TN 800 G78 1919 v.l ■ -77T Lis CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGINEERING LIBRARY Cornell University Library TN 800.G78 1919 V.1 The mineral industry of the British empi 3 1924 004 640 201 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004640201 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. COAL, COKE, and BY-PRODUCTS (1913-1919) PART I. LONDON PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 37, Peter Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 23, Forth Street, Edinburgh; or from E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116, Grafton Street, Dublin, 1921. Price 3s. 6d. Net. $T, QUIT, TmPEXUlL JKST/TOTE ) LOHDOH, fffo PREFACE. v.| The following digest of statistical and technical information relative to the production, consumption, and value of Coal, p ok ®' and By-products constitutes Part I of the work on Coal, and will form a part of the volume or volumes on the Mineral Resources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries constituting the Annual Mineral Conspectus of the Bureau. In this, the first year of publication, an effort has been made to fill in as far as possible the hiatus due to the war in the publications relating to mining and metallurgical statistics. Labour, health, and Safety statistics have been omitted owing to the difficulty involved in procuring reliable information for the war period, but in future issues these statistics will be included in respect of each year.' Resort will also be had to graphical representation of statistics of production, consumption, costs, and prices. The weights are expressed in " long " tons, that is to say, the British statute ton of 2,2401b., and values in pounds, shillings, and pence at par rates of exchange. The work on Coal will be issued in three parts, viz. : — Part I. — Comprising (a) general information in respect of coal, coke and by-products ; (b) the world's production, and (c) coal statistics of the United Kingdom. Part II. — Comprising coal statistics in respect of the British Empire other than the United Kingdom. Part III. — Comprising coal statistics relative to Foreign Countries. A map of the Coalfields is in preparation and will be published separately and issued with Part II. Mr. W. Forster Brown, a Governor of the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, is Chairman of the Advisory Technical Committee which has revised this work. R. A. S. REDMAYNE, Chairman of the Governors. 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, London, S.W.I. CD CO OO ■* 00 — CO O — i CD CO © 05 05 < to 'Ajunoo jpn^iirtr) 1/5 36-55 56-72 under " V 6-73 o o o o ■■too t^CN 10,127 "EiniSaiA 1/5 39-46 52-82 er includet 7-72 o o 6 o — CD . OCO CN© oo 5 1 O) ' d •a C ce U ■JloiMSurug Aia^ '8og n^Soioood CN 31-8 65-9 le remaind 2-3 o © © CO© o — © X © •* 05 © ■puBjsi pxejwpg aouud '3og aqonoo-sipv IN 31-5 62-8 irbon," t 5-7 © © © cops — © 9550 0-50 -eijoog ■bao^q; 'aiXSiy 'Sog qieaji CN 30-2 60-9 ' Fixed C 8-9 o o © — © 9410 0-50 •Eqo^mBpi 'Sog 3]B3J3 ASSog CN 26-7 65-0 ;d under 8-3 o o © 8730 0-41 ■Bqo;iuEj\i '3og 93JBT pnj^ CN 23-2 69- 1 .ly includi 7-7 © © lO i— I 8760 0-34 •oub^uo 'X^unoQ uuagnQ 'X^unoQ mwerewy CN 27-2 59-9 (Mos1 12-9 © o © t>co — © 8710 0-45 •aouiAOjj oaqanQ 'pisij uax aSjBT - 29-2 65-8 5-0 © o © © CN 9530 0-44 Proximate Analysis : — Fixed Carbon Volatile Matter Sulphur Ash Ultimate Analysis : — Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur Ash Calorific value (B.Th.U.) . . Fuel Ratio (Ratio of Fixed Carbon to Volatile Matter) _ <« > O T) C IS c > o O R O ■a 05 !S c o ■43 3 1/5 u ■a a < u X 05 00 c 05 O ri 1-" 05 L- - i— < »— < " .05 „_; a BO"-" . 3 CO 60 o m CD 05" a (S 5 c am 05 CO w tS gen en C C (S O 05 o foW C/J XI V o nt ni c •c or 05 tS -u ^■o" > ■v > i— i Is e SS CO i? < : : P> _. y— ■*.— * , , ^^, CS CO ■*•« rt 10 COAL. The actual and probable coal reserves of the world have been estimated and the following table represents the figures pre- sented at the Geological Congress at Toronto in 1913. The figures given represent millions of tons, and in the estimate the minimum thickness of seams workable to a depth of 4,UUU it. from the surface is taken at 1 ft. and depths to between 4,000 it. and 6,000 ft. at 2 ft., 6,000 ft. being regarded as the limit in respect of workable depth. Actual. Probable and Possible. Total. Australasia Asia Africa America, North Central ,, South Europe 4,073 20,502 499 414,804 2,087 274,189 166,337 1,259,084 57,340 4,658,622 5 30,010 510,001* 170,410 1,279,586 57,839 5,073,426 • 5 32,097 784,190 Total 716,154 6,681,399 7,397,553 The estimated coal reserves may be classified very broadly as follows : — Lignite. Bituminous. Anthracitic Total. Australasia Asia Africa America Europe 36,270 111,851 1,054 2,811,906 36,682 (in millions of 133,481 760,098 45,123 2,271,080 693,162* tons) 659 407,637 11,662 22,542 54,346 170,410 1,279,586 57,839 5,105,528 784,190 Total 2,997,763 3,902.944 496,846 7,397,553 For the purpose of description the following general arrange- ment is adopted for convenience :- — COAL A. Brown coal, or lignite B. Bituminous coal I C. Anthracite 1. Gas coal & cannel 2. Coking coal 3. House coal 4. Manufacturing or iron-smelt- ing coal 5. Steam Coal With regard to brown coal, or lignite, the structure of the coal, apart from the low percentage of fixed carbon which it contains, so completely differentiates it from ordinary coal that ♦Includes 8,750 million tons of probable reserve of bituminous coal in Smtz bergen. It should be remarked, however, that any estimate of the available resources of coal in Spitzbergen must necessarily be of a very rough character 11 although highly bituminous (regarding the expression " bitu- minous " as meaning the possession of a high percentage of volatile hydrocarbons) it occupies a class by itself. (A) Brown coal, or lignite, differs from ordinary coal in that its formation is the result of the partial mineralization of vegetable tissues. It is chiefly used in briquette-making and as fuel for household, manufacturing, and locomotive purposes in districts remote from Carboniferous coalfields. Very large quantities of brown coal are produced in certain countries. In 1913 more than 31 per cent, of the coal output of the German Empire was brown coal ; in Austria - Hungary, 67 per cent. ; in France, nearly 2 per cent. ; and in New Zealand it was over 38 per cent., most of the mineral being obtained in the southern part of the South Island. In the Teplitz basin in Bohemia seams of 3 ft. thickness occur in the Upper Oligocene formation ; while in the Lower Miocene, in the same basin, the seams often reach a thickness of 98 ft. In Styria there are seams from 50 to 100 ft. thick, and in one place a seam nearly 200 ft. thick occurs in the Miocene formation. In Spain lignite is entirely confined to beds of Cretaceous age. The following table shows the composition of some of the better-known brown coals : — Composition of Brown Coal, ■ ncluding Lignite. Country. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Oxygen Nitro- gen. Water. Ash. Specific gravity. 1. England 66-30 5-63 22-86 0-57 — 2-27 1129 (Bovey Tracey) 2. Bexhill (in Weal- 47-65 — 49-10 — — 3-25 1-275 den beds of the Cretaceous) 3. Tasmania 50-90 4-66 15-99 1-08 13-43 4-64 4. France . . 70-49 5-59 18-00 0-93 — 4-99 ,1, S. France . . 63-88 4-58 17-10 1-00 — 13-43 o 6. Switzerland 70-02 5-20 20-50 1-27 — . 3-01 +» 7. Greece 61-20 5-00 23-50 1-28 — 9-02 CD 8. Bohemia 73-79 7-46 12-79 1-00 — . 4-96 © 9. Germany m . . 70-12 319 7-59 1-00 3-63 15-47 6 10. Germany 60-83 4-36 23-50 114 9-07 2-43 O u 1 1 . Persia 63-55 6-68 26-00 1-93 3-05 bo 12. Siberia 47-46 72 4-50 5-0-5-5 32 09 103 28 14-95 4-5 a 13. Karbitz Teplitz.. . 22-0-22-5 14. Komotau Saaz . . 71 5-0 23-0 35 4-0 (1), (2) Mem. of Geol. Survey, 1918, Special Report on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. VII., part 1. (3) to (12) '* Modern Practice in Mining." By R. A. S. Redmayne. Vol. I. p. 14, 1919. (13), (14) " Coal Resources of the World," 1913, Vol. III. (B) Bituminous Coal : — The varieties of bituminous coal include all those coals occupying a place between lignite at the one extreme and anthracite at the other. 12 As a broad commercial classification, Redmayne gives : (1) gas, (2) coking, (3) house, (4) manufacturing or iron-smelting and (5) steam coal, which grade one into the other, so that a coal occupying an intermediate place — say, for instance, between house and gas — would be termed a second-class gas coal and would be sold for gas-making or as a domestic fuel* (1) Gas Coal— The coals are often black and bright, platy in structure, and more or less friable, according to the district. A good gas-coal should yield as a minimum about 10,500 cubic feet of gas (at standard temperature and pressure) with an illuminating power equal to sixteen standard candles. The sulphur contents of the coal should be below 1 per cent., as on distillation it is emitted in combination with hydrogen as sulphuretted hydrogen, which is not only an evil-smelling and poisonous gas, but acts as an adulterant to the illuminating gases. * " Modern Practice in Mining." By R. A. S. Redmayne, 1919, Vol. I., p. 25. 13 o f o S3[pUB3 piEpUB;g UI jSAiod SurjBuiumm © O O CD O Cl^OXO ^_ — — r^. — tncooun^-rt n«aoxarN05'xi'tNcr) ■}33j oiqno ©©©■^■OOCN^WOm onooooouiNnaQ UI reoo jo uoj «-XWl/5OU5N00W05 lad s^o jo ppiA ^h" cm" o" •— * ~" <-<" ^-" o" a> o* o" * 35103 1 CD «C t :i at- JO a3B}U9DI3,£ -* n i% r>« — i> r^ r-* CD cd CD cd ^r o o r* in too •9jn;siOK 1 — CO CO CD "^ t>« O CO cn cm ■* in tr> -* co r*. cd © a o V '35 o ft. •qsy ti- -T n in in . w o NrH^-co^^^nMTrci B x -r — co r- Tf -r o •jnqding C^OT W CD — ' CO CM © ^ © *-« o © oo bo d +J p •suoqiEo CN 01 CN CO CO WOCOtO) a -ojpAn 8IR«I°A cor^coiouooocDiccD^r^. cu ~ so *-* a> d -$• <~* cNcor^cD 111 "-WCOCNCNCOCOC0C0C0C0 fCOCNCMO© — t^COCOt^ ■ uoqiB^ Paxtj coc^cococoocoTpma5t^. -rOCMCO^OOTCNCTl^ XC^CDCDCDCDCDCOCD-^-iO ^. T? en e ~ .2 s id • • d ^ * 2 c ■ ■ > o " d P* o *iJ ■r • t/5 * op en =£!■ 1 ham (En kshire cashire imouth ( arkshire shire >-< - - ^ p s c"u 3 O d O g*| Q !* ►-) S Jta 9 ° d M ickbed bone Si am Seam n Seam Splint £ . ^ . u ttj C -S jj +J CO um.S.ul; o ., w a ■a Tl a> V> IG W d o O > 6 — i d Tl A P 3 CD o Q *a> P. Tl is . C R _ rt cu T) IH o p o > < C O « 'P (U .* >> o per TJ P d 60 t- P > d P Tl O § -t-> Si P -(-> r/1 o s n w CJ +j rt o £ 6 aj p CD rt TJ U- P %< s 14 Cannel coals differ in character from the lignites and true bituminous coals. They are non-caking in character, have a ciuii pitchy to dark-brown appearance, burn freely with a long flame, break with a conchoidal fracture, and are hard and dense, wnen heated, they decrepitate with a crackling sound, and are accord ingly sometimes known as " Parrot Coals." They differ entirely in composition and properties from ordinary bituminous coal their origin and mode of formation being probably different. On distill- ation they give a large yield of gas, possessing a high illuminating power; consequently, before the days of incandescent gas burners and the enrichment of gas by oil, they were in large demand for mixing with ordinary gas-coal to secure the necessary standard candle power. They yield a coke of poor quality, which retains the original shape of the coal. * Cannel coal is characterized by a high percentage of hydrogen and a very high yield of volatile hydrocarbons and exceptionally high ash. The proximate and ultimate constituents vary within such wide limits that it is impossible to correlate properties and composition, but clearly there are certain bodies present in cannel, which, on destructive distillation, yield a much higher proportion of relatively stable gaseous hydrocarbons than is the case with ordinary bituminous coals. The ratio of volatile hydrocarbons to the "fixed carbon" is usually high (1-1) but there are many exceptions where this ratio is no higher than in an ordinary bituminous coal. * " Fuel." by J. S. Brame. 1919. 15 I IP ■pjOlX 83(00 ■seS jo j3Mod Smveuramm ■»q ooe pue £„09 ;t: uo) jad seq '.un}S]oj\i ■mqd|ns 'uoqjBO p«!£ ■ oq -jeoojpAq OIIJEPA •jnqdjns •qsy ■ii^Si.Vxo *ua9oj)ix 'usSojpXH •uoqiE3 'C (5 I I I I I I I N M N N I § 2 § I N « cS « — "* -H — « ^111 a. x co- I I 3 3 S B I I I I I I I I I I I I Ci oi oo i i i i i I i i i I i i i i i i l .-ill s O Q | I Q o a S3 >< .a 3 & I o I 3 35 S 8 as s 3 ■s a 1 ; : kj Ph •0 c u fa CO c y ■a •0 5 & u B •3 •a 5 W t^ —,(-5 1/5 "* 1/5 CD t"- CO 0>ina>i^«-'0i>oi' co ~ ■/! co co co io •/> in m >/5 U50OCMU5-JCM;#C> r^asr^ajcDcncD"* © co-- co [^ ■* « On-X «rtNn« 3 cm ot cm — •* MMci^^Mli'-inn OMO^COM CO ~ "tf 05 05 CO ■>* CM CD ©CM COO) O CM -* £ CD » co © 05 cm w g coco © ©©i—CM -fa ©CM (^"'^'^©'^•-'©'nCOCM COCO©C005CMCMCO"*l/5 -w^h^hcSwO r-« w CM © © CM •-< ~* ' < « cm cm cm co m 8 cm — "r en in -h rNO«05OinOHCDaiootN^mtNomr^i/: CD CO ■* CM CO 05 35 1/5 CD CD ■* CO ■* oo co co « co co m © ** r> 1/5 05 in t> a •* co cm co co a> £j 05 CD CO coco c^ ■*f CD © 1/5 CO CD CO CN 05 © 1/5 CO CD CO © *-< t-" CM ■-« i-i 0> CD IN ^h © CM CM ■<* 05 CM r^ © CO CO i-" -■* -* ^ •* 05 CD ■* 05 »-< co r^ 1/5 1/5 U5 1/5 ■* ■* 1/5 *"# U5 •* TP ■<* Tf CO CO Tf •* Th 1/5 1/5 CO t/5 1/5 c o ■8 ai U C o o CO 1/5 CO *•« IN "/5 CO 1/5 © CM ^ CD CD 0> 05 CO ■* lO CD H0Or^tOH«H ^osco tN — inco Sin cc t>co t^co CD CD 05 CO CD CO CO "*t* CD U5 © CN t^ oocotNCNC^co tN in c~ in r> r~ in e "3b c W 3 o (/) -a ~-^ c to rt -« - -3 - aj 43 a id - u s ■■3 C cii •£ ; en 3 cd " +• C CO o ngary ssia nited Am 3 3 £3 X K •£ S 3 ■ d O bo MHO •So 5-3 •• • > a • • ■ ^i " S a, & t^t;^ 9 ffl 3 as5o bft ■ ■ £.3 p a 43 S s 2 3 : -a T) 3 o •d '3 o X o k? rt .£ ^ rt 3 19 (3) House Coal, — It is difficult to define a house coal, as nearly all coals are used for domestic purposes, many gas and steam coals also being sold as " house-fire " fuel. The principal requirements in regard to a house coal are that it should be capable of producing a good bright fire — not too fierce as would be the case with an iron-smelting, or still more with a steam coal ; hence the fixed carbon content should be below that of a steam coal. Owing to its intumescent nature, a coking coal does not make a good house coal. The ash produced in burning the coal should be small in quantity, grey and cindery, as compared with the soft white powdery ash characteristic of a good steam coal. In the table on page 20 the proximate analyses of several well-known house coals are given. (4) Manufacturing or Iron-Smelting Coal* — This variety of coal should have a low sulphur and ash content and contain a high percentage of fixed carbon, but the latter should be below that of a first class steam coal. If the fuel is to be used under forced draught as, for instance, in iron smelting, it is generally more economical to purchase coke than to use a smokless steam coal or anthracite. In the West of Scotland, in the Clyde basin, splint coal is used in blast furnaces, and coal of a similar character is used in North and South Staffordshire and Derbyshire. In 1918, 2,606,840 tons of raw coal were used in blast furnaces in the United Kingdom, in addition to 11,286,680 tons of coke. * With the exception of some Scottish furnaces and a few in North Stafford- shire, little, if any, iron-smelting is now done with coal. 20 .6 p 93[00 J° PI 3 ?A qsy jnqdins usSXxq uaSoxjifj I? I ^■IM iraSoipAjj uoqii33 ajn^STOn o 6 &3 s o o "§■< o O qsy jnndps suoqxeo -ojpAq H W 1-H « O O CO CO CO ^CD't O . <35 CO ,0500 I I « "-■ o t^ c-1 CO co a: cocr o co ir> r* uoqxeo paxij CO CO CO CJ5 1% O 00 ir* moono f, CO t^CO-* |C CO CO tj< cd s CO T) *~~> ai J3 d > o> 43 a ^ 8 Tl . E ci "o ■j. > S^ CO d CO C >, at *~ d o •>. 'U CO X) S « « o . 4-> d C/J CO 4< o CO o (_) < W '■s S >. w •a Q ; co O so c O a> d fc .-tJ § - PQ c ^•K CO o I I u 4! 'cs a. d a, < a a . u CO - ■a o •^ 2* 21 (5) Steam Coal. — The characteristics of most importance in a steam coal are the heating power, the nature of the ash, and the amount of sulphur present. The heating power is very largely dependent on the carbon contents, but there should be sufficient volatile hydrocarbons present to allow of easy ignition and combustion of the fixed carbon. If the moisture is high a considerable quantity of heat is rendered non-effective. Sulphur acts detrimentally by eating away the fire-bars ; and ash, being incombustible, reduces the value of a coal. The coal, on burning, should not form clinker, but leave a light soft ash, usually white, which protects the fire-bars from the heat of the fire without clogging or sticking to them. 22 93103 FB03 jo - qi J3d 'DoOOU B dBA3 JS^M. — •* CO SSTJOIBQ uoqjeo P 3x !jI qsy suoqiBO -ojpX H 3 W B l°A ajn^sion; m;sioi\[ qsy jnqdins usgoj;;^ usSXxq uaSojpXjj uoqiE^ 5 S 'CO £•0 o •^ 1 co m (N ' ■t'cb CTi LO r> 03 03 03 .03 Son I g?cs>:r K P t-. S t-. CO CO r> CM 00 1/3 CO o CO 1 } l CO 10 t*- I «-> go ^ ' 4 1— i 1— 1 CO i I t^. 00 co 00 COCM CO 03 IC CD ■* 1/3 CM ■* I I o 1/3 05' CM CM CM CM 1/3 CO CM CO CO 03 TT ^ 05 co 05 o cmn nt-nooo ,g 2SE2; £ "* .^ r* 1/5CO r*» r^ 00 00 co ■*** cococo co--^cs 00 00000 000 —no o *- ^ o n n On _ „ MHM 1/300 !{r3!E;£:S2 t» o(o S3 o> n cm S^n^S 03 coco £Jcoob • CO O CD CM n ■* nn CCOSTCOO CD n t-s 030CR'-<' W 00 03 00 1% 00 1^ 00 cd e OS on >H (VI §n ? CO 8 - o o o 3 Q oo u "•B.h n H3.3 S a C a Oj CO d 03 ^ :jS o & -a = d ©"a .5 •* «s -P -a y sT.3 : -a . a § 6 1 •2 rt >3 . (8 . (A) - O •-S? ■ a fi;> : Co Co C/3 'm.H-sSO'S.Q o 60 HO . nn5 o £? >- 00 y "5b 3 ! "A n CM CO - CO CM en a, .a « 1— 1 >> - -.03 ■o . 'a) fl -2 CI? P s s^ dmay y All -Coal (2^WJ t/j ° oi 5 0)^ C JCoS «\2U§ K "'3 l -> co C ao ffln m-S g-" rtica 3oa] inee Minin ed Ve ritish d Eng csn g «(!, DO Pract nt to ' nalyse n Mini C» cdoi to mm nnnw .-co -to ccn 1" CD -f - '-c r» cm x I I ■~ io° ° rt £ ~t3 co « 2 IllgslJ? «2ga,SKj-£-a o ™ ~- o c 3 J2 3Sc/)H huoS a ci m -rtri tor* w - > bC. »-> 55 551 MS d ds dg o-fi ao o> . ~ a i^ ~is fapQ rt £. D-toa*" 1 "2 S Dav oke. p. 4 — tN S 8 8^182 S&stjgss a. o< - — ■ o 4) & H H c *? ■a 5? s ,s is -a ■S-S s K | o ) to (6) ' ) to (9) ' ) " Coal Annual to (17) "Model (20) (21 X "S o> © ■? C^C2 « w oo oi ^ ^ M . U-gAV-S 27 COKE. Metallurgical Coke. — By the term " metallurgical coke " is meant the hard coke required for " metallurgical purposes," chiefly for the smelting of iron in blast furnaces. It is produced by carbonizing coal at high temperatures and in large ovens, the coal being specially selected for its strong caking properties and relatively low ash content. The best of such coals are those yielding between 20 and 30 per cent, of volatile matter when carbonized at a temperature of 1,000° C. or thereabouts. Metal- lurgical coke does not include the coke which is obtained by carbonizing gas coals (i.e., those yielding upwards of 30 per cent, of volatile matter at 1,000° C.) in horizontal, inclined or vertical retorts primarily for the production of coal gas. The essential characteristic of a good blast furnace coke (apart from low ash content) is a peculiar combination of strength and porosity, such that the fuel, while capable of withstanding the weight of the superincumbent materials in the furnace at a depth of some 65 or 70 feet below the " stockline," shall nevertheless be sufficiently porous to be both easily penetrated by the ascending furnace gases and rapidly consumed by the blast at the tuyere level ; and the fuel should also be as resistant as possible to the attack by carbon dioxide in the upper part of the furnace, which leads to the production of a quantity of carbon monoxide and to a corresponding waste of fuel. The important question of the waste of coal in the production of coke in beehive ovens, as distinct from the modern method of production in by-product ovens, is receiving serious attention throughout the whole coal-industrial world owing to the largely increased demand for metallurgical coke which was brought about by war requirements, and also to the increased demand for valuable by-products, which was very marked, especially in the United Kingdom. In the United States, practically no beehive ovens have been erected during the past five years, and the falling number of this type of oven is more than compensated by the erection of by-product plants. During 1917 the total number of by-product ovens in the United States was 7,660, yielding the largest tonnage of coke ever recorded, viz., 22,600,000 tons. This represented 40 per cent, of the total output, the remaining 60 per cent., or 34,000,000 tons, coming from beehive plants. It was expected that during 1918 an additional 2,800 by-product ovens would be put into commission, bringing the total to 10,460, and that the yield of by-product coke would pass that of beehive, and approximate to 40,000,000 tons, 70 per cent, of the record- breaking total of 56,000,000 tons during 1917. In the United Kingdom in 1917 there were in use 7,013 beehive coke ovens out of a total of 16,540. In 1918 there were 6,615 28 beehive ovens out of a total of 16,292. In 1919, 80 per cent of the production of metallurgical coke was obtained from Dy-proauct ovens, 16 per cent, from beehive ovens, and 4 per cent, from tne non-recovery Coppee retort-ovens* Owing to the recent war conditions it is difficult to make any detailed comparison between the coking industries of the cimerent countries. The practice of by-product recovery had become, universal throughout Germany long before the commencement of the war In the United States, however, the practice was still in course of development when the war began, but the demand for benzene and toluene created by the war greatly stimulated the American industry as well as that of Great Britain, and it seems probable that the near future will see the industry as active in both these countries as it has been for many years past in Germany. •fThe details of construction of the leading types of the by- product form of retort coke ovens show a distinct tendency to uniformity. The three most noticeable improvements in modern retort coke oven plants are : — (1) Better distribution and heating of the combustible gases, so as to ensure a more equal temperature in all parts of the oven walls in order to burn off the charge more quickly and uniformly. (2) Separate supply of air for combustion to all the numerous burners. (3) Direct recovery of sulphate of ammonia. Gas coke. — Gas coke is obtained as a by-product in the coal gas industry. The points of difference between gas coke and oven coke may be summarized thus : — (1) Gas coke is much smaller in size than oven coke, owing principally to the small size of the retorts in which it is made. (2) The composition of gas coke depends on that of the coal used, but, as the process of distillation is not con- tinued usually so long as in coke oven practice, it still retains some volatile matter when withdrawn from the retort and quenched. The coke produced by continuous distillation in the newer vertical retorts shows a much smaller content of volatile matter and approximates in composition to oven coke. (3) Gas coke is more vesicular and friable, and much softer than oven coke, and is therefore not suitable for use in blast furnaces, since it would be incapable of sustaining the burden. * " The Iron and Steel Industry of the United Kingdom under War Con- ditions." By F. H. Hatch. 1919. p. 99. f " Recent Developments in By-Product Coking." By B. Walker Min ■of Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers. 1918. Vol. CCV., p. 37. 29 It is, however, more suitable for use in ordinary fires, as it ignites more readily on account of its higher percentage of volatile matter. When not saturated with water through over-quenching it forms an excellent domestic fuel if burnt in suitable grates or stoves, being clean to handle and burning evenly without smoke. A series of tests* made by the American Radiator Company to determine the efficiency of domestic fuels showed " that gas coke of nut size had an efficiency of 78-7 per cent., Pittsburg oven coke 71-4 per cent., anthracite coal 66-3 per cent., and Pocahontas coal 66-1 per cent." It was also shown that in the ease of kindling, Pocahontas coal stood first, but gas coke of nut size was a close second, Pittsburg coke third, and anthracite last. Gas Carbon. — This substance is found as a hard, brittle, graphitic deposit on the roofs of the retorts used in coal-gas pro- duction. It is formed chiefly by the decomposition of the hydro- carbons when a highly bituminous coal is distilled at the high temperatures used in gas manufacture. It is used chiefly for making electrodes, for which purpose it is crushed, mixed with coal-tar, moulded into the shape required, and baked. The amount obtained is comparatively small. BY-PRODUCTS. In addition to coke, the by-products recovered from the carbonization of coal are of great value. Chief among these are ammoniacal liquor, tar and gases for illuminating, heating and power purposes. Different coals contain widely varying quan- tities of nitrogen as will be seen by the following figures : — f Nitrogen, Coal. per cent. English 1-14 to 2-37 Scottish North American Indian (Bengal) Japanese 1-65 to 2-55 1-2 to 2-0 2-12 to 2-48 2-85 to 3-62 Less than half of the total nitrogen contained by the coal is given off on carbonization, the balance remaining in the coke. Experiments have shown that the maximum production of ammonia occurs at a temperature of 850° to 900°C, beyond * Journ. Franklin Inst. F. H. Wagner, April, 1916, p. 509. f " Industrial Bulletin," Series No. 28. Issued by authority of the Minister of Mines and Industries, Union of South Africa. By J. A. Wilkinson, 1919. 30 which cyanogen is formed by the decomposition of the ammonia in interaction with carbon. The only practical method hitherto devised of increa ^sing ; the yield of ammonia is to burn the coke while keeping the tempera ture as low as possible, as in the Mond producers. The distribution of the nitrogen among the products obtained on distillation has been estimated in a research* on eighty Scottish coals to be as follows :— Nitrogen present in the :- ^ ^ 19-5 Gas Ammoniacal Liquor Tar Cyanogen Balance remaining in the Coke 17-1 3-9 1-2 58-3 100-0 From the point of view of the recovery of ammonia, the liquor is of chief importance, and this is obtained as a by-product both in gasworks and coke oven practice. The products obtained commercially from the ammoniacal liquor are : — 1. Concentrated liquor. 2. Pure ammonia liquor. 3. Anhydrous liquid ammonia. 4. Ammonium sulphate. 5. Other ammonium salts. During the war a considerable impetus was given to by- product recovery, due largely to the great demand for ammonia for war purposes.^ In 1913, 58 per cent, of the production of metallurgical coke in the United Kingdom was obtained from by-product ovens, compared with 80 per cent, at the present time; % while in the United States of America, the percentage increased from 27 per cent, in 1913, to 40 per cent, in 1917. Until 1910 Great Britain was the leading producer of am- monium sulphate, the greater part of which was then being obtained from gasworks liquor, but the production from coke oven works has, since 1915, exceeded that from the former source of supply. The following gives a comparison' between pre-war * " Industrial Bulletin," Series No. 28. Issued by authority of the Minister of Mines and Industries, Union of South Africa. By J. A. Wilkinson, 1919. f " The Iron and Steel Industry of the United Kingdom under War Con- ditions." By F. H. Hatch, 1919. J "Mineral Resources of the United States." United States Geol. Survey. 31 and present prices of ammonia products marketed in England • * July. , 1913. Dec, 1919. £ s. d. £ s. d. Ammonia (anhydrous) . . lb. 1 2 . .020 ,, 0-88 .. ton 27 10 . .33 11 0-92 ton 15 5 . . 20 Ammonium carbonate . . lb. 3| . . 71 j) chloride (grey) ton 27 10 . .47 9" ,, „ (1st) cwt. 2 4 . . 4 15 ) > „ (2nd) cwt. 2 2 . . 4 10 >> nitrate ton 34 10 . . 60 Jt phosphate ton 33 . .110 a sulphate (grey), Manchester . . ton 12 15 . . (not quoted) Ammonium sulphate finds its chief use as a highly concen- trated nitrogenous manure and, in a smaller degree, in the prepara- tion of other ammonium salts. When pure it contains 25 • 70 per ■cent, ammonia, which is equivalent to 21-21 per cent, nitrogen, and the commercial product as now obtained does not fall far short of this standard. In the United States the sale or use of surplus gas from by- product coking ovens for illuminating purposes and for domestic and industrial fuel has shown a considerable increase, fin 1913 the quantitv of gas for these purposes amounted to 64,553,941 ■cubic feet, while in 1917 it was 130,826,575 cubic feet. Jin Great .Britain surplus gas from by-product ovens is •employed for public lighting at Little Hulton, Middlesbrough, Leeds, Birmingham, and has more recently been used at Sheffield. * Taken from the Chemical Trades Journal. During the war the maximum price of ammonium sulphate was fixed in England by an Order issued by the Ministry of Munitions. Quotation was resumed in August, 1920. — £2i per ton for ammonium sulphate (grey), Manchester, makers' price for home consumption only. t " Mineral Resources of the United States." United States Geol. Survey. t " Coal and its Scientific Use." By W. A. Bone, 1918, p. 332. 32 LOW TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION. A considerable amount of research work, some of it on a. commercial scale, has been carried out during the past few years on the low temperature carbonization of coal, and, but tor tne intervention of the war, the results would probably have been in advance of those heretofore obtained. Particularly prominent in this respect has been the work carried out by the British Fuel Research Board. On page 36 allusion is made to this organiza- tion, and the result of the research work carried out thereby is. awaited with interest. By low temperature carbonization is meant the partial coking and extraction of the volatile constituents of coal at temper- atures between 400°C. and 500°C, but temperatures above the maximum, as high as 1050°C, are sometimes spoken of as low temperatures. In this respect it would be well to adopt the terminology used by the late Vivian B. Lewes and regard "low temperature" as ranging between 400° and 500°C, "medium temperature " carbonization as relating to temperatures between 500° and 900°C, and "high temperature" carbonization to. temperature above 900°C. The original "coalite" process was based on the carbonization of coal at 420°C. (SOOT.) The coke yielded by low temperature carbonization is soft, and useless for those metallurgical processes in which the coke has to sustain heavy overburden. Below 400°C. (752°F.) there is little undecomposed tar left in the residual .coke, so that, according to the late Professor Vivian B. Lewes, between 400°C. and 420°C. may be taken as the temperature at which coke forms, He shows* that at this temperature all the coal constituent that makes for coking is destroyed. The following table shows the average results obtained from a good gas coal in respect of production of gas and tar at various temperatures : — Yield of Gas and Tar per ton c / Coal Carbonized. Temperature of Volume Tar. Specific Gravity Distillation. of Gas. of Tar. °C. °F. Cub. Ft. Galls. 900 . . 1,652 11,000 9 1-200 800 . . 1,472 10,000 12 1170 700 . . 1,292 9,000 15 1-140 600 .. 1,112 7,750 18 1115 500 . . 932 6,400 21 1-087 400 . . 752 5,000 23 1060 ' The Carbonization of Coal." By V. B. Lewes, F.I.C., F.C.S., etc 33 It will be seen, therefore, that the results obtained by low- temperature carbonization, as compared with high-temperature carbonization, are : — A lower volume of gas, and a higher yield of tar of a lower specific gravity. The gas obtained by low- temperature carbonization is of lower calorific value than that obtained by high-temperature carbonization, when the illuminants have in both cases been removed. The effect of low temperature is, further, to give a low yield of benzene and its homologues (by reason of the fact that the tar formed under low-temperature conditions contains a large proportion of paraffin hydrocarbons and little benzene and toluene) , and a low yield of ammonia compounds. On the other hand a high temperature results in loss of a great part of the light (fuel) oils, as the tar produced thereunder, though rich in the aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, etc.), is so poor in the paraffins as to render the latter practically negligible. Some results obtained by the low-temperature carbonization of various coals are given in the following table : — <1569) 34 05 CD IS S 8 <^ s o o -o *. « O w t/5 ^ > -J < ^ y. c; < in — po S> <-: I I to 10 *«■ 4 W'«02il2^22SS— O"^*^ — to rsio I - 01 -»• oo o eo x Nnoin-- «©^k~«£3£]®!2£3«2: 2S?5 "Mill ir-r?***? t : i ill ?l I I I I l"l I I M I lf| ! I %'■ I NN*«ficoo I |N^cnnc-r-- a o •« ■wcoMor^'^'^^'io r» x co — — m m — f x ci re — c-j l iO^-*CiOCM«6c- — r- ir: ci co eo c\ eo co co "-■ »n, c i co -o co I I I I B - — - r/l . If 55 (J) o ■—— V Hiilli11||l|iil| III 16 S llll *~~v *o B ^ * - •1-9 S " . Pi!- If ^ i 5 &3 B n ? I'S' H-O rt in Ul ■I-S ^ « L- i > | © o lias; 35 Appendix A of the Report of the Fuel Research Board for the year 1918-1919 is an historical and critical review, by Sir George Beilby, of the subject of low-temperature carbonization of coal. The solution of the problem of the successful working of the low-temperature process of carbonizing coal on a commercial scale does not yet appear to have been arrived at. According ta Sir George Beilby the solution of the problem depends on an outlet being found for the low-temperature coke, and a satisfactory apparatus being devised. He is not without hope that ere long an apparatus will be produced " which will tempt the orthodox gas engineers to give low-temperature distillation a serious trial on its merits." A process of " double carbonization," that is, high-temperature following on low-temperature carbonization, has been suggested, and has been tried, particularly in the United States. In this process, the residual matter from the low-temperature carbon- ization retort is briquetted, and the briquettes are subjected to high-temperature carbonization to secure a high yield of ammonia and benzene compounds 36 THE FUEL RESEARCH BOARD. The Fuel Research Board was established in 1917, under the directorship of Sir George Beilby, F.R.S., and an experi- mental station was erected at East Greenwich, where provision is made for the examination and classification of different types of coal and peat, with reference to their suitability for the production of gaseous, liquid, and solid forms of fuel, by various systems of carbonization and gasification. The work of the Board involves the collection of information from many sources, and, in particular, includes an inquiry into the possibilities of peat, and experimental research on machine-cutting and winning of peat has been in progress for the past eighteen months. These experiments have shown that " machine " peat dries more quickly and more regularly than peat which is hand-cut and unmacerated ; also, that the peat-winning season is longer than it was usually assumed to be. Peat has been used as a fuel — either solid or powdered — in steam boilers and gas producers. When subjected to destructive distillation, it yields light oils and peat coke ; alcohol, also, may be obtained from it by fermentation processes. Peat has been used for the production of mill-board and wrapping paper, and large quantities of it are employed as bedding for animals and as packing material. Peat forms the basis of an important cattle food, and it is used in the United States as a fertilizer and as a fertilizer- filler. Sir George Beilby considers that the main hope of utilizing the British peat deposits must be centred in their use as a source of solid and gaseous fuel. The lack of development of the peat deposits of the British Isles, especially, is attributable entirely to the moisture-retaining properties of the peat, and Sir George Beilby points out that no process has yet been devised to eliminate, economically, the excess of moisture. Spreading the peat with the object of " air-drying " it, when attempted on a large scale, involves many technical and economic problems in the successful application of mechanical methods to the excavation, spreading and collection of a very low-grade material. In addition, there are the vagaries of the British climate and the very' short working season with which to contend. In Sweden, during the war, strenuous efforts were made to increase the production of machine peat, with a limited amount of success. The use of peat powder for the firing of locomotives on the Swedish State Railway (Nassjo-Falkoping) has been tried for some years. While the working appeared to be technically sound, the result was economically unsuccessful. In Canada, where there are upwards of 37,000 square miles of peat deposit, the Department of Mines has been engaeed for over ten years in working out the problem of the winnine and utilization of peat fuel. During the last two season* ! a 37 Peat Committee, financed by the Federal Government and the Government of the Province of Ontario, have carried out experi- ments at Alfred Bog, near Ottawa, with two types of peat-winning machines. The results of the working of these two plants are very encouraging, and, while there are some difficulties yet to be overcome, a decided step has been taken in advance of previous work. In regard to the employment of pulverized fuel, the Board has decided to instal a small pulverizing plant of the latest design at the Station, with the view of testing the suitability of various types of coal. This course was suggested in consequence of the reports which reached the Board in 1917 of the rapid extension of the use of pulverized coal in the United States. As the result of its work up to the present time, the Fuel Research Board has issued a number of publications which may be obtained, directly, from His Majesty's Stationery Office, or through any bookseller. 38 FUEL ANALYSIS. As this work contains a large number of analyses of fuel from different countries, and as the nature of the methods adopted in making these analyses is available in a very few cases only, it seems desirable to make a few preliminary observations on the subject of fuel analysis. The Fuel Research Board have under consideration the standardizing of methods for the sampling and analysis of coal, and they hope shortly to publish their recommendations on this subject. Proximate analysis gives the percentage composition of the coal in terms of fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash, and moisture. Ultimate analysis gives the percentage composition in terms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and ash. Proximate Analysis. Moisture. — When a sample of freshly won coal is left exposed to the air, it loses by evaporation part of the water which it contains, but retains another part. The former is described as " air-drying loss," and the latter as " hygroscopic water." Practically the whole of the " hygroscopic water " can be driven off by desiccation at a temperature slightly above the boiling point of water, say at 105° C. Water driven off above this temperature is regarded as " combined water," and is considered as part of the coal substance. There is no exact line of demarca- tion between the " air-drying loss " and the residual moisture in air-dried coal, as the hygroscopicity of the coal increases with increasing relative humidity of the air and is also influenced by its fineness. Volatile Matter and Fixed Carbon* — The volatile matter and fixed carbon represent approximately the relative proportions of gases and solid combustible matter that are obtained from, coal by heating it in a closed vessel. The volatile matter consists chiefly of compounds of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons), and compounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and water-vapour. Except in the case of a " coke- assay " (page 39), the volatile matter does not include the water that can be removed from the coal by heating it at 105° C. The amount and composition of the volatile matter that may be obtained from a given coal vary with the temperature and the method of heating. The influence of these factors is responsible for the variations that frequently obtain in the analytical determination of volatile matter. Failure to observe the same method of heating in different laboratories may result in devia- tions of 2 or 3 per cent, in the respective amounts of volatile * The terms '■ volatile matter " and " fixed carborT" do not reDre^nT^TfTT compounds that exist in the coal before heating. represent definite 39 matter and fixed carbon in reports made on the same sample of coal.* A difference in the estimation of the relative proportion of volatile matter and fixed carbon in a given sample of coal becomes more pronounced in the British " fuel ratio " (page 41), which gives the ratio of the fixed carbon to the volatile matter. This will be seen by the following example, where a difference of 3 per cent, in the estimation of the volatile matters makes a difference of 17 per cent, in the fuel ratio : — Per cent. Per cent. Fixed carbon .. 77-19 .. 74-19 Volatile matter .. 18-53 .. 21-53 Ash 3-04 .. 3-04 Moisture .. .. 1-24 .. 1-24 100-00 Fuel ratio .. .. 4-17 100-00 3-45 The best temperature for the determination of volatile matter appears to be 950° to 1,000° C. At present, the method of determination is arbitrary, and therefore results are comparable only when the temperature and rate of heating are the same. Sulphur. — In an ordinary proximate analysis of a sample of coal, the sulphur, which becomes distributed among the fixed carbon, the volatile matter and the ash, is not determined. If the ash contains no lime or alkali oxides (when a large proportion of the sulphur may be retained in the ash as calcium sulphate) all the sulphur is distributed between the volatile matter and the fixed carbon, approximately half of the sulphur being retained by the fixed carbon and the remainder escaping with the volatile matter. If the relative distribution of the sulphur between the fixed carbon and the volatile matter is required, a determina- tion of the sulphur in the " fixed carbon "t can be made ; the difference between that result and the total sulphur in the coal giving the quantity of sulphur in the volatile matter. The proximate " moisture and ash-free " analysis of a coal must not be confounded with the " coke assay " of the same coal, which consists, simply, in the determination of : (a) non-volatile matter (coke), and (b) volatile matter. In this case, the ash is included in (a), and the moisture is included in (b). Ultimate Analysis. An ultimate analysis is not subject to the arbitrary conditions that characterize a proximate analysis. The percentage of oxygen is obtained by difference — that is by subtracting the sum * Notes on the Sampling and Analysis of Coal. Ey A. C. Field, U.S. Bureau of Mines. Technical Paper No. 76 (1914). f The term " fixed carbon," which is commonly given to the residue, after expelling the volatile matter and deducting the ash, is misleading, since the ash- free residue does not. by any means, consist of pure carbon, but usually contains, in addition, appreciable quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and hydrogen. — Analyses of British Coals and Coke. By A. Greenwell and J. V. Elsden, 1909, p. 20. 40 of the percentages of the other constituents from 100 ; conse- quently the oxygen percentage bears all the errors of the other determinations. It must be remembered that (when it is not stated separately) the moisture contained in the sample which is analysed is" included, in an ultimate analysis, in the determination of hydrogen and oxygen. In considering an analysis — whether proximate or ultimate — of a sample of coal, for the purpose of comparison with other analyses, it is important to note whether the analysis is given on a sample (1) "as received " that is, undried and containing extraneous moisture ; (2) " air-dried," that is, containing inherent moisture only ; (3) " moisture free," that is, when the percentages are calculated upon the total constituents of the coal exclusive .of all moisture ; (4) " moisture and ash-free," that is, when the percentages are calculated upon the total constituents exclusive of moisture and ash. The following table gives the several statements of analyses of the same coal * according to the method adopted : — Analyses of the same coal, differently stated : — "Mois- ture- free." "Mois- ' ' As re- "As "Air ture ceived." received." dried." & ash- " Coke free." Assay." 0/ /o 0/ .'0 % % % % Proximate Analyses. Moisture Lost on air-drying 5-90 Included in volatile Inherent Moisture 10-70 16-6 11-4 — matter Ash 7-6 8-1 9-1 — Included in coke Volatile Matter 32-1 34-1 38-5 42-4 48-7 Fixed Carbon 43-7 46-4 52-4 57-6 51-3 (coke) 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 Ultimate Analyses. Carbon 56-3 59-8 67-5 74-4 Hydrogen . 5-6 5-2 4-5 4-9 Oxygen - 28-9 25-3 17-0 18-7 Nitrogen 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-5 Sulphur 0-4 0-4 0-5 0-5 Ash 7-6 8-1 9-1 . — 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 — Calorific Value (B. Th. 17.) 9,588 10,190 11,500 12.658 Fuel Ratio (British) 1-36 1-36 1-36 1-36 — Calorific Value. The calorific value or power of a fuel is the amount of heat evolved by the complete combustion of unit weight of the fuel and is measured by the number of units of weight of water the * Newcastle Coal Co. Ltd., Drumbellen, Alberta, Canada. IW mprt „ f Mines. Analyses of Canadian Coals, Bulletin No. 25, 1918, Pt. IV^ p 3™ 41 temperature of which it is capable of raising one degree. It is usually expressed either as calories or as British Thermal Units (B. Th. U.) and the relationship of these is that which exists between the Centigrade and Fahrenheit degrees of temperature. Hence, to convert calories into B. Th. U., multiply by 1-8. As will be observed by reference to the table given above, the statement of the calorific value of a sample of fuel will differ according as the sample referred to is considered (1) "As received," (2) " Air-dried," (3) " Moisture-free," (4) " Ash and Moisture-free." Evaporative Power. The calorific value of a fuel is sometimes expressed by the number of pounds of boiling water (100° C.) which would be evaporated or converted into steam (at 100° C.) by the heat from the complete combustion of 1 lb. of the fuel. This quantity can be deduced from the calorific value of the fuel expressed in calories by dividing the latter by 537 (the " latent heat " of steam ex- pressed in " calories "), or from the value expressed in British thermal units, by dividing it by 967 (the " latent heat " of steam expressed in B. Th. U.). Fuel Ratio. The British " fuel ratio " is the number which expresses the proportion which the " fixed carbon " bears to the " volatile matter " in proximate analyses. The American " fuel ratio " is the number which expresses the proportion which the total of the '* fixed carbon," moisture and sulphur bears to the volatile matter Sampling. The value of an analysis of a fuel depends primarily on the representative character of the sample analysed, and failure to secure a representative sample, due to any cause, may result in errors far larger than any of the chemical errors. The following are among the causes which may lead to deceptive results : — * (1) Failure to secure a representative sample due to the faulty method of sampling, as, for example, the sampling of a car of coal by merely taking several lumps or shovelfuls from the top of the car. (2) Difficulty in securing a representative sample due to the occurrence and the irregular distribution of materials of different composition, as the irregular distribution of pyrites. (3) Alterations or changes in the sample during handling or before it is analysed, as changes due to gain or loss of moisture, or changes due to oxidation. * ■' Coal," by E. E. Somermeier ; 1912, p. 57. 42 WORLD'S PRODUCTION. The world's production during 1913-1919 is shown in the following table : — Production of Coal {including Brown Coal) in the Chief Producing Countries of the World. (In thousands of long tons of 2,240 lb., 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 United 287,431 265,665 253,208 256,376 248,500 227,749 229,780 Kingdom Nigeria — — — 25 83 148 138 Southern . . 217 312 366 ' 439 490 439 455 Rhodesia Union of . . 9,583 9,125 8,977 10,966 11,444 10,692 9.162 SouthAirica Canada 13,404 12,176 11,846 12,932 12,542 13,373 12,131 India 16,208 16,464 17,104 17,254 18,213 20,722 22,628 Malay States — o 12 102 155 169 191 Australia . . 12,418 12,445 11,415 9,812 10.232 10,949 10,525 New Zealand 1,888 2,276 2,209 2,257 2.068 2,034 1,848 Austria 43,134 38,498 37,737 40,146 37,739 Belgium 22,474 16,445. 13,950 16,592 14,691 13,668 18,190 Bosnia and 834 794 786 913 958 664 Herzegovina Bulgaria . . 352 414 525 630 749 662 561 France 40,188 26,141 19,219 20,968 28,427 25,899 19,645 Germany . . 274,264 241,288 230,889 248,606 258,639 256,979 199,160 Greece 20 39 115 155 205 Greenland . . — — — 2 Holland . . 1,843 1,898 2,226 2,613 3,001 4,804 5,271 Hungary . . 10,109 9,027 9,112 Italy 690 769 938 1,285 1,694 2,136 1,297 Portugal . . 25 29 39 Rumania . . 240 271 307 Russia 31,688 35,142 30,964 33,781 30,952 Serbia 306 102 Spain 4,224 4,353 4,611 5,499 5,876 7,049 6,143 Spitzbergen — — — — — 61 Sweden 35S 361 406 408 436 398 422 Switzerland 114 Turkey 828 650 488 239 362 349 552 Algeria — — — — — 7 Tunis — — 10 32 41 Mexico 453 United States 508,893 458,505 474,660 526,873 581,609 605,546 487,638 Chile 1,263 1,069 1,153 1,395 1,515 Peru 270 279 286 314 348 341 Venezuela . . 6 9 13 18 20 24 China 13,558 9.123 17,711 21,351 Formosa 314 337 373 509 662 757 1,132 Indo-China 501 610 634 640 633 626 Japan 20,973 21,935 20,161 22,534 25,938 27,579 30,000 Korea 126 180 225 188 Kwantung 1,489 2,244 2,132 2,204 2,097 Dutch East 404 559 609 737 819 Indies The estimated world's total production of coal (including lignite) in 1913 was about 1,321 million long tons. 43 In 1919 the world's total coal production' was about- 1,130 million long tons. In consequence of the disturbing effects of the war, it has been necessary to estimate some of the figures for that year. To the world's production in 1913 and 1919, the British Empire contributed 25-9 per cent, and 25-4 per cent, respectively. Comparing 1913 with 1919, there was a reduced world's pro- duction in the latter year of about 190£ million long tons, or over 14 per cent. The industry in many of the productive coalfields suffered seriously during the war, especially in those of Belgium and the North of France. New conditions brought about fundamental changes in the coal markets of the world, and it is probable that many of the former relations between coal-producing countries and their customers will be permanently altered. Before the war Great Britain was able, after satisfying her own domestic requirements, to export nearly 73£ million tons of coal (in addition to coke and manufactured fuel), to which may be added about 21 million tons shipped as foreign bunkers, making a total of 94| million tons, or more than 33 per cent, of her total production. In 1919, the coal exported (including bunkers) amounted to about 47 i million tons, or only 20-6 per cent, of Great Britain's total production. It will be seen by reference to the table on page 46, that in 1913 about 88-5 per cent, of the coal export trade of the world was conducted by Great Britain (53-9 per cent), Germany (19-4 per cent.) and the United States (15 • 2 per cent.), and that among them they distributed about 155 million long tons of coal. In 1919 the coal production of Great Britain fell to 230 million long tons, a decline of nearly 58 million long tons com- pared with 1913, and her coal exports (including foreign bunkers) also fell by about 47 million tons. During the war, countries which depended formerly upon Germany for their coal supplies were compelled to seek for them elsewhere. The coal production of the United States in 1918 amounted to 606 million long tons, compared with 509 million long tons in 1913. In 1919 the produc- tion fell to 486 million long tons, but the rate of production current in the year 1918 has recently been recovered. The serious deficiency in the quantity of coal available for export, due chiefly to the reduced production of Great Britain, Germany, and France, arid the enormous increase in the cost of coal due to high freights and the constantly increasing cost of labour, ' calls for a general review of the world's coal markets. Countries which had depended largely on imported coal, but with relatively undeveloped coalfields of their own, began to turn their attention to coal production with the view of becoming more or less independent ; while those countries which already possessed a coal-exporting industry seized the opportunity of extending their markets. Many of the attempts to secure new markets 44 have been experimental in character, and have gradually been relinquished, proving to be commercially unworkable In some countries, however— as, for example, South Africa— the results have been more successful, and permanent markets have been found. The great check upon the permanent increase of a coun- try's coal export trade is, as in the case of India, the internal in : dustrial development and consequently the increasing demand for coal for domestic consumption. Japan continues to take a large share of the world's exports of coal, but the most significant change is the entry of China as a competitor in the coal markets of the west, which, is rendered possible by the very low cost of labour in that country. The following table, showing the exports of bituminous coal from the United States, during the years 1915 to 1919, throws some light upon her experience of the coal export industry since the coal situation became abnormal- It may be noted that the quantities of coal exported to Italy during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, was only 332,300 tons, increasing to 2,797,500 tons during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, then falling to 10,000 tons during the calendar year 1918, but rising again to 1,633,000 tons during the calendar year 1919. Exports of Bituminous Coal from the United States [in thousands of long tons). Fiscal years ended June 30. Julyl to Calendar years. To 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Dec. 31, 1918 1918 1919 Europe : — France Italy Other countries Canada, New-"] foundland & > Labrador J Mexico Cen. America ~1 and West > Indies J South America Africa Asia Oceania 16-1 332-3 127-3 12,008-1 443-9 2,425-2 441-4 235-4 53-4 47-3 776-4 99-6 11,492-8 296-4 2,148-3 578-5 219-6 46-1 50-6 1,628-3 382-4 8,709-7 391-6 1,654-9 1,297-3 244-8 16-6 36-8 180-0 2,797-5 616-8 10,501-0 205-8 2,356-1 1,8401 236-2 16-2 121-1 1,099-5 415-3 13,001-3 191-7 2,497-3 2,039-4 220-2 7-9 •4 20-1 201-2 134-0 16,694-7 158-5 2,451-0 1,367-5 24-9 •1 1-1 16-5 9,611-0 86-1 937-1 .622-7 12-4 7-2 10-0 26-2 16,193-3 162-6 2,231-6 1,308-4 16-7 523-2 1,633-0 1,937-3 10,673-7 101-7 1,370-7 1,487-2 168-5 13-2 50-0 16,083- 1 15,705-0 14,413-0 18,749-7 19,594-1 21,0520 11,286-9 19,956-0 17,958-5 The next table gives the re-adjustment of the sources of Italy's coal imports, as from 1913 to 1919. The difference between the figures relating to the imports in 1919 into Italv from the United States in this table, and those of the exports from the* United States to Italy in the previous table, is probably due to over- lapping at the beginning and end of the official year. For example, cargoes despatched from the United States at the end of the year, and included in that year's accounts, would be received in Italy in the following year, and included in that year's accounts. 45 Imports of Coal into Italy during the calendar years 1913 and 1919. Source of supply. 1913 1919 (thousands of long tons) Austria-Hungarv 132 — Belgium 1 4 70 France 162 216 Germany 934 76 Great Britain 9,240 4,614 Netherlands . . 72 , United States 92 1,130 Other Countries ' 1 7 9 10,643 6,115 Canada possesses enormous reserves of coal, but little in Ontario, and, hitherto, she has imported coal for use in that province directly across the boundary from the neighbouring coalfields of the United States. The distribution of coal on the continent of Europe, as a result of the repartition of territory brought about by the war, is under- going a profound change, and the estimation of the future position is a very difficult matter. The transference of the Saar and Lor- raine (annexee) coalfield from Germany to France, and, possibly, of the German portion of the Upper Silesian coalfield to Poland, will largely affect Germany's position as the third greatest coal- producing country of the world. In possession of Upper Silesia, Poland would rank, after Great Britain and Germany, third among the coal-producing countries of Europe. Again, the transference of a large portion of her coalfields to Czecho-Slovakia, Jugo- slavia, and Poland, will render Austria's position as a coal producing country comparatively unimportant. The rapid recovery of Belgium's coal production, practically to the pre-war standard, deserves especial notice. 4b s o -* u ■u -« 1 "« « s en s o 3 1 "S^s * XI -« « R ^ ■« »§ r — " o p s §2 k'os oq~ 1^1 •3 «e -JS -tJ § rt 53 53 a 3 ■a 47 UNITED KINGDOM. The Coal Industry During the War. During* the year 1913 the coal industry experienced a continuation of remarkable prosperity. Some 287,431,000 tons of coal were produced, an increase over 1911* of 15,539,000 tons, and an increased output per person employed underground from 320 to 321 tons. The cost of production was apparently increasing, a considerable portion of the increase being probably permanent. Pithead prices were well maintained, the average price being 10s. 1 -52d. per ton, as compared with 9s. 0-68^. in 1912, there being a ready market for nearly all descriptions of fuels ; even pits producing house coal, which are generally affected adversely by the advent of summer, worked practically full time during most of the hot weather and held to their prices remarkably well. The inland trade maintained its position, in spite of the lessened general industrial activity of the country, which became most apparent in the latter half of the year and continued onward to the beginning of the war in 1914. The volume of the export trade during 1913 also surpassed all previous records, assisted no doubt in some measure by the course of the ocean freight market, which was in favour of coal exporters. The average price of coal for the vear 1914 was 9s. 11-21^. The war naturally threw the coal trade into a state of con- fusion, following the withdrawal from the ranks of labour of thousands of experienced miners who joined the forces, the transportation difficulties of the railways, the high ocean freight rates and the dangers of navigation, the loss of the markets of Germany, Austria, and Turkey (which together formerly repre- sented a total of about ten and a half million tons annually) and, with the exception of France, the enforced reduction of supplies to our Allies. During the year 1915 there was a decrease of 12,458,312 tons in the total output of coal, compared with the previous year, but there was an increase in the value of £25,233,817, the average price being 12s. 4-80d. While 98 million tons of coal (including foreign bunkers, the coal equivalent of coke, and the coal contained in manufactured fuel) were exported in 1913, the total fell to 81 million tons in 1914, and to 60 million in 1915, the first full year of war conditions. The whole of the export trade was placed under the control of the Coal Exports Committee in April, so that the returns do not really reflect the actual extent of the foreign demand ; and, even after shipments were sanctioned by that authority, they were delayed and curtailed by the lack of available shipping. In 1916 the total output was 256,375,366 tons with a value of /200,014,626, showing an increase over 1915, in both output * The figures for 1912 are abnormal owing to the national coal strike. 48 and value, of 3,169,285 tons and £42,183,956 respectively, the average price being 15s. 2-57^. The total exports of coal and fuel showed a further decrease to just over 55 million tons, while less than 13 million tons were supplied as bunkers to steamships engaged in the foreign trade. This was unavoidable, for it was only by severely restricting exports that our own enormously increased consumption could be met. The increased consumption was due to new munition factories and the extension of existing works suitable for, or converted to, the production of war material. Substantial supplies of coal were sent to the Allied countries, the exports to France and Italy being maintained at about the same level as in 1915. France received 17 million tons of British coal, as compared with only 12 .millions in 1914. In June, 1916, best Northumberland steam coals were realizing 65s. per ton f.o.b., and Welsh Admiralty seconds 55s., the whole of the best Admiralty large being reserved by the Government, as they were in 1915. The requisitioning of the whole output, as compared with about two million tons annually under normal conditions, must have played an important part in sending up the prices of the inferior qualities. The aggregate effect of the market movements during 1916 is indicated by an advance in the total value of coal* exports for the year of nearly 12 millions sterling compared with 1915, and 8J millions as compared with 1914. The total value during 1916 amounted to /50,671,000 compared with £53,660,000 for the normal year 1913. To both totals must be added the value of the bunkers supplied to steamers engaged in the foreign trade. This is not given in the Board of Trade returns, but the average price of exported coal in 1913 was about 13s. 9d. compared with £1 4s. 2d. in 1916, and, assuming that the same figures applied to bunkers, the total values given above would be supplemented by £12,894,500 for 1913, and £16,683,000 for 1916. In 1917 the steam-coal market throughout the whole of the year was at a high tension, the demand being constantly in excess of the supply, owing to the increasing demand for "fuel for the manufacture of war materials and to the heavy require- ments of the Government for their own use and for export to France and Italy. Prices for inland sales were at their maximum rates, the price of coal exported to France and Italy being controlled, and business with neutrals at open prices was very limited and practically ceased during the latter portion of the year. Gas coal, also, was in great demand. The position of slacks was also a very firm one, the tonnage taken off the market for coke-making having an important influence. From the beginning of July, 1917, coal prices were fixed by the Coal Controller's schedule, which was modified in various Including coke and manufactured fuel. 49 particulars in subsequent months. Extensive powers were conferred upon the Committee appointed by the Controller of Coal Mines to control exports. The arrangements prohibited shipment of Welsh steam coal to French ports east of Havre, that trade being reserved to the north-east coast. A notable feature was the almost complete loss, at any rate temporarily, of the South American trade, which had been built up by the South Wales colliery owners, and which, in 1913, amounted to nearly six million tons. A considerable part of the loss of trade from South Wales to South America, Atlantic Islands, Spain, and elsewhere was made up by the heavy shipments to France, which, for a considerable part of the year, averaged over a million tons a month, largely owing to the Belgian coalfields and a considerable section of the French northern areas being in enemy hands. From the Northumberland field, about half the total shipments went to France, and Italy received a fair quantity, but not nearly sufficient for her requirements. Shipments to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and Spain, which formerly drew large supplies from this district, were comparatively small. Shipments to the British coaling stations were made, so far as the irregular supply of boats permitted. The home trade was seriously restricted by the inadequate means of transport. The Government scheme of transport permitted increased consignments of both coal and coke to be sent to Cumberland, Barrow-in-Furness, and Lancashire for industrial purposes. London continued to draw its supply of gas coal from the North, much as usual, but the house-coal trade was confined chiefly to Yorkshire and the Midlands. The outstanding feature of the year 1918 was the increased shortage of all qualities of fuel, there being a decided scarcity at the beginning of that year. A further 75,000 men were called up from the pits during the first three months, resulting in a loss of output at the rate of over 20 million tons per annum. The general shortage was intensified by the increased demand by our Allies for supplies, largely caused by the German gun-control over the western portion of the Pas-de-Calais coalfield, which entailed our having to provide France with an extra quantity of coal, amounting to several million tons. In July the scarcity became so pronounced, that the rationing system was extended and more strictly enforced. The two days' Armistice holiday in November brought the matter to a climax, when the question of supplies became most serious. Stocks of every class were abnormally low, and in many cases it was a matter of carrying on from hand to mouth with the supplies available. The reduced demand at purely munition works, after the signing of the Armistice, and the closing of a large number of them, liberated a considerable tonnage, which, however, failed to give any practical relief to the market generally. (1569) a 50 The demand for steam coal of all descriptions was, throughout the year, greatly in excess of the supply, inland consumption continually increasing until after the signing of the Armistice. Exports to neutral countries were not particularly large this business being done by permits, a considerable part of it being arranged by Government Departments in exchange for food and other goods. The shortage of gas fuel, especially after the middle of the year, was more or less acute. Exports were mainly confined to France and Italy. Supplies of slack were affected to a greater extent than other qualities, owing to the fact that the consumption at the pits was not reduced in proportion to the loss in output and to the increased tonnage taken off the market for coke-making purposes. The year 1919 was largely one of labour difficulties. As early as January 9th, the Prime Minister met the Executive of the Miners' Federation, when various proposals were discussed. Following this, the Miners' Executive called a National Confer- ence, which opened at Southport on January 14th, and demands were put forward for a six hours' day, for the nationalization of coal mines, for a 30 per cent, advance in wages, and for the preferential treatment of miners with respect to demobilization. Negotiations between the Government and the Miners' Executive took place with a view to a settlement, and on February 12th, at another Conference at Southport, the Government's offer of Is. per day increase in the war wage allowance was rejected, with the recommendation that a ballot be taken on the question of tendering notices to strike. The result of the ballot, made public on February 24th, showed an overwhelming majority for a strike. . This led the Government to appoint the Coal Industry Commission, 1919, and to arrange with Mr. Justice Sankey, who was appointed Chairman, that the report, so far as it dealt with wages and hours, should be in the hands of the Government on March 20th. Of the three sectional reports, the one signed by Mr. Justice Sankey and three other members of the Com- mission was accepted by the Government. The chief recom- mendations in this Report were, that as from July 16th, 1919, the hours of underground workers should be reduced from eight to seven ; and that, as from January 9th, 1919 (when the demands of the Executive were first formulated), workers over 16 years of age should receive an increase of wages of 2s. per shift worked, and those under 16, Is. per shift worked. The arrears of this wage award were paid early in April, the money being found by the Government up to the middle of July. Four further reports were presented on June 20th, at the second stage of the sitting of the Commission, none of which was, however, accepted by the Government. 51 With the operation of the seven-hours' shift, day workers at pits were to be paid the same wages as they had received pre- viously, but in order that the contract workers should be able to earn in the seven hours as much as they earned before in eight hours they were to receive an advance of 12-2 per cent, (in accordance with the actual average loss of time worked as compared with the eight -hour shift). The Miners' Executive claimed that the advance of 6s. per ton at the pit's mouth was not justified, and th^y brought such pressure to bear on the Government that, as from December 1st, 1919, a concession of 10s. a ton was made on all coal used for household and domestic purposes. Pit prices remained unchanged, but under the Coal {Pit's Mouth) Prices Order and Directions, and the Wholesale Coal Prices Order, both dated the 28th day of November, 1919, bu3?ers, upon the presentation of the necessary certificate, were entitled to deduct 10s. per ton for all coal to be sold by them for household purposes, and in the case of gas and electricity fuel, the proportion used for domestic purposes. 52 The Bureau is indebted to the Chief Inspector of Mines for the following information with regard to the sinkings at collieries in the United Kingdom during 1919 :— Colliery Sinking in the United Kingdom (1919). Division and County. Started. In progress or resumed. Completed. COLLIERIES. Scotland Division. Haddingtonshire Penston No. 3 Prestongrange No. 3 Edinburgh Vogrie No. 2 Fordel Mains Linlithgowshire Kinneil Polkemmet Lanarkshire Robroyston Calderhead, No. 4 Shotts Annandale No. 9 Ayrshire Northern Division. Cumberland Harrington Durham Axwell Park* Merrington Lane Dunns House Silksworth Drift Holmside Iveston Drift ' Low Mill Drift West Garth Drift Whitehouse Drift Polo Drift Featherstone Drift Gladdow Drift Northumberland Ashington* Dovecote Moor Gunnerton Shilbottle* Muckleridge Blakeley Hill Drift Drift North Wylam* Union* • Howburn Drift* Unthank ,, * Kirkheaton Drift Stannington ,, York and N. Midland Division . Derbyshire Alfreton New Langley Wallsend Hutcliffe Wood Yorkshire Vernon No. 2 Markham Main+ Thorne Victoria No. 3 Nottinghamshire Langton Clipstone Harworth Mainf Lancashire, N. Wales, and Ireland Div. Denbighshire Llay Main Nos. 1,2 Lancashire Parsonage CrontonNo2 &3 * And completed within the year 1919. f Surface workings resumed preparatory to sinking. 53 Colliery Sinking in the United Kingdom (1919)— continued. Division and County. Started. In progress or resumed. Completed. S. Wales Division. Carmarthenshire . . Genwen* Glamorganshire Cwmgwyneu Werntarw Ld. Elv Deri Glengarw Cwmgwrach Monmouthshire Celynen Midlandand Southern Division. Staffordshire Holly Bank Dock No. S Charlemont Shut End No. 20 Parkhousc Xo. 3 Shaft Holditch. Wolstanton Worcestershire Dudley Wood . . Norfolk No. 1 Mine Eng- lish Oilfields Ltd.) Leicestershire Measham Kent Guilford Tilmanstone i Chislet (South Shaft) * And completed within the year 1919. 54 Method of Coal Control. The difficulties which arose after the outbreak of war were chiefly of three kinds : — (1) Difficulty of distribution due to congestion of traffic on the railways. (2) Decreased production due to the enlistment of miners in the Navy and Armv. The number of miners at work fell, between August, 1914, and June, 1916, by 13-7 per cent., but as those who enlisted were mostly from among the younger, stronger, and most capable men; the actual loss in efficiency was necessarily much greater. (3) Labour unrest, which directly led the Government to assume the control of the coal mines. During the first two years of the war, the production and dis- t ibution of coal were looked after, chiefly, by three Committees :— (1) The Coal Mining Organization Committee, appointed by the Home Office, February, 1915, to promote co-opera- tion between employers and workmen, so as to secure the necessary production of coal during the war, having regard to the large number of miners who were joining the forces. (2) The Coal Exports Committee, appointed by the Board of Trade, April, 1915, to consider and advise upon all questions relating to the exportation of coal and coke from the United Kingdom to destinations other than British Possessions and Protectorates. (3) The Central Coal and Coke Distribution Committee (representing the Board of Trade, Admiralty, Home Office, Ministry of Munitions, Railway Executive Committee, Colliery Owners, and Merchants), appointed by the Board of Trade, in January, 1916, to advise upon distribution of coal and coke throughout the country. In July, 1916, Viscount Milner was asked by the Government to supervise the supply and distribution of coal, becoming chair- man of an informal committee, consisting of himself and the chairmen of the three foregoing committees. In order to regulate the cost of fuel, the Price of Coal (Limita- tion) Act was passed in July, 1915, its administration being given to the Board of Trade. This Act prescribed that the price of coal at the pit's mouth must not exceed by more than 4s. per ton (or such other amount as the Board of Trade might order) the corre- sponding prices obtained during the 12 months ended June 30th, 1914. This amount was subsequently augmented by 2s. Gd. for collieries situated in South Wales, Forest of Dean (Gloucester- shire), and portions of South Staffordshire and East Worcester- shire. Since then there have been increases, from time to time, amounting to 16s. 8d. per ton, and, dating from May 12th, 1920* 55 the pit's mouth price for industrial and house coal, was restricted so as not to exceed by more than 23s. 2d. in South Wales, Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire), and portions of South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire, and 20s. 8d. elsewhere, the corresponding pit's mouth prices during the year preceding the war. Labour troubles led to a climax in November, 1916, and on December 1st the Government took possession of all the coal mines in South Wales. On March 1st, 1917, this action was extended to all the coal mines of the United Kingdom. In February, 1917, the Government appointed Mr. (afterwards Sir) Guy Calthrop as Controller of Coal Mines, with Sir R. A. S. Redmayne, then Chief Inspector of Mines, as Chief Advisor. By the Defence of the Realm Act, power was conferred upon the Controller of Coal Mines to give directions " as to the management and user of coal mines." By this appointment a Coal Mines Department was virtually formed, which absorbed the special functions of : — The Home Office (so far as regards the organization of the Coal Mining Indus- try under war conditions), the Board of Trade, the Coal Mining Organization Committee, and the Central Coal and Coke Distri- bution Committee. The Coal Exports Committee, however, continued to exercise the same powers as before. The most pressing problem which the Controller had to face was the expeditious handling of coal traffic in its state of conges- tion at the time, and in July, 1917, he introduced a coal transportation reorganization scheme. For the purposes of the scheme, Great Britain was divided into 20 areas, of which 18 were areas of coal production, and a schedule was drawn up indicating the area to which the forwarding of coal from any particular district by public railway for inland consumption was confined. In order to .deal with the subject of production, the Controller entered into an agreement (subsequently embodied in an Act of Parliament) with the Mining Association of Great Britain, repre- senting the coal owners. This Act enabled the Controller to close collieries or order them to remain open, to regulate the distribution of output, and to fix the price at which the coal was to be sold. Under the provisions of the Finance Act, colliery owners paid 80 per cent, of excess profits to the National Exchequer. The new Act took from prosperous coal mining concerns another 15 per cent., which was to be paid into a special fund, and employed as a means of guaranteeing pre-war profits to those less fortunate. Regarding the supply of coal for export and bunkering pur- poses, a Code of Directions was issued by the Controller of Coal Mines in June, 1917, the scheduled prices operating as fixed prices in the case of shipments to France and Italy, and as minima for shipments to other foreign countries. The difficulties in regard to labour unrest which caused the Government to take possession of the coal mines became aggra- vated rather than lessened during the course of control, and the Coal Industry Commission was appointed, resulting in an increase of wages and a decrease of the hours worked below ground. 56 By the Mine Industry Act, which received the Royal Assent in August 1920, the functions of the Controller of Coal Mines were transferred to a permanent secretary of the Board of Trade. The Act provided that the Board of Trade might, during a period of one year after 31st August, 1920, regulate the export of coal and the supply of coal for the bunkering of vessels. As already stated, the maximum prices at which coal could be sold at the pits were regu- lated and controlled by the Government under the Price of Coal (Limitation) Act, 1915. This Act was repealed as from 1st Septem- ber, 1920, by the Mining Industry Act, which empowered the Board of Trade for a period of one year after August 31st to regulate the pithead prices to be charged for coal sold for consumption in the British Isles, and for coal sold for the bunkering of vessels other than vessels proceeding to ports outside the British Isles. The prices fixed by the Government for coal for home consumption were intended (taking the coalfields as a whole) to cover approxi- mately the cost of production ; but the collieries were allowed to obtain the best prices they could for coal exported or sold for foreign bunkers. Although the volume of export and bunker coal was severely limited by the Government, yet the prices obtained were so high as to produce a very large total profit. The profits made by the collieries were pooled, in accordance with the Coal Mining (Emergency) Act, 1920, and, after the collieries had received their pre-war standard profits, and in addition, one-tenth of the excess (if any) of the pool, the balance was retained by the Govern- ment as the coal industry's contribution to excess profit taxation. By an Order in Council published in the " London Gazette" of March 15th, 1921, the Defence of the Realm Regulation 9G, which authorized the control of coal mines by the Board of Trade, was revoked. The regulation gave power, to the Board to take possession of any coal mine, and give directions as to the management and user of the mine. On March 24th, 1921, the "Coal Mines (Decontrol) Act" received the Royal Assent. 57 Control of Price of Sulphate of Ammonia. In March, 1915, sulphate of ammonia was declared contra- band of war, and its exportation was prohibited to all destinations other than British possessions and protectorates. A system of licences for export was, however, introduced at a later date. At a meeting of sulphate of ammonia manufacturers held on Nov. 28th, 1916, a committee was appointed to consider " how the agricultural needs of the country with regard to sulphate of ammonia can be best met at the present time." After several meetings, this committee (which came to be known as the " Equali- zation Committee ") succeeded in drafting a scheme which would enable makers in agricultural districts to sell the whole of their output for home consumption, but at the same time give them a fair share in the higher prices obtained for export, and thus ensure that the needs of the country would be met in the most economical manner. The Food Controller appointed the indivi- dual members of the Equalization Committee to act as an Advisory Committee to the Ministry of Food, with regard to questions affect- ing the production and distribution of sulphate of ammonia. On Feb. 10th, 1917, the Advisory Committee were informed of the decision of the Government that, on and after Feb. 12th, 1917, sulphate of ammonia was to be sold at the price of £16 per ton, 24|- per cent, basis, in makers' bags, net cash, delivered at the consumer's station in any part of Great Britain and Ireland. To consumers who took delivery at makers' works for conveyance otherwise than by railway, the price was to remain at £15 10s. per ton, on the above terms. Further, the Government were prepared to pay to the Advisory Committee 10s. per ton in respect of sul- phate of ammonia sold on or after Feb. 12th, 1917 for home agricultural use at not exceeding £15 per ton as above, if railed to consumer's station. Subsequently all sales of sulphate of am- monia for export and for munitions purposes were placed in the hands of the Sulphate of Ammonia Association, which was employed, also, by the Food Production Department in arranging the dis- tribution of sulphate of ammonia for agricultural purposes. COAL STATISTICS. 60 s t— 1 £> w 1-1 ^ w t-i < H O o o O CN -^ _ - " If Its 1 Reserves ation base al thickne: extent) . a 0" 1 1 1 r-."o" , 1 I I I I I I I I i I I I 8 eluding seam d over, to a de een4,000&6 o H 1 1 1 000 1 CD m t^ Ol 1 | I I I I I l I 1 I I ! o_ CO 01 Actua (calcul n actu and — °- 1 1 °.°. 1 1 <=>. 1 1 1 1 1 ">. II 1 1 1 Res xim; ate) H IC CO inin — CO ej) in m 10 y-1 05 05 CD — «J S B cncn" O0 robab (app esti a O 1 1 cc — C"l 1 1 1 1O1 1 1 1 fU cn 1 i 1 1 a 05 5 1 Iggj 1 1 1 1 Ig 1 1 II co co CO t^ CO CN00O5GJ BOOK — i> IO CD r^. 10 O r> 05 CO CO QO O CO °,°. CO.CN r^ — COOOC^ lOO_C3CC Reserve ion based 1 thicknes: :xtent) . --7. CN Tt" co"o" o~ 05" cd" tP r^" in co" co" 0* cd* en ■*o O CD 05 OJI>C^CN CNCOO — O H 0-* CO l> « CN [ 1 I CN CO 05 ■* | 1 CO OO CN rC^f" aoai CD ' ' CO" ' 1 ' io'^^'cd" ' ' oioa't' 00 •-< O 05 CD in "*05CDCO COU5CNIO CO CO CO~CN CO — 1 CN CN ■* ■* CO CO_ 0_ ■* CN — ci irf — — 0" Actual calculat n actua and e CO ^r CD CO CO X A I 00 CD "«* «t* CD S'fi a>a> CO CN CO— I ^" CO-*XlD t^ — ICIn — - o CO CO— 1 — 1 |lOC005l/5l (C005 CO < - CM rH - cr o o CN CO t/5 B « MH ^3 XTi M-l ™ 1 s3 1 1/5 col 1 •*<» — <1 1 1 ■C|4. a 'ei ,_, -+J tn bb •* 1 10 00 J, 1 05 ~i 1 CD "8 8* ■ to e a M o 2 CN -* CO ■* S <«! He) MM O CD — 1 1 1 1 8-88 en © m H Hi CD — H»»+) O , , CD CD . , , IM CN , H" , , CD -* CD CO | - - :7 W>h=>. o h cludin d ove 4 O co —< 1/5 CO — V — - 6 °\ ° °" 1 t> 7 | IS^in-? | |25:i- e f CO ' 1 " CM n ' '"" "5 c s £ 2"* CO "* 1 — M ^ CO CN (N — :<« IS • • hire eastward westward 'orcestershire heshire & Liverpool :on re, inc. Notts ■ a 0J oucesters rset hire Monmouthshire Glamorgan, Br Carmarthen Pembrokeshire Forest of Dean Oxfordshire&Gl Bristol & Some: North Staffords Cheadle South Staffords Warwickshire Leicestershire Shropshire & W Lancashire & C Cheshire Basin Chester, Wirral Flintshire, Nesl Denbighshire Anglesey Yorks,Derbyshi 61 I I i i T3 a a o o "1$ IP IS 1 fcj <*3 8 w i-i PQ ^ S o 0< —" O 03 O CO Co" CD CO CN 00 O r-< 3 CO O CO i-i ■* i/3 00 CM O o CO O) CO r- I o 00 CD CM CM I .oil * • ■*J& ■ c ..en . cs=S . . ab S " •g S s O P nl « oo o oo o o o o oo o 1 oo o | oo I | 1 I I 1 1 MM o 1-. ■* 1/3 m co 00 co co CD "■' *"■ 1 1 o I i 1 , I 1 1 MM 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I known a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P II II 1 1 1 1 1 Tf Tf O CO 1/3 Mill OBOOO MM CO o o ■* Tf O 00-H ionooi> 00 o o O ■* O 30 i-i U1XOOC0 CD O o Tf CM O CO 00 03 t^ ■* CO CM CD O o CO CO OCD "* CM COCO 00 OJ , 03 O o CKOIH CO ~ ^ 03 03 ■* ° o 'o ■* ■* r> 1 P-." 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Cfc CC O >CN C0~CD ae cd oi o — io'cco" co ooo go co — 0)0)0-^ ■* h ■ b • « y m .co * rr ••E9JB 9J01JAI jsao paumssy oo <» in o Soccr — - J* 2,3~l« N CN Tf CM ~ ' o l-l 11 '■ s C3 S B OS "d - ° I s o Si* 5 t-1 co < cct C cm C "C • 01 ^3 lH C/) CO . — . w C3 d cU ■d is BfiTj ca^cs e W»1m 63 Since the report of the Geological Committee on the concealed and unproved coalfields of the United Kingdom, published in 1905 in connection with the Royal Commission on coal supplies, some development has taken place in the several fields. Taking coal at a depth less than 4,000 feet, the Committee ■estimated the available resources in the various concealed and \inproved coalfields of England as follows : — Tons. Cheshire Basin, including Stock- 106,500,000 port and Poynton Chester, Wirral, and Liverpool 2,880,000,000 district Vale of Eden and Solway Firth 800,000,000 *South of North Staffordshire 1,741,824,000 coalfield • Between the coalfields of South 5,068,800,000 Staffordshire, Coalbrookdale, and the Forest of Wyre Between the coalfields of South 5,886,720,000 Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire fYorkshire and Nottinghamshire 23,000,000,000 39,483,844,000 The above does not include Gloucester, Somerset, and South Wales ; nor the Kent coalfield, for the estimate of which the data are as yet insufficient. * An extension of the North Staffordshire coalfield, probably extending to *. line running from near Norton in Wales to the south of Stone, thence towards the the valley of the Dove. f Information obtained since shows that this is a conservative estimate. 64 w 1-1 M £ o s o s o Oh "o < H o H S .60 u i-« m co"© ^"cd"o co" CC CD CO i-< 00 -"* ^ ifilCQCOhNH 1 t^ O l> 00 ^J" )ICOO«h - i-h CM CM CM CO co cc t^. CD ^ CO CO CD Tf CD IN m" 00 CD CM CM hCDO 00 CD"tf O CO CM_ to" m" cd" © IN CD CM CO Tf co"cd"x" m m -*t CM CM CM Tf IN CD m x"cd" tt r-. in in r-"cD" CM CM CM CM •^ CO CO i- 1 ■-* <-■ I> m CD CO CM CD m m CD CD CD CM i— O © r! © in co co ^ -* f^omco^*© ~ £! cm" -*" cd" in" cm" cm" 00 CD 00 X 05 CT) CD co in cm m ■<* i-< cd t-* cm o Tf in cm ■* CO Tf CO in CD cm^ in tj<" in r»" m" m" ** co" i-< co ^ cm co co r-- m "* x co in o i-t CD CM CD ^ "<* 00 -+ « CD •»* CD m •^ CO m O CM CO rf CD CO m t X -? CO CD CD IN IN CD IN " ^" co cm" ■*" cd" ~* co" B0 CD ^ r-H rp CD y> CO IS ^ IN IN CD IN X_ CM_ O in" ■* "* ^" co" co" tj" in in co co co r*> m ir> tJ* CD ■* x -* in co in x i-t 8 Q r-< &o < s J "7n t— 1 a CD r*. X © « X CD ^S o i-i co r>- "* © co ^ BO ©" CM" •*" X" ©" <* IN s o INXIN IN x in r^ b •a -s -»»i cd -h CD co r^ i-t ^ '-' © CD Tf Tf m CM IOhOWXh Ol^ s cd" co" o" ©" cd" cd" <-h" ^i ■X- cd ■<* X CM ^h ^ m *. IN CM CM CD m © CD 00 CD ■* X CD CM CD S cd" in" x" •*" in" cd" cm" in ^ co in in CD CD x m CO X ■* CM CD cm" cm" co" co" co" Tt" m" cn W h-l ^ 1? CD CD X i- 1 x m ^h c m co in© ^ cox o i-H CM *h CM^ CM_ IN CD_ +-" co" ©" co" x" tj«" x" m" M CO t^« CD r-c X i-" CO C x co co co Tp in cd ^ ■^ ^ Tf Tt- CO CO CO V i CO -* m CD IN X CD c > J CD CD CD CD CD CD CD H 65 Table IV. Production of Lignite in the United Kingdom* Year 1913 Quantity (long tons) 81 Value (£) 40 1914 300 • . 150 1915 . 1,783 536 1916 500 375 1917 900 625 1918 150 100 1919 * This production is not included in the total coal production (Table II) . Table V. Number of Coal Cutters in use, and quantity by Coal-cutting Machines in the United of Coal obtained Kingdom. UNITED KINGDOM. Year. Number of each kind of Machine. Total out- put of Coal obtained by Machines (long tons) . Output per Disc. Bar. Chain. Per- cussive. Rotary H'ding. Total. Machine (long tons) . 1913 .. 1,243 542 250 841 21 2,897 24,369,516 8,412 1914 .. 1,262 585 294 926 26 3,093 23,976,367 7,752 1915 .. 1,224 553 383 908 21 3,089 24,087,684 7,798 1916 .. 1,255 569 520 1,095 20 3,459 26,303,110 7,601 1917 .. 1,241 606 722 1,209 21 3,799 27,626,298 7,272 1918 .. 1,259 595 791 1,373 23 4,041 27,322,980 6,761 1919 .. 1,264 617 973 1,605 23 4,482 27,527,642 6,142 (1569) 66 Coal avail- able per person in U.K. (l'g tns) cd in t^ r^ ■* 05 X en 1 CO en IT) (M •* X O) to CO •a O 4J ~ o CJ5 CO CO CO •* X CO cn '55 a )-!< n o « >*5 R 4 S ,_ C^ O) CO CD ■* O B0 l* X x CO X CN X CD O CO CN O of x" -*" o" 05" -*" r-" CO eU o rt fc S — sh pi bo 00 r~ CO [^ CN CO CO O U 1—* CO M . IN t-~ Tf CO I-H C §3 a § CD" CN ^h" CR x" co" r-" O l-< C5 T) 00 X <7> o> 05 X r> +j a. C rt u O O 1-1 « ■ S3 X CD [^ C^ CO X CO 1—1 CO in fe _i cn en P. co" o" -*" 05 O en o O) CD 05 CO X +j en • CN CO CN O CN co_ CN o_ c i. 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Imports of Coal into the United Kingdom. Quantity (long tons). Value (fl. From 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Total from British Possessions Total from Foreign Countries 227 6.999 20 36,383 30 1,104 20 3,514 362 22 750 346 5,614 31 24,829 30 723 55 4,934 380 50 1,400 TOTAL 7,226 36,403 1,134 20 3,514 362 772 5,960 24,860 753 55 4,934 380 1,450 (From Table XXX. Average Rates of Coal Freights 1908-1919. Iron and Coal Trades Review" and "Coal, Iron and By-products Journal.") Cardiff to Genoa. Cardiff to Lisbon. Cardiff to Bilbao. Jan. July. Dec. Jan. July. Dec. Jan. July- Dec. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 s. d. 6 11 6 3 6 2 6 10 10 10 7 2 29 6 74 3 s. d. 5 2* 5 4 5 10 7 4 11 6 8 6 7 1 20 3 70 7 s. d. 6 2\ 6 10 6 9 10 9 11 3 7 4 16 10 60 3 s. d. 4 11 4 5 4 5 2 7 9 5 3 20 30 52 7 s. d. 4 8 4 10 4 9 6 2 9 7 3 5 11 11 3 32 s. d. 4 6 4 11 5 3 8 8 5 6 12 31 50 3 S. d. 4 3 6 42 s. d. 4 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 120 s. d. 4 2 COKE STATISTICS 94 Table XXXI. Production of Coke in the United Kingdom. Year. Total quan- tity of Coal used in the manufacture of Coke, (long tons). Quantity of Coke obtained. * At Gas works (long tons) . At Coke Ovens (long tons). Total (long tons) . Value (£)■ 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 37,483,944 34,539,859 35,579,231 37,624,162 39,300,504 38,219,479 35,190,754 7,830,736 7,920,669 8,150,200 8,100,889 8,440,074 7,945,055 7,883,340 12,798,996 11,050,256 11,908,940 13,288,474 13,555,051 13,121,311 11,543,317 20,629,732 18,970,925 20,059,140 21,389,363 21,995,125 21,066,366 19,426,657 17,456,461 13,252,526 18,270,018 • 26,725,482 30,680,447 35,413,547 40,354,596 * Excluding Coke used in the Gas Works. 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U3 cc CC CO CC X CM O **- o Cl CO 00 X CM 6 C 1 ' -r "* -t -r 1/5 in o S5 c 05 W t-t -r ^0 (35 -<* CD -r -f cc CC cc P4 X 05 Cl Cl CO CO CO a, o « CD Cti r* -T r^ r^ "3 1 o ro i/5 r^ 1/5 © O ^« CN Cl CO ■* ■* CD o W<% ° P u 35 e» ^r CO r^ CO CM CO CO o CO O £ Mo m O cm" Cl Cl' CN cl CN Cl" CM cm" — & Cl -*P CC CO CC „ t~ o > o 1/5 cc 00 1/5 -<* as WO ■* CO r^ r* C~ X X CD *CD CO GO CO CO 1/5 Cl l~~ ft a. CN -f cc X CO en 1/5 CO ^p "T CO CM O f" : r- o Cl CO m m 2 o 1 -s* X "»■* X s X w i-i m s S o Oh 5 in X! CO CO 3 ■d o CO CO 4J CO 3 .Cf 'in CO Is > 144,053 1,527,983 68,969 14,401 CO o in" in cd do 3 g Oi.2 132,987 1,481,692 73,469 9,393 •* in a> CD_ Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 122.282 1,396,783 66,644 8,549 X m CN in en T3 CO O 3 •a o u ft en co +j CO 3 .3* 'u n CO 3 ^ ■as > 151,532 1,367,727 36,789 11,426 CO 1/5 a*' Clj no 3 C C>i,2 182,016 1.599,713 49,760 8,976 in CD o" Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 167,013 1,528,727 45,242 8,169 in " EN CO CJ u s u ft cn lb -M CO 3 'C m CO .2 ST > 166,819 1,678,682 35,374 14,972 IN °°. IC Q> X_ Quantity (long tons) 194,617 1,959,162 46,574 12,852 m o CM co" cs CN Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 175,626 1,846,158 42,867 11,894 in in co" in o_ cm" England Wales Scotland Ireland "3 -4-> o H X •a CO u 3 T3 8 ft en CO CO 3 .ST 'in ffl * CO IS > 213,148 2,592,510 153,343 13,549 o m in o" cn CN ■a S 3 G a5 143,844 1,613,287 93,876 4,682 X CD m" in x_ Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 127,516 1,518,789 84,870 4,320 m cjj in CO in [N CJ) •a CO to 3 13 O Ih ft CO .s CO 3 o< •c w * CO Is > 161,315 2,193,693 102,852 14,841 o t> cn" in cm" -l-» H a*" ctj CtO 3 a 114,433 1,544,166 80,290 7,159 X o to" ■* IN Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 104,679 1,496,908 73,113 6,553 CO m IN X co_ CO 5) ■a CO CO 3 O ft cn CO CO 3 2" 'u m CO 3 „ > 151,512 2,156,495 102,633 11,273 CO cn CS cn" +J 3 V o ri be 3 3 130,036 1,634,324 83,880 6,333 CO 1> in ■* m x_ Quantity of Coal used in the Manu- facture of Briquettes (long tons) 119,139 1,561,325 74,487 5,766 in in o' CD r- England Wales Scotland Ireland 73 101 Table XXXVII.— continued. Production of Briquettes in the United Kingdom — continued. 1919 Quantity of Coal used in the Manufacture of Briquettes (long tons) Briquettes produced. Quantity (long tons) Value.* England Wales ... Scotland Ireland ... 159,800 1,624,504 99,592 1,660 176,677 1,771,775 110,485 1,806 371,231 4,163,514 274,762 5,635 Total 1,885,556 2,060,743 4,815,142 (*) Selling price at place of manufacture. Table XXXVIII. Details of Coal used in making Briquettes in the United Kingdom. Quantity (long tons). Year. Steam Coal. Household Coal. Coking Coal Other Kinds 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1,997,103 1,673,602 . 1,517,246 1,648,996 1,542,151 1,664,224 1,751,524 79,442 70,337 74,054 74,468 77,454 70,234 97,782 35,902 61,648 1,037 5,212 2,958 1,351 36,250 102 o s b ^ s CO o S NN intM -*© ■* t— © ©to w I xco i I —■ co ■* eo I I 52- 1 I ■ CM O) CD O t> x 'i> en | | | CD | | | OONt-: I I 2 n sessc.;* O -I CO CO 31 CD co-* - r-enin I ■">•" I oooorC -* eo ■* in en «eo NO[> to m — ■ co i> en eo_ "> * ® I I oo"ce"eo" I in"in"©" ii cm i — CM~* oot»en -*2 oeoi> I ejTaT cm" I to" -*"eo" — I" ' i-HM ' « - en -* © ^ ao r> oo eo co cm tj< ap ■* -v cmi>.©'*coo\~ I ©"coVm" o ao" aT •* qo ■* go eo «n o — • cm -»© cm to cm eo en cm m "■*.■■- ^(NIB^IO^N eo'ao" I V i> cd"cm inco"^ -r r- i- eo(N — com co I - en" l ' I £ | *-:$! to ©cow -*« *> I p*' I eo" 2, I en I eo" I ©" ' m i i>. i in — cm ■* — coco rj^SJS « -vm wMn to co en ^ -r ^ CO i-h "^.U5_ •O,'*., ! ., I of I ©"— " I © en"eo" I e»~ao"co"en I ►>, l coco ' eo eo ' — r « en wro eo co en — ;oo in en co ao-t«n m £ S SS^J i— co i> en ^- ao cm en o en in ' I m" I ~" I cm" I inVc^f I ofco" I oo" co"oo 'eo'-^'co'iftCM I CMCD ' ~ ' r* cm en eo cm cooenpHtoin GQinr>co r-«'oco p* r» eo in in in x © ao r* i> ■* i>t>.to oo co co co i— en en ■>> ^oseoin Tj-"co"^T 1 V I en* I o<£~mi>c* ao"eo"t"i> iOCMOJ'C^'m'cMCMCO CD t ' i-i-i« ■**■ cneo r-xco co to co i-T ■* oo" I co" I ao" I co"i «« {MCOCD'o'io'eO^eMCMCM^- 1 ' <-< CM ■*cMCOcocoi>QoxcnoocDCMOoeM3'en i ^'OCM uo«enco«aOMeocow«i«eo 1 ^cncn-^'CMi> cncnoooooooocni>r»i>cM c3 © oo © t> en en o" i> co" to ao" t>" i>"eo"eo" en to" en ts^eo -T t-To"to" CM 00 l> ■-<'<*• CM CM CO ©CM CM CM r- ^T _ _ _ _> CM « m o en cs eo •* eo co eo go. eo ■* in .-< cm cocn — -* ^> •Hcnaiiowt-i-ioacooO'*'* tor-.oen eo I o"eD"^"co"cc"o"eD"eo"i>-* oo"'cM"'aro'* I m" tCcneo" cm ' ^ ^- o h co co co to cm ~- m p-. eo [ » - I I coois co m cneMcoeM'*CM eocn •* OCOCD CD CM 3cMt>CD©CM •* CD 00 ^h en ■* en eo eor-cocMcoeo tc eo o af^of I en" I r*" I eo^in p^eo'eo" I i>"oo I us co m 'm '© ' ncCi-^pjw ''-■CM '•* lll='ll I I rC I cd" I eo" I eo" 1 go en" I 1 N U ] N U 'hh cmoco comocn co_cdo5 to cm in •-« I r»"inco I inin^ui ' co eo ' I I I: •«■© men t r«. ^— rr co»n cocm t^« m ■* co eo co !-■ ©o© oi ■-£> — -f r»i>o cm eo co co aoeoen co" I cm" I in" I en I eo~ui^H" o ' -* ' cm i ao !«H I 2" I CD CM CD_i-_ co'co" lOCMCM COP*-©"* S — co en©"* ■* ^- Q) oo ao | | cd"cd"co" I ao"--"eD" cmcoco m ooco-^ eo ^^ if x ^ eo©eoeoeom i>cncn'n -~ cm co ■>*■ r» r^ inr^tMr- incn'r'" I •; I 2 I « i>cm n©"V I i>"©"aD""H" 1 ooi-"r* l m , " eo m r- « x en ■—©co cm c*- SS2 CMCOCD S -f CM"eo"i>."in o"o" 1 CO»-CMCM — CM 1 | c-^CD'cn" X © iC CD CM ■* "* T CO © CD CD "* CD en en ■-« co t> o x eM-*MXxcneoTt'^ocMX^H - .^[>cnco>«xxeo>eni>©cncncMcn i> » 1^.00 »n »n ©,^-,!M cn--©eii^X^a0F-3tD inco m en x r» cd ^- co com co co © en ■* m en ■^■* eo_eo_c^r-_in i" co co"oo" I cnx"i>eo"eo"cM'r-r V I ©eocninr^eocMcnin^oiftoco cn^tcoinr-t^cncDcooxeo ■' en en o ■* csco^S ai_S_^r co ^_dB ^ F^incD^ cmScmcm t*S'en/-£rnrC0 m"«"cn Co"m" I wfwZr^t* "lO ! tCDriW -td -Hco « HH _q jy « i-M si 5 StdSS 3 S (3S-S.c5?;MM«ao a« ■ c.H p^^ ■ K jrf ^ ^ .2 •S!-3ss>.-g.Hii'g&si-ss ! i»l a < H O H IB 5 s2 1U3 Table XL. Exports of Manufactured Fuel (Briquettes) from the United Kingdom. (Colonial and Foreign Produce.) Quantity (long tons). To 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. British Possessions Foreign Countries ... 8 2 8 — 2 — — TOTAL 10 8 — o — — British Possessions Foreign Countries • TOTAL Value (£). 1913. 229 23 252 1914. 224 224 1915. 11 11 1916. 33 33 1917. 1918. 1919. Table XLI. Imports of Manufactured Fuel (Briquettes) into the United Kingdom. Quantity Value Year. (long tons) (£) 1913 . . .. 1,224 9,308 1914 . . .. 1,160 7,576 1915 . . ..800 6,992 1916 . . . . 336 3,214 1917 . . . . 154 885 1918 . . 25 50 1919 . . ..325 4,172 B Y-PEODUCT STATISTIC S. Coal by-product statistics are somewhat complicated, and it appears preferable to arrange them under subjects, rather than under production, imports, and exports. The arrangement adopted here is as follows : — (1) Prices. (2) Ammonium Sulphate. (3) Coal products other than dyes, alphabetically arranged, including : aniline oil and toluidine ; anthracene; benzol and toluol ; carbolic acid ; coal-tar crude ; coal-tar refined, and varnish ; naphtha ; naphthalene ; pitch ; tar oil, creosote, etc. ; other sorts. (4) Coal-tar dye-products, alphabetically arranged, includ- ing those of alizarine and anthracene, aniline and naphthalene, synthetic indigo, and other sorts. 106 h-H hH § (_J 'Q "2 r> X se s 05 ■*.* ,-H 2 By £ I, X ^JOOh-CDOCDOintOOOCOOlfflOO O •iuioonMHMB»f)ono»oo g-o HWI'OOOOOOOOOOOOhCJ g> CO Cn CO »-* t*u;u50HHOwfl , 'i , Mononcso •io«)OHHONnNMono(ieo q? — — ©©OOOO OOOO in 13 O O CO CO IC - . -33 8 TjiH CD M 3 o > o B i-< o IM i— » in *~" >> o rt CN s o T3 +J B rt CT1 -^ tH <7> ft "" < ^ u ja ,0 o Li O s B l-l X) Ol CN C « rt > Tl •o E CO rt fx o C« CN i6 CT> o fr CD rt O 3 a- I* O 53 m'l-1 B-T 33 sw ft gco rt ai 3 5 «rf C ft ■s^ 2 o rt ctf ■* i> ^ . ft ■- Cfc 3 2 •-B C is * ftS-S ft V *«» S a u £q ft? IP c •- «— ^ ££ «-2.e CN =« 107 Table XLIII. Production of Ammonium Sulphate* Amount of Ammonia recovered in the United Kingdom (expressed in terms of Sulphate). (long tons.) 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1913. . 1919. Gas-works 182 180 175,930 173,675 172,269 188,478 173,541 173,501 19,956 16,008 15,142 .15,154 13,621 12,717 10,877 Sbale-works 63,061 62,749 58,826 57,988 60,560 58,311 48,618 Coke-oven-works 133,816 137,430 145,406 159,506 166,354 164,448 144,367 Producer-gas and carbonizing works (bone and coal). 33,605 34,295 33,218 28,786 29,604 23,534 20,150 432,618 426,412 426,267 443,703 458,617 432,551 397,513 Table XLIV. Production and Exports of Ammonium Sulphate.] 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Total production Used for home agricultural purposes. 372,000} 324,700 40,000 363,000} 313,900 50,000 350,000}: 294,300 64,000 315,500 160,300 144,600§ 283,500 28,500 234,000§ 331,500 38,400 269,000§ 361,360 118,970 233.5005 * Annual Reports of the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works. t Sixth Annual Report of the Sulphate of Ammonia Association, for the year ended June 30th t 1920, page 2. % Estimated. § The figures relate to the " fertilizer " year, commencing June 1 io each year. 108 1*1 ^5 •a 3 8 pa co s s o o 00 CO CM O C 00 00 o cm r^ ai co to cm co p- cm © to uo co to r^m co_cd_ cnco" co o n"io" to" r^ co i> r^. — -j 1 — r-. co cm ai oo go © — CM 01 CD co ai CM U0 t> "* o_cm_c5_ oo" cd" cd" — ai oo' 01 O — CD CO CM — © lO 01 CM tt* OJ CO 1^ — CD CM 05 CM CO —i r* r- i— ■* i> cd CD 05 "-r r^tD^eo to cd g SS I S i i co i i i i i i i coco I r>, ' ' ui ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I I I' CO uo CM 05 — r-^ •** — r>-coo-*r*.© cm O (D iflfi » O P* MB CO CO CO Ol © CO f- CM — CD_ 00 I — " ■*" r^e>Ti> w cm i> co" cm" ©C0CJ5 U0 ■*t05 1/5© IO 05" CM Tf 05 r- ■* CO lO CM OJ 05 U0 CD i—© 00 CM © lO l> CO — CD 1/5 I> — to 0M> lO M^CM — ©CO !*», — _ to" of I — co"— co r**cM"— uo cm" co ■tf OP-COCDO) 05 "O05- I - I M © - i> — uo r-Toi~co"cM" 1 a5CMCMCM©r-© — r-» CO lO CO CM [> CM CO CM© of©"©" cor^tM CM r*. uo i>eo © © co cd ^f a> COC0 05 t>CM ^- tt cm p* co © ai oo CM050000©XCO cm ©„i> — co ©^— -«r ©"©"— ^©"r^t-^rC - CM ■**- r*. -i-coao co©co CO no CO CO" CO © t; lO 01 00 ["■> 0) CO 00 U5 G> -Tco | "o~c*"r?^" i>©in Tf[-.CO 01CO-tf r^co CD 05 CDIO 1 ' —CM ' CO ' ' © o**co o — »or> "S-lrfl l N I I I I I I I I II ■*OSCDf-lO©l/lCO© 1 Ol»M01M , OX«O l©mcocooico "o cm — "co"eo" ■* — " p-CD ■* P«. CM "* CO •* lO CO W tO XOl © CO CD CM — 00© 1/5 CM 1/5 CMC© ©^ r> "<»■ lO CM CO CM m I — txCMCM 05 05t*. — — ■* tNto©to r> — r>. r>. ■<*- oi r- co cm m r» ■* co ©_r*. 05 CD CO a 01_C0 CM iO I rC— "— "— "eo"io"-*cD"cM" ' ©" — IO 05 CO — 05 ©COM co"co"— " r- © CO CM (O X CD CD 01 1> — t^ CD Ol tx « tO_-* CM 1> 00 co"x"co"cm"— — cm co to r» cd to oo — CM CM X CO Ol "^ io en r^ « — 1>._ — V r> cm cm"— — CM CD tx © "tf CO I> ^ CM — 00 CM CO CO CO — CD t> 01- tOCO©u5CMr> — cm eo lis of ' erfcD tCeoesT^'K' CO 05 © — CD'S- oi-sfcocMCM t>.r-. in05©COCO tor;»Nt; ©to en — "*"*co — 00 W^OOOP WOT tJ-_0\CM — lO toco cfi/i"eM ' co~cm ' co"to"^t rC-^r §D ■aJ-^ s i"B osomoffio n u D, S rt •— > &D lis p«_. ™0 bo cnT I «*12 '. : ^ *c *s c .; ■SSB«»6oo.lS5aS& -a ! ►J 109 Table XL VI Imports of Coal Products (not Dyes) into the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) Quantity (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 France . . . . United States Other Foreign Countries * . . 312 521 2,718 26 197 552 148 180 1,598 29 246 376 31 300 490 307 282 11 39 104 984 50 6 1,857 5 410 421 26 337 2 Total from Foreign Countries 4,326 2,577 1,410 1,188 1,868 410 788 Total from British Possessions 1,669 4,012 1,297 514 270 273 1,167 TOTAL 5,995 6,589 2,707 1,702 2,138 683 1,955 Value (£)• 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 135,607 1919 United States Other Foreign Countries 5,281 725 494 17,517 5,971 2,251 1,309 78,191 402 23,846 4,425 2,140 4,500 8,174 37,980 7,136 414 141 466 245,081 8,631 970 508,428 2,927 1,406 969 222 70,212 1,652 Total from Foreign Countries 160,786 110,424 59,930 254,733 512,325 135,607 74,461 Total from British Possessions 3,661 8,051 , 8,962 805 5,106 1,194 31,151 TOTAL 164,447 118,475 68,892 255,538 517,431 136,801 105,612 Table XLVII. Value of Total Exports of Coal Products (other than Dyes) from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) # Value (0. To 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 (a)Egypt — — 16,699 15,545 15,185 24,739 14,986 Union of South Afri ;a 35,811 25,618 24,576 38,348 51,998 30,299 60,131 Canada 23,915 18,286 6,630 8,536 3,318 10,260 12,934 British East Indies 72,079 67,258 61,891 79,756 62,141 45,118 93,578 Australia 28,715 11,130 11,459 8,823 7,781 5,624 13,296 Other British 10,971 11,477 15,602 28,747 22,247 25,319 33,379 Possessio IS Total to Briti Possessio 'I 171,491 133,769 136,857 179,755 162,670 141,359 228,304 Egypt Belgium r. 25,013 17,918 _ 311,351 192,266 70 — — — 716,246 France 815,236 551,345 705,541 960,776 1,533,402 1,494,261 995,669 Germany 108,462 57,254 — — — — 14,080 Italy .. 142,959 122,055 181,318 223,114 426,014 397,624 209,178 Netherlands . . 97,030 38,538 8,219 16,316 41,484 75»347 184,841 Norway 85,992 115,752 143.R82 236,740 134,369 44,696 41,919 Portugal — — 33,168 25,776 5,077 27,915 18,914 Russia 60,688 50,271 168,233 186,050 387.635 — 16,090 Spain 70,815 50,345 47,547 35,458 25,433 156,522 187,128 Sweden 31,200 21,234 20,689 30,936 5,502 2,003 63,833 Switzerland . . — — 70,316 191,305 168,318 171,988 6el,935 United States 617,069 537,131 624,771 615,700 208,380 164,182 379,439 Argentina 21,354 10,997 15,143 5,390 2,017 14,271 29,828 China (exclusive of 26,422 1,765 2,111 5,074 3,005 3,386 13,557 Hong Kong, Mac. 10 and leased territor es Japan (including Fo r- — — . 1,894 6,618 1,897 164,869 133,751 mosa & Japane se leased territories China.) Other Foreign Counti n ies 76,066 97,926 58,408 61,911 25,773 24,673 110,838 Total to Foreign 2,489,657 1,894,797 2,081,310 2,601,164 2,968,306 2,741,737 3,184,246 TOTAL . 2,631,148 2,028,566 2,218,167 2,780,919 3,130,976 2,883,096 3,-: 12,550 (a) Included in foreign countries prior to 1915 110 Table XLVIII. Exports of Coal Products, not Dyes, from the United Kingdom. (Colonial and Foreign Produce.) Quantity (long tons). * To 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Russia Switzerland United States Argentina Chile Other Foreign Countries 4 135 10 227 241 17 9 6 192 16 6 156 11 •4 33 84 103 164 2 17 l 8 90 1 ! - ! 3 15 i 43 - J 2 r ; u Total to Foreign Countries 617 240 206-4 i 370 99 1 16 ! 60-2 Total to British Possessions 12 8 85 1 ! I 12 2 ' -3 1 TOTAL . . 629 248 291-4 382 101 1 16-3 61-2 Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Russia Switzerland United States Argentina Chile Other Foreign Countries 562 5,244 1,132 2,468 2,977 1,483 63 565 2,084 1,764 889 2,028 1,046 71 3,015 1,863 14,940 2,373 292 1,227 3,480 ! — 16,703 5,195 353 191 150 13,576 1,176 984 Total to Foreign Countries 12,383 5,959 7,049 20,695 20,536 5,386 15,886 Total to British Possessions • 1,179 698 4,157 2,078 349 114 235 TOTAL . . 13,562 6,657 11,206 22,773 20,885 5,500 16,121 Ill Table XLIX. Exports of Aniline Oil and Toluidine from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) To Quantity (long tons . 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium — 55 France 47 21 303 60 64 35 348 Italy . . — 59 51 5 23 108 46 Portugal — 7 19 5 2 33 3 Spain . . — 44 11 •4 429 131 Switzerland 21 104 536 793 862 910 179 United States . 312 540 219 5 Japan . . — — 5 10 152 Other Foreign Countri es 198 94 105 87 139 •3 41 Total to Foreign 578 869 1,249 955-4 1,100 1,515-3 955 Possessior is Total to British 25 16 34 17 5 20 Possessior is TOTAL . 603 885 1,283 972-4 1,105 1,515-3 975 Value (/). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium — — — . — 6,214 France . . . 3,227 1,703 25,481 13,787 8,538 4,764 41,576 Italv . . — 4,039 3,782 875 3,227 16,384 6,121 Portugal — 475 795 • 2,279 355 5,479 454 Spain . . — 3,292 842 181 — 64,662 16,783 Switzerland 1,281 7,633 43,845 155,406 109,691 121,528 22,240 United States . . 13,421 28,922 18,397 453 — — — Japan . . — — 641 — 1,500 — 19,456 Other Foreign Countri 5S 9,992 7,934 11,025 16,026 26,428 55 6,194 Total to Foreign 27,921 53,998 104,808 189,007 149,739 212,872 119,038 Countrie s Total to British 942 918 3,944 2,739 856 1,906 Possession s TOTA L . 28,863 54,916 108,752 191,746 150,595 212,872 120,944 112 Table L. Exports of Anthracene from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) Quantity (long tons). To 1913 1 1914 1915 1 1916 1917 1918 1919 British Possessions ... — 21 — — — — — Foreign Countries 252 262 352 1,256 944 1 650 TOTAL 252 283 352 1,256 944 1 650 Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 British Possessions ... — 129 — — — ' — — Foreign Countries ... 1,448 1,142 1,808 8,144 8,136 40 8,230 TOTAL 1,448 1,271 1,808 8,144 8,136 40 8,230 • Table LI. Production of Benzol. The Bureau is informed by " The National Benzole Associa- tion " that the total production of benzol in the United Kingdom is estimated at approximately 23,000,000 gallons. Of this total, approximately two-thirds is refined benzol. 113 Table LII. Exports of Benzol and Toluol from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) Quantity (gallons). To 1 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Denmark (including Faroe — — — — — — 38,404 France 6,319,482 4,091,624 6,314,550 10,793,823 10,238,014 8,247,920 463,009 Germany 110,012 24,579 — — — — — Italy — 6,491 483,707 944,586 1,349,596 1,554,242 139,130 Netherlands 30,766 — 13,142 — — — 108,337 Russia 95,318 23,430 416,021 310,813 327,007 — — Sweden — — 4,072 — — 1,500 62,837 Switzerland — . — 44,988 74,187 74,746 73,806 56,734 United States 28,382 — — — — — — Other Foreign Countries . 69,610 15,156 57,188 13,000 — — 98,466 Total to Foreign Countries . . 6,653,570 4,161,280 7,333,668 12,136,409 y ,989,363 9,877,468 966,917 Total to British Possessions 1,019 2,493 768 — — 50 12,461 TOTAL 6,654,589 4,168,773 7,334,436 12,136,409 11,989,363 9,877,518 979,378 Value (I). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Denmark (including Faroe _ 5,070 Islands) France 284,787 191,548 300,560 596,451 605,103 494,963 35,460 Germany 5,045 1,010 — — — — — Italy — 595 59,762 146,000 215,989 219,198 22,380 Netherlands 1,330 — 980 — — — 11,232 Russia 5,289 1,171 59,484 51,764 130,891 — — Sweden — — 212 — — 173 8,411 Switzerland — — 5,940 9,345 10,821 9,345 5,520 United States 1,571 — — — — — — Other Foreign Countries 4,728 1,009 3,852 2,090 — — 10,132 Total to Foreign Countries. . 302,750 195,333 430,790 805,650 962,804 723,679 98,205 Total to British Possessions . . 96 170 63 - - 5 1,953 TOTAL . . 302,846 195,503 430,853 805,650 962,804 723,684 100,158 (1569) 114 Table LIII. Exports of Carbolic Acid from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) To Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Other Foreign Countries 505 1,186 133 2,999 2,185 127 926 755 777 139 1,213 45 2,353 73 874 1,246 645 29 2,037 2,342 10 462 282 295 13 1,720 2,677 12 393 275 518 4 1,531 3,488 93 334 302 3,697 1,053 351 159 658 49 72 3,368 1,344 699 Total to Foreign Countries 8,061 6,229 6,771 5,392 5,909 5,737 6,349 Total to British Possessions 383 291 457 330 256 332 337 TOTAL 8,444 6,520 7,228 5,722 6,165 6,069 6,686 Value (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. France Japan (including Formosa, etc.) Other Foreign Countries 16,450 22,931 3,697 57,127 60,251 5,820 115,004 34,171 11.016 3^48 16,394 1,871 47,786 2,426 11,368 '83,779 18,025 406 69,953 49,083 895 18,085 8,000 24,769 342 70,038 72,458 240 11,408 10,687 94,542 141 179,263 98,326 8,370 14,878 29,642 129,810 164,734 29,811 7,617 26,735 4,249 3.585 115,765 113,187 32,005 Total to Foreign Countries 181,280 128,580 240,226 187,255 391,329 368,875 303,143 Total to British Possessions 9,210 6,723 10,293 13,843 15,245 28,846 18,452 TOTAL 190,490 135,303 250,519 201,098 406,574 397,721 321,595 115 Table LIV. Exports of Crude Coal Tar from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) To Quantity (long tons). 1913 : 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Union of South Africa British India Other British Possessions . . 486 498 323 188 558 381 132 160 294 21 75 130 5- 74 2 14 101 243 171 Total to British Possessions 1,307 — , — . 1,127 586 226 79 16 515 Russia Other Foreign Countries . . 1,392 1,699 378 896 153 392 134 242 70 10 372 631 Total to Foreign Countries 3,091 1,274 545 376 70 10 1,003 TOTAL 4,398 2,401 1,131 602 149 26 1,518 Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Union of South Africa British India Other British Possessions . . 2,427 1,428 1,330 583 1,594 1,504 647 481 965 113 276 501 21 344 8 41 819 1,246 1,423 Total to British Possessions 5,185 3,681 2,093 890 365 49 3,488 Russia Other Foreign Countries . . 4,977 6,177 1,973 3,996 905 979 640 765 270 52 2,469 5,471 Total to Foreign Countries 11,154 5,969 1,884 1,405 270 52 7,940 TOTAL 16,339 9,650 3,977 2,295 635 101 11,428 116 Table LV. Exports of Refined Coal Tar and Varnish from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) Quantity (gallons). To 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Union of South Africa . . British India Straits Settlements and Dependencies (includ- ing Labuan) Federated Malay States Australia Other British Posses- sions 454,050 1,257,364 451,382 327,254 497,413 1,084,454 30,778 630,388 453,658 961,687 358,632 123,891 4,383 193,502 710,350 1,030,212 349,487 154,307 4,270 275,221 873,003 622,908 191,855 108,449 450 248,612 118,481 334,969 60,160 1,800 82,439 748,628 596,267 220,900 195,680 335,969 Total to British Posses- sions. 2,490,050 2,243,033 2,095,753 2,523,847 2,045,277 597,849 2,097,444 Sweden Other Foreign Countries 581,382 434,420 4,740 438,183 156,220 759,956 125,560 858,184 1,948 335,080 521,110 691,424 Total to Foreign Countries. 581,382 434,420 442,923 916,176 983,744 337,028 1,212,534 TOTAL 3,071,432 2,677,453 2,538,676 3,440,023 3,029,021 934.877 3,309,978 Value (£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Union of South Africa . . British India Straits Settlements and Dependencies (includ- ing Labuan). Federated Malay States Australia Other British Posses- sions. 10,605 21,461 13,615 8,540 11,705 16,767 1,234 15,891 10,508 16,648 8,872 3,401 272 5,432 21,690 20,167 9,176 4,327 373 8,876 21,502 13,336 4,141 3,156, 32 7,013 5,012 7,794 1,380 36 2,657 31,793 19,945 8,103 10.938 14,943 Total to British Posses- sions. 54,221 45,597 45,133 64,609 49,180 16,879 85,722 Other Foreign Countries 14,418 11,620 261 10,085 3,519 17,685 2,765 19,785 39 11,781 21,688 30,310 Total to Foreign Countries 14,418 11,620 10,346 21,204 22,550 11,820 51,998 TOTAL 68,639 57,217 55,479 85,813 71,730 28,699 137,720 Table LVI. Exports of Naphtha from the United Kingdom. (Domestic Produce.) Quantity (gallons). 1913 1914 1915 ] 1916 1917 1918 j 1919 Other Foreign Countries 464,688 19,782 358,450 8,588 375,844 513,021 25,072 j 18,874 412,640 10,552 155,279 6,190 548,387 17,285 Total to Foreign Countries 484,470 367,038 400,916 531,895 j 423,192 [161,469 565,672 Total to British Possessions 30,922 24,371 11,412 4,688 1 2,450 . — 3,539 TOTAL 515,392 391,409 '412,328 536,583 425,642 j 161,469 569,211 Value (£). Other Foreign Countries 1913 1,059 1914 15,352 403 1915 22,081 1,613 1916 49,935 1,971 1917 38,546 1,170 1918 20,876 1,200 1919 75,769 .2,215 Total to Foreign Countries 21,920 15,755 23,694 51,906 39,716 22,076 77,984 Total to British Possessions 2,692 1,677 763 652 276 - 739 TOTAL 24,612 17,432 24,457 52,558 " 39,992 1 22,076 78,723 Table LVII. Exports of Naphthalene from the United Kingdom. . (Domestic Produce.) To Quantity (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 France United States Other Foreign Countries 724 1,162 895 949 349 60 271 540 963 394 1,623 61 53 625 519 1,916 450 1,075 1,488. 748 4,816 2,543 2 1,162 744 916 5,050 2,894 374 1,020 888 43 6 34 816 712 Total to Foreign Countries 3,730 2,577 2,881 5,677 10,183 9,338 2,499 Total to British Possessions 573 468 668 620 600 988 1,025 TOTAL 4,303 3,045 3,549 6,297 10,783 10,326 3,524 Value (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Other Foreign Countries 9,707 4,494 9,046 7,845 1,917 615 4,396 2,217 7,686 2,633 19,301 700 242 7,046 8,656 37,565 4,244 18,529 56,079 25,785 102,260 69,765 60 20,369 14,876 27,206 129,984 90,852 5,980 37,443 24,401 1,698 112 1,839 11,163 22,879 Total to Foreign Countries 31,092 19,464 35,945 142,202 234,536 264,259 62,103 Total to British Possessions 6,573 4,425 10,401 24,977 24,014 39,817 29,154 37,665 23,889 46,346 167,179 258,550 304,076 91,257 118 o S -~r 1— 1 t— 1 > i-5 4 w "■6 i-i < tS Q k, 1*5 en — ■ 'O OJ COO o m coco Xenxxeo o ■n© xcSmcn 1 * , eg enxencnxox © CO o « X 5 IO in | — eo" 1 eo~x" rC"* o-* r- i enco ' enm co 'cm toco — — 00 © X CM X_ ■^ 1-1 ooo t> in en oh x cjo CM CM co" CD X CD eo ■*" X X 00 OICM CM in -* cn ©"en ' en ©" CM — © ■■* ■* , , © t 1 in [ in co — *. 1 1 cm ' co"in ' cd" ' ' « m cot*. r» cm CO coooo — rs — TpencMcox meg X CO m cn en m r^co m OS r>CMinCM- -""CO cox — o> 1 1 in 1 © w — r»„x «« ' ' •*" 1 co co" co" © O) co~co" cd" CO cm" CO ■* — CMCO CM — CO T? <-t? 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Imports of Alizarine and Anthracene Dye Stuffs into the United Kingdom* Quantity (long tons) . From 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Germany Other Foreign Countries 3,016 25 1,447 158 1 1 j 2 100 157 TOTAL 3,041 1,605 1 .1 2 100 , 157 • Value {£). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918 1919. Germany Other Foreign Countries 271,119 1,126 132,200 — 2,447 1 1,116 836 1,024 2,548 3,548 TOTAL 272,245 134,647 1,116 836 1,024 2,548 3,548 * Total re-exports during the period under review amounted to 33 '5 tons including 28 tons for 1913. Table LXIII. Imports of Aniline and Naphthalene Dye Stuffs into the United Kingdom. 1913. 64 12,931 32 1,107 17 Quantity 1915. ' (long tor 1916. s). From 1914. 31 32 7,814 89 1,298 7 347 1917. 2 •1 2,292 354 •1 1918. 1 1,970 262 •2 1919. Belgium France Germany Netherlands Switzerland United States Other Foreign Countries 18 279 22 34 2,264 120 82 44 I 2,431 67 187 12 5 S 354 2,322 230 Total from Foreign Countries 14,151 9,618 2,819 2,730 2,648-2 2,233-2 2,928 Total from British Possessions — — 162 329 4 •2 — TOTAL 14,151 9,618 2,981 3,059 2,652-2 2,233-4 2,928 Va 1915. ue (£). 1916. 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. 1919. Belgium France Germany Netherlands Switzerland United States Other Foreign Countries 8,096 1,382,478 4,045 146,278 1,648 4,576 4,096 845,295 9,923 186,284 816 54,867 3,351 74,335 5,255 6,809 617,232 41,564 28,168 28,945 1,358 925,967 34,914 282,988 500 9 1,434,740 276,685 100 861 1,406,544 170,149 444 6,819 3,866 482 199,832 1,427,638 142,496 Total from Foreign Countries 1,542,545 1,105,857 776,714 1,274,172 1,712,034 1,577,998 1,781,133 Total from British Possessions - - 115,858 204,371 2,057 190 — TOTAL 1,542,545 1,105,857 892,572 1,478,543 1,714,091 1,578,188 1,781,133 123 o s S o to ^ > h- 1 1} .1 J 03 ^ w S u 1 ►4 « « -s: "3 « £ u "W « K3 Ss O ■»i * m cm o t CD O 00 CD t^ ■* i« ^^ 2 P- CO CM CN O CN CO © Tf CD 03 1 03 CM CN -* ©CM — •* CD ■"»• co 05 1 rt r* CO 1 — CM ' — — I CD~ 0)" oo •* t~ 03 o . 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Imports of Synthetic Indigo into the United Kingdom* Quantity (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Germany Switzerland China (exclusive of Hong- Kong, Macao & leased territories) Other Foreign Countries 1194 •1 764 12 6 34 292 1 204 25 495 2 101 104 123 Total from Foreign Countries 1194-1 776 333* 229 598 104 123 Total from British , Possessions — — 229| 2 — — — TOTAL . . 1194-1 776 562 231 598 104 123 Value (£). 1913 1914 , 1915 i 1916 1917 1918 1919 Germany Switzerland China (exclusive of Hong- Kong, Macao & leased territories) Other Foreign Countries 76,681 — ' 14 48,931 1,675 — — 3.700 1 76,766 — 80,151| — 1,636 172, 6,100 145,936 2,970 26,309 24,514 23,917 Total from Foreign Countries 76,695 [ 50,567 85,698 82,866 175,215 24,514! 23,917 i Total from British Possessions — — 70,439 765J — — i — TOTAL . . 76,695 50,567 156,137] 83,6311 175,215 24,514 23,917 * Total re-exports during the period under review amounted to only 62 tons. Table LXVI. Imports of Other Coal Tar Dye Stuffs into the United Kingdom. Quantity (long tons). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Germany Other Foreign Countries . . 7 1 - 1 ~* 6 20 11 26 TOTAL 8 9 j 3 6 20 11 26 Value (£). Germany . . W ■ ■ Other Foreign Countries TOTAL 1913 1914 1915 , 1916 : 1917 1918 543 357 — — _ _ 27 2 762 '4,893 j 8,671 '6,529 570 359 , 762 1 4,893 8,671 6,529 1919 17,976 17,976 [:,\ '■;%$& following puMj^iens of the Imperial Mmetal Resources %ib£$p can be purchased through amy bookseller or directly from H.M. StetidneryTQ|SiGe at the following Addresses: Imirerial^ouse, KingsWay, toin^o^ wtc,2.; 2$ Ab^gdort Street, London, S.W.1 ; 87, Peter Street, M&hchestefY 1, ■m^Andtefy'$$ji^pti\&r&ift ; 23, Fortn Street, Edinburgh 5 or from Messrs,' E^^on^onby, Ltd., 116, Grafton kti-eet, Dublin. Ai| jpriceSt ^rgnet, and those ,$to paifcsHtheses incite postage.^' REPORTfJON T»E MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH -EMPIRE {AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (19lft919). Aluminium and Bauxite Antimony - • - Arsenic - Asbestos - Bismuth - - Borates '■'-■' - Chrome Ore and Chromium Cobalt - Felspar Fuller^ Earth - - M^aeslte"- ,*>''■ ■ --; $tfates - Zinc -_,; '" - Manganese Tungsten - ^ price 9d. &0£d.). - >"'■'.'*& ~xH"im - ,. 64- &$ * ■?."'$> ; Pisi:l,i4*if.. --,,w* 64* (H> -: \i 9d. <10|>..,: 94.;, >^M^' -" „ 6ty. -.m - „ 64. (7d.) - „ Is. 3d. ,-$0*Hd. - „ ^L> '(7 ,, 3s. 6d. .(&. 8d.) (m (fee preSs) (in the Dress) LEGAL PUBLICATION& Mining Laws of the British ; EmpS^ and Foreign Countries: Vol; 1. Nfeerik Price; i§v; asfiSSid,) VpL' litest $fjt^ The 'Noiker^'^irliriis^kd-'Sietta,. ' Leone) (1930): Price 15s. (15s. 7cB