1,685 48 806 360 239 242 1,548 22 789 338 198 628 120 200 108 103 97 459 32 186 95 81 1,860 49 177 43 94 1,497 1,630 10 169 39 69 1,548 40 633 331 244 300 1,473 26 626 317 231 373 44 185 66 51 27 312 13 180 63 36 1,995 128 693 383 329 462 1,867 88 682 373 289 276 3 161 47 39 36 263 149 47 37 310 7 181 69 37 26 295 5 179 68 29 370 30 190 73 41 36 325 6 187 70 32 2,866 289 1,1.39 613 613 412 2,320 83 1,112 481 333 27,449 119 223 37 44 280 8 771 23 458 4 38 371 21 118 97 1,090 48 33 558 296 20, 123 43 14 495 236 112 74 804 3,737 ■32 115 6 13 145 195 101 30 46 64 334 14 18 201 65 1,243 273 20 425 30 24 30 311 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Indian woman. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 267 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROXJGH). FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. OCCUPATION. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All occupations. Boarding and lodging house Iceepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) ■Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Janitors and sextons . Laborers (not specified) . Laundresses Merchants and dealers . . . Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen .Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers . Silk mill operatives ■Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) ■Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters . Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and 'telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations 151 27 56 27 20 91 3D 694 9 184 187 71 90 249 11 17 182 186 1,318 24 65 694 117 61 36 796 1,124 23 8 6 38 145 41 38 32 22 39 48 3 7 65 34 119 35 21 5 7 16 255 LASSES.' I 1,012 65 6 9 4 2 14 10 143 1 23 206 62 11 10 33 7 6 114 278 1,530 42 24 414 6 33 152 37 536 60 142 6 7 85 79 239 10 5 16 660 1,611 32 29 949 2 1 21 20 15 4 116 13,075 473 79 64 38 63 106 98 1,685 33 225 125 2,140 826 122 126 888 28 17 242 584 18 83 646 204 18 76 76 1.065 7,826 455 33 23 20 21 44 90 1,157 16 83 210 106 1,782 766 66 70 510 14 93 386 461 18 7 17 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 25 2 5 5 142 167 23 31 122 120 67 31 53 227 9 3 72 135 211 40 40 29 291 13 6 1 17 300 17 90 59 15 28 104 6 20 80 33 10 28 35 3 1 21 179 1,221 6 14 13 4 10 16 2 192 7 96 9 2 154 32 14 14 129 5 3 35 64 157 7 3 11 57 31 11 12 112 97 114 280 1 2 3 4 3 4 3 3 6 1 1 1 3 1 4 8 6 17 28 66 14 3 4 15 1 5 5 3 4 5 3 8 10 4 34 1 2 i 8 1 13 6 7 10 16 1 1 13 6 8 4 3 3 2 5 5 15 1 1 1 ,1 4 38 11 19 3,116 10 11 6 6 185 1 350 3 13 139 IS 17 19 215 1 1 50 80 1,697 4 2 19 42 49 9 9 130 2 3 6 1 1 13 78 91 4 9 75 25 22 163 13 4 29 4 2 4 44 I Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Indian woman. 268 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16. YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEAV YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROTJGH)— Continued. FEMALE BKEADWINNEE3 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of famUies. Living with- - Heads of families. Living with- - with em- ployer or board- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PAEENTE FOEEIGN BORN. All occupations 40,386 3,195 16,463 9,071 6,633 6,024^ 36,426 1,032 16,088 8,653 4,489 5,163 Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Bookbinders . 151 1,196 1,471 465 619 1,523 164 4,371 253 476 125 241 1,040 416 969 480 698 591 277 3,808 1,661 4,586 226 244 2,166 2,185 2,275 551 795 648 5,715 134 45 22 19 25 42 31 605 21 31 72 34 384 201 63 44 147 11 14 95 200 111 16 4 22 203 136 10 36 31 386 1 561 816 221 289 716 66 1,795 101 12 6 104 205 46 477 230 86 314 124 1,999 629 734 87 142 1,160 1,071 929 291 393 302 2,, 556 3 331 389 128 189 448 42 994 71 11 2 54 170 36 227 113 67 172 83 981 395 322 61 62 663 577 553 144 208 159 1,610 12 191 163 72 91 210 22 689 48 174 44 38 180 127 148 64 96 70 41 474 301 275 34 27 243 251 369 71 104 116 888 1 68 81 26 25 107 3 288 12 248 1 11 101 6 54 29 302 24 15 259 136 3,144 28 9 178 83 288 36 54 40 369 24 1,142 1,428 439 574 1,465 129 3,664 234 285 10 193 517 103 888 416 436 574 256 3,624 1,426 4,042 200 233 2,114 1,869 2,157 535 736 606 6,126 20 30 11 12 10 19 9 226 13 9 2 4 37 23 30 22 20 7 5 44 71 30 8 1 16 54 98 7 14 15 166 2 315 385 123 177 441 41 937 67 9 2 52 142 23 216 106 54 167 81 953 363 304 57 59 550 549 645 140 198 152 1,444 1 178 154 65 82 193 13 528 45 133 2 26 80 14 129 66 43 67 33 434 259 218 28 26 236 141 329 68 91 106 718 1 553 804 216 286 701 63 1,732 98 11 4 100 190 41 469 214 81 310 124 1,962 617 714 82 140 1,144 1,048 914 289 386 298 2,498 66 74 Boot and shoe malcers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) 23 20 101 Confectioners .. 3 241 11 Houselseepers and stewardesses . 123 Laborers (not specified) . 11 68 2 Milliners 44 Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives 25 238 23 Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. . 13 231 116 Servants and waitresses 2,776 26 pi IV niill operatives 7 169 Tailoresses 67 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 271 31 47 Textile worlcers (not otherwise specified) . . All other occupations 35. 301 FO EEIGN BO EN WHITE All oo^jupations 35,625 5,604 4,767 1,675 4,706 18,883 26,196 968 4,597 1,553 2,373 16,715 Boarding and lodging house keepers 314 190 302 108 240 122 2,712 706 246 147 2,149 953 292 137 1,198 108 958 1,068 17,328 378 2,695 392 355 364 2,164 262 13 6 8 22 76 799 64 141 75 1,295 641 29 33 327 5 5S 267 400 11 442 48 40 51 .500 1 79 174 65 92 20 539 9 4 29 61 42 117 29 36 61 447 337 367 176 1,028 82 160 142 681 3 37 41 16 38 4 270 4 3 5 72 17 44 17 23 14 133 99 129 79 251 52 42 42 240 41 34 46 17 61 19 716 179 92 19 417 234 68 33 193 17 180 217 616 57 786 66 66 85 458 7 27 35 12 37 3 388 450 5 19 304 19 34 25 620 11 139 158 16,817 55 188 144 57 44 285 60 170 280 93 198 39 1,782 359 14 62 585 140 236 87 626 98 855 740 15,415 358 1,746 332 276 285 1,371 44 2 2 1 8 8 248 16 6 11 156 65 5 9 31 1 22 55 86 6 55 19 U 16 75 1 79 172 53 90 19 609 6 3 29 64 31 114 26 30 59 437 329 356 171 1,006 81 147 140 656 4 32 33 14 31 6 466 lite 3 6 107 22 44 19 39 13 141 153 427 51 295 49 37 52 215 1 36 40 14 35 3 250 3 1 5 68 13 44 17 21 14 129 95 116 78 242 49 33 38 219 21 33- Boxmakers (paper) 11 34 3 309 219 1 Laborers (not specified) 12 210' Merchants and dealers . . 9 Milliners 28 16 Nurses and midwives 605 Packers and shippers Saleswomen 11 126 108 Servants and waitresses . 14,430- 52 149 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 134 48 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations 30 206. 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 269 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEB— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at liome. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Total. Living at home. Living . Heads of lamllies. Living witti - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Motlier. Otlier relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 1,636 26 16 21 9 12 32 11 208 2 59 48 19 134 117 22 30 57 4 10 66 51 184 9 2 21 135 45 10 22 10 244 265 145 139 800 287 3,325 1,898 230 279 344 574 Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders 13 2 4 1 4 4 3 2 7 1 5 3 1 4 1 11 4 7 5 3 10 7 103 2 15 38 12 73 95 12 12 32 1 6 23 24 25 2 101 38 22 17 33 36 24 499 17 132 67 29 389 196 59 34 205 . 13 11 118 184 360 17 9 31 191 73 6 37 32 345 101 13 7 7 13 13 18 334 8 20 61 27 308 161 29 17 118 4 7 39 120 70 7 3 4 131 34 3 21 15 185 1 3 4 8 2 2 8 3 36 3 1 1 1 12 4 6 9 4 2 11 1 4 8 6 1 37 4 2 9 2 2 6 7 2 58 1 26 4 1 4 Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) 2 2 10 4 45 1 4 4 Clerks and copyists 2 27 20 13 34 1 2 9 3 39 17 4 5 9 42 83 1 3 3 1 2 7 1 2 1 1 9 4 2 4 1 1 1 19 9 9 4 12 4 2 21 21 11 3 3 9 18 3 1 4 5 46 10 27 18 7 2 21 2 2 17 18 32 4 1 4 13 12 23 4 2 2 14 8 Musicians and teachers of music . 2 50 1 Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. . 2 12 9 11 1 2 10 4 133 1 1 4 3 5 i 2 1 25 14 3 8 4 1 7 7 3 7 11 7 1 23 9 12 1 1 9 16 12 2 3 4 32 18 Seamstresses 16 Servants and waitresses 235 2 1 2 18 4 4 10 5 3 6 2 26 4 97 28 3 9 6 131 5 Tailoresses 13 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 12 1 1 36 4 4 4 39 5 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . All other occupations 4 26 43 FO REIGN BC RN WHITE All occupations 3,002 463 75 41 1,821 602 6,427 4,183 85 81 512 1,566 Boarding and lodging house keepers 61 3 12 2 21 20 281 74 103 23 374 251 25 15 137 4 51 77 520 8 536 19 39 32 314 24 1 1 36 1 8 2 17 13 191 8 85 13 240 203 21 11 85 3 34 37 99 3 449 13 23 20 206 203 17 10 13 21 63 649 273 128 62 1,190 562 32 35 435 6 62 251 1,393 12 413 41 40 47 479 194 11 2 7 13 62 496 45 120 55 1,040 535 22 23 276 4 34 178 279 3 337 26 23 29 369 2 1 1 5 1 3 6 1 1 5 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 15 • 1 1 1 1 1 6 55 3 15 9 99 41 2 1 20 2 1 15 1 3 5 15 63 2 1 28 1 1 2 29 is 3 1 59 66 4 1 70 9 3 3 69 1 5 27 89 3 42 4 6 13 37 64 168 1 2 6 3 5 1 1 3 1 7 4 1 1 17 4 1 4 6 2 2 2 1 3 4 10 4 6 1 3 1 14 10 3 66 9 5 7 2 86 3 24 35 2 50 3 6 6 56 1 1 3 6 11 382 2 14 2 6 2 33 3 3 10 1 3 2 5 1 13 7 39 1,005 1 6 1 4 3 8 25 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 3 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . i 11 3 46 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 270 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. TSEyv YORK, I*r. Y. (BBOOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with — Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or j Father. Mother. Other relative. ^ Father. Mother. Other relative. boards ing. NEGRO. All occupations 4,518 758 237 220 682 2,621 2,522 138 211 102 177 1,834 Dressmakers 213 1,001 2,850 454 42 469 148 99 32 43 91 71 19 64 96 41 77 283 204 118 43 142 2,311 125 105 237 1,951 229 12 68 42 16 28 32 83 68 18 36 74 34 21 38 78 40 26 63 Servants and waitresses 1,674 All otlier occupations . . 71 JfE^V YORK, N. Y. (.MAXIIATTASr AND BRONX BOROUGHS). Ail occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc.. Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers; . . . . Bookbinders .' Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers' and officials, etc Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations . Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants . . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . ALL CLASSES. 2 229,386 2,2.58 652 741 653 1,877 1,783 4,998 1,546 502 5,152 782 25,226 767 3,157 446 3,559 812 10,563 418 419 2,333 6,019 1,995 6,596 1,081 14, 125 12,411 68, 165 1,145 1,328 6,077 7,809 7,009 1,290 1,051 3,256 5,673 16,653 24,730 1,076 208 390 518 307 1,137 2.50 1,539 3,218 604 253 185 131 99 1,564 205 114 4,221 26 477 196 1,391 308 4,159 75 90 1,101 371 263 940 34 .383 1,099 2,530 165 549 510 20 56 225 510 1,990 253 139 154 216 16 814 2,610 739 220 2,268 352 7,947 430 30 30 60 85 713 72 124 2,351 646 261 570 6,623 5,373 1,918 2,875 3,335 2,343 509 1,460 1.605 6,667 24,968 220 90 106 83 17 437 1,056 386 121 1,109 127 3,860 132 30 15 57 604 62 75 .301 210 229 3,176 1,801 1,045 149 324 1,231 779 1,276 307 233 688 699 2,830 32,789 453 120 129 137 272 584 230 78 725 143 5,014 99 644 115 2,001 222 1,953 63 94 562 710 315 650 162 1,865 1,846 3,679 186 182 711 1,903 972 157 164 604 2,243 2,773 90,908 1,079 118 221 118 41 174 609 117 44 845 46 4,184 80 1,976 90 64 140 3,134 146 133 607 470 4,535 2,078 2,292 69,093 235 119 1,095 1,243 1,968 116 378 716 2,393 1,196 405 674 488 407 1,661 4,713 1,406 460 4,729 616 19,609 718 1,706 78 169 276 4,4.51 315 266 837 4,445 1,483 4,5.50 1,008 13,208 10,714 57,042 1,013 1,207 5,849 6,027 6,671 1,244 958 2,895 3,207 13, 318 6,734 104 58 78 ■31 351 31 20 92 19 1,566 10 108 3 7fi 37 601 36 16 143 171 99 220 14 185 344 811 30 29 118 98 350 11 22 86 61 580 54,506 216 126 151 206 7 804 2,584 726 216 2,240 345 7,710 425 19 27 19 76 632 69 117 333 2,305 621 223 .559 6,607 5.275 1,798 482 624 2,847 3,238 2,311 502 1,429 1,525 6,532 J3,601 174 80 95 410 1,029 359 116 1,069 122 3,663 129 21 11 21 61 486 60 71 155 934 266 177 220 3,084 1,717 915 141 306 1,215 736 1,247 302 221 657 547 2,701 18,187 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 132 49 79 439 16 9 84 705 94 7,127 79 38 41 4 130 460 111 569 700 6 3,806 221 65 308 378 4,093 11,323 183 595 32 64 71 144 61 6 48 37 143 267 45 20 210 378 561 874 96 401 23,3 670 128 298 106 285 1,024 228 1,384 2,216 286 55 16 49 92 7 27 3 41 215 29 6,915 66 32 39 3 130 453 109 652 663 4 3,672 66 22 48 4 73 212 58 297 349 4 84 67 69 79 23 238 502 189 87 3,275 80 444 12 37 37 509 36 40 116 538 152 198 141 1,691 1,438 2,023 152 148 659 912 837 149 134 397 481 1,667 2,663 31 18 41 6 43 114 39 183 349 55 618 84 181 92 19 162 618 101 38 732 42 3,396 74 1,114 26 16 76 2,223 114 23 90 497 345 3,726 74 1,841 1,940 51,495 208 100 1,010 1,043 1,826 101 79 326 1,838 362 40 121 1 32 218 19 311 640 194 ' Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 29 Chinese, 4 Japanese, and 5 Indian women, for whom figures are mt shown sepai-ately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 271 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- Dloyer or board- ing. All occupations . . . Dressmakers Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations. . . 1,001 108 20 38 420 415 995 512 6 20 85 60 3 1 1 47 S 48 27 3 9 323 57 10 16 203 37 441 344 1 12 42 495 27 7 15 103 343 , 404 79 1 7 23 123 21 2 6 67 27 102 62 1 1 11 372 9 42 294 27 XEW YORK, N. Y. (MAiraCATTASr AND BRONX BOROUGHS). AH occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc.. Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and a^3C0untants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives CleAs and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laimdresses Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, (ioUar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations .Vll occupations. Actresses, professional show-women, etc... Agents Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders ALL CLASSES. 840 100 97 85 406 52 147 S3 15 218 69 2,352 24 435 151 2,133 247 2,087 278 646 38 455 612 4,722 51 60 97 1,168 179 22 44 161 1,920 1,572 2,818 396 25 52 107 54 10 75 3.35 95 2,764 792 516 12,570 5,863 58 25 29 356 372 21 9 3 58 9 13 1 6 56 21 16 7 52 10 183 7 4 207 5 7 2 9 25 9 16 14 10 59 48 8 6 11 21 7 1 1 1 11 1 30 11 13 110 54 10 6 3 49 1 392 119 66 1,440 335 2 63 2 2 16 82 4 286 2 32 1 1 92 25 146 33 3 1,933 18 68 5 4 162 28 452 42 38 1,208 347 6 2 1 24 13 18 120 4 22 60 403 7 22 8 39 13 17 148 52 38 17 13 145 65 83 19 8 286 250 7 8 3 15 5 33 51 32 226 113 111 48 28 289 136 292 76 68 1,195 3,091 8 4 4 23 12 7 10 6 28 9 9 12 5 37 34 97 59 18 904 90 26 14 9 95 35 1 3 3 7 8 5 6 5 23 5 29 16 12 80 24 71 49 26 1,703 71 266 66 47 962 241 27,084 15,232 693 851 2,032 223 91 13 17 13 147 106 4 7 5 70 40 2 5 4 80 62 3 3 6 1,064 1,030 2 6 9 80 38 8 12 9 138 43 12 17 23 87 35 7 16 20 37 18 3 4 7 205 83 17 27 19 98 85 1 2 7 3,265 2,264 118 131 299 25 14 3 3 3 1,016 306 9 7 118 217 161 2 3 11 1,257 1,169 8 19 31 289 213 4 2 33 4,025 3,106 39 80 236 67 33 1 1 3 74 67 3 4 4 921 838 12 17 33 305 161 33 29 24 234 126 8 22 18 1,400 631 19 26 166 35 13 3 6 6 462 166 65 60 48 1,085 644 60 56 119 6,401 1,427 44 62 361 81 48 3 4 11 61 30 3 12 6 131 38 16 11 16 614 354 38 25 87 319 134 18 20 40 24 8 6 2 1 49 29 1 7 7 199 110 15 19 27 646 378 31 26 69 1,763 1,164 69 82 144 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH P.\RENTS NATIVE. 98 Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Bressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses 1 Includrs married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 29 Chinese. 4 Japanese, and 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 14 1 2 1 1 19 1,143 1,062 147 201 11 5 27 13 52 1 2 1 17 4 25 149 19 25 3,725 110 66 40 305 16 59 12 80 (1(17 223 1.906 22 295 13 4 29 425 51 100 136 25 19 16 17 6 59 3 463 2 576 40 30 37 564 19 6 21 58 60 559 7 124 216 4,607 15 10 51 110 107 7 5 28 52 314 1,296 42 19 10 4 4 24 1 37 143 146 272 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW TORK, N- Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families . Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Janitors and sextons , Laundresses Literaiy and scientific persons , Merchants and dealers , Milliners , Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers , Saleswomen Seamstresses .' Servants and waitresses Silk mill operatives , Stenographers and typewriters , Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators , Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). , All other occupations , All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc . . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boardii^ and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and jorofessors In colleges, etc . . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued- 277 117 2 6 143 9 20 8 1 4 4 553 146 88 58 94 167 309 21 85 46 32 230 43 26 31 38 92 167 19 24 30 23 191 60 36 27 37 31 94 8 32 24 10 794 71 291 130 124 178 674 32 279 122 105 729 106 180 102 93 248 531 42 169 91 44 1,444 184 42 37 113 1,068 1,115 76 40 33 46 200 3 94 49 32 22 190 1 93 47 30 2,752 90 1,034 509 368 751 2,536 42 1,022 491 323 892 138 227 112 120 295 661 30 216 101 87 3,938 158 177 62 204 3,337 3,035 47 161 56 98 157 3 89 20 16 29 145 2 86 19 14 1,892 80 603 343 245 621 1,785 59 592 340 227 134 16 30 28 27 33 97 5 28 28 14 2,394 202 694 390 336 772 2,187 141 680 377 279 357 6 184 78 41 49 343 3 182 76 38 182 11 77 39 29 26 167 3 75 38 28 392 40 157 59 57 79 343 18 155 57 44 3,153 433 969 495 526 730 2,441 159 944 459 338 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 71,769 5,365 28, 647 14,782 9,508 13,467 62,541 2,005 27,978 14,132 7,074 686 60 •129 98 143 256 392 24 110 79 36 255 47 81 56 43 28 204 20 75 53 30 206 21 82 36 28 39 170 11 81 32 17 273 34 114 45 41 39 231 16 112 42 30 339 269 3 5 57 5 77 64 3 2 6 1,227 49 581 314 180 103 1,150 27 572 297 162 2,981 72 1,673 698 311 227 2,884 48 1,657 684 291 924 54 408 271 130 61 836 25 401 254 106 330 15 160 94 43 18 304 12 166 89 32 2,764 69 1,371 683 365 276 2,622 38 1,361 666 323 353 30 179 80 46 18 317 8 177 77 38 10, 474 1,085 4,455 2,373 1,589 972 9,208 500 4,346 2,280 1,257 280 6 159 69 29 17 273 3 157 69 27 776 129 14 7 237 389 459 29 8 6 187 789 288 30 25 433 13 61 19 12 10 16 158 43 36 30 31 18 85 5 32 29 10 1,954 533 383 292 311 435 1,102 74 343 266 139 116 21 32 24 12 27 96 11 31 23 6 154 24 54 41 29 6 115 4 53 38 •15 621 182 173 110 120 36 387 47 161 100 50 2,624 143 1,330 634 308 209 2,435 73 1,312 610 263 759 66 341 139 114. 99 634 32 332 124 71 1,307 171 115 94 112 816 942 44 98 79 52 668 15 359 141 93 50 629 9 362 139 87 8,372 162 4,184 2,255 967 804 8,002 94 4,108 2,193 875 3,600 295 1,569 809 420 507 3,218 128 1,533 773 346 8,328 395 897 446 573 6,017 6,925 126 853 402 373 352 34 128 76 61 63 310 14 126 69 54 852 32 412 246 109 53 797 19 403 234 94 3,333 59 1,840 766 359 319 3,247 41 1,827 747 337 924 95 406 219 117 87 790 33 390 201 90 3,430 180 1,436 780 477 557 3,313 141 1,422 769 451 807 11 441 209 98 48 784 7 434 206 96 671 24 337 173 94 43 625 11 332 165 79 1,564 70 727 437 203 127 1,450 31 714 416 179 1,045 44 496 250 179 76 868 17 467 236 73 7,483 538 3,512 1,767 1,046 620 6,610 201 3,438 1,694 777 3 125 71 20 136 185 920 19 658 227 2.673 24 567 22 710 44 11,362 144 26 IS 264 17 825 17 229 4 9 291 25 5 29 177 75 669 42 732 43S 5,172 48 47 76 530 41 38 110 65 50O ' Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 273 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. ^ Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Janitors and sextons Laundresses , Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers Milliners , Musicians and teachers of music , Nurses and mid wives Packers and shippers , Saleswomen , Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Silk mill operatives , Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) , Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) : Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses . . , : Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not othenvise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 3,895 234 25 20 15 78 31 45 35 11 473 * 2 85 457 25 288 7 21 101 72 65 96 13 16R 122 585 11 25 22 44 128 389 470 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. 14A 8 14 6 11 9 18 14 1 7 20 22 1 2 1 3 3 7 2 136 52 12 24 17 47 30 1 35 14 80 2 13 12 37 3 1 11 163 1 25 10 5 21 41 39 1 48 ''\ 293 3 20 ll 2 111 143 33 53 67 83 244 7 117 161 493 3 67 19 140 6 9 28 374 101 111 18 41 30 46 94 1 41 88 89 1 17 8 55 2 6 21 212 2 4 3 10 3 3 2 2 37 1 10 19 26 101 30 8 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 9 4 44 53 lis ss 2 5 9 4 2 13 4 5 3 1 8 6 2 99 70 410 q 4 5 14 3 3 1 5 1 2 2 16 6 7 1 1 40 4 3 6 8 1 9 1 3 5 1 20 IS 67 R 5 2 1 2 17 8 fi 2 1 62 '1 6 80 2 25 338 9 19 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 228 101 13 10 14 16 12 7 32 6 263 2 14 411 15 131 6 14 64 917 5,333 5 2 1 6 11 6 46 32 157 343 4 10 2 14 12 20 5 13 7 1 4 11 3 16 10 95 8 222 53 60 26 16 27 184 46 52 54 17 75 26 793 5 232 271 664 13 18 133 117 60 269 16 202 260 818 31 30 48 90 81 15 14 178 19 21 23 3 24 21 603 3 86 244 33 401 10 14 117 59 25 114 5 58 149 230 17 10 15 56 33 4 11 33 19 286 352 471 5 17 11 6 21 22 109 2 45 44 371 2 34 9 48 3 5 109 19 2 5 6 2 5 12 6 3 11 104 6 5 77 2 1 3 20 15 95 4 38 37 602 5 4 20 3 2 7 3 m 1 Includes married women living with tlieir husbands. 12694—07- -18 274 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW TORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc... Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers , Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Latmdresses. Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses AH other occupations 432 180 281 249 873 372 112 834 355 10,954 428 1,609 431 2,339 497 5,971 179 1,514 1,593 459 3,640 223 2,992 7,754 49,213 701 317 844 6,741 1,193 126 268 1,448 4,535 6,360 10,546 678 168 154 112 2,084 205 166 6,657 423 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 13,861 19,922 6,933 17,414 69,995 88,469 3,096 19,367 5,560 8,089 56 43 25 106 203 209 23 37 22 17 87 19 8 41 25 69 22 18 4 8 29 30 14 30 36 102 18 30 14 11 42 86 25 75 53 191 7 80 26 36 823 9 4 115 29 218 189 1 1 11 21 103 47 44 34 216 7 102 46 33 20 477 135 128 113 802 6 474 131 96 11 220 60 55 36 343 3 216 47 44 22 33 11 27 19 88 7 33 11 20 48 335 115 146 190 713 11 334 113 88 76 139 35 84 21 236 9 134 34 40 2,270 2,766 1,060 2,687 2,182 7,943 809 2,671 994 1.630 19 246 51 56 56 391 7 243 48 42 210 8 6 287 1,098 893 42 6 4 191 194 24 13 112 88 69 3 21 9 11 929 27 9 1,341 33 73 41 6 5 16 203 33 18 153 90 136 23 31 17 19 2,563 207 157 931 2,113 2,660 366 183 122 289 46 46 20 49 19 97 6 41 19 16 863 158 43 395 65 355 88 140 31 56 157 729 212 276 219 1,333 66 713 201 169 84 113 62 96 114 294 24 109 46 34 556 84 60 393 2,647 2,360 101 66 50 92 16 117 39 37 14 189 4 114 34 24 131 1,399 412 530 520 2,662 49 1,371 400 393 633 3,566 865 1,248 1,442 6,760 180 3,516 832 984 1,440 706 344 2,142 44, 581 42,907 497 668 306 1,350 38 335 68 109 161 625 9 332 67 86 31 136 56 57 37 263 8 135 51 40 26 427 131 106 154 810 18 424 127 94 435 2,899 531 1,767 1,119 5,136 60 2,820 506 806 122 206 101 147 617 1,032 65 202 96 98 4 65 20 18 18 116 1 65 20 15 23 122 37 49 27 224 9 122 34 35 129 627 209 273 210 1,234 44 610 201 197 461 1,077 337 2,039 621 2,279 42 1,028 300 396 1,054 2,317 613 1,275 1,101 4,534 234 2,273 692 603 1,941 160 44 67 49 916 29 33 637 116 37 3 1 1 35 20 11 138 48 9 3 8 97 19 15 193 54 1,771 177 24 84 30 617 32 58 660 6,093 9 24 419 105 48 6,129 116 6,411 242 68 15 31 480 133 75 1,155 212 383 6 141 6 142 26 19 10 116 47 40 7 2 4 63 15 11 151 44 360 21 202 24 110 17 29 43 16 28 96 33 17 167 51 651 25 6 45 1,601 15 40 184 81 2,051 13 449 1,248 40,086 131 29 147 943 571 15 4 24 182 614 832 4,085 92 40 3 16 206 86 27 3,544 71 NE>VARK,N. J. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Buttomnakers 237 529 291 216 281 ALL CLASSES. 2,490 7,516 3,504 2,655 6,940 17,742 568 7,273 3,301 1,689 187 3 3 42 2 35 29 1 1 2 9 312 102 60 46 608 4 309 101 51 14 139 78 40 20 271 8 139 76 33 11 111 60 24 20 206 6 111 49 24 9 165 65 28 14 261 7 160 58 23 1 Includes married women hving with their husbands. 4,911 2 43 19 17 13 FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 275 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NE'W YORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)-Coiitinued. OCCUPATION. All occupations . Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers , Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. 13,024 Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Manufacturers and officials, etc. Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise .specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 172 46 24 64 212 16 44 8 6 74 63 .,338 19 203 146 937 43 428 139 80 428 22 187 365 2,349 34 26 19 1,103 68 6 16 104 1,775 882 All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations Living with- Father. 1,558 12 10 2 9 100 3 1 9 7 220 2 21 31 101 37 261 51 6 16 67 133 6 4 2 87 12 1 1 22 63 141 Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 324 125 8,212 2,806 16,642 61 65 13 36 550 18 27 21 18 . 47 67 1,673 18 513 216 833 196 2,474 39 731 121 85 852 12 143 629 3,957 42 28 15 603 93 3 18 110 481 944 4 2 1 88 31 19 37 101 9 25 6 4 51 40 900 12 38 90 1,303 109 626 30 315 92 53 218 11 122 197 664 15 16 10 872 42 3 11 58 1,597 598 66 4 3 4 3 2 10 1 1 13 4 6 2 1 1 2 2 1 5 1 23 49 2 146 3 144 23 12 18 146 3 13 18 12 148 1 17 2 8 1 9 5 4 8 3 14 28 22 3 1 3 61 2 1 6 2 5 2 3 3 6 8 16 30 65 1,614 11 4 2 81 11 2 2 11 60 119 1 2 12 1 2 3 19 3 10 36 21 9,207 20 55 9 26 534 11 9 8 14 28 60 1,241 10 147 160 787 143 1,947 31 676 72 51 404 7 66 810 24 19 288 45 2 13 63 356 679 Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. 231 248 1,113 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 7 3 2 3 6 3 7 4 157 2 35 43 1 3 2 3 2 68 2 3 11 5 4 22 1 29 26 116 16 3 1 3 9 10 24 11 6 16 4 7 9 83 10 2 7 2 15 14 22 25 67 16 22 228 1 4 2 13 8 1 2 79 28 2 4 7 1 5 3 18 7 13 18 47 23 18 74 2,759 332 39 64 1,250 1,074 2,376 131 48 42 33 843 35 35 1,129 80 1,226 10 46 161 205 52 97 48 761 37. 66 1,373 131 25 14 12 15 129 5 6 97 29 5 1 7 1 128 11 83 24 499 17 32 394 62 40 25 2 5 109 12 16 836 30 94 22 37 28 646 19 21 298 61 2 1 1 1 10 2 4 12 2 1 28 9 1 2 1 69 7 6 64 3 12 1 1 18 1 22 9 3 14 1 4 1 27 4 4 4 7 2 1 10 3 197 2 303 40 15 27 366 1 12 17 21 348 1 41 129 2,881 9 4 5 95 35 1 1 17 47 150 24 23 4 3 104 749 14 NEWARK, N. J. All occupations Boarding and lodging Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and rfepairers Boxmakers (paper) . . Buttomnakers ALL CLASSES. 1,681 316 121 81 734 429 2,682 1,606 122 122 232 600 se keepers.' 62 10 4 4 10 24 2 2 1 38 5 2 140 11 16 6 ..- 10 134 3 7 5 2 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 ■ 4 5 1 2 1 rfepairers 1 3 4 3 3 i 2 i 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 276 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEWAKK, N. J.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGB AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at lioine. Heads 6f families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living vrith em- ployer or board- ing. Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors In colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations AH occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives galeswomen 5,495 102 228 338 197 525 118 128 102 186 411 204 496 332 512 139 212 265 207 128 182 302 374 729 360 248 191 113 188 155 644 ALL CLASSES— continued. 696 26 354 154 80 82 651 12 349 160 67 1,080 48 584 272 103 73 1,006 17 569 263 90 584 61 251 ■ 157 82 43 541 27 245 152 76 1,620 314 .531 291 321 163 1,189 103 498 262 206 544 20 339 111 40 34 519 8 335 109 35 506 35 269 122 52 28 465 19 260 114 41 319 23 8 4 75 209 171 9 7 3 49 240 68 65 34 47 26 121 8 62 30 10 941 471 92 82 184 112 262 27 78 58 34 399 209 61 17 101 11 109 16 53 16 16 376 19 204 74 39 40 332 5 199 70 26 187 25 79 36 25 22 153 15 74 33 15 561 121 42 27 88 283 336 20 36 22 24 1,248 35 681 263 147 122 1,166 10 674 256 120 619 119 227 116 66 92 463 26 219 109 41 4,659 175 315 132 201 3,836 3,806 34 298 118 117 671 13 345 185 79 49 645 9 339 180 75 587 93 242 107 99 46 453 .30 225 94 69 937 67 316 179 130 255 893 45 310 173 118 212 12 92 58 26 24 196 4 92 57 20 285 22 146 60 34 23 247 5 141 58 24 213 7 137 35 22 12 201 5 132 34 20 3,067 297 1,406 690 421 253 2,547 64 1,358 656 264 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 550 77 5 12 14 116 1 3 16 33 14 51 14 9 29 4 23 330 1 134 170 97 132 75 72 38 14 213 64 49 160 180 76 92 541 931 106 33 39 220 22 25 40 17 97 10 12 19 28 45 22 14 49 81 16 29 195 1,195 63 36 395 35 116 10 29 179 4,509 22 216 315 177 356 114 110 77 111 377 140 374 310 486 131 175 1,018 2.030 133 169 95 118 35 13 211 63 44 146 176 73 870 34 66 45 76 23 16 17 9 73 28 22 84 102 32 34 209 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 7 6 11 19 25 103 15 17 63 44 10 22 4,041 160 96 62 101 102 381 167 310 223 129 47 34 2,031 58 58 36 47 71 192 112 159 77 76 28 9 52 8 152 993' 31 31 12 19 32 64 47 119 26 19 31 23 16 15 76 259 196 121 171 288 354 615 347 226 90 56 175 122 619 237 3,925 158 96 62 370 164 296 221 124 18 354 1,941 55 35 41 71 184 108 149 77 72 20 9 61 8 150 511 73 66 41 121 32 21 103 11 65 8 32 16 3,239 42 35 247 23 19 10 205 929 1 28 41 20 66 8 18 7 74 54 23 294 29 110 10 23 123 12 14 9 29 22 18 5 12 3 79 44 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 277 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. STEW ARK, ST. J.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. Married. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations - 22 30 10 156 10 20 39 57 238 109 21 12 61 41 50 13 7 240 Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers '. . . Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Milliners .' Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) - All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers , Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen 10 1 12 106 ALL CLASSES— continued. 10 30 125 82 5 6 2 132 4 23 3 45 1 33 12 275 16 31 4 27 109 10 62 22 441 1 181 2 23 22 164 15 X 41 8 106 266 490 3 16 5 86 5 26 1 8 1 25 1 5 25 274 10 26 20 176 11 15 12 48 372 171 86 21 76 113 4 52 10 6 14 1 191 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 14 13 120 16 60 18 45 76 14 16 7 25 141 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 36 162 36 70 5 4 1 30 2 79 5 26 2 6 34 8 16 331 4 1 23 177 1 4 2 21 4 4 20 5 9 63 4 4 34 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 278 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. STEWABK, N. .1.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. Living wlth- I Father. I Mother. Other relative.^ Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations AH occupations Corsetmakers ; Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and niidwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in collegeSj etc. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . . All other occupations All occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations. . . 195 128 325 167 118 100 367 233 204 193 144 2,539 232 100 118 141 1,061 303 767 171 NATIVE ■WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN BOEN— Continued. 256 32 108 m 24 33 212 10 103 55 16 857 31 135 58 52 581 742 8 132 54 36 292 3 172 83 26 8 289 3 171 83 25 296 44 126 72 40 14 236 17 114 65 3D 318 18 115 61 34 90 308 16 114 59 31 120 6 46 39 16 13 117 4 46 39 15 161 9 92 36 14 10 146 3 88 35 11 1,930 169 896 488 226 151 1,645 46 864 463 161 FOEEIGN BOEN VrHITE. 15 24 90 10 5 34 233 147 61 12 36 80 38 9 14 6 225 1,279 83 97 1 20 12 10 4 109 48 83 97 19 57 35 22 19 25 11 18 16 160 763 2,830 22 26 89 21 22 24 64 67 43 26 16 76 62 14 21 15 165 18 16 29 13 89 14 46 3 93 11 22 2,281 20 47 112 4,592 180 108 200 151 58 37 72 25 95 170 100 2,179 175 94 92 132 724 1,241 104 38 79 95 1 18 11 109 48 80 93 18 56 91 390 425 34 33 22 16 22 11 16 15 153 368 227 98 88 178 650 669 34 77 65 39 142 18 32^ 75 36 66 16 9 21 7 50 48 31 59 679 511 9 42 26 23 35 32 26 44 35 82 9 26 18 9 28 512 7 10 13 9 111 2,440 17 15 22 10 43 4 34 2 78 14 47' 13 411 20 PATERSOT^^, X. ,J. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Linen mill operatives Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operati ves . . '. Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not "otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLASSES.' 10,958 1,068 4,268 1,758 1,615 2,249 8,771 285 ' 4, 131 1,638 893 1,824 161 2 74 45 18 12 145 2 73 44 16 10 103 4 64 20 14 11 96 1 64 20 11 g 550 122 191 87 116 34 396 37 185 76 74 25 128 27 30 18 34 19 83 6 30 15 19 211 11 2 2 48 148 126 7 1 1 31 85 220 93 25 10 62 40 66 7 20 9 3 22 222 46 45 30 .55 46 160 23 43 28 30 36 143 85 7 6 39 6 23 10 5 4 1 3 152 8 90 24 15 , 15 138 4 88 24 10 12 , 184 37 16 10 19 102 102 2 14 7 1 78 301 10 152 64 43 32 272 3 152 56 34 27 842 1,186 49 59 23 42 1,013 943 8 53 20 20 355 ,5,316 16 317 161 2,654 66 1,060 63 797 60 498 312 4,647 4 122 157 2,567 51 985 46 447 54 426 142 402 1 19 76 183 30 95 23 41 12 64 136 395 1 13 74 183 29 96 21 41 11 63 474 718 30 191 226 223 92 97 80 116 46 91 392 441 10 26 217 216 84 91 41 42 40 68 ' Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 300 negro women, for whom flgiu-es are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 279 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. NEWARK, N. J.— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER — continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. . CCUPATION. Totai. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of famiiies. Living with - Heads of famiiies. Living witl] - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other reiative.^ Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. * NATIVE WHITE —ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOHN— continued. Seamstresses 20 47 2 17 5 1 4 125 5 4 3 3 3 1 7 11 1 8 2 1 1 54 2 28 1 1 1 i?' 24 68 1 43 5 2 11 160 1 3 1 5 3 41 Servants and waitresses 19 Stenographers and typewriters... 1 Tailoresses 4 1 1 1 3 23 1 2 5 101 11 4 2 2 1 3 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... 1 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. ■ 1 22 2 19 2 13 1 12 2 11 1 All other occupations 13 23 FOKEIGN BORN WHITE. 624 127 23 8 322 144 1,149 784 15 21 83 Corsetmakers 6 6 55 7 15 32 76 74 34 9 9 129 25 3 10 6 128 14 2 3 2 37 3 1 16 43 62 19 7 3 15 13 2 6 2 88 9 14 70 9 45 31 219 134 75 14 35 231 32 3 16 3 209 8 12 55 5 2 23 196 129 47 10 27 56 24 3 11 Cotton mill operatives 1 4 1 Dressmakers 2 2 2 2 13 5 2 2 4 2 10 3 9 1 19 1 4 13 3 Hat and cap makers 1 9 30 12 8 33 Laborers (not specified)... 2 1 5 Laundresses 4 1 10 2 1 Nurses and midwives 7 1 2 101 4 8 1 1 2 4 11 4 4 Servants and waitresses. 1 3 \ 3 6 1 1 2 1 2 2 158 2 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations . . . '. 2 1 26 1 i 2 4 i 1 3 3 4 5 176 11 15 NE( JEO. All occupations , 298 41 15 12 110 120 284 152 6 11 29 86 112 140 46 26 9 6 6 4 6 8 2 2 57 26 27 15 99 6 125 116 43 100 32 20 3 2 1 3 3 5 11 10 8 8 69 9 PATERSON, X. .J. All occupations . Bookkeepers and accountants. . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives- . Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Linen mill operatives.. Merchants and dealers . Milliners Nurses and midwives.. Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cufl makers. Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . , Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLASSES.2 1,132 173 83 55 627 194 1,056 610 64 66 95 231 3 5 62 19 27 84 34 51 6 32 16 113 25 490 6 2 47 121 2 3 36 12 8 40 20 37 4 12 7 15 14 318 2 1 2 2 4 18 9 6 2 1 8 4 80 1 36 1 3 3 102 26 59 70 28 69 9 50 13 130 18 279 1 1 X 3 74 19 4 66 18 64 4 24 5 29 8 149 11 2 1 2 1 5 10 2 1 6 3 9 4 5 1 1 6 7 3 32 I 1 4 2 i 1 46 9 30 5 11 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 i' 1 35 2 11 1 12 4 46 1 3 5 2 1 27 3 1 3 38 1 1 5 3 52 2 91 5 36 2 2 35 5 35 156 4 18 131 1 7 4 2 2 33 64 3 16 2 4 6 4 6 10 3 7 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2lncludes 300 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 280 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PATBRSON, N. .1.— Continued. FEMALI BEEADWINNEEa 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER. Aggregate.. Single (including unknown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. ' Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations. 2,186 202 860 369 287 478 1,770 48 828 329 189 376 192 103 172 101 765 159 694 53 1 6 5 28 6 103 53 55 15 38 387 72 240 32 21 39 13 2 23 85 22 103 15 13 149 18 107 25 161 124 95 130 81 678 157 505 14 1 2 1 8 6 17 50 ■ 55 13 36 372 72 231 28 17 21 10 11 Saleswomen, . 12 115 17 168 34 97 15 146 34 89 14 62 22 60 16 Silk mill operatives 90 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 24 108 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 4,113 197 2,042 929 487 458 3,724 67 2,' 003 890 365 399 Dressmakers . 223 138 160 109 2,403 211 271 698 26 4 6 2 81 7 12 59 104 69 19 57 1,306 103 132 252 45 32 5 20 587 67 66 118 40 20 6 32 271 18 35 85 8 13 124 18 168 26 27 84 186 131 138 104 2,227 209 244 485 9 1 102 69 18 56 1,279 103 129 247 38 32 4 20 664 57 62 113 32 19 4 11 208 18 25 48 5 10 112 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 17 Silk mill operatives .... 35 6 3 14 141 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 26 25 All other occupations . . 63 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 4,359 623 1,346 457 800 1,133 3,111 164 1,286 408 330 923 132 116 104 166 660 145 2,148 292 606 43 3 60 39 23 9 208 44 204 34 1 8 22 16 66 961 102 136 10 34 18 22 52 22 28 441 70 113 11 94 20 34 580 24 233 33 104 84 66 38 112 534 127 1,642 202 306 14 2 5 20 3 3 79 16 22 33 1 7 21 14 66 916 96 132 9 19 11 6 28 12 21 177 30 27 9 52 Laundresses 4 19 9 18 306 43 49 4 17 8 16 275 36 43 17 26 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 24 PHII.,ADELPH1A, PA. All occupations . Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives . Clerks and copyists Confectioners . ". Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers '. Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mil] operatives . Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives ALL CLASSES.!! 136, 368 430 1,357 1,069 3,067 821 1,243 1,902 2,840 477 1,110 13,500 414 3,893 3,546 569 4,116 2,322 2,365 1,196 4.183 1,209 27 56 38 29 118 90 52 55 1,783 18 73 237 95 1,162 1,477 141 87 374 37, 201 173 6 477 1,467 306 626 732 1,240 238 546 4,048 181 2,162 45 117 647 169 1,071 526 220 lb, 430 14 252 611 161 269 382 564 81 189 1,973 77 833 27 31 396 91 417 194 124 18,848 61 101 170 430 154 168 341 420 67 162 2,841 76 444 939 156 871 477 364 191 675 73 27 143 603 163 161 329 626 39 158 2,855 62 381 2,297 170 1,160 118 372 197 2,890 377 271 979 2,888 714 1,149 1,528 2,663 400 953 10, 188 364 3,660 1,895 293 1,979 625 2,078 1,022 2,889 2,962 19 244 17 28 20 12 31 36 9 20 604 6 30 58 13 143 233 72 36, 790 167 4 461 1,447 291 612 682 1,215 235 625 3,830 174 2,117 33 114 506 139 1,046 16,229 4 239 693 148 254 350 538 78 172 1,792 74 801 19 26 327 70 386 185 12,176 47 377 120 131 227 316 44 113 66 377 602 37 286 105 266 131 216 41,792 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ■ 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman, 1 Japanese woman, and 15 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 56 11 123 443 135 140 238 458 34 123 2,160 54 335 1,183 103 718 78 309 161 2,308 FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 281 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900— Continued. PATEHSON, N. J.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living witli — Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.^ Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. 1 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 192 33 17 14 78 50 224 121 15 16 20 52 Dressmakers 28 3 21 12 46 8 1 18 1 1 7 18 1 1 17 40 5 21 8 41 2 107 31 2 4 3 3 1 2 1 2 5 1 1 3 2 2 8 3 3 17 1 66 17 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 2 7 1 7 2 10 5 7 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 82 20 4 4 33 21 5 ' 4 10 22 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PAEENT3 FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 201 32 23 17 104 25 188 98 16 22 18 34 11 3 e 3 108 1 12 57 2 2 6 1 2 1 53 1 2 4 26 4 16 2 68 1 15 56 15 3 6 1 32 1 9 31 2 5 2 2 1 Servants and waitresses 1 1 8 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 1 14 1 1 18 1 15 8 9 8 10 9 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 2 2 8 33 2 8 1 3 3 5 2 4 All other occupations 14 13 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 656 91 38 22 419 86 592 368 22 27 51 124 13 16 35 30 46 10 336 49 121 1 12 4 15 19 6 6 247 33 77 35 34 31 24 70 8 170 41 179 28 1 1 3 3 2 5 4 1 17 7 9 2 12 1 5 33 1 18 5 11 1 27 15 15 4 100 25 163 30 18 4 5 3 29 1 1 2 i' 2 1 1 1 14 5 4 3 60 1 16 2 2 2 Silk mill operatives 26 6 2 19 20 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 4 2 11 PHILADELPHIA, PA. All occupations. Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives. . Clerks and copy ists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives . Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers Cnot specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners -- Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives ALL CLASSES.2 12,038 27 270 41 85 57 47 204 151 35 76 1,474 22 127 585 159 543 149 97 315 1,651 801 538 4,840 4,208 16,381 6,935 610 663 1,832 4 3 3 13 4 26 6 3 3 1 172 1 1 90 6 816 793 1 9 3 8 12 6 5 19 36 8 26 49 94 10 22 8 8 7 13 12 17 1 6 4 10 5 28 10 50 14 4 8 6 4 6 7 20 10 47 13 8 8 7 29 27 20 90 38 170 58 23 12 24 13 13 12 84 29 126 41 12 14 20 9 2 2 19 3 42 34 1 1 4 5 12 12 36 11 81 30 9 5 13 244 121 67 807 235 1,838 935 97 114 232 3 6 2 11 1 28 9 2 1 9 15 27 13 48 24 106 28 18 19 19 32 5 4 146 398 1,065 147 7 4 191 19 2 3 110 25 117 63 1 2 9 189 29 36 470 160 1,253 820 13 33 115 170 15 7 338 13 1,154 1,074 5 U 34 10 15 14 85 25 138 59 10 17 14 10 18 4 48 17 76 28 12 5 12 49 4 9 121 132 i 979 253 22 16 238 6,341 13 10 12 34 18 11 53 39 2 24 460 7 22 716 42 272 27 38 19 450 1 Includes married women hving with their husbands. ^Includes 1 Chinese woman, 1 Japanese woman, and 15 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 282 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHILADEIiPHIA, PA.—Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. ^ Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em:- ployer or board- ing. ALL CLASSES 2— Continued. Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, . Saleswomen .Seamstresses. Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives •Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives "Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) 'Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners ■Cotton mill operatives , Dressmakers JHat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses ■ Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners -^ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses .Servants and waitresses . Shirt, collar, and cuff makers , Silk mi'.l operatives .Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators TexT-ile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives JlU other occupations 975 17 603 221 134 100 923 9 495 214 118 506 15 234 116 71 70 457 3 227 113 66 7,365 183 3,162 1,460 1,108 1,452 6,730 76 3,069 1,378 946 3,507 418 930 494 621 1,044 2,650 103 874 458 413 35,509 1,139 1,397 685 2,015 30,273 28, 107 296 1,267 560 1,063 1,279 54 576 226 211 212 1, 162 24 566 217 175 880 31 428 202 105 114 797 7 421 193 83 2,679 34 1,200 624 348 573 2,585 26 1,186 514 326 2,555 280 965 k 345 511 454 1,929 61 917 313 300 4,980 266 1,796 866 730 1,332 4,740 200 1,771 838 680 418 8 202 74 51 83 390 6 198 72 42 8,890 390 .4,196 1,786 1,252 1,266 7,704 103 4,035 1,651 885 1,051 56 494 ' 190 169 143 931 22 484 181 130 983 58 517 110 149 149 793 9 505 99 73 1,119 43 550 238 176 112 974 9 523 224 128 13, 254 1,417 5,165 2,123 2,199 2,350 10,362 292 4,965 1,961 1,370 46,766 284 687 472 1,688 303 479 412 1,661 195 318 5,288 198 1,365 1,384 114 736 517 1,130 687 1,991 466 262 3,389 1,305 6,501 313 242 1,616 439 2,791 248 2,151 298 325 346 6,157 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 3,611 20 614 13 39 13 7 20 41 17 10 759 10 25 91 11 144 257 55 44 135 7 78 137 130 21 73 131 5 13 22 10 631 116 3 203 767 105 239 170 697 100 163 1,317 10 37 178 54 482 304 86 245 124 1,290 314 304 117 112 82 1,123 no 1,04*4 123 121 186 2,431 100 316 47 297 29 49 29 246 10 7 86 33 178 102 47 93 62 50 282 68 507 44 63 36 61 937 6,808 44 63 83 238 66 73 67 243 29 49 1,086 36 164 337 21 122 126 186 108 244 57 37 514 236 296 50 34 101 432 31 52 64 51 992 15,224 47 73 338 80 86 383 20 47 1,479 43 162 936 38 205 48 229 129 1,479 59 44 919 450 4,678 73 40 462 125 598 372 67 38 1,266 36,974 254 152 433 1,577 258 442 334 1,603 167 279 3,801 173 1,278 744 77 462 200 982 688 1,482 437 233 3,068 905 4,334 265 214 1,655 302 2,650 232 1,872 202 233 295 4,961 14 136 18 4 2 229 4 9 26 1 14 61 29 23 33 3 1 34 26 5 2 1 138 13, 701 114 3 196 748 234 157 680 99 159 1,226 78 750 7 36 166 60 468 284 76 240 121 1,243 294 273 114 108 641 76 1,107 107 118 119 173 2,338 5,424 54 4 95 307 45 74 62 282 668 28 233 7 7 70 27 163 98 36 645 150 73 48 46 277 60 498 44 329 61 29 55 857 33 5 68 207 46 62 44 189 22 38 673 26 138 208 7 62 38 131 76 50 26 443 139 181 37 26 198 62 405 43 27 36 660 87 69 1,261 702 24,931 180 93 533 338 1,251 72 1,030 114 107 90 1,774 12,054 39 4 65 296 62 70 66 334 16 34 1,106 38 148 496 26 140 34 191 107 1,240 61 37 793 296 3,775 58 32 421 9i 549 45 30 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman, 1 Japanese woman, and 16 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 283 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHILADEJLPHIA, PA.— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of lamilies. Living with — Heads of families. Living with— with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative. 1 Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives , All other occupations All occupations ■ Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses ■ Merchants and dealers Milliners • Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tfl il orpssps .,,__--->.-.--------- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives AH other occupations ALL CLASSES 2 —continued. 33 3 7 3 11 9 19 5 1 4 5 4 30 3 4 2 15 6 19 9 3 1 1 5 282 23 40 34 106 79 363 84 63 48 66 112 275 43 26 15 98 93 682 272 30 21 110 249 3,342 199 81 63 651 2,348 4,060 644 49 62 311 2,994 49 3 6 1 29 10 68 27 4 8 7 22 42 6 6 4 15 11 41 18 1 6 7 10 47' 3 10 3 18 13 47 5 4 7 4 27 289 47 28 10 168 36 337 172 20 22 43 80 78 12 10 4 30 22 162 64 15 14 20 69 16 631 1 63 3 94 6 288 6 111 12 555 1 224 1 67 2 60 3 79 6 75 125 66 12 5 5 35 9 54 21 5 4 4 28 107 10 7 7 66 17 83 1 39 6 4 10 25 80 8 18 6 3S( 10 65 ! 26 9 8 10 12 1,323 228 121 74 647 253 1,569 897 79 88 182 323 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,438 487 296 179 1,369 1,117 5,344 2,084 247 266 694 2,053 17 122 16 48 3 74 1 1 2 4 11 46 7 17 2 1 5 17 13 413 23 63 3 404 4 14 2 2 4 3 6 6 2 8 14 3 2 4 6 6 3 6, 25 24 1 6 1 9 8 21 5 1 1 2 12 17 1 1 3 7 6 20 4 4 3 4 6 41 6 6 4 17 8 37 8 7 3 6 13 91 5 8 9 44 26 67 ,18 9 6 10 24 12 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 7 3 6 16 21 11 6 \ 3 4 1 18 3 7 610 108 54 29 306 113 877 422 37 61 106 261 11 2 1 7 1 14 4 1 1 4 4 46 5 11 2 19 9 41 11 8 10 7 5 193 10 2 1 62 128 447 55 1 2 77 312 12 2 29 1 8 8 43 1 27 25 170 8 101 6 17 11 113 6 4 10 38 111 27 2 3 75 4 206 179 3 12 10 78 2 9 7 48 12 70 24 5 8 7 26 51 5 11 1 25 9 48 16 9 3 7 13 101 16 2 4 32 48 408 87 8 8 114 191 16 2 4 2 3 5 13 4 1 1 4 3 19 136 2 10 1 22 1 16 11 41 4 47 10 195 4 34 2 25 . 1 27 3 30 79 129 23 10 6 42 48 271 88 10 12 65 106 461 21 20 6 69 366 706 77 11 14 56 548 20 1 2 1 9 7 28 12 1 3 4 8 17 2 3 3 6 3 11 2 1 1 2 5 25 3 5 1 7 9 36 4 3 4 3 22 42 8 2 2 22 ' 8 95 45 4 6 17 23 44 7 6 3 16 12 97 33 10 6 11 37 10 139 1 12 2 26 2 5 33 6 140 1 19 11 1 14 17 51 67 39 19 4 3 ij 7: 4 17 4 2 1 2 8 46 5 3 1 28 11 3 4 9 6 28 5 7 2 1 9 5 22 4 6 3 655 76 64 33 , 262 130 651 317 39 47 70 178 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman, 1 Japanese woman, and 15 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 284 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHIIiADBLPHIA, PA.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND 3VEE. Aggregate. Sing e (including unlcnown). OCCUPATION. Total. Living at liome. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Father. Mother. Other relative.^ Father. Mother. Other relative. NATIVE ■WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 42,380 2,611 17,095 8,167 5,808 8,699 36,684 847 16,518 7,662 4,487 7,170 Artists and teachers of art 110 253 539 1,172 421 654 956 986 226 565 4,999 168 2,017 779 113 874 619 942 382 866 450 206 3,196 1,199 4,383 442 459 916 777 1,725 165 4,824 611 283 661 4,653 5 219 11 8 15 17 44 28 17 28 419 2 34 60 . 11 139 332 39 26 88 6 7 64 110 124 12 13 6 80 102 1 146 18 15 17 348 46 2 245 625 172 324 406 480 116 298 2,104 78 1,086 20 60 255 83 486 180 80 234 91 1,634 410 498 198 261 487 301 592 86 2,459 277 170 281 2,091 31 4 143 261 100 173 231 245 48 104 998 44 616 7 13 166 49 213 76 47 113 61 769 247 190 110 115 223 160 310 30 1,118 106 65 139 963 13 21 77 161 70 71 149 132 29 73 869 30 211 273 21 138 120 122 65 127 66 26 448 179 256 77 37 109 118 252 19 682 68 27 83 710 16 7 63 117 64 69 126 101 16 62 619 14 171 419 18 176 35 83 45 624 32 20 381 253 3,315 45 43 91 118 469 1? 519 42 16 41 661 98 68 493 1,123 386 614 802 910 204 501 4,295 155 1,912 492 89 615 262 863 344 606 435 191 2,991 965 3,602 409 432 896 619 1,664 146 4,311 481 247 609 3,967 4 52 6 5 9 9 10 11 4 13 177 1 17 15 2 14 76 18 16 16 5 2 28 27 24 7 3 5 24 84 1 46 9 6 4 97 42 1 236 614 165 317 383 472 115 283 2,023 76 1,062 16 49 243 72 476 174 69 231 88 1,494 387 469 195 249 484 281 586 85 2,369 273 162 271 2,018 29 .13 2 64 145 60 62 110 102 22 54 663 26 188 214 13 83 47 97 42 61 60 24 392 141 176 67 35 103 76 238 14 431 62 18 66 617 10 Board ing and lodging house keepers 136 253 91 165 212 236 48 95 931 42 496 6 11 144 41 200 73 37 110 60 737 230 161 107 110 219 142 303 28 1,033 102 60 134 892 62 106 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 60 61 Carpet factory operatives 87 89 15 Cotton mill operatives 56 501 TTflrt ft-T^ '^«p Tnn.Vprs 12 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 149 242 14 131 26 Milliners 72 Musicians and teachers of music 39 422 29 Printers, lithographers, and pressvi'omen . 17 340 180 2,782 33 35 86 Tailoreases 96 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc — Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 464 17 432 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 35 11 34 443 FOREIGN BORN WHIl E. All occupations 34, 478 3,726 6,162 1,808 4,443 19,339 26,140 768 4,960 1,683 2,405 16,324 Boarding and lodging house keepers 313 197 109 533 173 227 2,497 511 990 179 1,169 1,164 281 1,149 769 883 15,431 624 179 274 7 6 54 17 17 455 14 56 37 366 878 46 134 40 147 281 21 12 1 80 62 166 59 85 609 307 5 22 62 22 ^9 32 337 194 210 261 65 1 33 16 81 20 36 266 73 2 3 49 9 24 13 100 72 82 64 37 25 29 14 125 42 40 694 60 247 63 244 224 56 176 144 180 666 84 34 12 43 12 117 35 49 573 48 680 54 448 31 56 795 148 290 14,,i02 94 ,11 43 179 92 392 139 173 1,760 470 487 70 551 157 222 684 676 615 13,425 488 151 38 3 1 15 6 5 171 4 15 6 51 105 25 19 14 42 80 9 2 1 23 7 73 23 21 422 51 148 8 93 18 37 43 110 125 355 22* 4 80 60 142 69 83 479 305 5 22 57 17 97 29 331 181 196 257 64 32 16 76 20 31 246 72 2 1 42 2 21 13 96 71 71 62 37 41 9 86 Clerks and copyists 31 33 443 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 38 317 Laborers (not specified) 33 Laundresses 308 Merchants and dealers 15 42 Nurses and midwives 680 126 196 12,724 89 Silk mill operatives 26 1 Includes married women living with their hunbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 285 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.— Continued. aCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Marned. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. All occupations Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists ^ . . Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives : Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives .' Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specifled) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives 2,422 23 28 19 22 81 41 12 36 306 7 55 107 10 ■106 117 40 24 62 12 7 292 14 14 13 73 15 6 14 25 28 320 3,172 58 9 8 81 18 22 327 26 165 211 307 31 128 51 57 674 15 11 367 476 2 3 6 46 107 3 19 4 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 324 25 7 14 ISl 2 14 25 2 5 35 6 4 103 6 9 14 140 18 3 5 3 24 3 2 18 21 190 1 7 4 3,274 135 23 21 17 18 73 35 10 28 398 6 50 180 14 163 240 39 14 199 3 7 112 169 16 11 24 366 1,397 1 129 5 191 1 9 34 7 94 222 16 7 69 1 4 27 73 83 4 6 5 12 196 253 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 1,528 985 5,166 23 3 212 5 4 9 6 1 9 43 14 60 15 1 16 15 2 32 207 43 410 15 6 15 34 128 338 53 8 40 119 38 407 189 6 700 16 8 28 60 48 337 29 13 42 25 16 211 109 517 1,332 11 2 21 7 1 17 2,482 78 66 204 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 25 . 9 1 7 12 235 8 1 12 1 11 38 25 269 666 18 2 , 1 2 6 1 96 2 4 22 2 96 7 7 3 166 11 8 6 2 393 610 3 2 8 6 2 4 23 9 1 3 74 2 13 108 4 27 b 6 3 78 1 23 62 343 11 1 2 16 12 1 5 2 5 66 2,030 5 3 2 17 3 14 87 4 236 13 102 10 78 1,061 3 4 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 286 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHIIiADELPHIA, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE EREADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.: Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— ' Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. ' FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations , All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (hot specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 135 2 63 18 29 23 125 2 60 18 24 1,336 127 580 126 292 210 1,006 17 668 120 162 355 24 44 19 28 240 333 21 43 17 25 1,913 166 693 310 379 376 1,520 38 667 288 229 288 ■ 29 117 36 58 49 223 8 114 32 31 369 21 226 20 54 48 310 1 224 20 27 213 16 84 38 42 33 170 4 79 35 26 2,592 490 787 261 616 538 1,680 66 1 752 246 230 13,737 104 713 392 163 1,337 176 120 10, 184 109 102 150 30 36 503 17 24 604 118 10 22 12 386 37 56 61 8 8 95 17 7 320 20 60 2 203 82 51 367 29 26 907 18 104 181 60 320 26 105 18 329 172 67 360 117 65 6,737 307 160 4 16 102 5 7 39 20 12 340 36 50 6 7 71 14 7 2^6 20 33 341 12 21 21 148 227 298 38 26 387 108 128 30 138 66 30 5,641 21 68 PITTSBURG, PA. All occupations.* Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music ALL CLASSES. 22,205 2,189 6,096 2,500 2,454 8,966 18,300 536 5,899 2,379 1,666 7,820 408 366 4 2 31, 6 90 82 2 1 3 2 474 9 259 96 62 49 453 7 263 93 67 43 778 27 364 174 107 106 721 9 359 171 91 91 1,842 275 694 302 323 248 1,614 107 668 284 266 199 622 61 12 7 169 373 410 21 12 5 133 239 296 41 85 23 109 37 140 6 77 22 16 20 1,006 321 242 124 130 189 540 33 228 ■ 106 36 137 460 291 27 17 107 8 107 52 14 15 20 6 371 19 209 63 60 40 333 5 204 51 38 35 269 23 116 36 36 60 227 11 108 34 25 49 618 54 68 18 66 412 476 9 65 16 32 364 168 2 100 43 16 7 167 2 100 43 16 6 1,471 22 836 277 171 166 1,397 8 813 273 152 161 668 69 231 106 108 144 638 12 223 99 84 120 7,790 181 717 246 332 6,314 6,861 63 694 224 244 5,646 775 11 338 174 94 158 743 7 334 171 84 147 262 22 127 55 33 25 233 8 123 63 26 23 1,344 69 638 238 152 357 1,291 39 531 235 141 345 236 9 112 66 32 17 223 7 109 64 31 12 346 3 223 67 33 20 334 1 220 67 28 18 2,022 326 796 378 293 230 1,502 58 762 352 163 177 1 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 6,371 581 1,833 803 788 2,366 6,366 185 1,769 773 588 2,050 163 220 140 6 2 101 9 32 2 36 45 208 41 5 1 97 2 28 1 45 44 34 359 13 151 69 66 70 326 5 149 66 47 59 626 107 188 82 118 130 479 34 176 78 88 103 209 15 2 2 50 140 132 5 2 1 37 87 136 42 34 21 21 18 80 7 31 21 10 11 141 9 76 23 14 20 123 1 72 23 12 15 131 11 49 19 21 31 107 5 44 18 15 25 ' Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 287 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Total. Living at home. Living with- Heads of families. Father. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. FOREIGN BORN WHITE—COntlnuCd. stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) , Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 7 2 15 5 111 2 133 3 156 14 171 1 1 9 174 S 25 2 27 1 1 11 22 3 34 85 1 91 5 1 11 1 17 222 17 36 3'^ 6 1 2 79 2 2 3 26 2 23 26 15 232 3 4 3 57 29 26 19 , 512 15 19 10 345 1 1 4 1 1 54 24 400 1 6 2 a 2 10 3,006 30 231 120 68 464 24 24 1,915 11 129 321 28 36 8 9 83 2 1 126 2 143 35 41 1,532 1,286 4 21 56 153 100 38 523 35 31 1,532 5 122 56 87 20 23 356 U 15 318 5 32 55 235 16 15 1 51 6 3 127 2 40 10 g 6 4 94 38 61 14 ao5 14 13 1,041 PITTSBUEG, PA. All occupations . Boarding and lodging house Iceepers . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) . Laundresses Merchants and dealers . . . Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen ALL CLASSES. 1,532 Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters . Tailoresses Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar lactory operatives . . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laimdresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music 81 12 .23 127 55 115 173 114 19 25 48 5 36 54 26 ' 1 399 11 15 16 4 7 216 6 "i' 8 36 2 4 110 19 "ii' 9 280 5 2 4 3 34 201 157 40 293 229 19 17 94 1 40 5 304 231 2 13 132 34 27 234 213 13 12 39 18 2 1 212 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 71 45 9 15 1 2 2 1 18 7 2 6 2 1 3 4 7 18 634 325 I 29 2 1 3 10 7 1 1 1 1 1 162 3 2 11 27 101 7 31 2 3 39 1 4 2 2 33 200 42 2 4 includes married women living with their husbands. 288 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PITTSBURG, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown) Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers . . .' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . All other occupations 279 16 27 6 23 207 236 4 25 6 15 522 10 272 93 64 83 491 2 262 93 57 195 25 49 26 31 64 155 6 48 2S 23 1,362 24 101 37 48 1,152 1,216 9 97 35 37 466 9 179 96 63 119 439 6 176 93 54 625 • 28 245 108 80 164 593 14 243 106 74 123 7 58 31 16 11 116 6 57 30 16 825 119 300 145 142 119 609 35 279 134 73 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTS PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 8,177 569 3,161 1,367 883 214 2 136 44 23 353 9 177 96 42 860 97 372 189 139 202 21 2 4 78 313 64 126 61 21 126 74 11 8 30 175 5 106 27 21 110 4 62 14 10 186 12 32 11 18 104 1 64 27 9 763 9 453 155 89 290 23 122 65 45 2,103 35 381 129 96 271 1 142 70 26 151 8 81 36 17 611 22 269 123 60 106 2 49 34 15 146 1 91 41 7 1,093 179 485 233 137 2,197 9 29 63 97 41 3 16 20 113 3 57 35 137 !' 6 '' 210 334 768 160 .230 45 169 99 156 103 734 256 ,936 267 141 600 100 144 868 134 174 365 5 105 60 32 64 443 118 372 141 79 267 47 91 473 1,317 43 96 178 4 54 7 26 14 10 27 122 70 36 122 33 41 222 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 23 37 122 65 13 11 19 8 10 186 77 53 110 156 7 S 2S 52 70 33 2 16 IS 100 2 52 31 1,351 30 136 S 5 45 5,983 744 950 252 545 3,492 4,705 122 914 234 284 3,151 Boarding and lodging house keepers 121 292 . 145 118 316 246 139 184 139 3,295 101 161 726 ' 109 £7 12 16 109 186 22 3 13 43 9 1 164 1 28 10 49 34 56 40 '46 21 17 27 93 10 19 123 1 43 95 18 83 2 88 26 34 2,946 54 13 89 12 230 95 43 169 34 80 171 108 3,026 92 155 490 12 17 4 3 11 22 1 1 1 17 7 Dressmakers. 115 4 24 61 9 8 109 51 172 22 108 267 111 4 20 58 4 7 107 49 169 19 107 259 26 40 28 4 9 3 7 13 17 83 9 15 66 36 Housekeepers and stewardesses 4 23 3 4 20 3 12 71 Laundresses Saleswomen 29 14 41 6 20 83 28 13 37 6 20 77 22 ,28 2,720 61 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 26 72 NEGRO. AH occupations 1,674 295 152 78 238 911 930 43 131 65 70 631 Laundresses 241 1,030 403 106 79 110 21 63 68 19 39 20 48 95 95 47 754 110 61 683 186 8 17 18 16 56 59 11 30 14 4 43 23 22 637 72 All other occupations 1 Includes married women living with thetr husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 289 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PITTSBURG, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER — Continued. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living witli — Fatlier. Other relative.' Living witli em- ployer or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living at liome. Heads of familes. Living witti- Father. I Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses . Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and prof essors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations . Boolclceepers and accountants . . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters . Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers . Nurses and midwives . . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations . Laundresses Servants and waitresses . All other occupations 12694—07 -.19 2 109 34 I 16 ' 4 29 48 84 4 18 3 23 2 5 12 107 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 306 27 561 2 12 61 35 62 54 3 3 21 1 20 24 105 2 4 1 138 316 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 85 44 39 16 93 155 35 4 21 179 7 3 138 83 33 7 12 76 147 17 2 9 23 2 1 116 78 185 122 20 22 29 46 67 11 113 17 102 162 95 78 40 63 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 58 17 2 7 66 5 5 2 19 127 3 7 18 6 2 2 68 1 1 4 27 2 9 14 "6 150 2 14 104 21 290 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF. AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PROVIDENCE, K. I. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative.' Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. or board- Other I tag- relative. Living with em- ployer All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and a<:countants Boxmakers (paper) , — Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations All occupations . Bookkeepers and accountants . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Milliners Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives . Saleswomen Seamstresses 22,068 380 773 232 631 570 1,612 1,642 716 921 201 345 234 560 219 371 804 415 4,322 379 947 1,649 292 1,612 358 1,893 167 375 333 539 388 257 141 127 202 235 129 360 240 670 345 882 335 120 260 286 604 963 159 144 147 118 183 422 172 ALL CLASSES.! 2,294 6,650 ■ 3,057 3,065 7,012 17,601 726 6,212 2,823 1,963 329 25 11 394 3 158 28 82 9 114 71 729 65 15 1 384 1 75 154 6 110 57 31 28 211 3 103 53 27 17 283 143 84 104 672 9 272 131 75 44 223 122 97 84 459 17 214 103 60 347 417 270 339 239 1,044 119 355 227 181 40 861 384 198 169 1,515 21 823 366 167 67 15 11 148 476 387 21 9 8 96 334 106 66 241 174 320 48 66 49 49 97 25 9 66 14 57 22 6 8 13 28 162 66 54 45 280 10 142 59 36 14 110 44 40 26 195 6 104 42 23 84 26 11 83 346 367 22 23 7 33 7 113 42 39 18 212 5 112 40 37 14 134 74 64 86 334 5 129 72 53 27 375 163 112 127 722 11 354 160 94 80 116 54 72 93 297 26 108 62 45 1 191 167 101 197 3,666 3,627 67 138 77 115 6 171 74 38 90 352 4 164 73 32 61 348 174 120 244 903 47 344 170 107 85 829 291 244 200 1,439 38 783 279 ' 178 37 103 41 73 38 227 20 96 36 46 100 688 300 287 237 ;,364 43 657 279 190 19 154 69 73 43 320 10 147 66 57 235 729 ,330 255 344 1,497 81 688 312 163 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 136 19 13 151 13 20 16 10 31 11 42 16 48 18 127 4 163 132 86 188 2 57 58 17 24 96 213 177 310 48 11 12 48 113 41 118 764 11 45 52 113 64 58 21 26 29 31 19 23 33 74 46 129 1,483 6 81 63 115 68 173 25 12 127 59 40 286 67 122 63 3,916 31 345 294 260 342 114 106 100 128 198 62 241 220 635 299 641 157 126 61 84 13 20 93 209 169 64 66 48 72 2 20 20 3 47 10 10 47 112 36 109 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 3,464 199 69 129 132 221 504 7 47 71 57 85 227 75 71 146 27 11 23 41 102 106 37 24 22 21 25 1,141 329 116 236 247 905 92 115 174 403 156 3,343 197 59 127 128 209 494 3 37 67 57 83 223 73 782 5,788 4 101 25 85 65 162 138 253 118 33 20 282 18 75 •3,240 79 235 161 29 195 40 253 1,042 1 72 50 41 76 17 9 42 22 195 49 114 50 144 918 22 23 20 57 61 11 13 22 35 22 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 1 Chinese woman and 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 291 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIEI) BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PROVIDENCE, E. I. OCCUPATION. M\ occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers , Bookdieepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardessee Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Euhber factory operatives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile miU operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations All occupations . Bookkeepers and accountants . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Clotton mill operatives . Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Milliners Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives . Saleswomen Seamstresses FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! J Living with em- IJloyer ! or board- ing. Widowed and divorced. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. 2,118 264 73 83 305 74 26 41 2 21 51 3,5 299 19 16 123 36 176 27 187 622 40 17 X4 109 25 26 20 .16 11 21 14 49 13 11 27 109 310 ALL CLASSES.2 108 852 25 7 3 7 29 123 22 13 602 13 7 171 213 15 8 36 49 304 64 246 296 70 27 14 142 5 16 396 8 28 87 29 72 11 209 204 6 3 7 21 187 16 37 230 58 13 7 55 2 12 46 105 2 14 127 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 13 25 170 21 117 15 11 63 16 53 70 7 24 19 132 77 NATIVE "WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 169 213 other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. 126 3 3 1 2 4 2 2 1 2 3 2 6 12 1 1 2 250 2 28 2 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ' Includes 1 Chinese woman and 2 Indian women, for whom figures i re not shown separately in this table. 292 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PBOVIDESTCE, E. 1.— Continued. OCCUPATION. Servants and waitresses Stenograpliers and typewriters , Teaciiers and professors in colleges, etc — Textile mill operatives (not otlierwise specifled) Textile workers (not otlierwise specified). , Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging liouse keepers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Textile mill operatives (not otlierwise specified) Textile workers (not otlierwise specifled) . Woolen mill operatives .'. Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations... Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . FEMALE EKEADWINNEES 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. 8,036 140 219 409 301 257 358 129 233 131 143 264 813 150 784 359 422 203 Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. FOREIGN BOBN WHITE. 242 142 48 54 130 52 46 48 248 39 60 260 102 Living with em- ployer or board- ing. 456 28 65 31 41 291 334 y 66 21 28 109 67 118 23 69 1 36 18 72 103 287 63 118 23 56 1 36 292 7 6 873 29 476 190 106 73 802 15 457 183 86 131 18 55 26 26 7 114 13 63 21 20 701 24 333 174 105 65 635 17 326 161 77 179 11 82 41 32 13 166 7 80 40 26 1,131 157 456 206 141 171 919 50 433 200 95 885 1,464 572 1,063 4,052 6,324, 257 1,293 523 636 119 24 6 69 2 40 11 44 3 42 27 166 22 7 1 67 1 23 35 96 96 42 107 68 267 41 74 38 67 11 159 45 39 47 268 6 150 42 30 20 6 3 50 178 163 6 6 3 36 139 33 16 70 101 164 23 10 11 29 72 36 14 6 39 34 4 154 27 163 14 10 3 4 8 9 3 2 7 28 25 29 42 116 1 27 24 24 8 69 15 33 28 117 3 44 15 29 101 37 23 81 2,842 2,792 31 27 20 69 47 260 91 121 102 496 16 234 87 79 26 86 35 66 52 199 10 81 33 36 72 309 108 172 162 643 26 287 101 104 8 55 26 34 27 126 3 61 24 24 99 242 99 134 210 610 38 227 88 88 222 16 72 61 7 64 13 141 34 67 40 112 81 2 128 40 26 2,655 126 24 169 20 168 24 ROCHESTER, N. Y. AU occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers... Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations ALL CLASSES. a 18,910 1,738 6,078 2,808 2,331 6,965 15, 674 613. 5,913 2,669 1,465 5,024 701 12 315 157 82 135 666 6 315 152 69 124 1,285 59 603 315 169 139 1,192 28 595 307 142 120 329 3 192 78 26 30 309 1 189 74 20 25 767 23 305 175 89 176 716 11 302 169 79 164 1,605 304 437 232 332 300 1,153 106 411 212 193 231 366 19 219 1 91 1 65 83 112 262 111 224 270 7 - 18 1 59 52 38 164 698 84 71 313 24 115 68 69 47. 276 16 111 66 42 41 228 24 96 33 36 39 182 10 90 32 21 29 698 49 40 19 66 426 441 13 34 16 18 361 587 27 241 126 77 116 '619 12 237 119 57 94 522 97 138 84 94 109 379 26 132 74 66 81 3,293 120 140 73 133 2,827 2,751 26 135 66 70 2,466 714 10 325 144 72 163 672 4 320 138 62 148 2,644 203 1,329 476 330 207 2,158 70 1,288 448 176 176 1,193 71 385 223 110 398 1,147 66 383 220 105 384 337 16 184 61 36 40 305 6 183 68 25 33 2,930 468 1,141 479 420 432 2,215 99 1,104 450 230 332 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 106 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 293 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PKOVIDENCE, K. I.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF. AGE AND OVER— continued. Total. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. 'Living at home. Living Heads ol families. Living With - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITE- -ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. Servants and waitresses 04 6 3 44 9 50 10 89 8 8 4 4 11 33 2 58 13 1 6 2 36 Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and prolesscrs in colleges, etc 2 3 1 9 1 3 1 16 4 25 n 37 2 27 S 16 3 123 1 12 3 4 3 84 1 4 3 4 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 2 2 3 1 23 15 2 4 2 16 8 9 io' 3 4 2 3 4 Textile workers (not othei'wise specified) Woolen mill operatives . 3 2 All other occupations 7 3 9 20 FOKEIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 824 123 149 22 339 191 888 605 22 '27 88 246 Boarding and lodging house lieepers 34 30 82 21 26 85 52 17 9 20 108 70 34 119 16 101 19 6 11 4 2 21 6 1 2 2 1 10 16 44 9 4 33 .30 6 4 3 15 33 20 64 9 39 79 23 60 12 68 119 50 63 6 6 184 55 31 51 8 73 78 11 44 5 13 94 45 23 3 4 58 26 13 35 5 48 1 3 2 2 Cotton mill operatives 4 4 5 ^1 5 5 6 4 1 3 7 Goid and silver workers 2 1 22 13 3 3 1 12 5 3 11 10 8 1 19 1 1 7 9 9 4 1 7 45 Laundresses 23 9 2 2 2 15 Merchants and dealers 2 2 6 1 1 70 11 6 24 3 30 1 20 Rubber factory operatives 1 1 1 15 9 19 4 18 3 14 1 Servants and waitresses . . 2 2 1 2 1 5 1 7 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 6 117 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise n Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .. 7 3 All other occupations 13 11 \ NEGRO. 2H8 41 25 12 169 51 264 164 3 11 24 72 173 78 47 26 6 9 15 5 5 6 4 2 111 30 28 15 33 3 126 84 64 96 24 34 1 1 1 3 5 3 13 7 4 13 47 12 ROCHESTER, X. Y. ALL CLASSES. z 1,611 234 95 72 711 399 1,826 991 70 77 165 532 21 44 13 26 207 47 139 26 23 52 32 51 241 19 229 16 20 306 1 3 1 1 42 4 46 2 3 8 2 12 20 3 5 1 3 8 10 19 5 8 119 9 70 17 12 24 17 22 60 9 145 5 10 160 7 9 4 11 31 33 18 4 6 16 9 6 164 8 17 6 6 46 14 49 7 26 246 95 189 11 23 105 36 92 301 23 157 30 12 410 5 2a 1 11 156 8 156 6 11 28 13 59 75 6 103 13 9 303 2 3 3 3 12 3 8 1 2 20 22 4 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 8 2 3 7 1 4 3 2 2 1 5 5 2 23 1 1 26 10 1 1 10 19 38 2 3 1 4 4 3 1 4 22 2 1 2 3 6 2 3 23 3 6 13 1 9 6 1 30 2 4 4 6 6 13 2 48 13 22 207 3 18 1 7 14 30 3 1 56 14 1 3 18 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 8 2 12 11 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 3 Includes 106 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 294 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued . ROCHESTER, N. X.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Bookkeepera and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers. ." Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen , Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations All, occupations Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. ST. LOUIS, MO. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown). Living at home. Living with em- Living at home. Living with em- Total. Heads of Living witli — ployer or Total. Heads of Living with — ployer or famUies. Father. Mother. Other relative.! ing. families. Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 5,163 468 1,685 717 686 1,607 4,157 145 1,644 676 410 1,282 273 5 114 47 29 78 256 1 114 44 26 71 311 9 160 62 42 38 283 4 167 59 30 33 282 7 101 64 32 78 257 2 99 62 27 67 468 116 97 41 102 112 275 31 91 36 40 77 108 122 9 40 20 26 79 22 52 57 3 6 11 7 38 23 11 20 9 15 130 15 54 16 24 22 96 5 50 16 13 13 203 9 19 4 29 142 163 3 17 3 11 129 199 7 90 41 12 49 176 1 88 40 9 37 1S9 28 33 25 35 38 109 8 32 23 25 21 587 33 38 17 31 468 464 3 36 16 12 387 33.') 6 145 50 41 93 308 2 142 46 34 84 284 13 142 32 48 49 239 6 139 30 23 41 479 38 174 106 64 107 455 30 173 105 48 99 1,223 133 495 202 161 232 979 40 486 188 95 170 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN. 8,834 641 3,408 1,722 1,020 2,043 7,713 230 3,317 1,639 ■ 740 1,787 361 6 177 101 36 41 348 6 177 99 30 37 793 36 362 217 97 81 746 17 368 212 89 70 200 1 123 49 11 16 192 1 120 47 10 14 385 12 176 99 44 55 371 7 174 97 . 42 51 812 118 275 163 154 102 658 53 256 160 111 88 121 220 4 61 1 53 1 33 31 36 84 37 85 127 2 6 1 32 23 15 59 50 24 157 6 63 40 33 15 143 4 60 40 26 13 192 11 16 10 14 141 146 3 13 8 4 118 301 16 119 69 46 51 271 10 118 63 35 45 257 45 84 51 34 43 196 10 80 45 25 36 1,006 21 69 37 40 849 876 8 58 32 26 762 316 3 148 84 24 57 306 1 147 82 21 54 1,553 114 818 353 178 90 1,337 42 790 333 98 74 609 25 203 111 58 212 593 20 202 109 55 207 198 7 114 38 22 17 183 2 114 36 18 13 1,353 155 618 266 162 152 1,136 39 600 253 112 132 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 4,807 611 983 363 603 2,247 3,653 137 950 339 312 1,915 181 14 81 36 30 20 163 7 SO 36 23 17 100 4 29 12 13 42 87 2 29 10 10 36 321 68 65 27 75 86 218 22 64 25 41 66 137 6 108 32 45 99 48 87 85 2 6 18 15 67 32 237 16 21 14 18 201 29 5 5 22 140 131 7 4 4 3 113 105 24 21 8 24 28 74 8 20 6 16 24 1,629 63 42 14 49 1,461 1,378 14 40 13 32 1,279 707 76 369 90 104 68 682 22 359 85 55 61 105 8 8 6 4 79 99 5 8 6 2 78 1,084 211 348 144 205 176 749 42 332 136 97 142 ALL CLASSES.^ All occupations. .^ 60, 149 6,772 12, 673 7,410 6,579 16,815 37,259 1,226 12,153 6,894 3,353 13,633 Boarding and lodging house keepers 1,084 429 897 1,388 887 903 12 22 20 40 4 144 241 401 229 159 41 103 145 101 18 17 148 96 116 130 406 816 1,328 806 114 5 11 10 18 2i2' 371 718 396 2 136 230 392 216 6 36 78 128 77 9 17 126 80 99 215 383 726 401 Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ' 2 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 295 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHit, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ROCHESTER, X. Y.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER — continued. Married. Widowed ai id divorce at home. d. OCCUPATION. Total. lAving at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living Living Heads of families. Living with - Heads oi familes. Living with — with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 476 9 14 15 96 22 30 17 18 10 14 65 12 31 118 68 24 16 218 150 530 255 17 25 58 175 Bookkeepers and accountants 1 1 1 2 2 3 8 5 53 5 17 9 9 3 7 13 6 23 2 55 4 2 6 17 15 3 5 3 4 3 42 5 6 3 32 9 14 10 97 34 35 17 24 14 36 68 15 14 17 126 3 5 5 62 4 26 8 4 5 17 22 4 7 7 76 2 2 1 4 3 3 2 1 3 5 Dressmakers. . . . 23 2 8 2 2 1 3 8 5 3 9 4 2 2 9 18 26 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 10 Saleswomen 8 Seamstresses 1 1 4 2 1 7 3 6 1 2 4 11 14 2 1 2 1 7 39 2 I 4 Tailoresses 2 Teachers and professors in c&lleges, etc 1 17 5 7 2 30 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 519 7.) 50 44 234 116 602 336 41 39 46 140 9 20 4 6 63 12 42 12 13 14 26 58 6 124 1] 9 9.'. 2 4 4 5 3 5 2 I 10 8 1 6 3 2 43 2 8 2 3 10 4 27 4 8 91 24 51 2 33 16 35 72 5 92 10 6 122 17 2 3 1 1 7 8 1 1 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 2 4 2 1 6 1 1 3 ! 1 1 2 2 13 8 6 1 11 1 12 1 2 1 8 1 36 54 43 6 5 27 13 2 68. 4 4 96 1 5 9 15 1 20 7 4 8 8 13 3 75 2 3 45 2 5 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 '< 4 8 3 1 1 17 3 4 1 1 15 2 4 2 5 1 54 1 14 1 1 20 12 1 2 9 13 1 8 1 5 1 1 5 8 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 3 1 11 7 4 10 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 480 85 21 11 242 , 121 674 389 12 ! 13 49 211 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 10 5 48 13 55 23 10 98 74 3 141 1 1 t 6 2 30 4 29 11 6 13 47 1 93 2 2 9 8 3 1 73 3 1 12 8 8 65 37 97 47 21 153 51 3 194 6 2 38 3 81 18 15 39 38 2 147 1 1 1 4 10 1 8 2 4 2 1 15 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 4 8 1 21 4 1 10 16 1 22 11 24 1 1 1 2 6 1 i' 2 1 1 13 20 3 1 3 2 " 4| 4 Teachers and professors in coUegos, etc 9 5 7 i 3 1 22 1 ST. LOUIS, MO. Ail occupations . Boarding and lodging house Iceepers. . Bookbinders Boolclceepers and accountants Boot and shoe malcers and repairers.. Clerks and copyists 266 9 4C 31 41 115 2 4 1 7 ALL CLASSES. 2 149 3 19 11 23 7,901 4,695 14 41 29 40 674 5 1 Includes married wom :-n living with their husbands, ! Includes 5 Iniian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table 2,071 11 5 12 296 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. LOiriS, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Living at home. Heads of families. Living witli- Father. Motlier. Otiier relative.! Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookbinders , B ookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives. Packers and shippers Saleswomen 12,560 424 100 368 336 359 971 219 451 366 206 394 108 705 992 2,722 1,026 779 189 1,657 256 300 473 980 476 1,959 341 143 1,042 180 044 253 444 293 ALL CLASSES ^ — contmued. 3,474 763 977 666 643 436 2,405 217 932 610 359 890 62 9 8 201 610 492 16 6 7 144 370 79 122 68 63 68 224 10 119 49 6 5,018 1,977 544 468 1,266 763 1,558 174 457 366 171 486 296 21 30 122 17 111 38 20 27 13 1,099 67 623 222 165 122 965 29 513 214 116 617 49 197 101 87 83 400 13 192 89 52 1,286 227 71 39 241 708 707 14 62 26 38 442 4 80 274 1,066 122 647 27 318 15 300 427 2,169 271 1,028 120 620 21 243 2,401 30 3,905 669 1,493 823 611 509 3,038 118 1, 444 774 330 13,393 501 916 503 697 10,777 10,976 123 873 431 369 2,279 48 915 563 313 440 2,160 30 900 648 289 1,264 116 565 312 175 96 1,066 29 553 291 120 2,400 145 721 470 312 762 2,237 S9 710 460 266 282 11 151 71 26 23 253 3 141 67 22 354 22 168 90 44 30 312 5 165 86 30 1,109 77 478 262 163 129 939 22 460 241 110 4,495 682 1,648 947 666 652 3,334 108 1,610 892 330 NATIVE •WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 1,635 358 8 5 8 24 274 22 135 20 16 47 20 176 76 30 30 46 11 230 3,220 67 137 161 145 206 1 100 172 73 15 73 310 303 154 324 72 246 84 577 1,619 86 1 65 64 31 7 25 153 143 60 220 36 146 46 277 1,508 36 70 48 37 37 6 76 148 100 141 26 121 25 247 4,678 6 6 98 45 66 198 159 91 62 49 288 4 146 222 2,332 311 26 221 23 326 9,548 60 90 328 312 314 520 109 232 316 156 268 105 613 690 2,288 942 144 706 156 1,210 67 131 167 142 196 95 169 71 10 72 301 293 147 316 243 79 564 1,501 46 59 24 6 25 144 130 54 34 143 41 268 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 863 6 31 29 29 79 25 20 39 23 11 4 49 84 64 122 18 100 14 116 1,882 7,800 4,903 2,681 6,256 20,238 485 7,610 4,655 1,895 206 3 iso' 4 125 42 32 4 10 41 289 34 2 2 121 4 29 127 16 225 144 46 42 440 8 219 138 39 10 519 302 102 47 949 6 516 294 92 12 235 137 52 40 451 8 234 130 42 291 681 509 306 172 1,695 108 652 480 225 19 6 6 100 211 223 10 5 6 80 15 77 27 12 12 113 2 74 23 3 306 267 188 152 129 686 18 244 168 66 98 16 24 36 7 72 20 15 22 10 29 324 144 96 52 691 19 317 141 67 21 115 67 31 19 218 7 112 62 22 76 38 23 74 233 263 4 36 13 18 3 173 90 17 10 286 172 89 14 42 640 463 202 122 1,371 ie 628 446 171 287 319 40 390 13 54 667 15 248 372 1,180 393 73 712 20 26 106 84 35 54 115 65 42 34 235 4 110 147 2,001 281 17 197 19 228 5,693 1 10 36 41 37 130 123 11 47 15 192 10 110 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 297 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. LOUIS, MO.— Continued. OCCTJPATrON. FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Total. Living at tiome. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Other relative.^ Ijving with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Widowed and divorced. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Dressmakers Houselseepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters TaUoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookbinders Bookkeepers Boot and shoe makers and repairers. , Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . . Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . . All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers- . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen 112 4 18 12 20 159 29 82 16 22 26 1 42 101 161 15 23 17 206 61 4 16 15 13 127 31 15 145 38 30 13 71 226 ALL CLASSES 2 — continued. 386 80 13 17 233 43 683 466 32 28 51 104 10 14 18 42 76 10 294 76 36 55 3 1 6 39 6 70 1 3 1,440 284 38 36 944 138 2,020 1,619 49 66 151 133 28 7 2 3 102 38 1 8 242 74 230 31 1 6 1 5 7 11 60 4 62 8 1 2 31 10 65 28 4 10 4 229 28 2 4 165 30 350 1 186 7 9 38 10 2 7 2 11 2 7 4 56 26' 131 2 43 1 17 2 19 101 20 284 60 26 20 134 44 583 391 23 29 47 961 81 17 34 233 596 1,456 297 25 38 96 48 4 5 5 17 17 71 14 10 10 7 75 10 7 6 46 6 123 77 6 15 9 42 2 4 3 26 7 121 54 7 7 20 16 1 9 2 2 2 13 7 1 2 2 19 3 2 2 9 3 23 14 1 2 6 86 16 10 12 42 6 84 39 8 9 11 486 ^' 21 22 301 65 675 497 17 33 35 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 197 46 41 508 307 61 69 2 1 2 2 2 8 2 7 6 1 31 1 3 10 99 5 23 3 2 18 4 44 23 14 3 3 2 1 1 7 6 3 1 1 12 5 6 1 1 5 1 15 3 3 18 14 20 3 6 46 27 10 2 2 30 117 4 3 3 12 U 4 3 1 6 2 2 3 1 12 5 4 2 5 6 1 31 10 10 118 37 1,913 262 6 22 11 25 292 81 137 34 28 100 60 201 273 51 30 50 17 241 1,027 261 4 1 4 11 16 102 11 9 36 9 120 44 12 20 20 5 155 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 2 1 1 2 3 3 ' 13 1 1 5 1 3 2 1 540 154 7 17 16 12 237 87 15 312 70 23 22 110 1 61 148 1 6 4 3 153 3 9 239 67 3 15 1 1 : 4 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. 2 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 18 29 12 71 i 27 1 106 215 8 235 3 21 19 111 32 93 1,001 30 17 33 1 1 17 7 3 7 59 66 21 15 10 60 22 48 214 19 19 3 61 444 3 3 4 29 298 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. LOUIS, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND -OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families- Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative.! Living with em- ployer or hoard-> ing. Single (including unknown). Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother, Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile inill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers , Laundresses >, Seamstresses Servants and waitresses , Teachers and professors in collea;es, etc. . All other occupations 6,428 118 2,861 110 2,595 134 610 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN — Continued. 2,286 231 989 620 250 196 1,967 62 959 590 195 5,277 102 485 237 203 4,250 4,815 26 478 214 152 1,169 17 657 320 161 114 1,139 16 .550 316 157 801 44 381 241 95 40 718 14 372 225 76 1,204 59 4U 281 153 300 1,159 43 404 276 142 171 6 96 48 10 11 154 3 89 45 9 210 5 108 70 21 6 196 1 107 66 16 611 32 279 172 70 58 546 10 271 157 59 2,440 239 1,048 662 320 171 2,058 48 1,029 632 207 rOEEIGN BORN WHITE. 7,734 1,714 1,127 436 1,005 3,452 4,969 197 1,087 412 375 286 242 164 41 103 3 50 16 267 12 46 1 52 457 82 68 77 66 235 15 399 1 49 23' 67 102 162 91 119 143 2 17 35 13 664 43 22 234 161 91 1 8 71 108 1 148 16 136 11 4 1 7 3 4 360 5 3 221 18 104 31 39 29 182 5 99 30 23 516 134 192 50 74 66 346 17 186 48 46 2,798 100 83 31 86 2,498 2,373 19 82 31 64 271 42 112 32 54 31 203 9 112 31 26 282 35 23 5 14 205 253 21 23 5 8 137 28 46 18 33 12 92 6 46 18 16 231 19 100 38 46 28 193 5 97 37 32 1,042 266 326 145 177 128 621 23 315 131 63 1,640 97 1,137 28 222 6 150 426 128 9 193 41 55 202 9 175 37 25 1,486 16 942 39 308 24 156 2,429 6 452 25 1,697 26 224 2,512 24 598 36 1,500 118 237 22 124 3 56 2 26 75 6 166 40 47 324 130 6 132 35 21 161 1,945 100 31 294 49 142 2 36 82 48 1 118 25 49 2,187 25 196 8 22 1,401 2 197 15 1,047 25 115 ST. PAUI., >rixx. AH occupationa Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Bookkeepers and accounta.nt.s Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLA.SSES. ' 16,444 182 346 206 960 1,271 301 727 351 180 508 4.55 1,244 4,694 246 1,940 158 12 12 17 203 23 20 15 114 126 21 47 15 235 1,341 2 148 113 363 5 122 127 66 40 189 368 317 381 261 121 720 61 34 174 129 2 36 45 22 134 73 144 128 28 233 47 103 34 28 60 62 126 166 77 109 28 246 6 84 37 289 380 230 264 122 44 324 106 603 4,012 271 394 64 506 13, 268 35 326 199 876 1,007 211 424 324 148 362 409 1,096 4,328 860 884 222 1,567 3, .593 1 146 113 358 329 3 107 125 64 38 183 374 I 258 I 118 ' 701 59 34 168 119 29 44 20 12 81 127 67 140 128 28 226 948 36 9 73 113 38 37 30 16 26 60 97 113 73 87 20 131 6,984 3 78 36 259 347 164 212 112 40 275 93 460 3,783 269 384 47 433 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ' Includes 228 negro women and 1 Japanese woman, lor whom figures are not shown separately in this table. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 299 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. LOUIS, MO.— Continued. • FEMALE BEEADWINNEEa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE— Continued. ■ Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or hoard- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of famiUes. Living with — Heads of families. Living with— with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. hoard- ing. NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives — All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers.. . Laundresses Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 102 25 20 13 169 16 4 5 •■ 1? 2 4 2 5 29 3 1(1 1 7 2 2 12 1 6 1 1 2 29 5 4 7 159 24 6 12 885 64 65 20 134 77 114 20 44 112 31 3 20 17 164 1,853 29 1,079 36 519 6 184 14 176 3 38 34 34 ■ 4 15 5 10 110 4 2 103 4 14 217 144 293 60 IS 1 54 27 35 16 5 2 8 3 36 17 223 167 10 3 5 5 6 4 13 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. 18 95 15 25 21 26 3 16 13 101 142 207 125 96 387 141 110 IS 126 313 37 26 25 21 257 1,340 204 103 13 341 135 77 12 105 64 30 14 19 12 211 26; io 1,060 15 752 29 148 6 110 296 "46 1,063 65 1,184 39 576 10 189 1,156 61 837 22 128 4 104 50 17 21 18 17 ? 11 4 3 6 1 1 2 3 8 2 18 10 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 118 5 61 2 18 25 195 10 7 4 5 15 1 12 30 13 238 4 9 3 6 18 585 3 157 7 354 1 63 ST. PAUL, MINX. All occupations Boarding and lodging house iieepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses ■ - Milliners ^ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations .ILL CLASSES.' 944 37 6 2 44 123 26 133 12 17 49 18 62 170 11 24 13 207 1 2 10 1 1 2 1 1 i 1 4 1 1 2 4 62 3 12 25 11 24 45 4 17 8 106 1 1 1 12 16 18 23 4 2 11 6 15 109 1,232 110 14 5 40 141 64 170 15 15 97 196 23 31 11 176 716 47 106 4 4 13 107 10 127 6 47 12 53 63 5 17 6 128 2 4 i 1 !. 6 2 . 2 1 5 1 18 17 48 29 7 28 120 9 6 4 29 1 Includes married women living wiih their husbands. 2 Includes 228 negro women and 1 Japanese woman, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 300 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. PAUL, MXNN.— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNERa 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Single (including unlmown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. • Living with - Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. Mother. Other relative.! Father. Mother. Other relative. ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,091 286 601 256 303 1,645 2,561 93 582 238 193 1,455 Bookkeepers and accountants . . 104 285 207 148 112 209 68fi 323 332 114 671 4 10 49 17 6 22 13 11 20 7 127 34 78 26 12 33 28 32 102 88 28 140 18 39 15 3' 17 7 3 54 54 8 38 14 36 28 12 10 11 26 28 47 8 83 34 122 89 104 46 141 512 128 123 63 283 ■ 94 249 142 119 93 171 523 300 306 104 460 1 5 19 3 1 6 8 6 10 5 29 34 78 26 12 30 26 31 97 86 28 134 18 37 10 1 16 6 3 52 54 8 33 11 26 12 9 7 4 17 25 37 7 38 30 103 Dressmakers. 75 Nurses and midwives 94 39 129 464 Stenographers and typewrit-ers. , 120 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . All other occupations 119 56 226 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 7,335 453 2,005 849 649 3,379 6,727 217 1,971 822 522 3,195 194 133 503 666 119 217 186 189 268 656 2,099 454 464 134 1,053 7 7 17 99 7 45 6 17 7 53 37 8 17 4 122 92 80 212 190 3 39 77 21 113 199 148 216 141 66 408 38 24 118 ■86 21 4 41 91 22 19 17 12 45 80 65 40 53 18 121 36 18 115 200 87 94 57 130 49 232 1,803 116 190 29 223 186 131 475 585 97 171 181 156 248 594 1,996 445 444 124 894 6 6 7 65 2 18 5 1 1 26 21 6 12 2 49 90 80 207 188 2 36 76 20 111 197 146 214 140 66 398 36 24 115 82 17 28 8 53 89 43 73 63 17 174 20 4 35 70 20 15 16 7 40 67 51 40 44 14 79 34 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 17 111 190 73 20 29 9 54 92 46 74 63 17 179 85 Milliners 56 120 43 215 1,735 112 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . 185 25 194 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 4,789 561 1,054 230 465 2,479 3,873 142 1,022 j 220 230 2,259 169 381 117 422 165 376 1,889 112 141 161 856 9 83 5 137 31 39 59 2 10 21 165 72 116 16 28 21 69 19 72 35 34 62 8 9 19 117 51 85 93 121 89 128 1,614 25 81 27 165 150 272 78 206 86 329 1,744 112 132 135 629 6 25 2 19 7 18 19 2 5 10 29 72 112 16 27 12 31 14 16 10 26 44 8 6 13 50 44 77 62 80 6 141 132 62 30 75 340 12 4 34 22 15 11 19 69 68 5 139 131 62 30 71 332 9 3 32 20 15 11 19 68 94 61 114 1,630 25 Teachers and professors in coiieges, etc — Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations 80 22 150 lVASHI]SrGTO]Sr, D. c. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses ; Merchants and dealers Milliners ALL CLASSES. 40,382 6,712 5,961 4,037 9,060 14,612 23,020 1,384 5,310 3,435 2,829 10,062 480 279 419 61 1 37 64 68 6 61 117 178 108 14 6 42 3 62 55 28 39 476 8 209 106 69 85 440 3 206 100 59 72 4,664 698 964 783 718 1,511 3,364 213 887 713 494 1,057 2,967 625 609 371 882 580 1,617 127 522 306 292 370 529 84 14 9 78 344 259 21 10 6 39 183 261 60 42 39 58 62 125 3 36 33 21 3J 7,156 2,190 486 469 3,059 952 1,454 231 314 311 216 382 418 228 23 9 142 16 64 24 15 7 11 T 334 13 146 64 51 70 289 4 143 53 38 51 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 301 Table 28.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. PAUL, MINN.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER —continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living at home. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Total. Living at home. Living Heads of families. Living with — Heads of families. Living with - with em- ployer or Father. M°tl>- re?a5vL. Father. Mother. Other relative. board- ing. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 223 44 7 8 87 77 307 149 12 10 23 113 Bookkeepers and accountants 2 21 31 5 5 12 31 7 9 4 90 1 9 14 1 2 3 7 3 7 1 30 1 8 9 1 3 4 22 2 1 2 24 34 24 14 26 32 16 17 6 115 3 3 25 11 5 12 4 4 9 1 72 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 3 Clerks and copyists 1 3 2 3 11 Dressmakers 2 2 1 1 5 Nurses and midwives g Saleswomen 3 1 4 4 1 . 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 8 26 Stenographers and typewriters 4 2 2 6 3 3 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. 5 4 3 2 2 6 33 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 275 59 12 9 110 85 333 177 22 18 17 99 3 1 12 37 5 21 3 8 9 21 50 2 13 7 83 1 1 1 5 1 16 44 17 25 2 25 11 41 53 7 7 3 76 1 1 1 2 Boot and shoe makers and repairers i 1 4 3 6 1 7 35 4 16 Clerks and copyists . . . 3 9 1 11 1 2 1 4 3 1 2 3 2 5 20 1 2 1 2 5 13 12 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 6 1 2 1 11 1 i' 1 1 2 3 Milliners ... 1 3 3 4 32 1 3 3 21 14 5 23 13 1 3 2 53 1 1 3 3 7 2 2 2 2 1 3 13 3 2 36 1 3 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . 8 4 37 1 2 1 ' 20 4 1 6 4 5 8 FOREIGN BOKN WHITE. 390 70 20 4 212 84 526 349 12 6 23 136 11 61 9 92 35 19 60 8 34 2 54 21 8 14 3 3 7 9 7 7 38 8 58 30 124 44 28 85 3 45 3 98 19 18 33 1 4 3 2 4 4 13 1 3 1 5 24 20 6 3 7 9 1 3 3 18 1 1 1 21 2 1 1 1 7 4 46 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . 2 11 100 2 5 7 15 127 5 9 116 1 1 3 2 20 2 7 2 2 1 3 1 64 1 8 7 ^VASHINGTON, D. C. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners ALL CLASSES. 113 13 15 313 765 93 57 3,337 158 24 940 407 322 5,248 1,923 8,522 250 88 21 987 585 4,388 244 280 983 66 47 4 7 112 513 245 45 4 433 323 1 6 4 50 26 1 12 3 112 77 2 1 52 75 2 1 25 63 3 1 20 39 2 5 104 75 5 2 42 24 10 1 3 117 5 2 3 1 92 1 24 24 2,538 126 11 55 13 244 4 10 177 79 2,365 196 21 53 41 1,613 1 182 1 8 3 4 55 3 1 15 13 305 5 2 16 346 22 1 5 66 1 1 2,627 3 20 8 3.50 135 106 16 326 5 9 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. ;o2 WOMEN AT WORK. 'able 28.— female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. WASHINGTON, J). C— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Aggregate. Total. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with— Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Single (including unlcnown) . Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. lusicians and teachers of music Turses and m.idwives 'rinters, lithographers, and presswomen. aleswomen eamstresses ervants and waitresses tenographers and typewriters 'ailoresses 'eachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . l11 other occupations All occupations loarding and lodging house keepers tookbindcrs lookkeeiKrs ani accountants lerks and copyists )ressmakers [ousekeepers and stewardesses re8sraakers , [ilUners Turses and midwives , 'rintors, lithographers, and presswomen. aleswomen , eamstresses , ervants and waitresses , tenographers and typewriters 'eachers and professors in colleges, etc. . , .11 other occupations All occupations. . . lerks and copyists ►ressmakers [erchants and dealers.. Turses and raidwives. . . ervants and waitresses .11 other occupations, . . ALL CLASSES— continued. 307 24 129 45 53 56 237 12 119 43 20 1,311 165 106 70 205 766 854 24 93 62 60 480 48 166 106 7] 89 404 20 155 96 66 1,247 32 529 279 227 180 1,137 17 519 261 191 808 138 149 98 203 220 452 28 131 81 69 14,694 1,463 1,224 986 2,406 8,615 8,988 331 1,042 797 771 707 33 259 126 100 189 631 22 264 121 81 208 25 54 24 64 41 146 6 51 21 40 1,598 125 515 277 247 434 1,484 91 505 274 218 1,458 373 285 149 315 336 780 85 264 123 106 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 11,4 310 178 323 3,486 1,167 234 160 123 197 173 491 276 809 282 1,021 502 110 807 840 1,694 268 33 6 535 241 36 38 59 24 56 67 22 16 57 160 35 137 655 232 3 34 10 78 80 338 48 46 171 25 271 192 2 24 4 32 21 22 63 175 24 20 143 94 1,814 4,032 37 48 506 294 23 35 46 30 32 34 37 143 55 57 78 31 119 170 2 50 61 1,241 281 171 29 4 49 31 368 61 129 99 841 145 29 217 224 8,230 77 112 297 2,481 671 106 75 26 166 134 382 225 740 179 773 766 506 486 71 4 2 171 51 7 4 8 2 5 10 9 12 12 14 14 4 42 44 2,325 30 134 607 210 45 44 166 22 268 1,329 NATIVE "WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 416 118 107 167 376 106 362 170 258 766 1 112 63 4 12 15 6 16 23 7 19 172 65 266 136 62 10 58 169 27 27 74 83 32 211 70 21 3 45 96 23 14 34 41 114 610 15 161 12 27 68 19 18 20 34 151 991 20 199 67 16 70 22 38 21 280 35 81 142 125 732 309 110 80 149 346 70 286 157 245 1,107 65 250 122 10 56 166 24 24 74 81 173 FOREIGN BORN TVHITE. 155 164 168 119 744 36 39 114 15 301 42 49 35 8 29 138 47 29 7 94 666 228 1,211 94 90 10 82 574 361 18 67 499 96 2 16 3 31 20 18 49 162 23 13 83 9 140 80 31 194 64 21 3 39 90 17 11 32 41 96 4 29 42 337 123 22 13 11 26 123 28 29 61 26 107 12 117 43 615 79 149 143 6,047 163 28 396 212 2 31 62 867 191 17 2' 35 22 54 110 71 673 119 21 199 144 17 144 64 13 62 20 30 14 237 27 76 95 834 26 19 3 76 549 161 1 Includes married women living with their husbands. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 303 Table 28,— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. TVASHINGTOX, D. C. -Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. " Living at home. Heads of famiJies. Living with — Father. Mother. Other relative.: Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Living at home. Heads of families. Living with- Father. Mother. Other relative. Living with em- ployer or board- ing. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives , Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. . Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milhners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . AJl other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Milliners Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations AM occupations... Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Merchants and dealers. . Nurses and midwives. . . Servants and waitresses All other occupations... 76 7 12 245 212 291 3 3 121 279 60 118 41 34 40 . 5 42 7 44 5 IS ■1 i ■>■> 27 3 17 5 :,05 98 534 188 200 1 4 3 2 2 128 32 284 103 1,342 133 4 2 6 6 4 177 I 06 250 85 135 76 30 3 1 1 1 1 2 64 1 4 4 82 26 20 167 66 47 24 122 2 "i9 8 11 3 4 1 1 9 5 12 5 3 1 4 1 15 238 28 2 31 20 27 14 314 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BOSTON, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. ' Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued. Milliners Musicians and teachers ©[music Nurses and m'dwives Packers and "Shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses ' Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Al^ other occupations AH occupations. 222 31 191 68 68 65 178 22 156 40 56 60 81 10 71 26 25 20 60 4 56 18 20 18 311 72 239 1P6 64 49 131 30 101 45 32 24 90 3 87 •iln 30 31 8fi 3 83 24 30 29 818 52 766 ?4S 223 295 749 34 715 223 206 286 508 89 509 184 159 166 427 30 397 HI 131 155 1,529 366 1,163 551 309 303 949 158 791 319 226 246 170 10 160 47 62 51 162 9 153 42 62 49 945 98 847 288 247 312 761 65 706 210 210 286 111 30 81 37 29 15 90 23 67 31 25 11 269 20 249 68 98 83 216 10 206 51 80 75 121 6 115 40 37 38 100 1 99 32 31 36 1,558 258 1,300 491 365 444 , 1,030 92 938 270 290 378 1,050 Dressmakers Laundresses Sen-ants and waitresses. All other occupations 79 370 335 266 350 23 157 95 75 700 56 213 240 191 31 141 133 100 188 107 28 63 131 111 21 29 100 4 26 30 BUFFALO, K. Y. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers — Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers.. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Drefesmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses ALL CLASSES.' 17,348 2,420 14,928 6,237 4,642 6,049 13,834 1,176 12,658 3,923 4,074 354 209 145 100 33 12 81 64 17 11 5 193 8 185 46 66 83 185 6 179 44 56 854 07 787 • 294 227 266 827 61 766 286 222 1,275 94 1,181 365 389 437 1,211 72 1,1.39 333 375 2,648 377 2,271 809 722 740 2,131 215 1,916 588 637 202 44 158 72 52 34 127 14 113 43 42 954 282 672 294 194 184 355 44 311 86 95 361 139 222 120 55 47 80 30 00 26 13 430 25 405 146 126 133 384 17 367 125 116 276 35 241 114 72 55 226 24 201 87 63 370 65 305 141 90 74 203 28 175 70 62 200 7 193 43 72 78 199 6 193 43 72 1,268 55 1,213 375 390 448 1,186 39 1,146 336 376 629 75 654 173 1.51 230 503 33 470 130 125 1,679 196 l,4a3 512 432 639 1,370 82 1,288 401 377 835 75 760 259 267 234 810 69 741 249 264 942 82 860 230 265 365 816 46 769 183 247 1,232 180 1,052 430 317 305 1,171 162 1,009 408 302 164 15 149 51 38 60 159 14 146 48 37 2,482 390 2,092 073 694 726 1,813 150 1,663 426 699 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 612 3,. 308 41 271 332 409 24 1,336 29 119 117 177 14 1,075 114 115 5 897 4 101 117 3,224 19 2!)5 337 364 IS 2,8i)0 3 264 316 316 16 1,059 117 106 114 6 979 77 111 92 4,661 1 691 28 130 11 126 51 63 78 434 215 510 228 339 299 60 638 852 110 6 > Includes 135 negro women, lor whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 315 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued . BOSTON, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME — COntlBUed. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. ToT,al. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— contiuued. Milliners 29 13 47 4 45 63 223 4 no G 2? 10 284 4 2 2S 11 38 4 35 53 177 4 82 6 26 9 230 14 6 28 2 17 37 127 3 45 2 12 5 151 7 4 4 1 4 o 6 5 17 1 13 6 2 40 15 8 133 5 4 33 10 4 100 4 2 63 6 1 26 1 1 21 rackers and shippers 10 10 46 12 11 33 24 lOS 357 4 94 15 2f, 11 244 S 49 162 1 35 6 8 4 112 16 59 195 3 59 9 17 7 132 8 36 105 2 33 4 5 3 70 6 17 50 3 6 40 Stenographers and typewriters. . 1 8 1 2 1 M 24 1 8 2 39 13 3 10 4 36 13 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 2 2 Texti e workers (not otherwise specified).. . Ail other occupations.. . . 20 NEGEO. 344 71 273 200 51 22 373 181 192 122 54 16 Dressmakers Laundresses 27 137 103 77 7 28 23 13 20 109 80 64 17 80 59 44 2 20 16 14 1 9 6 6 24 170 101 78 'J 95 41 36 15 75 60 42 10 46 37 29 3 21 19 11 2 8 4 All other occupations 2 BUFFALO, ST. Y. ALL CLASSES.! 1,376 278 1,098 ■ 600 255 183 2,138 966 1,172 654 313 205 Boarding and lodging house keepers 88 3 14 36 206 23 187 94 27 33 63 33 1 2 i) 25 11 43 14 6 3 4 55 2 12 27 181 12 144 89 22 30 59 38 1 7 15 116 9 S7 54 14 19 31 12 1 9 9 41 2 36 16 3 8 19 5 185 5 13 28 311 - 62 412 187 19 18 104 1 41 84 192 10 93 40 1 342 112 1 4 13 137 19 195 95 3 8 33 1 13 ■ 32 76 6 32 18 1 167 73 4 Q 15 174 33 217 92 16 10 71 51 1 1 7 106 20 121 40 7 8 40 16 6 3 3 3 25 1 21 10 5 3 9 3 5 44 8 63 20 7 1 19 5 3 24 ■5 33 26 2 Musicians and teachers of music 1 12 42 42 117 15 34 21 4 327 3 10 3S 39 32 79 15 30 21 4 254 22 13 44 8 19 13 3 148 6 12 21 3 2 6 1 65 ii 7 14 4 9 2 28 52 116 4 61 i.2 17 30 67 2 28 9 8 14 34 3 8 15 2 4 16 9 17 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators 4 73 51 . 175 99 40 3(5 NATIVE "WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupation,". Boarding and lodging house k^pers. . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses 287 63 224 150 52 22 409 215 194 127 44 23 27 8 19 12 6 1 51 32 19 14 , 4 4 9 2 6 1 2 1 1 4 10 1 \ 3 3 7 2 1 1 16 7 5 1 67 , 6 51 33 15 3 73 1 31 42 30 ; 8 4 2 3 3 12 7 5 5 1.. 1 Includes 135 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 316 WOMEN AT WORK, Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. BUFI'AX.p, K". Y.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having-— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professcSrs in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses , . Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen .' — Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations 4,515 136 105 174 727 61 480 180 165 224 177 135 327 115 860 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE — continued. inn 35 65 29 17 19 46 5 41 13 11 115 6 169 47 33 29 108 6 102 43 31 lOS 19 89 51 28 in 83 13 76 37 24 7H 17 62 31 15 16 43 9 34 15 7 328 17 311 118 110 83 30-! 12 292 106 106 ins 12 91 30 28 33 79 2 77 25 23 292 3n 262 inn 86 73 237 11 226 . 79 76 299 , 4n 269 164 96 59 287 38 249 97 96 ■m 65 324 isn 113 61 363 53 310 140 109 816 156 659 22n 227 212 641 67 574 158 211 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 8,778 9in 7,868 2,402 2,407 3,059 7,644 647 7,097 1,994 2,186 113 69 44 27 15 2 30 23 7 4 3 124 4 126 32 36 52 120 3 117 32 35 446 28 418 149 113 166 434 26 408 144 112 738 44 694 187 227 280 716 38 678 181 219 1,411 163 1,248 376 409 463 1,226 103 1,122 304 378 101 17 84 37 36 17 71 6 66 27 24 358 78 286 99 83 98 189 16 173 43 50 146 46 99 53 26 26 44 14 3D 16 7 235 12 223 71 72 8n 213 7 266 62 66 136 12 118 49 38 31 119 \8 102 38 34 123 14 199 39 36 4n 89 10 79 25 19 12n 4 116 22 39 55 120 4 116 22 39 716 28 688 191 207 299 682 22 660 175 2nn 344 41 363 90 75 138 292 26 266 69 64 770 64 7n6 180 212 314 683 29 654 160 194 401 18 383 117 124 142 393 17 376 115 121 545 47 498 116 162 239 486 34 452 96 143 727 91 636 247 177 212 764 88 616 242 167 85 6' 79 27 16 36 81 6 75 24 16 1,146 124 1,622 293 326 463 962 67 895 216 296 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 846 76 7 19 124 14 163 76 7 34 10 19 84 24 144 60 98 155 603 47 317 104 73 131 214 158 486 118 299 91 716 1,465 1,140 1,074 26 61 252 18 159 53 28 53 217 38 100 33 249 27 240 38 56 168 12 67 25 24 18 75 67 142 33 106 31 227 2,923 30 98 158 536 37 117 23 63 70 199 136 432 130 267 103 530 2,639 7 94 145 474 31 95 12 59 .61 194 125 395 116 267 82 492 868 4 26 46 169 30 5 20 29 56 36 167 37 76 902 2 33 45 164 13 32 5 19 26 70 38 104 47 86 26 193 17 28 9 12 71 66 61 205 2,918 50 162 278 ■490 78 30 35 55 286 133 300 140 213 207 1 36 ■ 54 141 33 2 20 51 134 32 30 165 CHICAGO, ILL. All occupations Actresses, proressional show-women, etc Agents i Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house Iteepers ALL CLASSES.l 88,561 12,631 75,930 26, 863 23, 666 25, 511 68,362 6,451 62,961 18,742 20,601 23,658 265 32 233 114 61 58 141 17 124 61 41 32 389 107 282 131 77 74 198 32 166 64 50 62 533 74 459 197 154 108 405 44 361 136 129 96 322 63 259 107 67 85 206 24 182 56 60 76 2,106 1,264 851 546 198 107 350 260 90 69 21 10 1 Includes 1 Chinese woman. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 317 Tabie 29.— female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. BUITALO, N. X.— Continued. CHICAGO, ILIi. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEB LIVING AT HOME— continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. * :)CCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE "WHITE — BOTH PAKENTS NATIVE — continued. 16 4 16 6 13 9 21 10 8 75 5 11 4 14 5 11 7 16 10. 8 52 8 3 10- 3 6 3 12 7 6 36 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 38 3 9 30 11 15 34 2 18 99 25 13 3 5 23 8 7 20 8 1 4 13 6 2 9 5 1 1 6 2 2 8 Miilinera 1 Musicians and teachers of music 2 1 2 2 5 1 4 7 3 8 14 2 12 66 Nurses and midwives 4 3 1 2 3 3 3 Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 2 12 6 33 4 26 2 4 All ot-hfiT np/»npj(.t.Jnxis 23 4 3 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 425 82 343 196 85 62 709 281 428 212 137 79 Boarding and lodging house keepers 23 2 5 10 67 9 51 39 10 13 11 7 1 16 1 5 10 59 5 46 31 7 13 10 11 3 1 2 60 2 7 12 119 21 118 62 12 7 23 39 5 6 67 14 61 38 10 3 20 12 9 2 Bookkeepers and accountants 4 5 34 3 5 8 6 1 1 12 2 6 52 7 57 24 2 4 3 1 1 38 7 30 16 4 3 8 1 4 18 4 21 14 6 3 4 13 2 12 5 1 4 3 1 8 4 5 8 3 11 Housekeepers and stewardesses 3 8 4 1 1 1 10 8 1 Musicians and teachers of music 1 8 4 Packers and shippers 16 18 40 5 17 5 4 80 1 4 18 15 14 22 5 14 5 4 61 9 5 4 1 8 1 3 41 2 6 8 3 1 3 1 13 4 3 10 1 5 1 18 34 47 3 42 18 5 11 17 1 10 13 23 30 2 32 7 16 16 1 12 4 5 6 10 1 2 4 1 3 8 7 12 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 3 15 4 19 7 104 38 1 66 36 18 12 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 614 116 498 292 110 96 978 446 532 305 128 99 36 5 10 78 5 115 46 13 44 13 14 41 16 2 2 10 3 31 5 2 2 20 3 8 68 2 84 41 11 42 13 11 30 15 1 4 46 1 50 26 6 20 7 5 22 3 1 3 13 2 1 1 70 1 37 1 4 52 5 110 60 1 23 5 11 36 3 17 3 78 33 1 2 61 14 138 51 3 28 60 2 27 1 82 25 5 3 1 1 37 8 79 22 2 19 4 12 38 1 14 1 42 1 9 : 113 1 1 19 11 , 248 6 '; 111 16 4 36 12 1 5 1 7 16 8 2 23 9 1 14 2 3 6 23 17 4 8 4 3 2 4 51 12 33 96 5 4 2 3 11 3 6 1 16 8 170 1 15 8 142 10 6 73 1 1 30 4 44 8 5 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 i 4 39 1 160 28 17 23 1 ALL CLASSES.' All occupations 8.166 1,349 6,817 4,511 1,370 936 12,043 5,831 6,212 3,610 1,685 917 Actresses, professional show-women, etc.. . 96 77 74 62 392 8 17 7 13 147 88 60 67 49 245 53 46 46 32 171 16 10 12 11 47 19 4 9 6 27 28 114 54 54 1,363 7 58 23 26 847 21 56 31 28 516 10 31 15 19 316 4 17 13 6 130 7 8 3 3 Boarding and lodging house keepers 70 1 Includes 1 Chinese woman. 318 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE' AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued. OCCUPATION. Bookbinders , Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses .- Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mUl operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations AU occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers. .' Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses^ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. 1,284 4,033 407 704 6,915 521 1,004 5,035 1,410 2,611 1,579 1,471 780 400 462 6,064 5,672 5,846 5,889 5,223 5,102 1,072 479 857 597 7,909 103 169 279 .52 700 146 987 1,579 1,730 210 357 188 .580 674 312 198 120 827 104 1,780 241 93 1,621 Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. ALL CLASSES ' — Continued. 58 328 32 34 416 67 1,833 20 290 155 1,522 487 209 213 399 30 168 3? 353 853 500 469 640 61 17 86 29 1,109 1,226 3.705 375 670 6,499 434 8,248 617 705 3,513 923 2,402 1,366 1,072 760 248 430 5,711 4,973 4,993 5,389 4,754 4,462 1,011 462 771 568 268 408 550 1,217 1,183 1,305 114 114 147 139 235 296 2,053 2,072 2,374 153 153 148 3,260 2,448 2,540 136 167 214 340 211 134 294 266 289 1,664 970 879 528 222 173 827 783 790 598 409 359 389 276 207 174 268 308 151 68 29 138 140 152 ! 1,614 1,863 2,234 ; 1,678 1,491 1,804 2,027 1,457 1,309 1,894 1,791 1,704 1,346 1,497 1,911 1,619 1,439 1,404 299 325 387 93 169 200 235 252 284 129 168 271 2,191 2,152 2,457 1,233 3,734 363 679 6,514 374 7,002 513 431 615 2,112 321 2,289 1,243 365 749 146 409 3,643 4,543 4,233 5,623 4,493 4,322 1,017 439 741 541 5,923 45 234 23 25 326 23 767 13 276 104 127 147 143 20 72 23 244 294 339 452 250 508 46 11 47 13 389 1,188 3,480 340 654 6,188 349 6,245 600 362 385 1,836 217 2,162 1,096 420 729 74 386 5,399 4,231 3,914 3,171 4,243 4,014 971 448 694 328 5,534 250 397 1,092 1,132 94 104 129 233 1,872 1,999 80 129 2,028 1,946 129 160 155 123 142 198 587 566 83 71 676 734 427 349 191 109 158 264 29 29 109 132 1,433 1,796 1,222 1,324 1,303 1,227 1,766 1,740 1,016 1,383 1,330 1,344 271 316 88 162 185 238 106 159 1,436 1,845 641 1,255 142 292 2,317 140 2,271 211 82 245 683 63 752 320 120 307 16 145 2,171 1,706 1,384 1, 665 1,844 1,340 384 198 271 264 2,253 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,107 10 58 55 13 436 137 143 468 82 106 69 64 113 96 72 13 86 107 94 244 18 274 21 18 302 12, 739 93 HI 224 39' 264 137 850 1,436 1.262 128 251 119 516 661 217 126 107 741 392 355 1,604 1,506 220 76 1,319 5,972 4,024 2,743 48 20 26 62 34 16 109 69 46 12 16 12 177 62 25 43 43 51 383 268 209 614 496 327 692 376 194 69 45 14 124 64 63 73 29 17 232 168 116 280 167 114 124 55 38 70 43 13 47 33 27 269 274 198 180 109 103 172 104 79 755 523 326 47 17 22 687 474 345 91 80 49 37 20 18 675 447 297 62 73 201 26 87 134 854 ,438 830 76 161 41 478 516 129 74 97 703 1,706 65 1,522 220 66 1,089 1,422 6 19 32 2 76 6 96 107 152 19 17 11 30 79 42 32 9 37 38 214 216 14 6 109 9,825 47 54 169 24 12 128 769 1,331 678 57 144 30 448 437 87 42 88 665 278 266 1,492 67 1,306 206 60 4,056 3,360 25 11 20 23 74 54 5 10 6 6 37 42 331 242 547 471 318 222 28 21 64 40 14 9 183 158 199 141 44 18 15 20 34 29 216 263 108 81 106 83 686 499 25 14 646 434 79 78 26 17 331 384 11 11 41 313 138 8 50 r 107 97 25 7 25 186 326 49 17 205 1 Includes 1 Chinese woman. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 319 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. CHICAGO, IX.L.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- wimiers. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers MiUi aers Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwi ves Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile worlviers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc, Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers j. . , Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Physicians and surgeons Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations ■ 35 38 43 14 143 7 72 72 358 61 68 SO 20 159 10 18 256 ALL CLASSES • — Continued. 29 4 25 13 7 6 22 IKi 18 147 80 32 35 134 14 14 8 4 2 30 10 1 9 6 1 2 15 2U5 20 186 117 38 30 196 74 6 68 49 13 6 73 .■m 182 1,048 677 232 139 1,851 13 2 11 4 6 1 11 15U 48 102 68 18 16 414 21o 46 169 107 35 27 174 944 207 737 501 148 88 1,979 463 65 388 266 69 63 636 171 15 156 104 30 22 151 195 12 183 121 35 27 141 353 29 324 205 66 63 653 16 3 19 13 121 11 88 2 26 15 120 140 2X 1 27 17 3 7 26 239 37 202 121 46 36 182 373 70 303 209 56 38 764 608 91 617 374 92 61 986 145 10 136 88 22 25 121 :«H 59 279 189 66 34 392 ,S44 23 321 217 57 47 236 28 2 1 26 8 20 3 6 4 27 11 9 1 62 14 48 33 7 8 54 28 3 25 17 5 3 28 886 169 717 450 169 108 1,100 9 13 5 .ifi 78 45 9 21 12 8 7 4 70 126 64 36 37 24 896 966 566 5 6 3 173 241 117 79 96 46 039 940 576 318 318 179 67 84 47 54 87 50 226 328 193 7 8 5 67 63 34 X 17 12 72 110 00 336 419 247 160 109 13 6 26 13 551 562 83 232 127 14 29 16 549 350 40 141 72 2 17 7 305 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 1,626 7 61 62 301 27 50 54 43 8b 60 60 11 58 46 63 72 15 148 9 11 206 1,109 5 33 46 196 15 38 36 32 55 7 37 35 41 50 1] 110 8 8 148 58 35 12 470 5 61 69 542 86 126 82 63 63 128 54 11 55 123 87 62 19 99 11 9 276 1,324 2 31 18 7 304 3 31 26 259 42 69 47 28 26 48 30 3 27 55 41 22 5 47 6 6 143 1,288 14 27 17 5 106 43 283 44 67 35 25 38 68 46 40 14 62 5 4 133 3 114 1 19 22 179 26 32 23 17 26 45 16 6 16 37 26 20 11 31 4 3 96 4 19 6 1 36 11 270 1 68 33 266 82 21 25 101 2 13 5 23 111 138 29 58 38 3 3 7 4 148 1 1 25 4 14 3 2 27 2 130 2 66 17 108 57 16 12 34 27 61 74 14 33 17 1 5 4 96 137 3 6 5 2 7 1 1 1 33 19 1 6 S 14 7 80 24 15 3 17 8 9 3 3 5 11 1 28 7 7 1 2 7 5 23 8 13 7 15 5 3 17 4 1 Includes 1 Chinese woman. 320 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, IliL.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two Other. More ' than two other- Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations. 42, 708 Actresses, professional show-women, etc . . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators. Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .\11 other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc. Agents Ba.rbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers .. . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses 93 142 174 140 512 914 2,394 277 494 4,203 284 4,682 353 293 392 671 353 3,732 2,691 2,112 2,089 2,766 692 322 461 206 4,018 27,490 60 75 82 793 224 643 92 167 1,110 187 3,420 159 421 510 2,623 846 643 203 761 190 118 1,496 2,384 2,448 3,722 12 20 9 15 318 39 145 24 22 206 611 14 189 113 88 62 85 18 15 182 222 154 211 110 271 34 6 30 81 122 165 125 194 875 2,249 253 472 3,997 256 i,u7l 1,202 258 1,292 609 268 503 247 3,550 2,469 1,958 3,112 1,979 2,495 316 431 197 3,642 11,234 33 43 69 48 121 178 643 74 93 1,129 71 1,301 87 88 94 141 392 226 137 108 64 926 711 916 458 735 165 65 109 41 971 12,520 29 33 57 29 47 293 735 76 166 1,246 1,262 101 73 122 379 56 427 183 72 172 81 1,159 771 597 1,047 664 826 202 116 163 65 1,176 15,232 19 46 49 48 26 404 871 103 213 1,622 1,608 151 72 152 424 61 473 200 59 102 1,465 987 753 1,149 857 934 291 136 159 91 1,495 38,212 145 120 113 2,291 263 482 4,064 233 3,832 341 182 348 1,040 147 1,274 689 214 611 246 3,674 2,381 1,894 3,241 1,971 2,648 318 432 189 3,524 2,186 6 6 13 85 32 123 21 17 173 15 292 11 19 10 43 29 65 45 44 14 12 143 116 93 196 86 226 29 5 23 3 184 54 93 139 107 853 2,168 242 465 3,881 218 3,540 330 163 338 997 118 1,209 544 170 497 234 3,431 2,265 1,801 3,045 1,886 2,322 640 313 409 186 3,340 9,505 169 602 66 45 1,004 42 340 184 73 104 66 863 590 515 878 402 634 165 66 96 35 11,794 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 28 18 432 10 66 33 696 5 113 106 944 304 55 . 36 208 7 .50 85 338 378 22,482 42 47 64 361 214 597 87 169 1,044 154 2,724 154 308 404 1,579 642 688 168 663 183 1,411 2,046 2,070 8,593 26 25 30 224 47 188 20 37 300 56 [,150 40 160 166 820 310 202 78 308 61 44 415 748 879 12 84 72 187 27 65 323 46 767 62 85 129 429 137 187 52 138 14 427 593 586 7,298 6 13 22 63 06 222 34 67 421 52 807 62 63 119 330 95 199 38 107 66 705 18,229 21 26 47 141 214 681 72 156 1,003 108 2,279 150 161 224 816 131 530 121 208 174 35 1,359 1,816 1,774 7 3 92 7 36 2 5 45 7 305 2 24 17 170 64 31 22 58 4 23 63 133 152 16,540 17 19 44 49 207 545 70 161 968 101 1,974 148 137 207 646 67 160 170 12 1,306 1,683 1,622 6 14 38 44 157 18 33 680 38 66 53 218 25 152 37 67 40 4 351 515 681 21 284 710 73 165 1,218 87 1,118 96 58 115 321 32 409 171 48 171 79 1,132 723 563 1,030 642 786 197 113 168 62 1,106 6 71 177 21 54 304 34 592 61 46 72 196 30 164 32 40 64 510 14,727 15 43 45 400 856 103 212 1,595 86 1,418 161 47 149 387 44 460 189 49 222 100 1,436 962 723 1,137 842 903 136 • 155 89 1,445 21 6 92 211 31 64 405 702 59 26 82 233 12 183 30 43 3 647 658 643 OTHER BREADWINNEUS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 321 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, IliL,.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders •, . . B ookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers i Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not speciiied) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors In colleges, etc.. Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc Agents - Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Conlectioners Dressmakers Glovemakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Physicians and surgeons Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses 12694—07 21 FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. 1,837 26 16 16 15 91 14 55 3 4 73 30 288 7 24 23 137 97 62 50 43 5 7 84 101 39 52 137 12 1 19 11 209 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PABENTS FOREIGN BOEN. 313 1,534 27 239 6 16 17 100 82 59 48 37 4 7 70 76 74 37 45 129 11 1 15 9 164 963 14 10 12 9 35 5 26 2 3 40 19 146 2 6 13 57 59 39 31 26 319 5 14 1 1 11 15 11 5 49 4 3 44 10 6 115 23 2,659 15 48 11 8 76 21 662 5 87 21 214 127 44 32 96 74 209 132 43 66 81 11 3 10 6 285 i 1,223 193 4 18 3 4 26 10 270 2 33 2 16 11 5 115 11 30 8 4 50 11 292 3 54 13 105 58 24 17 61 2 6 49 128 83 48 44 7 2 7 2 138 1 5 5 3 71 4 15 6 2 21 7 151 2 24 7 53 40 13 11 FOEEIGN BOKN WHITE. 3,567 595 2,972 1,924 609 439 5,694 24 2 22 17 3 2 6 21 6 15 13 1 1 28 14 5 9 7 1 1 21 134 36 98 70 13 15 618 8 1 7 3 1 3 2 38 3 35 21 8 6 24 7 5 56 7 5 53 4 2 30 2 1 11 1 2 12 13 6 51 3 35 3 32 24 6 2 44 482 71 411 269 93 49 659 5 1 4 2 1 1 4 59 14 45 35 4 6 201 168 33 135 78 31 26 118 494 127 367 244 80 43 1,213 289 39 250 169 44 37 426 60 6 54 33 12 9 53 41 1 40 29 10 1 41 249 18 231 138 63 40 304 9 42 1 6 8 36 8 29 7 41 5 2 85 12 73 46 14 13 52 186 29 156 105 30 21 383 213 47 166 120 26 21 461 2,724 2 15 10 304 2 7 3 3 18 23 320 2 75 56 647 201 18 12 132 2 21 20 176 179 3 13 11 214 17 10 3 33 21 339 2 126 62 566 225 35 29 172 5 20 32 207 282 59 26 358 116 17 12 103 3 11 18 128 178 407 82 36 26 154 63 11 10 45 2 4 5 53 63 More than two other. 2 1 15 3 4 1 16 19 2 18 8 4 2 3 I 13 24 18 8 3 1 1 1 3C 33 66 2 31 11 54 46 7 7 24 5 9 26 41 322 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RAGE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CHICAGO, ILL.-Continued. OCCUPATION. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Seamstresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued. 100 251 71 764 98 836 396 60 35 283 32 226 1,723 32 191 36 481 66 610 307 1,064 24 117 23 321 39 368 172 238 5 43 I 18 I 170 79 I 61 12 95 33 291 163 510 1 53 5 49 25 235 142 Two other. 26 3 26 9 102 60 More than two other. 703 43 660 217 218 225 667 41 626 200 209 3,026 340 2,686 838 816 1,032 2,455 167 2,298 587 727 529 91 438 189 130 119 434 64 370 144 118 139 6 133 43 43 47 128 3 125 37 41 124 6 118 22 41 55 111 3 108 18 36 302 37 265 89 69 107 243 18 225 63 63 385 18 367 85 102 180 347 8 339 68 96 2,737 489 2,248 790 684 774 1,697 129 1,568 428 498 i08 47 175 642 13 1 13 6 50 37 CINCIXXATI, OHIO. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers, Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyis'ts Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music ALL CLASSES. 25,868 4,381 21,487 7,331 6,496 7,660 19,619 2,107 17,512 5,063 5,462 6,987 311 176 135 75 44 16 90 74 16 7 8 1 187 29 168 61 43 64 170 24 14b 45 42 59 605 57 548 184 171 193 583 52 531 175 166 190 1,274 59 1,216 305 380 630 1,213 60 1,163 286 368 509 367 18 349 95 128 126 351 12 339 91 126 123 869 77 792 231 258 303 821 60 761 219 246 296 2,472 431 2,041 737 595 709 1,882 216 1,666 523 485 658 151 27 124 49 31 44 89 7 82 29 20 33 2,474 836 1,639 812 458 369 739 182 657 173 179 205 406 147 259 129 63 67 96 38 58 26 10 22 563 48 616 151 150 214 494 32 462 124 137 201 338 63 275 108 78 89 291 46 246 94 69 82 338 110 228 122 57 49 118 26 92 44 21 27 334 17 317 89 97 131 ■ 302 8 294 78 91 125 1,744 145 1,699 496 475 628 1,641 123 1,518 462 448 618 2,516 462 2,064 688 619 757. 1,969 245 1,724 488 632 704 2,331 579 1,752 650 517 685 1,593 259 1,334 381 425 52S 1,100 104 990 325 337 334 1,072 95 977 316 333 328 1,631 176 1,456 436 479 541 1,366 111 1,256 332 423 500 1,006 152 853 293 282 278 946 142 803 260 272 271 1,422 113 1,309 370 373 566 1,287 69 1,218 315 368 545 3,430 567 2,863 935 861 1,067 2,607 236 2,271 605 704 962 N ATIVE WI ilTE— BOl H PARENT 3 NATIVE. 6, 820 1,126 5,694 2,078 1,855 1,761 5,541 605 4,936 1, 618 1,673 1,645 135 87 48 26 16 7 51 41 10 4 5 1 228 20 202 79 73 50 217 25 192 73 71 48 340 U 329 83 112 134 330 10 3?0 80 111 129 116 4 112 32 48 32 115 3 112 32 48 32 343 26 317 123 102 92 325 21 304 117 96 91 606 143 463 183 142 138 393 60 333 108 101 124 25 10 16 9 2 4 11 3 8 5 1 2 339 108 231 95 72 64 166 27 139 38 49 52 1.52 14 138 47 43 48 131 8 123 39 41 43 156 27 129 47 45 37 134 18 116 43 39 34 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 323 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. CHICAGO, ILL,.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One Other. Two Other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— continued. Stenographers and typewriters 22 264 42 6 7 24 16 463 22 218 39 6 7 22 15 384 10 148 27 4 3 15 10 211 6 43 4 2 3 3 3 97 7 27 8 14 307 53 6 6 35 22 577 2 137 24 3 3 17 9 281 12 170 29 2 3 18 13 296 7 103 18 2 1 11 7 151 4 46 8 1 Tailoresses 46 3 21 3 Teachers and professors in coUeges, etc : Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives 1 4 2 - 2 3 3 89 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). .. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 2 1 79 4 3 56 NEGRO. 775 80 695 515 121 59 1,077 559 518 323 136 69 Boarding and lodging house keepers 24 102 19 243 26 241 120 14 5 5 23 1 17 15 10 97 14 220 25 224 105 9 67 12 162 19 170 76 1 16 1 37 6 40 20 67 88 40 426 39 304 113 46 47 23 214 23 1.53 53 21 41 17 212 16 151 60 16 24 8 133 11 96 36 3 13 6 51 2 47 14 3 14 1 21 3 28 Laundresses . . 14 9 All other occupations 10 CINCINSTATI, OHIO. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music ALL CLASSES. 2,125 4 7 28 9 21 163 14 661 77 33 20 46 10 43 138 253 9 101 24 62 333 406 1 2 3 2 26 1 121 13 2 5 1,719 19 137 13 540 64 31 15 37 36 107 190 9 95 23 50 261 5 83 9 340 36 15 9 19 6 17 63 133 3 52 12 32 171 40 3 126 14 6 4 152 13 15 33 7 27 427 48 1,074 233 36 27 174 22 60 409 485 19 164 36 73 590 19 532 15 176 257 9 58 9 32 259 2,256 11 26 4 12 238 29 542 137 22 15 99 14 45 233 228 10 106 27 41 331 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 35 3 27 1 2 840 142 9 105 14 13 46 6 5 10 1 7 131 11 299 12 6 59 6 27 137 136 6 52 21 23 159 4 70 8 153 39 7 5 27 5 16 60 58 1 36 3 7 106 324 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CINCINNATI, OHIO-Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE -BEEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in f amiUes having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresaes 1 . . Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.. . All other occupations All occupations Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations , All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations... Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations. . . 14,128 118 349 882 236 478 1,526 69 715 175 36;! 160 113 196 1,116 1,576 1,005 632 1,124 624 870 1,896 291 45 498 184 119 112 264 345 236 65 193 772 1,796 922 523 351 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE— Continued . 93 26 67 40 18 9 36 6 30 16 6 127 7 120 34 41 45 113 3 110 30 38 516 52 463 169 147 157 486 43 442 147 141 602 138 464 160 169 136 457 69 388 116 150 458 100 358 137 111 110 346 45 301 101 100 428 51 377 158 122 97 414 47 367 152 121 264 23 241 72 85 84 211 8 203 49 79 373 48 325 127 112 86 363 45 308 116 107 359 39 320 HI 102 107 323 21 302 98 100 1,161 186 975 356 294 325 930 102 828 254 269 NATIVE WHITE—ONE OE BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN BOEN. 1,716 16 29 42 13 49 199 6 185 58 28 25 31 85 214 156 120 86 66 262 12,412 102 320 840 223 429 1,327 63 630 117 340 135 82 188 1,031 1,362 850 583 1,004 438 814 1,634 3,670 30 97 210 59 95 429 18 217 92 56 43 54 297 396 241 165 278 133 215 495 3,673 28 88 262 77 140 382 17 169 25 95 61 19 50 301 386 247 204 332 148 217 466 5,069 44 135 378 87 194 616 28 144 32 153 48 20 84 433 580 362 224 167 382 674 12,038 107 338 844 223 452 1,298 56 326 63 334 142 56 180 062 620 1,000 506 799 1,481 1,035 11,003 116 2 48 15 19 22 76 142 124 215 416 1 182 53 278 315 120 46 177 1,197 738 576 912 424 760 1,367 26 94 197 56 90 343 14 78 17 23 47 274 312 184 153 237 124 184 342 3,295 27 85 244 74 136 344 13 10 49 286 338 216 202 299 145 210 FOEEIGN BOKN WHITE. 216 66 50 7 80 134 32 13 18 221 2,206 219 36 282 118 105 184 211 204 52 175 551 922 109 16 142 50 82 23 44 193 666 63 8 82 37 16 27 51 68 62 12 54 197 47 12 58 31 18 38 35 64 60 17 77 161 1,438 163 20 64 26 20 93 149 172 162 48 166 366 251 1,187 134 18 44 11 11 90 121 128 137 37 156 300 387 36 3 13 4 2 22 38 39 45 11 48 106 326 190 105 1,175 596 333 246 358 183 120 302 135 101 66 212 103 49 00 251 168 216 96 167 123 138 128 42 164 122 100 94 75 85 104 305 4,788 40 134 367 86 26 101 15 149 44 13 81 427 547 376 165 366 619 36 5 14 5 i 37 31 54 47 14 75 113 120 36 46 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 325 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CIKCnsrSTATI, OHIO— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING, AT HOME — continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwiimers. One other. Two other. More than two other. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Talloresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Boxmakers (paper) 1 Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses I^aundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses ,... Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses - - Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations.. - Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations. - . 3 16 7 13 65 3 110 32 13 5 24 57 58 4 46 4 30 136 29 2 95 32 25 7 21 25 36 10 14 134 610 388 133 82 97 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. 7 1 1 3 6 4 9 5 2 4 1 2 3 50 9 18 19 3 6 31 6 12 19 2 8 12 3 4 5 . 12 2 32 12 20 9 7 4 113 57 66 35 12 37 ■ 11 26 17 3 6 75 44 31 19 8 3 3 15 1 7 1 2 1 6 11 37 4 14 7 23 5 16 16 1 4 7 7 12 80 3 9 62 4 2. 7 13 18 122 3 12 55 10 6 67 8 4 40 1 IS 6 29 1 11 109 18 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 11 5 20 47 39 4 42 4 26 111 173 11 279 90 15 10 45 11 30 180 123 78 14 41 279 2 3 5 3 10 73 4 117 37 7 3 20 5 6 62 50 5 28 4 13 113 5 17 3 3 100 7 162 53 7 26 6 25 118 73 3 50 10 28 166 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 26 2 75 29 19 7 16 19 35 9 12 100 1,256 23 339 126 74 12 94 148 48 7 14 272 39 7 176 48 36 4 47 84 16 1 7 121 60 16 163 78 39 8 47 32 6 7 151 332 106 75 227 82 51 100 351 139 94 168 60 245 205 180 16 2 24 12 1 3 2 22 18 1 10 2 9 40 116 10 6 29 18 39 28 4 7 326 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OV.ER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK LITING AT HOME. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations . 19,975 Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses andmidwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Textile null operatives (not otherwise speci- fied) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 425 758 7S7 2,717 203 1,2M 299 692 282 - 334 210 1,524 1,183 1,464 1,109 1,295 1,288 317 265 233 266 3,086 4,032 161 226 219 518 56 113 188 122 84 332 149 174 375 476 91 748 10, 106 468 463 1,473 67 373 128 933 686 619 620 745 691 ALL CLASSES. 2,709 246 71 62 365 57 350 100 66 40 87 6 106 137 195 105 81 176 22 3 9 11 434 17,266 179 685 735 2,352 146 199 636 242 247 204 1,418 1,046 1,269 1,004 1,214 1,112 295 262 224 255 2,652 118 264 224 834 70 425 100 201 116 135 45 456 330 490 372 320 462 76 54 72 902 5,439 205 251 729 45 237 317 407 341 370 5,673 23 226 260 789 31 228 40 227 56 48 372 291 624 290 109 100 91 15,661 47 700 751 2,098 116 462 57 608 221 136 203 1,409 987 1,128 1,062 1,165 1,203 308 241 219 234 2,306 1, 213 42 65 41 172 26 56 23 36 20 20 46 161 21 1 4 5 178 5 645 710 406 34 672 201 116 197 1,327 935 1,061 973 1,119 1,042 287 240 216 229 2,128 4,463 211 566 34 119 14 165 87 56 42 413 265 356 354 271 421 92 578 4,746 2 196 244 623 33 124 12 190 76 462 286 353 332 348 343 81 77 79 716 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 95 31 13 129 24 36 15 23 26 25 63 78 11 151 66 195 206 389 32 78 173 99 68 307 111 149 80 697 46 86 87 190 18 36 79 67 33 122 161 198 32 288 1,055 16 62 71 127 10 23 60 31 17 114 24 52 107 137 27 177 651 71 35 27 54 63 21 132 2,998 20 204 201 302 24 45 162 299 96 118 360 435 87 532 396 2,602 177 193 247 14 39 153 76 28 284 80 106 307 366 77 456 1,110 11 109 31 41 151 178 29 183 67 67 92 6 14 51 27 12 106 18 42 103 128 27 153 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 34 28 144 13 28 11 19 3 66 62 54 42 ■37 74 9,228 434 435 1,329 54 307 360 112 79 125 867 634 566 578 708 617 2,669 2,924 152 108 376 21 96 83 46 38 23 256 173 187 177 145 227 126 137 418 18 85 118 32 18 204 188 202 223 196 166 190 636 15 127 169 34 23 54 326 257 190 199 340 194 9,079 444 461 1,290 45 266 363 108 59 123 881 620 636 606 706 663 531 8,548 419 427 1,208 39 244 340 101 60 120 826 595 614 567 679 592 2,293 143 105 296 11 59 73 38 23 21 165 168 173 133 217 2,745 124 135 15 115 30 11 47 272 188 171 197 213 217 255 738 23 163 8 217 62 29 79 462 287 500 278 107 92 90 91 44 47 58 1 16 34 5 69 31 23 21 119 152 187 518 13 117 152 33 16 52 318 252 185 197 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 327 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLBVELAIiTD, OHIO. OCCUPATION. All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants , Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Mercliants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives FEMAiE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Total. Living in families having- No other tread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses . Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers. Booklieepers and accountants Caerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. . Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses . Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Telegraph and telephone operators JUl other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants caerks and copyists Dressmakers - Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners - : Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses. . . j Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses ,- ■ • Teachers and professors in ooUeges, etc 1,765 114 24 16 "253 29 290 101 37 27 56 1 57 66 162 7 19 374 13 15 26 10 19 1 107 454 ALL CLASSES. 20 14 212 22 35 23 46 1 51 46 127 19 86 43 2 6 18 301 47 11 6 137 17 150 49 23 16 23 228 264 32 20 141 47 34 142 6 58 130 184 26 16 7 13 406 158 12 1¥ 24 237 64 18 16 67 2 4 5 183 1,379 106 20 11 214 34 251 77 29 18 85 6 40 65 91 223 10 7 132 19 166 37 13 13 56 7 2 4 146 353 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 327 79 95 13 14 133 21 41 16 21 39 20 39 30 15 22 3 109 73 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BORN. 94 360 1 6 2 7 18 64 2 7 11 31 15 6 2 9 1 21 4 6 20 9 29 1 6 15 1 18 5 !- 4 19 1 72 17 3 111 13 10 7 30 4 27 40 46 8 20 .320 67 ' 44 4 19 1 3 11 2 ' 10 10 3 4 3 14 3 196 16 5 2 21 5 34 17 4 1 g 9 10 2 10 4 2 2 27 53 328 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. CLEVELAND, OHIO— Continued. OCCOPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in lamilies liaving — No otlier bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One otlier. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having— No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOKN— Continued. Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobaxjco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives AH other occupations 203 8 195 60 54 81 200 8 192 59 54 108 108 91 27 18 34 26 47 47 105 92 105 90 26 18 34 26 96 5 2 123 2 121 27 36 58 123 2 121 27 36 1,701 192 1,509 431 476 602 1,401 82 1,319 322 426 45 46 58 571 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 5,397 917 4,480 1,730 1,408 1,342 3,421 242 3,179 994 1,066 1,119 Boarding and lodging house keepers 137 98 674 72 629 183 110 144 254 336 547 113 491 115 141 128 140 1,085 77 10 80 14 206 59 12 42 15 44 77 10 30 24 3 4 9 201 60 88 594 58 423 124 98 102 239 292 470 103 461 91 138 124 131 884 32 26 239 29 234 62 36 59 76 98 181 34 143 35 43 34 44 325 12 40 178 17 116 35 28 27 80 88 154 32 138 24 51 50 50 288 16 22 177 12 73 27 34 16 83 106 136 37 180 32 44 40 37 271 6 93 486 42 130 21 79 38 224 269 408 106 414 101 121 118 108 657 6 9 30 6 22 13 3 3 12 12 24 8 10 21 1 2 3 68 1 84 456 36 108 8 76 35 212 267 384 98 404 80 120 116 105 599 1 39 135 12 38 1 22 8 71 79 129 32 127 23 46 48 42 213 24 163 15 40 6 23 20 66 78 136 30 113 26 36 28 31 160 2i 158 Housekeepers and stewardesses 9 30 1 Milliners . . 31 Nurses and midwivea 7 75 100 119 36 164 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 31 39 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 40 32 226 NEGRO. 440 142 298 201 62 45 163 44 119 56 32 31 125 124 191 43 39 60 82 85 131 60 52 89 13 13 26 2? 16 22 66 75 7 19 18 15 47 67 10 21 25 4 11 17 1 15 All other occupations . 15 DETROIT, MICH. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators. .. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 16,871 1,854 14,017 4,^73 4,289 6,055 12,923 900 12,023 3,528 3,776 4,719 303 142 161 89 47 25 40 21 19 10 4 6 610 42 568 199 190 179 591 38 563 189 188 176 242 5 237 46 76 115 237 5 232 45 75 112 1,066 70 995 330 314 361 1,007 54 953 304 302 347 2,189 326 1,864 646 563 666 1,698 168 1,540 466 463 611 147 25 122 62 28 32 92 12 80 42 18 20 220 29 191 48 69 74 168 7 161 31 63 67 823 186 637 256 166 216 368 21 347 76 102 169 274 87 187 100 45 42 79 20 69 25 13 21 447 42 406 146 118 141 386 26 360 114 112 134 343 41 302 139 94 69 297 28 269 119 86 64 221 66 156 80 46 30 83 15 68 30 21 17 236 12 223 64 63 96 226 10 216 62 60 94 857 54 803 243 263 297 793 41 752 217 246 289 634 67 667 182 167 218 540 32 508 145 162 211 1,116 122 994 347 269 378 823 69 764 220 203 341 716 66 650 209 242 199 693 57 636 198 240 198 776 64 712 187 225 300 685 39 646 160 209 287 875 121 764 311 217 226 827 108 719 290 209 220 288 16 272 77 77 118 279 14 265 74 75 116 921 36 885 188 314 383 870 23 847 164 309 374 2,569 237 2,332 724 706 902 2,141 112 2,029 557 626 846 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 329 Table 29 — FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, • AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. CJvEVELAN"D, OHIO-Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AQE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— continued Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in lamilies having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two othsr. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN BORN— Continued. Telegraph and telephone operators 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 1 2 Woolen mill operatives 144 31 113 61 30 22 156 79 77 48 20 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 771 127 644 371 161 112 1,205 548 657 366 181 , HI I Boarding and lodging house keepers 34 3 79 7 175 61 10 36 19 20 64 4 41 7 7 5 19 190 16 18 3 72 5 144 56 9 29 19 12 47 3 38 6 7 5 18 153 13 2 38 4 92 31 7 14 8 7 23 3 21 6 2 4 9 87 i' 21 33" 14 5 is' 1 19 11 2 4 4 1 10 97 2 109 23 324 101 21 70 11 47 85 3 36 7 13 ' 5 13 238 56 1 43 6 153 41 8 32 3 24 46 1 17 2 2 2 5 106 41 1 66 17 171 60 13 38 8 23 39 2 19 5 11 3 8 132 19 11 11 1 Dressmakers 7 2 31 5 1 7 38 10 102 25 6 25 2 13 22 1 9 3 6 2 4 78 22 5 45 20 6 8 2 6 11 6 2 Laundresses . . 24 Merchants and dealers 15 1 11 7 4 14 5 4 8 7 1 3 1 6 6 1 7 10 4 1 3 1 2 35 6 Teacherp and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 1 2 1 6 40 3 3' 26 2 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 1 37 2 19 NEG EC. / 137 29 108 89 11 8 140 69 71 66 9 6 46 34 57 10 6 13 36 28 44 27 22 40 5 2 4 4 4 57 24 69 26 14 29 31 10 30 23 9 24 4 4 1 5 1 DETROIT, MICH. All occupations Boarding and lodgng house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers ol music Nurses and midwi ves Paxjkers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . AU other occupations ALL CLASSES. 1,065 22 170 15 24 127 68 36 22 33 4 30 36 102 9 38 13 4 28 200 205 48 7 3 17 142 15 14 99 58 32 17 26 4 28 25 85 7 31 11 4 24 163 33 189 11 2 40 28 328 127 25 24 105 5 34 191 14 53 23 228 13 12 137 57 12 1,134 94 8 2 25 182 27 16 191 70 13 16 62 34 146 7 35 24 3 14 140 643 16 11 115 300 330 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. DETROIT, MICH.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No otlier bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One otlier. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters ;. Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. - All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers — Bookkeepers and accountants ClerVs and copyists . , Dressmakers .' Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . , All other occupations 2,747 132 266 372 24 106 116 46 119 94 128 201 301 842 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 431 16 19 92 4 11 11 19 7 15 22 21 60 144 2,316 116 247 280 20 95 105 27 112 79 106 180 251 1,032 55 103 133 14 42 68 17 48 35 127 286 737 84 87 3 27 28 7 37 25 25 79 77 219 547 32 47 193 2,142 126 241 227 16 100 15 109 72 191 282 585 111 226 196 12 81 103 65 76 173 239 631 785 52 88 84 8 31 50 3 45 25 27 63 120 189 81 63 2 25 26 4 33 24 17 78 73 177 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 7,733 619 343 17 172 5 592 35 1,049 108 55 6 98 4 268 34 231 19 149 19 46 11 128 4 514 32 318 25 464 30 383 38 408 33 454 53 160 7 463 15 1,438 126 326 167 567 941 50 94 234 212 130 35 293 434 345 376 401 163 448 1,313 27 158 269 24 65 49 16 32 131 83 114 81 147 45 84 365 111 55 36 66 62 46 12 37 160 74 116 129 122 115 43 160 410 2,942 117 85 230 403 15 39 100 85 35 66 191 136 205 120 172 139 65 204 538 7,041 338 171 676 916 44 90 194 209 142 23 126 487 294 409 372 379 437 156 452 1,226 6,629 322 166 546 846 41 188 199 126 21 122 460 277 392 339 355 387 149 439 1,168 1,706 97 27 154 223 18 15 42 31 120 75 91 92 69 139 43 77 284 2,058 110 55 163 237 35 51 61 45 7 37 163 69 103 128 117 111 42 160 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 5,032 726 4,307 1,620 1,286 1,501 3,581 244 3, 337- 980 1,036 143 64 9 79 126 44 46 19 40 16 40 12 127 7 7 5 120 4 40 136 40 206 16 190 69 61 60 189 9 180 62 58 729 121 608 224 189 196 528 ■54 474 146 156 63 14 49 23 14 12 32 5 27 16 7 94 16 78 24 22 32 61 4 57 13 18 388 107 281 122 77 82 129 9 120 24 37 169 66 103 55 27 21 32 9 23 11 6 106 12 94 37 29 28 84 8 76 25 26 125 35 90 46 26 18 41 7 34 17 9 223 15 208 63 66 79 196 8 1S8 51 60 206 23 183 68 64 61 166 8 158 42 56 400 51 349 140 95 114 269 21 238 83 64 129 7 122 42 33 47 127 6 121 41 33 306 24 282 84 92 106 267 13 244 64 82 113 17 96 33 26 38 101 14 87 27 25 444 19 425 99 150 176 410 10 400 85 146 1,063 119 944 311 257 376 830 45 786 229 214 21 57 48 2 25 17 2 25 16 32 32 46 165 2,865 115 84 229 385 14 38 95 82 35 6 54 187 133 198 119 137 64 202 519 1,321 1 40 60 173 4 26 59 6 25 91 47 35 169 34^ OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 331 Table. 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. DETROIT, MICH.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 241 49 192 113 49 30 364 154 210 134 47 29 3 1 2 7 2 9 38 4 9 7 3 4 6 17 4 4 85 1 8 22 2 i 1 5 10 3 1 46 1 1 7 1 3 14 100 4 7 8 26 6 16 17 6 15 143 3 12 47 4 5 5 15 5 .8 13 3 8 82 2 7 27 4 4 3 12 2 5 8 3 6 51 1 3 15 11 2 53 2 4S 4 9 1 2 1 1 3 6 1 2 23 5 10 1 1 3 2 3 10 1 8 4 3 7 61 1 8 6 4 6 22 4 4 114 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 5 3 1 16 2 19 29 12 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. AH occupations Booltkeepers and accountants , Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations 253 52 201 109 56 36 439 155 284 165 88 41 2 2 1 5 38 4 3 13 9 3 5 2 9 5 16 3 10 4 1 6 62 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 11 13 10 84 7 4 53 11 3 . 17 4 26 2 1 20 7 1 8 6 58 5 3 33 4 2 9 4 29 4 2 18 2 1 4 2 19 1 49 4 17 2 2 8 7 3 3 1 3 1 7 2 7 1 10 1 8 2 1 1 21 5 2 4 1 4 6 2 1 9 3 6 2 3 18 16 35 7 17 12 3 4 135 5 5 9 4 7 2 13 11 26 3 10 10 3 3 83 8 7 16 2 5 7 2 2 42 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2 8 20 4 12 5 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 10 1 15 5 39 i 52 1 77 13 32 9 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses .,,,-..---.--..---•-■-- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . , All other occupations 494 95 399 233 96 70 957 386 571 307 154 110 38 3 5 70 12 26 3 3 61 5 9 50 36 14 18 13 3 2 39 6 7 93 5 12 131 26 18 195 86 7 63 45 2 5 58 9 6 84 42 3 25 48 3 7 73 17 12 111 44 4 38 27 3 5 39 7 8 65 21 4 18 13 8 2 9 1 12 2 1? 8 3 6 io' 3 4 6 5 3 1 2 22 5 2 29 13 12 5 15 64 21 6 14 5 1 3 3 33 23 8 11 2 17 10 11 9 17 19 35 1 21 4 17 103 2 7 7 1 15 12 28 10 6 16 5 5 9 10 21 106 1 5 8 23 5 13 83 1 2 10 41 1 1 3 22 2 I 20 4 1 -2 19 17 3 15 84 6 3 10 47 6 2' 18 3' 19 28 8 17 130 2 55 21 6 10 75 14 3 4 35 4 3 3 2 25 4 15 332 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES:* 1900— Continued. DETEOIT, MICH.— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having — Total. • Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. TVo other. More than two (Sther. NEGEO. All occupations .... 359 79 280 151 64 65 159 16 143 57 41 45 Laundresses 115 124 120 33 19 27 82 105 93 50 48 53 12 34 18 20 23 22 24 66 69 3 8 5 21 58 64 6 19 32 7 19 15 8 Servants and waitresses . 20 17 FALL RIVBB, MASS. ALL CLASSES.l 13,220 1,007 12,213 3,770 3,001 6,442 9,143 522 8,621 1,696 2,253 4,773 125 149 8,944 627 191 132 159 140 63 238 154 336 1,435 627 8 7 521 71 10 20 47 6 15 20 25 51 68 138 117 142 8,423 456 181 112 112 134 48 218 129 285 1,367 489 38 40 2,666 163 62 48 57 38 21 66 39 102 347 193 40 48 1,948 112 40 33 28 36 ■14 56 45 95 365 141 39 64 3,909 181 89 31 27 60 13 96 45 88 656 155 114 140 5,998 325 164 61 50 121 31 207 83 316 1,179 364 8 6 267 32 7 5 13 5 6 15 6 48 51 54 106 134 5,731 293 147 66 37 116 26 192 77 268 1, 128 310 30 37 909 68 31 20 8 29 6 60 17 90 198 102 38 46 1,420 80 36 13 13 28 8 51 24 92 313 91 38 51 Cotton mill operatives 3,402 145 Hat and cap makers 80 Housekeepers and stewardesses 23 Laundresses 16 69 Nurses and inidwives 12 Saleswomen : 91 Servants and waitresses . 36 Teachers and professors In colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 86 617 117 NATIVE "WHITE — BOTH PAREN rs NATIVE All occupations 1,049 161 898 379 273 246 787 99 688 248 228 212 Cotton mill operatives 301 93 169 486 19 22 34 76 282 71 135 410 86 40 60 193 83. 17 53 120 113 14 22 97 223 47 155 362 •' 7 13 34 45 216 34 121 317 48 14 50 136 73 11 50 94 95 Dressmakers . . . . 9 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations 21 87 NATIVE 1 VHITE — ONE OR BOTH PAREN^ rs FOREIGI SI BORN. 4,370 240 4,130 1,063 1,080 1,987 3,608 1,687 120 97 36 134 1,096 438 169 3,439 625 943 1,871 2,100 143 107 45 137 1,336 602 105 11 7 6 10 58 43 1,995 132 100 39 127 1,278 459 516 38 29 10 38 312 120 482 34 23 9 39 340 153 997 60 48 20 50 626 186 73 6 6 3 9 43 30 1,614 114 92 33 125 1,053 408 1 269 28 26 8 ■ 37 170 87 410 32 21 6 39 293 142 935 Dressmakers 54 45 19 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 49 690 179 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 7,759 697 7,162 2,312 1,646 3,204 4,736 251 4,485 716 1,082 2,687 6,642 289 96 99 94 80 5.59 396 37 4 13 31 10 106 6,146 252 92 86 63 70 463 1,964 85 31 33 36 19 144 1,383 60 16 24 17 29 117 2,799 107 45 29 10 22 192 4,088 158 66 44 20 34 326 187 13 2 3 8 2 36 3,901 145 64 41 12 32 290 592 26 12 13 5 3 66 937 37 15 7 4 13 69 2,372 Dressmakers 82 37 Housekeepers and stewardesses 21 3 16 156 1 Includes 42 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 333 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued DETROIT, MICH.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BIIEADWINNEBS 16 YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in lamilies having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One Other. Two Other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . 68 47 12 g 123 54 69 47 11 20 4 4 59 26 33 24 1 17 6 1 33 10 23 12 9 10 2 4 31 18 13 11 1 FALL RIVER, MASS. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Cotton mill operatives ■- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Ail other occupations All occupations Cotton mill operatives ' Dressmakers Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations 3,210 2,501 138 33 11 57 14 9 21 40 10 224 133 361 16 7 211 42 2,381 2,074 96 27 6 33 21 124 ALL CLASSES.' 1 111 3,030 16 1 1 2 1 11 7 2,390 130 32 7 46 14 9 20 215 109 1,910 2 1,527 78 19 2 35 138 52 2 2 430 24 4 4 4 5 3 2 11 2 42 30 565 867 1 445 64 4 60 52 6 23 10 31 10 32 130 305 143 31 2 11 23 1 10 4 10 2 1 302 33 2 49 29 4 13 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 30 37 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 403 38 345 15 6 204 37 Jfl 62 52 9 1 5 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 32 38 34 25 8 4 ,'>2 16 7 4 3 1 1 1 1 29 8 22 ** FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 2,267 1,983 91 26 4 29 18 106 1,4 1,260 53 17 1 22 9 46 369 20 1 2 3 6 33 364 18 8 1 4 3 27 35 3 49 41 25 109 118 19 1 8 19 5 52 420 262 16 2 41 22 20 67 266 1 130 17 2 26 14 1 35 112 6 2 19 1 Includes 42 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 334 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. INDIAKAPOLIS, IND. OCCUPATION. All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses . Milliners '. . . Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teax)hers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. . . , Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Laundresses Milliners Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations. . . Servants and waitresses .All other occupations . . FEMALE BEEADWINKEES 16 YEARS OF AOE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. 450 385 296 135 979 100 130 1,158 403 171 165 621 916 1,198 260 629 1,845 307 247 162 588 46 209 266 107 94 347 528 331 442 123 404 1,103 117 119 288 161 120 232 297 180 184 113 160 918 61 586 ALL CLASSES. 1,807 241 40 33 5 193 26 13 283 37 25 46 50 152 232 46 79 242 209 345 263 130 786 74 117 875 366 146 119 571 764 966 582 214 550 1,603 138 118 105 45 341 37 36 433 144 68 64 205 300 390 227 91 214 622 49 118 69 33 237 22 36 241 115 46 30 198 223 277 180 67 197 2,470 22 109 89 62 208 15 45 201 107 32 25 168 241 299 175 56 139 487 6,740 36 351 256 118 548 53 86 299 333 123 74 550 609 646 614 176 555 1,313 646 6,094 320 117 487 81 257 308 110 56 519 545 580 556 155 490 1,220 2,015 100 86 21 16 89 108 46 23 175 161 176 207 46 173 370 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 168 30 21 131 17 51 26 14 24 33 104 82 46 31 58 146 139 217 141 467 29 158 240 70 314 424 249 396 92 346 957 90 66 234 17 79 102 49 40 117 186 109 186 51 132 430 32 76 34 122 46 78 27 20 117 130 64 114 26 136 282 14 51 41 101 4 33 60 17 10 80 109 76 96 15 78 245 26 222 139 266 20 66 214 74 317 189 413 67 367 790 3,129 199 126 233 17 59 197 67 29 278 278 159 373 54 319 735 1,208 3 77 53 104 23 72 33 15 97 91 64 169 21 114 274 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN. 10 9 41 35 7 16 28 20 17 10 14 114 2,568 107 I 110 247 126 113 216 269 160 167 103 146 771 22 32 75 46 40 77 77 50 38 30 49 235 799 32 67 79 39 64 34 45 255 47 47 86 42 41 72 113 71 62 314 111 110 237 112 104 216 249 145 181 96 144 713 2,233 103 103 212 98 206 229 139 164 89 132 659 565 19 30 61 25 34 70 54 37 35 19 39 142 2,008 4 116 64 31 162 15 26 76 104 13 182 176 192 176 55 182 410 2 74 34 61 7 16 71 20 7 107 101 51 110 20 130 246 67 34 54 31 42 214 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. 139 More than two other. 130 52 466 206 162 150 340 28 312 95 99 21 185 12 140 19 131 41 299 2 26 39 273 15 80 12 87 2,071 2 105 86 48 168 12 39 92 96 28 20 162 209 212 173 64 135 440 39 68 2 20 64 14 7 74 94 13 75 216 961 47 46 74 41 37 72 108 75 39 61 303 12 106 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 335 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. INDIANAPOJL.IS, IND. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— COntlBUed. Married. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More , than two other. Widowed and divorced. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two Other. More than two Other. All oecupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and aceountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Milliners ., Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 1,430 190 1,240 776 256 209 2,317 971 1,346 787 107 16 22 10 28 2 4 2 16 79 14 18 8 139 66 9 14 4 81 16 1 2 8 4 2 4 21 307 18 18 7 277 186 7 9 2 117 121 11 9 5 160 79 9 6 3 83 154 37 11 30 339 33 20 5 2 50 1 2 6 28 289 32 18 4 14 161 21 14 1 8 68 5- 3 1 6 60 6 1 36 14 520 37 28 16 6 191 11 10 20 8 329 26 18 12 6 183 15 8 21 37 103 216 3 4 10 30 18 33 87 185 9 22 55 109 6 8 19 31 3 3 13 45 70 34 204 337 25 15 72 136 46 19 132 201 32 8 84 105 14 30 37 1 2 13 28 37 208 10 22 29 142 2 5 6 38 1 1 2 28 18 54 37 301 5 23 14 126 13 31 23 175 10 23 12 110 231 23 369 • 30 2 3 2 190 12 29 2 97 49 6 5 7 3 11 2 8 3 29 19 54 42 2 1 7 1 9 2 46 19 All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. - . Boolckeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and hiidwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses ■. Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Laundresses Milliners Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. 11 other occupations All occupations... Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 666 89 677 386 106 86 1,132 516 616 386 161 79 76 9 22 1 1 10 3 11 1 2 53 8 10 109 4 36 25 14 10 20 64 42 11 19 16 136 39 5 9 64 3 22 18 11 4 13 40 26 8 16 13 96 8 6 3 1 15 1 6 3 1 2 3 9 11 1 1 1 22 207 16 12 204 19 96 26 17 44 26 135 92 17 37 21 163 127 6 7 89 11 33 8 6 13 10 63 44 5 18 10 77 80 10 6 115 8 63 18 12 31 16 82 48 12 19 11 86 51 8 4 66 6 34 12 5 21 7 54 29 9 14 5 61 22 2 7 1 119 30 31 1 22 3 5 9 6 14 8 2 4 4 18 18 1 47 26 16 10 23 76 60 12 19 16 150 8 4 2 4 4 15 6 I 19 7 3 2 1 3 12 8 1 3 14 11 1 1 2 14 7 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 165 20 146 96 30 19 306 116 190 110 62 18 4 3 17 9 6 9 11 13 2 8 6 77 1 3 3 15 7 6 8 10 10 2 8 6 67 2 1 8 7 3 6 6 8 2 6 4 44 1 1 3 2 6 34 40 10 7 37 22 1 9 10 128 1 2 14 19 2 5 7 11 1 4 20 21 8 2 30 11 1 6 8 78 1 1 6 14 3 1 17 6 1 6 6 49 I 4 3 7 6 3 1 10 4 2 2 7 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 15 3 2 50 1 8 2 26 10 3 FO REIGN EC EN WHITE 101 29 72 40 19 13 6 3 3 1 2 95 26 69 39 19 11 14 192 I 10 114 5 14 336 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. INDIAJiTAPOLIS, IND Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEEa 16 YEAB3 OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. • Single. (including unlmown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living in Jamilies having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- vrinners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two Other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGRO. 1,647 365 1,282 621 369 295 476 56 420 147 146 127 717 626 304 179 121 65 538 505 239 281 210 130 141 162 66 116 133 43 104 271 101 20 28 g 84 243 93 36 70 41 22 95 29 26 78 23 JEESEY CITX, N. J. ALL CLASSES.' 11,644 1,220 10,424 3,208 3,225 3,991 9,399 522 8,877 2,392 2,814 3,671 226 443 230 359 1,333 182 512 287 315 170 216 170 1,028 498 665 292 758 612 136 386 296 127 2,403 9 21 11 28 168 27 149 90 19 19 42 8 46 54 ,59 25 34 65 5 27 34 6 276 217 422 219 331 1,165 155 363 197 296 151 174 162 982 444 606 267 724 547 131 369 262 122 2,128 58 124 57 114 354 72 145 83 75 75 83 47 257 145 203 81 208 143 30 93 85 37 639 73 160 68 99 357 33 113 69 94 46 52 44 286 120 170 84 234 198 45 126 76 36 652 86 148 94 118 464 60 105 45 127 30 39 71 439 179 233 102 282 206 56 140 101 49 837 223 424 221 324 1,019 93 223 64 278 160 73 161 961 416 496 242 746 685 129 332 241 123 1,876 9 19 9 19 72 5 22 18 12 14 6 5 26 24 24 12 31 59 3 16 19 4 96 214 406 212 305 947 88 201 46 266 136 67 156 936 392 471 230 715 526 126 316 222 119 1,781 58 118 51 99 2.52 37 64 11 60 65 24 43 224 117 136 57 204 131 28 70 66 34 443 73 144 67 94 294 20 70 22 85 42 20 43 281 104 139 75 232 191 44 116 62 36 660 83 143 94 112 401 31 67 13 Milliners 121 29 23 70 431 171 196 Silk mill ODeratives 98 279 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegrapti ana telephone operators 204 54 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 130 94 49 778 • SJ ITIVE WB ITE— BOT I PARENTS NATIVE. 2,541 256 2,286 790 821 676 2,131 135 1,996 633 741 622 140 122 248 244 101 65 253 245 152 971 11 11 48 7 10 3 16 26 12 111 129 111 200 237 91 62 237 219 140 860 42 42 79 70 32 16 94 66 48 301 51 39 63 81 29 22 81 93 67 305 36 30 58 86 30 24 62 60 35 264 132 109 155 230 83 48 246 229 130 769 10 9 13 3 7 122 100 142 227 76 48 232 208 123 718 40 37 51 63 22 9 91 59 38 223 48 36 46 80 25 21 80 90 53 262 34 27 45 84 29 18 14 21 7 61 61 Teachers and professors in coUeges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified) — All other occupations 59 32 233 NATIVE -W 'HITE— 0> E OK BOl PH PARENT S FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 6,424 450 5,974 1,535 1,806 2,633 5,826 278 5,548 1,343 1,681 2,524 160 262 147 199 774 68 161 185 122 660 6 10 8 15 70 3 23 7 5 27 154 252 139 184 704 65 138 178 117 633 31 71 31 54 179 26 37 33 31 137 62 80 45 52 221 15 49 51 25 185 71 101 63 78 304 24 52 94 61 311 167 255 140 187 671 52 115 173 117 634 6 9 6 10 43 2 6 6 4 18 161 246 134 177 628 50 109 168 113 616 31 69 27 49 150 21 30 31 28 127 62 78 44 52 195 10 39 47 24 182 68 99 63 Clerks and copyists 76 283 19 40 Milliners . 90 Packers and shippers 61 Saleswomen 307 1 Includes 222 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this tabic. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 337 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued. INDIANAPOIjIS, HfD.— Continued. FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having — Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGRO. 498 52 446 254 101 91 673 257 416 220 122 74 Tiflnnrlrpj^.'ifiR 261 146 29 16 7 232 130 84 121 74 59 59 26 17 52 31 8 362 209 112 130 77 50 222 132 62 124 66 30 60 42 20 38 24 All other occupations 91 12 JERSEY CITY, K. J. ALL CLAaSES.l All occupations 833 132 701 389 170 142 1,412 566 846 427 241 178 2 9 1 21 121 20 91 85 16 8 44 3 36 13 62 37 8 14 3 25 22 1 191 2 8 1 16 103 17 71 68 16 7 42 3 27 11 56 33 7 12 3 23 19 1 155 2 2 1 10 8 14 193 69 198 138 21 12 99 6 31 69 108 13 4 13 4 29 33 3 336 1 9 6 10 116 50 91 83 14 8 65 3 19 41 79 4 2 9 2 20 21 2 192 1 Bookkeepers and accountants ... 1 3 1 9 55 9 45 32 9 5 28 2 23 7 19 21 3 6 1 12 10 1 88 3 1 2 4 78 19 107 65 7 4 34 3 12 28 29 9 2 4 2 9 12 1 144 3 5 6 47 26 36 40 6 5 31 2 10 21 48 3 1 6 1 11 9 2 108 3 1 2 34 10 30 30 6 3 22 3 5 18 3 20 17 3 29 3 13 17 3 1 10 1 1 2 16 8 1 4 1 6 6 4 19 5 13 19 4 1 4 3' 2 21 4 3 2 1 5 3 2 34 14 26 13 Millinprs 2 1 2 12 1 9 2 6 4 1 2 4 14 16 1 1 3 5 6 16 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . . Tobacco and clear factory operatives 2 3 4 8 5 4 36 42 25 60 34 NATIVE WHITE- B OTH PAKE^ TS NATIVB All occupations Boolckeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Milliners Packers and shippers Saleswomen 233 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 186 13 125 1 Includes 222 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 165 28 137 80 38 19 245 92 153 77 42 34 3 5 29 6 5 8 4 7 11 87 3 2 1 1 7 6 8 % 13 9 3 9 11 115 1 1 29 3 3 2 1 4 5 43 4 7 36 6 10 7 2 5 6 72 2 2 ... 10 1 1 1 :.. 1 :.. 2 19 2 1 6 1 3 2 1 5 I 14 2 6 4 1 4 2 39 23 5 5 7 3 ! 6 1 11 1 70 1 14 6 4 3 2 3 8 39 11 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 7 2 2 24 2 17 14 64 1 1 12 4 12 1 12694—07- 338 WOMEN AT WORK, Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED .BY NUMBER OF OTHER ^BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. JERSEY CITY, X. J. -Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— continued. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors iii colleges, etc . . . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations 289 24 265 88 70 107 255 13 242 77 63 272 13 259 74 66 120 242 7 235 63 62 172 14 158 41 50 67 156 8 148 35 46 46S 16 449 101 146 202 461 15 446 100 146 339 33 306 68 96 142 328 32 296 63 92 222 14 208 41 72 95 202 10 192 33 69 209 22 187 53 52 82 187 14 173 47 47 1,718 140 1,578 439 480 659 1,494 70 1,424 362 433 FOEEIGK BOEN WHITE. 2,457 462 1,995 804 551 640 1,347 96 1,251 384 368 289 47 242 85 67 90 182 16 166 46 49 75 17 58 28 14 16 26 3 23 10 7 226 95 131 63 38 30 55 10 45 13 17 178 58 120 53 37 30 24 13 11 5 3 89 19 12 70 110 40 48 18 20 12 42 10 95 10 91 4 32 2 19 122 4 105 20 85 23 20 42 77 4 73 17 16 269 38 231 102 59 70 170 13 157 60 42 142 13 129 46 40 43 105 6 99 28 32 962 143 819 316 238 265 603 27 576 169 181 102 110 67 200 141 90 76 71 6 15 3 4 40 40 5S 39 226 KANSAS CITY, MO. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresaes Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations : All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers ■ Housekeepers and stewardesses. — Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music ALL CLASSES.! 567 398 312 914 73 1,725 205 199 136 691 622 940 655 154 460 132 1,357 4,647 341 244 201 564 22 304 111 142 303 39 24 217 23 457 25 24 32 35 101 197 22 54 13 232 264 359 288 697 50 1,268 180 175 104 656 521 743 586 132 406 119 1,125 3,484 162 136 106 341 24 646 76 260 231 344 237 53 185 44 479 2,275 1,914 70 127 100 215 10 342 51 49 27 193 166 196 190 46 118 41 334 32 96 82 141 16 280 53 203 124 203 159 33 103 34 312 5,483 76 348 278 404 38 469 163 143 42 598 358 497 605 417 119 830 65 28 17 66 7 I 11 320 261 338 31 64 405 12 151 15 128 11 31 18 580 36 322 60 437 67 548 10 1 45 10 372 109 764 1,780 NATIVE WHIT'E— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 186 27 14 138 3,823 155 217 187 426 16 235 97 126 94 95 73 215 100 52 72 1,198 43 81 67 136 2,958 45 212 178 223 10 151 84 104 2,653 6 192 167 182 10 138 78 93 113 94 114 13 127 55 208 116 153 214 26 162 37 255 1,031 114 90 119 5 132 45 34 10 182 106 128 181 36 110 39 248 903 1,534 77 105 13 146 51 25 5 190 100 156 153 26 100 33 261 719 38 43 49 1 47 19 16 1 Includes 1 Indian woman. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 339 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. JERSEY CITY, N. J.— Continued. ■ FEMALE BKEApWINNEBa 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN — continued. Seamstresses 6 15 11 3 7 9 8 74 1 2 3 5 13 8 3 6 8 6 61 2 4 4 1 3 2 3 32 1 3 4 2 28 15 5 1 4 11 14 160 10 4 3 1 18 11 2 9 7 2 6 3 Servants and waitresses 4 Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters 2 ) 1 3 1 11 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . 1 1 2 13 2 3 2 18 4 8 8 93 2 6 3 45 2 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . 3 6 57 2 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 3 29 2 19 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 384 62 332 194 70 68 726 314 412 226 113 73 Dressmakers .... . . 37 6 64 58 30 17 1 27 16 138 1 1 12 11 2 2 1 3 1 18 36 6 42 47 28 15 21 1 26 21 19 13 7 2 8 11 6 8 2 8 15 3 2 70 43 117 96 49 10 27 72 21 221 30 13 73 34 17 6 15 22 6 98 40 30 44 62 32 4 12 60 15 123 18 17 24 27 17 3 6 33 8 73 11 5 13 23 10 1 4 9 5 32 11 8 Laundresses 7 Merchants and dealers . 12 5 Seamstresses 2 24 15 120 9 10 74 8 3 25 7 2 21 8 Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... All other occupations 2 18 KANSAS CITY, MO. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers — Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tflilorpssps ■__.._-..------ Teachers andprofessors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners : Musicians and teachers of music ALL CLASSES. 1 1,681 141 27 18 220 531 26 35 30 63 96 192 17 25 10 92 16 14 143 4 56 17 24 249 99 107 24 16 194 464 20 32 28 46 79 162 16 24 10 8 200 127 3 304 16 22 21 31 51 102 160 2,376 350 23 16 290 27 725 17 21 64 261 33 31 33 6 282 1,031 5 125 11 326 8 6 19 9 48 107 11 3 121 1,345 146 15 11 165 16 16 46 31 120 144 22 20 24 2 161 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 591 66 15 13 129 2 47 14 23 204 16 198 420 120 6 2 83 4 47 5 4 84 10 7 115 4 50 5 10 765 10 4 100 8 216 5 5 27 21 64 38 4 4 43 5 114 3 155 51 24 8 1 2 3 72 27 1 2 22 17 3 1 4 5 1 Includes 1 Indian woman. 340 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. KAHSAS CITY, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No otlier bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Dressmakers Laundresses Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations , . . Dressmakers Servants and waitresses AU other occupations. . . All occupations. . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations. . . 2,063 126 235 162 232 129 90 198 92 690 2,096 1,196 617 282 NATIVE -WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. 71 21 50 34 10 6 28 7 21 10 8 401 21 '' 380 166- 111 103 335 12 323 124 103 418 57 361 153 123 86 227 16 211 69 75 172 30 142 69 29 44 103 15 88 30 24 4,35 39 396 167 128 101 397 31 366 150 119 84 15 69 31 22 16 45 5 40 13 15 .309 33 276 130 82 64 283 28 266 117 76 828 138 690 306 229 155 633 49 484 174 175 NATIVE WHITE— one; OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 295 1,768 648 619 591 1,664 126 1,438 449 446 60 39 28 8 3 19 14 5 2 3 9 ' 117 33 38 46 114 -7 107 27 34 60 185 75 61 49 136 13 123 40 41 22 140 52 30 58 103 6 97 26 21 11 221 72 67 82 212 6 206 63 65 29 100 40 30 30 97 13 84 32 26 9 81 33 24 24 71 4 67 24 21 27 171 61 55 66 187 24 163 55 56 12 80 29 21 30 86 11 75 25 20 66 624 226 185 214 639 28 611 166 161 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 744 183 561 269 141 151 380 57 323 127 78 85 22 63 36 13 16 40 11 29 12 6 61 18 43 23 7 13 37 6 31 16 6 598 143 465 211 121 123 303 40 263 100 68 564 349 140 75 1,531 847 477 207 802 467 219 116 228 136 152 122 286 102 482 149 261 82 51 84 38 ' 56 78 22 67 34 97 12 643 46 42 50 78 27 22 63 30 195 118 12 11 95 164 43 89 22 LOUISVILLE, KY. All occupations Boarding and lodging bouse keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists '. Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners '■ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seam stresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives .- • All other occupations , ALL CLASSES. 15,893 2,899 12,994 269 127 142 347 23 324 349 28 321 1,354 223 1,131 108 22 86 3,406 831 2,574 219 73 146 277 17 260 172 29 143 280 67 213 659 38 621 1,027 170 857 2,770 680 2,090 626 46 479 928 79 849 689 101 588 195 9 186 687 88 599 321 29 292 1,312 219 1,093 6,040 75 111 94 .396 33 1,278 69 86 62 111 175 297 986 167 251 44 190 62 349 3,763 38 100 108 321 29 708 41 76 36 209 250 556 160 241 51 188 70 324 4,201 29 113 119 414 24 100 46 42 237 310 548 162 367 184 91 221 160 420 9,604 321 319 1,006 250 131 136 612 715 1,312 512 816 599 179 508 290 935 16 21 116 212 10 14 23 22 74 293 43 56 8,421 6^ 306 697 38 236 108 114 586 641 1,019 469 760 524 174 475 274 848 2,487 4 102 85 261 18 188 12 71 42 46 158 182 352 161 198 36 UR 227 2,571 264 24 I 187 13 70 28 40 199 183 297 148 223 49 ( 162 64 267 1 110 115 374 18 222 13 95 38 28 229 276 370 160 171 197 154 364 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 341 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED' CITIES: 1900— Continued. KANSAS CITY, MO.— Continued. FEMALE BREAD-WINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME — Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having — No otlier bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. T-wo other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE "WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE — Continued. Nurses and mid wives . . 12 34 68 27 15 17 3 148 1 4 11 3 1 1 11 30 57 24 14 16 3 127 10 24 34 20 6 12 2 8g 1 5 17 1 7 2 1 30 31 32 123 42 23 22 23 147 13 5 30 12 7 9 5 68 18 27 93 30 16 13 18 79 14 18 60 19 11 6 11 44 1 3 31 4 2 5 5 24 3 Saleawomen 1 6 3 1 2 6 12 7 3 2 2 21 9 11 NATIVE "WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 183 31 152 100 34 18 306 138 168 99 39 30 Boarding and lodging house keepers 15 8 36 26 15 10 8 2 1 62 3 1 7 3 4 4 12 7 29 23 11 6 8 2 1 53 9 5 17 16 6 4 4 3 2 9 3 2 2 3 65 4 63 33 5 22 11 9 5 89 43 1 30 13 1 12 5 3 1 29 22 3 33 20 4 10 6 6 4 60 17 1 18 10 3 4 5 6 3 32 2 2 11 6 3 Dressmakers 3 4 3 i 4 1 3 3 1 2 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 1 38 i 14 9 10 5 14 FOREIGN BORN "WHITE. 129 26 103 67 23 13 235 100 135 75 40 20 23 6 lOO 3 1 22 20 5 78 16 3 48 3 1 19 1 1 11 22 18 195 8 11 81 14 7 114 7 5 63 5 1 34 2 1 17 NEGRO. 679 93 586 374 136 76 835 372 463 255 126 82 438 151 90 52 26 15 386 125 7S 247 75 52 84 34 18 55 16 5 565 180 90 253 79 40 312 101 50 169 60 26 89 24 13 54 17 11 LOTJISVIIiLE, KT. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists - • Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners - ■ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses andmidwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and prof essors in coUeges, etc . . . . Textile miU operatives (not otherwise specified) - -, Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 1,280 39 13 17 38 21 94 705 2 30 29 80 12 133 113 4 52 6 7 86 4 1,167 35 13 17 34 17 83 634 2 28 11 117 1,440 413 1 16 3 3 9 6 25 130 1 4 3,611 170 18 22 255 33 1,316 132 14 24 106 26 218 753 11 82 61 19 244 1,453 5 6 99 11 506 59 3 6 41 85 316 3 21 4 43 12 116 2,158 84 13 16 166 22 810 73 11 18 65 18 133 437 38 4 56 7 128 7 81 13 401 36 6 12 45 06 221 5 37 18 2 33 2 72 625 26 6 6 47 4 250 20 2 4 11 4 42 129 1 14 342 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. liOmSVILLB, KY.-Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Singl B (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners.- Other breadwinners. ) Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 4,389 688 3,701 1,328 1,160 1,213 3,315 328 2,987 945 966 1,076 Boarding and lodging house keepers Booldseepers and accountants 174 163 179 515 170 155 71 256 473 192 268 331 325 115 265 737 82 15 18 98 42 9 19 19 84 49 29 23 42 6 27 126 92 148 161 417 128 146 52 237 389 143 239 308 283 109 238 611 49 57 52 172 53 46 28 71 146 58 93 97 104 27 70 205 25 46 56 117 36 43 17 81 113 34 82 96 108 33 74 199 18 45 53 128 39 57 7 86 130 51 64 115 71 49 94 207 21 , 149 164 338 76 139 41 231 320 129 269 283 . 289 103 209 664 18 9 13 44 6 8 7 12 34 28 27 14 33 3 9 64 3 140 151 294 71 131 34 219 286 101 232 269 256 100 200 600 1 1 64 48 105 22 37 19 61 89 42 89 71 90 21 49 147 1 43 62 83 24 ■11 12 76 82 23 80 86 97 31 65 170 1 43 51 Dressmakers ' 106 25 Milliners 63 3 82 115 36 Stenographers and typewriters 63 112 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives 69 48 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 86 183 V NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN EORN. 4,711 522 4,189 1,180 1,207 1,802 4,034 318 . 3,716 940 1,081 1,695 168 154 701 220 112 366 407 207 251 543 206 133 241 230 772 g 10 88 40 7 17 54 30 17 49 31 6 23 17 125 160 144 613 180 105 349 353 177 234 494 175 127 218 213 647 45 39 184 49 37 95 88 52 73 129 50 30 63 41 205 53 46 172 47 28 115 104 43 65 138 56 31 73 50 186 62 59 257 84 40 139 161 82 96 227 69 66 82 122 256 159 142 604 140 103 349 341 169 247 494 193 125 203 213 662 7 8 67 15 5 14 33 15 16 38 27 3 13 12 56 162 134 647 125 98 .336 308 154 231 456 166 122 190 201 497 42 35 146 24 32 89 68 42 71 110 45 27 45 37 128 49 42 153 32 26 112 88 38 65 133 56 30 69 47 142 61 57 249 69 40 Saleswomen 134 162 7^ 95 213 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 66 66 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 76 117 227 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 805 217 588 261 168 169 371 55 316 110 91 116 81 724 24 193 57 531 23 238 20 138 14 166 52 319 12 43 40 276 12 98 16 75 12 103 NEGRO. 6,988 1,472 4, .516 2,271 ),228 1,017 1,884 482 1,402 492 433 477 2,938 118 101 2,290 139 123 279 716 17 24 577 28 27 83 2,222 101 77 1,713 111 96 196 1.163 52 41 853 44 40 88 615 23 22 459 29 30 60 454 26 14 401 38 26 68 683 55 34 962 102 62 96 190 7 6 238 16 7 19 393 48 28 724 87 45 77 140 16 13 260 31 10 27 129 15 8 220 24 17 21 125 18 7 248 Teachers and profeBsora in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 32 18 29 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 343 Table 29.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued LOUISVILLE, KX.-Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging houae Iseepers. . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Taiioresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations. FEMAIE BEE*DWINNEE3 16 YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Bookkeepers and accountants. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Laundresses Milliners Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. Taiioresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specificid) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations. . . Servants and waitresses All other occupations. . . All occupations Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. All other occupations Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwiimers. Total. One other. Two other. NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 752 318 434 109 61 48 10 5 5 13 4 9 138 53 85 59 29 30 9 1 8 25 11 14 15 4 ■ 11 108 44 64 40 19 21 7 2 5 34 8 26 32 8 24 6 2 3 33 15 18 115 52 63 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN. 163 1 . 1 13 ' 11 4 i 3 I ^1 37 5 28 10 171 2 19 5 104 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 83 43 26 306 12 131 189 14 175 2,070 181 1,889 1,203 95 1,108 23 23 27 1 26 671 67 604 17 1 16 41 6 35 88 11 77 658 I 1? 402 9 ■ 22 37 229 123 2,'i 13 2 2 4 4 43 27 14 8 5 1 9 2 6 2 33 18 5 3 1 16 9 11 11 2 1 11 4 36 15 81 422 305 2,034 809 1,225 617 373 261 189 1,152 431 721 355 226 3 3 40 10 30 20 5 6 3 40 17 23 11 8 122 80 657 272 386 195 117 3 4 20 12 8 4 2 8 5 30 14 16 8 5 19 21 95 53 42 24 10 More than two other. 10 1 1 15 8 2 3 3 13 7 1 1 12 70 1 3 3 22 2 31 235 140 5 4 73 2 3 8 344 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. LOWELL, MASS. FEMALE BREAD-WINlgEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having — Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwirmers. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. 1 Two other. More than two other. ALL CLASSES. 1 AU occupations 1 10,347 1,032 9,315 3,010 2,301 4,004 7,549 555 6,994 1,659 1,812 3,523 Boarding and lodging house keepers 182 311 118 268 196 2,747 551 1,398 172 144 133 71 333 77 249 99 308 1,371 128 76S 723 85 36 7 25 19 207 95 45 32 28 8 17 23 20 45 9 61 103 6 50 111 97 275 111 243 177 2,540 466 1,353 140 116 125 54 310 57 204 90 247 1,268 122 718 612 46 99 29 63 58 867 179 293 48 68 46 29 96 23 82 35 103 375 34 217 231 22 86 31 65 64 546 119 350 43 21 25 17 91 13 51 29 76 246 30 209 177 30 90 51 115 65 1,127 168 710 49 37 54 S 123 21 71 26 68 647 58 292 204 40 282 89 217 169 1,861 324 1,219 90 43 112 28 270 47 141 96 296 987 96 620 523 24 32 4 16 14 103 47 27 12 6 7 6 18 7 20 9 65 57 3 30 58 16 250 85 201 155 1,758 277 1,192 78 37 105 22 262 40 121 87 241 9.30 92 .390 465 8 85 16 35 46 399 72 214 22 13 33 11 58 12 41 33 99 181 18 128 136 2 80 26 57 48 400 79 313 19 6 22 8 79 9 29 ■ 29 75 180 21 185 146 6 85 Boot and shoe makers and repairers Carpet factory operatives 44 109 62 959 Dressmakers 126 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 665 37 18 Milliners 50 3 115 19 Servants and waitresses 51 25 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 67 6f.9 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . 53 277 All other occupations 183 NATIVE WS ITE— EOT H PARENT S NATIVE. All occupations . 1,683 343 1,340 634 391 316 1,197 201 996 414 315 267 123 97 173 122 199 35 66 49 167 147 71 434 18 14 32 41 17 6 11 14 42 19 16 113 105 83 141 81 182 29 .55 35 125 128 58 321 54 38 66 46 68 18 28 20 63 46 33 165 31 26 40 24 56 8 19 6 38 44 11 89 20 20 36 11 58 3 8 9 24 38 11 77 108 83 112 53 161 13 53 27 159 113 43 272 16 10 17 21 10 3 9 7 37 14 9 48 92 73 95 32 151 10 44 20 122 99 34 224 46 33 39 16 48 6 19 9 60 28 19 94 28 22 28 12 49 3 18 3 38 38 8 68 19 18 Cotton mill operatives 28 5 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 54 2 7 8 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 24 33 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) — 7 62 NATIVE WHITE— 01 «E on BO TH PARENl 'S FOKEIG> BORN. AU occupations 3,659 241 3,318 870 913 1,535 3,037 167 2,870 626 812 1,432 Bookkeepers and accountants 139 147 781 156 448 150 48 130 616 130 339 575 13 6 43 22 10 8 5 17 40 8 14 55 126 141 738 134 438 142 43 113 476 122 325 520 33 28 207 41 88 36 11 35 136 31 80 144 35 45 181 32 120 41 17 35 138 24 96 149 58 68 350 61 230 65 15 43 202 67 149 227 132 133 627 120 41S 135 35 128 420 114 305 470 13 5 28 16 8 7 3 17 25 6 9 31 119 128 599 104 410 128 32 111 395 109 296 439 32 21 128 29 77 24 7 36 93 22 63 95 33 43 152 25 113 40 13 34 114 22 91 132 54 64 Cotton mill operatives , 319 60 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 220 64 12 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 42 188 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . 65 142 212 I Includes 17 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS,' FOR SELECTED CITIES. 345 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued LOWELL, MASS. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwlves Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not other^sise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) , . . Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations ^ Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. All other occupations All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants. Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) '-w'^:" Textile workers (not otherwise speeifled) . . Woolen mill operatives All other occupations FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS OE AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— =COntinued . Married. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. 1,855 46 20 21 36 14 674 141 146 22 287 26 99 111 359 7 10 115 23 22 14 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. ALL CLASSES.^ 138 1,717 39 37 19 21 32 13 633 131 140 18 52 16 12 47 9 43 3 3 272 26 95 96 1,053 17 11 12 23 7 397 84 167 14 71 64 318 346 139 21 39 4 943 212 86 33 339 604 149 48 21 44 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 216 137 43 36 231 103 128 4 7 2 13 2 4 5 5 4 1 3 7 4 10 19 47 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 110 23 192 74 18 163 Two other. 52 20 10 3 3 1 2 5 2 6 3 71 , 49 •£^ 14 10 5 18 18 15 7 ^^ 11 6 6 3 6 1 20 6 ? 27 17 2 1 18 10 31 14 27 More than two other. 1 Includes 17 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 346 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. IjOWEI^L, MASS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). Total.. Living in families having— Total. • Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. FOREIGN BORN WHITF. All occupations 5,088 446 4,642 1,496 994 2,162 3,306 187 3,119 616 682 1.822 Boarding and lodging house keepers Carpet factory operatives 105 105 1,793 272 751 97 83 117 151 780 133 373 328 43 15 132 32 18 19 16 4 26 54 9 30 48 62 90 1,661 240 733 78 67 113 125 726 124 343 280 27 32 695 91 137 24 33 32 50 217 36 116 106 14 17 325 63 174 26 14 31 28 79 33 101 89 21 41 741 86 422 28 20 50 47 430 66 126 85 29 72 1,122 160 640 51 13 82 78 507 96 274 193 17 8 68 10 9 6 3 2 10 24 3 18 19 12 - 64 1,064 140 631 45 10 80 68 483 92 256 6 13 j 232 ; 27 ; 89 17 6 15 24 1 12 220 42 151 11 2 21 13 6 39 612 71 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 391 17 3 44 Servants and waitresses 31 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) - . i 73 41 369 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . 20 22 53 83 .50 120 All other occupations . 174 ,, 42 63. 69 ALL CLASSES. > 16.406 1,812 . 14,694 4,574 4,600 5,420 13, 511 869 12, 64^ 3,473 4,077 6,092 Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkpcpers and accountants 299 230 483 276 451 213 2,719 574 120 1,027 240 630 208 265 199 1,396 824 1,095 765 656 766 230 206 172 2,362 145 7 45 16 19 21 267 23 33 260 72 49 28 54 4 69 94 100 51 45 113 10 8 6 274 154 223 438 260 432 192 2,452 551 87 767 168 581 180 211 195 1.327 730 995 714 611 663 220 198 167 2,088 94 41 136 50 145 63 804 102 36 334 84 186 78 109 46 340 228 318 252 178 244 39 49 32 699 37 79 143 91 139 59 728 176 30 218 57 166 53 66 67 481 219 298 230 195 199 78 60 50 702 23 103 160 119 148 80 920 273 22 215 27 230 49 46 93 606 283 379 232 238 210 103 89 85 787 46 226 466 263 422 180 2,308 667 80 377 62 663 171 90 197 1,338 708 949 743 669 738 219 196 164 1,889 27 7 39 10 16 8 166 15 19 32 11 34 17 16 3 63 40 49 48 33 100 6 6 3 111 19 219 427 253 406 172 2,152 542 61 345 41 529 154 74 194 1,276 668 900 695 636 638 213 190 161 1,778 10 41 127 49 134 43 619 98 20 92 15 160 64 39 44 316 197 272 238 136 237 ^35 44 32 411 6 77 141 86 127 52 651 174 24 98 17 155 48 20 57 464 199 271 228 180 193 76 59 46 629 4 101 159 118 145 77 882 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 270 17 155 9 214 Musicians and teachers of music 42 15 93 495 272 357 229 220 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 208 102 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) , . . Tolmcco and cigar factory operatives 87 83 738 NATIVE V raiTE— BC TH PAREN rs NATIVE All occupations 2,049 262 1,797 711 612 474 1,713 130 1,583 677 566 440 Bookkeepers and accountants . . . 113 109 258 100 26 226 103 223 206 113 572 13 2 28 7 8 15 8 21 33 7 110 100 107 230 93 18 211 95 202 173 106 462 36 38 98 37 10 62 33 94 83 42 178 36 36 69 28 6 96 37 72 60 41 141 28 33 63 28 2 63 26 36 40 23 143 106 100 20S 93 16 217 90 210 190 100 383 10 2 10 4 3 13 4 20 26 3 35 96 98 198 89 13 204 86 190 164 97 348 33 32 76 36 9 61 29 84 77 35 105 35 33 62 27 3 93 35 71 47 39 121 28 33 60 Milliners 26 1 50 22 stenographers and typewriters . . 35 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . 40 23 122 ■ Includes 51 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 347 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. liOTTELL, MASS.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE EBEADWINNEBS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Living in families having — Otlier breadwinners. No other bread- winners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Living in Jamilies having- Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. FOREIGN BORN WHIT3 All occupations Boarding and lodging house Iceepers Carpet factory operatives Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and loiittlng mill operatives Houseljeepers and stewardesses Laundresses , Saleswomen : , Servants and waitresses Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Woolen mill operatives All Other occupations 1,236 27 25 515 81 97 11 40 28 29 206 31 64 82 77 24 22 485 75 94 10 37 27 25 196 29 63 72 13 16 310 53 45 3 19 15 12 122 15 201 4 1 109 11 27 49 8 156 41 14 35 30 7 44 26 4 112 25 MII^W^ATJKBE, "VVIS. ALL CLASSES. ^ l.liO 170 940 571 214 165 1,785 773 1,012 630 309 173 Boarfiine; and lodging house keepers 1 4 4 14 16 180 7 14 212 53 40 20 91 1 37 29 44 7 37 11 ! 1 207 16 55 3 3 37 12 2 2 6 1 182 1 13 9 15 17 231 10 26 438 135 27 17 84 1 21 87 102 15 50 17 8 6 7 266 102 80 1 8 7 15 6 138 2 16 247 80 16 9 54 47 20 13 1 i 4 3 2 18 1 5 11 93 8 10 191 55 11 8 30 1 4 44 43 3 11 10 4 7 1 6 2 73 1 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 5 7 3 40 1 3 81 22 6 4 15 1 11 14 162 7 10 175 47 36 17 83 1 35 19 36 7 36 8 3 2 169 5 8 112 4 6 111 25 20 10 42 1 16 11 15 4 24 1 3 2 6 4 37 1 3 39 18 4 1 21 1 2 13 2 1 26 4 12 6 20 2 1 25 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 4 37 6 4 3 8 9 131 44 6 4 28 4 35 14 4 1 11 • 2 10 8 9 3 10 10 5 11 3 4 2 17 43 59 12 39 7 4 6 5 141 8 20 31 10 18 6 1 3 8 17 17 2 7 1 2 1 4 43 1 6 11 1 3 8 5 14 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mUl operatives (not otherwise 1 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .... Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 2 2 1 26 2 125 1 38 ' 113 1 30 75 23 126 N ATIVE "WI IITE— BOl H PARENT 3 NATIVE. All occupations 21 105 68 20 17 210 101 109 66 26 17 2 4 21 2 1 5 4 3 5 3 76 1 19 61 1 2 4 5 5 29 5 9 4 9 10 11 10 113 2 3 5 13 3 4 3 5 9 5 6 53 3 4 8 1 2 14 i" 3 1 3 2 1 1 i' 12 2 1 1 1 16 2 5 1 4 1 6 4 60 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 8 4 : 30 1 2 2 1 3 43 ' 2 Teachers and professors in coUeges, etc ..... Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. .. 1 3 15 8 10 11 1 Includes 51 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table 348 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued. FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Slngl 3 (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in lamilies having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two otter. NATIVE "WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 9,90b 839 9,064 2,601 2,807 3,756 8,953 528 8,425 2,157 2,633 3,636 Boarding and lodging house keepers 105 175 330 190 284 143 1,823 352 69 355 456 133 87 131 989 621 640 487 380 482 160 142 108 1,362 46 5 27 12 14 11 163 7 15 76 37 13 11 2 47 54 48 26 26 60 3 4 1 131 59 170 303 178 270 132 1,660 345 54 279 418 120 76 129 942 467 592 461 354 422 157 138 107 1,231 34 30 87 37 79 36 499 56 18 91 127 50 38 30 234 128 173 141 93 140 25 27 19 310 14 58 97 67 89 40 487 105 21 82 115 37 20 29 320 140 174 142 110 129 51 46 29 405 11 82 119 74 102 56 674 186 15 106 176 33 IS 70 388 199 245 178 151 153 81 65 59 616 25 172 321 183 272 128 1,610 347 55 216 420 120 57 131 968 463 589 481 355 472 157 138 106 1,179 12 5 25 9 12 6 103 6 12 16 29 10 6 2 43 27 32 26 21 54 3 3 13 167 296 174 260 123 1,507 341 43 199 391 110 51 129 915 436 557 456 334 418 154 136 106 1,111 7 30 82 36 76 30 408 54 13 47 110 45 23 30 224 112 161 138 83 139 22 25 19 243 3 67 96 65 84 37 445 103 17 60 111 33 15 29 308 132 161 142 106 128 51 46 27 377 3 80 118 73 100 56 654 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 184 13 92 Milliners 170 32 13 70 383 192 235 StenoeTaT)hers and tvnewriters 176 Tailoresaes 145 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 161 81 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 64 59 68 491 F( JREIGN B 5KN WHITE All occupations 4,403 698 3,705 1,341 1,176 1,189 2,830 205 2,625 735 874 1,016 Boarding and lodging house keepers 117 632 206 27 614 131 150 181 234 339 244 76 125 1,327 57 75 15 5 170 43 33 7 34 39 17 19 8 176 60 557 191 22 444 88 117 174 200 300 227 57 117 1,161 37 206 42 11 218 42 61 44 75 107 72 20 40 367 16 169 64 7 128 32 30 66 57 84 72 20 30 401 7 183 86 4 98 14 26 65 68 109 83 17 47 383 10 488 196 17 139 16 17 163 186 266 184 74 96 980 7 43 8 2 14 6 7 7 10 12 11 19 3 66 3 445 187 15 126 10 10 156 176 254 173 66 92 924 1 135 39 6 37 4 •3I 66 81 41 20 29 238 1 142 64 5 34 6 2 63 46 73 61 18 25 336 1 168 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 84 4 64 1 1 62 64 100 71 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified) 17 38 351 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ALL CLASSES.! All occupations 9,922 1,879 8,043 3,667 2,429 1,947 7,302 869 6,433 2,624 2,045 1,764 Boarding and lodging house keepers 320 477 488 1,326 135 681 289 267 269 619 165 61 38 324 30 266 22 32 73 62 165 426 460 1,002 105 416 267 225 196 667 96 184 177 504 68 217 114 108 116 214 44 141 141 282 27 116 71 90 49 195 15 101 132 216 20 83 82 27 31 148 45 440 449 861 80 286 257 209 113 544 33 38 31 146 14 71 14 27 22 47 12 402 418 716 66 214 243 182 91 497 10 168 161 305 34 90 102 77 48 173 1 135 129 223 17 66 63 79 23 181 1 99 128 187 15 58 26 20 Saleswomen 143 1 Includes 141 negro and 4 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 349 Table 29,— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued. MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME — continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. >CCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in famihes having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two Other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. All occupations 367 62 315 176 78 61 583 269 324 168 96 Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders 21 2 2 2 6 7 93 3 S 47 21 5 10 4 17 2 2 11 3 1 1 3 1 .59 1 7 6 6 8 120 2 9 93 14 8 20 30 29 1 5 6^ 3 70 1 6 42 7 6 16 16 8 5 1 Bookkeepers and accountants 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 36 1 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 2 2 1 10 2 3 1 21 1 1 16 2 4 1 1 Clerks and copyists 4 6 83 3 5 38 20 4 9 2 4 65 1 2 24 14 3 3 2 2 21 1 3 7 2 2 Confectioners 5 60 1 3 61 7 2 4 Dressmakers 7 1 13 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses 3 20 3 2 12 2 Laundresses 9 1 1 1 7 4 1 2 7 MilUners 2 Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives 4 3 17 18 20 4 8 4 2 1 1 4 3 16 14 17 4 8 2 2 4 8 2 2 4 7 2 7 6 4 8 2 2 2 14 40 31 2 17 6 1 3 3 114 3 23 13 1 6 4 11 17 18 1 12 2 1 3 2 61 6 8 10 1 6 1 1 2 5 6 6 Seamstresses Servants and waitresses 3 2 2 2 1 4 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 2 2 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . 1 1 1 63 2 16 69 10 69 34 13 12 33 13 FO ilEIGN BO BN WHITE. All occupations . 605 95 610 318 116 77 968 398 570 288 186 96 Boarding and lodging house keepers 31 65 4 3 153 30 80 15 8 15 29 2 20 150 10 6 21 59 4 2 127 29 73 15 2 11 28 2 17 120 14 42 3 2 80 14 38 12 6 12 1. 5 1 76 79 7 7 322 86 53 3 40 58 31 40 26 7 2 130 36 19 36 63 22 28 9 15 5 10 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 1 26 1 7 5 192 49 34 3 22 36 26 3 101 24 16 1 9 18 11 2 64 15 11 1 10 10 5 30 12 17 1 1 1 6 2 2 25 17 3 18 2 1 2 2 27 10 7 1 6 4 1 is 23 5 3 8 20 7 10 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified).-. 3 30 8 77 7 18 10 197 2 90 8 107 3 62 3 41 2 14 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ALL CLASSES. 1 All occupations - Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers ' • Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses MilUners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Saleswomen 1,088 211 877 603 178 96 1,532 799 733 440 206 87 87 1 16 24 2 3 28 3 49 2 63 14 24 160 6 86 14 35 43 42 44 7 12 122 2 59 5 26 24 29 15 5 9 26 3 15 6 8 10 10 4 2 3 12 1 12 3 } 3 188 21 12 277 46 261 16 13 105 32 108 11 4 160 13 146 6 5 43 14 80 10 8 127 33 116 10 8 62 18 42 9 4 77 22 68 7 5 44 12 28 1 3 33 7 35 2 3 16 4 10 i 27 ' • 188 9 1 135 16 35 1 17 4 13 1 61 43 8 1 2 2 1 Includes 141 negro and 4 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 350 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.-Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. ALL CLASSES "—continued. 683 651 604 155 848 169 133 1,818 117 131 60 26 116 16 13 339 566 520 544 129 732 154 120 1,479 220 259 259 61 325 46 51 668 185 142 166 37 204 39 40 460 161 119 119 31 203 69 29 361 576 489 551 129 766 154 110 1,244 63 61 63 18 92 9 6 124 513 428 498 111 674 145 104 1,120 187 193 228 50 286 42 41 429 172 123 159 34 193 38 35 374 154 Servants and waitresses 112 Stenographers and typewriters . . 111 27 Teachers and professors In colleges, etc Textile mill operatives 195 65 Textile worlcers (not otherwise specified). . . 28 317 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 2,754 573 2,181 1,109 693 379 1,897 259 1.638 767 561 320 190 172 304 27 75 128 100 168 99 73 240 472 706 24 20 100 11 8 18 30 21 32 18 30 84 177 166 152 204 16 67 110 70 147 67 65 210 388 529 86 59 114 •5 35 64 36 65 34 26 110 201 274 54 49 59 6 20 41 26 46 23 16 68 116 170 26 44 31 5 12 6 8 36 10 13 32 72 85 167 153 128 14 62 99 41 144 64 50 201 411 363 16 18 29 6 4 16 6 17 14 6 23 66 40 161 137 99 8 68 83 36 127 50 44 178 345 323 76 49 46 2 31 47 17 49 22 18 89 174 147 60 46 31 2 18 32 12 43 18 14 64 105 116 25 Clerks and copyists.. 42 22 4 Milliners 9 4 Nurses and midwi ves . . 6 35 10 Servants and waitresses. . 12 25 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations . . .... 66 60 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PAKEN TS ' rOREIG N BORN. All occupations 4,158 528 3,630 1,478 1,112 1,040 3,613 302 3,211 1,205 1,016 990 229 239 593 44 140 150 99 65 315 333 248 309 305 91 106 892 24 13 106 7 32 7 6 13 27 42 37 26 23 5 8 154 205 226 488 37 108 143 93 52 288 291 211 284 282 86 98 738 80 89 228 21 45 56 33 35 107 98 99 126 101 25 44 291 67 72 139 8 27 40 44 8 105 101 60 82 73 25 25 236 58 66 121 8 36 47 16 9 76 92 62 76 108 36 29 211 220 230 458 28 88 ''^ 37 284 288 212 299 290 87 89 676 20 11 60 5 8 6 6 4 18 19 23 25 20 2 6 69 200 219 398 23 80 131 84 33 266 269 189 274 270 86 83 607 77 87 161 12 31 61 25 20 92 85 84 120 90 26 34 211 66 68 123 5 18 34 43 7 101 96 66 79 72 25 24 201 58 64 114 6 31 46 16 6 73 88 Servants and waitresses . ... 50 75 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 108 36 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . . 26 195 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 2,866 732 2,133 1,011 608 614 1,848 299 1,549 629 472 448 Boarding and lodging house keepers 142 418 63 469 100 136 249 266 93 70 126 743 72 118 12 207 28 14 43 «54 20 9 15 140 70 300 61 252 72 122 206 212 73 61 111 603 43 154 32 145 43 42 86 104 36 22 43 261 20 83 12 70 16 44 61 60 22 16 32 173 7 63 7 37 14 36 59 48 15 23 36 169 21 271 37 173 34 116 224 207 80 64 109 512 16 67 3 . 67 12 12 30 28 14 1^ 57 6 214 34 116 22 104 194 179 66 58 101 455 5 95 20 53 10 32 80 82 32 21 36 163 1 68 9 39 4 37 58 51 19 16 29 141 si 5 24 Nurses and midwives-. ' 8 35 56 46 16 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . . 21 36 151 1 Includes 141 negro and 4 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 351 Table 29. —FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.-Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One Other. Two Other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Total. Seamstresses , Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accounta-nts Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives - - Textile workers (not otherwise si>ecifiea) All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Tfliloresses ....-..-.----......■-- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations 296 ALL CLASSES' — Continued. 39 12 27 18 7 2 68 42 26 15 6 VO 22 48 37 6 5 92 48 44 29 13 33 1 32 20 6 6 20 6 14 11 1 13 1 12 9 2 1 13 7 6 2 1 40 4 36 25 7 4 42 20 22 14 4 A 5 7 223 2 5 157 3 10 15 301 6 6 165 4 9 136 2 5 72 1 3 45 S 1 50 2 41 273 25 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 373 52 321 205 76 40 484 262 9 13 76 •> 8 12 67 1 7 4 9 47 3 1 15 1 2 1 2 5 14 6 100 11 5 7 3 62 4 3 8 2 3 '3 23 10 15 7 15 4 11 3 7 4 3 4 1 2 1 6 45 9 25 2 20 4 15 14 15 in 3 8 3 1 2 26 5 24 23 119 4 15 15 76 16 15 14 36 198 9 6 16 111 25 25 145 3 6 27 4 25 :i 5 i| 10 il NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 165 53 19 3 1 4 ? 1 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 349 19 24 19 3 4 3 9 114 167 4 7 2 !- 26 FOREIGN BOKN WHITE. 280 203 4 5 7 5 6 6 1 5 1 1 1 2 2 648 38 4 19 37 7 2 12 133 44 52 7 113 14 2 12 18 5 2 5 70 304 179 1 Includes 141 negro and 4 Indian women, lor whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 352 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NBTV^ ORLEANS, LA. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Singl 3 (including unknown) . Living in families having— Living in families having— • Other breadwinners. Other breadwinners. No other Total. No Other bread- More bread- More winners. Total. One Two than winners. Total. One Two than other. other. two other. other. two Other. other. ALL CLASSES. 20,578 4,526 16,052 6,803 4,628 4,621 8,996 1,250 7,746 2,303 2,497 2,946 510 340 170 HO 32 28 112 100 12 7 2 3 251 31 220 70 68 92 199 15 184 53 52 79 315 24 291 87 92 112 268 9 249 68 82 99 1,377 330 1,047 407 322 318 763 120 643 197 206 240 118 60 58 26 19 13 41 15 26 11 7 8 270 79 191 87 58 46 96 17 79 30 31 18 5,533 1,363 4,170 2,121 1,128 921 889 225 664 227 213 224 481 168 313 190 78 45 41 16 25 14 8 3 161 22 139 46 35 58 129 16 113 31 29 63 259 50 209 79 67 63 179 24 155 51 57 47 422 82 340 147 90 103 162 16 146 39 45 62 671 66 605 186 175 244 604 49 555 164 161 230 2,250 436 1,814 669 664 691 1,176 136 1,039 281 351 407 4,890 1,002 3,888 1,664 1,071 1,153 2,147 278 1,869 524 585 760 292 28 264 94 73 92 274 23 251 89 74 88 210 21 189 71 52 66 125 8 117 33 37 ' 47 885 111 774 269 258 247 758 78 680 225 226 229 381 36 345 88 127 130 354 29 326 79 122 124 1,302 277 1,025 402 324 299 690 '76 614 180 209 225 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,595 711 2,884 990 ^930 964 2,523 278 2,245 652 763 830 170 118 20 52 127 35 41 10 36 7 60 41 118 38 7 3 111 2 34 1 32 147 45 135 7 128 35 41 52 121 2 119 31 39 49 413 94 319 104 106 109 244 30 214 54 74 86 172 47 125 52 40 33 64 7 57 18 20 19 108 20 88 34 26 28 80 10 70 25 25 20 40 8 32 18 5 9 20 3 17 6 5 6 280 29 251 86 67 99 261 21 240 80 63 97 507 116 391 127 145 119 304 37 267 60 112 95 283 56 227 74 76 77 199 27 172 49 68 65 167 17 150 62 43 55 154 14 140 49 40 61 338 33 305 99 87 119 298 23 275 88 78 109 154 7 147 42 55 60 150 7 143 39 55 49 681 139 542 192 193 157 469 62 417 117 161 139 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTE FOREIGN BORN. 4,236 756 3,480 1,230 1,102 1,148 2,818 332 2,486 .745 794 947 120 162 72 11 48 151 32 46 9 47 7 58 17 130 15 6 2 124 2 34 41 49 523 117 406 168 122 126 339 62 287 98 88 101 228 50 178 79 55 44 70 8 62 23 ' 17 22 168 49 119 74 32 13 22 9 13 7 ! 3 3 105 20 85 31 30 24 73 10 63 i 19 25 19 363 33 330 91 100 139 326 27 299 76 1 93 130 646 115 531 187 161 183 417 57 360 \ 112 111 137 417 70 347 110 110 127 263 28 235 68 61 106 125 11 114 42 35 37 120 9 111 40 34 37 367 64 313 103 122 88 328 44 284 90 110 84 188 19 169 39 66 65 173 15 158 36 61 61 824 135 689 238 214 237 540 52 488 140 150 198 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 1,274 483 786 430 215 141 220 76 144 69 37 38 120 47 73 43 16 14 36 8 28 17 4 7 116 239 133 47 90 53 69 149 80 38 88 42 23 36 25 8 25 13 5 4 31 4 1 9 1 3 22 3 8 6 8 117 53 64 38 17 9 37 13 24 13 7 4 549 198 351 181 98 72 107 41 66 28 20 18 All occupations. . ^ Boarding and lodging house keepers — Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses - Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives... All other occupations All occupations , Boarding and lodging house keepers — Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Laundresses Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc, Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . , Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Laundresses Merchants and dealers Musicians and teachers of music Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . AH other occupations All occupations.. . Dressmakers Laundresses Merchants and dealers.. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Ail other occupations... OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 353 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen • Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Laundresses Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives... Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar lactory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME — continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- ■ winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. ALL CLASSES. 29 18 168 17 96 2,184 114 15 26 101 26 380 1,277 6 30 30 9 197 659 4,248 2,.'i23 905 S20 6,775 2,717 4,058 1,977 1,226 .■!3 51 35 10 6 314 207 107 68 20 5 24 15 2 7 23 11 12 2 4 IS 12 3 3 39 15 24 7 7 33 135 77 37 21 446 177 269 133 79 8 9 5 3 1 60 37 23 10 9 24 72 40 15 17 78 38 40 17 12 186 1,998 1,162 448 388 2,460 952 1,508 732 467 14 100 68 19 13 326 138 188 108 51 1 14 8 3 3 17 5 12 7 3 6 20 14 3 3 54 20 34 14 7 8 93 58 16 19 169 68 101 50 29 6 20 11 4 5 41 11 30 11 10 35 345 178 80 87 695 266 430 200 133 150 1,127 713 207 207 1,466 574 892 427 279 1 6 2 1 2 12 4 8 3 3 1 29 17 6 6 55 12 43 21 9 3 27 13 8 6 97 30 67 31 24 1 8 4 2 2 18 6 12 5 3 44 153 91 38 24 416 157 258 131 77 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 278 63 216 126 49 41 794 22 12 5 10 4 12 8 5 26 31 8 6 3 13 14 2 1 1 10 9 2 1 1 3 8 107 17 9 134 73 35 35 9 4 7 2 5 6 3 34 17 4 5 2 22 8 1 1 21 14 13 166 60 6 6 3 3 7 1 5 6 37 24 7 4 6 7 1 5 7 2 54 2 2 2 34 1 1 2 4 7 33 2 138 1 74 20 13 7 424 213 118 37 25 7 8 1 3 4 1 1 79 37 22 37 20 11 13 5 1 9 8 7 3 3 90 45 28 38 17 13 5 1 2 23 9 8 2 71 1 41 19 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. Boarding and lodging house keepers. . Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Laundresses Merchants and dealers Musicians and teachers of music . Saleswomen Seamstresses Seirvants and waitresses 24 10 > 37 t 38 41 11 14 66 31 Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . . All other occupations 4 3 106 All occupations . . . Dressmakers Laundresses Merchants and dealers. . Seamstresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations — 300 167 71 62 17 11 5 1 10 7 1 2 22 16 2 4 31 17 7 7 35 24 7 4 9 6 2 1 12 8 1 3 47 17 12 18 29 13 9 7 2 1 i 2 22 3 i 14 83 47 349 79 22 147 120 50 50 36 105 34 71 21 8 13 23 4 19 173 49 124 123 40 83 5 2 3 35 8 27 12 4 8 178 60 US FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 19 50 12 13 116 103 26 835 75 92 185 90 67 326 36 39 85 42 36 131 39 53 100 48 31 195 318 19 5 44 39 43 6 7 .58 29 2 12 3 51 23 29 53 27 19 107 More than two other. 12694—07- -23 354 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families liaving — Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGRO. 11, 473 2,671 8,902 4,153 2,381 2,368 3,435 564 2,871 837 903 1,131 Boarding and lodging house keepers 128 321 61 149 5,017 273 964 4,073 146 341 87 72 3.-, 42 1,219 51 152 823 10 82 41 249 28 107 3,798 222 812 3,250 136 259 27 102 13 45 1,952 87 303 1,442 55 127 4 78 8 30 1,010 58 233 868 45 47 10 69 7 32 836 77 276 940 36 85 37 144 23 46 750 113 423 1,648 118 133 30 30 8 10 206 10 33 210 6 21 7 114 15 36 544 103 390 1,438 112 112 3 28 9 14 186 27 101 394 43 32 1 40 1 12 176 30 122 459 36 26 3 46 Houselccepers and stewardesses 5 Laborers (not specified) 10 182 46 Servants and waitresses 585 Teacliers and professors in colleges, etc 33 54 NEW YORK, X. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH). All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers , Bookbinders Bookkeepera and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers , Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses , Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers , , Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cufF makers Silk mill onero tives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses , Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) , Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . , All other occupations , All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoemakers and repairers. . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers ALL CLASSES. 67,927 8,904 59,023 20,364 18,041 20, 628 52,816 4,126 48,689 14, 463 15,399 18,827 719 353 366 211 98 r.7 105 66 39 26 9 4 1,707 105 1,602 416 470 716 1,614 86 1,.628 380 451 697 2,387 144 2,243 715 676 863 2,286 117 2,169 676 669 834 667 43 624 163 188 273 610 30 680 140 173 267 883 46 837 219 281 337 818 31 787 201 264 322 2,554 211 2,343 714 736 893 2,390 162 2,228 656 707 866 334 72 262 88 77 97 201 20 181 41 66 85 8,071 1,257 6,814 2,532 2,003 2,279 6,930 636 5,294 1,672 1,600 2,022 385 29 356 121 102 133 344 22 322 103 93 126 612 91 521 234 131 166 386 39 346 161 84 HI 437 101 330 203 88 45 31 7 24 16 4 5 473 lOi 372 121 118 133 296 27 269 62 96 111 3,933 1,299 2,634 1,375 711 548 1,142 256 887 330 270 287 1,522 628 994 560 252 182 313 84 229 84 71 74 1,547 121 1,426 447 466 613 1,379 71 1,308 387 430 491 959 130 829 368 258 203 776 82 693 291 226 176 1,330 372 958 476 262 220 472 88 384 145 118 121 870 41 829 224 257 348 832 30 802 214 248 340 414 31 383 112 119 152 385 21 364 102 112 160 ,5,813 346 5,467 1,567 1,767 2,133 5,471 279 6,192 1,425 1,687 2,080 3,029 472 2, 557 900 761 890 2,368 214 2.154 676 666 822 3,855 669 3,286 1,232 954 1,100 2,816 219 2,696 865 766 965 324 31 293 93 88 112 273 21 252 71 78 103 362 20 332 68 112 162 328 15 313 55 109 149 3,562 280 .3,282 1,064 1,068 1,160 3,464 255 3,199 1,033 1,037 1,129 4,962 486 4,476 1,448 1,449 1,579 3,684 200 3,484 864 1,207 1,413 3,794 476 3,318 1,179 1,032 1,107 3,637 418 3,119 1,065 986 1,068 819 33 786 268 215 303 798 24 774 263 214 297 1,206 65 1,141 296 383 462 1,086 40 1,046 249 349 448 992 78 914 283 265 366 893 63 840 239 248 353 9,415 973 8,442 2,661 2,655 3,136 7,800 614 7,286 1,983 2,392 2,911 • N ATIVE WI IITE- EOT H PARENT 3 NATIVE. 14, 926 1,892 13,034 4,964 4,170 3,900 12,384 1,077 11,307 3,948 3,718 3,641 2.55 121 134 83 39 12 31 17 14 9 4 1 415 26 389 113 124 162 388 20 368 101 119 '148 728 62 666 267 196 203 684 50 634 246 189 199 160 9 151 41 61 59 147 7 140 '36 47 58 193 6 187 48 64 76 182 6 176 46 59 71 930 86 844 300 267 277 868 68 800 275 256 269 1,494 308 1,186 552 347 287 966 129 826 326 256 244 117 24 93 42 23 28 74 10 64 28 14 22 290 66 224 107 56 61 144 15 129 50 32 47 176 51 125 69 35 31 80 7 73 28 20 25 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 355 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^ AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW ORLEANS, LA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. Ojie other. Two other. More than two other. All occupQ-tions Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) , Laundresses , Nurses and midwives , Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professiors in colleges, etc. All other occupations 3,935 378 3,557 2,128 738 691 4,103 1,629 2,474 1,188 740 27 10 17 13 1 3 64 47 17 11 2 87 6 81 45 22 14 90 36 54 29 16 8 6 12 3 52 1 26 2 13 30 39 20 20 10 19 3 5 5 5 64 13 2,092 171 1,921 1,122 486 373 2,175 842 1,333 644 408 63 4 59 35 9 15 97 37 60 25 19 275 21 254 132 60 62 266 98 168 70 61 1,209 137 1,072 686 191 195 1,216 476 740 362 218 19 1 18 10 6 2 9 . 3 6 2 3 91 11 80 58 8 14 117 50 67 37 13 2 9 281 16 47 160 1 17 STE^V YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYIf BOROUGH). All occupations Boarding and lodging liouae keepers Bookbinders Boolckeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Conlectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers , Milliners ., Musicians and teachers o£ ihusic Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen . . . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses ■- Slilrt, collar, and cu£E makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) -. ..;-%■, — Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Booltkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers ALL CLASSES 5,153 737 4,416 2,684 973 759 9,969 4,041 5,918 3,207 1,669 1,042 149 49 100 61 24 15 465 238 227 124 66 38 24 6 18 10 1 7 69 13 56 26 18 12 48 10 38 21 9 8 53 17 36 18 7 11 25 2 23 11 8 4 32 11 21 12 7 2 18 2 16 7 3 6 47 13 34 11 14 9 76 17 69 32 12 16 88 32 56 27 17 12 35 6 29 17 6 6 98 46 52 30 16 6 041 90 651 315 144 92 1,500 531 969 545 269 165 9 1 8 4 1 3 32 6 26 14 8 4 41 4 37 16 13 8 186 48 138 67 34 37 184 14 170 118 32 20 222 80 142 70 52 20 65 17 48 26 10 12 112 67 55 33 12 10 790 139 651 405 139 107 2,001 905 1,096 640 302 164 398 48 350 234 71 45 811 396 415 242 110 63 63 6 67 31 16 10 105 44 61 29 20 12 77 7 70 43 15 12 107 41 66 34 17 15 185 24 161 96 39 26 673 260 413 236 105 73. 11 2 9 3 3 3 27 9 18 7 6 5 13 5 8 6 1 1 16 6 11 4 6 1 150 14 136 74 36 26 192 53 139 68 44 27 157 31 126 72 34 20 504 227 277 158 71 48. 369 64 305 186 62 67 671 286 385 181 126 78 22 3 19 9 '6 5 29 7 22 13 6 i 8 1 7 5 2 16 4 12 8 3 1 44 8 36 15 12 9 64 17 47 16 19 12. 674 36 638 419 123 96 604 260 354 165 119 70- 102 8 94 54 22 18 165 50 106 60 24 21 10 53 2 7 8 46 3 22 1 19 4 5 11 67 7 18 4 49 2 25 2 16 9 32 3 29 17 7 5 67 22 45 27 10 8. 680 111 669 .352 105 112 935 348 587 316 158 113 NA TIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 818 132 686 406 189 91 1,724 683 1,041 610 263 168: 69 19 40 25 11 4 165 85 80 49 24 7 7 3 4 1 1 2 20 3 17 11 4 2 19 2 17 ! 12 4 1 25 10 15 9 3 3 6 5 27 6 5 22 3 1 15 3 1 3 7 6 35 2 5 6 22 3 1 10 1 4 8 1 3 4 1 5 13 4 128 29 99 59 31 9 411 150 261 167 6(1 34 12 2 10 5 4 1 31 12 19 8 5 5 34 8 26 16 6 4 112 43 69 41 IS 10 31 4 27 17 9 1 66 40 25 14 6 5. 356 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AG^l AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEAV YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. More Two I than Other. two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwiimers. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE — Continued. Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses. Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses ^Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . , Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations ' All occupations hoarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoemakers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists CojQf ectioners Dressmakers , Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners ■ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen . . . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).., All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) 373 1 33 340 124 106 110 327 18 309 109 95 377 51 326 165 100 61 303 30 273 134 85 308 83 225 Ul 61 53 126 26 101 41 35 205 12 193 61 71 61 19? 6 187 58 68 129 7 122 49 33 40 122 5 117 46 31 1,443 91 1,362 437 477 438 1,347 SO 1,267 394 446 531 98 433 169 128 136 394 42 352 123 110 363 46 317 123 99 95 287 20 267 101 82 1,248 134 1,114 429 384 301 1,200 122 1,078 413 372 346 34 312 96 97 119 292 17 275 72 91 1,533 220 1,313 637 435 341 1,432 • 198 1,234 491 415 240 2 13 238 271 152 61 47 93 39 117 233 271 233 260 149 63 47 91 284 11 334 21 313 92 98 123 295 14 281 76 88 2,454 288 2,166 746 739 681 2,009 160 1,849 544 666 34, 362 150 1,128 1,390 440 594 1,416 161 4,083 241 228 124 230 939 410 915 451 396 567 262 3,649 1,525 1,442 198 235 1,988 2,102 1,987 .■jie 741 608 5, 346 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 77 66 70 21 31 108 24 466 16 27 26 27 208 128 65 24 22 193 189 109 21 13 123 204 208 33 45 412 31,238 73 1,063 1,320 419 663 1,308 137 3, 617 225 201 203 731 282 850 398 307 543 240 3,366 1,336 1,333 177 222 1,866 1,898 1,779 708 663 4,934 41 272 376 102 154 343 40 ,106 80 77 52 60 291 143 238 153 127 140 69 890 429 369 55 43 645 529 543 173 1,344 9,611 18 297 389 122 182 412 39 1,055 56 56 31 75 218 77 124 91 150 80 1,062 397 412 47 82 691 628 543 226 166 1,650 14 494 656 196 227 553 58 1,466 16 68 222 62 323 253 101 ,404 510 552 75 97 729 741 693 296 224 2,040 30, 262 23 1,076 1,364 416 554 1,364 126 3,423 223 162 10 182 449 101 844 391 198 561 243 3,393 1,310 1,266 175 226 1,946 1,792 1,886 504 689 571 4,825 12 281 12 14 1 13 42 22 44 41 29 21 15 169 109 49 15 11 113 112 186 23 37 270 28,352 7 1,019 1,293 398 534 1,268 114 3,142 211 148 169 407 79 800 350 169 630 228 3,234 1,201 1,217 160 215 1,832 1,680 1,700 483 666 534 4,656 251 363 92 142 327 28 856 70 56 38 121 24 216 126 62 136 63 831 358 310 45 37 537 394 604 106 163 156 1,146 8,835 1 287 386 115 173 401 33 931 64 41 126 29 271 116 42 148 75 1,028 366 382 43 81 576 576 624 209 159 1,457 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 105 64 25 61 40 427 119 84 293 112 328 37 116 117 11, 958 481 544 191 219 540 63 1,355 87 52 2 62 160 26 313 108 65 246 100 1,375 487 526 72 97 719 710 672 294 219 1,952 10, 742 3,386 13,366 5,607 3,878 3,871 9,481 49 1,010 8,471 2, 764 2,662 3,055 307 154 163 84 38 31 32 17 11 3 3 183 14 149 31 48 70 149 9 140 28 44 68 267 12 255 72 89 94 247 6 241 67 84 90 96 9 87 17 35 35 82 6 77 13 32 32 203 16 187 69 56 62 164 8 156 51 49 66 119 42 77 36 21 20 36 8 28 7 7 14 2,324 452 1,872 S02 561 609 1,473 214 1,259 466 391 403 256 39 217 114 49 54 140 14 126 68 26 32 240 66 184 116 46 22 13 4 9 6 2 1 128 46 82 32 21 29 50 10 40 10 12 18 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 357 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: ISOO-Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued. DCCUPATION. FEMALE BE.EADWIXNERS 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Living in families having- Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers ' Printers, lithographers, and presswomen . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . All other occupations All occupations hoarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoemakers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists ■ Confectioners Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) ■' No other jj bread- i' winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. I Total. One other. Two other. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued. More than two other. 19 ^ 17 8 8 1 27 13 14 7 3 4 30 2 28 17 7 4 44 19 25 14 8 3 30 3 27 17 6 4 152 55 97 53 20 24 3 5 49 3 3 45 1 3 23 2 9 2 47 6 3 . 2 1 40 2 1 2 16 2 4 15 7 7 20 4 24 4 20 8 ,5 7 113 52 61 38 13 10 28 3 25 11 '8 6 48 23 25 11 9 5 21 5 16 6 6 4 27 7 20 10 6 4 18 1 17 12 4 1 36 16 20 12 2 6 41 4 37 22 7 8 60 18 42 24 13 5 3 7 14 3 6 13 1 4 3 2 7 2 4 6 25 2 1 6 2 5 19 2 4 13 1 1 1 3 3 3 198 28 170 116 1 39 15 247 100 147 86 34 27 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 1,349 224 1,125 621 268 236 2,751 990 1,761 888 508 365 26 10 16 10 4 2 101 51 50 25 13 12 15 3 12 7 5 37 6 32 14 10 8 18 9 4 14 9 6 4 3 2 6 3 18 15 5 3 13 12 7 6 6 5 1 11 2 9 5 2 2 29 9 20 7 7 6 28 12 16 6 3 7 34 10 24 10 8 6 11 3 8 4 2 2 24 9 15 8 4 3 195 29 106 85 45 36 465 156 309 165 79 65 2 17 48 2 17 43 2 8 24 16 49 66 4 13 20 12 36 46 8 14 22 2 10 19 2 5 11 4 8 12 5 5 19 2 17 11 1 5 29 12 17 11 5 1 124 21 103 55 26 22 366 145 221 115 66 40 117 16 101 59 24 18 192 90 102 60 24 18 20 4 16 7 4 5 51 17 34 15 14 6 28 4 24 16 3 5 32 8 24 11 5 8 43 6 37 13 15 9 155 54 101 52 34 15 4 1 3 1 2 12 2 10 3 2 5 8 56 3 8 5 48 3 26 1 12 1 10 11 100 4 26 7 74 3 33 4 22 19 47 11 36 21 11 4 168 69 99 50 30 19 51 9 42 24 7 11 126 51 74 35 23 16 8 1 7 3 2 2 15 5 10 7 2 1 1 17 1 15 1 7 8 26 2 8 6 18 5 1 1 11 2 4 4 6 132 12 120 88 19 13 178 80 98 47 33 18 40 3 37 19 10 8 61 19 42 20 9 13 6 20 2 2 4 18 2 9 1 9 1 6 32 4 8 2 24 2 14 8 2 9 219 9 170 6 89 1 41 2 40 28 302 8 93 20 209 11 109 6 52 3 49 48 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 2,400 303 2,097 1,331 412 354 4,861 2,073 2,788 1,522 804 462 61 20 41 23 9 9 197 102 95 50 26 19 2 2 2 12 5 7 1 4 2 11 4 7 3 2 2 9 2 7 2 3 2 2 21 20 2 21 17 1 11 11 6" 1 4 12 18 63 4 8 31 s 10 32 3 7 18 3 1 12 2 2 3 2 4 2 266 29 237 139 55 43 685 209 376 198 115 63 11 2 9 3 4 2 105 23 82 43 19 20 101 6 95 72 14 9 126 46 80 38 30 12 22 7 16 8 4 3 56 29 27 14 5 8 358 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (BROOKLYX BOROUGH)— Continued. OCCUPATION. Laundresses Merchants and dealers .' Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wives - Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses ■- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations . . . Dressmakers Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other hreadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Living in families having— No other bread- winners. One other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— continued. 170 859 539 329 112 61 139 561 427 268 72 327 188 128 382 40 147 119 76 298 27 87 120 64 79 174 277 158 129 67 114 235 143 Two other. 1,845 727 1,118 650 290 178 375 138 237 109 71 934 348 586 368 140 88 131 55 76 32 22 258 23 235 84 71 80 207 9 198 61 64 112 24 88 44 26 18 71 11 60 26 21 578 194 384 219 94 71 121 33 88 33 28 97 5 92 23 35 34 87 3 84 20 31 819 62 757 239 228 290 729 40 689 199 213 910 176 734 279 223 232 632 60 572 183 182 1,511 302 1,209 552 324 333 985 108 877 375 229 323 23 300 89 92 119 306 20 286 82 88 2,507 247 2,260 821 721 718 1,597 71 1,626 396 540 248 46 202 86 47 70 198 32 166 60 41 298 26 272 74 94 104 228 10 218 51 77 320 35 285 97 88 100 246 18 228 66 75 1,879 308 1,571 620 441 510 1,165 92 1,073 335 330 Other breadwinners. More than two other. 57 22 73 X3 27 33 •m 207 273 116 690 66 90 87 408 20 23 47 -^^SV Y'ORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS). All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc - Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons . . Manufacturers and officials, etc . Merchants and dealers ^ Milliners , Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and inidwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers - Silk mill operatives ALL CLASSES. I 138, 478 1,179 534 620 536 1,836 1,609 4,389 1,429 458 4,307 21,042 687 1,181 356 3,495 672 7,429 272 383 2,200 4,412 1,626 2,001 995 12,047 10,119 9,072 910 1,209 18,691 119,887 268 148 144 75 1,058 112 242 81 33 312 72 2,974 25 304 104 683 198 2,667 73 52 ,600 359 262 615 69 89 921 386 376 460 778 1,497 4,147 1,348 425 3,995 664 18,068 662 877 252 2,912 474 4,862 199 331 1,600 4,053 1.263 1,446 936 11,363 9,236 7,176 844 1,120 639 156 171 169 454 408 1,226 371 131 1,163 205 6,395 168 409 125 1,958 242 2,713 94 129 772 1,188 534 754 242 3,038 2,682 3,329 221 329 216 111 104 131 202 463 1,217 422 121 1,262 228 5,228 210 226 75 623 134 1,279 47 90 428 1,222 365 2,713 1,941 286 328 166 120 101 170 122 626 1,706 656 173 1,670 231 6,446 284 242 62 331 98 870 58 112 400 1,643 364 332 395 4,836 3,940 1,906 367 463 103, 028 8,340 94,688 26,641 577 139 438 185 321 68 263 80 393 99 294 111 396 30 366 105 388 262 126 70 1,499 81 1,418 369 4,195 204 3,991 1,143 1,305 61 1,244 318 412 24 388 110 3,997 237 3,760 1,039 573 23 550 137 16,213 1,482 14,731 4,378 644 19 625 149 , 592 93 499 215 53 4 49 20 163 51 102 56 201 41 160 50 2,228 641 1,687 670 201 49 162 61 243 14 229 72 747 114 633 229 3,948 237 3,711 995 1,138 166 983 362 824 229 595 238 934 42 892 218 11,367 637 10,830 2,776 8,774 462 8,312 2,037 5,547 838 4,709 1,821 805 35 770 172 1,107 67 1,040 288 138 78 90 104 35 441 1,184 388 108 1,207 203 4,434 202 135 16 33 57 544 40 183 1,146 296 168 296 3,361 2,489 1,369 242 305 39,073 116 96 93 157 21 608 1,664 538 170 1,614 210 5,919 274 149 13 13 53 473 61 97 221 1,670 324 189 378 4,693 3,786 1,519 356 447 ' Includes Chinese and 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 359 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN TIIE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. liTEW YORK, K. Y. (BROOKLY^T BOKOTJGH)— Continued. 3CCUPATI0N. Laundresses Merchants and dealers !".!!"' Milliners ['//_ Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwlves Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses ..[ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Talioresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile worlcers (not otherwise specified) AH other occupations Ail occupations. . . Dressmakers Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME — Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. 52 152 96 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE— continued. 129 84 32 155 82 57 110 75 295 16 198 47 34 23 201 63 41 Two otner. 15 122 27 23 346 70 276 179 55 43 1,124 619 605 362 164 250 28 222 158 38 26 553 265 288 188 80 24 24 16 4 4 27 14 13 7 3 13 1 12 9 2 1 28 12 16 9 3 108 IS 93 63 18 12 349 146 203 123 48 4 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 5 2 3 45 2 43 25 9 9 45 20 25 15 6 66 13 53 30 16 7 212 103 109 66 25 138 29 109 69 22 18 388 166 223 108 73 6 1 5 2 2 1 11 2 9 5 2 522 23 499 319 98 82 388 153 235 106 83 17 1 16 10 4 2 33 13 20 15 2 33 5 28 13 8 7 37 11 26 10 9 30 5 25 16 3 6 44 12 32. 15 10 281 38 243 148 36 69 433 178 265 137 75 94 More than two other. 79 40 3 4 32 4 18 42 2 46 3 7 7 43 3 25 16 4 NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS). All occupations. ALL CLASSES. 1 Actresses, professional show-women, etc.. Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants . Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons . . Manufacturers and officials, etc. Merchants and dealers Mlillners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwlves Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, coUar, and cuff makers. Silk mill operatives 468 91 76 76 401 43 99 46 14 164 68 2,017 20 149 126 2,116 219 1,740 33 72 563 217 213 396 33 342 476 1,631 39 61 2,009 48 17 18 15 130 10 13 4 2 29 266 1 36 22 90 45 295 5 37 63 224 4,633 9,645 2,852 420 317 58 74 43 16 58 43 9 60 35 16 271 172 67 33 18 9 86 40 19 42 20 15 12 6 3 136 69 32 60 39 12 1,761 1,172 334 19 12 3 113 63 21 104 53 29 2,026 1,476 364 174 119 34 1,446 993 293 28 21 6 63 37 19 466 278 90 184 114 36 186 126 37 347 224 66 26 16 2 305 169 69 413 259 91 1,407 940 266 32 23 3 45 21 14 246 4 29 22 186 21 159 2 7 77 63 201 6 10 18,808 134 122 51 64 1,047 67 96 78 32 146 95 2,812 23 440 177 1,227 262 3,461 38 68 900 247 174 841 28 338 869 1,894 66 51 8,242 71 63 27 30 666 21 26 16 7 46 41 1,226 5 176 78 442 112 1,731 19 29 389 89 79 337 10 110 1 359 I 834 24 16 ; 10, 566 63 59 24 34 381 46 70 62 26 100 54 1,586 18 266 785 140 1,730 19 39 611 158 96 504 18 228 610 1,060 42 35 6,774 2,886 37 20 32 18 17 6 19 11 212 100 21 13 42 14 33 19 16 10 66 23 29 13 845 460 7 5 131 70 62 30 426 226 73 43 1,050 442 12 2 20 11 265 165 79 40 46 32 292 126 9 1 93 69 286 133 668 306 26 11 20 9 2 4 69 12 14 10 12 281 6 64 17 133 24 238 5 91 39 17 86 66 91 186 6 6 1 Includes 6 Chinese and 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 360 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAIST AISTB BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No otlier bread- winners. Otlier breadwinners. One otlier. Two other. More than two other. , Single (including unJoiown). Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two Other. More than two Other. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives ■All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc — Agents Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . AU other occupations All occupations. Actresses, professional show-women, etc... Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders : Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists k Confectioners. Dressmakers. Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Janitors and sextons 58,302 430 227 167 234 334 1,124 2,754 863 312 2,488 335 9,502 263 ALL CLASSES ' — continued. 4,982 334 4,648 1,340 1,400 1,908 4,839 291 4,648 1,282 1,379 6,566 406 6,161 1,903 1,802 2,456 4,984 167 4,817 1,182 1,478 5,101 660 4,441 1,451 1,380 1,610 4,745 562 4,183 1,294 1,326 1,174 55 1,119 260 348 511 1,143 45 1,098 246 344 962 67 905 250 266 389 879 36 843 221 248 2,877 218 2,659 716 791 1,152 2,569 138 2,431 679 745 4,957 305 4,652 1,983 1,233 1,436 2,614 87 2,527 619 792 14,260 1,628 12,632 3,954 3,702 4,976 11,480 775 10,735 2,744 3,311 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 18,685 3,277 15,308 6,234 4,766 4,308 14,400 1,743 12,657 4,468 4,217 481 136 346 229 74 42 218 74 144 73 45 144 43 101 49 26 26 88 16 72 27 22 246 91 156 99 38 18 177 67 110 62 31 512 317 195 136 42 17 105 74 31 20 8 270 18 262 76 91 85 253 13 240 70 86 870 78 792 313 240 239 806 65 741 284 231 230 12 218 58 79 81 209 9 200 49 73 1,161 118 1,043 368 352 323 1,073 87 986 328 343 2,344 506 1,838 808 543 487 1,676 205 1,371 513 433 203 73 130 70 31 29 92 27 65 29 20 268 54 214 152 42 20 17 6 11 5 5 386 102 284 140 93 51 184 27 157 65 59 138 43 95 65 21 19 96 27 69 35 18 160 57 103 50 26 27 74 13 61 23 18 616 71 545 196 178 172 538 42 496 163 172 481 115 366 200 106 60 346 65 281 141 89 376 135 241 144 63 44 195 77 118 64 31 178 10 168 47 62 59 171 8 163 43 62 2,001 159 1,842 682 647 613 1,878 121 1,767 534 625 597 103 494 208 140 146 434 42 392 141 120 601 126 475 231 138 106 362 52 310 126 100 128 4 124 41 45 38 121 3 118 38 45 1,271 151 1,120 444 347 329 1,218 131 1,087 422 343 101 17 84 36 30 18 75 7 68 23 27 1,622 268 1,364 644 462 348 1,477 235 1,242 478 434 308 21 287 85 89 113 299 18 281 80 88 166 10 146 42 44 60 144 5 139 40 41 313 28 286 86 102 97 274 18 256 69 95 2,423 411 2,012 746 625 641 1,900 209 1,691 533 553 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 5,188 71 48 27 26 181 74 131 64 17 152 19 944 8 74 119 63, 114 369 179 140 209 153 1,050 2,623 809 295 2,336 316 8,568 265 313 657 16, 306 44 54 100 279 686 218 91 600 82 2,494 64 128 417 91 63 47 60 32 312 783 243 78 743 109 2, '593 78 92 152 21,967 80 68 49 96 21 459 1,154 348 126 125 3,471 113 93 51,189 248 178 141 200 75 1,058 2,680 786 289 2,368 300 8,383 256 230 67 3,237 31 16 10 47 55 116 40 15 125 11 607 8 20 12 47,962 209 147 125 190 28 1,003 2,664 746 274 2,243 7,776 248 210 45 12, 441 40 33 46 19 258 654 185 80 662 67 2,081 62 86 20 14, 570 66 48 43 55 2 300 769 223 71 719 101 2,379 77 61 14 1,887 2,157 1,664 508 374 1,107 1,116 4,650 26 23 17 3 84 226 78 316 426 16 1 33 16 20 161 51 33 131 84 35 322 18 58 92 605 20,941 49 90 7 445 1,141 338 123 962 121 3,316 109 63 11 ^ Includes 6 Chinese and 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 361 Table 39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIEI> BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900— Continued. NEW YOKK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCtJPATION. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teacliers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc . . . Agents Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers ....... Bookbinders - . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwi ves Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile miU operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . - All other occupations AH occupations . Actresses, professional show-women, etc . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Janitors and sextons FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in famihes having- No otlier bread- winners. 195 20 39 106 5 29 10 46 244 34 145 76 20 39 32 74 46 2 51 46 6 16 258 2,978 141 25 15 13 77 25 34 29 9 56 10 415 2 29 454 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. ALL CLASSES 1 — Continued. 63 8 55 30 13 12 80 1,078 62 1,016 571 229 216 504 144 17 127 88 17 22 212 14 1 3 13 36 12 16 1 11 17 44 39 9 137 21 116 68 25 23 171 1,849 47 1,802 1,195 354 253 494 1,331 237 1,094 748 181 165 1,449 35 176 81 18 59 171 616 45 328 131 28 112 323 833 28 8 150 95 69 38 2 3 13 7 69 21 169 87 462 210 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 321 1,435 993 23 172 136 3 17 13 9 30 26 35 71 61 1 4 1 6 23 11 1 9 4 12 33 23 48 196 129 7 27 14 7 138 105 10 66 41 5 15 13 15 24 16 7 25 16 14 60 44 8 SS 30 1 1 1 7 44 30 11 35 25 20 97 64 6 17 3 11 3 2 14 12 4 49 32 6 5 15 5 1 1 9 60 198 129 183 23 14 2 2 3 1 16 4 3 24 14 1 4 2 10 4 7 4 7 6 20 13 " 3 3 2 3 9 8 1 2,429 30 301 12 35 11 43 524 77 106 126 22 47 46 61 135 5 72 117 122 1 33 10 92 6 23 265 39 24 15 208 4 7 2 19 253 39 41 66 11 29 22 36 50 1 31 50 54 1 17 4 9 142 1,216 28 24 271 2 14 123 21 9 11 65 5 18 5 17 166 27 42 34 7 11 16 16 60 3 18 42 2 84 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 374 127 19 11 10 • 69 20 31 26 10 366 2 21 437 1,642 11 7 4 43 12 16 13 4 20 6 216 1 11 308 41 24 11 21 182 41 40 48 14 64 26 704 5 128 265 1.577 18 11 7 12 116 14 12 11 1 18 8 277 2,558 4« 90 17 427 5 82 175 1,223 17 20 7 18 9 197 1 31 3 18 10 6 10 6 13 4 133 1 28 57 More than two other. 83 24 3 22 65 161 10 1 7 1 3 32 6 10 7 2 3 4 3 7 1 4 "io 1 12 572 1 10 4 97 3 23 29 1 Includes 6 Chinese and 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this talkie. 362 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900— Continued. NEW YORK, >r. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Hanufaeturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers , Milliners Musicians and teachers of music -Nurses and mid wives Packers and shippers Saleswomen. Seamstresses iJervants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators . . .' Textile mill' operatives (not otherwise specified) ■Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Actresses, professional show-women, etc. . . Agents Artists and teachers of art Barbers and hairdressers Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists ■ Confectioners Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Hucksters and peddlers Janitors and sextons Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Manufacturers and officials, etc Merchants and dealers MiUiners Musicians and teachers ofmusic Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, ctt- Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 140 1,519 89 148 685 2,416 660 492 608 7,568 3,093 2,311 299 799 3,014 837 2,873 7.59 628 1,437 57, 130 229 155 103 228 961 215 760 336 93 644 334 (,772 372 511 343 407 3,858 160 1,449 1,374 346 1,093 209 2,472 6, 312 4,632 550 280 6,622 ■ 576 107 231 1,2.38 3,914 5,269 33 328 21 20 118 166 79 109 32 398 293 323 30 54 147 94 277 31 32 107 49 503 107 1, 191 68 128 467 2,249 681 383 576 7,170 2,800 1,988 269 745 2,867 743 2,696 728 1,330 920 6,360 36 37 34 622 349 320 27 13 28 47 24 67 198 141 128 690 656 1,003 206 166 220 166 106 121 138 188 260 1,817 2,182 3,171 750 836 1,214 721 579 688 89 85 95 203 225 317 720 832 1,315 206 215 322 719 795 1,082 169 228 341 166 178 263 351 393 686 272 281 367 1,721 1,887 2,762 76 811 71 110 358 2,268 559 273 687 7,270 2,780 ■1, 763 262 750 2,952 714 2,783 743 687 1,340 793 6,110 123 68 48 28 336 94 163 17 44 132 86 254 27 24 81 30 310 65 719 67 104 320 2,135 501 225 559 6,935 2,586 1,690 245 706 2,820 668 2,529 716 663 1,259 763 6,800 15 •23 243 236 19 12 28 20 120 9» 540 622 168 139 73 65 130 186 1,720 2,122 647 771 492 486 71 80 187 211 695 818 171 185 687 776 163 226 139 172 310 379 170 249 1,398 1,767 FOREIGN BOHN WHITE. 55 24 28 636 20 32 15 14 40 45 1,417 16 129 102 381 124 1,577 19 423 122 64 350 17 127 465 1,041 27 31 36 291 111 3 17 93 253 749 181 100 79 200 415 195 728 321 79 7,365 356 382 241 1,926 283 2,281 141 1,026 1,252 281 743 192 2,345 5,847 3,591 523 249 654 5,331 465 104 214 1,146 3,061 4,510 100 47 27 83 209 53 225 95 26 189 186 119 1,299 1.53 1,350 47 622 400 112 413 67 637 1,668 1,753 119 86 173 1,660 178 16 308 1,077 1,580 13,300 42 28 18 57 123 60 193 100 26 166 96 2,021 117 80 73 411 76 565 384 92 182 49 658 1,713 920 152 58 220 1,550 119 31 61 330 9,36 1,273 39 25 34 60 83 82 310 126 28 249 84 2,448 153 110 49 215 54 366 45 245 468 77 148 86 1,050 2,606 918 252 106 261 2,115 168 57 85 607 1,048 1,657 36, 112 52 73 148 202 188 .706 310 71 646 217 6,104 340 242 44 67 90 959 82 316 1,149 213 309 176 2,213 5,512 2,821 494 234 663 4,192 461 101 200 1,052 1,765 3,702 3,016 24 21 16 9 135 •13 23 12 7 23 10 40 4 27 22 305 3 63 72 31 99 6 81 219 487 10 20 28 104 71 56 276 33,097 75 31 57 139 67 176 683 298 64 523 209 5,471 330 202 40 40 68 654 79 252 1,077 182 210 170 2,132 6,293 2,334 484 214 635 4,088 390 101 191 1,004 1,709 3,426 9,307 9,874 26 22 13 5 16 16 46 39 31 25 41 55 204 183 84 92 16 20 146 146 60 81 1,723 1,593 70 112 95 43 15 15 ■25 . 14 23 25 282 194 21 26 86 67 292 349 67 02 98 59 45 48 620 012 1,233 1,585 1,008 626 93 147 03 49 102 217 987 1,265 122 111 13 31 50 52 225 299 428 528 883 1,003 27 240 26 56 102 973 204 87 243 1,168 612 94 308 1,307 302 1,066 252 570 344 2,635 13,916 27 13 27 64 11 79 296 122 28 232 68 2,155 148 64 10 1 20 178 32 99 53 77 1,000 2,475 700 244 102 286 1,836 157 57 83 480 753 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 363 ^^^f^^^®-"^^'^^^^ BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. NE^V YORK, N. Y. OtANHATTAN AND BISOJ.X B01{OtJGHS)-Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. ' Total. Living in families having — Total. Living ir families having — No Other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. TWO other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE- -ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— continued. Laborers (not specified) 21 221 7 21 97 60 66 45 9 134 90 242 11 23 26 39 29 4 19 34 120 336 4 38 17 183 7 17 81 60 48 40, 8 117 79 208 8 19 23 34 28 4 19 31 113 287 11 120 5 14 50 25 35 19 4 52 42 136 7 7 10 20 15 4 10 16 87 186 4 35 1 3 18 17 6 11 1 25 22 37 1 9 9 10 4 2 28 1 43 487 11 17 130 97 45 174 12 164 223 316 26 26 36 84 61 12 22 63 .66 417 18 198 7 10 64 33 13 56 3 46 88 126 10 6 12 33 22 4 8 23 12 144 26 289 4 7 66 64 32 118 9 118 135 190 16 20 24 51 39 8 14 40 44 273 10 159 3 5 28 25 13 64 4 45 61 93 11 9 16 16 17 2 6 25 15 137 10 78 5 62 1 Laundresses Literary and scientific persons Manufacturers and officials, etc 4 16 10 8 5 1 17 11 34 3 4 3 5 1 1 25 17 10 30 1 36 43 66 4 5 5 20 15 3 2 7 18 74 1 Merchants and dealers 13 8 7 10 3 40 15 35 13 Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers 4 Saleswomen. 38 Seamstresses 31 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 1 Silk mill operatives 3 4 4 9 6 Stenographers and typewriters 4 Tailoresses 16 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 7 3 ■Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) 4 7 14 46 6 8 12 66 6 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). .. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 3 7 49 8 11 62 F 3REIGN B 3RN WHITF All occupations 10, 219 1,089 9,130 5,973 1,789 1,368 10, 799 4,738 6,061 3,334 1,637 1,090 Actresses, professional show-women, etc . .. Agents 106 42 21 50 209 13 34 7 5 61 53 1,192 16 69 123 1,421 148 791 40 415 121 68 280 22 157 300 735 23 22 17 1,022 . 67 4 14 93 1,716 763 10 7 4 9 74 4 3 96 36 17 41 135 9 31 7 4 53 46 1,052 16 48 102 1,358 115 628 37 350 105 64 247 17 144 263 643 19 20 15 968 47 3 12 70 1,675 633 68 18 10 26 75 5 14 3 2 25 31 717 10 27 62 991 76 443 17 212 70 38 154 10 87 161 424 13 11 9 539 38 3 6 46 1.097 445 17 11 2 11 36 4 6 2 2 15 7 191 3 10 28 245 22 126 14 67 16 17 60 1 27 60 113 1 5 1 217 4 11 6 5 4 24 24 61 9 30 640 14 20 19 17 37 64 1,476 16 210 176 818 169 2,108 38 719 104 64 504 11 102 500 1,076 33 24 10 408 58 2 17 93 434 794 14 27 4 10 327 3 6 3 6 9 30 644 5 78 77 291 69 1,109 13 295 34 29 218 6 33 209 462 13 9 6 133 30 2 , 6 28 157 343 10 34 6 20 213 11 14 16 11 28 34 832 11 132 99 527 100 999 25 424 70 35 286 5 69 291 614 20 15 4 275 28 6 16 2 11 103 7 7 8 7 18 18 446 6 64 52 283 54 626 9 224 38 17 161 2 30 174 321 13 11 2 134 18 3 12 1 7 62 1 6 6 4 6 S 237 2 33 30 162 29 246 9 125 19 13 73 1 6 2 2 Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants 48 3 12 2 2 2 1 8 7 140 1 11 21 63 33 163 3 65 16 4 33 5 13 37 92 4 2 54 10 1 2 17 40 130 €lerks and copyists 13 8 144 2 11 22 122 17 60 6 71 19 9 43 6 30 42 106 5 4 5 212 5 4 8 149 3 36 17 92 17 128 7 75 13 5 52 3 19 68 ISl 4 4 2 74 4 20 49 112 3 67 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 6 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 4 17 339 100 2 13 239 88 11 65 277 451 6 37 152 252 6 14 69 110 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. . 14 .56 89 364 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. XBW TOEK, N. T. (MAjSTIIATTAlSr AND BKONX BOROTJGHS)— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having — Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two-, other. NKGRO. 4, 4.53 1,282 3,171 1,905 793 473 1,326 345 981 425 313 243 422 80 145 88 1,665 100 117 1,528 308 106 28 29 30 660 21 23 406 79 316 52 116 58 l.lO.'i 79 94 1,122 229 207 25 90 42 701 41 56 624 119 70 17 18 11 271 19 24 304 59 39 10 8 5 133 19 14 194 51 150 28 12 15 274 47 48 6U 141 37 6 6 5 117 5 7 136 26 113 22 6 10 157 42 41 475 115 61 5 6 7 80 13 16 195 42 29 11 23 6 Laborers (not specified) 2 55 13 13 157 33 1 22 Nurses and midwives 16 12 123 Ail ottier occupations 40 NEWARK, N. J. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetraakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified ) , , . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations , All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 16, 165 2,014 14,161 4,653 4,270 5,228 12,831 941 11,890 3,364 3,719 4,807 235 107 128 89 28 u 33 21 12 5 6 2 483 31 452 129 159 164 465 29 436 123 152 161 271 18 253 60 85 108 262 13 239 56 78 106 196 12 184 54 61 69 189 12 177 52 67 68 267 11 256 58 61 137 248 7 241 53 57 131 614 42 672 192 212 168 578 '33 545 178 203 164 1,007 70 937 236 264 447 939 47 892 208 246 438 541 41 600 126 128 246 500 26 474 113 122 239 1,467 200 1,257 487 367 403 1,068 100 968 325 296 347 510 23 487 120 148 219 487 18 469 112 143 214 478 38 440 126 121 194 434 29 406 109 113 183 110 17 93 42 27 24 68 7 61 26 18 18 214 45 169 86 35 49 110 10 100 31 28 41 829 267 562 258 171 133 197 35 162 42 61 m 388 113 276 130 77 68 101 17 84 24 30 30 336 25 311 85 91 135 300 16 284 69 89 126 166 23 142 61 51 30 137 18 119 48 43 28 278 83 195 100 53 42 102 26 76 27 22 27 1,126 71 1,065 285 323 447 1,060 55 1,005 266 306 433 527 77 450 154 134 162 395 28 367 102 116 149 823 132 691 236 210 245 667 41 526 154 170 202 622 61 561 207 188 166 603 65 548 • 199 186 163. 541 78 463 151 133 179 418 42 376 109 108 159 682 96 686 224 186 177 646 92 554 204 175 176. 188 9 179 54 43 82 173 7 166 45 42 79' 262 30 232 67 83 82 228 16 212 66 77 79 201 7 194 47 64 83 191 6 180 45 60 81 2,814 287 2,627 791 778 • 958 2,342 136 2,206 585 726 895. SIATIVE ■« KITE— BOTH PARENl S NATIVE. 4,300 645 3,766 1,466 1,231 1,058 3,580 328 3,262 1,162 1,113 977 101 47 54 36 12 6 21 14 7 2 3 2 198 14 184 67 70 47 188 12 176 63 66 47 292 17 276 108 109 58 274 13 261 100 104 57 174 14 160 54 39 67 167 11 146 44 38 64 433 74 359 165 124 70 290 36 265 109 93 63 110 7 103 25 39 39 106 5 101 24 39 38 105 7 98 30 28 40 92 6 86 23 27 36 91 12 79 38 27 14 7(r 8 62 29 21 12 88 23 65 38 15 12 37 9 28 U 6 11 348 33 316 105 98 112 323 26 297 98 93 106 168 35 133 53 43 37 117 15 102 34 37 31 101 14 87 33 26 28 80 6 74 30 22 22 297 42 255 112 86 57 281 36 245 106 84 55 396 56 340 152 113 75 376 54 322 139 108 75 129 5 124 33 41 60 121 5 116 29 39 48 183 23 160 56 58 47 152 13 139 44 51 44 1,086 122 964 362 303 299 895 60 836 277 282 276- OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 365 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY XI:M13ER op other breadwinners in THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OeCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. NETV YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. :)CCUPATION. Total. Living ill families having— Total. Living in families having — % No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGRO. All occupations 1,685 224 1,461 1,037 285 139 1,442 713 729 443 195 91 Dressmakers 165 27 95 43 652 25 40 537 101 18 10 3 7 84 3 4 78 17 147 17 92 36 568 22 36 459 84 110 11 72 29 389 21 31 316 58 24 2 14 5 119 1 5 96 19 13 4 6 2 60 47' 7 107 25 38 30 739 28 29 380 66 51 12 20 18 369 13 12 192 36 56 13 18 12 380 IS 17 188 30 36 9 12 6 232 7 9 113 19 17 4 4 4 97 6 6 51 7 3 2 Laborers (not specified) 2 Laundresses 51 Nurses and midwlves 3 Seamstresses. 2 Servants and waitresses 24 All other occupations 4 NiEAVARK, X. J. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives D ressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat p,nd cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) ■ — Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists - Corsetmakers .- - - Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives ; - - - - Textile workers (not otherwise specinea) All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 6 i 221 I 15 1 10 2 IS 2 27 6 9 4 144 24 10 1 Ifi 2 12 2 47 8 216 52 108 20 19 2 12 1 4fi 12 33 6 42 9 97 24 S 44 12 13 2 12 2 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 4 2 3 1 2 12 5 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 12 40 13 36 12 10 14 7 21 107 291 990 595 215 180 2,082 811 1,271 694 336 47 34 7 6 140 71 69 50 16 7 3 3 1 10 1 9 3 4 4 1 2 1 15 5 10 4 5 1 8 16 1 2 7 6 9 18 6 7 11 1 3 7 4 4 6 2 3 2 7 3 21 12 4 5 41 17 24 16 4 5 2 2 1 32 11 21 11 4 120 63 31 26 245 76 169 99 40 9 3 2 4 13 4 9 5 3 14 8 3 3 28 7 21 8 6 10 7 2 1 30 8 22 10 7 39 32 3 4 67 27 30 22 4 164 101 41 22 416 180 236 115 79 88 56 17 15 179 76 103 50 30 17 11 8 7 2 3 7 1 17 16 7 4 10 12 8 6 5 34 23 8 3 130 45 86 60 23 27 9 9 9 33 10 23 10 8 33 25 3 6 90 40 50 27 16 73 42 12 19 159 67 92 40 28 8 3L 5 13 2 13 1 6 11 79 6 •24 5 55 3 29 12 11 7 10 9 5 6 2 1 3 23 8 22 2 2 12 21 6 10 11 4 6 8 1 1 3 6 168 1 110 4 26 1 32 4 251 2 98 2 153 1 96 26 366 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. KEWAKK, ST. J.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEaRS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwiimers. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives. . . Dressmakers Gold and silver workers . Hat and cap makers Laimdresses , Merchants and dealers. Milliners Nurses and midwives. . , Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters. Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . All other occupations All occupations Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations Ail occupations . . . Laimdresses Servants and waitresses AH other occupations . , , 7,739 252 193 117 173 276 656 351 6P1 341 241 169 110 176 67 696 223 276 284 228 107 151 1;779 177 112 296 154 29 86 321 230 111 182 122 258 212 53 110 267 188 136 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 655 42 19 70 14 21 34 26 12 19 24 17 28 13 38 28 5 15 166 7,084 180 109 165 255 614 332 621 327 220 135 84 164 48 572 271 244 200 102 136 1,613 130 82 198 80 53 40 27 40 15 124 83 78 60 32 35 426 2,105 60 40 36 87 169 76 62 43 29 51 20 174 64 76 88 67 69 20 49 519 3,110 104 78 37 94 315 174 254 159 115 52 28 73 13 274 87 104 100 81 6,884 247 182 112 162 266 619 332 683 329 221 78 53 166 43 675 184 230 282 226 220 104 137 1,534 407 6,477 172 104 166 248 320 638 317 205 70 48 158 178 218 269 199 100 126 1,444 1,560 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 23 121 73 36 14 23 56 30 10 16 4 166 94 246 146 25 63 200 157 75 203 182 43 95 129 793 107 46 10 12 33 • 29 306 36 17 61 34 63 68 12 22 41 227 65 44 72 57 9 19 34 35 16 61 ,34 72 67 19 40 69 260 163 93 178 141 15 33 38 23 17 157 161 47 84 124 632 160 133 13 16 10 154 79 143 151 37 80 121 691 432 175 163 104 100 66 63 106 97 215 53 100 62 37 178 53 38 30 33 68 120 75 151 77 11 12 35 13 119 44 64 81 57 30 30 328 49 22 42 43 10 25 27 169 78 57 38 33 84 164 74 153 84 49 21 14 51 10 166 49 65 88 56 57 20 46 479 44 24 44 41 3 7 12 6 5 47 28 48 46 ' 9 20 37 192 67 2,981 102 77 90 96 171 234 166 110 38 22 72 11 86 99 100 50 50 637 65 40 59 52 5 4 5 58 29 53 62 18 35 57 14 28 13 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 367 ^^^TT ? "^^^^^^ BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^ AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued . ]S"EWARK, N. J.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Buttonmakers Clerks and copyists Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers , Laundresses , Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters , Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. ... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... All other occupations All occupations Corsetmakers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers ' Hat and cap makers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.. Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations . . - Laundresses Servants and waitresses AU other occupations. . . FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. 1 4 108 7 28 21 3 10 6 123 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwi.nners. One other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 257 138 4 6 7 1 1 3 6 4 1 1 3 4 2 1 2 2 10 137 FOKEIGN BOKN WHITE. 6 101 1 I 11 13 '■ 8 1 1 9 4 1 1 3 4 1 18 15 903 382 521 8 3 5 13 5 8 65 24 41 8 12 8 11 1 26 13 13 ?09 88 121 133 57 76 67 23 44 12 4 8 31 14 17 73 33 40 30 14 16 3 3 16 9 7 3 1 2 194 93 101 198 117 47 34 Two other. 129 More than two other. 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 10 1 3 2 13 4 5 4 4 3 22 18 3 4 14 1 1 15 22 9 7 368 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PATERSON, N. J, OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two ■ other. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Linen mill operatives Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cufl makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations . , Dressmakers Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occrpations All occupations Dressmakers Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwi se specified) All other occupations All occupations Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Linen mill operatives Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations 1,708 177 90 23 83 658 134 543 3,655 215 125 2,245 185 244 514 121 22 84 132 70 121 1,915 259 502 ALL CLASSES.! 8,709 849 7,860 2,462 2,247 3,161 6,947 413 6,534 1,671 1,931 139 4 136 41 40 54 135 4 131 39 39 92 7 85 26 28 31 86 6 80 23 28 516 77 439 178 119 142 371 37 334 114 89 109 15 94 25 32 37 70 5 66 12 23 63 6 57 26 14 17 40 6 36 15 8 180 60 130 64 37 29 44 8 36 9 12 176 31 145 64 39 42 124 17 107 39 31 137 46 92 54 16 22 20 8 12 7 1 137 7 130 36 40 64 126 4 122 31 38 82 25 57 24 14 19 24 3 21 5 4 269 16 253 81 67 105 245 11 234 73 60 173 31 142 65 39 38 101 6 95 38 26 295 20 275 80 94 101 268 9 249 66 88 4,818 311 4,607 1,247 1,271 1,989 4,121 196 3,925 882 1,145 130 9 121 63 29 39 126 8 117 61 29 338 39 299 100 94 105 332 35 297 100 92 428 26 402 105 137 160 352 13 339 71 122 627 130 497 193 137 167 373 38 336 97 96 NATIVE "WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 1,518 141 82 19 75 621 121 459 75 33 g 28 193 62 202 42 26 6 29 200 39 138 24 23 5 18 228 30 119 113 83 15 66 588 133 397 91 77 14 61 663 121 362 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS EOEEIGN BOEN. 21 4 1 4 112 21 18 53 194' 121 35 87 2,133 164 226 461 477 42 47 123 694 62 1,642 87 58 17 41 1,062 70 3,325 181 121 26 87 2,086 219 422 149 3,176 171 117 26 86 2,009 164 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. 398 26 117 2,828 101 21 60 108 54 113 1,753 233 385 26 64 26 32 577 70 164 773 22 7 14 30 19 39 477 74 91 1,051 130 2,188 106 1,447 178 224 156 6 70 14 16 73 35 103 1,353 167 202 454 6 19 165 52 140 41 36 5 20 413 42 36 91 612 29 6 3 30 16 26 304 38 61 26 25 6 26 182 39 117 910 24 7 26 663 52 78 113 15 4 3 22 12 37 400 65 46 63 29 131 30 12 15 37 i S3 12 101 31 37 106 146 142 415 23 22 3 16 216 30 106 57 14 40 94 192 927 26 10 21 40 74 95 1 Includes 120 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 369 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued. PATERSON, N. J. OCCUPATION. All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants . . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Hemp and jute mill operatives. . Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Linen mill operatives.. Merchants and dealers. Milliners Nurses and midwives. . Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers. Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations. I^ressmakers Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. All other occupations All occupations . Dressmakers Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cufl makers. Silk mill operatives Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laundresses Linen mill operatives Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives •. - ■ • Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) All other occupations FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. 938 75 28 49 4 24 12 33 24 4S4 5 2 44 105 176 10 1 2 3 100 1 10 49 570 13 4 34 25 13 318 44 110 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. ALL CLASSES.' 807 9 23 20 412 514 14 11 271 169 124 824 2 3 95 24 14 61 24 68 7 34 12 39 13 243 32 149 305 519 2 2 60 16 13 38 12 39 5 20 10 24 6 170 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 30 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 29 147 84 36 154 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 66 7 295 1 16 ■ 20 208 468 3 1 33 1 2 4 2 6 29 2 1 21 3 20 2 2 6 51 36 150 12 8 37 19 17 168 291 19 3 20 12 10 3 105 24 95 1 Includes 120 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 33 39 26 More than two other. 12694—07- -24 370 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF 'OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One Other. Two Others More than two Other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. ALL CLASSES. 1 All occupations Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house iseepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers ana accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton miU operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses ' Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers MUJiners : Musicians and teachers ofmusic Nurses and mid wives Packers and shippers Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. . Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... Tobacco and cigar factory operatives , Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Artists and teachers of art Boarding and lodging house keepers- Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Boxmakers (paper) Carpet factory operatives Clerks and copyists Confectioners Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hat and cap makers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwi ves 84,027 357 1,330 926 2,564 658 1,082 1,573 2,314 438 952 10,645 352 3,512 1,248 399 2,966 2,204 1,993 998 1,293 875 436 5,913 2, 463 5,236 1,067 766 2,106 2,101 3,648 335 7,624 908 834 1,007 10,904 30,632 237 679 399 1,350 221 399 326 1,278 175 271 3,809 156 1,203 448 76 530 469 901 658 512 46 711 45 160 50 66 108 166 37 49 1,243 12 119 179 03 640 706 162 125 231 37 24 315 300 887 51 37 404 12 385 53 46 49 1,091 75, 104 312 619 881 2,414 1,026 1,465 2,159 401 9,402 340 3,393 1,069 336 2,326 1,499 1,831 873 1,062 838 412 5,698 2,163 4, .349 1,016 729 1,967 1,893 3,244 323 7,239 856 788 958 9,813 23,088 113 368 226 768 168 223 349 651 106 201 3,135 100 702 421 134 1,028 754 538 341 176 101 1, 513 706 1,777 257 634 1,139 81 1,655 206 231 201 2,862 21, 890 100 152 270 740 182 319 435 663 120 279 2,710 96 979 296 94 661 396 556 274 298 281 124 1,691 582 1,163 278 2(!7 640 562 1,022 108 1,984 234 236 259 2,901 30, 126 906 268 484 681 845 175 423 3,557 144 1,712 353 108 637 349 737 258 295 381 187 2,394 876 1,409 4, 73 27 5 20 10 17 7 299 166 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 1,579 4 34 18 20 14 14 54 34 8 30 238 7 39 32 73 94 31 18 31 9 20 24 223 4 23 14 7 9 121 2 18 15 2 34 49 13 7 19 3 2 31 10 37 7 3 6 30 4 2 92 4 400 437 2,319 3 133 15 15 15 14 60 26 9 25 324 4 37 72 10 126 234 33 11 121 117 146 201 11 19 310 671 6 17 4 33 101 8 6 30 3 2 14 27 45 3 2 63 10 14 12 10 41 22 5 18 228 4 32 55 6 93 133 25 5 91 4 75 90 101 5 9 6 11 221 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 1,928 16- 39 1 4 7 4 63 17 1,075 3,136 207 6 7 43 13 2,058 112 3 6 30 12 1,042 1 4 2 1 18 28 23 27 63 508 565 24 21 4 2 4 5 13 1 4 5 8 70 424 1 14 4 7 4 2 13 6 1 64 1 S, 15 1 17 29 23 1 21 15 31 25 1 4 1 1 11 5 15 6 1 53 53 3 3 2 2 52 451 28 2 4 11 i 374 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued . PHILADELPHIA, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREAD-fflNNEES 16 YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Hosiery and knitting mill operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Shirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers an d typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.... Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . , Tobacco and cigar factory operatives , 'Woolen mill operatives , AU other occupations , All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued . 178 12 166 50 46 70 140 5 135 31 40 1,924 262 1,662 644 469 669 1,317 144 1,173 381 331 463 18 445 89 114 242 432 15 417 75 110 310 35 275 118 68 89 170 19 151 67 32 125 20 105 49 31 25 37 3 34 8 9 721 192 529 261 136 133 243 31 212 78 54 1,133 381 752 393 193 166 142 72 70 33 19 225 25 200 63 58 79 180 17 163 40 62 354 79 275 127 83 65 104 18 86 26 25 621 36 585 160 170 265 560 23 527 122 15S 593 88 505 172 135 198 419 43 376 112 99 1,129 201 928 385 248 295 701 82 619 233 161 430 17 413 106 101 206 399 9 390 94 98 148 7 141 38 33 70 125 2 123 29 m 112 8 104 29 28 47 104 8 96 26 26 1,125 87 1,038 325 314 399 857 27 830 216 259 115 22 93 31 24 38 106 19 87- 26 23 1,538 110 1,428 402 388 638 1,222 64 1,168 237 335 239 13 226 71 54 101 186 4 181 43 42 321 16 305 93 79 133 272 3 269 72 72 180 8 172 40 36 97 144 7 137 22 28 2,054 278 1,776 687 511 678 1,293 107 1,186 284 368 4,674 104 532 130 103 1,017 85 69 2,216 84 334 76 102 22 25 290 10 18 478 6 85 3,562 28 430 108 78 727 76 51 1,738 78 18 202 46 45 418 29 27 837 130 36 16 188 28 17 121 23 16 442 21 1,907 18 221 44 27 222 52 36 1,096 72 120 4 7 172 5 19 3 192 39 24 164 48 28 924 67 101 11 8 81 16 9 328 22 37 483 1 63 11 8 40 16 6 282 25 31 64 461 232 62 17 18 71 36 247 165 225 198 64 44 356 696 96 125 87 534 524 60 17 8 43 16 13 314 20 PITTSBURG, PA. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Booltkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 13,239 402 425 672 1,694 249 268 817 442 331 209 206 161 1,305 614 1,476 617 237 219 326 1,792 1,727 226 22 51 206 46 37 201 142 23 21 32 6 56 69 172 41 19 92 12 11,612 176 403 •621 1,389 204 221 616 300 308 188 174 156 1,249 455 1,304 576 218 895 207 317 1,635 3,873 I 3,573 110 185 457 103 105 270 171 78 87 sr 35 336 151 454 181 63 285 65 75 483 51 131 208 416 53 59 158 77 46 42 55 427 141 411 186 69 296 58 116 474 4,066 27 162 228 516 67 188 62 131 66 61 66 163 439 209 314 126 578 410 630 1,316 171 120 403 101 178 122 161 1,246 418 1,215 596 210 946 211 316 1,325 65 •20 39 108 24 9,703 23 390 591 1,207 147 111 362 68 283 163 111 156 1,202 1,130 658 198 864 202 310 1,234 12 107 174 367 67 34 106 40 67 71 40 35 319 116 350 173 62 63 70 324 3,113 128 203 367 43 39 42 29 55 410 125 366 179 65 288 67 116 390 3,744 3 156 214 483 37 38 158 16 123 50 42 66 473 162 414 206 81 307 82 124 620 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 375 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. PHILADELPHIA, PA.— Continued. OCCUPATION. Cotton mill operatives Dressraalcers '."'/.'..', Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. ..... Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stiirt, collar, and cuff makers Silk mill operatives Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) ... Tobacco and cigar Jactory operatives Woolen mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers- . . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNEBS 16 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME — Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. 1,474 30 196 47 62 377 12 16 629 7 108 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One other. FOREIGN BORN WHITE — Continued. 20 2 18 2S4 21 263 20 2 18 37 3 34 61 7 54 173 28 145 301 48 253 23 2 21 HO 8 72 38 4' 34 41 5 36 1.57 26 131 13 1 12 10 2 8 7 7 134 152 18 S 1 4 188 14 174 .33 4 29 29 1 28 Vl 21 302 343 41 13 148 9 7 34 85 137 15 38 17 12 71 7 6 2 71 3 21 16 14 166 18 323 11 103 27 305 690 22 170 33 133 271 18 13 1 116 4 21 20 16 418 6 97 1 13 10 133 261 5 12 1 130 10 90 17 172 429 16 117 24 178 11 10 1 74 2 231 1,243 171 43 43 318 11 15 636 7 91 810 3 98 24 30 205 13 364 5 60 261 56 115 39 24 418 21 18 491 6 106 13 13 173 5 10 213 1 49 11 245 278 4 67 Two Other. 115 5 44 7 223 8 64 11 48 81 6 4 1 39 2 7 6 4 137 381 13 35 10 7 132 5 5 145 3 26 3 67 2 22 6 45 111 4 37 27 216 More than two other. 4 44 3 24 S 29 95 4 16 5 18 41 S 3 15 2 4 76 133 11 5 2 40 6 2 62 PITTSBTJE6, PA. All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers - Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) . Laundresses Merchants and dealers. . . Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters . Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . . All other occupations ALL CLASSES. 1,075 80 8 19 106 22 105 152 114 18 17 29 23 29 119 6 13 12 1 7 196 44 7 16 82 17 91 116 102 17 16 .25 23 90 6 9 10 1 6 137 234 7 23 174 56 33 262 227 15 14 55 36 67 142 15 14 29 7 3 271 125 1 9 74 16 14 124 97 7 6 17 3 2 107 972 14 100 40 19 138 130 39 84 12 11 21 4 1 164 50 17 2 5 16 4 11 18 7 12 2 3 6 1 376 WOMEN AT WORK. Tablk 29.— female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PITTSBXJKG, PA.-Continued. OCCUPATION. TEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses , Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners^. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses ■ Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Telegraph and telephone operators Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. . . Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. . All other occupations All occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . 4,005 120 249 50 100 233 244 61 168 105 349 47 148 637 194 276 293 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 611 3,494 1,305 1,127 1,062 3,306 276 3,029 1,034 1,009 88 63 36 18 9 44 33 11 4 6 14 170 56 54 60 174 12 162 53 54 28 261 97 101 63 267 23 244 88 98 77 418 162 125 141 376 35 341 106 104 12 57 35 14 8 45 5 40 22 11 23 95 47 18 30 69 6 63 25 11 10 HI 40 43 28 108 6 102 33 42 U 89 46 25 18 82 7 75 36 24 11 61 32 16 13 50 5 46 21 12 23 416 128 149 139 414 17 397 121 142 20 111 45 33 33 102 9 93 33 29 22 188 56 75 57 178 11 167 47 68 24 323 122 104 97 329 21 308 116 97 31 430 159 137 !34 437 25 412 150 132 7 105 33 36 36 109 6 103 32 35 110 696 221 179 196 621 65 466 147 144 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 5,980 532 6,448 1,459 1,675 2,314 6,322 319 6,003 1,237 1,552 205 8 197 37 65 96 202 8 194 37 63 324 17 307 76 87 144 309 13 296 75 85 797 73 724 202 221 301 716 49 667 173 207 105 17 88 37 23 28 80 13 67 23 20 272 49 223 66 65 92 197 16 181 40 63 123 33 90 63 19 18 43 7 36 22 5 169 9 160 26 41 ,83 153 7 146 25 40 90 7 83 33 17 33 83 6 77 30 15 73 8 65 20 16 29 56 5 61 12 13 101 2 99 22 32 46 101 2 99 22 32 706 28 678 161 222 295 682 23 669 156 214 255 25 230 66 76 89 226 13 212 69 69 641 43 698 161 184 263 685 29 656 139 173 239 16 223 53 70 100 237 16 221 52 70 142 9 133 32 44 57 132 8 124 27 43 474 49 425 108 148 169 464 48 416 103 146 100 4 96 29 22 46 95 2 93 28 22 140 3 137 29 47 61 139 3 136 28 47 1,034 132 902 248 277 377 823 61 772 186 235 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 465 40 12 4 102 54 208 44 86 167 166 39 153 309 35 144 536 22 45 30 131 15 33 182 10 56 29 96 11 59 187 18 36 30 7 52 37 82 9 52 166 12 194 32 15 149 306 41 142 418 133 175 33 27 15 14 145 77 286 32 140 390 1 67 19 6 27 11 6 41 20 117 14 31 108 10 59 147 219 131 209 204 76 106 116 119 30 47 42 299 39 146 114 250 32 122 107 68 27 1 55 58 131 7 27 27 15 12 134 31 52 95 130 36 175 94 136 287 24 9' 81 32 26- 45 289 84 244 99' 54 61 35L 1 61 4 10 29. 4 4 60' 33 80' S 50 135 75 14 38 23 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 377 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. PITTSBUEG, PA.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in famiUes having— Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE "WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 266 55 211 127 47 i 37 434 180 254 144 71 3» Boarding and lodginer house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants. . . 23 6 10 45 6 15 6 10 5 11 7 14 5 6 12 1 1 8 11 6 9 37 6 12 5 10 4 10 6 10 6 4 8 2 6 21 4 8 4 8 2 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 3 3 5 1 2 1 2 84 4 12 74 18 34 7 8 17 14 22 18 13 18 3 88 43 1 4 34 7 14 3 4 5 6 10 7 3 4 1 35 41 3 8 40 11 20 4 4 12 9 12 11 10 14 2 53 24 1 4 26 9 14 3 2 9 3 8 5 5 7 1 24 10 7 2 Clerks and copyists 1 H 1 2 2 10 2 5 1 1 2 5 3 4 4 3 1 18 2 Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses 3 1 Milliners Musicians and teachers of music 1 Nnrses a,nd midwives 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 Saleswomen 4 1 3 1 1 J Stenographers and typewriters 1 Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc 2 4 97 20 77 50 17 10 ii NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOKN. 224 68 166 74 46 46 434 156 279 148 77 54 1 6 27 8 19 27 3 4 4 1 6 22 6 13- 23 3 3 4 1 6 6 1 3 7 1 1 2 9 54 17 56 63 3 3 13 2 6 36 15 29 31 1 3 10 2 2 9 2 9 9 i" 5 2 6 4 3 19 2 27 22 2 1 18 10 19 20 11 4 7 11 1 1 3 6 1 3 5 1 1 1 & 3 1 Merchants and dealers 2 Milliners - ... 1 1 2 6 1 2 3 a 6 8 19 1 4 4 1 1 81 6 2 3 5 4 IS 6 10 9 13 12 28 1 6 6 2 5 6 16 6 3 6 2 2 8 6 14 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 22 3 3 37 1 6 6 4 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 Teachers and proJessors in colleges, etc 1 1 Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 1 32 49 24 17 8 130 49 81 38 25 IS FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 341 63 278 161 63 64 696 269 327 182 97 48 Boarding and lodging house keepers 24 15 2 55 51 67 16 6 10 14 1 3 89 8 6 16 9 2 50 37 51 13 5 8 13 1 3 70 10 4 1 34 26 25 8 2 6 9 1 1 34 3 4 3 1 1 7 4 11 1 2 1 1 84 40 12 14 84 155 21 4 15 29 5 3 130 48 16 3 5 40 65 9 1 4 IS 3 2 55 36 24 9 9 44 90 12 3 11 11 2 1 76 22 13 2 5 28 62 8 2 4 5 10 8 3 3 13 23 2 1 4 5 1 4 3 6 14 6 2 9 7 16 4 1 1 3 1 3 15 2 2 1 3 1 Teachers and proJessors in colleges, etc Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 2 20 1 40 19 16; 24 11 1 NEGRO. All occupations 244 ; 62 182 124 28 30 220 108 112 1 67 31 14 67 72 105 13 19 30 64 63 75 35 41 48 9 6 13 10 6 88 58 43 1 24 1 -41 46 : 27 34 !' 18 33 ■' 22 12 13 6 6 3 14 74 5 378 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREABWINNERS 16 Y^ARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PROVIDENCE, R. I. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers.. . Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music N urses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives . Saleswomen FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown) . Living in families having— Living in families having — Other breadwinners. Other breadwinners. Total. No other Total. No other bread- More bread- More winners. Total. One Two than winners. Total. One Two than other. other. two other. other. two * other. other. ALL CLASSES.! 16,056 1,874 13, 182 4,442 3,626 6,114 11,713 983 10,730 2,997 3,060 4,673 371 220 151 80 43 28 67 54 13 7 4 2 659 55 604 207 187 210 628 48 680 195 183 202 204 12 192 51 66 86 186 10 176 44 53 79 537 41 486 168 154 164 487 33 456 152 149 164 486 36 460 131 139 180 394 21 373 85 120 168 1,373 247 1,126 492 268 366 882 116 767 284 188 295 1,473 69 . 1,404 342 391 671 1,377 65 1,332 306 373 644 241 52 189 83 66 41 134 21 113 46 39 28 747 186 561 324 133 104 202 42 160 60 53' 67 187 61 126 78 30 18 49 20 29 12 9 8 300 30 270 91 82 97 247 17 230 67 71 92 208 22 186 80 49 57 175 16 159 66 43 60 204 34 170 107 36 27 86 14 71 42 13 18 201 16 185 44 62 79 194 13 181 41 .62 78 286 11 275 54 70 151 269 7 262 45 63 144 677 42 635 198 162 275 619 32 587 1 165 156 266 322 63 269 111 67 91 231 26 206 70 60 85 656 130 526 231 143 152 387 57 330 To 91 121 289 30 259 101 91 67 273 27 246 87 63 703 111 692 262 181 149 668 101 667 246 177 145 1,449 78 1,371 323 342 706 1,278 62 1,236 246 307 674 254 35 219 66 60 94 198 23 175 42 47 86 1,375 90 1,285 329 350 606 1,169 66- 1,114 236 309 570 315 14 301 68 84 149 280 10 270 53 79 138 1,549 199 1,360 422 381 547 1,244 116 1,129 287 334 508 NATIVE WH TE— BOTl [ PAEENTS NATIVE. 3,797 657 3,140 1,421 950 769 2,874 367 2,507 1,029 807 671 152 294 96 32 56 262 36 124 15 82 5 66 30 273 26 26 5 247 3 116 3 79 62 270 31 239 103 78 68 244 24 320 93 74 63 424 113 311 172 81 68 198 46 153 77 44 32 330 21 309 109 90 110 301 15 286 99 86 101 84 19 65 33 21 11 38 8 30 18 8 4 116 15 101 44 35 22 89 7 82 31 30 21 115 17 98 43 ■31 24 91 12 79 36 25 19 75 10 65 48 13 4 30 3 37 17 8 2 176 15 161 74 39 48 156 10 146 61 39 46 80 26 63 40 16 8 40 9 31 16 8 7 75 17 58 24 19 15 46 7 39 14 12 13 183 26 157 71 60 26 171 23 148 66 57 25 448 91 357 184 123 50 421 83 338 170 119 49 282 11 271 75 84 112 249 7 342 59 78 105 684 117 567 241 164 162 497 63 434 166 137 142 NATIVE WHITE— NE OE BO TH PAHEN DS POKEIGI f BOEN. 6,624 492 6,132 1,629 1,623 2,980 5,920 332 5,588 1,249 1,483 2,856 311 19 292 69 93 130 307 18 289 67 93 129 110 5 106 27 29 49 107 4 103 27 28 48 221 10 211 67 62 92 213 8 205 64 61 90 259 15 244 67 78 99 227 12 315 49 70 96 552 68 484 '164 112 208 450 40 410 121 96 193 889 40 849 172 227 450 848 34 814 158 219 437 61 12 49 21 16 12 41 6 35 13 . 12 10 130 19 111 40 34 37 78 8 70 17 21 32 131 13 118 29 36 63 114 9 106 24 32 49 110 8 102 19 31 52 107 8 99 16 31 52 159 3 166 29 33 94 152 3 149 26 31 92 382 17 365 73 98 194 368 16 352 66 94 192 147 14 133 49 32 52 134 11 123 42 29 52 1 Includes 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table;" OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES, 379 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. PROVIDENCE, R. I. OCCUPATION. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wi ves Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified).- Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookkeepers and accoimtants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and mid wives Saleswomen - Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Packers and shippers Rubber factory operatives. Saleswomen Seamstresses Living in families having — ' No other bread- 1 winners. Other breadwinners. 1 Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. ALL CLASSES.l Two other. More than two other. 1,616 194 1,422 880 280 262 1,727 697 1,030 565 286 179 96 39 57 35 12 10 208 127 81 38 27 16 19 4 15 7 2 6 12 3 9 5 2 2 12 12 14 1' 2 1 4 8 6 23 2 6 4 17 1 11 1 4 2 17 3 2 63 5 48 36 8 4 39 10 29 10 11 8 236 26 210 123 42 45 255 106 149 85 38 26 51 1 60 23 10 17 45 13 32 14 8 10 25 5 20 11 8 1 82 26 56 26 18 12 282 32 250 178 46 26 263 112 161 96 34 21 73 9 64 46 12 6 65 32 33 20 9 4 30 1 29 18 8 3 23 12 11 6 3 2 22 22 12 5 6 11 6 5 2 1 2 27 1 26 15 6 6 92 19 73 50 17 6 2 16 2 14 1 5 1 6 6 11 3 2 2 9 2 4 2 3 4 1 38 3 35 26 2 7 20 7 13 7 4 2 28 2 26 13 10 3 63 25 38 28 7 i 128 16 112 66 29 ' 17 141 57 84 47 23 14 12 12 100 12 11 94 5 8 69 3 4 3 19 4 23 71 3 9 20 1 14 51 1 4 19 1 6 9 19 1 16 13 31 4 27 18 5 i 25 8 17 5 8 4 141 14 127 76 25 26 65 21 44 18 16 10 24 1 23 12 3 8 11 3 8 3 2 3 141 19 122 76 22 24 164 65 99 69 25 15 NATIVE "WHITE — BOT H PARENTS NATIVE. 372 67 305 189 65 51 551 223 328 203 78 47 40 18 22 17 4 1 82 53 29 17 8 4 10 3 7 3 1 3 u 3 8 5 2 1 10 3 7 3 1 3 16 4 12 7 3 2 92 12 80 48 20 12 134 56 78 47 17 14 13 1 12 6 7 16 5 11 5 4 2 10 A 6 3 3 36 7 29 16 16 10 5 1 11 8 3 3 15 15 6 5 4 9 5 4 2 1 1 7 7 6 1 38 7 12 1 2 3 11 9 11 10 5 5 3" 5 1 1 1 8 38 15 4 15 7 4 23 8 3 19 5 1 11 14 4 2 1 8 8 IS 8 7 16 5 6 10 2 3 1 1 3 4 19 15 3 7 2 1 12 13 1 4 3 1 2 8 6 4 88 17 71 47 12 12 99 37 62 39 15 8 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR B01 CH PARENT S FOREIGN BORN. 364 38 326 180 69 77 340 122 218 100 71 47 3 1 2 2 3 20 2 1 12 , 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 15 3 9 2 3 1 20 4 45 5 40 23 7 10 57 23 34 20 9 5 22 90 9 6 19 6 13 6 5 9 2 2 8 6 2 3 5 3 2 15 6 24 1 ■■"" 3 21 14 5 2 28 8 20 7 7 3 2 2 10 4 6 2 2 1 1 5 6 7 1 2 2 2 6 2 7 3 2 1 3 3 5 1 2 1 4 7 1 4 2 7 4 1 3 I 3 1 Includes 2 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 380 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. PROVIDENCE, E. I.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNEE3 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families liaving- No other bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families havlng- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN— Continued. Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile worlters (not otherwise specified) . . . Woolen mill operatives Worsted mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Cotton mill operatives Dressmakers - Gold and silver workers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Nurses and mid wives Rubber factory operatives Saleswomen Servants and waitresses Textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified) Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . . . Woolen mill operatives , Worsted mill operatives All other occupations Ail occupations . . . Laundresses Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . 165 19 146 49 41 56 112 6 106 34 25 91 2 89 27 22 40 87 2 85 27 21 220 14 206 67 54 85 215 13 202 64 64 800 36 764 155 182 427 741 27 714 130 168 1M 14 110 32 23 •55 107 12 95 24 21 6.16 37 599 138 148 313 581 30 651 115 136 166 4 162 31 49 82 153 3 160 26 47 960 123 837 214 223 400 778 62 716 150 194 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. 3,984 137 177 341 254 79 257 125 79 115 242 212 661 123 574 672 16 64 156 286 246 63 188 83 61 81 105 179 483 187 613 113 504 l-,206 932 28 47 132 61 24 102 54 16 51 96 136 172 30 165 52 179 25 156 1,274 17 60 92 111 17 37 9 262 58 183 2,709 24 132 210 228 51 73 25 26 76 91 137 416 160 518 102 441 2,469 6 123 184 222 68 14 19 72 85 108 146 496 96 402 13 21 7 14 13 38 50 87 34 103 22 108 37 162 22 134 649 311 174 164 496 222 143 131 160 121 ROCHESTER, IST. Y. ' Includes 48 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately In this table. 47 37 60 300 78 372 1,094 2 56 67 106 14 16 3 4 35 27 30 75 240 51 160 4 31 17 ALL CLASSES.l All occupations 12,955 1,485 11, 470 3,643 3,260 4,,')67 10,650 802 9,748 2,671 2,86.5 4,212 566 1,146 299 592 1,305 104 487 266 189 173 471 413 466 551 2,337 795 297 2,498 42 58 8 44 216 18 116 24 30 37 31 83 91 49 180 103 15 340 624 1,088 291 548 1,089 86 371 242 159 136 440 330 375 502 2,157 692 282 2,158 161 243 66 177 436 40 166 86 74 56 144 120 164 173 510 280 67 690 183 308 85 169 273 22 88 66 49 35 139 108 81 156 606 216 91 596 180 537 150 212 380 24 117 90 36 45 157 102 130 173 1,041 197 124 872 542 1,072 284 561 922 60 199 235 153 . 80 425 298 295 524 1,982 763 272 1,883 37 42 6 34 102 9 22 19 20 15 24 38 35 42 104 98 11 144 505 1,030 278 527 820 51 177 216 133 65 401 260 260 482 1,878 666 261 1,739 152 216 60 166 270 20 47 69 60 13 120 79 89 162 366 262 59 471 176 291 84 151 222 14 49 62 40 22 132 86 61 162 541 210 82 490 177 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 523 144 210 328 17 81 86 33 Nurses and midwives 30 149 96 110 168 971 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 193 120 778 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 381 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued. PROVIDENCE, R. I.— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other l)readwinners. Total. One other. Two Other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— continued. Servants and waitresses 31 4 3 36 9 41 10 79 7 24 4 3 34 8 37 9 66 9 9 1 6 3 1 5 2 10 4 17 22 6 16 6 7 3 Stenographers and typewriters. . Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 2 21 5 20 4 38 2 23 8 14 3 103 1 7 1 3 1 16 7 11 3 65 1 4 3 3 2 26 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 2 1 4 1 13 8 1 7 1 11 .6 1 5 1 18 6 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) 3 1 3 Worsted mill operatives All other occupations 48 11 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. All occupations 633 71 562 347 100 116 642 261 381 195 121 66 Boarding and lodging house keepers 34 26 78 16 5 80 62 11 8 19 38 59 28 95 13 71 10 5 8 24 21 70 16 4 70 46 10 6 18 35 56 24 86 13 63 12 17 41 9 2 46 2 12 22 35 13 64 7 38 5 3 10 4 1 11 10 3 7 1 19 3 1 13 3 3 4 4 6 13 3 16 4 15 79 19 53 10 23 104 48 43 6 6 67 44 24 48 8 62 45 7 21 2 8 44 25 11 2 3 31 13 7 16 3 23 34 12 32 8 15 60 23 32 3 2 36 31 17 32 6 39 13 3 15 4 9 35 14 21 1 1 23 13 8 15 1 19 13 6 11 2 4 17 6 9 2 8 3 6 Gold and silver workers 2 1 10 6 1 2 1 3 3 4 9 2 8 3 2 2 7 8 8 16 2 10 1 9 11 7 11 1 12 4 Textile mill operatives (not otherwise 7 Textile workers (not otherwise specified) — 2 6 3 8 8 NEGRO. 247 18 229 164 46 19 192 91 101 65 16 20 158 45 44 14 3 1 144 42 43 106 30 28 28 8 10 10 4 6 113 37 42 66 13 22 67 24 20 44 13 8 6 5 6 8 6 6 ROCHESTER, X. X. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . . Boxmakers (paper) '. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners : Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Talloresses - • ■ Teachers and professors m colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations ALL CLASSES.l 1,112 150 962 664 198 210 1,293 533 760 418 197 145 14 36 9 15 176 1 2 13 3.1 9 13 149 6 14 5 7 101 5 9 2 10 4 2 19 10 39 6 16 207 4 14 2 8 87 6 25 4 8 120 3 13 1 4 65 2 8 1 4 22 1 4 2 2 27 4 29 33 14 121 22 18 36 1 23 1 13 98 22 16 32 7 56 16 7 19 2 21 2 6 6 4 21 5 3 7 30 167 9 18 67 8 71 5 8 18 22 96 4 10 39 13 63 2 7 24 6 18 2 3 7 3 15 2 4 8 23 46 77 11 212 10 16 259 23 33 67 11 190 9 16 216 14 22 43 7 102 6 7 116 6 9 13 1 38 1 6 42 4 11 3 50 2 3 58 23 70 ■ 94 1 16 143 22 10 366 7 33 46 7 54 4 4 153 16 37 1 89 18 6 203 10 19 42 12 1 ■ 103 2 13 7 3 27 4 4 64 12 10 6 9 2 22 "i 20 2 1 43 36 1 Includes 48 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 382 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ROCHESTEK, X. T.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families liaving — No otlier bread- Other breadwinners. Total. One ottier. Two otlier. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe-makers and repairers... Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations . . ^ All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers . . Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boot and shoe makers and repairers . . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers , Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All otlier occupations 6,791 320 712 184 330 710 37 183 142 51 250 214 167 259 1,463 397 181 1,201 2,560 235 38 189 61 77 168 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 3,556 506 3,050 1,201 928 921 2,875 281 2,594 912 832 195 19 176 82 55 39 184 17 167 77 52 273 16 257 56 87 114 250 10 240 50 83 204 21 183 79 56 48 190 16 174 74 64 356 92 264 130 64 70 198 33 165 62 46 29 9 20 10 4 6 14 3 11 4 3 100 26 74 40 14 20 42 6 36 14 10 108 22 86 49 26 11 83 14 69 40 20 61 12 49 20 15 14 34 7 27 3 11 150 9 141 48 49 44 138 6 132 43 47 121 23 98 40 30 28 88 8 80 29 26 119 25 94 51 21 22 67 6 61 28 14 242 23 219 95 66 58 224 19 * 205 86 63 235 13 222 61 65 96 198 7 191 40 63 372 59 313 145 109 59 356 67 299 135 106 991 137 854 •295 267 292 809 72 737 227 234 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 4 27 10 5 19 37 15 22 111 38 9 113 6,221 180 315 622 33 156 132 46 231 177 142 237 1,362 359 172 1,088 1,651 62 138 36 81 214 14 57 40 18 74 57 39 64 306 125 31 1,740 108 185 42 92 160 13 39 36 72 57 38 78 356 100 60 297 2,830 129 357 103 142 248 65 95 691 134 81 495 311 676 178 320 570 26 103 130 28 226 160 124 251 1,263 386 170 1,004 5,566 292 663 175 121 26 210 143 114 232 360 164 948 1,305 60 125 33 78 157 9 18 35 6 61 37 25 62 230 120 28 221 1,585 104 177 42 47 33 78 312 98 57 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 34 5 59 20 23 49 56 6 129 2,161 151 ,50 201 33 130 41 54 119 683 20 779 18 22 63 143 10 278 36 11 49 5 29 12 21 19 186 6 208 66 22 61 12 35 11 11 37 254 4 293 1,738 146 51 152 20 53 18 50 99 521 21 607 1,580 137 46 136 17 44 13 37 81 494 16 661 41 14 51 7 15 4 13 36 96 7 170 38 2 11 6 13 13 166 107 45 57 4 12 9 13 42 25 19 66 88 68 275 2,675 12S 351 100 142 224 5 50 52 14 651 132 79 461 65 22 46 » 18 a 11 32 232 3 240 ST. LOUIS, MO. ALL CLASSES.! All occupations 33,334 5,055 28, 279 10,003 8,463 9,813 23,626 2,002 21,624 6,117 6,830 8,677 Boarding and lodging house keepers 1,066 412 749. 1,292 771 519 34 72 56 66 547 378 677 1,236 705 350 91 225 263 197 123 114 228 399 225 74 173 224 574 283 121 389 690 1,248 707 88 26 62 51 49 33 364 628 1,197 658 20 87 201 249 178 7 110 214 387 211 a 167 Bookkeepers and accountants 213 Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists 661 269 1 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 383 Table 29.— FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. ROCHESTER, X. T.— Continued. OCCUPATION. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot ana shoe makers and repairers. , . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations . Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. Boxmakers (paper) Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Nurses and midwives FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters . Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Textile mill operatives All other occupations All occupations Boot and shoe makers and repairers.. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses ' Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Tfl ilnrPSSGS ..........-.--.-.-■'■- Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. Clerks and copyists Living in families having — No other bread- winners. 326 403 2 34 11 . 7 11 24 15 4 116 4 25 71 2 129 Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Otiier breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. 8 3 3 36 5 is 37 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 2 30 11 7 11 17 15 4 105 4 6 72 189 79 6 2 10 6 8 2 •' 53 24 2 1 3 2 36 13 3 21 4 7 82 9 46 1 16 13 30 18 4 84 7 5 112 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 13 7 20 61 1 116 73 463 ■ 2 4 2 3 2 12 15 21 34 7 4 44 13 84 27 18 44 47 3 172 14 2 35 I 30 11 49 15 10 18 28 3 102 ST. LOUIS, MO. ALL CLASSES. 1 3,878 677 264 64 9 29 4 20 2 36 6 3,301 200 7 25 18 30 2,028 133 2 13 i 12 558 681 14 30 24 28 367 7 6 3 11 3,354 314 7 24 21 17 1,858 197 2 11 More than two other. 7 1 7 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 384 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. LOTJIS, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BKEADWINNEBS 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HJME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families liaving— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown) . Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses .Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers . . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers ■Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Husicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . All other occupations All occupations . Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses . Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music . Nurses and midwives ' Packers and shippers Saleswomen 418 94 270 290 293 773 60 360 304 157 106 104 559 770 390 715 164 558 166 1,331 252 290 431 933 436 1,787 130 131 913 173 692 234 211 283 1,347 ALL CLASSES 1— Continued. 3,038 541 2,497 961 733 803 2,118 252 1,866 693 663 280 45 235 105 88 42 173 12 161 63 66 312 63 249 86 76 87 184 19 166 36 56 4,256 1,137 3,118 1,538 813 767 1,168 180 988 282 309 469 141 328 184 81 63 98 29 69 29 22 977 74 903 288 274 341 872 51 821 237 258 434 53 381 181 109 91 346 33 313 134 97 578 109 469 214 141 114 140 16 124 37 37 427 13 414 91 125 198 412 10 402 87 121 2,101 169 1,932 660 626 746 1,921 129 1,792 487 690 3,396 445 2,951 925 877 1,149 2,666 199 2,467 650 761 2,616 384 2,232 869 610 763 1,796 144 1,662 617 468 1,839 168 1,671 519 660 692 1,767 147 1,620 487 549 1,168 110 1,068 324 318 416 993 64 929 261 281 1,648 203 1,446 602 454 489 1,525 182 1,343 444 428 259 11 248 67 78 103 233 4 229 62 71 324 23 301 84 113 104 286 13 273 71 102 980 75 905 265 280 370 833 34 799 197 251 3,943 544 3,399 1,124 1,018 1,267 2,940 209 2,731 718 872 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE. 1,229 24 10 27 181 18 98 IS 22 21 3 37 114 74 28 61 11 194 6,653 201 85 246 280 266 692 42 262 286 136 86 101 522 656 328 641 136 497 155 1,137 2,528 137 26 99 63 84 272 20 97 103 73 42 23 178 262 119 243 38 197 46 407 41 19 90 121 102 180 14 75 82 41 24 38 190 189 109 239 54 172 45 383 1,917 90 101 21 19 40 164 205 100 159 44 128 64 347 5,797 46 84 244 276 260 404 29 176 274 122 33 101 503 543 287 127 509 136 982 222 267 242 347 25 163 266 112 476 .506 261 605 114 466 132 916 1,706 7 24 84 60 73 124 10 28 91 64 11 23 150 165 218 30 172 34 268 1,891 18 85 116 94 119 10 50 81 38 7 38 179 158 91 233 43 163 40 329 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 114 138 22 268 43 .388 43 890 35 401 247 1,540 12 118 14 117 169 744 52 121 43 549 25 209 38 173 s 275 116 1,231 710 32 74 397 18 326 82 50 194 715 1,056 667 684 397 471 96 100 361 1,141 1,716 1 38 63 92 75 104 5 75 94 20 147 183 154 41 121 58 319 4,483 4,561 6,293 14,645 1,066' 13,679 3,619 4,099 5,961 92 29 17 40 22 18 9 7 2 61 89 118 279 19 260 68 87 ,,116 114 123 151 404 36 368 108 114 146 188 262 440 908 39 869 180 2,56 433 99 116 186 414 29 385 92 112 181 518 448 574 1,465 150 1,315 398 375 542 47 49 22 100 7 93 33 41 19 34 28 65 102 6 96 20 26 50 266 231 257 496 34 462 117 146 199 63 29 29 67 15 52 22 15 15 158 173 218 544 37 507 132 162 213 84 61 64 203 20 183 69 54 60 75 63 45 71 6 65 17 21 27 61 78 136 275 7 268 57 77 134 336 378 618 1,261 93 1,168 301 362 605 1 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 385 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. liOtriS, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNEES 16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in lamilies having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers..' Milliners Musicians and tea^^hers of music Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . . Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers . Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. . Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . . . All other occupations All occupations. Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers. . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses. Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music. Nurses and midwives Packers and shippers Saleswomen 792 110 4 11 6 15 68 11 17 23 1 28 74 44 22 13 18 16 169 932 61 4 13 11 13 114 14 14 132 37 ALL CLASSES '—continued. 343 47 296 186 68 42 577 242 335 182 102 28 7 21 12 8 1 79 26 53 30 14 60 15 45 30 11 4 68 29 39 20 10 1,302 180 1,122 705 223 194 1,785 777 1,008 551 281 132 18 114 81 18 15 239 94 145 74 41 52 6 46 30 7 9 53 17 36 21 9 42 6 36 26 6 4 46 14 32 21 6 199 10 189 99 50 40 239 83 156 78 54 10 2 8 3 2 3 5 1 4 1 2 81 9 72 39 16 17 99 31 68 34 20 240 43 197 105 49 43 490 203 287 170 67 :m 62 303 193 63 47 455 178 277 159 79 31 6 25 16 3 6 41 15 26 16 8 69 5 64 36 20 8 106 41 65 37 17 35 2 33 20 4 9 88 19 69 38 22 6 6 2 16 3 13 6 5 2 22 7 15 7 6 80 - 15 65 39 16 10 67 28 41 19 13 421 62 359 234 72 53 582 273 309 172 74 » 15 5 6 3 2 3 28 NATIVE WHITE — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 81 3 10 6 12 119 4 54 21 1 25 69 39 16 10 16 13 141 18 1,293 262 233 25 116 19 18 50 2 28 153 32 24 31 14 180 150 4 1 107 12 61 7 12 1 7 62 31 12 12 6 4 100 112 2 14 126 13 55 12 10 38 1 21 91 28 20 12 25 10 80 413 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 149 783 445 191 147 1,589 614 14 47 33 9 5 151 78 4 10 1 3 2 5 1 2 7 14 3 4 3 1 10 3 2 5 14 3 1 12 6 2 4 9 6 20 94 53 30 11 208 77 3 11 6 4 1 16 2 4 10 8 1 1 15 4 24 108 55 30 23 285 111 5 32 21 4 7 69 32 1 27 19 5 3 20 5 1 12 8 3 1 18 4 2 67 33 15 9 81 30 1 3 6 29 3 17 1 6 2 6 1 54 20 1 Includes 5 Indian women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 975 519 271 73 50 13 4 2 3 10 4 11 5 4 4 1 2 131 67 43 14 8 4 11 6 1 174 84 55 37 20 10 15 7 6 14 7 4 51 25 17 1 1 17 34 io 51 9 9 176 3D 6 5 24 1 14 50 •39 2 11 9 100 14 1 1 2 2 19 3 S 1 4 13 185 10 2 3 2 1 21 2 4 35 7 2 3 12694—07- -25 386 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ' ST. LOUIS, MO.— Continued FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Sing e (including unknown) . OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having — No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than. two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE- -ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. 2,090 1,027 1,055 761 904 160 204 553 2,269 225 96 85 54 103 5 15 36 229 1,865 931 970 707 801 155 189 617 2,040 501 287 260 207 245 48 47 130 573 557 248 303 201 237 45 74 149 600 807 396 407 299 319 62 68 238 867 1,806 870 1,039 687 865 146 190 497 1,916 137 48 83 34 96 3 9 17 119 1,669 822 956 653 769 143 181 480 1,797 400 223 253 168 226 45 43 113 435 512 222 299 193 230 41 70 137 540 7^7 Perva-TitP htiH Tvftit.r^pfips 377 404 292 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 313 57 Textile workers (not otherwise specified).. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 68 230 822 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. All occupations 4,282 969 3,313 1,377 953 983 2,.071 241 1,830 658 567 705 Boarding and lodging bouse keepers 283 407 73 573 233 212 192 450 300 240 77 125 203 914 120 88 9 212 64 43 16 84 73 27 28 16 14 175 163 319 64 361 169 169 176 366 227 213 49 109 189 739 92 145 - 32 173 97 79 45 132 116 77 18 42 54 275 42 91 22 104 42 51 57 109 48 63 21 33 73 197 29 83 10 84 30 39 74 125 63 73 10 34 62 267 13 231 37 95 15 18 157 297 186 178 57 84 171 532 8 39 1 20 9 3 9 21 23 16 24 9 9 50 5 192 36 75 6 15 148 276 163 162 33 75 162 482 2 66 17 19 3 5 36 81 75 53 10 24 39 128 3 64 13 24 2 5 49 85 32 45 14 24 64 146 62 Housekeepers and stewardesses 6 32 1 5 63 110 56 64 Teacbers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... Tobacco and cigar factory operatives 9 27 69 208 NEGRO. 3,999 1,028 • 2,971 1,,613 739 619 1,111 211 900 333 273 294 Boarding and lodging house keepers. 113 2,409 85 893 108 386 68 658 22 153 11 116 45 1,751 63 745 97 270 29 1,012 30 347 42 153 11 403 21 204 24 76 5 336 12 194 31 41 22 401 20 453 93 122 20 103 4 47 9 28 2 298 16 406 84 94 2 118 4 139 36 34 89 6 123 21 34 91 6 144 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 27 26 ST. PAUL, MIKN. ALL CLASSES.! All occupations 7,819 1,178 6,641 2,361 1,923 2,357 6,284 585 5,699 1,785 1,690 2,224 Boarding and lodging house keepers 177 262 169 671 891 71 463 229 136 184 349 741 682 623 545 192 1,434 105 22 12 57 177 18 135 21 19 48 29 96 115 52 63 15 194 72 240 157 614 714 53 328 208 117 136 320 645 567 571 482 177 1,240 42 SO 45 190 301 25 156 74 66 67 107 202 216 176 173 50 391 20 74 48 183 192 17 81 62 23 35 81 169 155 188 146 57 392 10 86 64 241 221 11 91 72 28 34 132 274 196 207 163 70 457 32 248 164 617 660 47 212 212 108 87 316 636 545 601 500 175 1,124 23 15 10 41 93 7 31 16 11 11 16 57 56 48 45 11 94 9 233 154 576 567 40 181 196 97 76 300 579 489 553 455 164 1,030 6 76 43 167 205 20 64 66 50 34 92 167 153 167 158 45 272 2 72 48 174 157 11 60 69 20 16 79 147 145 185 'fi 333 1 85 Boot and shoe makers and repairers:. 63 235 205 9 67 71 27 26 129 265 191 201 Teacbers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified) ... . All other occuoations 157 67 425 ' Includes 107 negro women, tor whom figures are not shown separately in this table. OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 387 ^^^^^^ — FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. ST. LOUIS, MO.— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS 16 TEAES OF AGE AND OTEK LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Total. Living in families having— No otlier bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Widowed and divorced. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued. Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. '. '. Textile mill operatives Textile workers (not otherwise specified) . Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 92 20 72 3, 16 25 192 68 124 70 29 25 69 15 44 26 11 7 98 33 65 38 15 12 8 8 25 6 17 2 3 8 47 2 18 6 29 1 22 4 3 1 27 2 5 4 8 g 4 1 3 31 7 24 15 6 3 10 1 2 6 9 4 19 2 2 9 4 2 7 3 4 8 31 1 4 13 3 1^ 1 2 8 2 6 2 5 25 3 5 145 20 125 79 26 20 208 90 118 59 34 25 FOREIGN BORN 'WHITE. All occupations 743 110 633 370 145 118 1,468 618 850 449 241 160 Boarding and lodging house keepers Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses 64 63 3 121 77 106 19 40 39 29 3 19 17 143 10 6 54 57 3 88 67 100 16 34 28 29 3 18 16 120 30 38 2 49 47 46 4 18 21 16 2 10 11 76 18 8 1 21 13 27 4 10 3 9 1 4 3 23 6 11 206 113 33 357 141 88 16 113 75 33 17 22 15 239 102 43 8 159 45 34 4 57 39 11 4 6 4 102 ■ 104 70 25 198 96 54 12 56 36 22 13 16 11 137 60 41 13 105 47 28 5 33 20 8 6 8 4 71 24 19 8 59 27 19 4 14 13 9 6 5 6 28 20 10 4 Laundresses MArnhfl.Tits fl.rirl rtAalPTS 33 10 6 3 6 11 18 7 27, 8 6 4 4 34 22 7 3 9 3 Nurses andmidwlves Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses. . 5 1 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). .. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives All other occupations 1 1 23 4 2 21 3 1 33 NEGRO. 1,410 176 1,234 804 238 192 1,478 641 837 476 228 133 29 981 33 223 6 138 11 109 2 31 18 872 31 193 6 115 15 568 18 119 4 80 2 160 10 41 1 24 1 144 3 32 1 11 62 1,027 32 222 9 126 37 446 16 75 2 65 25 581 16 147 7 61 12 326 8 1 .39 9 154 5 40 2 18 3 18 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 3 23 ST. PAUL, MINN. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations ALL CLASSES.! 3B 5 1 32 107 110 20 10 163 34 527 6 84 5 14 31 10 32 47 7 12 10 129 76 4 22 124 16 141 9 13 59 21 68 76 14 25 7 147 449 249 28 57 9 4 3 5 1 4 1 1 11 1 Includes 107 negro women, for whom figures are not shown separately in this table. 388 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ST. PAUL, MINN".— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BBEADWINNEB3 16 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEB LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in lamilies having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PABENT3 NATIVE. All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists ^ Dressmakers Nurses and midwives Saleswomen - Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified). All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists Dressmakers •. Housekeepers and stewardesses Laimdresses Hilliners Nurses and midwives Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations All occupations Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Nurses and midwives Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . Textile workers (not otherwise specified) Ail other occupations 1,446 70 163 118 44 66 74 195 209 51 388 274 10 15 33 14 9 19 12 24 21 6 HI 1,172 60 148 85 30 57 49 62 171 188 45 277 21 59 46 16 22 24 33 81 86 16 125 363 23 280 1,106 146 67 25 54 42 59 180 187 48 234 128 978 58 137 51 22 51 34 50 160 172 43 200 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OB BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BOEN. 158 115 123 129 59 219 424 296 338 274 105 830 30 -15 50 101 3,608 147 106 358 385 25 93 121 51 204 374 258 315 240 102 729 1,097 28 100 149 12 41 44 21 61 103 82 78 74 26 230 41 36 112 101 1,429 sF 42 146 135 5 29 46 21 104 185 92 144 103 46 273 3,532 152 114 364 395 24 125 36 205 379 261 833 259 99 700 3,248 143 106 341 345 22 76 118 36 196 347 238 310 232 97 641 FOREIGN BOEN WHITE. 2,310 118 296 24 301 76 248 275 87 60 134 27 51 5 8 19 113 107 235 18 213 51 221 224 82 52 116 678 31 101 7 106 27 74 83 17 13 38 198 26 62 8 52 16 69 67 34 19 42 178 78 84 31 20 35 202 1,614 106 196 16 112 25 215 214 87 52 113 479 1,450 97 168 14 93 17 198 194 82 49 100 438 WASHINGTON, D. C. 403 44 28 90 122 11 30 42 12 54 92 65 76 70 24 185 428 17 11 30 118 918 41 36 109 93 61 28 197 449 24 47 4 26 3 61 53 34 19 37 141 258 18 44 9 5 10 11 19 29 37 12 64 1,386 58 42 142 130 5 26 46 18 103 180 90 141 101 46 259 673 49 63 3 37 3 74 82 31 19 33 179 ALL CLASSES. All occupations ^ 25,770 3,891 21,879 8,887 6,235 6,757 12,958 1,447 11,511 3,602 3,590 4,319 Boarding and lodging house keepers 474 218 391 3,153 2,387 185 199 6,204 402 264 277 44 23 689 305 61 31 945 109 16 197 174 368 2,564 2,082 134 168 5,259 293 249 123 79 101 1,118 928 69 72 2,332 163 67 40 49 136 766 003 34 46 1,395 71 92 34 46 132 680 551 41 50 1,532 59 90 114 139 368 2,307 1,247 76 92 1,072 67 238 98 19 17 324 123 21 6 166 18 9 16 120 361 1,983 1,124 55 86 906 39 229 11 46 90 776 419 17 33 243 16 60 3 33 132- 613 353 13 23 261 10 85 2 41 129 594 352 25 30 402 13 Milliners 84 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 389 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. ST. PAUL, MIKN.— Continued. WASPXINGTON, D. C. ALL CLASSES. All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers. Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laborers (not specified) Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. OCCUPATION. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in Jamiiies having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than, two other. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. All occupations 146 .■^6 111 71 26 14 194 Ill 83 55 20 8 Bookkeepers and accountants. . . 1 13 22 4 2 8 9 5 8 2 72 1 10 21 1 2 5 9 4 7 2 49 1 1 1 5 4 29 15 10 18 6 10 14 1 82 4 3 16 8 6 8 '3 3 5 1 54 1 1 13 7 4 10 3 7 9 1 Clerks and copyists 3 1 3 5 12 1 2 4 6 2 4 1 34 4 8 1 9 6 1 8 3 5 5 Dressmakers 3 2 1 2 1 Nurses and midwives Saleswomen 2 Seamstresses 3 1 2 2 1 Servants and waitresses 1 Stenographers and typewriters 1 1 1 3 i Teachers and professors in colleges, etc Textile workers (not otherwise specified). -- 2 1 7 1 All other occupations 23 8 28 18 7 NATIVE WHITE — ONE OS BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 190 53 137 87 28 22 234 111 123 65 36 22 Bookkeepers and accountants 3 1 2 2 3 1 13 38 6 22 1 18 8 28 17 4 5 2 68 1 1 6 24 4 12 2 2 Boot and shoe makers and repairers Clerks and copyists 11 33 2 15 3 5 6 17 18 1- 10 4 62 1 7 1 8 1 10 26 1 7 2 5 4 16 13 1 3 4 43 6 17 1 4 1 3 5 7 14 2 10 1 10 4 11 7 4 5 1 45 4 10 1 5 1 7 3 1 6 1 4 1 19 2 4 1 2 \ Dressmakers 6 1 2 4 10 11 1 1 1 2 Nurses and midwives 1 8 4 17 10 1 2 Saleswomen 2 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 7 Servants and waitresses 1 Stenographers and typewriters 3 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc 7 1 2 11 2 1 6 1 Textile workers (not otherwise specified). . . i 26 1 23 19 18 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 306 52 254 152 64 38 390 198 192 115 50 27 8 48 2 83 28 12 22 1 9 7 39 2 70 24 11 14 5 25 1 9 2 15 9 3 2 1 5 4 53 6 106 23 21 39 1 25 4 56 13 9 23 3 28 2 50 10 12 16 2 18 1 6 2 11 4 5 2 4 13 4 1 8 45 12 6 10 10 3 2 2 31 4 5 14 8 2 2 Textile workers (not otherwise specified)... 2 9 92 2 7 78 45 1 1 13 6 12 120 58 1 8 62 1 5 35 2 14 3 20 2 17 1 10 6,917 592 6,325 3,396 1,453 1,476 5,895 1,852 4,043 1,889 1,192 962 113 50 63 40 13 10 247 129 118 72 24 22 U 1 10 5 4 1 68 24 44 28 12 4 10 1 9 6 2 1 13 5 8 5 1 2 ! 209 45 164 97 37 30 637 220 417 245 116 56 690 44 646 364 155 127 450 138 312 145 95 72 ' 38 "6 32 16 9 7 71 24 47 26 12 9 44 11 33 16 7 10 63 14 49 23 16 10 3,093 191 2,902 1,492 667 743 2,039 588 1,451 597 467 387 154 15 139 83 34 22 191 76 115 64 27 24 14 2 12 5 5 2 12 4 8 2 2 4 390 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ^VASHINGTON, D. C— Continued. OCCUPATION. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having- No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. One other. Two other. More than two other. Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations All occupations Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Milliners Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations AH occupations . . . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Merchants and dealers . . Nurses and midwives . . . Servants and waitresses All other occupations . . . 113 740 348 102 37 145 338 85 82 135 177 623 108 125 151 25 ALL CLASSES— continued. 251 J3 228 95 71 62 194 18 176 65 54 346 70 476 194 118 164 239 30 209 66 47 391 51 340 127 107 106 325 31 294 106 97 1,067 47 1,020 299 330 391 988 38 950 270 310 588 87 501 199 146 156 309 27 282 81 89 6,079 796 5,283 1,976 1,409 1,898 2,941 263 2,678 621 785 518 47 471 192 148 131 478 38 440 171 142 167 15 152 60 45 47 118 6 112 37 36 1,164 131 1.033 353 359 321 1,088 109 979 329 338 1,122 235 887 350 271 266 568 86 482 145 166 NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 7,457 1,296 6,161 2,605 1,894 1,662 5,218 633 4,685 1,737 1,485 308 179 129 82 24 23 75 64 11 7 2 128 29 99 47 33 19 81 13 68 28 23 262 13 249 75 85 89 245 8 237 67 83 2,245 455 1,790 823 632 435 1,614 253 1,361 667 419 886 128 758 365 237 166 480 44 436 204 144 63 19 44 22 10 12 24 7 17 8 3 131 23 108 40 41 27 58 6 62 11 22 119 38 81 42 20 19 24 7 17 5 4 148 11 137 39 46 62 130 6 124 36 41 142 9 133 53 49 31 112 8 104 38 37 123 22 101 49 22 30 62 12 50 18 14 215 28 187 71 62 64 171 16 165 57 55 680 29 651 199 213 239 630 22 608 181 202 183 36 147 59 46 42 108 10 98 33 31 180 40 140 66 33 41 100 17 S3 32 22 357 33 324 152 87 85 324 26 298 136 82 81 13 68 26 16 26 61 6 66 20 12 590 75 515 195 180 140 557 60 497 189 173 616 116 600 200 168 142 362 48 314 101 116 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN. 100 49 4 3 17 14 11 19 10 23 107 105 640 299 34 128 324 74 63 126 154 616 824 22 225 102 24 16 47 81 18 21 32 37 199 46 203 91 41 11 34 102 28 19 54 61 140 37 212 106 33 7 47 141 28 23 39 66 177 108 588 255 97 18 129 316 66 130 169 101 632 225 94 17 118 303 60 44 121 147 345 20 168 65 22 7 42 73 8 6 29 33 106 45 170 70 40 31 95 16 18 53 59 101 FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 718 87 100 106 16 47 49 55 10 31 169 196 161 377 71 7 6 26 200 80 57 4 1 18 157 91 57 96 91 370 112 1,272 127 39 312 171 1,363 2 17 87 375 6 19 8 47 29 18 43 225 34 29 81 23 135 97 814 36 194 90 32 4 45 135 20 39 65 138 84 15 17 1 51 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 391 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. "WASHINGTO^^, I>. C— Continued. OCCUPATION, Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and naidwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, Saleswomen Seamstresses .]" Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations All occupations Boarding and lodging house keepers Bookbinders Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Housekeepers and stewardesses Laundresses Merchants and dealers Milliners .'. . . Musicians and teachers of music Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Saleswomen Seamstresses . ,. Servants and waitresses Stenographers and tj'pewriters Tailoresses Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. . All other occupations All occupations. Bookkeepers and accountants . Clerks and copyists Dressmakers MiUiners Nurses and midwives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen. Saleswomen Seamstresses Servants and waitresses Stenographers and typewriters Teachers and professors in colleges, etc. Ail other occupations All occupations. Clerks and copyists Dressmakers Merchants and dealers. . . Nurses and midwives Servants and waitresses. All other occupations FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Living in families having— Other breadwinners. Total. j] No other I ! bread- .winners. ,^^^^^_ 827 76 5 7 156 195 9 37 43 9 18 Ifi 15 22 26 34 18 11 11 119 200 Widowed and divorced. Living in f ajnilies having — Total. Other breadwinners. ALL CLASSES — Continued. NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE. 123 177 22 20 27 16 6 10 104 1,412 157 42 10 475 211 30 36 52 22 135 NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH TAKENTS FOREIGN BOHN. FOREIGN BORN WHITE. 4 14 28 15 : 46 177 142 249 133 12 18 15 9 15 10 35 64 34 4 11 6 17 29 11 65 112 57 35 1 34 21 10 3 22 4 18 9 7 120 2 118 56 32 30 187 38 149 72 39 20 6 14 10 1 3 46 14 32 11 9 41 1 40 17 13 10 38 8 30 12 7 145 12 133 79 25 29 134 48 86 39 32 853 164 1,689 927 369 393 1,285 369 916 428 255 21 2 19 14 4 1 19 7 12 7 2 30 5 25 15 4 6 19 4 15 8 5 25 1 24 11 8 5 51 21 30 13 13 251 32 219 122 54 43 303 117 186 83 51 889 487 237 72 48 13 27 18 7 5 3 1 306 180 87 145 68 48 21 12 5 2.5 13 S 26 17 4 6 1 2 11 4 6 35 23 5 23 8 6 2! 10 4 29 14 11 30 19 3 10 6 1 7 4 3 X 2 4 82 37 19 1 I 18 I 4 More than two other. 2 38 12 11 15 233 3 2 4 52 11 2 1 2 26 234 36 198 118 50 30 388 123 265 127 76 62 3 1 9 3 2 28 39 3 6 3 13 7 7 2 3 85 1 14 22 2 4 2 7 4 6 2 2 52 1 8 13 1 1 2 115 SI 2 13 13 9 21 23 3 5 131 2 80 .35 1 11 7 8 17 12 2 4 86 1 43 15 37 42 3 6 4 35 16 1 2 6 1 4 11 1 1 45 26 8 12 12 1 6 1 1 2 1 5 3 1 6 9 1 2 41 4 3 3 10 2 3 X 13 4 2 1 4 8 10 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 21 3 1 18 I 104 19 15 24 49 12 1 9 25 392 WOMEN AT WORK. Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, .FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued. ■WASHISr(?TON, D. C— Continued. FEMALE BKEADWINNEES 16 YEARS Off AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME. Aggregate. Single (including unknown). Total. Living in families having — Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGRO. All occupations 14,420 1,980 12,440 5,097 3,315 4,028 5,060 528 4,532 1,164 1,310 2,058 1,028 85 73 5,988 361 292 5,729 368 496 103 18 16 909 36 37 1 709 29 123 925 67 57 5,079 325 255 5,020 339 373 412 26 27 2,258 119 113 1,858 111 173 246 16 16 1,331 80 67 1,341 108 110 267 25 14 1,490 126 75 1,821 120 90 441 29 24 982 153 128 2,767 341 195 35 5 1 168 12 10 234 24 49 406 24 23 824 141 118 2,533 317 146 127 3 9 225 41 36 571 102 50 122 5 6 225 26 38 740 97 51 157 16 Laborers (not specified) 8 374 74 44 1,222 Teachers and professors in colleges, etc... -. 118 45 OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED CITIES. 393 Table 29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVPR LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued. ■WASHINGTON, D. C— Continued. FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME— Continued. Married. Widowed and divorced. IcCUPATlON. Total. Living in families having— Total. Living in families having— No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. No other bread- winners. Other breadwinners. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. Total. One other. Two other. More than two other. NEGEO. All ocoupa ms 5,656 388 5,268 2,791 1,193 1,284 3,704 1,064 2,640 686 '' Dressmakers... Housekeepers ar stewardesses ifled) 423 24 28 3,027 94 108 1,792 10 150 21 1 8 183 2 5 150 402 23 20 2,844 92 103 1,642 10 132 233 13 9 1,456 40 60 898 4 78 90 6 6 651 28 19 358 4 31 79 4 5 737 24 24 386 2 23 164 32 21 1,979 114 56 1,170 17 151 47 12 7 568 22 22 325 5 56 117 20 14 1,411 92 34 845 12 95 52 10 9 577 38 17 389 5 34 5 4 465 26 10 243 7 31 5 1 379 Nurses and mid 'es 28 Seamstresses ^ . 7 213 ssors in colleges, etc I as All other occup 18 45 1 2S 22 INDEX. Accountants. countantB. Actors, profesi and per cen Actresses, prof i tal number 39, 176; ran Bookkeepers and ac- nal showmen, etc., number f each sex employed as, 32. ional show-women, etc., to- 34; increase in number of, f occupation, 34; distribu- tion, by rac^and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; byte, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condlion, 38, 170; by cities and country distij'ts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 180; 1: geographic divisions, 196. Age, total breaiyinners classified by, 10, 11; changes in ;nsus inquiry concerning, {note) 21; feiile breadwinners classified by, in relatio to race and nativity, 12, 21; marital condion, 14, 16, 37; occupations, 36, 162, 167, 18, 169; distribution by, in city and coujry districts, 18, 154; states and territorie 134; specified cities, 147; native whitej^male breadwinners of na- tive parentaa classified by, 136; native white of forjn parentage, 138; foreign born white, J; negro, Indian, and Mon- golian, 142; iro, 144. Agents, numbe: nd per cent of each sex em- ployed as, 32;ink of occupation, 34; total number of wc 3n, 34 ; increase in number of 39, 176; c ribution, by race and na- tivity, 34, 19159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168 69; by marital condition, 38, 170; by es and country districts, 178; by stateiid territories, 186; by geo- graphic diviss, 196. Agricultural cojiunities, predominance of native whitepmen of native parentage in, 13. Agricultural la ers, number and per cent of each sex enbyed as, 32 ; concentration in Southern SIS, 32; rank of occupation, 34; totalnun^of women, 34; increase in number of, 3176; distribution, by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 1 169; by marital condition, 38^ 170; by >}S and country districts, 178; by states d territories, 180; by geo- graphic divisL 196. Agricultural piits, number and per cent of each sex aged in, 32; comparison with former c is, 39, 176; female bread- winners engaan, distributed by age, 19, 162, 167, 168, : by race and nativity, 158, 159J 160, 161 ■ marital condition, 170; by 'cities anc untry districts, 178; by geographic dims, 196. Artists and teac i of art, number and per cent of each i imployed as, 32; rank of occupation, c otal number of women, 34; increase iimberof, 39, 176: distri- bution, by ra \d nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160 161; by £16, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condii, 38, 170; by cities and country distril78; by states and terri- tories, 181; biographic divisions, 196. ' Atlanta' Ga. , f e ] breadwinners classified by race, nati \ marital condition, and occupation, ailing to family relation- ship, 218; nurof other breadwinners in family, 30(;ee also Cities, specified. 'Austria, servant i waitresses whose par- ' ents were boh, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Austria-Hungary, number of immigrants from, 51; saleswomen whose parents were born in, 94. See also Austria and Hungary. Authors and scientists, number of native white women of native parentage among, 33. Baltimore, Md., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 218; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 306. See also Cities, speci- fied. Barbers and hairdressers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women,^ 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196. Boarders, proportion among female bread- winners in selected cities, 28, 29. Boarding and lodging house keepers, num- ber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168,169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 183; by geographic divi- sions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 208. Bohemia, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Bookbinders, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 188; by geographic divisions, 196. Bookkeepers and accountants, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 186; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 208. Boot and shoe makers and repairers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity. 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, • 168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divi- sions, 196. Boston, Mass., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 222; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 310. See also Cities, speci- fied. Box makers (paper), number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupa- tion, 34; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divisions, 196. Breadwinners, definition, 9; proportion of each sex employed as, 9, 10; proportion of women an index of economic position of race and nativity classes, 10; male and female, classified by age, 10, 11; by mari- tal condition, 13, 14; female, classified by race and nativity, 12, 132; by age, 12, 134; by marital condition, 14, 16, 170; by city and country districts, 17, 152; by family relationship, 24, 198; by other breadwin- ners in family, 29, 208; by occupations, 31, 158; by states and territories, 131; geo- graphic divisions, 131, 154; by specified cities, 146, 218; comparison with earlier censuses, 20; adoption and abandonment of occupations, 22; increase in number of, 176. Brooklyn borough, N. Y., female breadwin- ners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 266; number of other breadwinners in family, 354. See also Cities, specified. Buffalo, N. Y., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 226; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 314. See also Cities, speci- fied. Canada, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teach- ers, 115; farmers, 125. Canada, English. See Canada. Canada, French. See Canada. Carpet factory operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- .tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states • and territories, 192; by geographic divi- sions, 197. Chemists, assayists, and metallurgists, num- ber of native white women of native par- ents returned as, 33. (395) 396 INDEX. Chicago, 111., iemale breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relation- ship, 228; number of other breadwinners in family, 316. See also Cities, specified. Cincinnati, Ohio, female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 234; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 322. See also Cities, speci- fied. Cities, specified, percentage of boarders among female breadwinners (other than servants), 29; distribution of servants and waitresses, by family relationship, 56; of laundresses, by race and nativity, 58; of seamstresses, 64; by age, 66; proportion of saleswomen, 93; female breadwinners clas- sified by race and nativity, 146, 147, 218, 306; by age, 147; by family relationship, 218; by number of other breadwinners liv- ing at home, 306; by occupations, 306. City and country, number and percentage of women breadwinners, by race and na- tivity, 17, 19; by age, 18, 19; by states and territories, 152; by geographic divisions, 154; by occupations, 178. Clerks and copyists, number and per cent of each sex employed, 32, 97; rank of occu- pation, 34, 97; total number of women, 84; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion by race and nativity, 34, 97, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 99, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 100, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 98, 100, 196; by parent- age, 98; by family relationship, 101, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 101, 208; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 186. Cleveland, Ohio, female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 236; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 326. See also Cities, speci- fied. Confectioners, number and per cent of e£ich sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 84; total number of women, 34; increase in number, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condi- tion, 38, 170; by cities and country dis- tricts, 178; by states and territories, 189; by geographic divisions, 196. Copyists. See Clerks and copyists. Cotton mill operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occu- pation, 84; total number of women, 34; increase in number, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197i by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 208. Country. See City and country. Deaths, estimated decrease in number of native white female breadwinners, result- ing from, 24. - Denmark, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Detroit, Mich., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 240; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 328. See also Cities, speci- fied. . Divorced female breadwinners, total num- ber, 13; probable incompleteness of re- turns, 14; compared ^vith divorced men, 14; distribution, by age, 14; by race and nativity, 15, 16, 22. See also Marital con- dition. Domestic and personal service, number and per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; com- parison with former census, 39, 176; fe- male breadwinners engaged in, distrib- uted by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170; by cities and country dis- tricts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Dressmakers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; total number of wo- men, 34; rank of occupation, 34, 70; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution by race and nativity, 34, 70, 71, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 71, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 72, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 70, 197; by parentage, 71; by cities and country districts, 71, 178; by family relationship, 73, 198; by num- ber of other breadwinners in family, 74, 208; by states and territories, 193; com- parisons with previous census, 72. England, number of immigrants from, 51. See also England and Wales. England and Wales, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laun- dresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmak- ers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill opera- tives, 84; clerks and copyists, 98; stenog- raphers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Fall River, Mass., female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 242; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 332. See also Cities, speci- fied. Family relationship, female breadwinners, classified by, 24; according to race and na- tivity, 25; marital condition for given oc- cupations, 198; selected cities, 218. See also specified occupations. Farmers, planters, and overseers, number and per cent of each sex employed, 82; rank of occupation, 34, 123; total number of women, 84; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 123, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 86, 125, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 126, 170; by geographic divisions, 123, 124, 196; by parentage, 124; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 180; comparisons with previous census, 127. Finland. See Russian Empire and Finland. Foreign born whites, number and per cent of breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19, 21, 140, 165; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 173; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 153; by family relationship, 25, 27, 204; by occupations, 34, 165, 173, 204; by states and territories, 140; by number of other breadwinners in family, 30, 214; comparison with previous census, 20, 21; increase in number of, 176. See also Race and nativity. France, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. France and Switzerland, saleswomen whose parents were born in, 94. See also France and Switzerland. Gainful occupations, census inquiry concern- ing, 9. See also Breadwinners and Occu- pations. Geographic divisions, total female breadwin- ners distributed by, 131; aogording to race and nativity, 132; age, 134; city and coun- try districts, 152, 154; occupations, 180, 196; breadwinners in native white female population of native parentage, distrib- uted by age, 1.36; in native white of foreign parentage, 138; in foreign born white, 140; in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in negro, 144. German Empire, number of immigi'ants from, 51. See also Germany. Germany, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were, born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84: sales- women, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Glovemakers, number and per cent of each sex eniployed as, 32; rani of occupation, 34; reason for high percentage of native white women of native parents among, 34; for relatively small per cent of young wo- men, 37; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 190; bygeographic divisions, 196. Gold and silver workers, mmber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, l60, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38^ 170; by cities and country districts, 17i|; by states and territories, 190; by geogrkphic divisions, 197. Government service, proportion of native white women of native parentage among breadwinners employed in, 33. Great Britain, saleswomea whose parents were born in, 94. Hairdressers. See Barbers and hairdressers. Hat and cap makers, number and per cent of each sex employed, 32; rank of occupa- tion, 34; total number of women, 84; in- crease in number of, 89, 176; distribution, bv race and nativity, 84,158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 194; by geographic divisions, 197. Hosiery and knitting mill operatives, num- ber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number, of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution by. race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 192; by geographic divi- sions, 197. Hotel keepers, number aid per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 86, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condi- tion, 38, 170; by states and territories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196. Housekeepers and stewardesses, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196; INDEX. 397 by family relationship, 198; by number of other breadwinners m family, 208. • Hungary, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Immigrants, number of, by decades and country of last permanent residence, 51. Indians and Mongolians, number and per cent of breadwinners of each sex, 10, 20; female breadwinners, classified by marital condition, 15, 22; by cities and country districts, 17, 19; by age, 19, 21; compari- son with previous censuses, 20, 21. Seealso Race and nativity. Indianapolis, Ind., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condi- tion, and occupation, according to family relationship, 244; number of other bread- winners in family, 334. See also Cities, specified. Ireland, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; sales- women, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants from, 51. Italy, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seam- stresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125; number of im- migrants from, 51. Janitors and sextons, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occu- pation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196. Jersey City, N. J., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condi- tion, and occupation, according to family relationship, 246; number of other bread- winners in family, 336. See also Cities, specified. Kansas City, Mo., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condi- tion, and occupation, according to family relationship, 250; number of other bread- winners in family, 338. See also Cities, specified. Laborers (not specified), number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; defini- tion of term, 33; rank' of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital con- dition, 38, 170; by cities and country dis- tricts, 178; by states and territories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196. Launderers and laundresses, number and per cent of each, 32. Laundresses, rank of occupation, 34, 56; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 56, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 58, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 59, 170; by parentage, 58; by family relationship, 60, 198; by num- ber of other breadwinners in famdy, 61, 208; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 185; by geographic divisions, 196; comparison with former census, 59. Librarians and assistants, number of native white women of native parents returned as, 33. Literary and scientific persons, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and ter- ritories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196. Louisville, Ky., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 252; number of other bread- winners in family, 340. See also Cities, specified. Lowell, Mass., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 254; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 344. See also Cities, speci- fied. Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, N. Y., fe- male breadwinners classified by race, na- tivity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 271; other breadwinners in family, 358. See also Cities, specified. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, number and per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, dis- tributed by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170; by cities and coun- try districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Marital condition, total breadwinners classi- fied by, 14; female breadwinners classified by, in relation to age, 14, 16, 37; race and nativity, 15, 22, 170, 208; occupations, 37, 38, 170, 198, 208; family relationship, 27, 198, 218; other breadwinners in family, 30, 208, 306; in selected cities, 218, 306. Marriage, effect on age distribution of bread- winners, 11, 13, 16; more general among foreign born white women, 12. Married women, total number compared with number of breadwinners, 13; com- fiared with number of married men, 14; iving apart from husbands, 28; percent- age of boarders among, 29. See also Mari- tal condition. Men, proportion employed in gainful occu- pations, 9; number and per cent bread- winners, classified by age, 11; by marital condition, 14; comparison with former census, 20. Merchants and dealers (except wholesale), number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total num- ber of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, byraceandnativitv, 34, 158, 159, IGO, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 187; by geographic divi- sions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by other breadwinners in family, 208. Milliners, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34, 76; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 79, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 76, 1.58, 159, 160. 161; by age, 36, 77, 162, 167, 168, 169; by mari- tal condition, 38, 78, 170; by nativity of parents, 77; by family relationship, 80, 199; by other breadwinners in family, '80, 209 ; by cities and country districts , 178 ; by states and territories, 194; by geographic divisions, 75, 79, 197. Milwaukee, Wis., female breadwinners clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 256; other breadwinners in fam- ily, 316. Minneapolis, Minn., breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relation- ship, 260; other breadwinners in family, 348. Mongolians. See Indians and Mongolians. Musicians and teachers of music, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; bj. marital conditi:;n, 38, 170; by cities and country districL;, 178; by states and ten-i- tories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 199; by other breadwinners in family, 209. Native whites — both parents native, number and per cent of breadwinners of each sex, 10, 20; of female breadwinners, 10, 12; dis- tribution by age, 12, 19, 21, 24, 136, 163; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 171; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 1-52; by familv relationship, 25, 27, 200; bv oc- cupations, 34, 163, 171, 200; by states' and territories, 1.36; number of other bread- winners in family, 30, 210; ratio of each principal occupation to all occupations, 34; increase in number, 176. See also Race and nativity. Native whites — one or both parents foreign born, number and per cent of breadwinners of each sex, 10, 20; of female breadwinners, 10, 12; distribution, by age, 12, 19, 21, 24, 138, 164; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 172; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 152; by familv relationship, 25, 27, 202; by occupations, 34, 164, 172, 202; by states and territories, 138; by ndmber of other breadwinners in family, 30, 212; ratio of oach principal occupation to all occupations, 34; increase in number, 176. See also Race and nativity. Nativity. See Race and nativity. Negroes, number and per cent in each sex, 10, 20; female breadwinners, distributed byage, 12, 19,21, 144, 166; by marital con- dition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 174; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 152; by family relationship, 25, 27, 206; bv states and ter- ritories, 144; by occupations, 166, 206, 216; by number of other breadwinners in fam- ily, .30, 216; increase in number of, 176. See also Race and nativity. New Orleans, La. , female breadwinners, clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 262; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 352. See also Cities, speci- fied. New York, N. Y., female breadwinners, clas- sified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupations, according to family rela- tionship, 266; number of other breadwin- ners in familv, 354. See also Cities, speci- fied. Newark, N. ,T., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupations, according to family rela- tionship, 274; number of other breadwir- ners in family, 364. See clso Cities, speci- fied. Norway, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakei-s, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- 398 INDEX. nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Nurses and midwives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; ranjs: of occu- pation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170, 199, 209; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 185; by geographic divi- sions, 196; by family relationship, 199; by number of other breadwinners m fam- ily, 209. Occupations, adoption and abandonment of, by women, 22; classification of female breadwinners by, 31; leading occupations, 32; in relation to race and nativity, 33, 158, 159, 160, 161; age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; marital condition, 37, 170; familyrela- tionship, 198 ; other breadwinners in fam- ily, 208; comparison with former census, 38, 176; statistics for selected occupations, 40; breadwinners in cities and country districts classified by, 178; in states and territories, 180; in selected cities, 218, 306. Officials (government), number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32 ; rank of occu- pation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion, byrace and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and ter- ritories, 182; by geographic divisions, 196. Overseers. See Farmers, planters, and over- seers. Packers and shippers, number and' per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occu- pation, 34; total number of women, 34; prominence of native white women of for- eign parentage among, 35 ; reason for high percentage of young women, 36; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 187; by geographic divisions, 196. Paper and pulp mill operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 190; by geographic divisions, 197. Paper box industry, prominence of native white women of foreign parentage in, 35. See also Boxmakers, paper. Parents, number and percentage of servants and waitresses among female breadwinners classified by birthplace of, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 64; dressmakers, 71; mil- liners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 93; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teach- ers, 114; farmers, 124. Paterson, N. J., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 278; other breadwinners in fam- ily, 368. See also Cities, specified. Philadelphia, Pa., female breadwinners classified byrace, nativity, marital condi-. tion, and occupation, according to family relationship, 280; other breadwinners in family, 370. See also Cities, specified. Physicians and surgeons, number and per' cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 182; by geographic divisions, 196. Pittsburg, Pa., female breadwinners classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 286; other breadwinners in fam- ily, 374. See also Cities, specified. Poland, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84 ; sales- women, 94; stenographers and typewrit- ers, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Printers, lithographers, and pressmen, num- ber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32. ■ Printers, lithographers, and presswomen, rank of occupation, 34; reason for promi- nence of native white women of native parentage among, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, -39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; bvage, 36, 162, 167, 168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178 ; by states and territories, 191; by geographic divi- sions, 197. Professional service, number and per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female breadwin- ners engaged in, distributed by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Providence, E. I., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital con- dition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 290; number of other bread- winners in family, 378. See also Cities, specified. Pace and nativity, number and per cent of breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19, 21, 136, 163; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 170; by cities and country dis- tricts, 17, 19, 152; by family relationship, 25, 27, 198; by occupations, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; bv states and territories, 132, 180; by specified cities, 146, 147, 218, 306; by geographic divisions, 154; by number of other breadwinners in family, 30, 208; in- crease in number of female breadwinners by, 176. Rank of principal occupations, 34, 36, 38. See also specified occupations. Rochester, N. Y., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condi- tion, and occupation, according to family- relationship, 292; number of other bread- winners in family, 380. See also Cities, specified. Rubber factory operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis- tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 191; by geographic divi- sions, 197. Russia, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; stenographers and type- writers, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Russian Empire and Finland, number of immigrants from, 51. St. Louis, Mo., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela/- tionship, 294; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 382. See also Cities, speci- fied. St. Paul, Minn., female breadwinners, classi- fied by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family rela- tionship, 298; number of other breadwin- ners in family, 386. See also Cities, speci- fied. Salesmen and saleswomen, number and per cent of each, 32; distribution in given cities compared, 93. Saleswomen, rank of occupation, 34, 91; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 92, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 94, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 94, 170; by geographic di- visions, 92, 196; by parentage, 93; by family relationship, 95, 199; by number of other breadwinners in family, 96, 209; by cities and country districts, 92, 178; by states and territories, 187; comparison with previous censuses, 95. Scandinavia, saleswomen whose parents were born in, 94. See also Sweden and Norway. Scientific persons. See Literary and scien- tific persons. Scotland, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and type- writers, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125. Seamstresses, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34, 62; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 62, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 65, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 66, 170; by geo- graphic divisions, 63, 197 ; by parentage, 64; by family relationship, 68, 199; by number of other breadwinners in family, 69, 209; by cities and country districts, 62, 178; by states and territories, 194; comparison with former census, 67. Servants and waitresses, number classed as boarders, 26; number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34, 40; total number of women, 34; in- crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 41, 42, 51, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 48, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 49, 370; by cities and country districts, 44, 45, 46, 178; by parentage, 47 ; by family relation- ship, 54, 199; by states and territories, 185; by geographic divisions, 46, 53, 196; by number of other breadwinners in family, 209; comparison with previous census, 50; decrease of servant class among immi- grants, 51. Sextons. See .Tanitors and sextons. Shirt, collar, and cuff makers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distri- bution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 195; by geographic divisions, 197. Silk mill operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occu- pation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, INDEX. 399 by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161 ; by a^e, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178j by states and territories, 193; by geographic divisions, 197. Single women. See Marital condition. States and territories, total female breadwin- ners distributed by, 131; according to race and nativity, 132; age, 134; cities and country districts, 152; occupations, 180; breadwinners in native white female pop- ulation of native parentage, distributed by age, 136; in native white of foreign par- entage, 138; in foreign born white, 140; in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in negro, 144. Stenographers and typewriters, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34, 102; reason for high per- centage of young women, 37; total num- ber of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176 ; distribution by race and nativity, 34, 103, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 105, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 106, 170; by geographic divisions, 103, 196; by states and territories, 103, 188; by parentage, 104; by cities and country dis- tricts, 104, 178; by family relationship, 107, 199 ; by number of other breadwinners in family, 108, 209; comparison with pre- vious census, 106. Stewardesses. See Housekeepers and stew- ardesses. Surgeons. See Physicians and surgeons. Sweden, servants and waitresses whose par- ents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste- nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants from, 51. Switzerland, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milli- ners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84: ste- nographers and typewriters, 104 ; teachers, US; fanners, 125. Tailoresses, rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and na- tivity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition. 38, 170 ; by cities and country districts, 178 ; by states and territories, 195; by geo- graphic divisions, 197; by family rela- tionship, 199; by number of other bread- winners in family, 209. Tailors and tailoresses, number and per cent of each, 32. Teachers and professors in colleges, etc., number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32, 120; rank of occupation, 34, 109; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and na- tivity, 34, 109, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 115, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital con- dition, 38, 117, 170; by states and terri- tories, 110, 182; by geographic divisions, 113, 114, 116, 196; by parentage, 114; by family relationship, 121, 199; by number of other breadwinners in family, 122, 209; by cities and country districts, 112, 178; comparison with previous censuses, 118. Telegraph and telephone operators, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; reason for high per cent of young women, 37; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 188; by geographic divisions, 196. Textile mill operatives, nuniber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; impor- tance as an occupation for women, 81; increase in number of female breadwin- ners among, 39, 89, 176; distribution, by specified industries, 81; by race and na- tivity, 82, 158, 159, 160, 161; by states and territories, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 191; by par- entage, 84; by age, 85, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 87, 170; by family relationship, 89; by number of other breadwinners in family, 91; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 197; comparison with previous census, 87. Textile workers, number and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; increase in num- ber of female breadwinners among, 39, 176; by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age periods, 162, 167, 168, 169; by inarital condition, 170; by cities and coun- try districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 197. Tobacco and cigar factory operatives, num- ber and per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,160,161; byage,36,162,167, 168, 169;by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and terri- tories, 195; by geographic divisions, 197. Trade and transportation, number and per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; compari- son with former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, distributed by race arid nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condi- tion, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196. Typewriters. See Stenographers and type- writers. Wales. See England and Wales. Washington, D. C, female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital con- dition, and occupation, according to fam- ily relationship, 300; number of other breadwinners m family, 388. See also Cities, specified. Widows, number employed compared with total females, 13; compared with widowers, 14, (note) 27; number and percentage of breadwinners among, by age, 14, 16; by race and nativity, 15, 22; by family rela- tionship, 27; by other breadwinners in family, 30; percentage of boarders among, 29. See also Marital condition. Women, number employed in gainful occu- pations, 10; motives for becoming bread- winners, 10; proportion of breadwinners as an index of economic position of race and nativity classes, 10; adoption and abandonment of occupations, 22. See also Breadwinners. Woolen mill operatives, number and per icent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribu- tion, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160,161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and ter- ritories, 193; by geographic divisions, 197. o