»r,«t|'»ivir' «« Ws>> WB (fimmll WinivmH^ ^xhut^ THE GIFT OF ^ >0\.iUim^ ■JQ-^^'y-iXii' CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924087946939 BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA. EDITED UY GEORGE LONG, M.A. FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGEj CAMBRlDGEj AND THE REV. A. J. MACLEANE, M.A. TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. VOL. I. M. TULLII CICERONIS ORATIONES. WITH A COMMENTARY BY GEORGE LONG. VOL. I. VERRINARUM LIBRI SEPTEM. LONDON: WHITTAKEE AND CO. AVE MAEJA LANE ; GEORGE BELL, ELEET STREET. 18.5 L M. TULLII CICERONIS ORATIONES. A COMMENTARY GEORGE LONG. VOL. I. VERRINARUM LIBEI SEPTEM. LONDON: WHITTAKEE AND CO. AVE MAEIA LANE; GEOEGE BELL, ELEET 8TEEET. 185L LONDON : GILBERT & RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. John's sauARE. PREFACE. The text of this edition of Cicero's orations against Verres ap- proaches nearest to that of Zumpt's edition of 1831, which is entitled, "M. Tullii Oiceronis Verrinarum Libri Septem. Ad fidera codicum manu scriptorum recensuit et explicavit Oar. Tinioth. Zurnptius." The variations from the text of Zumpt are indicated in the notes. I have not intentionally omitted to notice any important variation ; but I have omitted to notice some which are of no importance at all, or matters perfectly indifferent. I used for printing from, after I had corrected it to suit my purpose, the English reprint of Zumpt, third edition, 1847. 1 supposed that the third edition of a work, printed in 1847, would not be a reprint of Zumpt's first and minor edition, but that it would contain all the improvements of the larger edition of 1831. I soon discovered, however, that this was not so ; and I merely mention the circumstance because there are a few readings in Zumpt's larger edition, in the Divinatio, which I prefer to those which I have retained. They are, however, of very little im- portance. The most important differences between the English reprint of Zumpt and his larger edition, occur in the orations which come after the Divinatio. The whole amount of difference between the English reprint and Zumpt's larger edition is con- vi PEEFACE. siderable ; and nearly all the variations of the larger edition are improvements. The English reprint is very correct in the typo- graphy, and very bad in the punctuation, v^hich fault, however, may be perhaps mainly chargeable on the German original, which I never saw. The history of the text of the Verrine orations is given in Zumpfs Preface. Readers of Cicero are greatly indebted to him for what he has done. Indeed, we who can now read these orations with comparative ease, are apt to forget how much we owe to a long series of scholars. Zumpt's edition is what is commonly called a critical edition, the main object of which is the establishment of the text. For this purpose Zumpt collated two of the Wolfenbiittel MSS., which he calls Guelff. ], 2. But he derived most advantage from the " Lagomarsinianae novem codicum Florentinorum collationes." The fragments of the Ver- rine orations, which were published by A. Mai, 3828, from a Vatican Palimpsest, did not reach Germany early enough for Zumpt to use them, except for the fifth and last of the Verrine orations. Zumpt has given in an Appendix (Appendix varian- tium lectionum et supplementa annotationis) the readings of the Vatican MS. " This Appendix," he says, " contains ' farrago variantium lectionum e codicibus MSS. et editionibus petitarum, quibus in annotatione usi non sumus, aut uti noluimus.' " The Vatican fragments contain parts of the foUovdng books : — Act. ii. Lib. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The MS. to which these fragments belong is of high antiquity and undoubted value. Zumpt considers the Cod. Vat. as the parent of Par. B. and Lag. 29, which he fur- ther considers to be the parents of the inferior MSS. There are many gross blunders in the Cod. Vat., which prove that it must be, in parts, at least, a carelessly made copy from a good original. AU the other MSS. Zumpt considers as the progeny of a " Cod. antiquus deperditus," a respectable ancestor who lives only in his descendants. As to Guelf. 1, Madvig is of opinion that Zumpt rates it too high. PEEFACE. vii As I have often referred to tlio MSS., the following extract from Zumpt may be useful. His conclusion is this: Sic hoc fere stemma codicum MSS. nascitur Cod. Antiquus deperditus. Cod. Vatican, rcscriptug. ' -^ , Nann. Fabric. (Metell.) Par. 7774 A 3. Regius libr. ii. et iii. (coll. Havn.) libr. iv. et v. Lag. 42. pr. m. in illis libr. I Par. A. . . Erfurt . Par. B. ' Lag. 29. Par. D (Steph.) Cuiac. Guelf. 2. Leid. (Memmiani Lamb.) Guelf. 1. Vulgares. Fabric, and Metell. are the same MS. Par. 7774 A is the same as Regius. I am not sure that Zumpt always agrees with him- self about the value of Lag. 29. In a note on Lib. 3. c. 76, he calls Lag. 29. 42. Paris A. B. "quatuor raeliores nostri." In another place (Lib. 5. c. 46), he calls Lag. 29, "minime fidelis;" and again (Lib. 4. c. 37), he calls it "infidelis quamvis ex fidelissimo ductus." The edition of Cicero's orations by Klotz, to which I have often referred, is in three vols. 8vo, with notes in German. At the foot of the page he has given the variations of Orelli's edition. In his Preface to the second volume (Leipzig, 1837), which contains the Verrine orations, the editor explains what he has done for the text. He states that he owes much to a careful examination of the Vatican fragments published by Mai. I have noted some of the chief variations in the text of Klotz, except in the fifth book of the Verrines, where I have noticed very few. For the second book of the Verrines, I made use of the notes to the edition by F. Oreuzer and G. H. Moser, Gottingen, 1847. The occasional references in the notes to this edition will show how far I am indebted to C'reuzer and Moser. Their com- mentary is copious, and sometimes useful. For the fifth book I used the separate edition of this oration a 2 viii PREFACE. by J. C. Orelli, Leipzig, 1831. The text of this oration has been carefully and judiciously revised by the editor. Orelli used for this edition two collations of the Codex Regius of the ninth century, N. 7774. A. 1.; one collation is the " Havniensis,'" or Copenhagen collatio, which is contained in the Epistola Critica of Madvig; the other was made for Orelli, at Paris, by a learned youth (eruditus juvenis) of Basle, named Hanhart. Orelli also used a new and accurate collation of the Cod. Leidensis, pre- sented to him by Bake; the fragments of the Vatican Palimp- sest of Mai; and a MS. of St. Gallon. These MSS. are re- ferred to by Orelli under the following abbreviations: — R., Codex Regius; L., Leidensis; V., Palimpsestus Vaticanus; Gr., Codex Sangallensis. The labours of Zumpt, Orelli, and Madvig, have probably settled the text of this oration as well as it can be settled. The Opuscula Academica of J. N. Madvig, Copenhagen, 1834, contain an essay, entitled " De locis aliquot Ciceronis orationum Verrinarum dissertatio critica." It is referred to several times in these notes. With respect to the commentary of Asconius on part of these orations, which I have often cited, I have used the text of Orelli's edition of Cicero. This commentary contains both good and bad matter ; and in its present shape it is not the genuine commen- tary of Asconius. This subject has been well examined by Madvig in his essay, " De Q. Asconii Pediani et aliorum veterum inter- pretum in Ciceronis orationes Oommentariis Disputatio Critica, Copenhagen, 1828." It was my intention, conformably to the plan of this series of editions, to take a text such as Zumpfs, and merely to make notes on it. But a careful study of these orations convinced me that I could not adopt any one text. Though this has no pretensions to be a critical edition, the text has cost me a great deal of labour; and that kind of labour which is not seen. In many passages, I have no doubt that the text which I have PREFACE. ix given may be improved, for I do not consider that the text of these orations is yet finally settled. In the matter of orthography I have done nothing. The orthography of Latin texts still remains to be settled; and there is a prospect that, in a few years, when the Latin lan- guage has been more studied, and is better urfderstood, our printed texts will differ considerably in orthography from what they now are. Though I have not followed Zumpt in the mode of writing some words, which he undoubtedly writes correctly, I have still refrained from writing "concio" for " contio," as the English reprint of Zumpt does. The notes are intended to explain the text. I have passed over no passage where I found a difficulty myself, and very few where others have found a difficulty. If I have often made notes where some readers may not think them necessai-y, I have done so because I know by experience that many students will require such assistance. I have not intentionally concealed any obligations that I owe to other editors or commentators. Indeed, in the matter of acknowledgment, I have gone further than is necessary ; for the modern commentators, whom I often cite, have derived much of their materials from the earlier com- mentators. The Excursus may be unsuitable for younger students ; and, indeed, they were not designed for them. If some of them are in parts obscure, I believe the fault is chiefly in the matter; and I can't help that. Any person may see that the subjects discussed in them are necessary to the understanding of Cicero's text; and those who are competent to form an opinion will look with indulgence on any errors that I have committed in treat- ing such subjects for the first time in an edition of Cicero for the use of Englishmen. GEORGE LONG. Brighton College, Sept. 1,-1851. C! O N T E N T S. PAGE Introduction 1 DiVINATIO ^ .......... . 7 Excursus I. — Repetundae 38 Excursus II. — Judicia ........... 42 Actio Prima, Accusationis in C. Verrem 50 AcTioNis Secdndae, Lib. 1 75 Excursus III.— Lex Voconia .......... 151 Excursus IV. — Edicta Magistrafnium . . . . . . . . .156 Excursus V. — Sponsiones 171 AcTioNis Secundae, Lib. II 176 AcTioNis Secundae, Lib. III. ... ..... 266 Excursus VI.— On Lib. 3. .;. 47 393 Excursus VII. — Formula Octaviana, Lib. 3. c. 65 397 AcTioNis Secundae, Lib. IV 405 AcTioNis Secundae, Lib. V. 497 Excursus VIII.— SicUy 582 Excursus IX. — Sicily a Roman Province 587 Excursus X. — Non modo, &c 598 Index to the Notes ........... ('03 INTRODUCTION. In the year B.C. 70, in the consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus and M. Licinius Crassus, M. Tullius Cicero was a candidate for the curule aedileship, and in the same year the Sicilians selected him for their patronus in the prosecution of C. Verres for mal-admioistration during his three years' government of SicUy. 0. Verres was the son of C. Verres, a Roman senator, who was still living at the time when his son was governor of Sicily. The gentile name of C. Verres is never men- tioned, and he probably had none. It is merely a conjecture, supported by no evidence, that his gentile name was Cornelius. His assumed relationship to the CaecUii MeteUi is rather disproved by the passages usually cited to prove it. (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 26, 56.) Verres had a wife, Vettia, who bore him a daughter and a son. The son, though he had not attained the age to assume the ' toga virilis,' accompanied his father to Sicily, and was a witness of his scandalous conduct. (Lib. 3. c. 9, 68, 71.) In the Verrine Orations Cicero represents Verres as an ignorant, brutal, and licentious man. He even gives him no credit for taste, though he had a passion for works of art ; but here the orator has perhaps gone too far, for that Verres had some taste is proved by Cicero himself. Of the earlier part of his bfe Cicero says little : he professes to pass over the sins of his youth as things notorious. Cicero says that Verres was the quaestor of the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo, in Cisalpine Graul, fourteen years before the trial (b.c. 70), and he deckres that all the acts of Verres from that day should furnish matter for the accusation. (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 12.) Accordingly the orator distributes his charges imder four heads : the quaestorship of Verres; his legatio in Asia; his praetura urbana; and his government of Sicily. If Verres was quaestor to Carbo in B.C. 84, this was in the second consulship of Carbo ; but Cicero appears to have made a mistake as to the fourteen years. For, as Drumann observes, it was in B.C. 82 that Carbo, then consul for the third time, was in Cisalpine Gaul, and this must be the year in which Verres was his quaestor. In his capacity 2 INTRODUCTION. of quaestor Verres was treacherous to the cousul, and also embezzled the public money. (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 13—16.) After the defeat and death of Carbo, whom Cn. Pompeius caught in Sicily (b.o. 82) and put to death, Verres joined Sulla's party. Sulla sent him to Beneventum, probably to be out of the way, and he gave him certain estates which had belonged to the proscribed of Beneventum. He paid Verres, says Cicero, for his treachery, but he would not trust him. Verres soon found fresh employment. Cn. Cornelius Dolabella, praetor of Cilicia (b.o. 80, 79), an unprincipled, greedy fellow, made Verres one of his legati ; and, after the death of the quaestor C. Malleolus, he appointed him proquaestor. The governor and his quaestor were a worthy pair, who kept one another in countenance. Cicero (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 17, &c.) has given a lively sketch of this period of the administration of Verres. He betrayed Dolabella as he had betrayed Carbo. When Dolabella was prosecuted (b.o. 78) by M. Aemilius Scaurus for repe- tundae, his former companion in knavery bargained with the accuser for his safety on the terms of giving evidence against his old master. (Lib. 1. c. 38.) Hortensius defended Dolabella, but he was convicted, and went into exile. Verres had enriched himself in Asia, and he is said to have used his wealth iu buying votes when he was a candidate for the praetor ship. He was praetor in B.C. 74, and had the urbana jurisdictio. Under his praetorship (Lib. 1. c. 40, &c.) justice was sold, and the praetor's interest was purchased by applying to his mistress Chelidon. Cicero gives many instances of the praetor's greediness and unscrupulous ways of getting money. In b.o. 73 Verres obtained the propraetorship of SieUy, one of the most fertUe of the Eoman provinces, and the most abundant in works of art. The governor did not neglect this opportunity of filling his pockets with Sicilian gold, and his house vrith the choicest works of the Grreek artists. Verres held the government of Sicily for three years, owing to the praetor Q. Arrius, who ought to have taken his place at the close of the year B.C. 73, being engaged in the war against Spartacus. (Lib. 4. c. 20.) He went to Sicily, says Cicero, with the settled purpose of plundering it, and neither the contest between the Romans and the Carthaginians for the possession of Sicily, nor the two servile wars, had caused so much misery in the island as the misgovern- ment of a Eoman praetor. Verres ruined the corn-growers, beggared the farmers-general (pubHcani), and robbed both temples and private houses of the works of art, which the Greeks of Sicily prized even more than their money. Cicero has treated of the Sicilian government of Verres under three heads : his administration of justice (Lib. 2) ; his administration vrith respect to the corn (irumentum) of Sicily (Lib. 3) ; his plunder of works of art (Lib. 4) ; and his cruelty (Lib. 5). INTRODUCTION. 3 Verres was succeeded in Ms government of Sicily by L. CaecUius MeteUus (b.c. 70) . He carried most of Ms plunder to Eome in a vessel which the people of Measana buUt for him ; for this city had received some favours from Verres, and had been a dep6t for part of his iU-gotten property. The Sicihans, having determined to prosecute their late praetor for his mal-administration, chose Cicero to conduct the prose- cution. Cicero had been quaestor B.C. 75 in the Lilybaean or western district of the island, and he had gained the good-wiU of the people by his upright conduct. On taking leave of the Sicilians in B.C. 74, he promised them his assistance, if ever they should want it, and all the cities of the island called upon him to redeem his promise, Syracuse and Messana excepted. This was a great opportunity for Cicero, and he eagerly seized it, as the whole tenor of these speeches shows, notwith- standing certain rhetorical flourishes about his unwillingness to change his practice of defending the accused, to become a public accuser. Verres had the support of Q. and M. Metelli, the brethren of L. Metellus, now the propraetor of Sicily. The great orator Hortensius was to defend Verres, who had many friends among the optimates or senatorian party, and contrived also to gain the support of L. MeteUus, who, as governor of Sicily, did what he could for him. The senators generally disliked such a prosecution as that with which Verres was threatened : many of them had enriched themselves at the expense of the provinces ; and others, who had not, hoped to have the opportunity. The reforms of the Dictator Sulla had deprived the equites of the power of sitting as judices, and made the senators only eligible; but the senators had often abused their power, and acquitted great criminals of their own body. At the time when the prosecution of Verres was preparing, there was a loud outcry against the judicial body, and a demand for its reformation. Cicero saw, and he told the judices who sat on the trial of Verres, that the result would be the condemnation or absolution of their own body. If they convicted Verres, it was a triumph for Cicero to have brought to punishment the plunderer of Sicily, to have vindicated the purity of the Judicia, and to have humbled the arrogance of Hortensius, the tyrant of the courts. If Verres was acquitted, it would not be for want of industry or ability in the patron of the Sicilians, but through the corruption of the senatorial body, out of whom the judices were chosen. In either way Cicero could not fail to gain the favour of the equites, the class to which he belonged, and the class from which, from the time of the Grracchi to the legislation of SuUa, the judices had been chosen. The mass of the people, too, would be on his side, if for no other reasons, from hatred to those who possessed the political power. It was a safer policy for an ambitious Eoman, who was not yet ennobled, to gain the good-wiU of those whose votes might B 2 4 INTEODUCTION. raise him to tlie highest honours of the state, than, to serve the sena- torial party. When Cicero had taken his place among the nohUes, by- having filled a cuiule magistracy, it would be easy for him to gain the good-will of the optimates; for such a class, however proud and exclusive, has a secret pleasure in seeing its ranks recruited by men who can infuse fresh vigoiu? into an effete body. Q. Caecilius Niger claimed to be the prosecutor of Verres, or at least to be one of the prosecutors (Div. 15), probably prompted by Hor- tensius. The prosecution in the hands of CaeciHus would either have failed for want of being properly conducted, or through the bad faith of the prosecutor. Caecilius was a SicUian by birth, and had been quaestor under Verres for the district of LUybaeum. He urged that Verres had done him wrong, that he was therefore his enemy, that he was weU acquainted with the facts of the governor's misconduct, and, for all these reasons, he was the fittest person to conduct the prosecu- tion. The first question which the judices had to decide was, whether Cicero or Caecilius should conduct the prosecution. The first of Cicero's Verrine Orations, entitled 'De Divinatione,' was therefore in defence of himself and against Caecilius. He had to support his own claims as the chosen of the Sicflians, and to destroy those of CaecUius, whom the Sicilians rejected; to show his opponent's unfitness, without urging his own qualifications beyond the limits of a modest confidence : and he did aU this well. The judices decided in favour of Cicero, who conducted the prosecution alone. Cicero asked and obtained from the praetor Grlabrio one hundred and ten days for a voyage to Sicily to coUect evidence against Verres ; but a new device was resorted to by his opponents. At the instigation of Verres (Act. i. c. 2, 3), a person proposed to institute a prosecution which concerned A.chaea, and a senator was selected as the man to be pro- secuted ; but Cicero does not mention his name. This person asked for only one hundred and eight days for going to Achaea and returning to Eome. If he returned within the himdred and eight days, and com- menced his prosecution, Cicero's attack on Verres must be deferred and perhaps it might be put off until the next year. But this trick failed. The false prosecutor never got as far as Brundusium, while Cicero hurried to Sicily, and made the best use of his time, with the assistance of L. Cicero, the son of his father's brother. He traversed Sicily from west to east, and was every where joyfully received, except at Syracuse, where, however, he collected some important evidence, and at Messana, where the city did not receive him with the hospitality to which a Eoman senator was entitled. (Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 11.) Cicero traveUed through Sicily and collected his evidence in fifty days. (Act. i. c. 2.) He was back again at Eome long before Verres and his friends expected him, INTRODUCTION. 5 ready to commence the prosecution, with a crowd of witnesses, and an overwhebning mass of documentary evidence. The trial was conducted under the presidency of M'. Acilius Glabrio, the praetor urbanus, a man of integrity. In settUng the list of judices for the trial, Verres, being a senator, had the power, according to the CorneUa Lex, of challenging more than three judices ; those who were not senators could only challenge three. The advocates of Verres availed themselves of this privilege, and Cicero mentions the names of six persons whom Yerres rejected. Cicero also rejected some of the judices. But the result was, that the Hst, as finally settled, left Verres no hope of acquittal, for his guilt was notorious, and the judices were too honest to be bribed. Q. MeteUus and Hortensius were elected consuls for the following year, b.c. 69, with the aid of the Sicilian gold of Verres, as Cicero insinuates. M. MeteUus was elected a praetor for the following year, and the lot gave him the duty of presiding at trials for the offence of repetundae. The object of the friends of Verres was to get the trial deferred to the nest year, and to exclude Cicero from the curule aedileship, by bribing the voters. Cicero had now a personal" motive for pushing the prosecution vigorously against a man whose stolen money was to deprive him of the object of his ambition. The friends of Verres had stQl hopes that the trial might be thrown over to the next year, when Q. MeteUus and Hortensius would be consuls. M. MeteUus would be sitting ia the place of M'. AcUius Grlabrio, and a dishonest set of judices could be packed. Cicero was elected curule aedUe after the deUvery of the Divinatio, as appears from the speech itself (Div. c. 22.) The Pseudo-Asconius, in the argument of the Divinatio, incorrectly caUs him. ' designatus aediUs.' The trial began on the 5th of SextUis (August), according to the imreformed Calendar. The games of Cn. Pompeius were to be cele- brated about the middle of August, and these would be foUowed by the Eomani Ludi. The opponents of Cicero expected that they should not have to begin the defence until both the games were over. They would easily occupy all the time up to the celebration of the games of Victory, which foUowed the Eomani Ludi, vdth talking and legal- quibbles. The Plebeii Ludi would next foUow, very little time would be left for busi- ness during the current year, and finally the trial, as they expected, would be postponed to the next, when M. MeteUus would be praetor. (Act. i. c. 10.) But instead of deUvering an elaborate speech, which he had prepared, Cicero opened his case briefly in the first Verriue oration (Actio Prima), and then stated the chief charges against Verres, confirming each statement as he went on by an examination of witnesses, and the production of documentary evidence. Hortensius occasionally 6 INTEODUCTION. interrupted the witnesses to make some objections, but the evidence was too strong for bim, and be saw tbat a defence was impossible. He did not cross-examiae any of Cicero's witnesses. (Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. 59.) Cicero only took nine days for tbe prosecution; and before tbe nine days were over, Verres left Eome for MarseiLLe, and the judices con- ■ demned him to exile, and to make full compensation in damages. The oration entitled 'Divinatio,' and the 'Actio Prima,' were the only Verrine Orations which were spoken. Cicero wrote the other five after the trial. He has handled his matter so skHfuHy that, if we were unacquaiuted with this fact, we should never suspect that we were reading a rhetorical exercise ; for such the five last Verriue Orations are, though the orator doubtless wished to leave to posterity not only a sample of his art, but a merciless exposure of the plunderer of Sicily, of his eloquent advocate, and of the senatorian body who had attempted to save hiin. At the time when Cicero wrote these Orations the Lex AureUa, which made the judices eligible from the senate, the equites, and the tribuni aerarii, was promulgated. It is also possible, as Drumann observes, that the Lex was even enacted, though Cicero in direct terms speaks only of its promulgation (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 71; Lib. 3. c. 96; Lib. 5. c. 69) ; for, if it were not so, he would hardly have ventured to threaten that Aurelius Cotta would carry his Lex if Verres was acquitted. Now Verres, as we know, was actually convicted at the time when Cicero used these words ; and as he represents him as still on his trial, in order to give to his Orations the air of being reaUy deUvered, so he would consistently represent the Aurelia Lex as not enacted, but only pro- mulgated. Verres Uved in banishment until the proscription of the Triumviri, B.C. 43. He carried with him some of the works of art which he had collected during his official career, if the story is true that M. Antonius put his name in the proscription-lists because he would not give up to him his Corinthian vessels. (PUn. Hist. Nat. 34. c. 2 ; Seneca, Suasor. 6.) It seems unhkely that this was the only cause of his being proscribed ; and yet it is not easy to suggest a good reason why such a man shared the fate of many who were better than himself, or why Antonius was his enemy. The same story adds that he died with courage, and not before he heard of the death of Cicero, the most illustrious victim of the vengeance of Antonius. Drumann (Geschichte Eoms, V. p. 263 — 828) has included in his Life of M. Cicero an Abstract of the Verrine Orations, and a History of the Prosecution of Verres. M. TULLII CIOERONIS IN Q. CAECILIUM ORATIO DE ACCUSATOEE IN C. VEEREM CONSTITUENDO, QUAE DIVINATIO DICITUE. The Sicilians, with the exception of the Syracusans and the Mamertini, had asked Cicero to conduct their case against Verres ; and, after he had consented, he applied to the praetor M'. Acilius Glabrio, who during this year presided in the Quaestiones pei'petuae de pecuniis repetundis, for permission to be the accuser. Q. Caecilius Niger also put in his claim, though the Sicihans had not asked him, and did not want him. There were sufficient reasons why injured parties should not have the power of naming the person who should conduct their case, when the prosecution was a matter that con- cerned the public interest. There had sometimes been collusion between the guilty persons and those who came to demand satisfaction of them, or to bring them to punishment. The accused would secretly compound with their prosecutors for a sum of money, and the trial would be so managed as to result in an acquittal, and so the criminal would be secured against further risk. To prevent such an impudtnt fraud, the Lex, which defined each particular offence for which a man might be brought to a Judicium PubUcum, provided that the Judices should choose the accuser, at least in cases where more than one person claimed the office. The practice was main- tained under the Empire, as we see from a passage of Ulpian (Dig. 48. 2. 16) : " Si plures exsistant qui eundem publicis judiciis accusare volunt, judex eligere debet eum qui accuset ; causa scihcet cognita, aestimatis accusatorum personis vel de dignitate vel ex eo quod interest, vel aetate, vel moribus, vel aha justa de causa." The Judices, who were chosen for the trial of Verres, accordingly met first to determine whether Caecilius or Cicero should be the accuser. The decision in such cases was not founded on any evidence, but on the speeches of the rival claimants, each of whom supported his own case by argument, and endeavoured to weaken the claim of his opponent. The Judices had to form their judgment, as well as they could, on what they thus heard. This ' actio de accusatore constituendo ' was called ' Divinatio,' or divining; apparently because the Judices could do no more than make a kind of guess or probable conclusion as to the fitness of the opposing claimants. Asconius in his argument gives some other reasons. Quintilian {Inst. Or. vii. 4. § 33) says that such ' judicia ' were called ' Divinationes.' The term ' Divinatio ' is also explained in the same 8 IN Q. CAECILIUM way by the grammarian Gabius Bassus (Gellius, ii. 4) : " Divinatio judicium appellatur, quoniam diviuet quodammodo judex oportet quam sententiam sese ferre par sit :" the Judices must guess, as Gellius explains the meaning of Bassus, because they had little to found their judgment upon. The name ' Divinatio ' expressed the whole proceeding, the result of which was the selection of an accuser ; and it was also used to signify the speech made on the occasion by the opposing claimants. C. Julius Caesar, the dictator, composed a ' Divinatio ' (Sueton. Julius Caesar, u. 55). The Actio Prima against Verres was dehvered on the 5th of August, a.u.c. 684, or B.C. 70 (c. lOV An accuser, as already observed, had asked and obtained a period of 108 days in order to go to Achaea to collect materials for a prosecution (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 11); and, though he never went to Achaea, we may perhaps conclude that Cicero could not commence his attack untU the 108 days had expired. He himself had 110 days allowed for his journey to Sicily to collect evidence, and, though he was back again at Rome before the expiration of the time, the accuser who had only asked for 108 days had the priority over him, and Cicero must wait to see whether he really meant to avail himself of this advantage. If these conclusions are right, the period of 108 days reckoned back from the 5th of August will fix the time of the deUvery of the ' Divinatio ' somewhere in the latter part of April. I. Si quis vestrum, judices, aut eorum qui adsunt, forte miratur me, qui tot annos in causis judiciisque publicis ita sim versatus ut defenderim multos laeserim neminem, subito nunc mutata voluntale ad accusandum descenderim, is si mei consilii causam rationemque cognoverit, una et id quod facio probabit, et in hac causa profecto neminem praeponendum esse mihi actorem putabit. Quuip quaestor in Sicilia fuissem, judices, itaque ex ea provincia decessissem ut Siculis omnibus jucundam diuturnamque memoriam quaesturae nominisque mei relinquerem, factum est uti quum summum in veteribus patronis multis turn nonnuUum etiam in me praesidium 1. miratur me, — descenderim] Asco- the prosecution : as in c. 4. '* Siculos omnes nius, now commonly called Pseudo-As- actorem suae causae." According to some, conius, mentions a reading ' descendere,' ' actor ' is properly the plaintiff in actions which is the reading of some MSS., and 'in personam,' and 'petitor' the plaintiff has been adopted by Zumpt. Asconius in actions ' in rem.' But the general sense observes that the expression is a kind of of the verb ' agere ' is in favour of the sup- solecism, unless we prefix ' et ' or ' idem ' position that ' actor ' is the most general to ' subito.' But the text is right, and it term that can be used. would be spoiled by this interpolation, as decessissem} ' Decedere ' is the word well as by the change of ' descenderim ' applied trf-a governor of a province, who into ' descendere.' For Cicero does not leaves it when his term of office is expired ; mean to say ' if any of you are surprised — and it appears that it was also apphcable to that X have all at once descended to be an a quaestor leaving his province. There is accuser;' but he says, 'if any of you are a reading ' discessissem,' which Klotz has surprised at me, that I who for so many adopted ; and yet he has the reading ' quum years, &c., now all at once have descended, tu decederes,' c. 9. &c.' veteribus — patronis} These old patroni, judiciisque publicis] See the Excursus or protectors of the Sicilians, were the Mar- on the ' Judicia Pubhca.' celli, the Scipiones, and the Metelli. M. j actorem'] ' Actor ' is a general term for Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse, pre- one who is a plaintiff. In a ' causa publica ' served the captured city. The younger ' the ' actor ' was usually called ' accusator.' Scipio Africanus restored to the Sicilians Here it means no more than the manager of , the works of art which the Carthaginians DIVINATIO. 9 suis fortunis constitutum esse arbitrarentur. Qui nunc populati atque vexati cuncti ad me publice saepe venerunt, ut suarum for- tunarum omnium causam defensionemque susciperem ; me saepe esse poUicitum, saepe ostendisse dicebant, si quod tempus accidisset quo tempore aliquid a me requirerent, commodis eorum me non defuturum. Venisse tempus, aiebant, non jam ut commoda sua sed ut vitam salutemque totius provinciae defenderem ; sese jam ne deos quidem in suis urbibus ad quos confugerent habere, quod eorum simulacra sanctissima 0. Verres ex delubris religiosissimis sustu- lisset ; quas res luxuries in flagitiis, crudelitas in suppliciis, avaritia in rapinis, suj)erbia in contumeliis efficere potuisset, eas omnes sese hoc uno praetore per triennium pertulisse ; rogare et orare ne illos supplices aspernarer, quos me incolumi nemini supplices esse oporteret. II. Tuli graviter et acerbe, judices, in eum me locum adduci ut aut eos homines spes falleret qui opem a me atque auxilium petis- sent, aut ego qui me ad defendendos homines ab ineunte ado- lescentia dedissem, tempore atque officio coactus ad accusandum traducerer. Dicebam habere eos actorem Q. Oaecihum, qui prae- sertim quaestor in eadem provincia post me quaestorem fuisset. Quo ego adjumento sperabam banc a me molestiam posse dimoveri, id mihi erat adversarium maxime. Nam illi multo mihi hoc facilius remisissent, si istum non nossent, aut si iste apud eos quaestor non had carried away ; and Metellus Celer and sion of the island. Klotz observes that Nepos had on a former occasion given the Arusianus Messus has preserved some Sicilians their protection in the prosecution ii-agments of this speech (ed. Lindem. p. ■ of the praetor M. Lepidus (Asconius). It 226). The word ' polliceor ' is a word of , was usual for a province or for particular 'proffering,' 'voluntary proposing' (c. 6), ) provincial cities to choose protectors (pa- and differs from ' promitto,' which implies ' troni) among the great families of Rome. an answer to an offer which had been cuncti} ' Simul omnes, quasi conjuncti ' made. (Asconius). The commentator has indi- 2. gui praesertim] ' Praesertim ' is a cated the etymology of the word ; for word of emphasis, and often put in clauses ' cunctus ' is ' coniunctus ' or ' coiunctus.' with ' quum ' and ' si ;' and its place is It is accordingly equivalent to ' universi ' generally after the word to which it gives (c. 4). Compare ' universa provincia ' (c. 5). emphasis. (See De Am. c. 4, and Seyf- In place of ' Qui nunc ' Klotz has ' Qua re fert's note.) But in u. 11 we have ' prae- nunc/ sertim tanta.' Cicero says in substance, ' I publice'] ' Publice ' means sent on a told them that they might take Q. Caecilius 'public mission,' deputed by the inhabitants to manage their case, especially as he had of the island, or the cities of the island, been,' &c.— ' Posse demoveri,| Zumpt. This is a common usage of the word; and istum— iste~\ Cicero in this oration ge- like the Greek roivS. nerally refers to Caecilius by the use of this poUicitUTyi] Cicero says ' saepe ;' that pronoun ; and in hke manner in the foUow- he had often declared his readiness to serve ing orations he uses ' iste ' when he refers the Sicilians ; but Asconius refers this ob- to Verres. It is not exactly a word of con- servation particularly to the address which tempt in these cases, though, if he had been he made to the Sicilians at Lilybaeum on speaking of persons whom he respected, he retiring from the quaestorship of that divi- might and would have used ' ille. The 10 IN Q. CAEOILIUM fuisset. Adductus sum, judices, officio, fide, misericordia, mul- torum bononim exemplo, veteri consuetudine institutoque majorum, ut onus hoc laboris atque officii non ex meo sed ex meorum neces- sariorum tempore mihi suscipiendum putarem. Quo in negotio tamen ilia me res, judices, consolatur, quod haec quae videtur esse accusatio mea non potius accusatio quam defensio est existimanda. Defendo enim multos mortales, multas civitates, provinciam Siciliam totam. Quamobrem si mihi unus est accusandus, propemodum manere in institute meo videor, et non omnino a defendendis homi- nibus sublevandisque discedere. Quod si banc causam tam idoneam, tam illustrem, tam gravem non haberem ; si aut hoc a me Siculi non petissent, aut mihi cum Siculis causa tantae necessitudinis non intercederet, et hoc quod facio me rei publicae causa facere pro- fiterer, ut homo singulari cupiditate, audacia, scelere praeditus, cujus furta atque flagitia non in Sicilia solum sed in Achaia, Asia, Oilicia, Pamphylia, Eomae denique ante oculos omnium maxima turpissimaque nossemus, me agente in judicium vocaretur; quis tandem esset qui meum factum aut consilium posset reprehendere ? III. Quid est, proh deum hominumque fidem, in quo ego rei publicae plus hoc tempore prodesse possim? Quid est quod aut populo Romano gratius esse debeat, aut sociis exterisque nationibus optatius esse possit, aut saluti fortunisque omnium magis accommo- datum sit ? Populatae, vexatae, funditus eversae provinciae : socii stipendiariique populi Romani afflicti, miseri, jam non salutis spem ' iste ' is the man whom I have mentioned same passage of the De Officiis, he defines to you, he whom you know. ' fides ' to be ' dictorum conventoruraque ex meo — tempore'] ' Not out of regard constantia et Veritas,' or stedfastness and to my interests, but to those of my friends.' truth in all that we say and all that we pro- sublevandis~\ A like use of ' sublevare,' mise. It is opposed to ' fraus,' one of the ' to raise up,' occurs in e. 3 and 4. In forms of ' injustitia.' The sense of the pas- conformity with the great generality of Ro- sage then is this: 'AViat is there, in the man expressions, the word means either to name of all that is truthful in the sight of ' raise up for the purpose of supporting,' or gods and men,' &c. ' Fides et religio ' often ' to raise up for the purpose of taking away, go together. Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 8. 'fidem or removing,' as in Cicero De Am. o. 24. vestram ac religionem.' That the plirase See note in Seyffert's edition, who com- should be used on less solemn occasions, with pares the double use of ' sublevare ' with little or no regard to its meaning, is not that of the German verb ' heben.' surprising. 3. pro deum hominumque fidem} What socii stipendiariique'] The term ' socii ' did the Romans understand by this ex- is often used in conjunction with 'Latini' or pression, which we find so difficult to ' Nomen Latinum' (De Am. c. 3), to denote translate ? We must accept the Roman the free inhabitants of Italy who were in notion of ' fides,' which Cicero (De Off. i. some sense under the dominion of Rome. 7) defines to be the ' foundation of justice,' The full enumeration of the inhabitants of that is, of just conduct or of the discharge Italy who were witliin the Roman dominion of duty (Or. Part. 22), for so he explains before the Social War, b.c. 90, was ' Gives 'justitia,' considered with reference to the Romani, Latini, et Socii.' The 'Gives conduct of individuals. Further, in the Romani' were the citizens of Rome, the DIVINATIO. 11 sed exitii solatium quaerunt. Qui judicia manere apud ordinem senatorium volunt, queruntur accusatores se idoneos non habere; qui accusare possunt, judiciorum severitatem desiderant. Populus Eomanus interea, tametsi multis incommodis difficultatibusque affectus est, tamen nihil aeque in re publica atque illam veterem judiciorum vim gravitatemque requirit. Judiciorum desiderio tri- bunicia potestas efflagitata est ; judiciorum levitate ordo quoque citizens of Roman colonies, and the inha- bitants of Munieipia, without any respect to their particvdar nationality. The Latini were the citizens of the old towns of the Latin nation, with the exception of those which had become Munieipia; the nume- rous Coloniae Latinae were also compre- hended under the term Latini. The Socii were the rest of the inhabitants of Italy, all of whom before the Social War became subject to Rome, and belonged to various tribes or nations. The term Socii would seem to imply something of a ' foedus,' by which they were connected with the Roman state. The Provinciales were the free sub- jects of Rome beyond the limits of Italy, and of course the term comprehended the Sicilians, among others. Before the Social War there were only two classes of people within the Roman dominions, marked by a distinct political name, and these were Gives and Peregrini, for the term Peregrin! comprised Latini, Socii, and Provinciales. After the Social War the Civitas was ex- tended to all Italy, and even comprehended Gallia Cispadana, which, as is known, was not at that time included in the term Italia. Finally, even Gallia Transpadana obtained the Civitas, in Cicero's life-time. The class of Latini and Socii, as above defined, had now disappeared : they were Gives Romani. But a new class of Latini was formed — a class which, except in name, had no rela- tionship to the former Latini : they had the Commercium, but not the Connubium. Henceforward we find three political classes in the Roman state— Gives, who had the Commercium and Connubium ; Latini, who had only the Commercium ; and Peregrini, who had neither. The Sicilians were Pere- grini after the Social War, and at the time when Cicero was delivering this oration. When Cicero calls the Sicilians Socii, he uses the word just in the same sense as he sloes when he speaks of the Socii of the province of Asia (Ad Q. Fr. i. I. c. 1) ; but not in the same sense in which he uses the word in another place (De Am. c. 3), when he is speaking of the Populus Romanus, Socii et Latini, of the time of Scipio Afri- canus the younger. He says that the in- habitants of Asia, of that province, consist of Socii, that is natives, and Gives, who were either Publicani or Negotiatores re- siding in the province. He calls the Ro- mans resident in Asia, in one passage, Pro- vinciales (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 5), but he only means men who are residing in a province, and not in Italy. The term Socii may have been applied to Peregrini out of Italy before the Social War ; but, if that was the case, the Socii of Italy must have been dis- tinguished from other Socii by the term Itahci, which term, indeed, designates Ita- lian Socii, without the addition of the word Socii. Cicero here speaks of Socii in the provinces as opposed to Stipendiarii, and he probably means those who had a ' foedus ' or treaty with Rome. The Stipendiarii were those who were designated simply by a term which expressed their liability to make certain fixed payments, arbitrarily imposed, without any ' foedus ' or terms of compact. The Socii might either be subject to fixed payments, or might be free from them ; but the circumstance of their having a ' foedus * with Rome distinguished them from those who had not, and gave them a higher rank. This subject is discussed by Savigny, Ver- mischte Schriften, Vol. i. Jus Italicum. judicia manere] See the Excursus on the Judicia Publica. aeque — atque'] This form is common enough ; it signifies ' so much as.' The position of ' nihil ' shows how it is to be understood : " Nothing that you can name and that former energy and dignity of the judicia are called for in an equal degree." Cicero (Brutus, 71) says: "qui tibi sunt aeque noti ac mihi." Compare Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 19: "aequam partem tibi ac Populo Romano.'' tribunicia potestas] L. Cornelius Sulla, during his dictatorship (b.c. 82 — 79), among other constitutional changes, got a law passed which deprived the tribuni plebis of the power of proposing a lex in the Comitia Tributa, and left them only their ' jus in- lercessionis.' This law was repealed (b.c. 70) in the consulship of Cn. Pompeius 12 IN Q. CAECILIUM alius ad res judicandas postulatur ; judicum culpa atque dedecore etiam censorium nomen, quod asperius antea populo videri solebat, id nunc poscitur, id jam populare atque plausibile factum, est. In hac libidine hominum nocentissimorum, in populi Romani quotidiana querimonia, judiciorum infamia, totius ordinis offensione, quum hoc unum his tot incommodis remedium esse arbitrarer, ut homines idonei atque integri causam rei publicae legumque susciperent, fateor me salutis omnium causa ad eam partem accessisse rei pub- licae sublevandae quae maxime laboraret. Nunc quoniam quibus rebus adductus ad causam accesserim demonstravi, dicendum neces- sario est de contentione nostra, ut in constituendo accusatore quid sequi possitis habeatis. Ego sic intelligo, judices : quum de pecu- niis repetundis nomen cujuspiam deferatur, si certamen inter aliquos sit cui potissimum delatio detur, haec duo in primis spectari opor- tere ; quem maxime velint actorem esse ii quibus factae esse dicantur injuriae, et quem minime velit is qui eas injurias fecisse arguatur. IV. In hac causa, judices, tametsi utrumque esse arbitror per- spicuum, tamen de utroque dicam, et de eo prius quod apud vos plurimum debet valere, hoc est, de voluntate eorum quibus injuriae factae sunt, quorum causa judicium de pecuniis repetundis est con- stitutum. Siciliam provinciam 0. Verres per triennium depopulatus esse, Siculorum civitates vastasse, domes exinanisse, fana spohasse dicitur. Adsunt, queruntur Siculi universi ; ad meam fidem quam habent spectatam jam et diu cognitam confugiunt ; auxilium sibi Magnus and M. Licinius Crassus, a mea- irruere,' where ' oflfensio ' is the feeling, the sure which Cicero, in another place, says aversion, and disgust of the subject which that he could not commend (De Leg. iii. 9). is expressed by the genitive case. The ex- The ' incoramoda,' just before mentioned, pressiou ' pedis offensio,' the striking of the are the various measures of Sulla, and the foot against an obstacle, shows the primary enactment as to the Tribuni.plebis among sense of the word. The ' totius ordinis the rest. Asconius explains the ' difficul- offensio ' is the stumbling of the Senatorian tates ' to be the consequences of Sulla's ordo, their impinging on something, their proscriptions, the loss of property, and the false, unsteady step. See ' offensione,' c. 7 other sufferings that he inflicted on his and 13. opponents. nomen cujuspiam deferatur,'] ' Nomen de- censorium nomen'] According to the ferre,' or simply 'deferre,' in one of its senses, Schol. Gronov., p. 384, ed. Orelli, Sulla means to accuse, but only by virtue of its im- abolished the censorship. However this may phcation with the context ; for ' deferre' also be, there were no censors from B.C. 82, the means to hand in or give in a man's name dictatorship of Sulla, to B.C. 70, the iirst with the view of doing him a service, as in consulship of Cn. Pompeius Magnus. Cicero (Pro Balbo, c. 28) ; ' Caesar in prae- plausibile] That which merits 'plau- tura,inconsulatupraefectumfabrumdetulit.' dite,' the word with which the Roman In the sense of bringing a charge we have comedian generally concluded his plays, and the words ' delatio,' ' delator.' by wliich he solicited the applause of the cujuspiam] In the next chapter we spectators. We have no equivalent word ; have ' cujusquam.' There seems little doubt for ' plausible ' is a different thing. that the terminations ' piam ' and ' quam ' offensio] In Act. i. c. 12, there occurs, are the same. 'in odium offensionemque populi Romani DIVINATTO. 13 per me a vobis atque a populi Romani legibus petimt ; me defen- sorem calamitatum suarum, me ultorem injuriarum, me cognitorem juris sui, me actorem causae totius esse voluerunt. Utrum, Q. Caecili, hoc dices, me non Siculorum rogatu ad causam accedere, an optimorum fidelissimorumque sociorum voluntatem apud hos gravem esse non oportere? Si id audebis dicere, quod C. Verres cui te inimicum esse simulas maxime existimari vult, Siculos hoc a me non petisse, primum causam inimici tui sublevabis, de quo non praejudi- cium sed plane judicium jam factum putatur, quod ita percrebuit Siculos omnes actorem suae causae contra illius injurias quaesisse. Hoc si tu inimicus ejus factum negabis, quod ipse cui maxime haec res obstat negare non audet, videto ne nimium familiariter inimicitias exercere videare. Deinde sunt testes viri clarissimi nostrae civitatis quos omnes a me nominari non est necesse : eos qui adsunt . appel- 4. cognitorem juris mi,"] One man could represent another, as the plaintiff or de- fendant, in a smt, and act for him. If such an agent or attorney was appointed by a party to a suit for a particular case in the presence of the opposing party, he was called ' cognitor.' It was not necessary that the ' cognitor ' must be present when he was appointed (Gaius, iv. 83, &c.). The ' cognitor ' in all respects represented the person who had appointed him. A ' pro- curator' was an agent who was appointed by an absent party (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 24), and he was bound to give security that his principal would ratify all that he did (Gaius, iv. 98; Dig. 46. tit. 8; Puchta, Insiit. ii. § 156). The term ' cognitor ' is only applied to private or civil suits. Cicero here intends to show that he represented the Sicilians in every respect, for every de- mand ; he was their ' representative for the recovery of their just claims.' Asconius has a note on ' patronus,' ' advocatus,' ' cognitor,' ' procurator,' which is short, but quite correct. The writer of this particular note was not Pseudo-Asconius. Si id audebis, &c.] " If you shall dare to say what C. Verres, whose enemy you pretend to be, would have people above all things believe, that the Sicilians have not requested me to undertake their prosecu- tion, in the iirst place you will be helping the cause of your own enemy, as to whom it is not a 'praejudicium,' but really a 'judi- cium ' that is now considered to have taken place, inasmuch as it is the universal belief that all the Sicilians have looked out for a manager of their case to prosecute Verres for his unlawful acts." Orelli has ' actorem me suae causae,' but ' me ' is not in the MSS., and Klotz gives good reasons for rejecting it. Caecihus might deny that Cicero was selected as the advocate of the Sicilians ; but that would not disprove the truth of the general opinion that the Sici- hans had sought an advocate, for every body believed that they had, and the advo- cate was not Caecilius, at least. The bare fact of all Sicily agreeing to choose some one to prosecute their case, Cicero says further, must be considered a condemnation of Verres. The word ' praejudicium ' is not translateable. The name of the Roman form of action called * praejudicium,' or ' actio praejudicialis,' is derived from the circum- stance that it had no ' condemnatio ' as a consequence, but its end was to establish the existence of a fact, or facts, which might serve as the foundation of further proceed- ings (Gaius, iv. 44, 94; Dig. 25. tit. 3. 8. 1, 3). Cicero's use of the word may be hardly exact, but he means this : " the fact of the SicUians having all agreed to choose some manager or other of their case, a fact which may be considered as certain, is no mere preUminary to the trial ; it is the con- demnation of Verres." — The form ' percre- buit ' is probably correct, though ' percre- bruit ' may be the true etymological form. The reason for the omission of the last ' r ' is plain (Lib. 2. c. 3. note). videto ne~\ "You must take care that you be not considered to be a friend, while you are merely pretending to be an enemy." The ' videto ' is more emphatic and impera- tive than ' vide,' and it may be appro- priately called the imperative mood, as op- posed to the weaker form * jube,' which may be called the jussive mood. — Key's Latin Grammar, 424. 14 IN Q. OAECILIUM labo ; quos, si mentirer, testes esse impudentiae meae minime vellem. Scit is qui est in consilio 0. Marcellus ; scit is quern adesse video Cn. Lentulus Marcellinus; quorum fide atque praesidio Siculi maxime nituntur, quod omnino MarceUorum nomini tota ilia pro- vincia adjuncta est. Hi sciunt hoc non modo a me petitum esse, sed ita saepe et ita vehementer esse petitum ut aut causa mihi sus- cipienda fuerit, aut ofiicium necessitudinis repudiandum. Sed quid ego his testibus utor, quasi res dubia aut obscura sit ? Adsunt homines ex tota provincia nobilissimi qui praesentes vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judi- cium ab suo judicio ne discrepet. Omnium civitatum totius Siciliae legationes adsunt praeter duas civitates, quarum duarum, si adessent, duo crimina vel maxima minuerentur quae cum his civitatibus 0. Verri communicata sunt. At enim cur a me potissimum hoc prae- sidium petiverunt ? Si esset dubium petissent a me praesidium necne, dicerem cur petissent. Nunc vero quum id ita perspicuum sit ut oculis judicare possitis, nescio cur hoc mihi detrimento esse debeat, si id mihi objiciatur me potissimum esse delectum. Verum id mihi non sumo, judices, et hoc non modo in oratione mea non pono, sed ne in opinione quidem cujusquam relinquo, me omnibus patronis esse praepositum. Non ita est : sed uniuscujusque tem- poris, valetudinis, facultatis ad agendum ducta ratio est. Mea fuit semper haec in hac re voluntas et sententia, quemvis ut hoc mallem de iis qui essent idonei suscipere quam me, me ut mallem quam neminem. V. Reliquum est jam ut illud quaeramus, qUum hoc constet Siculos a me petisse, ecquid hanc rem apud vos animosque vestros qui est in consilio] C. Marcellus was These passages will explain why these two one of the ' judices,' whom Cicero was ad- cities did not take a part in the prosecution dressing. The body of the ' judices ' was of Verres. called a ' consilium ;' ' Cum consilio causam necne] This is one of the rarer forms Mamertinorum cognoscit, et de consiUi sen- of expressing a disjunctive proposition by tentia . . . pronuntiat ' (Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. ' necne ' only ; the most common form is 21). Cn. Lentulus Marcellinus was ori- 'utrum— an.' Comp. the form c. 1 4, ' utrum ginally a Marcellus, and he had passed by vehs, factum esse necne,' &c. adoption into the family of the LentuU; patronis] Here Cicero by implication but the form MarcellinM* added to hia name calls himself a ' patronus,' which is equiva- indicated his original family. Of Marcel- lent to ' orator,' the person who managed a Imus he says, ' quem adesse video :' he was cause before the ' judices ' and delivered one of the ' corona populi circum subsellia the speech. The ' advocatus ' of Cicero's stans,' as Asconius explains the expression time was a person who gave his legal advice ' eorum qui adsunt,' c. 1. and was present at >.. trial, without taking maxime nituntur] Zumpt and Klotz have any further part. ' maxime utuntur,' the reading of the MSS. neminem] As Asconius remarks, Caeci- praeter duas civitates,] The two states lius is comprehended under ' nemo.' ' Caeci- were the Syracusani (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 14, lius was a nobody. &c.) and the Mamertini (Lib. 5. c. 17). 5. ecquid] Klotz reads, ' a me petisse id. DIVINATIO. 15 valere oporteat, ecquid auctoritatis apud vos in suo jure repetundo socii populi Romani, supplices vestri, habere debeant. De quo quid ego plura commeHiorem ? quasi vero dubium sit quin tota lex de pecuniis repetundis sociorum causa constituta sit. Nam civibus quum sunt ereptae pecuniae, civili fere actione et privato jure repe- tuntur : baec lex socialis est ; hoc jus nationum exterarum est ; hanc habent arcem minus aliquanto nunc quidem munitam quam antea, verumtamen, si qua reliqua spes est quae sociorum animos consolari possit, ea tota in hac lege posita est, cujus legis non modo a populo Romano sed etiam ab ultimis nationibus jampridem severi custodes requiruntur. Quis igitur est qui neget oportere eorum arbitratu lege agi quorum causa lex sit constituta ? Sicilia tota, si una voce loqueretur, hoc diceret : Quod auri, quod argenti, quod ornamentorum in meis urbibus, sedibus, delubris fuit ; quod in una- quaque re beneficio senatus populique Romani juris habui, id mihi tu, C. Verres, eripuisti atque abstulisti ; quo nomine abs te sestertium millies ex lege repeto. Si universa, ut dixi, provincia loqui posset, ecquid,' &c. This ' ec ' prefixed to ' quis,' ' quid,' seems to vary the sense somewhat. It is used both in direct and in indirect forms. Compare ' acquis umquam,' c. 17. The translation is, " whether this matter ought to have any influence with you," &c. in suo jure repetundo] " In recovering their rights," that is, in getting their rights acknowledged by a competent jurisdiction, and ip obtaining satisfaction or compensa- tion for their wrongs. Comformably to this meaning is the title of the ' Lex de pecu- niis repetundis,' which Cicero affirms to have been enacted entirely for the benefit of the ' Socii ;' though the fact is that a Roman citizen also might avail himself of it. See the Excursus on the ' Leges de pecuniis repetundis.' civili fere actione, Sfc] Generally a Roman citizen would sue to recover da- mages or compensation under the ' Jus civile,' that is, the peculiar law of the Ro- mans ; for, though every ' Lex ' was a part of the ' Jus Civile Romanorum' in its wider sense, Cicero means to call this ' Lex de repetundis ' rather a ' Lex ' enacted for the benefit of the ' Socii ' (lex socialis), than as properly a part of the ' Jus CivUe Roma- norum.' He adds, ' privato jure ;' that is, the injured Roman would sue simply as an individual for damages and satisfaction. The nature of the Roman division of law into 'Publicum' and 'Privatum' is ex- plained in the Excursus on the ' Judicia Publica.' ' Aedibus :' P. Manutius. beneficio senatus, Sfc."] The Romans al- lowed the Sicilians to retain the ' Leges Hieronicae,' and gave them also rules for the general administration of the island, which were made by Rutilius and ten com- missioners. Verres violated all these rules that the Roman state gave the Sicilians for their benefit and protection (see Lib. 2). sestertium mimes'] Or milliens, a thou- sand times a hundred thousand ' sesterces.' Asconius remarks that Cicero has been blamed (by critics) for claiming a thousand here, and only four hundred in other places (Act. i. c. 18 ; Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 10). With- out adopting all or any of the old commen- tators' explanations, it is enough to observe that Cicero says here, that the amount of damages which he claimed was one thou- sand. In the two other passages, he says that Verres had wrongfiilly taken four hundred. All that can be inferred then is, that he here claims higher damages than the actual damages ; as to which, see the Excursus ' De pecuniis repetundis.' Si universa . . loqui posset — uteretur : quoniam . . non poterat] If any person is in danger of misunderstanding ' posset ' and ^ uteretur,' the word ' poterat ' may help to save him from it. " If, as I said, the pro- vince could have spoken with one voice (for this is the meaning), it would have spoken as I have just done : since it could not, it has chosen," &c. Compare ' dicerent ' in the next chapter. This form of the im- 16 IN Q. OAEOILIUM hac voce uteretur : quoniam id non poterat, harum rerum actorem quem idoneum esse arbitrata est ipsa delegit. In hujusmodi re quisquam tam impudens reperietur qui ad alienam causam, invitis iis quorum negotium est, accedere aut adspirare audeat ? VI. Si tibi, Q. Caeeili, hoc Siculi dicerent : Te non novimus ; nescimus qui sis ; numquam te antea vidimus ; sine nos per eum nostras fortunas defenders cujus fides est nobis cognita ; nonne id dicerent quod cuivis probare deberent ? Nunc hoc dicunt : utrumque se nosse ; alterum se cupere defensorem esse fortunarum suarum, alteram plane nolle. Cur nolint, etiamsi tacerent, satis dicunt. Verum non tacent. Tamen his invitissimis te offeres ? tamen in aliena causa loquere ! tamen eos defendes qui se ab omnibus desertos potius quam abs te defenses esse malunt ? tamen his operam tuam poUicebere qui te neque velle sua causa, nee, si cupias, posse arbi- trantur? Cur eoruni spem exiguam reliquarum fortunarum, quam habent in legis et judicii severitate positam, vi extorquere conaris ? cur te interponis invitissimis iis quibus maxime lex consultum esse vult ! cur de quibus in provincia non optime es meritus, eos nunc plane fortunis omnibus conaris evertere ? cur his non modo perse- quendi juris sui sed etiam deplorandae calamitatis adimis potes- tatem ? Nam te actore quem eorum adfuturum putas, quos inteUigis non ut per te alium sed ut per aliquem te ipsum ulciscantur laborare ? VII. At enim solidum id est ut me Siculi maxime velint : alterum perfect is often used to express an impossible appears to be the true reading ; and ' nam ' hypothesis. is easily confounded with ' num,' and ' nam ' 6. Cur nolint, etiamsi tacerent, satis with ' nunc' If we read ' num,' the word dicunt.'] " Why they don't wish to have ' quem ' has the force of an enclitic without you, they tell you plain enough, even if having its place, which should be next to they had been silent." ' Tacerent ' is the ' num ;' for the interrogation lies in the reading of most MSS., and the true reading, 'num.' Bat the interrogation ought to be See Orelli's note. Zumpt and Klotz have in the ' quem,' and that can only be by ' taceant.' reading ' nam.' This use of ' nam,' not to lex consultum esse vult .?] ' Vult ' ex- express an inference, but a transition to a presses the design or purpose of the law, thing on which the speaker does not intend conformably to the general sense of ' velle,' to dwell, is very common. Com. De Am. which is not the ' wish,' but the ' will.' c. 27, ' Nam quid de studiis,' &c., and c! ' Cupio ' is the ' desure,' ' volo ' is the ' re- 13, ' nam quibusdam,' &c., and Seyffert's solve,' 'opto' is the 'choice' or 'selection' note.— ' Per aliquem :' Zumpt and Klota out of various things presented of one that have ' per ahum aUquem.' seems the best. See c. 14, ' potestatem 7. At enim solidum, &c.] Comp. o 4 optionemque.' The distinction of ' cupi- ' At enim cur,' which means, " well but it ditas ' and ' voluntas ' is clear. may be said why," &c. Here it 'means curhif\ 'Curiis.'Orelli; amatterof in* "well, suppose this be established that'' difference here : the words ' ii ' and ' hi ' are &c. " The other thing, I suppose is not constantly confounded or interchanged in clear," &c., which is said ironically, 'credo' the MSS. A little further on Orelli has being often thus employed. Most or per- ' Num te actore,' &c., which is the reading haps all the MSS.. have ' solum,' which may of some MSS., and ' nunc ' of others, have arisen from an abbreviation of ' soli- But 'nam,' the reading of Klotz and Zumpt, dum.' It is curious to see how the com- divinAtio. 17 illud, credo, obscurum est, a quo Verres minime se accusari velit. Ecquis umquam tarn palam de honore, tam vehementer de salute sua contendit quam ille atque illius amici ut ne haec mihi delatio detur ? Sunt multa quae Verres in me esse arbitratur, quae scit in te, Q. Caecili, non esse : quae cujusmodi in utroque nostrum sint paullo post commemorabo. Nunc tantum id dicam quod tacitus tu mihi assentiare ; nullam rem in me esse quam ille contemnat ; nul- 1am in te quam pertimescat. Itaque magnus ille defensor et amicus ejus tibi suffragatur, me oppugnat ; aperte ab judicibus petit ut tu mihi anteponare ; et ait hoc se honeste sine uUa invidia ac sine uUa ofFensione contendere. Non enim, inquit, illud peto, quod soleo quum vehementius contendi impetrare, reus ut absolvatur non peto ; sed ut ab hoc potius quam ab illo accusetur, id peto. Da mihi hoc ; concede, quod facile est, quod horiestum, quod non invidiosum ; quod quum dederis, sine uUo tuo periculo, sine infamia illud dederis, ut is absolvatm- cujus ego causa laboro. Et ait idem, ut aliquis metus mentators have bandied this matter in the Variorum edition. ' Solidum ' means * whole,' ' entire/ or, if we choose, ' clear,' as opposed to ' obscurum.' But its true sense is this : " well, you grant me all this that," &c., " you acknowledge that this admission is completely due to me ;" in which sense it is very near akin to the legal sense of ' solidum' in an * obUgatio,' where there may be several debtors, and each bound in the whole sum to the creditor (Dig. 45. 2. 3). Klotz and Zumpt have ' solum,' which I don't understand. amicus ejus iidt] Hortensius is meant, and the word Hortensius is inserted after ' tibi ' by some editors, though it is said to be omitted in the best MSS. Klotz's rea- sons for inserting it do not seem to me to have any weight. quum vehementius contendi'] Asconius explains these words to mean ' quum pecu- niam judicibus dedi,' and adds, that Cicero does not say this in direct terms, because he introduces Hortensius as speaking. Klotz thinks that the false Asconius is right — I do not. aliquis metus, Sfc.'] This sentence is not very clear, though the general meaning is plain. The ' gratia ' is the bribery ; but it was not enough to bribe, it was necessary to secure the rogue's voting as he had pro- mised. The * judices ' voted by ballot ; and Hortensius is supposed to say that he has persons among the ' judices ' who will look at the ' tabellae,' or voting-tablets, of the doubtful men, and see that they vote as they have promised. The words ' id esse perfacile' are not clear, and ' non enim,' &c. cannot refer to them. He says that the ' judices' do not severally place their tablets in the box (cista), but put them in alto- gether ; which is no reason why it would be easier to see how they voted. The words * non enim ' must refer to * ostendi tabellas veUt.' He would have the * tabellae ' shown to certain trustworthy rogues among the ' judices,' and this could easily be managed ; and the reason for its being necessary is, that the ' judices ' put their tablets in all in a lump ; they must, therefore, show them first. Another reason is added why they must show them, in order that their votes may be known. They had all got tablets of ' cera legitima,' all of one colour, all alike, so that a man's vote could not be known from the colour of the tablets, which had been given him, and on which he must write the sentence of condemnation C, or of acquittal A, or NL (non liquet). The fact that this infamous coloured tablet (see Act. i. c. 13) was not used, or going to be used, on this occasion, has nothing to do with the ' perfacile,' but with the ' ostendi tabellas velit,' which was ' perfacile.' Klotz has a note on this passage, which to me is ob- scurer than the text, about the meaning of which there is no doubt, though it is oddly expressed. On the words ' non ilia in- fami,' &c., Asconius remarks, • mire ex ipsius Hortensii persona hoc dicitur ; quae saepe virtus maxima Ciceronis in hujusmodi allocutionibus invenitur;' a remark which is more wonderful than the text, being much more unintelligible. " You have got your 18 IN Q. CAEOILIUM adjunctus sit ad gratiam, certos esse in consilio quibus ostendi tabellas velit (id esse perfacUe), non enim singulos ferre senten- tias, sed universes constituere ; ceratam unicuique tabellam dari cera legitima, non ilia infami ac nefaria. Atque is non tam propter Verrem laborat quam quod eum minime res tota delectat. Videt enim, si a pueris nobilibus quos adhuc elusit, si a quadruplatoribus quos non sine causa contempsit semper ac pro nihilo putavit, accu- sandi voluntas ad viros fortes spectatosque homines translata sit, se in judiciis diutius dominari non posse. VIII. Huic ego homini jam ante denuntio, si a me causam banc vos agi volueritis, rationem illi defendendi totam esse mutandam ; et ita tamen mutandam ut meliore et honestiore conditione sit quam qua ipse esse vult ; ut imitetur homines eos quos ipse vidit amglis- simos, L. Orassum et M. Antoniiim, qui nihil se arbitrabantur ad judicia causasque amicorum praeter fidem et ingenium afferre opor- tere. Nihil erit quod me agente arbitretur judicium sine magno multorum periculo posse, corrumpi. Ego in hoc judicio mihi Sicu- lorum causam receptam, populi Romani susceptam esse arbitror, ut mihi non unus homo improbus opprimendus sit, id quod Siculi peti- verunt, sed omnino omnis improbitas, id quod populus Eomanus jamdiu flagitat, exstinguenda atque delenda sit. In quo ego quid eniti aut quid efficere possim, malo in aliorum spe relinquere quam ' cera legitima,' " says Horteusius with a and Rein, Das Rom. Criminalrecht, p. sneer, " you have the uniform tablets, which 809. the ' lex ' (for that is the meaning of ' legi- 8. denuntio'] A word that Cicero often tima ') requires ; you have not got that in- uses. It means ' to give a person notice.' famous and wicked tablet of divers co- It has not a technical meaning here, but is lours," he adds sarcastically, " but yet I wUl used in a general sense. It has, however ■find out how you vote. 1 have men among often the signification of giving legal notice! you, who will look after you." Pro Caechia, c. 7 and 32. Compare the pueri nobiles] Youngsters who belonged use of ' denuntio ' in De Sen. c. 6. to the nobility, sons of men who had filled L. Crasmm, Sfc] L. Licinius Crassus, curule offices. The old commentator men- and M. Antonius, the two great orators tions the case of Appius Claudius Pulcher, whom Cicero introduces in his treatise De a noble youth, who accused Terentius Varro Oratore. (B.C. 75) of ' repetundae,' and failed, owing receptamsusceptam] Quite misex- to the management of Horteusius, who em- plained by Asconius, who here well de- ployed these tablets of different colours, serves his new name of an impostor ' Re- See Rein, Das Criminabecht der Romer, cipere ' is to undertake what a man is asked P- ^^^; , ., ^ „, , , , *° ™ys Klotz, is ' to carry off,' not for any par- C 2 20 IN Q. CAEOILIUM modo non adesse neque tecum tuas injurias persequi, sed esse cum Verre, cum illo familiarissime atque amicissime vivere. Sunt haec et alia in te falsi accusatoris signa permulta, quibus ego nunc non utor : hoc dico, te, si maxime cupias, tamen verum aceusatorem esse non posse. Video enim permulta esse crimina quorum tibi societas cum Verre ejusmodi est ut ea in accusando attingere non audeas. X. Queritur Sicilia tota C. Verrem ab aratoribus, quum frumen- j turn sibi in cellam imperavisset, et quum esset tritici modius HS. '; II, pro frumento in modios singulos duodenos sestertios exegisse. ' Magnum crimen, ingens pecunia, furtum impudens, injuria non ferenda. Ego hoc uno crimine ilium condemnem necesse est : tu, Caecili, quid facies ? Utrum hoc tantum crimen praetermittes an objicies ? Si objicies, idne alteri crimini dabis quod eodem tempore in eadem provincia tu ipse fecisti ? Audebis ita accusare alteram ut quo minus tute condemnere recusare non possis ? Sin praeter- mittes, qualis erit ista tua accusatio, quae domestic! periculi metu certissimi et maximi criminis non modo suspicionem verum etiam mentionem ipsam pertimescat? Emptum est ex S. C. frumentum ab Siculis praetore Verre, pro quo frumento pecunia omnis soluta 10. Queritur, Sfc.l The cultivators ment or non-payment. He quotes, in sup- (aratores) were required to furnish a cer- port of this, a passage of Polybius (vi. 12), tain quantity of grain for the praetor's use, to prove that the quaestor at Rome must for his ' cella ' or store-house (see De Sen. make the payments which the consul or- c. 16, for the general use of ' cella ') ; hut he dered him to make. But this is not quite took money instead, and when wheat was decisive. It might be, that in the case of two sestertii the modius, he made thera corn purchased for Rome he was absolutely pay him twelve. (See Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 81.) bound to pay, and that he was provided Cicero has already virged several reasons with money for the purpose. However against the fitness of CaeciUus to be the this may be, it is true, as Klotz remarks, accuser, which have not much weight, and that Cicero's expression, " magna ex parte this is weaker than the rest. It is true tua potestas erat," is but a feeble way of that he charges Caecilius with doing the affirming the quaestor's responsibihty in same thing that Verves did, but he does not the matter. But Klotz, in his zeal to de- come to particulars. fend Caecilius, goes a little too far. He ' Frumentum imperare ' means to impose argues, from what Cicero says at the end of on them a requisition. See Caesar, Bell, the next chapter, that the authority of the Gall. vi. 4. As to Aratores, see Lib. iii. praetor over the quaestor was supreme. Emptum est, Sfc.'\ A quantity of corn It does not follow, that if Verres could pre- had been purchased in Sicily by an order of vent Caecilius from doing wrong, he could the Senate, probably for the victuaUing of prevent him from doing right ; if he Rome, after the fashion of the time ; and could prevent him from paying money it was not all paid for ; and Caecilius, as when he ought not, or from mis-applying the quaestor, had the handhng of the it, it does not follow that he could prevent money. Klotz remarks that this charge, him from paying it when he ought, or from also, is a feeble one ; for the quaestor was applying it properly. Again, in the matter bound to obey the praetor's orders. He of the Mancipes at the end of this chapter, had the care of the money, and must ac- Cicero says that Caecilius could have pre- count for it to the Aerarium ; but he must vented the fraud. Whether this is true or obey the orders of the praetor as to pay- not, it makes Cicero consistent. DIVINATIO. 21 non est. Grave est hoc crimen in Verrem ; grave me agente ; te accusante nullum. Eras enim tu quaestor ; pecuniam publicam tu tractabas ; ex qua, etiamsi cuperet praetor, tamen ne qua deductio fieret magna ex parte tua potestas erat. Hujus quoque igitur cri- minis te accusante mentio nulla fiet. Silebitu^ toto judicio de max- imis et notissimis illius furtis et injuriis. Mihi crede, Caecili, non potest in accusando socios vere defendere is qui cum reo criminum soc^etate conjunctus est. Mancipes a civitatibus pro frumento pecuniam exegerunt. Quid hoc Verre praetore factum est solum ? Non ; sed etiam quaestore Oaecilio. Quid igitur daturus es huic crimini quod et potuisti prohibere ne fieret, et debuisti 2 an totum id relinques ? Ergo id omnino Verres in judicio suo non audiet, quod quum faciebat quemadmodum defensurus esset non reperiebat. XI. Atque ego haec quae in medio posita sunt commemoro. Sunt alia magis occulta furta, quae ille ut istius, credo, animos atque impetus retardaret cum quaestore suo benignissime commu- nicavit. Haec tu scis ad me esse delata, quae si velim proferre, facile omnes inteUigent vobis inter vos non modo voluntatem fuisse conjunctam, sed ne praedam quidem adhuc esse divjsam. Qua- propter si tibi indicium postulas dari quod tecum una fecerit, con- Mancipes'] Here they are the farmers &c., is Verres, at present the more re- (fermiers geiieraux), who paid a sum of mote person. ' Istius ' is the man whom money to the state for the right of levying you have before you. certain imposts. ' Manceps ' means gene- si velim — intelligenf] No various read- rally a person who purchases any thing ing is given, but the general usage of the* from the state, or agrees to pay a certain language requires ' intelligant ' in such sum by way of farm or the like (Festus v. cases ; but I am not, for that reason, con- Manceps; and Act. ii. Lib. I.e. 54). These vinced that ' intelligent ' is wrong. There Sicilian Mancipes paid a certain sum for are many similar examples, if the MSS. the right of collecting certain imposts in may be trusted ; for in such a matter their kind, but not to take money instead (Act. authority is not great. See Heindorf's ii. Lib. 3. c. 74). " Praesertim quum ex note on Horace, 1 Sat. i. 15 : " Si quis iisdem agris ejusdem anni frumentum ex deus, En ego, dicat," &c. decumis Romam mancipes advexissent." non modo — sed ne quidem] This is not See Cicero, Pro Cn. Plancio, c. 26, ed. a case in which ' non modo ' is equivalent Wunder. to 'non modo non,' if it ever is. This Quid igitur daturus e«] The omission means : ' all will see that between you two of the ? after ' Quid ' in ' Quid hoc,' and there was not, in a manner (that is, I will its omission here after ' igitur,' wiU probably not say there was, merely), a union of will, cause a difficulty to some readers ; but when but that even the booty is not yet divided : they are accustomed to it they will find it you have still accounts between you to clear enough. See Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 55. settle.' But this use of 'non modo' re- note. quires a particular investigation. 11. in medio posita] here means 'that indicium] 'Index' is an informer, a which is plain,' as appears from the words witness, and one who was privy to the act which follow. The various senses of 'in of which he is a witness, as Asconius ex- medio ' are collected in Forcellini. plains it ; but Caecilius could not be an magis occulta] The note of Asconius is ' index,' as Cicero says ; at least he adds, not a bad one : ' inepte a quibusdam quae- he willaccept him, if the law (lex) permits ritur quae sint : nulla enim sunt.' It is it. " Vettius reus quum esset damnatus said oratorically, that is, falsely. 'lUe,' erat indicium postulatorus." AdAtt. n. 2-1. 22 IN Q. CAEOILIUM cedo, si id lege permittitur ; sin autem de accusatione dicimus, concedas oportet iis qui nullo suo peccato impediuntur quo minus alterius peccata demonstrare possint. Ac vide quantum interfutu- rum sit inter meam et tuam accusationem. Ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum quod te non pro- hibuerit, quum summam ipse haberet potestatem : tu contra ne quae ille quidem fecit objicies, ne qua ex parte conjunctus cum eo reperiare. Quid ilia, Oaecili, contemnendane tibi videntur esse sine quibus causa sustineri, praesertim tanta, nullo modo potest ? aliqua facultas agendi ? aliqua dicendi consuetudo ? aliqua in foro, judiciis, legibus, aut ratio aut exercitatio ? Intelligo quam scopuloso diffi- cilique in loco verser. Nam quum omnis arrogantia odiosa est, turn ilia ingenii atque eloquentiae multo molestissima. Quamobrem nihil dico de meo ingenio ; neque est quod possim dicere ; neque, si esset, dicerem. Aut enim id mihi satis est quod est de me opinionis, quidquid est ; aut si id parum est, ego majus id commemorando facere non possum. XII. De te, Oaecili, jam mehercule hoc extra banc contentionem certamenque nostrum familiariter tecum loquar. Tu ipse quemad- modum existimes vide etiam atque etiam ; et tu te collige, et qui sis et quid facere possis considera. Putasne te posse de maximis acerbissimisque rebus, quum causam sociorum fortunasque pro- vinciae, jus populi Romani, gravitatem judicii legumque susceperis, tot res, tam graves, tam varias, voce, memoria, consilio, ingenio, sustinere ? Putasne te posse quae 0. Verres in quaestura, quae in legatione, quae in praetura, quae Romae, quae in Itaha, quae in Achaia, Asia, Pamphyliaque peccarit, ea quemadmodum locis tem- poribusque divisa sint, sic criminibus et oratione distinguere ? Pu- tasne posse id quod in ejusmodi rep maxime necessarium est facere, ut quae ille libidinose, quae nefarie, quae crudeliter fecerit, ea aequo concedas oportef] ' Oportet' is thus used pulosam rem dicimus quae aliqnid habet in with the subjunctive, as well as with the in- se asperi,' ' rough, as a place with gravel.' flnitive. Generally without ' ut ' when with Cicero (De Or. iii. 19) speaks of 'mare the subjunctive. Comp. Act. ii. Lib.3. c. 83. scopulosum ;' but a 'locus scopulosus' is Quid ilia, &fc.'] The usual absurd point- not so easy to understand, ing is 'Quid? ilia,' &c. The reader may 12. quemadmodum — «ic] These are two pause after ' Quid,' if he likes ; but the in- of the terms of a comparison which Cicero terrogation is ' Quid ilia,' and it is resumed often uses, and he places ' quemadmodum ' by ' contemnendane.' first, I believe ; and this is its place, for it scopuloso— loco] A reading 'scrupuloso' occupies the position that the relative clause is cited by Zumpt from one MS. I think often does with respect to the correspond- that it is the true reading. ' Scopulosus ' and ing clause which follows. ' scrupulosus ' seem to have been occa- Pamphyliaque peccarit,'] ' Patrarit,' sionally confounded in the MSS. Auso- Orelli. But ' peccarit ' has the authority nius has the expression ' scrupulosus lo- of the MSS. ; and ' patrarit ' is not used cus ;' and Featua (v. Scrupi) says : ' sera- thus by Cicero (Zumpt). DIVINATIO. 23 acerba et indigna videantur esse iis qui audient atque illis visa sunt qui senserunt ? Magna sunt ea quae dico, milii crede ; noli haec contemnere. Dicenda, demonstranda, explicanda sunt omnia : causa non solum exponenda, sed etiam graviter copioseque agenda est : perficiendum est, si quid agere aut perficere vis, ut homines te non solum audiant, verum etiam libenter studioseque audiant. In quo si te multum natura adjuvaret, si optimis a pueritia disciplinis atque artibus studuisses et in his elaborasses, si litteras Grraecas Athenis non Lilybaei, Latinas Eomae non in Sicilia didicisses, tanien esset magnum, tantam eausam, tam exspectatam, et dihgentia consequi, et memoria eomplecti, et oratione exponere, et voce et viribus sus- tinere. Fortasse dices. Quid ergo haec in te sunt omnia ? Utinam quidem essent : verumtamen ut esse possent magno studio mihi a pueritia est elaboratum. Quod si ego haec propter magnitudinem rerum ac difficultatem assequi non potui, qui in omni vita nihil aliud egi ; quam longe tu te ab his rebus abesse arbitrare, quas non modo antea nunquam cogitasti, sed ne nunc quidem quum in eas ingrederis quae et quantae sint suspicari potes ? XIII. Ego qui, sicut omnes sciunt, in foro judiciisque ita verser ut ejusdem aetatis aut nemo aut pauci plures causas defenderint ; et qui omne tempus quod mihi ab amicorum negotiis datur in his studiis laboribusque consumam, quo paratior ad usum forensem promptiorque esse possim ; tamen, ita deos mihi velim propitios ut quum illius temporis mihi venit in mentem quo die citato reo mihi demonstranda,'] " Every thing tnusl; be no various reading ' consumo.' It is not mentioned, precisely stated, fully unfolded." very easyto explain the use of the subjunc- ' Demonstrare ' does not correspond to the live here, and reconcile it with the indica- English word to * demonstrate/ See c. 14 ; tive ' qui nihil aliud egi,' which occurs at and Act. i. t. 8 : " demonstrat qua iste ora- the end of the preceding chapter. But the tione usus esset." two cases are diflferent ; and I observe, by perficere vis^ This is Orelli's reading, way of suggestion, that the use of the indi- Zumpt and Klotz have ' proficere.' This cative or subjunctive seems to depend, in and like words have been frequently con- such cases, in some degree on the position founded, owing to the MS. abbreviations which the ' qui ' has in the sentence. But for ' pro,' ' per,' ' prae,' being nearly the the use of the ' qui ' in these orations is same. See the Index Siglarum in Goes- matter for a special discussion, chen's Gaius. It must be left to the taste ita deos mihi velim, &c.] This is a of the reader to choose which he will have usual form of solemn asseveration : ' so may in this passage. the gods help me, as what T say is true.' literas Graecas, ^c] Cicero exults over But in this formula the ' ut ' may be omitted, his poor opponent, whose Greek and Latin * ita me dii bene ament, non nihil timeo.' were equally bad. His Greek was the dia- Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 1. — ' ita mihi d.,' Zumpt. lect of Lilybaeura, not the pure language quwm illius temporis mihi venit, &c.] of Athens ; and his Latin was picked up in There are other examples of ' mihi venit in Sicily, not learned in Rome. Plautus {Persa, mentem ' with a genitive, which is probably iii. 1. fi6) has a sneer on the Greek dialect an elliptical expression, the nominative, on of Sicily. — 'exponere:' 'expromere,' Zumpt. which the genitive should depend, being 13. Ego qui . . . verser . . . consumam,] omitted. Act. ii. Lib. 1. o. 18, 'non du- There is a reading ' versor,' but Zumpt gives bito quin . . tuorum tibi scelerum veniat in 24 IN Q. CAEOILIUM dicendura sit, non solum commoveor animo, sed etiam toto corpore perhorresco. Jam nunc mente et cogitatione prospicio quae turn studia hominum, qui concursus futuri sint ; quantam exspectationem magnitude judicii sit allatura; quantam auditorum multitudinem 0. Verris infamia concitatura ; quantam denique audientiam ora- tioni meae improbitas illius factura sit. Quae quum cogito, jam nunc timeo quidnam pro offensione hominum, qui illi inimici infen- sique sunt, et exspectatione omnium et magnitudine rerum dignum eloqui possim. Tu horum nihil metuis, nihil cogitas, nihil laboras ? et si quid ex vetere aliqua oratione, Jovem ego optimum maxi- mum, aut, VELiEM, SI FIERI poTUissET, juDiCEs, aut aliquid ejusmodi ediscere potueris, praeclare te paratum in judicium ven- turum arbitraris ? Ac si tibi nemo responsurus asset, tamen ipsam causam, ut ego arbitror, demonstrare non posses. Nunc ne illud quidem cogitas, tibi cum homine disertissimo et ad dicendum para- mentem.' It is also a form of expression that Terence uses ; and Cicero, as we all know, was a great reader of Terence. citare reuni] ' Citare ' is the word used to signify a person being called upon to ap- pear in court by a ' praeco,' after he has been summoned in due form, as by the praetor's ' edictum,' for instance. Klotz refers to Act. ii. Lib. 2. r. 38, 40. non solum commoveor animo, sed etiam'] . ' Sed etiam ' stands in this position with respect to ' solus ' not only wlien it is used as an adverb, but also when it is used as an adjective ; ' nee mihi soli versatur ante cculos — sed etiam posteris,' &c. (De Am. c. 27). ' Verum ' is also used after ' non solum,' as * sed ' is. As * solus ' means * single,' * whole,' ' entire,' it is used with ' non ' in those forms in which the writer intends not only to affirm something, but to add that this is not all ; there is still something more. ' Non solum ' is properly enough rendered ' not solely,' ' singly,' or ' not only ;' but it leads to great confusion when ' non modo ' is also translated ' not only,' though it is sometimes used like ' non solum ;' * non modo praesentia verum etiam futura bella delevit ' (De Am. c. 3). Cicero's admission of the feeling that he had when a case was called on, is evidence of his sincere devotion to his profession of an orator, and his consciousness of the duty that he undertook. Such feelings are, with very few exceptions, shared by all men of real merit, especially at the commencement of their career as an advocate or public speaker. Those who begin any arduous duties with perfect self-confidence and no misgivings of themselves, are not the men who ultimately obtain the highest and best deserved distinctions. Klotz refers to the following passages in which Cicero speaks of himself to the same effect as in this passage : De Orat. i. 26 ; Pro Cluentio, u. 18 ; Pro Rege Deiotaro, c. 1 ; Pro Sex. Roscio Araerino, c. 4. factura sit."] Orelli, Zumpt, &c., have simply ' factura.' Klotz observes, 'factura, errore opinor typographi inde a D. Lambino propagate' quae quum cogito, jam nunc timeo] This is a good example of ' quum ' being used with the indicative, when the object is to denote an event contemporaneous with another connected circumstance, which is also expressed by the present tense. ' Quidnam ' is one of the forms of ' qui ' to which ' nam ' is added, and it appears to give emphasis to the expression, whether it is used interrogatively or not, as in this instance. The words ' ubinam,' ' utinam,' are other examples of the addition of 'nam' to the forms of ' qui ;' for such ' ubi ' and 'uti ' are. The meaning of this passage is : " as soon as I think of all this, I begin to fear that I shall hardly be able to utter any thing commensurate with (pro)," &c. ex vetere aliqua, &c.] Cicero supposes his adversary so barren in invention as to be compelled to resort to some trite form of commencing his address, which might be well enough as it was originally used, but is ridiculous when it is a mere imitation. nunc ne illud quidem cogitas,] When a proposition is going to be laid down, it is Cicero's fashion to introduce it in this manner DIVINATIO. 25 tissimo futurum esse certamen, quicum modo disserendum, modo omni ratione pugnandum certandumque sit? Cujus ego ingenium ita laudo ut non pertimescam, ita probo ut me ab eo delectari faci- lius quam decipi putem posse. XIV. Nunquam ille me opprimet consilio ; nun quam ullo artificio pervertet ; nunquam ingenio me suo labefactare atque infirmare conabitur. Novi omnes hominis petitiones rationesque dicendi : saepe in iisdcm, saepe in contrariis causis versati sumus. Ita contra me ille dicet, quamvis sit ingeniosus, ut nonnuUum etiam de suo ingenio judicium fieri arbitretur. Te vero, Oaecili, quemad- - modum sit elusurus, quam omni ratione jactaturus, videre jam videor : quoties ille tibi potestatem optionemque facturus sit ut eligas utrum velis, factum esse necne, verum esse an falsum ; utrum dixeris, id contra te futurum. Qui tibi aestus, qui error, quae tenebrae, dii immortales ! erunt, homini minima malo ? Quid quum accusationis tuae membra dividere coeperit, et in digitis suis sin- gulas partes causae constituere ? Quid quum unumquodque trans- igere, expedire, absolvere ? Ipse profecto metuere incipies ne inno- centi periculum facesseris. Quid quum commiserari, conqueri, et ex illius invidia deonerare aliquid et in te trajicere coeperit ? com- memorare quaestoris cum praetore necessitudinem constitutam, morera majorum, sortis religionem ? Poterisne ejus orationis subire by the word ' illud.' Examples are abun- ties which the English has not. It reaches dant. the understanding, but it refuses all expres- 14. accusationis tuae membra dividere'] sion in another tongue, at least in ours. Klotz refers to the following passages in quaestoris cum praetore'] Cicero uses a which the skill of Hortensius in anatomizing climax, as it is called : " tlie intimate rela- a cause is mentioned : Quintil. Inst. Or. iv. tionship that has been established between 5 ; Cicero's Hortensius, quoted by Nonius, a ' quaestor ' and his ' praetor,' the usage of p. 364 ; and Brutus, c. 88, " duas quidem our ancestors, the sanctity of the lot." The res (adtulerat Q. Hortensius) quas nemo intimate relationship is first mentioned as a alius: partitiones, quibus de rebus dicturus well-known thing ; then ancient usage, which esset, et coUectiones, memor et quae essent gave it strength ; and, finally, the sanctity of dicta contra quaeque ipse dixisset." the lot, for that which in form was sub- transiffere, expedire, absolvere ?] The mitted to the decision of chance was, in best service that a commentator can render effect, the will of the gods. Comp.c.20, *qui- is to explain, when he can, such words as cum me sors . . . quicum me deorum judi- these, in which lies the great difficulty of cium . . conjunxerat.' As to the 'quaestor' the Latin language. Asconius has attempted being chosen by lot, see Cicero, Ad Q. Fr. i. it, and perhaps he has come near to the 1. — ' constitutam more maj.' J. Gronov. sense of the passage. " What, when he poterisne ejus orationis, &c.] Klotz has shall begin with each several head (of your altered the passage thus ; ' poterisne ejus charge), summarily settling one, explaining orationi subire.'' Invidiam vide, &c. :' and away another, clearing away a third." he says that he has been the first to correct * Transigere ' in this passage seems to mean this passage in conformity with infallible to. ' settle or dispose of promptly, at once, critical evidence. The grounds of his cor- by directly denying or admitting, or in some rection are stated in his preface. The text way; as in Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. 16, 'quod of Orelli and Zumpt is the same as this. verbo transigere possum.' The Latin Ian- Asconius read.' orationi,' and perhaps omit- guage has a mode of dealing with generali- ted ' invidiam.' 26 IN Q. CAEOILIUM invidiam ? Vide modo ; etiam atque etiam considera. Mihi enim videtur periculum fore ne ille non modo verbis te obruat, sed gestu ipso ac motu corporis praestringat aciem ingenii tui, teque ab insti- tutis tuis cogitationibusque abducat. Atque hujusce rei judicium jam continuo video futurum. Si enim mihi hodie respondere ad haec quae dico potueris, si ab isto libro quem tibi magister ludi nescio qui ex alienis orationibus compositum dedit verbo uno disces- seris, posse te et illi quoque judicio non deesse et causae atque officio tuo satisfacere arbitrabor : sin mecum in hac prolusione nihil fueris, quem te in ipsa pugna cum acerrimo adversario fore putemus ? XV. Esto : ipse nihil est, nihil potest. At venit paratus cum subscriptoribus exercitatis et disertis. Est tamen hoc aliquid ; tametsi non est satis. Omnibus enim rebus is qui princeps in agendo est ornatissimus et paratissimus esse debet. Verumtamen L. Apuleium esse video proximum subscriptorem, hominera non aetate sed usu forensi atque exercitatione tironem. Deinde, ut opinor, habet AUienum, hunc tamen ab subselliis, qui quid in dicendo posset nunquam satis attendi ; in clamando quidem video eum esse bene robustum atque exercitatum. In hoc spes tuae sunt omnes : hie, si tu eris actor constitutus, totum judicium sustinebit. At ne is quidem tantum contendet in dicendo quantum potest, sed consulet praestringaf] Probably the true reading the force of what has been admitted. ' At ' may be ' perstringat' (see c. 12); and For- occurs again at the beginning of c. 17. ceUini (praestringo, perstringo). The pri- The distinction between 'at' and -sed' will mary notion of ' stringo ' (stric) seems to easily be made out by a careful reader of be ' to hold fast or tight;' and the compound, these speeches. ' perstringo,' is accordingly used to signify A ' subscriptor ' (qui subscribit) is he who the deadening of the active energies of the joins the first or principal prosecutor, and body or the mind, as through fear, or by wi-ites his name at the end of the charge the rapid motion of weapons used in assault, under that of the principal prosecutor, which is the metaphor employed by Cicero. " Gabinium de ambitu reum fecit P. Sulla Asconius quotes a passage of Plautus, Miles subscribente privigno Memmio ' (Ad Q. Fr. Gloriosus, i. 1, 3 : iii. 3). See ' subscribe,' Forcellini. Ut, ubi usus veniat, contra conserta manu °? subselliis] This expression is explained Praestringat oculorum aciem in acie hog- *° signify ' a man practised in the courts :' tibus." ' subsellium,' from 'sella,' means apparently a continuity of seats, s» bench, called ' sub- Tbe metaphor is resumed a little further on, selllum ' with reference to something higher where Cicero speaks of the matter in dis- ' Subsellia,' the seats of the 'judices,' are pute between him and Caecilius as a ' pro- sometimes opposed to the tribunal of the lusio,' a mere playing or skirmishing com- presiding judge (In Vatin. c. 14) Cicero pared with the real battle (pugna) that he says that AUienus had no other knowledge would have to fight with Hortensms. Comp. of conducting a cause than what he got by De Or. ii. 80. sitting on the ' subsellia ;' but in this pas- 15. At vemt} "Suppose it to be ad- sage it cannot mean the 'subsellia' of the mitted that Caecilius is nobody. But, it ' judices.' It is used, in its more general will be urged, he comes prepared with sense, for any seats occupied by witnesses practised and eloquent supporters." ' At ' and others, as in Pro Q. Rose. Amer c 6 in this, as in most cases, adds something, "Quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum the effect of which is to diminish or destroy subselliis vides." See also De Or. i. 62. DIVINATIO. 27 laudi et existimationi tuae, et ex eo quod ipse potest in dicendo aliquantum remittet ut tu tamen aliquid esse videare. Ut in acfcor- ibus Grraecis fieri videmus, saepe ilium qui est secundarum aut tertiarum partium, quum possit aliquanto clarius dicere quam ipse primarum, multum summittere, ut ille princeps quam maxime excellat ; sic faciet AUienus ; tibi serviet, tibi lenocinabitur ; minus aliquanto contendet quam potest. Jam hoc considerate cujusraodi accusatores in tanto judicio simus habituri, quum et ipse AUienus ex ea facultate si quam habet aliquantum detracturus sit, et Oaeci- lius turn denique se aliquid futurum putet, si AUienus minus vehe- mens fuerit et sibi primas in dicendo partes concesserit. Quartum quera sit habiturus non video, nisi quem forte ex illo grege morato- rum qui subscriptionem sibi postularunt cuicunque vos dela^oneim de31ssetis. Ex quibus alienissimis hominibus ita paratus venis ut tibi hospes aliquis sit recipiendus. Quibus ego non sum tantum honorem habiturus ut ad ea quae dixerint certo loco aut singulatim unicuique respondeam. Sic breviter, quoniam non consulto sed casu in eorum mentionem incidi, quasi praeteriens satisfaciam uni- versis. XVI. Tantane vobis inopia videor esse amicorum ut mihi non ex ut in actoribus Graecis] The allusion is the inference from this passage. — ' Mora- to Greek plays and Greek actors ; and to torum ' is an emendation of Cujacius ; the the ffpwTayuviffr^C, ffurfpoywj'KrT^f, and MSS. have ' oratorum ' or 'meatorum.' TgiTaymviuT-qc, who took the first, second, The correctness of the emendation is sup- and third parts. See HeindorPs note on posed to be confirmed by. the context and Horace, ' posset qui ferre secundas ' (1 Sat. the words of Asconius, " obturbatores quos- ix. 46). Cicero explains his own meaning, dam sordidosque causidicos significat, qui In the preceding sentence, in place of ' At adhibebantur ad moram faciendam dum ne is quidem,' Orelli has ' Ac,' &c. ' At ' meliores advocati recrearentur.' Manutius and ' ac ' are frequently confounded. thinks that there is no reason to alter summittere,'] ' Lower the voice,' or, gene- ' oratorum.' rally, ' put a restraint on their powers.' alienissimis] Cicero after his fashion is Comp. De Am. c. 20, ' ut ii qui superiores playing on the name of Allienus, (which sunt submittere se debent in amicitia, sic Zumpt writes Alienus,) and he is speaking quodam modo inferiores extollere ;' a pas- sarcastically when he says ' paratus.' The sage which has sometimes been misunder- sense of the passage is this : " You come stood. SeeSeyfFert'snoteonit. — 'Lenocina- prepared to accept any of these men, who bitur.' Cicero uses anodious word, somewhat are perfect strangers to you, just as if you difficult to render. A ' leno ' is one who had to receive some strange guest into your gets his living by the prostitution of slaves, house." ' Ex quibus ' does not depend on or by assisting in illicit cohabitation. Te- ' paratus.' The sense does not admit it, rence in his Phormio has a ' leno.' " Allie- and I doubt if any example of this con- nus," says Cicero, " will act like one who struction can be found. The apparent dif- plays a second part ; he will be your slave, ficulty arises from the use of the relative, your pimp." See Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 12. which means no more here than if we et sibi primas] Nearly all MSS. seem were to say ' ex eo numerc' A man would to have ' tibi,' which is evidently a mistake, choose his ' subscriptores ' among his friends, Quartum] Zumpt, quoted by Klotz, re- but Caecilius must get whom he can, just as marks that it was usual to have four ' accu- if he opened his door to receive the first satorea ;' and we might almost safely make stranger who presented himself. 28 IN Q. OAEOILIUM his quos mecum adduxerim sed de populo subscriptor addatur? vobis autera tanta inopia reorum est ut mihi causam praeripere conemini potius quam aliquos a golumna Maenja vestri ordinis reos reperiatis? Custodem, inquit, Tullio me apponite. Quid mihi quam multis custodibus opus erit, si te semel ad meas capsas admi- sero, qui non solum ne quid enunties sed etiam ne quid auferas custodiendus sis? Sed de isto custode toto sic vobis brevissime respondebo : non esse hos tales viros commissuros ut ad causam tantam a me susceptam, mihi creditam, quisquam subscriptor me invito adspirare possit. Etenim fides mea custodem repudiat, dili- gentia speculatorem reformidat. Verum ut ad te, Caecili, redeam, quam multa te deficiant vides ; quam multa sint in te quae reus nocens in accusatore suo cupiat esse profecto jam intelligis. Quid ad haec dici potest ? non enim quaero quid tu dicturus sis ; video mihi non te sed hunc librum esse responsurum quem monitor tuus hie tenet, qui si te recte monere volet, suadebit tibi ut hinc discedas neque mihi verbum uUum respondeas. Quid enim dices ? an id quod dictitas injuriam tibi fecisse Verrem ? Arbitror : neque enim esset verisimile, quum omnibus Siculis faceret injurias, te illi unum exi- mium cui consuleret fuisse. Sed ceteri Siculi ultorem suarum inju- riarum invenerunt ; tu dum tuas injurias per te, id quod non potes, persequi conaris, id agis ut ceterorum quoque injuriae sint impu- nitae atque inultae : et hoc te praeterit non id solum spectari solere 15. de populo] That is, one of the Cicero had collected a large store to serve crowd, any body. for evidence against Verres. See Horace, cotumna Maenid] " Rather than seek 1 Sat. iv. 22 ; and Smith's Diet, of Antiq. for some criminal of your class (slaves and Capsa. the like) at the column of Maenius." As reus nocens] A ' reus ' might be ' nocens ' to Maenius, see Heindorf, Horace, 1 Sat. i. or ' innocens,' for ' reus ' is merely the ac- 101. The tradition was that he was a spend- cused. He is opposed to ' accusator.' But thrift, who sold his house on the Forum to ' reus ' may mean the defendant in a civil the censors Cato the Elder and Flaccus, for action ; and, indeed, both parties, plaintiBf the purpose of a basilica being built there, and defendant, may be called ' rei.' Cic. but reserved one column, on the summit of De Or. ii. 43. If several persons re- which he might build or place a balcony to spectively were entitled to enforce an ' obli- secure a view of the gladiatorial games, gatio,' or liable to perform it, they were Compare Asconius and the Scholium of ' rei :' " et stipulandi et promittendi duo Porphyrio on Horace, 1 Sat. iii. 21. At pluresve rei fieri possuot." Inst. iii. 16. this column, the ' triumviri capitales,' it is See Unterholzner, Lehre des Romischeii said, used to punish thieves and slaves. Rechts von Schuldverhaltnissen, 1. I74. (Pro Cluentio, c. 13.) Klotz reads, 'ad There seems to be no explanation of the columnam Maeniam,' which may be the word ' reus,' except by referring it to ' res.' better reading. ' eximium] ' Eximius ' means 'selected,' inquit] This word, thus placed without ' excepted,' as the context shows, and it's a nominative, means ' they say.' relationship to ' exim-o,' which must be capsas] These were vessels of cylindrical compared with ' adim-o,' ' subim-o ' that is form, of wood or other material, with a ' sum-o.' ' spherical top or covering, used for the non id . . . sed etiam illud] See the note keeping of rolls and documents, of which on c. 13, as to 'illud.' The proper demon- DIVINATIO. 29 qui debeat, sed etiam illud, qui possit ulcisci ; in quo utrumque sit, eum superiorem esse ; in quo alterum, in eo non quid is velit sed quid facere possit quaeri solere. Quod si ei potissimum censes per- mitti oportere accusandi potestatem cui maximam 0. Verres inju- riam fecerit, utrum tandem censes hos judices gravius ferre oportere te ab illo esse laesum, an provinciam Siciliam esse vexatam ac per- ditam ? Opinor, concedis multo hoc et esse gravius et ab omnibus ferri gravius oportere. Concede igitur ut tibi anteponatur in accusando provincia. Nam provincia accusat, quum is agit causam quem sibi ilia defensorem sui juris, ultorem injuriarum, actorem causae totius adoptavit. XVII. At earn tibi 0. Verres fecit injuriam quae ceterorum quoque animos posset alieno incommodo commovere. Minime : nam id quoque ad rem pertinere arbitror, qualis injuria dicatur, quae causa inimicitiarum proferatur. Oognoscite ex me ; nam iste earn profecto, nisi plane nihil sapit, nunquam proferet. Agonis est quaedam Lilybaetana, liberta Veneris Erycinae ; quae mulier strative opposed to 'ille' is ' hie' ' Is ' and ' ille ' are often used in contrast by Cicero, when his object is simply to denote two things in some way opposed or contrasted. See the end of c. 21. hos judices] Orelli has * hoc judices.' Klotz says that * hoc judices ' is a typogra- phical error, originating with Ernesti and Beck. ' Opinor, concedes,' &c. : Zunipt. 17. liberta Veneris'] This Agonis had been a slave attached to the 'Temple of Venus at Mount Eryx, in Sicily, one of the class whom the Greeks called UpoSovXoi ; of which Strabo speaks (p. 272, ed. Casaub.). See Polybius (i. 55). Slaves were pos- sessed both by individuals, and by the state, and other bodies, as municipal towns and temples. Klotz refers to Cicero, Pro Cluen- tio, c. 15, for similar instances. This woman had been manumitted, and had herself be- come a slave-holder ; and, to save her pro- perty, she pretended that she and all that she had belonged to the goddess, that is, were dedicated to the service of rehgion, and so were of the class of sacred things. Strabo's account of the great temple at Comana (ed. Casaub. 535, 536, 558) is in- structive. The priest occupied a good piece of land, which was attached to the temple, and he enjoyed the revenue of it. He was next in rank to the king, and generally a member of the royal family. At the time of Strabo's visit this opulent priest had six thousand slaves, men and women, all working for him. The people all about the temple were the subjects of the king, but also owed obedience in sacred matters, we may suppose, to the priest. When On. Pompeius made Archelaus priest of Comana, he deprived him of the power of selling the slaves, who thus became ' adscripti gleboe.' There was another place in this happy country, held by another priest, who ranked next to him of Comana, but he had only three thousand slaves. His land was good, and the labom- of his people brought him in fifteen talents clear by the year. Both these good places were for life. The Temple of Venus at Corinth possessed above a thousand female slaves, courtezans, whom both men and women dedicated to the god- dess; "and it was by reason of them," adds the grave philosopher, with the utmost simphcity (p. 37fi), " that the city was much frequented and enriched, for the seafaring folks readily eased themselves of their money." We may now understand what the temple at Eryx was, and the ' Venerei,' or slaves of Venus. In the year 1776, there still existed on the flanks of the Jura an abbey of Ber- nardins, who held in servitude a large num- ber of peasants. *The men were not slaves, but they were serfs of the abbot and his convent, and in a worse condition than real slaves. The number of these serfs attached to religious houses in France was very considerable ; some say more than fifty thousand. The revolution broke their chains. OreUi reads, 'Agonis est quaedam ;' Zumpt 30 IN Q. OAECILIUM ante hunc quaestorem copiosa plane et locuples fuit. Ab hac prae- fectus Antonii quidam symphoniacos servos abducebat per injuriam, quibus se in classe uti velle dicebat. Turn ilia, ut mos in Sicilia est omnium Venereorum, et eorum qui a Venere se liberaverunt, ut praefecto illi religionem Veneris nomenque objiceret, dixit et se et omnia sua Veneris esse. Ubi hoc quaestori Caecilio viro optimo et 1 homini aequissimo nuntiatum est, vocari ad se Agonidem jubet ; i judicium dat statim, si paket eam se et sua Venekis esse i DixissE. Judicant recuperatores id quodnecesse erat; neque enim erat cuiquam dubium quin ilia dixisset. Iste in possessionem bono- rum mulieris mittit ; ipsam Veneri in servitutem adjudicat ; deinde has ' Agonis quaedam est.' The matter seems a trifle ; but Orelli is perhaps right. As to the form, compare Cio. Ad Div. xiii. 30, ' L. Manlius est Sosis j' ' C. Sulpicius Olympus fuit ' (Act. ii. Lib. o. 48 ; but also Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 22). symphoniacos servos'] Asconius states that they were slaves who gave the signal, the ' celeusma,' to the rowers ; and also sounded the trumpets in a naval fight. See Pro Milone, c. 21. This Antonius was M. Antonius Creticus, who, in B.C. 75, during his praetorship, had almost unhmited authority over the sea and the coast region. See Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 3, and Lib. 3. c. 81. si paret earn] As soon as Caecilius was informed of the statement of Agonis, he appointed a judicial inquiry, that is, he named judices (judicium dat) to inquire' about the fact, ' si paret,' if it should ap- pear that Agonis had said so. * Si paret' refers to that part of the formula called the ' intentio,' that is, that part of the formal instructions which the magistrate gave to the ' judices,' in which part the claim of a plaintiff' was expressed. But in some cases, as in this of Agonis, the ' judex ' was not required to examine whether a certain thing belonged to the plaintiff, or a certain de- mand was due from the defendant ; but he had simply to ascertain a fact, and there- upon to condemn or absolve. In such a case the formula was said to be ' in factum concepta ;' and it was in this shape — * Ju- dex esto : si paret A. A. apud N. N. men- sam argenteam deposuisse eamque dolo malo Numerii Negidii Aulo Agerio reddi- tam non esse, quanti ea res erit tantam pe- cuniam N. N. Ao Ao condemnato.' The passages which explain this matter are Gaius, iv. 45 — 4?. Klotz and Zumpt read ' si paret,' which is the legal formula. ' Paret,' being misunderstood by the copyists, was corrupted. The old editions have ' pateret.' ' Pareret' is a correction of Lambinus. Orelli has ' pareret.' recuperatoresi The ' recuperatores ' be- longed to the 'judices privati.' It is said that ' recuperatores ' were originally ap- pointed in cases of dispute between Romans and Peregrini, and were appointed for each occasion as it arose. But this distinction disappeared in course of time, for we read of 'recuperatores' in cases where Roman citizens oijy were concerned, and of 'ju- dices ' in cases where Peregrini only were concerned. After the Lex Aebutia, of un- certain date, the 'judices' generally were called either ' judices ' or ' recuperatores ;' and as to the ' recuperatores,' properly so called, we collect from various passages that they were appointed in certain particular kinds of cases. In the later period, at least in the time of Gaius, there was generally only one ' judex ' appointed, but the ' recu- peratores ' were always several, sometimes three (Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 12) ; and thus Gaius (iv. 105) opposes the ' recuperatoria judicia ' to those ' sub uno judice.' Much has been written on the ' recuperatores,' and more than is worth repeating. The reader may consult Puchta, Instit.s and, for various references as to ' recuperatores,' Rein, Das Rbmische Privatrecht, p. 420 ; and Klotz, in his notes on Cicero, Pro Caecina, Vol. i. p. 464, who appears to have collected nearly all that can be said. Consistently with the etymology of the word, ' recuperatores,' or ' reciperatores ' (reco- verers), were employed in cases where a fact, easy to be established, was the only matter in question, or where a very speedy decision was required, as in the ' Inter- dictum de vi hominibus armatis,' and in the 'Actio Injuriarum' (Gellius, xx. 1). The mode of proceeding before them was the same as before a ' judex.' DIVINATIO. 31 bona vendit ; pecuniam redigit. Ita dum pauca mancipia Veneris nomine Agonis ac religione retinere vult, fortunas omnes libertatem- que suam istius injuria perdidit. Lilybaeum Verres venit postea ; rem cognoscit ; factum improbat ; cogit quaestorem suum pecuniam quam ex Agonidis bonis redegisset, earn mulieri omnem.adnumerare et reddere. Est adliuc, id quod vos omnes admirari video, non Verres sed Q. Mucius. Quid enim facere potuit elegantius ad ho- minum existimationem, aequius ad levandam mulieris calamitatem, vehementius ad quaestoris libidinem coercendam? Summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda. Sed [repente] e vestigio ex homine tamquam aliquo Circaeo poculo factus est Verres. Eedit ad se atque ad mores suos. Nam ex ilia pecunia magnam partem ad se vertit ; mulieri reddidit quantulum visum est. XVIII. Hie tu si laesum te a Verre esse dicis, patiar et con- cedam : si injuriam tibi factam quereris, defendam et negabo. Deinde de injuria quae tibi facta sit neminem nostrum graviorem judicem esse oportet quam te ipsum cui facta dicitur. Si tu cum illo postea in gratiam redisti, si domi illius aliquoties fuisti, si ille apud te postea coenavit, utrum te perfidiosum an praevaricatorem pecuniam redigif] This term is applied to getting in money, as when a man got in all his debts, and to converting property into money by "sale (Livy, v. c. 16 ; Hor. Epod. 2. 69). Caecilius proceeded harshly against Agonis, in taking her at her word, and adjudicating her to Venus. As to her pro- perty, it does not appear that Caecilius had appropriated it to himself, for Cicero says * redigit;' and if he had said all that he ought to have said, perhaps he ought to have added ' in publicum.' However, * re- digo,' in itself, does not imply misappro- priation. Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 36. Orelli cites no authority for the reading * in possessionem . . mittit,' which is, however, probably the true reading. Zumpt and Klotz have ' intrat,' for which Zumpt cites two MSS. Q. Mucius] This is Q. Mucius Scae- vola, Pontifex Maximus, one of the most illustrious among the great names of Rome. As proconsul of Asia, he left behind him an eternal remembrance of his wise and equit- able administration. ' Verres,' says Cicero, ' all at once became a Q. Mucins.' There is another allusion to Q. Mucius, Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 13 ; and also c. 10, 21. ' Elegantius ' means more fit, or better adapted, to satisfy men's opinion. e veatigio] ' On the track, immediately.' Servius Sulpicius uses the same expression in a letter to Cicero (Ad Fam. iv. 12) i ' e vestigio eo sum profectus.' The word ' re- pente ' looks like the gloss of * e vestigio,' ag Manutius and others have suggested. Circaeo poculo'] The name of ' Verres,' which signifies a ' boar pig,' furnished Cicero with the opportunity of making this allusion to the story of Circe, whose magic drink changed men into hogs (Od. a. 137). ad se vertit] Zumpt reads * partem aver- tit,' which may be right. Orelli and Klotz have 'ad se vertit;' but in Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 4, in a like case, * avertisse.' Lambinus suspects that the true reading is * averrit.' He would make Cicero guilty of another insipid joke. 18. laesum] ' Injuria semper injusta est : laedi etiam aliquis juste potest, nam et qui jure damnantur, laeduntur,' says As- conius ; that is, ' laedo ' implies no legal wrong. — ' Graviorem vindicem,' Orelli, in- stead of ' graviorem judicem.' It is easy to see that 'vindicem' (uindicem), and 'judi- cem ' (iudicem), may easily be confounded in the MSS. — ' Hie . . dices,' OreUi. perfidiosum, &c.] Either ' treacherous,' or a ' praevaricator ;' that is, one who wished to undertake the prosecution of Verres only for the purpose of securing his acquittal. Cicero (Or. Part. c. 36) gives a definition of ' praevaricator ;' and Marcianus (Dig. 48. 16. 1) says ' praevaricatorem eum esse osten- 82 IN Q. CAECILIUM existimari mavis ? Video esse necesse alterutrum : sed ego tecum in eo non pugnabo quo minus utrum velis eligas. Quod si ne injuriae quidem quae tibi ab illo facta sit causa remanet, quid habes quod possis dicere quamobrem non modo mihi sed cuiquara ante- ponare? nisi forte illud quod dicturum te esse audio, quaestorem illius fuisse. Quae causa gravis esset, si certares mecum uter nos- trum illi amicior esse deberet ; in contentione suscipiendarum inimi- citiarum ridiculum est putare causam necessitudinis ad inferendum periculum justara videri oportere. Etenim si plurimas a tuo prae- tore injurias accepisses, tamen eas ferendo majorem laudem quam ulciscendo mererere : quum vero nullum illius in vita rectius factum sit quam id quod tu injuriam appellas, hi statuent banc causam, quam ne in alio quidem probarent, in te justam ad necessitudinem violandam videri ? qui si summam injuriam ab illo accepisti, tamen, quoniam quaestor ejus fuisti, non potes eum sine ulla vituperatione accusare ; si vero non ulla tibi facta est injuria, sine scelere eum accu- sare non potes. Quare quum incertum sit de injuria, quemquam esse horum putas qui non malit te sine vituperatione quam cum scelere discedere ? XIX. Ac vide quid differat inter meam opinionem ac tuam. Tu quum omnibus rebus inferior sis, hac una in re te mihi anteferri putas oportere, quod quaestor iUius fueris : ego, si superior ceteris re- bus esses, banc unam ob causam te accusatorem repudiari puta- rem oportere. Sic enim a majorilJus nostris accepimus, praetorem quaestori suo parentis loco esse oportere ; nuUam neqiie justiorem neque graviorem causam necessitudinis posse reperiri quam con- dimus qui colludit cum reo,' &c. ' Prae- violandam videri;' and 'justiorem' in c. varicor ' is properly said of one who goes 19. shuffling along, and not in a straight line ; discedere ?2 This word is often used to who is ' varus ;' ' which,' says Heindorf express the getting out of an affair, coming (Hor. 1 Sat. iii. 47), 'expresses a di- off, as we say, in a certain way, and gene- vergence like the letter V ;' for he is ' varus,' rally badly. Cicero has just said that a as Celsus says, whose foot 'intus incli- quaestor could not avoid some blame in natur.' prosecuting his praetor, even if he- had Quod si ne, &c.] ' Quid ? si ne &c., sustained the greatest wrongs from him : if remanet? q'oid habes' &c. OrelU. he had received none, to prosecute him was causam necessitudinis'] ' It is ridiculous a crime. He concludes thus: "Do you to suppose that the ground or reason of think that there is any of these judices who your close intimacy, as praetor and quae- would not rather that you should come off stor, is a sufficient (justam) ground for your in this contest with me without any blame bringing him into peril.' ' Justus,' though at all, by being rejected as the prosecutor, formed from 'jus,' has a wide meaning, and than with the criminality which you would signifies any thing that is complete or suffi- bear if you are appointed the prosecutor ? " cient in its kind. Thus : ' In amicitia pa- Cicero says of M. Antonius, after he had rum Justus ' (De Am. c. 20), ' one who been addressing the people, ' turpissime does not fulfil all the conditions of a per- discessit ' (Ad Div. xii. 3). Comp. c. 22, feet friend.' Compare what follows in ' ut turpissime . . discedat.' this chapter: 'justam ad necessitudinem 19. una in re] Zumpt omits ' in.' DIVINATIO. 33 junctionem sortis, quam provinciae, quam officii, quam publici muneris societatem. Quamobrem si jure eum posses accusare, tamen, quum is tibi parentis numero fuisset, id pie facere non posses: quum vero neque injuriam acceperis et praetori tuo peri- culum crees, fatearis necesse est te illi injustum impiumque bellum inferre conari. Etenim ista quaestura ad earn rem valet ut elabo- , randum tibi in ratione reddenda sit quamobrem eum quaestor cui | fuens accuses; non ut ob eam ipsam causam postulandum sit ut .' tibi potissimum accusatio detur. Neque fere unquam venit in con- tentionem de accusando qui quaestor fuisset quin repudiaretur. Itaque neque L. Philoni in 0. Servilium nominis deferendi potestas est data, neque M. Aurelio Scauro in L. Flaccum, neque On. Pom- peio in T. Albucium ; quorum nemo propter indignitatem repudiatus est, sed ne libido violandae necessitudinis auctoritate judicum com- probaretur. Atque ille Cn. Pompeius ita cum 0. Julio contendit ut tu mecum. Quaestor enim Albucii fuerat, ut tu Verris. Julius hoc secum auctoritatis ad accusandum afferebat, quod ut hoc tem- pore nos ab Siculis, sic tum ille ab Sardis rogatus ad causam acces- serat. Semper haec causa plurimum valuit, semper haec ratio accusandi fuit hqnestissima, pro sociis, pro salute provinciae, pro exterarum nationum commodis inimicitias suscipere, ad periculum accedere, operam, studium, laborem interponere. XX. Etenim si probabilis est eorum causa qui injurias suas 19. conjunctionem sortis,'] Cicero, Ad Q. in showing on what ground you bring a Fr. 1, 1, c. 3, ' quaestorem habes non tuo charge against a man whose quaestor you judicio delectum sed eum quern sors dedit.' have been ; it is not a sufficient reason why Compare Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 13. you should demand the prosecution to be pu6lic{] Klotz and Zumpt hare ' pub- entrusted to you of all others.'. — My object lici.' ' Publicam :' OreUi. in making these attempts at translation, is pie] ' As he had been to you in the to show the difficulty of it, rather than to place of a father, you could not do it con- offer a model. The difficulty Ues in such sistently with filial duty (pie).' Cicero says forms as ' ad eam rem valet,' which have a (Orat. Part. 22) : ' justitia erga deos religio, meaning most comprehensive, and yet ex- erga parentes pietas nominatur.' Justitia act. I believe that our language is often is the performance of a man's duty. ' Nu- totally inadequate to render Roman ex- mero ' is often used thus, in a sense like pressions ; and it is losing daily, instead of ' locus.' gaining, in comprehensiveness and preci- injusium impiumque tellum] Klotz re- sion. Klotz and Zumpt have ' quamobrem, fers to Hotmann's note, who remarks that qui quaestor ejus fueris.' the allusion is to the Roman law of war, Cn. Pompeio] This Cn. Pompeius is the according to which no war was ' justum et father of Magnus. Pompeius had been the pium ' unless declared according to the Jus quaestor of T. Albucius in Sardinia, and he Feciale, with certain solemnities. Caecilius was not allowed to be his prosecutor. The is represented as a quaestor declaring an prosecutor who was preferred to Pompeius 'injustum et impium bellum ' against his was C. Juhus Caesar Strabo (b.c. 103). praetor. 20. proiaiilis] Cicero (De Invent, c. eum quaestor cui] ' For that quaestor- 29) says : " probabile est id quod fere solet ship of yours is a sufficient reason so far as fieri, aut quod in opinione positum est, aut this, that you will have to use all diligence quod habet in se ad haec quandam simili- 34 IN Q. CAEdlLIUM persequi volunt, qua in re dolori suo non rei publicae commodis serviunt ; quanto ilia causa honestior quae non solum probabilis videri sed etiam grata esse debet, nulla privatim accepta injuria, sociorum atque amicorum populi Romani dolore atque injuriis commoveri? Nuper quum in P. Grabinium vir fortissimus et inno- centissimus L. Piso delationem nominis postularet, et contra Q. Oaecilius peteret isque se veteres inimicitias jam diu susceptas persequi diceret, quum auctoritas et dignitas Pisonis valebat plu- rimum, tum ilia erat causa justissima, quod eum sibi Achaei patro- ( num adoptarant. Etenim quum lex ipsa de pecuniis repetundis sociorum atque amicorum populi Romani patrona sit, iniquum est non eum legis judiciique actorem idoneum maxime putari quem actorem causae suae socii defensoremque fortunarum suarum potis- simum esse voluerunt. An quod ad commemorandum est honestius, id ad probandum non multo videri debet aequius ? Utra igitur est splendidior, utra illustrior commemoratio ? Accusavi eum cui quaestor fueram, quicum me sors consuetudoque majorum, quicum t me deorum hominumque judicium conjunxerat ? an, Accusavi rogatu sociorum atque amicorum ; delectus sum ab universa provincia qui ejus jura fortunasque defenderem ? Dubitare quisquam potest quin honestius sit eorum causa apud quos quaestor fueris quam eum cujus quaestor fueris accusare 2 Olarissimi viri nostrae civitatis temporibus optimis hoc sibi amplissimum pulcherrimumque duce- bant, ab hospitibus clientibusque suis, ab exteris nationibus, quae in amicitiam populi Romani ditionemque essent, injurias propulsare eorumque fortunas defendere. M. Oatonem ilium Sapientem, cla/- tudinem, sive id falsum est sive verum." rests,' as we might say. ' Jus,' besides its When Livy (40. c. 29) speaks of a ' proba- sense of ' law ' generally, has the sense of bile mendacium,' he means a lie that has ' a right,' or ' legal faculty.' The plural the semblance of truth. When it refers to number, ' jura,' is used also to signiiy rules opinion, it is that which opinion gives its of law generally, even legal provisions con- approval to. Klotz and Zumpt have ' quan- tained within a ' lex.' And it also means to ilia honestior causa est.' 'rights' generally, as 'jus' means a par- P. Gabinium] P. Gabinius Capito had ticular right. ' Fortunas ' is often used by been praetor in Achaea. He was prose- the Latin writers in the plural number, but cuted for Repetundae B.C. 88, and condemn- in a sense different from the singular, ' for- ed. This Piso is mentioned in Lib. i. c. 46. tuna,' which very seldom means ' goods ' or patrona] The feminine form of ' patro- ' property,' though ' fortunae ' does. Comp. nus.' A woman might be the ' patrona ' of Act. ii. Lib. 1, 44, 'bona fortunasque.' a'libertus' in the same sense in which » Horace (1 Ep.fl)says: ' Quo mihi fortunam man might he ' patronus.' Cicero calls the si non conceditur uti .' ' See Bentley's note. Lex de Repetundis by a kind of personifi- in amicitiam . . essent] The readings cation the ' patrona of the socii,' and he 'issent ' and ' venissent ' have been pro- argues that it would be unfair not to allow posed. No variation of the MSS. is noted the 'socii' to choose their agent to maintain in any edition that I have seen, the cause of their ' patrona,' the Lex de M. Catonem ilium Sapientem] M. Por- Repetundis. As to the reading, see Zumpt. cius Cato, the censor, of whom he says in jura fortunasque] ' Rights and inte- the De Amicitia, c. 2, " propterea quasi DIVINATIO. 35 rissimum virum et prudentissimum, cum multis graves inimicltias gessisse accepimus propter Hispanorum apud quos consul fuerat injurias. Nuper Cn. Domitium scimus M. Silano diem dixisse propter unius hominis Aegritomari paterni amici atque hospitis injurias. XXI. Neque enim magis animos hominura nocentium res unquam uUa commovit quam haec majorum consuetude longo intervallo repetita ac relata, sociorum querimoniae delatae ad hominem non inertissimum, susceptae ab eo qui videbatur eorum fortunas fide diligentiaque sua posse defendere. Hoc timent homines ; hoc laborant ; hoc institui atque adeo institutum referri ac renovari moleste ferunt : putant fore uti, si paulatim haec consuetudo serper e ac prodire coepei-it, per homines honestissimos virosque fortissimos, non imperitos adolescentulos aut ilHusmodi quadruplatores, leges judiciaque administrentur. Cujus consuetudinis atque instituti patres majoresque nostros non poenitebat tum quum P. Lentulus, is qui princeps senatus fuit, accusabat M' Aquillium, subscriptore C. Rutilio Rufo ; aut cum P. Africanus, homo virtute, fortuna, cognomen jam habebat in senectute sapi- entis." Asconius says tbat Cato prose- cuted Ser. Galba and P. Furius for mal- administration among the Lusitani. M. Silano] This is the true reading, not D. which the MSS. have. Compare Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 47. M. Junius Silanus was consul B.C. 109, and therefore the trial must have taken place a long time before the trial of Verres. But ' nuper' appears to be said by comparison with the remoter instance of Cato. — * Diem dicere' is the ordinary expres- sion to signify the commencement of a criminal prosecution against a man, to ap- point a day for his appearance in court. It seems to be equivalent to ' in judicium vo- care,' c. 21. 21. adeo inatitutum] ' They are troubled at the establishment of a fashion, and more than this (adeo), that an established fashion should be revived.' ' Instituo' is a word of grounding and fixing, applied to education, for instance (bene institui), the establishment of a practice : altogether a different word in its use from 'constituo.' ' Adeo,' that is, ' ad eo,' is often a word of emphasis, of which numerous examples occur in these orations. serpere] Said of an unperceived progress rather than of a slow progress. See Seyf- fert's note on De Am. c. 12 : ' serpit deinde res.' Compare Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 76 : ' ita serpit illud insitum natnra malum :' and Lib. 2. c. 22. non imperitos adoloscentuloa] Plutarch (Life of Lucullus, c. 1) : " Lucullus, while he was still a youth, before he was a candi- date for a magistracy and engaged in public life, made it his first business to bring to trial his father's accuser, Servilius the Augur, as a pubhc offender ; and the matter appeared to the Romans to be creditable to Lucullus, and they used to speak of that trial as a memorable thing. It was indeed the popu- lar notion, that to prefer an accusation was a reputable measure, even when there was no foundation for it, and they were glad to see the young men fastening on old offenders, like well-bred whelps laying hold of wild beasts." tum quum] These words are used em- phatically to denote a coincidence of events, and ' quum' in such case has the indicative. " Expertus igitur es istius perfidiam tum quum se ad inimicos tuos contulit." Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 30. P. Lentulus] M' Aquillius, the consul of the year B.C. 129, was prosecuted for Repe- tundae, on his return fi"om Asia after the defeat of Aristonicus. He was acquitted, by bribing the 'judices,' it is said (Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 22). This P. Lentulus was the gi'and- father of Lentulus Sura, who was strangled in prison in Cicero's consulship, B.C. 63. Asconius says that he was the father, but he is mistaken. P. Africanus,] Africanus, the younger, prosecuted L. Cotta in B.C. 131, at least not earlier (for Scipio triumphed over the Nu- 2 36 IN Q. OAEOILIUM gloria, rebus gestis amplissimus, posteaquam bis consul et censor fuerat, L. Oottam in judicium vocabat. Jure turn florebat populi Eomani nomen ; jure auctoritas hujus imperii civitatisque majestas gravis habebatur. Nemo mirabatur in Africano illo, quod in me nunc homine parvis opibus ac facultatibus praedito simulant sese mirari, quum moleste ferant. Quid sibi iste vult ? accusatoremne se existimari qui antea defendere consueverat ? nunc praesertim ea jam aetate quum aedilitatem petat? Ego vero aetatis non modo meae sed multo etiam superioris et honoris amplissimi puto esse, et accusare improbos et miseros calamitososque defendere. Et pro- fecto aut hoc remedium est aegrotae ac prope desperatae rei pub- licae, judiciisque corruptis ac contaminatis paucorum vitio ac turpitudine, homines ad legum defensionem judiciorumque auctori- tatem quam honestissimos et integerrimos diligentissimosque acce- dere ; aut, si ne hoc quidem prodesse poterit, profecto nulla unquam medicina his tot incommodis reperietur. Nulla salus rei publicae major est quam eos qui alterum accusant non minus de laude, de honore, de fama sua, quam illos qui accusantur de capite ac fortunis suis pertimescere. Itaque semper ii diligentissime laboriosissimeque accusarunt, qui seipsos in discrimen existimationis venire arbitrati sunt. mantini B.C. 132). This L. Aarelius Cotta the magnitude of a thing, is its fulness and also escaped, and by the same means as M' completeness ; and the ' majestas Romani Aquillius (Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 22). Cicero Imperii' or ' Populi Romani,' is all that com- (Pro Murena, c. 28) attributes his acquittal poses that Imperium or Populus. A public to the unwillingness of the ' judices' to allow functionary was said to impair the 'majestas' a man to be destroyed by so terrible an oppo- of the 'imperium,' by misconducting any busi- nent as Scipio ; a kind of feeling of pity at ness of the state. The term ' imperium' is the disproportion between the power of the derived from the oldest institutions of Rome, accuser and the weakness of the accused, and has no connexion with ' empire' in the L. Cotta, the son, who was consul B.C. 119, modern sense. Rome was an ' Imperium,' is supposed to be the Cotta who is meant, and under the Republic. A praetorinhis province not the father of the same name, who was exercised ' imperium.' Act. i. c. 5, ' imperio consul B.C. 144. (Meyer, Orat. Roman, istius.' With this explanation, the reader Fragm. p. 186, sec. ed.) is left to find appropriate words,Tf he can. Jure,S(c.'\ 'Jure' means 'justly,"rightly,' quum moleste ferant i] Klotz and Zumpt in the sense of ' there was good or suffi- have ' ferunt'. cient cause.' 'Jure,' in its largest sense, is defendere consueverat ?] It ought per- right, {to S'lKaiov) ; and in its limited sense haps to be ' consueverit ;' but I find no notice of ' law,' that is, positive institution, it is of any various reading, except ' consuerat.' implied that positive law is conformable to a honoris amplissim^ ' even of the highest higher standard. office,' a higher office than the ' aedileship.' ' Auctoritas' and ' majestas' are two un- The high offices (magistratus) of the Roman translateable words, which are generally state were caUed 'honores.' Inc. 22 'habet disposed of in a summary, and a slovenly honorem quem petimus.' In Act. i. c. 4 M'ay. They must both be explained by refer- ' quaestura, primus gradus honoris.' ence to the political notions of the Romans. aut — aut} Either this is the remedy, or The ' auctoritas' of a thing or a person, is the there is none. This is the force of the dis- weight that is attached to the idea or con- junctive, ' aut', which proposes two things Stitution of the thing, or to the character or of which both are not true, or both not pos- office of the person. ' Majestas,' literally, sible, or the like. DIVINATIO. 37 XXII. Quamobrem hoc statuere, judices, debetis, Q. Oaecilium, de quo nulla unquara opinio fuerit nuUaque in hoc ipso judicio exspectatio futura sit, qui neque ut ante collectam famam conservet neque uti reliqui temporis spem confirmet laborat, non nimis hanc causam severe, non nimis accurate, non nimis diligenter acturum. Habet enim nihil quod in offensione deperdat; ut turpissime flagitiosissimeque discedat, nihil de suis veteribus ornamentis re- quiret. A nobis multos obsides habet populus Eomanus, quos ut incolumes conservare, tueri, confirmare ac recuperare possimus omni ratione erit dimicandum. Habet honorehi quem petimus ; habet spem quam propositam nobis habemus ; habet existimationem multo sudore, labore, vigiliisque collectam; ut, si in hac causa nostrum officium ac diligentiam probaverimus, haec quae dixi retinere per populum Eomanum incolumia ac salva possimus ; si tantulum offensum titubatumque sit, ut ea quae singulatim ac diu collecta sunt, uno tempore universa perdamus. Quapropter, judices, vestrum est deligere quem existimetis facillime posse magnitudinem causae ac judicii sustinere fide, diligentia, consilio, auctoritate. Vos si mihi Q. Oaecilium anteposueritis, ego me dignitate superatum non arbitrabor : populus Romanus ne tam honestam, tam severam, diligentemque accusationem neque vobis placuisse neque -ordini vestro placere arbitretur, providete. 22. severe'] The notion of ' severus ' is of Asconiug calls him ' designatus aedilis.' strict or severe in the sense of ' serious ;' but sinffulatim] This word is contrasted with ' severus' is not 'tristis.' ' Accurate ' means 'universa,' things taken singly, contrasted ' with care, painstakingly, laboriously.' ' Ac- with things viewed as one. curata oratio' is elaborate, laboured, like the Quapropter,] This is ' quam (rem) prop- Greek cLKpi^riQ (De Am. c. 7). ter,' not ' quae propter ;' as ' propterea,' its in offensione] ' if he fails,' a metaphor correlative, is ' propter earn.' We have the derived from stumbhng. He says, shortly forms ' postquam,' ' praeterquam,' ' tam- after, ' si tantulum offensum titubatumque quam,' ' quamquam,' all of one family. It sit.' 'Nihil requiret,' 'he will miss nothing,' is not surprising that the Romans made so or, as Asconius says, ' he won't feel the want much use of this form ' quam,' which we may of that which he never had.' ' Ita bonis esse assume to have originally implied ' rem,' for viribus extremo tempore aetatis ut adoles- ' res ' itself is a word that they use on all centiam non requireret' (De Sen. u. 9; and occasions when they wish to express them- reqniras, c. 10). selves with the utmost generality. When honorem quem petimus,-] Compare c. words get into common use, their origin is 21, ' quum aedilitatem petat.' Cicero was forgotten, and they serve many purposes for therefore a ' petitor ' or candidate, when he which theur strict original meaning would delivered this speech ; and yet the argument seem to render them ill suited. I. REPETUNDAE. The Crimen Eepetundarum Peeunianim in Cicero's time compretended, among other things, the offence committed by a Eoman provincial gover- nor in getting money or other valuable things by illegal means from the subjects and Soeii of Eome. The direct object of the prosecution to vrhich such a govejmor was liable, was the recovery of the money which he had taken ; and hence the term Eepetundae (res repetere) . But the word 'Eepetundae' is also used to express the illegal act for which com- pensation was sought. In the earlier periods of the Eoman State the legal offence of Eepetundae did not exist, for the Eoman magistrates were seldom long absent from Eome ; and when they did leave Eome for a time, it was only to carry on war against their near neighbours. It was during the first Punic war that the first instances occur of complaints made against the behaviour of Eoman commanders in distant parts. An instance of this is mentioned by Livy (xxix. 8 — 16, &c.) when the Locri of Italy complained to the Eoman Senate of the misconduct of the legatus Q. Pleminius. The Senate sent commissioners to inquire into the affair on the spot, and they brought Pleminius, and others who were as guilty as himself, in chains to Eome. Pleminius died in prison before the Popiilus had pronounced judgment (prius — quam judicium de eo popuh perficeretur). The Lex Porcia, probably proposed by M. Porcius Cato about B.C. 198, was the first legislative act on the abuse of their power by provincial governors. The terms of this Lex are supposed to be referred to by Livy (xxxii. 27); but this is hardly a correct interpretation of the passage. There was however a Lex Porcia, which is cited in the PlebiscitumDeThermensibus, which limited the amount of what governors could demand of the provincials : and it is possible that the prohibition mentioned by Cicero (Verr. Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 5) may have been contained in the Lex Porcia ; or, as some critics say, in the Lex Calpurnia. The Lex Porcia however appears to have done little towards checking or pre- venting exorbitant demands on the subjects and allies of Eome. There were however means of punishing magistrates who were guilty REPETUNDAE. 39 of mal-administration. The Senate, as the chief administrative body ia the State, could itself examine iato any case of mal-administration and punish a criminal ; or the Senate could empower persons to examine into complaints and do justice (Liv. xxxix. 3 ; xliii. 2). The Senate also could give authority to the Tribuni Plebis to prosecute a guilty person before the Comitia Tributa (judicium Pubhcum) ; as in the case of C. Lucretius, whom two of the Tribuni Plebis prosecuted (ad populum accusarunt : Liv. xUii. 10). Livy adds : " comitiis habitis, omnes quinque et triginta tribus eum condemnarunt." In the case mentioned by Livy (xliii. 2) the Senate empowered L. Canuleius, a Praetor, to appoint Eecuperatores from the Senate, who should determine, on hearing the evidence, what amount was to be recovered from the accused. This was an instance in which Eecuperatores were employed in conformity, as it appears, with their original functions of deciding in cases where Peregrini had a pecu- niary demand against Romans, or Eomans agaiast Peregrini. (Div. c. 17.) All these modes of procedure being found insufficient, a permanent court was formed for the trial of those Provincial magistrates who had been guHty of illegal acts which came under the denomination of Eepe- timdae ; and thus originated the Quaestio Perpetua de Pecuniis Eepetun- dis. The Lex Calpumia, which established this court, was proposed and carried by the Tribunus Plebis, L. Calpumius Piso Prugi b.o. 149. This Lex empowered Peregrini only to maintain an Actio of Eepetundae. Eoman citizens in the Uke case could recover by the usual form of proceed- ings (civilifere actione, Cic. Div. c. 5). As to the form of procedure, the court consisted of the Praetor Peregrinus as president, and of a certain, but not an ascertained, number of Senators who sat as Judices during a year, whence the name Quaestio Perpetua. These Judices must not be confounded with Eecuperatores, who were appointed only for each parti- cular case. Tet we read of Eecuperatores being sometimes employed in the case of Eepetundae, as for instance imder the Lex Aciha. There was a Lex Junia de Eepetundis, passed after the Calpurnia ; but neither the time when it was enacted, nor the matter of it, is known. Some fix the date at B.C. 126. The Lex Servilia (b.o. 106, or 105, as some suppose) proposed by C. Ser- vilius Griaucia, a Tribunus Plebis, made material additions to the Quaestio de Eepetundis. It made not only provincial Magistratus, but all Magis- tratus and even Judices hable to prosecution for misconduct in the admi- nistration of justice. The chapters of the Lex contained many particular provisions ; the chief of which was the following (c. 1) : " quantum — ablatum captum coactum concUiatum aversumve sit, de ea re eius petitio nominisque delatio esto." The time fixed for the trial of matters which concerned the provincials was the summer months before the Kalends of September, in order that the proceedings might not be interrupted by the 40 REPETUNDAE. numerous holidays, if they were commenced later (Cic. Act. i. c. 10), After the ' nomiais delatio,' or formal commencement of the proceedings, the Praetor named the persons (patroni, actores) who were to conduct the prosecution on the part of the complainants ; hut Peregrini might conduct their own case if they liked. Klenze is of opiaion, that kings and free peoples, who were complainants, had the choice of conducting their case either by their Legati or by Patroni ; but individual Peregrini and subject peoples were required to have Patroid. The Judices,the whole number of whom was 450 (the numerals CDL occur several times in the fragment of the Servilia Lex), were annually appointed by the Prae- tor, whose duty it was to preside in this court ; and their names with the addition of the designation of their tribe were put on a tablet (album) in a public place. The accuser and the accused selected each 100 Judices from the list ; and each had to challenge 50, so that 100 remained. This took place twenty days after the ' nominis delatio,' and the names of the 100 Judices were placed on a tablet. The accused had to give 'vadimo- nium' or security for his appearance, and if he went into exile before the verdict was given, he was condemned to pay the amount of damages men- tioned in the declaration. The Judices were required to give their votes in vsritiag. One of the chapters related to the reward for the accusers, which in the case of a Peregrinus was the conferring of the ' civitas' on one at whose instance a Eoman was convicted of Eepetundae (Cic. Pro Balbo, c. 24). The Lex also provided for a second hearing by means of a 'comperendinatio' (Yerr. Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 9). It also provided, like the Lex Calpurnia, that a Eoman citizen might have his civil action (legis actio Sacramento) to recover damages, or might proceed criminally. Pere- grini were not allowed to have this ' legis actio,' which was a mode of proceeding strictly Roman, that is, peculiar to Roman citizens. The Servilia Lex expresses the diiference between these two modes of proceed- ing by the words : " de ea re petitio nominisve delatio esto." The penalty of the Lex was double the amount of what the accused was convicted of having vprongfully taken. There is nothing in the Lex which shows that exile was added as a penalty, though it appears that after the passing of this Lex some persons were condemned to exile. This was the case with T. Albucius B.C. 103, and P. Eutihus Eufus. But there is a difference of opinion among scholars on this matter of exile. That any criminal might leave Eome before sentence was pronounced, and that this was followed by the ' aquae et ignis interdietio,' is wel ascertained ; but this is a different thing from a formal sentence of exile. After the judgment followed the ' Htis aestimatio' or the assessing of the amount of damages, whether the accused had gone into exUe or not. The Lex AciUa, proposed by the Tribunus Plebis M' AciLius G-labrio, was enacted b.o. 101. Some writers make the Lex AciUa precede the EEPETUNDAE. 41 Servilia in the order of time, to wHcli there is this objection, that the Acilia is not mentioned in the fragments of the Servilia, while the Cal- purnia and Junia are mentioned. Besides this, it would not have been necessary for the Cornelia to restore the second ' actio,' if the Acilia had preceded the Servilia. The Acilia did not allow either 'comperendinatio' or 'ampUatio.' Cicero says (Verr. Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 9) : ' ego tibi Ulam Aciham legem restituo, qua lege multi semel accusati, semel dicta causa, semel auditis testibus, condemnati sunt.' During the Dictatorship of Sulla (b.o. 81) was enacted the Lex Cor- nelia, the basis of which was the Servilia. This Lex contained the provision, that if a provincial governor got or received money for the purpose of having statues erected to him, he should be liable to a prose- cution, if the statues were not set up within five years. The aediles were also forbidden to borrow statues from the provinces for the decora- tions of their spectacles at Eome, or to take money for this purpose. These and other regulations are stated to have been contained in the Cornelia Lex. The penalty of exile was still retained, as it is inferred from Cicero's expression (Verr. Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 31) : " retinete hominem in civitate," &c., and as it is stated by Asconius (Act. i. c. 13). The pecuniary damages, which were assessed in the 'Htis aestimatio,' after the condemnation of the accused,, were increased to four times the actual amount of what the accused had wrongfully taken, and payment could be demanded even from those to whose hands it could be proved that any part of the iU-gotten money or valuables had come, or as the Eomans expressed it, "ad quos ea pecunia pervenit" (Cic. Ad Div. viii. 8). The Lex empowered the Praetor to allow a second Actio, if the Judices could not come to a decision on the first hearing ; and the Judices were not to be chosen by the prosecutor and the accused, but were determined by lot. The Judices were taken from the Senators. An alteration was also made as to the challenge of the Judices, as we may collect from Cicero (Verr. Act. i. c. 7). The Lex JuUa de Eepetundis was enacted in the first consulship of C. Julius Caesar B.C. 59 ; and consequently after the trial of Verres. The provisions of some of these Leges, the Cornelia for instance, appear to be very doubtfiil, and the conclusions of writers, from scattered passages, seem to be very uncertain. (Eein, Das Eomische Criminal- recht, p. 604, &c. Diet, of Greek and Roman Antiquities, art. Eepe- tiindae; OreUi's Cicero, Index Legum). 42 II. JUDICIA. The terms Jus Publicum and Jus Privatum were used by the Eomans to express the whole body of law which exists in a state. The opposition between Jus Publicum and Jus Privatum is shown by the words of TJlpian (Dig. 1. 1. 1. § 2) : " Publicum jus est quod ad statum Eei Eomanae spectat, privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem" (Comp. Justin. Inst. 1. 1. 1). The Jus Publicum has the State for its object, the political organization of a people. The Jus Privatum comprehends the whole of the legal relations ia which individuals stand to one another. The two divisions are distinct enough and intelligible, what- ever objections may be made to the terms by which they are designated. The notion of a State is not indeed limited to the department of Law ; but one of the purposes of the existence of a State is to give reality to the idea of Law. And this is effected in two ways. If an individual's rights are invaded, the State protects him and gives him redress ; and the mode by which this is accomplished comprehends the rules of Civil Procedure. The State also exercises its activity without respect to the interests of individuals by inflicting punishment for the violation of positive Law : and the rules according to which this is done comprehend Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure. The liomans comprehended under Jus PubUcum, both Civil Procedure, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure. The activity of the State, by means . of those to whoni power is delegated, is as manifest in Civil Procedure as it is in Criminal Procedure. But the direct object in Civil Procedure is to establish the right of an individual or to give him compensation for a wrong: in Criminal Procedure the direct object is the punishment of an individual for the general interest. Publicum Jus comprehended the Law that concerned religion (Jus Sacrum) ; and if ever Jus Publicum and Sacrum are opposed to one another, it ia only for the purpose of marking the distinction between the rviles of Law that relate to things which concern religion, and to things which do not concern religion. One of the Leges Valeriae declared that no Eoman Magistratus should have the power of putting to death or whipping a Eoman citizen without JUDICIA. 43 an appeal (provocatio) to the popular assembly (comitia centimata). Thus the supreme jurisdiction in criminal matters was secured to the people. Afterwards the Tributa Comitia in some way got the power of judging high offences against the State. The distinction between Public cnmes (pubhca crimina) and Private injiiries (privata delicta), corre- sponds to the distinction in the mode of procedure. The State as such, that is the people in their ' comitia,' judged all such offences as were directly opposed to the interests of the State. The Publica Crimina ultimately comprehended numerous offences, the complete list of which belongs to a later period than that which we are consider- ing (Dig. 48. tit. 1). Among them were Perduellio or treason (ia a sense), mm-der and Parricidium, Eepetundae, Ambitus, and many others. 'DeHcta' were the subjects of actions, and belonged to the compe- tence of the Ordo Judiciorum Privatorum. ' DeUcta' comprehended ' furtum,' ' rapina,' ' injuria,' and ' damnum injuria' (Gains, ui. 182 ; Justin. Inst. 4. 1). The administration of criminal justice was thus in the hands of the people and exercised in the Comitia. The offences which were thus cognizable, were chiefly determined and defined by custom. As to the Leges which preceded the Twelve Tables we know little, and the Twelve Tables themselves, if they were sufficient for the time, soon required to have their deficiencies supplied. They did not comprise every offence which the moral and religious notions of the people considered as worthy of punishment ; and this defect was not made up by direct legislation. The power of the people, who were the judges in their Comitia, was not limited as that of the Judices in the time of Cicero by particular Leges. The Magistratus, who prosecuted before the Comitia, prepared a biU of iadictment, ia which the offence and the penalty were comprised ; and the judges, that is, the people, might accept or reject his Eogatio. The offence might be one which opinion considered deserving of punishment, according to a just interpretation or extension of the provisions of the Twelve Tables, or it might be something new, which opinion declared to be deserving of punishment. Such instances of punishment served as precedents, both as to the crime and the punishment. This develop- ment of the criminal law is precisely what might be expected in a State, where the assembled people gave judgment, and when legislation was stiD. very imperfect. A code which minutely defines crimes and fixes punishments never can exist in the early period of a nation's history. The trials before the Comitia would gradually lead to the establishment of forms of procedure and the more exact definition of crimes ; and though the early criminal law of Eome had no systematic character, it does not follow that it was not practically good for the time. 44 JUDIOIA. THe legislation of Home in the department of Criminal Law is Tery scanty for tlie period that precedes the Lex Calpumia. Leges were enacted to prevent Ambitus, or tlie improper means of obtaining tie votes of the people at elections, and on some few other matters. The difficulty of a trial before a public body would increase when the guUt or innocence of a man did not depend on a single fact, but on many facts and many witnesses ; and the impartiality of the popular vote would often be disturbed by the spirit of faction. The Senate, as the administrative body, had or assumed the power of appoiatiag special commissioners to inquire into offences, which belonged to the cognizance of the Comitia ; and these special commissions may have suggested the establishment of a permanent court for the trial of offences. A Quaestio Perpetua was first established by the Lex Calpmmia (b.c. 149). The term Perpetua in the Quaestio Perpetua is to be imderstood in the same way as Perpetuum in the Edictum Perpetuum. The Quaestio Perpetua was a court which had permanence during the term of office of the Magistratus who was the president of it. Perpetua accordingly is the same as Annua, and the court thus established was so called in opposition to those which were established for a special occasion and with a special president, Quaesitor or Quaestor. These Quaestiones per- petuae, or permanent courts, were afterwards extended to other offences besides that of Eepetundae ; and this was fully effected by the legis- lation of SuUa. His legislation established or confirmed nine Quaes- tiones. The Quaestio Perpetua was an improvement on the coTU'ts of the Comitia; but though the people lost most of their judicial power, the Comitia were stdl considered the supreme judges, and they stiU. exercised the judicial functions in some cases, as in that of Perduellio. The criminal trials at Rome were now conducted pursuant to the several Leges, which were applicable to them. Each Lex defined the crime, determined the punishment, and contained provisions as to the constitution of the court before which an accused person was to be tried. There was no code which comprehended aU the matters that came under the denomination of Publica Crimina ; but certain Leges, commonly called Leges Judiciariae contained certain general regulations as to the mode of procedure. The establishment of a Quaestio Perpetua by the Lex Calpumia, gave the Senatorius Ordo a power which they had before only exercised occasionally. Before the enactment of the Lex Calpurnia, the Senate possessed a concurrent jurisdiction with the Comitia, as we have already seen ; for crimes were tried either by the assembled people, or by a Consilium of Senators under the presidency of one or more magistrates JUDICIA. 45 ■who were empowered to act as a special commission. The appointment of such special commissions by the Senate was apparently an encroach- ment on the popiilar power, and the estabhshment of a Quaestio Per- petua was nothing more than the giving of a regular form to what was done occasionally. As the higher personages of the State were chiefly the objects of criminal prosecutions, the Senate would feel inclined to secure as far as possible the jurisdiction over those who were either members of their own body or connected with those who were. In a Quaestio Perpetua the Judices were still the Senators, a certain number of whom were annually selected by the Praetor, as it appears, and their names were entered on a list, the Album Judicum Selectorum. Out of this body were taken by lot the requisite number of Judices for each trial. The Senators were often partial judges in the case of members of their own body ; and the Populares or popular leaders attempted to wrest from them their judicial power. The Lex Sempronia, B.C. 122, of C. Gracchus, took away the judicial power from the Senators and gave it to the Equites, from which body the Praetor was required to take the Judices. According to Cicero the people were satisfied with the Equites. But in trials for Eepetundae nothing was gained by the change, for the governors in the provinces winked at the exactions of the PubHcani, who belonged to the equestrian order, to secure the favour of that body from whom their Judices must be chosen, if they were ever prosecuted for mal-admdnistration (Cic. Verr. Act. ii. Lib. 8. c. 41). The Lex Servilia Caepionis, B.C. 106, repealed the Lex Sempronia ; but the Lex Servdia Griaucia Eepetundarum again excluded the Senators from the Judicia' This Lex did not give the Judicia to the Equites in express terms, but it accomplished this object by excluding others. The Praetor had the power of naming 450 Judices, but he could not name any person who was or had been Tribunus Plebis, Quaestor, Triumvir CapitaUs, Tri- bunus Mihtum in one of the first four legions, or Triumvir agris dandis aasignandis, or any one who had been or was in the Senate, any person who was Lifamis, any person who was under thirty or above sixty years of age, any person who did not reside in Eome or in the immediate neighbourhood, any father, brother, or son of any person who was or had been a member of the Senate, or any person who was absent beyond seas. M. Livius Prusus, Tribunus Plebis, proposed and carried a Lex Judiciaria, B.C. 91, which distributed the judicial power between the Senate and the Equites ; but the Senate declared this and all the other Leges Liviae invalid on the ground of not having been enacted in due ' The date of the Servilia Glaucia is not certain. It was certainly enacted after the Servilia Caepionis. See p. 40. 46 JUDIOIA. form. The Lex Plautia, b.c. 89, enacted that fifteen Judic^s siould be elected from eacli tribe, without any respect to the class of persons. When the party of the Optimates under SuUa had got aU the power in their hands, a Lex Cornelia (b.o. 80) again gave the Judicia to the Senate. This Lex Cornelia was repealed by the Atirelia, B.C. 70, the agitation for which was going on at the time of the prosecution of Verres. The Aurelia made the Judices eligible from the Senators, Equites, and Tribimi Aerarii. A Lex Julia subsequently deprived the Tribuni Aerarii of the judicial functions, and gave them to the Senators and Equites. It is plain from this sketch that the disputes as to the constitution of the Judicia and the class of persons from whom the Judices were to be chosen, did not relate to the Judicia Privata, a term which we find used by Cicero (Top. 17). The Eomans had a permanent court for the deci- sion of many civil actions, called the court of the Centumviri, the origin and constitution of which are very uncertain. At the time when we are best acquainted with it, this court had a very extensive jurisdiction, especially in matters relating to an Hereditas. Cicero in a passage of the De Oratore (i. 38) enumerates some of the many questions which belonged t6 the jurisdiction of this court ; and from this passage we may conclude that at one time at least, this court decided on all matters in dispute with respect to property ia land. At an earlier period, how- ever, private persons, who held no official situation, were appointed by a magistrate for the hearing and determining of civil actions ; and such Judices were called Privati, as being opposed to those who acted as Judices by virtue of any office. There might be various reasons for the appointment of such Judices. The permanent courts might not be adapted for the investigation of aU questions ; or they might not have time ; or cases might arise in which some particular kind of knowledge was necessary in order to enable a Judex to come to a just decision ; and finally the intercourse between Romans and Peregrini might render this form of procedure necessary in many cases. A Lex Pinaria of early date (Gaius, iv. 15), in the case of a Legis Actio Sacramento, allowed the parties to apply for a Judex, whom the Praetor named within thirty days after the application ; and this appears to be the earliest notice that we have of the appointment of a Judex, though it does not foUow that this Lex established the practice. It is certain that the practice of appointing a Judex for the hearing and determining of matters between individuals, was well adapted to the wants of the Eomans, and that the practice gradually was extended, and the perma- nent courts for the decision of civU matters were much less employed. This change may have originated in the circumstance of the permanent JUDICIA. 47 courts retaining their old practice and their original constitution, witli- out being capable of adapting themselves to the alterations in the so(fial state and to the changes in the habits of the Eomans. People, if left alone, can find out what they want better than any legislator ; and there are few countries at the present day in which the old courts would not be soon superseded by something better suited to the wants of the people, if the free development of a nation's activity was not fettered by those who hold power, and particularly by those who are interested in maintaining existing forms of procedure. In Eome the notion of justice, which is implanted in aU people, and developed by their social progress, finally led the Eomans to the transferring of the OfScium Judicis to private persons, named for the occasion, and generally in each case to a single person. In certain cases, several Judices were appointed, under the name of Eecuperatores, whose functions appear to have been limited to particular kinds of actions. It does not belong to the present inquiry to explain, how the Magistratus controlled and directed a Judex in the hearing and determining of a case. The references at the end wiU give the necessary information on this matter to those who will take the pains to look for it. Many persons would naturally (natura) be excluded from the Officium Judicis, as idiots, deaf people, and Impuberes ; or by custom, that is, opinion in a persistent form (moribus), as women, slaves ; or by special rule, as Infames (Dig. 5. 1. 12). It does not follow that all who were not specially excluded had the capacity of acting as Judex ; and the Praetor might by virtue of the power of his of&ce extend the exceptions. Tet the nature of the institution of a Judex seems to require that there should be the freest possible selection of persons ; and this was particu- lauly so in the case of that class of Judices who were called Arbitri (see Cicero Pro Eosc. Com. c. 4 and Top. 17) ; and apparently in the case of Eecuperatores also. There were two classes of Arbitri ; and one class were those who by the Formula were empowered to decide what one party should do or make good to another ' ex fide bona,' or ' quantum aequius melius id dari,' or ' ut inter bonos agier oportet.' This class of actions was fina lly comprehended imder the name of ' bonae fidei judicia.' The E.omans had a tact for legal precision ; but they had likewise a nice sense of what is just. They knew that many of the transactions of life cannot be bound down to the rigid formulae of a legal rule. Our legal formalists can see nothing beyond the narrow circle within which they intrench themselves. If the case in hand does not fit their formula, no legal redress for a wrong which the common understanding (communis sensus) of mankind pronounces to be wrong, no legal establishment of a right, which the like sense pronounces to be one. By means of their 48 JUDICIA. ' bonae fidei judicia,' the Romans kept a mean between the refusal of justice and the laxity of no legal rule. Their law existed less in the written text than in the understanding of the people, the true deposi- tory of a large part of law, and that mainly which relates to the multi- farious concerns of life which come under the legal denomination of Contracts, or the popular and wider term of Agreements. It has been observed that the Leges Judiciariae did not relate to civil actions, but to Critninal procedure. "We cannot suppose that the Senators who originally were the Judices in the Publica Judicia were ex- cluded from being Judices in civU actions. Polybius (vi. 17) says that from the body of the Senate were appointed judges (icpiroi) of most both pubUc and private matters (o-uraXXayjuaT-wi'), which involved any magnitude of charge (EyKXrjfiariov) ; a statement too vague to build any thing upon. It is at least certain that the Leges Judiciariae had nothing to do with civU cases or actions. Besides these it would be absurd to suppose that the Senatorian body would have maintaiaed such a vigorous contest about the Judicia, in order to maintain their right to act as Judices in matters that concerned the ordinary transactions of a Eoman plebeian, such as buying and selling, pledging, and the like. Augustus certainly, or perhaps Caesar, extended the institution of the Judices Selecti to the Judicia Privata ; and the Judices for these matters also were from that time taken from the Album Judicum Selectorum. This arrangement made the Oifioium Judicis a duty incumbent upon all who were included in the Album. It was not simply a distinption : it was also a burden ; yet of course the office would be viewed by the citizens generally as honour- able (1 Herat. Sat. iv. 123). Though so many oiFences against the State were brought under the cognizance of- the Quaestiones Perpetuae, the Judicia Populi, or trials before the Comitia, still existed in Cicero's time for the offence of Per- duellio (Populus Eomanus judicabit, &c. In Verr. Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. 69). If Verres should escape the prosecution for Eepetundae, and prosecutions for other offences also before the permanent courts, Cicero threatens to bring him before the Populus Eomanus, before the thirty- five Tribes (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 5). In Cicero's consulship, B.C. 63, C. Eabirius was prosecuted for PerdueUio ; and when C. Julius Caesar and L. Julius Caesar were appointed Duumviri Perduellionis by the Praetor instead of by the Populus, Eabirius, on being condemned, appealed to the Populus in the Comitia Centuriata, and Cicero made a speech in his defence, part of which is extant. An instance of an appeal of this kind is in the story of M. Horatius in Livy (i. 26). The object of these remarks was to explain the nature of the court before which Verres was tried ; but it seemed also necessary to show that the JUDICIA. 49 Judices Privati were distinct from the Judices in the Quaestiones Per- petuae. There are several matters relating to the PubUca Judicia which have been either briefly treated here, or omitted, the object not being to say all that could be said, but as much as wiU serve to explain these orations. There is a dissertation by Ph. Invernizius, iutitled ' De PubHcis et Criminalibus Judiciis" (reprinted at Leipzig, 1846), but it is not a critical performance. — (Savigny, System des Heut. Horn. Eechts, Vol. i. ; Puchta, Instit. ; Eein, Das Criminalrecht der Eomer ; the article Judex in. Smith's Diet, of Antiquities, by Gr. L. As to the PubUca Judicia, see also the last Title of the Institutions of Jus- tinian, De PubUcis Judiciis). AOCUSATIONIS IN C. VERREM ACTIO PRIMA. I. Quod erat optandum maxime, judices, et quod unum ad invi- diam vestri ordinis infamiamque judiciorum sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non humano consilio sed prope divinitus datum atque oblatum vobis, summo rei publicae tempore, videtur. Inveteravit enim jam opinio perniciosa rei publicae nobisque periculosa, quae non modo Romae sed et apud exteras nationes omnium sermone percrebuit, his judiciis quae nunc sunt pecuniosum hominem, quam- vis sit nocens, neminem posse damnari. Nunc in ipso discrimine ordinis judiciorumque vestrorum, quum sint parati qui contionibus et legibus banc invidiam senatus inflammare conentur, reus in judicium adductus est 0. Verres, homo vita atque factis omnium jam opinione damnatus, pecuniae magnitudine, sua spe et praedica- tione absolutus. Huic ego causae, judices, cum summa voluntate 1. vestri ordinis] Klotz has 'nostri.' Cicero had been Quaestor, and he was now ' aedilis designatus ;' he could, therefore, say ' nostri.' In c. 13 (note) Orelli has * nostrum,' and IClotz has ' vestrum.' his . . quae nunc sunt] Orelli and Zumpt have ' sint.' There is no doubt that the Romans could use either form of expression in such a clause, though the two forms have not exactly the same meaning. If the em- phasis is placed on the verb, it should be ' sunt,' and the word ' nunc ' shows that ' sunt ' is emphatical. When Cicero does not intend to dwell particularly on the fact, expressed by a clause ' qui ' and a verb, he seems generally to use the subjunctive. There is no other explanation of his reason for using the indicative or subjunctive in many of the sentences in these orations. contionibus et legibus] Klotz adopts in hia text, like Orelli, the false form 'cou- cionibus,' but the true one, ' contionibus,' in his note on this passage. Zumpt has ' contionibus.' Besides the evidence of the Bacchanalian inscription, where we have the form ' coventio,' of which ' contio ' is a shortened form, there is the evidence of the MSS. in many cases, though Orelli and others take no notice of it. See Seyffert's note on the De Am. c. 25, where he has the true form ' contio.' The ' invidia senatus ' is the bad repute of the senate, which was increased by the speeches made on the oc- casion of proposing the Lex Aurelia; for this was the year in which this measure was proposed and carried by L. Aurelins Cotta, supported by Cn. Pompeius. Compare Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 96, where he alludes to Cotta's agitation about his ' lex. ' The ' lex ' was not promulgated, in the Roman sense, till after the ' Actio Prima ' against Verres (Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. 69). IN C. VERREM ACTIO PRIMA. 51 et exspectatione populi Romani actor accessi, non ut augerem invidiam ordinis, sed ut infamiae communi succurrerem. Adduxi enim hominem in quo reconciliare existimationem judiciorum amis- sam, redire in gratiam cum populo Romano, satisfacere exteris nationibus possetis ; depeculatorem aerarii, vexatorem Asiae atque Pamphyliae, praedonem juris urbani, labem atque perniciem pro- vinciae Siciliae. De quo si vos severe religioseque judicaveritis, auctoritas ea quae in vobis remanere debet haerebit; sin istius ingentes divitiae judiciorum religionem veritatemque perfregerint, ego hoc tamen assequar ut judicium potius rei publicae quam aut reus judicibus aut accusator reo defuisse videatur. II. Equidem, ut de me confitear, judices, quum multae mihi a 0. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, quas partim mea dili- gentia devitarim, partim amicorum studio officioque repulerim, nunquam tamen neque tantum periculum mihi adire visus sum neque tanto opere pertimui ut nunc in ipso judicio. Neque tantum me exspectatio accusationis meae concursusque tantae multitudinis, quibus ego rebus vehementissime perturbor, commovet, quantum istius insidiae nefariae quas uno tempore mihi, vobis, M' Glabrioni praetori, sociis, exteris nationibus, ordini, nomini denique senatorio facere conatur ; qui ita dictitat, iis esse metuendum qui quod ipsis soHs satis esset surripuissent, se tantum rapuisse ut id multis satis esse possit ; nihil esse tam sanctum quod non violari, nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tam esset obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos aliquando fefellisset. Verum hoc adhuc percommode cadit, quod cum incredibili ejus audacia singularis stultitia conjuncta est. Nam ut apertus in corripiendis pecuniis fuit, sic in spe corrumpendi reconciliare] ' Conciliare ' is to bring word, as its etymology indicates (lab-or), is together, and ' reconciliare ' has the same a sinking or falling ; as, for instance, the relation to it that ' reducere ' has to ' du- sinking of the earth, ' labes agri Priverna- cere.' Here it means to 'recover' or 're- tis' (De Divin. 1, 43). Comp. De Am. c. store.' ' In quo ' belongs to the examples 12. The use of the word by the Roman of ' in pueris,' ' in perfecto viro ' (De Am. law writers confirms this explanation (Dig. c. 2). The English language here re- 19. 2. 62). quires some change in the form of expres- 2. insidiae terra marique'] Asconms, sion : ' for I have brought before you a the false one, takes all this Uterally, and man who will give you the opportunity of explains it by some amplification, after the recovering the character of the Judicia, manner of many of the schohasts, who treat which is lost.' As to the primary sense of us with the text over again in another shape. ' reconciliare,' see Plautus, Capt. Prol. 32. Cicero has the same rhetorical flourish in praedonem juris urbani,] K^oonahiiiudi Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 40. of play on the word ' praetor,' for he is al- obscurus] Zumpt has ' astutus, on the luding to the misconduct of Verres as Prae- authority of only one MS., but there is some- tor Urbanus. thing to say in favour of ' astutus. labem] The primary meaning of this E 2 52 IN C. VERREM judicii perspicua sua consilia conatusque omnibus fecit. Semel, ait, se in vita pertimuisse turn quum primum reus a me factus sit ; quod quum e provincia recens esset invidiaque et infamia non recenti sed vetere ac diuturna flagraret, turn ad judicium corrumpendum tempus alienum offenderet. Itaque quum ego diem in Sicilia inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, invenit iste qui sibi in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularet, non ut is idem conficeret diligentia et industrja sua, ■ quod ego meo labore et vigiliis consecutus sum ; etenim ille Achaicus inquisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit ; ego Siciliam totam quinquaginta diebus sic obii ut omnium popu- lorum privatorumque literas injuriasque cognoscerem ; ut perspi- cuum cuivis esse posset hominem ab isto quaesitum esse non qui reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret. III. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus hoc cogitat. Intelligit me ita paratum atque instructum in judicium venire ut non modo in auribus vestris sed in oculis omnium sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim. Videt senatores multos esse testes audaciae suae ; videt multos equites Romanes, frequentes praeterea cives atque socios, quibus ipse insignes injurias fecerit : videt etiam tot, tam graves ab amicissimis civitatibus legationes cum publicis auc- toritatibus ac testimoniis convenisse. Quae quum ita sint, usque eo de omnibus bonis male existimat,, usque eo senatoria judicia perdita profligataque esse arbitratur ut hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum pecuniae fuisse, quoniam tantum in pecunia praesidium experiatur esse ; sese, id quod ,difficillimum fuerit, tempus ipsum emisse judicii sui quo cetera facilius emere posset, ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere nullo modo poterat, procellam temporis devitaret. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo honesto praesidio, aut in alicujus eloquentia aut gratia spem aliquam collo- diem — perexiguam] ' Dies feminino ge- might have the priority in his prosecution, nere tempus,' says Asconius ; that is, it is and so defer the trial of Verres. used in the feminine gender to signify many populorum . . cognoscerem ,-] Cicero, in days, or a, long time. Klotz reads ' diem this short time, made himself acquainted inquirendi in Siciliam.' with the written statements, and with the invenit iste qui'] Ascqnius, our only wrongs, of every community and every pri- guide here, gives the various opinions as to vate person. ' Cognosce ' is a word of ex- the names of the prosecutor and accused to amination and investigation, for the purpose whom Cicero alludes ; but the names are of knowing. ' Agnosco ' is a word of re- immaterial. It appears that a prosecution cognition, of knowledge declared upon sight was got up against another senator, and the or ipspection. ' Verres cognoscebat, Verres prosecutor undertook to go to Achaea to judicabat' (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 10). The dis- coUect evidence in two days less than the tinction, though not always made, is sub- time that Cicero asked for his visit to Sicily stantially true. See Forcellini ' Agnosco,' for a similar purpose. The object was, that and Seyffert, De Am. o. 2 ; and ' cognoscere' this prosecutor, by returning before Cicero, and ' recognoscere,' Act. i. c, 5. ACTIO PRIMA. 53 easset, profecto non haec omnia coUigeret atque aucuparetur ; non usque eo despiceret contemneretque ordinem senatorium ut arbitratu ejus deligeretur ex senatu qui reus fieret, qui, dum hie quae opus essent compararet, causam interea ante eum diceret. Quibus ego rebus quid iste speret et quo animum intendat facile perspicio. Quamobrem vero se confidat aliquid perfieere posse hoc praetore et hoc consiHo intelligere non possum. Unum illud intelligo, quod populus Romanus in rejectione judicum judicavit, ea spe istum fuisse praeditum ut omnem rationem salutis in pecunia poneret; hoc erepto praesidio ut nuUam sibi rem adjumento fore arbitraretur. IV. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta facultas dicendi et copia quae istius vitam, tot vitiis flagitiisque convictam, jam pridem omnium voluntate judicioque damnatam, ahqua ex parte possit defendere? Oujus ut adolescentiae maculas ignominiasque praeteream, quaestura, primus gradus honoris, quid aliud habet in se nisi On. Carbonem spoliatum a quaestore suo pecunia pubhca? nudatum et proditum consulem? desertum exercitum? rehctam provinciam? sortis necessitudinem rehgionemque violatam? cujus legatio exitium fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae, quibus in pro- vinciis multas domos, plurimas urbes, omnia fana depopulatus est, quum in On. Dolabellam scelus suum illud pristinum renovavit et instauravit quaestorium ; quum eum cui legatus et pro quaestore 3. arbitratu ejus] ' At hia pleasure,' tam.' The MSS. are of little authority according to his own choice and will, here, for ' conuictam ' and ' coniunctam ' Comp, De Am. c. 1. The words ' ex senatu are easily confounded. The sense is ' a life qui reus fieret ' are explained by the last against which there is the evidence of so part of c. 2. many crimes and abominations.' The use dum hie quae opus essent] ' Hie 'is of ' convince ' and ' condemno ' in Act. ii. Verreg, who is represented as contriving Lib. 1. c. 9, shows that 'convictam' may that another accused should be engaged in be the true reading here. Comp. Act. ii. defending himself, that he might have time Lib. 1. c. 1 : ' tam multis testibus convictus.' to prepare his own defence, by bribery and ' In convictos maleficii servos ' (Act. ii. Lib. so forth. 5. c. 53) is a different thing. Zumpt shows perfieere posse] ' Proficere posse : ' that ' convictum testimonio, judicio,' &c., is Zumpt, Klotz ; which may be the true Cicero's language ;. but he maintains that word here. See note, p. 23. ' vita ' cannot be ' convicta vitiis,' but must in rejectione judicum] In making his be ' convicta vitiorufn,' by something else, challenge of the 'judices,' Verres showed which is expressed in the ablative, that he -relied 'On bribery, for he left those sortis necessitudinem, Sfc.] See the note unchallenged whom he, and apparently on c. 10. p. 33. others also, considered most likely to be depopulatus] ' Depeculatus :' Orelli. A purchased. ' Rejicere,' ' to throw' back or httle further on we have ' depopulatio,' out,' is the word which the Romans used which Orelli has. to express the removal of a ' judex ' by the legatus et pro quaestore] Here two right of challenge. See (Ad Att. i. 16) functions are mentioned, that of 'legatus,' Cicero's account of the trial of Clodius. and that of ' pro quaestore,' or the office of Zumpt and Klotz have ' in pecunia consti- ' quaestor ' filled by one who was not ' quae- tueret.' stor.' Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 1. i;. 15. It " 4. convictam,]- Zumpt. has , .' conjunc- seems that a man. who. had been quaestor 54 IN 0. VEREEM fuisset, etin invidiam suis maleficiis adduxit, et in ipsis periculis non solum deseruit, sed etiam oppugnavit ac prodidit. Cujus praetura urbana aedium sacrarum fuit publicorumque operum depopulatio, simul in jure dicundo bonorum possessionumque contra omnium instituta addictio et condonatio. Jam vero omnium vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima constituit monumenta et indicia in provincia Sicilia, quam iste per triennium ita vastavit, vexavit, ac perdidit, ut ea restitui in antiquum statum nuUo modo possit, vix autem per multos annos innocentesque praetores aliqua ex parte recreari aliquando posse videatur. Hoc praetore Siculi neque suas leges, neque nostra senatusconsulta, neque communia jura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque habet in Sicilia quantum hominis avarissimi et libidinosissimi aut imprudentiam subterfugit aut satietati superfuit. V. Nulla res per triennium nisi ad nutum istius judicata est ; nulla res tam patria cujusquam atque avita fuit quae non ab eo imperio istius abjudicaretur. Innumerabiles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis novo nefarioque instituto coactae ; socii fidelissimi in hostium numero existimati ; cives Eomani servilem in modum cruciati et necati ; homines nocentissimi propter pecuniam judicio liberati ; honestissimi atque integerrimi absentes i-ei facti, indicta causa damnati et ejecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimaeque urbes piratis praedonib usque patefactae ; nautae militesque Sicu- might be appointed, without the election of property, to express every thing to which a the people, when from any cause the office man has any right (Dig. 50, 16, 49) ; a of quaestor became vacant in a province. term which in this sense has passed into oppugnmif] Cn. Dolabella was prose- languages derived from the Roman, and In cuted on a charge of Repetundae by M. a limited legal sense into our own. See Aemilius Scaurus, and Verres, who was as Biens, Comyns, Digest. The Germans have guilty as Dolabella, was compelled to be a a better term, ' vermogen.' witness against him, in order to save him- vastavit,'] Orelli and Klotz omit ' vasta- aelf ; for Scaurus let Verres know that he vit.' Comp. Divin. c. 3 : ' populatae, vex- had plenty of evidence against him also, atae, funditus eversae provinciae,' which It was no part of Cicero's purpose to state passage Asconius quotes in his note on this, but to make it appear that Verres ' vexavit.' was a voluntary witness against Dolabella 5. abjudicaretur. 1 ' Abjudico ' is op- (Klotz). posed to ' adjudico,' which occurs in the in jure dicundo] These words express Divin. c. 17. As to the use of ' tam' with ' pa- the Praetor's office, which was 'jus dicere.' tria' and ' avita,' comp. Act. ii. Lib. i. c. 37. Excursus iv. 'Addictio' (see 'Addico,' The sense of the passage is this: 'there Forcellini, for examples ) is the term which was nothing to which a man had all the expresses the praetor's adjudication, that title that he could have from father or re- is, his sentence, by which he gave effect meter ancestor, of which he was not de- to the right that he declared. ' Condonatio ' prived, under tlie form of legal proceeding, means the remitting of the adjudication, not during this man's administration.' ' Ab making it, when he ought to make it ; for, eo ' refers to ' cujusquam.' Comp. Cic. 2. when a right is established, it is the duty of Agr. c. 16 : 'a Populo Romano abjudi- him who declares the law to make such cabit.' Instead of ' patria,' Klotz reads order as shall give it effect. ' Bona ' is the ' patrita.' See Forcellini, ' Patritus.' most comprehensive Roman term to express aratorum] See Act. ii. Lib. 3. ACTIO PRIMA. 55 lorum, socii nostri atque amici, fame necati ; classes optimae atque opportunissimae cum magna ignominia populi Eomani amissae et perditae. Idem iste praetor monuraenta antiquissima partim regum locupletissimorum, quae illi ornamento urbibus esse voluerunt, partim etiam nostrorum imperatorum, quae victores civitatibus Siculis aut dederunt aut reddiderunt, spoliavit nudavitque omnia. Neque hoc solum in statuis ornamentisque publicis fecit, sed etiam delubra omnia sanctissimis religionibus consecrata depopulatus est ; deum denique nullum Siculis qui ei paulo magis affabre atque antiquo artificio factus videretur reliquit. In stupris vero et flagitiis nefa- rias ejus libidines commemorare pudore deterreor, simul illorum calamitatem commemorando augere nolo, quibus liberos conjuges- que suas integras ab istius petulantia conservare non licitum est. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto ut non cognita sint ab omnibus. Hominem esse arbitror neminem qui nomen istius audi- erit quin facta quoque ejus nefaria commemorare possit, ut mihi magis timendum sit ne multa crimina praetermittere quam ne qua in istum fingere existimer. Neque enim mihi videtur haec multi- tudo quae ad audiendum convenit cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed ea quae scit mecum recognoscere. VI. Quae quum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditus alia mecum ratione pugnat. Non id agit ut alicujus eloquentiam mihi opponat; non gratia, non auctoritate cujusquam, non potentia nititur. Simu- lat his se rebus confidere ; sed video quid agat, neque enim agit occultissime ; proponit inania mihi nobilitatis, hoc est hominum arrogantium nomina, qui non tam me impediunt quod nobiles sunt depopulatus^ ' Depeculatu3 :' Orelli. nerality of Roman terms is one of the great liberos] This comprehensive term must difficulties of the language, which some- be here limited to ' daughters,' as Klotz times mates it almost impossible to trans- remarks, for Verres is nowhere charged late. ' While he is really doing one thing,' with unnatural passions. says Cicero, ' he attempts to deceive me by At enim] ' But, it may be said, all this the show of another thing.' ' To divert my he has done in such wise as not to be known attention, he puts before me the unsub- to every body.' Cicero has given, in general stantials of nobility, that is, the names of terms, a catalogue of the enormities of arrogant men.' He appears not to mean Verres, enough, if true, to cover him with by ' inania,' that ' nobiMtas,' or the condi- infamy. To anticipate an objection, that he tion of being ' nobilis,' was a ' res inanis ;' ought to be more particular in his state- but these names of his noble defenders were ments, for all these crimes could not be unsubstantial things, the real substance of known to every body, he adds what follows, his defence being his command of money to ' Hominem esse,' &c. ' bribe with. A ' nobihs,' in the time of 6. Quae quum ita sint,] One of Cicero's Cicero, was a man whose ancestors had en- usual formulae, and hardly worth notice, joyed a Curule office. A plebeian, who except to show that ' ita ' is generally a was the first member of his famUy who at- word of reference, like ' is,' to what has tained a Curule office, became ' nobilis,' preceded. Nobody would think of placing and was the founder of the ' nobiUtas ' of his the demonstrative ' sic ' here. family. See the Ai-t. ' Nobiha ' in Smith's proponit inania . . nobilitatis,] The ge- Diet, of Antiqus. 56 IN 0. VERREM quam adjuvant quod noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio con- fidere, quum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur. Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus et quid moliatur breviter jam, judices, exponam. Sed prius ut ab initio res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cog- noscite. Ut primum e provincia rediit, redemptio est hujus judicii facta grandi pecunia. Ea mansit in conditione atque pacto usque ad eum finem dum judices rejecti sunt. Posteaquam rejectio judicum facta est, quod et in sortitione istius spem fortuna populi Romani et in rejiciendis judicibus mea diligentia istorum impuden- tiam vicerat, renuntiata est tota conductio. Praeclare se res habebat. Libelli nominum vestrorum consiliique hujus in manibus erant omnium. Nulla nota, nuUus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis aUini posse ; quum iste repente ex alacri atque laeto sic erat humilis atque demissus ut non modo populo Romano sed Ut primum . . rediit, 1 ' Ut,' with ' pri- mum' and without, and 'ubi' also, are used with the indicative perfect, to indicate 'as soon as.' Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 6 : 'Ro- mam ut ex Sicilia redii.' redemption ' Redimere,' like ' condu- cere,' is applied to one who undertakes to do something for a sum of money. * Con- ductio' and 'locatio' are the correlatives, which express the contract by which a sum of money (merces) is agreed to be paid for the use of a thing, or to be received for the doing of something (Gaius, iii. 142, &c. ; Dig. 19. tit. 2). ' Some one,' says Cicero, ' made an agreement with Verres, by which he undertook to see him through his diffi- culties for a sum of money.'- This is called the ' redemptio hujus judicii,' the ' bargain to save him harmless in the trial.' But the bargain was not made complete; 'it re- mained subject to a condition, and in the form of a pact, or bare agreement, until the Judices were challenged.' A ' conditio ' is an uncertain future event, upon which something else is made to depend. Here the ' conditio ' was the constitution of the Consilium ; for, if such a body of Judices was finally selected foi- the trial as the ' re- demptor ' could have no hope of corrupting, the bargain would be useless. ' Pactum ' is the most general Roman term for any agree- ment, but it appUed particularly to those agreements for which the Romans had no special name, and which were not classed under any head of contracts. The agree- ment, being for an illegal purpose, could not be a contract : it could not be a case of ' locatio et conductio,' though Cicero treats it as if it could, without troubling himself about the strict propriety of his language. Klotz, who writes ' condicio,' takes it to con- tain the root of 'condicere,' the 'i' being shortened, as in ' maledicus.' There is a great dispute about the writing of this word, but analogy is in favour of ' conditio,' and it contains the word ' da,' as ' traditio ' does. All the MSS. have ' ea mansit in ditione,' or ' dictione,' which is a manifest blunder ; and ' conditione ' is the true reading, which Asconius has preserved. After the Con- sihum was determined by the Sortitio or choosing by lot of a certain number, fol- lowed by the challenges, ' it was apparent,' says Cicero, ' that nothing could be done with the judices ; and the Conductio, or un- dertaking, was given up (renuntiata) by the man or men who had undertaken it.' fortuna populi Romani'^ After ' Ro- mani ' Klotz adds ' perfregerat.' Lihelli nominum, &c.] Lists of the names of all the Judices, of whom the Con- siUum, as finally constituted, consisted, were circulated in some way ; at least, as Cicero says, every body had them. Asco- nius has a note here, which is one of the better kind. The words ' nulla nota,' &c., are explained by reference to Divin. c. 7. ' cera l^itima :' and ' his sententiis,' means the ' tabellae ' on which these Judices were to give their vote. sic erat humilis, , &c.] ' Sic ' often ap- pears in the place which ' ita ' may occupy, followed by ' ut.' The difference appears < to be that ' sic ' is an emphatic, or, so to speak, a demonstrative adverb, whereas ' ita,' conformably to its meaning, is either less emphatic, or indicates the mode or manner of which ' ut,' and what follows, is the exposition ; a's we ' observe where ' id ' is used, followed by ' ut,' as in c. 6 : ACTIO PRIMA. 57 etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur. Ecce autem repente his diebus paucis comitiis consularibus factis, eadem ilia Vetera consilia pecunia majore repetuntur, eaedemque vestrae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per eosdem homines comparantur. Quae res primo, judices, pertenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est ; post aperto suspicionis introitu ad omnia intima istorum consiha sine ullo errore pervenimus. VII. Nam ut Hortensius consul designatus domum reducebatur e campo cum maxima frequentia ac multitudine, fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. Curio, quem ego hominem honoris potius quam con- tumehae causa nominatum volo. Etenim ea dicam quae ille, si commemorari noluisset, non tanto in conventu tam aperte palamque dixisset ; quae tamen a me pedetentim eauteque dicentur ut et amicitiae nostras et dignitatis illius habita ratio esse intelligatur. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Verrem. Appellat hominem et ei voce maxima victoriam gratulatur. Ipsi Hortensio qui consul erat factus, propinquis necessariisque ejus qui turn aderant, verbum nullum facit ; cum hoc consistit, hunc amplexatur, hunc jubet sine cura esse. Renuntio, inquit, tibi, te hodiernis comitiis esse absolutum. Quod quum tam multi homines honestis- simi audissent, statim ad me defertur ; immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat. Aliis iUud indignum, ahis ridiculum videbatur ; ridiculum iis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum ratione, in judicum potestate, non in comitiis consularibus, positam arbitra- bantur ; indignum iis qui altius perspiciebant et banc gratulationem ad judicium corrumpendum spectare arbitrabantur. Etenim sic ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homines inter se et mecum loque- bantur : Aperte jam ac perspicue nulla esse judicia : qui reus pridie jam ipse se condemnatum putabat, is, posteaquam defensor ejus consul est factus, absolvitur. Quid igitur quod tota Sicilia, quod omnes Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae privataeque ' non id agit ut . . . opponat.' However, Fragment. Orat. Rom. p. 347, 2nd ed.) though the distinction between ' sic ' and He was the father of the Curio who pe- 'ita' is clear enough, perhaps it is not rished in Africa B.C. 49. always strictly observed. A passage in ad fornicem Fabianum] Near the arch Cicero (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1, 1), ' qui . . ita nego- of Fabius, which stood in the Via Sacra tiantur ut locupletes sint,' will explain what (Comp. Pro Plancio, c. 7 ; T5e Or. ii. 66), is here said as to ' ita.' ' Sic ' in this pas- and was erected by Fabius, the censor, who sage would hardly do. In c. 8 of this conquered the AUobroges. Fabius was con- speech we have 'ita loquebatur;' and yet sul B.C. 121, and censor, B.C. 108. we have ' sic ' in a like sense in the next victoriam'] Zumpt omits ' victoriam.' chapter. ' sic ratiocinabantur,' c. 7- spectare arbitrabantur] ' Spectare vide- 7. C. Curio,] C. Scribonius Curio, con- bant :' Zumpt and Klotz. sul B.C. 76, and an orator. Cicero men- negotiatores,] These men were Romans, tions him in the Brutus, u. 59. (Meyer, who carried on a money-lending and a 58 IN 0. VEEREM literae Eomae suat, nihilne id valebit ? Nihil, invito consule desig- nate. Quid judices non, crimina, non testes, non existimationem populi Eomani sequentur ? Non : omnia in unius potestate ac moderatione vertentur. VIII. Vere loquar, judices : vehementer me haec res commo- vebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loquebatur : Iste quidem tibi eripietur ; sed nos non tenebimus judicia diutius. Etenim quis poterit Verre absoluto de transferendis judiciis recusare? Erat omnibus molestum : neque eos tam istius hominis perditi subita laetitia quam hominis amplissimi nova gratulatio commovebat. Oupiebam dissimulare me id moleste ferre ; cupiebam animi dolorem vultu tegere et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem iEis ipsis diebus, quum praetores designati sortirentur, et M. MeteUo obtigisset ut is de pecuniis repetundis quaereret, nuntiatur mihi tantam isti gratu- lationem esse factam ut is quoque domum mitteret qui uxori suae nuntiarent. Sane ne haec quidem res mihi placebat ; neque tamen quid tanto opere in hac sorte metuendum mihi esset inteUigebam. Unum illud ex hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia comperi, reperi- ebam : fiscos complures cum pecunia Sicihensi a quodam senatore banking business in the provinces, and had also mercantile transactions there. They are different from ' mercatores,' who tra- velled or sailed with their wares. Cicero (Ad Q. Frat. i. 1,1) enumerates, among the classes of men who composed the popu- lation of the province of Asia, ' socii ' or native inhabitants, ' publicani ' or farmers of the revenue, and those who ' ita nego- tiantur ut locupletes sint.' ' Negotia ha- bere ' (Cic. Ad Fam. xiii. 30) apphes to a ' negotiator.' 8. illis ipsis diebus,"] Asconius reads ' his diebus paucis.' He observes that the con- sular ' comitia ' took place on the 27th of July, and the trial began on the nones or 5th of August. He adds that the ' sor- titio ' of the praetors took place shortly after the ' comitia consularia,' the ' comitia prae- toria ' having, of course, preceded the ' sor- titio.' The use of the ablative ' his diebus ' expresses a measure of time by which two events are separated, ' within these few days ;' and, if the reading ' illis ipsis diebus ' is right, it means ' within those very few days that are there alluded to.' The prae- tors, who were at this period eight in num- ber, determined by lot what functions they should severally exercise ; and the lot had given to M. Metellus, one of the praetors elect (designati) for the next year, the office of holding the ' quaestiones de rebus repe- tundis ;' and, if the trial of Verres could have been put off to the next year, M. Metellus would have presided instead of M' Acilius Glabrio. Klotz has : ' ut is domum quoque pueros mitteret.' Zumpt has the same, with the omission of * pueros.' fiscos complures cum pecunia] ' Several baskets with Sicilian money;' filled with some of the SiciUan plunder of Verres. ' Fis- cus' signified a basket or receptacle of wicker- work, which the Romans used for the holding and conveying large sums of money, particu- larly for the purposesof the 'aerarium' or trea- sury. Mai, quoted by Klotz, says that in the Vatican Museum such a Fiscus full of money is represented cut on a stone, with a vessel near it to take out the pieces of money with, and the inscription viator ad abrarivm. (See the passages Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 85 ; and c. 79, 'qui fiscura sustulit.') In the Republican period the State, considered as possessing property, was indicated by the term ' aera- rium', for all the functions of the State with respect to property were resolvable into re- ceiving money into the ' aerarium' and paying it out. Under the Empire, that which the emperor was entitled to, as emperor, from the provinces under his administration, got the name of Fiscus ; and that to which the Se- nate was entitled in respectof those provinces which they administered retained the name of ' aerarium.' The name ' fiscus' appears ACTIO PEIMA. 59 ad equitem Eomanum esse translates; ex his quasi x fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos esse comitiorum meorum nomine ; divisores omnium tribuum noctu ad istum vocatos. Ex quibus quidam, qui se omnia mea causa debere arbitrabatur, eadem ilia nocte ad me venit ; demonstrat qua iste oratione usus esset ; commemorasse istum quam liberaliter eos tractasset etiam antea quum ipse prae- turam petisset, et proximis consularibus praetoriisque comitiis ; deinde continuo esse pollicitum quantam vellent pecuniam, si me aedilitate dejecissent. Hie alios negasse audere, alios respondisse non putare id perfici posse ; inventum tamen esse fortem amicum ex eadem familia, Q. Verrem Romilia, ex optima divisorum disci- plina, patris istius discipulum atque amicum, qui HS. quingentis millibus depositis id se perfecturum poUiceretur ; et fuisse tamen nonnullos qui se una facturos esse dicerent. Quae quum ita essent, sane benevolo animo me ut magno opere caverem praemonebat. IX. Sollicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo perexiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia, et in his ipsis oppugnabar grandi pecunia. In- stabat judicium ; ei quoque negotio fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere quae ad judicium pertinebant libere comitiorum metu deter- rebar : petitioni toto animo servire propter judicium non licebat. Minari denique divisoribus ratio non erat, propterea quod eos inteUigere videbam me hoc judicio districtum atque obligatum to have been applied to the emperor's trea- if Cicero meant criminal 'divisores,' he would sury, because his ' fisci' were more spoken of not have said that one of them was dear to than those of the Senate ; and finally, when him. This is a sample of the trifling which all power was concentrated in the emperor, is mixed up with better matter. The ' divi- the term ' fiscus' was used to denote the sores' were the men who managed the distri- whole property of the State ; and it then bution of bribery money, of whom we read signified what ' aerarium' did in the E«pub- in the oration Pro Cn. Plancio, c. 18, 19. lican period. (Savigny, System des Heut. Q. Verrem Romilia] Or ' Romulea,' as Rom. Rechts, ii. p. 272 ; and Smith's Diet. Zumpthasit. Thenoteof Asconius on this of Autiqus. Fiscus). passage is good : ' Q. Verrem is a proper a quodam senatore, &c.] Asconius ob- name, Romilia is the name of a tribe, in the serves that some foolishly ask about the ablative case, ut sit ex Romilia,' &c. This names ofthe persons to whom Cicero alludes, mode of referring a man to his tribe was as if all this were true. usual, when the object was to designate him ex his — relictos] Zumpt has a note to very particularly. When Cicero (Phil. ix. 7) explain this. Several ' fisci' were sent by a moved that a monument should be erected senator to an 'eques.' Out of these ' several' to the memory of Servius Sulpicius, he com- about ten were left with the senator ; not a menced in the following terms : " Quum Ser. very exact way of speaking. AH of them Sulpicius, Q. F., Lemonia, Rufus." Sulpi- seem to have been deposited with the sena- cius was of the Tribus Lemonia. tor, who kept about ten of them and sent 9. districtum, &c.] ' Districtus' is ex- the rest away. plained by Asconius, " in diversum manu comitiorum, &c.] ' For the purpose of ducentium ferri." The notion of ' stringo' preventing my being elected curule aedile.' is ' to hold fast or grasp ;' and he is said to divisores] Asconius asks if these ' divi- be 'districtus' (distracted), who is so held by sores' are legitimi' such as all the tribes had, several things as to be unable to turn one and are referred to by Plautus (Aul. i. 1 , way or the other. ' Obligatum' must be 20), or criminal 'divisores,' and he adds that, taken in its literal sense of ' boimd,' or the 60 IN 0. VERREM futurum. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse audio, primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut venirent : Siculos sane in eo liberos fuisse, qui quamobrem arcesserentur quum intellige- rent, non venisse. Interea comitia nostra, quorum iste se ut ceterorum hoc anno comitiorum dominum esse arbitrabatur, haberi coepta sunt. Oursare iste, homo potens, cum filio blando et gra- tioso circum tribus ; paternos amieos, hoc est divisores, appeUare omnes et convenire. Quod quum esset inteUectum et animadversum, fecit animo libentissimo populus Eomanus ut, cujus divitiae me de fide deducere non potuissent, ne ejusdem pecunia de honore deji- cerer. Posteaquam iUa petitionis magna cura liberatus sum, animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac soluto nihil aliud nisi de judicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, judices, haec ab istis consilia inita et consti- tuta, ut quacunque opus esset ratione res ita duceretur ut apud M. Metellum praetorem causa diceretur. In eo esse haec com- moda ; primum M. Metellum amicissimum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non solum sed etiam Q. Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite. Dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis ejus- nearly related sense of ' altogether engaged and occupied.' Shortly after lie says, ' an- imo . . vacuo et soluto.' Now as ' solvo' is the correlative of ' obligo,' 'vacuus' appears to be the correlative of ' districtus.' An • obligatio,' in the legal sense, is terminated by ' solutio,' ' performance or payment.' Siculos sane . . non venissel This pas- sage caused a difficulty to Asconius, who proposes to read ' venissent ;' and, if we ob- serve that the next word begins with ' int,' it seems not improbable that the ' nt' of ' venissent' might have dropped out by acci- dent. But the text is right, and we can hardly omit the ' qui,' as some critics propose. Cicero says : " I hear, or I admit, that the Sicilians were left to do as they liked in that matter, and that when they knew why they were sent for, they did not go." ' Qui' is the nominative to ' intelligerent.' 'Arcesso' is compounded of the preposition * ar' (ad), which occurs in the Bacchanahan inscription, in the verb ' arfuisse' (adfuisse), and ' cesso' which is formed from ci-eo, as 'facesso' from 'fac-io,' and ' lacesso' from 'lac-io.' convenire.'] ' Quasi de promissorum de- bito,' says Asconius ; and correctly. For ' convenire,' in one of its senses, is ' in jus vocare,' ' agere cum aliquo,' or to sue, as the passages cited from the Digest by Forcellini show. But, when Asconius says that ' appel- lare' means ' quasi familiares,' this is hardly consistent. If ' convenire' is to have this technical meaning, 'appellare'may also mean to call on a debtor to pay what he owes. Cio. Ad Att. i. 8. ' Tulliola tuum munusculum flagitat et me ut sponsorem appellat.' — ' Pe- cuniae . . . dejicerent.' Orell. praerogativam, &c.] The iigure is ' dilo- gia' according to the pedantic expression of the old commentator, * quum ambiguura dictum duas res significat.' ' For Metellus gave such an intimation of his disposition (towards Verres) that he may be considered to have made it a return for the first votes which Verres secured for him.' Orelli reads ' cam' for ' jam' (iam), and it may be the true reading. The tribe, which by lot obtained the right of voting first at the Comitia, was called' ' praerogativa,' because ' prima roga- retur,' it was first called on to vote ; (comp. Pro Cn. Plancio, u. 20, and Livy, x. 22 ;) and the Centuriae, which were contained in the ' tribus praerogativa,' and voted first, were also called ' praerogativae ' (Pro Cn. Plancio, u. 33). As the vote of the first ' centuriae ' in a manner determined the election, or gave some indication of the turn which the voting would take, it was a matter of importance to secure these votes, in order that the ' centuriae,' which voted after them (to which the term 'jure vo- catae' was applied), might be thus in- fluenced. Hence 'praerogativa' came to be used in the sense of a sign or probable ACTIO PRIMA. 61 modi ut isti pro praerogativis jam reddidisse videatur. An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis, et in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae periculo cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et dignitati meae ? Arcessit alter consul designatus Siculos : veniunt nonnulli propterea quod L. Metellus esset praetor in Sicilia. Cum his ita loquitur : se consulem esse ; fratrem suum alterum Siciliam provinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de pecuniis repetundis : Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus esse pro visum. X. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, judicium corrumpere, si hoc non est? testes, praesertim Siculos, timidos homines et afflictos, non solum auctoritate deterrere sed etiam consulari metu et duorum praetorum potestate ? Quid faceres pro homine innocente et pro- pinquo, quum propter hominem perditissimum atque alienissimum de officio ac dignitate decedis, et committis ut quod ille dictitat alicui qui te ignorat verum esse videatur ? Nam hoc Verrem dicere aiebant, te non fato ut ceteros ex vestra familia sed opera sua consulem factum. Duo igitur consules et quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. Non solum effugiemus, inquit, hominem in quaerendo nimium diligentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M' Glabrionem: accedet nobis etiam illud. Judex est M. Caesonius, indication of the future, as in a letter of argued, that this verse, ' Fato,' &c., could Cato to Cicero (Ad Fam. xv. 5), and in Pro hardly be by Naevius, the author of the Cn. Plancio, c. 20. poem on the Punic War, as it was in liig provinciam obtinere,'] ' To hold the go- lifetime that two of the Metelli were the vemment of a province :' 'to obtain ' is not first of their family who attained the highest the meaning. ' Quaesiturum de pecuniis honours of the state. It is concluded, then, repetundis,' that is, ' would preside in the that the verse, ' Fato Metelli,' &c., was a Quaestio de pecuniis repetundis.' See Ex- sayiog current among the people, and that cursns i. ' Quaesitor ' occurs in the next • Cicero alludes to it. chapter, and is correctly explained by As- M. Caesonius,'] Caesonius was now one conius, * praetor de pecuniis repetundis of the 'judices;' but, as he was elected quaestionem exercens ;' and he quotes Vir- ' aedUis' with Cicero for the following year, gil, Aen. vi. 432 : ' Quaesitor Minos urnam he could not, during his office, act as ' ju- movet.' — ' Cum iis ita, &c.,' Orelli. dex,' if the trial should be deferred to the 10. qui te ignorat] This is the reading next year, which was the great object of of Orelli. Zumpt and Klotz have 'igno- Verres, as Cicero says. It appears from ret.' It is one of those cases in which, as what follows, that the * aediles,' as well as far as we can judge, usage was somewhat the ' consuls ' and ' praetors,' at this time unsettled. entered on their oflBce on the 1st of January. te non fato] According to Asconius, the C. Junius was the ' quaesitor ' under a ' Lex old poet Naevius said of the Metelli, Cornelia,' on the occasion of A. Cluentius " Fato Metelli Romae Sunt consules ;" prosecuting his step-father Oppianicus, who . , • . -.r 1. 11 ii 11. 1 !■ J was convicted of an attempt to poison, as it to which Metellus, the then consul, rephed, ^^^ ],^iieyed, through some of the ' judices ' " Dabunt malum Metelli Naevio poetae." being bribed by Cluentius. Caesonius, how- It is said that Q. Metellus, consul B.C. 206, ever, was innocent, and, according to Cicero, a contemporary of Cn. Naevius, was one helped to expose the viUany (Rein, Das of those who were the cause of Naevius Criminalrecht der Romer, p. 429, 654). being banished from Italy. It is, however, 62 IN 0. VERREM coDega nostri accusatoris, homo in rebus judicandis spectatus et cognitus ; quem minime expediat esse in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua ratione corrumpere, propterea quod jam antea, quum judex in Juniano consilio fuisset, turpissimum illud facinus non solum graviter tulit, sed etiam in medium protulit. Hunc judicem ex Kal. Januar. non habebimus. Q. Manlium et Q. Cornificium, duos severissimos atque integerrimos judices, quod tribuni plebis tum erunt, judices non habebimus. P. Sulpicius, judex tristis et integer, magistratura ineat necesse est Nonis Decembr. M. Cre- pereius ex acerrima iUa equestri familia et disciplina, L. Cassius ex familia tum ad ceteras res tum ad judicandum severissima, Cn. TremeUius homo summa religione et diligentia, tres hi homines veteres tribuni militares sunt designati ; ex Kal. Januar. non judi- cabunt. Subsortiemur etiam in M. Metelli locum, quoniam is huic ipsi quaestioni praefuturus est. Ita secundum Kalendas Januar. et praetore et prope toto consilio commutato, magnas accusatoris minas magnamque judieii exspectationem ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque eludemus. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles. Hora nona eonvenire coepistis. Hunc diem jam ne numerant quidem. Decern dies sunt ante ludos votivos quos On. Pompeius facturus est. Hi ludi dies quindecim auferent ; deinde continuo Eomani conse- quentur. Ita prope xl diebus interpositis, tum denique se ad ea Q. Manlium et Q. Cornificium,'] It is suisoriiemur] ' Subsortiri ' is the word not said here when the ' tribuni plebis ' used to express the choosing of ' judices ' entered on their office, nor can we assume to take the place of those who were chal- that it was the nones of December, for lenged (rejecti), or became incapable of Asconius, who observes that P. Sulpicius acting as ' judices,' in consequence of hold- would enter on his office of tribunus plebis' ing a ' magistratus.' See Act. ii. Lib. 1. on that day, has drawn a false conclusion, c. 19, 61. or barely asserted what is not true. If P. secundum'] Here the meaning of the Sulpicius had been a ' tribune,' he would word ' secundus ' (sequundus) is clearly have been mentioned with L. Manlius and shown, and in a passage which shortly after Q. Cornificius. Klotz is inclined to the follows, ' secundum quos,' ' after which ;' opinion of the scholiast of Gronovius, that from which notion of ' following ' are de- P. Sulpicius may have been a 'quaestor.' It rived the various senses of 'secundum.' — appears that the ' tribunes ' entered on their ' Hora octava :' Klotz, Zumpt. office before the 'consuls' (De Leg. Agr.ii. 5). Cn. Pompeius] The games which Cn. Cicero was on terms of intimacy with the Pompeius had vowed, as Asconius says, if son of this Cornificius, to whom he addressed he should conquer Sertorius. Sertorius several letters (Ad Fam. xii. 17, 18, 19). was now dead. The war in Spain ended in tribuni militares] Tliose chief officers B.C. 72. of a legion, 'tribuni militum,' or 'mih- deinde continuo] Then, 'without any tares,' who were elected by the people, interruption,' for this is the meaning of were called, says Asconius, ' Comitiati ;' and ' continuus.' The ' Ludi Romani,' or ' Cir- those who were appointed in the army, by censes Magni,' were celebrated in the Cir- the commander, were called ' Rufuli.' The cus Maximus, between the first and the exact meaning of the word ' veteres ' does nineteenth of September, it is said. From not seem clear. Zumpt supposes that it the 16th of August to the 19th of Septem- raeanS ' exercitati, rerum judiciorumque ber makes thirty-five days, which Cicero in gnari.' round numbers calls nearly forty. ACTIO PEIMA. 63 quae a nobis dicta erunt responsuros esse arbitrantur: deinde se dueturos et dicendo et excusando facile ad ludos Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse conjunctos ; secundum quos aut nulli aut perpauci dies ad agendum futuri sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accusatione rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorera esse venturam. Quem ego hominem, si ejus fidei diffisus essem judicem non retinuissem ; nunc tamen hoc animo sum ut eo judice quam praetore banc rem transigi mahm, et jurato suam quam injurato ahorum tabellas com- mitter e. XI. Nunc ego, judices, jam vos consulo quid mihi faciendum putetis ; id enim consihi mihi profecto taciti dabitis quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum intelligo. Si utar ad dicendum meo legitimo tempore, mei laboris industriae diligentiaeque capiam fructum ; et ex accusatione perficiam ut nemo unquam post homi- nummemoriam paratior, vigilantior, compositior ad judicium venisse videatur. Sed in hac laude industriae meae reus ne elabatur sum- mum periculum est. Quid est igitur quod fieri possit ? non obscu- rum, opinor, neque absconditum. Fructum istum laudis, qui ex perpetua oratione percipi potuit, in aha tempera reservemus : nunc excusando — Victoriae.'] These ' Ludi Victoriae ' were instituted by L. Cornelius Sulla after his victory over the Samnites (Veil. Paterc. ii. 27) ; and they began on the 27th of October. By talking, and availing themselves of legal technical grounds for delay, they would push on the matter to the end of October. ' Excusare ' and ' excusatio ' are the terms for legal grounds of excuse, which, in this instance, mean legal causes of delay in answering. In the Fragmenta Vaticana there is a long chapter, ' De Excusatione,' the matter of which, though not applicable to this case, shows what the meaning of the term is. plebeios] These games began on the 4th and lasted to the 1 7th of November ; and thus the year would be near an end. jurato] Metellus, as a 'judex,' was sworn, but he would not be required to take an oath when presiding as ' praetor' in the fol- lowing year. As a ' judex,' he would only have his own ' tabella ' or ' voting tablet ' to look after, which Cicero says he would rather trust him with on his oath, than have him as 'praetor' unsworn, and with the influence over the votes which his office would give him. Though the ' praetor' did not take an oath, a 'quaesitor,' or 'judex quaestionis,' who acted for the 'praetor,' took an oath (Pro Cluent. c. 33), as Klotz observes. ' Hoc animo :' OrelU has ' eo animo.' ' Et jurato suam :' Klotz reads ' malo enim jurato suam.' 11. legitimo tempore,] 'All the time which the law (lex) allowed ;' that is, the ' lex de repetundis.' ' Legitimus ' must not be translated ' legal,' for ' legal ' is a more comprehensive term than ' legitimus,' which means, according to some ' lex,' that is, some special enactment. The following passage from Gains will explain this term (i. § 155) : " quibus testamento quidem tutor datus non sit, lis ex lege xii agnati sunt tutores, qui vocantur legitimi." They were called ' legitimi,' because they derived their office from the ' Lex Duodecim Tabu- larum.' See also Gains, iv. § 103. The term ' pactum ' has already been explained. "When an agreement was concluded in some form that did not belong to the head either of ' res,' ' verba,' ' literae,' or ' consensus ' (Gains, iii. 80), it was simply a ' pactum,' and could not be the foundation of an ac- tion, though it might be an answer or plea (exceptio) to an action. But some ' pacta ' were, by particular ' leges ' or enactments, made the ground of actions, which is ex- pressed thus (Dig. 2. 14. 6): " Legitima conventio est quae lege aliqua confirmatur," &c. Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 1 . c. 9 : ' de meis legitimis horis — : nisi omni tempore quod mihi lege concessum est,' &c. perpetua oratione] A ' perpetua oratio ' 64 IN 0. VEREEM hominem tabulis, testibus, privatis publicisque Uteris auctorltatibus- que accusemus. Res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dieam aperte. Si te mecum dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in hac causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem : nunc quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tam ex tua natura quam ex istius tempore et causa, malitiose, necesse est istiusmodi rationi aliquo consilio obsistere. Tua ratio est ut secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias ; mea ut ante primos ludos comperendinem. Ita fiet ut tua ista ratio existimetur astuta, meum hoc consilium necessarium. XII. Verum iUud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem tecum esse, hujusmodi est. Ego quum banc causam Siculorum rogatu rece- pissem, idque mihi amplum et praeclarum existimassem, eos veUe is a continuous oration, uninterrupted by the reading of evidence or the examination of witnesses. The notion of ' perpetuus ' is uninterrupted, and has no reference to ' perpetual ' in the English sense. ' Per- petuus ' is equivalent to ' continuus,' and so it appears in the funeral inscriptions, when it is used to denote the number of * oUae ' in a continuous row which were appro- priated to a person in a monumentum (Fa- bretti, Inscript. Antiq. p. 11) : L, . ABVCCIVS . HERA . OLLAS SINGVLARES . PERPETVAS V . SIBI . ET . SVI.S where Fabretti shows that Reinesius mis- imderstood the sense of ' perpetuas,' which Fabretti proves by other examples to be synonymous with 'continuas,' 'continentes,' and ' ex ordine.' See Excursus iv. Edicta magistratuum. auctoritatibusque^ Cicero intends to establish his case by ' tabulae,' documen- tary evidence; 'testibus,' by witnesses; and by the letters and other confirmatory evi- dence of private persons and public bodies. The word 'auctoritas' must be explained by reference to its general sense of that which gives credibility to a thing, or con- firms a thing, or gives it the completeness which is required for any purposes. Thus, the 'auctoritas' of a tutor; that is, his sanction, his approbation, gives to the act of the ' pupillus,' which would be insuffi- cient without it, its fuU legal effect. Cicero accordingly seems to intend here every kind of confirmatory testimony which does not exactly come within the meaning of the terms which he has already used. See c. 3. malitiose,'] Klotz has a useful note on the technical sense of ' malitia ' (Pro Cae- dna, c. 1 ). Its literal signification of ' bad- ness' does not express its meaning here. It is that badness in the purpose which consists in availing oneself of a legal right, or of legal forms, in a manner which mo- raUty condemns ; for nothing is clearer than that a man may make an immoral use of a legal right. Klotz refers to the following passages, which will assist the reader in as- certaining the notion of ' malitia :' Tuscul. Disput. iv. 15 : ' nam malitia certe cujus- dam,' &c. ; and De Off. iii. 17: ' eaque malitia quae vult ilia quidem videri se esse prudentiam, sed abest ab ea distatque pluri- mum.' The character of the word is shown by the company which it keeps : its com- panions are ' calliditas, fraus, et calumnia.' Cicero (De Nat. Deorum, iii. 30) calls the ' judicium de dolo malo,' which C. Aquilius introduced, the broom or besom (everri- culum) for sweeping away all ' maUtiae.' Ulpian, Ad Edictum (Dig. 4. 3. 1), uses 'malitia' in this technical sense: "hoc edicto Praetor adversus varios et dolosos qui aliis obfuerunt calliditate quadam sub- venit, ne vel Ulis malitia sua sit lucrosa vel istis simplicitas damnosa." comperendinem.il ' Comperendinare ' is to put off a thing to the third day (peren- die) ; and, according to Festus, " Res com- perendinata significat judicium in tertium diem constitutum." Cicero tells his adver- sary that his design was to defer his answer until after the two first ' ludi ' were over ; while his own plan was to have his own speech, and his adversary's too, over before the commencement of the first ' ludi,' and so to come to the ' comperendinatio.' What this means is explained in a note to Act. ii. Lib. 1. u. 9. ACTIO PRIMA. 65 meae fidei diligentiaeque periculum facere qui innocentiae absti- nentiaeque fecissent; turn suscepto negotio majus mihi quiddam proposui, in quo meam in rem publicam voluntatem populus Eoma- nus perspicere posset. Nam illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria conatuque meo videbatur, istum a me in judicium jam omnium judicio condemnatum vocari, nisi ista tua intolerabilis potentia et ea cupiditas, qua per hosce annos in quibusdam judiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis desperati causa interponeretur. Nunc vero quoniam haec te omnis dominatio regnumque judiciorum tanto opere delectat, et sunt homines quos Hbidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat, qui quasi de industria in odium oifen- sionemque popuh Eomani irruere videantur, hoc me profiteor sus- cepisse, magnum fortasse onus et mihi periculosum, verumtamen dignum in quo omnes nervos aetatis industriaeque meae conten- derem. Quoniam totus ordo paucorum improbitate et audacia premitur et urgetur infamia judiciorum, profiteor huic generi hominum me inimicum, accusatorem odiosum, assiduum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi sumo, hoc mihi deposco quod agam in magistratu, quod agam ex eo loco ex quo me populus Romanus ex Kal. Januar. secum agere de re publica ae de hominibus improbis voluit ; hoc munus aedilitatis meae populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimumque poUiceor. Moneo, praedico, ante denuntio, qui 12. ex eo loco .. secum agere] 'De raeter (persona). The sense in which ' mu- Rostris scilicet,' says Asconius. Cicero nus' is used in the Digest (50. tit. A. ' De threatens to bring any persons who should Muneribus et Honoribus ') helps to explain be guilty of bribery ou this occasion before the general meaning of the term. It is the ' Populus,' that is, before a ' Judicium often used in the plural number to express Populi,' after entering ou his office of Cu- the plays, iights of gladiators, and other rule AedUe. It is a matter of doubt with spectacles with which the Roman people some of the commentators whether he could were amused. Cicero (Phil. ii. 45) says : do it. ' Agere cum populo ' means to pro- " muneribus, monumentis, congiariis, epuhs pose a measure to the ' populus ' (Gellius, multitudinem imperitam delenierat." xiii. 15). Niebulir (Roman Hist. Vol. iii. Moneo, Sec.'] Klotz considers these words Engl. Transl.) has some remarks on the to be formal words of threatening a judicial powers of the curule aediles as public prosecution, and also of declaring war ; and prosecutors. Zumpt refers to Liv. xxv. c. 2 ; he refers to Terence, Andria, Prolog. 22 : xxxiii. u. 42 • xxxv. c. 10. ' Dehinc ut quiescant porro moneo et desi- munus aedilitatis'] Asconius sees here nant Maledicere.' But ' moneo ' and ' prae- some allusion to the name of Verres, which dico ' are words of common use ; and so is signifies a boar pig, but it is difficult for ' denuntio,' as in Cicero (Ad Fam. xi. 25). other people to see it. Part of the ' munus ' The words 'deponere,' and the rest, have of the curule aedileship consisted in the a technical sense, which appears to be exhibition of shows to the people; but rightly indicated by Asconius, and ex- Cicero says that the best thing that he can pounded by Klotz. Cicero comprehends show the people will be the prosecution of in these words all the means and all the the ' improbi.' ' Munus ' is a word which persons employed in corruption. ' Depo- iraplies a duty or obligation to discharge nere ' is to deposit a sum of money in the certain functions, in consequence of holding hands of a person, which money is to be a certain office, or sustaining a certain cha- paid to the bribed, if they do their work. F 66 IN C. VERREM aut deponere, aut recipere, aut accipere, aut polliceri, aut sequestres, aut interpretes corrumpendi judicii solent esse, quique ad hanc rem aut potentiam aut impudentiam suam professi sunt, abstineant in hoc judicio manus animosque ab hoc scelere nefario. XIII. Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo imperio et potestate, ego autem aedills, hoc est, paulo amphus quam privatus ; tamen haec hujusmodi res est, quam me acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Romano grata atque jucunda ut ipse consul in hac causa prae me minus etiam, si fieri possit, quam privatus esse videatur. Omnia non modo commemorabuntur, sed etiam expositis certis rebus agentur, quae inter decem annos, posteaquam judicia ad senatum translata sunt, in rebus judicandis nefarie flagitioseque facta sunt. Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus quid sit quam- obrem, quum equester ordo judicaret annos prope quinquaginta continuos, nullo judice equite Romano judicante ne tenuissima quidem suspicio acceptae pecuniae ob rem judicandam constituta sit ; quid sit quod judiciis ad senatorium ordinem translatis sub- ' Recipere,' a word that implies engagement or undertaking, may refer to him who un- dertakes to pay the ' judices ' a certain sum for their votes ; and he would be not the accused himself, but the agent of the ac- cused. Zumpt says : ' mihi quidem reci- pere videtur sequester ab eo qui deponit pecuniam ;' which I do not assent to. ' Ac- cipere ' clearly applies to him who is bribed, to the 'judex.' ' Polhceri' is not so clear. It is mis-explained by Klotz, who makes it signify the promise of the 'judex' to him who proposes the bribe to him ; but this is not the meaning of ' polliceri ' (note on Divin. u. 1). Cicero's words are general, and yet particular enough, without descending to a minute examination of them. ' Polliceri ' here means, as usual, to make a proffer, and it may mean either a proffer of the ' judices ' to sell their votes, or a profer of the corrupter to buy the votes. ' Sequestres ' are the persons in whose hands money is deposited, to be afterwards distributed among the bribed ; and ' interpretes ' were the managers and brokers of the bargain. 13. cum summo imperio, &c.] The con- suls had both ' imperium ' and ' potestas ;' and they had the ' summum imperium.' Some ' magistratus,' the tribunes, for in- stance, had only 'potestas,' We can say ' consularis potestas,' or ' tribunicia potes- tas' (c. 15), and 'imperium consulare,' but not ' imperium tribunicium.' ' Summo cum imperio ' could be applied to a 'propraetor' in his provincial administration, for he had full power, both civil and military (Cic. Ad Q. Fr. i. 1, 2). The ' summum imperium' included the highest judicial authority, in the Roman sense (Dig. 2. tit. 1. De Juris- dictione). The two words, ' imperium ' and ' potestas,' are explained in Smith's Diet, of Antiqs. See also Excursus iv. sed etiam — agenturi] This is one of those Roman expressions which are very difficult to translate, owing to their having a generality, for which we have nothing corresponding. The orator says, ' every thing shall be, I don't say simply told, but, after certain matters are set forth, every thing shall, in every possible way, be brought before you, which,' &c. Comp. Div. c. 12 : " causa non solum exponenda sed etiam graviter copioseque agenda est," &c. decem annos,'} Ten "years, in round numbers, since Sulla transferred the 'ju- dicia' to the senate. The real time was somewhat above eleven years. The ' prope quinquaginta annos ' is also an exaggeration, for the real time was about forty-one years. nullo judice, &c.] This is the reading of all the old MSS. Zumpt has 'in nullo judice.' ' Locus corruptns,' says Orelli. Klotz points it thus : ' nullo judice, equite Romano judicante,' and explains it, in his own way, in his preface. The simplest change would be to write ' nulla.' Madvig proposes : ' in nullo judice ue tenuissima,' &c. sublataque . . potestate'] As Asconius explains it, the appeal to the 'populus,' ACTIO PRIMA. 67 lataque populi Romani in unumquemque nostrum potestate Q. Calidius damnatus dixerit, minoris HS tricies praetorium hominem honeste non posse damnari; quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore damnato, Q. Hortensio praetore, de pecuniis repetundis, lis aesti- mata sit eo nomine quod ille ob rem judicandam pecuniam acce- pisset; quod in 0. Herennio, quod in C. Popillio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus damnati sunt ; quod in M. Atilio, qui de maj estate damnatus est, hoc planum factum est, eos pecuniam ob rem judi- candam accepisse ; quod inventi sunt senatores qui, 0. Verre praetore urbano sortiente, exirent in eum reum quern incognita causa condemnarent ; quod inventus est senator, qui quum judex esset, in eodem judicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam judicibus divideret, et ab accusatore ut reum damnaret? Jam vero quomodo illam labem, ignominiam, calamitatemque totius ordinis conquerar, hoc factum esse in hac civitate, quum senatorius ordo judicaret, ut discoloribus signis juratorum hominum sententiae notai-entur? Haec omnia me dihgenter severeque acturum esse polliceor. XIV. Quo me tandem animo fore putetis, si quid in hoc ipso ?i' that is, to the ' tribuni plebis.' Klotz reads here : ' unum quemque vestrum.' See note on c. 1 : ' vestri ordinis.' Q. Calidim'] He had been praetor in Spain, B.C. 78, and was tried on a charge of Repetundae, and condemned. His 'judices,' it appeared, were bribed to convict him at a moderate sum ; and the accused said that a man of his rank could not be convicted honourably to the 'judices' for less than ' tricies ;' which was as much as to say that, if they sold themselves, they ought to g et a good price. Zumpt reads ' HS xxx ;' and adds, ' mihi nunc xxx, i. e. quae sin- guli judices acceperint satis videtur, siqui- dem in causa Cluentiana, c. 26, quadragena dabantur.' lis aestimata sif] The ' litis aestimatio,' in criminal matters, was this : if a person was condemned in a criminal trial, it might be necessary in some cases, as in trials for Eepetundae, and for receiving a bribe as a 'judex' (ob judicandum), to ascertain and assess the damages or amount which the condemned person had to pay ; and this was the 'litis aestimatio.' This man, P. Septimius Scaevola, was ti-ied B.C. 72, but it does not appear on what charge. In the ' litis aestimatio,' account was taken, it is said, of his having received a bribe in his capacity of 'judex' (ob rem judicandam). Cicero alludes to him in the Pro Cluentio, c. 41. peculatus} ' Peculatus ' is the offence of a man appropriating public money (pecunia publica) to his own use. Atilius was con- victed on a charge of Majestas, as Cicero observes; and it further appears that he and the others, who are mentioned, had also been guilty of receiving bribes as 'judices.' sortiente,'] This word expresses the praetor's activity in his office as presiding at a trial. The case alluded to in the words ' exirent in eum reum,' is that of Oppiani- cus, whom one of the ' judices ' was charged with voting against, though he had not heard the evidence. Though Cicero uses the plural ' exirent,' there was only one person to whom the charge did apply, and even he (C. Fidiculanius Falcula) was ac- quitted of the charge, as Cicero tells us (Pro Cluentio, c. 37). Though he was ge- nerally suspected to have been guilty, it suited Cicero's purpose, when speaking for Cluentius, to consider him innocent. qui quum judex esset, in eodem judicio] This man, who was charged with taking money in the Judicium JuWanum from both sides, was C. Aelius Stalenus, or Staienus, who is mentioned in the oration Pro Cluentio, c. 24, &c. discoloribus signis] See Divin. c. 7. These ' signa ' are the ' cerae ' of different colours. 68 IN C. VEREEM judicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione esse violatum atque com- missum? quum praesertim planum facere multis testibus possim, C. Verrem in Sicilia multis audientibus saepe dixisse, se habere hominem potentem cujus fiducia provinciam spoliaret; neque sibi soli pecuniam quaerere, sed ita triennium illud praeturae Siciliensis distributum habere, ut secum praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum in rem suam converteret, alteram patronis et defensoribus suis traderet, tertium iUum uberrimum quaestuosissimumque annum totum judicibus reservaret. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere quod apud M' Glabrionem nuper quum in rejiciendis judi- cibus commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum Eomanum commoveri, me arbitrari fore uti nationes exterae legatos ad populum Romanum mitterent, ut lex de pecuniis repetundis judi- ciumque toUeretur. Si enim judicia nulla sint, tantum unumquem- que ablaturum putant quantum sibi ac liberis suis satis esse arbitretur : nunc quod ejusmodi judicia sint, tantum unumquemque auferre quantum sibi, patronis, advocatis, praetori, judicibus satis futurum sit ; hoc profecto infinitum esse : se avarissimi hominis cupiditati satisfacere posse, nocentissimae victoriae non posse. commemoranda judicia praeclaramque existimationem nostri or- dinis ! quum socii populi Romani judicia de pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a majoribus nostris sociorum causa comparata sunt. An iste unquam de se bonam spem habuisset, nisi de vobis malam opinionem animo imbibisset? Quo majore etiam, si fieri potest, apud vos odio esse debet quam est apud populum Romanum, quum in avaritia, scelere, perjurio vos sui similes esse arbitretur. XV. Cui loco, per deos immortales, judices, consulite ac pro- 14. ut secum praeclare agi, isLcl This and that the corresponding clause must have is one of the uses of this almost universal the subjunctive also, as in ' Tu si hie sis term 'agere.' Verres said 'that he should ahter sentias.' In this case, 'putant' is a think that he came off very well.' The positive opinion. ' They think that, if there same expression occurs in another place were no judicia, every man would take only (De Am. u. 3), where the gravity of the what he thought to be sufficient,' &c. See subject requires a somewhat different ren- Key's Latin Gram. § 1213, &c. Orelli dering. See also Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 4: has ' arbitrentur.' ' praeclare nobiscum actum iri.' nocentissimae'] Klotz has ' nocentissnmi :' quod apud M' Glabrionem} The word but he does not say on what authority. The ' quod ' depends directly on ' commemoras- reading at first sight appears specious, as sem,' though the word 'commoveri' also 'nocentissnmi' would correspond to 'ava- must be contiected with it ; but its gram- rissumi.' But ' avarissimus ' is sufficient matical case is determined by ' commemo- and the word ' cupiditas,' ' greediness,' has rassem.' The ordinary placing of a comma for its counterpart not ' victoriae,' but'' no- after ' nuper,' and another after ' comme- centissimae victoriae.' morassem,' is very absm-d. 15. Cui loco,} This is another of these Si — sint,— putant] This is not an excep- general words, which here signifies a ' matter' tion to the rule that 'si' is used with a or 'part of the subject of discourse.' The subjunctive to suppose a non-existing case, reference is to the words at the end of the ACTIO PRIMA. 69 videte. Moneo praedicoque id quod intelligo, tempus opportunis- simum vobis hoc divinitus datum esse, ut odio, invidia, infamia, turpitudine totum ordinem liberetis. Nulla in judiciis severitas, nulla religio, nulla denique jam existimantur esse judicia. Itaque a populo Romano contemnimur, despicimur : gravi diuturnaque jam flagramus infamia. Neque enim ullam aliam ob causam popu- lus Romanus tribuniciam potestatem tanto studio requisivit, quam quum poscebat, verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera judicia pos- cebat. Neque hoc Q. Oatulum, hominem sapientissimum atque amplissimum, fugit, qui On. Pompeio, viro fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate referente, quum esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est summa cum auctoritate usus : Patres conscriptos judicia male et flagitiose tueri, quod si in rebus judicandis populi ' Romani existimationi satisfacere voluissent, non tanto opere homines fuisse tribuniciam potestatem desideraturos. Ipse denique On. Pompeius, quum primum contionem ad urbem consul designatus habuit, ubi id quod maxime exspectari videbatur ostendit, se tribu- niciam potestatem restituturum, factus est in eo strepitus et grata contionis admurmuratio. Idem in eadem contione quum dixisset, populatas vexatasque esse provincias; judicia autem turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei rei se providere ac consulere velle ; tum vero non strepitu sed maximo clamore suam populus Romanus signifi- cavit voluntatem. preceding chapter. He thinks that you are curs in Pro Cn. Plancio c. 25, In L. Pison. as bad as he is. ' Now I entreat you to find c. 8 (Zumpt). See p. 11, note. an answer to this assumption of his.' — Klotz ad urbem] On which Asconius falsely and Zumpt read : ' tempus hoc Tobis divi- remarks ' in urbe.' Cn. Pompeius after re- nitus datum esse.' turning from the war against Sertorius in contemnimur, &c.] Klotz observes that Spain, where he had proconsular power, Cicero could say * contemnimur ' since his waited outside of the city, because he was quaestorship, by which he obtained admis- expecting the honour of a triumph, and he sion to the Senate ; and he refers to Act. ii. could not enter the city while he held this Lib. 4. c. 11: "qui honos non homini ' imperium' until the Senate had granted him solum habetur, sed primum populo Romano a triumph. As ' consul designatus ' he cujus beneficio nos in hunc ordinem veni- therefore addressed the people (contio) out- mus." side of the walls. Cicero, who was expect- referente,"] This is the word used to sig- ing a triumph after his Cilician victories, nify the proposing of a matter to the Senate, says in a letter to Tiro (Ad Fam. xvi. 11): Ad Fam. xvi. 11. : ' Sed Lentulus consul . . " ego ad urbem accessi, pridie Nonas Janu- dixit se relatiu-um.' ' Sententiam rogare ' is arias." The phrases are : ' ad urbem acce- said of the consul or other magistrate who dere, venire, esse.' Klotz refers to Cort, called on a senator for his opinion. Klotz Sallust. Catilin. 30. Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 2. refers to Veil. Pater, ii. 30, and Suetonius, u. 6. Klotz observes that ' Romae ' is a Caesar. 5, as to the restoration of the ' Tri- more general expression, and is not the bunicia Potestas ' in the first consulship of same as ' in urbe.' (Paulus, Dig. 50. 16. 2) : Cn. Pompeius, in B.C. 70, the same year in " Urbis appellatio muris, Romae autem con- which Cicero delivered this oration. ' Patres tinentibus aedificiis finitur, quod latins pa- conscripti ' as equivalent to ' Senatores,' oo- tet." 70 IN C. VEREEM XVI. Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt : observant quem- admodum sese unusquisque vestrum gerat in retinenda religions conservandisque legibus. Vident. adhuc post legem tribuniciam unum senatorem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum ; quod tametsi non reprehendunt, tamen magno opere quod laudent non habent. Nulla est enim laus ibi esse integrum ubi nemo est qui aut possit aut conetnr corrumpere. Hoc est judicium in quo vos de reo, populus Romanus de vobis judicabit. In hoc homine statuetur, possitne senatoribus judicantibus homo nocentissimus pecuniosis- simusque damnari. Deinde est ejusmodi reus, in quo homine nihil sit praeter summa peccata maximamque pecuniam, ut, si liberatus sit, nulla alia suspicio nisi ea quae turpissima est residere possit : noii gratia, non cognatione, non aliis recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri vitio tot tantaque ejus vitia sublevata esse existi- mabuntur. Postremo ego causam sic agam, judices : ejusmodi res ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifestas proferam ut nemo a vobis ut istum absolvatls per gratiam conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam viam atque rationem qua omnes illorum conatus inves- tigare et. consequi possim : ita res a me agetur ut in eorum consiliis omnibus non modo aures hominum sed etiam oculi Populi Romani interesse videantur. Vos aliquot jam per annos conceptam huic ordini turpitudinem atque infamiam delere ac tollere potestis. Constat inter omnes, post haec constituta judicia quibus nunc utimur, nuUum hoc splendore atque hac dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum, omnes homines non jam ex eodem ordine alios magis idoneos, quod fieri non potest, sed alium omnino ordinem ad res judicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. XVII. Quapropter primum ab diis immortalibus, quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, judices, peto ut in hoc judieio nemo improbus praeter eum, qui jampridem inventus est, reperiatur: deinde, si plures improbi fuerint, hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, judices, con- firmo, vitam mehercule mihi prius quam vim perseverantiamque ad illorum improbitatem persequendam defuturam. Verum quod ego !6. in speculis sunt :'] ' They are on the unum senaforern] Asconius says it was look-out.' A ' specula ' (aKowia) is a tower Dolabella. Manutius observes that the old or any lofty place, from which we command commentator was mistaken, a view. Cicero calls Narbo Martius (Nar- vitia sublevata] ' People will not sup-- bonne), a Roman colony in Gallia, a spe- pose that so many and such monstrous cula (Pro Fonteio, u. 1). Strabo describes crimes have been cleared away by any small a specula on the summit of Tmolus ; Tpw- crime.' See Divin. u. 2; and as to the \oQ ivSatiiov Spog kv ry aKpiupeig, (tkoxi]V different senses of the word ' toUere ' also, l^ov XfVKov \i9ov Ilepffuil' Ipyov aip' ov see Heindorf, Hor. 1 Sat. iv. 11. xaTotrTivtTai TO. KVKkif iriSia (ed.Cas.625). ACTIO PRIMA. 71 laboribus, periculis, inimicitiisque meis turn quum admissum erit dedecus, severe me persecuturum esse poUiceor, id ne accidafc tu tua sapientia, auctoritate, diligentia, M' Glabrio, potes providere. Suscipe causam judiciorum ; suscipe causam severitatis, integritatis, fidei, religionis ; suscipe causam senatus, ut is hoc judicio probatus cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse possit. Cogita [qui sis], quo loco sis, quid dare populo Romano, quid reddere majoribus tuis debeas; fac tibi paternae legis Aciliae veniat in mentem, qua lege populus Romanus de pecuniis repetundis optimis judiciis severissimisque judicibus usus est. Circumstant te summae auctoritates quae te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant, quae te dies noctesque commoneant fortissimum tibi patrem, sapientissimum avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Quare si Grlabrionis patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resistendum hominibus audacissimis ; si avi Seaevolae prudentiam ad prospiciendas insidias quae tuae atque horum famae comparantur ; si soceri Scauri constantiam ut ne quis te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere; inteUiget populus Romanus integerrimo atque honestissimo praetore delectoque con- silio nocenti reo magnitudinem pecuniae plus habuisse momenti ad suspicionem criminis quam ad rationem salutis. XVIII. Mihi certum est non committere ut in hac causa praetor nobis consiliumque mutetur. Non patiar rem in id tempus adduci, ut Siculi, quos adhuc servi designatorum consulum non moverunt, quum eos novo exemplo universes arcesserent, eos tum lictores con- sulum vocent; ut homines miseri, antea socii atque amici populi Romani, nunc servi ac supphces, non modo jus suum fortunasque omnes eorum imperio amittant, verum etiam deplorandi juris sui 17. legis Aciliae'] The 'Lex Acilia de took away Aemilia the daughter from Gla- repetundis ' which was proposed and carried brio and gave her to wife to Cn. Pompeiua by M' Acilius Glabrio, ' tribunus plebis,' the Magnus, as Plutarch tells us in the life of father of the Glabrio who presided as praetor Sulla, u. 33. Klotz observes that Scaurus at this trial of Verres. See Excursus i. is still called the father-in-law of Glabrio, avi Seaevolae'] Glabrio the father married because Glabrio' 3 son by Aemilia was still a daughter of P. Scaevola, who was therefore living, and consequently the affinity accord- the grandfather of this Glabrio. Asconius ing to Roman notions still subsisted. He says that this was Scaevola, the learned observes, in a note on the Pro P. Quintio, jurist, who was consul with Cn. Piso (b.c. c. 6, that the Romans considered affinity only 133), the year in which Tiberius Gracchus to exist so long as either the woman whom a was killed. But Piso's name was Lucius, man had married was alive, or at least the Klotz says that the false Asconius takes this children of the marriage : and he refers to Scaevola to be Quintus ; but the falsity is the Pro Sestio, c. 3. not on the side of Asconius, for he means IH. eorum] That is the ' consules.^ the Scaevola who was consul B.C. 133, the Orelli remarks ' sme causa suspectum Ern._ same that Klotz means. M. AeraiUus Scau- Cicero might have repeated ' consuhim. rus was ' Princeps Senatus,' and this M' If he did not, he must use 'eorum. Klotz Glabrio married his daughter AemiUa ; but remarks that Ernesti would refer eorum Sulla, who married the widow of Scaurus, to 'lictores,' which seems hardly credible. 72 IN C. VERREM potestatem non habeant. Non sinam profecto, causa a me perorata, quadraginta diebus interpositis, turn nobis denique responderi quum accusatio nostra in oblivionem diuturnitatis adducta sit : non com- mittam ut turn res judicetur quum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma discesserit, quae convenit uno tempore undique, comitiorum, ludorum, censendique causa. Hujus judicii et laudis fructum et offensionis periculum, vestrum ; laborem sollicitudinemque, nostram; scientiam quid agatur memoriamque quid a quoque dictum sit, omnium puto esse oportere. Faciam hoc non novum sed ab iis qui nunc principes nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus utar statim : illud a me novum, judices, cognoscetis, quod ita testes constituam ut crimen totum explicem ; ubi id interrogando, argu- The ambiguity of ' eorum,' if there is any, is shared by all languages. responderi] Klotz has ' respondere,' which he says is the reading of the best MSS. Orelli has ' respondeant.' Klotz rightly understood the words in a general sense, and applies them generally to the answer or defence, and not to any particular person : but for that 'responderi ' seems to be the true reading. It corresponds in its generahzing form to ' causa perorata.' Zumpt says that * responderi ' is a correc- tion of Lambinus. He also reads, ' ut tum haec res judicetur,' &c. comitiorum, &c.] Asconius, as usual, has a kind of paraphrase, which contains little more than the original ; but he adds that the censors were Gellius and Lentulus. A census was held in this year, B.C. 70, by the censors L. Gellius Poplicola and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. As to the censorship see Divin. c. 3. The preceding censorship was in B.C. 86. After the enact- ment of the ' Lex JuUa ' (b.c. 90), by which the ' Civitas ' was given to the ' Socii ' and ' Latini,' all the inhabitants of Italy were not required to come to Rome to the cen- sus, but the census was taken in the remoter places at least, and the results were for- warded to Rome. This is the opinion of Mazocchi, no great authority indeed, but it seems probable enough (Mazocchi, Tab. Herac. p. 455). censendique causa."] The verb ' censeo ' is applied to the ofl&ce of the censors in making registers of the citizens and of their property. It is also applied to the citizens giving in their names, the names of their ' familia,' and the particulars of their pro- perty, as in the oration Pro Flacco, <;. 32 : 'in qua tribu denique ista praedia censu- isti.'' 'Censendi causa' here means for the purpose of giving in the particulars which were required. See ForceUini. scientiam quod agatur, &c.] This re- sembles a Greek form of expression, so far as this, that in Greek the noun sometimes has the same effect on the construction as if it were a verb. principes] Asconius says that Cicero alludes to the prosecution of L. Cotta by the brothers M. and L. Lucullus who " non usi sunt perpetua oratione, sed interroga- tione testium causam peregerunt " (comp. Cicero, De Off. ii. 14; Acad. Pr. ii. at the beginning). Zumpt thinks that Asconius is mistaken as to Cotta being prosecuted, and that we must follow the authority of Plutarch {Lucullus, c. 1), who speaks of the prosecution of Servilius. But Plutarch men- tions only one prosecutor, L. Lucullus, in the case of Servilius. Asconius speaks of two prosecutors. ut testibus utar statim :] ' 1 will exa- mine my witnesses at once, from the very commencement.' It is easy to perceive that the position of words in Latin sen- tences is determined by their relative value in the sentence, and that such a word as ' statim ' may stand as it does here, when the orator terminates with it as the empha- tic word. Thus in the De Am. c. 26 ' ea- que ipsa concludamus aUquando.' ubi id interrogando,] Klotz reads : ' ut ubi id,' &c. Hotmann saw the difficulty of this passage, but he has not removed it by suggesting the transposition of 'interro- gando' so that it shall stand betwen 'ut' and ' crimen' in the preceding line ; for the words ' eadem interrogandi facultas, argumentandi dicendique' at the end of the sentence ap- pear to correspond to ' interrogando, argu- mentis atque oratione.' The difficulty lies in the words ' tum testes ad crimen accom- ACTIO PEIMA. 73 mentis atque oratione firmavero, turn testes ad crimen accommodem; ut nihil inter illam usitatam accusationem atque hanc novam inter- sit, nisi quod in ilia tunc quum omnia dicta sunt testes dantur, hic in singulas res dabuntur; ut illis quoque eadem interro- gandi facultas, argumentandi dicendique sit. Si quis erit qui perpetuam orationem accusationemque desideret, altera aetione audiet: nunc id quod facimus, ea ratione facimus ut malitiae illorum consilio nostro occurramus, necessario fieri intelligat. Haec primae actionis erit accusatio. Dicimus, 0. Verrem, quum multa libidinose, multa crudeliter in cives Romanos atque socios, multa in deos hominesque nefarie fecerit, tum praeterea quadringenties sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc testibus, hoc tabuUs privatis publicisque auctoritatibus ita vobis planum facie- mus, ut hoc statuatis, etiamsi spatium ad dicendum nostro com- modem.' Cicero says, that there will be something new in his mode of proceeding, which novelty will not consist in examining the witnesses from the first, for this had been done before. The novelty is this. " I will so arrange my witnesses as to unfold the nature of the charge in general." He then adds, '^and when by my examination, my arguments, and my discourse, I have esta- blished it, I will then apply my witnesses to the (particular) charge," that of 'Repetun- dae.' He says, shortly afterwards : ** Haec primae actionis," &c. ; " The charge in the iirst Actio will be as follows ;" and then, after stating the general charge against Verres, he adds, " and besides I charge him with ille- gally carrying off from Sicily ' quadringenties sestertiiim.' " He seems, therefore, to say that he will first establish the general cha- racter of his misconduct (totum crimen), which he afterwards expresses- by ' multa libidinose, multa crudeliter,' &c. ; and then he wiU apply his witnesses to the proof, the * crimen,' which was * Repetundae ;' or, as he otherwise expresses it, ' quadringenties ses- tertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse.' This may be the meaning of the passage ; and the interpretation is consistent with the facts, for in this trial Verres was prose- cuted for ' Repetundae' and not for other offences ; though Cicero, in, order to aggra- vate the odium against him, exposed all his public life, and even that part of it which had no relation at all to the conduct of Verres in Sicily or to the particular charge, which was a demand of so much money against him as illegally gotten in Sicily. In another passage (Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 11), he reminds his (supposed) hearers of the way in which he had proceeded in the ' prior actio :' "Etenim sic me ipsum egisse memoria tene- tis, ut in testibus interrogandis omnia crimina proponerem et explicarem, ut quum rem totam in medio posuissem tum denique testera interrogarem." Zumpt maintains the correctness of this passage against Hotmann and those who have followed him. But his explanation is not quite the same as mine. Madvig omits ' interrogando.' nunc id quod facimus,'] Asconius found this passage as obscure as ' ilia in fine ora- tionis pro Ligario ;' and he adds ' nisi forte facimus semel ponitur.' Camerarius reads ' ea enim ratione.' Klotz thinks that he does the best service to this passage by pointing it thus : ' nunc id, quod facimus, ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illorum con- silio nostro occurramus : necessario fieri intelligat.' He explains the ' asyndeton,' * necessario . . intelligat,' by supposing that the 'ut' extends its force to it, so that * intelhgat ' depends upon * ut ' as well as ' occurramus ' does. I have no hesitation in rejecting this explanation. It is plain that ' necessario fieri intelligat ' is connected with ' nunc id quod facimus ;' and if the intermediate words are omitted, the sense is ' now let him understand that what we are doing is done of necessity.' Now there is no great difficulty in understanding the words ' ea ratione . . occurramus,' as being interposed as a rapidly delivered parenthesis between the two extremes, the connexion of which seems to me very clear. Zumpt points it thus : ' nunc id, quod facimus (ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illorum consilio nostro occurramus) necessario fieri intelli- gat.' 74 IN 0. VEEREM ACTIO PRIMA. modo vacuosque dies habuissemus, tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse. [Dixi.] Dixi.'] It was the practice, says Asco- nius, of the ancient orators to say * Dixi ' when they had done speaking ; and for the praetor to pronounce the words ' dixerunt ' when both parties had finished. Perhaps Asconius meant to say ' praeco ' for praetor, as he ought to have done (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 30) ; and it is printed ' praeco ' in the corrected text of Asconius (ed. Orelli). The old commentator thinks that ' Dixi ' is appropriately said here by the orator, who wished to impress his opponents with the brevity of his speech, which was to be immediately followed by the examination of the witnesses, and the production of the documentary evidence. AOTIONIS SECUNDAE IN C- VERREM LIBER PRIMUS. DE PRAETURA URBANA. I. Neminem vestrum ignorare arbitror, judices, hunc per hosce dies sermonem vulgi atque banc opinionem populi Romani fuisse, C. Verrem altera actione responsurum non esse neque ad judicium adfuturum. Quae fama non idcirco solum emanarat quod iste certe statuerat ac deliberaverat non adesse, verum etiam quod nemo quemquam tam audacem, tam amentem, tam impudentem fore arbitrabatur qui tam nefariis criminibus, tam multis testibus con- victus, ora judicum adspicere aut os suum populo Romano ostendere auderet. Est idem Verres qui fuit semper, ut ad audendum pro- jectus, sic paratus ad audiendum. Praesto est, respondet, defen- ditur. Ne hoc quidem sibi reliqui facit ut in rebus turpissimis quum manifesto teneatur, si reticeat et absit, tamen impudentiae suae pudentem exitum quaesisse videatur. Patior, judices, et non moleste fero me laboris mei, vos virtutis vestrae fructum esse laturos. Nam si iste id fecisset quod primo statuerat, ut non adesset, minus aliquanto quam mihi opus esset cognosceretur quid ego in hac accusatione comparanda constituendaque elaborassem; vestra vero laus tenuis plane atque obscura, judices, esset. Neque enim hoc a vobis populus Romanus exspectat neque eo potest esse contentus, si condemnatus sit is qui adesse noluerit, et si fortes fueritis in eo quem. nemo sit ausus defendere. Immo vero adsit, 1. respondet,'] That is, ' answers to his considering ' immo ' to be a shorter form of name,' when he is called by the'praeco' ' in modo,' for ' modus 'is a word that is very (Asconius). often attached to another word. There is Immo vero"] This word may be taken 'admodum,' ' dummodo,' ' tanturamodo,' either affirmatively or negatively, according ' ejusmodi,' &c. ' Illico ' is an example of to the words to which we suppose it to refer. ' in' attached to another word of ordinary use This apparent inconsistency is explained by (in loco). ' Immo ' may be taken in this 76 IN C. VERREM respondeat; summis opibus, summo studio potentissimorum homi- num defendatur ; certet mea diligentia cum illorum omnium cupidi- tate, vestra integritas cum istius pecunia, testium constantia cum illius patronorum minis atque potentia : tum demum iEa victa vide- buntur quum in contentionem certamenque venerint. Absens si iste esset damnatus, non tam ipse sibi consuluisse quam invidisse vestrae laudi videretur. II. Neque enim salus ulla rei publicae major hoc tempore reperiri potest quam populum Romanum jntelligere, diligenter rejectis ab accusatore judicibus, socios, leges, rem publicam, senatorio consilio maxima posse defendi : neque tanta fortunis omnium pemicies potest accidere quam opinione populi Romani rationem veritatis, integritatis, fidei, religionis ab hoc ordine abjudicari. Itaque mihi videor, judices, magnam et maxime aegram et prope depositam rei pubUcae partem suscepisse, neque in eo magis meae quam vestrae laudi existimationique servisse. Accessi enim ad invidiam judici- orum levandam vituperationemque tollendam, ut, quum haec res pro voluntate populi Romani esset judicata, aliqua ex parte mea dili- passage as an affirmation, strengthened by ' vero,' as in the phrase ' ego vero ;' and it refers to the word ' adesse.' " Yes, indeed, let him appear, let him answer." In c. 32, there is again * Immo vero ab hominibua,' &c., where a reference to the preceding sen- tence shews that it may be translated : " No, indeed, not so, but by men of the gentlest disposition." In Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 42 : ** Quid hoc nos dicimus ? Immo vero ipse praesens :" — " Well, is it I who say this .' No, indeed, he is here himself to say it." Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 46. In Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 10: "Quid omne .' plus immo etiam, inquit, si volet :" — " What all ? yes, and more too, he says, if he shall choose." The literal rendering would be, " What all ? more indeed in a manner, he says, if he shall choose." Some of the best instances of the use of ' immo ' occur in Terence ; as in Andr. 3, 5, 12. " Pa. Nempe ut modo. D. immo melius spero :" — " Pa. Ay, as you did just now. D. No, better I hope ;" or, " Yes, and better I hope." It is often indifferent whether a man says Yes or No to a question, if he adds something by way of explanation ; for neither Yes nor No alone fully expresses what he has to say. Andr. 1, 2, 30: "quid hoc intellextin' an nondum etiam n« hoc quidem ? D. immo calUde." Here are two questions : which must Davus be considered as answering .' " Well, do you understand this, or don't you yet understand even this?" "Yes," says Davus, replying to the first part, " I understand it very well." " No," says Davus, replying to the second part, " I do understand it very well." The following passage is clear: Hauton. 1, 1, 4: "M. filium unicum adolescentulum Habeo. Ah ! quid dixi habere me? immo habui, Chreme." " 1 have an only son, a youth : ah ! did I say that I have ? No, I had, Chromes ;" or, " Yes, I had, Chromes :" where ' No ' is a denial of ' have j' ' Yes ' is an aflBrmation of ' had.' ' Modo ' is generally a monosyl- lable in the verse of Terence, which shows that the Romans in spealcing abbreviated it, like many other words. They would pro- nounce ' in modo,' ' immo,' and so they wrote it ; and they might on the same prin- ciple have written ' dummodo,' ' dummo.' 2. abjudicari^ See Act. i. c. 5 : ' nor is there any calamity which can befall the in- terests of all the citizens so great, as for the opinion of the Roman people to declare that the Senatorian ' ordo' has no regard to truth, integrity, good faitJh, and religion.' prope depositam] 'Depositam' has a sense almost like ' desperati.' A person is ' depositus ' who is placed on the ground with little hope that he will rise again. Ovid says (Ep. Pont. ii. 2, 47), ' Jam prope depositus, certe jam frigidus.' Cicero uses ' suscipio,' ' to take up,' to raise, as the op- posite of ' depono.' ACT. II. LIBEE PRIMUS. 77 gentia constituta auctoritas judiciorum videretur ; postremo, ut esset hoc judicatum, ut finis aliquando judiciariae controversiae constitueretur. Etenim sine dubio, judices, in hac causa ea res in discrimen adducitur. Reus est enim nocentissimus, qui si condem- natur, desinent homines dicere his judiciis pecuniam plurimum posse ; sin absolvitur, desinemus nos de judiciis transferendis recu- sare. Tametsi de absolutione istius neque ipse jam sperat, nee populus Romanus metuit: de impudentia singulari quod adest, quod respondet, sunt qui mirentur ; mihi pro cetera ejus audacia atque amentia ne hoc quidem mirandum videtur. Multa enim et in deos et in homines impie nefarieque commisit, quorum scelerum poenis agitatur et a mente consilioque deducitur. III. Agunt eum praecipitem poenae civium Eomanorum, quos partim securi percussit, partim in vinculis necavit, partim implo- rantes jura Hbertatis et civitatis in crucem sustulit.' Rapiunt eum ad supplicium dii patrii, quod iste unus inventus est qui e complexu parentum abreptos filios ad necem duceret, et parentes pretium pro sepultura liberum posceret. Rehgiones vero caerimoniaeque om- nium sacrorum fanorumque violatae, simulacraque deorum quae non modo ex suis templis ablata sunt, sed etiam jacent in tenebris ab isto retrusa atque abdita, consistere ejus animum sine furore atque amentia non sinunt. Neque iste mihi videtur se ad damna- tionem solum offerre, neque hoc avaritiae suppHcio communi qui se tot sceleribus obstrinxerit contentus esse: singularem quandara poenam istius immanis atque importuna natura desiderat. Non id solum quaeritur ut isto damnato bona restituantur iis quibus erepta sunt, sed et religiones deorum immortalium expiandae, et civium Romanorum cruciatus multorumque innocentium sanguis istius supplicio luendus est. Non enim furem sed ereptorem, non adul- terum sed expugnatorem pudicitiae, non sacrilegum sed hostem sacrorum religionumque, non sicarium sed crudehssimum carnificem civium sociorumque in vestrum judicium adduximus ; ut ego hunc unum ejusmodi reum post hominum memoriam fuisse arbitrer cui damnari expediret. 3. sacrileguni] On who lays his hands on sacred things. In the Imperial period the sacred things, things set apart for religious word obtained the wider signification of any purposes. Among other divisions of things, offence against religion. The Lex Julia the Romans had a division of ' res divini Peculatus brought ' Sacrilegium ' under the juris,' or things set apart for the pur- denomination or penalties of ' Peculatus.' poses of religion, and ' res humani juris,' And Cicero, c. 4, seems to include the things which were not (Gains, ii. 1, &c.). A offence of temple-robbing under ' Peculatus.' ' sacrilegus ' is one ' qui sacra legit,' i. e. cui damnari expediret.'] ' Because,' says ' furatur,' one who robs temples or steals Asconius, ' there was a less penalty in being 78 IN C. VERREM IV. Nam quis hoc non intelliget istum absolutum, diis homini- busque invitis, tamen ex manibus populi Romani eripi nuUo modo posse ? Quis hoc non perspicit praeclare nobiscum actum iri, si populus Romanus istius unius supplicio contentus fuerit, ac non sic statuerit, non istum majus in sese scelus concepisse, quum fana spoharit, quum tot homines innocentes necarit, quum cives Roma- nos morte, cruciatu, cruce affecerit, quum praedonum duces accepta pecunia dimiserit, quam eos si qui istum tot, tantis, tam nefariis sceleribus coopertum jurati sententia sua liberarint ? Non est, non est in hoc homine cuiquam peccandi locus, judices ; non is est reus, non id tempus, non id consiUum, metuo ne quid arrogantius apud tales viros videar dicere, ne actor quidem est is cui reus tam nocens, tam perditus, tam victus, aut occulte surripi aut impune eripi possit. His ego judicibus non probabo 0. Verrem contra leges pecunias cepisse? sustiriebunt tales viri se tot senatoribus, tot equitibus Romanis, tot civitatibus, tot hominibus honestissimis ex tam illustri provincia, tot populorum privatorumque Uteris non credidisse? tantae populi Romani voluntati restitisse? Sustineant. Reperie- mus, si istum vivum ad aliud judicium perducere poterimus, quibus probemus istum in quaestura pecuniam publicam Cn. Carboni con- suli datam avertisse, quibus persuadeamus istum alieno nomine a quaestoribus urbanis, quod priore actione didicistis, pecuniam abstulisse. Erunt qui et in eo quoque audaciara ejus reprehendant, quod aliquot nominibus de capite quantum commodum fuerit fru- condemned in this trial, than in an assembly ad aliud judicium'] ' Populi scilicet et of the Roman people and in the punishment equitum Romanorum,' says Asconius, but which they might inflict ;' an interpretation he is mistaken. Cicero threatens him with which, as Klotz remarks, is confirmed by a prosecution for ' peculatus,' for misem- the words ' Nam quis,' &c. Cicero means ploying public money, as the words at the to say that Verres, if acquitted in this trial, beginning of the next chapter show, and the would be punished by the ' Populus Roma- words ' iUum ejus peculatum,' near the end nus ' by a special vote. Whether he threat- of this chapter. ens Verres with a regular proceeding by a alieno nomine'] Asconius makes a guess kind of bill of pains and penalties, or with that ' alieno nomine ' means in the name of some irregular vengeance of the Roman Carbo or his army ; and another, that he people, does not seem quite clear. But one got the money to buy corn in Sicily, and of the two seems to be meant. Zumpt did not pay for it ; which cannot be the gives it another meaning : ' ut animus furiis meaning in this passage, agitatus quiesceret soluta poena. V. Gro- ' Aliquot nominibus ' means under cer- nov. ad Tacit. Ann. xv. 68.' tain heads or entries ; as in c. 38, ' his 4. contra leges pecunias cepisse ?] The nominibus solis,' &c. Cicero (De Am. c. general expression of taking money contrary 25), says, ' multis nominibus est hoe vitium to (particular) ' leges,' must here mean such notandum,' &c. a taking of money as was the ground of a quantum commodum fuerit^ This means prosecution for ' Repetundae.' Compare ' quantum libuerit,' ' just as much as he the passage in the oration Pro M. Scauro, pleased ;' as in Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 13 : ' quod c. 21, " adversus leges pecuniarum captarum civis cum civi ageret, aut eum judicem quern reum fecit repetundarum lege quam tulit commodum erat, haruspicem, medicum Servilius Glaucia." suum dabat ; aut," &o. j where Asconius ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 79 menti decumani detraxerit. Erunt etiam fortasse, judices, qui ilium ejus peculatum vel acerrime vindicandum putent, quod iste M. Marcelli et P. Africani monumenta, quae nomine illorum, re vera populi Romani et erant et habebantur, et fanis religiosissimis et ex urbibus sociorum atque amicorum non dubitaverit auferre. V. Emerserit ex peculatus etiam judicio, meditetur de ducibus hostium quos accepta pecunia liberavit ; videat quid de illis respon- deat quos in eorum locum subditos domi suae reservavit ; quaerat non solum quemadmodum nostro crimini, verum etiam quo pacto suae confession! possit mederi ; meminerit se priore actione, clamore populi Romani infesto atque inimico excitatum, confessum esse duces a se praedonum securi non esse percussos, se jam tum esse veritum ne sibi crimini daretur eos ab se pecunia liberatos ; fateatur id quod negari non potest, se privatum hominem praedonum duces vivos atque incolumes domi suae, posteaquam Romam redierit, usquedum per me licuerit, tenuisse. Hoc in illo majestatis judicio si licuisse qaotes Terence, Adelph. 1, 2, 38 ; ' Amat.' dabitur a me argentum dum erit commo- dum.' Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 26 : ' quos ei com- modum sit invitet ;' and c. 44. de capite—frumenti decumani] That is, he remitted as much of the ' frumentum decumanum,' which was due to the Roman people, as he pleased. M. Marcelli, &c.] The works of art which M. Marcellus gave up to the Siculi, and those which Scipio Africanus brought back from Carthage, and restored to them. 5. Emerseriti This tense is often so placed. ' Suppose him to escape from the prosecution for Peculatus ;' which might be considered to be an elKptical expression, some word being understood. Compare ' ex hoc evaserit ' in this chapter ; and o. 14, ' fu- eritaliis.' SeeHeindorf, Horat. 1 Sat. i. 45, note. But the present indicative, and even the perfect, are used to express a condition without ' si ;' and ' emerserit ' may be the second future of the indicative. per me licuerit,'] ' So long as I allowed it ;' that is, ' I was the hindrance to its being done any longer.' 'Per me licet;' ' You may do it for me, I won't hinder you.' ' Habeat per me,' c. 12. majestatis judicio] The acts just men- tioned would be sufficient to found a prose- cution for 'Majestas' against Verres, who had saved the enemies of the state. The ' Majestas ' of the Roman state is its ' in- tegrity ;' and the,' Majestas Populi Romani ' is the whole of that which constituted the Roman state. To impair (minuere) this ' Majestas ' was an offence ; and it might be impaired by any act which directly tended to damage the state, as such. The old name for any act which was directly injurious to the state was ' Perduellio,' and the offender was called ' Perduellis.' Trials for ' Per- duellio ' took place even in the later times of the Republic, as in the case of C. Popi- lius Laenas, B.C. 107, and of M. Junius Silanus, consul B.C. 109. By the words 'apud Populum Romanum,' which follow in this chapter, Cicero threatens Verres with a prosecution before the Roman peo- ple, for putting to death a Roman citizen ; and here the guilt of Verres would be de- cided by the ' sufFragia Populi Romani.' Cicero promises to bring him before the ' Populus Romanus,' in his capacity of aedile, when he should have entered on his office ; and the charge would be that of ' Perduellio.' — Cicero here speaks of a ' Ma- jestatis judicium ' as a distinct thing from ' Perduellio ;' at least, distinct in the form of procedure. Though the notion of ' Ma- jestas minuta ' was involved in that of ' Per- duellio,' special ' leges' had defined' Majestas' more particularly, and made it a Quaestia. The first was a Lex Apuleia (b.c. 102 or 100), which was followed by a Lex Cor- nelia, and this by a Lex Julia, which Lex Julia continued to be the fundamental Lex on this subject under the empire (Dig. 48. tit. 4). — The subject of ' PerduelUo ' and ' Majestas ' is discussed with great minute- ness by Rein, Das Criminalrecht der Rbmer ; 80 IN C. VERREM sibi ostenderit, ego oportuisse concedam. Ex hoc quoque evaserit, proficiscar eo quo me jampridem vocat populus Romanus. De jure enim libertatis et civitatis suum putat esse judicium, et recte putat. Confringat iste sane vi sua consilia senatoria, quaestiones omnium perrumpat, evolet ex vestra severitate ; mihi credite, arctioribus apud populuni Romanum laqueis tenebitur. Oredet iis equitibus Romanis populus Romanus, qui ad vos antea producti testes, ipsis inspectantibus, ab isto civem Romanum qui cognitores homines honestos daret sublatum esse in crucem dixerunt. Credent omnes V et XXX tribus homini gravissimo atque ornatissimo M. Annio, qui se praesente civem Romanum securi percussum esse dixit. Audi- etur a populo Romano vir primarius, eques Romanus, L. Flavins, qui suum familiarem Herennium, negotiatorem ex Africa, quum eum Syracusis amplius centum cives Romani cognoscerent lacry- mantesque defenderent, pro testimonio dixit securi esse percussum. Probabit fidem et auctoritatem et religionem suam L. Suetius, homo omnibus ornamentis praeditus, qui juratus apud vos dixit multos cives Romanes in lautumiis istius imperio crudelissime per vim morte esse multatos. Hanc ego causam quum agam beneficio populi Romani de loco superiore, non vereor ne aut istum vis uUa ex populi Romani suifragiis eripere, aut a me uUum munus aedili- tatis amplius aut gratius populo Romano esse possit. VI. Quapropter omnes in hoc judicio conentur omnia : nihil est jam quod in hac causa peccare quisquam, judices, nisi vestro periculo possit. Mea quidem ratio quum in praeteritis rebus est cognita, turn in reliquis explorata atque provisa est. Ego meum studium in rem publicam jam illo tempore ostendi, quum longo intervallo veterem consuetudinem retuli, et rogatu sociorum atque amicorum populi and briefly by the writer of this note, in Syracuse was taken from these quarries. Smith's Diet, of Antiqa. beneficio populi Romani] ' By the fa- recte puta(.~\ Zumpt has ' ratione putat ' vour or grant of the Roman people,' who from one MS. Both are good Latin, and conferred the ' honores ' by their votes, and it is merely a question of probability, which were said to confer a ' beneficium.' Cicero is decided in favour of ' recte ' by the MSS. says, Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 11, speaking of the amplius centum'] This is one of the ad- senatorial rank : ' populo Romano cujus verbs that is often used without ' quam ' beneficio nos in hunc ordinem venimus.' after it, and the case is not affected by it. The word had other significations among ' Plus ' and ' minus ' are used the same way. the Romans, as that of some special grant ' Cognoscerent ' means ' were witnesses to or favour. The history of it may be traced his character,' &c. Lib. 5. 65, ' cognosceret.' from the republican, through the imperial These were the extensive period, and into the middle ages, when it stone-quarries of Syracuse, which Thucy- signified a fief, and also, as now, an eccle- dides (vii. (!6) calls XiBorofiiaL. The Athe- siastical preferment (Beneficium, Diet, of nians, who were taken prisoners in the Antiqs). Cicero declares what he will do Sicilian expedition, were placed in these when he enters on his ofiice of aedile, when quarries, where they endured dreadful suf- he will address the people, from the Rostra ferings. The stone tor the construction of (de loco superiore). ACT. 11. LIBER PRIMUS. 81 Romani, meorum autem necessariorum, nomen hominis audacissimi detuli. Quod raeum factum lectissimi viri atque ornatissimi, quo in numero e vobis complures fuere, ita probaverunt ut ei, qui istius quaestor fuisset et ab isto laesus inimicitias justas persequeretur, non modo deferendi nominis sed ne subscribendi quidein, quum id postularet, facerent potestatem. In Siciliam sum inquirendi causa profectus; quo in negotio industriam meam celeritas reditionis, diligentiam multitudo literarum et testium declaravit; pudorem vero ac religionem, quod, quum venissem senator ad socios populi Romani, qui in ea provincia quaestor fuissem, ad hospites meos ac necessarios causae communis defensor deverti potius quam ad eos qui a me auxilium petivissent. Nemini mens adventus labori aut sumptui neque publico neque privatim fuit. Vim in inquirendo tantam habui quantam mihi lex dabat, non quantam habere poteram istorum studio quos iste vexarat. Romam ut ex SicUia redii, quum iste atque istius amici, homines lauti et urbani, sermones hujusce- 6. meorum autem'] This passage shows the sense of * autem/ which is not that of direct opposition, but of addition : it ex- presses something further or more, and it never stands first in a sentence. See Cic. De Am. c. 8. ' Quis est qui,' &c., fol- lowed by * Quis autem est qui.' quo in numero'] He alludes to the ques- tion that was settled by the Divinatio, when the ' consiUum,' or ' judices,' determined that Cicero should be the accuser. Some of the present * consihum ' were the same persons, and some were not. The ' consilium ' that was formed for the decision on the Divi- natio was changed to some extent by the * rejectio ' or challenges. Zumpt has ' quo e numero ;' and he adds, ' Sic Steph. editio et Lambinus e vet. cod. et uterque Guelfer- bytanus,' inimicitias justas] Asconius asks if ' jus- tas ' means ' magnas,' and he refers to the use of ' injusto ' in Virgil, Georg. iii. 347. The answer is that it does not mean ' mag- nas ;' it means ' well founded, sufficient.' ' Justas ' might be taken ironically here ; or, if not, Cicero does not scruple now to say that Verres had wronged his ' quaestor,' though he denied it in the Divinatio ; and thus he adds one more to the long list of the offences of Verres. pudorem . . ac religionem,] ' Pudorem ' may be translated * his modesty,' or * his ab- sence of aU assumption,' in not claiming the public hospitality, to which he was entitled as a senator ; and this, though he came on so important business. Here we learn that Cicero was now a senator, which is evi- dence, if any were wanted, that he acquired a seat in the senate after being ' quaestor.' But how is ' religio ' to be understood .' for the word must have a distinct meaning, and we must interpret it by reference to the general sense of the word, which implies a reference to divine powers, or to the gods. The duty which Cicero had undertaken was one that he was bound to discharge faith- fully, both in the judgment of men, and in the judgment of the gods, to whom he was responsible. His sense of duty towards the gods prevented him from burdening. an op- pressed and pillaged people with any ex- pense. He alleges it as a proof of his modesty and his religious (in the meaning abeady explained) sense of his duty, that he put neither communities, nor individual Sicilians, to any cost on his account. A senator, when he travelled not on public business, might still have a kind of nominal commission, called a ' legatio libera,' by virtue of which he was received at the pubhc cost of the province, or of the towns, which he visited. Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 4. c. 11. istorum studio] The MSS. have ' isto- rum,' which Zumpt alters to ' iUorum.' He says, ' nam si Verres est iste, non possunt ilU, qui ei opponuntur, et ipsi isti vocari.' But why not .' lauti et urbani,] It might be supposed that these words were spoken ironically ; but that supposition is not necessary. ' Lautus,' a form of ' lavatus,' ' well washed' 82 IN 0. VERREM modi dissipassent quo animos testium retardarent, me magna pe- cunia a vera accusatione esse deductum, tametsi probabatur nemini, quod et ex Sicilia testes erant ii qui quaestorem me in provincia cognoverant, et hinc homines maxime illustres qui, ut ipsi noti sunt, sic nostrum unumquemque optime norunt ; tamen usque eo timui ne quis de mea fide atque integritate dubitaret, donee ad rejiciendos judices venimus. VII. Sciebam in rejiciendis judicibus nonnuUos memoria nostra pactionis suspicionem non vitasse, quum in ipsa accusatione eorum industria ac diligentia probaretur. Ita rejeci judices ut hoc con- stet, post hunc statum rei publicae quo nunc utimur simiH splendore et dignitate consilium nuUum fuisse. Quam iste laudem communem ait sibi esse mecum, qui quum P. Galbam judicem rejecisset, M. Lucretium retinuit ; et, quum ejus patronus ex eo quaereret, cur suos familiarissimos, Sex. Paeduceum, Q. Oonsidium, Q. Juniura rejici passus esset, respondit quod eos in judicando nimium sui juris sententiaeque cognosceret. Itaque judicibus rejectis sperabam jam onus meum vobiscum esse commune; putabam non solum notis sed etiam ignotis probatam meam fidem esse et diligentiam. Quod me non fefellit. Nam comitiis meis, quum iste infinita largitione contra me uteretur, populus Romanus judicavit istius pecuniam, quae apud me contra fidem meam nihil potuisset, apud se contra honorem meum nihil posse debere. Quo quidem die primura, judices, citati in hunc reum consedistis, quis tam inimicus huic ordini fuit, quis tam novarum rerum, judiciorum, judicumque or ' clean,' came to have numerous significa- of the 'judices' was the test of Cicero's in- tions, the history of which it is not so easy tegrity in the prosecution, for he made it to trace, inasmuch as even in modern Ian- apparent that he wished to have an honest guages, in like cases, it is often a matter of ' consilium.' When Cicero says that Verres difficulty. The sense here is perhaps ' sharp ' claimed credit too, he means, of course, to or ' clever,' as in the passage of Caecihus deny his claim ; for P. Galba, whom he quoted by Cicero, De Am. c. 26 : ' emunx- rejected, was an honest man, and Lucretius, eris lautissime.' In Act. ii. Lib. 1. u. 25, whom he kept, was not. Asconius tells us, there is 'parum laute,' which the context whether it is a guess, or whether he had explains. ' Urbanus ' is explained by Klotz authority for it, that Lucretius was after- in this passage to signify one who possesses wards rejected by Cicero, for the accused the cunning and sharpness that are sup- had the first challenge. "The reason which posed to characterize towns' people as op- Asconius gives for aifirming that Lucretius posed to country folks ; and he refers to was rejected by Cicero is suflScient, for Ci- QuintUian, Inst. Or. vi. 3. § 105, for a cero could not speak disparagingly of any definition of 'urbanus,' as then under- 'judex' who was retained; and, indeed, he stood. Zumpt refers to a passage in Cicero's eulogises the whole 'consilium.' The reason letters (Ad Fam. iii. 8) : " te hominem non which Verres is alleged to have given for solum sapientem, verum etiam, ut nunc allowing the rejection of the other three loquimur, urbanum." See Heindorf, Horat. which seems to mean, as Asconius says, re- 1 Sat. iv. 90. jecting them himself,— that they were men 7. post hunc statum, ^c] Since Sulla's too independent (sui juris), is another sar- changes, ten years before. The ' rejectio ' castic refutation of the claim of Ven-es. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 83 cupidus qui non conspectu consessuque vestro commoveretur ? Quum in eo vestra mihi dignitas fructum diligentiae referret, id sum assecutus ut una hora, qua coepi dicere, reo audaci, pecunioso, profuso, perdito, spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem ; ut primo die testium tanto numero citato populus Romanus judicaret isto absoluto rem publicam stare non posse ; ut alter dies amicis istius ac defensoribus non modo spem victoriae sed etiam voluntatem defensionis auferret ; ut tertius dies sic hominem prosterneret ut morbo simulato non quid responderet sed quemadmodum non re- sponderet deliberaret; deinde reliquis diebus, his criminibus, his testibus, et urbanis et provincialibus, sic obrutus atque oppressus est ut his ludorum diebus interpositis nemo istum comperendinatum sed condemnatum judicaret. VIII. Quapropter ego quod ad me attinet, judices, vici : non enim spolia C. Verris sed existimationem populi Romani concupivi. Meum fuit cum causa accedere^ ad accusandum: quae causa fuit honestior quam a tarn illustri provincia defensorem constitui et deUgi I rei publicae consulere : quid tandem rei pubhcae honestius quam in tanta invidia judieiorum adducere hominem cujus damna- tione totus ordo cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia posset esse ? ostendere ac persuadere hominem nocentem adductum esse : quis est in populo Romano qui hoc non ex priore actione abstulerit, omnium ante damnatorum scelera, furta, flagitia, si in unum locum conferantur, vix cum hujus parva parte aequari conferrique posse ? Vos quod ad vestram famam, existimationem, salutemque conunu- nem pertinet, judices, prospicite atque consulite. Splendor vester facit ut peccare sine summo rei pubhcae detrimento ac periculo non possitis. Non enim potest sperare populus Romanus esse aUos in senatu qui recte possint judicare, vos si non potueritis. Necesse est, quum de toto ordine desperarit, aliud genus hominum atque aliam rationem judieiorum requirat. Hoc si vobis ideo levins videtur quod putatis onus esse grave et incommodum judicare, intelligere debetis primum interesse, utrum id onus vosmet ipsi rejeceritis, an, quod probare populo Romano fidem vestram et isto absoluto'] The correction of Zumpt. Zumpt. ' Quid jam,' &c., Orelli. The MSS have ' ipso.' The two words are in gratia posset esse /] Orelli has ' poa- often confounded in the MSS. 'Ipso,'Orell. sit,' but Zumpt and Klotz have 'posset, 8. cum causa] ' Cui rei eontrarium est the right reading.— ' Ex pnore actione ab- sine causa,' AsconiviS. ' Sine causa ' occurs stulerit;' that is, 'has learned or under- at the end of this chapter. In place of stood,' an expression of ordinary life, as 'justior,' OreUi's reading, Zumpt has 'ho- Zumpt remarks. See examples m I'or- nestior.' There seems to be no authority celhni. for 'justior.' 'Quid tandem rei publicae,' G 2 84 IN C. VERBEM religionem non potueritis, eo vobis judicandi potestas erepta sit. Deinde etiam illud cogitate, quanto periculo venturi simus ad eos judices quos propter odium nostri populus Romanus de nobis volu- erit judicare. Verum vobis dicam id quod intellexi, judices: homines scitote esse quosdam, quos tantum odium vestri ordinis teneat ut hoc palam jam dictitent, se istum quern sciant esse hominem improbissimum hoc uno nomine absolvi velle, ut ab senatu judicia per ignominiam turpitudinemque auferantur. Haec me, judices, pluribus verbis vobiscum agere coegit non timer meus de vestra fide, sed spes illorum nova, quae qimm Verrem a porta subito ad judicium retraxisset, nonnulH suspicati sunt non sine causa illius consihum tam repente esse mutatum. IX. Nunc ne novo querimoniae genera uti possit Hortensius et ea dicere, opprimi reum de quo nihil dicat accusator ; nihil esse tam periculosum fortunis innocentium quam tacere adversaries ; et ne aliter quam ego velim meum laudet ingenium, quum dicat, me, si multa dixissem, sublevaturum fuisse eum quem contra dicerem ; quia non dixerim, perdidisse — morem illi geram, utar oratione per- petua ; non quoniam hoc sit necesse, verum ut experiar utrum ille ferat molestius me tunc tacuisse an nunc dicere. Hie tu fortasse eris diligens ne quam ego horam de meis legitimis horis remittam ; nisi omni tempore quod mihi lege concessum est abusus ero, que- rere ; deum atque hominum fidem implorabis, circumveniri C. Verrem quod accusator noht tamdiu quamdiu liceat dicere. Quod mihi lex mea causa det, eo mihi non uti non licebit I Nam accu- sandi mihi tempus mea causa datum est, ut possem oratione mea crimina causamque explicare : hoc si non utor, non tibi injuriam nostri . . nobis] ' vestri— vobis.' Orell. 9. Nunc ne, &c.] Cicero still gives the Haec me, &o.] ' Haec me res,' the read- colour of reality to his speech, by declaring ing of ' some MSS.,' according to Orelli : the that he will now make a, formal continuous reading of the MSS., according to Klotz. speech, which he did not do in the Actio According to Orelli's reading, ' haec ' is the Prima. And he says, in a sarcastic manner, accusative. According to that of Klotz, (hie tu fortasse eris dOigens) to Hortensius, 'haec res' refers to what was said in the " you will perhaps look sharply to see that preceding sentence; but, 'haec res' not I take up all the time that the 'lex' allows being sufficiently forcible, Cicero explains me ;" whereas a man can refuse to avail him- himself by declaring that it is not any fear self of an advantage ; he may forego it, if that they will not discharge their duty, but he pleases.— In place of ' non quoniam hoc the ' spes illorum nova,' that is, ' the thing,' sit necesse,' Klotz has ' non quo jam,' &c., ' haec res.' This reading and exposition of which is a conjecture of Madvig. ' Abusus Klotz, I reject without any hesitation. ero' means ' consumed,' for ' abutor' is, pro- a porta subito'] Cicero gives an air of perly, ' to use a thing which is consumed in reality to the speech, by speaking of Verres the use.' Comp. Cic. Top. 3, where the as if he had set out to leave Rome, and was word ' abusus' is opposed to ' usus ' and induced to return to wait the result of his Ulpian, Dig. 7. 5. 5. trial. det] ' dedit :' Asconius. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 85 facio, sed de meo jure aliquid et commodo detraho. Causam enim, inquit, cognosci oportet. Ea re quidem quod aliter condemnari reus, quamvis sit nocens, non potest. Id igitur tu moleste tulisti, a me aliquid factum esse quo minus iste condemnari posset ! Nam causa cognita multi possunt absolvi : incognita quidem condemnari nemo potest. Adimo enim comperendinatum. Quod habet lex in se molestissimum, bis ut causa dicatur, quod aut mea causa potius est constitutum quam tua, aut nihilo tua potius quam mea. Nam si bis dicere est commodum, certe utriusque commune est; si eum qui posterius dixit opus est redargui, accusatoris causa ut bis age- retur constitutum est. Verum, ut opinor, Grlaucia primus tulit ut Causam enim, &c. : . . . Adimo enim, &c.] ' Enim' has a reference to what has been said " hoc si non utor," &c. It is a supposed answer : * Yes, but it is necessary for the case to be investigated.' To which sup- posed answer, Cicero rejoins : * Admitted, so far as this, that a guilty man cannot be condemned without the case being investi- gated ; but you surely won't make it a ground of complaint, that I have done any thing, the tendency of which is to prevent your client's condemnation.' The word ' enim' certainly does not mean ' for.' It is a word of reference, that is, it respects some- thing that has gone before : but it is not strictly a word of inference. Cicero often begins his sentences with 'Etenim,' the meaning of which is much nearer, ' and in- deed,' ' in truth,' than ' for.' 'The words * Adimo enim comperendinatum' is another supposed objection : ' You say that I prevent the Comperendinatio ;' to which Cicero re- plies : ' the very thing in the Lex that is most burdensome, that the cause should be heard twice, the very rule which was esta- blished,' &c. There is no difficulty in the second ' quod,' which OrelU has placed in brackets, and Ernesti, who mistook the whole passage, has changed into ' id.' comperendinatum'] The adjourning of a trial to the third day ; the deferring of the verdict ; hence also the arguing of the cause after it was thus adjourned. The word is compounded of ' con' and ' perendina,' for there are the adjective ' perendinus' and the form ' perendie,' like ' pridie,' ' postridie.' The word ' perendie' means the day after the morrow, as appears from Cicero to Atticus, xii. 44 ; and from a passage in the oration Pro Murena, c. 12 : " tot homines, tam ingeniosos per tot annos statuere non potuisse utrum diem tertiupi an perendinum dici oporteret." See Gellius, x. 24. When ' dies tertius' is equivalent to ' dies perendi- nus,' the first day and the last are included in the reckoning, and there is one day in the middle. The etymology of ' perendie' is unknown. Asconius has a note on what follows, the matter of which is apparently only derived from his notion of the meaning of the text. He says that when the trial was adjourned, the accused spoke first, after having already rephed in the previous pror ceedings, and the prosecutor then spoke again, so that the two speeches for the de- fence came between the two speeches for the prosecution. But this is absurd. Cicero argues that the * comperendinatio' was rather intended for the advantage of the prosecutor, for he would have the opportunity of reply- ing to his adversary's defence. * Si eum qui posterius dixit' is evidently the speaker for the defence, for the speech for the prosecu- tion was delivered first, and, if there was no ' comperendinatio,' the matter was ready for the decision of the 'consilium,' when the prosecutor had spoken first and the speaker for the defence had replied. If, argues Cicero, the object or purpose (opus) is for the second speaker to be replied to, then it is clear that the ' secunda actio' (ut bis age- retur) was intended for the benefit of the prosecutor. It could not be intended for the benefit of the accused ; for, if the prose- cutor brought forward no new matter in his second speech, the defendant would gain less by a second reply, than the prosecutor would by enforcing his original arguments and answering the answer of his adversary. And, if he did bring forward new matter, it must be something that he had neglected to bring forward before, or something that he had in the meantime discovered ; in neither of which cases would the second ' actio' be for the benefit of the accused. Glaucia'] C. Servilius Glaucia who pro- posed (tulit) the 'lex' that bears his name. (Ex. i. ii.) Zumpt agrees with Ernesti in 86 IN 0. VERREM comperendinaretur reus ; antea vel judicari primo poterat vel am- plius pronuntiari. Utram igitur putas legem meliorem? opinor illam veterem, qua vel cito absolvi vel tarde condemnari licebat. Ego tibi illam Aciliam legem restituo, qua lege multi semel accusati, semel dicta causa, semel auditis testibus, condemnati sunt, nequa- quam tam manifestis neque tantis criminibus quantis tu convinceris. Puta te non hac tam atroci sed ilia lege mitissima causam dicere. Accusabo; respondebis: testibus editis, ita mittam in consilium ut, etiamsi lex ampliandi faciat potestatem, tamen isti turpe sibi existiment non primo judicare. X. Verum si causam cognosci opus est, parumne coguita est? Dissimulamus, Hortensi, quod saepe expert! in dicendo sumus. Quis nos magno opere attendit unquam in hoc quidem genere cau- sarum ubi aliquid ereptum aut ablatum a quopiam dicitur ? nonne aut in tabulis aut in testibus omnis exspectatio judicum est ? Dixi prima actione me planum esse facturum C. Verrem HS quadringen- ties contra leges abstulisse. Quid hoc planius egissem, si ita nar- rassem? Dio quidam fuit Halesinus, qui, quum ejus fiUo praetore Sacerdote hereditas a propinquo- permagna venisset, nihil habuit turn neque negotii neque controversiae. Verres simulac tetigit provinciam, statim Messana literas dedit, Dionem evocavit, calum- making the Acilia prior to the Servilia Lex. ' mittere in consilium :' and he says that even When Cicero says ' ut opinor,' he does not if the 'lex' were to allow an 'ampUatio,' they mean to express a doubt. He speaks as a would be ashamed to avail themselves of it. man who does not concern himself vei7 par- Verres was prosecuted under the Lex Cor- ticularly about the history of changes in law : neha, which we must suppose to have he takes it for granted that it is so. Before contained the provisions of the Servilia, the Lex Servilia the 'judices' either gave except as to the class from which the' judices' their votes at once, or declared an ' ampU- were to be chosen. Orelli and Klotz have atio,' an adjournment to another day, which ' legem moUiorem,' but there is good MSS. might be a more distant day than the ' dies authority for ' meliorem,' which Zumpt has ; perendinus.' The ' ampliatio' depended on and ' meliorem' is intelligible, which ' mol- thechoiceof the 'judices.' The ' comperen- horem' is not. dinatio' was fixed by this ' lex.' The old law, 10. a quopiami] 'from any person,' as says Cicero, permitted the 'judices' either to Zumpt suggests, for he says that Cicero uses acquit at once, or to defer their decision for the ablative with a preposition in this sense ; some time. He professes to restore in ef- and he refers to c. 4, 'a quaestoribus ur- feet the Lex Acilia, which was enacted on the banis,' &c. ; c. 8, ' ah senatu,' &c. ; and to proposal of Acilius Glabrio, the father of the other passages. 'praetor,'whopresidedatthis trial; and this contra leges'] 'Contra legem,' Orelli; ' lex' allowed no ' comperendinatio' or ' am- but there is good authority for ' leges.' pliatio.' But he says to Hortensius : ima- Zumpt refers to Act. i. c. 18 ; and to c. 4 of gine the proceedings to be not according to this oration : ' contra leges,' &c. this severe law, but according to that old and Messana literas dedit,'] ' Addressed let- very lenient law. Suppose this to be the ters from Messana.' ' Dare hteras' is the case ; Cicero will then make his charge, common expression for sending a letter, Hortensius will answer ; and, after the that is, giving it ' tabellario,' to the letter- witnesses are produced, Cicero will bring carrier. The place from which the letter is the 'judices' to their vote; for that is sent is usually put in the ablative ; but some- ACT. II. LIBEE PRIMUS. 87 niatores ex sinu suo apposuit qui illam hereditatem Veneri Erycinae coinmissam esse dicerent : hae de re ostendit seipsum cognitumra. Possum deinceps totam rem explicare, deinde ad extremum id quod accidit dicere, Dionem HS decies centena millia numerasse ut causam certissimam obtineret ; praeterea greges equarum ejus istum abigendos curasse, argenti vestisque stragulae quod fuerit curasse auferendum. Haec neque quum ego dicerem, neque quum tu uegares, magni momenti nostra esset oratio. Quo tempore igitur aures judex erigeret animumque attenderet ? Quum Dio ipse prod- iret, quum ceteri, qui tum in Sicilia negotiis Dionis interfuissent ; quum per eos ipsos dies per quos causam Dio diceret, reperiretur pecunias sumpsisse mutuas, nomina sua exegisse, praedia vendidisse ; quum tabulae virorum bonorum proferrentur ; quum, qui pecuniam Dioni dederunt, dicerent se jam tum audisse eo nummos sumi ut Verri darentur ; quum amici, hospites, patroni Dionis, homines honestissimi, haec eadem se audisse dicerent. Opinor, quum haec fierent, tum vos audiretis, sicut audistis ; tum causa agi videretur. Sic a me sunt acta omnia priore actione ut in criminibus omnibus times in the genitive, if the texts are right. Cic. Ad Q. Fr. ii. 15. The MSS. reading ' Messanam' is obviously a mistake. calumniatores] A ' calumniator,' or ' ca- lumniosus,' is one who knowingly and pur- posely, and with fraudulent design, schemes to trouble another (Paulus, Rec. Sent. i. 5, 1 . Comp. Marcianus, Dig. 48. 16. 1, and Gains, iv. 178). The word ' calumnia' con- tains the root * calv' or ' calu,' which appears in the Fragments of the Twelve Tables, and shows the original meaning of the word : * si calvitur pedemve struit' (Dirksen, Ueher- sicht, &c., der Zwblf - Tafel - Pragmente, p. 144; and Gaius, Dig. 50. 16. 233). As to ' calumnia,' compare Cic. Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 9 : ' illam acerbissimam ministram prae- torum avaritiae calumniam.' hereditateyn — commissam] This * he- reditas,' or property of a deceased person, was, it was alleged, to be forfeited, and came to the temple of Venus at Eryx. The alleged cause of forfeiture might be the non- performance of a condition. This use of ' commissus' is not uncommon in Cicero (Act. ii. Lib-. 2. c. 14 ; and Lib. iii. c. 12 ; Ad Fam. xiii. 56), and also in the law wri- ters (Dig. 39, tit. 4). pecunias sumpsisse mutuas,'] ' To have borrowed money.' * Pecuniae mutuae' is money borrowed ; and ' mutuum' is the ge- neral name for that Roman form of contract, by which things which were consumed in the use were borrowed, as money, wine, oil, and the like. In the casa of a ' mutuum,' the thing borrowed became the property of the borrower, and he had only to return things of the same kind and value. (Gaius, iii. 90.) — ' nomina sua exegisse' ' had got in his debts' (see also c. 36). ' Nomen' is the entry in a book, which is one of the kinds of evidence of a debt. Its technical meaning is ex- plained hereafter. Cicero uses ' exigere' in the De Am. c. 9, in a sense derived from this notion of getting in a debt. — 'Praedia vendi- disse,' ' sold his estates in land.' ' Praediura' is either ' urbanum' or ' rusticum.' A build- ing on a ' praedium urbanum' is ' aedes :' on a ' praedium rusticum,' it is ' villa' (Dig. 50. 16.27.115.211). dicerent se jam tum audisse] "Apud antiques de auditione testium dicebatur," Ascon. i a piece of information extracted from the text. We may certainly infer that this heareay evidence was received. Yet we may assume that the Romans had sense enough to give to such evidence its proper value. The words * apud antiques,' perhaps, indicate that the author of the above note lived a long time after Cicero, and later than the real Asconius, who appears to have died in the latter part of the first century, a.d. quum haec fierent, &c.] Klotz changes ' tum vos audiretis' into ' cum vos audiretis,' and makes ' tum causa agi vere videretur,' which is his reading and Zumpt's, to be the second member of the sentence. He says there is no sense in the common reading. 88 IN C. VEUEEM nullum esset, in quo quisquam vestrum perpetuam aceusatlonem requireret. Nego esse quidquam a testibus dictum quod aut ves- trum cuipiam esset obscurum, aut cujusquam oratoris eloquentiam quaereret. XI. Etenim sic me ipsum egisse memoria tenetis ut in testibus interrogandis omnia crimina proponerem et explicarem, ut, quum rem totam in medio posuissem, turn denique testem interrogarem. Itaque non modo vos quibus est judicandum nostra crimina tenetis, sed etiam populus Eomanus totam accusationem causamque cog- novit. Tametsi ita de meo facto loquor, quasi ego illud mea volun- tate potius quam vestra injuria adductus fecerim. Interposuistis accusatorem, qui, quum ego mihi c et x dies solos in Siciliam postulassem, c et viii sibi in Achaiam postularet. Menses mihi tres quum eripuissetis ad agendum maxime appositos, reliquum omne tempus hujus anni me vobis remissurum putastis, ut, quum horis nostris nos essemus usi, tu binis ludis interpositis quadragesimo post die responderes, deinde ita tempus duceretur ut a M' Glabrione praetore et a magna parte horum judicum ad praetorem alium judicesque alios veniremus. Hoc si ego non vidissem, si me non omnes noti ignotique monuissent id agi, id cogitari, in eo laborari ut res in illud tempus rejiceretur, credo, si meis horis in accusando uti voluissem, vererer ne mihi crimina non suppeterent, ne oratio deesset, ne vox viresque deficerent, ne, quem nemo prima actione defendere ausus esset, eum ego bis accusare non possem. Ego meum consilium turn judicibus, tum populo Romano probavi ; nemo est qui alia ratione istorum injuriae atque impudentiae potuisse obsisti arbitretur. Etenim qua stultitia fuissem, si, quam diem, 11. omnia crimina] 'All the charges.' statement of the facts to be proved, and the Comp. Divin. u. 12, ' criminibus et oratione.' real examination of the witnesses. But 'crimen' was also used to signify both in medio posuissem,] Orelli has ' pro- the charge, or accusation, and the matter, posuissem.' Zumpt remarks, that ' in medio which was the foundation of the ' crimen.' proponere' is not used in any other passage There is a general distinction between ' cri- of Cicero. men' and 'delictum;' for 'crimen' is pro- in eo laborari] Zumpt has 'elaborari.' perly applied to such matters as were the He says'vulgo ZaioraW, id esset in angustiig subject of ' judicia publica.' This passage versari, quod nondumverum est.' ' Id ela- seems to throw some Ught on the passage in borari'; Klotz : — ' tum judicibus :' ' judici- Act. i. c. 18. He here uses the expression bus,' Or. ' in testibus interrogandis' to express the si, quam diem, &c.] " For what a fool whole of that part of the proceeding which I should have been, if, when the men who related to the examination of witnesses ; undertook to save Verres by corrupting the and that part included the statement of the ' judices ' contemplated a particular time in charges, and the setting forth of them, which fixing the terms of theii- undertaking, the was followed by the examination of the terms beng to this effect, ' provided the witnesses. So that he appears to. call this Judices should not give their verdict until part of the proceedings, the ' examination after the first of January'— what a fool I of the witnesses ;' which included both the should have been, to stumble on that very ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 89 C(ui istum eripiendura redemerunt, in cautione viderunt, quum ita caverent, " si post Kalendas Jan. in consilium iretur," in earn diem ego, quum potuissem vitare, incidissem ? Nunc mihi temporis ejus quod mihi ad dicendum datur, quoniam in animo est causam omnem exponere, habenda ratio est diligenter. XII. Itaque primum ilium actum istius vitae turpissimum et flagitiosissimum praetermittam. Nihil a me de pueritiae suae flagitiis peccatisque audiet, nihil ex ilia impura adolescentia sua, quae quahs fuerit aut meministis aut ex eo, quem sui simiUimum produxit, recognoscere potestis. Omnia praeteribo quae mihi turpia dictu videbuntm-, neque solum quid istum audire, verum etiam quid me deceat dicere, considerabo. Vos, quaeso, date hoe et concedite pudori meo, ut aliquam partem de istius impudentia reticere possim. Omne illud tempus, quod fuit antequam iste ad magistratus remque pubhcam accessit, habeat per me solutum ae liberum. Sileatur de nocturnis ejus bacchationibus ac vigiliis; lenonum, aleatorum, perductorum nulla mentio fiat ; damna, dede- cora, quae res patris ejus, aetas ipsius pertuht, praetereantur ; lucretur indicia veteris infamiae ; patiatur ejus vita rehqua me banc tantam jacturam eriminum facere. Quaestor On. Papirio consule time, when it was in my power to avoid it." What he says is plain enough ; but it is not so easy to express it. ' Cavere/ as ForceUini observes, is a forensic word. ' Cavere ahcui ' is said of a ' jurisconsultus,' whose advice is given for the protection of his client. ' Cavere sibi' is to get security, that is, legal se- curity of some kind for oneself. ' Cavere ab aliquo,' is to get security irom a person (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 23), 'ab sese caveat.' ' Cavere ' is also used by the law-writers with a dative and accusative, to express the giving to a person security to some amount, as in Dig. 29. 2. 98 : " Singuli heredes Sempronio caverunt summam, qua quisque condemnatus erat." To whom then does ' caverent ' apply in this passage, and what is its sense .' The subject of it is the same as that of * redemerunt,' those who under- took to get Verres off; and ' caverent ' im- plies a ' cautio ' for their own benefit, not a ' cautio ' as to the sum of money, for the money-terms are not the question here ; but a ' cautio ' as to time, for the ' redemp- tio ' was ' sub conditione,' provided the affair was postponed till after the first of January. — ' Quam diem isti qui istum,' &c. : Klotz. 12. peccatisquel Zumpt omits. quem — produxit,} As Zumpt remarks, Verres produced his son at the trial, or is here supposed to have brought him into court; and as to this Roman fashion, he refers to Quintilian, Inst. Or. xi. c. 3. § 174. The purpose of Cicero's foul abuse of the son is explained by Asconius after his fashion. lenonum, &c.] See Divin. c. 15. The Lex Julia de Adulteriis made 'lenoci- nium ' a punishable offence ; but the ' lex ' did not apply to those who got their living by the prostitution of slaves (Rein, Das Criminalrecht der Riimer, p. 880). The meaning of ' perductores ' may be collected from the context. Comp. Hor. 2 Sat, v. /77. lucretur indicia, &c.] ' Let him have the benefit of all the evidence of his old infamy ;' that is, let nothing be said of it. Cn. Papirio consule'] Asconius says 'legitur tamen et eonsafe',-' which reading Orelli has. In favour of ' consule,' Klotz remarks, that after the murder of Cinna, B.C. 84, Cn. Papirius Carbo was sole con- sul, and that the time of the quaestorship of Verres is thus more distinctly marked. As Carbo was consul for the second time B.C. 84, and this oration was delivered (that is, supposed to be delivered) B.C. 70, Zumpt observes that Cicero, according to the com- mon Roman way of reckoning, should have 90 IN 0. VERREM fuisti abhinc annos quatuordecim : ex ea die ad banc diem quae fecisti in judicium voco. Hora milla vacua a furto, scelere, cru- delitate, flagitio reperietur. Hi sunt anni consumpti in quaestura, et legatione Asiatica, et praetura urbana, et praetm^a Siciliensi. Quare haec eadem erit quadripartita distributio totius accusationis meae. XIII. Quaestor ex senatusconsulto provinciam sortitus es : obtigit tibi consularis, ut cum consule Cn. Oarbone esses, eamque provinciam obtineres. Erat turn dissensio civium, de qua nihil sum dicturus quid sentire debueris : unum hoc dico, in ejusmodi tem- pore ac sorte statuere te debuisse utrum malles sentire atque defendere. Oarbo graviter ferebat sibi quaestorem obtigisse, homi- nem singulari luxuria atque inertia ; verumtamen ornabat eum beneficiis omnibus. Ne diutius teneam : pecunia attributa, nume- rata est : profectus est quaestor in provinciam : venit in Galliam exspectatus ad exercitum consularem cum pecunia. Simulac primum ei occasio visa est, cognoscite hominis principium magistratuum gerendorum et rei publicae administrandae, aversa pecunia publica, quaestor consulem, exercitum, sortem, provinciamque deseruit. Video quid egerim : erigit se, sperat sibi auram posse ahquam afflari in hoc crimine voluntatis assensionisque eorum quibus On. Carbonis mortui nomen odio sit, quibus iUam relictionem proditio- nemque consulis sui gratam sperat fore. Quasi vero id cupiditate defendendae nobilitatis aut studio partium fecerit, ac non apertis- sime consulem, exercitum, provinciamque compilarit, et propter impudentissimum furtum aufugerit. Est enim obscurum et ejus- modi factum ejus ut possit aliquis suspicari C. Verrem, quod ferre said fifteen. But the Romans were not ' quaestor' or other person. As to ' aversa,' consistent as to including both extremes in see Divin. p. 31, note; and Act. ii. Lib. reckoning. See Savigny, System das Heut. 3. c. 69, ' frumenti numerum . . aversum.' Rom. Rechts, iv. Beylage, xi., whose re. This use of the word appears in the ' oneris marks have reference to the use of the or- aversi actio,' Dig. 19. 2. 31. The word dinal numbers, first, second, and so on ; ' sortem ' refers to the mode in which the but the remarks are applicable also to the ' quaestor ' became attached to his consul, use of the cardinal numbers in some cases, which involved ' reUgio ' (p. 25, note). IS. dissensio civium,] The civil war be- assensionis'] Zumpt and Klo'tz have ' dis- tween Sulla and the partizans of Marius. sensionis.' Zumpt says that ' assensionis, i= ' The orator purposely touches lightly on which reading has generally been adopted this matter. A little further on he speaks since the time of P. Manutius, rests only of " Cn. Carbonis mortui," but, as Zumpt on the 'lemma' of Asconius. He also observes, he was put to death at Lilybaeum reads ' afiiare,' and contends that ' auram by the order of Cn. Pompeius. (See Ad afflari ' cannot be said. I do not see how Fam. ix. 21 ; and Plutarch, Pomp. c. 10). ' dissensionis ' can be explained. beneficiis'] ' beneficiis officiisque,' Zumpt. Est enim obscurum] To prevent any attributa,] A word used to express the obscurity, it may be remarked that Cicero payment of money out of the 'aerarium' to a is speaking ironically. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 91 novos homines non potuerit, ad nobilitatem, hoc est ad suos, trans- isse, nihil fecisse propter pecuniam. Videamus rationes quemad- modum retulerit. Jam ipse ostendet quamobrem Cn. Carbonem rehquerit : jam se ipse indicabit. XIV. Priraum brevitatem cognoscite. Accepi, inquit, HS vicies ducenta triginta quinque millia quadringentos XVII nummos: dedi stipendio, frumento, legatis, pro quaestore, cohorti praetoriae, HS mille sexcenta triginta quinque millia quadringentos XVII nummos : reliqui Arimini HS sexcenta millia. Hoc est rationes referre ? hoc modo aut ego, aut tu, Hortensi, aut quisquam omnium retulit ? Quid hoc est ! quae impudentia ? quae audacia ? quod exemplum ex tot hominum rationibus relatis hujusmodi est ? lUa tamen HS sexcenta millia, quae ne falso quidem potuit quibus data essent describere, quae se Arimini scribit reliquisse, quae ipsa HS sexcenta millia reliqua facta sunt, neque Oarbo attigit, neque SuUa vidit, neque in aerarium relata sunt. Oppidum sibi elegit Ariminum, quod tum quum iste rationes referebat oppressum direptumque erat : non suspicabatur id quod nunc sentiet, satis multos ex ilia calami- tate Ariminensium testes nobis in banc rem reliquos esse. Recita denuo. P. Lentulo L. Teiakio auAEsioRiBus uhbanis kes KATioNUM RELATARciM. Recita. Ex Senatus CoNS0LTO. Ut 14. vicies} As the reading stands, the self. Some editors have been misled appa- sum which Verres returned as expended by rently by the other dative cases : ' I dis- him, added to the amount which he said bursed for the soldiers' pay, for corn, for or that he left at Ariminum, makes up the toLegati; on my own account, as quaes- whole amount which he had received, tor, I disbursed or retained,' &c. From this it appears that ' vicies ' is cor- Ariminum,'] Rimini. This town, as rectly explained to signify ' vicies centena Asconius says, was given up by P. Tullius mUlia.' In c. 10 there is ' HS decies cen- Albinovanus, one of the Marian faction, to tena mUlia,' for which ' decies ' alone might Sulla's party, B.C. 81 , who plundered it ; be, and generally is, used. Horace says : which circumstance, according to Cicero, ' decies centena dedisses ' (1 Sat. iii. 15, and accounts for Verres selecting Ariminum as Heiudorf s note). the alleged place of deposit. cohorii praetoriae,'] The term ' praeto- Recita] This is the word used for a ria ' was applied, whether the commander was pubhc reading of letters addressed to the ' consul ' or ' praetor,' for every commander senate, and the Uke. (See ForceUini.) of an army was originally called ' praetor.' queatoribus urbanis] The two Urbani ' Cohors praetoria ' is rightly explained by quaestores, who stayed in Rome, and had Asconius, ' comitibus consularibus,' those the management of the ' aerarium.' Ahvely who were the commander's or governor's picture of Cato's activity during his office staff, the persons of higher rank immediately is drawn by Plutarch (Cato Min. c. 16, &c.) about him. The ' comites et adjutores ' This Lentulus was guilty of embezzlement were the'praetoriacohors'(Cic. AdQ.Fr. i. 1. of public money in some capacity (Plutarch, u. 3) ; and the inferior officers or function- Cicero, c. 17). L. Triarius afterwards aries were said to be ' quasi ex cohorte prae- served under L. LucuUus in the Mithri- toris.' ' Pro quaestore' is the right reading ; datic war, and was defeated by Mithridates he paid or retained this sum, ' pro officio (Plutarch, Pomp. u. 35). quaestoris,' in respect of his office. The res rationum, &o.] Manntius omits reading ' pro quaestori ' is absurd, for a ' res,' and Hotmann proposed to alter ' res ' 'quaestor' would not say that he paid him- to ' Verris.' ' Res rationum ' is the ' mat- 92 IN 0. VEREEM hoc pacto rationem referre liceret, eo SuUanus repente factus est, non ut honos et dignitas nobilitati restitueretur. Quod si illinc inanis profugisses, tamen ista tua fuga nefaria, proditio consulis tui scelerata judicaretur. Malus civis, improbus consul, seditiosus homo On. Oarbo fuit. Fuerit aUis. Tibi quando esse coepit? Posteaquam tibi pecuniam, rem frumentariam, rationes omnes suas exercitumque commisit. Nam si tibi antea displicuisset, idem fecisses quod anno post M. Piso. Quaestor quum L. Scipioni consuU obtigisset, non attigit pecuniam, non ad exercitum profectus est ; quod de re publica sensit, ita sensit ut nee fidem suam, nee morem majorum, nee necessitudinem sortis laederet. XV. Etenim si haec perturbare omnia et permiscere volumus, totam vitam periculosam, insidiosam, infestamque reddemus ; si nuUam religionem sors habebit, nuUam societatem conjunctio se- cundae dubiaeque fortunae, nuUam auctoritatem mores atque insti- tuta majorum. Omnium est communis inimicus qui fuit hostis suorum. Nemo unquam sapiens proditori credendum putavit. Ipse Sulla, cui adventus istius gratissimus esse debuit, ab se hominem atque ab exercitu suo removit : Beneventi esse jussit apud eos quos suis partibus amicissimos esse intelligebat, ubi iste summae rei causaeque nocere nihil posset. Ei postea praemia tamen liberaliter tribuit: bona quaedam proscriptorum in agro Beneven- tano diripienda concessit : habuit honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem. Nunc quamvis sint homines qui mortuum Cn. Car- bonem oderint, tamen hi debent, non quid illi accidere voluerint, sed quid ipsis in tali re metuendum sit, cogitare. Commune est hoc malum, communis metus, commune periculum. NuUae sunt occultiores insidiae quam eae quae latent in simulatione officii, aut in aliquo necessitudinis nomine. Nam eum qui palam est adver- sarius facile cavendo vitare possis : hoc vero occultum, intestinum ter of the accounts ;' a form of expression signal for a man's murder, and the seizure sometimes used, though such expressions as of his property, was the appearance of his ' res divina, frumentaria,' &c., are the usual name in the proscription lists. ' Proscribe' forms. (See ForceUini, Res.) is a word used generally for any public M. Piso."] He was quaestor (b.c. 83) to notice that is put up, as an auction, for in- the consul L. Cornelius Scipio, whom he stance; and Ulpian (Dig. 14. 3. 11) has left for the party of SuUa. Scipio's troops defined the word. deserted him through the intrigues of Sulla. habuit honorem, &c.] ' He rewarded Piso was at this time (b.c. 70) proconsul in him like a traitor, but he did not trust him Spain, and in B.C. 69 he had a triumph. as a friend.' Zumpt correctly explains the 15. proscriptorum] The 'proscripti' sense of 'honos,' which here means a fee were those whose names ' proscribeban- or pay for service, as in Cic. Ad Fam. xvi. tur,' were put up in public. Plutarch, in 9 : ' Curio misi ut medico honos haberetur.' his Life of Sulla (c. 31), has drawn a pic- From this sense of the word came ' hono- ture of those dreadful times, when the rarium.' (See Ulpian, Dig. 11. 6. 1.) ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 93 ac domesticum malum, non modo non exsistit, verum etiam opprimit antequam prospicere atque explorare potueris. Itane vero 1 tu, quum quaestor ad exercitum missus sis, custos non solum pecuniae, sed etiam consulis, particeps omnium rerum consiliorumque fueris, habitus sis in liberum loco, sicut raos majorum ferebat, repente relinquas, deseras, ad adversarios transeas ? scelus ! porten- tum in ultimas terras exportandum ! Non enim potest ea natura quae tantum facinus commiserit hoc uno scelere esse contenta : necesse est semper aliquid ejusmodi moliatur : necesse est in simili audacia perfidiaque versetur. Itaque idem iste quem On. Dolabella postea, 0. Malleolo occiso, pro quaestore habuit, — baud scio an major etiam haec necessitudo fuerit quam ilia Carbonis, ac plus judicium voluntatis valere quam sortis debeat, — idem in On. Dolabellam qui in Cn. Carbonem fuit. Nam quae in ipsum valebant crimina, contulit in ilium, causamque iUius omnem ad inimicos accusatoresque de- tulit : ipse in eum cui legatus, cui pro quaestore fuerat, inimicissi- mum atque improbissimum testimonium dixit. Ille, miser quum esset, Cn. Dolabella, turn proditione istius nefaria, turn improbo et falso ejusdem testimonio, tum multo etiam ex maxima parte istius furtorum ac flagitiorum invidia conflagravit. XVI. Quid hoc homine faciatis? aut ad quam spem tam perfi- diosum, tam importunum animal reservetis? qui in Cn. Carbone sortem, in Cn. Dolabella voluntatem neglexerit ac violarit, eosque non modo non exsistit,'] AH the MSS., plain nonsense. Zumpt and Madvig make according to Zumpt, have this reading, and the passage like other passages in these yet he omits the ' non ' before ' exsistit.' speeches, where ' non modo ' is followed by His remark that nothing is more common ' verum etiam,' without any negative inter- than for ' non ' to be incorrectly added or posed. It would be just as consistent to omitted in the MSS., is true ; and there strike out the ' non ' before ' adesse ' in Div. are nowhere more instances of it than in u. 9, ' non modo non adesse,' &c. the Digest. But he gives the passage a C. Malleolo occiso,] ' Oratorie pro mor- meaning which is contrary to what Cicero tuo occisum dixit.' Asconius. intends to say : ' non modo existit, ante- 16. Quid hoc homine faciatis ?] ' What quam prospicias, verum etiam opprimit, can you do with such a fellow ? ' The ab- antequam cavere possis.' But Cicero does lative is used the same way with the passive not intend to say this : he says that this ' factum,' and with the verb ' fio,' as ' quid evil does not show itself, but crushes you, me ' or ' de me iiet .' ' ' Quid illo myoparone before you can have the opportunity of factum sit,' c. 35. (See Forcellmi.) looking at it, and seeing what it is. It in Cn. Dolabella,— in Cn. Carbone] ' In does not even give warning : it comes upon Cn. Carbonem . . Cn. Dolabellam,' are said you unawares. Madvig (Opuscula Acade- by Zumpt to be found in all the MSS. and mica, p. 326) approves of the omission of all the old editions. Zumpt explains ' vo- this ' non,' on the authority of Augustinus, luntatem neglexerit ' to refer to the ' volun- De Civ. Dei, lib. 19. 5, who has, however, tas ' of Verres, and the ' judicium voluntatis, 'non solum.' According to the supposed in c. 15, also to mean the 'voluntas' of reading of Augustinus, then, the sense is Verres. It seems to me to mean the ' vo- this : ' it shows itself, and that is not all ; it luntas ' of Dolabella. even crushes you before,' &c., which is 94 IN 0. VEREEM ambos non solum deseruerit, sed etiam prodiderit atque oppugnarit. Nolite, quaeso, judices, brevitate orationis raeae potius quam rerum ipsarum magnitudine crimina ponderare. Mihi enim properandum necessario est ut omnia vobis quae mihi constituta sunt possim exponere. Quamobrem quaestura istius demonstrata primique magistratus et furto et scelere perspecto, reliqua attendite. In quibus illud tempus SuUanarum proscriptionum ac rapinarum prae- termittam ; neque ego istum sibi ex communi calamitate defensio- nem uUam sinam sumere : suis eum certis propriisque criminibus accusabo. Quamobrem hoc omni tempore Sullano ex accusatione circumseripto, legationem ejus praeclaram cognoscite. XVII. Posteaquam Cn. Dolabellae provincia Cilicia constituta est, dii immortales ! quanta iste cupiditate, quibus aUegationibus illam sibi legationem expugnavit : id quod Cn. Dolabellae princi- pium maximae calamitatis fuit. Nam ut iste profectus est, qua- cimque iter fecit, ejusmodi fuit non ut legatus populi Romani sed ut quaedam calamitas pervadere videretur. In Achaia — praeter- mittam minora omnia quorum simile forsitan alius quoque aliquid aliquando feeerit : nihil dicam nisi singulare, nisi id quod si in ahum reum diceretur incredibile videretur — magistratum Sicyonium num- mos poposcit. Ne sit hoc crimen in Verrem : fecerunt alii. Quum ille non daret, animadvertit. Improbum, sed non inauditum. Genus animadversionis videte : quaeretis ex quo genere hominem istum judicetis. Ignem ex lignis viridibus atque humidis in loco angusto fieri jussit : ibi hominem ingenuum, domi nobilem, populi Romani socium atque amicum, fumo excruciatum, semivivum reli- quit. Jam quae iste signa, quas tabulas pictas ex Achaia sustu- lerit, non dicam hoc loco: est alius mihi locus ad banc istius cupiditatem demonstrandam separatus. Athenis audistis ex aede Minervae grande auri pondus ablatum. Dictum hoc est in Cn. Dolabellae judicio. Dictum ? etiam aestimatum. Hujus consilii non modo participem C. Verrem sed principem fuisse reperietis. Delum venit. Ibi ex fano Apollinis religiosissimo noctu clam circumseripto,'] ' Sublato, circumducto, manumitted slave, which would have been ac praetermisso ' (Asconius). Zumpt also bad enough. As to the definition of 'in- refers to Cic. De Fin. iii. 9. § 31. • genuus,' see Gains (i. 11). 17. aUegationibus— legationem] One of est alius mihi locus] In Act. ii. Lib. 4, Cicero's plays on words, in which he in- De Signis, though he does not speak of the dulged more than good taste can approve. Achaean spoils there. Orelli reads ' ad The Cilician praetorship of Dolabella be- banc . . servatus.' longed to B.C. 80, and probably to 79 also. etiam aestimatum.] ' It was not only ex quo genere hominem] Orelli has ' ho- said, but proved :' the amount stolen was minum.' assessed and ascertained. ingenuum,] ' Free by birth,' not a mere ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 95 sustulit signa pulcherrima atque antiquissima, eaque in onerariam navem suam conjicienda curavit. Postridie quum fanum spoliatum viderent ii qui Delum incolebant, graviter ferebant : est enim tanta apud eos ejus fani religio atque antiquitas ut in eo loco ipsum ApoUinem natum esse arbitrentur. Verbum tamen facere non audebant, ne forte ea res ad Dolabellam ipsum pertineret. XVIII. Turn subito tempestates coortae sunt maximae, judices, ut non modo proficisci quum cuperet Dolabella non posset, sed vix in oppido consisteret; ita magni fluctus ejiciebantur. Hie navis ilia praedonis istius, onusta signis religiosis, expulsa atque ejecta fluctu, frangitur : in littore signa ilia ApoUinis reperiuntur : jussu DolabeUae reponuntur : tempestas sedatur : Dolabella Delo profi- ciscitur. Non dubito quin, tametsi nuUus in te sensus humanitatis, nulla ratio unquam fuit religionis, nunc tamen in metu periculoque tuo tuorum tibi scelerum veniat in mentem. Potestne tibi uUa spes salutis commoda ostendi, quum recordaris in deos immortales quam impius, quam sceleratus, quam nefarius fuerisi ApoUinemne tu Delium spoliare ausus es 2 illine tu templo, tarn antiquo, tarn sancto, tam religioso, manus impias ac sacrilegas afferre conatus es I Si in pueritia non his artibus et disciplinis institutus eras ut ea quae Uteris mandata sunt disceres atque eognosceres, ne postea quidem, quum in ea ipsa loca venisti, potuisti accipere id quod est proditum memoria ac Uteris Latonam ex longo errore et fuga, gravidam, et jam ad pariendum [vicinam] temporibus exactis, confugisse Delum atque ibi ApoUinem Dianamque peperisse ? qua ex opinione homi- num Ola insula eorum deorum sacra putatur ; tantaque ejus aue- toritas religionis et est et semper fuit ut ne Persae quidem, quum ApoUinem natum] So the story is told that it was not only because they were in the so-called Homeric Hymn to Apollo, enemies that the Persians destroyed the and in the Hymn of Callimachus. Greek temples, but because they thought 18. ita mMgni fluctus] ' Such great waves that no temples should be erected to the were thrown up.' ' Ita ' is thus sometimes deities (Cic. De Legibus, ii. 10). Herodo- used with an adjective, as in Cic. De Sen. tus (i. 131) says that the Persians made no c. 20, 'non ita longa;' Ad Q. Fr., c. 11, statues, temples, or altars; and that they ' non ita acerbum.' ' Tam ' is used the sacrificed to the sun, the moon, the earth, same way, Ad Q. Fr. c. 5. fire, water, and the winds. The Persians proditum memoria, &c.] Orelli has ' me- were, therefore, temple-destroyers and ico- moriae ;' and both forms are used. But noclasts by profession, as they showed also ' Uteris ' appears to be the ablative, and in their invasion of Egypt under Cambyses, therefore it should be ' memoria.' This sen- for the destruction of many of the ancient tence, which begins * Si in pueritia,' is inter- monuments can hardly be attributed to any rogative. Klotz and Orelli place the ? after other than the Persians ; I mean, such mo- ' literis.' Zumpt makes the sentence affirma- numents as we know to have been destroyed tive. Comp. 'Site.. neillad quidem, 'c. 34. before the Roman period. The reason of ne Persae quidem,] The story of the their sparing the temples in Delos was, as Persians landing at Delos, B.C. 490, is told the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Peace, 409) by Herodotus (vi. 96). Asconius remeirks says, who is quoted by Klotz, because the 96 IN 0. VEEREM bellum toti Graeciae, diis hominibusque indixissent, et mille numero navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur aut violare aut attingere. Hoc tu fanum depopulari, homo improbis- sime atque amentissime, audebas? Fuit uUa cupiditas tanta quae tantam exstingueret religionem? et si turn haec non cogitabas, ne nunc quidem recordaris nullum esse tantum malum quod non tibi pro sceleribus tuis jamdiu debeatur 2 XIX. In Asiam vero postquam venit, quid ego adventus istius prandia, coenas, equos, muneraque commemorem? Nihil cum Verre de quotidianis criminibus acturus sum. Ohio per vim signa pulcherrima dico abstulisse : item Erythris, et Halicarnasso. Te- nedo, praetereo pecuniam quam eripuit, Tenem ipsum qui apud Tenedios sanctissimus deus habetur, qui urbem illam dicitur condi- disse, cujus ex nomine Tenedus nominatur, hunc ipsum, inquam, Tenem, pulcherrime factum, quem quondam in comitio vidistis, abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis. Ilia vero expugnatio fani antiquissimi et nobilissimi Junonis Samiae, quam luctuosa Samiis fuit, quam acerba toti Asiae, quam clara apud omnes, quam nemini vestrum inaudita ; de qua expugnatione quum legati ad 0. Neronem in Asiam Samo venissent, responsum tulerunt, ejusmodi querimo- nias quae ad legatum populi Romani pertinerent, non ad praetorem sed Romam deferri oportere. Quas iste tabulas illinc, quae signa sustulit ? quae cognovi egomet apud istum in aedibus nuper quum obsignandi gratia venissem. Quae signa nunc, Verres, ubi sunt? Persians recognized their sun-god in Apollo, times borrowed valuable works of art from and tbeir moon in Artemis. Verres, how- the provinces, for the embellishment of the ever, was not the first who plundered Delos ; pubhc exhibitions, which it was their office but it was not Cicero's purpose to tell us to give to the Romans. It seems hkely that fact. Archelaus, the general of Mithri- enough that such loans were not always re- dates, violated its sanctity, as appears from turned, though in the instance of this statue Appian, Mithridat., c. 28 ; Pausanias, La- of Tenes it must have been so. Klotz refers conica, c. 23, and Sti-abo, p. 486, ed. Cas., re- to Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 4, and Lib. 4, c. 3, for ferred to by Zumpt. But there is a difference farther matter as to this mode of decorating between what is done in time of war, and the ' comitium.' As to Tenes or Tennes, robberies, like those of Verres, in a time of see Pausanias, x. 14, and Steph. Byzant. v. peace. TkviSoq. 19. adventus istius] fflotz makes ' ad- Junonis Samiae,'] Herodotus (iii. 60) ventus ' the accusative, and the words which speaks of the temple of Hera, at Samos, follow ' istius ' to be explanatory of what as the largest that he had seen. In Strabo's was meant by an ' adventus.' He refers for time (p. 637) the Heraeum was a ' pinaco- this plural use of 'adventus' to Act. ii. theke,' or 'picture-gallery ; 'and the Hypae- Lib. 2. 0. 34, and Lib. 4. u. 14 : but see thrum was filled with the finest statues. If c. 24, ' adventus sui.' His explanation is Cicero means to blame Nero indirectly, specious, but not true. ' Adventus istius ' there seems no ground for it ; for, though refers to 'venit.' As to the ' equos,' there the robbery was committed in the province is no difficulty, though Asconius makes of Asia, of which Nero was governor Verres one : he required horses of the people, as was the ' legatus ' of DolabeUa. weU as other services. obsignandi] The passage shows that the in comitio] The Roman 'aediles' some- prosecutor had the power of putting seals ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 97 ilia quaero quae apud te nuper ad omnes columnas, omnibus etiam intercolumniis, in silva denique disposita sub divo vidimus. Our ea, quamdiu alium praetorem cum iis judicibus quos in horum locum sortitus es de te in consilium iturum putasti, tamdiu domi fuerunt ? posteaquam nostris testibus nos quam horis tuis uti malle vidisti, nullum signum domi reliquisti praeter duo quae in mediis aedibus sunt ; quae ipsa Samo sublata sunt ? Non putasti me tuis familia- rissimis in banc rem testimonia denuntiaturum qui tuae domi saepe fuissent, ex quibus quaererem, signa scirentne fuisse quae non essent ? XX. Quid turn hos de te judicatures arbitratus es, quum vide- rent te jam non contra accusatorem tuum sed contra quaestorem sectoremque pugnare ? Qua de re Charidemum Ohium testimonium priore actione dicere audistis; sese, quum esset trierarchus et Verrem ex Asia decedentem prosequeretur, jussu Dolabellae fuisse una cum isto Sami ; seseque tum scire spoliatum esse fanum Junonis et oppidum Samum ; posteaque se causam apud Chios cives suos Samiis accusantibus publice dixisse ; eoque se esse on such things as ought not to be removed pending the trial ; an inference from this passage which Asconius, as usual, expresses in other words. columnafi,'] These statues were placed at columns, and in the intercolumniations (in- tercolumnia), or arranged in the planted grounds or 'horti' (silva). The Romans were fond of gardens, which they decorated with statues and works of art. This kind of ' silva' was sometimes called ' viridarium.' sortitus es] Asconius says, that we must understand Cicero to mean Metellus ( aUum praetorem), and by the 'judices,' those whom Verres expected to put in the place of those who would be incapacitated for sit- ting in the ' consilium,' if the trial should be deferred to the next year. The text ' sortitus es' cannot be right. Orelli has ' subsorti- turus eras,' the emendation of Hotmann ; and Zumpt has ' sortitus esses,' which is his own. testimonia denuntiaturum] ' would give them notice to appear as witnesses.' ' De- nuntiare' is used, generally, to give a person notice of any kind, as Ad Fam. xi. 25 : " expectanti mihi tuas quotidie literas Lupus noster subito denuntiavit ut ad te scriberem, si quid vellem." The legal ' denuntiatio,' as Klotz shows, precedes the *citatio,' or calling of the witnesses in court. ' Denun- tiare' means, to give them a legal summons to attend as witnesses ; and ' citare,' to call on them in court (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 30 ; Pro Sext. Rose. c. 38 ; Pro L. Flacco, c. 6, 15); — ' Domi semper fuissent :' Zumpt. 20. quaestorem, &c.] Asconius says, that there is a reading ' quaesitor;' but that read- ing does not suit the meaning of the passage. Cicero means to say, that when Vefres re- moved these things, it was an admission of his guilt : he had given up the struggle against his prosecutor, Elnd was now only contending with those whose business it would be to do execution by taking his goods and selUng them, the ' quaestor urban us ' and the ' sector.' Zumpt refers to the term as expressed in a fragment of the ' Lex Ser- vilia' : " eum qui ex hac lege condemnatus erit, quaestor praedes facito det de consihi majoris partis sententia quanti ei censu- erint : si praedes dati non erunt, bona ejus facito publice possideantur conquiran. turque ;" and to Livy, xxxviii. 60 : "in bona delude L. Scipionis possessum publice quaes- tores praetor misit." Those are called ' sectores' who buy property ' publice' (Gains, iv. 146), and ' publice' refers to such property as was seized on account of the State. The ' sector' bought it in the lump, and the auc- tion transferred to him the ownership ; but it said that he took the property with its liabilities. decedentem] Samos was plundered when Verres was leaving Asia ; and probably Chios andTenedus also. See'decessissem.'p.S, note. H 98 IN 0. VEREEM absolutum quod planum fecisset, ea quae legati Samiorum dicerenf ad Verrem non ad se pertinere. Aspendum vetus oppidum et nobile in Pamphylia scitis esse, plenissimum signorum optimorum. Non dicam illinc hoc signum ablatum esse et illud : hoc dice, nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse; omnia ex fanis, ex locis publicis, palam, spectantibus omnibus, plaustris evecta exportataque esse. Atque etiam ilium Aspendium citharistam, de quo saepe audistis id quod est G-raecis hominibus in proverbio, quern omnia intus canere dicebant, sustulit et in intimis suis aedibus posuit ; ut etiam ilium ipsum artificio suo superasse videatur. Pergae fanum antiquissimum et sanctissimum Dianae scimus esse : id quoque a te nudatum ac spoliatum esse, ex ipsa Diana quod habebat auri detractum atque ablatum esse dico. Quae, malum, est ista tanta audacia atque amentia 2 quas enim sociorum atque amicorum urbes adisti legationis jure et nomine, si in eas vi cum exercitu imperioque invasisses, tamen, opinor, quae signa atque ornamenta ex his urbibus sustulisses, haec non in tuam domum neque in suburbana amicorum sed Romam in publicum deportasses. XXI. Quid ego de M. Marcello loquar, qui Syracusas urbem ornatissimam cepit ? quid de L. Scipione, qui bellum in Asia gessit, Antiochumque regem potentissimum vicit? quid de T. Flaminino, qui regem Philippum et Macedoniam subegit 2 quid de L. PauUo, qui regem Persen vi ac virtute superavit 1 quid de L. Mummio, qui urbem pulcherrimam atqu3 ornatissimam, Oorinthum, plenissimam rerum omnium, sustulit, urbesque Achaiae Boeotiaeque multas sub imperium populi Romani ditionemque subjunxit ? Quorum domus exportataque] ' asportataque :' Orelli. to the words ' intus canere,' as applied to omnia Intus, &c.] Cicero has this ex- the 'citharista:' "the statue was made pression (In RuUum, ii. 26) : "atque hoc car- with such skill, that the ' citharista' seemed men hie tribunus plebis non vobis, sed sibi to be feeling his music, or ' intus canebat ;' " intus canit." The explanation of this pas- but no body else, of course, could hear it. sage by Asconius, which Klotz has adopted. He had, then, all his playing to himself, is the following :— " There was something in So Verres played for himself alone. Cicero the manner in which this figure was repre- makes a poor play on the word ' intus,' when sented as holding the lyre, to which the he says " in intimis suis aedibus posuit." words ' intus canere' refer. Asconius says Quae, malum, est ista] This is one of that the player on the cithara holds the the familiar modes of expression (malum) 'plectrum' in his right hand, which is ' foris which the reader must translate as he pleases, canere;' and he has the fingers of the left Forcellini's version is " chediavole." Comp. - hand on the strings, which is 'intus canere.' Terence, Phormio, v. 7, 55 ; " Quid vos, This ' citharista' of Aspendus was repre- malum, ergo me sic ludificamini ?" sented doing every thing with the left hand, 21 . M. Marcello, &c.] Cicero enumer- ' intus :' he did not use the right hand at all. ates the Roman generals, who had enriched The proverbial expression ' intus canere ' Italy with the spoils of conquered countries, was applied to a person who slily looked L. Mummius carried off a rich booty of after his own interest." But this explana- works of art from Corinth, which were used tion of Asconius certainly does not explain to embellish Rome, and some of the sur- the proverb. Zumpt gives a different sense rounding cities. (Strabo, p. 381. ed. Cas.) ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 99 quum honore ac virtute florerent, signis et tabulis pictis erant vacuae. At vero urbem totam, templa deorum omnesque Italiae partes illorum donis ac monumentis exornatas videmus. Vereor ne haec forte cuipiam nimis antiqua et jam obsoleta videantur ; ita enim turn aequabiliter omnes erant hujusmodi ut haec laus eximiae virtutis et innocentiae non solum hominum verum etiam temporum iUorum esse videatur. P. Servilius, vir clarissimus, maximis rebus gestis, adest: de te sententiam laturus est. Olympum vi, copiis, consilio, virtute cepit, urbem antiquam et omnibus rebus auctam et ornatam. Recens exemplum fortissimi viri profero. Nam postea Servilius imperator populi Romani Olympum, urbem hostium, cepit quam tu in iisdem illis locis legatus quaestorius oppida pacata sociorum atque amicorum diripienda ac vexanda curasti. Tu quae ex fanis religiosissimis per scelus et per latrocinium abstulisti, ea nos videre nisi in tuis amicorumque tuorum tectis non possumus : P. Servilius quae signa atque ornamenta ex urbe hostium, vi et virtute capta, belli lege atque imperatorio jure sustulit, ea populo Romano apportavit, per triumphum vexit, in tabulas publicas ad aerarium perscribenda curavit. Cognoscite ex Uteris publicis homi- nis amplissimi diligentiam. Recita. rationes relatae p. ser- viLii. Non solum numerum signorum sed etiam uniuscujusque magnitudinem, figuram, statum, literis definiri vides. Oerte major est virtutis victoriaeque jucunditas quam ista voluptas -quae perci- pitur ex libidine et cupiditate : multo diligentius habere dico Ser- vilium praedam populi Romani quam te tua furta notata atque perscripta. At verol Theuseof at,'whichis aword fest blunder. — Servilius was one of the of 'addition,' is very distinct from 'sed,' a 'judices.' — 'adest — laturus:' Zumpt. word of ' opposition.' Its use is in the way belli lege, &c.] ' Belli lege' must not be of making an objection, which is very com- rendered by the ' law of war,' in the modern mon ; and also in making an answer to an sense of the term. The word would be 'jus' objection. De Sen. c. 6 : " non facit ea in such case. It means according to the quae juvenes"— an objection ; to which the terms (lex) on which war is carried on, one answer is : " at vero multo majora et meliora of which is that the conqueror acquired the facit." The interpretation of the text seems property of the conquered, according to an- to be this : " The houses of these men, cient usage. though ennobled by the hono>irs of the State statum,'] Asconius says, is the condition and by virtue, had, it is true, no statues and of the statues, as to ornaments and the like paintings. But if their houses were without appendages, them, the city, &c. was not." praedam] ' Praeda' was ' that which was P. Servilius,] Isauricus, who conducted taken in war,' and it was, properly, brought the war against the pirates on the south into the ' aerarium,' if it was money, or the coast of Asia Minor, and took several cities, produce of what was sold (Liv. ii. 42) : if among which was Olympus (Deliktash), on other things, a catalogue was made, and they the coast of Lycia. The place is identified were sent to Rome. In certain cases, the by an inscription 'OXvinr-rjvwv r) PovXr/ ' praeda' was given to the soldiers (Liv. vi. Kal 6 SrJiieQ (Beaufort's Karamania). The 13 ; x. 20). See Praeda, Diet, of Antiqs. MSS. of Cicero, have ' Olynthnm,' a mani- — ' furta notata atque dcscripta :' Orelli. H 2 100 IN C. VEREEM XXII. Dices tua quoque signa et tabulas pictas ornamento urbi foroque populi Eomani fuisse. Memini : vidi simul cum populo Eomano forum comitiumque adornatum, ad speciem mag- nifico ornatu, ad sensum cogitationemque acerbo et lugubri. Vidi coUucere omnia furtis tuis, praeda provinciarum, spoliis sociorum atque amicorum. Quo quidem tempore, judices, iste spem maxi- mam reliquorum quoque peccatorum liactus est. Vidit enim eos qui judiciorum dominos se dici volebant harum cupiditatum esse servos. Soeii vero nationesque exterae spem omnium tum primum abjecerunt rerum ac fortunarum suarum; propterea quod casu legati ex Asia atque Acliaia plurimi Romae tunc fuerunt, qui deorum simulacra ex suis fanis sublata in foro venerabantur, item- que cetera signa et ornamenta quum cognoscerent alia alio in loco lacrimantes intuebantur. Quorum omnium hunc sermonem tum esse audiebamus : Nihil esse quod quisquam dubitaret de exitio sociorum atque amicorum, quum quidem viderent in foro populi Eomani, quo in loco antea qui sociis injurias fecerant accusari et condemnari solebant, ibi esse palam posita ea quae ab sociis per scelus ablata ereptaque essent. Hie ego non arbitror ilium nega- turum signa sese plurima, tabulas pictas innumerabiles habere : sed, ut opinor, solet haec quae rapuit et furatus est nonnunquam dicere se emisse : quoniam quidem in Achaiam, Asiam, Pamphy- liam, sumptu publico et legationis nomine, mercator signorum tabularumque pictarum missus est. XXIII. Habeo et istius et patris ejus accepti tabulas omnes, quas diligentissime legi atque digessi; patris quoad vixit; tuas quoad ais te confecisse. Nam in isto, judices, hoc novum repe- rietis. Audimus aliquem tabulas nunquam confecisse ; quae est opinio hominum de M. Antonio falsa; nam fecit diligentissime. 22. judiciorum dominos'] An allusion, cum Imperio et securibus mercator." says Asconius, to Hortensius and the other 23. accepti tabulas omneStl The account- nobles. Cicero says that their cupidity was books of Verres and his father, in which all inflamed by the sight of the works of art, their receipts or acquisitions were entered, which Verres had collected in Rome, and he For every Roman was expected to keep his was encouraged to go on with his robberies accounts, so as to be able to show his receipts during his government of Sicily. It is con- and expenditure. The Romans were a book- jectured by Ferracci, quoted by Klotz, that keeping people, and very precise in all mat- Verres made this display during the time ters of business. With us, every tradesman that he was ' praetor urbanus,' in which or merchant is expected to keep accounts ; capacity he had to superintend the ' Ludi but among the Romans, every good ' pater- Apollinares.' familias' or ' head of a family' was expected fecerant— soleiant,} These indicatives, to keep accounts. The allusions to book- wliich occur in the reported words of others, keeping, and the terms of book-keeping, are contrary to Roman usage. occur very frequently in the Roman writers. quoniam quidem, &c.] This is said iron- M. Antonio'] Ascouius says that this is ically. Asconius read "legationis nomine M. Antonius Creticus, an unprincipled fel- ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 101 Verum sit hoc genus aliquod minime probandum. Audimus alium non ab initio fecisse, sed ex tempore aliquo confecisse : est aliqua etiam hujusce rei ratio. Hoc vero novum et ridiculum est quod hie nobis respondit quum ab eo tabulas postularemus, usque ad M. Terentium et C. Oassium consules confecisse, postea destitisse. Alio loco hoc cujusmodi sit considerabimus ; nunc nihil ad me attinet ; horum enim temporum in quibus nunc versor habeo tabulas et tuas et patris. Plurima signa pulcherrima, plurimas tabulas optimas deportasse te negare non potes : atque utinam neges. Unum ostende in tabulis aut tuis aut patris tui emptum esse : vicisti. Ne haec quidem duo signa pulcherrima quae nunc ad impluvium tuum stant, quae multos annos ad valvas Junonis Samiae steterunt, habes quomodo emeris ; haec, inquam, duo, quae in aedi- bus tuis sola jam sunt, quae sectorem exspectant, relicta ac destituta a ceteris signis. XXIV. At, credo, in hisce solis rebus indomitas cupiditates atque effrenatas habebat : ceterae libidines ejus ratione aliqUa aut modo continebantur. Quam multis istum ingenuis, quam tnultis matribusfamilias in ilia tetra atque impura legatione vim attulisse existimatis? Ecquo in oppido pedem posuit ubi non pluta stu- prorum flagitiorumque suorum quam adventus sui vestigia rellquerit ? Sed ego omnia quae negari poterunt praetermittam ; etiftm haec quae certissima sunt et clarissima relinquam: unum aliquod de nefariis istius factis eligam, quo facilius ad Siciliam possim ali- quando, quae mihi hoc oneris negotiique imposuit, pervenire. Op- pidum est in Hellesponto Lampsacum, judices, in primis Asiae provinciae clarum et nobile ; homines autem ipsi Lampsaceni tum low, who ha3 been alluded to before (Divl- not to have been sufficiently observed how natio, p. 30). But it appears to be his common the omission of a verb is in the father, the orator, M. Antonius, for Cicero language of Cicero, when it is easily sup- makes him say (De Or. ii. 23) : ' sed tamen plied from the context. ne tabulas quidem conficere existumor.' 24. At, credo, &o.] ' But it will be said, impluvium] In the roof of the ' atrium ' I suppose,' &c. Here ' At ' has its ordinary of a Roman house, there was an opening, sense (see c. 21), and ' credo ' is used ironi- called ' compluvium,' towards which the cally; as in the Letter to Q. Fr. i. 1,2: roof sloped, and the rain-water from the ' erit, credo, periculum.'— ' Cupiditas ' is roof was thus carried down into the ' im- generally the passion for gain, greediness, pluvium ' or cistern in the floor, round love of lucre, as we see in many passages of which statues were placed. If a snake, Cicero. perchance, got on the roof, it might find its Lampsacum,'] The Greek form is ' Lam- way into the ' impluvium ;' manifestly a psacos ;' but the neuter is used here, as ' Cy- very bad omen (Terence, Phormio, iv. 4, 26) . zicum ' for ' Cyzicus.' This story, like some habes quomodo emeris ,-] The omission others, has nothing to do with Cicero's case, of the infinitive after ' habes ' need create for Verres was prosecuted for Repetundae ; no difficulty. The word to be supplied is but it is a good example of his way of statmg indicated by the verb ' ostende.' It seems facts, and so far we are glad to have it. 102 IN 0. VEEEEM summe in omnes cives Eomanos officiosi, turn praeterea maxime sedati et quieti, prope praeter ceteros ad summum Graecorum otium potius quam ad ullam vim aut tumultum accommodati. Accidit, quum iste a On. Dolabella efflagitasset, ut se ad regem Nicomedem regemque Sadalam mitteret, quumque iter lioc sibi mao-is ad quaestum suum quam ad rei publicae tempus accommo- datmn depoposcisset, ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum cum magna calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis. Deducitur iste ad Janitorem quendam hospitem, comitesque ejus item apud ceteros hospites coUocantur. Ut mos erat istius, atque ut eum suae libidines fla- gitiose facere admonebant, statini negotium dat illis suis comitibus, nequissimis turpissimisque hominibus, uti videant et investigent ecqua virgo sit aut mulier digna quamobrem ipse Lampsaci diutius commoraretur. XXV. Erat comes ejus Eubrius quidam, homo factus ad istius libidines, qui miro artificio quocunque venerat haec investigare omnia solebat. Is ad eum rem istam defert, Philodamum esse quendam, genere, honore, copiis, existimatione facile principem Lampsacenorum : ejus esse filiam quae cum patre habitaret prop- terea quod virum non haberet, mulierera eximia pulchritudine ; sed earn summa integritate pudicitiaque existimari. Homo ut haec audivit, sic exarsit ad id quod non modo ipse nunquam viderat, sed ne audierat quidem ab eo qui ipse vidisset, ut statira ad Philodamum migrare se diceret velle. Hospes Janitor qui nihil suspicaretur Nicomedemi NicomedesIIl., tingofBi- obvious. The ordinary explanation is, that thynia, who gave his states by his testament these subjunctives express the reason or to the Roman people (b.c. 75), as Attains, motive for what is declared by the clause of of Pergamus, had done before. Sadala was the indicative, which follows. They might, a Thracian king, whom Garatoni conjectures therefore, be translated, ' the host, because to be the father of Cotys, and the grand- he had no suspicion of the real intention of father of Sadala, who is mentioned by Caesar Verres, fearing,' &c. ; and, ' Verres, because (Bell. Civ. iii. 4). he could not invent any excuse for leaving facere admonebant,'] There are other his host.' The next chapter contains an- examples of ' admoneo ' with an infinitive other example : ' homo qui . . existimatus (ForcelUni). Whether there is another ex- esset.' In all these, and other like cases, ample in Cicero, I do not know. the principal predication of the sentence is commoraretur.'] Emesti's correction, not contained in the ' qui ' and the subjunc- ' commoretur,' made on account of the two tive, which clause is quite subordinate. The present tenses which precede, is quite un- meaning is this : ' qui nihil suspicaretur' necessary. Zumpt refers to two like in- stands in what some grammarians call stances, Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. l.'j, 39. the attributive relation to the subject. So 25. Hospes Janitor qui nihil suspicare- we might say, ' Janitor, the host, having no tur] This form, with ' iste qui non . . pos- suspicion at all ;' and the Latin expression set,' and 'iste qui . . raperetur,' are good is ' nihil suspicans,' ' quum nihil suspicare- examples of one of the niceties of the Latin tur,' or ' qui nihil suspicaretur ;' as to which language, which a. few pertinent examples we must observe that ' quum ' itself is a explain better than rules. The dependence form of ' qui.' An example wiU explain of these clauses on ' hospes ' and ' iste ' is the difference between ' qui ' with an indi- ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 103 veritus ne quid in ipso se offenderetur, hominem summa vi retinere coepit. Iste qui hospitis relinquendi causam reperire non posset, alia sibi ratione viam munire ad stuprum coepit : Rubriuin, delicias suas, in omnibus ejusmodi rebus adjutorem suura et conscium, parum laute deversari dicit ; ad Philodamum deduci jubet. Quod ubi est Philodamo nuntiatum, tametsi erat ignarus quantum sibi ac liberis suis jam turn mali constitueretur, tamen ad istum venit ; ostendit munus illud suum non esse ; se, quum suae partes essent hospitum recipiendorum, tum ipsos tamen praetores et consules non legatorum asseclas recipere solere. Iste qui una cupiditate raperetur totum illius postulatum causamque neglexit : per vim ad eum qui recipere non debebat Rubrium deduci imperavit. XXVI. Hie Philodamus posteaquam jus suum obtinere non potuit, ut humanitatem consuetudinemque suam retineret laborabat. Homo qui semper hospitalissimus amicissimusque nostrorum homi- num existimatus esset, noluit videri ipsum iUum Rubrium invitus in domum suam recepisse : magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat : rogat Rubrium ut quos ei commodum sit invitet, locum sibi soli si videatur relinquat : etiam filium suum, lectissimum adolescentem, foras ad propinquum suum quendam mittit ad coenam. Rubrius istius comites invitat : eos omnes Verres certiores facit quid opus esset. Mature veniunt : discumbitur. Fit sermo inter eos, et invitatio ut Graeco more biberetur. Hortatur hospes: poscunt raajoribus poculis: cele- bratur omnium sermone laetitiaque convivium. Posteaquam satis cative, and with a subjunctive, in a case of noise on the floor, we may suppose, and this kind : ' Hie lictor istius Cornelius, qui said : ' Propino hoc pulcro Critiae, qui in cum ejus servis erat a Rubric quasi in prae- eum fuerat teterrimus : Graeci enim in con- sidio ad auferendam mulierem collocatus, viviis sclent nominare cui poculura tradituri occiditur . . : iste qui sua cupiditate tantos sint.' Zumpt explains ' Graeco more ' to tumultus concitatos videret, cupere aliqua be the ' propinandi mos,' or the custom of evolare si posset' (c. 26). addressing the person to whom you wish asseclas] A shortened form of such a well, and offering him a glass to empty, word as ' adsecula,' which contains the after having first put it to your lips. crude form ' sequu,' or ' secu,' to follow. poscunt majoribws'] ' They call for larger Forcellini observes, that in some MSS. of cups :' ' bibere ' being supplied. Asconius Cicero, the reading in the Pro Sextio, c. 64, says : ' sunt qui producta scilicet O litera is ' assecula.' poscunt legunt, quasi saepe potant ;' though 26. jus suum, &C.1 ' Could not maintain he does not adopt this- interpretation, and his right.' — 'in domum:' 'in'om. Zumpt. it is not hkely that any one else will. There invitatio ut Graeco more'] Asconius ex- does not appear to be a verb ' po-sco,' though plains this by saying that it was the Greek it is a possible form, and there is the noun fashion, when a man drank his wine, to ' po-sca,' which may be compared with address the gods, and then his friends, by ' e(d)-sca.' name. In the Tusculanae Dispntationes celebraiur — convivium.'] Such sentences (i. 40), it is said that Theramenes, on drink- as these, so different from our mode of ex- ing the poison, threw what remained at the pression, are instances of the extreme dilB- botfom out of the cup, so as to make a culty of translating the Latin language. 104 IN 0. VERREM calere res Rubric visa est, Quaeso, inquit, Philodame, cur ad nos filiam tuam non intro vocari jubes ! Homo qui et summa gravitate, et jam id aetatis et parens esset, obstupuit hominis improbi dicto. Instare Rubrius. Tum ut aliquid responderet negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut in convivio virorum accumberent mulieres. Hie tum alius ex alia parte : Enimvero ferendum hoc non est ; vocetur mulier : et simul servis suis Rubrius ut januam clauderent et ipsi ad fores assisterent imperat. Quod ubi ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur, servos suos ad se vocat : his imperat ut se ipsum negligant, filiam defendant ; excurrat aliquis qui hoc tantum domestici mali filio nuntiet. Clamor interea fit tota domo inter servos Rubrii atque hospitis. Jactatur domi suae vir primus et homo honestissimus ; pro se quisque manus affert : aqua denique ferventi a Rubrio ipso Philodamus perfunditur. Haec ubi filio nuntiata sunt, statim exanimatus ad aedes contendit ut et vitae patris et pudicitiae sororis succurreret. Omnes eodem animo Lampsaceni simul ut hoc audiverunt, quod eos tum Philo- dami dignitas, tum injuriae magnitude movebat, ad aedes noctu convenerunt. Hie lictor istius Cornelius, qui cum ejus servis erat a Rubrio quasi in praesidio ad auferendam mulierem collocatus, occiditur, servi nonnuUi vulnerantur, ipse Rubrius in turba sauci- atur; iste qui sua cupiditate tantos tumultus concitatos videret, cupere aliqua evolare si posset. XXVII. Postridie mane homines in contionem conveniunt : The notion of ' celebro ' is to ' till,' as in Enimvero] The word ' enim ' sometimes Cicero, De Prov. Cons. u. 9 : ' cujus Uteris, stands alone at the beginning of a sentence ; &c., celebrantur aures quotidie meae novis and with ' vero ' attached to it, very often, nominibus gentium.' The meaning is : ' all It means ' in very deed,' ' in very truth this the guests were talking and enjoying them- is not to be endured ;' and it is an expres- selves ;' a very inadequate version. sion of emotion, and some irritation, as we satis calere res] Hotmann compares De- see in Terence (Phorm. iii. 4, 1): 'Enim- mosthenes Trtpt irapaTrpiajiiiaQ, § 196, vero, Antipho, multimodis cum istoc animo Bekk., tjQ Sk irpoyeL to Trpayfia kul Sl- es vituperandus.' iGipfiaivovTo, &c. But ' calere ' and Si- Quod — id] ' Quod,' says Zumpt, ' ad t9ipiiaivovTO are not aptly compared. For- orationem contiuuandam pertinet, fere ut cellini translates the passage thus : ' when Germ, nun, cum sine accentu dicitur.' But Rubrius thdught that they were all well this is no explanation. 'Quod' is the re- heated with wine.' The meaning is what lative, and ' id ' is a further exponent : ' now Zumpt says : 'Tvhen matters seemed ripe, when he observed this, that the object was.' when all seemed to-be going on well.' As See Lib. 2. u. 26, and the note. Zumpt to this impudent proposal to call in the has 'Enimvero, &c., hoc quidem non est.' young woman, and the answer of Philoda- Jilio nuntiet] ' Filio suo nuntiet,' Orelli. mus, compare Herodotus (v. 18), where the — ' Tota domo, pugna inter:' Orelli. Persian ambassadors, having well drunk, vir primus] Zumpt compares Lib. 2. called for the women of their host, the king c. 4, 8; and Lib. 3. c. 71. He omits of Macedonia. The king's reply was : 'Q ' homo.' nipo-ai, voiioc iikv niiiv yi iari oiiK oJroc, 27. Postridie mane] ' Postridie homines dXXd KExwpi"^"' ""^P^e y"'""'''^''- mane,' Zumpt. — 'In concionem veniunt:' Jkim ut, &c.] ' Tum ille ut ;' Orelli. Orelli. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 105 quaerunt quid optimum factu sit: pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur : inventus est nemo cujus non haec et sententia esset et oratio : Non esse metu- endum, si istius nefai-ium scelus Lampsaceni ulti vi manuque essent, ne senatus populusque Romanus in earn civitatem animadvertendum putaret : quod si hoc jure legati populi Romani in socios nationes- que exteras uterentur, ut pudicitiam liberorum servare ab eorum libidine tutam non liceret, quidvis esse perpeti satius quam in tanta vi atque acerbitate versari. Haec quum omnes sentirent et quum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu ac dolore loqueretur, omnes ad eam domum in qua iste deversabatur profecti sunt; caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna et sarmenta circumdare, ignemque subjicere coeperunt. Tum cives Romani qui Lampsaci negotia- bantur coneurrunt : orant Lampsacenos ut gravius apud eos nomen legationis quam injuria legati putaretur : sese intelligere hominem ilium esse impurum ac nefarium ; sed quoniam nee perfecisset quod conatus esset, neque futurus esset Lampsaci postea, levius eorum peccatum fore si homini scelerato pepercissent quam si legato non pepercissent. Sic iste multo sceleratior et nequior quam ille Ha- drianus aliquanto etiam felicior fuit. Ille quod ejus avaritiam cives Romani ferre non potuerant Uticae domi suae vivus exustus est : idque illi merito accidisse existimatum est, ut laetarentur omnes neque ulla animadversio constitueretur : hie sociorum ambustus incendio, tamen ex ilia flamma periculoque evolavit ; neque adhuc causam ullam excogitare potuit quamobrem commiserit aut quid evenerit ut in tantum periculum veniret. Non enim potest dicere, Quum seditionem sedare vellem, quum frumentum imperarem, quum stipendium cogerem, quum aliquid denique rei publicae causa gere- rem ; quod acrius imperavi, quod animadverti, quod minatus sum. Quae si diceret, tamen ignosci non oporteret, si nimis atrociter imperando sociis in tantum adductus periculum videretur. XXVIII. Nunc quum ipse causam illius tumultus neque veram dicere neque falsam confingere audeat ; homo autem ordinis sui frugalissimus, qui tum accensus C. Neroni fuit, P. Tettius, haec Hadrianus\ This C. Fabius Hadrianus of him.— ' Ferre non potuerunt :' Zumpt.— was the governor of Africa. The story is ' Idque ita illi merito :' Orelli. told by Valerius Maximus (ix. 10. § 2. 2K. accensus] 'A summoning officer." Comp. Livy, Epitome, 86, and Orosius, The functions of an ' accensus ' appear from V. 20). Klotz remarks that Cicero does the Commentarii Consulares, quoted by not tell us that the death of this scoundrel Varro (L. L. vi. 88. ed. Muller) : ' qui ex- was not avenged, mainly because he was ercitum imperaturus erit, accenso dicit hoc : opposed to the party of Sulla, which had Calpurni, voca in licium omnes Quirites then the supremacy, and was glad to be rid hue ad me,' &c. ' Accensi ' were also em- 106 IN 0. VEREEM eadem se Lampsaci cognosse dixerit; vir omnibus rebus ornatis- simus 0. Varro, qui turn in Asia tribunus militum fuit, haec eadem ipsa se ex Philodamo audisse dicat — potestis dubitare quin istum fortuna non tam ex illo periculo eripere voluerit quam ad vestrum judicium reservare? Nisi vero illud dicet quod et in testimonio Tettii priore actione interpellavit Hortensius: — quo tempore qui- dem signi satis dedit, si quid esset quod posset dicere, se tacere non posse ; ut, quamdiu tacuit in ceteris testibus scire omnes possemus, nihil habuisse quod diceret : — hoc turn dixit, Philodamum et ejus fihum a 0. Nerone esse damnatos. De quo ne multa disseram, tantum dico, secutum id esse Neronem et ejus consilium, quod Cornelium lictorem oceisum esse constaret : putasse non oportere esse cuiquam ne in ulciscenda quidem injuria hominis occidendi potestatem. In quo video Neronis judicio non te absolutum esse iraprobitatis, sed illos damnatos esse caedis. Verum ista damnatio tamen cujusmodi fuit? Audite, quaeso, judices, et aliquando mise- remini sociorum, et ostendite aliquid his in vestra fide praesidii esse oportere. XXIX. Quod toti Asiae jure occisus videbatur istius ille, verbo lictor, re vera minister improbissimae cupiditatis, pertimuit iste ne Philodamus Neronis judicio liberaretur : rogat et orat Dolabellam ut de sua provineia decedat, ad Neronem proficiscatur ; se demon- strat incolumem esse non posse, si Philodamo vivere atque aliquando Romam venire licuisset. Oommotus est Dolabella: fecit id quod multi reprehenderunt, ut exercitum, provinciam, bellum relinqueret, et in Asiam, hominis nequissimi causa, in alienam provinciam, pro- ficisceretur. Posteaquam ad Neronem venit, contendit ab eo ut Philodami causam cognosceret. Venerat ipse qui esset in consilio et primus sententiam diceret ; adduxerat etiam praefectos et tri- bunos militares sues quos Nero omnes in consilium vocavit ; erat in consilio etiam aequissimus judex ipse Verres ; erant nonnuUi togati ployed in the courts (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 4). 29. quod multi reprehenderunt, '\ Cicero See ' Accensus,' Forcellini. — The word ' fru- merely says that many persons found fault galitas ' is defined by Cicero (Tusc. Disp. with Dolabella for leaving his province un- iii. 8) : ' ejus (frugalitatis) enim videtur esse der the cu-cumstances. Hotmann's notion proprium motus animi appetentes regere et that such conduct was punishable, hardly sedare, semperque adversantem libidini, mo- requires a confutation. Klotz, however, deratam in omni re servare constantiam ; cui has shown that the old commentator was contrarium vitium nequitia dicitur.' mistaken. A mere personal absence from ut, quamdiu, &c.] ' ut, quamdiu in his province, like this, was not an offence ;. ceteris rebus tacuerit:' Orelli. — 'Sed hoc the governor, who quitted his province for a turn dixit :' Orelli. ' Sed ' is an addition of temporary purpose, left a representative Lambinus. — ' Ne multum disseram :' Zumpt behind him. and Klotz. togatil Romans : ' equites,' as Ascpnius, ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 107 creditores Grraecorum, quibus ad exigendas pecunias improbissimi cujusque legati plurimum prodest gratia. Ille miser defensorem reperire neminem poterat. Quis enim esset aut togatus qui Dola- bellae gratia, aut Graecus qui ejusdem vi et imperio non moveretur ? Accusator autem apponitur civis Romanus de creditoribus Lampsa- cenorum, qui si dixisset quod iste jussisset, per ejusdem istius hctores a populo pecuniam posset exigere. Quum haec omnia tanta contentione, tantis copiis agerentur ; quum ilium miserum multi accusarent, nemo defenderet ; quumque Dolabella cum suis praefectis pugnaret in consilio ; Verres fortunas agi suas diceret ; idem testi- monium diceret, idem esset in consilio, idem accusatorera parasset : haec quum omnia fierent et quum hominem constaret occisum, tamen tanta vis istius injuriae, tanta in isto improbitas putabatur ut de Philodamo amplius pronuntiaretur. XXX. Quid ego nunc in altera actione Cn. Dolabellae spiritus, quid hujus lacrymas et concursationes proferam? quid 0. Neronis, viri optimi atque innocentissimi, nonnullis in rebus animum nimium timidum atque demissum? qui in ilia re quid facere potuerit non habebat, nisi forte, id quod omnes tum desiderabant, ut ageret eam rem sine Verre et Dolabella. Quidquid esset sine his actum, omnes probarent : turn vero quod pronuntiatum est, non per Neronem judicatum sed per Dolabellam ereptum existimabatur. Condem- natur enim perpaucis sententiis Philodamus et ejus fihus. Adest, instat, urget Dolabella ut quamprimum securi feriantur, quo quam minima multi ex illis de istius nefario scelere audire possent. Con- stituitur in foro Laodiceae spectaculum acerbum et miserum et grave toti Asiae provinciae ; grandis natu parens adductus ad supplicium ; ex altera parte filius : ille quod pudicitiam liberorum, hie quod vitam patris famamque sororis defenderat. Flebat uter- que non de suo supplicio, sed pater de filii morte, de patris filius. Quid lacrymarum ipsum Neronem putatis profudisse 1 quem fletum totius Asiae fuisse 2 quem luctum et gemitum Lampsacenorum ? securi esse percussos homines innocentes, nobiles, socios populi says. They may or may not have been Laodiceae] Cicero does not say which ' equites,' though it is most probable that Laodicea he means ; but the place appears they were. They were ' negotiatores.' to be Laodicea ad Lycum, in Phrygia, amplius'] He was not condemned or ac- which was within the limits of Dolabella's quitted, but the case was adjourned : ' causa government (c. 38). It is now Eski Hissar, ampliata est,' See the passage in Gellius or the Old Castle, in the south-west angle (xiv. c. 2) : * juravi mihi non liquere ;' and of the old province of Phrygia. Under the the examples in Forcellini, v. Amplius, &c. Roman dominion it was a flourishing com- 30. nimium timidum] ' nimis timidum,' mercial city, and one of the earUest Chris- Orelli. See Znmpt's note. tian communities in Asia Minor. 108 IN C. VEEEEM Eomani atque amicos, propter hominis flagitiosissimi singnlarem nequitiam atque improbissimam cupiditatem ? Jam, jam, Dola- bella, neque me tui neque tuorum liberum, quos tu miseros in egestate atque in solitudine reliquisti, misereri potest. Verresne tibi tanti fuit ut ejus libidinem hominum innocentium sanguine lui velles ! Idcircone exercitura atque hostem relinquebas ut tua vi et crudelitate istius hominis improbissimi pericula sublevares ? Quod enim eum tibi quaestoris in loco constitueras, idcirco tibi amicura in perpetuum fore putasti ? Nesciebas ab eo Cn. Carbonem^ con- sulem, cujus re vera quaestor fuit, non modo relictum sed etiam spoli- atum auxiliis, pecunia, nefarie oppugnatum et proditum ? Expertus igitur es istius perfidiam turn quum se ad inimicos tuos contulit, quum in te homo ipse nocens acerrimum testimonium dixit, quum rationes ad aerarium nisi damnato te referre noluit. XXXI. Tantaene tuae, Verres, libidines erunt ut eas capere ac sustinere non provinciae populi Eomani, non nationes exterae pos- sint? Tune quod videris, quod audieris, quod concupieris, quod cogitaris, nisi id ad nutum tuum praesto fuerit, nisi libidini tuae cupiditatique paruerit, immittentur homines ? expugnabuntur do- mus? civitates non modo pacatae, verum etiam sociorum atque amicorum, ad vim atque ad arma confugient, ut ab se atque ab liberis suis legati populi Eomani scelus ac libidinem propulsare possint ? Nam quaere abs te circumsessusne sis Lampsaci, coepe- ritne domum in qua deversabare ilia multitude incendere ; volue- rintne legatum populi Eomani comburere vivum Lampsaceni. Negare non potes. Habeo enim testimonium tuum quod apud Neronem dixisti; habeo quas ad eundem literas misisti. Eecita hunc ipsum locum de testimonio. testimonium c. verris in ar- TEMiDORUM. [Eecita ex Verris Uteris ad Neronem. ex literis neque me— misereri potest.'] Zumpt to have been discharged by hig own blood, compares Cic. Pro Ligar. c. 5 : ' cave te It is natural enough that when ' luo ' signi- fratrum— misereatur.' fied to pay the penalty of an offence, as lui'] ' Luo ' means to loose, like ' soluo ' (Ad Attic, iii. 9) ' itaque mei peccati luo (solvo). ' Luo ' is used, like ' solve,' to ex- poenas,' ' I pay the penalty of my offence,' press the payment of a debt (p. 59, 60, it should come to be used briefly thus i note); as in the Twelve Tables (Plin. 'itaque peccatum meum luo.' The loose H. N., xvii. c. 1); and ' luere pignus,' to translation of 'luo' by 'expiate,' and the release a pledge (Julian, Dig. 30. s. 86). Uke words, should be abandoned. The expression 'lucre peccata sua 'is ex- quaestor fuit,] ' Quaestor fuerat,' Zumpt, actly the same ; it means ' to loosen or dis- who correctly explains ' auxiliis, pecunia,' charge their offences ;' that is, to pay the by ' auxilia quae pecunia continebantur,' as penalty, and so to remove the offence. Asconius also does. Cicero says : ' Was Verres, in your estima- damnato te] Because Dolabella, after tion, worth so much, that you would have his condemnation, went into exile and his the guilt of his lustful passion discharged evidence could not be received in any way. by the blood of innocent men?' It ought ^\. Recita ex 'Verris, Sic] These words, ACT. JI. LIBER PRIMUS. 109 ■C. VERRIS AD C. NEEONEm] NON MULTO POST IN DOMUM. Bel- lumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur I defi- cere ab imperio ac nomine nostro volebat ? Video enim, et ex iis quae legi et audivi intelligo, in qua civitate non modo legatus populi Romani circumsessus, non modo igni, ferro, manu, copiis oppug- natus, sed aliqua ex parte violatus sit, nisi publice satisfactum sit, ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere. Quae fuit igitur causa cur cuneta civitas Lampsacenorum de contione, quemadmodum tute scribis, domum tuam concurrent ? Tu enim neque in literis quas Neroni mittis, neque in testimonio causam tanti tumultus ostendis ullam. Obsessum te dicis, ignem allatum, sarmenta circumdata, lictorem tuura occisum esse dicis, prodeundi tibi in publicum potes- tatem factam negas : causam hujus tanti terroris occultas. Nam si quam Rubrius injuriam suo nomine ac non impulsu tuo et tua cupiditate fecisset, de tui comitis injuria questum ad te potius quam te oppugnatum venirent. Quum igitur quae causa illius tumultus fuerit testes a nobis product! dixerint, ipse celarit, nonne causam banc quam nos proposuimus tum illorum testimonia turn istius taciturnitas perpetua confirmat 2 XXXII. Huic homini parcetis igitur, judices, cujus tanta peccata sunt ut ii quibus injurias fecerit neque legitimum tempus exspectare ad ulciscendum neque vim tantara doloris in posterum differre potu- erint ? Circumsessus es. A quibus ? A Lampsacenis : barbaris Iiominibus, credo, aufc iis qui populi Romani nomen contemnerent. Immo vero ab hominibus et natura et consuetudine et disciplina lenissimis, porro autem populi Romani conditione sociis, fortuna servis, voluntate supplicibus ; ut perspicuum sit omnibus, nisi tanta acerbitas injuriae, tanta vis sceleris fuisset, ut Lampsaceni morien- dum sibi potius quam perpetiendum putarent, nunquam illos in eum locum progressuros fuisse ut vehementius odio libidinis tuae quam metu legationis moverentur. Nolite, per decs immortales, cogere socios atque exteras nationes hoc uti perfugio quo, nisi vos vindicatis, utentur necessario. Lampsacenos in istum nunquam ulla res miti- as far as ' C. Neronem,' "fluxeruntexsolius words of the Lex Servilia : ' de hisce dum Hotomani opinions, et a Lambino primo maglstratum aut imperium habebunt judi- temere sunt in ordinem recepta, pro per- cium non fiet.' The praetor, under whom petua ejus ac servili obedientia erga ilium " a ' legatus ' was, as in the case of Verres, (Zumpt). This remark shows Zumpt's opi- might rescind the acts of his inferior, as in nion of Lambinus as an editor of Cicero. the case mentioned in the Divinatio (c. 17), con&urrerit'] ' concurrerent :' Orelli. to which Klotz refers, but he could not try 32. legitimum tempus} ' The time fixed him. He might, however, dismiss him from by the Lex;' for it was only after the expira- his office. See Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 11, re- tion of his office that Verres could have ferred to by Klotz. been tried at Rome. Garatoni quotes the 110 IN 0. VEREEM gasset, nisi eum poenas Romae daturum credidissent. Etsi talem acceperant injuriam quam nuUa lege satis digne persequi possent, tamen incommoda sua nostris comraittere legibus et judiciis quam dolori suo permittere maluerunt. Tu mihi — quum circumsessus a tam illustri civitate sis propter tuum scelus atque flagitium ; quum coegeris homines miseros et calamitosos quasi desperatis nostris legibus et judiciis ad vim, ad manus, ad arma confugere ; quum te in oppidis et civitatibus amicorum non legatum populi Romani sed tyrannum libidinosum crudelemque praebueris ; quum apud exteras nationes imperii nominisque nostri famam tuis probris flagitiisque violaris ; quum te ex ferro amicorum populi Romani eripueris, atque e flamma sociorum evolaris — hie tibi perfugium speras futurum ! Erras. Ut hue incideres non ut hie conquiesceres, illi te vivum exire passi sunt. XXXIII. Et ais judicium esse factum te injuria circumsessum esse Lampsaci, quod Philodamus cum filio eondemnatus sit. Quid si doceo, si planum facio, teste homine nequam, verum ad hanc rem tamen idoneo, te ipso, inquam, teste docebo, te hujus cireumsessionis tuae causam et eulpam in alios transtulisse, neque in eos quos tu insimularas esse animadversum. Jam nihil te judicium Neronis adjuvat. Recita quas ad Neronem literas misit. epistola c. veebis AD NERONEM. THEMISTAGORAS ET THESSALOS. Themistagoram et Thessalum scribis populum concitasse. Quem populum ? Qui te eircumsedit : qui te vivum comburere conatus est. Ubi hos persequeris ? ubi accusas ? ubi defendis jus nomenque legati ? In Philodami judicio dices id actum ? Cedo mihi ipsius Verris testi- monium : videamus quid idem iste juratus dixerit. Recita. ab ACCUSATOBE BOGATUS RESPONDIT, IN HOC JUDICIO NON PEESEaUl : siBi IN ANiMo ESSE ALIO TEMPORE PEBSEQui. Quid igitur te juvat Neronis judicium ? quid Philodami damnatio ! Legatus quum esses circumsessus, quumque, quemadmodum tute ad Neronem scripsisti, populo Romano communique causae legatorum facta esset injuria insignis, non es persecutus : dicis tibi in animo esse alio tempore persequi. Quod fuit id tempus? quando es persecutus? Cur imminuisti jus legationis 2 cur causam populi Romani deseruisti ac Tki mihi,'] See Lib. 2. c. 32, note. readings in his MSS., and they may be the 33. teste docebo,'] ' Teste doceo,' Orelli. better readings. ' Doceo ' is an unnecessary correction of imminuisti, &e.] ' Why have you im- Ernesti. paired the rights and privileges of Legati ?' transtulisse,] Znmpt and Klotz have He means to say to Verres, ' If your cause preferred ' contulisse,' and ' insimularis,' the was just, why did you not prosecute those readings of Asconius, to the MSS. authority, who violated the privileges of a Legatus of There is no doubt that Asconius found these the Roman people ? By acting in this way ACT. II. LIBEE PEIMUS. Ill prodidisti ? cur injurias tuas conjunctas cum publicis reliquisti ? Non te ad senatum causam deferre, non de tam atrocibus injuriis conqueri, non eos homines qui populum concitarent consulum literis evocandos curare oportuit ? Nuper, M. Aurelio Scauro postulante, quod is Ephesi se quaestorem vi prohibitum esse dicebat quo minus e fano Dianae servum suum, qui in illud asylum confugisset, abduceret, Pericles Ephesius, homo nobilissimus, Romam evocatus est, quod auctor injuriae illius fuisse argueretur : tu, si te legatum ita Lampsaci tractatum esse senatum docuisses, ut tui comites vulnerarentur, lictor occideretur, ipse circumsessus paene incenderere, ejus autem rei duces et auctores principes fuisse, quos scribis, Themistagoram et Thessalum, quis non commoveretur ? quis non ex injuria quae tibi esset facta sibi provideret ? quis non in ea re causam tuam, pericu- lum commune agi arbitraretur ? Etenim nomen legati ejusmodi esse debet quod non modo inter sociorum jura sed etiam inter hostium tela incolume versetur. XXXIV. Magnum hoc Lampsaeenum crimen est libidinis atque improbissimae cupiditatis. Accipite nunc avaritiae propemodum in suo genere non levius. Milesios navem poposcit quae eum praesidii causa Myndum prosequeretur. lUi statim myoparonem egregium yon have damaged the dignity of a Legatus.' The expression ' minuere,' or ' imminuere,' is also applied to the offence of ' majestas,' that is, the impairing of the integrity of the Roman power ; and the conduct of Verres was, in fact, if Cicero's statement were true, a case of ' majestas imminuta.' populum concitarent^ On the authority of the hetter MSS., Zumpt writes ' conci- tarent.' Orelli has * concitarant.' It is one of those cases in which either word may stand ; but the sense of the passage will vary with the form of this verb. ' Qui concitarant' would be an affirmation by Cicero, that certain persons had stirred up the people to a riot ; which Cicero certainly did not mean to admit. ' Qui concitarent ' is what Verres says. Zumpt seems to me not consistent in writing ' concitarent ' here, and * quos insimularis ' above. asylumi The practice of criminals taking refuge or seeking asylum in temples, was common among the Greeks, of which there is a notable example in the case of Pau- sanias (Thucydides, i. 134). A passage in Tacitus (Ann. iii. 60) shows that this prac- tice was checked by the Roman Senate in the time of Tiberius. — ' Fuisse arguebatur,' Zumpt. — ' auctores et principes :' Orelli. sociorum jura] ' The name of Legatus ought to be inviolate, not only in the midst of the rights of the Socii, but even amidst the weapons of enemies.' It is clear enough what Cicero means to say, but to transfer it into another language is not easy; for, if we abandon the Roman form, we lose the force of the expression ; and, if we keep to it closely, we produce a version which is hardly English. To express the meaning without regard to Cicero's form, we may say : ' in fact, the name of Legatus ought to be a protection to him who bears it, not only among our Socii, who have rights which the Roman people acknowledge, but also against an enemy in time of war.' As to 'jura,' see p. 34. 34. Tnyoparonem] The fxvoTrdpiov is mentioned by Plutarch (Antonius, c. 35). Compare Appian (Civil War, v. 95). It appears that the Milesians had a fleet which, according to Asconius, they were required to maintain, by virtue of their ' foedus' with the Roman people. See u. 35. ' Decem enim naves jussu L. Murenae, &c. — quae eum praesidii causa,' &c. Zumpt gives other examples of ' is ' being used, when the reflective pronoun appears to be the proper word (Cic. De Or. i. 54 ; Pro Sext. c. 24 : ' ne noctem quidem consules inter meum discrimen et eorum praedam inter- esse passi sunt '). See also Act. ii. Lib. 2. i;. 62 ; Lib. 4. c. 39. 112 IN 0. VERREM de sua classe ornatum atque armatum dederunt. Hoc praesidio Myndum profectus est. Nam quid Milesiis lanae publicae abstulerit, item de sumptu in adventum, de contumeliis et injuriis in magistra- tum Milesium, tametsi dici tum vere, turn graviter et vehementer potest, tamen dicere praetermittam, eaque omnia testibus integra reservabo : illud, quod neque taceri uUo modo, neque dici pro dig- nitate potest, cognoscite. Milites remigesque Miletum Myndo pedibus reverti jubet : ipse myoparonem pulcherrflmum, de decern Milesiorum navibus electum, L. Magio et L. Fannio qui Myndi habitabant vendidit. Hi sunt homines quos nuper senatus in hostium numero habendos censuit : hoc iUi navigio ad omnes populi Eomani hostes usque ab Dianio quod in Hispania est ad Sinopen quae in Ponto est navigaverunt. O dii immortales, incredibilem avaritiam, singularemque audaciam ! Navem tu de classe populi Eomani, quam tibi Milesia civitas ut te prosequeretur dedisset, ausus es vendere 2 Si te magnitudo maleficii, si te hominum existi- matio non movebat, ne illud quidem cogitabas, hujus improbissimi furti, sive adeo nefariae praedae, tam illustrem ac tam nobilem civi- tatem testem futuram I An quia tum On. Dolabella in eum, qui ei myoparoni praefuerat Milesiisque rem gestam renuntiarat, animad- vertere tuo rogatu conatus est, renuntiationemque ejus quae erat in publicas literas relata illorum legibus toUi jusserat, idcirco te ex hoc crimine elapsum esse arbitrabare ? XXXV. Multum te ista fefellit opinio, et quidem multis in locis. lanae puhlicae] Milesian wool CMilesia tiatoribus illis civitas Milesiorum debebat, vellera) is often mentioned. Graevius ex- ut pignoris capiendi jus haberent,' does not plains this wool to be that which the city seem to me of any weight. We cannot of Miletus derived from the sheep on the literally accept all that Cicero says, and public pastures, part of which wool was Verres may have had some show of right or paid as a contribution to the Romans. But title to sell the ship ; but Cicero says no- the text says simply * public •,' it says no- thing that justifies him. Nor does the sen- thing of any part of it being due to the tence, ' An quia tum Cn. Dolabella,' &c., Romans. The town was famed for its skill support such a conjecture, as Klotz sup- in dyeing. poses. As we know nothing except what L. Magio, &c.] Asconius observes that Cicero tells us, we must take all his evi- these two men, who belonged to the Marian dence. The captain of the ship reported faction, were sent by Mithridates the Great the sale, and his report wag entered on the to Sertorius, in Spain, to propose the forma- public books, which was evidence enough of tion of an alliance against the Roman power, the irregularity of the proceeding, and con- The communication between Sertorius and firmed by the fact of the captain being Mithridates is mentioned by Plutarch (Ser- punished by Cn. Dolabella, and of the entry torius, c. 23), Appian (Mithridatica, c. 68), being also erased from the public books at and Orosius (vi. 2). Cicero says that they his order. If we take the whole as evi- sailed in this very ship from Dianium, a dence, the guilt of Verres is established by town on the east coast of Spain (Denia), the fact of the entry in the books being de- and a colony of Massalia, to Sinope, in stroyed by Dolabella. Here we learn that Pontus, one of the chief towns of Mithri- ' publicae literae ' was a name for public re- dates. Zumpt's remark, ' quid ? si nego- cords—' L. Fannio :' < L. Rabio.' Orelli. ACT. II. LIBEE PRIMUS. 113 Semper enim existimasti, et maxime in Sicilia, satis cautum tibi ad defensionem fore si aut referri aliquid in literas publicas vetuisses, aut quod relatum esset tolli coegisses. Hoc quam nihil siti tametsi ex multis Siciliae civitatibus priore actione didicisti, tamen etiam in hac ipsa civitate cognosce. Sunt illi quidem dicto audi- entes, quamdiu adsunt ii qui imperant : simulac discesserunt, non solum illud perscribunt quod turn prohibiti sunt, sed etiam causam adscribunt cur non tum in literas relatum sit. Manent istae literae Mileti, manent, et dum erit ilia civitas manebunt. Decern enim naves jussu L. Murenae popu|us Milesius ex pecunia vectigali populo Romano fecerat, sicut pro sua quaeque parte Asiae ceterae civitates; quamobrem unam ex decem, non praedonum repentino adventu sed legati latrocinio, non vi tempestatis sed hac horribili tempestate sociorum amissam in literas publicas rettulerunt. Sunt Romae legati Milesii, homines nobilissimi ac principes civitatis, qui, tametsi mensem Februarium et consulum designatorum nomen exspectant, tamen hoc tantum facinus non modo negare interrogati, sed ne producti quidem reticere poterunt : dicent, inquam, et reli- gione adducti et domesticarum legum metu, quid illo myoparone factum sit ; ostendent 0. Verrem in ea classe quae contra piratas aedificata sit piratam ipsum consceleratum fuisse. XXXVI. C. Malleolo quaestore On. Dolabellae occlso, duas sibi hereditates venisse arbitratus est : unam quaestoriae procura- tionis, nam a Dolabella statim pro quaestore jussus est esse: alteram tutelae, nam quum pupiUi Malleoli tutor esset, in bona ejus impetum fecit. Nam Malleolus in provinciam sic copiose 35. ^o^M?o i?om.] 'PopuliRomani:'OrelIi. tellug. The passage means, "though the FebniariuniJ In this month the Senate Milesians have to wait for February, when gave audience to ambassadors from the pro- they will get their audience, and are yet vinces, and from foreign states. Klotz uncertain what treatment to expect from refers to the principal passage on this mat- the ' consules designati,' whose names they ter in Cicero's Letters (Ad Fam. i. 4) : know." — ' legum domesticarum ;' Orelli. " Senatus haberi ante Kalendas Febr. per 36. pupilli-^tutor] We must suppose legem Pupiam, id quod scis, non potest: that Malleolus by his testament appointed neque mense Febr. toto nisi perfectis aut Verres the tutor of his son, who was ' im- rejectis legationibus." He also refers to pubes,' that is, under the age when he the Epistolae ad Quintum Fr. ii. 3 ; and to could do legal acts ; and therefore he re- Polybius, vi. 12. In place of 'expectant,' quired, according to Roman usage, a 'tutor,' Asconius mentions a reading ' extiinescunt,' for the protection of his property and his and he adds that the two words here signify interests. The ward was called ' pupillus ;' the same thing. The Milesians were of that is, ' pupillus ' is the legal name of an course acquainted with the names of the ' impubes ' whose property is under the 'consules designati,' Hortensius and Me- care of a 'tutor.' As to the relation of tellus ; and ' expectant ' does not, therefore, ' tutor ' and ' pupillus,' the reader may con- refer to the knowledge of their names, but suit the Diet, of Antiqs. ' Impubes,' and to what they might expect from consuls * Tutor.' who bore the names of Hortensius and Me- sic copiose] Emesti thought that ' co- 114 IN C. VERREM profectus erat ut domi prorsxis nihil relinqueret; praeterea pecunias occuparat apud populos et syngraphas fecerat; argenti optimi caelati grande pondus secum tulerat ; nam ille quoque sodalis istius erat in hoc morbo et cupiditate ; grande pondus argenti, familiam magnam, multos artifices, multos formosos homines rehquit. Iste quod argenti placuit invasit; quae mancipia voluit abduxit; vina ceteraque quae in Asia facillime comparantur, quae ille reHquerat, asportavit; reliqua vendidit, pecuniam exegit. Quum [eum] ad HS vicies quinquies redegisse constaret, ut Romam rediit, nuUam literam pupillo, nullam matri ejus, nullam tutoribus reddidit ; servos artifices pupilli quum haberet domi, circum pedes autem homines formosos et literatos, suos esse dicebat, se emisse. Quum piose ' was a gloss, but without any reason. Comp. De Sen. u. 8. ' Sic avide.' Zumpt re- marks, ' Sic hoc modo pro iam adhiberi rarum est.' Comp. Act. i. u. 6 : ' sic erat humilis . . ut vlderetur.' ' Sic ' is often used in this way ; and there is no use in saying that it is used for ' tarn.' occuparaf] This means 'he laid out,' he employed his money in loans to the ' populi,' the provincials. He went out for the purpose of enriching himself by money- lending and traffic, after Roman fashion. ' Occupare,' in this sense, is explained by the examples in Forcellini ; and by Cicero, Pro Flacco, c. 21. As to this practice of money-lending at exorbitant interest, see Cic. Ad Att. V. 21. Asconius says : " Be- tween syngraphae and the other chirographa there is this difference, that in the other it is usual for those things or transactions only to be inserted which have actually occurred ; in syngraphae, an agreement (pactio) enters which is even contrary to fact (contra iidera veritatis), and money which has never passed (non numerata), or has not passed to the full amount, is entered according to the pleasure of the parties at the time, in con- formity with the usage and practice of the Greeks ; other writings (tabulae) are used to be kept of the one part only j syngra- phae, signed by the hand of each party, are dehvered to each party to keep." The passage of Gaius (iii. § 134) is as follows: " Praeterea litterarum obligatio fieri videtur chirographis et syngraphis, id est, si quis debere se aut daturum se scribat ; ita scilicet si eo nomine stipnlatio non fiat. Quod genus obligationis proprium peregrinorum est." This distinction of Asconius between ' syn- grapha ' and ' chirographum ' does not ap- pear to be true. ' Syngrapha,' in the old Greek law, did not denote a particular kind of contract, but is the general name for any written evidence of an agreement, a sense which it had in common with other terms which were occasionally used. The Romans found such writings in use in their Greek provinces, and also the rule of law esta- bhshed, that a man might sue upon any written agreement, without regard to its form. ' Chirographum,' in Cicero's time, meant any writing, particularly one in the handwriting of the person whom it spe- cially concerned, but it bad no particular reference to legal transactions. Tn the se- cond century of the Christian aera, the word was generally used to signify an ac- knowledgment of a debt, but it was not limited to the case of a loan ; and the two words, ' syngraphae ' and ' chirographa,' were generally used indifferently. So it was in the time of Gaius ; and in the provinces a man might sue on a contract contained in any informal writing, which was contrary to the rule of Roman law (Savigny, Ver- mischte Schriften, vol. i., titeralcontract der Romer). See Cic. Ad Att. v. 21. familiam magnam,'] ' Familia ' is here taken in its wider sense, which includes a man's slaves. * Familia et pecunia ' com- prehended all that a man had : * Famiham pecuniamque tuam endo mandatam tutelam custodelamque meam recipio,' &c., Gaius, ii. 104. , nullam literam'] Schiitz conjectured that ' literam ' should be ' libellam ;' not an im- probable conjecture (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 10), if ' hteram ' is unintelligible. If ' litera ' is right, it has reference to 'ratio,' 'accounts,' and means, that he did not give in a single letter of accounts. — ' Multis efiiagitatus :' OreUi. But ' a multis,' which Zumpt has adopted from some of the best MSS., seems better ; for ' multis,' as Zumpt ob- serves, is ' multis verbis.' ACT. II. LIBEE PEIMUS. 115 saepius mater et avia pueri postularent, uti, si non redderet pecu- niam nee rationem daret, diceret saltern quantum pecuniae Malleoli deportasset; a multis efflagitatus aliquando dixit HS decies: deinde in codicis extrema cera nomen infimum in flagitiosa litura fecit: expensa Chrysogono servo HS sexcenta millia aocepta, pupillo Malleolo rettulit. Quomodo ex decies HS sexcenta sint facta ; quomodo do eodem modo quadrarint ut ilia de On. Oarbonis pecunia reliqua HS sexcenta facta sint ; quomodo Chrysogono expensa lata sint ; cur id nomen infimum in lituraque sit vos existimabitis. Tamen HS sexcenta millia quum accepta rettulisset, HS quinquaginta millia soluta non sunt ; homines, posteaquam reus factus est, alii redditi, alii etiara nunc retinentur ; peculia omnium vicariique retinentur. XXXVII. Haec est istius praeclara tutela. En cui tuos liberos committas : en memoria mortui sodalis : en metus vivorum existimationis. Quum tibi se tota Asia spoliandam ac vexandam praebuisset, quum tibi exposita esset omnis ad praedandum codicis, &c.] ' Codex ' or ' codices,' or ' codex accept! et expensi,' ' tabulae,' ' do- mestica ratio,' are names for account-books, which were, it appears, sometimes Itept on tablets smeared with wax. At the bottom of the ' codex,' in the lowest part of the ' tabella,' there was an erasure in the last entry (nomen). • As to these ' codices,' which every citizen kept who was ' sui juris,' see R-o Rose. Am. c. 2, 3. expensa, &c.] These are the usual Ro- man forms. ' Expensum ferre,' or ' re- ferre,' is to make an entry on the credit side in a man's books : ' acceptum ferre,' or ' referre,' is to make an entry of money re- ceived, or on the debtor side. Verres en- tered six hundred thousand as received by him on account of Malleolus, but he also entered the same amount as paid to Chry- sogonus. " You may conjecture," says Ci- cero, " how he reduced the ' decies ' (centena millia) to ' sexcenta milha.' " Comp. c. 39, ' Quod minus Dolabella,' &c. ; and Lib. 2. u. 70, ' Nam quas pecunias,' &c. It does not appear how Verres could discharge himself by such an entry against Chryso- gonus, who was probably his slave. His books showed that he had received six hundred thousand, and he was answerable for it. But we cannot explain that which Cicero professes himself unable to under- stand. See c. 38, note on ' his nominibus.' — ' sexcenta facta sunt :' Orelli. quinquaginta millia, &c.] The common reading is ' quinque millia,' which Ernesti explains thus : that Verres did not pay even ' quinque millia ' to the ' heredes.' But this cannot be the meaning, as Zumpt shows. Verres was bound to pay what his books showed that he had received ; but, in some way that is not explained, he contrived to retain ' quinquaginta millia,' as the best MSS. have it. peculia, &c.] The ' peculium ' was that property which a ' filiusfamilias,' that is, a son who was in his father's power, or a slave held, with the father's or master's con- sent ; for a ' filiusfamilias,' or a slave, could not strictly hold property. All that a son acquired, with some limitations (castrense peculium), and all that a slave acquired, belonged to the father or master ; but, by usage, a slave had a kind of property which was considered his own, and it was called his ' peculium.' ' Vicarii servi ' were such slaves as an- other slave was allowed to hold as part of his ' peculium ;' and such slaves were part of the ' peculium ' of the slave, who was their ' quasi dominus.' Ulpian (Dig. 15. 1. 17) says : " sicut ipsi vicarii sunt in peculio, ita etiam peculia eorum." 37. en memoria} Zumpt observes that some MSS., and one of them among the best, have ' en memoriam — en metum ;' but he observes that Cicero always uses ' en ' with a nominative ; and even ' ecce,' ex- cept in De Fin. ii. 30, where he proposes to omit ' ecce.' — ' vexandam tradidisset :' Orelli. 116 IN 0. VERREM Pamphylia, contentus his tam opimis rebus non fuistl; manus a tutela, manus a pupillo, manus a sodalis filio abstinere non potuisti ? Jam te non Siculi, non aratores, ut dictitas, circumveniunt, non hi qui decretis edictisque tuis in te concitati infestique sunt : Mal- leolus a me productus est, et mater ejus atque avia ; quae miserae, flentes, eversum a te puerum patriis bonis esse dixerunt. Quid exspectas ? an dum ab inferis ipse Malleolus exsistat, atque abs te officia tutelae, sodahtatis familiaritatisque flagitet ! Ipsum putato adesse. Homo avarissime et spurcissime, redde bona sodalis fiUo : si non quae abstulisti; at quae confessus es. Cur cogis sodalis filium banc primam in foro vocem cum dolore et querimonia emit- tere? cur sodalis uxorem, sodalis socrum, domum denique totam sodalis mortui, contra te testimonium dicere? cur pudentissimas lectissimasque feminas in tantum virorum conventum insolitas invitasque prodire cogis? Recita omnium testimonia. testimo- nium MATRIS ET AVIAE. XXXVIII. Pro quaestore vero quomodo iste commune Mily- adum vexarit, quomodo Lyciam, Pamphyliam, Pisidiam, Phry- giamque totam frumento imperando, aestimando, hac sua quam tum primum excogitavit Siciliensi aestimatione afflixerit, non est necesse demonstrare verbis. Hoc scitote : his nominibus, quae res non potuisti ?'] I have placed a note of certain quantities of grain, and then com - interrogation at the end of this sentence, muting his demand into a money payment.' ■with Orelli and Klotz. — ' ille Malleolus :' Or. This passage shows that the divisions of af] ' At ' may be here translated ' at Lyda, &c., were at this time attached to least.' Neither ' sed ' nor ' autem ' could the province of Cilicia. perform the office of ' at ' in this .passage. his nominibus,'] ' Nomen ' (c. 36) is a The sense of the passage is this : ' Si non word which signifies ' heads ' or ' entries ' in quae abstulisti ' means as much as if Verres a book of accounts, which entries would were to say, * I won't restore all that I contain the names of persons and other have taken :' to which the answer is, ' Well, circumstances. Hence * nomen ' is used we don't expect that ; we don't expect all : generally for a head or title of account, but let us have what you have charged Savigny (Vermischte Schriften, i. 213) shows yourself with receiving.' that the Roman expression, ' nomina facere ' 38. commune] 'Mire commune rem (Inst. iv. tit. 21; Cic. De Off. iii. 14), signifies publicam :' Asconius. There seems nothing the contracting that ' obligatio ' which the strange in ' commune ' being used for a Romans called the ' obligatio Uteris ' or ' lite- ' community.' It is the same as the Greek rarum.' If we can ascertain in what form tA KdLvbv tS>v 'AxatcJj/. Forcellini does the ' nomina facere ' was made, we shall not supply instances ; but ' commune Si- also ascertain in what form the • obligatio ciliae ' occurs (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 46, 59), Uteris ' was effected. Many passages show where it ought to be ' commune Siculorum,' that 'nomina facere' is an entry in a ' co- to correspond to the Greek expression. This dex ' or ' tabulae,' without any reference to Milyas is a tract in the south-west part of any other documentary evidence than that Asia Minor, bordering on Lycia and Pam- which the 'codex' supplies (Verr. Lib. i. phylia. The form corresponding to ' com- c. 36, 39 ; Ad Att. iv. 18 ; Seneca, De mune Siciliae ' would be ' commune Mily- Benef. iii. c. 15 ; Cic. Pro Rose. Am. c. 5) ados.' Zumpt supposes that Cicero's 'Mily- In this last passage, Cicero enumerates the adum ' is a shorter form of ' Milyadarum.' three strict forms of contract upon which a frumento imperando, &c.] ' Requiring ' pecunia certa ' could be sued for. He ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 117 per eum gestae sunt quum iste civitatibus frumentum, coria, ciHcia, saccos imperaret, neque ea sumeret, proque his rebus pecuniam exigeret, his nominibus solis Cn. Dolabellae HS ad tricies Htem esse aestimatam. Quae omnia etiamsi voluntate Dolabellae fie- bant, per istum tamen omnia gerebantur. Oonsistara in uno nomme : multa enim sunt ex eodem genere. Recita. de litibus AESTIMATIS CN. DOLABELLAE PR. PECUNIAE REDACTAE. QUOD A coMMUNi MiLYADUM. Te haec coegisse, te aestimasse, tibi pecuniam numeratam esse dice : eademque vi et injuria, quum pecunias maximas cogeres, per omnes partes provinciae te tam- quam aliquam calamitosam tempestatem pestemque pervasisse demonstro. Itaque M. Scaurus, qui On. Dolabellam accusavit, istum in sua potestate ac ditione tenuit. Homo adolescens quum istius in inquirendo multa furta ac flagitia cognosceret, fecit perite et callide : volumen ejus rerum gestarum maximum isti ostendit : ab homine quae voluit in Dolabellam abstulit ; istum testem pro- says that it must be either ' pecunia data,' a loan ; or ' stipulata/ that is, the claim must be founded on the peculiar Roman contract called ' stipulatio ;' or it must be * expensa lata,' that is, ' expensilatio,' or an entry in the ' codex.' Such an entry was itself the forming of the contract. It is ti'ue that ' tabulae,' like other writings, could be used as evidence ; but that does not prove that entries might not be the con- tract itself. A promissory note, or a bill of exchange, in itself expresses an ' obliga- tio,' whatever other use may be made of it as evidence. This ordinary ' codex accepti et expensi,' which every man was expected to keep, contained the entries, in the order of time, of all a man's receipts and pay- ments, with the matter to which the re- ceipts and payments referred, and the names of the persons from whom the sums were received, or to whom they were paid. Out of such a book or journal a man might make a more formal book, in which his transactions with each individual might be arranged under their several heads ; but this would be a different kind of book from the ' codex accepti et expensi.' As to the ' hterarum obhgatio,' it was the entry of the creditor in his ' codex ' (expensilatio) which made the ' obligatip,' and gave to it its name, and not the entry of the debtor in his * codex ' (acceptilatio), which corre- sponded to the entry of the creditor. The difficulties that are obvious as to the proof of a debt in the case of an ' obligatio literis,' have nothing to do with the nature of the 'obligatio,' which is clearly ascertained. Nor is it supposed that a mere entry by a man in his ' codex ' (expensilatio) could make another man his debtor. If debtor and creditor were both honest men, the ' expensilatio ' in the books of one would correspond to the * acceptilatio ' in the books of the other. If they did not, there must be evidence to prove that the ' ex- pensilatio ' was properly made. This is certain, that in the ' obligatio literarum ' the creditor sued upon the entry in his ' codex,' as the contract ; but this is quite a different matter from the evidence that he might have to produce in order to show that the entry was made under such circumstances as would entitle the maker to sue on it. quae res, &c.] ' Quae res ' refers to ' nomina,' but ' quae ' alone would not have expressed Cicero's meaning. It is explana- tory of ' nomina,' and the meaning of ' quae ' is enlarged by the addition of ' res :' ' on these items or heads, I mean what he did when he required of the cities corn, skins, hair cloth, sacks,' &c. The skins and hair cloths were for the use of the army and navy. As to ' quae res,' comp. ' quibus ego in rebus interfui,' c. 40. proque his rel/us] Orelli omits ' que,' contrary to the best MSS., and contrary to the usage of the language ; for, as Zumpt observes, ' que ' is often used for ' sed,' when it is preceded by a negation — ' etiamsi voluntate . . . tamen omnia.' Cicero gene- rally, in these orations, uses 'tametsi — tamen.' 118 IN C. VERREM duxit : dixit iste quae velle accusatorem putavlt. Quo ex genere mihi testium qui cum isto furati sunt si uti voluissem, magna copia fuisset; qui ut se periculo litium conjunctione criminum liberarent, quo ego vellem deseensuros poUicebantur. Eorum ego voluntatem omnium repudiavi. Non modo proditori sed ne perfugae quidem locus in meis castris cuiquam fuit. Forsitan meliores illi accusa- tores habendi sint qui haec omnia fecerunt. Ita esto : sed ego defensorem in mea persona, non accusatorem maxime laudari volo. Rationes ad aerarium antequam Dolabella condemnatus est non audet referre : impetrat a senatu ut dies sibi prorogaretur, quod tabulas suas ab accusatoribus Dolabellae obsignatas diceret, pro- inde quasi exscribendi potestatem non haberet. Solus est hie qui nunquam rationes ad aerarium referat. XXXIX. Audistis quaestoriam rationem tribus versiculis rela- tam ; legationis non nisi condemnato et ejecto eo qui posset repre- hendere ; nunc denique praeturae quam ex senatus consulto statim referre debuit usque ad hoc tempus non rettuUt. Quaestorem se in senatu exspectare dixit ; proinde quasi non, ut quaestor sine prae- tore possit rationem referre, ut tu Hortensi, ut omnes, eodem modo Forsitan — sint,'] Orelli ha3 ' sunt ;' but it appears that Cicero uses ' forsitan ' with the subjunctive(Zumpt). — ' Ita esto :' Orelli omits. dies — prorogaretur,'] 'That the time should be extended.' Thus the Romans said ' prorogatum imperium,' to express the prolongation of a man's ' imperium ' (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1, 1) ; and, in the same sense, Cicero says, ' ne provincia nobis prorogetur ' (AdAtt. V. 11). proinde quasi] ' Just as if he had not the power of taking copies.' ' Proinde ' is often used thus with ' quasi.' ' Proinde ' is one of the compound forms of 'inde,' of which there are ' exinde,' ' deinde,' ' sub- inde.' ' Perinde,' as Professor Key seems to prove (Lat. Gram. § 800), is not a genuine form. In the following chapter, Orelli, Zumpt, and Klotz have ' perinde.' Zumpt maintains the existence of ' perinde,' and he attempts to make a distinction between the meaning of the two words. The MSS. are not decisive authority in a matter of this kind, and they give both forms. Ana- logy is in favour of ' proinde ' only, for we have ' deinde,' ' exinde,' ' subinde.' 39. Quaestorem se, &c.] The reading ' quaestores,' of Orelli and Klotz, is a cor- rection of Lambinus, according to Zumpt, who explains ' quaestorem ' to be ' alteram quaestorem,' one of the Sicilian ' quaestors,' for there were two ' quaestors ' for Sicily. But shortly after we have 'verum quaes- tores — venerunt ;' and the correction of Lambinus seems probable enough. Zumpt observes that it was much more usual for a * quaestor ' to give in his accounts without his ' praetor,' than for the ' praetor ' without his ' quaestor.' And he proves this by stating that ' praetors ' or ' consuls ' often stayed more than a year in a province, while the ' quaestors ' were changed an- nually ; and so it appears that ' quaestors ' generally rendered their accounts without their ' praetor.' But this is very indifferent arguing, though the conclusion may be true. Zumpt asks, if all 'praetors' had- done what Cicero says that they could do, give in their accounts without waiting for their ' quaestor,' with what show of right could Verres have said in the senate, that he was waiting for one of his ' quaestors ? ' The answer is, that it might be with no show of right, but a gi'eat show of impu- dence. Dolabella, said Verres, obtain- ed permission to wait . for his ' quaestor,' who was Verres himself. But this is not in favour of Zumpt's argmnent ; for, if Dola- bella had this allowed him (impetrarat), it is clear that it was a favour ; and, instead of citing the case of Dolabella, Verres should have appealed to the general practice. — Orelli reads ' sine praetore posset.' , ACT. 11. LIBER PRIMUS. 119 sine quaestore praetor. Dixit idem Dolabellam impetrasse. Omen magis patribus conscriptis quam causa placuit. Probaverunt, Verum quaestores quoque jampridem venerunt. Cur non rettulisti ? lUarum rationum ex ea faece legationis quaestoriaeque tuae procu- rationis ilia sunt nomina, quae Dolabellae necessario sunt aestimata. EX LITIEDS AESTIMATIS DOLABELLAE PR. ET PRO PR. Quod minus Dolabella Verri acceptum rettulit quam Verres illi expensum tulerit, HS quingenta triginta quinque millia ; et quod plus fecit Dolabella Verrem accepisse quam iste in suis tabulis habuit, HS ducenta triginta duo millia ; et quod plus frumenti fecit accepisse istum, HS decies et octingenta millia, quod tu, homo castissimus, aliud in tabulis habebas. Hinc illae extraordinariae pecuniae, quas nullo duce tamen aliqua ex particula investigamus, redundarunt: hinc ratio cum Q. et Cn. Postumis Curtiis multis nominibus quo- rum in tabulis iste habet nullum : hinc HS quaterdecies P. Tadio numeratum Athenis testibus planum faciam : hinc empta apertis- sime praetura ; nisi forte id etiam dubium est quomodo iste praetor factus sit. Homo scilicet aut industria, aut opera probata, aut frugalitatis existimatione praeclara, aut denique, id quod levissimum est, assiduitate, qui ante quaestm-am cum meretricibus lenonibusque vixisset, quaegturam ita gessisset quemadmodum cognovistis, Romae post quaesturam illam nefariam vix triduum constitisset, absens non in oblivione jacuisset, sed in assidua commemoratione omnibus Omen} A Roman mode of expression ferently in your books.' which is very difficult to translate. Verres extraordinariae] Any money not ac- urged that Dolabella had obtained what he quired in the usual way might be called asked for ; and Dolabella was afterwards ' extraordinaria ;' but probably this term tried and convicted. The senate was better had a technical meaning. That the money pleased with the instance which Verres cited was in this case dishonestly acquired ap- than with his argument, for they hoped, as peared from the amount, and from the fact Cicero would have us suppose, that the pre- of Verres keeping no account of these large cedent of Dolabella might be made complete sums, which he paid over to others to keep by Verres being convicted also. for him, and to avoid detection. The ' ex- PR., &c.] ' PR. ET PRO PB.,' the reading traordinaria pecunia,' according to Savigny, of all the MSS., seem to be the abbrevia- consists in the omission of an entry which tions for ' praetori ' and ' propraetor!.' ought to be made, which entry was omitted OreUi's text is ' pr. p. r. pecuniae redactae.' for the purpose of fraud and concealment But ' pecuniae redactae ' is not in the MSS. ; (Pro Rose. Am. c. 1). and, if these words were, 'p. r.' cannot mean numeratum'] The old reading 'nume- ' populo Romano,' as some have supposed ; rata,' though the reading of all the MSS., as for ' pecuniae redactae,' as Zumpt observes, it is said, is not the true reading ; for J. F. is the same as ' exactae.' Gronovius has shown that HS, with a nu- castissinuis,] ' Callidissimus :' Zumpt, meral adverb, must be taken as a neuter from one MS. (Guelf. vetustior). ' Quod — singular (Zumpt). See Zumpt's Appendix, aliud:' Ernesti would alter ' quod ' to ' id j' assiduitate,] This is a term applied to and other alterations have been proposed, candidates for offices, who showed them- all of which are unnecessary. The text is selves to the people, and canvassed for votes, as plain as it can be : ' the which you, most Klotz refers to the oration Pro Cn. Plancio, Immaculate of men, had entered quite dif- c. 20, and Pro L. Murena, c. !). 120 IN C. VERREM omnium flagitiorura fuisset, is repente, ut Romara venit, gratis praetor factus est. Alia porro pecunia ne accusaretur data. Cui sit data, nihil ad me, nihil ad rem pertinere arbitror : datam quidem esse tum inter omnes recenti negotio facile constabat. Homo stul- tissime et amentissime, tabulas quum conficeres, et quum extraor- dinariae pecuniae crimen subterfugere velles, satis te elapsurum omni suspicione arbitrabare, si quibus pecuniam credebas lis expen- sum non ferres, neque in tuas tabulas ullum nomen referres, quum tot tibi nominibus acceptum Curtii referrent I Quid proderat tibi te expensum illis non tulisse? An tuis solis tabulis te causam dicturum existimasti ? XL. Verum ad illam jam veniamus praeclaram praeturam, cri- minaque ea quae notiora sunt his qui adsunt quam nobis qui meditati ad dicendum paratique venimus ; in quibus non dubito quin offensionem negligentiae vitare atque efFugere non possim. Multi enim ita dicent : De illo nihil dixit, in quo ego interfui : illam injuriam non attigit, quae mihi aut quae amico meo facta est, quibus ego in rebus interfui. His omnibus qui istius injurias norunt, hoc est, populo Romano universo, me vehementer excusa- tum volo, non negligentia mea fore ut multa praeteream, sed quod alia testibus Integra reservari velim, multa autem propter rationem brevitatis ac temporis praetermittenda existimem. Fatebor etiam iUud invitus, me prorsus, quum iste punctum temporis nullum vacuum peccato praeterire passus sit, omnia quae ab isto commissa sunt non potuisse -cognoscere. Quapropter ita me de praeturae criminibus auditOte, ut ex utroque genere et juris dicundi et sarto- rum tectorum exigendorum ea postuletis, quae maxime digna sunt eo reo cui parvum ac mediocre objici nihil oporteat. Nam ut praetor factus est qui auspicato a Chelidone surrexisset, sortem nactus est urbanae provinciae, magis ex sua Ohelidonisque quam ex populi Romani voluntate. Qui principio qualis in edicto consti- tuendo fuerit cognoscite. 40. ex utroque genere] That is ' cri- don, had the good luck to get the city minum,' of which ' et juris dicundi,' .&c., is praetorship, under the auspices of Chelidon. the explanation. But the explanation of Zumpt is better. digna sunf] ' Sint :' Orelli. .The MSS. " Verres," he says, " ought to have per- authority is in favour of ' sunt,' a direct formed his religious duties in the morning, affirmation of Cicero. instead of which he rose from the embraces Chelidone'] Asconius observes that Ci- of Chelidon to go to the ' comitia.' " He cero is playing on the word ' Chelidon,' adds, that there is an amphibolia in the which in Greek means a ' swallow,' and was word ' surgendo,' ' nam sedentes anspi- also the name of the woman who was a cabantur.' As to ' provincia ' and ' edic- favourite of Verres. As a swallow is a city turn,' see the Excursus iv. ' Edicta Magis- bii'd, so Verres, who cohabited with Cheli- tratuunj ;' and Lib,.2. c. 1. ACT. II. LIBER PEIMUS. 121 XLI. P. Annius Asellus mortuus est C. Sacerdote praetore. Is quum haberet unicam filiam neque census asset, quod eum natura hortabatur, lex nulla prohibebat, fecit ut filiam bonis suis heredem institueret. Heres erat filia. Faciebant omnia cum pupilla, legis aequitas, voluntas patris, edicta praetorum, consuetudo juris ejus quod erat tum quum Asellus est mortuus. Iste praetor designatus— utrum admonitus an tentatus, an, qua est ipse sagaci- tate in his rebus, sine duce uUo, sine indice, pervenerit ad banc improbitatem nescio ; vos tantum hominis audaciam amentiamque cognoscite— appellat heredem L. Annium qui erat institutus secun- dum filiam ; non enim mihi persuadetur istum ab illo prius appel- latum: dicit se posse ei condonare edicto hereditatem; docet hominem quid possit fieri. lUi bona res, huic vendibilis videbatur. Iste, tametsi singulari est audacia, tamen ad pupillae matrem sub- mittebat : malebat pecuniam accipere ne quid novi ediceret quam ut hoc edictum tam improbum et inhumanum interponeret. Tutores pecuniam praetori si pupillae nomine dedissent, grandem praesertim, quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, quemadmodum sine periculo suo dare possent, non videbant : simul et istum fore tam improbum non arbitrabantur. Saepe appeUati pernegaverunt. Iste ad arbi- trium ejus cui condonabat hereditatem ereptam a liberis, quam aequum edictum conscripserit, quaeso, cognoscite. Quum intel- LiGAM LEGEM VocoNiAM. . . . Quis unquam crederet Verrem mulierum adversarium futurum ? an ideo aliquid contra mulieres fecit ne totum edictum ad Ohelidonis arbitrium scriptum videretur ? Cupiditati hominum ait se obviam ire. Quis potius non modo his 41. Neque census essef] See the Excur- the * heres,' whereas the * heres' who claimed SU3 iii. on the 'Voconia Lex.' — "quod the ' hereditas' would apply to (appellare) eum natura:" Orelli omits ' eum.' the 'praetor.' — Orelli reads 'qua est iste heredem institueret.'] 'Instituere' was sagacitate.' the technical word for making a person subynitteiat :] Forcellini explains this, ' heres ' by a testament. Gaius (ii. 117): and probably correctly, ' privately sent some " sollemnis autem institutio haec est : Titius one to the mother :' and he compares (Act. heres esto ;" and see his remark on the ii. Lib. 3. c. 28) : ' submittebat iste Timar- forms * heredem instituo,' ' heredem facio.' chidem,' &c. — A ' secundus heres,' or, as Cicero here ex- in rationem inducerent,] ' Bring it into presses it, " qui erat institutus secundum their accounts.' ' Tutores ' were liable to filiam" (next to, after), was one Vho was 'in- account for the administration of the pro- stitutus ' as ' heres,' if the first could not, or perty of their ' pupillus,' or ' pupilla,' when did not, take the ' hereditas.' See Gaius (ii. their functions were at an end ; and they 174) : "interdum duos pluresve gradus here- could not have justified such a payment, dum facimus hoc modo," &c. In the case of condonabat] ' condonarat . . . ereptam 'liberi impuberes,' who were in the testator's liberis . . . scripserit :' Orelli. — ' an ideo ali- power, he could also substitute other ' he- quid contra mulieres scripsit :' Klotz. redes,'even if the 'liberi'tookthe 'hereditas,' Quis potius] This is said ironically. The provided they died while ' impuberes.' words ' obviam ire' show what is to be sup- appellat] Cicero makes Verres summon plied with ' Quis potius,' &c. "Verressays 122 IN 0. VERREM temporibus sed etiam apud majores nostros ? quis tam remotus fuit a cupiditate ? Die, quaeso, cetera : delectat enim me hominis gravitas, scientia juris, auctoritas. aui ab a. postumio a. ful- VIO CENSOllIBUS POSTVE EA . . . FECIT, FEOERIT. Quis UnqualTL edixit isto modo? quis unquam ejus rei fraudem aut periculum proposuit edicto, quae neque post edictum neque ante edictum provideri potuit i XLIl. Jure, legibus, auctoritate omnium qui consulebantur, testament um P. Annius fecerat, non improbum, non inofficiosum, non inhumanum : quod si ita fecisset, tamen post illius mortem nihil de testamento illius novi juris constitui oporteret. Voconia lex te videlicet delectabat ? Imitatus esses ipsum ilium Q. Voco- nium qui lege sua hereditatem ademit nulli neque virgini neque mulieri : sanxit in posterum, qui post eos censores census esset, ne that he will check men's greediness after lucre. Who more likely than he to do it, I don't say among men of our day, but even among our ancestors ?" The ' majores nos- tri' belonged to the good old times. Quis unquam, &c.] This passage is ob- scure •; and its meaning could only be fully ascertained if we had the text of the edict, instead of the few words which are cited : " who ever made an edict after this fashion ? who ever by his edict laid a snare or created a hazard, as to a matter which could not be provided against, either after or before the publication of the edict ?" The reading of Klotz is " unquam ei rei . . . quae neque post edictum reprehendi neque ante," &c. Orelli repeats ' fecit, fecerit .•" thus. Zumpt con- tends that the words ' fecit, fecerit' are not to be taken in connexion with the words ' Qui ab A. Postumio,' &o,, but that the chief part of the edict between ' posfve ea' and ' fecit, fecerit ' is omitted ; and in his note, be gives what he supposes to be the substance of the part which is omitted. ' Qui ab A. Postumio,' &c. cannot, as Zumpt remarks, refer to the ' census' of these ' cen- sors' as a time to reckon from ; for, if that were so, the form should be ' A. Postumio, Q.Fulvio censoribus ;' but the 'censors' were not thus referred to for the purpose of a determination of time. His conclusion is, and probably a just one, that the words which followed ' postve ea' referred to per- sons being ' censi ;' and 'fecit, fecerit' referred to the words ' virginem mulieremve here- dem.' The censorship of Postumius and Fulvius was B.C. 174. 42. testamentum — non improbum,'] Asco- nius explains ' improbum testamentum' to be a ' testamentum' made ' contra leges ;' which, if correctly interpreted, means in violation of some particular 'leges.' But his state- ment is not worth any thing. Klotz has something on this word, which I don't un- derstand. His legal explanations are loose and inexact. ' Improbus' is ' non probus,' ' not honest or upright :' it is joined with ' intestabilis' in a passage in the Twelve Tables quoted by Gellius (xv. 13). Neither ' improbum ' nor ' inhumanum' appears to have a technical meaning. ' Inofficiosum' has a technical meaning. A * testamentum inofficiosum' is a testament made in legal form, ' sed non ex officio pietatis,' ' not as a good man ought to make it.' If a man exheredated his own children, or passed over his parents, or brethren, or sisters, without some sufficient reason, the will, though good in form, might be attacked by these near kinsfolk, who would be his ' he- redes' in case of intestacy, in a suit called ' Querela Inofficiosi.' The persons thus passed over would, of course, be supposed to have merited this mark of the testator's disapprobation ; but, if the disapprobation was unmerited, the testator had done them a wrong, and their remedy was to get the will set aside, as made under the influence of passion. The ultimate object of the suit, was the vindication of the character of the complaihants ; but the du-ect effect of the suit was to set aside the wiU and make them ' heredes.' It is not known when this form of action was introduced ; and we can- not conclude because Cicero uses the term, ' inofficiosum,' that the ' Querela Inofficiosi' existed in his time.— The subject is ex- plained by Savigny, System des Heut Rom. Re.chts,i\.\2T. See also Dig. 5. tit. 2, De Inofficioso Testamento. ACT. II. LIBER PEIMUS. 123 quis heredem virginem neve mulierem faceret. In lege Voconia non est fecit, feeerit ; neque in uUa praeteritum tempus reprehen- ditur nisi ejus rei quae sua sponte scelerata et nefaria est ut, etiamsi lex non esset, magno opere vitanda fuerit. Atque in his rebus multa videmus ita sancta esse legibus ut ante facta in judicium non vocentur. Cornelia testamentaria, nummaria, ceterae complures ; in quibus non jus aliquod novum populo constituitur, sed sancitur ut, quod semper malum facinus fuerit, ejus quaestio ad populum pertineat ex certo tempore. De jure vero civili si quis novi quid instituerit, is omnia quae ante acta sunt rata esse non patietur? Cedo mihi leges Atinias, Furias, ipsam, ut dixi, Voconiam, omnes praeterea de jure civili : hoc reperies in omnibus statui jus quo post earn legem populus utatur. Qui plurimum tribuunt edicto, praetoris edictum legem annuam dicunt esse. Tu edicto plus com- plecteris quam lege. Si finem edicto praetoris afferunt Kalendae Jan., cur non initium quoque nascitur a Kalendis Jan.? An in eum annum progredi nemo poterit edicto quo praetor alius futurus est ; in ilium quo alius praetor fuit regredietur ? Ac si hoc juris non unius hominis causa edixisses, cautius composuisses. XLIII. Scribis, sr auis heredem fecit, eecerit. Quid si plus legarit quam ad heredem heredesve perveniat, quod per legem Voconiam ei qui census non sit licet? cur hoc quum in eodem genere sit, non caves? Quia non generis sed hominis causam in ulla] That is, ' in ulla lege.' ' Nisi mitted before its enactment, as Cicero says. ejus rei ' means, ' nor is past time noticed ex- After ' Cornelia— complures,' Hotmann un- cept in a matter which is naturally criminal derstands ' sunt.'—' Ejus quaestio ad popu- and wrong.' He means to say, that the lum,' &c., means ' it is made the subject of moral notions of a people condemn some a Judicium Publicum.' See Excursus ii. things, though there may be no ' lex' nor De jure— civili] ' Jus civile' here means formal enactment on the matter. Those 'JusPrivatum'asopposed to 'Jus Publicum, legal rules which exist in the common un- which term ' Jus Pubhcum comprehended derstanding and consciousness of a people Criminal Law. Asconius has correctly and have effect given to them by those who marked this sense of 'Jus Civile, are empowered to declare the law, are a si quis novi, &c.] There is a great uis- iiart of ' ius,' and are law in the most strict crepancy in the form m which this passage and exact sense of the term. is given in the editions, tliough none in the in his rebus] This refers to ' ejus rei,' sense. Zumpt reads ' si quis novi quid &c He means to say, that many rules of instituit ... rata esse patitur. Klotz reads law (ius) received a sanction from ' leges,' ' instituit . . is non omnia . . pahetur ? and yet the ' leges' were so framed as not to Furias,] The word ' Fusias, which fol- apply to past acts. ' Sanctio ' is that part lows ' Furias,' is said to be in aU the Mbb., of a ' lex ' which gives to it its efficacy, such and all the old editions. Yet it is perhaps as a penalty or punishment (Inst. Just. ii. properly omitted, for ' Furia' and ' Fusia' are tit. 1.- s. 10). He instances a ' Lex Cornelia, the same word. But see Zumpt s note, de False' (for Cicero means only one ' Lex As to these ' Leges,' see Diet, of Antiquities. Cornelia' here) on forged testaments and art. Lex.— 'initium quoque edicti^Orelh. forged coin, which made these offences a 43. Quia non generis, &c.] Klotz has ' Crimen Publicum' and cognizable as such ; " quia non juris, &c. . . amplectens . . te pre- but the 'lex' did not apply to offences com- tio non jure esse commotum. 124 IN C. VEEEEM verbis complecteris ; ut facile appareat te pretio esse commotum. Atque hoc si in posterum edixisses, minus esset nefarium, tamen esset improbum ; sed turn vituperari posset, in dubium venire non posset ; nemo enim committeret. Nunc est ejusmodi edictum ut qui vis intelligat non populo esse scriptum sed P. Annii secundis heredibus. Itaque quum a te caput illud tam multis verbis merce- nario prooemio esset ornatum, ecquis est inventus postea praetor qui illud idem ediceret? Non modo nemo edixit, sed ne metuit quidem quisquam ne quis ediceret. Nam post te praetorem multi testamenta eodem modo fecerunt; in his nuper Annaea. Ea de multorum propinquorum sententia, pecuniosa mulier, quod censa non erat, testamento fecit heredem filiam. Jam hoc magnum judicium hominum de istius singulari improbitate, quod Verres sua sponte instituisset, id neminem metuisse ne quis reperiretur qui istius institutum sequi vellet. Solus enim tu inventus es cui non satis fuerit corrigere voluntates vivorum, nisi etiam rescinderes mortuorum. Tu ipse ex SicUiensi edicto hoc sustulisti; noluisti ex improvise si quae res natae essent ex urbano edicto decernere. committeret.'] ' No one would have acted against the edict/ — * In dubium venire non posset.' Zumpt says, that the ' edictum in dubium non venit, verum testamenta ;' and he concludes that ' concinnitatis causa ' Cicero has written rather carelessly. Annaea.'] Zumpt prefers ' Annaea,' for which there is good authority, to the com- mon reading 'Annia;' for, if this ' Annia' had been a kinswoman or sister of P. Annius, Cicero would have made that relationship matter for ' novam aliquam invidiam.' In place of ' multi testamenta eodem modo fecerunt,' Klotz has ' multi in iisdem causis fuerunt,' from the Cod. Vat. corrigere voluntates] * You are the only man ever known, who was not satisfied with regulating the wills of living persons, unless you could also rescind the expressed will of the dead.' He was not satisfied with laying down rules of law, which affected a man's future testamentary power, but he must also undo the testamentary dispositions of those who made their wills before his rule was made. ' Corrigere testamenta :' Klotz. noluisti ex improviso, &c.] Orelli, Klotz, and Zumpt have ' voluisti,' which, as Menard observes, is directly contrary to the meaning. * Ex improviso' belongs to ' si quae res,' &c. Zumpt and Klotz have a comma after ' im- provise,' which Orelli has not. The difference between ' noluisti ' and 'noluisti' in a MS. is so trifling, that we cannot'depend on the readings, and we must endeavour to determine from the sense which is the true word. Menard observes, that if Verres had framed his decrees upon the * ur- banum edictum,' it could not be said that the ' urbanum edictum' was repealed by the Siciliense. In the beginning of c. 46, Cicero observes that Verres, as in the case of ' mulierum hereditates,' so in that of ' here- ditatum possessiones,' had not transferred the chapters of his ' urbanum edictum' into the ' provinciale ;' and he says nothing of Verres making his ' decreta' as to such mat- ters, under any circumstances, conformably to the 'urbanum,' but he assumes that these chapters were to have no effect at all. He asks (c. 46) : "did you think that the inhabitants of the province had a better title than ourselves to the enjoyment of 'aequum jus .'' " If Cicero had said that Verres in- tended (voluit) in cases not provided for, if such arose, to make his ' decreta' in confor- mity to the ' urbanum edictum,' that is, the inequitable chapters of it, he would have been destroying his own argument, which is, that Verres totally rejected these repre- hensible chapters of his ' urbanum edictum.' ' Ex improviso' must be explained by refer- ence to ' provideri' at the end of c. 41 ; and the sense of the passage is this : " you did not choose in extraordinary cases to apply to your urban edict." ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 125 Quam postea tu tibi defensionem relinquebas, in ea maxime offen- disti, quum tuam auctoritatem tute ipse edicto provinciali repu- diabas. XLIV. Atque ego non dubito quin ut mihi, cui filia maxime cordi est, res haec acerba videatur atque indigna, sic unicuique vestrum qui simili sensu atque indulgentia filiarum commovemini. Quid enim natura nobis jucundius, quid carius esse voluit, quid est dignius in quo omnis nostra diligentia indulgentiaque consumatiir ? Homo importunissime, cur tantam injuriam P. Annio mortuo fecisti? cur hunc dolorem cineri ejus atque ossibus inussisti, ut liberis ejus bona patria, voluntate patris, jure, legibus tradita, eriperes, et cui tibi esset commodum condonares? Quibuscum vivi bona nostra partimur, iis praetor adimere nobis mortuis bona fortunasque pote- rit? Nec petitionem, inquit, nec possessionem dabo. Eripies igitur pupiUae togam praetextam ? detrahes ornamenta non solum fortunae sed etiam ingenuitatis 1 Miramur ad arma contra istum hominem Lampsacenos isse ? miramur istum de provincia deceden- tem clam Syracusis profugisse ? Nos si alienam vicem pro nostra injuria doleremus, vestigium istius in Ibro non esset relictum. Pater dat filiae ; prohibes : leges sinunt ; tamen te interponis. De suis bonis ita dat ut ab jure non abeat. Quid habes quod reprehendas ? nihil, opinor. At ego concedo : prohibe si potes ; si habes qui te audiat ; si potest tibi dicto audiens esse quisquam. Eripias tu voluntatem mortuis, bona vivis, jus omnibus ? Hoc populus Romanus non manu vindicasset, nisi te huic tempori atque huic judicio reservasset ? Posteaquam jus praetorium constitutum est, semper hoc jure usi 44. cui filia] Cicero alludes to his daugh-. ditas ;' which possession would not of itself ter Tullia, who was probably born B.C. 79 bave conferred a legal title, though the or 78. See c. 58 : ' habemus enim liberos,' ' praetor ' treated ' bonorum possessores ' as &c. ' Cui mea fiUa . . videtur :' Klotz. ' heredes.' bona fortunasque] See note on ' bona' togam praetextam ?] The ' toga prae- and ' fortunas,' Divin. p. 34. ' Fortunam' texta' was worn both by males and females; is used in the singular by Scaevola (Dig. 4. by boys till they assumed the ' toga virilis,' 7. 40) : ' argentarius coactor totam fortu- and by girls till they were married. As the nam in nominibus habebat ;' he had all his ' toga' was the characteristic dress of the money invested in loans, or out in some way. Romans, Cicero means to say, that the con . petitionem,] The ' praetor' declared that duct of Verres was equivalent to depriving he would not allow her to sue (petere) for the girl of her citizenship, to stripping her the ' hereditas ;' for.in the caseof an "in rem even of the signs of her free birth (ingenu- actio," one of the modes of proceeding was itas), treating her as » slave, as a person ' per formulam petitoriam,' in which the without rights. plaintiff factor) claimed the thing as his pro nostra, &c.] " If we had grieved for property (Gaius, iv. 91, 92) : " Petitoria au- another's lot, as if the wrong had been done tem formula haec est, qua actor intendit to ourselves." Zumpt compares Cic. Pro rem snam esse." Nor would the ' praetor' Rose. Am. c. 21 : ' pro summa solitudine.' allow her to take possession of the ' here- Posteaquam jus praetorium] See Ex- 126 IN C. VEEREM sumus : si tabulae testament! non proferrentur, turn, uti quemque potissimum heredem esse oporteret, si is intestatus mortuus esset, ita secundum eum possessio daretur. Quare hoc sit aequissimum facile est dicere ; sed in re tam usitata satis est ostendere omnes antea jus ita dixisse, et hoc vetus edictum translatitiumque esse. XLV. Cognoscite aliud hominis in re vetere edictum novum ; et simul, dum est unde jus civile discatur, adolescentes ei in disci- plinam tradite. Mirum est hominis ingenium, mira prudentia. Minucius quidam mortuus est ante istum praetorem : ejus testa- mentum erat nullum : lege hereditas ad gentem Minuciam veniebat. Si habuisset iste edictum, quod ante istum et postea omnes habu- erunt, possessio Minuciae genti esset data : si quis testamento se heredem esse arbitraretur quod tum non exstaret, lege ageret in cvirsus iv. on the Edicta Magistratuum. The division into chapters is sometimes made in such a way as to obscure the argu- ment. The matter of Annius, the *Vo- conia Lex,' concludes with the indignant words, ' huic judicio reserrasset ;' and the words * Posteaquam jus praetorium,' &c., introduce the case of Minucius, as to which Cicero briefly states the law first, and then shows how Verres behaved in this matter. This is the remark of Madvig, Opuscula, p. 348 : " De locis aliquot Ciceronis Ora- tionum Verrinarum dissertatio critica." possessio daretur.'] It was part of the ' praetor's ' office to grant a * bonorum pos- sessio,' or permission to take possession of the property of a deceased person in many cases, which are mentioned further on, in the notes to this chapter. The case here put, is that of the 'praetor' granting a ' bonorum possessio ' when no will was produced, though there might be a will, which for some reason was not produced. In such case, he could, as Cicero says, grant a * bonorum possessio ' to those who would be ' heredes ' if the deceased had died in- testate. But the ' praetor ' could not give such persons a legal title ; the utmost that he could do was to protect them in the pos- session which he had allowed them to take. The words ' si is intestatus mortuus esset ' are omitted by OrelU, though they are in the MSS., and in all the old editions, in conformity with the opinion of Hotmanu that it is a gloss taken from Asconius. Hotmann observes that there is nothing for ' is ' to refer to ; but this difficulty Zumpt removes, by understanding 'alicui' with * heredem esse.' But the true reading is probably indicated by the words of the Edict quoted by Julian (Dig. 38. 7. 1) : ' turn quern ei heredem esse oporteret, si intesta- tus mortuus esset.' 'The text of Cicero however may be explained as it stands. The words ' tabulae testamenti ' imply some person whose ' tabulae testamenti ' were not produced. ' Is ' therefore is ' the person whose Tabulae were not produced.' ' Secundum eum ' means ' in favour of him ;' as in Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 17 : ' de absente se- cundum praesentem judicare.' So ' vindiciae secundum libertatem,' in favour of liberty (Dig. 1. tit. 2. § 24). facile est dicere ,•] Orelli has ' docere.' 45. prudentia.] means ironically 'juris prudentia.' lege hereditas] ' Lex,' used thus abso- lutely, means the ' Lex Duodecim Tabula- rum,' which, if there were no ' sui heredes,' gave the ' hereditas ' to the ' agnati ;' and, if there were no ' agnati,' the ' lex ' gave the ' hereditas ' to the ' gentiles,' which is the case that Cicero puts here (Gains, iii. § 17). If Verres had adopted in his ' edic- tum ' (habuisset) that rule of law which all ' praetors,' both before him and since, have adopted, he would have given the 'pos- sessio ' to the ' gens.' The ' Gentilitium Jus,' which was In force in the time of Cicero, had fallen into desuetude in the time of the Antonini, when Gains wrote : 'totum gentUicium jus in desuetudinem abiisse.' As to ' gens ' and ' gentiles,' see Diet, of Antiqs., ' Gens.' lege ageret] If any man thought that he was entitled under a will, though no will was yet produced, he could either sue di- rectly for the ' hereditas ' by the ' formula petitoria,' in which case there must be a ' stipulatio judicatum solvi ' on the part of the defendant in possession, by way of ' sa- tisdatio,' or security, to the plaintiff; or ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 127 hereditatem ; aut pro praede litis vindiciarum quum satis accepisset, sponsionem faceret ; ita de hereditate certaret. Hoc, opinor, jure et majores nostri et nos semper usi sumus. "Videte ut hoc iste cor- rexerit. Componit edictum iis verbis ut quivis intelligere possit unius hominis causa Conscriptum esse ; tantum quod hominem non nominat, causam quidem totara perscribit ; jus, consuetudinem, aequitatem, edicta omnium negligit. ex edicto uebano. Si de HEREDITATE AMBIGITDR. ... SI POSSESSOR SPONSIONEM NON FA- ciET. Jam quid id ad praetorem uter possessor sit? nonne id quaeri oportet utrum possessorem esse oporteat? Ergo quia pos- sessor est, non moves possessione ; si possessor non esset, non dares. Nusquam enim scribis, neque tu aliud quicquam edicto complecteris nisi eam causam pro qua pecuniam acceperas. Jam hoc ridiculum est. Si de hereditate ambigitur, et tabulae testamenti the plaintiflF would proceed by the ' sponsio,' and there would be, on the part of the de- fendant in possession, a ' pro praede litis et viodiciarum stipulatio,' which would be a security for the value of the thing (lis), the ownership of which was in dispute, and for the ' mesne ' (intermediate) profits (vin- diciae), as Gains explains it (iv. § 91, &c.). The correct expression is ' pro praede litis et vindiciarum ;' but Cicero's omission of 'et,' in which he is followed by Asconius, is conformable to Roman usage, as in the expression, ' Patres Conscripti,' ' nsus fruc- tus,' and others. Gains says that ' pro praede,' &c., is said, because originally, when the process was ' lege,' 'praedes,' or security, was given by the possessor to the plaintiff for the ' lis et vindiciae,' in place of which (pro praede, &c.) the ' stipulatio ' was introduced. In the ' formula petitoria,' the plaintifFa claim (intentio) to the thing was expressed, as in the formula, ' L. Octavius, &c.' (Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 12). In the 'sponsio,' the form of ' stipulatio ' was this : ' Si homo quo de agitur ex jure Quiritium mens est, sestertios cxxv nummos dare spondes ? ' And, with reference to this ' stipulatio,' the ' intentio ' of the formula was ; ' Si paret N. N. A. A. ss. cxxv. nummos dare opor- tere.' (Excursus v.) si possessor] Klotz reads ' si est pos- sessor,' and Asconius says ' subanditur est,* because there is a reading ' si et,' &c. ; but this does not seem necessary. Cicero quotes the words of the edict of Verres: "if the person in possession shall not mate the 'sponsio,'" &C. Cicero's argument is, Verres says ' si possessor ;' but the question is not who is in possession, but who ought to be : according to your edict, because a man is in possession, you don't disturb him ; and, for the same reason, if a man was not in possession, you would not give him the possession. Possession here is to be taken in its pro- per sense. If two parties disputed about the ownership of a thing, he who is in pos- session must be the defendant, and he who is not in possession has the burden of prov- ing his title. If therefore it was uncer- tain who was in possession, or who must be considered ' possessor,' this question must be settled first; and the 'praetor' settled this by a ' possessorial interdict.' "When Cicero then says 'uter possessor sit,' he simply means which of the two is in the corporeal possession of the thing ; but that does not determine which of the two ought to be considered ' possessor ' for the purposes of the suit, for the actual pos- sessor might not be entitled to the posses- sion. Zumpt says: "si quaeris, quod boni ex ista temporaria possessione homini con- tingere potuerit, unum hoc vetere proverbio respondeo : Beati possidentes." Such an answer however will not satisfy every body. (Excursus v.) Jam hoc ridiculum est.] This is not more ridiculous than the pointing of Zumpt and others, who place (:) after ' ridiculum est,' and a fall stop after ' hereditatem dabo.' There is nothing ridiculous in the ' translatitium edictum ,' which Cicero quotes. The ' ridiculum ' lies elsewhere. Si de hereditate, &c.] Here we have a portion of the edict. 'The ' praetor ' gave the ' bonorum possessio,' (1) when there was no testament (Dig. 38. tit. 6 : ' si ta- 128 IN C. VERREM OliSIGNATAE NON MINUS MULTIS SIGNIS ftUAM E LEGE OPORTET AD ME PKOKEEENTUE, SECUNDUM TABULAS TESTAMENTI POTISSIMUM HEREDiTATEM DABO : hoc translatitium est: sequi illud oportet, si TABULAE TESTAMENTI NON PEOFEBENTUR. Quid ait? Se EI DA- TURUM QUI SE DiCAT HEEEDEM ESSE. Quld ergo interest profe- rantur necne ? Si protulerit, uno signo ut sit minus quam ex lege oportet, non des possessionem.: si omnino tabulas non proferet, dabis. Quid nunc dicam? Neminem unquam hoc postea alium edixisse ? Valde sit mirum neminem fuisse qui istius se similem dici vellet. Ipse in Siciliensi edicto hoc non habet ; exegerat enim jam mercedem : item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi, in Siciha de heredi- tatum possessionibus dandis edixit idem quod omnes Romae praeter istum : ex edicto Siciliensi : Si de heeeditate ambigitue XLVI. Ac, per deos iramortales, quid est quod de hoc dici bulae testament! nuUae extabunt'), that is, a ' possessio ' in the case of intestacy, of which there were several cases, determined by the class of persons who in succession were entitled ; (2) if there was a testament, and in this case either ' contra tabulas,' or ' secundum tabulas.' " If," says the edict, " a will is produced with the proper number of seals, that is, not fewer than seven, I will give the * hereditas ' according to the terms of the testament." He ought to say ' possessio,' for the ' praetor ' could not make a ' heres ' (Gaius, iii. 32) ; he could only allow a person to take possession of the property : but ' hereditas,' in the sense of * possessio hereditatis,' may have been used. In c. 47 there is the expression ' posses- sionem hereditatis,' which Hotmann pro- posed to read here. Zumpt reads ' posses- sionem ' for ' hereditatem,' and he says that this reading is found in one MS. (Lag. 2!)). hoc translatitiuTn est: &c.] 'These are the words of Cicero, who says that this part of the edict of Verres is adopted from former edicts, and is all right. (Comp. Dig. 38. tit. 6 : 'si tabulae testamenti nuUae,' &c.) If no 'tabulae' were pro- duced, then the terms of the edict ought to be as in o. 44 : ' Posteaquam jus praeto- rium,' &o. Comp. Dig. 38. 7- 1 : ' Haec verba edicti : Turn quem ei heredem esse oporteret,' &c. But Cicero makes Verres say, " then he will give the ' hereditas ' to him who says that he is ' heres,' " that is, to a man who affirms that he is ' heres ' by the testa- ment, but does not produce the testament. Klotz supposes that Verres may have said, " I will give it to him who proves himself to be ' heres.' " But, if Verres said this, he would have said right. He who produced a will in which he was made ' heres ' (and he could prove himself to be testamentary ' heres ' in no other way), was entitled to the ' possessio.' The note of Asconius is un- inteUigible. The substance of the matter is, that the edict of Verres, according to Cicero, was irregular, made for a corrupt purpose ; and when he got to Sicily he adopted the usual form, ' in hereditatum possessionibus dandis,' a form which every ' praetor ' at Rome used except himself, and which he deviated from for a corrupt pur- pose. Zumpt writes ' se ei daturum qui dicat,' &c., but 'invitus,' and in obedience to the MSS. The whole of this matter about the edict of Verres is difficult to understand, for we are confused between what ought to have been the edict of Verres, and what it was. To understand Cicero, we must take his statement as to the edict of Verres to be true ; for, if we do not, we cannot see the justice of his conclusions. As Cicero repre- sents the conduct of Verres, the absurdity of his edictal rule is apparent. Whether Cicero stated every thing correctly, is a dif- ferent matter. But his statements and his conclusions are consistent. Quid nunc dicam ? &c.] ' What shall I now say .' That no other person ever since made this edictal rule .> Strange, indeed, if nobody chose to be called hke Verres. But Verres himself does not include this rule in his Sicihan edict.' Orelli omits ' hoc ' after ' unquam.' Zumpt adds it, ' fide Lag. 29.' ' Strange,indeed,' is saidironically. "Strange, that nobody chose to be likened to Verres. Why Verres did not choose to be hke him- self; for he changed the rule in Sicily." 46. Ac'] 'At:' OreUi; but incorrectly. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 129 possit ? Iterum enim jam quaero abs te, sicut modo in iUo capite Anniano de mulierum hereditatibus, nunc in hoc de hereditatum possessionibus, cur ea capita in edictum provinciale transferre nolueris ? Utrum digniores homines existimasti eos qui habitabant m provincia quam nos qui aequo jure uteremur, an ahud Romae aequum est, ahud in Siciha ? Non enim hoc potest hoc loco dici multa esse in provinciis ahter edicenda ; non de hereditatum quidem possessionibus, non de mulierum hereditatibus. Nam utroque genere video non modo ceteros sed te ipsum totidem verbis edixisse quot verbis edici Romae solet. Quae Romae magna cum infamia pretio accepto edixeras, ea sola te, ne gratis in provincia male audires, ex edicto Siciliensi sustulisse video. Et quum edictum totum eorum arbitratu, quamdiu 'fuit designatus, componeret, qui ab isto jus ad utilitatem suam nundinarentur, tum vero in magistratu contra illud ipsum edictum suum sine ulla religione decernebat. Itaque L. Piso multos codices implevit earum rerum in quibus ita intercessit quod iste aliter atque ut edixerat decrevisset. Quod vos oblitos esse non arbitror, quae multitudo, qui ordo ad Pisonis seUam isto praetore 46. caput — capital ' Caput,' in this Fense, is equivalent to ' title,' or ' chapter ;' for ' caput ' was used to express one of the divisions of a ' lex,' which we should call a section. Cic. De Lege Agr. ii. 6 : ' a primo capite legis usque ad extremum;' and also a division or title of the * edictum ;' Cicero, Ad Fam. iii. 8 : * Romae composui edictum — diligentissime scriptum caput est quod pertinet ad minuendos sumptus civitatum ; quo in capite sunt quaedam nova, salutaria civitatibus.' uteremur^ ' Uterentur ' (Orelli), which is the suggestion of Hotmaun. But Zurapt says that there is no variation in the MSS., and that the usage of the Latin requires ' uteremur,' to agree with ' nos.' nundinarentur,'] ' Nundinae,' every ninth day, was a kind of market-day. ' Nundinor' is to buy and sell ; hence here it signifies to traffic with Verres, who had ' jurisdictio,' as ' praetor urbanus.' — ' Illud ipsum edictum :' ' ipsum ' om. Orelli. Zumpt has taken ' ip- sum ' from Lag. 29. decemelat.'] ' Decemo,' ' decretum,' are the terms applicable to decisions in parti- cular cases. The praetor's decision, of course, ought to be conformable to his ' edictum,' or ' general rules,' and to deviate from this was an offence against ' religio.' Instances of praetors not acting conform- ably to their ' edictum ' were not rare, and a Lex Cornelia was passed B.C. 67, which required the praetors to administer jus- tice conformably to their Edicta Perpetna (Ascon. in Cic. Cornel, p. 58 ; Dion Cas- sius, xxxvi. 23). See Excursus iv. L. Piso~\ Piso was a colleague of Verres, and probably Praetor Peregrinus. A ' ma- gistratus ' of equal or superior rank, and also the Tribuni Plebis, might be appealed to from the decree of a ' magistratus,' with whose ' decretum ' a party was dissatisfied ; and this interposition was called 'inter- cessio.' But the word ' intercessio ' is chiefly applied to the ' intercessio ' of the Tribuni Plebis ; which ' intercessio,' in matters that related to the Civil Law (as opposed to the Criminal), had the effect of nullifying the act which was appealed against. The ' ma- gistratus,' who was appealed from, might then give a fresh judgment or decision. If a praetor was appealed to from his col- league, it appears that he might hear the case himself, and decide according to his opinion. "We learn from this passage^ that the * magistratus ' kept a record, or notes, of their proceedings, which would serve to refresh their memory, and as a guide in fu- ture cases. They were sometimes called * commentarii, actorum commentaria.' Quod vos — guael There is no difficulty about this form of expression. Comp. De Am. c. 15 : ' Quod Tarquinium dixisse fe- runt . . se inteUexisse quos fidos amicos ha- beret,' &c. ; and ' Quod nisi Metellus hoc 130 IN 0. VEREEM sblitus sit convenire ; quem iste collegam nisi habuisset, lapidibus coopertus esset in foro. Sed eo leviores istius injuriae videbantur quod erat in aequitate prudentiaque Pisonis paratissimum perfugium, quo sine labore, sine molestia, sine impensa, etiam sine patrono ho- mines uterentur. Nam, quaeso, redite in memoriam, judices, quae libido istius in jure dicundo fuerit, quae varietas decretorum, quae nundinatio, quam inanes domus eorum omnium qui de jure civili con- suli Solent, quam plena ac referta Chelidonis ; a qua muliere quum erat ad eum ventum et in aurem ejus insusurratum, alias revocabat eos inter quos jam decreverat, decretumque mutabat, alias inter alios contrarium sine uUa religione decernebat ac proximis paulo ante decreverat. Hinc iUi homines erant qui etiam ridiculi inveniebantur ex dolore. Quorum alii, id quod saepe audistis, negabant mirandum esse jus tam nequam esse verrinum ; alii etiam frigidiores erant, sed quia stomachabantur ridiculi videbantur esse, quum Sacerdotem ex- secrabantur qui verrem tam nequam reliquisset. Quae ego non commemorarem, neque enim perfacete dicta neque porro hac severi- tate digna sunt, nisi vos illud vellem recordari, istius nequitiam et iniquitatem turn in ore vulgi atque in communibus proverbiis esse versatam. XLVII. In plebem vero Romanam utrum superbiam prius com- memorem an crudelitatem ? sine dubio crudelitas gravior est atque atrocior. Oblitosne igitur hos putatis esse quemadmodum sit iste solitus virgis plebem Eomanam concidere ? Quam rem etiam tri- bunus plebis in contione egit, quum eum quem virgis iste ceciderat in conspectum populi Romani produxit ; cujus rei cognoscendae faciam vobis suo tempore potestatem. Superbia vero qua fuerit quis tam graviter egisset,' Lib. 2. c. 66. Also the speakers were ' frigidiores,' and their Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 26 : ' quod ubi ille intel- frigid joke furnished rather matter for lexit id agi,' &c. ; Lib. 1. c. 39 : ' quod tu— laughing at them, than at what they said, aliud;' Terence, Phorm. ii. 1, 5: 'Quod — ' Ut audistis,' Orelli. utinam ne Phormioni id suadere in mentem 47. commemorem] ' Commemorem,' incidisset.' Zumpt from Lag. 29. He adds that Cicero redite in memoriam,'} Forcellini cites very seldom uses ' memorare ' for ' comme- Cicero De Senectute, c. 7 : 'in memoriam morare.' He cites as an example, Lib. 4. redeo ;' and Pro Quintio, u. 18 ; and he c. 48. Orelli has ' memorem.' says that it means, as in this case, ' see that tribunus plebis] Asconius says that it you remember.' was M. Lollius Palicanus, who exerted him- ridicuK] This word, which has the ter- self in the restoration of the Tribunicia mination that is commonly a diminutive, potestas. He appears to have been Tri- has the sense of ' moving to laughter.' It bunus plebis, B.C. 71 (Zumpt). appears to be used in this passage, in the conspectum'] Zumpt from Lag. 29. first instance, in the sense of moving to Orelli has ' prospectum ;' ' contra sermonis laughter, by the play on the word 'jus,' usum,' as Zumpt remarks, in conjunction coupled with the word ' verrinum,' where with such a word as ' produxit.' the laugh would be at the joke, not at those suo tempore] As Klotz remarks, this who uttered it. In the second instance, matter would belong to the fifth book De ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 131 ignorat? quemadmodum is tenuissJmum quemque contempserit despexerit, hberum esse nunquam duxerit ? P. Trebonius viros bonos et honestos complures fecit heredes ; in his fecit suum libertum. Is A Irebonmm fratrem habuerat proseriptum. Ei quum cautum vellet, scripsit ut heredes jurarent se curaturos ut ex sua cujusque parte ne mmus dimidium ad A. Trebonium fratrem ilium proseriptum pervemret. Libertus jurat : ceteri heredes adeunt ad Verrem • decent non oportere se jurare : facturos esse quod contra legem Corneham esset quae proseriptum juvari vetaret. Impetrant ut ne jurent : dat his possessionem. Id ego non reprehendo. Etenim Suppliciis ; but Cicero has said no more about it. quemadmodum is] ' qnem. iste,' ' Lambi- nus contra libroa ' (Zumpt). viros bonos, &c.] As these ' boni et ho- nesti' refused to perform the will of the testator, Asconius inquires in what sense Cicero could give them these names. Cicero says he made several men of good character his ' heredes.' If they turned out to be knaves, when they were put to the test, there is nothing strange in that. Zumpt explains it thus : ' viros bonos, i. e. rei pub- licae, qualis tum constituta erat, amicos; nobilitatis fautores, ne P. Trebonium ipsum judices Marianarum partium asseclam clan- destinum putarent;" and he is probably right, for Cicero's 'boni viri' is often so used in a political sense. quae— vetaret.'] Orelli has ' vetat,' which makes the expression ' quae . . . vetat,' the remark of Cicero ; but, as he observes, the words are perhaps a gloss. Zumpt has ' vetaret,' an emendation of Emesti. This Lex Cornelia was one of those passed in the dictatorship of Sulla, a ' Lex de proscriben- dis malis civibus,' an expression which helps to explain Cicero's ' viri boni.' Cicero (Pro Sex. R03. Am. c. 43) says that he does not know whether this * lex * should be called Valeria (Valerii Flacci interregis) or Cornelia. dat his possessionem.] ' Injuste,' 'ille- gally,' says Asconius, the false, in this in- stance at least. He says that the testament should either have been declared invalid, as contrary to the Lex Cornelia, or the entire will of the testator should have been ob- served. But Cicero says ' id ego non repre- hendo ;' and he could not find fault with this part of the decision of Verres. It does not appear that the ' jusjurandum' was a ' conditio ' (suspensive, or precedent) which must be performed before the persons named as ' heredes ' could be ' heredes.' If it was, the praetor could SKCuse the oath (that is, ' remittere conditionem ') ; but stiU the ' heredes ' might be required to fulfil the ' conditio ' in the form of a ' modus,' that is, if it was not illegal. If, however, any party who was named ' heres ' chose to take the oath, he could do so, and he might be com- pelled to perform the ' conditio ' as a ' mo- dus.' The following is an example of a ' modus.' A testator might leave his pro- perty to a person, and add that he must do some particular thing ; for instance, raise a monument to him. In this case the person was made ' heres ' absolutely, but still he was bound to do what the testator wished. But, if the doing of the thing was in any way impossible, the 'heres' was released from the obligation to do it, and his right and title as ' heres ' were not at all impaired. If the thing was illegal, the conclusion was the same. Now in this case the praetor ought to have given the ' possessio ' to all, to those who took the oath and to him who did not. Those who did not take the oath would not be bound by the ' modus,' if the thing was illegal ; and he who took the oath, if he performed the ' modus,' would be ha- ble to the penalty of the Lex CorneUa, if the penalty applied to this case. Cicero's statement and arguments are quite correct. As to ' conditio ' and ' modus,' see Savigny, Das Heutige Rom. Recht, vol. iii. § 116 — 129. Though Cicero could not deny that the proceeding of Verres was legal so far as concerned the other ' heredes,' he adds ' et- enim,' &c. : ' and indeed it was not fair,' &c., which is said with a kind of sneer, as being the remark which Verres or his friends might make. To which Cicero replies ' At ille,' &c. ' Yet the freed man thought tljat he should do wrong, if,' &c. lilotz, who seems inclined to set Verres in the right as much as he can, says that he did not strictly act illegally in refusing the ' possessio ' to the ' libertus.' But Cicero says that he did, and he knew more of Roman law than his German commentator. The ' libertus ' pro- k2 132 IN C. VERREM erat iniquum homini proscripto, egenti, de fraternis bonis quidquam dari. At ille libertus, nisi ex testamento patroni jurasset, scelus se facturum arbitrabatur. Itaque ei Verres possessionem hereditatis negat se daturum ne posset patronum suum proscriptum juvare; simul ut esset poena quod alterius patroni testamento obtemperasset. Das possessionem ei qui non juravit. Ooncedo: praetorium est. Adimis tu ei qui juravit. Quo exempio ? Proscriptum juvat. Lex est ; poena est : quid ad eum qui jus dicit ? Utrum reprehendis, quod patronum juvabat eum qui turn in miseriis erat; an quod alterius patroni mortui voluntatem conservabat, a quo summum beneficium acceperat ? Utrum horum reprehendis ? Et hoc tum de sella vir optimus dixit, Eq,uiti Romano tam locupleti lpberti- N0S SIT HOMO HEREs! O modestum ordinem quod illinc vivus surrexerit. Possum sexcenta decreta proferre in quibus, ut ego pecuniam non dieam intercessisse, ipsa decretorum novitas iniquitasque declarat. Verum ut ex uno de ceteris conjecturam facere possitis, id quod priore actione cognostis audite. XLVIII. C. Sulpicius Olympus fuit. Is mortuus est 0. Sacer- dote praetore, nescio an ante quam Verres praettiram petere coeperit. Fecit heredem M. Octavium Ligurem. Ligur heredi- tatem adiit : possedit Sacerdote praetore sine ulla controversia. Posteaquam Verres magistratum iniit, ex edicto istius, quod edictum Sacerdos non habuerat, Sulpicii patroni filia sextam partem hereditatis ab Ligure petere coepit. Ligur non aderat. raised to do that which was forbidden by the marks, Cicero calls people of great self- Lex Cornelia, but that did not deprive him restraint in letting Verres leave his judg- of his title to the share of the inheritance : ment-seat alive, after receiving such an it only made him liable to the penalty of the insult from him. ' lex,' if there was any for such a case. And 48. C. Sulpicius— fuit.'] See Divin. p. Klotz observes in his note on ' quae . . . 30. — ' praeturam petere coepit :' Klotz. vetat,' that the Lex Cornelia did not apply sextam partem] Olympus was a freed- directly to the case of a testament, so as to man, and the daughter of his ' patronus ' invahdate such a gift, but simply forbade claimed a portion of the property of which any rehef to be given to the proscribed, and he died possessed. This was the case of a therefore applied to all persons. If this is ' libertus ' making a testament, to which so, how can he say that Verres did not act case the law of the Twelve Tables did not illegally in refusing the ' possessio ? ' The apply. Originally, if a freedman made a orator argues better than the commentator, testament, he could pass over (praeterire) At ille libertus,] ' At ' is a correction of his patron altogether. But according to Hotmann, and apparently a true correction. Ulpian (Frag. Tit. xxix.), in the case of a The MSS. have ' et.' ' hbertus ' making a testament and giving no- quod— surrexerit] The common reading thing or less than half of his property to his is ' surrexit.' A careful reader might ask if patron, the praetor's edict gave the patron it should not be ' surrexerit.' Klotz has the ' bonorum possessio contra tabulas tes- ' surrexerit,' from the Vatican palimpsest, tamenti ' of one half, unless the ' hbertus ' published by Mai. The 'ordo' is the left behind him as a successor a natural, ' ordo libertinorum,' whom, as Asconius re- that is, a not^, adopted child. When the ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 133 L. frater ejus causam agebat : aderant amici, propinqui. Dicebat iste, msi cum muliere decideretur, in possessionem se ire jussurum L. GeUms causam Liguris defendebat : docebat edictum ejus non oportere ad eas hereditates valere quae ante eum praetorem venis- sent ; si hoc tum fuisset edictum, fortasse Ligurem hereditatem aditurum non fuisse. Aequa postulatio, summa hominum auctor- itas pretio superabatur. Venit Romam Ligur : non dubitabat quin, si ipse Verrem convenisset, aequitate causae et auctoritate sua commovere hominem posset. Domum ad eum venit : rem demon- strat: quam pridem sibi hereditas venisset docet: quod facile in causa aequissima homini ingenioso fuit, multa quae quemvis com- movere possent dixit: ad extremum petere coepit ne usque eo suam^ auctoritatem despiceret, gratiamque contemneret, ut se tanta injuria afficeret. Homo Ligurem accusare coepit qui in re adven- titia atque hereditaria tam diligens tarn attentus esset : debere eum aiebat suam quoque rationem ducere ; multa sibi opus esse, multa canibus suis quos circa se haberet. Non possum ilia planius com- memorare quam ipsum Ligurem pro testimonio dicere audistis. Quid enim, Verres, utrum ne his quidem testibus credetur, an haee ad rem non pertinent? Non M. Octavio 2 non L. Liguri? Quis nobis credet I cui nos 2 quid est, Verres, quod planuifl fieri testibus possit, si hoc non fit ? An id quod dicunt leve est ? Nihil levins quam praetorem urbis hoc juris in suo magistratu constituere, rule as to the one half was introduced, it ad, eas hereditates] Lambinus has ' in ' does not appear (comp. Gains, iii. 40) ; on the authority of Priscian, which Zumpt but it was before the enactment of the Lex disapproves ; but the Vatican Codex has Papia Poppaea, which gave greater advan- ' in,' which Klotz adopts, tages to patrons in the case of the richer in re adventitial ' Quia ab alieniore class of ' liberti.' Zumpt iinds some justi- hereditas veniebat,' says Asconius. iication for the proceeding of Verres in tliis suam quoque rationem, &c.] Verres matter, that the claim of the patron's daugh- said that ' he must have respect to himself ter was made in the praetorship of Verres, also.' Some read ' sui,' says Lambinus, and he refers to Gaius, iv. 100. But this who thinks however that ' suam ' is right, is a misconception of the whole matter. Hotman cites a like example from Cicero, Cicero's statement is clear and consistent. * duxi meam rationem,' Ad Att. viii. 11. D. ; nisi — decideretur,'] ' Unless he came but it is doubtful, as Zumpt says, if ' suam to some terms with the woman.' If this rationem ' is Latin. The ' canes ' of Verres allegation against Verres is true, it shows are his informers, who smelled out what was that he was dishonest. He who has to de- to their master's profit (c. 51 ; and Lib. 4. clare the law, cannot impose terms on the c. 21 , &c.) parties, and punish either of them who does Quid enim, Verres,] I have removed the not comply. It is his business to declare note of interrogation, which is absurdly the law and apply it to the facts of the case, placed after Verres. Klotz reads ' Quid ' Decidere,' in the sense of ' coming to est, Verres .' utrum ne,' &c., after the Cod. terms,' ' settling an affair,' occurs often. See Vat., which is perhaps better. He also Act. ii. Lib. 2. c. 32, and Lib. 3. c. 48, reads 'Non credemus M. Octavio" and a ' decidere liceret.' And comp. ' decisione,' little further on ' praetorem urbanum,' in c. 54 of this oration. accordance with the Cod. Vat. 134 IN 0. VEERBM omnibus iis quibus hereditas venerit coheredem praetorem esse oportere. An vero dubitamus quo ore iste ceteros homines infe- riore loco, auctoritate, ordine, quo ore homines rusticanos ex muni- cipiis, quo denique ore quos nunquam liberos putavit hbertinos homines solitus sit appellare, qui ob jus dicundum M. Octavium Ligurem, hominem ornatissimum loco, ordine, nomine, virtute, ingenio, copiis, poscere pecuniam non dubitarit ? XLIX. In sartis tectis vero quemadmodum se gesserit quid ego dicam ? Dixerunt qui senserunt : sunt alii qui dicant : notae res ac manifestae prolatae sunt et proferentur. Dixit C. Fannius, eques Romanus, frater germanus Q. Titinii, judicis tui, tibi se pecuniam dedisse. Recita testimonium 0. Fannii. Nolite 0. Fannio dicenti credere : noli, inquam, tu, Q. Titini, 0. Fannio fratri tuo credere ; dicit enim rem incredibilem : C. Verrem insi- mulat avaritiae et audaciae, quae vitia videntur in quemvis potius quam in istum convenire. Dixit Q. Tadius, homo familiarissimus patris istius, non alienus a matris ejus genere et nomine : tabulas protulit quibus pecuniam se dedisse ostendit. Recita nomina Q. Tadii. Recita testimonium Q. Tadii. Ne tabulis quidem Q. Tadii nee testimonio credetur? Quid igitur in judiciis sequemur? quid est aliud omnibus omnia peccata et maleficia concedere, nisi hoc, hominum honestissimorum testimoniis et virorum bonorum tabulis non credere ? Nam quid ego de quotidiano sermone querimoniaque populi Romani loquar ? de istius impudentissimo furto seu potius novo ac singulari latrocinio ? ausum esse in aede Oastoris, celeberrimo cla- rissimoque monumento, quod templum in oculis quotidianoque adspectu populi Romani positum est, quo saepenmnero senatus omniius iis] " Ms sustulimus auctoritate must have been the sons of one mother by Lag. 29." Zumpt. He will follow Lag. different fathers. Klotz writes ' Cu. Phae- 29 any where except into a ' scrupulosus nius ' in place of ' C. Fannius.' locus ' (Divin. c. 1 1). — ' ordine :' om. Zumpt. tabulas protulit — Recita nomina'] The 49. sartis tectis] That is, ' sartis et entries in the books of Q. Tadius were pro- tectis,' the ' et ' being sometimes omitted duced as evidence of the sums that he paid conformably to usage in these cases (c 51). (expensilatio) ; and such entries were called A building that was in perfect repair was ' nomina.' See c. 38. ' sartum, tectum integrumque,' c. 50. ' Sar- Castoris,] This was the temple of Castor cire ' is applied to the mending of clothes and Pollux (Act. ii. Lib. 5. c. 72), vowed by or shoes ; and also to the repair of build- the dictator A. Postumius in the Latin war, ings. ' Tegere ' properly refers to the roof, after the battle near the lake Regillus (b.c. Zumpt refers to Cic. Ad Div. xiii. 11,' sarta 499), and dedicated by his son (Liv. ii. 20, tecta aedium,' &c. ' Dach und Fach ' as 42). It was destroyed in the time of the the Germans say (Zumpt) — ' atque mani- GalUc Invasion ; but it must have been re- festae . . proferentur.' Zumpt. built. L. Metellus Dalmaticus, consul B.C. C. Fannius, &c.] If the readings are 1 19, restored or beautified the temple. See right, and these men were brothers, they t. 59. ACT. II. LIBEE PEIMUS. 135 convocatur, quo maximarum rerum frequentissimae quotidie advo- cationes fiunt, in eo loco, in sermone hominum, audaciae suae monumentum aeternum relinquere ? L. Aedem Castoris, judices, P. Junius habuit tuendam de L. Sulla Q. Metello consulibus. Is mortuus est. Eeliquit pupillum parvum filium. Quum L. Octavius, 0. Aurelius consules aedes sacras locavissent, neque potuissent omnia sarta tecta exigere, neque ii praetores quibus erat negotium datum C. Sacerdos et M. Caesius, factum est senatusconsultum, quibus de sartis tectis cog- nitum et judicatum non esset, uti 0. Verres P. Caelius praetores cognoscerent et judicarent. Qua potestate iste permissa, ut ex 0. Fannio et ex Q. Tadio cognovistis, verumtamen quum esset omni- bus in rebus apertissime impudentissimeque praedatus, hoc voluit clarissimum relinquere indicium latrociniorum suorum de quo non audire aliquando sed videre quotidie possemus. Quaesivit quis aedem Castoris sartam tectam deberet tradere. Junium ipsura mortuum esse sciebat: scire volebat ad quem ilia res pertineret. Audit pupillum esse filium. Homo qui semper ita palam dictitasset pupillos et pupillas certissimam praedam esse praetoribus, optatum negotium sibi in sinum delatum esse dicebat. Monumentum ilia amplitudine, illo opere, quamvis sartum tectum integrumque esset, tamen aliquid se inventurum in quo moliri praedarique posset arbi- trabatur. L. Eabonio aedem Castoris tradi oportebat : is casu pupiUi Junii tutor erat testamento patris. Cum eo sine ullo inter- trimento convenerat jam quemadmodum traderetur. Iste ad se advocationes] ' A place which is daily the time of the man's death is quite im- crowded by those who attend there to give material. Brnesti supposes that the con- their aid in matters of the greatest import- tract, aft«r being made with the censors,, ance.' He means the ' advocati,' who was renewed with the consuls L. Sulla and assisted parties with their advice and Q. Metellus (b.c. 80), at which time there aid, or sometimes even a ' magistratus ;' were no censors. It appears that the con- "ii qui advocati sunt" (see Lib. 3. c. 7). suls L. Octavius, C. Aurelius (b.c. 75) They did not make the speech. That was afterwards made the contracts for repairs the business of the 'patronus' or orator, (aedes locavissent), but had not time to Forcellini, who quotes Asconius, takes the examine if the contracts were performed as word ' advocationes ' to mean ' consultatio,' to all the buildings (sarta tecta exigere). which is it mistake. It has the meaning Finally, a ' Senatusconsultum ' empowered that it has in Cicero, Ad Fam. vii. 10. Verres and Caelius to examine into the ' Advocatio,' says Zumpt, ' coetus est con- condition of the temples, gregatorum.' L. Rabonio] ' L. Habonio,' Klotz from 60. Aedem Cantoris,'] Orelli reads ' tuen- the Cod. Vat. dam. L. Sulla, Q. Metello consulibus is mor- intertrimentum] The loss occasioned in tuusest. Reliquit,'&c. It appears (c. 55) that a substance by rubbing or wear, as in silver Junius made the contract with the censors L. or gold (Liv. xxxii. 2) . The explanation of Marcius, M. Perperna(B.c. 86?). We avoid the word by Asconius, 'intertrimentum the apparent contradiction by omitting ' de,' vero . . dantis et accipientis,' does not seem and connecting the man's death with the applicable. It appears that Rabonius had year of the consuls. But, as Zumptremarks, in sonie way taken up the contract, and it 136 IN 0. VEEEEM Eabonium vocat : quaerit ecquid sit quod a pupillo traditum non sit quod exigi debeat. Quum ille, id quod erat, diceret facilem pupillo traditionem esse, signa et dona comparere omnia, ipsum templum omni opere esse integrum, indignum isti videri coepit ex tanta aede tantoque opere se non opimum praeda praesertim a pupillo discedere. LI. Venit ipse in aedem Oastoris : considerat templum : videt undique tectum pulcherrime laqueatum, praeterea cetera nova atque Integra. Versat se : quaerit quid agat. Dicit ei quidam ex iUis canibus quos iste Liguri dixerat esse circa se multos, Tu, Verres, hie quod moliare nihil habes, nisi forte vis ad perpendiculum columnas exigere. Homo omnium rerum imperitus quaerit quid sit ad perpendiculum. Dicunt ei fere nuUam esse columnam quae ad perpendiculum esse possit. Nam mehercule, inquit, sic agamus : columnae ad perpendiculum exigantur. Eabonius qui legem nosset qua in lege numerus tantum columnarum traditur, perpendiculi mentio fit nulla, et qui non putaret sibi expedire ita accipere, ne eodem modo reddendum esset, negat id sibi deberi ; negat oportere exigi. Iste .Eabonium quiescere jubet, et simul ei nonnuUam spem societatis ostendit : hominem modestum et minime pertinacem facile coercet : columnas ita se exacturum esse confirmat. Nova res atque improvisa pupilli calamitas nuntiatur statim 0. Mustio> vitrico pupilli, qui nuper est mortuus, M. Junio patruo, P. Potitio tutori, homini frugalissimo. Hi rem ad virum primarium, summo officio ac virtute praeditum, M. MarceUum, qui erat pupilli tutor, defe- runt. Venit ad Verrem M. MarceUus: petit ab eo pro sua fide ac dihgentia pluribus verbis, ne per summam injuriam pupillum Junium fortunis patriis conetur evertere. Iste qui jam spe et opinione praedam illam devorasset, neque uUa aequitate orationis neque auctoritate M. Marcelli commotus est. Itaque quemadmo- dum ostendisset se id exacturum esse respondit. Quum sibi omnes ad istum allegationes difficiles, omnes aditus arduos ac potius inter- clusos viderent, apud quem non jus, non aequitas, non misericordia, had been agreed that the edifice should be word, which seems to be akin to ' enim,' dehvered to him in complete repair. Ac- another form ; and it means ' indeed,' cording to Cicero, Rabonius was satisfied ' well,' or the like. ' Germanice dixeris, with the condition of the temple. Ja ' (Zumpt). 51. Nam mehercule,'] Zumpt properly legem] 'The terms.' This is a usual compares Lib. 2. c. 29, ' nam hercle j' and meaning of ' lex,' but not its proper mean- Lib. 3. c. 85, ' nam speravissem :' and he ing. See c. 55 : ' lex operi faciundo.' adds, that it is now generally agreed that reddendum] ' Tradendum,' Zumpt from ' nam ' is to be explained by an ellipsis. Prisciau and Lag. 29 ; which, if we judge by But this is not a right explanation. We the propriety of the terms, and not the must recur to the primary meaning of the MSS. authority, is the better word. ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 137 non propinqui oratio, non amici voluntas, non cujusquam auctoritas [pro pretio,] non gratia valeret, statuunt id sibi optimum esse factu, quod cuivis venisset in mentem, petere auxilium a Chelidone quae isto praetore non modo in jure civili privatorumque omnium contro- versiis populo Romano praefuit, verum etiam in his sartis tectisque dominata est. LII. Venit ad Chelidonem 0. Mustius, eques Romanus, publi- canus, homo cum primis honestus: venit M. Junius, patruus pueri, frugalissimus homo et castissimus: venit homo summo honore, pudore, et summo officio, spectatissimus ordinis sui, P. Potitius tutor. multis acerbam, miseram atque indignam praeturam tuam ! Ut mittam cetera, quo tandem pudore tales viros, quo dolore, meretricis domum venisse arbitramini ? qui nulla conditione istam turpitudinem subissent, nisi officii necessitudinisque ratio coegisset. Veniunt, ut dico, ad Chelidonem. Domus erat plena : nova jura, nova decreta, nova judicia petebantur : Mihi det posses- sionem : mihi ne adimat : in me judicium ne det : mihi bona addi- cat. Alii nummos numerabant, alii tabulas obsignabant : domus erat non meretricio conventu sed praetoria turba referta. Simulac potestas primum data est, adeunt hi quos dixi. Loquitur Mustius : rem demonstrat : petit auxilium : pecuniam pollicetur. Respondit ilia ut meretrix non inhumane : libenter ait se esse facturam, et se cum isto dUigenter sermocinaturam : reverti jubet. Tum discedunt. Postridie revertuntur : negat ilia posse hominem exorari : permag- nam eum dicere ex ilia re pecuniam confici posse. LIII. Vereor ne quis forte de populo, qui priore actione non adfuit, haee, quia propter insignem turpitudinem sunt incredibilia, fingi a me arbitretur: ea vos antea, judices, cognovistis. Dixit juratus P. Potitius, tutor pupilli Junii: dixit M. Junius tutor et patruus : Mustius dixisset si viveret, sed pro Mustio recenti re de Mustio auditum dixit L. Domitius ; qui quum sciret me ex Mustio pro pretio,'] These words are in all the ut meretrix'] "Considering she was a MSS. ; which Zumpt explains as meanitig ' meretrix,' she was not unreasonable." ' tantum quantum pretium ' or ' pretii loco.' Comp. De Sen. c. 13, ' multae etiam ut in 52. summo honore,] There is a difficulty homine Romano Uterae.' Cicero represents about the word * honore ;' for it appears the affair as conducted with the solemnity that this Potitius, or Tettius, as Zurapt has of an embassy. We must talce the narra- it, was a plebeian. Madvig proposes to omit tive as we have it, without being bound to ' honore.' believe it all. numerabant,] Cicero represents some as 53. de Mustio auditum] L. Domitius paying down ready money in the house gave evidence as to what he heard from of Chalidon to purchase the interest of the Mustius, who was now dead. This hearsay mistress of Verres : others, as sealing writ- evidence the Romans did not reject, but ings, by which he seems to mean an obliga- they had sense enough to set a true value tion to pay. on it. 138 IN 0. VEEEEM vivo audisse, quod eo sum usus plurimum, (etenim judicium, quod prope omnium fortunarum suarum C. Mustius habuit, me uno defendente vicit), quum hoc, ut dico, sciret L. Domitius me scire, ad eum res omnes Mustium solitum esse deferre, tamen de Cheli- done reticuit quoad potuit: alio responsionem suam derivavit. Tantus in adolescente clarissimo ac principe juventutis pudor fuit ut aliquamdiu, quum a me premeretur, omnia potius responderet quam Chelidonem nominaret. Primo necessarios istius ad eum allegatos esse dicebat : deinde aliquando coactus Chelidonem nomi- navit. Non te pudet, Verres, ejus mulieris arbitratu gessisse prae- turam, quam L. Domitius ab se nominari vix sibi honestum esse arbitrabatur ? LIV. Eejecti a Chelidone capiunt consiUum necessarium ut suscipiant ipsi negotium. Cum Eabonio tutore, quod erat vix HS quadraginta millium, transigunt HS ducentis millibus. Eefert ad istum rem Eabonius : ut sibi videatur, satis grandem pecuniam et satis impudentem esse. Iste qui aliquanto plus cogitasset, male accipit verbis Eabonium : negat eum sibi ilia decisione satisfacere posse. Ne multa, locaturum se esse confirmat. Tutores haec nesciunt : quod actum erat cum Eabonio, putant id esse certissi- mum: nuUam majorem pupillo metuunt calamitatem. Iste vero non procrastinat : locare incipit, non proscripta neque edicta die, alienissimo tempore, ludis ipsis Eomanis, foro ornato. Itaque renuntiat Eabonius iUam decisionem tutoribus. Accurrunt tamen ad tempus tutores : digitum tollit Junius patruus : isti color immu- judicium,'] ' id judicium :' Orelli. Emesti locaturum] Verreg aflBrmed that he compares ' sponsionem vincere,' Pro Cae- would let the contract anew to another cina, c. 31. undertaker or contractor (conductor, re- derivmit.'] ' He turned off his answer to demptor, manceps). When Rabouius sent something else :' he avoided the question, the ' tutores ' word (renuntiat) that the Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 2. u. 20, ' culpam de- bargain which they had made with him was rivare in aliquem.' The metaphor is taken at an end, the ' tutores ' determined to bid from irrigation and draining, by which water at the letting on behalf of their ' pupillus,' was carried in channels (rivi) from one place in order that he might have the benefit of to another. In our language the word has the contract, and not have to deal with a lost its primary meaning, and particularly public contractor (manceps) who was in the in such a word as rivals (rivales), which in interest of Verres. The letting of these Latin means persons who had a common public contracts was by ' auctio,' or pubUo interest in a ' rivus,' or watercourse, as we bidding, to which appUes the expression see from Ulpian, Dig. 43. 19. 1 : "si inter ' digitum tollit,' the sign of a bid (comp. rivales, id est qui per eundem rivum aquam Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 11). It wag the object ducunt, sit contentio de aquae usu." The of Verres to prevent the ■ tutores ' of Ju- Latin word has also our derived sense of nius from taking the contract, 'rival.' proscripta, Sec] The word ' proscripta,' 54. ut sibi videatur,] All the MSS. have as Zumpt observes, means a notice put up, 'videbatur.' 'Videatur' ig Emesti's cor- on a 'tabula,' for instance; and 'edicta' rection. The indicative, as Zumpt obgerves, refers to notice given by proclamation, as cannot be tolerated here. by a ' praeco.' ACT. II. LIBER PRIMUS. 139 tatus est : vultus, oratio, mens denique excidit. Quid ageret coepit cogitare. Si opus pupillo redimeretur, si res abiret ab eo mancipe quem ipse apposuisset, sibi nuUam praedam esse. Itaque excogitat — quid? Nihil ingeniose, nihil quod quisquam posset dicere, im- probe verum callide : nihil ab isto tectum, nihil veteratorium exspec- taveritis : omnia aperta, omnia perspicua reperientur, impudentia, amentia, audacia. Si pupillo opus redimitur, mihi praeda de mani- bus eripitur. Quod est igitur remedium ? quod ? ne liceat pupillo redimere. Ubi ilia consuetudo in bonis, praedibus praediisque vendendis, omnium consulum, censorum, praetorum, quaestorum denique, ut optima conditione sit is cuja res sit, cujum periculum 1 Excludit eum solum cui prope dicam soli potestatem factam esse oportebat. Quid enim quisquam ad meam pecuniam me invito adspirat, quisquam accedit ? Locatur opus id quod ex mea pecunia refieiatur : ego me refecturum esse dico : probatio futura est tua qui locas : praedibus et praediis populo cautum est : et si non qtiod quisquam, &c.] 'Ut qviisquam posset ;' Zumpt, from Lag. 29. bonis, praedibus, &c.] This passage has caused some difficulty. Klotz has a long note on it, but I think that he has mistaken the sense of the passage in following Hot- mann. The first question is if ' bonis ' is an adjective, as Asconius takes it to be, when he says ' bona praedia dicuntur bona satisdationibus obnoxia ;' and ' praedia sunt res ipsae ; praedes homines, id est, fide- jussores, quorum res bona praedia [non] uno nomine dicuntur.' But Klotz is right in taking ' bona ' to be a substantive, though he takes it in the wrong sense. ' Praedes * are ' fidejussores,' persons who are securities. ' Praedium ' is land; 'praedium urbanum' is land in » city, with buildings on it ; ' praedium rus- ticum ' is land in the country, with a house on it, a 'villa' (Dig. 50. 16. s. 27, U5, 221). The expression ' bona vendere, prae- dia vendere,' is common enough. ' Praedes vendere' occurs in Cicero again (Phil. ii. .31); and the expression must mean, to sell all the property of a ' praes.' Cicero then means to .say, that when a sale of this kind is made by consuls, quaestors, or others, to satisfy the demands of the state, the person whose property was thus put up had a pre- ference, if he offered and paid the whole amount ; and why should the same not be the case in letting a contract .' For, if the temple required repairs, why not let the ' tutores ' of the ' pupillus ' have the con- tract, for the repairs must be done at his cost ; and the state had the security of his ' praedes ' and (their) ' praedia ? ' "If you, the praetor, don't think that the ' cautio ' is sufficient, will you put whom you please in possession of my property, and will you not allow me to have the opportunity of pro- tecting my own interests, that is, of having the contract to repair, which repairs must be done at my cost, and you will have the opportunity of judging if they are properly done .' " Manutius saw the right meaning of the passage, except that he understands ' praedes' to be ' mancipia,' or slaves, an error which Graevius corrects. ' Bonis ' means any ' bona ' of any person which are sold by the state. quisquam accedit ?'] There is hardly any sense in the common reading * quid accedit ? ' Klotz has ' quisquam accedit .' ' according to the Cod. Vat. tua qui locas:'] The relative is some- times used this way, and refers to its an- tecedent implicated in the adjective pro- noun. There is a similar expression in a letter of Cato to Cicero (Ad Fam. xv. 5) : ' ut tuam virtutem , . domi togati, armati foris.' et si non putas cautum,'] Madvig (Opus- cula, p. 300) thinks that some words are omitted after ' cautum ;' so that the sen- tence would run thus : ' et si non putas cautum, amplius cavebitur.' He argues that the conclusion by which the injustice of the new edict is to he expressed, is not appropriately connected with one of the 140 IN 0. VEREEM putas cautum, scilicet tu, praetor, in mea bona quos voles immittes, me ad meas fortunas defendendas accedere non sines ? LV. Operae pretium est ipsam legem cognoscere. Dicetis eundem conscripsisse qui illud edictum de hereditate : lex operi FACiuNDO. dUAE pupiLLi JUNii. Dic, dic, quaeso, clarius, 0. Verres PR. URBis ADDiDiT. Corriguntur leges censoriae. Quid preceding members by the word ' et ;' for that the word ' sciUcet,' this vehement in- terrogation, should stand by itself. But the graver objection, as he considers it, is this, that Cicero does not affirm that which he ought particularly to affirm j he does not say that, if the security was not sufficient, further security would be given ; and yet he does not omit to mention the supposition of insufficient security, but he subjoins (in the following words) what would be an answer for Verres, and show that he had acted legally. This is Madvig's argument, as I understand it ; for his language is not very easy to understand. He adds: "nam si non satis cautum putabat, qui pofcerat Ju- niiim admittere ? Ridicule ergo prorsus in- terrogatur. Patet, ilia : ' et si non putas cautum ' ita dici a Cicerone, ut vel hoc ex- tremum effugium Verri occludatur ; itaque quemadmodum ilia: 'probatio fiitura est tua ' statim (c. 55) hoc modo repetuntur : ' at erat probatio tua,' sic haec pars sic efFertur : ' at erat, et esset amphus, si velles, populo cautum praedibus et praediis.' " He concludes that after ' et si non putas cautum' there should be something corresponding to ' at erat, et esses amplius,' &c., in the fol- lowing chapter. 1 have noticed this argument because of the respect that is due to any remark of so distinguished a scholar ; but I don't think that there is any 4hing in it. If there is no objection to the Latinity of the passage, there is certainly none to the argument. The youth is made to say * there was se- curity sufficient ; and if you don't think that there was, you will, forsooth, send just whom you please to invade my pro- perty, and you will not let me have the op- portunity of protecting my own interests.' This is further explained in the next chap- ter : ' at erat probatio,' &c. If the security was not sufficient, Verres ought not to have taken advantage of that, and given the con- tract to another, the consequence of which would be the ruin of the youth, who would be obliged to pay a large sum for repairs, which he could have made at a light cost. The argument is : 'if you don't think the security suificient, you will, forsooth, take such a step as will ruin me at once, by giving the contract to others.' The argu- ment is perfectly clear ; but Madvig has misunderstood it, as I think. 55. lex operi] All the MSS. have ' ex,' which the very learned Antonio Agustin, archbishop of Tarragona, first recommended to be altered to ' lex,' a certain emendation ; for this is the usual formula ' Lex,' &c. ; and Cicero has just said ' legem cognoscere,' ' listen to the terms.' The corruption ' ex ' easily explains the corruption ' opere,' which all the MSS. have except the Cod. Vat. Quid enim video, &c.] The Cod. Vat. omits * video in.* The usual punctuation is ' Quid enim .' video in multis,' &c. In Ho- race, 1 Sat. i. 7, there is ' Quid enim ? con- curritur,' according to the usual punctua- tion, where Heindorf remarks that this form of expression is common in Cicero, and he compares it with ri yap ; in Greek. I do not propose to examine what is there said about Ti yap ; in Greek, for Greek construc- tion does not explain Latin construction. The translation of the text of Cicero is : " Don't I see in many old forms of letting used by the censors .' " and that of Horace : " Is not a battle fought ? " It may also be rendered correctly enough thus : " Verres is correcting the terms of the censors. Well, what of that .' I see it is so in many of the old terms of contract, &c. Verres would do something of the kind." It is plain that ' Quid enim ' begins an interrogative for- mula, and that it requires a verb. But it is also true that, in rapid and impassioned speech, usage often omitted the verb which ought to go with ' Quid enim,' and the speaker completed his meaning by the enun- ciation of another verb. And this second verb may be enunciated either as an answer to the first verb suppressed, in which case it may be either an affirmation or a nega- tion ; or it may be a continuation of the in- terrogation, in such a form as ' Q;. 37 •• " Sthenius aratorum] Cicero here enumerates the postulat ut . . ut," &c. In Lib. 4. c. 23 : different classes of persons in Sicily j the "ei negotium dedit ut . . ut," &c. There ' aratores,' or cultivators, aud the ' pecuarii,' is an example from one of Cicero's later or those who pastured their cattle on the writings, Ad Q. Fr. i. I. c. 13: "sed te public lands, for which they paid a sum of illud admoneo ut . . ut," &c. money called ' scriptura.' He then adds sorte] The Praetors determined by lot the ' mercatores,' or those who went about what provinces they should have after they with their goods, and trafficked with the had discharged their year of office at Rome, natives (Caesar, De Bell. Gall. iv. 3). But as we see from the Ep. Ad Attic, (i. 13), his enumeration is incomplete if the ' nego- and other passages. As to ' ad urbem,' see tiatores ' are omitted, the Romans who were Act. i. c. 15. money-lenders, bankers, and merchants on Nolebat in agendo, &c.] The whole a large scale. Garatoni accordingly makes passage stands thus in Klotz : "Nolebat in a very probable conjecture that the words agendo discere, tametsi non provinciae rudis ' sive negotiatorum ' have been omitted by erat et tiro, sed SicUiae : paratus ad prae- the copyists. Compare c. 77. dam," &c. The authority for this reading The repetition of the ' ut ' in ' ut vos seems to be the Cod. Metell. 184 IN 0. VERREM praedam meditatusque venire cupiebat. praeclare conjectum a vulgo in illam provinciam omen communis famae atque sermonis, quum ex nomine istius quid iste in provincia facturus esset perri- dicule homines augurabantur. Etenim quis dubitare posset quum istius in quaestura fugam et furtum recognosceret, quum in lega- tione oppidorum fanorumque spoliationes cogitaret, quum videret in foro latrocinia praeturae, qualis iste in quarto actu improbitatis futurus esset ? VII. Atque ut intelligatis eum Romae quaesisse non modo genera furandi sed etiam nomina, certissimum accipite argumentum, quo facilius de singulari ejus impudentia existimare possitis. Quo die Siciliam tetigit, videte satisne paratus ex iUo omine urbano ad everrendam provinciam venerit, statim Messana literas Halesam mittit, quas ego istum in Italia scripsisse arbitror ; nam simul atque e navi egressus est, dedit operam ut Halesinus ad se Dio continue veniret ; se de hereditate velle cognoscere quae ejus filio a propin- quo homine, ApoUodoro Laphirone, venisset. Ea erat, judices, pergrandis pecunia. Hie est Dio, judices, nunc beneficio Q. Metelli civis Romanus factus ; de quo multis viris primariis testibus multorumque tabulisvobis priore actione satisfactum est, HS decies numeratum esse ut eam causam in qua ne tenuissima quidem dubi- tatio posset esse isto cognoscente obtineret ; praeterea greges nobilissimarum equarum abactos ; argenti vestisque stragulae domi quod fuerit esse direptum: ita HS decies Q. Diontem, quod here- ditas ei venisset, nullam aliam ob causam perdidisse. Quid haec hereditas, quo praetore Dionis filio venerat ? Eodem quo P. Annii eoc nomine istms\ This miserable pun person on whom the ' civitas ' was thus con- is explained by the next chapter ; " ex illo ferred generally seems to have taken the omine urbano ad everrendam provinciam gentile name of his patron, if he was » venerit," where the true reading is ' ever- Greek j thus Dio is called in the next chap- rendam,' though most of the MSS. have ter Q. Caecilius Dio. And a Sex. Pom- ' evertendam.' As to the omen from names, peius Chlorus is mentioned there, also a see Livy, xxviii. 28. Greek, who had been made a Roman 7. sed etiam nominal The names of citizen. — ' hereditas ei obvenisset :' Klotz. those whom he designed to plunder. Quid haec hereditas,'] The pointing of Halesam'] A town on the north coast of Zumpt is ' Quid > haec hereditas quo prae- Sicily, on the river Halesus, about a mile tore . .venerat?' Our reliance on pointing from the coast. It is mentioned again in is one of the causes why we often under- Lib. 3. c. 73. stand the ancient writers so ill. If we must civis Romanus] The Roman ' civitas ' point in such a case as this, it is easy to see was sometimes conferred by a governor ; that ' Quid .' ' &c., is nonsense. The ques- but it does not appear that he could give tion begins ' Quid haec hereditas.' I do the ' civitas,' except in conformity to some not trouble myself about the grammatical power that was conferred on him for that explanation of ' quid ' in such a case. It purpose. Cn. Pompeius gave the ' civitas ' had lost its original meaning. There is a to Cornelius Balbus, pursuant to the pro- pause after ' hereditas,' and the question is visions of a Lex (Pro Balbo, c. 13). The resumed in the words ' quo praetore.' As ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 185 senatoris filiae, eodem quo M. Liguri senatori, 0. Sacerdote praetore. Quid turn nemo molestus Dioni fuerat ? Non plus quam Liguri Sacerdote praetore. Quid ad Verrem quis detulit ? Nemo : nisi forte existimatis ei c^uadruplatores ad fretum praesto fuisse. VIII. Ad urbem quum esset, audivit Dioni cuidam Siculo per- magnam venisse hereditatem ; statuas jussum esse in foro ponere ; nisi posuisset, Veneri Erycinae esse multatum. Tametsi positae essent ex testamento, putabat tamen quoniam Veneris nomen esset causam pecuniae se reperturum. Itaque apponit qui petat Veneri Erycinae iUam hereditatem : non enim quaestor petit, ut est con- suetudo, is qui Erycum montem obtinebat : petit Naevius Turpio quidam, istius excursor et emissarius, homo omnium ex illo con- ventu quadruplatorum deterrimus, 0. Sacerdote praetore condem- natus injuriarum. Etenim erat ejusmodi causa ut ipse praetor, quum quaereret calumniatorem, paulo tamen consideratiorem reperire non posset. Hunc hominem Veneri absolvit, sibi con- to the passage ' Quid ad Verrem quis de- tulit ? ' I have, as in other cases, put no point after ' Quid.' If the reader does not see that the sense admits a pause there, he may indicate a pause thus : ' Quid, ad Ver- rem quis detulit ? ' ' Well, who carried an information to Verres ? ' 8. Veneri Erycinae — mulfaium.'] There was a ' poena ' or penalty in the testament, which, if the ' heres ' did not set up certain statues in the forum, he was bound to pay to the temple of Venus at Eryx. The ' poena ' might be the whole ' hereditas,' as it is here implied. It appears that, by the law of Sicily, this temple could take testa- mentary bequests ; and it is probable that many temples acquired a large part of their property in this way. According to Roman law (Ulpian, Frag. Tit. xxii.), only certain temples could take as ' heredes,' and such as obtained this capacity by a S. C. or an Imperial Constitutio. — ' heredem statuas :' Klotz. causam pecuniae'] ' Some cause or ground for laying hold of the money.' Klotz has ' caussam calumniae.' The words ' Veneris nomen ' appear to be an allusion to the Roman game of * tali,' in which the best throw was called * Venus.' The sense is ; 'As soon as Verres hears the name of Venus, he thinks, like the player, of good luck, and feels sure that he shall make some money out of this affair.' This explanation confirms the reading ' pecuniae ' (Creuzer and Moser). Erycum montem] The old reading is 'Erycinum montem,' which Orelli hag. Zumpt contends that the true name is ' Erycus,' as in c. 47. The Greek form is Eryx ('EpwS, Thucyd. vi. 46). " At a little distance to the eastward of Trapani (the ancient Drepanum) is Mount St. Julian, Eryx, on which, at the elevation of 2075 feet, stood a temple dedicated to Venus Erycina. Eryx is at present an abrupt and sterile mountain. There still exist a few granite pillars, and some remains of a Cy- clopian wall " (Smyth's Sicily, p. 242). See Divin. c. 17. p. 29, note. — ' Is qui Erycum montem obtinebat ' is the Quaestor Lilybae- tanus, as Asconius observes. consideratiorem'] Though ' consideratus ' is passive in form, it seems used to indicate a person of thoughtful and serious de- meanour ; that is, the ' coiisideratio ' seems to mean the ' consideratio ' of him who is called • consideratus.' Pro Caecin. c. 1 : "illud cousiderati hominis esse putavit." Veneri absolvit, &c.] ' Absolvit ' is the technical expression of the formula. See the passage of Gains cited in the notes to c. 12. The use of the dative seems pecu- liar, but the sense is plain : ' Verres de- clared that there was no penalty or for- feiture to the temple of Venus, but he con- demned the man to the payment of a sum of money to himself.' ' Hunc hominem * is Dio. It seems strange that there should have been any difficulty about this. See Zumpt's note. Orelli and Klotz have ' Hie hominem.' — 'pudentissimi:' Klotz has 'pru- dentissimi,' from Cod. Vat. 186 IN C. VERREM demnat : maluit videlicet homines peccare quam deos ; se potius a Dione quod non licebat quam Venerem quod non debebatur auferre. Quid ego hie nunc Sex. Pompeii Chlori testimonium recitem, qui causam Dionis egit, qui omnibus rebus interfuit ? hominis honestis- simi, tametsi civis Romanus virtutis causa jamdiu est, tamen omnium Siculorum primi ac nobUissimi. Quid ipsius Q. Caecihi Dionis, hominis probatissimi ac pudentissimi ? Quid L. Vecilii Liguris, T. Manilii, L. Oaleni ? quorum omnium testimoniis de hac Dionis pecunia confirmatum est. Dixit hoc idem M. LucuUus, se de his Dionis incommodis pro hospitio quod sibi cum eo esset jam ante cognosse. Quid LucuUus, qui tum in Macedonia fuit, melius haec cognovit quam tu, Hortensi, qui Romae fuisti ? ad quem Dio confugit 1 qui de Dionis injuriis gravissime per literas cum Verre questus es ! Nova tibi haec sunt, inopinata ? nunc primum aures tuae hoc crimen accipiunt? nihil ex Dione, nihil ex socru tua, femina primaria, Servilia, vetere Dionis hospita, audisti? Nonne multa mei testes quae tu scis nesciunt ? nonne te mihi testem in hoc crimine eripuit non istius innocentia sed legis exceptio 2 recita TESTIMONIA M. LUCULLI, CHLORI, DIONIS. IX. Satisne vobis magnam pecuniam Venereus homo qui e Chelidonis sinu in provinciam profectus esset Veneris nomine quae- sisse videtur ? Accipite aham in minore pecunia non minus impu- dentem calumniam. Sosippus et Philocrates fratres sunt Agyri- nenses. Horum pater abhinc duo et xx annos est mortuus, in cujus testamento quodam loco, si commissum quid esset, multa erat Veneri : ipsos xx annos, quum tot interea praetores, tot quae- M. LucuUus,'] The brother of L. Lu- chelidona Graeoi vocant, veri, id est tem- cullus, and consul B.C. 73. He probably pori veris, sit arnica." There is no sense went to his province, Macedonia, during in this ; but if we adopt the almost certain B.C. 73. correction of Creuzer and Moser, " veri, id legis exceptio ?] The Lex under which est tempori Veneris," there is sense in the Verres was prosecuted excluded a ' patronus ' scholium, and probably the true explanation, from being a witness. Klotz refers to a Such a play on words is quite in Cicero's similar rule which is laid down in the Digest, style. See the note in Creuzer and Moser. 22. 5. 25. Agyrinenses.'] Agyrium was one of the The reading of the evidence, as we see, oldest towns of the Siculi, on the river occurs here also in the second Actio, or Cyamosorus, north-east of Henna, and north- supposed second Actio, in the middle of the west of Centuripae. It is mentioned again speech. This is also the fashion in the Lib. 3. c. 27. It had the finest theatre in Greek orations. the island, after that of Syracuse (Diod. 9. Venereus homo] Zumpt and others xvi. 83). have ' Venerius.' Orelli writes both. There ipsos S-IL annos,] The reading of Asco- is no etymological objection to ' Venereus.' nius is ' ipso vicesimo anno ;' and his note The ' Venerei,' as we have seen, is the name is ' praescriptio temporis,' by which he ap- of the slaves and freedmen of the temple of pears to mean that if twenty years had Venus Erycina. The note of Asconius is : elapsed, any claim of the temple would " Alludit ad nomen, quod hirundo, quam have been barred by time. But there was ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 187 stores, tot calumniatores in provincia fuissent, hereditas ab his V eneris nomine petita non est. Verres cognoscit : pecuniam per Volcatium accipit, fere HS occc millia ab duobus fratribus. Mul- torum testimonia audistis antea. Vicerunt Agyrinenses fratres ita ut egentes inanesque discederent. X. At enim ad Verrem pecunia ista non pervenit. Quae est ista defensio ? utrum asseveratur in hoc an temptatur ? mihi enim nova res est. Verres calumniatores apponebat: Verres adesse jubebat : Verres cognoscebat : Verres judicabat : pecuniae maxi- mae dabantur : qui dabant causas obtinebant : tu mihi ita defendas, " non est ista Verri numerata pecunia." Adjuvo te : mei quoque testes idem dicunt : Volcatio dicunt sese dedisse. Quae vis erat in Volcatio tanta ut HS occc millia a duobus hominibus auferret? Ecquis Volcatio si sua sponte venisset unam libellam dedisset? Veniat nunc : experiatur : tecto recipiet nemo. At ego amplius dico : HS quadringenties cepisse te arguo contra leges : nego tibi ipsi ullum nummum esse numeratum : sed quum ob tua decreta, ob edicta, ob imperia, ob judicia pecuniae dabantur, non erat quaeren- dum cujus manu numerarentur, sed cujus injuria cogerentur. Co- mites illi tui delecti manus erant tuae : praefecti, scribae, medici, accensi, haruspices, praecones manus erant tuae : ut quisque te maxime cognatione, affinitate, necessitudine aliqua attingebat, ita no 'praescriptio longi temporis,' either in chapter: ' in Verre defensionis temptare ra- the tune of Cicero, or when the true Asco- tionem.' The MSS. orthography is ' tempta- nius wrote. The old editions have ' petita tnr,' as it seems ; and the Romans may have non est ' at the end of the sentence ; and used the form for the sake of euphony. Zumpt says that he does not know whether But we must not therefore lose sight of the the ' non ' is omitted in any good MS. The genuine form, which is ' tenta-re,' and con- word ' viginti ' may be expressed in most of tains the root of ' tend-o.' the MSS. by the abbreviation xx. In Lag. Verres judicabat ;] This does not mean 29. it is 'xx°,' but in Lag. 42, ' vigesimo that Verres was 'judex.' It was the prae- expressis htteris' (Zumpt). tor's function, ' dare judicia ' (c. 12), which If ' ipso vicesimo anno ' is the true read- is expressed formally in the edict, as for in- ing, we must read 'petita est.' But the stance in the Title De Dolo Malo (Dig. 4. reading of Manutius, which I have adopted, 3. 1) : " Quae dolo malo facta esse dicentur, requires ' non petita est :' " for twenty whole si de his rebus aha actio non erit et justa years, though during that time so many causa esse videbitur judicium dabo." The praetors, so many quaestors, so many ' ca- praetor was also said ' dare judicem ' (e. 12). lumniatores' had been in the province, the The word 'judicabat' has caused the com - ' hereditas ' was not claimed of them in the mentators some difficulty. Zumpt takes it name of Venus." Zumpt, Orelli, and Klotz to be said 'invidiosius ;' " significare volebat have ' ipso vicesimo anno . . petita est.' Verrem judicibus sententia sua praeivisse cognoscit ;] ' Causam cognoscit ' in the quid judicarent." common texts ; but, as Zumpt observes, a duobus honninibus'] ' Duobus nomini- * causam ' is often omitted when ' cognosco ' bus :' Orelli and Klotz. is used. — ' ad HS,' &c. . Klotz. cujus manu'] See ' tua manii numera- 10. an temptatur ?] ' Is this a serious tum,' a httle further on. It seems that this defence, or is it merely by way of making a must be rendered here, ' into whose hand show of saying something .' ' Comp. in this the money was paid.' 188 IN 0. VEREEM maxime maniis tua putabatur : cohors tota tua ilia, quae plus raali Siciliae dedit quam si centum cohortes fugitivorum fuissent, tua manus sine controversia fuit. Quidquid ab horum quopiam captum est, id non modo tibi datura, sed tua manu numeratura judicari necesse est. Nam si banc defensionem probabitis, " Non accepit ipse," licet omnia de pecuniis repetundis judicia tollatis : nemo unquam reus tarn nocens adducetur qui ista defensione non possit uti. Etenim quum Verres utatur, quis erit unquam posthae reus tam perditus qui non ad Q. Mucii innocentiam referatur, si cum isto conferatur? Neque nunc tam mihi isti Verrem defendere videntur quam in Verre defensionis temptare rationem. Qua de re, judices, magno opere vobis providendum est : pertinet hoc ad summam rem publicam et ad existimationem ordinis salutemque sociorum. Si enim innocentes existimari volumus, non solum nos abstinentes sed etiam comites nostros praestare debemus. XL Primum omnium opera danda est ut eos nobiscum educamus qui nostrae famae capitique consulant : deinde, si in hominibus eligendis nos spes amicitiae fefellerit, ut vindicemus, missos fa- ciamus, semper ita vivamus ut rationem reddendam nobis arbitre- mur. Africani est hoc, hominis liberalissimi : verumtamen ea libe- ralitas est probanda quae sine periculo existimationis est, ut in illo fuit : quum ab eo quidam vetus assectator ex numero amicorum non impetraret uti se praefectum in Africam duceret et id ferret moleste : Noli, inquit, mirari, si tu a me hoc non impetras : ego jam pridem ab eo cui meam existimationem caram fore arbitror fugitivorum] ' Fugitivus ' is a runaway that this is the genviine expression. The slave. The allusion, as Asconius says, is old reading is ' ad sumnaam rei puhlicae.' probably to Athenio, who headed the in- He refers to Cicero, Ad Att. i. 16 ; Pro Cn. surgents in Sicily in the second Servile Plancio, c. 27 ; Phil. iii. 15. See u. 61 of War, and was killed by the consul M'. this oration. He denies that * summa rei Aquillius B.C. 101. Comp. Act. ii. Lib. 3. puhlicae ' is used by the writers of Cicero's u. 26, 54. time. — ' ordinis nostri :' Klotz. reus tam nocens] ' Tam reus,' &c., seems sed etiam comites] Cicero said nearly to be the reading of nearly all the MSS. the same thing some time afterwards in a But ' tam reus ' is doubtful Latin. Klotz letter to his brother Quintus (i. 1. c. 3), has ' nemo unquam tam convictus tam who was then governor of the province of nocens,' from Lag. 42 (pr. m). Asia : ' circumspiciendum diligenter ut in Q. Mucii] See Divin. c. 17, note. Q. hac custodia provinciae non te unum sed Mucins Scaevola. The Greeks of Asia omnes ministros imperii tui sociis et civibus commemorated his beneficent administra- et rei puhlicae praestare videare." Com- tion by the institution of a festival day, pare also the beginning of the following Dies Mucia. ' Referatur,' with ' ad,' means chapter. The ' comites ' were, properly, that the thing spoken of is to be referred the persons of higher rank immediately to another, as its measure and standard, about the praetor, who formed his ' cohors.' Cicero says (De Legg. i. 1) : " leges in his- The inferior personages, ' apparitores,' were toria ad veritatera referuntur, in poemate 'quasi ex cohorte' (Cic. Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. ad delectationem.' 3, 4). ad summam rempublicam] Zumpt shows ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 189 peto ut mecum praefectus proficiscatur, et adhuc impetrare non possum. Etenim re vera multo magis est petendum ab hominibus, si salvi et honesti esse volumus, ut eant nobiscum in provinciam quam hoc illis in beneficii loco deferendum. Sed tu, quum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas et cum his ac per eos praedabare et eos in contione annuHs aureis donabas, non statuebas tibi non solum de tuis sed etiam de illorum factis rationem esse reddendam ? XII. Quum hos sibi quaestus constituisset magnos atque uberes ex his causis, quas ipse instituerat cum consilio, hoc est, cum sua cohorte, cognoscere, tum illud infinitum genus invenerat ad innu- merabilem pecuniam corripiendam. Dubium nemini est quin omnes omnium pecuniae positae sint in eorum potestate qui judicia dant et eorum qui judicant : quin nemo vestrum possit aedes suas, nemo fundum, nemo bona patria obtinere, si, quum haec a quopiam ves- trum petita sint, praetor improbus, cui nemo intercedere possit, det quern velit judicem, judex nequam et levis quod praetor jusserit judicet. Si vero illud quoque accedet ut in ea verba praetor judi- cium det, ut vel L. Octavius Balbus judex, homo et juris et officii 11. annulis aureis] Gold rings were worn at Rome by the senators and equites, and it appears that it became usual for go- vernors of provinces to give gold rings to those whom they delighted to honour. Comp. Lib. ,1. c. 76- iiO. — ' et cum his ac per eos,' &c. : Zumpt has ' cum his ' in place of ' cum illis,' on the authority of Lag. 42 (pr. m.), because 'eos' follows. ' His autem est quod vulgo dicunt its, nihil aliud.' — ' de tuis :' ' de te,' OreUi. 12. nemo fundum,'] These words are omitted by Zumpt, without any obseiTfa- tion, though they are in Orelli, Klotz, and I suppose in all the old editions, and in the MSS. The omission seems to be an error of the press, which error occurs in the Eng- lish reprint of Zumpt's edition. nemo intercedere] ' In provincia scilicet ; nam Romae appellari tribuni possunt contra omnem potestatem.' This is a sample of the better part of the Asconian commen- tary. Compare Cicero, Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 7, where he says of the province of Asia, " ubi nullum auxilium (no appeal to the tribunes), nulla conquestio, nuUus Senatus, nulla con- tio." In a province the governor was not checked by any ' intercessio ' of a ' tribunus,' or of any ' magistratus ' of equal rank with himself. L. Balbus judex,] He was one of the ' judices,' and Cicero ingeniously pays him a compliment for his legal knowledge and his integrity ; and yet even Balbus, if he had been a ' judex ' appointed by Verres, could not have done otherwise than follow the directions contained in the praetor's for- mula. The words ' L. Octavius,' &c., are taken from the Formulae, examples of which we are now better acquainted with from Gains (iv.). The formula, as it is here supposed by Cicero, is correct in expression, but unjust in the substance. Klotz sup- poses the formula to have been perverted by Cicero, but the orator merely gives it as an example of what Verres did or might have done, and what a ' judex ' must obey. If, says the formula, it appears that the land belongs to ServiUus, and he does not give it up to Catulus, who was not the owner, then the 'judex' must compel him to do so, or mulct him in damages. This is absurd enough, and palpable injustice ; but it is what Cicero represents Verres as doing. Puchta supposes (Inst. ii. § 166) that Ca- tulus was the attorney (procurator) of Ser- vilius ; and in such a case, though the ' in- tentio ' or demand is made in the name of the plaintiff, the ' condemnatio ' is expressed in favour of the attorney or agent, as in the example in Gaius (iv. 86) : " Qui autem alieno nomine agit, intentionem quidem ex persona domini sumit, condemnationem au- tem in suam personam convertit : nam si 190 IN 0. VEEEEM peritissimus, non possit aliter judicare ; si judicium sit ejusmodi : I L. OCTAVIUS JUDEX ESTO : SI PARTLT FUNDUM OaPENATEM, QUO ; DE AGITUR, EX JURE QuiRITIUM P. SeRVILII ESSE, NEQ.UE IS FUNDUS Q. Catulo RESTiTUETUR — uoii necessG erit L. Octavio judici cogere P. Servilium Q. Oatulo fundum restituere, aut con- demnare eum quein non oporteat ? Ejusdemmodi totum jus prae- torium, ejusdemmodi omnis res judiciaria fuit in Sicilia per trien- nium Verre praetore. Decreta ejusmodi : si non accipit quod te debere dicis, accuses ; si petit, ducas. 0. Fuficium duci jussit pe- titorem, L. Suetium, L. Eacilium. Judieia hujusmodi : qui cives Terbi gratia Lucius Titius (pro) Public Maevio agat, ita formula concipitur: Si paret N. N. Publio Maevio sestertium x milia dare oportere, judex N. N. Lucio Titio sestertium x milia condemna ; si non paret, absolve. In rem quoque si agat, in- tendit, Publii Maevii rem esse ex jure Qui- ritium et condemnationem in suam per- sonam convertit." Puchta observes that Cicero complains of this formula of Verres as of something unusual, though there is no doubt that it was of daily application in the case of ' procuratores.' He adds, how- ever, that Cicero means only its application by a wicked praetor like Verres. But this explanation is quite inconsistent with what follows : " non necesse erit," &c., where Cicero says that the ' judex ' must compel Servilius, the owner, to give up the land to Catulus. It is singular that most persons have missed the sense of the passage. Cicero takes the usual formula, and shows how Verres applied it in the most extrava- gant and absurd way ; or rather, he sup- poses a case as extravagant as the one that he puts, a case that we must not suppose to be a real case ; but he adds, even a Bal- bus must have followed the praetor's order. And this extravagant instance is made a kind of sample of the proceedings of Verres in Sicily : * Ejusdemmodi totum jus praeto- rium' &c. On this formula Savigny remarks (Sys- tem, &c., V. 30. note (e) ) : " Cicero mani- festly selects an established, generally known formula ; and what he remarks thereupon as a crying piece of injustice consists simply in this, that, according to this mode of draw- ing up the formula, the restitution of the land (fundus) must be made to another per- son than the one already designated as owner." Catulus is the plaintiff, Servilius is the owner ; and, if the property is proved to belong to Servilius, he must be compelled to give it up to Catulus. This explanation by Voorda (Creuzer and Moser, 5th Ex- cursus), and that of Savigny, are the same as that which I have given. If Servilius did not obey the unjust order, he was to be mulcted in damages. si non accipit, &c. J Klotz reads ' pati- tur,' in the place of * petit,' which he says is in no MS. He has a note on the passage, which he explains in a curious way. — Cicero says : ' if he (the creditor) does not receive what you say that you owe, bring a charge against him : if he sues for it, carry him off' as an ' addictus.' Comp. the use of ' duci' in c. 26. This is plain enough : ' if the cre- ditor won't be satisfied with what the debtor admits to be due, bring a charge against him,' says Verres, ' and I will help you : if he should sue for it, I will let you put him in chains.' Manutius understood it correctly. It is merely an extravagant way of showing the iniquity of Verres, who sold his justice. Cicero mentions instances of creditors (pe- titores) who were treated in this way. ' Pa- titur ' appears to be a corruption of ' petitur,' which itself must be supposed to be a cor- ruption of ' petit,' if that is the true reading. If ' patitur ' is the true reading, the explana- tion of Asconius is as good as any. He makes ' patitur ' equivalent to ' accipit.' But ' duci jussit petitorem ' confirms the reading ' petit.' Judieia hujusmodi ;] This passage stands thus in Klotz's edition : " Judieia hujus- modi: qui cives Romani erant, si Siculi essent, tum si eorum legibus dari oporteret. Qui Siculi, si cives Romani essent." But the reading is not certain j and I cannot see what is the explanation of the text of Klotz. That which he very confi- dently gives is opposed to the intei-pretation of Asconius and of Donatus on Terence (Phormio, ii. 1, 36), whom Klotz, being in a merry mood when he wrote his note, calls a pair of kindred souls. The explanation of these old commenta- ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 191 Romani erant, si Siculi essent, quum Siculos eorum legibus dari oporteret; qui Siculi, si cives Romani essent. Verum, ut totum genus amplectamini judiciorum, prius jura Siculorum, deinde istius instituta cognoscite. XIII. Siculi hoc jure sunt, ut quod civis cum civi agat domi certet suis legibus ; quod Siculus cum Siculo non ejusdem civitatis, ut de eo praetor judices ex P. Rupilii decreto, quod is de decern legatorum sententia statuit, quam illi legem Rupiliam vocant, sor- tiatur. Quod privatus a populo petit, aut populus a private, senatus ex aliqua civitate qui judicet datur, quum alternae civitates rejectae \ sunt. Quod civis Romanus a Siculo petit, Siculus judex datur; quod Siculus a civi Romano, civis Romanus datur : ceterarum re- rum selecti judices ex civium Romanorum conventu proponi solent. Inter aratores et decumanos lege frumentaria, quam Hieronicam appellant, judicia fiunt. Haec omnia isto praetore non modo per- turbata sed plane et Sic ...s et civibus Romanis erepta sunt: pri- mum suae leges ; quod civis cum civi ageret, aut eum judicem tors, which has been hitherto followed, re- quires the word ' rei,' or ' defendants,' to be supplied in the clauses, ' si Siculi essent,' ' si cives Romani essent,' and Klotz objects to this. In the words 'judicia hujusuiodi (fuerunt)' the word ' judices ' is implied. 'The passage may then be translated thus : " Those who were Roman citizens were (erant) 'judices,' if Siculi were defendants, though by their laws Sicilians ought to have been appointed : those who were Sicilians were appointed (judices), if Roman citizens were defendants." Asconius supposes that after ' qui cives Romani erant,' ' addeban- tur ' was to be supplied, in which case ' qui ' would be the nominative to ' erant.' But the position of ' erant ' and ' essent ' is against this interpretation ; and ' qui cives Romani' is only a more general form of expression than ' cives Romani.' 13. P. Rupilii] P. Rupilius, consul B.C. 132, and proconsul of Sicily, B.C. 131, with the advice of ten commissioners (de decern legatorum sententia) settled the administra- tion of Sicily, and his regulations and ordi- nances are often spoken of under the term Lex Rupilia ; not that his ordinances were a ' lex ' in the strict sense, for a ' lex ' is that ' quod populus Romanus jubet,' but they were so called as having the substantial character of a ' lex,' though not the formal. There are several instances mentioned of the Romans regulating a conquered country by sending there a commission of Ten (Cic. Ad Att. xiii. Epp. 4, 5, 6 J hivj, xxxvii. 55 : " Decern legates more majorum senatum missurum ad res Asiae disceptandas corapo- nendasque"). Rupilius was consul with P. Popilius Laenas, and conducted the en- quiry which followed the death of Ti. Grac- chus (Cic. De Am. c. 11). Cicero cites mainly such parts of the Lex RupiUa as related to the administration of justice, and we may suppose that Roman institutions were to some extent thus intro- duced into Sicily. The following chapters of this oration (c. 15. 17, 18) in addition to this chapter contain some of his rules. See also Lib. 3. c. 10. 12, 13, 14. 28. 40. alternae civitates'] This is somewhat obscure. An individual might have a claim on his own ' civitas ' or on another ; and a ' civitas ' might have a claim on one of its own citizens or on a citizen of another state. The case of a claim by or against a ' civitas ' against or by a citizen of that ' civitas ' seems to be excluded ; and the case proposed is perhaps that of a citizen of one ' civitas ' and another ' civitas ;' and, if both parties ob- jected to give either of the ' civitates ' juris- diction in the matter, the senate of a third ' civitas ' was made 'judex.' Asconius ex- plains the passage thus. If this is not the right explanation, we may take it thus : each party could propose a ' civitas,' and each party could reject the ' civitas ' pro- posed by the other. If this was so, the praetor then named a ' civitas.' 192 IN C. VERREM quem commodum erat praeconem, haruspicem, medicum suum Aa- bat, aut, si legibus erat judicium constitutum, et ad civem suum judicem venerant, libere civi judicare non licebat. Edictum enim hominis cognoscite, quo edicto omnia judicia redegerat in suam potestatem: Si am perperam jddicasset, se cogniturum ; auuM coGNossET, ANiMADVERsuHUM : idque quum faciebat, nemo dubitabat quin, quum judex alium de sue judicio putaret judiea- turum seque in eo capitis periculum aditurum, voluntatem spectaret ejus quem statim de capite suo putaret judicaturum. Selecti e I conventu aut propositi ex negotiatoribus judices nulli : haec copia, I quam dico, judicum, cohors, non Q. Scaevolae, qui tamen de cohorte sua dare non solebat, sed C. Verris. Cujusmodi cohortem putatis 1 hoc principe fuisse ? Sicuti videtis edictum : si quid perperam juDiCARiT senatus. Eum quoque ostendam, si quando sit datus, Si qui perperam] The first part of the edict is probably not that which Cicero finds fault with. The praetor in a province often decided cases ' extra ordinem,' with- out appointing a ' judex ;' and he could annul the sentence of a ' judex,' and restore the parties to their original condition. The words at the end ' quum cognosset, ani- madversurum,' are the part that is blam- able. Selecti e conventu aut, &c.] Cicero has just said that in certain cases ' judiceg ' ought to be selected from the ' conventus ' of Roman citizens, that is, from those Romans who used to meet at a certain place at certain times, for the settlement of all legal matters and the transacting of other business, for which the people within a cer- tain district resorted to a fixed place. The word ' conventus,' which literally means * a coming together,' was used also to denote the place of meeting ; the ' forum ' (c. 15), to which the inhabitants of a given disti'ict must resort (convenire). The word ' con- ventus ' also means the whole district, the inhabitants of which used to meet at a fixed place. When Cicero says that no ' judices ' were selected from the ' conventus ' or from the ' negotiatores,' he may mean such ' negoti- atores ' as were present only accidentally, and were not considered as a part of the ' conventus,' that is, as permanently residing within the district. When he afterwards says ' de conventu ac negotiatoribus,' the two are still distinguished, though spoken of as being together. There has been much discussion about this passage. The question is, what is the ' conventus ' to which ' selecti ' applies. The ' conventus civium Romanorum,' says Ma- nutius. Not the * conventus civium Roma- norum,' says Zumpt, but ' Sicularum civi- tatum ;' and he gives his reason for his opinion at some length. ' Conventus ' is a general term, as every body admits, and, as already shown, it has several senses. I see no reason why * conventus ' may not be taken in its most general sense here without limiting it to ' cives Romani ' or Sicilians. In certain cases, as Cicero has said, ' selecti judices ' were taken from the ' civium Roma- norum conventus ;' in other cases mentioned before, a ' civis Romanus ' or a Sicilian might be a 'judex,' and nothing is there said of the ' conventus.' The plain inter- pretation of the words ' selecti e conventu ' requires the ' conventus ' and the ' nego- tiatores ' to be considered as two bodies, from which 'judices ' might be taken. Why the ' negotiatores ' are thus opposed to the ' conventus,' 1 do not see, any further than I have already suggested ; though there is something in Ernesti's remark, that the ' negotiatores ' were Roman ' equites,' and are accordingly distinguished from simple ' cives Romani,' as in Paterculus (ii. 1 10). Creuzer and Moser in their edition give the various commentators' opinions, but not their own very positively, — a mode of com- menting whicli is by no means satisfactory. Sicuti videtis] The expression seems a little strange, but not so very obscure. The question is, 'What kind of a 'cohors' do you suppose that there was under such a head ? ' The answer : ' Such a one as you see that his edict is,' &c. ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 193 coactu istius quod non senserit judicasse. Ex lege Rupilia sortitio nulla, nisi quum nihil intererat istius. Lege Hieronica judicia plu- ) rimarum controversiarum sublata uno nomine omnia : de conventu ac negotiatoribus nuUi judices. Quantam potestatem habuerit videtis : quas res gesserit cognoscite. XIV. Heraclius est Hieronis filius, Syracusanus, homo in primis domi suae nobilis, et ante hunc praetorem vel pecuniosissimus Syracusanorum : nunc nulla alia calamitate nisi istius avaritia atque mjuria pauperrimus. Huic hereditas facile ad HS tricies venit testamento propinqui sui Heraclii: plena domus caelati argenti optimi, multaeque stragulae vestis, pretiosissimorumque mancipio- rum, quibus in rebus istius cupiditates et insanias quis ignorat? Erat in sermone res, magnam Heraclio pecuniam rehctam; non solum Heraclium divitem, sed etiam ornatum supellectile, argento, veste, mancipiis futurum. Audit haec etiam Verres : et primo, illo suo leviore artificio Heraclium aggredi conatur ut eum roget inspicienda quae non reddat. Delude a quibusdam Syracusanis admonetur — hi autem qtiidam erant affines istius, quorum iste uxores nunquam alienas existimavit, Oleomenes et Aeschrio, qui quantum apud istum et quam turpi de causa potuerint ex reliquis criminibus intelligetis — hi, ut dico, hominem admonent rem esse praeclaram, refertam omnibus rebus : ipsum autem Heraclium ho- minem esse majorem natu, non promptissimum ; et eum praeter MarceUos patronum quem suo jure adire aut appeUare posset habere neminem : esse in eo testamento, quo iUe heres esset scriptus, ut statuas in palaestra deberet ponere : faciemus ut palaestritae negent coactu istius] An instance of this ex- general sense, and then as comprehending pression is quoted from the spurious Ep. many things (res). It is first spoken of as Ad Brut. i. 17,' coactu tuo.' I call them the ' res hereditaria,' ' hereditas,' or a ' uni- spurious, notwithstanding a recent attempt versitas,' and then bs comprehending many to maintain their authority. several things. The conjecture of Lambinus Lege Hieronica] The note of Hotmann ' domum refertam ' is unnecessary, makes a difficulty where there is none. suo jure] ' Jure suo,' Orelli, contrary to 'Lege Hieronicxi judicia' are the 'judicia Roman usage. — 'esset, scriptum, ut,' &c., ex lege H.,' which were ' sublata ' by Verres. OrelU. The reading 'scriptus' is only in 14. stragulae vestis,] ' Stragula Testis Lag. 42 ; but it is the true reading, est picta,' says Ascouius, whose commentary palaestritae] The guardians or superin- on the Verrine orations goes no further, as tendents of the ' palaestra ' or exercise place, we have it. See Martial, xiv. 147 : ' stra- such as Greek towns generally had. The gula purpureis lucent villosa tapetis,' &c. ' palaestra ' was probably an artificial per- affines] ' Affines ' are the cognati of the son, in whose name the ' palaestritae ' would husband or wife. Cicero caUs these two claim the 'hereditas,' as forfeited (com- Syracusans ' affines ' of Verres, as if Verres missa) by non-compliance with the terms were a kinsman of their wives ; the kinship of the testament. In this case the ' palaes- being his intimacy with the women. tra ' belonged to the Syracusani (c. 15) ; j.^OT — refertam omnibus rebus .-] Klotz and the question was between an individual observes that ' res ' is first used here in the and the ' civitas.' O 194< IN C. VEEREM ! ex testamento esse positas ; petant hereditatem quod earn palaestrae ' comraissam esse dicant. Placuit ratio Verri. Nam hoc animo pro- videbat, quum tanta hereditas in controversiam venisset judicioque peteretur, fieri non posse ut sine praeda ipse discederet. Approbat consilium : auctor est ut quam primum agere incipiant, liominemque id aetatis, minime litigiosum, quam tumultuosissime adoriantur. Scribitur Heraclio dica. XV. Primo mirantur omnes improbitatem calumniae : deinde qui istum nossent partim suspicabantur, partim plane videbant, adjec- tum esse oculum hereditati. Interea dies advenit, quo die sese ex instituto ac lege Eupilia dicas sortiturum Syracusis iste edixerat : paratus ad banc dicam sortiendam venerat. Tum eum docet He- raclius non posse eo die sortiri, quod lex Eupilia vetaret diebus xxx sortiri dicam quibus scripta esset. Dies xxx nondum fuerant. Sperabat Heraclius, si ilium diem effugisset, ante alteram sorti- tionem Q. Arrium, quem provincia tum maxime exspectabat, suc- cessurum. Iste omnibus dicis diem distulit, et eam diem constituit ut banc Heraclii dicam sortiri post dies xix ex lege posset. Post- eaquam ea dies venit, iste incipit simulare se velle sortiri. Heraclius cum advocatis adit, 6t postulat ut sibi cum palaestritis, hoc est, cum populo Syracusano, aequo jure disceptare liceat. Adversarii postu- dica.l Cicero uses a Greek term, to ex- quite exact ; at least it is not well ex- press the formal demand of the * palaestri- pressed. The meaning of * intra/ which tae,' as Terence does (Phormio, i. 1. 77) : te chooses to give in this passage of Cicero, " ego te cognatum dicam, et tibi scribam and in the Tab. Herac, depends on the dicam." In the next chapter there is word ' quibus.' A formula of this kind ' dicas sortiturum,' which means ' sortiri was used in Roman testaments (Gains, ii. judices,' for that case. Comp. u. 13, at the 165) : " cernitoque in centum diebus prox- beginning. umisquibussciespoterisque." Seec.26,uot«. 15. adjectum esse oculum] " That he aequo jure] Klotz has a note here, the had an eye on the ' hereditas.' " Cicero has whole of which I do not understand. The the same expression Pro Lege Agraria (ii. statement of Cicero is clear. Verres first 10): " quum ad omnia vestra pauci homines declared that he would appoint 'judices' cupiditatis oculos adjecissent." according to the Lex Rupilia on a certain diebus xxx — quibus] The ablative ' die- day. Herachus makes no objection to the bus' is used in conformity with a general mode of appointing the 'juices,' but he Latin usage, to express a measure of time claims the benefit of the thirty days fixed between two hmits, and ' quibus ' is put in by the ' lex,' between the commencement the same case by a kind of attraction. The of the suit (dica scripta) and the trial. He meaning is that there could be no ' sortitio ' hoped by availing himself of this time to until the thirty days had elapsed — ' ut hanc put off the trial till a new ' praetor ' came, dicam sortiri post dies xxx ex lege posset.' But the thirty days elapsed, and Heraclius Garatoni obsei-ves that when ' diebus ' stands appeared, and claimed a fair trial (aequo without a number, as 'paucis diebus,' it jure) between himself and the 'palaestritae,' means ' post paucos dies ;' but if a number that is, the city of Syracuse. He demanded is coupled with it as here, it means ' intra that the 'judices' should be appointed ac- XXX dies,' and that is the old form in legis- cording to the Lex Rupilia. His opponents lation, as in the Tab. Herac. (p. 453, ed. demanded that they should be appointed in Mazochi — "diebus lx proxumeis quibus another way. Verres declared that he would sciet "). The remark of Garatoni is not not foUow the Lex Rupilia (c. 16) j and he ACT. II. LIBEE SEOUNDUS. 195 lant ut in earn rem judices dentur ex iis civitatibus quae in id forum convenirent, electi qui Verri viderentur. Heraclius contra ut ju- dices e lege Eupilia dentur, ut ab institutis superiorum, ab auctori- tate senatus, ab jure omnium Siculorum ne recedatur. XVI. Quid ego istius in jure dicundo libidinem et scelera com- monstrem? quis vestrum non ex urbana jurisdictione cognovit? quis unquam isto praetore, Ohelidone invita, lege agere potuit? Non istum ut nonneminem provincia corrupit : idem fuit qui Eomae. Quum id quod omnes intelligebant diceret Heraclius, jus esse certum Siculis inter se quo jure certarent, legem esse Rupiliam quam P. Rupilius consul de decem legatorum sententia dedisset ; hanc omnes semper in SiciUa consules praetoresque servasse ; ne- appointed five 'judicea' according to Ms own pleasure, as Cicero says. For the pur- pose of understanding the text, it is enough to see that Cicero affirms that Heraclius claimed the appointment of 'judices* ac- cording to the Lex Rupilia, and that a selection * ex iis civitatibus . . . quae,' &c., was not conformable to the Lex RupiUa. Cicero says that the claim against Heraclius was by the ' palaestritae,' and that was the same thing as a claim by the city of Syra- cuse. The ' judices ' then in this case should have been appointed according to the terms mentioned in c. 13 : " quod privatus a po- pulo petit," &c. In the note on that chap- ter I have supposed that the rule ' quod privatus ' did not apply when a ' civitas ' had a claim against one of its own citizens ; and Heraclius was a Syracnsan. But that explanation may not be correct. Besides, it is immaterial whether it is correct or not. Cicero founds his statement on the fact of the claim being made by the ' civitas ' of Syracuse against a citizen of Syracuse. The citizen appealed to the Lex Rupilia, rightly or wrongly, I know not. Verres appointed five ' judices ' at his pleasure. This is all clear; and the real truth of the matter, which we perhaps cannot reach, is perfectly immaterial for the understanding of the passage. If commentators would be satis- fied with ascertaining what an author really says, they would often save themselves and others much trouble. Zumpt has a note on the merits of the case, and a very bad one. Heraclius claimed the appointment of 'ju- dices ' according to the Lex Rupilia ; and, if I understand Cicero right, these would be * selecti judices ex civium Romanorum con- ventu.' The ' adversarii ' contended that they should be chosen ' ex his civitatibus quae in id forum convenirent,' that is, from the ' eonventus Syracusanus,' but not from Roman citizens. But here comes a diffi- culty which Madvig has noticed. The common text is * quae in id forum conveni- rent. Electi qui Verri viderentur.' The sentence, beginning ' adversarii postulant,' expresses the claim of one party. ' Hera- clius contra ' expresses the claim of Hera- clius. If we interpose something about those who were finally chosen, it is obviously out of place. Besides that, the fact of the selection of the ' judices ' is mentioned in its proper place at the end of the next chapter. Madvig also says, that if the sen- tence 'electi,' &c. expresses the fact of selection, it should be ' videbantur,' and not ' viderentur.' Accordingly he removes the ' interpunctio major ' before ' electi,' and the sentence will stand as it does in the text ; and the word ' electi ' must be referred to 'judices dentur.' This is a simple re- medy, and the oidy remedy, unless we ex- punge the words ' electi . . . viderentur.' convenirent,'] Klotz has ' convenerant,' from Lag. 42 (pr. m.) ; and the adoption of this reading renders unnecessary the re- moval of the full stop after ' convenirent,' as Creuzer and Moser say. IC. P. Rupilius consul] The reading ' praetor,' in place of ' consul,' cannot bo admitted ; for Rupilius was in Sicily as ' consul,' and during his consulship he de- feated the insurgent slaves. Garatoni ob- serves that ' praetor ' has arisen from a misunderstanding of the letter P (Publius). Aanc omnes] This is the reading of Lag. 42 (pr. m.), which Zumpt has. Orelli has ' hoc omnes,' where ' hoc ' must refer to 'jus.' — 'negavit se judices e lege,' &c., Orelli; but ' judices ' is not necessary, and is omitted in the best MSS. Klotz also has ' judices e lege.' 2 196 IN 0. VEEREM gavit se lege Eupilia sortiturum : quinque judices quos commodum ipsi fuit dedit. Quid hoc homine facias ? quod supplicium dignum libidine ejus invenias ? Praescriptum tibi quum esset, homo deter- rime et impudentissime, quemadmodum judices inter Siculos dares ; quum imperatoris popuh Romani auctoritas, legatorum decern sum- morum hominum dignitas, senatus consultum intercederet, cujus consulto P. Rupilius de x legatorum sententia leges in Sicilia con- stituerat ; quum omnes ante te praetorem Rupilias leges et in ceteris rebus et in judiciis maxime servassent; tu ausus es pro nihilo prae tua praeda tot res sanctissimas ducere ? tibi nulla lex fuit ? nulla religio ? nuUus existimationis pudor ? nuUus judicii me- tus? nuUius apud te gravis auctoritas? nuUum exemplum quod sequi velles? Verum, ut institui dicere, quinque judicibus nulla lege, nuUo instituto, nuUa rejectione, nulla sorte, ex libidine istius datis, non qui causam cognoscerent, sed qui quod imperatum esset judicarent, eo die nihil actum est : adesse jubentur postridie. XVII. Heraclius interea, quum omnes insidias fortunis suis a praetore fieri videret, capit consilium de amicorum et propinquorum sententia non adesse ad judicium : itaque ilia nocte Syracusis pro- fugit. Iste postero die mane, quum multo maturius quam unquam antea surrexisset, judices citari jubet : ubi comperit Heraclium non adesse, cogere incipit eos ut absentem Heraclium condemnent. lUi eum commonefaciunt ut, si ei videatur, utatur instituto suo, nee j cogat ante horam decimam de absente secundum praesentem judi- 1 care. Irapetrant. Interea sane perturbatus et ipse et ejus amici et consiliarii moleste ferre coeperunt Heraclium profugisse : puta- bant absentis damnationem praesertim tantae pecuniae multo in- vidiosiorem fore quam si praesens damnatus esset. Eo accedebat quod judices e lege Rupilia dati non erant ; multo etiam rem turpi- orem et iniquiorem visum iri intelligebant. Itaque hoc dum corri- gere vult, apertior ejus cupiditas improbitasque facta est. Nam illis quinque judicibus uti se negat: jubet, id quod initio lege Rupilia fieri oportuerat, citari Heraclium et eos qui dicara scrip- serant: ait se judices ex lege velle sortiri. Quod ab eo pridie, quod supplicium — liUdine] Orelli has turpiorem} Zumpt has ' fore ' after ' tur- ' libidini,' which is intended for the dative. piorem.' seriiassent si ' Observassent :' Orelli. — ex lege veils'] Klotz has 'lege velle' ' nuUa rejectione :' ' nulla religione :' Orelli. from the Cod. Vat. Either expression is 17. ut, si ei videatur,'] ' Ut si sibi right; and a little further 'cum multis videatur,' Klotz, on the authority of two of lacrumis quom oreu-et atque obsecraret He- the best MSS. But ' ei ' is probably right ; radius.' a case of ' ei ' equivalent to ' sibi.' ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 197 quum multis lacrimis oraret Heraclius, impetrare non potuerat, id ei postridie venit in mentem, ex lege Rupilia sortiri dicas oportere. Educit ex urna tres ; iis ut absentem Heraclium condemnent im- perat: itaque condemnant. Quae, malum, ista fuit amentia? ec- quando te rationem factomm tuorum redditurum putasti ? ecquando his de rebus tales viros audituros existimasti ? Petatur hereditas ea quae nulla debetur in praedam praetoris ! interponatur nomen civitatis ? imponatur honestae civitati turpissima persona calumniae ? neque hoe solum, sed ita res agatur ut ne simulatio quidem aequi- tatis uUa adhibeatur! Nam, per deos immortales, quid interest utrum praetor imperet vique eogat ahquem de suis bonis omnibus decedere, an hujuseemodi judicium det, quo judicio, indicta causa, fortunis omnibus everti necesse sit ? XVIII. Profecto enim negare non potes te ex lege Rupilia sortiri judices debuisse, quum praesertim Heraclius id postularet. Sin illud dices, te Heraclii voluntate ab lege recessisse, ipse te ex urna tresp^ This explains the ex- pression ' dicas sortiturum ' (c. 15), and ' sortiri dicas.' The ' sortes ' were thrown into an ' urna ' or vessel ; and, after being shaken, the required number of lots was drawn out by the ' praetor,' or by such other person (c. 18) as was empowered to draw them out. ' Urna ' is a Roman term for a vessel of capacity, but generally for liquids. quae nulla dehetur] " What, shall an * hereditas ' be claimed, one too (ea) which is subject to no claim at all, and become booty to the ' praetor ? '" Creuzer and Moser compare Cicero (Ad Att. xi. 24) : * Philotimus non modo nullus venit, sed,' &c. If the reader prefers striking out all the notes of interrogation from tliis sentence, as Klotz has done, there will be no harm in it, provided he does not read with Klotz ' sed ita res agitur.' turpissima personal It is said by Creuzer and Moser, that it is an expression derived from the stage ; but this is not a complete view of the matter. ' Persona,' a word of doubtful etymology, is certainly used to sig- nify a mask ; and Gabius Bassns (Gell. V. 7) derived it ' a personando.' Whatever may be the original meaning of the word, it had a common use to signify a certain * status ' or condition. A ' person ' or ' per- sona' is not simply a human being, but a human being as invested with some parti- cular character, as a husband, father, and the like. There ia no histrionic allusion in the passage of Cicero Pro Murena (c. 3) referred to by C. and M., nor in this pas- sage, nor in Cicero De Am. (c. 1) : ' idonea mihi Laelii persona visa quae de amicitia . . . dissereret.' This notion of ' persona,' as opposed to ' res,' is the foundation of the division of law by Gaius (Dig. 1. 3. 1): "omnejus quo utimurvel ad personas per- tinet vel ad res vel ad actiones." 18. sortiri judices"] ' Sortiri judicium :' OreUi ; but ' sortiri judices ' is the common form, though the other is also correct. A little further on there is ' dicas omnes . . sortitus est.' te Heraclii voluntate, &c.] Klotz per. versely explains this to mean that Herac- lius had at first protested against the ' ju- dices' being appointed according to the Lex Rupilia, though he had afterwards required it. Cicero says nothing of the kind. He says to Verres, " You can't deny that you ought to have appointed ' judices' according to the Lex Rupilia, particularly as Hera- clius claimed it as his right. If you shall say that you departed from the Lex with the consent of Heraclius, you will involve yourself in a difficulty j for, first, why did he not appear on the day for trial, if he had, as you say, the ' judices ' appointed in the way which he demanded .■' and, if that answer is not enough for you, will you tell me why you appointed other ' judices ' after he had fled, if those who were first ap- pointed were appointed with the consent of both parties .' " 198 IN 0. VEEEEM impedies; ipse tua defensione implicabere. Quare enim primum ille adesse noluit, quum ex eo numero judices haberet quos postu- laret ? deinde tu cur post illius fugam judices alios sortitus es, si eos qui erant antea dati utriusque dederas voluntate ? deinde ceteras dicas omnes illo foro M. Postumius quaestor sortitus est: banc solam tu illo conventu reperiere sortitus. Ergo, inquiet aliquis, donavit populo Syracusano illam hereditatem ? Primum, si id con- fiteri velim, tamen istum cdndemnetis necesse est : neque enim per- missum est ut impune nobis liceat quod alicui eripuerimus id alteri tradere. Verum ex ista reperietis hereditate ita istum praedatum ut perpauca occulte fecerit: populum quidem Syracusanum in maximam invidiam, sua infamia, alieno praemio, pervenisse ; paucos Syracusanos, eos qui se nunc publics laudationis causa venisse dicunt, et tunc participes praedae fuisse, et nunc non ad istius laudationem sed ad communem litium aestimationem venisse. Post- eaquam damnatus est absens, non solum illius bereditatis de qua ambigebatur, quae erat HS tricies, sed omnium bonorum paterno- rum ipsius Heraclii, quae non minor erat pecunia, palaestrae Syra- cusanorum, hoc est, Syracusanis, possessio traditur. Quae est ista praetura? Eripis hereditatem quae venerat a propinquo, venerat testamento, venerat legibus ; quae bona is qui testamentum fecerat huic Heraclio, ante aliquanto quam est mortuus, omnia utenda ac possidenda tradiderat ; cujus bereditatis, quum ille aliquanto ante te praetorera esset mortuus, controversia fuerat nulla, mentionem fecerat nemo. XIX. Verum esto : eripe hereditatem propinquis, da palaes- tritis ; praedare in bonis alienis nomine civitatis ; everte leges, testamenta, voluntates mortuorum, jura vivorum : num etiam patriis Heraclium bonis exturbare oportuit ? Qui simulac profugit, quam quos postularet ?'] 'Quos postularat:' participes praedae . . . aestimationem] Orelli and Klotz. Zumpt observes : " In- " You will find," says Cicero, " that the city dicativus modus orationis formae hypothe- of Syracuse has incurred the greatest odium ticae non aptus est." in this affair, and that a few of the Syra- foro . . conventu] ' Dixit bis de eadem cusani, those who profess that they have re, alterum enim loci est, alteram temporis ' been commissioned by the city to uphold (Zumpt). The 'conventus,' of course, is the the character of Verres, as they were then ' temporis,' for the ' forum,' which has a participators in his crime, so now have local meaning, cannot be. But Cicero, in they come, not to honour their praetor, as fact, has only varied the expression in ora- they suppose, but to be present at the as- torical fashion. M. Postumius, a quaestor, sessmeut of damages, to the payment of presided in all the cases tried at this forum, which they will have to contribute a part." except one. The praetor could delegate The provisions of the Lex CorueUa de Pe- certain of his powers to others, as, in this cuniis Repetundis extended to those to instance, 'jurisdictio' to a quaestor. See whose hands money came that had been Cicero, Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. t. 7- got contrary to the Lex. ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 199 impudenter, quam palam, quam acerbe, dii immortales, ilia bona direpta sunt ! quam ilia res calamitosa Heraclio, quaestuosa Verri, turpis Syracusanis, miseranda omnibus videbatur ! Nam illud quidem statim curatur ut quidquid caelati argenti fuit in illis bonis ad istum deferatur, quidquid Oorinthiorum vasorum, stragulae vestis : haec nemo dubitabat quin non modo ex ilia domo capta et oppressa verum ex tota provincia ad istum comportari necesse esset. Maneipia quae voluit abduxit ; alia divisit : auctio facta est in qua eohors istius invicta dominata est. Verum illud est praeclarum : Syracusani qui praefuerant his Heraclii bonis, verbo, redigendis, re, dispertiendis, reddebant eorum negotiorura rationem in senatu : dicebant scyphorum paria complura, hydrias argenteas, pretiosam vestem stragulam, multa maneipia pretiosa, Verri data esse : dicebant quantum cuique ejus jussu nijmmorum esset datum. Gemebant Syracusani, sed tamen patiebantur. Repente recitatur, uno nomine HS ccl millia jussu praetoris data. Fit maximus clamor omnium, non modo optimi cujusque, neque eorum quibus indignum semper visum erat privata bona, populi nomine, per summam injuriam erepta, verum etiam ipsi illi auctores injuriae et ex aliqua particula socii praedae ac rapinarum clamare coeperunt, sibi ut haberet hereditatem. Tantus in curia clamor factus est ut populus concurreret. XX. Res ab omni conventu cognita celeriter isti domum nunti- atur. Homo inimicus bis qui recitassent, hostis omnibus qui acelamassent, exarsit iracundia ac stomacho. Verumtamen fuit tum sui dissimilis. Nostis os bominis, nostis audaciam: tamen turn rumore et clamore populi et manifesto furto grandis pecuniae perturbatus est. Ubi se coUegit, vocat ad se Syracusanos: qui non posset negare ab illis pecuniam datam, non quaesivit procul 19. auctio] The goods were sold by would have none of it." In c. 31 there is ' auctio,' that is, by public sale, and to the " habeatis sane . . vobiscum," perhaps not highest bidder. The English auction is in quite the same thing. But in c. 25 ; " sibi its essentials the same as the Roman ' auc- habere jussit ;" and in Lib. 4. t. 67 : " tibi tio.' But the ' eohors ' of Verres was ' in- habe." - , ■ u . u victa,' was not outbid, for their bidding was 20. celeriter isti] ' Isti is added by only a show, and the real object was to Zumpt on good authority, and it is wanted, secure every thing for the praetor. Those gui non posset] Verres could not deny who are not called upon to pay can always that money had been given by them, that outbid those who know that they must pay. is, by those ' qui praefuerant,' &c. (c. 19.) dispertiendis,] ' Dissipandis :' Zumpt, He did not, however, look for strangers, or from Lag. 42 (pr. m.). persons unconnected with him, as the re- privata bona,] Klotz has ' privati bona.' ceivers, for he could not have proved that ; sibi ut haberet] " Even those who were but he charged his son-in-law with receiving to share in the plunder began to call out it, and professed that he would make him that Verrea might keep it to himself, they restore it. The ' proximum, paene alterum 200 IN 0. VEREEM alicunde, (neque enim probaret,) sed proximum, paene alteram filium, quern illam pecuriiam diceret abstulisse : ostendit se reddere coacturum. Qui posteaquam id audivit, habuit et dignitatis et aetatis et nobilitatis suae rationem: verba apud senatum fecit: docuit ad se nihil pertinere : de isto id quod omnes videbant neque ille quidem obscure locutus est. Itaque illi Syracusani statuam postea statuerunt : et is ubi primum potuit, istum reliquit, de provinciaque decessit. Et tamen aiunt eum queri solere nonnun- quam, se raiserum quod non suis sed suorum peccatis criminibusque prematur. Triennium provinciam obtinuisti : gener electus ado- lescens unum annum tecum fuit : sodales, viri fortes, legati tui, primo anno te reliquerunt: unus legatus P. Tadius qui erat reli- quus non ita multum tecum fuit ; qui si semper una fuisset, tamen summa cura quum tuae tum multo etiam magis suae famae peper- cisset. Quid est quod tu alios accuses ? quid est quamobrem putes te tuam culpam non modo derivare in aliquem sed communicare cum altero posse? Numerantur ilia HS ducenta quinquaginta Syracusanis. Ea quemadmodum ad istum postea per pseudp- thyrum revertantur, tabulis vobis testibusque, judices, planum faciam. XXI. Ex hac iniquitate istius et improbitate, judices, quod praeda ex illis bonis ad multos Syracusanos, invito populo senatu- que Syracusano, venerat, et ilia scelera, quae per Theomnas- \ tum et Aeschrionem et Dionysodorum et Oleomenem, invitissima civitate ilia, facta sunt, primum ut urbs tota spoliaretur, qua de re alius mihi locus ad dicendum est constitutus ; ut omnia signa iste filium,' is the son-in-law of Verres. Orelli sunt.' The text may be understood if has ' quia non posset.' we take ' et ' in the sense of ' etiam.' sed suorum] Klotz adds ' comitum.' Zumpt takes it so, but refers the 'et ' to gener electus'] Orelli and Klotz have what follows in the next sentence . ' Per ' gener electus adolescens.' Zumpt, who eosdem istius . . . socios ;' an explanation has ' lectus,' from Lag. 42, refers to Divin. which seems to me inadmissible. The 0. 9; Lib. 1. c. 37; and Lib. 4. u. 36; but sense of the passage appears to be this: in these cases the superlative is used. Ser- " Of the same kind as this iniquity and im- vius Sulpicius (Ad Div. iv. 5) has the ex- probity of Verres, Judices, in that out of pression, "ex hac juventute generum deli- that property of HeracUus a share of the gere." ' Gener electus adolescens ' is cer- plunder came to many of the Syracusani, tainly Latin, and ' gener, lectus adolescens,' contrary to the will of the community and may be so too. the senate of Syracuse, are those crimes per pseudothyrum] Verres paid back also which were committed with the help the HS COL millia, but Cicero says that of Theomnastus," &c. ; and he then pro- it returned to him through a false door, a ceeds to enumerate them, ' primum ut back-door; it was publicly repaid by Verres, urbs,' &c. The emphatic words 'et ilia and privately came back to him. scelera ' make the omission of ' sunt ' tole- 21. et ilia scelera,] The reading of rable. — 'invitissima civitate ilia:' 'ilia' is Klotz and Zumpt is ' et ilia scelera.' The added by Zumpt from Lag. 42. reading of Lambinus is ' etiam ilia scelera ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 201 per eos homines quos nominavi, omne ebur ex aedibus sacris, omnes undique tabulas pictas, deorum denique simulacra quae vellet auferret ; deinde ut in curia Syracusis, quem locum illi buleuterion nomine appellant, honestissimo loco et apud illos clarissimo, ubi illius ipsius M. Marcelli, qui eum Syracusanis locum quem eripere belli ac vicioriae lege posset conservavit ac reddidit, statua ex aere facta est, ibi inauratam istius et alteram filio statuam ponerent ; ut, dum istius hominis memoria maneret, senatus Syracusanus sine lacrimis et gemitu in curia esse non posset. Per eosdem istius furtorum, injuriarum, uxorumque socios, istius imperio Syracusis Marcellia toUuntur maximo gemitu luctuque civitatis : quem illi diem festum quum recentibus beneficiis C. Marcelli debitum redde- bant, tum generi, nomini, familiae Marcellorum maxima voluntate tribuebant. Mithridates in Asia, quum eam provinciam totam occupasset, Mucia non sustulit. Hostis, et hostis in ceteris rebus nimis ferus et immanis, tamen honorem hominis deorum religione consecratum violare noluit : tu Syracusanos unum diem festum MarceUis impertire noluisti, per quos illi adepti sunt ut ceteros dies festos agitare possent. At vero praeclarum diem illis repo- suisti, Verria ut agerent, et ut ad eum diem quae sacris epuUsque opus essent in complures annos locarentur. Jam in tanta istius impudentia remittendum ahquid videtur, ne omnia contendamus, ne omnia cum dolore agere videamur. Nam me dies, vox, latera deficiant, si hoc nunc vociferari velim, quam miserum indignumque sit istius nomine apud eos diem festum esse qui sese istius opera funditus exstinctos esse arbitrentur. Verria praeclara ! Quo accessisti, quaeso, quo non attuleris tecum istum diem? Etenim quam tu domum, quam urbem adisti, quod fanum denique, quod non eversum atque extersum rehqueris? Quare appellentur sane nomine appellant, 2 Klotz omits—' Sy- been generally expressed in Latin by -ia. racusanis locum ;' Zumpt omits. locarentur.^ VeiTes, in place of the statuam ponerent;} 'Ponerent' is the festal day which he abolished, estabhshed reading of Zumpt, from Lag. 42 (p. ra.). one in honour of himself, and made pro- Klotz retains ' posuerunt,' the reading vision for letting to contractors the care of of the other MSS. ; but, if this reading providing what was necessary for celebrating be accepted, Cicero has deviated from the new festival. — 'Jam in tanta:' Orelli the regular construction which the sentence has ' Sed jam,' &c., but there is no autho- requires. rity for the ' sed.' Zumpt observes that C. Marcelli] This is the C. Marcellus ' sed ' would denote an interruption of what who succeeded Lepidus in the government the orator is speaking of, and a transition of Sicily (c. 3). ' Mithridates ' is Mithri- to something else, which is not the case, dates Eupator, or the Great, who B.C. 88, ' Jam ' introduces the conclusion, which ia was in possession of the province of Asia, further explained by ' Nam me dies.' The MSS. vary between the forms ' Mar- eversum, &c.] Here we have agam a cellia ' and ' Marcellea.' The Greek termi- miserable pun on the name of Verres. To nation would be -tta, which seems to have the word ' eversum ' Cicero adds '.extersum. 202 IN 0. VEREEM ista Verria, quae non ex nomine sed ex manibus naturaque tua constituta esse videantur. XXII. Quam facile serpat injuria et peccandi consuetude, quam non facile reprimatur, videte, judices. Bidis oppidum est, tenue sane, non longe a Syracusis. Hujus longe primus civitatis est Epicrates quidam. Huic hereditas HS quingentorum miUium venerat a muliere quadam propinqua, atque ita propinqua ut ea etiamsi intestata esset mortua Epicratem Bidinorum legibus here- dem esse oporteret. Kecens Syracusana erat iUa res quam ante demonstravi de Heraclio Syracusano, qui bona non perdidisset, nisi ei venisset hereditas. Huic quoque Epicrati venerat, ut dixi, hereditas. Cogitare coeperunt ejus inimici nihilo minus eodem praetore hunc everti bonis posse quo Heraclius esset eversus. Rem occulte instituunt : ad Verrem per ejus interpretes deferunt. Ita causa componitur ut item palaestritae Bidini peterent ab Epi- crate hereditatem, quemadmodum palaestritae Syracusani ab Hera- clio petissent. Nunquam vos praetorem tarn palaestricum vidistis. Verum ita palaestritas defendebat ut ab illis ipse unctior abiret; qui statim quum praesensisset jubet cuidam amicorum suorum numerari HS lxxx. Res occultari satis non potuit. Per quen- dam eorum qui interfuerant fit Epicrates certior. Primum con- ' wiped out ;' in illustration of which Gara- toni cites Cicero's Paradoxa, v. 2 : " qui tergunt, qui Ternint." Graevius thinks that there is no allusion in 'eversum' to the name of Verres, but that Cicero gives the explanation of what he means in the fol- lowing words : ' ex manibus naturaque,' ' quasi is natus et manus ejus factae sint ad omnia everteuda et extergenda.' 22. Bidis} The Ethnic name is Bidini or Bidenses. The modern church of S. Giovanni di Bidini, not far from Syracuse, seems to indicate the site of this little place. everti bonis] As ' eversum,' in the pre- ceding chapter, contains an allusion to the name of Verres, it has been proposed to read ' everri bonis.' But we have in Lib. 1. c. 51, 'fortunis patriis . . evertere;' and ' voluntatem defuncti evertere ' is a legal expression, which is used here in c. 19. palaestricum'} This word, Klotz remarks, expresses better what Cicero means than ' palaestritam,' which Zumpt has ; and ' pa- laestricum' has the authority of the best MSS. The word ' unctior ' is a manifest allusion to the anointing of the wrestlers ; and it also contains a double meaning, for ' unctus ' ie appUed to one who is rich. Comp, Horace, 1 Ep. xvii. 12, and the other examples in ForcelHni. Verres gave his protection to the Bidini, but on such terms that he was well paid for it. — ' unctior discederet :' Orelli. Comp. Lib. 1. c. 50 : " opimum praeda discedere." praesensisset} As soon as Verres got a hint of this new booty, he came upon the Bidini for a sum of money, a kind of fee to be paid beforehand, in consideration of what he was going to do for them. See c. 23 ; "aestuare illi qui dederant pecuniam." OreUi has ' Res . . non posse.' Klotz has ' qui statim, quod statim praesensisset,' &c. The commentators have found a difficulty in this passage, and much has been said upon it. The explanation of Masse is in substance the same as this, except that he incorrectly places a comma after ' statim :' " As soon as Verres got notice of this (pa- laestritas Bidenses litem moturos contra Epicratem), he requires the ' palaestritae ' to pay a sum of money to one of his friends (tanquam judicii pretium)." — Verres was acquainted with the whole matter, from the beginning, by his ' interpretes,' who in this and some other passages are not 'inter- preters,' but 'agents,' or 'emissaries.' The ' qui statim ' of Klotz is perhaps a misprint. ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 203 temnere et negligere coepit, quod causa prorsus quod dubitari posset nihil habebat. Deinde quum de Heraclio cogitaret, et istius libidinem nosset, commodissimum putavit esse de provincia clam abire : itaque fecit : profectus est Rhegium. XXIII. Quod ubi auditiun est, aestuare illi qui dederant pecu- niam: putare nihil agi posse absente Epicrate. Nam Heraclius tamen affuerat quum primum dati sunt judices : de hoc, qui ante- quam in jus aditum esset, antequam mentio denique controversiae facta esset uUa, discessisset, putabant nihil agi posse. Homines Rhegium proficiscuntur : Epicratem conveniunt: demonstrant id quod ille sciebat se HS lxxx dedisse : rogant eum ut sibi id quod ab ipsis abisset pecuniae curet; ab sese caveat quemadmodum velit de ilia hereditate cum Epicrate neminem esse acturum. Epi- crates homines multis verbis male acceptos ab se dimittit : redeunt illi Rhegio Syracusas : queri cum multis, ut fit, incipiunt sese HS LXXX nummum frustra dedisse. Res percrebuit et in ore atque sermone omnium coepit esse. Verres referfc illam suam Syracusa- nam : ait se veUe de iUis HS lxxx cognoscere. Advocat multos : dicunt Bidini Volcatio se dedisse : illud non addunt, jussu istius. Volcatium vocat : pecuniam referri jubet. Volcatius animo aequis- simo nummos affert qui nihil amitteret: reddit inspectantibus multis : Bidini nummos auferunt. Dicet aliquis. Quid ergo in hoc Verrem reprehendis, qui non modo ipse fur non est, sed ne alium quidem passus est esse ? Attendite : jam intelligetis banc pecu- niam, qua via modo visa est exire ab isto, eadem semita revertisse. quod cavsal ' Quod in caussa prorsus utfli,'] Klotz, from Vat. Cod. Zumpt quod disputari posset nihil habebat :' Klotz. has ' ita ut fit.' For ' disputari ' there is good authority, Syracusanam ;] ' Verres resorts to his though it is not the word that is wanted old trick.' There seems no occasion to here. But ' in causa ' has no authority ex- suppose with Hotmann, that there is any cept Cod. Vat., and it manifestly spoils the error in the text. Manutius supplies ' ma- sense. ' Causa ' is the nominative to 'ha- litiam;' and Gruter 'cantUenam.' But the bebat.' word to be suppUed is the universal ' res,' 23. in jus aditum] Klotz has ' in jus which means any thing. Zumpt refers to aditum, postulatum esset,' which is from a similar omission of ' res ' in Cicero, De the Cod. Vat., of which, however, the read- Nat. Deorum, i. 8 : " sed ilia palmaris," ing is ' aditum postulatum in jus,' where where Davis unnecessarily proposes to read 'postulatum' seems as manifest an interpo- 'sed illud palmare.' Klotz adds 'rem' lation as any example that can be found. after ' Syracusanam ;' but there is a differ- curet:2 The impudent demand was, ence between mentally supplying the word, that Epicrates should pay, or see that they and writing it in the text, were paid (curet), the amount that they referri jubet.'] Zumpt, from Lag. 42 had given to Verres, and take such security (pr. m.) ; and Klotz. Orelli, and the pre- from them (ab sese caveat) as he should vious editors, have ' imperat.' think proper, that nobody should raise any via] The contrast between ' via ' and question about the 'hereditas.' This use 'semita' is obvious enough. A 'via 'was of ' euro ' is common in Cicero : ' me cui the largest kind of road, a carriage-road, as jussisset curaturum ' (Ad Fam. xvi. 9). in the case of a ' eervitus,' and its width 204 IN C. VEEREM Quid enim debuit praetor facere— cum consilio cognita causa, quum comperisset suum comitem juris, decreti, judicii corrumpendi causa, qua in re ipsius praetoris caput existimatioque ageretur, pecuniam accepisse, Bidinos autem pecuniam contra praetoris famam ac fortunas dedisse — non et in eum qui accepisset animad- vertisse, et in eos qui dedissent ? Tu qui institueras in eos animad- vertere qui perperam judicassent, quod saepe per imprudentiam fit, hos pateris impune discedere qui ob tuum decretum ob tuum judicium pecuniam aut dandara aut accipiendam putarant. Vol- catius idem apud te postea fuit, eques Romanus, tanta accepta ignominia. XXIV. Nam quid est turpius ingenuo, quid minus libero dig- num, quam in conventu maximo cogi a magistratu furtum reddere ? qui si eo animo esset quo non modo eques Romanus, sed quivis liber debet esse, aspicere te postea non potuisset, inimicus, hostis esset, tanta contumelia accepta, nisi tecum tum coUusisset et tuae poti,us existimationi servisset quam suae. Qui quam tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit, quamdiu tecum in provincia fuit, verum etiam nunc sit, quum jam a ceteris amicis relictus es, et tu intelligis et nos existimare possumus. An hoc solum argumentum est nihil isto imprudente factum, quod Volcatius ei non succensuit, quod iste nee in Volcatium nee in Bidinos animadvertit ? Est magnum argumen- tum: verum illud maximum, quod illis ipsis Bidinis quibus iratus was fixed by the Twelve Tables (Dig. 8. 3. expression in Latin is not so awkward as in 8). It is also the term for a public or high a modern version ; and it is to me more in- road, as Via Appia. Among the various telligible than Zumpt's reading : ' quae via examples cited of the contrast of ' via ' and . . earn semita,' &c. Hotmann made the ' semita ' is one from Ennius (Cic. De alteration first, but he wrote ' quae via . . Divin. i. 58) : eandem semita ;' but for ' eandem ' Zumpt " Qui sibi semitam non sapiunt alteri mon- ™!!^ ,' ^^J">'J'om Lag. 42. The reading strant viam " K-Iotz is the same as Zumpt s, except that he has ' eandem.' The various opinions The old reading is ' qua via . . eadem se- on this passage are given in the note of mita,' the objection to which, as Zumpt Creuzer and Moser. states it, is this : ' intellegi nequit, quo- Quid enim dehuit praetor] After ' prae- modo, quae via sit, eadem e contrario se- tor ' Zumpt and Klotz have ' facere,' which mita dici possit.' But, as the money was is found in some MSS. Orelli omits it. not really repaid by a ' via,' so neither did He has also the reading ' cum consilio re it return by a 'semita.' It was repaid cognita.' — Klotz writes 'animum adver- openly : it was returned privately. If the tisse,' and ' animum advertere.' word ' semita ' were omitted, nobody could ob tuum decretum,'] Zumpt omits, on doubt about the reading ; for it is plain that the authority of . Lag. 42 (pr. m.) ; and for the sentence does not require the relative ' putarant ' he has ' putabant.' (qua) to refer to ' pecunia,' but to the an- 24. quum . , relictus es,] It does not tecedent which follows. "Jam intelligetis appear that any MS. has ' es,' except Lag. banc pecuniam .. revertisse :" "and how 42; the rest appear to have ' sis.' This is did it return .' why, in the same direction a case somewhat doubtful ; but perhaps the that it went out ; but with this difference, indicative is preferable. Orelli has ' sis that the ' via ' became a ' semita.' " The relictus.' ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 205 esse debuit, a quibus comperit, quod jure agere cum Epicrate nihil possent, etiamsi adesset, idcirco suum decretum pecunia esse temp- tatum ; his, inquam, ipsis non modo illam hereditatem quae Epicrati venerat, sed, ut in Heracho Syracusano, item in hoc, paulo etiam atrocius, quod Epicrates appellatus omnino non erat, bona patria fortunasque ejus Bidinis tradidit. Ostendit enim novo modo, si quis quid ab absente peteret se auditurum. Adeunt Bidini, petunt hereditatem: procuratores postulant ut se ad leges suas rejiciat, aut ex lege Rupilia dicam scribi jubeat. Adversarii non audebant contra dicere : exitus nullus reperiebatur. Insimulant hominem fraudandi causa discessisse: postulant ut bona possidere jubeat. Debebat Epicrates nummum nuUum nemini : amici, si quis quid ; peteret, judicio se passuros, judicatum solvi satisdaturos esse ' dicebant. ab absente, &c.] ' De absente peteret auditurum :' Klotz, from Lag. 42 (pr. m.), aud Cod. Vat. — ' adeunt Bidini, qui pe- tunt,' &c. : Klotz, from Cod. Vat. procuratores postulant~\ The ' procura- tores ' of Epicrates ; those who represented him and acted for him. See Divin. c. 4. They offered to give security that their principal would comply with the terms of the decision (judicatum solvi satisdaturos). fraudandi causal One of the cases in which the praetor's edict permitted posses- sion to be taken of a person's property was that of his concealing himself, or keep- ing out of the way, for the purpose of de- frauding his creditors. Klotz refers to the terms of the edict (Pro P. Quintio, c. 19) : "Qui fraudationis causa latitant;" aud to the Digest, 42. 4 : " quibus ex causis in possessionem eatur." The creditors were said ' in possessionem mitti.' The case re- sembles that of the English Bankrupt Law (B Geo. IV. c. 16. s. 3), by which, if » trader " shall depart from his dwelling- house, or otherwise absent himself, or begin to keep his house, &c., with intent to de- feat or delay his creditors, he shall have committed an act of bankruptcy." When the trader has been adjudged to be a bank- rupt, the commissioners sign a warrant di- rected to a person called a messenger, who is empowered to seize the bankrupt's pro- perty for the benefit of his creditors. — ' possidere liceat :' Orelli. nullum nemini ;] An instance of a double negation which does not produce an affirm- ative. The reading ' uUum ' of some MSS. cannot be accepted. Klotz omits ' nullum,' wliich is not in Cod. Vat. If a reader had heard nothing about two negatives pro- ducing an affirmative, — an expression which is incapable of any exact meaning, — hewould find no difficulty here, and he would trans- late it : " Epicrates owed not a sesterce to no man." The instances in which the Latin writers use such a mode of negation are not common ; nor do they seem to use it in a sentence like this, if Cicero had said ' non debebat.' Other cases of a different kind of double negation are not uncommon, as Zumpt shows. After a general negation in the principal sentence, there may be ne- gation of the several parts, as Cicero, Pro Murena, c. 29 : " viri non esse neque exo- rari neque placari," where, in fact, the omission of the ' neque ' would give quite a different meaning; also c. 40; "si nemini nee domi nee militiae odio fuit." Zumpt quotes also the following instances from these orations of the use of ' ne— quidem :' Lib. 1. c. 60: "non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem ;" and Lib. 3. u. 90 : " non fugio ne hos quidem mores." judicio se passuros,'] This is said to be the reading of the best, perhaps all the MSS., for which 'judicium se passuros,' 'judicio secum agi passuros,' have been substituted. Klotz refers to Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 28, where also he reads 'judicio se passuros,' from Lag. 42 and Cod. Vat. Klotz also refers to Pro P. Quintio, c. 28. Zumpt has it thus : ' si quis quid peteret in judicio, se passuros,' from Lag. 42. The technical legal expression in the Lex and in the Digest is 'judicium accipere :' " Qui non cogitur defendere absentem, ta- men si judicatum solvi satisdedit defendendi absentis gratia, cogendus procurator judi- 206 IN 0. VEEREM XXV. Quum omnia consilia frigerent, admonitu istlus inslmu- lare coeperunt Epicratem literas publicas corrupisse, a qua suspi- cione ille aberat plurimum: actionem ejus rei postulant. Amici recusare ne quod judicium neve ipsius cognitio illo absente de existimatione ejus constitueretur : et simul idem illud postulare non desistebant ut se ad leges suas rejiceret. Iste amplam occa- sionem calumniae nactus, ubi videt esse aliquid quod amici absente Epierate noUent defendere, asseverat se ejus rei in primis actionem daturum. Quum omnes perspicerent ad istum non modo iUos nummos qui per simulationem ab isto exierant revertisse, sed midto etiam plures eum postea nummos abstulisse, amici Epicratem defendere destiterunt : iste Epicratis bona Bidinos onmia possidere et sibi habere jussit. Ad ilia HS la millia hereditaria accessit ipsius antiqua HS quindecies pecunia. Utrum res ab initio ita ducta est, an ad extremum. ita perducta est, an ita parva est pecunia, an is homo Verres ut haec quae dixi gratis facta esse videantur ? cium accipere, ne decipiatur ig qui satis accepit" (Dig. 3. 3. 43). Now 'judicium passuros' presents no difficulty; and as Cicero uses this expression in Lib. 3. c. 28, where Zumpt keeps the reading, we may conclude that it was a technical expression in his time for what was expressed by ' ju- dicium accipere' at o later time. Zumpt seems to doubt if ' petere judicib ' can be said, and with good reason. It is not a Roman expression, simply because the ' pe- titor ' did not make his claim ' in judicio,' but ' in jure.' The accepting of the 'judi- cium ' was the formal conclusion of the ' Litis Contestatio,' or ' the proceedings of the litigant parties before the praetor,' in which both parties, by their mutual statements, determine the matter in dispute in such way that it is ready to be carried before the ' judex.' These proceedings are the last act ' in jure, ' that is to say, of the preliminary proceedings before the praetor : they are contemporaneous with the Formula which is given by the praetor and presup- poses the naming of a ' judex,' for his name is mentioned in the formula (Savigny, Sys- tem des Heut. Rom-Rechts, vi. 9, Litis contestatio). I have allowed 'judicio se passuros ' to stand, for it may be right, even though Zumpt cannot understand it (quod intelligi nequit). But in his Ap- pendix he says of 'judicio se passuros,' "nescio an verum sit, ut illud ipsum agi secum co^tatione addatur." — This was a case of ' uegotiorum gestio,' as the Romans called it (Dig. 3. tit. 5), where a man un- dertook to defend the interests of an absent person, and thus constituted himself an attorney without any authority. If the self-constituted agent was condemned, there could be no ' actio judicati ' against the person whom he represented, and the agent was accordingly required to give security that he would abide by the judgment, ' satis- dare judicatum solvi.' The Roman doc- trine was ' publice utile est absentes a qui- buscuuqne defend! ' (Dig. 3. 3. 33. § 2). A reader would hardly suppose that Horace, when he says ' absentem qui rodit amicum. Qui non defendit,' &c., (1 Sat. iv. 81), was using the legal language of the day, the same that the jurist Ulpian uses two centiuies later ; ' si amicus quum absentem defen- deret.' 25. Quum omnia consilia frigerent,'] OreUi has ' quum omnia [judicia] frigerent.' But ' judicia ' is a gloss. — 'ne qua ipsius:' Orelli, Klotz. ahsente Epierate'] The MSS., with the exception of three, are said to have ' ab- sentem Epicratem,' but, as Zumpt observes, a double accusative after ' defendo ' cannot be found. antiqua . . pecunia.] ' His former pro- perty,' for that is the meaning of ' antiquus ' (ant-icus), which is opposed to 'post-icua.' ' Pecunia,' in its proper and larger sense, means a whole property (Gains, ii. 104). ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 207 XXVI. Hie nunc de miseria Siculorum, judices, audite. Et Heraclius ille Syracusanus et hie Bidinus Epicratesexpulsi bonis omnibus Romam venerunt: sordidati, maxima barba et capillo, Roniae biennium prope fuerunt. Quum L. Metellus hine profectus in provineiam est, turn isti bene commendati eum Metello una proficiscuntur. Metellus simulae advenit Syracusas, utrumque reseidit et de Epicrate et de Heraclio. In utriusque bonis nihil erat quod restitui posset, nisi quod moveri loco non poterat. Fecerat haec egregie primo adventu Metellus ut omnes istius injurias quas modo posset reseinderet et irritas faceret. Quod Heraclio restitui jusserat ac non restituebatur, quisquis erat eductus senator Syracusanus ab Heraclio, duei jubebat. Itaque permulti dueti sunt. Epicrates quidem continuo est restitutus. Alia judicia Lilybaei, alia Agrigenti, alia Panhormi restituta sunt. Census qui isto praetore sunt habiti non servaturum se Metellus ostenderat: decumas quas iste contra legem Hieronicam vendi- derat sese venditurum Hieronica lege edixerat. Omnia erant MeteUi ejusmodi ut non tam suam praeturam gerere quam istius praeturam retexere videretur. Simul atque ego in Siciliam veni, mutatus est. Venerat ad eum illo biduo Letilius quidam, homo 26. prope fuerunt.'] The passage is thus in Klotz : ' biennio prope fuerunt, quoad L. Metellus in provineiam profectus est. Turn isti,' &c., founded on the Vat. Cod. Zumpt, in his Appendix, seems to prefer this reading. reseidit] ' Rescindo ' is to undo, to de- clare null. " Praeses provinciae rescindi ven- ditioriem . . jussit " (Dig. 18. 5. 9). moveri loco] All was gone except the land and what was attached to the land, as buildings. Cicero's expression has a refer- ence to a natural and legal division of cor- poreal things into * res mobiles,' things which can be moved without any alteration in their nature (moveables) and * res immo- biles,' as the ground (solum) and things attached to it (res soli). "Labeo scribit: edictum Aedilium curuhum de venditionibus rerum esse tam earum quae soli sint quam earum quae mobiles aut se moventes " (Dig. 21. 1. 1. pr.). eductus — dtici] Whatever senator He- raclius brought before Metellus (educeret) for non-compliance with the order, Metellus ordered to be taken to prison (duci) . ' Quod ' is the relative. ' Quod jusserat . . quis- quis,' &c., is a form of expression altogether unMke any thing in English. Nor is there any real difference between this expression and ' Quod erant mihi . . constitui,' &c., in this chapter. Klotz reads ' faceret. Hera- clium restitui jusserat: non restituebatur. Quisquis,' &c. judicia . . restituta] MeteUus seems to have proceeded in the case of Epicrates and Heraclius ' extra ordinem,' that is, he de- creed the restitution of his property without a new * judicium.' In other cases he appears after examining the matter (causa cognita) to have instituted a new ' judicium ' ( judi- ciam restitutum), that is, to have sent the cases before a ' judex ' to be heard again in the ordinary way. Comp. Dig. 4. 4. 13. § 1 : " potest desiderare interdum adversus pos- sessorem restitui ne rem suam perdat vel re sua careat, et hoc vel cognitione praetoria vel rescissa alienatione dato in rem judicio." See Puchta, Inst. ii. § 177 ; and Savigny, System, &c., vii. § 315, where the real na- ture of the doctrine of ' restitutio ' is ex- plained, which it would be out of place to examine here. — The reading ' Panhormi ' is in conformity to the best MSS., and to the general usage of coins and inscriptions (Zumpt) illo biduo] veni,' Zumpt, diebus ' in Lib ' Biduo ante quam ego ad- who compares ' panels illis 4. c. 18, and De Sen. c. 14 : " qui his diebus panels Pontifex Maximus factus est." See Lib. 2. c. 41, note. 208 IN 0. VEEREM non alienus a literis : itaque eo iste tabellario semper usus est. Is epistolas Complures attulerat: in his unam domo quae totum mutarat hominem. Repente coepit dicere se omnia Verris causa velle: sibi cum eo amicitiam cognationemque esse. Mirabantur omnes hoc ei turn denique in mentem venisse, posteaquam tarn multis eum factis decretisque jugulasset. Erant qui putarent Letilium legatum a Verre venisse, qui gratiam, amicitiam, cogna- tionemque commemoraret. Ex illo tempore a civitatibus lauda- tiones petere, testes non solum deterrere verbis sed etiam vi retinere coepit. Quod ego nisi meo adventu illius conatus ali- quantum repressissem, et apud Siculos non Metelli sed Glabrionis literis ac lege pugnassem, tam multos hue evocare non potuissem. Verum, quod institui dicere, miserias cognoscite sociorum. Hera- clius ille et Epicrates longe mihi obviam cum suis omnibus pro- cesserunt: venienti Syracusas egerunt gratias flentes: Romam decedere mecum cupiverunt. Quod erant mihi oppida complura etiam rehqua quae adire vellem, constitui cum hominibus quo die mihi Messanae praesto essent. Eo mihi nuntium miserunt se a praetore retineri. Quibus ego testimonium denuntiavi, quorum nomina edidi Metello, cupidissimi veniendi, maximis injuriis aifecti, adhuc non venerunt. Hoc jure sunt socii ut iis ne deplorare qui- dem de suis incommodis Kceat. XXVII. Jam Heraclii Centuripini, optimi nobilissimique ado- lescentis, testimonium audistis ; a quo HS c millia per caluraniam malitiamque petita sunt. Iste poenis compromissisque interpositis a literis : . . tabellario] A frigid joke, ego nisi.' — ' tam multos testis :' Klotz. ' Literae ' is used for ' letters ' or ' litera- constitui cum] Zumpt has ' turn ' from ture ;' and a ' tabellarius ' carries ' literae ' a single MS. Both the dative is used, or epistles. and the ablative with ' cum.' Nor do I Quod ego nisi . . illius couatusl ' Quod ' think that the examples of the use of this pro ' sed ' says Manutius ; and he compares word justify Zumpt's remark : ' neque cum Act. 1. Lib. 1. c. 46 : ' Quod vos oblitos aliquo constituo, quando quid ille facere esse,' &c. But he is mistaken. ' Quod ' is debeat, alicui potius.' — ' praesto adessent :' the relative, and it relates to the preceding Klotz. sentence, and ' illius conatus ' is its expo- Centuripini,'] Centuripa (KevroptTra, nent, or epexegesis, or whatever other name Thucyd. vi. 94), was originally a town of may be used. The ' literae ' of Glabrio are the Siculi, on the road from Catina to Pan- the written authority from him to summon hormus, near the Simaethus, at the fort of witnesses and so forth. Zumpt observes on Aetna. It is now Centorbi, a place situated ' Quod nisi ego,' which is his reading : " sic on a steep height. It was at this time one verba coUocantur in Lag. 42 (p. m.) rectius of the richest towns in the island, and had a quamvulgo' quod ego nisi.'" Butwhy'rec- senate and a municipal constitution. The tins .'■ ' Klotz in this case has ' Quod nisi inhabitants carried on an extensive cultiva- ego,' in conformity with Cod. Vat. But he tion of corn and trade in corn in various has (Lib. 1. c. 61) 'cui ego nisi,' where parts of Sicily. See Lib. 2. c. 68 ; 3. u. 45 ; Orelli has ' cui nisi ego.' By way of com- 4. u. 23. 50 j 5. c. 27. pensation Orelli has in this passage ' Quod poenis compromissisque] ' Under penal- ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 209 HS cccc extorquenda curavit : quodque judicium secundum Hera- clium de compromisso factum erat, quum civis Oenturipinus inter duo cives judicasset, id irritum jussit esse : eumque judicio falsum judicasse judicavit : in senatu esse, locis commodisque publicis uti vetuit : si quis eum pulsasset, edixit sese judicium injuriarum non daturum : quidquid ab eo peteretur, judicem de sua cohorte datu- rum, ipsi autem nuUius actionem rei se daturum. Quae istius auctoritas tantum valuit ut neque ilium pulsaret quisquam, quum praetor in provincia sua verbo permitteret, re hortaretur; neque quisquam ab eo quidquam peteret, quum iste calumniae licentiam sua auctoritate ostendisset : ignominia autem ilia gravis tamdiu in iUo homine fuit quamdiu iste in provincia mansit. Hoc injecto metu judicibus, novo more, nuUo exemplo, ecquam rem putatis esse in Sicilia nisi ad nutum istius judicatam ? Utrum id solum videtur esse actum, quod est tamen actum, ut haec Heraclio pecunia eriperetur, an etiam illud, in quo praeda erat maxima, ut nomine judiciorum omnium bona atque fortunae in istius unius essent potestate ? XXVIII. Jam vero in rerum capitalium quaestionibus quid ego unamquamque rem coUigam et causam? Ex multis similibus ea ties and terms.' The ' compromigsum ' 13 the terms of the agreement of two persons to refer the matter in dispute between them to an arbiter, and in tjiese terms was con- tained a penalty (poena) if either party did not abide by the award. The terms of the edict were : " Qui arbitrium poena com- promissa receperit " (Dig. 4. 8. s. 3. § 2). — Klotz has 'iste ad praesens poenis,' &c., from Cod. Vat. — 'de compromisso :' Klotz omits ' de,' with Cod. Vat. — ' eumque ju- dicio,' &c. : ' eumque judicem falso judi- casse :' Zumpt. in senatu e»se,] Klotz has 'in senatu ne esset : locis,' &c. injuriarum] The ' actio,' or ' judicium injuriarum,' was for assault and beating, for abusive words, and for other matters (Gaius, iii. 220, &c.). When Verres de- clared that he would allow any action against the 'judex,' but would not allow him to sue any person, he was putting this innocent man in a worse condition than those who were ' infames' (Dig. 3. tit. 1 and 2). ' Ignominia' is a technical term. See Smith's Diet, of Antiqs., Infamia. in provincia mansit.'] Zumpt omits 'mansit.' — 'novo more:' Klotz has 'novo jure,' which is probably the reading of the Cod. Vat, and perhaps the better reading. in istius . . essent potestate.,'] , One MS. at least has ' potestatem.' I take this op- portunity of explaiiling, with the aid of Zumpt's note, what I did 'not explain be- fore (Divin. c. 20, ' in amicitiam . . essent '). This use of ' in ' with ' esse ' is Ciceronian, and it is remarked on by Gellius (i. 7)- There is another example in these orations. Lib. 5. c. 38, ' in eorum potestatem . . fu- turum.' It seems to have been an old form of expression, but Zumpt is perhaps right in rejecting it in those cases in which the MSS. have not preserved it. In the Lex Thoria (Zeitschrift fiir Geschichtl. Rechtsw. vol. X. by RudorfF), at the beginning of the first chapter, there is " Quel ager poplicus populi Romanei in terram Itaham P. Muu- cio L. Calpurnio cos. fuit." The words ' COS. fuit ' are supphed from conjecture. But a little further, in the same chapter, there is the same passage complete, with the variation ' in terra Italia ;' and again in c. 3 and 5, the same ; and in other places also. The expression ' quel ager in Africa est' also occurs frequently. It might be concluded that ' in terram Italian),' which I think occurs only once in this Lex, is a mistake ; but that conclusion would not be certain. 210 IN 0. VERREM sumam quae maxime improbitate excellere videbuntur. Sopater quidam fuit Halicyensis, homo domi suae cum primis locuples atque honestus. Is ab inimicis suis apud C. Sacerdotem praetorem rei capitalis quum accusatus esset, facile eo judicio est liberatus. Huic eidem Sopatro iidem inimici ad C. Verrem, quum is Sacerdoti successisset, ejusdem rei nomen detulerunt. Res Sopatro facilis videbatur, et quod erat innocens, et quod Sacerdotis judicium improbare istum ausurum non arbitrabatur. Oitatur reus: causa agitur Syracusis: crimina tractantur ab accusatore ea quae erant anteanon solum defensione verum etiam judicio dissoluta. Causam Sopatri defendebat Q. Minucius, eques Romanus in primis splen- didus atque honestus, vobisque, judices, non ignotus. Nihil erat in causa quod metuendum aut omnino quod dubitandum videretur. Interea istius libertus et aecensus idem Timarchides, qui est, id quod ex plurimis testibus priore actione didicistis, rerum hujusce- modi omnium transactor et administer, ad Sopatrum venit : monet hominem ne nimis judicio Sacerdotis et causae suae confidat; accusatores inimicosque ejus habere in animo pecuniam praetori dare ; praetorem tamen ob salutem maUe accipere ; et simul malle si fieri posset rem judicatam non rescindere. Sopater, quum hoc illi improvisum atque inopinatum accidisset, commotus est sane, neque in praesentia Timarchidi quid responderet habuit nisi se consideraturum quid sibi de ea re esset faciendum : et simul ostendit se in summa difficultate esse nummaria^ Post ad amicos rettulit; qui quum ei fuissent auctores redimendae salutis, ad Timarchidem venit : expositis suis difficultatibus hominem ad HS Lxxx perducit, eamque ei pecuniam numerat. XXIX. Posteaquam ad causam dicendam ventum est, tum vero sine metu, sine cura omnes erant qui Sopatrum defendebant. Crimen nullum erat : res judicata : Verres nummos acceperat. 28. Halicyensis,'] Halicyae was a 'li- agitur Syracusis:'] Sopater wag sum- bera civitas ' (Act. ii. Lib. 3. c. 6), but it moned to Syracuse where the Praetor ' con- appeaxs that the privileges of a ' libera veritus agebat.' Garatoni cites a passage civitas ' did not extend to the exclusion of from Livy (xxxi. 29) : " Siculorum civitati- the criminal jurisdiction of the Praetor, bus Syracusas aut Messanam aut Lily- Halicyae ('AXikuui, Steph.) lay between baeum indicitur concilium. Praetor Ro- Entella and Lilybaeum. manus conventus agit," &c. Huic eidem Sopatro] This is the MSS. oi salutem] The old editions and MSS. reading. Such a use of a dative with ' de- have ' absolute.' Orelli has ' ab salute,' fero ' is not common, but it is intelhgible. which is hardly intelligible. The omission Some grammarians oddly enough call it a of a final m is so common, even in the best dative 'incommodi,' but it is a dative of MSS., that it is a very small correction to frequent use, especially with pronouns. See add it, especially as we see that the next Pro Caelio, c. 23 : " Si hie nemini nomen word begins with m. We must then change detulisset." ' ab ' into ' ob.' ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 211 Quis posset dubitare quidnam esset futurum? Ees illo die non peroratur : dimittitur judicium. Iterum ad Sopatrum Timarchides venit: ait accusatores ejus multo majorem pecuniam praetori polliceri quam quantara hie dedisset; proinde, si saperet, videret quid sibi esset faciendum. Homo, quamquam erat et Siculus, et reus, hoc est, et jure iniquo et tempore adverse, ferre tamen atque audire diutius Timarchidem non potuit : Facite, inquit, quod vobis libet, daturus non sura amplius. Idemque hoc amicis ejus et defensoribus videbatur: atque eo etiam magis quod iste, quoquo modo se in ea quaestione praebebat, in consilio tamen habebat homines honestos e conventu Syracusano, qui Sacerdoti quoque in consilio fuerant tum quum est idem hie Sopater absolutus. Hoc rationis habebant, facere eos nuUo modo posse ut eodem crimine, eisdem testibus, Sopatrum condemnarent iidem homines qui antea absolvissent. Itaque hac una spe ad judicium venitur. Quo post- eaquam ventum est, quum in consihum frequentes convenissent iidem qui solebant, et hac una spe tota defensio Sopatri niteretur, consilii frequentia et dignitate, et quod erant, ut dixi, iidem qui antea Sopatrum eodem iUo crimine hberarant, cognoscite hominis apertam ac non modo non ratione sed ne dissimulatione quidem tectam improbitatem et audaciam. M. PetiHum, equitem Roma- num, quem habebat in consilio, jubet operam dare quod rei privatae / judex esset. Petilius recusabat, quod sues amicos quos sibi in ' consilio esse veUet ipse Verres retineret in consilio. Iste homo liberalis negat se quemquam retinere eorum qui Petilio vellent adesse. Itaque discedunt omnes : nam ceteri quoque impetrant ne retineantur, qui se velle dicebant alterutri eorum qui tum illud judicium habebant adesse. Itaque iste solus cum sua cohorte nequissima relinquitur. Non dubitabat Minucius qui Sopatrum 29. quaniam hie] ' Quantum hie ' in ment himself. This ' quasi consilium ' must the English reprint of Zumpt, and in Klotz ; not be confounded with the ' consilium ' in but Zumpt says nothing about ' quantum.' a Judicium Publicum. — Klotz omits ' quid sibi esset faciendum.' alterutri eorum . . adesse.'] ' Adesse ' is est .. absolutus.] 'Esset .. absolutus :' a word of technical use, to accompany a OrelU. The imperfect ' absolveretur,' says person to court, there to give him your aid Zumpt, might be endured, but ' esset . . and advice, Horace (1 Sat. ix. 38) : absolutus ' is contrary to the sense. „ gi me amas, paulum hie ades. Inteream si operam dare quod] M. Petihus was a j^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^„t ^^^^ ^i^iU^ -^ „ 'judex m a 'privatum judicium which was pending, and Verres, in order to get and Heindorf 's note. A little further on rid of him, told him to go and attend to his there is ' ut sibi in consilio essem,' where function of 'judex ' in the ' res privata,' or Orelli has ' adessem.' ' Alterutri ' is 'either matter in suit between two parties. — ' quos of the two parties ;' ' qui illud judicium sibi in consilio esse vellet :' a 'judex' in a habebant,' 'who had this suit.' The pas- f res privata ' was often assisted by the ad- sage is wrongly explained by OrelU, and vice of his friends, but he gave the judg- rightly by Ernesti. p2 212 IN 0. VEREEM defendebat quin iste, quoniam consilium dimisisset, illo die rem illam quaesiturus non esset, quum repente jubetur dicere. Re- spondet, Ad quos? Ad me, inquit, si tibi idoneus videor qui de homine Siculo ac G-raeculo judicem. Idoneus es, inquit : sed per- vellem adessent ii qui affuerant antea causamque cognorant. Die, inquit: illi adesse non possunt. Nam hercule, inquit Minucius, me quoque Petilius ut sibi in consilio essem rogavit. Ut simul a subselliis abire coepit, iste iratus hominem verbis vehementioribus prosequitur, atque ei gravius etiam minari coepit quod in se tantum crimen invidiamque conflaret. XXX. Minucius qui Syracusis sic negotiaretur ut sui juris dignitatisque meminisset, et qui sciret ita se in provincia rem augere oportere ut ne quid de libertate deperderet, homini quae visa sunt et quae tempus iUud tulit et causa respondit : causam sese dimisso atque ablegato consilio defensurum negavit, itaque a subselliis discessit : idemque hoc praeter Siculos ceteri Sopatri amici advocatique fecerunt. Iste, quamquam est incredibili impor- tunitate et audacia, tamen subito solus destitutus pertimuit et conturbatus est. Quid ageret, quo se verteret, nesciebat. Si dimisisset ,eo tempore quaestionem, post iUis adhibitis in consilium quos ablegaverat absolutum iri Sopatrum videbat : sin autem homi- nem miserum atque innocentem ita condemnasset, quum ipse praetor sine consilio, reus autem sine patrono atque advocatis fuisset, judiciumque 0. Sacerdotis rescidisset, invidiam se sustinere non posse tantam arbitrabatur. Itaque aestuabat dubitatione : ver- sabat se in utramque partem non solum mente verum etiara corpore, ut omnes qui aderant intelligere possent in animo' ejus metum cum cupiditate pugnare. Erat hominum conventus maximus, summum silentium, summa exspectatio quonam esset ejus cupiditas erup- tura : crebro se accensus demittebat ad aurem Timarchides. Tum iste aliquando, Age, die, inquit. Reus orare atque obsecrare ut cum consilio cognosceret. Tum repente iste testes citari jubet : dicit unus et alter breviter,-, pihil interrogatur : praeco Dixisse pronuntiat. Iste quasi- metueret ne Petilius, private illo judicio transacto aut dilato, cum ceteris in consilium reverteretur, ita rogavit. Ut simul] Zumpt and Orelli Reus arare, Sic.'] 'Reusimploraredeum have ' rogavit : et simul,' &c., ' coepit. Iste,' fidem atque hominum : orare,' &c. Klotz. &c. ' praeco Dixisse] See Act. i. u. 18. 30. ita condemnasset,] OMli omits dilato,] ' Prolato :' Klotz. It means ' ita ;' of which Zumpt says ' est enim fere ' adjourned,' whether we read one or the pro turn.' But it is for what it is, that is other. 'ita,' 'under such circumstances as are next' ita praperans]- ' So hastily.' SeeLib.l.c. mentioned.' 18, note; and with a negative. Lib. 2. c. 20 : ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 213 properans de sella exsilit: hominem innocentem, a 0. Sacerdote absolutum, indicia causa, de sententia scribae, medici, haruspicis- que condemnat. ^XXI. Retinete, retinete hominem in civitate, judices : parcite et conservate ut sit qui vobiscum res judicet, qui in senatu sine uUa cupiditate de bello et pace sententiam ferat. Tametsi minus id quidem nobis, minus populo Romano laborandum est, qualis istius in senatu sententia futura sit. Quae enim ejus auctoritas erit? quando iste sententiam dicere audebit aut poterit? quando autem homo tantae luxuriae atque desidiae nisi Februario mense adspi- rabit in curiam ? Verum veniat sane : decernat bellum Oreten- sibus; liberet Byzantios; regem appellet Ptolemaeum; quae vult Hortensius omnia dicat et sentiat : minus haec ad nos, minus ad vitae nostrae discrimen, minus ad fortunarum nostrarum periculum pertinent. lUud, illud est capitale, illud formidolosum, illud optimo cuique metuendum, quod iste si ex hoc judicio aliqua vi se eripuerit, in judicibus sit necesse est, sententiam de capite civis Romani ferat, sit in ejus exercitu signifer qui imperium judiciorum tenere vult. Hoc populus Romanus recusat, hoc ferre non potest : clamat permittitque vobis ut, si istis hominibus delectemini, si ex isto genere splendorem ordini atque ornamentum curiae constituere velitis, habeatis sane istum vobiscum senatorem, etiam de vobis judicem, si vultis, habeatis: de se homines, si qui extra istum ordinem sunt, quibus ne rejiciundi quidem amplius quam trium " Bon ita mulum tecum fuit." — ' exsiluit :' were under discussion at this time. L. Orelli and Klotz. " He hurried from his Metellus, the colleague of Hortensius (b.c. seat, to take the votes of his ' consilium.' " 69), had declared war against the Cretans, 31. sententiam ferat.'] Hotmann ob- and Byzantium was made a ' libera civitas.' serves that ' sententiam ferre ' is said of a Ptolemaeus is probably Auletes or Ptole- ' judex,' but a senator was said 'sententiam maeus XII., who succeeded Alexander or dicere ' in the senate. Yet the expression Ptolemaeus XI. At this time Alexander ' sententiam ferre ' was sometimes used in was king, but he was ejected a few years its most general sense, and applied even to afterwards, and died at Tyre. Auletes a senator giving his opinion in the Senate, reigned in his stead. Emesti refers to Cic. Ad Fam. xi. 21. In aspiraUt in curiam?] Cicero is fond of the Tab. Herac. (ii. p. 422, ed. Mazochi) this poetic expression. Lib. i. c. 54 : "ad both forms occur, as usual in legal language, meam pecuniam . . adspirat." Virgil has which, from the time of the Romans to our it (Aen. xii. 352) with a dative, own, delights in a superfluity of words : istum vobiscum] ' Vobis istum :' Orelli. ' neve sententiam rogato, neve dicere neve See c. 19. ferre jubeto.' quibus ne rejiciundi quidem] It appears Februario mense] See Lib. 1. c. 35. that the Lex Cornelia did not allow those Cicero insinuates that Verres would attend who were not senators to challenge more the senate-house (curia) in February, in than three ' judices ' in a criminal trial ; but the hope of getting something from the de- Verres, as a senator, had the right of chal- putations which came from the provinces, lenging more, and had challenged six at (See Cic. Ad Q. Fr. ii. 3.) Various im- least, as Zumpt shows by reference to Act. portant matters, which Cicero alludes to, ii. Lib. i. v;. 7 ! Wb. 3. c. 41 ; and Lib. 5. 214 IN C. VERREM judicum praeclarae leges Oorneliae faciunt potestatem, hunc homi- nem tarn crudelem, tarn sceleratum, tarn nefarium, nolunt judicare. XXXII. Etenim si iUud est tam flagitiosum quod mihi omniuin rerum turpissimum maximeque nefarium videtur ob rem judicandam pecuniam accipere, pretio habere addictam fidem et religionem; quanto illud flagitiosius, improbius, indignius, eum a quo pecuniam ob absolvendum acceperis condenmare, ut ne praedonum quidem praetor in fide retinenda consuetudinem conservaret? Scelus est accipere ab reo : quanto magis ab accusatore ? quanto etiam scele- ratius ab utroque ? Fidem quum proposuisses venalem in provincia, valuit apud te plus is qui pecuniam majorem dedit. Concedo: forsitan aliquis aliquando ejusmodi quidpiam fecerit. Quum vero fidem ac religionem tuam jam alteri addictam pecunia accepta habueris, post eandem adversario tradideris majore pecunia, utrum- que falles, et trades cui voles, et ei quem fefelleris ne pecuniam quidem reddes? Quem mihi tu Bulbum, quem Stalenum, quod unquam hujuscemodi monstrum aut prodigium audivimus aut vidi- c. 44. The conjecture of Antonio Agustin, that the ' trium judicum rejectio ' was en- acted only by the Cornelia Lex de Repe- tundis, will, as Zumpt observes, explain * si qui extra istum ordinem sunt,' for few except senators were likely, as expe- rience showed, to act in such manner as to come within the penalties of the Lex de Repetundis. Orelli has ' qui extra,' &c. trium judicum^ Zumpt refers to his Grammar (§ 661) for four other examples from Cicero of a genitive in the place of an accusative when coupled with a gerund. In Cicero, De Invent, ii. 2, there is " ex majore enim copia nobis quam illi fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas." A reference to the host of critics who have discussed this subject is given in the fifteenth Excursus in Creuzer and Moser's edition of this oration. 32. tam flagitiosum] All the MSS. have ' tam,' it appears ; and why it should be re- jected nobody has yet explained. Orelli thought it should be 'jam,' and Klotz has adopted his suggestion. In the letter of Cicero, Ad Q. Fr. i. 1, Ernesti thinks that ' tam fideles ' should be ' jam fideles.' If a man will carefully read these orations, he will easily dispense with such suggestions. pretio — addictam'] Forcellini explains it under the head "Translate addictus est obstrictus, devinctus, obnoxius." But this is not the exact meaning. ' Addico,' in one of its usages, is a word used in selling, and signifies the declaration of him who sells as to tha transfer of the thing to the buyer. ' Pretium ' is ' price,' that which the buyer gives. The passage means : " to have his good faith and conscience bargained and sold for money." There is a use of ' addi- cere ' in Lib. 5. c. 63, which shows the sense of the word; and it is common in the law-writers. See also Lib. 3. c. 33. Quem mihi tu Bulbum, &c.] These were two of the mercenary ' judices ' in the trial of Oppianicus. See the oration Pro Cluen- tio, c. 26, 28, &c. A note of interrogation is usually placed after Stalenus or Staieuus (perhaps the true name), which spoils the sentence, for ' Bulbum Stalenum ' depend on ' audivimus ' and ' vidimus.' Zumpt, who places a note of interrogation after ' Stalenum,' supplies ' dicis.' But this ar- tifice will not always answer. The ' mihi tu,' so placed, marks the contrast of the two persons, ' I, Cicero,' and ' you, Verres.' The original form of expression may have had a verb on which ' mihi ' would depend, but usage established the formula without the verb, and it means as much as this : " What Bulbus, tell me if you can, what Stalenus, what monster ever of this kind, or what prodigious thing have we heard of or have we seen, that comes to terms with the accused, and then finally compromises with the accuser ? " Compare " Tu mihi, quum circumsessus es," &c.. Act. ii. Lib. 1. c. 32. ' Transigat ' and ' decidat ' are both forensic words. ' Transigere ' is to settle a matter with a person. Dig. 2. tit. 15, De Transactionibus. ACT. II. LIBEE SECUNDUS. 215 mus, qui cum reo transigat, post cum accusatore decidat ? honestos homines qui causam norint ableget a consilioque dimittat? ipse solus reum absolutum a quo pecuniam acceperit condemnet pecu- niamque non reddat? Hunc hominem in judicum numero habe- , bimus? hie alteram decuriam senatoriam judex obtinebit? hie de 1 capite libero judicabit ? huic judicialis tabella committetur ? quam iste non modo cera verum etiam sanguine, si visum erit, notabit. XXXIII. Quid enim horum se negat fecisse 2 lUud videlicet unum quod necesse est, pecuniam accepisse. Quidni iste neget? At eques Romanus qui Sopatrum defendit, qui omnibus ejus con- siliis rebusque interfuit, Q. Minucius, juratus dicit pecuniam datam : juratus dicit Timarchidem dixisse majorenl ab accusatoribus pecu- niam dari : dicent hoc multi Siculi, dicent omnes Halicyenses, dicet etiam praetextatus Sopatri filius qui ab isto homine crudelissimo patre innocentissimo pecuniaque patria privatus est. Verum, si de pecunia testibus planum facere non possem, illud negare posses aut nunc negabis, te consilio tuo dimisso, viris primariis qui in consilio C. Sacerdoti fuerant tibique esse solebant remotis, de re judicata judicavisse ? teque eum quem 0. Sacerdos, adhibito consilio, causa cognita, absolvisset, eundem, remoto consilio, causa incognita, con- denmasse ? Quum haec conf essus eris quae in foro palam Syracusis, in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt, negato tum sane, si voles, pecuniam accepisse : reperies, credo, aliquem qui, quum haec quae palam gesta sunt videat, quaerat quid tu occulte egeris, aut qui dubitet utrum malit meis testibus an tuis defensoribus credere. _ in judicum nuvriero] Zumpt has a note senators, out of which the ' judices ' were on this passage, in which he contends that chosen. The ' decuria,' says Gruter, is only 'in' is necessary; for the meaning is, as the another name for the 'album,' as Casaubon context shows, " shall we allow this man to showed in his note on Sueton., August, be one of the 'judices?' but, if 'in' were c. 32. omitted, then the sense ought to be "to The meaning of the word 'cera' is ex- consider him as a 'judex.' " Now, if this plained by reference to the coloured tablets were the meaning, he contends that it ought mentioned in the Divinatio. Verres would to be ' numero judicis.' He cites two ex- colour his with human blood, amples where the plural is used in this si visum erit,'] ' Si usus erit :' Klotz. sense, one from the Life of Agesilaus, by Two of the best MSS. have ' visus erit,' Nepos : " mii'ari se non sacrilegorum nu- which may be a corruption of ' usus erit.' mero haberi," " he wondered that he was 33. Quid enim] ' Enim ' merely marks not considered a sacrilegious person ;" and the transition to another part of the sub- another from Suetonius (Caesar, c. 11). ject. "Now what is there here that he But he finds no such instance in Cicero, will deny .' Why, the one thing which he who uses such a phrase as (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. must deny, for it is his only defence— he c. 4) " accensus sit eo numero quo eum will deny that any money has come to his majores nostri esse voluerunt ;" or he says hands. I should indeed be surprised if he ' numero aliquo,' and the lilce. did not deny it." The supposed defence of decuriam] There were, it is said, three Verres is, that it could not be proved that ' decuriae,' each consisting of one hundred he received the money. 216 IN 0. VEREEM Dixi jam antea me non omnia istius quae in hoc genere essent enumeraturum, sed electurum ea quae maxime excellerent. XXXIV. Accipite nunc aliud ejus facinus nobile et multis locis saepe commemoratum, et ejusmodi ut in uno omnia maleficia inesse videantur. Attendite diligenter ; invenietis enim id facinus natum a cupiditate, auctum per stuprum, crudelitate perfectum atque con- clusum. Sthenius est, is qui nobis assidet, Thermitanus, antea multis propter summam virtutem summamque nobilitatem, nunc propter suam ealamitatem atque istius insignem injuriam omnibus notus. Hujus hospitio Verres quum esset usus, et quum apud eum non modo Thermis saepenumero fuisset sed etiam habitasset, domo ejus omnia abstulit quae paulo magis animum cujuspiam aut oculos possent commovere. Etenim Sthenius ab adolescentia paulo stu- diosius haec compararat, supeUectilem ex aere elegantiorem et Deliacam et Corinthiam, tiabulas pictas, etiam argenti bene facti, prout Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, satis. Quae quum esset in Asia adolescehs studiose, ut dixi, compararat, non tam suae delectationis causa quam ad invitationes adventusque nostro- rum hominum, suorum amicorum atque hospitum. Quae postea- quam iste omnia abstulit, alia rogando, alia poscendo, alia sumendo, ferebat Sthenius ut poterat; angebatur animi necessario quod domum ejus exorilatam et instmctam fere jam iste reddiderat nudam atque inanem. Verumtamen dolor em suum nemini imper- tiebat: praetoris' irijurias tacite, hospitis placide ferendas arbitra- batur. Interea iste cupiditate ilia sua nota atque apud omnes 34. supeUectilem] ' BupeUex ' was fre- this may be, it did not, in Cicero's time quently the matter of alegacy, and accord- and later, comprehend things which were ingly the word obtained a legal signification included under other names, as * argentum,' (Dig. 33. tit. 10, De Supellectile Legata). ' vestis.' Pavdus (s: 3) gives a listof what is included Deliacam, &c.] Bronze vessels made at in ' supellex,' namely, ' mensae,' ' trapezo- Delos and at Corinth, household utensils. phora,' ' delphica,' and many other things. As to these Delian and Corinthian bronzes, But the lawyers do not seem to have been see Pliny, H. N., Lib. xxxiv. c. 2, &c., ed. quite agreed as to the extent of the meaning Hard., and Cicero, Pro Sex. Roscio, c. 46. of the term. Alfenus says " supellectilis eas Pliny observes : " antiquissiraa aeris gloria res esse puto quae- ad usum communem Dehaco fuit, mercatus in Delo concelebrante patrisfamilias jJaratae essent, quae nomen toto orbe, et ideo cxu'a qfficinis, triclinio- sui generis separatim non haberent." Al- rum pedibus fulcrisque." fenus was a contemporary of Cicero, though prouf] This appears an odd juxtaposi- younger than Cicero, liabeo gives an ab- tion of words, but it arose from an elUptical surd etymology of the word. The original expression, ' pro eo ut.' See Lib. 3. c. 54. nominative was ' supellectilis,' and the word anc/etatur'] ' Tangebatur tamen animi means that which lies on the' surface (super, dolore necessario :' OreUi. Zumpt has the leg), and it is the negative of that which is same, except that he has ' angebatur ;' but ' solum,' or fixed to the ' solum.' ' Lectilis,' in his Appendix he approves of the omis- a possible word, differs not in form from sion of ' tamen ' and ' dolore.' The read- ' fictilis.' Originally, perhaps, ' supellex ' ing in the text is that of Klptz and of the denoted all the moveables ; -hut, however. Cod. Yat. ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 217 pervagata, quum signa quaedam pulcherrima atque antiquissima Thermis in publico posita vidisset, adamavit; a Sthenic petere coepit ut ad ea tollenda operam suam profiteretur seque adjuvaret. Sthenius vero non solum negavit, sed etiam ostendit id fieri nullo modo posse, ut signa antiquissima, monumenta P. Africani, ex oppido Thermitanorum, incolumi ilia civitate imperioque populi Eomani, tollerentur. XXXV. Etenim, ut simul Africani quoque humanitatem et aequitatem cognoscatis, oppidum Himeram Karthaginienses quon- dam ceperunt ; quod fuerat in primis Siciliae clarum et ornatum. Scipio, qui hoc dignum populo Romano arbitraretur, bello confecto J socios sua per nostram victoriam recuperare, Siculis omnibus, Karthagine capta, quae potuit restituenda curavit. Himera deleta, quos cives belli calamitas reliquos fecerat, ii se Thermis collocarant, in isdem agri finibus neque longe ab oppido antiquo. Hi se patrum fortunas ac dignitatem recuperare arbitrabantur, quum ilia majorum ornamenta in eorum oppido coUocabantur. Erant signa ex aere complura : in his eximia pulchritudine ipsa Himera, in muliebrem figuram habitumque formata, ex oppidi nomine et fluminis. Erat etiam Stesichori poetae statua senilis, incurva, cum libro, summo, 35. artitraretur,'] Zumpt has ' arbitra- batur,' from a single MS., Lag. 42. He says : ' neque interest, quomodo dicatur, utrum de Scipionis yoluntate an simpUciter narrandi causa.' Cod. Vat. has ' arbitrare- tur ;' and ' sua et sua sponte.' Himera deleta,'] Himera, on the north coast of Sicily, near the mouth of the river Himera, was founded by Chalcidians from Zancle or Messana (b.c. 649). In B.C. 467, after a great civil commo'tion, it received a large accession of citizens, Dorians and others, from Theron, tyrant of Acragas (Agrigentum), and became a very flourish- ing place. In B.C. 409 it was destroyed by the Carthaginians, and never rebuilt (Dio- dorus, xi. 48). After the destruction of their city, the Carthaginians founded a new city at the hot springs (Thermae) in the neighbourhood, on the east side of the river ; but the name of the former city was also retained, for the place was called Ther- mae Himeraeae (Polyb. i. 24). There is also an inscription : himeraeorvm ther- mit. The figure of a female, the symbol of Himera, appears on some of the coins of this city. A coin of the Principe of Torrc- muzza exhibits on one side Himera, the goddess of the river and the city, vrith a veil on the back part of the head, and jvith a mural crown ; behind the head is a cornu- copia. On the other side is the bald- headed, stooping old man, Stesichorus, resting on a strong staff, and reading in a roU. The inscription is eEPMITQN IME- PAIQN. Visconti, Iconographie Grecque, quoted by Creuzer and Moser. The modern name is Termini. " The chalybeate sul- phureous spring raises Fahrenheit's ther- mometer to 121°." Smyth's Sicily, p. 95. eximia pulchritudine] Orelli has ' mira pulchritadine.' The Vat. Cod. has ' pul- critudine,' but in the preceding chapter ' pulcherrima.' This is probably one of the numerous words, the orthography of which was unsettled in Cicero's time, as appears from the passage (Orat. c. 48) : " Quin ego ipse quum scirem ita majores locutos esse ut nusquam nisi in vocali adspiratione ute- rentur; loquebar sic, ut pulcros, Cetegos, triumpos, Kartaginera dicerem : aliquando idque sero convicio aurium quum extorta mihi Veritas esset, usum loquendi populo concessi, scientiam mihi reservavi." Stesichori] One of the oldest Greek lyric poets was born, as it appears, some time in the seventh century, B.C., in Sicily, but the place of his birth is not stated. Stesichorus lived at Himera some part of his life, as Cicero says, and Pausanias (iii. 218 IN C. VERREM ut putant, artificio facta ; [ab eo] qui fuit Himerae, sed et est et fuit tota Graecia, summo propter ingenium honore et nomine. Haec iste ad insaniam concupiverat. Etiam, quod paene praeterii, capella quaedam est, ea quidem mire ut etiam nos qui rudes harum rerum sumus intelligere possimus, scite facta et venuste. Haec et alia Scipio non negligenter abjecerat ut homo intelligens Verres auferre posset, sed Thermitanis restituerat : non quo ipse hortos, aut suburbanum, aut locum omnino ubi ea poneret nullum haberet ; sed quod, si domum abstulisset, non diu Scipionis appellarentur sed eorum ad quoscunque illius morte venissent : nunc his locis posita sunt ut mihi semper Scipionis fore videantur itaque dicantur. XXXVI. Haec quum iste posceret, agereturque ea res in senatu, Sthenius vehementissime restitit; multaque, ut in primis Siculorum in dicendo copiosus est, commemoravit : urbem relin- quere Thermitanos esse honestius quam pati tolli ex urbe monu- menta majorum, spolia hostium, beneficia clarissimi viri, indicia societatis populi Romani atque amicitiae. Oommoti animi sunt omnium : repertus est nemo quin mori diceret satius esse. Itaque hoc adhuc oppidum Verres invenit prope solum in orbe terrarum, unde nihil ejusmodi rerum de publico per vim, nihil occulte, nihil imperio, nihil gratia, nihil precario posset auferre. Verumtamen 19) : but it is uncertain if it wa3 his birth- reading, who has no note on it; and it is place. affirmed (Creuzer and Moser) that there is The words ' ab eo ' make a difficulty. It not a single MS. authority in favour of it : is clear, as Klotz observes, that they are not but still I keep it. Klotz and Orelli have to be connected with ' facta,' for * qui fuit ' ' possumus.' The expression ' mire — scite undoubtedly refers to Stesichorus. Cicero facta et venuste ' has also caused difficulty, means to connect Stesichorus with Himera But there is none. Cicero stops at ' mire ' in some way, but there is probably some and introduces a passing remark, and then corruption in the text. Klotz finds no dif- he resumes by a word, which is not a repe- ficulty in explaining ' ab eo :' " Cicsro says, titiou of ' mire,' but apt enough for the pur- according to a Latin form of expression, pose. used in common life, the more particular sed quod, si] Orelli and Klotz omit explanation of which we naturally cannot ' quod,' which is only in one MS. ; but one here enter upon — I mean that Stesichorus is enough, when it supphes what is mani- who resided at Himera," &c. Zumpt omits festly wanted. the words ' ab eo,' though it seems that the 36. TAermitarwsl 'Thermitanis,' Zumpt, MSS., with few exceptions, have them, from Lag. 42 (pr. m.), a reading to which There seems no way of explaining ' ab eo.' in itself there is no objection. The attempt of Klotz is ridiculous. The nihil precario] Zumpt and Orelli have words ' qui fuit ' seem in themselves insuf- ' nihil pretio.' Klotz has ' nihil precario ' ficient : we want something more positive ; from several MSS. and Lag. 42 ; and there and this which is wanted seems to lie in the is some reason for preferring it. Verres corrupted words 'ab eo.' But if we observe wished to get the statues into his posses- that ' qui fuit Himerae ' may be connected sion, but not by purchase. Cicero adds with ' summo . . . nomine,' we have only to that he found he could not do it either by consider the words interposed as » rapid force, by stealth, nor by entreaty in the way of ' precario.' The passage seems to be an intelligere possimus,] This is Zumpt's allusion to the three ' vitia possessionis,' or ACT. II. LIBEE SEOUNDUS. 219 hasce ejus cupiditates exponam alio loco : nunc ad Sthenium revertar. Iratus iste vehementer Sthenic et incensus hospitium renuntiat: domo ejus emigrat atque adeo exit: nam jam ante migrarat. Eum autem inimicissimi Sthenii domum suam statim mvitant ut animum ejus in Sthenium inflammarent ementiendo aliquid et criminando. Hi autem erant inimici Agathinus, homo nobilis, et Dorotheus, qui habebat in matrimonio CaUidamam, Agathini ejus fiUam de qua iste audierat. Itaque ad generum Agathini migrare maluit. Una nox intercesserat quum iste Doro- theum sic diligebat ut diceres omnia inter eos esse communia ; Agathinum ita observabat ut aliquem affinem ac propinquum. Contenmere etiam signum illud Himerae jam videbatur, quod eum multo magis figura et lineamenta hospitae delectabant. XXXVII. Itaque hortari homines coepit ut aliquid Sthenio periculi crearent criminisque confingerent. Dicebant se illi nihil habere quod dicerent. Tum iste his aperte ostendit et confirmavit eos in Sthenium quidquid veUent simul atque ad se detulissent probaturos. Itaque illi non procrastinant : Sthenium statim edu- cunt : aiunt ab eo literas publicas esse corruptas. Sthenius postulat ut quum secum sui cives agant de literis publicis corruptis, ejusque rei legibus Thermitanorum actio sit ; senatusque et populus Eoma- nus Thermitanis, quod semper in amicitia fideque mansissent, urbem, agros, legesque suas reddidisset; Publiusque Rupilius postea leges ita Siculis ex senatus consulto de deeem legatorum wrongful modes of obtaining possession, as grat' ought to be 'migrat,' as in Lag. 42, in Pro Caecina, u. 32 : ' ut nee vi nee clam for the difference is made by the tense of the nee precario possederit;' and Terence, Eu- verb, and not by the preposition in 'emi- nuch. ii. 3. 27 : ' banc tu mihi vel vi vel grat.' clam vel precario fac tradas.' Ulpian says affinem, &c.] The insinuation is that (Dig. 43. 26. 2), " habere precario videtur Verres lay with Callidama, and accordingly qui possessionem vel corporis vel juris looked on her father as an ' affinis,' as if he adeptus est, ex hac solummodo causa, quod had become his daughter's husband. Comp. preces adhibuit et impetravit ut sibi possi- u. 14. dere aut uti Uceat." See Savigny, Das 37- ostendit et conflrmavit'\ The reading Recht des Besitzes, Interdictum de pre- of this passage is doubtful. It stands thus in cario. Klotz : " tum iste his aperte ostendit et emigrat, &c.] Cicero corrects the ex- confirmavit eos ; in Sthenium quidquid vel- / pression ' emigrat ' by the words ' adeo lent dicerent : simul atque ad se detuhssent, exit.' "Verres moves off from his house probaturos;" which I do not believe to be J with bag and baggage, or rather simply the genuine text. The word ' dicerent ' is quits it, for he had moved off all his baggage, not in Cod. Metell. nor in Lag. 42. his plunder, before." Garatoni explains ejusque rei'] Half a dozen of the older ' migrare ' to signify a man's sending his editors have ' ejusce ' for ' ejusque,' and goods from a house which he is going to this false reading is in Cod. Metell. Zumpt quit to another house which he is going to correctly remarks of 'ejusce ' — ' verbum inhabit, and this is called ' migrare,' though ipsum nullum est, nee possis h. 1. copula the man has not yet quitted the house egere.' which he intends to leave. Perhaps ' emi- 220 IN 0. VEREEM sententia dedisset ut cives inter sese legibus suis agerent ; idemque hoc haberet Verres ipse in edicto — ut de his omnibus causis se ad leges rejiceret. Iste, homo omnium aequissimus atque a cupiditate remotissimus, se cogniturum esse confirmat: parat'um ad causam dicendam venire hora viii jubet. Non erat obscurum quid homo improbus ac nefarius cogitaret : neque enim ipse satis occultarat nee muher tacere potuerat. Intellectum est id istum agere ut, quum Sthenium sine ullo argumento ac sine teste damnasset, tum homo nefarius de homine nobili, atque id aetatis, suoque hospite, virgis supplicium crudehssime sumeret. Quod quum esset per- spicuum, de amicorum hospitumque suorum sententia Thermis Sthenius Romam profugit: hiemi sese fluctibusque committere maluit quam non istam communem Siculorum tempestatem calami- tatemque vitare. XXXVIII. Iste homo certus et dihgens ad horam vni praesto est : Sthenium citari jubet. Quem posteaquam videt non adesse, dolore ardere atque iracundia furere coepit : Venereos domum Sthenii mittere, equis circum agros ejus villasque dimittere. Itaque dum exspectat quidnam sibi certi afferatur, ante horam tertiam noctis de foro non discedit. Postridie mane descendit : Agathinum ad se vocat: jubet eum de Hteris pubhcis in absentem Sthenium dicere. Erat ejusmodi causa ut ille ne sine adversario quidem apud inimicum judieem reperire posset quid diceret. Itaque tantum verbo posuit, Sacerdote praetore Sthenium hteras pubHcas corru- pisse. Vix ille hoc dixerat quum iste pronuntiat, Sthenium literas publicas corrupisse videri : et hoc praeterea addit homo Venereus, Jiaheref] So in Lag. 42. Orelli and ' ex ebori . . perfecta argumenta,' is worth Klotz have ' habnerit,' which is wrong. notice. ad leges rejiceret.'] Sthenius claimed to id aetatis,"] The expression has occurred be tried by the 'leges' of his own city, before, c. 14, and Act. ii. Lib. I.e. 36. 'Id which Cicero expresses by a usual ' formula:' temporis ' occurs in the next chapter, he called on Verres to bring the matter to 38. Venereos] These Venerei were • via- issue in the way provided by law, to refer tores ' and ' apparitores.' — ' equis circum (rejicere) the decision to a properly consti- agros,' &c., 'on horseback he sends them tuted court. Cicero says (Ad Div. xiii. 14) : in various directions.' Most of the MSS. " ea res a Volcatio qui Romae jus dicit and Orelli have ' equites circum,' &o. rejecta in Galliam est." corrupisse videri :] Klotz refers to a a cupiditate] ' A cupiditate omnium re- note of Hotmann on this word ' videri.' motissimus :' Klotz. In place of ' om- Hotmann refers to Cicero, Academ. ii. 47 : nium' we may read ' omni,' with two good " quaeque jvo'ati judices cognovissent, ea MSS. non ut esse facta, sed ut videri pronun- sine ullo argumento] ' Nulla ratione, tiarent." The form, then, in which the nulla causa,' ^ays P. Manutius, and he ' judex ' pronounced his judgment, and the compares c. 45 : ' Quid tandem habuit ar- ' praetor ' also, as it appears from this pas- gumenti,' &c. The translation of ' argu- sage, was not ' Fecit,' but ' Fecisse videtur.' mentum' by 'argument' will not always The Roman jurists, in giving their 're- do. The use of the word in Lib. 4. c. 56, sponsa,' used the word ' videtur,' as in Dig. ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 221 novo mode, nullo exemplo, ob earn rem HS lo Veneri Erycinae de Sthenii bonis exacturum : bonaque ejus statim coepit vendere : et vendidisset, si tantulum morae fuisset quo minus ei pecunia ilia numeraretur. Ea posteaquam numerata est, contentus hac iniqui- tate iste noil fuit : palam de sella ac tribunali pronuntiat, si quis absentem Sthenium rei capitalis ream facere vellet, sese ejus nomen recepturum : et simul ut ad causam accederet nomenque deferret, Agathinum, novum affinem atque hospitem, coepit hortari. Turn iUe clare, omnibus audientibus, se id non esse facturum, neque se usque 60 Sthenio esse inimicum ut eum rei capitalis affinem esse diceret. Hie turn repente Pacilius quidam, homo egens et levis, accedit : ait, si liceret, nomen absentis deferre se velle. Iste vero et licere et fieri solere et se recepturum : itaque defer tur. Edicit statim ut Kalendis Decembr. adsit Sthenius Syracusis. Hie, qui Romam pervenisset, satisque feliciter anni jam adverso tempore navigasset, omniaque habuisset aequiora et placabiliora quam ani- mum praetoris atque hospitis, rem ad amicos suos detulit ; quae, ut erat acerba et indigna, sic videbatur omnibus. XXXIX. Itaque in senatu continuo On. Lentulus et L. Gellius consules faciunt mentionem, placere statui, si patribus conscriptis videretur, ne absentes homines in provinciis rei fierent rerum capi- talium : causam Sthenii totam et istius crudelitatem et iniquitatem senatum docent. Aderat in senatu V.erres, pater istius, et flens unumquemque senatorem rogabat ut filio suo parceret; neque tamen multum proficiebat: erat enim summa voluntas senatus. 15. 3. 1 6. It was not the Roman feshiou tuted what stands In the text, ' quingenties ' either for ' judex ' or jurist to pronounce being manifestly too large a sum. Hot- absolutely, but to express opinion ; not mann's conjecture is ' quingenta,' i. e. ' mil- that the opinion was doubtful: it was a lia,' and so Zumpt intends his symbols to be form of expression considered more suit- read, but he has preferred giving the sym- able to the fallibility of human judgment, bols, in order that the origin of the corrup- It appears, from the passage of the ' Acade- tion may appear. mica' just referred to, that a witness did rei capitalis affinem] 'AfBnis' here means not affirm absolutely, but used the word 'guilty of,' 'imphcated.' Forcellini gives ' arbitrari.' Klotz refers also to the oration other examples : In Cat. iv. 3, &c. Some Pro M. Fonteio, c. 9: "qui primum illud of the critics have laboured to show that verbum consideratissimum nostrae consue- ' affinem ' is a blunder in the MSS., but tudinis, Arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc uti- their labour is unnecessary, mur quum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta quae, ut erat, &c.] Orelli has ' erant,' habemus, quae ipsi vidimus, ex toto testi- * videbantur.' monio suo sustuUt atque omnia se scire 39. summa voluntas] This expression dixit." Comp. also Pro A. Caecina, c. 25, means ' hearty good-will or mind towards a and the use of * videbatur ' at the end of purpose,' which, in this case, was to rescind this chapter, and ' videretur ' in the follow- the act of Verres. Hotmann compares ing chapter. another expression of Cicero : " summa ac- HS lo] The common reading is ' HS cusatoris voluntate." quingenties,' for which Zumpt has substi- 222 IN 0. VEREEM Itaque sententiae dicebantur, Quum Sthenius absens reus factus esset, de absente judicium nullum fieri placere, et si quod asset factum id ratum esse non placere. Eo die transigi nihil potuit, quod et id temporis erat, et ille, pater istius, invenerat homines qui dieendo tempus consumerent. Postea senex Verres defensores atque hospites omnes Sthenii convenit : rogat eos atque orat ne oppugnent filium ; de Sthenio ne laborent ; confirmat his curaturum se esse ne quid ei per filium suum noceretur ; se homines certos ejus rei causa in Siciliam et terra et mari esse missurum. Et erat spatium dierum fere triginta ante Kalendas Decembr. quo die iste ut Syracusis Sthenius ad«sset edixerat. Commoventur amici Sthenii ; sperant fore ut patris Uteris nuntiisque filius ab illo furore revocetur. In senatu postea causa non agitur. Veniunt ad istum domestici nuntii, literasque a patre afferunt ante Kalendas Decembr., quum isti etiam tum de Sthenio in integro tota res esset : eodemque ei tempore de eadem re literae complures a multis ejus amicis ac necessariis afferuntur. XL. Hie iste, qui prae cupiditate neque ofiicii sui neque periculi neque pietatis neque humanitatis rationem habuisset unquam, neque in eo quod monebatur auctoritatem patris, neque in eo quod roga- batur voluntatem anteponendam putavit libidini suae, mane Kalen- dis Decembr., ut edixerat, Sthenium citari jubet. Si abs, te istam rem parens tuus alicujus amici rogatu, benignitate aut ambitione adductus, petisset, gravissima tamen apud te voluntas patris esse debuisset: quum vero abs te tui capitis causa peteret, hominesque certos domo misisset, hique eo tempore ad te venissent quum tibi in integro tota res esset, ne tum quidem te potuit, si non pietatis, at salutis tuae ratio ad officium sanitatemque reducere ? Citat id temporis] ' So late in the day.' Er- signification of going about, came to signify nesti misunderstood it. The senate did means of conciliating opinion, popularity, not sit after sun-set, or, at least, did not and so forth. A word of the same origin, come to any formal resolution after sun-set, ' ambitus,' was used to signify the legal as a general rule. offence of getting votes by bribery and im- homines certos] ' Certus,' which is the proper means. Comp. the use of ' ambitio ' same as ' cretus,' ' separated,' ' determined,' in c. 55, and in the letter Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. and so forth, is sometimes used like the c. 3. pronoun ' quidam,' as in this passage, and tui capitis causa] ' Out of regard to some other passages of Cicero. your own personal interest and danger j' in integro] 'Integra:' OreUi, for which for the acts of Verres made him liable to also there is good authority. But see the a prosecution in which his ' caput ' or civil next chapter, and Livy, iii. 10. ' status ' was in peril, not his life. In this 40. rogatu, benignitate, &c.] Cicero chapter Cicero uses the expression ' cum supposes three motives or inducements, the periculo capitis,' at the risk or hazard of request of a friend, good intention, or a life, in a different and not in a technical desire to get good-will or good opinion, sense. The word ' ambitio,' which had the original ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 223 reum: non respondet. Citat accusatorem. Attendite, quaeso, judices, quanto opere istius amentiae fortuna ipsa adversata sit, et simul videte qui Sthenii causam casus adjuverit. Citatus accusator, M. Pacilius, nescio quo casu non respondit ; non affuit. Si prae- sens Sthenius reus esset factus, si manifesto in maleficio teneretur, tamen, quum accusator non adesset, Sthenium condemnari non oporteret. Etenim, si posset reus absente accusatore condenuiari, non ego a Vibone Veliam parvulo navigio inter fugitivorum ac praedonum ac tua tela venissem ; quo tempore omnis ilia mea festinatio fuit cum periculo capitis ob eam causam ne tu ex reis eximerere, si ego ad diem non affuissem. Quod igitur tibi erat in tuo judicio optatissimum, me quum citatus essem non adesse, cur id Sthenio non putasti prodesse oportere, quum ejus accusator non affuisset ? Itaque fecit ut exitus principio simillimus reperiretur : quem absentem reum fecerat, eum absente accusatore condemnat. XLI. Nuntiabatur illi primis iUis temporibus, id quod pater quo- que ad eum pluribus verbis scripserat, agitatam rem esse in senatu : etiam in contione tribunum plebis de causa Sthenii M. Palicanum esse questum : postremo me ipsum apud hoc collegium tribunorum plebis, quum eorum omnium edicto non liceret Romae quemquam esse qui rei capitaUs condemnatus esset, egisse causam Sthenii : et quum ita rem exposuissem quemadmodum nunc apud vos, docu- issemque banc danmationem duci non oportere, x tribunes plebis hoc statuisse idque de omnium sententia pronuntiatum esse, Non videri Sthenium impediri edicto quo minus ei liceret Romae esse. Quum haec ad istum afferrentur, pertimuit aliquando et commotus est : vertit stilum in tabulis suis, quo facto causam omnem evertit Viione, &c.] The orator is alluding to self as defending the cause of Sthenius be- his return from Sicily, and says that he fore the ' collegium ' or body of ' tribunes,' went in a small vessel from Vibo (Monte which shows that they held a court for mat- Leone) to Velia(Castellam are della Bruca), ters within their jurisdiction, which were and ran the risk of being captured by pirates, either cases of appeal, or cases in which or assassinated by the emissaries of Verres. they had original jurisdiction. — 'quum cur id Sthenio'] I have adopted ' id ' eorum omnium :' Klotz has ' quod,' &c., from the text of Creuzer and Moser. There from Cod. Vat. is some authority for it, and a careful reader damnationem ducQ ' That Sthenius will feel that it is wanted. should not be considered as condemned,' 41. primis illis] Within the time imme- says Hotmann, and this seems to be the diately after the condemnation of Sthenius ; meaning. — ' ad decem tribunos plebis,' &c. ; like ' paucis iUis diebus,' c. 26. — ' in con- Klotz, following the Cod. Vat., which, how- tione,' with t, ' omnes Lagom.' (Zumpt). ever, has ' at,' and not ' ad.' But there is edicto non liceret} It appears that the no occasion to follow a good MS. when the ' tribuni plebis ' had the power of making reading is absurd. Klotz in his note re- ' edicta ' or general orders, as the Praetors pents of what he did in the text. and the Aediles Curules had in their several vertit stilum] Verres erased with the jurisdictions. Cicero here represents him- upper or flat end of the ' stilus ' what he 224 IN 0. VERREM suam. Nihil enim sibi reliqui fecit quod defendi aliqua ratione posset. Nam si ita defenderet: recepi nomen absentis; licet hoc fieri in provincia ; nulla lex vetat ; mala at improba defensione verum aliqua tamen uti videretur. Postremo iUo desperatissimo perfugio uti posset, se imprudentem fecisse, existimasse id licere : quamquam haec perditissima defensio est, tamen aliquid dici vide- retur. ToUit ex tabulis id quod erat : faeit coram esse delatum. XLII. Hie videte in quot se laqueos induerit, quorum ex nullo se unquam expediret. Primum ipse in Sicilia saepe et palam de loco superiore dixerat et in sermone multis idem demonstrarat, licere nomen recipere absentis : se exemplo multorum fecisse quod fecisset. Haec eum dictitasse priore actione et Sex. Pompeius Chlorus dixit, de cujus virtute antea commemoravi, et On. Pom- peius Theodoras, homo et On. Pompeii clarissimi viri judicio plurimis maximisque in rebus probatissiraus et omnium existima- tione ornatissimus, et Posides Macro Soluntinus, homo summa nobilitate, existimatione, virtute: et hac actione quam voletis multi dicent, et qui ex isto ipso audierunt, viri primarii nostri ordinis, et alii qui interfuerunt quum absentis nomen reciperetur. Deinde Romae, quum haec acta res esset in senatu, omnes istius amici, in his etiam pater ejus hoc defendebat Ucere fieri ; saepe esse factum; iste quod fecisset, aliorum exemplo institutoque fecisse. Dicit praeterea testimonium tota Sicilia, quae in communibus pos- had written with the lower or pointed end is ' Soluntinus,' which is according to ana- on his ' tabulae.' ' ToUit ex tabulis id quod logy, for the name of the place is Solus erat : facit coram esse delatum.' Horace (2)o\o5f , ^oXovvtoq), like Opus, of which has the expression, " Saepe stilum vertas the Latin Ethnic name is Opuntius. From iterum quae digna legi sunt Scripturus " Solus we should have Soluntii. The coins (Hor. 1 Sat. a. 72). There is obviously a of Solus have the legend ^oXovtivuiv. The play on the words ' vertit ' and ' evertit.' place was on the north coast of Sicily, be- Postremo illo] Zumpt adds ' tamen ' tween Panhormus and Thermae, now Cas- after ' illo,' from Lag. 42 (pr. m.). — ' et tello di Solanto. — Zumpt has ' Macros,' and facit :' Orelli, Klotz. Orelli ' Matro.' Klotz has ' Posidius.' 42. expediret.l ' Expediet ;' Klotz, from quam voletis multi'] ' As many as you Cod. Vat. Either reading may be ex- please.' This form of expression must be plained. compared with the like uses of ' quamvis.' de loco superiore] This may be either See ForceUini. Act. i. u. 8: "quantamvel- the ' Rostra,' as when an orator addresses lent pecuniam ;" Lib. 2, c. 58 : " quam the people, or the tribunal, from which volent magnas ;" and c. 62, " quem voles the ' magistratus ' declares his will; as in eorum." — ' isto ipso :' 'ipso' om. Cod. Vat. Lib. 4. c. 40: " de sella ac de loco supe- audierunt . . interfuemnf] The com- riore." Creuzer and Moser refer to Cic. mon reading is ' audierint . . interfuerint.' Ad Fam. iii. 8 : " et ex superiore et ex Zumpt adds ' sed ejus conjunctivi vereor ut aequo loco." In the senate a man spoke quis rationem reddere possit, immo si verus ' ex aequo loco.' esset, oratoris de ea re certitudinem minuere idem demonstrarat,] This ' idem ' and videretur.' This points to the true reason ' multorum ' (exemplo multorum) are added for the indicative. Cicero means to make by Klotz from the Cod. Vat. a substantive affirmation. The Cod. Vat. Soluntinus,] The form in Zumpt's text has the indicatives. ACT. II. LIBER SEOUNDUS. 225 tulatis civitatum omnium consulibus edidit, Rogare atque orare patres conscriptos, ut statuerent ne absentium nomina recipei-entur. Qua de re On. Lentulum, patronum Siciliae, clarissimum adolescen- tem, dicere audistis, Siculos, quum se causam quae sibi in senatu pro his agenda asset docerent, de Sthenii calamitate questos esse, propterque banc injuriam quae Sthenio facta esset eos statuisse, ut hoc quod dico postularetur. Quae quum ita essent, tantane amentia praeditus atque audacia fuisti ut in re tam clara, tam testata, tam abs te ipso promulgata, tabulas pubHcas corrumpere auderes? At quemadmodum corrupisti? nonne ita ut omnibus nobis tacentibus ipsae te tuae tabulae condemnare possent ? Cede, quaeso, codicem : circumfer, ostende. Videtisne hoc totum nomen, coram ubi facit delatum, esse in htura? Quid fuit istic antea scriptum? quod mendum ista Htura correxit? Quid a nobis, judices, exspectatis argumenta hujus criminis? Nihil dicimus: tabulae sunt in medio quae se corruptas atque interlitas esse cla- mant. Ex his etiam tu rebus effugere te posse confidis, quum te nos non opinione dubia sed tuis vestigiis persequamur, quae tu in tabulis publicis expressa ac recentia reliquisti? Is mihi etiam Sthenium literas publicas corrupisse causa incognita judicavit, qui defendere non potuerit se non ex ipsius Sthenii nomine literas publicas corrupisse ! XLIII. Videte porro aliam amentiam: videte ut, dum expedire sese vult, induat. Cognitorem adscribit Sthenio — quem ? cognatum promulgata,'] The MSS. have ' perva- Zumpt translates the passage thus into gata,' except Lag. 42 (pr. in.), which has German: " und der hat mir noch einen 'promulgata' (Zumpt). The corruption andem verurtheilt, der sich jetzt selbst nicht of ' promulgata ' into ' peruulgata,' which hat rechtfertigen konnen." The English Orelli has, is very simple. As to ' promul- language can no more express the German gare,' see c. 71. The word here refers to 'mir' than the Latin 'mihi,' except by what Verres had declared : ' saepe et palam several words, de loco superiore.' 43. amentiam .■] The reading of the Cedo, quaeso, &c.] " Give me, I pray, the better MSS. Orelli has ' dementiam.' 'codex.'" This word occurs in the form Zumpt says: "dementia mentis repentina ' cedo ' and ' cede ' only. ' Cedo ' has also perturbatio est, amentia perpetua hebetudo the sense of ' die,' as in c. 43. Cicero ad- et stultitia." These attempts to distinguish dresses some officer of the court in the Latin words which are near akin are often same manner as the Greek orators often unsuccessful; and perhaps we attempt some- call for the production of some documentary times to make distinctions where the Ro- evidence. Demosth. Trepi napaTrptaPeiac, mans themselves would not have found it c. 40: KaL fioi Xsye to ^//r/^iff/xa Kai rd easy to do so. How these two words are dis- ypfffijxaTa Kai tovq fidpTvpa^ KoKei. tinguished in Cicero, I do not know. The Is mihi etiam Sthenium'] As to the po- law-writers sometimes use ' demens ' as sition of ' is ' and ' mihi,' and the meaning equivalent to ' furiosus ' (Dig. 27. 10. 7), thus given to the sentence, compare Lib. 1. which is the technical term in the Twelve c. 60 : " Is mihi queritur;" and Lib. 2. c. Tables for a person of unsound mind. 32. Hotmann proposed ' judicabit ' in place Cognitorem adscribit] Verres made an of 'judicavit,' but without any reason, entry in the 'tabulae,' among other false 226 IN 0. VEEEEM aliquem aut propinquum I Non. Thermitanum aliquem, honestum hominem ac nobilera ? Ne id quidem. At Siculum in quo aliquis splendor dignitasque esset ? Neminem. Quid igitur ! Civem Eoma- num. Cui hoc probari potest? Quum esset Sthenius civitatis suae nobilissimus, amplissima cognatione, plurimis amicitiis ; quum prae- terea tota Sicilia multum auctoritate et gratia posset ; invenire neminem Siculum potuit qui pro se cognitor fieret ? hoc probabis ? An ipse civem Eomanum maluit? Cedo, cui Siculo, quum is reus fieret, civis Eomanus cognitor factus unquam sit. Omnium prae- torum literas qui ante te fuerunt prefer, explica : si unum inveneris, ego hoc tibi quemadmodum in tabulis scriptum habes, ita gestum esse concedam. At, credo, Sthenius hoc sibi amplum putavit, eligere e civium Eomanorum numero, ex amicorum atque hospitum suorum copia, quem cognitorem daret. Quern delegit? quis in tabulis scriptus est? 0. Claudius, 0. F. Palatina. Non quaero, quis hie sit Claudius, quam splendidus, quam honestus, quam ido- neus propter cujus auctoritatem et dignitatem Sthenius ab omnium - Siculorum consuetudine discederet et civem Eomanum cognitorem daret. Nihil horum quaero. Fortasse enim Sthenius non splen- dorem hominis sed familiaritatem secutus est. Quid si omnium mortalium Sthenic nemo inimicior quam hie C. Claudius quum semper turn in his ipsis rebus et temporibus fuit? si de literis corruptis contra venit? si contra omni ratione pugnavit? utrum potius pro Sthenic inimicum cognitorem esse factum an te ad Sthenii periculum inimici ejus nomine abusum esse credemus ? entries, after the erasure above mentioned, tra hunc venis, existimas alitor ? " This that he had named a ' cognitor ' or attorney C. Claudius ' contra venit ;' he was the to represent Sthenius in his absence. See enemy of Sthenius in the matter of the Divin. 4 : ' cognitorem.' ' literae corruptae,' with which Sthenius was Neminem. Quid igitur /] * Minime. charged. Quid igitur .' ' is the common reading ; but utrum potius, &c.] If all this is so, there is good authority for ' Neminem.' " which must we rather believe, that the probabis -i"] This is clearly the true enemy of Sthenius was made his ' cognitor,' reading, and not ' probabitis.' 'Probo' or that you, in the record of his condemna- means not only to ' approve,' as we say, tion, falsely inserted the name of his ene- but to ' prove,' to ' make people accept and my ? " Either conclusion is against Verres: believe.' See the use of ' probabilis,' p. 33. we must either beUeve that the enemy of — ' gestum esse concede :' Zumpt. Sthenius was made his ' cognitor,' or that Palatina.'] C. Claudius, Claudii Filius, Verres falsely recorded him as such. Zumpt Palatina. The last word is in the ablative and Klotz explain ' periculum ' in this pas- case, and is equivalent to ' ex tribu Palatina.' sage, following Brnesti, to be the record or The letters C. F. are the usual Roman form the register of the fact of condemnation ; of abbreviation in inscriptions, and in for- and they compare the use of ' pericula ' in mally describing a person. Lib. 3. c. 79 : " tabulae pubUcae pericu- contra venit ?] This is a court phrase, laque magistratuum." Klotz also refers to or judicial expression, as Manutius observes, Cujas on the Cod. Theod. 7- tit. 44 : " De and he gives other instances. Comp. Pro sententiis ex periculo recitandis." The Q. Rose. c. 6 : " Quid tu, Saturi, qui con- common reading is ' in Sthenii periculo.' ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 227 XLIV. Ac ne quis forte dubitet cujusmodi hoc totum sit nego- tium, tametsi jamdudum omnibus istius improbitatem perspicuam esse confide, tamen paulum etiam attendite. Videtis ilium sub- crispo capillo, nigrum, qui eo vultu nos intuetur ut sibi ipsi per- acutus esse videatur, qui tabulas tenet, qui scribit, qui monet, qui proximus est? Is est Claudius, qui in Sicilia sequester istius, mterpres, confector negotiorum, prope coUega Timarchidi numera- batur, nunc obtinet eum locum ut vix Apronio illi de familiaritate concedere videatur, et qui se non Timarchidi sed ipsius Verris coUegam et socium esse dicebat. Dubitate etiam, si potestis, quin eum iste potissimum ex omni numero delegerit cui banc cognitoris falsi improbam personam imponeret, quern et huic inimicissimum et sibi amicissimum esse arbitraretur ? Hie vos dubitabitis, judices, tantam istius audaciam, tantam crudelitatem, tantam injuriam vindicare? dubitabitis exeraplum judicum illorum sequi qui, dam- nato Cn. Dolabella, damnationem Philodami Opuntii resciderunt, quod is non absens reus factus esset, quae res iniquissima et acer- bissima est, sed quum ei legatio jam Romam a suis civibus esset data? Quod illi judices multo in leviore causa statuerunt aequi- tatem secuti, vos id statuere in gravissima causa, praesertim aliorum auctoritate jam confirmatum, dubitabitis? XLV. At quem hominem, 0. Verres, tanta, tarn insigni injuria affecisti ? quem hominem absentem de literis corruptis causa incog- nita condemnasti ? cujus absentis nomen recepisti ? quem absentem non modo sine crimine et sine teste verum etiam sine accusatore damnasti ? Quem hominem ? dii immortales ! non dicam amicum tuum, quod apud homines carissimum est, non hospitem, quod sanctissimum est ; nihil enim minus libenter de Sthenic comme- moro, nihil aliud in eo quod reprehendi possit invenio, nisi quod 44. Timarchidi num^abatnr, SiC.'] 'Ti- Roman law that no man could be prosecuted marchidi ' is intended for the genitive. See while he was absent on business of the c. 54. Zumpt observes that Garatoni pro- state ; to confirm which Klotz refers to poses to write ' socium esse dicit,' which Dig. 48. 2. 12. The rule of Roman law, shows that he mistook the meaning. Clau- it appears, was applied to the city of Opus, dius was reckoned (numerabatur) almost a 45. At quem hominem,'] This is a fa- coUeague of Timarchides, but he used to vourite formula with Cicero, for which he call himself a colleague of Verres. had the example of Terence : legatio jam Romam] The ambassador „ ^^ quem virum .' quem ego optimum in or ' legatus in this case was not absent ^^^^ viderim."-Phorai. iii. 2. 20. when he was prosecuted ; for, it he had been, his case would have been the same as that The ? in this case is of no use. of Sthenius; but he had received his com » The words after ' affecisti ' — 'quem ho- mission of ambassador, and during the time minem . . condemnasti ? ' are omitted by of his holding this function he enjoyed pro- Orelli and Zumpt. Klotz has admitted tection, even though he had not left his them ; and there is good authority for it. city for Rome. It was a general rule of Comp. c. 37, 38. a2 228 IN 0. VEREEM homo frugalissimus atque integerrimus te plenum stupri, flagitii, sceleris, domum suam invitavit, nisi quod, qui 0. Marii, On. Pom- peii, 0. Marcelli, L. Sisennae, tui defensoris, ceterorum virorum fortissimorum hospes fuisset atque esset, ad eum numerum claris- simorum hominum tuum quoque nomen adscripsit. Quare de hospitio violate et de tuo isto nefario scelere nihil queror : hoc dico, non iis qui Sthenium norunt, hoc est, nemini eorum qui in Sicilia fuerunt : nemo enim ignorat quo hie in civitate sua splendore, qua apud omnes Siculos dignitate atque existiraatione sit : sed ut illi quoque qui in ea provincia non fuerunt inteUigere possint, in quo homine tu statueris exemplum ejusmodi, quod quum propter iniqui- tatem rei, turn etiam propter hominis dignitatem, acerbum omnibus atque intolerandum videretur. XLVI. Estne Sthenius is qui omnes honores domi suae facillime quum adeptus esset, amplissime ac magnifieentissime gessit? qui oppidum non maximum maximis ex pecunia sua locis communibus monumentisque decoravit ? cujus de meritis in rem publicam Ther- mitanorum Siculosque universes fuit aenea tabula fixa Thermis in curia, in qua publice erat de hujus beneficiis scriptum et incisum ; quae tabula turn imperio tuo revulsa nunc a me tamen deportata est, ut omnes ejus honores inter suos et amplitudinem possent cognoscere. Estne hie qui apud Cn. Pompeium, clarissimum virum, quum accusatus esset, quod propter 0. Marii familiaritatem et hos- pitium contra rem publicam sensisse eum inimici et accusatores ejus dicerent, quumque magis invidioso crimine quam vero arcesseretur, invitavit . . . adscripsit."} ' Invitarit ... in sentences which express admiration or adscripserit :' Klotz. surprise, as if ", thing were scarcely pos- C. Marii, &e.] C. Marius, who was sible; Lib. I.e. 18: " Apollinemne tu De- seven times consul ; Cn. Pompeius Magnus, lium spohare ausus es ? " (Zumpt). who was at this time (B.C. 70) consul ; C. aenea tabula'] His services were recorded Marcellus, who had been ' praetor ' of Sicily, on a tablet of bronze, which in Italy and and was a * judex ' at this trial ; L. Come- Sicily was much used for public records, lius Sisenna, an orator (Brutus, c. 64). and for the preservation of ' leges.' The hoc dico,'] ' Id quod subjungitur,' ob- Tabula Heraclaea, the fragment of the Lex serves Manutius : ' Estne Sthenius is,' &c., Servilia, and other ' leges,' have been thus c. 46. — ' tu statueris :' Zumpt omits ' tu.' preserved. Ovid, Metam. i. 91 : 46. Estne Sthenius is, &c.] ' Is not „ ^^^ ^^^-^^ minacia fixo this the Sthenius ?' &c. This is the proper Aere lesebanlur " translation of ' ne ' thus placed with the principal verb; as in Cic. Pro Mil. u. 14: apud Cn. Pompeium,] WhenCn. Pom- " potuitne, quum domum ac deos penates peius was sent into Sicily after Carbo, one suos illo oppugnante defenderet, jure se of the partizans of Marius, whom he put ulcisci?" But, when 'ne' is added to a to death. Plutarch, Pomp. u. 10. — 'sta- noun or particle, it is that interrogative tuerit :' Klotz. The MSS. are said to have form which implies a negative answer; as 'statuerit,' which Ernesti altered to 'sta- in Lib. 3. c. 77 '• " his civitatibus omnisne tueret.' pecunia . . dissoluta est .' " It is also used ACT. II. LIBEE SEOUNDUS. 229 ita a Cn. Pompeio absolutus est ut in eo ipso judicio Pompeius hunc hospitio suo dignissimum statueret ? ita porro laudatus defensusque ab omnibus Siculis ut idem Pompeius non ab homine solum sed etiam a provincia tota se hujus absolutione inire gratiam arbitra- retur ? Postremo estne hie qui et animum in rem publicam habuit ejusmodi, et tantum auctoritate apud suos cives potuit, ut perficeret in Sicilia solus, te praetore, quod non modo Siculus nemo sed ne Sicilia quidem tota potuisset, ut ex oppido Thennis nullum signum, nullum ornamentum, nihil ex sacro, nihil de publico attingeres ; quum praesertim et essent multa praeclara, et tu omnia concupisses ? Denique nunc vide quid inter te, cujus nomine apud Siculos dies festi agitantur et praeclara ilia Verria celebrantur, cujus statuae Romae stant inauratae, a communi Siciliae, quemadmodum inscrip- tum videmus, datae ; vide, inquam, quid inter te et hunc Siculum, qui abs te est patrono Siciliae condemnatus, intersit. Hunc civi- tates ex Sicilia permultae testimonio suo legationibusque ad earn rem missis publico laudant : te omnium Siculorum patronum una Mamertina civitas, socia furtorum ac flagitiorum tuorum, publico laudat ; ita tamen, novo more, ut legati laedant, legatio laudet ; ceterae quidem civitates publico literis, legationibus, testimoniis accusant, queruntur, arguunt; si tu absolutus sis, funditus eversas se esse arbitrantur. XLVII. Hoc de homine ac de hujus bonis etiam in Eryco monte monumentum tuorum flagitiorum crudelitatisque posuisti, in quo Sthenii Thermitani nomen adscriptum est. Vidi argenteum Oupi- dinem cum lampade. Quid tandem habuit argumenti aut rationis res quamobrem in eo potissimum Sthenianum praemium poneretur ? utrum hoc signum cupiditatis tuae an tropaeum necessitudinis atque hospitii an amoris indicium esse voluisti? Faciunt hoc homines quos in summa nequitia non solum libido et voluptas animum . . . ejusmodi,'] Zumpt thinks agitantur] ' Aguntur :' Zumpt. He has that 'animum ejusmodi' for 'tali animo' also ' cui statuae,' with Orelli. is rare. He refers to ' fuit ejusmodi,' c. 57- legati laedant, &c.] The embassy was There seems nothing very peculiar in this sent to do Verres honour, but the members expression, which , if I understand it right, of whom it was composed still complained is the same as ' praerogativam . . ejusmodi,' of his robberies and acts of violence. — ' se &c.. Act. i. u. 9 ; ' ejusmodi literas,' Lib. 2. eversas funditus esse arbitrantur' is the c. 70 ; and corresponding to ' ejusmodi,' order in the Vat. Cod. followed by Klotz. there is, Lib. 2. c. 75, ' cujusmodi praedo There is no rule to determine such matters . . fuerit ;' Lib. 3. c. 74, ' frumentum ejus- as these. modi . . ut.' A dozen other examples will iT. potissimum] ' Potissumum Veneri ' easily be found in these orations, in some Klotz. ' Potissimum ' in this^ position of which 'ejusmodi' is used alone, and in Creuzer and Moser take as an adjective, other cases followed by ' ut.' 230 IN 0. VEEREM verum etiam ipsius nequitiae fama delectat, ut multis in locis notas ac vestigia suorum flagitiorum relinqui velint. Ardebat amore illius hospitae propter quam hospitii jura violarat. Hoc non solum sciri turn verum etiam commemorari semper volebat. Itaque ex ilia ipsa re quam accusante Agathino gesserat, Veneri potissimum deberi praemium statuit, quae illam totam accusationem judicium- que conflarat. Putarem te gratum in decs, si hoc donum Veneri non de Sthenii bonis dedisses sed de tuis ; quod facere debuisti, praesertim quum tibi illo ipso anno a Ohelidone venisset hereditas. Hie ego si banc causam non omnium Siculorum rogatu recepissem, si hoc a me muneris non universa provincia poposcisset, si me ani- mus atque amor in rem publicam existimatioque offensa nostri ordinis ac judiciorum non hoe facere coegisset, atque haec una causa fuisset, quod amicum atque hospitem meum Sthenium, quem ego in quaestura mea singulariter dilexissem, de quo optime existi- massem, quem in provincia existimationis meae studiosissimum cupidissimumque cognossem, tam crudeliter, scelerate, nefarieque tractasses ; tamen digna causa videretur cur inimicitias hominis improbissimi suseiperem, ut hospitis salutem fortunasque defende- rem. Fecerunt hoc multi apud majores nostros : fecit etiam nuper homo clarissimus On. Domitius, qui M. SUanum, coasularem homi- nem, accusavit propter Aegritomari Transalpini hospitis injurias. Putarem me idoneum qui exemplum sequerer humanitatis atque officii, proponeremque spem meis hospitibus ac necessariis, quo tutiorem sese vitam meo praesidio victuros esse arbitrarentur. Quum vero in communibus injuriis totius provinciae Sthenii quoque Hie ego si, &c.] " Apodosis non re- or as near the beginning ag the claims of spondet principio periodi Hie ego, cui ap- another word will aillow. Examples are tius esset ' tameu hanc causam dignam ex- abundant : Divin. c. 8, ' huic ego homini ;' istimarem,' si orator accurate componere 'in quo ego quid,' &c., not 'in quo quid verba voluisset" (Zumpt). This strange ego ;' c. 9, ' hie ego de te ;' c. 13, ' cujus ego misconception seems to arise solely from ingenium.' Act. i. c. 7, ' quae ille si,' &c., the practice of putting a comma after ' ego ;' where, following a vicious practice, I have thus, ' hie ego, si.' I suppose that if Cicero inadvertently allowed a comma to stand had said, which however he would not after ' ille,' as if ' ille ' belonged to ' dixisset,' say, 'hie si ego,' Zumpt's remark would whereas it belongs to 'noluisset.' And hardly have been made. Compare Lib. 1. again, Act. i. c. 10, read 'quem ego homi- c. 61 , where, however, Zumpt has ' cui nisi nem si,' &e. ego,' instead of ' cui ego nisi.' In Divin. Creuzer and Moser fell into the same c. 9, there is ' Eum ego si putem, &c. , facile mistake as Zumpt. The pointing of Klotz inteiligo,' where ' facile intelligo ' is not shows that he understood it rightly, necessarily the form, because of the 'eum Cn. Domitius,'] See Divin. c. 20. — ego si.' The fact is, that ' hie ego si ' is ' Transalpini hominis :' Zumpt, from Lag. Cicero's general form of expression, and 42 (pr. m.) only ; which reading we might not 'hie si ego;' for, if the 'ego' is used, prefer, if it were good criticism simply to it ought to come either iirst in the sentence, take what we like best. ACT. II. LIBEE SECUNDUS. 231 causa contineatur, multique uno tempore a me hospites atque amici publice privatimque defendantur, profecto vereri non debeo ne quis hoc, quod facio, non existimet me summi officii ratione impulsum coactumque suscepisse. XLVIII. Atque ut aliquando de rebus ab isto cognitis judicatis- que et de judiciis datis dicere desistamus, et, quoniam facta istius in his generibus infinita sunt, nos modum aliquem et finem orationi nostrae criminibusque faciamus, pauca ex aliis generibus sumemus. Audistis ob jus dicendum Q. Varium dicere procuratores suos isti centum triginta milha nummum dedisse : meministis Q. Varii testi- monium, remque hanc totam C. Sacerdotis, hominis ornatissimi, testimonio comprobari : scitis On. Sertium, M. Medium, equites Eomanos, sexcentos praeterea cives Eomanos multosque Siculos dixisse se isti pecuniam ob jus dicendum dedisse. De quo crimine quid ego disputem quum id totum positum sit in testibus? quid porro argumenter qua de re dubitare nemo possit ? An hoc dubi- tabit quisquam omnium quin is venalem in Siciha jurisdictionem habuerit, qui Eomae totum edictum atque omnia deoreta vendiderit, et quin is ab Siculis ob decreta interponenda pecunias ceperit, qui M. Octavium Ligurem pecuniam ob jus dicendum poposcerit? Quod enim iste praeterea genus pecuniae cogendae praeteriit ? quod non ab omnibus aJiis praeteritum excogitavit? Ecqua res apud civitates Siculas expetitur in qua aut honos ahquis sit, aut potestas, aut procuratio, quin eam rem tu ad tuum quaestum nundinationem- que hominum traduxeris ? XLIX. Dicta sunt priore actione et privatim et pubHce testi- monia : legati Oenturipini, Halesini, Catinenses, Panhormitanique dixerunt, multarum praeterea civitatum, jam vero privatim plurimi : 48. de judiciis datis] To prevent a pos- quasi possessione inter aliquos coutendi- sible mistake, the reader may be reminded tur." In this passage it has been suggested that ' judicia dare ' is the same as ' judioes that we should read * interponit ' in place of dare.' Cicero has said before that the for- 'praeponit.' The general distinction be- tunes of all persons are in the power of tween the Decreta and the Interdicta is those ' qui judicia dant, et eorum qui judi- given by Gaius (iv. 140) : " vocantur autem cant.' decreta cum fieri aliquid jubet, &c. ; inter- C«. Sertium,'] ' Sertium,' as Ernesti re- dicta vero cum prohibet fieri," &c. marked, is an unknown gentile name. The aut honos aliquis, &o.] Cicero alludes to MSS. have ' Seigium ' and other varieties. the universal venahty which existed under ob decreta interponenda] Of which the administration of Verres, when every Cicero has given instances in the cases of ' honos,' such as the election of a senator ; the ' bonorum possessio ' of Heraclius and every ' potestas,' such as the office of a ma- Epicrates. Gaius says (iv. 139): " Certis gistrate; every 'procuratio,' such as the igitur ex causis Praetor aut Proconsul prin- discharge of any function, was to be bought, cipaliter (in the first instance) auctoritatem Instances are given in the following chap- suam finiendiscontroversi is praeponit; quod ters. See ' curationes,' c. 51, and 'aliquem turn maxime facit cum de possessione aut curatorem praeficei-e,' c. 58. 232 m 0. VEEREM quorum ex testimoniis cognoscere potuistis tota Sicilia per trien- nium neminem uUa in civitate senatorem factum esse gratis, nemi- nem, ut leges eorum sunt, suffragiis, neminem nisi istius imperio aut literis ; atque in his omnibus senatoribus cooptandis non mode suffragia nulla fuisse, sed ne genera quidem spectata esse ex quibus in eum ordinem cooptari liceret, neque census, neque aetates, neque cetera Siculorum jura valuisse : quicunque senator voluerit fieri, quamvis puer, quamvis indignus, quamvis ex eo loco ex quo non liceret, si is pretio apud istum fieret idoneus ut vinceret, factum esse semper ; non modo Siculorum nihil in hac re valuisse leges, sed ne ab senatu quidem populoque Romano datas. Quas enim leges sociis amicisque dat is qui habet imperium a populo Romano, auctoritatem legum dandarum ab senatu, hae debent et populi Romani et senatus existimari. Halesini pro multis ac magnis suis majorumque suorum in rem publicam nostram meritis atque bene- ficiis, suo jure nuper, L. Licinio Q. Mucio consulibus, quum habe- rent inter se controversias de senatu cooptando, leges ab senatu nostro petiverunt. Decrevit senatus honorifico s. c. ut his 0. Clau- dius Appii filius Pulcher, praetor, de senatu cooptando leges con- scriberet. C. Claudius, adhibitis omnibus Marcellis qui tum erant de eorum sententia leges Halesinis dedit ; in quibus multa sanxit de aetate hominum ne qui minor triginta annis natu ; de quaestu 49. cooptandis] ' Opto,' as already ob- have used both forms in their ' leges.' served, is a word of selection ; and ' co- ' Ne quis ' is certainly used in the Lex optare ' is said of bodies who, by election Thoria. Garatoni proposes to change ' na- of the remaining members, supply the tu' into 'natus,' but Zumpt has proved places which become vacant by death or that this change is not necessary. He says otherwise. Cicero, De Divin. ii. 9, says of that, in all the cases where ' natus ' occurs, Caesar, " in eo senatu quern majore ex the accusative is required. He gives various parte ipse cooptasset." — ' atque in lis omni- instances, to which may be added the fol- bus senatoribus :' Klotz, from Cod. Vat. — lowing from the Lex Thoria : " quaeque ex ' quicunque senator voluerit :' the MSS. eis (pequdibus) minus annum gnatae enmt (two excepted) and Klotz have ' voluerat.' post ea quam gnatae erunt." In such cases si is pretio, &c.] The true reading is ' quam ' may be omitted or inserted, as in very doubtful. Klotz takes that of the Livy, 45. c. 32 : " quos cum liberis majori- Cod, Vat. : ' si is pretio apud istum idoneus, bus quam quindecim annos natis praece- et vinceret,' and he has no difiBculty in ex- dere in Itabam placeret." The Romans plaining it. said ' minor quinque et triginta annis ' (Liv. leges, . . datas.] ' Leges latas,' or ' per- 32. c. 11) : and they also often added ' natu,' latas,' is the term of Roman legislation, as in this passage, and in the Praetor's when a ' lex ' was enacted in the proper Edict (Dig. 4. 4. 1) : " Praetor edicit, quod form, on the proposal of some ' magistra- cum minore quam quinque et viginti an- tus ' (' qui tulit ad populum,' or ' qui tuht,' norum natu gestum esse dicetur, uti quae- simply) ; but ' dare leges,' or ' conscribere que res erit, animadvertam." The addition leges,' is the term used when the Roman of ' quam ' in this instance is no argument people, or those whom they empowered, against the text of Cicero, for Ulpian adds made a ' lex ' for the subject states. this remark: "apparet minoribus annis ne qui minor, &c.] 'The common read- xxv eum opem polUceri." Thus the text ing is 'ne quis.' The Romans seem to of Cicero is fully justified. Klotz has ACT. II. LIBEE SEOUNDUS. 233 quem qui fecisset, ne legeretur ; de censu, de ceteris rebus. Quae omnia ante istum praetorem et nostrorum magistratuum auctoritate et Halesinorum summa voluntate valuerunt. Ab isto et praeco qui voluit ilium ordinem pretio mercatus est, et pueri annorum senuni septenumque denum senatorium nomen nundinati sunt: et quod Halesini, antiquissimi et fidelissimi socii atque amici, Eomae impe- trarant ut apud se ne suffragiis quidem fieri liceret, id pretio ut fieri posset effecit. L. Agrigentini de senatu cooptando Scipionis leges antiquas habent, in quibus et ilia eadem sancta sunt, et hoe amplius : quum Agrigentinorum duo genera sint, unum veterum, alterum colonorum, quos T. Manlius praetor ex s. c. de oppidis Siculorum deduxit Agri- gentum, cautum est in Scipionis legibus ne plures essent in senatu ex colonorum numero quam ex vetere Agrigentinorum. Iste qui omnia jura pretio exaequasset omniumque rerum delectum atque discrimen pecunia sustulisset, non modo ilia quae erant aetatis, ordinis, quaestusque permiscuit, sed etiam in his duobus gene- ribus civium novorum veterumque turbavit. Nam quum esset ex veterum numero quidam senator demortuus, et quum ex utroque genere par numerus reliquus esset, veterem cooptari necesse erat legibus ut is amplior numerus esset. Quae quum ita se res haberet, tamen ad istum emptum venerunt ilium locum senatorium non solum veteres verum etiam novi. Fit ut pretio novus vincat literasque a praetore auferat. Agrigentini ad istum legates mittunt qui eum leges doceant consuetudinemque omnium annorum demonstrent, ut iste inteUigeret ei se ilium locum vendidisse, cui ne commercium ' natus.' These rules as to age, occupation, is perhaps more curious than true. and fortune, were taken from the Roman literasque, &c.] ' Literasque a praetore practice. adferat Agrigentum. Agrigentini :' Klotz, 50. T. Manlius] Zumpt says that this from Cod. "Vat. ; which reading may by some is the same person who is called in Livy be preferred. (xxvii. 36) C. Mamilius, and that this colo- commercium'] This term is perhaps nization took place B.C. 207. He does not, hardly used by Cicero with strict propriety however, alter the reading of the text. here. In its legal or political sense it sig- demortuus,] This word is used when nifies generally the power or capacity to the discourse is of a person or thing that buy and sell, not to buy and sell generally, has died or perished, and another is to be but the symbolical buying and seUing which put in its place ; as in an example cited by the Romans called ' mancipatio.' In this Forcellini (Dig. T. 1. 18) : "in locum de- case a thing was sold which was not vend- mortuarum arborum aliae substituendae." ible, and Cicero's expression means, that, See Verr. Lib. 4. c. 5 ; and Mazochi, Tab. admitting it to be a purchase, the purchaser Herac. p. 407, and his note on the words was a man who was incapacitated from ' nisi in demortui damnative locum.' It acquiring. — Klotz has ' cui neque commer- seems that the Romans did not say ' in cium quidem esse oporteret.' But the Cod. mortui locum.' Mazochi's explanation of Vat. has ' esset ;' and, if we take that, we the reason for using the word ' demortuus ' may reject ' oporteret.' See Lib. 3. c. 40. 234 IN C. VERREM quidem esse oporteret. Quorum oratione iste, quum pretium jam accepisset, ne tantulum quidem commotus est. Idem fecit Hera^ cliae. Nam eo quoque colonos P. Rupilius deduxit, legesque similes de cooptando senatu et de numero veterum ac novorum dedit. Ibi non solum iste ut apud ceteros pecuniam accepit, sed etiam genera veterum ac novorum numerumque permiscuit. LI. Nolite exspectare dum omnes obeam oratione mea civitates. Hoc uno complector omnia, neminem isto praetore senatorem fieri potuisse nisi qui isti pecuniam dedisset. Hoc idem transfero in magistratus, curationes, sacerdotia : quibus in rebus non solum hominum jura sed etiam deorum immortalium religiones omnes repudiavit. Syracusis lex est de religione quae in annos singulos Jovis sacerdotem sortito capi jubeat, quod apud iUos amplissimum sacerdotium putatur; quum suffragiis tres ex tribus generibus creati sunt, res revocatur ad sortem. Perfecerat iste imperio ut pro suffragio Theomnastus famUiaris suus in tribus illis renuntia- retur : in sorte cui imperare non poterat exspectabant homines quidnam acturus asset. Homo, id quod erat facillimum, prime vetat sortiri : jubet extra sortem Theomnastum renuntiari. Negant id Syracusani per religiones sacrorum uUo modo fieri posse : fas denique negant esse. Jubet iste sibi legem recitari. Biecitatur, in qua scriptum erat, Ut quot essent renuntiati, tot in hydriam sortes conjicerentur : cujum nomen exisset ut is haberet id sacer- dotium. Iste, homo ingeniosus et peracutus, Optime, inquit: nempe scriptum ita est, quot renuntiati erunt. Quot ergo, inquit, sunt renuntiati? Respondent, tres. Numquid igitur oportet nisi Heracliae.'] Zumpt gives ' Heracliae ' was lowered, having continued more than in place of the common reading ' Heracleae,' three hundred years." It lasted then till from Lag. 42 (pr. m.) ; and he says that the Sicilians got the Latinitas or Jus Latii, the best MSS. always have ' HeracUenses.' in B.C. 44 (Ad Att. xiv. 12). The terminations -ia and -ea may have been The word ' capere ' is a Latin expression used indifferently by the Romans to repre- applied to the election of the Vestals and sent the Greek net. ministers of rehgion. See Gellius, i. 12. — 51. Jovis sacerdotem] Diodorus (xvi. ' capi jubebat ' was the reading of Gruter, 70) says that " Timoleon, after having made which thence passed into other editions ; the younger Dionysius retire from Syracuse but it was, according to Zumpt, merely a (B.C. 356), established the annual most ho- typographical error. Ernesti restored 'ju- iiourable office, which the Syracusans call beat.' Compare ' oporteat ' at the begin- the ministry (aii is rightly explained by the addition of On the same authority he omits ' ne ' after ' centena miUia,' as appears from the amount 'tantum,' but his reason is not worth much, of the tax, which was » twentieth of the Itisnot, however, wanted: " I say nothing value. For twenty times sixty thousand of the honey : but such a quantity of Malta make twelve times a hundred thousand, vests— as if you were going to dress out even The_abbreviation of ' duodecies ' m Lag. 42 your friends' wives— such a number of is m cc. The horizontal stroke denotes a couches, as if you were going to furnish the thousand, but the stroke is often omitted. ' viUae ' of all of them." Klotz has ' tan- Klotz has ' HS » cc' tumne.' It appears that the export duty was a 75. ut vobis triennii, &c.] Comp. Lib. twentieth. A twentieth on goods was a 5 c. 70: 'venitmihi in mentem M. Cato- • common charge ; and,ifthey were not valued nis :' and Act. 1. u. 18. too high, five per cent, is a more moderate alio local ' L'b. 4. c. 26. duty than many modern nations have been fitrta praetoris quae essenf] ' Things content with. See Thucydides, vu. 28. 262 m C. VERREM libellis, cete'ri remoti et diligentius sunt reconditi : nos tamen, ut omnes intelligant hoc nos sine cupiditate agere, his ipsis libellis contenti sumus. LXXVI. Nunc ad sociorum tabulas accepti et expensi, quas removere honeste nuUo modo potuerunt, et ad amicum tuum Carpinatium revertemur. Inspieiebamus Syracusis a Ciarpinatio confectas tabulas societatis, quae significabant multis nominibus eos homines versuram a Oarpinatio fecisse qui pecunias Verri dedissent. Quod erit vobis luce clarius, judices, turn quum eos ipsos produxero qui dederunt. Intelligetis enim ilia tempora per quae, quum essent in periculo, pretio sese redemerunt, cum socie- tatis tabulis non solum consulibus verum etiam mensibus convenire. Quum haec maxime cognosceremus et jam in manibus tabulas haberemus, repente aspicimus lituras ejusmodi, quasi quaedam vulnera tabularum recentia. Statim suspicione offensi ad ea ipsa nomina oculos animumque transtulimus. Erant acceptae pecuniae c. vERKUTio c. F. SIC tamen ut usque ad alterum R literae con- starent integrae, reliquae omnes essent in litura. Alterum, tertium, quartum, permulta erant ejusdemmodi nomina. Quum manifesta res, turn flagitiosa litura tabularum atque insignis turpitude tene- retur, quaerere incepimus de Oarpinatio, quisnam is esset Verrutius quicum tantae pecuniae rationem haberet. Haerere homo, versari, rubere. Quod lege excipiuntur tabulae publicanorum quominus Romam deportentur, ut res quam maxime clara ac testata esse posset, in jus ad Metellum Carpinatium voco, tabulasque societatis in forum defero. Fit maximus concursus hominum ; et quod erat 76. versuram] ' Versuram facere' means omit the preposition, for the full expression no more than ' to borrow.' ' Versura solvere,' is ' alicui acceptum ferre ' or ' referre,' where ' to pay by borrowing,' means that a debt the dative depends on the verb. But it ap- still exists, though the creditor is changed, pears from Cicero that the preposition was Cio. Ad Att. V. 21 : ' Salaminii quum Romae also used : " una praepositio est abs, eaque versuram facere veUent;' and Tacit. Ann. nunc tantum in acceptis tabulis manet, et ne vi. 16 : ' postremo vetita versura.' The iis quidem omnium : in reliquo sermone phrase ' versuram facere' is incorrectly ex- mutata est " (Orat. u. 47). See the note in plained by the writer of the article Penus Goeller's edition. in Smith's Diet, of Antiqs. j and the pas- versari,'] Most of the MSS. and the sage of Festus cited in support of the expla- older editions have ' aversari,' which is the nation, that it means to borrow money to reading of OreUi and Klotz. Zumpt has pay off an old debt, proves that ' versuram ' versari,' from Cod. Metell. and Lag. 42. facere ' is simply to borrow ; arid then the There is also a reading ' adversari.' ' Ver- text of Festus attempts to explain how the sari ' is supposed to be equivalent to ' ver- phrase originated. See Savigny, Vermischte sat se,' Lib. i. c. 51. Schri/ten ; Zinswucher des M. Brutus ; defero.] The best MSS. are said to Forcellini, Versura. have ".defert,' which Klotz has. But there acceptae, &c.] Orelli reads ' erant accep- is no sense in this reading unless we also tae pecuniae A.C.Verrutio C.F.,'and so does write ' tabulas ' without ' que.' the Variorum edition. Zumpt and Klotz ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 263 Oarpinatii nota cum isto praetore societas ac feneratio, summe exspectabant omnes quidnam in tabulis teneretur. LXXVII. Rem ad Metellum defero, me tabulas perspexisse sociorum, in his tabulis magnam rationem 0. Verrutii permultis nominibus esse ; meque hoc perspicere ex consulum mensiumque ratione, hunc Verrutium neque ante adventum 0. Verris neque post decessionem quidquam cum Oarpinatio rationis habuisse : postulo ut mihi respondeat qui sit iste Verrutius, mei'cator, an negotiator, an arator, an pecuarius ; in Sicilia sit an jam decesserit. Clamare omnes ex conventu, neminem unquam in SiciHa fuisse Verrutium. Ego instare ut mihi responderet quis esset, ubi esset, unde esset; cur servus societatis qui tabulas conficeret semper in Verrutii nomine certo ex loco mendosus esset. Atque haec pos- tulabam, non quo ilium cogi putarem oportere ut ad ea mihi responderet invitus, sed ut omnibus istius furta, illius flagitium, utriusque audacia perspicua esse posset. Itaque Ulum in jure metu conscientiaque peccati mutum atque exanimatum ac vix vivum relinquo : tabulas in foro summa hominum frequentia exscribo : adhibentm' in exscribendo de conventu viri primarii : literae liturae- que omnes assimulatae, expressae, de tabulis in libros transferuntur. Haec omnia summa cura et diligentia recognita et coUata, et ab hominibus honestissimis obsignata sunt. Si Carpinatius mihi turn respondere noluit, responde mihi nunc tu, Verres, quem esse hunc tuum paene gentilem Verrutium putes. Fieri non potest ut, quem video te praetore in Siciha fuisse et quem ex ipsa ratione intelligo locupletem fuisse, eum tu in tua provincia non cognoveris. Atque adeo, ne hoc aut longius aut obscurius esse possit, procedite in 77. mercator, an negotiator, &c.] See think.—' ad ea :' ' ad ' is from the Cod. Lib. 2. u. 3 : " mercibus suppeditandis," Vat., and perhaps properly added. &c. ™ jure] " Before the praetor." See servus] There is no reason why this Lib. 3. u. 15. should not be talcen literally to signify a in exscribendo'] This passage is worthy slave who was employed in keeping ac- of note, as showing the way in which docu- counts. Hotmann supposes the 'servus mentary evidence was secured when the societatis ' to be one who ' Syracusis ope- originals could not be produced at the trial, rum dabat societati,' as opposed to the In this case there was an exception in fa- ' magister,' an absurd explanation. Manu- vour of the ' publicani.' Accordingly copies tius says the same, and adds that the were made and attested. — 'de conventu' ' servus ' is Carpinatius. Cave credideris. seems better than ' ex conventu,' which — ' qui tabulas confecerit :' Klotz, from Klotz has from Cod. Vat. Cod. Vat. ; but incorrectly, I think. gentilem] The resemblance between certo ex loco] ' Beginning from a cer- Verres and Verrutius is the foundation of tain place in the entries.' Klotz, from Cod. this remark of Cicero, though Verres was Vat., has ' certo in loco,' which Creuzer and not a gentile name. Moser take to be the true reading. But Atque adeo,] Comp. Lib. 2. u. 1 : " At- ' certo ex loco ' is quite as consistent with que adeo, ante quam," &c. Cicero's statement, and more intelligible, I * 264 IN 0. VERREM medium, atque explicate descriptionem imaginemque tabularum, ut omnes mortales istius avaritiae non jam vestigia sed ipsa cubilia videre possint. LXXVIII. Videtis Veeeutium ? videtis primas literas integras? videtis extremam partem nominis, caudam illam verrinam, tam- quam in luto demersam esse in litura? Sic habent se tabulae, judices, ut videtis. Quid exspectatis ? quid quaeritis amplius ? Tu ipse, Verres, quid sedes? quid moraris? nam aut exhibeas nobis VeiTutium necesse est aut te esse Verrutium fateare. Laudantur oratores veteres, Orassi iUi et Antonii, quod crimina diluere dilu- cide, quod copiose reorum causas defendere solerent. Nimirum illi non ingenio solum his patronis sed fortuna etiam praestiterunt. Nemo enim tunc ita peccabat ut defensioni locum non relinqueret : nemo ita vivebat ut nulla ejus vitae pars summae turpitudinis esset expers : nemo ita in manifesto peccatu tenebatur ut, quum impu- dens fuisset in facto, tum impudentior videretur si negaret. Nunc vero quid faciat Hortensius [patronus] ? Avaritiaene crimina fru- galitatis laudibus deprecetur 2 At hominem flagitiosissimum, libidi- ipsa cubilia] Creuzer and Moser com- pare Cicero, In Pisonem, u. 34 : '* An vero tu paruta putas," &c. 78. caudant] The end of the name of Verres. There is a delicious note of Hot- mann on this passage, which I copy out, for fear that it should be lost : " extremi- tatem. Sumpta videtur translatio a bestia cujus Cauda extra cubile extans index est earn ibi delitescere." Did Hotmann ever see a beast in its ' cubile,' with its taU. on the outside, keeping watch, instead of the head ? Cicero could not refrain from a joke on the name of Verres, on which Nannius acutely remarks : " festive autem Verrem caudatum fecit, alludens ad id quod Verres suem significat." There is, however, an objection to this explanation, for a pig's taU is too short to trail in the mud. But this difficulty may be removed by comparing another passage, in which Verres is a hog wallowing in the mire (Lib. 4. u. 1.5) : " luto volutatum." The genuine reading appears to be ' coda,' and not 'cauda.' The reading of Klotz, ' Verrinam ' for ' Verris,' is an improve- ment, and what is intended in Cod. Vat., though the real reading there is ' Verris nam.' exhibeas^ ' Exhibere ' is a word of art, to produce for various purposes. The title of the Digest (10. 4), Ad exhibendum, is the best comment upon it. The following passage from Gains (Dig. 10. tit. 4. s. 13) will explain the text : " si liber homo de- tineri ab aliquo dicatur, interdictum adver- SU3 eum qui detihere dicitur de exhibendo eo potest quis habere." The person who detained the free man was obhged to pro- duce him, that the question of freedom might be tried. See also Dig. 48. tit. 3, De Custodia et exhibitione reorum, an In- structive title, from which we learn that accused persons could be out on bail, but the bail must produce them or pay (s. 4) : " si quis reum criminis, pro quo satisdedit, non exhibuerit, poena pecuniaria plectitur." We have the name ' exhibit ' in chancery proceedings, which is the Ron; an name, but not the thing. Crassi — et Antonii,'] The orators M. Antonius and L. Lucinius Crassus. nemo ita vivebat . . . negaret.] These Tyords are quoted by Gellius, xiii. 20, who observes that he found ' peccatu ' written 'in uno atque altero antiquissimae iidei libro Tironiano ;' and he defends the form ' peccatu ' by like instances. ' Peccatu ' is also in Lag. 42 (Zumpt). At hominem] This passage is thus quoted by GeUius (vi. 16) : " Nunc vero quid faciat Hortensius ? Avaritiaene crimina, &c. An hominem . . defendat," which variation may be either owing to the carelessness of Gel- lius, in not looking further, or to his copy- ists. It is an instance, however, of the CMe ACT. II. LIBER SECUNDUS. 265 nosissimum, nequissimumque defendit. An ab hac ejus infamia, nequitia, vestros animos in aliam partem fortitudinis comme- moratione traducat? At homo inertior, ignavior, magis vir inter mulieres, impura inter viros muliercula proferri non potest. At mores commodi. Quis contumacior? quis inhumanior? quis superbior? At haec sine cujusquam malo. Quis acerbior? quis insidiosior? quis crudelior unquam fuit? In hoc homine atque in ejusmodi causa quid facerent omnes Orassi et Antonii? Tantum, opinor, Hortensi : ad causam non accederent, neque in alterius impudentia sui pudoris existimationem amitterent. Liberi enim ad causas solutique veniebant ; neque committebant ut, si impudentes in defendendo esse noluissent, ingrati in deserendo existimarentur. that we should take in adopting the read- ings of single passages which are quoted by ancient writers ; for they were often mis- quoted. Here the context disproves the reading in the text of Gellius. As to the omission of ' patronus,' the text of Gellius cannot be decisive ; but it seems irom Zumpt's remark to be only in Lag. 42 (p. m.). An ah hac ejus] ' An ab hac illius :' Klotz. Liberi, &c.] Klotz observes that this is an allusion to the relationship that subsisted between Verres and Hortensius, who is said to have received from Verres many costly works of art, and he was therefore not ' liber et solutus,' being under obligations to him. He also came within the terms of the Lex Cincia de donis et muneribus, at least if he had received any presents for de- fending Verres. Among other things, Hor- tensius is said to have received a sphinx of excellent workmanship, about which a joke of Cicero's is recorded by Plutarch (Cicero, c. 7) ; Quintilian (Inst. Or. vi. c. 3. § 93) j and Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 18). In place of ' noluissent,' some editions have ' Toluissent ;' and ' voluissent ' is the reading of Lag. 29 and 42. These two words have sometimes been interchanged in the MSS. ; but * noluissent ' is clearly the right rteading here. ' These old orators used to come to a case perfectly free and unshackled, and they took care not to act in such a way that, if they had not chosen to be shameless enough to undertake a defence, they could be charged with ingratitude for declining it.' AOTIONIS SEOUNDAE IN C- VERREM LIBER TERTIUS. DE FRUMENTO. I. Omnes qui alterum, judices, nullis impulsi inimicitiis, nulla privatim laesi injuria, nuUo praemio adducti, in judicium rei pub- licae causa vocant, providere debent non solum quid oneris in prae- sentia tollant, sed etiam quantum in omnem vitam negotii suscipere Fnimentum.'i This oration is entitled ' Frumentaria,' or ' De Frumento,' and treats of the mal-administration of Verres with respect to the products of Sicily, which are included under the term ' Fru- mentum.' In the last chapter of this ora- tion, Cicero enumerates the various kinds of imposts which related to the ' Frumen- tum ' in SicUy : " Quum unae decumae lege et conditione detrahantur, alterae novis in- stitutis propter aunonae rationem imperen- tur, ematur praeterea frumentum quotan- nis publice, postremo etiam in cellam ma- gistratibus et legatis imperetur." The na- ture of these several imposts is explained by Cicero (c. 5, &c.). The oration treats (c. 6 — 69) of the Frumentum decumauum ; then (c. 70 — 80) of the Frumentum emp- tum; and lastly (c. 81—97) of the Fru- mentum aestimatum. The word ' Frumentum ' contains the same element as 'fruges' and 'fructus.' A word Uke this must have had a legal or technical meaning, for it would occur both in testaments and contracts, and accord- ingly its meaning must be settled. Gallus (Dig. 50. 16. 77), quoted by Paulus, ex- plains "frumentum id esse quod arista in se teneat : lupinum vero et fabam fruges potius dici, quia non arista sed siliqua con- tinentur, quae Servius apud Alfenum in frumento contineri putat." Pliny (H. N. xviii. 7- ed. Harduin) makes 'fruges' a general term, and divides ' fruges ' into two kinds ; *' sunt autem duo prima earum ge- nera : frumenta, ut triticum, hordeum ; et legumina, ut faba, cicer. Differentia vero notior quam ut indicari deceat." The Greek word irtroe corresponds to ' fiiimen- tum ;' for under the general term uXtoq is placed Ti-vpoi (wheat) and Kpi9ai (barley), as species. We have no English word which distinctly represents the grasses which contain cereal products. The word ' grain ' is perhaps the nearest. The word ' triticum,' which Cicero often uses in this oration, is ' wheat,' and ' hor- deum ' is ' barley.' That the ' triticum ' is the same as our wheat, and that it has not been essentially changed in the course of many centuries, is proved by the grains that have been found in Egypt in the tombs of Thebes ; and there is the same evidence for the permanence of the cha- racter of the ' hordeum ' or barley. Cicero does not mention any other cerealia in this oration than the ' triticum ' and the ' hor- deum.' 1. in praeseniia] Zumpt refers to Ci- cero, Ad Fam. ii. 10, for an example of ' in praesenti :' " hoc ad te in praesenti scrip- si," where the reading may be wrong. As to the Latinity of ' in praesentia,' see For- cellini. — ■ sed etiam :' Klotz, following Cod. ACT. II. LIBEE TERTIUS. 267 conentur. Legem enim sibi ipsi dicunt innocentiae virtutumque omnium qui ab altero rationem vitae reposcunt; atque eo magis, si id, ut ante dixi, faciunt nulla re commoti alia nisi utilitate eommuni. Nam qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut corrigat mores aliorum ac peccata reprehendat, quis huic ignoscat, si qua in re ipse ab religione officii declinarit ? Quapropter hoc etiam magis ab omni- bus ejusmodi civis laudandus ac diligendus est, quod non solum ab re publica civem improbum removet, verum etiam se ipsum ejus- modi fore profitetur ac praestat ut sibi non modo eommuni voluntate virtutis atque officii, sed etiam vi quadam magis neces- saria recte sit honesteque vivendum. Itaque hoc, judices, ex homine clarissimo atque eloquentissimo, L. Crasso, saepe auditum est, quum se nuUius rei tarn poenitere diceret quam quod C. Carbonem unquam in judicium vocavisset; minus enim liberas omnium rerum voluntates habebat, et vitam suam pbiribus quam vellet observari oculis arbitrabatur. Atque ille his praesidiis ingenii fortunaeque munitus tamen hac cura continebatur, quam sibi nondum confirmato consilio sed ineunte aetate susceperat. Quo minus etiam praecipitur eorum virtus et integritas, qui ad banc rem adolescentuli quam qui jam firmata aetate descendunt. lUi enim, antequam potuerunt existimare quanto liberior vita sit eorum qui neminem accusarint, gloriae causa atque ostentationis accusant : nos, qui jam et quid facere et quantulum judicare pos- semus ostendimus, nisi facile cupiditates nostras teneremus, nun- Vat., omits ' etiam.' — ' continentiae virtu- " illud etiam ingenii magni est, praedpere tumque omnium :' Orelli and Klotz. cogitatione futura," &c. Here he means Jioc . . quod^ The common reading is to say : *' for this reason, it is not so easy ' qui,' for which Zumpt, I think properly, to form a conjecture of the integrity of writes ' quod,' which refers to ' hoc' — ' ab young men who become accusers, for they re publica . . removet.' This use of the have not lived long enough to be tried, as preposition with ' removet ' is doubtful in to form a conjecture of the integrity of Cicero, according to Zumpt. But there is those who become accusers at a more ad- ' removent ab oc quam 0. Marcellus, qui ab aequitate, ab lege, ab institutis non recesserunt ? An tibi unius anni aut biennii ratio fuit habenda, salus provinciae, commoda rei frumentariae, ratio rei publicae in posteritatem fuit negligenda? Quum rem ita constitutam accepisses ut et populo Romano satis frumenti ex Sicilia suppeditaretur, et aratoribus tamen arare atque agros colere expediret, quid effecisti ? quid assecutus es ? Ut populo Romano nescio quid te praetore ad decumas accederet, deserendas arationes relinquendasque curasti. Successit tibi L. Metellus. Tu innocentior quam Metellus? tu laudis et honoris cupidior? Tibi quamvis et te, Scc.J Klofcz has from Cod. has. The common order is ' ut pecunia pro Vat. : ' quantum vis et te,' &c. If ' quan- his decumis,' &c. These variations in the turn vis ' is right, it is certainly not the order of words easily happen in copying common form of expression, which is* quam- from a common original, and are the most vis.' It is more usual to place * quamvis ' common of variations in the text of Cicero, nearer the word which it quaUfies, which and of other ancient writers also. Itis use- here is 'ingeniosos.' Zumpt says that ful now and then to note a few, even though, * quamvis ' is said for ' quantum vis,' which as in this instance, it may be difficult or im- I do not believe. It is said for what it is. possible to decide which is more probably His note is " quamvis secundum originem the genuine language of Cicero, suam pro quantumvis dici, et adverbialiter quod plusj Zumpt has ' quo plus,' which (non conjunctionaliter) cum aliis Adverbiis I hardly understand, notwithstanding his vel Adjectivis componi, ut h. I. qifamvis in- explanation. * Quod plus ' is the common geniosos, non est quod multis doceam." In reading, that is, of the editions, and also of Lib. 5. c. 5, there is ' expectate facinus Cod. Vat. ; and it seems more easily ex- quam vultis improbum,' where ' quam ' has plained than the other : ' What is taken a reference to a ' tam ' suppressed. I can over and above what is due, that is to be hardly suppose Zumpt to mean that ' tam ' considered as bought, not as enforced.' and ' quam ' are the same as ' tantum ' and Tibi enim consulatus, &o.] Said ironi- ' quantum.' cally : ' you were trying to secure the consul- ut pro his decumis pecunia] This is the ship, I suppose ; Metellus was careless about order of Lag. 42 and Cod. Vat., which Klotz obtaining an office which his father and V 290 IN 0. VERREM enim consulatus quaerebatur, Metello paternus honos et avitus negligebatur. Multo minoris vendidit non modo quam tu, sed etiam quam qui ante te vendiderunt. XVII. Quaero, si ipse excogitare non potuerat quemadmodum quam plurimo venderet, ne tua quidem recentia proximi praetori'5 vestigia persequi poterat, ut tuis pvaeclaris abs te principe inventis et excogitatis edictis atque institutis uteretur? lUe vero tum se minime Metellum fore putavit si te ulla in re imitatus esset ; qui ab urbe Roma, quod nemo unquam post hominum memoriam fecit, quum sibi in provinciam proficiscendum putaret, literas ad Siciliae civitates miserit, per quas hortatur et rogat ut arent, ut serant. In beneficio Praetor hoc petit aliquanto ante adventum suum : et simul ostendit se lege Hieronica venditurum, hoc est, in omni ratione decumarum nihil isti simile facturum. Atque haec non cupiditate aliqua scribit inductus ut in alienam provinciam literas mittat ante tempus, sed ponsilio, ne si tempus sationis praeterisset granum de provincia Sicilia nullum haberemus. Cognoscite Metelli literas. literae l. metelli. XVIII. Hae literae, judices, L. Metelli, quas audistis, hoc quantum est ex Sicilia frumenti homotini exaraverunt : glebam commosset in agro decumano Siciliae nemo, si Metellus hanc epistolam non misisset. Quid MeteUo divinitus hoc venit in men- tem, an ab Siculis qui Romam frequentissimi convenerant nego- tiatoribusque Siciliae doctus est? quorum quanti conventus ad grandfather had enjoyed. Metellus sold petitum est ab Apronio ;" and we have only them lower, not only than you, but lower to suppose ' in beneficio ' to be equivalent than your predecessors did.' Cicero means to ' in beneficii loco.' Cicero tells us the to say, he did all that he could under the same thing again (c. 22) : ' Metellus . . . ut circumstances. sererent quam plurimum ;' but there is no- 17. Quaero, . . .potuerat'] ' Quaero . . . thing in that passage which helps us here, poterat :' Klotz. isti simile'] Klotz from Cod. Vat. has In beneficio, &c.] The text is the same 'istius simile,' which may be the true read- as that of Klotz, except that he has ' populi ing, though I doubt. (See page 249, note.) Romani ' before ' praetor,' which two words — ' de provincia ' is also the reading of Cod. Cod. Vat. omits. His reading and pointing Vat., in place of the common reading, ' ex are founded on the Cod. Vat. Zumpt and provincia.' — After ' Metelli literas,' Zumpt Orelli have ' ut serant in beneficio Populi has ' Recita epistolam L. Metelli.' The Romani. Et hoc petit,' &c. Zumpt explains reading of Cod. Vut., followed by Klotz, is: 'in beneficio' thus: "In praepositionem 'Cognoscite Metelli litteras. Epistula L. omnes libri praeter Nannianum agnoscunt, Metelli.' rectissime, nam beneficium est in agris, quos 18. homotini] ' The produce of the populus Romanus vi ceperat, Siculisque year.' The word is a longer form of ' hor- concesserat, non in serendo." Thus ' in nus,' an adjective, which signifies ' the pro- beneficio ' is equivalent to ' in agria populi duce of the season ' (hora). HoracQ» Epod. Romani,' an explanation which we cannot ii. 47, has " Et horna dulci vina promens accept. Klotz appears to have hit on the dolio," where the scholiast in the note has true explanation of the passage. He com- the expression ' hornotinum vinum.' There pares c. 48 : " atque hoc in beneficii loco is also ' annotinus.' ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 291 IMarcelJos, antiquissimos Siciliae patronos, quanti ad On. Pompeium, consulem designatum, ceterosque illius provinciae necessaries, fieri soliti sint quis ignorat? Quod quidem judicium nullo unquam de homine factum est, ut absens accusaretur ab iis palam quorum in bona liberosque summum imperium potestatemque haberet. Tanta vis erat injuriarum ut homines quidvis perpeti quam non de istius improbitate deplorare et conqueri mallent. Quas literas quum ad omnes civitates prope suppliciter misisset Metellus, tamen antiquum modum sationis nulla ex parte assequi potuit : diffugerant enim permulti, id quod ostendam ; nee solum arationes sed etiam sedes suas patrias istius injuriis exagitati reliquerant. Non mehercule criminis augendi causa, judices, dicam : sed quem ipse accepi oculis animoque sensum, hunc vere apud vos et ut potero planissime exponam. Nam, quum quadriennio post in Siciliam venissem, sic mihi affecta visa est ut hae terrae solent in quibus bellum acerbum diuturnumque versatum est. Quos ego campos antea collesque nitidissimos viridissimosque vidissem, hos ita vastatos nunc ac desertos videbam ut ager ipse cultorem desiderare ac lugere dominum videretur. Herbitensis ager, Hen- nensis, Murgentinus, Assorinus, Imacharensis, Agyrinensis, ita relictus erat ex maxima parte ut non solum jugerum sed etiam dominorum multitudinem quaereremus ; Aetnensis vero ager qui solebat esse cultissimus, et, quod caput est rei frumentariae, cam- Cod. Vat. has ' tuum con- An editor has difficulty enough in pre- suletn,' which means 'turn consulem,' which serving a reasonable degree of uniformity- reading Klotz has. — In place of ' quod in the writing of Latin words and expres- quidera judicium,' Cod. Vat. has ' quod sions, but Klotz delights in variations. quidem jud.,' out of which Mai makes hae terrae solenf] Cod. Vat. has ' eae, ' quod quidem judices ;' and this is perhaps &c.,' a variation which I note, that the the true reading. — At the end of this chap- reader may better understand how fre- ter Cod. Vat. has ' relinquerant,' on which quently these two forms, in certain cases, Zumpt remarks, in his Appendix, ' edi- are interchanged or used indifferently, ditque admirabiliter Mains.' Klotz is con- Murgentinus,'] The orthography of this tent with the common form ' reliquerant.' word is somewhat uncertain. The coins Mai is 30 fond of his palimpsest, that he are said to have 'Morgantini.' As to does not even object to coin new words out ' Imacharensis,' there is the like diffi- of it. In Lib. 2. c. 58, th'ere is the read- culty ; for it is uncertain if the name was ing "non, opinor, esset dubium," which ' Imichara,' or ' Imachara,' or ' Machara,' satisiies ordinary men's judgment. But which last Klotz prefers. The modern Cod. Vat. has ' resset ' for ' esset,' a blun- name ' Maccara ' proves nothing either der, the origin of which is palpable ; yet way. Mai takes it under his protection, and be- jugeruni] Cod. Vat. has ' jugorum,' ac- comes the sponsor for a new verb, ' re- cepted by Klotz. The context shows that sum.' 'jugerum' is the true word. ' Quaerere- nec solum] ' Non solum :' Klotz, from mus ' is equivalent to ' desideraremus,' ' I Cod. Vat. looked in vain for ;' and so it is used again Non mehercule] Here Klotz has ' non shortly after in this chapter, mehercule ' (see c. 13, note). u 2 292 IN C. VEREEM pus Leontinus, cujus antea species haec erat ut, quum obsitum vidisses, annonae caritatem non vererere, sic erat deformis atque horridus ut in uberrima Siciliae parte Siciliam quaereremus. Labe- factarat enim vehementer aratores jam superior annus, proximus vero funditus everterat. XIX. Tu mihi etiam audes mentionem facere decumarum ? Tu in tanta improbitate, tu in tanta acerbitate, in tot ac tantis injuriis, quum in arationibus et in earum rerum jure provincia Sicilia con- sistat, eversis funditus aratoribus, relictis agris, quum in provincia tam locuplete ac referta non modo rem sed ne spem quidem ullam reliquam cuiquam feceris, aliquid te populare putabis habere, quum dicis te pluris quam ceteros decumas vendidisse ? Quasi vero aut populus Eomanus hoc voluerit, aut senatus hoc tibi mandaverit ut, quum omnes aratorum fortunas decumarum nomine eriperes, in posterum fructu illo commodoque rei frumentariae populum Roma- num privares ; deinde, si quam partem tuae praedae ad summam decumarum addidisses, bene de re publica, bene de populo Romano meritus viderere. Atque proinde loquor quasi in eo sit iniquitas ejus reprehen- denda, quod propter gloriae cupiditatem, ut aliquos summa frumenti decumani vinceret, acerbiorem legem, duriora edicta interposuerit, omnium superiorum auctoritatem repudiarit. Magno tu decumas vendidisti. Quid si doceo te non minus domum tuam avertisse quam Romara misisse decumarum nomine? quid habet populare oratio tua, quum ex provincia populi Romani aequam partem tu tibi sumpseris ac populo Romano miseris ? quid si duabus partibus campus Leontinus,'] This is tlie exten- and marsheS) which abound with wild fowl, give plain through which the Lissus tiows. After leaving the fens, he came upon a This river is described in ancient times as " noble plain, covered with promising crops entering a lake, and issuing from it in of corn, but without a single inclosure, or two branches, one of which was navigable, even tree." This is now the lake of Biviere, near Len- 19. cuiquam Jeceris,'] ' Cujusquam fe- tini, the site of the ancient Leontini. This ceris :' Klotz, from Lag. 42. He has also lake, "in its greatest winter extent, is about 'cum dicis te,' which seems to be the true nineteen miles in circumference, but it de- reading. Zumpt has ' cum dices.' creases, as the sun advances, to eight or rei frumentdriae, &c.] ' Frumentariae nine, leaving a feculent bed of mud and rei rem publicam privares :' Klotz. marsh on its banks, that, during the sum- proinde'] ' Perinde :' Zumpt and Klotz. mer exhalations, teems with pestilence and oratio] Zumpt, from Lag. 42, which death" (Smyth's Sicily, p. 151!). Smyth seems, as he says, to be preferable to the adds that this inconvenience might be common reading ' ratio,' which Klotz has. easily removed, " as there is a communica- The defence of Verres would be, " I have tion by the rivulet of San Leonardo with sold the ' decumae ' at a high price ;" but the sea, which might easily be deepened." such a defence or declaration would not be This rivulet may be the ancient Terias. calculated to conciliate the good-will of the (Thucyd. vi. 50.) Swinburne describes the people; it would not be ' populare.' plain along the coast as full of ponds ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 293 doceo te amplius frumenti abstulisse quam populo Romano misisse : tamenne putamus patronum tuum in hoc crimine cerviculam jacta- turum et populo se ac coronae daturum? Haec vos antea, judices, audistis : verum fortasse ita audistis ut auctorera rinnorem haberetis sermonemque omnium. Oognoscite nunc innumerabilem pecuniam frumentario nomine ereptam, ut simul illam quoque ejus vocem improbam agnoscatis, qui se uno quaestu decumarura omnia sua pericula redempturum esse dicebat. XX. Audivimus hoc jamdiu, judices : nego quemquam esse vestrum quin saepe audierit socios istius fuisse decumanos. Nihil aliud arbitror falso in istum esse dictum ab iis qui male de isto existimarint nisi hoc. Nam soeii putandi sunt quos inter res communicata est. Ego rem totam fortunasque aratorum omnes istius fuisse dice : Apronium, Venereosque servos, quod isto prae- tore fuit novum genus publicanorum, ceterosque decumanos, pro- curatores istius quaestus et administros rapinarum fuisse dico. Quomodo hoc doces? Quo modo ex locatione ilia columnarum docui istum esse praedatum : opinor, ex eo maxime quod iniquara legem novamque dixisset. Quis enim unquam conatus est jura omnia et consuetudinem omnium commutare cum vituperatione sine quaestu? Pergam atque insequar longius. Iniqua lege ven- debas quo pluris venderes : cur, addictis jam et venditis decumis, cerviculam] An allusion to the theatri- him : for we must consider those as part- cal gesture of Hortensius. Klotz refers to ners whose stock is made common pro- the Brutus (c. 88) ; " raotus et gestus etiam perty, or whose pecuniary interests become plus artis habebat quam erat oratori satis." a joint interest. But,' instead of this part- The ' corona ' is the mass of bystanders, nership existing, I affirm that the whole the crowd generally, as in Ovid, Met. Lib. property and fortunes of the ' aratores ' fell xiii. V. 1 : into the hands of Verres." " Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corona Cicero's language is founded on the legal Surgit ad hos clypei dominus septem- "o*'™ "^ partnership. 'Quos inter res TJlicis Aiax " communicata est - means, that the property of the several partners, if it is a general A passage from the oration Pro Flacco partnership (totorum bonorum, Gains, iii. (c. 28) is aptly cited here: "a judiclbus 148), becomes joint property by virtue of oratio avertitur, vox in coronam turbamque the agreement for »• partnership, and no effunditur." mutual transfer is required. This is the auctorem, &c.] This word is fully ex- doctrine of the Roman law, and the Ian- plained in a note to Lib. 5. c. 22. In place guage is that of Cicero ; " in societate om- of ' omnium ' it has been proposed to write nium bonorum res quae coeuntium sunt ' hominum,' but no MS. variation is noted, continuo communicantur ' (Paulus, Dig. 17. The two words ' homines ' and ' omnes,' in 2. 1). their several cases, are often confounded. addictis — et venditis'] The contract of 20. Nam socii] Cicero's meaning is buyingandselling,intheRomansystem,anfl this : " You have often heard it said that in all legal systems, is complete as soon as the ' decuman!,' or farmers of the ' decu- the thing to be sold and the price are mae,' were his partners. This is, as I agreed on. When this is done, the con- think, the only false charge made against tract of buying and selling is complete. Verres by those who have a bad opinion of Delivery (traditio) and taking possession 294 IN C. VERREM quum jam ad summam decumarum nihil, ad tuum quaestum multum posset accedere, subito atque ex tempore nova nascebantur edicta? Nam ut vadimonium decumano quocunque is vellet pro- mitteretur, ut ex area nisi pactus esset arator ne tolleret, ut ante Kalend. Sext. decumas deportatas haberet, haec omnia jam venditis decumis anno tertio te edixisse dico : quae si rei publicae causa faceres, in vendendo essent pronuntiata ; quia tua causa faciebas, quod erat imprudentia praetermissum, id quaestu ac tempore admonitus reprehendisti. Illud vero cui probari potest, te sine tuo quaestu ac maximo quaestu tantam tuam infamiam, tantum capitis tui fortunarumque tuarum periculum neglexisse ; ut, quum totius Siciliae quotidie gemitus querimoniasque audires, quum, ut ipse dixisti, reum te fore putares, quum hujusce judicii discrimen ab opinione tua non abhorreret, paterere tamen aratores indignis- simis injuriis vexari ac diripi? Profecto, quamquam es singulari crudelitate et audacia, tamen abs te totam alienari provinciam, tot homines honestissimos ac locupletissimos tibi inimicissimos fieri nolles, nisi banc rationem et cogitationem salutis tuae pecuniae cupiditas ac praesens ilia praeda superaret. XXI. Etenim, quoniam summam et numerum injuriarum vobis, ju dices, non possum exponere, singillatim autem de uniuscujusque incommodo dicere infinitum est, genera ipsa injuriarum, quaeso, cognoscite. Nympho est Centuripinus, homo navus et industrius. are no part of the contract, but a different senatus consultis reprehensum," &c. ' Pre- transaction. The word * addictis,' of which hendo ' is to lay hold of with the hand, as examples have occurred before, has, among it seems ; and ' reprehendo ' is to lay hold other significations, that of declaring the of for the purpose of checking or pulling highest bidder at a public auction to be the back. Plautus, Mil. Glor. i. 1. 59 : "quae purchaser; and accordingly Cicero appro- here pallio me reprehenderunt." It has priately says ' addictis et venditis,' for the also the sense of reconsidering, handling ' addictio ' here is part of the contract, and over again, and the Hke : necessary to its completion. Comp. c. 63: ((„„ „„„ -. ,, !• !• . jT . . " — pernoscire " neqne his volmsse te add.cere qui contra F„rt„„„e factum existumetis, an locum Apronmm l.cerentur A passage of Sue- r ehensum, qui praeteritus negUgentia tonms (Caesar c. 50) referred to by For- est."-Te;. Adelph. Prol. 12 celhni, shows the proper use or this vpord : '^ "cui amplissima praedia ex auctionibus 21. navus'] The true writing of the word hastae minimo addixit," where some edi- is ' gnavus ' as we see from the compound tions read ' ei numero ' for ' minimo.' ' ignavus ;' and we have the corresponding (See the note in Burmann's edition.) It Greek form yt rj/afoi-. But the MSS. have is also used as applied to private bargains ' navus,' and Cicero informs us that the (Julian, Dig. 41. 4. 7). See Horace 2 Sat. practice in his time was to write 'navus;' v. 109: "nummo te addicere," and Hein- the orthography had adapted itself to the dorf'snote; but he says nothing of 'addi- pronunciation, for we must suppose tnat cere.' the Romans gave up pronouncing the initial quocunque is vellef] See c. 15, p. 286, note. ' g ' in this and some other words. Cicero's reprehendisti] ' You changed or alter- remark is (Orat. c. 47) : " Noti erant et ed.' Compare c. 35 : "unum hoc aliquot navi et nari, quibus quum in praeponi ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 295 experientissimus ac diligentissimus arator. Is quum arationes magnas conductas haberet, quod homines etiam locupletes, sicut ille est, in Sicilia facere consuerunt, easque magna impensa magno- que instrumento tueretur, tanta ab isto iniquitate oppressus est ut non mode arationes relinqueret, sed etiam ex Sicilia profugeret Romamque una cum multis ab isto ejectis veniret. Fecit ut decumanus Nymphonem negaret ex edicto praeclaro, quod ad nuUam aliam rem nisi ad hujusmodi quaestus pertinebat, numerum jugerum professum esse. Nympho quum se vellet aequo judicio defendere, iste viros optimos recuperatores dat, eundem ilium medicum Cornelium — is est Artemidorus Pergaeus qui in sua patria dux isti quondam et magister ad spoliandum Dianae tem- plum fuit — et haruspicem Volusium, et Valerium praeconem. Nympho, antequam plane constitit, condemnatur. Quanti fortasse quaeritis. Nulla erat edicti poena certa. Frumenti ejus omnis quod in areis esset. Sic Apronius decumanus, non decumam debitam, non frumentum remotum atque celatum, sed tritici septem millia medimnum ex Nymphonis arationibus, edicti poena, non redemptionis aliquo jure tollit. XXII. Xenonis Menaeni, nobilissimi hominis, uxoris fundus oporteret, dulcius visum est, ignoti, ignavi, ignari dicere quam ut Veritas postulabat." He seems to have taken no notice of the Greek forms, which, vrith the Latin com- pounds, explain to us the true forms of these words. Klotz has * gnavus.' Zumpt says that * navus ' is the reading of the MSS. Should we write the word as it ought to be written, if we look to its origin, or should we write it in the text of Cicero in the way in which he says that he would write it himself.'' There cannot be any doubt on this point, I think. instrumento] See c. 50. We may col- lect from this passage that these ' conduc- tores ' (lessees) farmed solely at their own cost, aiid paid a fixed rent. It was not the metayer system. Cicero speaks of them as rich, and farming ' magna impensa mag- noque instrumento,' ' with a great outlay, and a large farming-stock.' It may be ob- served that ' conductas,' if we interpret it strictly, means the contract of ' locatio et conductio,' of which ' merces,' or a money payment, is as essential a part as ' pretium ' (price) is in buying and selling. Gaius (iii. 142): "locatio autem et conductio simili- bus regulis constituuntur : nisi enim merces certa statuta sit, non videtur locatio et con- ductio contrahi." adnullam] 'NuUam ad;' Klotz, from Cod. Vat. — 'ad spohandum :' Cod. Vat. The common reading is ' ad despoliandum.' Artemidorus Pergaeus] Of Perga, a town in Pamphyha. It seems that this Artemidorus had been made a Roman citi- zen, as we may infer from his name, Cor- nelius. Cicero alludes to this part of the plundering of Verres in Lib. 1. c. 21. Frumenti] I prefer making this the be- ginning of a new sentence. The reader will see that it is the answer to ' Quanti fortasse quaeritis.' non redemptionis, &c.] 'Not by any right that he had as undertaker.' I prefer using a genuine word, which expresses the meaning well, though with us in England it is now generally appUed to one peculiar kind of undertaking. A ' decumanus ' was said ' redimere ' or ' conducere ' the ' decu- mae ' (c. 30) ; he could also be said ' emere,' the reason of which has been already ex- plained, p. 275. 22. Menaeni,] The safest orthography seems to be 'Menaeni,' though the MSS. have ' Meneni,' except Cod. Vat., which has ' Menaeffii.' But, as Zumpt observes, and the remark is worth noting, to prevent MSS. being cited where the citation is not appli- cable, that, in the MSS., very often ae 296 IN C. VEEREM erat colono locatus: colonus quod decumanorum injurias ferre non poterat ex agro profugerat. Verres in Xenonem judicium dabat illud suum damnatorium de jugerum professione. Xeno ad se pertinere negabat: fundum elocatum esse dicebat. Dabat iste judicium, Si paret jugera ejus fundi plura esse quam colonus diphthongus is represented by simple e, especially in foreign names. The form on the coins is MENAINQN. The place is called Mevaivov in Diodorus (xi. 78), but the usual Greek form is Mivai. fundus'] A ' fundus ' is an estate in land ; a piece of land as a whole. A ' fun- dus ' was often designated in Italy by some name, as ' Sempronianus.' This ' fundus ' was the property of Xeno's wife, and was le^ (locatus) to a ' colonus.' The word ' colonus,' if we explain the term according to Roman usage, means the lessee of a farm. He who lets the use of a thing is ' locator.' He who promises money for the use of a thing (conductor) is ' Inqui- linus,' if the thing let is a house or lodgings. If it is a piece of cultivable ground, the ' conductor ' is called ' colonus.' Caius, Dig. 19. 2. 25. § 1 : " qui fundum fruendum vel habitationem alicui locavit, si aliqua ex causa fundum vel aedes vendat, curare debet ut apud einptorem quoque eadem pactione et colono frui et inquilino habitare liceat j alioquin prohibitus is aget cum eo ex con- ducto." The annual payment agreed on was 'pensio.' Sometimes there was an agreement for the division of the produce, in which case the ' colonus ' was called ' par- tiarius.' Caius, Dig. 19. 2. 25. § 6 : " ap- paret autem de eo nos colono dicere qui ad pecuniam numeratam conduxit ; alioquin partiarius colonus qua» societatis jure et damnum et lucrum cum domino fundi par- titur." This is the metayer system. The ' coloni ' of the later empire are quite different from these ' coloni ' of Ci- cero's time, who were simply tenant farmers. There are only two passages in the writings of the great Roman jurists in which these later * coloni ' are mentioned. One is an excerpt from Marcian, Dig. 30. s. 112 ; and the other is a rescript of Alexander Severus, of A.D. 225 (Cod. Just. 8. 52. 1). There are passages in which the ' coloni Caeaaris ' are mentioned, which, as Savigny observes, may apply as well to the common free tenant-farmers, as to ' coloni ' in the later sense. Nobody will suppose that the ' co- lonus aratorque vester' of this oration (c. 23) means any thing more than ' colonus' in its original sense. On the later ' coloni,' see Savigny, Vermischte Schriften, vol. ii.. ' Ueber den Romischen Colonat,' a reprint of his essay, with supplementary remarks, JXeno'] The Greek name is Sivuv. The best MSS., including Cod. Vat., have ' Xeno ' for the nominative. "Whether the Romans wrote it so or not, is uncertain. If we write 'Xeno,' we ought to write ' Solo,' and Zumpt observes that it is so in Cicero, De Republica, ii. 1. But I find it written ' tum Draco, tum Solon.' The name ' Xenophon ' belongs to a dif- ferent class, for the crude form is Xeno- phont. fundum elocatum] Zumpt says that this is the reading of aU his MSS., but that some of the old editions have ' locatum.' He says it makes some difference, that it is not mentioned to whom it was let. If so, we should have presently afterwards ' elo- cavisse,' instead of ' locavisse.' Dabat iste judicium,] Klotz has ' dat iste,' &c., following Cod. Vat., from which he also adopts the vicious reading ' si pa- reret ' for ' si paret.' Garatoni, in his note on Divin. c. 17, doubts about the form ' si paret ' here ; that is, ' possetne atque adeo deberet ipsa formula, quo tempore verbi in actu rerum profertur, etiam in in- directa oratione servari' (Zumpt). I don't see how the remark appUes to this passage ; and, if it did, I conceive that the formula would be given in its proper terms. The ' condemnatio ' in the formula is as ex- travagant as the instance in Lib. 2. c. 12, and so far helps to explain that chapter. Xeno, who had no interest in the land, for it was his wife's property, was to pay the penalty of the alleged false return of his wife's tenant. And, even if he had been the owner, the case would have been as bad, for the occupier of the land, the cultivator, was bound to make the return (profiteri). And this was the defence of Xeno. He had not cultivated the land, which was in itself enough (id quod satis erat) ; but, more than that, he was not the owner (dominus) nor the lessor (locator), by which he means, I suppose, that he had not let it for another, though 'locator' is properly said of him who lets his own. In feet, it was his wife's property, and she was accustomed to look after her own affairs (suum negotium ge- rere). — The Cod. Vat. has, in place of 'id ACT. II. LIBEE TERTIUS. 297 esset professus, turn uti Xeno damnaretur. Dicebat ille non modo se non arasse, id quod satis erat, sed nee dominum ejus esse fundi nee loeatorem : uxoris esse ; earn ipsara suum negotium gerere : ipsam locavisse. Defendebat Xenonem homo summo splendore et summa auctoritate praeditus, M. Oossutius. Iste nihilominus judicium [HS lxxx] dabat. llle tametsi reeupera- tores de cohorte latronum sibi parari videbat, tamen judicium accepturum se esse dicebat. Turn iste maxima voce Venereis imperat ut Xeno audiret, dum res judicetur, hominem ut asser- vent ; quum judicata sit, ad se ut adducant : et illud simul dixit, se non putare ilium, si propter divitias poenam damnationis con- temneret, etiam virgas contemnere. Hac iUe vi et hoc metu adductus tantum decumanis dedit quantum iste imperavit. XXIII. Polemarchus est Murgentinus, vir bonus atque hones- tus. Is quum pro jugeribus quinquaginta medirana doc decumae imperarentur, quod recusabat domum ad istum in jus eductus est ; et, quum iste etiam cubaret, in cubiculum introductus est, quod quod satis,' the corrupt reading 'id quod satum/ a variation hardly worth noticing, except for the high authority of this MS., and for the fact that an editor could be found to adopt it. Klotz reads ' non arasse id, quod satum erat, sed,' &c. judicium [HS lxxx] dabai.'] The nu- merals seem to be uncertain. Klotz has ' HS I03D,' and OreUi ' HS lxxx millium.' ut Xeno audiret,'] The reading of Klotz is ' ut Xeno adesset, dum res judicaretur : hominem adservent : cum judicata sit,' &c. ' Judicaretpayrig to. xf'^l" There uncertain, owing to the variations of the are various modes of commenting on an MSS., and most immaterial. ' Cogitabam,' author, and this may be to some people's 6aysZumpt,'denomine npo|5pay)7c.' Klotz taste. ^ has ' cui Perirrhagi cognomen est,' with the una te tanturri] Klotz omits ' tantum, x2 308 IN C. VERRBM XXXII. Etenim deinceps videamus, Herbitensis civitas, honesta, et antea copiosa, quemadmodum spoliata ab isto ac vexata sit. At quorum hominum? summorum aratorum, remotissimorum a foro, judiciis, controversiis ; quibus parcere et consulere, homo impuris- sime, et quod genus hominum studiosissime conservare debuisti. Primo anno venierunt ejus agri decumae tritici modium xviir. Atidius, istius item minister in decumis, quum emisset, et praefecti nomine quum venisset Herbitam cum Venereis, locusque ei publico quo deverteretur datus esset, coguntur Herbitenses ei lucri dare following Cod. Vat. After ' incommodis ' he adds ' civitates,' a reading which Zumpt does not notice. He has also from Cod. Vat. * persecuntur/ as to which Zumpt re- marks ' vere quidem.' I suppose he means that Cicero wrote the word so ; or I do not understand in what the ' vere ' consists. Certainly ' persecuntur ' is as good as ' per- secutus ;' but there is nothing gained by adopting this orthography in a single in- stance. It will be some time before Roman orthography is settled. The inscription of Venafrum (c. 30), of the time of Augustus, writes c vivs as the genitive of ' qui ;' and the Lex Thoria, which may be considered as belonging to Cicero's early age, writes avoivs. It also writes PEavNiAE, pekse- avTio, PEavDES, and also pecvdes. It also writes avoi (cui), avoM (quum or cum) ; but no c appears in it in any form of the word 'quo.' The Romans, as it appears, soon came to write ' cuius ' for ' quoius,' as we see in the inscription of Venafrum, which also has cvi (cui), and cvM (cum, the conjunction). This letter a is only followed by v. In this same Thoria Lex we find pecoris. This letter a went out of use in some forms ; but it was stiU retained in a great many, as we may see in any page of a Latin author. See Professor Key's remarks on a in his work entitled " The Alphabet," &c. 32. Heriitensis] The place is Herbita, once a place of some note, and governed by ' tyranni ' (Diod. xii. 8). Its site is sup- posed by some geogi'aphers to be near the sources of the Symaethus. Zumpt places it in a line between Centuripa and Menae, and about half way between these two places. parcere et consulere,'] Cod. Vat. omits ' et,' and so does Klotz, who loves varieties. modium xviii.] These numbers are all uncertain. I have not noticed the different symbols which Klotz has. As an instance, however, of the mode of representing the numbers in Cod. Vat., where they agree with this text, we may take ' tritici modium XXV Dcc,' which is 25700. In this case Klotz has M. ccioo cciao loo ciccc, where M represents ' modium,' and the rest of the symbols respectively, 10000, 10000, 5000, 800, which is 100 more than this text. The Cod. Vat. has ciccc, which is a c too much. For ' accessionis HS cio cro,' Klotz has HS K> M, which is the same thing, namely, 2000. praefecti nomine'] I find no note on this word ' praefecti '"in any of the commenta- ries which I have. Among the various officers in a province, Cicero has already enumerated ' legati,' ' praefecti,' ' tiibuni.' The word ' praefectus ' is so general in its signification, that it is impossible to assign to it any exact meaning, unless something is added to quahfy the term, or unless it be associated with other words which give it a meaning. Where ' tribuni militarcs et prae- fecti ' go together, we must understand some military officer. No description is added here, and nothing is said by which we can conjecture what the ' praefectus ' was in whose name this man came. But Cicero elsewhere uses the word absolutely (Ad Att. vi. 3) : " aut quia praefectus non est, quod ego nemini tribuo negotiatori ;" and again (Ad Att. v. 21) : " Scaptius ad me in castra venit — praefecturam petivit: negavi me cuiquam negotianti dare." These ' prae- fecti' appear to have been persons who were empowered by the governor to admi- nister justice in certain districts. It seems, then, that Atidius came to Herbita as a ' praefectus juri dicundo ' (praefecti no- mine) ; which will explain why a lodging was furnished him by the town. He was both a farmer of the 'decumae' and a ' praefectus.' Cicero tells us, in the pas- sages above cited, that when he was go- vernor of Cihcia, he refused to give a 'praefectura' to any negotiator, lest the som'ces of justice should be corrupted. ACT. II. LIBEE TERTIQS. 309 tritici modium xxxvii millia, quum decumae venissent tritici modium xvm. Atque hoc tantum lucri coguntur dare publice, quum jam privatim aratores ex agris, spoliati atque exagitati decumanorum injuriis, profugissent. Anno secundo quum emisset Apronius decumas tritici modium xxv doc, et ipse Herbitam cum ilia sua praedonum copia mamique venisset, populus publice coactus est ei conferre lucri tritici modium xxi et accessionis HS ciocio. De accessione dubito an Apronio ipsi data sit, merces operae atque impudentiae ; de tritici quidem numero tanto, quis potest dubitare quin ad istum praedonem frumentarium, sicut Agyrinense frumen- tum, pervenerit ? Anno tertio vero in hoc agro consuetudine usus est regia. XXXIII. Solere aiunt barbaros reges Persarum ac Syrorum plures uxores habere, his autem uxoribus civitates attribuere, hoc modo : haec civitas mulieri redimiculum praebeat, haec in collum, haec in crines. Ita populos habent universes non solum conscios libidinissuaeverumetiamadministros. Eandem istius, qui se regem Siculorum esse dueebat, licentiam libidinemque fuisse cognoscite. Aeschrionis Syracusani uxor est Pipa, cujus nomen istius nequitia tota Sicilia pervagatum et pervulgatum est, de qua muliere versus plurimi supra tribunal et supra praetoris caput scribebantur. Hie et accessionis] This is the reading of were made nominally for such and such Cod. Vat., and is perhaps preferable to the . purpose, not because a woman required the common reading ' accessionem,' for the revenue of a whole district to keep her hair genitive is of the same form as ' lucri.' or head-gear in order. When Artaxerxes operae, &c.] The common reading is provided royally for the traitor Themistocles 'merces operae pretiumque impudentiae.' (Thucyd. i. 138), by giving him Magnesia The text is the same as that of Cod. Vat. as bread, Lampsacus as wine, and so forth, — ' Anno tertio vero :' IClotz, from Cod. Vat. the Greek made something of his bread, Zumpt has ' anno vero tertio.' for it amounted to fifty talents the year, 33. barbaros reges] By ' Syrorum,' rather more than he and his household Cicero cannot mean the Greek kings of would consume. See Athenaeus also, Lib, Syria, but he must mean the Assyrians ; i. p. 29, ed. Casaub. for the names Syrian and Assyrian are often Ms autem uxoribus'] ' iis autem,' &c. : confounded. Whatever the practice may Klotz. have been with the barbarian Syrian or esse dueebat,] ' Sic Nannianus, nostri Assyrian kings, it was the fashion with the omnes dicebat ' (Zumpt) ; and Cod. Vat. Persians. Klotz quotes the, passage of also. Zumpt has 'dueebat;' Klotz 'dice- Plato from the first Alcibiades, p. 123 : bat.' We can hardly suppose that Verres iizii TTOT eyw iJKOvaa avSpbg d JioTriffrou, called himself King of Sicily, or that Cicero &c. Xenophon, in his Anabasis, mentions meant to say that he did. certain villages, which the army came to, pervagatum et pervulgatum est,] The that were set apart for the girdle of Queen reading of Cod. Vat. Zumpt has in his Parysatis (i. 4, 10). text ' Sicilia pervulgatum est.' In his Ap- Klotz refers to Bottiger's Sabina to show pendix, where he notices the readings of that these extravagant dames of antiquity Cod. Vat., he tells us to read ' Sicilia per- could spend the income of a whole com- vagatum est.' It is rather doubtful if we munity on such ornaments as Cicero alludes ought to keep both words, to. This may be so ; but it seems jnore versus plurimi] It seems that Verres reasonable to consider that these donations could not check the propensity to pasqui- 310 IN 0. VERREM Aeschrio, Pipae vir adumbratus, in Herbitensibus decumis novus instituitur publicanus. Herbitenses quum viderent, si ad Aeschri- onem pretium recidisset, se ad arbitrium libidinosissimae mulieris spoliatum iri, liciti sunt usque eo quoad se efficere posse arbitra- bantur. Suprajecit Aeschrio : neque enim metuebat ne praetore Verre decumana mulier damno affici posset. Addicitur med. viii c dimidia fere pluris quam superiore anno. Aratores funditus ever- tebantur ; et eo magis quod jam superioribus annis afflicti erant ac paene perditi. Intellexit iste ita njagno venisse ut amplius ab Herbitensibus exprimi non posset : demit de capite medimna dc : jubet in tabulas pro med. viii c referri vii d. XXXIV. Hordei decumas ejusdem agri Docimus emerat. Hie est Docimus, ad quem iste deduxerat Tertiam, Isidori mimi filiam, vi abductam ab Rhodio tibicine. Hujus Tertiae plus etiam quam Pipae, plus quam ceterarum, ac prope dicam, tantum apud istum in Siciliensi praetura auctoritas potuit quantum in urbana Cheli- donis. Veniunt Herbitam duo praetoris aemuli non molesti. nade?, in which the Romans have always indulged ; for we may presume that the ' versus ' were Roman rather than Greek, though I would not pretend to decide so important a question. They were written above the seat (tribunal) where the Praetor sat in court. Plutarch tells a like story of words being written on the seat of M. Junius Brutus, for another purpose, when he was Praetor (Brutus, c. 9). But the Sicilians had their songs about Pipa (Lib. 5. c. 31), and a taste for humour (De Or. ii. 54), adumbratus,] Husband in name. It is a painter's term, but it does not mean to make a mere outline, though originally the word may have meant to take a likeness by means of a shadow. It seems sometimes to be used generally of a picture or like- ness. So Aeschrio was the portrait or like- ness of Pipa's husband ; but he was not the real husband. recidisset,'] Lag. 42 and Cod. Vat. have ' resedisset,' which Klotz adopts. The com- mon reading of the MSS. is * redisset.' liciti sunti Here we have an instance of a community bidding for the ' decumae.' They went as high as they thought prudent. But Aeschrio, of course, outbid (suprajecit) them, for he knew that his wife's favour with the ])raetor would save him harmless. — ' Suprajecit ' is the reading of Lag. 42, and probably the true reading. See Zumpt's note. The common reading, and that of Cod. Vat., is ' supra adjecit.' — ' et eo magis quod :' ' adeo magis quod :' Klotz, from Cod. Vat. I have followed Zumpt in the numerals, for they are consistent. de capite] ' From the total.' ' Caput ' is used for any principal sum or amount. Thus it can signify a principal sum of money for which interest is paid : " quinas hie capiti mercedes exsecat," Hor. 1 Sat. ii. 14. 34. Hordei] It appears that in this in- stance, at least, the ' decumae ' of barley were sold or let separately. deduxerat] The common reading is ' qui ad istum deduxerat.' This woman is again mentioned (Lib. 5. o. 12. 31), and in the latter chapter as a married woman. Docimus, it appears, played the part of husband. Klotz has, from Cod. Vat., ' ad- duxerat.' aemuli non molesti,] This is all to the same effect as what he has hinted in c. 33. Aeschrio and Docimus are represented as the rivals of Verres for the favours of Pipa and Tertia, but rivals who did not give him trouble. Cicero represents them as the agents (cognitores) of their wives, for, though the husbands had bought the ' decumae,' it was through the interests of their wives that they had made the bargain. Accord- ingly Cicero represents the women as the principals in the matter. This is said ' ora- torie,' or ' accusatorie,' as Cicero sometimes terms it. ACT. II. LIBER TEETIUS. 311 muliercularum deterrimarum improbissimi cognitores, incipiunt postulare, poscere, minari : non poterant tamen quum cuperent imitari Apronium. Siculi Siculos non tam pertimescebant. Quum omni ratione illi tamen calumniarentur, promittunt Herbitenses vadimonium Syracusas. Eo posteaquam ventum est, coguntur Aeschrioni, hoe est, Pipae, tantura dare quantum erat de capite demptum, tritici mod. iii dc. Mulierculae publicanae noluit ex deeumis nimium lucri dare, ne forte ab nocturno suo quaestu animum ad vectigalia redimenda transferret. Transactum putabant Herbitenses, quum iste, Quid de hordeo, inquit, et de Docimo, amiculo meo quid cogitatis! Atque Hoc agebat in cubiculo, judices, atque in lecto suo. Negabant illi quidquam sibi esse mandatum. Non audio: numerate HS xiT. Quid faeerent miseri ? aut quid recusarent ? praesertim quum in lecto decumanae mulieris vestigia viderent recentia quibus ilium inflammari ad perseverandum intelligebant ? Ita civitas una sociorum atque amicorum, duabus deterrimis mulierculis, Verre praetore, vectigalis fuit. Atque ego nunc eum frumenti numerum et eas publice pecunias decumanis ab Herbitensibus datas esse dico : quo iUi frumento et quibus pecuniis tamen ab decumanorum injuriis cives suos non redemerunt. Per- ditis enim jam et direptis aratorum bonis, haec decumanis merces dabatur ut aliquando ex eorum agris atque ex urbibus abirent. Itaque cum Philinus Herbitensis, homo disertus et prudens, et domi nobilis, de calamitate aratorum et de fuga et de reliquorum paucitate publice diceret, animadvertistis, judices, gemitum populi Eomani, cujus frequentia huic causae nunquam defuit. Qua de paucitate aratorum alio loco dicam. XXXV. Nunc illud quod paene praeterii non omnino relinquen- dum videtur. Nam per deos immortales, quod de capite iste dempsit, quo tandem modo vobis non modo ferendum verum etiam audiendum videtur ? TJnus adhuc fuit post Eomam conditam, dii immortales faxint ne sit alter, cui res publica totam se traderet temporibus et malis coacta domesticis, L. Sulla. Hie tantum Ita . . vectigalis] This is explained by fact which Cicero points at, that a country c. 43 : " omnes denique agros decumanos which hag long been distracted by civU per triennium popnlo Romano ex parte de- commotion readily yields to a bold usurper, cuma, C. Verri ex omni reliquo vectigales Zachariae has written a Life of Sulla, which fuisse." They paid their 'decumae,' but is the- work now usually referred to; but it that was not all. Verrea made them give is not impartial, nor always discriminating, him money too. Plutarch, after his fashion, has drawn a 35. L. Sulla.] The dictator, L. Come- picture of this singular compound of sen- lius Sulla, to whose yoke the Romans had suality, cruelty, and ability, in hia Life of submitted in a mariner that would appear Sulla, incredible, if it were not explained by the 312 IN 0. VERREM potuit ut nemo, illo invito, nee bona nee patriam nee vitam retinere posset : tantum animi habuit ad audaeiam ut dicere in eontione non dubitaret, bona civium Romanorum quum venderet, se praedam suam vendere. Ejus omnes res gestas non solum obtinemus, verum etiam propter majorum inconunodorum et calamitatum metum publica auetoritate defendimus : unum hoe aliquot senatus eonsultis reprehensum, decretumque est ut quibus ille de eapite dempsisset hi peeunias in aerarium referrent. Statuit senatus hoe, ne illi quidem esse licitum, eui eoncesserat omnia, a populo factarum quaesitarumque rerum summas imminuere. Ilium viris fortissimis judiearunt patres conscripti remittere de summa non potuisse ; te raulieri deterrimae recte remisisse senatores judieabunt? Ille, de quo legem populus Romanus jusserat ut ipsius voluntas ei posset esse pro lege, tamen in hoc uno genere, yeterum religione legum, reprehenditur : tu qui omnibus legibus implicatus tenebare libidi- nem tibi tuam pro lege esse voluisti ? In iUo reprehenditur quod ex ea peeunia remiserit quam ipse quaesierat ; tibi coneedetur qui ■ de eapite vectigalium popuh Romani remisisti ? XXXVI. Atque in hoc genere audaeiae multo etiam impuden- tius in deeumis Acestensium versatus est, quas quum addixisset m eontione'] Klotz refers to Cicero, De Off. ii. 8 : " Est enim ausus dicere hasta posita quum bona in foro venderet et bono- rum virorum et locupletium et certe civium, praedam se suam vendere." This insolent tyrant treated the property of proscribed Roman citizens as if it were booty taken from an enemy. ohtinemus,'] ' Maintain all that he did,' in order to maintain tranquillity ; for, after a violent revolution, it is unsafe and impos- sible, all at once at least, to restore a former state of things. Klotz quotes QuintiUan (Inst. ix. 1. § 85), who refers to a lost oration of Cicero, De Liberis Proscripto- rum, in which the same opinion is ex- pressed : " sed ita legibus Sullae cohaerere statum civitatis affirmat ut his solutis stare ipse non possit." After the assassination of Caesar, the conspirators thought of re- scinding his ' acta,' but through fear they did not make the attempt (Sueton. Caesar, c. 82). de eapite"] Rightly explained by Zumpt to refer to the purchasers of the property of the proscribed, who, after agreeing to pay for it, prevailed on the dictator, SuUa, to remit the whole or part of the purchase- money. The words ' a populo factarum,' &c., mean that the senate would not con- sent to diminish the amount of the pro- perty which had been got and acquired by the Roman people. The property of the proscribed citizens was declared public, and accordingly the ' aerarium ' was entitled to the full value of it. — ' aerarium referrent.' Zumpt has 'aerarium deferrent' in his minor edition, and so it is in the English reprint ; a somewhat singular mistake, but Zumpt candidly acknowledges his eiror in his larger edition. He took ' deferrent ' from Lag. 42. 14. 48, " propter auctorita- tem codicis ilUus." * Referre in aerarium,' ' referre rationes,' and the hke, are the usual expressions. ' Deferre ' has a different meaning. See ForceUini. An instance of 'deferre' occurs in Lib. 2. c. 19: "ut quidquid caelati argenti fait in illis bonis ad istum deferatur ;" and there are various other examples of its use in these orations. legem . . jusserat] The usual formula ; ' populus Romanus jubet,' and 'jubere le- gem.' Orelli has retained the false reading 'lege,' which might be safely corrected, even if all the MSS. had it. 36. Aeestensium] Orelli has ' Seges- tensium.' What the MSS. have does not appear quite clear. But no MS. has 'Aces- tensium,' which is Garatoni's emendation, if I understand Zumpt's note right. Pliny ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 813 eidem illi Dochno, hoc est, Tertiae, tritici mod. v, et accessionem adscripsisset HS md, coegit Acestenses a Docimo tantidem publice accipere. Id quod ex Acestensium publico testimonio cognoscite. Recita testimonium publicum. Audistis quanti decumas acceperit a Docimo ci vitas, tritici mod. v, et accessionem. Cognoscite nunc quanti se vendidisse retulerit. lex dkcumis vendundis c. verre PR. Hoc nomine videtis tritici modium ciociocid de capite esse dempta, quae quum de populi Romani victu, de vectigalium nervis, de sanguine detraxisset aerarii, Tertiae mimae condonavit. Utrum impudentius ab sociis abstulit, an turpius meretrici dedit, an impro- bius populo Romano ademit, an audacius tabulas publicas commu- tavit ? Ex horum severitate te uUa vis eripiet aut ulla largitio ? Non eripiet. Sed si eripuerit, non intelligis haec quae jamdudum loquor ad aUam quaestionem atque ad peculatus judicium pertinere ? Itaque hoc mihi reservabo genus totum integrum : ad illam quam institui causam frumenti ac decumarum revertar. Qui quum agros maximos ac feracissimos per seipsum, hoc est, per Apronium, Verrem alterum, depopularetur, ad minores civitates habebat alios quos tamquam canes immitteret, nequam homines et improbos, quibus aut frumentum aut pecuniam publice cogebat dari. XXXVII. A. Valentius est in Sicilia, interpres, quo iste inter- prete non ad linguam Graecam sed ad furta et flagitia uti solebat. Fit hie interpres, homo levis atque egens, repente decumanus ; emit agri Liparensis, miseri atque jejuni, decumas tritici medimnis DC. Liparenses vocantur : ipsi accipere decumas et numerare Valentio coguntur lucri HS. xxx millia. Per deos immortales, utrum tibi sumes ad defensionem! tantone minoris te decumas vendidisse ut ad medimna do xxx millia lucri statim sua voluntate civitas adderet, hoc est, tritici medimnum ti miUia? an, quum magno decumas vendidisses, te expressisse ab invitis Liparensibus hanc pecuniam? Sed quid ego ex te quaero quid defensurus sis (H. N. iii. 14) mentions the Acestaei. ' Se- governor (Ad Div. xiii. 54). Diognetus is gestensium ' cannot be right, for the Ethnic called ' Venereus apparitor,' c. 38. Caesar name in Cicero is ' Segestani.' had interpreters with him in Gaul (Bell. tantidem] Zumpt and Klotz have ' tan- Gall. i. 9). — ' Fit interpres hie :' Zumpt. tundem,' from Lag. 42 only. The com- medimnis dc] There is great confusion mon reading is 'tantidem.' in the MSS., as Zumpt observes, between Sed si eripuerit,'] Klotz, with Cod. Vat., ' modii ' and ' medimna,' as the abbrevia- omits ' sed.' tions mod. med. are easily confounded. peculatus] See Lib. 1. c. 4 and 5, and The true reading here is 'medimnis,' as the notes. appears from the value put on the ' medim- 37. interpres,] Here the word has its num 11 mUha.' See c. 39 : " quum me- sense of interpreter of languages. An in- dimnum asset HS xv." Cicero is clearly terpreter was one of the ' apparitores ' of a speaking of ' medimna ' here. 314 IN 0. VERREM potius quam cognoscam ex ipsa civitate quid gestum sit? Recita testimonium publicum Liparensium, deinde quemadraodum nummi Valentio sint dati. testimonium publicum, quomodo solutum SIT, EX LiTERis puBLicis. Etiamiie haec tam parva civitas, tam procul a manibus tuis atque a conspectu remota, sejuncta a Sicilia, in insula inculta tenuique posita, cumulata aliis tuis majoribus injuriis, in hoc quoque frumentario genere praedae tibi et quaestui fuit? quam tu totam insulam cuidam tuorum sodalium, sicut ali- quod munusculum, condonaras, ab hac etiam haec frumentaria lucra tamquam a mediterraneis exigebantur I Itaque qui tot annis agellos suos ante te praetorem redimere a piratis solebant, iidem seipsos a te pretio imposito redemerunt. XXXVIII. Quid vero a Tissensibus, perparva et tenui civitate sed aratoribus laboriosissimis frugalissimisque horainibus, nonne plus lucri nomine eripitur quam quantum omnino frumenti exara- rant ? ad quos tu decumanum Diognetum Venereum misisti, novum genus publicani. Cur hoc auctore non Romae quoque servi publici ad vectigalia accedunt? Anno secundo Tissenses HS xxi lucri incnlta] ' Inculta tenuique posita in loco :' Klotz, from Cod. Vat. mediterraneis] This use of the word is explained by c. 83 : " Henna est mediter- ranea raaxime ;" nearly in the centre of Sicily. See also Lib. 5. c. 27- It may be observed, that the application of this word to the Mediterranean Sea was not made by the Roman writers, and could not well be made consistently with the meaning of the word. ante te praetorem] Cod. Vat. has ' te praetore,' which Klotz adopts. Zumpt says of ' te praetore,' which is the reading of Lag. 42, for he had not at that time seen the reading- of Cod. Vat., " quod magnopere placeret, quippe conjunctum cum Verris in- famia, si tot annis recte dici de tribus vide- retur posse." This is a mistaken view. The Liparenses, before the time of Verres, hjid to ransom theirpropertyfromthe pirates. Verres played the part of pirate to them. Cicero appears to be speaking only of Lipare, now Lipari, the largest and the richest of the group of the Aeolian islands. It is about eighteen miles and a quarter in circuit, and contains at present about 12,000 persons. *'The interior of the country forcibly recalls to the memory the ' agri Liparensis, miseri atque jejuni,' of Cicero ; for it is singularly rugged and broken, pre- senting sterile hills of volcanic glass, por- phyritic lava, pumice, and other vitrifica- tions ; many of which must be more than three thousand years old, and yet exhibit no symptoms whatever of decomposition. — There are also two large but unequal plains ; the one to the northward is called Piano Grande, and the other Piano de' Conti : the soil of both is chiefly an argillaceous tufa, mixed with various decompositions ; and, as they are well cultivated, they produce fine fruit, cotton, pulse, olives, . and other vege- tables, besides a three months' supply of corn for the island " (Smyth's Sicily, p. 265). These Aeolian islands would natu- rally attract pirates, for the people, though poor, had still something, and they could make no great resistance. Captain Smyth adds, that " the people are accounted expert throwers of stones ; a valuable talent in an unarmed population, exposed to predatory excursions from pirates." But stones would not keep Verres away. 38. accedunt ?] Klotz has ' accedant,' from Cod. Vat. ' Hoc auctore ' means, when Diognetus sets such an example. ' Accedere ad vectigalia' signifies, to become farmers of the public revenue. The Thermitani (c. 42) gave Venuleius a handsome sum, ' ne accedat,' that he should not meddle with the contract. Communities (res pub- licae) often owned slaves, who were ' servl pubhci ;' and Cicero considers the ' Venerei ' of this class. Tissenses] The city is Tissae {Tiaaai ACT. II. LIBEE TERTIUS. 815 dare coguntur inviti: tertio anno xTi mod. tritici lucri Diogneto Venereo dare coacti sunt. Hie Diognetus, qui ex publicis vecti- galibus tanta lucra facit, vicarium nullum habet, nihil omnino peculii. Vos etiamnunc dubitate, si potestis, utrum tantum nume- rum tritici Venereus apparitor istius sibi acceperit an huic exegerit. Atque haee ex publico Tissensium testimonio cognoscite. testi- monium PUBLICUM TISSENSIUM. Obscure, judices, praetor ipse decumanus est, quum ejus appari tores frumentum a civitatibus exigant, pecunias imperent, aliquanto plus ipsi lucri auferant quam quantum populo Eomano decumarum nomine daturi sunt. Haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas, ut servos Venereos Siculorum dominos esse veUes : hie delectus, hoc dis- crimen, te praetore fuit, ut aratores in servorum numero essent, servi in publicanorum. XXXIX. Quid Amestratini miseri, impositis ita magnis decumis ut ipsis reliqui nihil fieret, noime tamen numerare pecunias coacti sunt? Addicuntur decumae M. Caesio, quum adessent legati Amestratini : statim cogitur Heraclius legatus numerare HS xxii. Quid hoc est ? quae est ista praeda ? quae vis ? quae direptio sociorum 2 Si erat Heraclio ab senatu mandatum ut emeret, emisset : si non erat, qui poterat sua sponte pecuniam numerare ? Caesio renuntiat se dedisse. Cognoscite renuntiationem ex literis publicis. LiTERAE PUBLicAE. Quo seuatus consulto erat hoc legato permissum ! nullo. Cur fecit ? coactus est. Quis hoc dicit ? tota civitas. Recita testimonium publicum, testimonium pub- licum. Ab hac eadem civitate anno secundo simili ratione extor- or Tiffffa), from whicli the Roman Ethnic lybiug speaks of it as a strong position, name is regularly formed. The site of this The position of Mistretta, where there are little place does not appear to be certain, some ruins, in the interior south of Halesa, Zumpt, in his map, places it west of Tauro- may be the site. menium, on the river Onobalas, which flows mandatum] ' If he had received instruc- on the north-eastern base of Aetna. Cod. tions, he would have bought.' He was the Vat. has ' Atheniensibus,' another proof agent or representative of the Amestratini, that it cannot always be followed. and Cicero uses the Roman word ' man- vicarium] This expression and ' pecu- dare,' which expresses the relation between lium ' are explained p. 115. Cicero means principal and agent. The construction of to say that Diognetus was a slave, and one the verb is with a dative : " Quum autem is even of the lower kind, who had no ' vica- cuirecte raandaverim," &c. (Gains, iii. 161); rius ' and no ' peculium.' and further (§ 162) : " in summa sciendum daturi sunt.} ' Daturi sint :' Lag. 42 (est, quoties faciendum) ahquid gratis dede- and Klotz ; a doubtful case. rim, quo nomine, si mercedem statuissem, 39. Amestratini'] The name of the place locatio et conductio contraheretur, mandati is Amestratus. It seems likely enough that esse actionem ; veluti si fuUoni polienda it is the Mytistraton of Diodorus (23. u. 9), curandave vestimenta aut sarcinatori sar- and of Polybius (i. 24), where the name is cienda (dederim). written MvTriarpaTov (ed. Bekker). Po- 816 IN C. VERREM tain esse pecuniam et Sex. Vennonio datam ex eodem testimonio cognovistis. At Amestratinos, homines tenues, quum eorum decumas medimnis dccc vendidisses Banobali Venereo, cognoscite nomina publicanorum, cogis eos plus lucri addere quam quanti venierant, quum magno venissent. Dant Banobali medimna dcccl, HS MD. Profecto nunquam iste tam amens fuisset ut ex agro populi Romani plus frumenti servo Venereo quam populo Romano tribui pateretur, nisi omnis ea praeda servi nomine ad istum ipsum perveniret. Petrini, quum eorum decumae magno addictae essent, tamen invitissimi P. Naevio Turpioni, homini improbissimo, qui injuriarum Sacerdote praetore damnatus est, HS ETi dare coacti sunt. Itane dissolute decumas vendidisti ut, quum esset medim- num HS xv, venissent autem decumae medimnum iTi, hoc est, HS xxxxv, lucri decumano HS lii darentur? At permagno decumas ejus agri vendidisti. Videlicet gloriatur non Turpioni lucrum datum esse sed Petrinis pecuniam ereptam. XL. Quid Halicyenses, quorum ineolae decumas dant, ipsi agros immunes habent, nonne huic eidem Turpioni, quum decumae c med. venissent, HS xv mil. dare coacti sunt? Si id quod maxime vis posses probare, haec ad decumanos lucra venisse, nihil te attigisse, tamen hae pecuniae, per vim atque injuriam tuam captae et con- ciliatae, tibi fraudi et damnationi esse deberent : quum vero hoc nemini persuadere possis te tam amentem fuisse ut Apronium et Turpionem, servos homines, tuo liberumque tuorum periculo divites fieri velles, dubitaturum quemquam existimas quin illis emissariis haec tibi omnis pecunia quaesita sit ? Segestam item ad immunem civitatem Venereus Symmachus decumanus imraittitur. Is ab isto literas affert ut sibi contra omnia senatus consulta, contra omnia jura, contraque legem Rupiham, extra forum vadimonium promit- tant aratores. Audite literas quas ad Segestanos miserit. literae c. vEuiiis. Hie Venereus quemadmodum aratores eluserit ex una pactione hominis honesti gratiosique cognoscite ; in eodem enim genere sunt cetera. Diodes est Panhormitanus, Phimes cogno- mine, homo illustris ac nobihs. Arabat is agrum conductum in ipsum perveniret.'} Klotz has ' pervene- mas,' but that their lands were ' immunes ;' rit,' from Lag. 42. — ' ut lucri dec. :' Klotz. by which he seems to mean that the Hali- Petrini,'] This place, Petra, is placed cyenses would pay ' decumae ' for any land, on the road from Agrigentum to Panhor- liable to ' decumae,' which they cultivated, mus, and its site is supposed to be Casal but not for the lands of their own ' civitas.' della Pietra. Segestam] Another ' civitas immunis.' 40. HalicyeuseSji See Lib. 2. c. 28. See the note. Lib. 4. o. 33. HaUcyae was an ' immunis civitas ' (c. 6). noiilis. Arabat] The text here seems He says that the inhabitants ' dant decu- somewhat uncertain. Klotz has ' nobilis ACT. IL LIBER TERTIUS. 317 Segestano ; nam commercium in eo agro nemini est ; conductum habebat HS sex millibus : pro decuma, quum ptdsatus a Venereo arator. Arabat is/ &c. The word * arator ' seems an idle addition. A man may be called * illnstris ac nobilis ;' bnt to be called 'nobilis/ in. respect of being an 'ai'ator,' seems to have no meaning in it. commercium'] The meaning of Cicero may be collected from his words. Diodes was the lessee of lands in the ' ager Seges- tanus' (conductum habebat), and he be- longed to Panhormus. He could not hold land as owner in the territory of Segesta, * nam commercium in eo agro nemini est ;' that is, the law of Segesta did not allow the citizens of other places to be the owners of land in the territory of Segesta. Cicero uses a Roman word (commercium) which had a technical meaning. It is fully explained by Savigny: "'Commercium' primarily signifies the legal capacity to buy and sell ; this technical expression, how- ever, does not refer to the usual selling of daily life, but to the symbolical sale, which the Romans call Mancipatio (Ulpian, tit. 19. § 4, 5). But as Mancipatio has only a significant meaning as the oldest and most usual form of alienation of Roman owner- ship, the capacity to have this most com- plete kind of ownership is properly indi- cated by this term ; consequently, also, it indicates the capacity of the In jure cessio, of Usucapio, and of the strict Vindicatio. Further developed, however, this technical expression comprises also the capacity to have Servitntes, which capacity, as well as ownership, is Juris Quiritium ; further, the capacity to contract many kinds of obliga- tions (Gains, iii. 93, 94) ; finally, and most especially, the Testamenti Factio, that is, the fundamental condition of the capacity to make -''■ testament or a codicil, to be named 'heres,' 'legatee,' or *fidel commis- sarius,' and to be a witness to a testa- ment" (System, &c., ii. 27)- This inca- pacity for any person not a Segestan to hold land in the territory of Segesta, does not appear to have been a rule imposed by the Romans, but a custom of this parti- cular state. The Romans sometimes im- posed these terms on conquered people, with the view of keeping them isolated and weak communities, or, at any rate, of pre- venting any close union among them. In Livy (8. c. 14) we read: ** Ceteris Latinis populis connubia, commerciaque et concUia inter se ademerunt." The object was, to break the national unity of the Latini. Macedonia, after the Roman conquest, was divided into four regions: *'pronuntiavit deinde, neque connubium neque commer- cium agrorum aediticiorumque inter se pla- cere cuiquam extra fines regionis suae esse " (Liv. 45. c. 29). The effect of which was, that no inhabitant of one * regio ' could contract a lawful marriage with an inha- bitant of another ' regio ;' if a union was formed in the nature of marriage, it would not have the effect of a legal marriage. Further, no inhabitant of one region could in any way acquire the ownership of land or houses in another 'regio/ n. provision that would be partly effected by the pro- hibition as to marriage ; at least, in case of intestacy, there could be no claim by the children of such a prohibited marriage, for they would not be recognized as the off- spring of a legal marriage. Such acquisi- tion of land or houses, also, could not be obtained under a testament, or by pur- chase ; that is, if we interpret this pro- vision, as we perhaps ought to do, accord- ing to the meaning of the Roman term. Thus Macedonia was split up into four parts, completely disunited. It by no means follows that the inhabitants of one ' regio ' could not live in another 'regio,' and carry on traffic ; and perhaps they might hold land as occupiers or tenants, but not as owners. ' Commercium ' is poorly explained in Forcellini, where explanations are generally very good and complete. As to the English Lexicons, the reader may judge for himself by looking at them. There are some remarks on this passage by Zumpt and Klotz which seem to me worth noticing; not that the remarks are of any value, but they suggest the question as to the right method of interpretation and commenting. Zumpt observes that Cicero takes pains (laborat) to show that Diodes had no other reason for hiring the land, except that he could not buy it ; but Zumpt is of opinion that the hiring was simulated on account of the legal impediments, and that there was a * vera possessio agri maxi- mi,' which I will not venture to translate. Now Cicero does not take any pai'ticular pains to prove that this man hired the land because he could not buy it. If he was so anxious to buy, why did he not go where he could buy ? The man wanted to farm, that is clear ; and we may suppose that he preferred the land of Segesta to buying or hiring land elsewhere. This is, however, 318 IN 0. VEEREM esset, decidit HS xvi millibus et medimnis dcliiii. Id ex tabulis ipsius cognoscite. nomen dioclis panhormitani. Huic eidem Symmacho C. Annaeus Brocchus, senator, homo eo splendore, ea virtute qua omnes existimatis, nummos praeter frumentum coactus est dare. Venereone servo, te praetore, talis vir, senator populi Romani, quaestui fuit ? XLI. Hunc ordinem si dignitate antecellere non existimabas, ne hoc quidem sciebas, judicare? Antea quum equester ordo judi- caret, improbi et rapaces magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis : ornabant eos qui in operis erant : quemcunque equitem Romanum in provincia viderant, beneficiis ac hberahtate proseque- bantur : neque tantum ilia res nocentibus proderat quantum obfuit of no great importance. But the assump- tion that he had bought in evasion of the law, contrary to the law, and contrary to what Cicero says, is a monstrous absurdity to broach, when we know nothing about the matter except what Cicero tells us ; and he tells us that he had not bought the land, and could not buy it. If he bought it, we must assume that he paid for it ; that he bought land, the title to which he could never maintain, even against the man who had sold it. Possibly, too, if the law was at all what it ought to be, in order to secure its object, the land might be forfeited to the ' civitas ' as soon as it came into the pretended ownership of a person who coiUd not hold it. But there is no end of the objections that may be urged to Zumpt's assumption, wliich is sufficiently answered by saying that it must be considered false till he can prove it to be true. Klotz says that he is of a different mind from Zumpt ; he thinks that Diodes was merely a tenant ; and we may observe that there is great weight in this remark, for this is precisely Cicero's statement, and we know no moi*e about the thing than what he tells us. However, Klotz has a little secret of his own also. He says that Cicero merely gave this explanation, that no one might suppose that the words * homo illustris et nobilis ' were not to be taken in their strict sense, if Diodes was merely the tenant of the land. But why should Cicero be so anxious to save this gentleman's character for respectability, when he was only doing what other rich men did in Sicily ? " Is quum arationes magnas conductas haberet, quod homines etiam locupletes, sicut ille est, in Sieilia facere consuerunt" (c. 21). But why did Cicero make the remark then .' I can't tell. He might have omitted it, and then all we should have known was, that this man was a tenant-farmer, like many other rich Sicilians ; and neither Zumpt, nor Klotz, nor I, should have made a note on the passage. However, Cicero has told us something worth know- ing, though it has no direct bearing on the subject in hand ; and nothing is so common as for a man to do this who has abundance of matter in him. Id ex tabulis, &c.] ' Id ex ipsius tabu- lis :' Klotz, from Lag. 42. There is no rule to determine which is the genuine order. If the emphasis is placed on ' ip- sius,' it should come first. 41 . in operis] The governors paid great attention to those who were employed in the provinces (in operis erant) by the Pub- licani to collect their dues ; and Cicero ex- plains why. The collection of the ' vecti- galia' in the provinces employed a great number of people, and gave a large pa- tronage to the Pubhcani at Rome. To get a good place under them in the provinces, was like a good office under the powerful body which levies contributions on so large a part of Hindustan. Cicero (Pro Plancio, u. 1!)) says : " Jam ut ego doceo, gratiosum esse in sua tribu Plancium quod . . in operas plurimos patris auctoritate et gratia mise- rit." Plancio got employment for many of his ' tribules ' in the provinces, through his father, who was a leading man among the Publicant. These persons showed their gratitude by voting for Cn. Plancius, when he was a candidate for the aedileship. Thus they helped one another for a con- sideration : the world went as it does now. Terence expresses it all in a few words : " Tradunt operas mutuas " (Ter. Phorm. ii. 3. 37). ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. S19 multis, quum aliquid contra utilitatem ejus ordinis voluntatemque fecissent. Retinebatur hoc turn nescio quomodo quasi communi consilio ab illis diligenter, ut, qui unum equitem Romanum contu- melia dignum putasset, ab universo ordine malo dignus judicaretur : tu sic ordinem senatorium despexisti, sic ad libidines injuriasque tuas omnia coaequasti, sic habuisti statutum cum animo ac delibe- ratum, omnes qui habitarent in Sicilia aut qui Siciliam te praetore attigissent judices rejicere, ut illud non cogitares tamen ad ejusdem ordinis homines te ad judices esse venturum, in quibus, si ex ipsorum domestico incommodo nullus dolor insideret, tamen esset ilia cogitatio, in alterius injuria sese despectos dignitatemque ordinis contemptam et abjectam? Quod mehercule, judices, mihi non mediocriter ferendum videtur. Habet enim quendam aculeum contumeha quem pati pudentes ac viri boni difficillime possunt. Spoliasti Siculos ; solent enim muti esse in injuriis suis. Vexdsti negotiatores ; inviti enim Romam raroque decedunt. Equites Romanes ad Apronii injurias dedisti. Quid enim jam nocere possunt quibus non licet judicare ? Quid, quum senatores summis injuriis afficis, quid aliud dicis nisi hoc? — cedo mihi etiam istum senatorem ; ut hoc amplissimum nomen senatorum non modo ad invidiam imperitorum sed etiam ad contumeliam improborum natum esse videatur. Neque hoc in uno fecit Annaeo sed in omnibus senatoribus, ut ordinis nomen non tantum ad honorem quantum ad ignominiam valeret. In 0. Cassio, clarissimo et fortissimo viro, quum is eo ipso tempore, primo istius anno, consul esset, tanta improbitate usus est ut, quum ejus uxor, femina primaria, paternas arationes haberet in Leontino, frumentum omne decumanos auferre jusserit. Hunc tu in hac causa testem, Verres, habebis, quoniam qui habitairenf] ' Nannianus et Lag. 42, ejusdem ordinis homines : te ad judices,' fiaberent, quod Garatonius perite defendit ' &c. The ' ad ' before ' judices ' is from (Zumpt). The objection made to ' habita- Lag. 42. Zumpt omits the ' ad.' I don't rent ' is, that very few Roman senators see why Klotz points' it in this peculiar way. could have dwelt (habitasse) in Sicily. ad . . injurias dedisti.] Forcellini gives But Cicero says ' aut . . attigissent,' leaving another example hke this from the Pro his hearers to apply ' habitarent ' to as Cluentio, c. 64 ; " mulieri crudehssimae many or as few as they pleased. Further, servum fidelissimum non in quaestionem it is said, it is probable that many senators tulit, sed plane ad supplicium dedit." might have held lands there (haiuisse agros Quid, quum senatores] ' Qui, cum,' &c. : vel praedia) ; but the reasons for the pro- Zumpt, from Lag. 42. The old reading is babiUty are not stated. The assertion that better. — ' nomen senatorium :' OreUi. it is improbable is quite as good. Finally, C. Cassio,] One of the consuls of the * haberent in Sicilia' is an odd phrase to year B.C. 73? the first year of the govern- express ownership of land in Sicily, and ment of Verres. What was the kind of requires confirmation. It is not exactly title to these ' paternae arationes ' does not like * habet in nummis ' (c. 86). appear. Cassius might be a witness, be- tamen ad ejusdem] Klotz: 'tamen ad cause he was not a 'judex.' 320 IN 0. VEEREM judicem ne haberes providisti. Vos autem, judices, putare debetis esse quiddam nobis inter nos commune atque conjunctum. Multa sunt imposita huic ordini munera, multi labores, multa pericula, non solum legum ac judiciorum sed etiam rumorum ac temporum. Sic est hie ordo quasi propositus atque editus in altum ut ab omnibus ventis invidiae circumflari posse videatur. In hac tam misera atque iniqua conditione vitae, ne hoc quidem retinebimus, judices, ut magistratibus nostris in obtinendo jure nostro ne con- temptissimi ac despicatissimi esse videamur ? XLII. Thermitani miserunt qui decumas emerent agri sui. Magni sua putabant interesse publice potius quamvis magno emi quam in aliquem istius emissarium incidere. Appositus erat Venu- leius quidam qui emeret. Is liceri non destitit : iUi quoad videbatur ferri aliquo modo posse contenderunt : postremo licei-i destiterunt : addicitur Venuleio tritici medimnum viii miUibus. Legatus Pasi- dorus renuntiat. Quum omnibus hoc intolerandum videretur, tamen Venuleio dantur ne accedat tritici mod. vH et praeterea HS H. Ex quo facile apparet quae merces decumani, quae praetoris praeda esse videatur. Oedo Thermitanorum mihi literas et testimonium. TABULAE THERMITANORUM ET TESTIMONIUM. Imacharcnses jam omni frumento ablato, jam omnibus injuriis tuis exinanitos, tribu- tum facere miseros ac perditos coegisti, ut Apronio darent HS xx millia. Recita decretum de tributis et publicum testimonium. SENATUS CONSULTUM DE TRIBUTO CONFERENDO. TESTIMONIUM iMACHARENsiuM. Henueuses, quum decumae venissent agri Hen- nensis med. viii cc, Apronio coacti sunt dare tritici medium xvni et HS III miUia. Quaeso, attendite, quantus numerus frumenti cogatur ex omni agro decumano. Nam per omnes civitates quae decumas debent percurrit oratio mea : et in hoc genere nunc, judices, versor, non in quo singiUatim aratores eversi bonis omnibus 42. qui — emerenf] Another instance of a fidem et grammaticam rationem uecessa- community proposing to purchase the ' de- rium.'' A diligent German, Dr. W. Pape, cumae ' of their territory. The ' civitas ' has responded to the wish of his country- would of course have to deliver as much man hy publishing a Dictionary of Greek corn as they agreed to give for the ' decu- proper names ; but, unluckily, I can't find mae ;' but they would have no further in it either Pasidorus, or Posidorus, or trouble, and would ^hus escape the rapacity Possidorus ; nor the illustrious Perirrhagus of the agents of Verres. of Klotz (c. 31) ; nor yet Pyragrus : from Pasidorus'] Zumpt has ' Posidorus.' The which we may perhaps conclude that there common reading is ' Possidorus.' Zumpt is no sm-e authority for any of these names thinks that ' Pasidorus ' may be the man's in Greek authors. "We cannot expect to name, and adds this remark: "sed quis find every Sicihan name in extant Greek tandem, ut dubitare desinamus, Lexicon authorities. Graecorum nominum conficiet, ad historiae ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 321 sint, sed quae publice decumanis lucra data sint, iit aliquando ex eorum agris atque urbibus expleti atque saturati cum hoc cumulo quaestus decederent. XLIII. CaJactinis quamobrem imperasti anno tertio ut decumas agri sui, quas Calactae dare consueverant, Amestrati M. Oaesio decumano darent, quod neque ante te praetorem illi fecerant, neque tu ipse hoc ita statueras antea per biennium ? Theomnastus Syra- cusanus in agrum Mutycensem cur abs te immissus est? qui aratores ita vexavit ut iUi in alteras decumas, id quod in aliis quoque civitatibus ostendam, triticum emere necessario propter inopiam cogerentur. Jam vero ex Hyblensium pactionibus intel- ligetis quae factae sunt cum decumano On. Sergio, sexies tantum quam quantum satum sit ablatum esse ab aratoribus. Recita sationes ex literis puUicis. Cognoscite pactiones Menaenorum cum Venereo servo. Eecita ex Hteris publicis professiones satio- num et pactiones Menaenorum. Patiemini, judices, ab sociis, ab aratoribus popuH Romani, ab iis qui vobis laborant, vobis serviunt, qui ita plebem Romanam ab sese ali volunt ut sibi ac Hberis suis 43. Calactae] Klotz writes ' Galacte,' which I suppose he intends for an ablative. The MS. readings vary, as usual in proper names of rare occurrence. The word ap- pears to be formed by the union of the two words KaXij ccKTr/y the name of a pleasant tract on the north coast of Sicily (Herod. vi. 22), east of Halesa. The Ethnic name ' Calactini' is certain (Died. xii. 29). Mutycensem] Cod. Nann. and Lag. 42 have ' Mutiensem ;' the rest of the MSS., and the old editions, have ' Muticensem.' This may be the small place called Mutyca or Motuca, between Syracuse and Cama- rina, now Modica. If we read ' Mutyen- sem,' the place intended by Cicero may be Motya (Moruj)), a considerable place near Lilybaeum, on a small island connected with the main land by a dyke (Diod. xiv. 52), now Isola di Mezzo ; an old Phoeni- cian settlement (Thucyd. vi. 2). But there are several reasons for supposing that this is not the place. Himilco removed the in- habitants (B.C. 397) to the site of Lily- baeum, and from that time we hear no more of it. Besides, such a place could hardly have a territory. It was a mere commercial post and stronghold ; and, in fact, Motya was lost in Lilybaeum (now Marsala). There can, then, be no doubt that Mutyca is Modica. " The contea of Modica is a county of about eighty thou- sand inhabitants, and possessing nearly a hundred and twenty thousand acres of land." — There is " a superior spirit of ac- tivity and industry among the natives, at- tended by greater affluence and comfort than any other agricultural part of Sicily displays, although it is not naturally so fertile as the rest "(Smyth's Sicily, p. 191). ex Ht/blensium pactionidus] The place is Hybla Major, so called, to distinguish it from a smaller Hybla, named Heraea, the site of which does not appear to be certain. Smyth places it at Caltagirone. Hybla Major was on the southern slope of Aetna, on the Symaethus ; now Paterno, on the river Giaretta, according to some autho- rities. qui ita . . volunt] This is a most extra- vagant way of showing the iidehty and at- tachment of the Sicilians to Rome. There is considerable difficulty in translating this, which I remark for the benefit of those who may not discover the difficulty. ' Volunt ' expresses 'will,' 'purpose,' and the hke, not ' wish.' ' Ita ' is related to ' ut,' but this relation is very difficult to express in English. The meaning is : " the Sicilians have a hearty good-will to maintain the Roman Plebes, and they ask for no better terms than to have enough left for the sup- port of themselves and their children." It is ludicrous to us for an orator to represent these laborious cultivators of Sicily as work- ing with hearty good-will to support the 322 IN C. VEREEM tantum supersit quo ipsi ali possint, ab his per summam injuriam, per acerbissimas contumelias, plus aliquanto ablatum esse quam natum sit? Sentio, judices, moderandum mihi esse jam orationi meae, fugiendamque vestram satietatem: non versabor in uno genere diutius, et ita cetera de oratione mea tollam ut tamen in causa relinquam. Audietis Agrigentinorum, fortissimorum virorum, diligentissimorum aratorum querimonias ; cognoscetis Entellinorum, hominum summi laboris summaeque industriae, dolorem et injurias : Heracliensium, Grelensium, Soluntinorum incommoda proferentur: Oatinensium, locupletissimorum hominum amicissimorumque, agros vexatos ab Apronio cognoscetis : Tyndaritanam, nobilissimam civi- tatem, Cephaloeditanam, Haluntinam, Apolloniensem, Enguinam, Capitinam perditas esse hac iniquitate decumarum intelligetis : Inensibus, Murgentinis, Assorinis, Elorinis, letinis nihil omnino relictum : Citarinos, Acherinos, parvarum civitatum homines, omnino abjectos esse ac perditos : omnes denique agros decumanos per triennium populo Eomano ex parte decuma, 0. Verri ex omni reliquo vectigales fuisse; et plerisque aratoribus nihil omnino lazy population of Rome, and content if they could only have enough left to give them strength to go on working. Cicero is here alluding to the provisioning of Rome, which was a settled part of Roman policy. The state provided the grain, and sold it for less than the cost. The produce of the ' decumae ' cost nothing, except probably the transport from the coast to Rome ; and, as the state got this corn cheap, they could sell it cheap. Corn was also bought, as we learn from this oration, when there was scarcity. The distribution of com gratis did not begin until after the date of this oration, as it is said ; and the tribune Clo- dius has the credit of introducing this pes- tilent measure (B.C. 58). See the article Frumentariae Leges, in Smith's Diet, of Antiqs., and the note c. 70. Catinensium,'] The place is Catina. I have followed Zumpt in writing Catina, which appears to be the more usual Roman form of the name, though the Greek form is always Kardvrj, Catina waa an ancient Ghalcidian colony, founded (b.c. 730) by the people of the neighbouring city of Naxos, at the foot of Aetna. It is now Catania, a large city, which has often suffered from its vicinity to the great volcanic mountain. ISnguinam,'] The Greek name of the place is'Eyytioi' or 'Eyyiioi/. The autho- rity of the MSS. is in favour of represent- ing the yy by gg, which may have been the Roman fashion sometimes. But it is con- formable to the doctrine of the grammarians to write ' Enguina.' This was an old town of the Siceli, south of Halesa, vrith a famous temple of the Magna Mater. The remains are said to be near Gangi Vetere. Blorus,2 No various reading is noticed by Zumpt. The Greek form is "EXwpoK or "EXwpoc, whence we should expect the Latin form ' Helorus.' This town was near the mouth of the river Helorus, in a de- lightful countiy called ' Heloria Tempe ' (Ovid, Fast. iv. 477)- A road ran from Syracusae to Elorus. letemes] ' Codd. omnes et edd. vulgares Letinis ' (Zumpt). But there are no Letini, and Graevius supposed that the letini are meant whom Pliny calls letenses. The Ethnic name is 'IsrTvot, and the place is 'Israi (Thucyd. vli. 2, so the name should be read, perhaps ; Steph. Byz. 'Itrai, who makes the Ethnic name 'lei-aToc). Citarinos,'] Zumpt's reading. ' Ceta- rinos :' Klotz. The name is uncertain. decumanosl Here the ' decumani agri,' of which the tenths were due to Rome, are contrasted with 'agri vectigales.' These lands paid their ' decumae ' to Rome ; they were 'decumani' so far as this payment. But, as to the remaining nine-tenths, they were 'vectigales' to Verres, for he plun- dered them of what was left after the tenths were deducted. ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 823 superfuisse; si cui quid aut relictum aut remissum sit, id fuisse tantum quantum ex eo quo istius avaritia contenta fuit redun- darit. XLIV. Duarum mihi civitatum reliquos feci agros, judices, fere optimos ac nobilissimos, Aetnensem et Leontinum. Horum ego agrorum missos faciam quaestus triennii : unum annum eligam, quo facilius id quod institui explicare possim. Sumam annum tertium, quod et recentissimus est et ab isto ita administratus ut, quum se certe decessurum videret, non laboraret si aratorem in Sicilia nuUum omnino esset relicturus. Agri Aetnensis et Leontini decumas agemus. Attendite, judices, diligenter. Agri sunt feraces : annus tertius : decumanus Apronius. De Aetnensibus perpauca dicam ; dixerunt enim ipsi priore actione publice. Memoria tenetis Artemidorum Aetnensem, legationis principem, publice dicere Apronium venisse Aetnam cum Venereis; vocasse ad se magis- tratus ; imperasse ut in medio foro sibi lecti sternerentur ; quotidie solitum esse non modo in publico sed etiam de publico convivari ; quum in eis conviviis symphonia caneret maximisque poculis minis- traretur, retineri solitos esse aratores atque ab eis non modo per injuriam sed etiam per contumeliam tantum exprimi frumenti quantum Apronius imperasset. Audistis haec, judices, quae 44. Aetnensem] The town of Aetna (AiTvrj, Thucyd. vi. 94) was founded by the ejected inhabitants of Catina (about B.C. 461). Hiero I. (b.c. 476) transplanted the inhabitants of Catina to Leontini, and settled five thousand Syracusans, and as many Peloponnesians at Catina (Diod. xi. 49). He gave the town the name of Aetna. (Find. Pyth. i.) After Hiero's death, the new settlers were driven out by the com- bined Siceli and Syracusans (Diod. xi. 76 ; Strabo, p. 2C8), and they founded, about twelve miles north of Catina, a new city Aetna, which before this time was called Inessa. The old inhabitants of Catina fi- nally, but after some time, got their city again, and restored to it the old name of Catina. The new town of Aetna kept its name, and is the place which Cicero means. The site does not appear to be certain. decumas agemus.] Zumpt takes this to mean the same as * de ' with its case, but he finds no other like expression with the active form of * ago.' It seems, however, as he observes, to express the same as the passive form ' aguntur decumae ;' and he refers to " aguntur injuriae sociorum," Lib. 4. c. 51 ; and to "aguntur vectigalia populi Romani," Pro Leg. Man. c. 2. ad se magistratus :] The MSS., except Lag. 42, have ' magistratum ;' but the Sicu- lian towns had more than one ' magistratus.' Zurapt refers to c. 28, as proving that Agy- rium had only one ; but I don't see how that appears. symphonia'] This dissolute fellow had a band of music at his feast. ' Symphonia ' is the nominative to ' caneret.' Cicero (Ad Div. xvi. 9) apparently alludes to Tiro hav- ing been at a merry meeting where there was music : " symphoniam Lysonis vellem vitasses." This word ' symphonia ' was naturalized among the Romans. There was a Collegium, or association of Sympho- niaci, as we see from the following inscrip- tion found at Rome in 1847, in a Columba- rium: DIS MANIBVS COLLEGIO SYMPHONIA CORVM avi SAORIS PVB I.IC1S PRAESTV SVNT ftVIBVS SBNATVS C.C.C. PERMISIT E LEGE IVLIA EX AVCTORITATE AVG LVDORVM CAVSA. See the Zeitschrift fiir Geschicht. Rechtsw. XV. Romische Urkunden von Mommsen, and the learned author's remarks. y2 324 IN C. VEEREM nunc ego omnia praetereo et relinquo. Nihil de luxuria Apronii loquor, nihil de insolentia, nihil de singulari nequitia ac turpitudine : tantum de quaestu ac lucro dicam unius anni et unius agri, quo facilius vos conjecturam de triennio et de tota Sicilia facere possitis. Sed mihi Aetnensium brevis est ratio. Ipsi enim venerunt, ipsi publicas literas deportaverunt : docuerunt vos quid lucelli fecerit homo non malus, familiaris praetoris, Apronius. Id, quaeso, ex ipsorum testimonio cognoscite. Recita testimonium Aetnensium. XLV. Quid ais ? die, die, quaeso, clarius ut populus Romanus de suis vectigalibus, de suis aratoribus, de suis sociis atque amicis audiat. ' l. med., HS l.' Per decs immortales, unus ager uno anno trecenta millia modium tritici et praeterea HS l lucri dat Apronio ! tantone minoris decumae venierunt quam fuerunt, an, quum satis magno venissent, hie tantus tamen frumenti pecuniaeque numerus ab aratoribus per vim ablatus est 1 Utrum enim horum dixeris, in eo culpa et crimen haerebit. Nam illud quidem non dices, quod utinam dieas, ad Apronium non pervenisse tantum. Ita te non modo publicis tenebo sed etiam privatis aratorum pactionibus ac literis, ut intelligas non te diligentiorem in faeiundis fuisse furtis quam me in deprehendendis. Hoe tu feres? hoc quisquam defen- det ? hoc hi, si aliter de te statuere voluerint, sustinebunt ? Uno adventu, ex uno agro, Q. Apronium, praeter eam quam dixi pecu- niam numeratam, ccc millia modium tritici lucri nomine sustulisse ? Quid hoc Aetnenses soli dieunt 2 immo etiam Centuripini qui agri Aetnensis multo maximam partem possident ; quorum legatis, de insolentia,'] After which Klotz adds what I know, but I should like to have * nihil de permissa ab isto licentia,' the au- seen other instances produced besides the thority for which is but indifferent. only one that Klotz refers to in Lib. 2. brevis est ratio.] Compare the begin- c. 69 : " istam orationem contemnendorum ning of c. 46, which would be sufficient to Siculorum," show that the old reading ' oratio,' which homo non malus,] Divin. c. 14; "ho- Orelli and Klotz have, is not the true mini minime malo." reading. But Lag. 42 has ' ratio.' Klotz 45. me in deprehendendis.] AU the translates his text thus : " I can be brief in MSS. and the older editions have 're- what I say about the Aetnenses ;" and adds, prehendendis.' The things opposed are it is only necessary to rightly understand ' committing theft,' and ' detecting ;' and the genitive, which depends on ' oratio.' the word for detection is ' deprehendere.' He compares Lib. 2. c. 69: "Eripiunt Zumpt observes, " nam dicitnr h. h non de tibi istam orationem contemnendorum Si- corrigendo, sed de invenieudo." Klotz has culorum atque aratorum statuae illae eques- * reprehendendis.' tres," which, of course, he would explain partem possident ,-] We cannot tell what in the same way. Zumpt says of the read- technical signification ' possident ' here has ; ing ' Sed mihi . . oratio,' — ' quae dicendi ra- whether these men were owners or tenants, tio vix Latina potest haberi, Aetnensium He means to say that the largest part of the pro de Aetnensibus.' Klotz observes that 'Aetnensis ager' was cultivated by Centuri- a grammarian like Zumpt should not have pini. They were the great farmers of Sicily, allowed such a remark to escape him. as this chapter shows: " Arant enim tota Klotz may be right, and Zumpt wrong, for Sicilia fere Centuripini." He adds, " quod ACT. II. LIBEE TERTIUS. 325 hominibus nobilissimis, Androni et Artemoni, senatus ea mandata dedit, quae publice ad civitatem ipsorum pertinebant ; de iis injuriis, quas cives Oenturipini non in suis sed in aliorum finibus acceperunt, senatus et populus Oenturipinus legates noluit mittere : ipsi aratores Oenturipini, qui numerus est in Sicilia maximus hominum honestis- simorum et locupletissiuiorum, tres legates, cives sues, delegerunt, ut eorum testimonio non unius agri, sed prope totius Siciliae calamitates cognosceretis. Arant enim tota Sicilia fere Oenturipini : et hoc in te graviores certioresque testes sunt, quod ceterae civi- tates suis solum incommodis commoventur, Oenturipini, quod in omnium fere finibus possessiones habent, etiam ceterarum civitatum damna ac detrimenta senserunt. XLVI. Verum, uti dixi, ratio eerta est Aetnensium, et publicis et privatis Uteris consignata: meae diligentiae pensum magis in Leontino agro est exigendum, propter banc causam quod ipsi Leon- tini publice non sane multum me adjuverunt : neque enim eos, isto praetore, hae decumanorum injuriae laeserunt ; potius etiam, judices, adjuverunt. Mirum fortasse hoc vobis aut incredibile videatur, in tantis aratorum incommodis Leontinos qui principes rei frumen- tariae fuerint expertes incommodorum atque injuriarum fuisse. Hoc causae est, judices, quod in agro Leontino praeter unam Mnasistrati familiam glebam Leontinorum possidet nemo. Itaque Mnasistrati, hominis honestissimi atque optimi viri testimonium, judices, audistis : ceteros Leontinos, quibus non modo Apronius in agris sed ne tempestas quidem uUa nocere potuit, exspectare nolite. Etenim non modo incommodi nihil ceperunt, sed etiam in Aproni- anis illis rapinis in quaestu sunt compendioque versati. Quapropter, quoniam me Leontina civitas atque legatio propter eam quam dixi causam defecit, mihimet ineunda ratio et via reperiunda est, qua ad Apronii quaestum sive adeo qua ad istius ingentem immanemque praedam possim pervenire. Agri Leontini decumae tertio anno venierunt tritici medimnum xxxvi, hoc est, tritici modium cc et XVI millibus. Magno, judices, magno : neque enim hoc possum in omnium fere finibus possessiones ha- fuerunt ' (Zumpt). Klotz lias ' fuerint.' bent j" which may mean that these enter- Orelli has ' fuerunt.' I have no doubt that prising agriculturists held land as owners in 'fuerint' is right. It is easier to feel con- many parts of Sicily. There is no difficulty vinced of this, than to explain the reason about giving ' possessiones ' this meaning, to another. (c. 46.) They certainly farmed as tenants, , compendioque versati.} Compare Lib. 2. c. 21. c. 3: "quos ilia . . cum quaestu compen- iO. gui principes .. fuerinf] 'Conjunc- dioque dimittit." tivum fuerint admodum mnlti codices, in- anno venierunf] ' Anno veneunt ;' Klotz. terque eos, cui soli plus paene tribuo quam — ' conjecturam faciam :' Orelli. ceteris omnibus, Lag. 42, habent pro vulg. 326 IN 0. VEEREM negare. Ifcaque necesse est aut damnum aut certe non magnum lucrum fecisse deeumanos. Hoc enim solet usu venire iis qui magno redemerunt. Quid si ostendo in hac una emptione lucri fieri tritici medium c ? quid si cc 2 quid si ccc ? quid si cccc mUlia? dubitabitis etiam cui ista tanta praeda quaesita sit ? Iniquum me esse quispiam dicet qui ex lucri magnitudine conjecturam eapiam furti atque praedae. Quid si doceo, judices, eos qui cccc mod. lucri faciunt damnum facturos fuisse, si tua iniquitas, si tui ex cohorte recuperatores non intercederent ; numquis poterit in tanto lucro tantaque iniquitate dubitare quin propter improbitatem tarn magnos quaestus feceris, propter magnitudinem quaestus improbus esse volueris ? XLVII. Quomodo igitur hoc assequar, judices, ut seiam quan- tum lucri factum sit ? non ex Apronii tabulis quas ego quum con- quirerem non inveni; et quum in jus ipsum eduxi, expressi ut conficere se tabulas negaret. Si mentiebatur, quamobrem remo- vebat si hae tabulae nihil tibi erant offuturae? si omnino nuUas confecerat literas, ne id quidem satis significat iUum non suum negotium gessisse ? Ea est enim ratio decumanorum ut sine plurimis literis confici non possit: singula enim nomina aratorum et cum singulis pactiones decumanorum literis persequi et conficere necesse est. Jugera professi sunt omnes ai-atores imperio atque instituto tuo : non opinor quemquam minus esse professum quam quantum arasset, quum tot cruces, tot supplicia, tot ex cohorte recuperatores proponerentur. In jugero Leontini agri medimnum fere tritici seritur, perpetua atque aequabili satione : ager efficit cum octavo bene ut agatur; verum ut omnes dii adjuvent, cum 47. pactiones] ' Pactum,' ' pactio,' is the ' decumae ;' but many arrangements the general Roman term for any agree- might be made between the payers and re- ment ; and ' agreement ' is the general and ceivers for mutual convenience, or rather, non-technical English word for any agree- mainly for the convenience of the receivers, ment, though the lawyers have tried to tor- for one seldom hears of any tax-paying ture it into a technical word. The curious arrangement made for the special ease of may see how they have done it, in Wain the payer. See u. 27, and the passage andWarltera, 5East, 10. ' Pactio,' or ' pac- quoted from Cicero's letter to his brother tum,' is also not a technical term. Many Quintus. Instances of these 'pactiones' ' pacta ' did not produce ' obligationes ' in we have in Lib. 3. c. 14 and 57. the Roman sense. " Pactum autem a pac- In jugero'] ' In jugere,' the reading of tione dicitur . . Est autem pactio duorum Orelli, is bad. See c. 29. pluriumve in idem placitum consensus:" As to the Roman 'jugerum,' and the Ulpian, Dig. 2. 14. 1. ' medimnum,' see Excursus vi. ; and also as The German ' Vertrag ' is another in- to the produce raised on the land, stance of a general word for ' agreement.' efficit cum octavo, &c.] " With a pro- The ' pactiones ' are the agreements made duce of eight medimna the land does well ; between the ' aratores ' and the ' decumani.' but a produce of ten is an especial favour All that the ' decumani ' could demand was of heaven." Shortly after occurs the ex- ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 327 decumo: quod si quando accidit, turn fit ut tantum decumae sit quantum sevens, hoc est, ut quot jugera sint sata totidem medimna decumae debeantur. Hoc quum ita esset, primum illud dico, pluribus millibus medimnum venisse decumas agri Leontini quam quot millia jugerum sata essent in agro Leontino. Quodsi fieri non poterat ut plus quam decern medimna ex jugero exararent, medimnum autem ex jugero decumano dari oportebat, quum ager, id quod perraro evenit, cum decumo extulisset, quae erat ratio decumanis, si quidem decumae ac non bona venibant aratorum, ut pluribus aliquanto medimnis decumas emerent quam jugera erant sata? In Leontino jugerum subscriptio ac professio non est plus xxx. XLVIII. Decumae xxxvi medimnum venierunt. Erravit aut potius insanivit Apronius ? Immo turn insanisset, si aratoribus id quod deberent licitum esset, et non quod Apronius imperasset necesse fuisset dare. Si ostendam minus tribus medimnis in juge- rum neminem dedisse decumae, concedes, opinor, ut cum decumo fructus arationis perceptus sit, neminem minus tribus decumis pression ' cum decumo extulisset.' In the next chapter : " ut cum decumo fructus arationis perceptus sit ;" " the crop got in with ten for one." The expression of Co- lumella is the same : " nam frumenta ma- jore quidem parte Italiae quando cum quarto responderint vix meminisse possu- mus" (iii. 3). dari oportebat,'] The true reading, fur- nished by Lag. 42, may be noticed, as Orelli has ' poterat,' which is obviously a blunder that has arisen from the proximity of the other ' poterat.' venibanf] The MSS. are not consistent in this form, for Zumpt observes that both here, and in c. 50, they all have ' venie- bant.' However, it is now generally agreed that ' venibant ' is the form for which there is best authority. subscriptio, &c.] Lag. 42 has ' sub- scriptio professio,' which is specious, but probably not true. The omission of the 'et' in formulary language has been re- marked on above, c. 30. — In place of ' plus XXX,' Klotz has ' plus xxx milium,' which is the same thing^^ 48. Decumae xxxvi] Cicero states his case clearly. There were 30,000 'jugera' returned as sown with corn. This was the ' professio ' or return, which return the ' aratores ' were obliged to make: "jugera professi sunt aratores imperio atque insti- tute tuo." The ' subscriptio ' probably means the signature to the return, which signature shows by whom it was made, as a man signs his return to the Income Tax. The produce of the ' decumae ' could not, in the most favourable seasons, be more than xxx ; but Apronius bought the ' de- cumae ' for xxxvi. He would, therefore, manifestly lose vi at least by his bargain, if the people had paid no more than what was due. However, Apronius made his bargain profitable, for he allowed poor people, as a special favour, to compound (decidere), by paying three medimna for each ' jugerum ;' so that, if the produce was ten medimna, they paid three ' decumae,' three-tenths, in place of one. If it was less, so much the worse for them, as they paid three medimna out of a smaller amount. But even this, as it appears, was not the worst, for this rascal claimed as much as five medimna for each 'jugerum.' ' Ut cum decumo . . perceptus sit ' means as above explained, 'though the produce should have been ten for one.' Erravit aut] ' Aut ' is found only in Lag. 42 ; but Zumpt and Klotz have preferred it. OreUi, who had not the collations of the Lag. MSS., has ' erravit an potius.' There is a difference ; for ' an ' is a part of the disjunctive form * utrum — an,' which would here signify " Which was it ? Did he make a mistake, or was he mad ? " But Cicero's form of expression does not leave it in doubt ; the answ'er must be " he was mad," that is, " he would have been mad, if," &c. Si ostendam] ' Si ostendo :' Klotz. 328 IN 0. VEREEM dedisse. Atque hoc in beneficii loco petitum est ab Apronio ut in jugera singula ternis medimnis decidere liceret. Nam quum a multis quaterna etiam quina exigerentur, multis autem non modo granum nullum sed ne paleae quidem ex omni fructu atque ex annuo labore relinquerentur, tum aratores Centuripini, qui numerus in agro Leontino maximus est, unum in locum convenerunt ; homi- nem suae civitatis in primis honestum ac nobUem, Andronem Centuripinum, legarunt ad Apronium, eundem quern hoc tempore ad hoc judicium legatum et testem Centuripina civitas misit, ut is apud eum causam aratorum ageret, ab eoque peteret ut ab arator- ibus Oenturipinis ne amplius in jugera singula quam terna medinma exigeret. Hoc vix ab Apronio in summo beneficio pro iis qui etiam tum incolumes erant impetratum est. Id quum impetrabatur, hoc videhcet impetrabatur ut pro singulis decumis ternas decumas dare liceret. Quodsi tua res non ageretur, a te potius postularent ne amplius quam singulas quam ab Apronio ut ne plus quam ternas decumas darent. Nunc, ut hoc tempore ea quae regie sen potius tyrannice statuit in aratores Apronius praetermittam, neque eos appellem a quibus omne frumentum eripuit, et quibus nihil non modo de fructu sed ne de bonis quidem suis reliqui fecit, ex hisce ternis medimnis, quod beneficii gratiaeque causa concessit, quid fiat cognoscite. XLIX. Professio est agri Leontini ad jugerum xxx. Haec sunt ad tritici medimnum xc, id est, mod. dxl : deductis tritici mod. ccxvi, quanti decumae venierunt, reliqua sunt tritici cccxxiv. Adde totius summae dxl millium medium tres quinquagesimas ; fit tritici mod. xxxii cccc : ab omnibus enim ternae praeterea quinquagesimae exigebantur : sunt haec jam ad ccclx mod. tritici. At ego cccc lucri facta esse dixeram : non eninti duco in hac ratione eos quibus ternis medimnis non est licitum decidere. Verum ut hac ipsa ratione summam mei promissi compleam, ad singula medimna multi HS binos, multi HS singulos semis accessionis non modo granum nullum] Some MSS. HS quinque accessionis,' &c., to which there have ' ullum,' contrary to usage. Zumpt are two objections. i?irst, the orator is refers to Lib. 4. u. 22 : " non modo oppi- clearly proceeding from the highest num- dum nullum," &c. It is certain that ' nul- ber, ' two,' to the lowest, ' one ' (singulos lum ' might be omitted. It is doubtful if nummos) ; and, therefore, ' one and a frac- ' ullum ' would do. The ' nullum ' is a kind tion ' of some kind should intervene. Se- of case of reduplicated or emphatic negation, condly, the distributive ' binos ' should be 49. Professio'] The reckoning in this used with 'singula;' at least, that is the chapter is clear enough as the numerals usage of Cicero, I believe. I have noticed stand. one instance (Lib. 2. c. 55), where, as the multi HS hinos, &o.] The old reading, text stands, this is not the case. Zumpt says and that of OreUi, is ' multi HS duo, multi that Lag. 42 has the passage clearly as it ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 329 cogebantur dare ; qui minimum, singulos nummos. Minimum ut sequamur, quoniam xc med. duximus, accedant eo, novo pessimo- que exemplo, HS xc millia. Hie mihi etiam dicere audebit raagno se decumas vendidisse, quum ex eodem agro dimidio ipse plus abstulerit quam populo Eomano miserit! ccxvi agri Leontini decumas vendidisti : si ex lege, magno ; si ut lex esset libido tua, parvo ; si ut quae dimidiae essent decumae vocarentur, parvo ven- didisti : multo enim pluris fructus annui Siciliae venire potuerunt, si id te senatus aut populus Romanus facere voluisset. Etenim saepe decumae tanti venierunt, quum lege Hieronica venirent, quanti nunc lege Verria venierunt. Oedo mihi 0. Norbani decumas venditas. c. nokbani decumae venditae agri leontini. At- qui tum neque judicium de modo jugerum dabatur, neque erat Artemidorus Cornelius recuperator, neque ab aratore magistratus Siculus tan tum exigebat quantum decumanus ediderat ; nee bene- ficium petebatur ab decumano ut in jugera singula ternis medimnis decidere lieeret ; nee nummorum accessionem cogebatur arator dare, nee ternas quinquagesimas frumenti addere : et tamen populo Romano magnus frumenti numerus mittebatur. L. Quid vero istae sibi quinquagesimae, quid porro nummorum accessiones volunt? quo id jure atque adeo quo id potius more fecisti ? Nummos dabat arator. Quomodo 1 aut unde ? qui si largissimus esse vellet, cumulatiore mensura uteretur, ut antea solebant facere in decumis, quum aequa lege et eonditione venibant. Is nummum dabat. Unde ? de frumento ? quasi habuisset te prae- tore quod venderet. De vivo igitur aliquid erat resecandum ut esset unde Apronio ad illos fructus arationum hoe coroUarium nummorum adderetur. Jam id porro utrum libentes an inviti dabant? Libentes? amabant, credo, Apronium. Inviti? qua re nisi vl et malo cogebantur? Jam iste homo amentissimus in stands in the text. He adds ' solet semis ut illi qui haec subtilius disserunt,'' &c. numeralibus, sine conjunctione postponi, Zumpt compares Cicero, Pro Flacc. c. 37 : quemadmodum significavimus in Gramm. " dat de lucro, nihil detrahit de vivo." § 87.' ' Semis ' is indeclinable. This expression is most apt ; for, to take 50. De vivo, &c.] The ' arator ' could from a man a large part of his earnings as not make a present out of the corn that soon as he has got them, cuts to the very was left after he had paid his (nominal) life of a people, and, in the end, checks in- ' decumae,' for he had nothing left. "Some- dustry. thing must be carved out of the very Ufe of coroUarium] From ' corolla,' a diminn- him, in order to enable him to make a pre- tive of ' corona,' there is formed ' corolla- sent to Apronius, after giving up his pro- rium,' which Pliny defines to be small ' co- duce." There is a use of ' resecare ' akin ronae,' made of thin plates of copper, gilt to this in Cicero, De Amicit. c. 5 : " sed or silvered. Here it signifies something hoc primum sentio nisi in bonis amicitiam given to a man over that which is due. esse non posse ; neque id ad vivum reseco, Comp. Lib. 4. u. 22. 830 IN 0. VERREM vendundis decumis nummorum faciebat accessiones ad singulas decumas ; neque multum ; bina aut tema millia nummum addebat : fiunt per triennium HS d millia fortasse. Hoc neque exemplo cujusquam neque jure ullo fecit: neque earn pecuniam rettulit: neque hoc parvum crimen quemadmodum defensurus sit homo quis- quam unquam excogitavit. Quod quum ita sit, audes dicere te magno decumas vendidisse, quum sit perspicuum te bona fortunasque aratorum non populi Eomani sed tui quaestus causa vendidisse? Ut si qui villicus ex eo fundo qui sestertia dena meritasset, excisis arboribus ac ven- ditis, demptis tegulis, instrumento, pecore abalienato, domino xx millia nummum pro x miserit, sibi alia praeterea centum confeeerit ; primo dominus, ignarus incommodi sui, gaudeat, villicoque delec- tetur quod tanto plus sibi mercedis ex fundo refectum sit ; deinde, neque multum :'] These words seem to refer to what he has just said ; and ' no great amount,' ' that was not much,' ironi- cally. For he goes on to say ' bina aut tema millia nummum addebat.' HS D millia fortasse.'] ' Fortasse ' is so placed by Lag. 42. The common reading is ' fortasse HS,' &c. Zumpt cannot ex- plain how Cicero made out this sum. ' Fortasse ' Ynust be taken to signify ' about.' P. Manutius explains it thus. There were seventy-two cities in Sicily, as Pliny says ; and if he took 2000 from each for three years, that will make 432,000 ; and he took from some not 2000, but 3000, which will bring up the sum to a larger amount. But this, as Zumpt observes, is manifestly a false explanation, for many of the cities were ' vectigales,' not ' decumanae ;' and some were ' immunes.' Cicero says (c. 51), "ager decuraanus . . desertus est." The * decu- manae,' so far as appears from Cicero's enumeration, were only thirty-four. It seems to me that the words * ad singulas decumas ' may refer to all the ' decumae ' which the ' civitates ' paid, and not to the several regular ' decumae ' of the several ' civitates ;' though, as Zumpt observes, these ' alterae decumae ' are treated of afterwards. audes dicere te] '.Lag. 29, Paris. A. B., audes te dicere, coUocatione verborum ad- modum eleganti ' (Zumpt) ; but he does not adopt the order ; Klotz does. villictts'] "Written ' vihcus ' by Klotz. The word clearly contains the same root as ' villa,' which may perhaps only be entitled to one '1.' A ' villicus ' was an overseer or manager of an estate, who was sometimes a slave, perhaps generally (Forcellini). The use of ' villicus ' explains ' meritasset,' a term which might refer to the ' merces ' or rent, but here it means, which had brought in, or ' earned,' as we might say, ' sestertia dena.' Zumpt observes that the reading of Lag. 42 is not ' HS dena,' but ' sestertia dena,' which, as he observes, is very seldom found in prose writers ; and he only knows one other example in Cicero (Paradox, vi. 3), where ' sexcena sestertia ' is the true reading, not ' sexcenta sestertia.' instrumento,'] This word occurs several times in these orations. Among the Ro- mans it had a fixed legal meaning, for ' in- strumentum' was often the subject of a legacy (Dig. 33. tit. 7 : " De instructo vel instrumento legato "). Ulpian (Dig. 33. 7, 8) says : " in instrumento fundi ea esse quae fructus quaerendi, cogendi, conser- vandi gratia parata sint, Sabinus libris ad Vitellium evidenter enumerat ;" and he then proceeds to explain the definition. The term, in its widest extent, might compre- hend all the stock of the farm, slaves in- cluded. In some parts (quibusdam in re- gionibus) it had a wider meaning than in others ; and the interpretation of the word was determined among the Romans by what we call the custom of the country. It may be observed that Koraaicevri is used in the same, or nearly the same sense, as the Roman ' instrumentum ;' but whether it has a strictly technical meaning, as ' in- strumentum ' had in Latin, I don't know. refectum sit;] 'Lag. 42 has 'receptum sit,' which does not appear to be the right word. Zumpt quotes a like use of 'refi- ciatm-,' from Paradoxa, vi. 1. ACT. II. LIBER TEETIUS. 331 quum audierit eas res quibus fundi fructus et cultura continetur, amotas et venditas, summo supplicio villicum afficiat et secum male actum putet : item populus Romanus, quum audit, pluris decumas vendidisse 0. Verrem quam innocentissimum hominem cui iste successit, 0. Sacerdotem, putat se bonum in arationibus fructibus- que suis habuisse custodem ac villicum ; quum senserit istum omne instrumentum aratorum, omnia subsidia vectigalium vendidisse, omnem spem posteritatis avaritia sua sustulisse, arationes et agros vectigales vastasse atque exinanisse, ipsum maximos quaestus praedasque fecisse, inteUiget secum actum esse pessime, istum autem summo supplicio dignum existimabit. LI. Undo ergo hoc intelligi potest? ex hoc maxime quod ager decumanus provinciae Siciliae propter istius avaritiam desertus est. Neque id solum accidit uti minus multis jugis ararent si qui in agris remanserunt, sed etiam ut permulti locupletes homines, magni et navi aratores, agros latos ac fertiles desererent, totasque arationes derelinquerent. Id adeo sciri facillime potest ex Uteris publicis civitatum, propterea quod lege Hieronica numerus arato- rum quotannis apud magistratus publico subscribitur. Eecita tandem quot acceperit aratores agri Leontini Verres ; lxxxiiii : quot anno tertio profiteantur ; xxxii : ii et quinquaginta aratores ita video dejectos ut his ne vicarii quidem successerint. Quot aratores adveniente te fuerunt agri Mutycensis ? videamus ex Uteris publicis. CLxxxvii. Quid anno tertio? lxxxvi. Centum et unum aratores unus ager istius injuria desiderat, atque adeo res pubUca, quoniam ilia populi Romani vectigalia sunt, hunc tot patrumfamilias numerum desiderat et reposcit. Ager Herbitensis primo anno habuit aratores cclix, tertio cxx : hinc cxxxii patres- familias extorres profugerunt. Agyrinensis ager, quorum homi- num ! quam honestorum ! quam locupletium ! ccl aratores habuit primo anno praeturae tuae. Quid tertio anno ? lxxx, quemad- modum legatos Agyrinenses recitare ex literis publicis audistis. LII. Pro dii immortales, si ex provincia tota clxx ejecisses, possesne severis judicibus salvus esse ? Unus ager Agyrinensis CLXX aratoribus inanior quum sit, vos conjecturam totius provinciae posteritatis] 'AH hope for the future,' Lib. 4. c. 37: "succedam ego vicarius tuo like 'in posteritatem,' c. 56. muneri." Compare Horace, SCarm.xxiv. 51. uti minus, &c.] 'Uti ei minus,' 15: &c. ; Klotz, for which there is some autho- rity ; but it is a bad reading. " Defunctumque laboribus vicarii'] This word here simply means AequaU recreat sorte vicarius." one who takes the place of another, as in 332 IN 0. VERREM iionne facietis? Atque hoc peraeque in omni agro decumano reperietis: quibus aliquid tamen reliqui fuerit ex magno patri- monio, eos in agris minore instrumento, minus multis jugis, reman- sisse, quod metuebant, si discessissent, ne reliquas fortunas omnes amitterent ; quibus autem iste nihil rehqui quod perderent feeerat, eos plane non solum ex agris verum ex civitatibus suis profugisse. Illi ipsi qui remanserant, vix decuma pars aratorum, relicturi agros omnes erant, nisi ad eos MeteUus Roma'literasmisisset, se decumas lege Hieronica venditurum, et nisi ab iis hoc petivisset ut sererent quam plurimum ; quod illi semper sui causa fecerant, quum eos nemo rogaret, quamdiu intelligebant sese sibi et populo Romano, non Verri et Apronio serere, impendere, laborare. Jam vero, judices, si Siculorum fortunas negligitis, si quemadmodum soeii populi Romani a magistratibus nostris tractentur non laboratis : at vos communem populi Romani causam suscipite atque defendite. Ejectos aratores esse dico, agros vectigales vexatos atque exinanitos a Verre, populatam vastatamque provinciam ; haec omnia doceo literis civitatum, ostendo testimoniis et publicis honestissimarum civitatum et privatis primariorum virorum. Quid vultis amplius ? LIII. Num exspectatis dum L. Metellus, is qui multos in istum testes imperio et potestate deterruit, idem absens de istius scelere, improbitate, audaeia testimonium dicat? Non opinor. At is optime qui successit isti potuit cognoscere. Ita est : verum ami- citia impeditur. At debet vos certiores faeere quo pacto se habeat provincia. Debet : verumtamen non cogitur. Num quis in Ver- rem L. Metelli testimonium requirit 1 Nemo. Num quis postulat ! Non opinor. Quid si testimonio L. Metelli ac literis haec omnia vera esse doceo ? quid dicetis ? utrum Metellum falsum scribere an amicum laedendi esse cupidum? an praetorem quemadmodum provincia afflicta sit nescire? Recita Uteras L. MetelU quas ad On. Pompeium et M. Crassum consules, quas ad M. Mummium praetorem, quas ad quaestores urbis misit. epistola l. metelli. ' Decumas frumenti lege Hieronica vendidi.' Quum scribit se lege 52. nonne facietis ?1 'Non facietis:' for this. Orelli has ' sua causa.' Orelli. But this is not the form of inter- 53. afflicta sif] ' Nannianus et Lag. 42 ' rogation in this part of a sentence. Zumpt (Zumpt). But he keeps ' affecta,' because says : ' Vulgo non facietis, quae interro- he supposes that ' afflicta ' should be used gandi forma in indignatione locum habet : with ' quam,' and not with ' quemadmo- in apodosi num habeat ignoro et dubito.' dum.' Klotz has ' adflicta sit.' He refers to Lib. 2. c. 59, and Lib. 5. u. 32. quaestores urns'] ' Quaestores urbanos :' • — ' si discessissent,' from Lag. 42 only. Klotz, which Nann. only has, but in the The common reading ia ' reeessissent.' unusual order, ' urbanos quaestores.' sui causa} There is the better authority ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 333 Hieronica vendidisse, quid scribiti ita se vendidisse ut omnes praeter Verrem. Quum scribit se lege Hieronica vendidisse, quid scribit? se per istum erepta Siculis majorum nostrorum beneficia, jus ipsorum, conditionem societatis, amicitiae, foederum, reddidisse. Dicit quanti cujusque agri decumas vendiderit : deinde quid scribit ? ' Summa vi data est a me opera ut quam plurimo decumas venderem.'' Our igitur, Metelle, non ita magno vendidisti? quia desertas ara- tiones, inanes agros, provinciam miseram perditamque offendisti. Quid id ipsum, quod satum est, qua ratione quisquam qui sereret inventus est ? Recita. Literas ait se misisse et confirmasse, suam se interposuisse auctoritatem : tantummodo aratoribus Metellus obsides non dedit, se non uUa in re Verri similem futurum. At quid est tandem in quo se laborasse dicit ? Recita. ' Ut aratores qui reliqui erant quamplurimum sererent.' Qui 'reliqui?' quid hoc est ' reliqui r quo ex bello? qua ex vastitate? Quaenam in Sicilia tanta clades, aut quod beUum tam diuturnum, tam calami- tosum, te praetore, versatum est ut is qui tibi successerit reliquos aratores coUegisse et recreasse videatur ? LIV. Quum bellis Oarthaginiensibus Sicilia vexata est, et post nostra patrumque memoria quum bis in ea provincia magnae fugi- tivorum copiae versatae sunt, tamen aratorum interitio facta nulla est. Turn sementi prohibita aut messe amissa fructus annuus interibat; tamen incolumis numerus manebat dominorum atque aratorum: turn, qui M. Laevino aut P. Rupilio aut M'. Aquillio praetores in earn provinciam successerant, aratores reliquos non tantummodo] This is the reading of authority for this first ' turn ' in place of Lag. 42 only, which Zumpt and Klotz have ' tamen.' — ' Sementi ' is in Lag. 42 only ; preferred, and apparently for good reasons, the other MSS. have ' semente.' The form The common reading is ' tantum quod ara- ' sementi,' Zumpt observes, is used in Co- toribus,' &c. It is true that ' tantum quod lumella. . . non ' occurs in Lib. 1. u. 45, but it is praetores] The old reading is ' praeto- not used in the same way that ' tantum ribus ;' but the three men who have been quod ' must be understood here. named were either Consuls or Proconsuls laborasse dicit ?] ' Laborasse dicat :' in Sicily. The reading, ' praetoribus,' is Orelli. Lag. 42 has ' dicit.' The meaning merely a misinterpretation of the abbrevia- of the two forms is not the same. Cicero tion Pr., and Zumpt observes that Lag. 42 asks, " What is that in which he says that has ' praetores ' at full length. He suggests he found a difficulty .'* " The other would it as a matter of consideration, whether ' in mean, "What is there in which he says eam provinciam' should be changed into that he found a difficulty ? " In Divin. c. 3, ' in ea provincia.' we have this form : " quid est . . in quo As to M. Valerius Laevinus, see Livy, ego rei publicae plus hoc tempore prodesse Lib. 26. c. 40, and Lib. 27- c. 5. He was possim ? " See Lib. 4. c. 20, note on ' quid in Sicily, as consul, b.c. 210, and tranquil- erat quod,' &c. lized the island after the capture of Agri- 54. versatae sunt, tamen] Klotz reads gentum. 'versatae sunt; turn . . nulla est; tum se- The inscription in Gruter (150. 7), and menti,' &c. I do not know what is the in Orelli's Inscrip. Lat. Sel. ii. 71, referred 334 IN 0. VERREM coUigebant. Tantone plus Verres cum Apronio provinciae SIciliae calamitatis importavit quam aut Hasdrubal cum Poenorum exer- citu, aut Athenio cum fugitivorum maximis copiis, ut temporibus illis simul atque hostis superatus esset ager araretur omnia, neque aratori praetor per literas supplicaret, neque eum praesens oraret ut quam plurimum sereret ; nunc autem ne post abitum quidem hujus importunissimae pestis quisquam reperiretur qui sua voluntate araret, pauci essent reliqui qui L. Metelli auctoritate in agros atque ad suum larem familiarem redirent ? His te Uteris, homo audacis- sime atque amentissime, jugulatum esse non sentis ? non vides, quum is qui tibi successit aratores reliquos appellet, hoc eum diserte scribere, rehquos hos esse, non ex bello neque ex ahqua hujusmodi calamitate, sed ex tuo scelere, importunitate, avaritia, crudehtate? Recita cetera. ' Tamen pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit.' ' Aratorum,' inquit, ' penuria.' Si ego accusator toties de re eadem dicerem, vererer ne animos vestros offenderem, judices. Clamat Metellus, ' Nisi hteras misissem :' non est satis : ' Nisi praesens confirmassem :' ne id quidem satis est : ' Rehquos,' inquit, ' aratores.' Rehquos ! prope lugubri verbo calamitatem provinciae Siciliae significat : addit, ' Aratorum penuria.' LV. Exspectate etiam, judices, exspectate, si potestis, auctori- tatem accusationis meae. Dico aratores istius avaritia ejectos, scribit Metellus, 'reliquos' ab se esse confirmatos. Dico agros relictos arationesque desertas esse : scribit MeteUus, aratorum esse 'penuriam.' Hoc quum scribit, iUud ostendit, dejectos, ejectos, fortunis omnibus expulsos esse populi Romani socios atque amieos. Quibus si qua calamitas propter istum, salvis vectigalibus nostris, accidisset, animadvertere tamen in eum vos oportebat ; praesertim quum ea lege judicaretis quae sociorum causa esset constituta: to by Klotz, begins thus : m. AaviLivs MSS. have ' appellet.' It is one of those M. F. GALLVS. PROc. . . ET EiDEM PRAE- cases in which either mood may be used, TOR IN siciLiA, &c. But it is hard to for the meaning maybe, "Don't you see say "what is the value of this inscription, when he speaks (appellat) of the rest ? " or Klotz says that he was Proconsul, and ac- " Don't you see in that he speaks (appellet) cordingly he calls himself so, for this in- of the rest ? " &c. scription professes to be made by himself, pro eo uf] Servius Sulpieius, in a letter but he appears, with reference to his ad- to Cicero (Ad Div. iv. 5), has the exprea- ministration of Sicily, to have called him- sion ' pro eo ac debui.' self Praetor. Klotz refers to the case of 55. auctoritatem] ' The evidence.' See Bibulus (Cic. Ad Div. ii. 17), who is called the Index, ' auctor.' Praetor of Syria, though he had been con- ejectos,] Zumpt omits ' ejectos ' on the sul. See the note of P. Manutius on this authority of Lag. 42 ; and he has the pas- passage of Cicero, and Ernesti, Clavis Cic. sage thus : ' dejectos fortunis omnibus, ex- guum is . . appellet,'] ' Quum is . . ap- pulsos,' &c. — ' animum advertere :' Lag. 42, pellat :' Klotz. Zumpt says that all the and Klotz. ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 335 quum vero perditis profligatisque sociis, vectigalia populi Romani sint deminuta, res frumentaria, commeatus, copiae, salus urbis atque exercituum nostrorum in posteritatem istius avaritia inter- ierit ; saltern populi Romani commoda respicite, si sociis fidelis- simis prospicere non laboratis. Atque ut intelligatis ab isto prae lucro praedaque praesenti nee vectigalium nee posteritatis habitam esse rationem, cognoscite quid ad extremum seribat Metellus. ' In reliquum tamen tempus vectigalibus prospexi.' In reliquum tempus ait se vectigalibus prospexisse. Non scriberet se vectigal- ibus prospexisse, nisi hoc vellet ostendere te vectigalia perdidisse. Quid enim erat quod vectigalibus prospiceret Metellus in decumis et in tota re frumentaria, si iste non vectigalia populi Romani quaestu suo pervertisset ? Atque ipse Metellus, qui vectigalibus prospicit, qui reliquos aratores coUigit, quid assequitur nisi hoc, ut arent si qui possunt quibus aratrum saltem aliquod sateUes istius Apronius reliquum fecit, qui tamen in agris spe atque exspectatione Metelli remanserunt ? Quid ceteri Siculi ? quid ille ma'ximus nume- rus aratorum, qui non modo ex agris ejecti sunt, sed etiam ex civitatibus suis, ex provincia denique bonis fortunisque omnibus ereptis profugerunt? qua ratione ii revocabuntur ? quot praetorum innocentia sapientiaque opus est ut ilia aratorum multitude ali- quando in suis agris ac sedibus coUocetur ? LVI. Ac ne miremini tantam multitudinem profugisse quantam ex Uteris publicis aratorumque professionibus cognovistis, scitote tantam acerbitatem istius, tantum scelus in aratores fuisse, — incre- dibile dictu est, judices, sed et factum et tota SicUia pervulgatum, deminuta,'] ' Lag. 42 et vi deteriores saltem . . si] Whateyer ' saltem ' may cum Paris. C. editionesqueveteresdiminuta' mean, Cicero often expresses the same (Zumpt). He assents to Oudendorp's re- notion tliat he has here by the formula mark (Ad Suetonii Caesarem, c. 5), that ' si — at,' as in c. 52 : " Si Siculorum . . : at there is both ' deminuo ' and ' diminuo ;' vos," &c. Further on in this chapter : and this may be readily admitted, for we " quibus aratrum saltem," ' saltem ' is used have ' describo,' ' discribo ;' ' dejicio,' ' dis- there as Cicero often uses ' tamen.' jicio ;' and many other like pairs. ' De- quaestu suo] Zumpt has ' suo quaestu,' minuo,' according to Oudendorp, applies to from Lag. 42, which some may prefer. — a thing from which something is taken ; ' aratores coUegit :' Klotz. ' diminuo,' to a thing that is destroyed by 56. pervulgatum,] Zumpt and Klotz the dissolution of the parts. If this is so, write ' pervagata,' on the authority of we ought perhaps to say ' deminutio ca- Lag. 42 only. Zumpt says that it is not pitis,' and not ' diminutio capitis ;' but this Latin to apply ' pervulgata,' or hardly Latin matter is still unsettled. Savigny observes : (verum pervulgata Latine non fere dicun- " in the MSS. there occur two modes of tur), to things which are known to all, but writing this word, ' deminutio ' and ' dimi- to things that are practised by or are in use nutio.' Hugo is decidedly in favour of the by all ; ' nee pervulgamus notitiae causa, latter." Savigny is of opinion that the sed ut alii vulgo utantur.' " Therefore," he Romans wrote the word both ways (Sys- says, "if we read 'pervulgatum,' we must tem, &c., ii. p. 61, note). understand that the 'aratores ' hanged them- 336 IN C. VEEEEM — ut homines propter injurias licentiamque decumanorum mortem sibi ipsi consciverint. Oenturipinum Dioclem, hominem locupletem, suspendisse se constat, quo die sit ei nuntiatum Apronium decumas redemisse. Tyracinum, principem civitatis, eadeni ratione mortem oppetisse dixit apud vos homo nobihssimus, Archonidas Helorinus, quum audisset tantum decumanum professum esse ex edicto istius sibi deberi quantum ille bonis suis omnibus efficere non posset. Haec tu, tametsi omnium hominum dissolutissimus crudelissimus- que semper fuisti, tamen nunquam perpeterere, propterea quod ille gemitus luctusque provinciae ad tui capitis periculum pertinebat; non, inquam, perpeterere ut homines injuriae tuae remedium morte ac suspendio quaererent, nisi ea res ad quaestum et ad praedam tuam pertineret. Quid iUud perpeterere? Attendite, judices; omnibus enim nervis mihi contendendum est, atque in hoc elabo- randum ut omnes intelligant, quam improbam, quam manifestam, quam confessam rem pecunia redimere conetur. Grave crimen est hoe, et vehemens, et post hominum memoriam judiciaque de pecuniis repetundis constituta gravissimum, praetorem socios habu- isse decumanos. LVII. Non hoc nunc primum audit privatus de inimico, reus ab accusatore : jam antea in sella sedens praetor, quum provinciam Siciham obtineret, quum ab omnibus non solum id quod commune est propter imperium, sed etiam id quod istius praecipuum est propter crudelitatem metueretur, millies audivit, quum ejus animum ad persequendum non negligentia tardaret, sed conscientia sceleris avaritiaeque suae refrenaret. Loquebantur enim decumani palam, et praeter ceteros is qui apud istum plurimum poterat maximosque selves all over Sicily." Cicero hardly means propinquum est, edidimus.' to say this : he means to say, that the thing contendendum, &c.] This word is from was notorious all over Sicily. Zumpt even Cod. Vat. Zumpt has ' mihi nervis conni- thinks that ' cupiditate ilia . . . pervagata ' tendum.' — ' elaborandum,' in place of ' la- (Lib. 2. c. 34) may also be understood of borandum,' is also due to Cod. Vat. the notoriety of the greediness of Verres ; confessam rem] This is one of the sc- an explanation, I think, which will not called deponent verbs, of which the parti- generally be received. He refers to ' per- ciples are sometimes used in a passive sense. vagatum est,' in Lib. 4. c. 28. In Lib. 2. ' Adeptus ' is another, as in De Sen. c. 2, 0. 42, I have followed Zumpt in writing where the common reading is ' eandem ' promulgata ' for ' pervulgata ;' but in that accusaret adeptam.' In Lib. 2. u. 42, ' tes- passage * promulgata ' is the appropriate tata ' occurs. word. But one may doubt whether the 57. privatus de inimico, &c.] This means difference of meaning between ' pervulgata ' ' from his enemy.' But Cicero uses ' ab and ' provalgata,' or ' promulgata,' is so accusatore,' as if, as Zumpt remarks, ' ab ' great as Zumpt makes it. expressed a more direct purpose in him who Quid illud perpeterere ?] ' Quid .' illud speaks, and ' de ' a less direct or formal paterere .' ' Zumpt. He says of ' paterere :' communication. ' ex Lag. 42, pro perpeterere, quod nimis ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 337 agros populabatur, Apronius, perparvum ex illis magnis lucris ad se pervenire; praetorem esse socium. Hoc quum palam decumani tota provincia loquerentur tuumque nomen in re tam turpi nefaria- que interponerent, nihilne tibi venit in mentem existimationi tuae consulere, nihil denique capiti ac fortunis tuis providers ? quum tui nominis terror in auribus animisque aratorum versaretur, quum decumani aratoribus ad pactiones faciendas non suam vim sed tuum scelus ac nomen opponerent. Ecquod judicium Eomae tam disso- lutum, tam perditum, tam nummarium fore putasti, quo ex judicio te ulla salus servare posset, quum planum fieret decumis contra instituta, leges, consuetudinemque omnium venditis, in aratorum bonis fortunisque diripiendis decumanos dictitasse tuas esse partes, tuam rem, tuam praedam, idque te tacuisse, et, quum dissimulare non posses, potuisse tamen perpeti et perferre, quod magnitudo lucri obscuraret periculi magnitudinem, plusque aliquanto apud te pecuniae cupiditas quam judicii metus posset ? Esto : cetera negare non potes : ne illud quidem tibi reliquum fecisti ut hoc posses dicere, nihU te eorum audisse, nihil ad tuas aures de infamia tua pervenisse. Querebantur cum luctu et gemitu aratores : tu id nesciebas? Fremebat tota provincia: nemo id tibi renuntiabat? Eomae querimoniae de tuis injuriis conventusque habebantur : ignorabas haec ? ignorabas haec omnia ? Quid quum palam Syra- cusis te audiente maximo conventu L. Rubrius Q. Apronium spon- sione lacessivit, Ni Apronius dictitaret te sibi in decumis esse socium, haec te vox non perculit ! non perturbavit ? non ut capiti et fortunis tuis prospiceres excitavit ? Tacuisti : sedasti etiam lites illorum, et sponsio ilia ne fieret laborasti. LVIII. Pro dii immortales, hoc aut innocens homo perpeti potuisset, aut quamvis nocens, qui modo judicia Romae fore puta- ret, non aliqua simulatione existimationi se hominum venditasset? nummariurn] ' Corrupt,' ' accessible to of the Sponsio are given in c. 59. See Ex- bribes.' Cicero lias the expression (Ad Att. cursus v. i. 16) : ' nummariis judicibus.' 58. non aliqua, Sac.'] ' CoAi. non aliqua ulla salus] Salus was a goddess, and she re simul. populi Rom. existimationi se ho- hadatemple(Liv.ix. 43; x.l). The similar miraMm, item sic editioues veteres, et prae- passage in Terence is referred to by Hot- terea vendicasset s. vindicasset. Victor.' jnann : (Zumpt.) Manutius struck out ' populi " ipsa si cupiat Salus, Rom. ;' but he kept ' vindicasset.' Gruter Servare prorsus non potest banc familiam." first gave the text as it stands in Zumpt's Adelph. iv. 7. 43. edition and in this. Klotz has ' non aliqua ,-. ,. ... , ■ 1 1^1 i. ;*„„ re, simulatione praetoris,' &c., which I don't M . . dtotUaret . . soo^um) Klotz writes ^„'j^^^t,„j ^jie reading is ^ery uncertain, these words m capitals, as if they were the , . , .^^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^^ words of the Sponsio ; and he has them in ; j , ostentare,' ' to make a show this order : ' Ni Apronius dictitaret te sibi ^ Jia„i„v ' in decumis esse socium.' The e.tact words "'^ mspiay. 338 IN 0. VERREM Quid est hoc ? Sponslo fit de capite ac fortunis tuis : tu sedes et quiescis? non persequeris? non perseveras? non perquiris cui dix- erit Apronius, quis audierit, unde hoc natum, quemadmodum pro- latum sit ? Si tibi aliquis ad aurem accessisset et dixisset, Apronium dictitare te sibi esse socium, commoveri te oportuit, evocare Apro- nium, nee ilium ante tibi satisfacere quam tu omnium existimationi satisfecisses. Quum vero in foro celeberrimo, tanta frequentia, hoc, verbo ac simulatione, Apronio, re vera, tibi objectum esset, tu unquam tantam plagam tacitus accipere potuisses, nisi hoc ita statuisses in re tam manifesta quidquid dixisses te deterius esse facturum? Quaestores, legates, praefectos, tribunos suos multi missos fecerunt et de provincia decedere jusserunt, quod illorum culpa se minus commode audire arbitrarentur aut quod peeeare ipsos aliqua in re judicarent ; tu Apronium, hominem vix liberum, contaminatum, perditum, flagitiosum, qui non modo animum inte- grum sed ne-animam quidem puram conservare potuisset, eum in tanto tuo dedecore profecto ne verbo quidem graviore appellasses, neque apud te tam sancta religio societatis fuisset ut tui capitis periculum negligeres, nisi rem tam notam esse omnibus et tam manifestam videres. tu sedes, &c.] If the reader will omit the notes of interrogation after ' quiescis ' and the other words in this sentence, he will not miss them. prolatum sit ?] Here the word is used in its ordinary sense, 'to bring forward.' See Lib. 2. c. 30, where Klotz has ' pro- late ' for ' dilato ' in a sense in which ' pro- lato ' can also be used, as it appears from other passages in Cicero : Pro Muren. 0. 13, ' prolatis rebus ;' and Ad Att. xiv. 5, ' res prolatas.' mimts commode audire'] The good re- port of the governor of a province, his good name, was a matter that concerned him nearly. Cicero says to his brother, when he was governor of Asia (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1) : " ac si te ipse vehementius ad omnes partes bene audiendi excitaris." It appears from this passage that a governor could send away his ' quaestors ' and others from the province. — 'illorum culpa,' adopted by Zumpt from the better MSS. OreUi's reading is ' eorum culpa ;' and ' eorum ' Is the proper word simply to express a re- ference to persons ; but Cicero means to speak of ' these persons ' emphatically. Again, OreUi has ' peccare iUos ;' but the best MSS. have 'peccare ipsos,' where 'ip- sos ' refers specially to the ' illos.' These are not slight matters in the text of Latin authors. The right use of the pronouns is one of the great niceties of the language. animuml This scandalous abuse is in the style of the Roman orators. It is an unsavoury allusion to the foul breath of Apronius. ' Animus,' the intellectual and moral existence, is here contrasted with the breath, as in Juvenal (xv. 148) with the life : " indulsit communis conditor iUis Tantum animas, nobis animum quoque." ne verto quidem, &c.] ' Locus diflScilis,' says Zumpt. Manutius thought that ' non ' should be inserted before 'profecto,' and Ernesti did it. But this cannot be justified. The explanation of Zumpt is the right one s nor is there any real difficulty, if the words 'ne verbo — graviore,' &c., are rightly un- derstood. ' Appellare asperius,' or ' verbo graviore,' is 'to reprove.' The sense is this : " Now, with respect to you and Apro- nius, &c., you would not, in a matter so discreditable to yourself, have been satisfied even vrith giving him a reproof, nor, &c. ; — you would not have spoken to him at all, not even in words of reproof ; you would have sent him away." The position of 'tu Apronium ' is one of the contrasts which are common in Latin. ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 339 LIX. Cum eodem Apronio postea P. Scandilius, eques Romanus, quem vos omnes nostis, eandem sponsionem de societate fecit quam Rubrius facere voluerat. Institifc, oppressit, non remisit : facta est sponsio HS v : coepit Scandilius recuperatores aut judicem postu- lare. Satisne vobis praetori improbo circumdati cancelli videntur in sua provincia, immo vero in sella ac tribunali, ut aut de suo capite judicium fieri patiatur praesens ac sedens, aut confiteatur se omnibus judiciis convinci necesse esse! Sponsio est, ui te APRONius sociDM IN DECUMis ESSE DiCAT. Provincia tua est: ades : abs te judicium postulatur. Quid facis ? quid decernis ? Recuperatores dicis te daturum. Bene agis : tametsi qui tantis erunt cervicibus recuperatores qui audeant in provincia, quum praetor adsit, non solum contra voluntatem ejus sed etiam contra fortunas judicare ? Verum esto : manifesta res est : nemo est quin audisse se liquido diceret : locupletissimus quisque ac certissimus 59. oppressit,'] ' He kept close to him, he held him fast (oppressit), he would not let the man go.' HSv:] Most of the MSS. have 'HSv.' The horizontal line, which denotes thou- sands, is often omitted. The full expres- sion is ' sestertium quinque millium.' See Lib. 5. c. 54. cancelli] ' Cancelli ' (in Greek KtyKXiSeg, SpvipaKTO!;) is an enclosure of wood, or a raiUng, or any thing of the kind, by which a place is enclosed and protected (Forcellini). Salmasins, who hag a prodigious long note on ' CanceUarii ' and ' Cancelli ' (Hist. Aug. p. 483, ed. Paris, 1620), says: "sic Kty/cXi- deg sunt proprie cancelli : ol lirl Kt-^KXidtiiv, cancellarii : KiyicXiSa Graeci rijv tov Si- Kaarripiov Oipav passim interpretantur. Latini tamen cancellos non tantum fores TOV SiKaarripiov, sed etiam omne consep- tum appellant. Graeci quoque Spv' " "What can be Nam sperabam,] The old reading is had ? " says Cicero : " attend ; and you will ' non,' which Naugerius corrected, and his soon hear." emendation, which is certain, is confirmed cistam] The 'praetor's' private purse. by the three best MSS. Zumpt compares As to ' de fisco,' see Act. i. u. 8, note, this use of ' nam ' with the Greek, dWa quid postea ?] ' quid praeterea ? ' Lag. yap, and the German, ja—docA. Several 42 and Klotz. — ' dari a te op. :' Klotz. ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 377 aufers, et huic praedae ac direptioni cellae nomen imponis. Haec deerat injuria et haec calamitas aratoribus, te praetore, qua reliquis fortunis omnibus everterentur. Nam quid esse reliqui poterat ei qui per banc injuriam non modo fructum omnem amitteret, sed etiam instrumentum vendere cogeretur ? Quonam se verteret ? ex quo fructu nummos quos tibi daret inveniret ? Decumarum nomine tantum erat ablatum quantum voluntas tulerat Apronii : pro alteris decumis emptoque frumento aut nihil datum, aut tantum datum quantum reliqui scriba fecerat, aut ultro etiam, id quod didicistis, ablatum. LXXXVI. Oogantur etiam nummi ab aratore? quo- modo ? quo jure ? quo exemplo ? Nam, quum fructus diripiebantur aratorum atque omni lacerabantur injuria, videbatur id perdere arator quod aratro ipse quaesisset, in quo elaborasset, quod agri segetesque extulissent. Quibus injuriis gravissimis tamen illud erat miserum solatium, quod id perdere videbatur, quod alio prae- tore eodem ex agro reparare posset. Nummos vero ut daret arator quos non exararat, quos non aratro ac manu quaerit, boves et ara- trum ipsum atque omne instrumentum vendat necesse est. Non enim debetis hoc cogitare : habet idem in nummis, habet idem in urbanis praediis. Nam quum aratori aliquid imponitur, non hominis si quae sunt praeterea facultates, sed arationis ipsius vis ac ratio consideranda est, quid ea sustinere, quid pati, quid efficere possit ac debeat. Quamquam illi quoque homines sunt ab isto omni ratione quantum reliqui, &c.] After deducting Cod. Vat. Zumpt has 'det — exarat.' — the 'binae quinquagesimae,' mentioned in Zumpt reads 'omnia instrumenta,' from i;. 78- Manutius explains ' ultro ' by ' nullo Lag. 42 only, and observes, ' ne hoc qui- nomine, nuUa causa, pro Verris ipsius libi- dem sine causa, nam omnia valent cetera dine.' Nannius says that we ought to read omnia, quum jam duo sint nominata, quae ' aut ultro etiam id, quod dedistis, ablatum,' omni instrumento comprehenduntur.' But which he explains thus : "aut nihil datum 'instrumentum ' is theword. Cicero only uses aut parum datum aut hoc ipsum quod ultro ' instrumenta' once in these orations at least dederit ab aratore revulsum." But the text (c. 97). He mentions the oxen, the plough, appears to be right. At any rate, we have and he adds, ' all the stock,' after men- no authority for altering it ; and the mean- tioning part. Klotz has ' instrumentum,' ingisnot obscure. " For the second * decu- which is the reading of Cod. Vat. mae,' &c., either nothing at all was given, or habet idem, 8i,c.'] Zumpt omits the se- only so much as remained after the ' scriba ' cond ' idem ' after the second ' habet.' Cod. had made his deductions, or, more than that Vat. has it. (ultro), money was even taken from the aliquid imponitur,'] The common read- ' aratores,' as you have been informed." ing is ' onus aliquid imponitur ;' hut Lag. Cicero has just told us that the ' arator,' 42, ' et Lamb, in margins ' (Zumpt), omit instead of getting a ' denarius ' for each ' onus.' Klotz reads ' munus aliquod im- ' modius,' received nothing at all, and had ponitur,' probably a conjecture. Cod. Vat. to pay two 'denarii.' He then resumes, has 'jus aliquod imponitur.' indignantly, ' Cogahtur etiam nummi,' &c. non hominis] The English reprint of " What ! shall money even be wrested irom Zumpt has ' homines,' but his larger edition the arator .' " ' hominis,' manifestly the true reading, for 86. daret — exararat,] The reading of it Is opposed to ' arationis.' 378 IN C. VERREM exinaniti ac perditi, tamen hoc vobis est statuendum, quid aratorem ipsum arationis nomine muneris in rem publicam fungi ac sustinere velitis. Imponitis decumas ; patiuntur : alteras ; temporibus ves- tris serviendum putant : dent emptum praeterea ; dabunt si voletis. Haec quam sint gravia, et quid his rebus detractis possit ad domi- nos puri ac reliqui pervenire, credo vos ex vestris rebus rusticis conjectura assequi posse. Addite nunc eodem istius edicta, insti- tuta, injurias : addite Apronii Venereorumque servorum in agro decumano regna ac rapinas. Quamquam haec omitto : de cella loquor. Placetne vobis in cellam magistratibus vestris frumentum Siculos dare gratis ! Quid hoc indignius ? quid hoc iniquius ? Atqui hoc scitote aratoribus, Verre praetore, optandum ac petendum fuisse. LXXXVII. Sositheus est Entellinus, homo cum primis prudens et domi nobihs, cujus verba audietis, qui ad hoc judicium legatus publice cum Artemone et Menisco, primariis viris, missus est. Is quum in senatu Entellino multa mecum de istius injuriis ageret, hoc dixit: si hoc de cella atque hac aestimatione concederetur, velle Siculos senatui poUiceri frumentum in cellam gratis, ne post- hac tantas pecunias magistratibus nostris decerneremus. Perspi- cere vos certe scio Siculis quanto opere hoc expediat, non ad aequitatem conditionis sed ad minima malorum eligenda. Nam qui mille mod. Verri suae partis in cellam gratis dedisset, duo miUia nummum aut summum tria dedisset : idem nunc pro eodem numero frumenti HS viii millia dare coactus est. Hoc arator assequi per triennium, certe fructu suo, non potuit: vendiderit in rem putlicarn] Cod. Vat. ' in re means ' for his share of the contribution :' publica ;' perhaps right. Klotz has 'in " pro eo quod ad ipsum attinet " (Manu- re publica.' — ' dent emptum,' &c. ; Klotz tins). " In that case he would have given writes : " emptum praeterea, dabunt, si vo- only two thousand sesterces, or at most letis ;" but I do not know on what autho- (summum) three thousand," rity. — " ex vestris impensis, ex vestris re- certe fructu suo,'] The reading of Ma- bus ;" Klotz from Cod. Vat. nutius was ' certo,' for which he proposed atqui] Whether the reading should be ' certe.' All the editions have ' certo,' till ' atqui ' (Zumpt) or ' atque ' (Klotz), it is the time of Lambinus. All Zumpt's MSS. hard to say. Some of the best MSS. have have ' certe.' Hotmann explained ' certo ' ' atque.' in his way, but Lambinus could not under- 87. audietis] Klotz hag ' audistis ;' but stand it ; nor can any body else. ' Certe,' Zumpt refers to c. 43. ' certainly,' is often equivalent to our phrase non ad aequitatem] Lag. 42 and Cod. 'at least.' The ' arator ' could not make such Vat. have ' non aequitate condicionis ;' but a payment out of his produce, at least ; he the form of the sentence is against this must have sold his farming stock to raise reading. the money. mille mod.] This is so left by Zumpt. instrumentum] Lag. 42 has again the A man may read it 'modios' or 'medio- false reading 'instoumenta.' — 'magnaenim:' rum,' as he pleases. Cod. Vat. has ' mo- ' magna est enim,' Cod. Vat. and Klotz j dium,' that is, ' modiorum.' ' Suae partis,' who also reads ' si modo id salva,' &c. ACT. II. LIBER TERTIUS. 379 instrumentum necesse est. Quodsi hoc munus et hoc vectigal arator tolerare, hoc est, Sicilia ferre ac pati potest, populo Romano ferat potius quam nostris magistratibus. Magna enim pecunia, magnum praeclarumque vectigal, si modo salva provincia, si sine injuria sociorum percipere possumus. Nihil detraho magistratibus : tantundem detur in cellam quantum semper datum est : quod prae- terea Verres imperat, id si facere non possunt recusent ; si possunt, populi Romani potius hoc sit vectigal quam praeda praetoris. Deinde cur in isto genere solo frumenti ista aestimatio constituatur ? Si est aequa et ferenda (debet populo Romano Sicilia decumas), det pro singulis modiis tritici ternos x : sibi habeat frumentum. Data tibi pecunia est, Verres, una qua frumentum tibi emeres in ceUam, altera qua frumentum emeres a civitatibus quod Romam mitteres : tibi datam pecuniam domi retines, et praeterea pecuniam permag- nam tuo nomine aufers. Fac idem in eo frumento quod ad populum Romanum pertinet ; exige eadem aestimatione pecuniam a civitatibus, et refer quam accepisti : jam refertius erit aerarium populi Romani quam unquam fuit. At enim istam rem in publico frumento Sicilia non ferret : banc rem in meo frumento tulit. Proinde quasi aut aequior sit ista aestimatio in tuo quam in populi Romani commodo, aut ea res quam ego dico, et ea quam tu fecisti, inter se genere injuriae, non magnitudine pecuniae differat. Verum istam ipsam cellam ferre nullo modo possunt : ut omnia remittantur, ut omnibus injuriis et calamitatibus quas te praetore tulerunt in Nihil detraho] The ordinary punctua- " Deinde cur in isto genere,'' &c., instead tion *' nihil detraho : magistratibus," &c., of " Deinde cur in uno genere," which is properly rejected by Zumpt j but Klotz Zumpt has. has it. jam refertius] ' turn refertius ;' Klotz constituatur f] The common reading is from Cod. Vat. Between 'jam' and Hum,' ' constituitur.' " Delector conjunctivo, quem ill-written, the difference is small. I prefer praebuit Lag. 42" (Zumpt). His delight 'jam.' must have been complete when he found At enim istam — hanc rem] I copy Ga- that Cod. Vat. has ' constituatur ' (Zumpt, ratoni's note, quoted by Zumpt, not that Appendix). " Why should this be the this passage has any difficulty, but to show rule.'" &c. The pointing of this passage that a good Italian scholar is fully aware of seems to be doubtful. It might stand thus : the meaning of ' iste :' " quam tu dicis, " Deinde cur . . constituatur, si est aequa et deinde hanc rem, quam ego feci." A note ferenda? Debet populo," &c. If the com- of a distinguished scholar (F. A. Wolf, mon reading is right, * debet,' &c., comes in Demosthenis oratio adversus Leptinem, very awkwardly after ' si est,' &c. ; though p. 222) may not be out of place here : it is quite intelligible if it be read rapidly " nimirum in Graecis oratoribus pronomeu aa a parenthesis. The old editions have oJroc notat et judicem et clientem et adver- ' det ' in place of ' debet,' which was hard sarium, quum Latine iste dicatur de adver- to explain. ' Debet ' is the reading of sario, hie de cliente et judice. Vid. iEsch. Cod. Fabric, and Lag. 42. — ' ternos ' means et Demosth. Or. De Corona, Ciceron. pro ' ternos denarios,' which Cod. Vat. has. Rose. Amer. et aUbi passim :" as in these I have adopted the reading of Cod. Vat. : Verrine orations for instance. 380 IN 0. VERREM posterum liberentur, istam se cellam atque istam aestimatlonem negant se ullo modo ferre posse. LXXXVIII. Multa Sophocles Agrigentinus apud Cn. Pom- peium consulem nuper, homo disertissimus et omni doctrina et virtute ornatissimus, pro tota SiciHa de aratorum miseriis graviter et copiose dixisse ac deplorasse dicitur ; ex quibus hoe iis qui aderant, nam magno eonventu acta res est, indignissimum videbatur, qua in re senatus optime ac benignissime cum aratoribus egisset, large liberaliterque aestimasset, in ea re praedari praetorem, bonis everift aratores ; et id non modo fieri, sed ita fieri quasi liceat con- cessumque sit. Quid ad haec Hortensius ? Falsum esse crimen ? Hoc nunquam dicet. Non magnam hac ratione pecuniam captam ? Ne id quidem dicet. Non injuriam factam Siculis atque aratoribus 2 Qui poterit dicere ? Quid igitur dicet ? Fecisse alios. Quid est hoc ? Utrum crimini defensio an comitatus exsilio quaeritur ? Tu in hac re pub- lica, atque in hac hominum libidine, et, ut adhuc habuit se status judiciorum, etiam licentia, non ex jure, non ex aequitate, non ex lege, non ex eo quod oportuerit, non ex eo quod licuerit, sed ex eo quod aliquis fecerit, id quod reprehenditur recte factum esse defen- des ? Fecerunt alii. Quid, alia quam multa ? Cur in hoc uno istam se cellam — negant se ullo, &c.] Antiquities, and Niebnhr's Roman History. In both cases Cod. Vat. omits ' se ;' and in Fecerunt alii, &c.] Zumpt observes that both cases Klotz follows it. most of the MSS. and the old editions have 88. Sophocles Agrigentirmsl Cod. Vat. ' aliqui alia,' &c. The common reading now, has ' Sosippus,' and of course Klotz has. is that which Nannius says is the reading of The reading is uncertain, for Lag. 42 has his old MS. ' alii alia.' But Lag. 42 has ' Sotiis Agrigentinus,' which Zumpt, per- ' alii quidem.' Zumpt accordingly reads : haps correctly, takes to be for Sosis, which Fecerunt alii quidem aha quam m> The average weight of an English bushel of wheat on the land here 2 The following facts were furnished me through the Rev. G. Cotterill, by T. S. Woolley, junr., South CoUingham, near Newark. 396 LIB. in. c. 47. referred to would be 62 lbs. I am not aware that there is any authority for the weight of a bushel of Sicilian corn ; but it would probably be the same that it is now, and I suppose that the hard corn of the south of Europe weighs heavier than English grain. The gross produce on the best Sicilian land, according to Cicero's statement, in the most favour- able years, was only equal to the average of the English produce. On the poor lands we must assume it to be only one half. The following facts are from the same authority that I have referred to : — In 1845, six pieces of land, measuring half an acre each, were sown with one bushel each, of sis different kinds of wheat. The fol- lowing was the result, as given by Mr. C. HiUyard, who tried the experiment to determine the most productive kind of wheat. No. I 2 3 4 5 6 Bushels Bushels per half-acre. per acre. 20 40 18 36 20 40 19i 39 22i .. 45 18 36 Weight per bushel. 64 lbs. 64 63-5 63 63 60 The large amount of produce raised by the best farmers ia Scotland under what is called high farming, appears from an article ia Black- wood's Magazine, 1850, p. 94. The cost of getting a large produce is not a matter that comes into question here. But it may be well to observe, for the benefit of those who look only to results, without con- sidering how they are produced, that a smaller crop in some countries may be more profitable to the grower than a larger crop in other coun- tries. The larger crop may cost so much as to bring its net value to the grower below the net value of the smaller crop. In the rich lands of North America a crop of com is produced at small cost after the land is cleared. An old traveller, Michaux' (1802), speaks of 25 to 30 bushels the acre in Kentucky, weighing 60 lbs. the bushel, raised with no application of manure and little tillage. Near Wheeling, on the Ohio, he speaks of 15 to 20 bushels the acre, when the land is cleared ; but no manure is used, there is little tillage, and the soU is never idle. I have no more recent authority by me, but this is enough for the purpose. On a good soil, with little labour, they get what pays them, though it is not much. When it wiU pay to get more, they can have it by more labour. 3 A traveUer in the United States fifty years ago ia an old traveller. I assume that Michaux uses the English statute acre. VII. The Formula Octaviana. Lib. 3. c. 65. The Eoman ' praetor ' gave relief to persons who had, under compul- sion, done any act which was against their interests, and it was a more complete relief than was given in the case of other Eestitutiones. The injured person received fourfold the amount of the loss or damage which he had sustained ; and not only was the wrong doer liable to make this reparation, but every person who had derived a profit from the compul- sory act, either directly or indirectly, was also liable to make reparation. The remedy was by the ' Actio quod metus causa ' (Dig. 4. tit. 2) ; and its origin must be explaiaed, according to Eudorff, by a reference to the history of Eepetundae. The Leges which relate to Eepetundae are enumerated in Excursus I. The proceeding under the Lex Calpurnia (e.g. 149) was, in its mate- rial part, a ' condictio,' that is, an action for the recovery of what was claimed by the injured party or parties ; but the ' litis aestimatio,' or assessment of the damage, was limited to the simple amount of what had been wrongfully taken. But, though the proceeding was substantially a ' condictio,' it was not conducted by a Legis Actio per condictionem, for this had been abolished by the Lex Aebutia. The proceeding was in the form of a Sacramenti Actio before the Praetor Peregrinus. The Sacramentum contained a penalty for the illegal act ; whereas the ' litis aestimatio,' which followed after judgment against the defendant, gave to the complainant satisfaction to the amount of the loss which he had sustained by the illegal act. The penalty in the Sacramentum, it is assumed, came to the State, and, not like the ' Sponsionis summa,' to the successful party. The proceeding by the Sacramentum was preserved in the Lex Junia, and also in the Servilia, according to the restored text ' (1. 72 — 74) . It also appears that if a man was condemned or acquitted in a Sacramenti Actio, there could be no proceeding against him under the Serviha Lex ; but the Lex excluded a man who had been condemned in the Sacramenti Actio from acting as a 'judex.' The Sacramenti Actio of the Lex Calpurnia, and of the Lex Junia, was not a Privatum Judi- ' Thus in the restored text of the Lex ServiUa, line 23 ; " quei de pecunia capta eon- demnatus fuerit aut quod cum eo lege Calpurnia aut lege Junia Sacramento actum siet, aut quod h. 1. nomen delatum siet." 398 FORMULA OOTAVIANA. cium, like tlie Condictiones, or actions brouglit by a single injlired party : it was a proceeding in the name of a whole province, conducted by a prosecutor, before a body of sworn Judices. Tet the indemnifica- tion of the injured parties was still the main object. The Servilia gave to the proceedings another character. The ' nominis delatio,' the pubhc prosecution before the Praetor Quaesitor, or the Judex Quaestionis, was the principal thing : the Petitio and the Litis Aestimatio occupy a secondary place. If the defendant was condemned, he did not escape the. Litis Aestimatio. "In this, however, is the Litis Aestimatio inde- pendent of the result of the public prosecution, that it afiects even one who has been acquitted, and is applied to him who has pleaded guilty, without presupposing a condemnation of the defendant by a body of Judices '." The Servilia raised the amount of damages to double of the real loss sustained ; but only one-half of this sum, or the bare amount of loss went to the parties ; the rest went to the treasury (aerarium). But the proceedings were not confined to the guilty person ; they extended to his ' heredes,' or representatives, and to the ' heredes ' of the ' heredes.' Even innocent third persons, who might have been enriched, that is, have got some profit, in consequence of the illegal acts of the defendant, were liable to be proceeded against before a body of 'judices;' they came under the general terms ' quo ea pecunia quam is ceperit qui damuatus sit pervenerit.' The condemnation of a third person, however, relieved the defendant from payment of damages. It is generally said that the Lex Cornelia of the Dictator Sulla raised the Litis Aestimatio to quadruple the amount of the real damage. But there is no direct evidence for this. This Lex retained the chapter ' Quo pervenerit,' as we see from the oration Pro Cluentio, c. 41, which was delivered when the Lex Cornelia was in force. The last Lex de Eepetundis was the Lex Julia, passed in Caesar's first consulship. It appears that aU the Leges de Eepetundis applied to abuse of their office by Magistratus ; but the principle of these Leges was extended to the acts of private persons, which were of a like character with those acts that came within the provisions of those Leges de Eepetundis. To this class of private actions, formed in imitation of the proceeding under the Leges de Eepetundis, belong the ' in factum actio,' on the ground of ' calumnia ' ^ (Dig. 3.6.1), and the ' Actio quod metus causa,' which we are now considering. 2 I don't understand this. If a man pleaded guilty, that wag as good as if he was found guilty. But, if he was acquitted on the charge of Repetundae, I don't see how he could be hable to pay any thing in respect of a charge that had not been proved. 2 " In eum qui, ut calumniae causa negotium faceret vel non faceret, pecuniam acce- pisse dicetur, intra annum in quadruplum ejus pecuniae quam accepisse dicetur, post annum slmpli in factum actio competit." FORMULA OCTAVIANA. 399 The introduction of the ' Actio quod metua causa " is attributed by Cicero to a Praetor Octavius, who is conjectured to be the L. Octavius who was consul b.o. 75. If this was the man, he was probably ' praetor' about four years earlier, or B.C. 79. Accordingly, the introduction of this Actio would belong to the year B.C. 79, two years after the enact- ment of the Lex Cornelia De Eepetundis, and two years before the introduction of the ' Actio Vi bonorum raptorum,' by the praetor, M. Lucullus. This confirms Eudorff's opinion, which he establishes on other grounds, that the action ' Quod metus causa ' was not founded on, or derived from, the ' Actio Vi bonorum raptorum,' as some have sup- posed. After Sulla's death, B.C. 78, this 'Actio quod metus ' was applied to compel persons to make restitution, who, during the time of Sulla, had by violent means got possession of other persons' property. Cicero appears to allude to this appHoation of the Actio, by that active and excellent Praetor, C. Octavius, the father of him who was afterwards the emperor Augustus : " cogebantur Sullani homines quae per vim et metum abstulerant reddere " (Ad Qu. Pr. i. 1. c. 7). The edict into which the Octaviana Pormula was received, applied to the case of agreements (Cicero, De Off. iii. 24 ; Dig. 2. 14. 7. § 7), to cases where Eestitutio was claimed, in consequence of a man having sustained loss by having been prevented from doing something (Dig. 4. 6. 1. § 1) ; and, lastly, to cases where Restitutio was claimed, in consequence of a man's rights having been impaired by acts done under compulsion. The clause applicable to the last case ran thus : " Quod metus causa gestum erit, ratum non habebo ;" bub the original form was, " Quod vi metusve causa" (Dig. 4. 2. 1). Under this head, Octavius declared that he would allow an action for fourfold the amount of the loss sustained by this compulsion ; and an action, not only against the person who had been guilty of the violence, but also against any innocent person who had got direct pecuniary profit in consequence of the act of violence. This measure of Octavius was caused by the circumstances of the times. During the tyranny of the Dictator SuUa, acts of violence had become so common, and so many persons had been deprived of then- property by threats, and other illegal proceedings, that a stronger remedy seemed to be required than a simple action (condictio), to which, however, a person might still have recourse. After the publication of the new -Pormula, the two remedies subsisted together. As citizens now practised with respect to other citizens the same unlavrfiil means that Eoman ' magistratus' practised against provincials, there was a reason for applying what Cicero calls the principles of the Lex SociaHs, the Lex De Eepetundis (Divin. c. 5), to the case of Eoman citizens oppressing their feUow-citizens. The Pormula of Octavius having been introduced into the Edictum Urbanum, was thence transferred to the Provinciale ; 400 FORMULA OCTAVIANA. for Cicero tells us (Lib. 3. c. 65), that L. CaecUius Metellus, tlie suc- cessor of Verres, had admitted the Formula into his edict at Eome, and also into his provincial edict. The dlaim of C. Gallus before Metellus, was, that pursuant to his edict the ' praetor ' should grant him an action against Apronius, in respect of " quod per Tim et metum — abstu- Hsset." Cicero, in speaking of the exactions of this scoundrel, uses the words which brought his acts within the terms of the edict ; ' iniquas pactiones yL et metu expressas ' — ' civitates virgarum ac mortis metu ' — 'aratores vi et metu coactos Apronio multo plus quam debuerint dedisse.' There was sufficient reason to allow the action agaiast Apronius, but Metellus refused it, because he wished to keep back what would have appeared to the prejudice of Verres, in the trial at Rome. Verres was, indeed, the real culprit, for Apronius only acted as his tool ; but he Was at least liable for whatever had come to his hands. Now Metellus saw, that if Apronius had been condemned to restore fourfold to C. G-allus, this would have been indirectly a condemnation of Verres in the matter of the Eepetundae. It was, however, a prin- ciple of laWj that when the condemnation of a defendant by Eecupera- tores, in a civil matter, preceded the trial for a matter that affected a man's 'caput' (causa capitaUs), the accused had the advantage of an exception in this form, ' extra quam si in reum capitis praejudicium fiat,' which means, that the result of this trial was not to prejudice him in the future trial (Cicero, De Invent, ii. 20 : " non enim oportet in recuperatorio judicio ejus maleficii, de quo iater sicarios quaeritur, prae- judicium fieri" &c. Paulus, Dig. 5. 1. 54 : "per miaorem causam majori cognitioni praejudicium fieri non oportet; major enim " Ac: and Dig. 47. 10. 7. § 1). This was precisely the case before Metellus. The ' Actio quod metus causa ' against Apronius would have been decided in the province, and Verres would have to be tried by a body of senators at Home, on the charge of Eepetundae. Metellus did not wish the judgment in Sicily, which would certainly have been obtained against Apronius, to prejudice Verres at Some in. any way : " praejudicium se . . . noUe fieri" (c. 65). Cicero expresses his surprise that Metellus did not perceive that he was in effect passing judgment on Verres, by refusing to allow this action : " sed hoc miror . . . judicavit " (o. 65). It has been urged that the words ' quod per vim et metum abstulisset' cannot have been the words of the ITormula, which may be true to a certain degree. Neither the word ' quod,' nor the subjunctive ' abstu- lisset,' would appear in the Formula; but the words 'per vim et metum,' and ' abstuHsse,' so often repeated by Cicero, can only be re- ferred to the Formula as their source. The words ' ablata pecunia ' are also one of the expressions of the Lex ServUia, to designate the offences to which that Lex apphed ; and this, which is an argument in favour of FORMULA OCTAVIANA. 401 the analogy between the Octaviana Formula, and the Lex de Eepe- tundis, is also in favour of some form of the word ' aufero ' being con- tained in the Formula. Eepetundae comprehended both the offence of receiving money as a gift — a bribe, for instance — and also the getting of money by force and threats. The ' Actio quod metus causa ' could have no reference to gifts, because a free gift from one private person to another, is a transaction that does not come under the head of things forbidden ; but the obtaining of money, or any thing valuable from another by threats and force, is precisely the act to which the Formula Octaviana applied. The position of the defendant in the ' Actio quod metus causa,' shows also that this ' actio ' is framed after the model of the proceedings in the case of Eepetundae. The principle of the action, is not only to punish the man who has used ' vis et metus,' but to restore the injured party to all his rights. Accordingly the ' Actio quod metus ' could be maintained even against artificial persons, though they are not capable of 'committing a delict (Dig. 4. 2. 9. § 1. 3) ; also against the ' heredes ' of the person who had used ' vis et metus,' though they had taken no personal share in the compulsion ; against third persons who had derived some direct advantage from the application of the ' vis et metus,' though as a general rule third persons are not affected by the acts of others. It also holds against those who have acquired by singular succession, if they have got aU the profit which the person who used compulsion derived from the act (Dig. 4. 2. 14. § 5), though as a general rule personal plaints do not pass from one defendant to another. But these persons, who may become liable to the plaintiff, are only liable so far as the advantage derived from the 'metus et vis' has come to their hands (quantum ad eos pervenit), and at the time of the commencement of the action is still a part of their property (Dig. 4. 2. 20). The principle was that the gain which had accrued from the unlawful act could be recovered from any person to whom it could be traced. If the thing was consumed, neither the wrong-doer nor his 'heres' was released; the 'actio' is 'perpetua.' If it has perished, a third person in whose hands it was, is released ; but if such person has parted with the thing, which was originally wrongfully gotten, he is still liable ; for the thing having been exchanged for money, or any thing else, he must be considered to have been a gainer, even if that thing afterwards perish or is consumed. The object of the 'Actio quod metus' is clearly then, in the case of private wrong-doers, the same as that of the proceedings for Eepetundae in the case of Magistratus. The object of the clause ' quo ea pecunia pervenerit,' and the extension of the action to third persons, is to give the injured party complete compensation, and to take from third D d 402 FOEMULA OOTAVIANA. persons a profit or advantage, whicli they have got without good grounds, and at the cost of him who has suffered 'vis et metus.' The ignorance in a third party of the unlawful act was not a necessary condition of the plaintiff's right of action. The principle was the same as that appHed to stolen goods, where the ownership stUI remained unchanged, into whatever hands the stolen thing came. Accordingly, a ' bonae fidei emptor,' that is, a man who believed that the seller had a good title, if he bought things from a person who had got them ' vi et metu,' or if he received such things as a gift, or as a legacy, was still liable to this action for its restitution (Dig. 4. 2. 14. § 5). The Octaviana Formula further agrees, vrith the Litis Aestimatio as to the fourfold value to be recovered ; whether this fourfold value first appeared in tha Lex Julia, and was thence transferred to the Pormula, or whether it was in the Lex Cornelia, and was thence transferred into the Formula at its original formation, as in the case of the ' actio vi bonorum,' where the ' quadruplum' was a part of the original Formula'. The object of the ' quadruplum' seems to have been rather an indirect means of compelling 'restitutio' than the proper object of the 'Actio quod metus causa ;' and accordingly the right to demand the ' quadruplum' was extinguished if the complainant had obtained satisfaction by the immediate aid of the 'praetor,' by the 'exeeptio metus,' or by the 'actio doU.' For if this ' Actio quod metus ' had been a mixed penal action, the claim for the 'triplum' would still have remained, after the 'simplum' was made good" If one of several persons who has used 'metus et vis,' or one of several persons to whose hands the thing had come, either has restored the thing before judgment pronounced against him, or has paid the 'quadruplum' pursuant to a judgment, the demand against the rest is extinguished: the solidarity which is a characteristic of penal actions does not hold here*. This rule as to the 'Actio quod metus causa' is expressed as follows by TJlpian (Dig. 4. 2. 14. § 15) : ' Dig. 47. 8. 2 : " Praetor ait : Si cui dolo malo hominibus coactis damni quid factum esse dicetur, sive cujus bona rapta esse dicentur, in eum qui id feeisse dicetur intra annum quo primum de ea re experiendi potestas fuerit in quadruplum, post annum in simplum judicium dabo." ^ Savigny, System, &c. 232, 233. In all cases of this kind the second action can be prosecuted, although the first has been prosecuted and a judgment obtained for the plaintiff. Thus the ' Actio vi bonorum raptorum' had for its object simple recovery of the value, and also three times the value as a penalty. 3 " If several persons steal at the same time, each of them is guilty of the whole act of theft, and the circumstance that others help a man in the act of theft neither alters nor diminishes the penal character of his act. Accordingly the 'forti actio' is maintainable against each for the full penalty, even though the rest have abeady paid their penalty, because the punishment of each of the several delicts is u separate and distinct object." Savigny, System, &c. v. 234. FORMULA OOTAVIANA. 403 'Si plures metum adhibuerint et unua fuerit conventus, siquidem sponte rem ante sententiam restituerit, omnes liberati sunt. Sed etsi id non fecerit, sed ex sententia quadruplutn restituerit, verius est etiam sic perimi adversus ceteros quod metus causa actionem." rinally, the Edict gave a man the opportunity of avoidbg the ' quadruplum' by restitution (Dig. 4. 2. 14. § 1 : "Si quis non restituat, in quadruplum in eum judicium pollicetur," &c.). He had the power of making restitution at any time before the sentence was pronounced. The Formula Octaviana only related to the action of the party who had been wronged : for Formula is only another name for Actio. If the injured party was sued upon some promise obtained by ' vis et metus,' or any cause of action, the foundation of which was in ' vis et metus,' his defence or answer was by the ' metus exceptio,' or the plea of constraint. This ' exceptio ' was ' in rem,' that is, general, and con- sequently it was an answer not only to the ' heres' of the person who had used the ' vis et metus,' and to any person who had purchased from him, but also to any third person (enimvero metus causa exceptio in rem scripta est : Si in ea re nihil metus causa factum est ; ut non iaspi- ciamus an is qui agit metus causa fecerit aUquid sed an omnino metus causa factum sit in hac re a quocunque, non tantum ab eo qui agit : Dig. 44. 4. 4. § 33). I have given as weU as I can the substance of Eudorffs essay in the Zeitschrift fiir Greschichtliche Eechtswissenschaft (xii. 131) ; but it is not easy to compress an essay of forty pages and to treat the matter properly. If this is considered too technical an exposition, the fault is with the subject, and it cannot be helped. Those who will read with care may understand it pretty well ; and they wiU see what pains the Eomans took to protect persons who had been constrained by force or threats to do any act by which their pecuniary interests were damaged, or who had been, by like means, prevented from doing some act, the omission of which was injurious to their interests. The ' condictiones ' of the Jus Civile appUed to many cases ; and, among others, they enabled a man to recover what had been got from him by force or threats ; and Cicero alludes to this process in the Divinatio (c. 5) : " Civibus quum sunt ereptae pecuniae," &c. But the ' condictio ' could only be main- tained against the original wrong-doer (Dig. 12. 6. 49) ; and the thing itself (a sum of money, for instance), or the simple amount of the loss or damage only could be recovered. It was remarked that the Edict ran originally ' Quod vi metusque causa,' and that afterwards the word 'vi' was omitted, and properly omitted. It is properly ' vis,' when the person to whom ' vis ' is applied is overpowered by physical force ; for instance, if money is taken from his pocket in spite of his resistance, or if he is prevented by physical D d 2 404 FORMULA OOTAVIANA. force from doing sometMng wHct lie wislies to do, voting at an election, making his testament, or the like. If no force is used, but the will ia operated on by threats, that is, by producing fear, this is 'metijs.' Savigny observes (System, &c., ui. p. 101, note {a) ), that the opposition between ' vis ' and ' metus ' appears most clearly ia the case of the loss of possession ; for possession may be lost either through physical force or through threats. If a man is forcibly ejected, that is Dejectio, and to this case applied the 'Interdictum de vi' (Dig. 43. 16. 5). If a man gives up possession through threats, that is compulsive Traditio (delivery), and the ' Actio quod metus causa ' applies (Dig. 4.2.9). The Romans did not consider that fear, produced by threats, took away the free exercise of the wdU. The cases to which the ' Actio quod metus ' applies are not those where physical force was used, but where fear was produced by threats; they were cases in which the person had chosen to act in obedience to the threat rather than submit to the consequences of refusal. Such are the numerous cases mentioned ia these orations, where persons had through fear, and some through pain, consented to comply with the demands of Verrea or his agents. The Romans were right in saying that threats do not exclude the freedom of the vriU ; and accordiagly they did not consider acts done under the influence of this kiad of fear to be void. But they gave a remedy to the person who had acted under the influence of the motive of fear caused by threats ; and the ground was this, that means to induce him to consent had been applied, which were immoral, just as it is immoral to tempt a woman's chastity by money ; and only one degree less immoral than to violate it by force. Wherever, then, immoral means are applied to induce consent, the consenting party is entitled to restitution or reparation so far as it is possible. What means are immoral is a matter that may be safely left to the ' communis sensus,' the moral notions of all people who are not immediately interested in the decision of any particular case. This sub- ject is discussed by Savigny, System, Vol. iii., Zwang and Irrthum. It is possible that some things in this Excursus may not be quite consistent with some things that occur elsewhere ia this book. The explanation is this : there are great difficulties ia some of the subjects discussed ia this volume, and certain differences of opiaion about them. In this essay I have endeavoured to give Rudorff's opiaions. What I have taken from others, or what I have said myself, may easily be dis- tinguished. ACTIONIS SECUNDAE IN C. VERREM LIBEE QUARTUS. DE SIGNIS. I. Venio nunc ad istius quemadmodum ipse appellat studium ; ut amici ejus, morbum et insaniam ; ut Siculi, latrocinium. Ego quo nomine appellem nescio : rem vobis proponam : vos earn suo non nominis pondere penditote. Genus ipsum prius cognoscite, judices ; deinde fortasse non magno opere quaeretis quo id nomine appellandum putetis. Nego in Sicilia tota, tarn locupleti, tam vetere provincia, tot oppidis, tot familiis tam copiosis, ullum argenteum vas, uUum Corinthium aut Deliacum fuisse, ullam gemmara aut margaritam, quidquam ex auro aut ebore factum, signum ullum aeneum, marmoreum, eburneum; nego ullam picturam neque in tabula, neque in textili, quin conquisierit, inspexerit, quod placitum 1. s(udium;2 Zumpt refers to Cicero, De Invent, i. 25, for a definition of ' stu- dium :' '* studium est animi assidua et vehe- raens ad aliquam rem applicata magna cum voluntate occupatio, ut pliilosophiae, poeti- cae, geometriae, literarum." gemmam] ' Gemmae ' are precious stones, as ' adamas, smaragdus, beryllus, opalus,' and many others, which Pliny, in his mul- tifarious work (H. N. xxxvii. 4) describes. They were used in many ways. They were set in gold, and worn in a ring. They were used for adorning drinking cups (Juv. V. 43), for ornament, and for the gem- cutter to exercise his art upon. margaritam^'] ' Margarita,' or ' marga- ritum,' is the pearl. It is mentioned (fiapyapirrje) by Arrian (Indie, c. 8) as being found in the Indian seas in a shell fish ; and he adds, that the name is Indian, as we might suppose (rov /xapyapiTTjv Sr) Tov Oa\aASHAEI- civitas' was bound to supply ' frumentum TQNHBOYAHKAIOAHMOS, &c. Seethe emptum.' It would seem strange if a interesting description of Phasehs in Beau- ' foederata civitas ' owed this duty, and the fort's Karamania. ' immunes populi ' did not ; a conclusion These Lycii were Greeks, as Cicero oh- that some may be inclined to derive from serves ; and we have an account of their these words. But it is not a necessary political constitution in Strabo (p. 664, ed. conclusion ; and we learn from other paa- Cas.). The Lycii of Homer appear in the sages that all Sicily was bound to supply war of Troy. ' frumentum emptum ' or ' imperatum.' C. Catonis,} See Lib. 3. c. 80. C. Cato, Navem} Compare Lib. 1. c. 34, 35, as consul B.C. 114, a grandson of the Censor, to the Milesii. "We there learn how the He had Macedonia for his province, where Romans maintained a fleet. he got money improperly, was tried, con- ACT. II. LIBER QUAETUS. 419 retinuit. At cujushominis? clarissimi potentissimique ; qui tamen quum consul fuisset, condemnatus est, [ita] 0. Oato, duorum homi- num clarissimorum nepos, L. Pauli, et M. Catonis, et P. African! sororis filius : quo damnato turn quum judicia fiebant, HS nil mil- libus lis aestimata est. Huic Mamertini irati fuerunt, qui majorem sumptum quam quanti Catonis lis aestimata est in Timarchidi prandium saepe fecerunt. Verum haec civitas isti praedoni ac piratae Siciliensi Phaselis fuit. Hue omnia undique deportabantur ; apud istos relinquebantur : quod celari opus erat, habebant seposi- tum ac reconditum : per istos quae volebat, clam imponenda, oc- eulte exportanda curabat : navem denique maximam quam onustam furtis in Italiam mitteret apud istos faciendam aedificandamque curavit : pro hisce rebus vacatio data est ab isto sumptus, laboris, militiae, rerum denique omnium : per triennium soli non modo in Sicilia, verum, ut opinio mea fert, his quidem temporibus in omni orbe terrarum, vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere. Hinc ilia Verria nata sunt : quod in victed, and fined. As to the ' impedimenta retinuit,' I find no further information. — ' At cujus hominis ? ' see Lib. 2. c. 45. [ita] C. Cato,'] Zumpt has followed Er- nesti in placing thsee words, ' ita C. Cato . . sororis filius,' in []. He supposes them to have been transferred into the text from a marginal note ; and he adds, " Auctor, a quo petita videntur, in promptu est, Vel- leius, Lib. ii. 8 : Mandetur deinde memo- riae severitas judiciorum, quippe C. Cato consularis, M. Catonis nepos, Africani so- roris filius (nepos igitur L. Aemilii Paulli) repetundarum ex Macedonia damnatus est cum lis ejus mi aestimaretur." The pre- cise sum is uncertain, owing to the diversity in the MSS. See Lib. 3. c. 80. Klotz (Vorrede, p. 13) contends that the pas- sage is right. He points the disputed part thus : ' condemnatus est : ita C. Cato duo- rum . . fihus ;' and explains it thus : ' Yes, C. Cato, &c., was condemned.' He makes ' ita ' correspond to the German ' ja, so ist es.' I am not acquainted with this peculiar use of ' ita,' and Klotz is not accustomed to support his explanations by instances. I think, however, that he is right in rejecting Zumpt's supposition that these words have been interpolated from Paterculus. The words are undoubtedly genuine, but there seems to be something wrong in the con- nexion between ' condemnatus est ' and what follows. The blunder appears to be in the ' ita ;' and if it is omitted, perhaps E the difficulty is removed. Though I cannot accept Klotz's explanation, I leave the words standing, as genuine ; and having enclosed ' ita ' in the critical [] , I commend the passage to the consideration of the learned. quum judicia j/ieiant,'] Zumpt has ' quum severa judicia fiebant,' and yet he says that * severa ' is wanting in all the better MSS. But it may be omitted. Compare Lib. 5. c. 59 : " quum judicia fiebant;" and c. 12 : " non jus did, non judicia fieri." Klotz omits it in this passage. See Lib. 3. u. 90, note on "ad quae exempla." deportabantur t~\ ' Deferebantur i' Zumpt, in his larger edition, and Klotz. On ' clam imponenda,' Zumpt observes, " omisi quae vulgo praemittuntur verba in navem propterea quod absunt a Lambini duobus, et Regi9 Graevii, nee in Guelff. in- veniuntur." ' Imponere ' can be thus used absolutely ; and, as a mere matter of taste, ' in navem ' is better omitted. vacatio'] A release or excuse from a ser- vice or duty. The verb occurs in the same sense in the De Sen. c. 11 ; " ergo . . vacat aetas nostra muneribus," &c. With a noun, the construction is with the genitive, as in the excerpt from Scaevola (Dig. 50. 5. 3) : " His qui naves marinas fabricave- runt . . muneris publici vacatio praestatur oh naves." quod in convivium'] These words of course refer to 'Verria,' to the banquets e2 420 IN 0. VEEREM convivium Sex. Cominium protrahi jussit, in quem scyphum de manu jacere conatus est, quem obtorta gula de convivio in vincla atque in tenebras abripi jussit. Hinc ilia crux, in quam iste civem Romanum multis inspectantibus sustulit ; quam non ausus est usquam defigere nisi apud eos quibuscum omnia scelera sua ac latro- cinia eommunicavit. XI. Laudatum etiam vos quemquam venitis? qua auctoritate ? utrum quam apud senatum an quam apud populum Romanum habere debetis ? Ecquae ci vitas est, non in provinciis nostris verum in ultimis nationibus, aut tarn potens, aut tarn libera, aut etiam tarn immanis ac barbara ; rex denique acquis est qui senatorem populi Romani tecto ac domo non invitet ? qui honos non homini solum habetur, sed primum populo Romano, cujus beneficio nos in hunc ordinem venimus, deinde ordinis auctoritati, quae nisi gravis erit apud socios et exteras nationes, ubi erit imperii nomen et dig- nitas? Mamertini me publico non invitarunt. Me quum dico, leve est : senatorem populi Romani si non invitarunt, honorem debitum detraxerunt non homini sed ordini. Nam ipsi TuUio pate- bat domus locupletissima et amplissima On. Pompeii Basihsci, quo etiamsi esset invitatus a vobis tamen devertisset : erat etiam Per- cenniorum, qui nunc item Pompeii sunt, domus honestissima, quo L. frater meus summa illorum voluntate devertit. Senator populi Romani, quod in vobis fuit, in vestro oppido jacuit et pernoctavit in publico. Nulla hoc civitas unquam alia commisit. Amicum which accompanied this festival in honour whom the Romans had any dealings of any of Verres. The drunken governor, we may kind. Madvig (quoted by Klotz) says that suppose, threw a cup at Cominius : the ' exterae nationes ' are those whom the " Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis JJ°?"^"^ ^'^t subdued and made tributary. Pugnare Thracum est." ^"^^^ ^^ manifestly a mistake. All who were Horat. 1 Carm. xsEvii. ""* ' *'"''' ' ^^"^ ' ^^'^rae nationes,' and the ' provinciales ' were included among 'socii' eommunicavit.'] ' Communicavisset ' in (Lib. 1 . c. 31 :' non provinciae,' &c.). There the inferior MSS. (Zumpt). were nations which were not ' socii,' nor yet 11. Ecquae civitas'] Zumpt says that it conquered, with whom the Romans had re- is difficult to decide if we should write lations of some kind. Thus Caesar (Bell. ' ecqua« ' or ' ecqua,' for there is the autho- Gall. i. 43) speaks of Ariovistus having been rity of the poets for both. Klotz has addressed by the title of king, and friend of ' ecqua. the Roman senate. Certainly he was not a domo non invitet ?] Lambinus says ' forte 'socius' like the Aedui, nor did he pay a in tectum ac dumum,' on which Graevius tribute. He belonged to the ' exterae says ' pessime.' He explains ' invitare ' to gentes.'— ' et amphssima :' Zumpt omits, be the same as 'excipere,' and refers to nunc item Pompeii] They also were Justin, i. 6 : " eosdem apparatis epulis in- now ' PompeU,' Roman citizens, who had vitat.' Zumpt refers to Cic. Phil, xii. 9 : obtained the ' civitas ' through the favour of "hospitio invitabit." See Graevius, note Cn. Pompeius. on Justin. i. frater] His 'frater patruelis,' or exteras nationes,] ' Socu et exterae na- cousin Lucius, who accompanied him to tiones ' evidently comprise all people with Sicily on this occasion. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 421 enim nostrum in judicium vocabas. Tu quid ego privatim negotii geram interpretabere imminuendo honore senatorio ? Verum haec turn queremur, si quid de vobis per eum ordinem agetur, qui ordo a vobis adhuc solis contemptus est. In populi Romani quidem con- spectum quo ore vos commisistis, nee prius illam crucem, quae etiam nunc civis Romani sanguine redundat, quae fixa est ad portum urbemque vestram, revellistis, neque in profundum abje- cistis, locumque ilium omnem expiastis, quam Romam atque in horum conventum adiretis ? In Mamertinorum solo foederato atque pacato monumentum istius crudelitatis constitutum est. Vestrane urbs electa est ad quam quum adirent ex Italia, crucem civis Romani prius quam quemquam amicum populi Romani viderent 1 quam vos Rheginis, quorum civitati invidetis, itemque incolis vestris civibus Romanis ostendere soletis, quo minus sibi arrogent minusque vos despiciant, quum videant jus civitatis iUo supplicio esse mactatum. XII. Verum haec emisse te dicis. Quid ilia Attalica tota Sicilia nominata ab eodem Heio peripetasmata emere oblitus es ? Licuit eodem modo ut signa. Quid enim actum est ? An Uteris peper- cisti ? Verum hominem amentem hoc fugit ; minus clarum putavit fore quod de armario quam quod de sacrario esset ablatum. At quomodo abstulit ? non possum dicere planius quam ipse apud vos dixit Heius. Quum quaesissem numquid aliud de bonis ejus per- venisset ad Verrem, respondit, istum ad se misisse ut sibi mitteret Agrigentum peripetasmata. Quaesivi an misisset : respondit id, TV quid, &c.] Here Cicero supposes elsewhere. (Lib. i. c. 6.) some one to have said ' Amicum enim,' &c. si quid . . agetur,'] That is, if the se- ' It was because you were bringing our nate shall call you to account for your be- friend to trial.' Cicero answers : ' Tu quid haviour in this matter, ego privatim,' &c. Hotmann explains ' pri- Rheginis, quorum] The Rhegini were vatim ' to mean ' as a single person,' as op- Roman citizens, siace the enactment of the posed to the senatorian ' ordo ;' for he says Julia Lex, B.C. 90. ' publice quidem Cicero negotium hoc gere- 12. Quid ilia, Si,c.] ' You say you bought bat.' — ' Imminuendo honore ' is the better all these things. Well, did you forget to reading, which Graevius established in place buy those other matters .' ' &c. Zumpt of ' in minuendo honore.' The translation joins ' nominata ab eodem Heio.' It seems of ' interpretabere ' is difficult. Hotmann's to me that ' nominata ' must be connected explanation of ' privatim ' is right. Cicero with ' Sicilia.' He says that ' nominata,' in is contrasting himself and his ' ordo ;' and the sense of ' celebrata,' cannot be said, what he means to say is this : ' Will you That may be so, but the sense of the pas- disparage the honour that is due to a sena- sage requires it. tor, in order to show your opinion of my ' Attalica peripetasmata ' were draperies conduct as a private individual ? ' for Cicero, embroidered with gold, which one of the though a senator, was not sent to Sicily as Attah of Pergamum introduced ; or he en- a senator, but as a private individual who couraged the manufacture. Plin. H. N., viii. had undertaken to prosecute Verres. This c. 48, ed. Hard. Those who worked at such is what he means to say here, but it may decorations were noiniKTai, mentioned by not be consistent with what he has said Plutarch, Pericles, c. 12. 422 IN 0. VEEEEM quod necesse erat, scilicet dicto audientem fuisse praetori ; misisse. Eogavi pervenissentne Agrigentum : dixit pervenisse. Quaesivi quemadmodum revertissent : negavit adhue revertisse. Eisus populi atque admiratio omnium vestrum facta est. Hie tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret HS vi mUlibus d se tibi vendidisse! metuisti ne aes alienum tibi cresceret, si HS vi millibus d tibi constarent ea quae tu facile posses vendere HS ducentis millibus ? Fuit tanti, mihi crede : haberes quod defen- deres : nemo quaereret quanti ilia res esset : si modo te posses docere emisse, facile cui velles tuam causam et factum probares : nunc de peripetasmatis quemadmodum te expedias non habes. Quid a Phylarcho Centuripino, homine locuplete ac nobili, pha- leras pulcherrime factas, quae regis Hieronis fuisse dicuntur, utrum tandem abstulisti an emisti 2 In Sicilia quidem quum essem, sic a Centuripinis, sic a ceteris audiebam, (non enim parum res erat clara) tarn te has phaleras a Phylarcho Centuripino abstulisse dicebant quara alias item nobiles ab Aristo Panhormitano, quam tertias a Oratippo Tyndaritano. Etenim si Phylarchus vendidisset, non ei posteaquam reus factus es redditurum te promisisses. Quod quia vidisti plures scire, cogitasti si ei reddidisses te minus habiturum, rem nihilominus testatam futuram : non Teddidisti. Dixit Phylar- chus pro testimonio, se quod nosset tuum istum morbum, ut amici tui appellant, cupisse te celare de phaleris : quum abs te appellatus esset, negasse habere sese : apud alium quoque eas habuisse depo- sitas, ne qua invenirentur : tuam tantam fuisse sagacitatem ut eas per ilium ipsum inspiceres ubi erant depositae : turn se deprehensum negare non potuisse : ita ab se invito phaleras ablatas gratis. XIII. Jam ut haec omnia reperire ac perscrutarj solitus sit, judices, est operae pretium cognoscere. Oibyratae sunt fratres quidam, Tlepolemus et Hiero ; quorum alterum fingere opinor e cera solitum esse, alterum esse pictorem. Hosce opinor, Cibyrae Puit tanti,'] ' It was worth your while,' ' ablatas,' and the better have ' sublatas,' as we say. 'Est tanti,' c. 20. which reading Zutnpt had in his minor edi- phaleras] ' Equorum omamenta ' (Ma- tion. But in his larger edition he prefers nutius). ' 'ablatas' as the proper word to be used minus habiturum,] In the old editions when we take » thing from a person who it was ' minus invidiae habiturum,' but ' in- is in possession of it (qui possidet). In vidiae ' spoils the sense. Zumpt supposes c. 13 we have ' ab sese . . abstulisset,' and that Manutius first corrected the passage. ' a se esset ablatum.' The explanation of Manutius shows that 13. fingere— e cera] He was a modeller he did not admit ' invidiae.' He says ' pha- in wax, an art which the Greeks practised, leras ipsas non habiturum.' ' Invidiae ' is It must have been common at Rome after not in the best MSS. (Zumpt.) it became the fashion to make wax busts or ablatas gratis.] The inferior MSS. have ' imagines.' Lib. 5. u. 16. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 423 quum in suspicionem venissent suis civibus fanum expilasse Apol- linis, veritos poenam judicii ac legis domo profugisse. Quod Ver- rem artificii sui cupidum cognoverant turn quum iste, id quod ex testibus didicistis, Cibyram cum inanibus syngraphis venerat, domo fugientes ad eum se exules quum iste esset in Asia contulerunt. Habuit eos seeum ab illo tempore, et in legationis praedis atque furtis multum iUorum opera consilioque usus est. Hi sunt illi qui- bus in tabulis refert sese Q. Tadius dedisse jussu istius Graecis pictoribus. Eos jam bene cognitos et re probatos secum in Sici- liam duxit. Quo posteaquam venerunt, mirandum in modum, canes venaticos diceres, ita odorabantur omnia et pervestigabant ut ubi quidque esset aliqua ratione invenirent. Aliud minando, aliud poUicendo, aliud per servos, aliud per liberos, per amicum aliud, aliud per inimicum inveniebant : quidquid Ulis placuerat perdendum erat. Nihil aUud optabant quorum poscebatur argentum nisi ut Hieroni et Tlepolemo displiceret. XIV. Verum mehercule hoc, judices, dicam. Memini Pam- philum LUybaetanum, amicum et hospitem meum, nobUem homi- nem, mihi narrare, quum iste ab sese hydriam Boethi manu factam, praeclaro opere et grandi pondere, per potestatem abstulisset, se sane tristem et conturbatum domum revertisse, quod vas ejusmodi, quod sibi a patre et majoribus esset relictum, quo solitus esset uti ad festos dies, ad hospitum adventus, a se esset ablatum. Quum Cibyra] Cicero may mean the largest for ' quicque,' as Zumpt writes it. of the three cities of this name, which be- nisi ut Hieroni'] ' Nisi ut id,' &c. : longed to the district Milyas, in Pisidia, Klotz. and, as it was near the borders of Phrygia, 14. mehercule] There is a reading ' me- is sometimes called a Phrygian city. The hercules,' but Zumpt observes that Cicero site seems uncertain. It was the seat of a prefers 'mehercule.' Orat. 47: "impetra- Conventus Juridicus under the Romans, tum est a consuetiidine ut peccare suavi- The inhabitants were skilled in the working tatis causa liceret ; et pomeridianas quad of iron with a cutting tool (Strabo, p. rigas quam postmeridianas libentius dixe- 630). rim; et mehercule quam mehercules ," a inanibus syngraphis] ' Syngrapha ' has passage which I had not observed when I been explained Lib. 1. c. 36. It is difficult made the note on 'mehercule,' p. 283. to conjecture why these ' syngraphae ' are Boethi manu] Plinius (H. N., Lib. 33. called ' inanes.' Zumpt supposes that this c. 5, ed. Hard.) names him in conjunction is an allusion to the aifair of Malleolus with Acragas and Mys. He was a ' caela- (Lib. 1. c. 36), and that they were forms tor,' or worker in silver. Pausanias (v. 17) of agreement with blanks for the names of calls him a Carthaginian : Bo/jfliie Si iro- the parties, the blanks to be fiUed up with pivaev airb Kapxi^oviog. But it is sug- the name of Verres and the names of the gested by MiiUer that we should read KaX- debtors of Malleolus. Cicero is alluding i^ij^oi/ioc, which is likely enough. The to some act of knavery, but his meaning is word iropivat shows that he practised the doubtful. toreutic art : he was a ropsvTije or ' caela- Q. Tadius] See Lib. 1. c. 49. tor.' He was also a ' statuarius.' e esset] P. Manutius corrected A ' hydria ' was a general name for any the old heading ' quicquid esset.' There is vessel adapted to hold a Uquid also MS. authority for ' quidque,' or rather ad hospitum adventus,] ' Sic Codd. 424 IN C. VEREEM sederem, inquit, domi tristis, accurrit Venereus : jubet me scyphos sigillatos ad praetorem statim afferre. Permotus sum, inquit: binos habebam : jubeo promi utrosque ne quid plus mali nasceretur, et mecum ad praetoris domum ferri. Eo quum venio, praetor quieseebat : fratres illi Oibyratae inambulabant. Qui me ubi vide- runt, Ubi sunt, Pamphile, inquiunt, scyphi? Ostendo tristis. Laudant. Incipio queri me nihil habiturum quod alicujus esset pretii, si etiam scyphi essent ablati. Tum illi, ubi me conturbatum vident. Quid vis nobis dare ut isti abs te ne auferantur? Ne multa, sestertios cio me, inquit, poposcerunt: dixi me daturum. Vocat interea praetor; poscit scyphos. Tum illos coepisse prae- tori dicere, putasse se id quod audissent alicujus pretii scyphos esse Pamphili ; luteum negotium esse ; non dignum quod in suo argento Verres haberet. Ait ille idem sibi videri. Ita Pamphilus scyphos optimos aufert. Et mehercule ego antea, tametsi hoc nescio quid nugatorium sciebam esse ista inteUigere, tamen mirari solebam istura in his ipsis rebus aliquem sensum habere, quem scirem nulla in re quid- Guelff., Lag. 29, Leid. Havn. coll.' (Zumpt). The common reading is 'adventum.' As to 'adventus,' see Lib. 1. c. )9, note. scyphi sigillati] These were cups with figures on them, for * sigillum ' is a diminu- tive of * signum.' The term may be ap- plied to figures cut or formed on the material itself, as marble. Cicero (Ad Att. i. 10) purchased ' putealia sigillata.' If the figures are separate things, and attached to the vessel, they are expressed by the Greek term 'emblemata,' figures inlaid (c. 17). In c. 21, Cicero speaks of a 'patella' on which there were ' sigilla,' and Verres took off the • sigilla,' and returned the vessel ; and in another instance (c. 21) he pulled off the ' emblema,' and returned the ' turi- liulum ' without the figures. Juvenal (Sat. i. 76): " Argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum ;" on which Heinrich remarks that the Ro- mans had no name for ' emblema.' The word was used by Lucilius to indicate a kind of Mosaic work, or inlaying of small pieces of various shapes and colours j and, metaphorically, it is applied to a style of writing (Cicero, Orat. c. 44) : " Quam lepide lexeis compostae, ut tesse- rulae omnes Arte pavimento atque emblemate ver- miculato." binos hahebam ;] ' I had a pair.' In reference to which he uses ' utrosque.' luteum neffotiuml See Lib. 3. c. 14. It seems to mean here, as the context shows, that the cups were a poor affair, not fit to have a place in the plate (argentum) of Verres. Bt mehercule, &c.] Graevius says that either ' hoc ' or ' ista ' is superfluous, in which he is entirely mistaken. It is usual with Cicero to place ' hoc ' thus, and then to explain what he means, as in Lib. 1. c. 4 : " Nam quis hoc non intelUget istum abso- lutum," &c. ; Lib. 3. c. 65 : " Metellus qui- dem certe jam hoc judicabat eorum rem causamque esse conjunctam." Graevius quite misunderstands the whole passage, the sense of which appears from the follow- ing sentence : ' Tum primum intellexi,' &c. Cicero says, " In truth, for my part, before I heard of this affair, though I knew that it (hoc) was but a trifling matter to be a judge of such works of art, yet I used to wonder that Verres had any understanding in these particular things, when I knew that in no one thing had he any resem- blance to a human being. Then, for the first time, I learned," &c. The sense of ' ista intelligere ' is explained by ' in hisce rebus intelligens esse.' ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 425 quam simile hominis habere. XV. Turn primum intellexi ad earn rem istos fratres Oibyratas fuisse ut iste in furando manibus suis, oculis illorum uteretur. At ita studiosus est hujus praeclarae ex- istimationis ut putetur in hisce rebus intelligens esse, ut nuper, videte hominis amentiam, posteaquam est comperendinatus, quum jam pro damnato mortuoque esset, kidis Cireensibus mane apud L. Sisennam, virum primarium, quum essent triclinia strata argen- tumque expositum in aedibus, quum pro dignitate L. Sisennae domus esset plena hominum honestissimorum, accessit ad argentum, contemplari unumquidque otiose et considerare coepit. Mirari stultitiam alii quod in ipso judicio, ejus ipsius cupiditatis cujus insimularetur suspicionem augeret ; alii amentiam, cui comperendi- nato, quum tam multi testes dixissent, quidquam illorum venisset in mentem. Pueri autem Sisennae, credo, qui audissent quae in istum testimonia dicta essent, oculos de isto nusquara dejicere, neque ab argento digitum discedere. Est boni judicis parvis ex rebus conjecturam facere uniuscujusque et cupiditatis et inconti- nentiae. Qui reus, et reus lege comperendinatus, re et opinione hominum paene damnatus, temperare non potuerit maximo con- ventu quin L. Sisennae argentum tractaret et consideraret, hunc praetorem in provincia quisquam putabit a Siculorum argento cupi- ditatem aut manus abstinere potuisse ? XVI. Verum uti Lilybaeum unde digressa est oratio revertatur, Diodes est, Pamphili gener iUius, a quo hydria ablata est, Popillius cognomine. Ab hoc abaci vasa omnia ut exposita fuerant abstulit. 15. L. Sisennam,'] It is a conjecture of when thus used absolutely. We have a Ernesti's that L. Sisenna was ' curule aedile ' definition of ' puer ' by Alfenus, a contem- in this year. It seems almost a necessary porary of Cicero (Paulus, Lib. 2. Epitom. conclusion from this chapter that he filled Alfeni, Dig. 50. 16, 201): "pueri appel- some public office. He was an orator and latio tres significationeJhabet : unam, quum an historian (Krause, Vitae et Frag., &c., omnes servos pueros appellaremus, alteram, p. 300). He is mentioned Lib. 2. c. 45, quum puerum contrario nomine puellae di- and Lib. 4. c. 20. ceremus, tertiam, quum aetatem puerilem accessit . . . coepit.'] The form of the demoristraremus." sentence requires 'accesserit. . . coeperit,' 16. oratio revertatur,] The reading of which Orelli has. But the indicative ap- the English reprint of Zumpt, and, I sup- pears to be the reading of the MSS. If pose, of his minor edition. In his larger Cicero wrote thus, we need not be sur- he has ' oratio, revertamur.' Two MSS. prised, for, owing to the words interposed are said to have ' revertamur,' but Zumpt after ' ut nuper,' a reader might easily fail does not say what they are. to observe the irregularity of the sentence. abaci] An ' abacus ' is a board, or slab Zumpt and Klotz point thus : ' hominum of marble, or any thing of the kind on honestissimorum : accessit,' &c. which plate could be arranged, as we often venisset in mentem.] Zumpt and Klotz put it on a sideboard. Verres took it all prefer this to the common reading ' veni- off, just as it was laid out on the ' abacus.' jent,' See Lib. 4. c. 59 : " mensas Delphicas." Pueri] ' The slaves,' as Horace often exposita fuerant] ' Exposita fuerunt :' uses ' puer.' This il its ordinary sense Klotz. 426 IN 0. VERREM Dicat se licet eraisse : etenim hie propter magnitudinem furti sunt literae, ut opinor, factae. Jussit Timarchidetn aestimare argentum. Quo mode ? Quo qui unquam tenuissime in donatione histrionum aestimavit. Tametsi jamdudum ego erro qui tam multa de tuis emptionibus verba faciam, et quaeram utruni emeris necne, et quo- modo et quanti emeris ; quod verbo transigere possum. Ede mihi scriptum quid argenti in provincia Sicilia pararis, unde quidque aut quanti emeris. Quid fit? Quamquam non debebam ego abs te has literas poscere ; me enim tabulas tuas habere et proferre oporte- bat. Verum negas te horum annorum aliquid confecisse. Com- pone hoc quod postulo de argento ; de reliquo videro. ' Nee scrip- literae, . .factae.'] Entries were made; that is, the transaction was entered in the account-books in the usual way. in donations histrionum] ' In dona- tionem :' Klotz. Cicero says that Timar- chides valued the things very low, as low as any man ever did in the case of a dona- tion or present to the ' histriones ' or actors. Zumpt's explanation is this, that they were allowed to keep the ' coroUae ' which they had worn (deorum honoris causa), on pay- ing a small estimated value. He refers to Pliny (H. N., Lib. 21. c. 3) as to these ' co- roUae ;' and Klotz says it appears that a present of fixed value was given to the ac- tors who were approved of; and, if it was in- tended to give more, the present was valued below its real value, to avoid breaking the rule. This explanation, I believe, is merely n guess ; there is nothing added to give credibility to it. I neither accept it nor reject it. There is a short note on ' corol- larium' (Plin. H. N., ix. 35, ed. Hard.): *' coroUarium apud Ciceronetn non semel, et apud Tranquillum, pro munusculo sumi- tur, ultra legitima praemia exhibito, et qui- dem quasi additamento debitae mercedis. Unde coroUarium hie pro re leviore et ap- pendicula usurpatur." This does not help us much ; but the expression ' ultra legitima praemia' may point to the trath : ' legitimus ' always means that which is determined by a ' lex.' Manutius says " Locus hie osten- dit bonos histriones argento donari solitos." I suppose ' histriones ' in those days, as weU as now, did not live on nothing, nor act simply to please spectators. They must have been paid some way. Manutius adds, " aestimationi tamen locum esse non vi- deo ;" but Cicero did, and that is the mat- ter which wants explanation. We know that the Romans had a Lex Cincia De Donis et Muneribus, the provisions of which are very obscurely stated. Savigny (Ver- mischte Schriften, i. 315) has an essay on this Lex ; but he has taken no notice of this passage, nor do I see at present what is to be made of the passage. StUl I suspect that it contains an allusion to this Lex, There is a remark in Smyth's Sicily that strikes me as appUcable to these gifts or ' coroUaria,' for I believe that the ' corol- laria ' is money. He says of the Sicilian actors : " there is little encouragement given to the profession, and at their benefits they are obliged to submit to the degrading habit of going round and presenting a plate to each of the spectators to receive a contri- bution" (p. 48). I don't quote this for the purpose of explaining the language of the text ; I merely observe that the practice of the spectators putting something in the hat or plate for the ' histriones ' may have existed at Rome, and that would be a ' do- natio.' transigere] ' Settle by a single word.' See Divin. u. 14, where there is an error in the reference to this passage. Quid fit ?] ' Cur mihi quod postulo scriptum non edis ? ' (P. Manutius.) This seems to be the meaning. * However,' says Cicero, ' I ought not to demand of you these accounts ; for I ought to have your books, and to producfe them ;' for he was empowered to take possession of such evi- dence. But it is all explained by what fol- lows. Verres had no account-books of this date ; he had kept no accounts (aliquid confecisse). Manutius explains 'horum annorum' by reference to Lib. 1. c. 23, since the consulship of M. Terentius and C. Cassius. Cicero says ' compone hoc,' &c. : ' make up for me an account about this matter of the silver ; I wiU look after the rest.' ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 427 turn habeo nee possum edere.' Quid futurum igitur est? Quid existimas hos judices facere posse? Domus plena signorum pul- cherrimorum jam ante praeturam : multa ad villas tuas posita, multa deposita apud amicos, multa aliis data atque donata : tabulae nullum indicant emptum. Omne argentum ablatum ex Sicilia est ; nihil cuiquam quod suum dici vellet relictum: fingitur improba defensio, praetorem omne id argentum coemisse ; tamen id ipsum tabulis demonstrari non potest. Si quas tabulas profers, in his quae habes, quomodo habeas, scriptum non est, horum autem tem- porum quum te plurimas res emisse dicis tabulas omnino nuUas profers, nonne te et prolatis et non prolatis tabulis condemnari necesse est? XVII. Tu a M. Coelio, equite Romano, lectissimo adolescente, quae voluisti Lilybaei abstulisti : tu 0. Cacurii, prompti hominis et experientis et in primis gratiosi, supellectilem omnem auferre non dubitasti : tu maximam et pulcherrimam mensam citream a Q. Lutatio Diodoro, qui Q. Catuli beneficio ab L. Sulla civis Romanus deposita] Deposited for safe keeping, and to prevent all his treasures from being seen. * Deposita ' in this sense is a tech- nical term, and * depositum ' is one of the Roman contracts which were made * re ' (Inst. Just. iii. tit. 14). He who accepted the deposit was bound to take care of it as he would of his own property. " Deposi- tum est quod custodiendum alicui datum est." (Ulpian, Dig. 16. 8. 1 pr.). si quas tabulas'] I cannot accept Zumpt's punctuation and interpretation of this pas- sage. He has a full stop after ' nuUas pro- fers,' and he makes ' nonne ' begin a new sentence ; whereas it is the apt conclusion after the two premises * si quas,' &c., and ' horum autem,' &c. He places a semicolon after ' habes,' and he says, ' tu subintellige ex iis quae sequuntur perscripta suntJ ' Quae babes ' appears to be the true read- ing. The common reading is ' quid habeas,' which Victorius introduced, but from conjec- ture, as Zumpt supposes. Klotz takes the passage as I do, for the colon which he places after ' nuUas profers ' ia, if I under- stand it right, merely a German way of pointing. But Klotz places a comma after 'temporum,' and writes, 'cum . . . dicaa;' but ' quum . . . dicis ' must be connected with ' horum temporum,' and ' quum ' is equivalent to * per quae,' if that be Latin. The pointing, or the absence of pointing, shows that I consider ' horum temporum ' and ' tabulas ' in the relation of a noun and its genitive, as Zumpt also does. 17. mensam citream] A table of the wood of the ' citnis,' probably a kind of cypress. Tables were an article of Roman luxury. Pliny (H. N., Lib. 13. c. 15, ed. Harduin) treats of these tables. He men- tions one that Cicero himself bought for HS X, which numerals his editor (Harduin) makes to be ' decies,' a sum which is in- credible. Hardum says that the ' citrus ' is the same as the Greek fluoe (see c. 3, and the note on ^oava). It was an African wood from the Atlas and the country of the Mauri, and was used for making these tables. Pliny mentions one made of two large pieces of wood, each half a circle, which were so cunningly fitted together that the juncture was not apparent. These are the round tables which Martial (ix. 22) calls ' orbes,' and describes as sup- ported by ivory feet : — " Ut Mauri Libycis centum stent dentibus orbes, Et crepet in nostris aurea lamna toris.'' And again : — " Gemmantes prima fulgent testudine lecti Et Maurusiaci pondera rara citri." (xii. 66.) Catuli teneficio] See the note on ' bene- ficium,' p. 80. Here we have other in- stances of Greeks being made Roman citi- zens. Diodorus, as usual, took the Gentile 428 IN C. VEREEM factus est, omnibus scientibus, Lilybaei abstulisti. Non tibi objicio quod hominem dignissirtium tuis moribus, ApoUonium, Niconis filium, Drepanitanum, qui nunc A. Clodius vocatur, omni argento optime facto spoliasti ac depeculatus es. Taceo. Non enim putat ille sibi injuriam factam, propterea quod homini jam perdito et collum in laqueura inserenti subvenisti, quum pupillis Drepanitanis bona patria erepta cum illo partitus es. G-audeo etiam si quid ab eo abstulisti, et abs te nihil rectius factum esse dice. Ab Lysone vero Lilybaetano, primo homine, apud quem deversatus es, ApoUinis signum ablatum certe non oportuit. Dices te emisse. Scio : HS cia : ita opinor. Scio, inquam : proferam literas : tamen id factum non oportuit. A pupillo Heio, cui 0. Marcellus tutor est, a quo pecuniam grandem eripueras, scaphia cum emblematis Lilybaei utrum empta esse dicis an confiteris erepta ? Sed quid ego istius in ejusmodi rebus mediocres injurias coUigo, quae tantummodo in furtis istius et damnis eorum a quibus auferebat versatae esse videantur? Accipite, si vultis, judices, rem ejusmodi ut amen- tiam singularem et furorem, non jam cupiditatem ejus perspicere possitis. XVIII. Melitensis Diodorus est, qui apud vos antea testimonium dixit. Is Lilybaei multos jam annos habitat, homo et domi nobilis et apud eos quo se contulit propter virtutem splendidus et gra- tiosus. De hoc Verri dicitur, habere eum perbona toreumata ; in his pocula quaedam, quae Thericlia nominantur, Mehtoris manu name of his benefactor, Q. Lutatius Catu- rorem jam, nou cupiditatem,' which seems lus, and the Praeuomen also. — ' Depecula- a wrong position of ' jam ;' but it is the tus es :' the Cod. of Cujacius has ' depe- common reading. Zumpt observes, ' non cuniatus es.' jam esse non ampHus notum est.' deversatus es,] The reading before the 18. De hoc — ettm] A good example of edition of Lambinus was ' diversatus es.' the use of these pronouns. He has just Zumpt affirms that ' deversatus ' is the used ' is ' in the usual way to refer to Dio- true form. But we may doubt. dorus. If he had said ' De eo Verri,' this scaphia} Said to be drinking vessels. setond reference might have appeared rather versatae} Zumpt and Klotz have ' ver- too remote. He must repeat the word sata.' " Sic omnes libri et olim editi et ' Diodoro,' or use a pronoun which more manu script!" (Zumpt), except perhaps directly points to the person; the 'hoc' one. It is somewhat singular that all But ' eum ' comes again, having the same should have ' versata.' The omission of an relation to the ' hoc ' that the ' is ' has to e at the end may be easily explained, as the Diodorus. next word begins with an c. Though Thericlia} This appears to be the true 'quae . . . versata' is intelligible, as Zumpt reading, and not' Heraclea,' which is the com - explains it, 'quae' being 'ea sive talia mon reading. This Thericles was a maker of quae,' it seems pretty clear that in that case earthen vessels, and lived in the time of Aris- ' videantur' should be ' videntur.' 'Quae tophanes, according to Bentley (Dissertation versatae -esse videantur ' is too closely con- on the Epistles of Phalaris). The name The- nected with 'injurias,' to leave any doubt of ricliawas given to cups made in imitation of the true reading. those of Thericles ; in imitation of the style, non jam cupiditatem} Klotz has ' et fu- of course, for they were made in other ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 429 summo artificio facta. Quod iste ubi audivit, sic cupiditate in- flammatus est non solum inspiciendi verura etiam auferendi ut Diodorum ad se vocaret ac posceret. Ille qui ilia non invitus haberet respondet Lilybaei se non habere, Melitae apud quendam propinquum suum reliquisse. Turn iste continuo mittit homines certos Melitam : scribit ad quosdam Melitenses ut ea vasa per- quirant : rogat Diodorum ut ad ilium propinquum suum det literas : nihil ei longjus videbatur quam dum illud videret argentum. Dio- dorus, homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare vellet, ad propinquum suum scribit ut iis qui a Verre venissent responderet, iUud argen- tum se paucis iUis diebus misisse Lilybaeum. Ipse interea recedit : abesse a domo paulisper maluit quam praesens iUud optime factum argentum amittere. Quod ubi iste audivit,' usque eo commotus est ut sine ulla dubitatione insanire omnibus ac furere videretur. Quia non potuerat eripere argentum, ipse a Diodoro erepta sibi vasa optime facta dicebat ; minitari absenti Diodoro ; vociferari palam ; lacrimas interdum vix tenere. Eriphylam accepimus in fabulis ea cupiditate ut quum vidisset monile, ut opinor, ex auro et gemmis, material, wood, silver, and glass. Welcker denies the existence of an artist Thericles, and maintains that these cups were so called from the figm*es of animals {9ripia)y with which they were adorned ; but this explanation will hardly be received (Art. Thericles, in Smith's Dictionary of Bio- graphy). Mentor was a worker in silver, and the most celebrated of all the Greek artists of his class. His period is fixed to some extent by Pliny's statement (H. N., Lib. 33. c. 12, ed. Hard.), that his works perished either in the conflagration of the temple of Diana, or in that of the Roman capitol. Whatever the fart may be, PMny supposes that Mentor must have produced his great works before the burning of the temple of Diana, B.C. 356 : see also Pliny (H. N., Lib. 7. c. 39). Though the great works of Mentor may have been destroyed, his name survived, and works passed current as his in Martial's time (iii. 41) : — " Inserta phialae Mentoris manu ducta Lacerta vivit et timetur argentum." qui ilia non invitus'] This is only a rhe- torical way of saying what he says shortly after : " qui sua servare vellet." ad propinquum — scribif] Zumpt's read- ing. The common reading is ' propinquo suo scribit.' Both expressions are Latin. Zumpt observes, that when ' scribere ' is equivalent to sending a letter, it is used with the accusative ; when it signifies to in- form by letter, it has generally a dative. There maybe some truth in this distinction. Cicero says, for instance (Ad Div. xiv. 8) : " nam mihi et scriptum et nuntiatum est te in febrim subito incidisse." paucis illis diebus] ' In those few days which preceded the arrival of the letter.' See Lib. 2. u. 26. The poets also use this form : — " In thalamos venere Procae. Proca natus in Ulis Praeda recens avium quinque diebus erat."— Ovid, Fasti, vi. 143. eripere argentum,'] ' Eripere argentum ipse Diodoro, erepta sibi vasa,' Klotz. Zumpt prefers the preposition with ' Dio- doro.' Eriphylam] The story is of a woman who sold her husband, Amphiaraus, for a chain of gold : — Maipdv rt 'KXv^h'rjv t€ tSov ffTvyspriv T ''EpitpvXjiv V X9^^^^ fiXov avBpbg ^Ss^aTo rifirfevTa. Od. xi. 326. The story is told by Diodorus (iv. 65), and Apollodorus, iii. 6. Compare also So- phocles, Electra, 837 :— olSa yap avaKT 'Afifiapkuiv xpvo- SsTOLgy &c. 430 IN C. VEREEM pulchritudine ejus incensa salutem viri proderet. Similis istius cupiditas : hoc etiam. acrior atque insanior, quod ilia' cupiebat id quod viderat ; hujus libidines non solum oculis sed etiam auribus excitabantur. XIX. Oonquiri Diodorum tota provincia jubet. lUe ex Sicilia jam castra commoverat, et vasa coUegerat. Homo ut aliquo modo ilium in provinciam revocaret, banc excogitat rationem, si haec ratio potius quam amentia nominanda est. Apponit de suis cani- bus quendam qui dicat, se Diodorum Melitensem rei capitalis reum velle facere. Primo mirum omnibus videri, Diodorum reum, homi- nem quietissimum, ab omni non modo facinoris verum etiam minimi errati suspicione remotissimum : deinde esse perspicuum fieri omnia ilia propter argentura. Iste non dubitat jubere nomen deferri : et turn primum opinor istum absentis nomen reeepisse. Res clara Sicilia tota propter caelati argenti cupiditatem reos fieri rerum capitalium, neque solum reos fieri sed etiam absentes. Diodorus Romae sordidatus circum patronos atque hospites cursare, rem omnibus narrare. Literae mittuntur isti a patre vehementes, ab amicis item — videret quid ageret de Diodoro, quo progrederetur : rem claram esse et invidiosam ; insanire liominem ; periturum hoc uno crimine nisi cavisset. Iste etiamtum patrem, si non in pa- rentis, at in hominum numero putabat: ad judicium nondum se satis instruxerat : primus annus erat provinciae ; non ut in Sthenio jam refertus pecunia. Itaque furor ejus paululum non pudore sed metu ac timore repressus est. Oondemnare Diodorum non audet absentem : de reis eximit. Diodorus interea praetore isto prope triennium provincia domoque caruit. Ceteri, non solum Siculi sed etiam cives Romani, hoc statuerant^ quoniam iste tantum cupiditate progrederetur, nihil esse quod quisquam putaret se quod isti paulo magis placeret conservare aut domi retihere posse. Postea vero quam intellexerunt isti virum fortem, quem summe provincia ex- spectabat, Q. Arrium non suceedere, statuerunt nihil se tam clau- sum neque tam reconditura posse habere quod non istius cupiditati apertissimum promptissimumque esset. XX. Tum iste ab equite Romano splendido et gratioso, Cn. W. vasa coUegerat.] ' Had packed up Klotz. I am not aware of the authority for hU baggage.' ' Vasa' are the moveables of the ' ut,' nor do I know how it is to be an army, or of a man on a journey ; the explained. same as the Greek uKstijj. See Caesar, non audet absentem .-] The punctuation Bell. Civ. i. 66. of Klotz. Zumpt has the common punc- illum in provinciam'] 'In provinciam tuation, 'non audet: absentem de reis exi- illura :' Klotz, perhaps better. Zumpt has mit.' I think that the punctuation of no note here — ' tum primum ut opinor,' Klotz shows the true meaning. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 431 Calidio, cujus filium sciebat senatorem populi Romani et judicem esse, equuleos argenteos nobiles qui Q. Maximi fuerant aufert. Imprudens hue incidi, judices : emit enim, non abstulit : noUem dixisse : jactabit se et in his equitabit equuleis. ' Emi : pecuniam solvi.' Credo, etiam tabulae proferentur. Est tanti : cedo tabulas : dilue sane crimen hoe Oalidianum, dum ego tabulas aspicere possim. Verumtamen quid erat quod Calidius Romae quereretur, se, quum tot annos in Sicilia negotiaretur, abs te solo ita esse contemptum, ita despectum, ut etiam una cum ceteris Siculis despoHaretur. Si emeras, quid erat quod confirmabat se abs te argentum esse repeti- turum, si id tibi sua voluntate vendiderat ; tu porro posses facere ut Cn. Calidio non redderes, praesertim quum is L. Sisenna, defen- sore tuo, tam familiariter uteretur, et quum ceteris familiaribus Sisennae reddidisses? Denique non opinor negaturum esse te homini honesto, sed non gratiosiori quam Cn. Calidius est, L. Cu- ridio te argentum per Potamonem, amicum tuum, reddidisse. Qui quidem ceterorum causam apud te difficiliorem fecit. Nam quum te confirmasses compluribus redditurum, posteaquam Ouridius pro 20. judicem esse,"] He was in the ' de- curiae ' of the ' judices.' — ' equuleos.' Ma- nutius supposes that they were silver ves- sels, which may be inferred from the words, * Vende mihi vasa caelata.' The vessels had probably figures of horses on them, or horses' heads. The Q. Maximus may be the Q. Fabius Maximus, the conqueror of the Allobroges, as Manutius supposes. Gulielmua, following Priscian, who quotes these words, conjectures that we should read, ' quique maximi fuerant,' where he explains ' maximi ' as equivalent to * plu- rimi,' ' of the highest value.' Graevius adopted this reading from the Cod. Regius, and it stands in the Variorum edition ; and Zumpt says that it is confirmed by both the Guelff. MSS. He thinks, however, that, if this is the sense of the passage, ' fuerant ' ought to be ' erant.' Klotz has the reading ' quique maximi fuerant.' I suppose that, if Cicero meant to speak of the value, he would have said ' plurimi,' and not ' maxi- mi ;' and the addition of a word of price after ' nobiles ' can hardly be what Cicero meant. Their real value would have been enhanced by having belonged to a Q. Maximus, who was a man of taste. Est tanti ;] ' It is worth your while :' as before. It is worth your while to pro- duce the books, and clear yourself of this charge. It is hardly ' tanti,' perhaps, to remark that Hotmann misunderstood what is so plain : he says, ' tanti sunt venditi.' despoHaretur.'] In the old editions ' spo- liaretur,' for which Naugerius wrote * dis- poliaretur.' Ernesti was of opinion that ' dispoliaretur ' is the genuine form in Ci- cero (see Clavis Cic. v. Dispoliare). One does not see the objection to ' despoliare ;' but it is a matter to be decided by evidence. . It is singular that Ernesti, who is so zealous about ' dispoliare,' should not have taken up the claims of ' discribere ' in some of the passages which he has under Describere (Clavis, V. Describere). quid erat quod confirmahaf] They who place a comma after ' erat ' (Zumpt and others) have, as far as they could, prevented a reader from understanding the text. It means : " if you had bought it, what did he mean when he affirmed that he would bring an action against you for the recovery of the plate, if he had sold it to you of his own free will ; and you, on your part, what was there that you could do to pre- vent your delivering it back to Cn. Calidius ? " ' Quid erat quod ' must be supplied between ' porro ' and ' posses facere.' In the same sentence we have * quid erat quod,' in two different constructions, but also in two dif- ferent senses. The sense with the subjunc- tive is shown by numerous instances, as in c. 55: "quid enim erat quod vectigalibus prospiceret Metellus ? " &c. See also Lib. 3. c. 53, p. 333. 432 IN 0. VERREM testimonio dixit te sibi reddidisse, finem reddendi fecisti ; quod intellexisti, praeda te de manibus emissa testimonium tamen effu- gere non posse. On. Calidio, equiti Romano, per omnes alios prae- tores licuit habere argentum bene factum ; licuit posse domesticis copiis, quum magistratuni aut aliquem superiorem invitasset, ornare et apparare convivium. Multi domi On. Oalidii cum potestate atque imperio fuerunfc : nemo inventus est tam amens qui illud argentum tani praeclarum ac tarn nobile eriperet, nemo tam audax qui pos- ceret, nemo tam impudens qui postularet ut venderet. Superbum est enim, judices, et non ferendum, dicere praetorem in provincia homini honesto, locupleti, splendido, Vende mihi vasa caelata. Hoc est enim dicere, Non es dignus tu qui habeas quae tam bene facta sunt: meae dignitatis ista sunt. Tu dignior, Verres, quam Oali- dius qui — ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius ; neque enim est conferenda ; hoc ipsum conferam quo tu te superiorem fingis, quod HS ccc miUia divisoribus ut praetor renun- tiarere dedisti ; lxxx accusatori ne tibi odiosus esset; ea re con- temnis equestrem ordinem ac despicis ? — ea re tibi indignum visum est quidquam quod tibi placeret OaUdium potius habere quam te ? XXI. Jactat se jamdudum de CaHdio : narrat omnibus emisse se. Num etiam de L. Papinio, viro primario, locupleti honestoque apparare] Perhaps an ordinary word remark on this passage, and yet it presents in such cases. Horace (1 Carm. xxxviii.) has a difficulty that is worth attempting to ex- " Persicos odi, puer, apparatus." P'^^l- P"^\ ' q"* ' ■•«f<=f t", ' Tu- Verres,' ana is it to be connected with ' contemnis ? Multi — cum potestate at^ue imperio] Or does it refer to Calidius, and is the sen- Governors or others, who had all the powers tence interrupted at ' qui,' and a new form which the Roman people could confer on a given to it .' Or what is the true explana- ' consul,' or ' praetor,' or ' proconsul.' The tion ? By looking back we may see what expression often occurs in Cicero, as in is meant. ' Non es dignus tu qui habeas — Lib. 5. c. 40. The common reading in this meae dignitatis ista sunt. Cicero then passage is ' cum imperio ac potestate ;' but says, ' Tu dignior, Verres, quam Calidius, Zumpt observes, that the order in the text qui — ;' and he would have added 'habeas:' is the more usual order, ' nam antecedit but he breaks off, and says, ' ut non con- potestas, insuper datur imperium.' See Lib. feram . . . tuam,' &c. ; where the 'tuam' 3. c. 57 : " quum ab omnibus . . . propter seems to show that the ' qui ' must be re- imperium,' &c. But in Lib. 3. c. 1 8, Zumpt ferred to ' Tu.' He proceeds to ' ac de- has ' summum imperium potestatemque ha- spicis,' with which words he closes these beret :' and in this same book, c. 22, ' pro sarcastically assumed reasons of the greater imperio et potestate.' The matter is not worthiness of Verres to possess. But, in- worth notice, except to show the useless- stead of continuing the regular constmc- ness of these minute canons. tion, ' qui habeas,' which he had rendered quae tam bene facta sunt] The ques- impossible by the words interposed, he re- tion is between ' sunt ' and ' sint,' says sumes with a new form of expression, ' ea Zumpt, who decides for ' sunt ' on sufficient re tibi indignum,' &c. I have endeavoured reasons. Nobody can doubt, who has stu- to point it as I understand it. The pointing died Cicero vrith any care. He means the of Zumpt and Klotz leayes the whole per- ' vasa ' of Calidius. fectly unintelligible ; at least to me. qui ut non conferam, &c.] I find no ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 433 equite Romano, turibulum emisti? qui pro testimonio dixit, te, quum inspicienduni poposcisses, evulso emblemate remisisse ; ut intelligatis in homine intelligentiam esse, non avaritiaui, artificii cupidum non argenti fuisse. Nee solum in Papinio fuit hac absti- nentia : teniiit hoc institutum in turibulis omnibus quaecunque in Sicilia fuerunt. Incredibile est autem quam multa et quam prae- clara fuerint. Credo tum quum Sicilia florebat opibus et copiis magna artificia fuisse in ea insula. Nam domus erat ante istum praetorem nulla paulo loeupletior qua in domo haec non essent, etiamsi praeterea nihil esset argenti, patella grandis cum sigillis ac simulacris deorum, patera qua mulieres ad res divinas uterentur, turibulum. Haec autem omnia antique opere et summo artificio facta ; ut hoc liceret suspicari fuisse aliquando apud Siculos peraeque pro portione cetera, sed quibus multa fortuna ademisset, tamen apud eos remansisse ea quae religio retinuisset. Dixi, judices, multa fuisse fere apud omnes Siculos : ego idem confirmo nunc ne unum quidem esse. Quid hoc est ? quod hoc monstrum, quod prodigium in provinciam misimus! Nonne vobis id egisse videtur ut non unius libidinem, non suos oculos, sed omnium cupi- dissiinorum insanias, quum Romam revertisset, expleret ? Qui simul atque in oppidum quodpiam venerat, immittebantur illi continuo Cibyratici canes, qui investigabant et perscrutabantur omnia. Si quod erat grande vas et majus opus inventum, laeti afferebant; si 21. ariificiaj The word clearly means but he is no great authority on this point, the ' arts,' a conclusion that Zuinpt has He adds, that Adr. Turnebus thought that come to, though at first he says that he was the true reading is ' peraeque pro portione.' inclined to take it for ' officinas caelatorum.' See Lib. 3. c. 63, and Lib. 5. c. 21. Sicily must have had great artists, and the quod hoc monstrum, &c.] Zumpt, in people great taste for the arts, as we may his later edition, adds this ' hoc ' on the see from the coins of the island. Every authority of the better MSS. It must be family, it appears, of the moderately wealthy translated, ' What is this monster that we class had its few articles of plate for re- have sent into the province ? ' which is an ligious services : a ' patella,' or large open ordinary Greek form of expression as well vessel or dish ; a ' patera,' or saucer- as Latin. formed vessel; and a ' tui'ibuluni,' or in- Qui simul, Sec.'] This sentence, and the cense holder. In place of * patella,' several concluding sentence of this chapter, contain of the better MSS. have ' patina,' which examples of the indicative mood, all of Zumpt objects to, because the ' patina ' was which are consistent with Cicero's usage, not used for religious purposes. ' Patella ' when he states particular facts. The * Gi- ls a diminutive form of ' patera,' and 'pa- byratici canes' of Verres (c. 13) went a tina ' contains the same root as ' patera.' hunting for their master, and were content Manutius thought ' patella ' and ' grandis ' to get small game (lepusculi) when they were contradictory; and he would prefer could find nothing better. Verres kept a 'patera grandis,' and then write 'patella' pack of such hounds (Lib. 1. c. 4K). All for ' patera.' this is plain ; but Hotmann goes out of his peraeque pro portione'] The true way to compare the passage, in a letter of text is doubtful. Lambinus says of his Caelius to Cicero (Ad Div. viii. 4), where reading, ' peraequa portione,' that it is the Caelius says : " item de pantheris, ut Ciby. reading of all the MSS. and all the editions ; ratas arcessas curesque ut mi vehantur." F f 434 IN 0. VEEEEM minus ejusmodi quidpiam venari potuerant, ilia quidem certe pro lepusculis capiebantur, patellae, paterae, turibula. Hie quos putatis fletus mulierum, quas lamentationes fieri solitas esse in hisce rebus ? quae forsitan vobis parvae esse videantur ; sed magnum et acerbum dolorem commovent, mulierculis praesertim, quum eripiuntur e manibus ea quibus ad res divinas uti consuerunt, quae a suis acce- perunt, quae in familia semper fuerunt. XXII. Hie nolite exspeetare dum ego haec crimina agam ostia- tim, ab vEsehylo Tyndaritano istum pateram abstulisse, a Thrasone item Tyndaritano patellam, a Nymphodoro Agrigentino turibulum. Quum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat quem ego inter- rogem de patellis, pateris, turibulis : non modo oppidum nullum, sed ne domus quidem uUa paulo loeupletior expers hujus injuriae reperietur. Qui quum in convivium venisset, si quidquam eaelati aspexerat, manus abstinere, judices, non poterat. Cn. Pompeius est Philo, qui fuit Tyndaritanus. Is eoenam isti dabat apud villam in Tyndaritano. Fecit quod Sieuli non audebant ; ille, eivis Ro- manus quod erat, impunius id se faeturum putavit : apposuit patel- lam in qua sigilla erant egregia. Iste continuo ut vidit, non dubi- tavit illud insigne penatium hospitaliumque deorum ex hospitali mensa toUere ; sed tamen, quod ante de istius abstinentia dixeram, sigillis avulsis reliquum argentum sine uUa avaritia reddidit. Quid, Eupolemo Calactino, homini nobili, Lueullorum hospiti ac perfa- miliari, qui nune apud exereitum cum L. LueuUo est, non idem fecit ? Coenabat apud eum. Argentum ille eeterum purum appo- 22. ostiatim,'] It occurs again in c. 24 : Pompeius Philo, from whose dish Verres 'from house to house,' as we say; or 'from plucked the fine cameos" (Sicily, p. 102). door to door.' The ' sigilla,' however, were not cameos ; apud villam] Zumpt quotes Nonius they were silver, (cap. 12. nr. 1.9), who has a note on this L. Lucullo'] L. Lucullus was at the use of ' apud ' in Cicero, of which this is time in Asia (b.c. 70), carrying on the war said to be the only instance in Cicero : against Mithridates. See the Life, by Plu- " error consuetudinis apud pro in utitur. tarch. Itaque vitiose dicimus, cum nos in foro Arg^tum ille, &c.] Hotmann, who had fuisse dicamus, apud forum fuisse, cum the reading ' illi,' found the passage difli- apud juxta significat." Nonius also cites cult ; but he saw that ' illi ' must be ' ille,' the i)assage of Terence (Andria, ii. 1, 2) : that is, Eupolemus. The use of ' ille' is " apud forum modo e Davo audivi." Cap- obvious, for ' ille ' is contrasted with ' hie ' tain Smyth, speaking of the neighbourhood (Verres). Manutius also suggested ' ille ' of Tyndaris, says : " a picturesque path, for ' illi.' lined with trees, conducts the traveller to a ' Purum ' means without any workman- gentle eminence, on which stands the baro- ship, plain, as in c. 23, where the plate is Dial palace of Scalaproto, where there are called ' purum,' when the ornamental part some sculptures, vases, and stelae from the had been taken off. — ' cum emblemate :' neighbouring ruins. The beauty of the Klotz. ' Erf. Guelff. Havn. coll. emblemate, situation, with the antiquity of the cisterns, mendose, opinor ' (Zumpt) : but it is not and several local indications, lead me to quite certain if it is mendose. imagine this to be the site of the villa of ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 435 suerat, ne purus ipse relinqueretur ; duo pocula non magna, verum- tamen cum emblematis. Hie, tamquam festivum acroama, ne sine corollario de convivio discederet, ibidem convivis spectantibus emblemata evellenda curavit. Neque ego nunc istius facta omnia enumerare conor : neque opus est, neque fieri ullo modo potest : tantum uniuscujusque de varia improbitate generis indicia apud vos et exempla profero. Neque enim ita se gessit in his rebus, tam- quam rationem aliquando esset redditurua, sed prorsus ita quasi aut reus nunquam esset futurus, aut quo plura abstulisset eo minore periculo in judicium venturus esset ; qui haec quae dico jam non occulte, non per amicos atque interpretes, sed palam de loco supe- riore ageret, pro imperio et potestate. XXIII. Catinam quum venisset, oppidum locuples, honestum, copiosum, Dionysiarchum ad se proagorum, hoc est, summum ma- gistratum, vocari jubet : ei palam imperat ut omne argentum quod apud quemque esset Catinae conquirendum curaret et ad se afferen- dum. Phylarchum Oenturipinum, primum hominem genere, vir- acroamatl Literally, ' a hearing ' (aicpo- ofia), was used to signify a pleasant story, and the like ; and also a person who told a merry tale, or pleased his hearers in some such way. So Verres, as if he had amused the company, thought that he ought to get something for his trouble, and he helped himself to the ornamental work on the plate. As to * coroUarium,' see Lib. 3. c. 79 J and the note on Sueton. Vespas. u. 19 (ed. Eurmann) ; where another passage from Ci- cero is quoted : ' ipse non solum spectator, sed actor et acroama fuit.' — ' convivis in- spectantibus :' the common reading. tantum uniuscujitsque] 'Tantum,' or ' tantummodo,' is the true reading. The English reprint of Zumpt, and, I suppose, his minor edition, has the faulty reading * tantumque uniuscujusque.' — ' de loco su- periore.' Becker, Handbuch, ii. 2. p. 51, contends that ' de loco superiore ' always means 'tribunal.' Accordingly he rejects the explanation of this expression that is given in Lib. 1. c. 5 (note). There is no doubt that it often does mean the ' tribunal,' as in Lib. 2. c. 42 ; Lib. 4. c. 40 ; with which he compares Lib. 2. c. 38, and Lib. 3. c. 59, where ' sella ac tribunal ' corre- spond to ' sella ac locus superior,' in Lib. 4. c. 40. That it does mean ' tribunal ' in these passages, is quite clear, for the con- text shows that. It may, perhaps, mean ' tri- bunal ' here ; but there seems no reason in restricting the signification of the words, when they are not restricted by the context. F f The passage in Cicero, Ad Att. ii. 24 : " postero autem die Caesar, is qui olim quutn praetor esset Q. Catulum ex infe- riore loco jusserat dicere, Vettium in rostra produxit," which seems to show, as I have no doubt that it does, that ' rostra ' is con- trasted with an ' inferior locus,' Becker ex- plains thus : since Caesar was Praetor, the ' ex inferiore loco ' is to be considered as said in opposition to the ' tribunal.' This is a most forced explanation. Becker indeed shows, that when Cicero means the ' rostra,' as he does in another passage where he does not use the word, he adopts a different form of expression, and does not use ' locus superior.' The passage is Act. i. c. 12 : ' quod agam ex eo loco, ex quo me Populus Romanus secum agere,' &c. I think that Becker is wrong in thus limiting the sense of ' locus superior :' but others may be of a different opinion. 23. proagorum,'] The reading of the editions before that of Hervagius (l.'J34), and that of Manutius (1559), was ' Pardio rum.' The correct word occurs again in c. 39. ' Proagorus ' is not given in the Greek Lexicons. F. Ursini quotes a bronze tablet of the Agrigentini, in his own pos- session, in which occurs Trpoayoiiouvrof 5tQK\e.ovQ Tou diOK\Eovg. See Gruter, In- script. p. 401. primum hominem'] The middle-age edi- tors, as Zumpt remarks, altered ' primum ' into ' primarium.' Zumpt refers to Lib. I, u. 26; and Lib. 5. c. 63. See Lib. 1. o. 26. 2 436 IN 0. VERREM tute, pecunia, non hoc idem juratum dicere audistis, sibi istum negotium dedisse atque imperasse ut Centuripinis, in civitate totius Siciliae multo maxima et locupletissima, omne argentum conquireret et ad se comportari juberet ? Agyrio similiter istius imperio vasa Corinthia per Apollodorum, quem testem audistis, Syracusas de- portata sunt. Ilia vero optima est, quod, quum Haluntium venisset praetor laboriosus et diligens, ipse in oppidum noluit accedere, quod erat difficili ascensu atque arduo ; Archagathum Haluntinum, hominem non solum domi sed tota Sicilia in primis nobilem, vocari jussit : ei negotium dedit ut, quidquid Halunti esset argenti caelati, aut si quid etiam Oorinthiorum, ut omne statim ad mare ex oppido deportaretur. ^ Ascendit in oppidum Archagathus. Homo nobilis qui a suis et amari et diligi vellet ferebat graviter illam sibi ab isto provinciam datam, nee quid faceret habebat. Pronuntiat quid sibi imperatum esset : jubet omnes proferre quod haberent. Metus erat summus. Ipse enim tyrannus non discedebat longius : Arch- agathum et argentum in lectica Cubans ad mare infra oppidum exspectabat. Quem concursum in oppido factum putatis, quem clamorem, quem porro fletum mulierum? qui videret, equum Tro- janum introductum, urbem captam diceret. Efferri sine thecis vasa, extorqueri alia de manibus mulierum, effringi multorum fores, revelli claustra. Quid enim putatis ? Scuta si quando conquiruntur a privatis in bello ac tumultu, tamen homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt ; ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum dorao quod alter eriperet protulisse. Omnia deferuntur. Cibyratae fratres vocantur : pauca improbant : quae probarant, iis crustae aut emblemata detrahebantur. Sic Haluntini excussis deliciis cum argento pure domum revertuntur. Ilia vero optima] ' Intellige res ' A reader learns them as he does other (Zumpt). See Lib. 2. c. 23, and the things, by use. Virgil has, Eclog. ii. 2, """ Haluntium-] Mentioned in Lib. 3. c. 43. "" "^^ I"** 'P'"""' habebat." I can't make out the modern site. Autho- videret, — diceret.] The reading of rities differ. It was close to the sea, as Znmpt's second edition. In his minor edi- this passage shows. tion he had ' viderent— dicerent.' The illam— provinciam] 'That business.' singular is certainly the more usnal form. This is not an improper use of the word tumultu] Cicero speaks of a requisition 'provincia,' but it is its primary significa- for arms made upon private persons in an tion (Lib. 2. c. 1, note). Terence, Phor- emergency, a war, or a 'tumultus.' The mio, i. 2. 24) has a like use : — word ' tumultus ' means a sudden rising, or " D. O Geta provinciam hostile demonstration, several instances of Cepisti duram."' which are mentioned in Livy, who uses the word. (Lib. 34. c. 56, for instance.) ' nee . . . habebat :' the uses of ' habeo ' in crustae] The passages in Forcellini Latin, and ixo>, are numerous and varied, show the meaning of ' crusta,' which is the ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 437 XXIV. Quod unquam, judices, hujuscemodi everriculum ulla in provincia fuit? Avertere aliquid de publico quam obscurissime per magistratum solebant ; etiam aliquid a private non nunquam occulte auferebant : et hi tamen condemnabantur. Et si quaeritis, ut ipse de me detraham, illos ego accusatores puto fuisse, qui hujusmodi hominum furta odore aut aliquo leviter presso vestigio perseque- bantur. Nam nos quidem quid facimus in Verre, -quem in luto volutatum totius corporis vestigiis invenimus ? Permagnum est in eum dicere aliquid, qui praeteriens, lectica paulisper deposita, non per praestigias, sed palam per potestatem, uno imperio ostiatim totum oppidum compilaverit. At tamen ut posset dicere se emisse, Archagatho imperat ut iUis aliquid, quorum argentum fuerat, num- mulorum dicis causa daret. Invenit Archagathus paucos qui valient accipere : his dedit. Eos nummos tamen iste Archagatho non reddidit. Voluit Romae repetere Archagathus ; Cn. Lentulus Marcellinus dissuasit, sicut ipsum dicere audistis, Recita Archa- gathi et Lentuli testimonium. Et ne forte hominem existimetis banc tantam vim emblematum sine causa coacervare voluisse, videte quanti vos, quanti existima- tionem populi Romani, quanti leges et judicia, quanti testes Siculos negotiatoresque fecerit. Posteaquam tantam multitudinem col- legeiat emblematum ut ne unum quidem cuiquam reliquisset, insti- tuit officinam Syracusis in regia maximam. Palam artifices omnes, caelatores ac vascularios, convocari jubet : et ipse suos complures habebat. ^ Eo concludit magnam hominum multitudinem. Menses hard outward covering of a thing. Many magnum est' is said ironically. — 'Etiam of these vessels that Verres laid his hands cum aliquid a privato nonnunquam, occulte on were not solid metal, but they had a auferebant ;' Klotz. case, or covering of metal. This he took dicis causa] ' For form's sake ;' to give off, and if there were ' emblemata,' or the transaction the show of a purchase ; figures attached to the surface, he took as in the form of testament ' per aes et li- them. It is perhaps hardly necessary to bram ' (Gains, ii. 103): "nunc vero alius remark, that Cicero's expression (aut) heres testamento insfituitur a quo etiam le- shows that ' crustae ' and ' emblemata ' gata relinquuntur, ahus dicis gratia propter were different things. veteris juris imitationem famihae emptor 24. Auertere . . . solebant;'] The sen- adhibetur." The word often occurs in fence seems awkward without a nominative Cicero. Forcellini places it under ' dica,' a to ' solebant,' but it may be supplied from word which the Romans seem to have bor- the context, ' hujusmodi hominum.' Cicero rowed from the Greek (Sikii), and he consi- says that the accusers of such offenders had ders ' dicis,' equivalent to 5iici/t; an explana- to track their petty thefts by the scent or tion which does not seem quite satisfactory. light foot-marks : he compares them to vascularios,] See c. 7, note, dogs. When he says this, it is the same Eo concludit] ' Kos concludit ' in the as disparaging his own merits as an accuser English reprint of Zumpt, and I suppose (ut ipse de me detraham) ; for he found in his minor edition. Klotz has ' eos con- the print of the whole body of this hog oludit.' Orelli's reading is ' eo conducit,' where he had wallowed in the mud. ' Per- &c. 438 IN 0. VERREM octo continuos his opus non defuit, quum vas nullum fieret nisi aureum. Turn ilia, ex patellis et turibulis quae evellerat, ita scite in aureis poculis iRigabat, ita apte in scaphiis aureis includebat ut ea ad illam rem nata esse diceres : ipse tamen praetor, qui sua vigilantia pacem in Sicilia dicit -fuisse, in hac officina majorem partem diei cum tunica pulla sedere solebat et pallio. XXV. Haec ego, judices, non auderem proferre, ni vererer ne forte plura de isto ab aliis in sermone quam a me in judicio vos audisse diceretis. Quis enim est qui de hac officina, qui de vasis aureis, qui de istius pallio non audierit? Quem voles e conventu Syracusano virum bonum nominato : producam : nemo erit quin hoc se audisse aut vidisse dicat. tempora, mores ! Nihil nimium vetus pro- feram. Sunt vestrum aliquammulti, qui L. Pisonem cognorunt, hujus L. Pisonis qui praetor fuit patrem. Ei, quum esset in Hispania praetor, qua in provincia occisus est, nescio quo pacto dum armis exercetur annulus aureus quem habebat fractus et com- minutus est. Quum vellet sibi annulum facere, aurificem jussit vocari in forum ad sellam Cordubae, et palam appendit aurum : hominem in foro jubet sellam ponere, et facere annulum omnibus praesentibus. Nimium fortasse dicet aliquis hunc diligentem. Hactenus reprehendet si qui volet : nihil amplius. Verum fuit ei concedendum. Filius enim L. Pisonis erat, ejus qui primus de pecuniis repetundis legem tulit. Ridiculum est me nunc de Verre dicere, quum de Pisone Frugi dixerim : verumtamen quantum in- seaphiis aureis] The common reading Ho, tunica pulla' (Zumpt). He adds that is ' scyphis aureis.' ' Seaphis ' is the read- the better MSS. omit ' tunica,' and read ing of a few MSS., and ' scafis ' of the 'pullo.' His conclusion that 'pullo' may older Guelf., and accordingly GuUelmus be properly omitted seems just. Klotz has proposed 'scaphiis' (see c. 17), which the same. Zumpt has adopted. — ' includebat :' ' con- e conveniul ' De conventu :' Klotz. cludebat ambo Guelff. Erf. Cujac. sed sile- aliguammuUi,] Zumpt observes that this tur de Lamb, et Havn. Coll.' (Zumpt). expression occurs in no other writer except Klotz has ' concludebat.' Appuleius, who was, however, an imitator tunica pulla . . et pallio.] " He used to of the rarer forms of expression in the an- sit among his workmen in the common cient writers. The reading in the text has dark-coloured ' tunica,' which the common the authority of the best MSS. ; and it Romans wore ; and with the ' pallium ' on, must mean, as Zumpt says, ' satis multi,' a Greek article of dress." Hotmann ex- for those who knew this Piso could not be plains the passage fully. He quotes from many. The grandfather was L. Piso, con- the oration In Vatiiiium, " ut in epulo Q. sul B.C. 133, ' qui primus de repetundis Arrii famiharis mei cum toga pulla accum- legem tulit.' His son, of whom this story beres." And again, " Quis unquam caena- is told, was praetor of Spain B.C. 112, and vit atratus ? " he was killed perhaps in that year. Two- 25. de istius pallio] ' Edd. principes et and-forty years had therefore elapsed be- codd. vulgares de istiiis pallio palla non tween his death and the time of this trial. audierit. In Aldina factum est pulla, in Tliis Piso was the father of the Piso then Victoriana denique adjectum de conjectura living, who had been a colleague of Verres tunica, ut nunc vulgo &d\X,\a de istius pal- (Lib. 1. u. 46). ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 439 tersit videte. Iste quum aliquot abaeorum faceret vasa aurea, non laboravit quid non modo in Sicilia verum etiam Romae in judicio audiret ; ille in auri semuncia totam Hispaniam scire voluit unde praetori annulus fieret. Nimirum, ut hie nomen suum comprobavit, sic ille cognomen. XXVI. NuUo modo possum omnia istius facta aut memoria consequi aut oratione complecti. Genera ipsa cupio breviter attin- gere, ut hie modo me commonuit Pisonis annulus, quod totum effluxerat. Quam multis istum putatis hominibus honestis de digitis annulos abstulissel nunquam dubitavit, quotieseunque ali- cujus aut gemma aut annulo delectatus est. Incredibile dicam, sed ita clarum ut ipsum negaturum non arbitrer. Quum Valentio ejus interpreti epistola Agrigento allata asset, casu signum iste animadvertit in cretula. Placuit ei. Quaesivit unde esset epistola : respondit, Agrigento. Iste ad quos solebat literas misit, ut is annulus ad se primo quoque tempore afferretur. Ita literis istius patrifamilias, L. Titio, civi Romano, annulus de digito detractus est. , Ilia vero ejus cupiditas ineredibilis est. Nam ut in singula conclavia, quae iste non modo Romae sed in omnibus villis habet, tricenos lectos optime stratos cum ceteris ornamentis convivii quaereret, nimium multa comparare videretur. Nulla domus in Sicilia locuples fuit ubi iste non textrinura instituerit. Mulier est Segestana, perdives et nobilis, Lamia nomine : per triennium isti, plena domo telarura, stragulam vestem confecit, nihil nisi conchylio tinctum. Attains, homo pecuniosus, Neti ; Lyso Lilybaei ; Crito- laus Aetnae ; Syracusis Aeschrio, Oleomenes, Theomnastus ; Helori aliquot abaeorum, Sic.'] 'Faceret vasa,' Pro Flacco, c. 16, Cicero says: " Haec says Graevius, is * coUigeret, conquireret, quae est a nobis prolata laudatio obsignata ut facere rem, exercitum.^ He was col- erat creta ilia Asiatica, quae fere est omni- lecting gold vessels enough to load several bus nota nobis " (Zumpt). sideboards. textrinum'] A weaving establishment. 26. ut hie modo'] This passage is quoted Zumpt compares the form ' pistrinum,' but by Quintilian, Inst. Or. ix. 2. 61. The remarks that there is also ' tonstrina ' and passage in Quintilian has ' annulos aureos,' ' sutrina.' but ' aureos ' is wanting in the best MSS. eonchylio'] Cicero shortly after uses of Cicero, and Lambinus thought that it ' purpuram ' exactly in the same sense. In ought to be rejected, for, as Zumpt ob- this chapter, then, he takes ' conchyliura ' serves, it was the workmanship of the and ' purpura ' to ha the same. ' Conchy- stone, not the metal, that attracted the lium ' is a shell-fish, and also the juice of a cupidity of Verres. shell-fish used for dyeing. eretula.'] The Romans used wax to seal Aetnae;'] Perhaps the true name. Zumpt their letters with. The Greeks used a kind has ' Hennae,' but the best MSS., though of earth for this purpose (cretula), on which some of the readings are corrupt, indicate they made a stamp with their seal; hence 'Aetnae.' — 'Helori' is a correction of F. it is called ' cretula anularia ' (PUn. H. N. Ursini for ' Pelori,' the reading of the XXXV. 27). Herodotus (ii. 38) has the ex- MSS. ; but Pelorus (Lib. .5. c. 31) was not pregsion yn arjfiavrpit- In the oration a town. ' Archonidas ' (Lib. 3. c. 56) is no 440 IN 0. VEREEM Archonidas. Dies me citius defecerit quam nomina. Ipse dabat purpuram tantum, operam amici. Credo : jam enim non libet omnia criminari : quasi hoc mihi non satis sit ad crimen, habuisse tam multum quod daret ; voluisse deportare tam multa ; hoc de- nique quod concedit, amicorum operis esse in hujuscemodi rebus usum. Jam vero lectos aeratos et .candelabra aenea, num cui praeter istum Syracusis per triennium facta esse existimatis? Emebat. Credo. Sed tantum vos certiores, judices, facio, quid iste in provincia praetor egerit, ne cui forte negligens nimium fuisse videatur, neque se satis quum potestatem habuerit instruxisse et ornasse. XXVII. Venio nunc non jam ad furtum, non ad avaritiam, non ad cupiditatem, sed ejusmodi facinus in quo omnia nefaria contineri mihi atque inesse videantur ; in quo dii immortales violati, existi- matio atque auctoritas nominis populi Romani imminuta, hospitium spoliatum ac proditum, abalienati scelere istius a nobis omnes reges amicissimi nationesque quae in eorum regno ac ditione sunt. Nam reges Syriae, regis Antiochi filios pueros, scitis Romae nuper fuisse ; qui venerant non propter Syriae regnum, nam id sine controversia obtinebant ut a patre et a majoribus acceperant ; sed regnum Aegypti ad se et ad Selenen matrem suam pertinere arbitrabantur. Hi ipsi posteaquam temporibus rei publicae exclusi per senatum doubt the genuine form, and not ' Areho- selves invited bim (b.c. 83), being weary of nides.' It was a Sicilian-Greek name the contentions among ttie native princes. (Thucyd. vii. 1). Zumpt says that Cicero suppressed this purpuram,'] Zumpt points ' Ipse dabat fact, that these kings might not appear purpuram, tantum operam amici.' Perhaps poor and contemptible personages ; and, as a Roman could tell how this was to be LucuUus was now vigorously carrying on taken without the aid of points. If he the war against Tigranes, the Syrian kings could not, his language would be uncertain, might have some reasonable hopes of being Klotz also puts the point after ' purpuram.' restored, and, indeed, may have come to Much has been said of this shell-fish dye, Rome on this business. Their mother, which it would be impertinent to discuss Selene, was the daughter of Ptolemaeus here. There are some remarks on it in Physoon, king of Egypt, and the sister of Smyth's Sicily, p. 24. Ptolemaeus Lathyrus, who had been killed, 27' reges Syriae,"] Zumpt has a note on as well as his only legitimate daughter, this passage, the substance of which is as Berenice ; and the throne of Egypt was follows. These kings were Antiochus and claimed by Ptolemaeus Auletes, an illegiti- Seleucus, the sons of Antiochus Eusebes, mate son of Lathyrus. There is great con- who was now dead. The elder of these two, fusion about .the marriages of this Selene; Antiochus Aslaticus, was afterwards de- but that is immaterial for the present pur- prived of the Syrian throne by Cn. Pom- pose. See Clinton, Fasti, Kings of Syria, peius Magnus. They were in possession of temporibus rei publicae] The commen- Syria, as Cicero observes, so far as their tators are not agreed about these ' tem- claim was undisputed, for their competitors, pora ;' but there seems no other explana- the sons of Antiochus Grypus, seem to have tion than that suggested by Zumpt. Cicero been dead ; but Tigranes, ihe son-in-law of alludes to the Servile war in Italy, which Mithridates, was actually in possession of was going on while Verres was praetor, in Syria, to which country the Syrians them- b.c. 7^; 72. The war of Mithridates was ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 441 agere quae voluerant non potuerunt, in Syriam, in regnum patrium profecti sunt. Eorum alter, qui Antiochus vocatur, iter per Siciliam facere voluit. Itaque isto praetore venit Syracusas. Hie Verres hereditatem sibi venisse arbitratus est, quod in ejus regnum ac manus venerat is quem iste et audierat multa secum praeclara habere, et suspicabatur. Mittit homini munera satis large haec ad usum domesticum olei, vini, quod visum est; etiam tritici quod satis esset de suis decumis. Deinde ipsum regem ad coenam vocavit : exornat ample magnificeque triclinium : exponit ea quibus abundabat plurima et pulcherrima vasa argentea : nam haec aurea nondum fecerat : omnibus curat rebus instructum et paratum ut sit convivium. Quid multa? Rex ita discessit ut et istum copiose ornatum et se honorifice acceptum arbitraretur. Vocat ad coenam deinde ipse praetorem : exponit suas copias omnes, multum argen- tum, non pauca etiam pocula ex auro, quae, ut mos est regius et maxime in Syria, gemmis erant distincta clarissimis. ,- Erat etiam vas vinarium ex una gemma pergrandi, trulla excavata, manubrio aureo, de qua satis, credo, idone'um, satis gravem testem, Q. Minu- cium dicere audistis. Iste unumquodque vas in manus sumere, laudare, mirari." Rex gaudere praetori populi Romani satis jucun- dum et gratum illud esse convivium. Posteaquam inde discessum est, cogitare nihil iste aliud, quod ipsa res declaravit, nisi quemad- modum regem ex provincia spoliatum expilatumque dimitteret. Mittit rogatum vasa ea quae pulcherrima apud eum viderat : ait se suis caelatoribus veUe ostendere. Rex qui ilium non nosset sine ulla suspicione libentissime dedit. Mittit etiam truUam gemmeam rogatum ; velle se eam diligentius considerare. Ea quoque ei mittitur. XXVIII. Nunc rehquum, judices, attendite, de quo et vos au- distis, et populus Romanus non nunc primum audiet, et in exteris nationibus usque ad ultimas terras pervagatum est. Candelabrum too distant to be alluded to in this manner, Lib. 3. c. 56. and the same may be said of the war with Candelabrum] The ' candelabrum ' was Sertorius in Spain. The king's visit was only ornamented with the 'gemmae,' for not in the last part of the praetorship of the material was gold (c. .S2) : " e gemmis Verres, for Cicero says, " nam haec aurea auroque perfectum." Candelabra of a large nondum fecerat." size were made for temples and public truUal This word seems to be a dimi- buildings. Some of the bronze candelabra nutive of ' trua,' and to signify a drinking of the ancients, which have been found, vessel. See the article Trulla, in Forcelhni. consist of a long slender brass stand, rest- 28. pervagatum est.'] Klotz has ' per- ing on three legs— goat's legs or legs of vulgatum est,' for which there is good au- other animals. On the top is a cup or thority. Zumpt defends ' pervagatum.' It open vessel to contain the oil. The ancient may be right or wrong. I don't know. See candelabra were of varied forms, often very 442 IN 0. VERREM e gemmis clarissimis, opere mirabili perfectum, reges hi quos dico Romam quum attulissent, ut in Oapitolio ponerent ; quod nondum perfectum templum offenderant, neque ponere potuerunt, neque yulgo ostendere ac proferre voluerunt ; ut et magnificentius vide- retur, quutn suo tempore in cella Jovis Optimi Maximi poneretur, et clarius, quum pulchritudo ejus recens ad oculos hominum atque integra perveniret: statuerunt id secum in Syriam reportare; ut, quum audissent simulacrum Jovis Optimi Maximi dedicatum, legates mitterent qui cum ceteris rebus illud quoque eximium atque pulcherrimum donum in Capitolium afferrent. Pervenit res ad istius aures, nescio quomodo. Nam rex celatum voluerat : non quo quidquam metueret aut suspicaretur, sed ut ne multi illud ante perciperent oculis quam populus Romanus. Iste petit a rege et eum pluribus verbis rogat ut id ad se mittat ; cupere se dicit inspi- cere, neque se aliis videndi potestatem esse facturum. Antiochus qui animo et puerili esset et regio nihil de istius improbitate suspicatus est : imperat suis ut id in praetorium involutum quam occultissime deferrent. Quo posteaquam attulerunt involucrisque rejectis con- stituerunt, clamare iste coepit dignam rem esse regno Syriae, dig- nam regio nnmere, dignam Capitolio. Etenim eAt eo splendore qui ex clarissimis et pulcherrimis gemmis esse debebat : ea varie- tate operum ut ars certare videretur cum copia : ea magnitudine ut intelligi posset non ad hominum apparatum sed ad amplissimi elegant: they were both useful and orna- The temple of Jupiter Capltolinus was mental. There is a marble candelabrum in accidentally burnt B.C. 83, in the consnl- theTownleyGallery, British Museum, about ship of L. Cornelius Scipio and C. Norba- seven feet high, with the representation of nus. Sulla began its restoration, but he a flame at the top. Sometimes the stand did not live to see it completed, the only was a representation of a human iigure, instance in which his good fortune failed holding in one hand the lamp or cup for him. It was dedicated by Q. Catulus B.C. the oil. The candelabrum was one of those 69, (Zumpt). Liv. Ep. 98. household articles in which the artists of statuerunti Zumpt and Klotz have ' in- antiquity displayed their taste. tegra perveniret. Statuerunt id secum,' &c. " Si non aurea sunt juvenum simulacra per P"' '' ^^^"'^ *** ' statuerunt ' begins the aedes latter member of the sentence, which is Lampad'as igniferas manibus retinentia °°'y confused by the parenthetical matter, dextris ' 1^°^ nondum . . perveniret.' Lumina nocturnis epulis ut suppediten- perciperenf] The Erfurt MS. has ' prae- tur."— Lucretius, ii. 24. ciperent, and also the Cod. Reg. cited by Graevius. Lallemand says that the Paris There are two candelabra represented on MSS. have ' praeciperent ;' but all depends the reverse of a coin of Cyzicus, with a on the observance of the very minute diffe- flame at the summit, and a snake twisting rence between the abbreviation of ' per ' round each. A low altar, with a flame and ' prae,' and Zumpt has no faith in the on it, stands between the candelabra. The accuracy of Lallemand. There is no real legend is KvKticrivuiv Neoko.owi'. objection to ' perciperent,' and much to say nondum perfectum] Zumpt has omitted against 'praeciperent' here. Klotz and ' etiam,' which is generally read after ' non- Orelli have ' praeciperent.' dum.' ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. MS tempi! ornatum esse factum. Quum satis jam perspexisse videre- tur, toUere incipiunt ut referrent. Iste ait se velle illud etiam atque etiam considerare : nequaquam se esse satiatum : jubet illos discedere et candelabrum relinquere. Sic illi turn inanes ad Antio- chum revertuntur. XXIX. Rex primo nihil metuere, nihil suspicari : dies unus, alter, plures: non referri. Tum mittit, si videatur, ut reddat. Jubet iste posterius ad se reverti. Mirum illi videri : mittit iterum. Non redditur. Ipse hominem appellat: rogat ut reddat. Os hominis insignemque impudentiam cognoscite. Quod sciret, quoS ex ipso rege audisset in Capitolio esse ponendum, quod Jovi Optimo Maximo, quod populo Romano servari videret, id sibi ut donaret rogare et vehementissime petere coepit. Quum iUe se et religione Jovis Capitolini et hominum existimatione impediri diceret, quod multae nationes testes essent illius operis ac muneris, iste homini minari acerrime coepit. Ubi videt eum nihilo magis minis quam preeibus permoveri, repente hominem de provincia jubet ante noctem decedere : ait se comperisse ex ejus regno piratas ad Siciliam esse venturos. Rex maximo conventu Syracusis, in foro, ne quis forte me in crimine obscuro versari atque affingere aliquid suspicione hominum arbitretur, in foro, inquam, Syracusis, flens atque deos hominesque contestans clamare coepit, candelabrum factum e gemmis quod in Oapitolium missurus esset, quod in tem- ple clarissimo populo Romano monumentum suae societatis ami- citiaeque esse voluisset, id sibi 0. Verrem abstulisse : de ceteris operibus ex auro et gemmis quae sua penes ilium essent se non laborare : hoc sibi eripi miserum esse et indignum. Id etsi antea ad — templi omatwrn] The common read- namentum' is hardly Latin, and Zurapt ing is ' ornamentum.' ' Secundum dete- ha3 done right in preferring ' ornatum.' riores, meliores ornatum ' (Zumpt). Though The skill of the workmanship, says Cicero, ' ornamentum ' by its form indicates a thing vied with the richness and variety of the and not a purpose, there seems no reason materials, which Ovid (Met. ii. 5) expresses why it may not signify for the purpose of in another way ; ornament. Zurapt himself refers to an in- „ Materiem superabat opus." stance in c. 8, *' omamenti causa." Again, in c. 33 we have "oraniaque quae orna- 29. Quod sciret, quod} 'Quod sciret, mento urbi esse possent," where ' orna- quodque,' &c. : Zumpt. mento ' is not a thing, a ' res,' but means suspicione hominum] Lambinus altered ' all things suitable to the decoration of the ' suspicione ' into ' suspicioni,' which is the city.' And in <:. 54, " quae ornamento urbi reading of the Erfurt MS. The ablative is esse possent." Also in Lib. 1. c. 22. But easily explained : ' that no one may suppose it seems that 'ornamentum,' when so used, that I am adding any invention founded on is followed by a dative. ' Ornatus ' seems men's suspicions.' Zumpt quotes Tuscul. to be followed by a genitive, as in Lib, 4. iii. 23 : "qui nihil opinione affingat assu- c. 54: "in ornatu urbis habuit victoriae matque ad aegritudinem." rationem." Perhaps, then, ' ad templi or- 444 IN 0. VEREEM jam raente et cogitatione sua fratrisque sui consecratura esset, tamen turn se in illo conventu civium Romanorum dare, donare, dicare, consecrare Jovi Optimo Maximo, testemque ipsum Jovem suae voluntatis ac religionis adhibere. "^ XXX. Quae vox, quae latera, quae vires hujus unius criminis querimoniam possunt sustinere ? Rex Antiochus qui Romae ante oculos omnium nostrum biennium fere comitatu regie atque ornatu fuisset, is quum amicus et socius populi Romani esset, amicissimo patre, avo, majoribus, antiquissimis et clarissimis regibus, opulen- tissimo et maximo regno, praeceps provincia populi Romani extur- batus est. Quemadmodum hoc accepturas nationes exterais, quem- admodum hujus tui facti famam in regna aliorum atque in ultimas terras perventuram putasti, quum aiidirent a' praetore populi Ro- mani in provincia violatuni regem, spoliatum hospitem, ejectum socium populi Romani atque amicum ? Nomen vestrum populique Romani odio atque acerbitati scitote nationibus exteris, judices, futurum, si. istius haec tanta injuria impunita discesserit. Sic omnes arbitrabuntur, praesertim quum haec fama de nostrorum hominum avaritia et cupiditate percrebuerit, non istius solius hoc esse facinus sed eorum etiam qui apprbbarint. Multi reges, multae liberae civitates, multi privati opulenti a\3 potentes habent profecto in animo Capitolium sic ornare ut templi dignitas imperiique nostri nomen desiderat ; qui si intellexerint, interverso hoc regali dono, graviter vos tulisse, grata fore vobis populoque Romano sua studia ac dona arbitrabuntur. Sin hoc vos in rege tam nobili, in re tam eximia, in injuria tam acerba, neglexisse audierint, non erunt tam amentes ut operam, curam, pecuniam impendant in eas res quas vobis gratas fore non arbitrentur. 30. amicus et socius'] There are many coll.' (Zumpt.) instances of kings on whom the senate con- interverso] The word is not easy to descended to confer the title of ' amicus et render, but the meaning is plain, as appears socius.' Cicero afterwards speaks of ' na- from the following passage of Scaevola tiones exterae,' a term which, clearly meant (Dig. 43. 20. H, referred to by Forcellini) : countries, which were neither Roman pro- " cui per fundum iter aquae debetur, qua- vinces nor countries in friendship and al- cunque Tult in eo rivum faciat licet, dum ne liance with Rome. The term ' socius ' was aquaeductum intervertat ;" but he must not evidently used in an enlarged sense, com- divert the water from the course that is pared with its early application to the Ita- once fixed. There is also (Dig. 16. 3. 22.) lian Socii (Divin. c. 3) ; for it is apphed " si duo heredes rem apud defunctum depo- both to provincials, and to people not pro- sitam dolo interverterint," "if two 'he- vincials, who were in friendship and alliance redes ' have fraudulently appropriated a with Rome. See c. II, note. thing that has been deposited with the de- guum audirent] The common reading is ceased." ' audierint,' which is Inconsistent with ' pu- in re tam eximia, in injuria] Klotz tasti.' Both * putasti ' and * audirent ' are omits * in ' twice, the readings of the ' Erf. Guelff. Havn. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 445 XXXI. Hoc loco, Q. Catule, te appello. Loquor enim de tuo clarissimo pulcherrimoque monumento : non judicis solum severi- tatem in hoc crimine sed prope inimici atque accusatoris vim. suscipere debes. Tuus est enim hones in illo templo senatus popu- lique Romani beneficio : tui nominis aeterna memoria simul cum templo illo consecratur : tibi haec cura suscipienda, tibi haec opera sumenda est, ut Capitolium, quemadmodum magnificentius est restitutum, sic copiosius ornatum sit quam fuit; ut ilia flamma divinitus extitisse videatur, non quae deleret Jovis Optimi Maximi templum, sed quae praeclarius magnificentiusque deposceret. Au- disti Q. Minucium dicere domi suae deversatum esse Antiochum regem Syracusis : se illud scire ad istum esse delatum : se scire non redditum : audisti et audies omni e conventu Syracusano qui ita dicant, sese audientibus illud Jovi Optimo Maximo dicatum esse ab rege Antiocho et consecratum. Si judex non esses et haec ad te delata res esset, te potissimum hoc persequi, te petere, te agere oporteret. Quare non dubito quo animo judex hujus criminis esse debeas, qui apud alium judicem multo acrior quam ego sum actor accusatorque esse deberes. XXXII. Vobis autem, judices, quid hoc indignius aut quid minus ferendum videri potest ? Verresne habebit domi suae cande- labrum Jovis e gemmis auroque perfectum ? Cujus fulgore coUucere atque iUustrari Jovis Optimi Maximi templum oportebat, id apud istum in ejusmodi conviviis constituetur quae domesticis stupris flagitiisque flagrabunt ? In istius lenonis turpissimi domo sinml cum ceteris Chelidonis hereditariis ornamentis Capitolii ornamenta ponentur ? Quid huic sacri unquam fore aut quid religiosi fuisse putatis qui nunc tanto scelere se obstrictum esse non sentiat T qui in judicium veniat, ubi ne precari quidem Jovem Optimum Maximum atque ab eo auxilium petere more omnium possit ? a quo etiam dii immortales sua repetunt in eo judicio quod hominibus ad suas res repetendas est constitutum. Miramur Athenis Minervam, Deli ApoUinem, Junonem Sami, Pergae Dianam, multos praeterea ab isto deos tota Asia Graeciaque violates, qui a Oapitolio manus abstinere non potuerit? Quod privati homines de suis pecuniis ornant ornaturique sunt, id C. Verres ab regibus ornari non pas- sus est. f" Itaque hoc nefario scelere concepto, nihil postea tota in Sicilia neque sacri neque religiosi duxit esse : ita sese in ea pro- vincia per triennium gessit ut ab isto non solum hominibus verum etiam diis immortalibus bellum indictum putaretur. 446 IN 0. VEEEEM XXXIII. Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia, judices, quod ab Aenea fugiente a Troja atque in haec loca veniente conditum esse demonstrant. Itaque Segestani non solum perpetua societate atque amicitia verutn etiam cognatione se cum populo Eomano con- junctos esse arbitrantur. Hoc quondam oppidum, quum ilia civitas cum Poenis suo nomine ac sua sponte bellaret, a Karthaginiensibus vi captum atque deletum est : omniaque quae ornamento urbi esse possent Karthaginem sunt ex illo loco deportata. Fuit apud Seges- tanos ex aere Dianae simulacrum, quum summa atque antiquissima praeditum religione, turn singular! opera artificioque perfectum. 33. Segesta] One of the ' civitateg liberae ' (Lib. 3. c. 6). Cicero here adopts the theu popular notion of Aeneas having come from Troy to Italy, and he makes him found Segesta on his way. There was certainly a tradition that the place was founded by Asiatic colonists. Thucydides (vi. 2) says, that some of the Trojans having fled from the Achaei, upon the capture of Troy, sailed to Sicily, and settled close to the Sicani, the old inhabitants of the island, and the two peoples got the common name of Elymi, and their cities were Eryx and Egesta. The Roman form of the name is always Segesta, as it appears. It was the Roman tradition that Acestes, who gave his name to the city, and was born in Sicily of a Trojan mother, was assisted by Aeneas in the founding of the city. There was a temple of Aeneas at Segesta (Dion. Halic. i. 53). The Romans were politic enough to encourage, or to invent the supposed relationship during their contest with the Carthaginians in Sicily ; and the Duilian column (B.C. 264) contains the official re- cognition of this relationship in the words, 'Ecestanos cocnatos popli Romani' (P. Ciacconii in Column. Rostrat. Inscriptio- nem, Graevii Thes. Rom. Antiq. iv. 1810; and in Duker's Florus). Nicias, as he is represented speaking by Thucydides, calls the Egestaei ' barbari,' not Hellenes. It was a part of the old story in Thucydides (vi. 2), that certain Phoceis of those who had been at the siege of Troy, came to dwell near the Egestaei, being driven by stress of weather to Libya first, and thence to Sicily. It was probably a motly population, in which the Greek part at last prevailed. The remains of Segesta are near Castella- mare, in the north-west angle of Sicily. There is a Doric temple, and vestiges of an ancient theatre. The remains " stand In a bleak, deserted sterile situation, to the east- ward of the boundary of the ancient city ; and the only resting-place for the traveller is the shade of a neighbouring tree, where there is a good spring of fresh water ; the scenery and stillness, however, make it ap- pear wild, grand, and impressive." " The temple is somewhat pecuhar, probably was never finished, for the 'cella' is wanting; but it is nearly entire " (Smyth's Sicily, 671). Swinburne (Travels in the Two Sicilies, ii. 232) gives the name of Barbara to the site of Egesta. Castellamare was the port of Egesta. He describes the position of the city as very good, " upon a ridge of hills gently sloping towards the northern aspect, sheltered on the southern and eastern quar- ters by high rocky eminences, at the foot of which two roaring brooks winded their course, and embraced .the city." Swinburne describes plainly and clearly what he sees. These two brooks are the Simois and Sca- mandrus of Strabo (p. 608). Diodorus also (xx. 71) mentions the Scamandrus. The united stream flows to the sea at Castella- mare. The names Simois and Scamandrus remind us of the rivers of the Troad, whence, according to the tradition, the settlers of Segesta came. captum atque deletum] The destruction of Segesta by the Carthaginians is not men- tioned elsewhere, so far as I know ; and, if there is no evidence except this passage, Cicero may have mis-stated the fact. Aga- thocles,B.c.307or3t)6, destroyed a large part of the inhabitants with circumstances of the greatest cruelty, in order to get their money. He sold the women and children, and gave the city a new name, Dicaeopolis, and a fresh population (Diod. xn. 71). After his^ death the remnant of the old inhabitants returned, and the city resumed its former ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 447 Hoc translatum Karthaginem locum tantum hominesque mutarat, religionem quidem pristinam servabat : nam propter eximiam pul- chritudinem etiam hostibus digna quam sanctissime colerent vide- batur. Aliquot saecuHs post P. Scipio bello Punico tertio Kartha- ginem cepit : qua in victoria — videte hominis virtutem et diligentiam, ut et domesticis praeclarissimae virtutis exemplis gaudeatis, et eo majore odio dignam istius incredibilem audaciam judicetis — convo- catis Siculis omnibus, quod diutissime saepissimeque Siciliam vexa- tam a Karthaginiensibus esse cognorat, jubet omnia conquiri : polli- cetur sibi magnae curae fore ut omnia civitatibus quae cujusque fuissent restituerentur. Tum ilia quae quondam erant Himera sublata, de quibus ante dixi, Thermitanis sunt reddita : tum alia Gelensibus, alia Agrigentinis ; in quibus etiam ille nobilis taurus quem crudelissimus omnium tyrannorum Phalaris habuisse dicitur, quo vivos supplicii causa demittere homines et subjicere flammam solebat. Quem taurum quum Scipio redderet Agrigentinis, dixisse ante dixi,'] Lib. 2. c. 36. Gelensibus,'] The people of Gela {Tk\a), one of the old Greek settlements in Sicily, founded by Rhodians from Lindus, and Cretans. The name Gela is from the name of the river near the city ; and we observe that several Sicilian t. cases at more convenient places. quod quwm . . exportabatur,] The com- tollendum locatur.] The Segestani made mon reading is ' quod quum . . exportare- a contract with somebody for the removal tur,' of which Zumpt says, " quod non of the statue, or rather gave notice that condemno — verum indicativus . . nihilo de- there was a job to be done, that a ' redemp- terior, immo describendae rei aptior est." tor ' or ' conductor ' was wanted to remove A little further on there is ' quum Diana the statue. Such contracts, and all other exportaretur.' 450 IN 0. VERREM ex urbe sociorum praetor ejusdem populi turpissimus atque impu- rissimus eosdem illos deos nefario scelere auferebat. Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes Segestae matronas et virgines con- venisse quum Diana exportaretur ex oppido, unxisse unguentis, complesse coronis et floribus, ture odoribus incensis usque ad agri fines prosecutas esse ? Hanc tu tantam religionem si turn in im- perio propter cupiditatem atque audaciam non pertimescebas, ne nunc quidem in tanto tuo tuorumque liberorum periculo perhor- rescis ? Quem tibi aut hominem invitis diis immortalibus, aut vero deum tantis eorum religionibus violatis auxilio futurum putas? Tibi ilia Diana in pace atque in otio religionem nullam attulit? quae quum duas urbes in quibus locata fuerat captas incensasque vidisseti bis ex duorum bellorum flamma ferroque servata est ; quae Karthaginiensium victoria, loco mutato, religionem tamen non amisit, P. Africani virtute religionem simul cum loco recuperavit. Quo quidem scelere suscepto, quum inanis esset basis et in ea P. Africani nomen incisum, res indigna atque intoleranda videbatur omnibus, non solum religiones esse violatas verum etiam P. Afri- cani, viri fortissimi, rerum gestarum gloriam, memoriam virtutis, monumenta victoriae, C. Verrem sustulisse. Quod quum isti re- nuntiaretur de basi ac Uteris, existimavit homines in oblivionem totius negotii esse venturos, si etiam basim tamquam indicem sui sceleris sustulisset. Itaque toUendam istius imperio locaverunt; quae vobis locatio ex publicis Uteris Segestanorum priore actione recitata est. XXXVI. Te nunc, P. Scipio, te, inquam, lectissimum ornatis- simumque adolescentem appeUo : abs te officium tuum debitum generi et nomini require et flagito. Cur pro isto qui laudem hono- remque tuum familiaeque tuae depeeulatus est pugnas? cur eum defensum esse vis ? cur ego tuas partes suscipio ? cur tuum munus sustineo? Cur M. TuUius P. Africani monumenta requirit, P. Scipio eum qui ilia sustulit defendit ? Quum mos a majoribus tra- Quid hoc .. clarius qnarn] Zumpt, fol- tuum familiaeque tuae] ' Sic olim nota- lowing Scheller, refers to three other ex- tur a Fulvio Ursino et a Lambino inventum amples of ' hoc ' and ' quam ;' Ad Att. esse in codicibus suis, nosque in Guelf- iv. 8 ; De Orat. i. 37 ; and De Divin. i. 39. erbytanis invenimns. Havn. coll. silet ' 36. P. Scipio,'] P. Cornelius Scipio (Zumpt). The common reading, which Klotz Nasica, a son of a father of the same name, has, is ' qui laudem honoremque familiae who was praetor B.C. 94. He was adopted vestrae depeeulatus est ;' but Zumpt objects by Q. Metellus Pius, probably after the to ' vestrae,' since Cicero is addressing date of this oration. He was consul B.C. Scipio only. Yet there is in c. 37, " quam- 52, and the father of Cornelia, the last wife obrem si suscipis . . de vestris monumen- of On. Pompeius Magnus. Scipio was one tis." of the advocates of Verres. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 451 ditus sit, ut monuraenta majorum ita suorum quisque defendat ut ne ornari quidem nomine alieno sinat, tu isti aderis qni non ob- struxit aliqua ex parte monumenta P. Scipionis, sed funditus delevit ac sustulit? Quisnam igitur, per deos immortales, tuebitur P. Scipionis meraoriam mortui ? quis monumenta atque indicia virtutis, si tu ea relinques aut deseres ? nee solum spoliata ilia patiere, sed etiam eorum spoliatorem vexatoremque defendes ? Adsunt Seges- tani, clientes tui, socii populi Romani atque amici : certiorem te faciunt, P. Africanum, Karthagine deleta, simulacrum Dianae ma- joribus suis restituisse ; idque apud Segestanos ejus imperatoris nomine positum ac dedicatum fuisse ; hoc Verrem demoliendum et asportandum nomenque omnino P. Scipionis delendum toUendumque curasse : orant te atque obsecrant ut sibi religionem, generi tuo laudem gloriamque restituas, ut quod per P. Africanum ex urbe hostium recuperarint id per te ex praedonis domo conservare possint. XXXVII. Quid aut tu his respondere honeste potes, aut illi facere nisi ut te ac fidem tuam implorent ? Adsunt et implorant. Potes domesticae laudis amplitudinem, Scipio, tueri ; potes : omnia sunt in te quae aut fortuna hominibus aut natura largitur. Non praecerpo fructum officii tui : non alienam mihi laudem appeto : non est pudoris mei, P. Scipione, florentissimo adolescente, vivo et incolumi, me propugnatorem P. Scipionis defensoremque profiteri. Quamobrem si suscipis domesticae laudis patrocinium, me non solum silere de vestris monumentis oportebit, sed etiam laetari P. Africani ejusmodi fortunam esse mortui, ut ejus honos ab eis qui ex eadem familia sunt defendatur, neque uUum adventitium auxilium requiratur. Sin istius amicitia te impedit, si hoc quod ego abs te postulo minus ad officium tuum pertinere arbitrabere, nomine alieno^ ' Nomine aliorum :' verb would require a dative, as in the ex- Klotz. pression ' luminibus obstruere,' which means tu isti aderis'] ' Will you give your as- to build up something that interferes with sistance to this defendant,' &c. See the your neighbour's lights, or, as it is other- note on ' adesse,' p. 211. wise expressed, ' luminibus officere ' (Dig. obstruct] "The old reading is ' obtru- 8. 2. 17, 23). Bnt there seems to be a sit,' which Manutius attempts to explain, difference between ' luminibus obstruere ' but not satisfactorily. The best MSS. have and ' monumentum obstruere,' which may ' obstruxit ' (Zumpt). This word has the very well mean to build it up, surround it sense of stopping up a passage, as a road or with other buildings. Klotz reads ' monu- a river, by some structure or building, and mento.' Zumpt has * monumentum.' is followed by the accusative. Zumpt ob- conservare possint.'] ' Conservare pos- serves that in this passage we must take it sent ' in the English reprint, probably an to mean the building of something which error of the press j a blunder at any rate, would prevent a thing from being seen, or 37. Sin . . impedit,] ' Sin . . impediet :' would obstruct the approach to it. But in Zumpt. — ' vicarius,' see p. 331. this sense he is incliiied to think that the G g 2 452 IN 0. VEREEM succedam ego vicarius tuo muneri, suscipiam partes quas alienas esse arbitrabar. Deinde ista praeclara nobilitas desinat queri popu- lum Romanum hominibus novis industriis libenter honores mandare semperque mandasse. Non est querendum in hac civitate quae propter virtutem omnibus nationibus imperat virtutem plurimura posse. Sit apud alios imago P. Africani ; ornentur alii mortui virtute ac nomine : talis ille vir fuit, ita de populo Romano meritus est, ut non uni familiae sed universae civitati commendatus esse debeat. Est aliqua mea pars virilis, quod ejus civitatis sum quam ille claram, amplam, illustremque, reddidit ; praecipue quod in his rebus pro mea parte versor quarum ille princeps fuit, aequitate, industria, temperantia, defensione miserorum, odio improborum : quae cognatio studiorum et artium propemodum non minus est conjuncta quam ista qua vos delectamini generis et nominis. XXXVIII. Repeto abs te, Verres, monumentum P. Africani: causam Siciilorum quam suscepi relinquo ; judicium de pecuniis repetundis ne sit hoc tempore ; Segestanorum injuriae negligantur : basis P. Scipionis restituatur ; nomen invicti imperatoris incidatur, signum pulcherrimum Karthagine captum reponatur. Haec abs te non Siculorum defensor, non tuus accusator, non Segestani pos- tulant ; sed is qui laudem gloriamque P, Africani tuendam conser- Deinde ista praeclara] Zumpt gives his reasons for tiiis reading instead of the old reading, ' Nae ista/ &c., which he had in his first edition. Most of the MSS. have ' Ne ista,' which has caused some of the older eommentators a difficulty, as they did not perceive that * ne ' is an adverb of affir- mation, which we now distinguish from the dehortatory ' ne,' by w.iting it with a diph- thong. It is doubtful if we should write ' nae.' Klotz reads * Aliquando ista prae- clara,' which in his Preface he maintains to be the true reading, as deduced from the indications of the MSS. Lag. 29 has ' de- inde.' It is difficult to say what some of the MSS. readings mean. See Zumpt's note. hominibus novis~\ Cicero clearly means himself; and he was a ' homo novus.' See p. 269. in hac civitate quae'] The common read- ing is ' in ea,' &c. It is clear to tliose who have attended to the use of the pronouns, that ' in hac civitate quae . . imperat,' the demonstrative ' hac ' is required. If Cicero meant to say ' in a city that rules,' mean- ing any city, he would say, or could say, ' in ea civitate quae . . imperet.' imago] ' Let others have the bust or effigies of P. Scipio.' The word ' imago ' (tiKMv) is explained by Polybius, vi. 53. * Imagines ' were masks of wax. See the note Lib. 5. c. 14, where the word is fully ex- plained; and the 'jus imaginum.' Est aliqua mea] The glory and name of P. Scipio belonged to the Roman people ; but Cicero says, ' I have some share in it, a full share or portion, because I belong to a state which he made glorious, extensive, and illustrious ; particularly because I take my full share in those things in which he was a model, in equity, painstaking, self- restraint, and the defence of the unfortu- nate.' Zumpt has preferred the reading ' rebus ' to the ordinary reading ' artibus ;' and there is good authority for ' rebus.' One reason why Zumpt prefers ' rebus,' is on account of ' artium,' which comes shortly after. conjuncta] ' i. n. arta' (Zumpt), who refers to a hke use of ' conjunctus,' in the Ep. ad Div. iii. 1 0. He refers to the speech of Iphicrates to the Athenians, about the descendants of Harmodius (Aristotle, Rhet. ii. 23. ed. Bekker). The reader, however, will not find much for the trouble of seek- ing the passage. ACT. II, LIBER QUARTUS. 453 Vandamque suscepit. Non vereor ne hoc officium meum P. Servilio judici non probem, qui quum res maximas gesserit, monumentaque suaruin rerum gestarum quum maxime constituat atque in iis elaboret, profecto volet haec non solum suis posteris verum etiam omnibus viris fortibus et bonis civibus defendenda non spolianda improbis tradere. Non vereor ne tibi, Q. Oatule, displiceat, cujus amplissimum in orbe terraruiii clarissimumque monumentum est, quam plurimos esse custodes monumentorum et putare omnes bonos alienae gloriae defensionem ad officium suum pertinere. Equidem ceteris istius furtis atque flagitiis ita nioveor ut ea reprehendenda tantum putem : hie vero tanto dolore afficior ut nihil mihi indignius, nihil minus ferendum esse videatur. Verres Africani monumentis domum suam, plenam stupri, plenam flagitii, plenam dedecoris, ornabit ? Verres temperatissirai sanctissimique viri monumentum, 38. suarum . . quum maxime] Zumpt says that it ought to be ' rerum suarum,' &c., arid Ernesti adopted this order, though there is no MS. authority for it. The pro- nouns, * mens,' * tuus,' may either stand before their noun or after ; and the proper place here seems to be where the pronoun stands. Zumpt quotes ' tuae res gestae,' from the oratio Pro Deiotaro, c. 4. I don't suppose that this being in the genitive case, preceded by ' monumentaque,' can make any difference. * Quum maxime,' or ' cummaxime,' as Zumpt has it, is a genuine form ; nor is it necessary to erase ' quum,' or to write with the two Guelf. MSS., ' quam maxime.' * Quummaxime,' says Zumpt, when used adverbially, marks either present time, or time indefinitely; and when it particularly signifies present time, it requires the addi- tion of ' nunc,' as ' nunc quum maxime :' as to time past, we say ' turn maxime.' He refers to Drakenborch, Liv. xxvii. 4, and particularly to the learned note of Duker on Florus, ii. 16. 3 (ed. 1744), which is worth reading. Some of the editors have been disposed to get rid of ' turn maxime,' and change it into ' quum maxime ;' but the distinction between them seems pretty clear. In Cicero (Ad Div. ix. 23) there is " ex- pecta igitur hospitem quum minime edacem turn inimicum coenis sumptuosjs." But here the form of the sentence is' different, for ' quum ' is followed by ' turn ;' and this passage cannot be compared with that in the text. In Terence, Phormio, ii. 3. 11, there is — " Quamobrem omnes quum secundae res sunt maxime, turn maxime Meditari secum oportet," &c., where ' turn ' marks the time already ex- pressed by ' quum.' I see no reason why the ' quum ' in this passage of Cicero, should not be taken in the same sense as the ' quum ' in ' quum res maximas gesserit,' and not ' adverbialiter ' with ' maxime.' The use of ' quum,' and ' quum ' and ' turn,' still waits for fuller explanation. elaboret,'] ' Ambo Guelf. Lag. 29, laio- ret ' (Zumpt). The distinction between*the two words is generally observed. Zumpt says that ' laborare ob ahquam rem ' is 'laborem habere,' 'to be troubled, per- plexed,' and so forth. But there are in- stances of 'laborare' followed by 'ut,' where it is used like ' elaborare ;' and Zumpt has in his edition one instance, at least (Lib. 3. c. 56) : "atque in hoc laborandum ut omnes intelligant :" but the true reading there is probably ' elaborandum.' In Lib. 3. c. 57 : " sedasti etiam lites iUorum, et sponsio ilia ne fieret laborasti.' Equidem] The reading of the old edi- tions, and of most of the MSS., appears to be 'et quidem.' There is authority for 'equidem,' and the sense requires it, for Cicero is speaking of himself: 'Ego qui- dem.' Drakenborch (Liv. vi. 54) shows how frequently the two forms are con- founded, even in good MSS. temperalisaimi] ' In margine Lambini legitur al. temperantissimi ' (Zumpt). Klotz has ' temperantissimi.' In the ora- 454 IN 0. VERREM Dianae simulacrum virginis in ea domo coUocabit in qua semper meretricum lenonumque flagitia versantur ? XXXIX. At hoc solum Africani monumentum violasti. Quid, a Tyndaritanis non ejusdem Scipionis beneficio positum simulacrum Mercurii, pulcherrime factum, sustulisti! At queraadmodum, dii immortales, quam audacter ! quam libidinose ! quam impudenter ! Audistis nuper dicere legates Tyndaritanos, homines honestissimos ac principes civitatis, Mercurium qui sacris anniversariis apud eos ac summa religione coleretur; quem P. Africanus, Karthagine capta, Tyndaritanis non solum suae victoriae sed etiam illorum fidei societatisque monumentum atque indicium dedisset, hujus vi, sce- lere, imperioque esse sublatum. Qui ut primum in Ulud oppidum venit, statim, tamquam ita fieri non solum oporteret sed etiam necesse asset, tamquam hoc senatus mandasset, populus Romanus jussisset, ita continue signum ut demolirentur et Messanam depor- tarent imperavit. Quod quum illis qui aderant indignum, qui audiebant incredibile videretur, non est ab isto primo illo adventu perseveratum. Discedens mandat proagoro Sopatro, cujus verba audistis, ut demoliatur : quum recusaret, vehementer minatur : et statim ex illo oppido proficiscitur. Refert rem ille ad senatum : vehementer undique reclamatur. Ne multa : iterum iste ad illos aliquanto post venit, quaerit continuo de signo. Respondetur ei tion Pro Fonteio, c. 13, there is ' homo a man, who should now attempt to write sanctissimus ac temperantissimus ' (ed. Latin, might find a difficulty ; and it seems Orelli). It seems likely that the Romans that the Romans found it sometimes, for used both forms. there is no absolute rule as to the use of 39. Tyndaritanis] The place is Tyn- the reflective ' se,' in a sentence where two daris (Tuv^api's), or Tyndarium, on the persons, or sets of persons, are mentioned, north coast of Sicily, in the modern gulf of If Cicero had here used ' se ' for ' eos,' his Patti. It was founded by some Greelis, meaning would have been equally clear; under the elder Dionysius, close to the but ' se ' would not harmonize with the rest promontory of the same name (Diod. xiv. of the sentence, " non suae ... sed illo- 59), and it became a place of some import- rum ;" and ' eos ' is necessary. Comp. ance. " A fine plain leads from the Ma- Lib. 2. c. 17, note, 'ut si ei videatur.' rina of Patti, to a pass among the hills Refert rem ille'] It is the proper word called the ' Scala di Tindari,' on the summit in this case. He laid the matter before the of which stood the city of Tyndaris. Nu- Senate for deliberation. The consuls at merous ruins attest the once fiom-ishing Rome are said, in lilie cases, 'referre ad ■state of this town, in a situation combining senatum.' Shortly after, ' rem defert,' every advantage of health, strength, and where ' rem ' is added by Zumpt from the beauty" (Smyth's Sicily, p. )01). It seems better MSS. One of the Guelf. MSS. has probable that excavations would lead to ' refert rem ;' but 'defert' is the right word -valuable discoveries. Smyth adds, that there. At least, we know that it can be " two colossal statues, and some columns, used in such a case, for the sense is, ' that were cut up to decorate the chapel of the he simply informed the Senate.' So in Madonna and Child." c. 45 : ' rem ad magistratus deferunt.' qui .. . apud eos] This is a case where ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 455 senatum non permittere; poenam capitis constitutam si injussu senatus quisquam attigisset: simul religio commemoratur. Turn iste : Quam mihi religionem narras ? quam poenam 1 quern sena- tum ? vivum te non relinquam : moriere virgis nisi mihi signum traditur. Sopater iterum flens ad senatum reni defert, istius cupi- ditatem minasque demonstrat. Senatus Sopatro responsum nullum dat, sed commotus perturbatusque discedit. lUe praetoris arces- situs nuntio rem demonstrat ; negat uUo modo fieri posse. XL. Atque haec, nihil enim praetermittendum de istius impu- dentia videtur, agebantur in conventu, palam, de sella ac de loco superiore. Erat hiems summa, tempestas, ut ipsum Sopatrum dicere audistis, perfrigida, imber maximus, quum iste imperat lic- toribus ut Sopatrum de porticu, in qua ipse sedebat, praecipitem in forum dejiciant nudumque constituant. Vix erat hoc plane impera- tum quum ilium spoliatum stipatumque lictoribus videres. Omnes id fore putabant ut miser atque innocens virgis caederetur : fefeUit haec homines opinio. Virgis iste caederet sine causa socium populi Romani atque amicum ? Non usque eo est improbus : non omnia sunt in uno vitia : nunquam fuit crudelis. Leniter hominem clementerque accepit. Equestres sunt medio in foro Marcellorum statuae, sicuti fere ceteris in oppidis Siciliae ; ex quibus iste 0. ]Marcelli statuam delegit, cujus officia in illam civitatem totamque provinciam recentissima erant et maxima. In ea Sopatrum, homi- nem quum domi nobilem, turn summo magistratu praeditum, divari- cari ac deligari jubet. Quo cruciatu sit affectus venire in mentem necesse est omnibus, quum esset vinctus nudus in aere, in imbri, in frigore. Neque tamen finis huie injuriae crudelitatique fiebat, donee populus atque universa multitude, atrocitate rei misericordiaque commota, senatum clamore coegit ut isti simulacrum illud Mercurii poUiceretur. Clamabant fore ut ipsi se dii immortales ulcisce- arcessitm'] ' Accersitus Lag. praeter 29 It has been doubted if we should write omnes, sed nee GuelflF. nee Regius' (Zumpt). ' in aere,' as it is in the English reprint of But ' accersitus,' though some editors of Zumpt, or ' in aere,' as in his larger edi- Latin books adopt the form, is a mistake, tion. "The MSS. are of no use here. Cicero and one that may easily arise in copying. clearly means to say, on the ' bronze ' or 40. de sella] See Lib. 2. c. 42. This ' metal ;' for, as Zumpt observes, it was not was done ' in conventu,' in full court, in the least part of the torture, that he sat on the presence of all the people, ' qui in id metal, which is colder than stone or wood, forum convenerant.' The ' praetor ' was Stone, indeed, would be cold enough ; but sitting ' in portion,' under a covered place. the barbarity of the act was aggravated by Equestres — statuae,'] See Lib. 2. c. 21 ; seating the man on metal, which is a rapid and Livy, xxvi. c. 32 : and as to C. Mar- conductor of heat. One has heard of sol- cellus. Lib. 2. c. 3. Verres ordered Sopa- diers being seated astride a cannon by way ter to be placed astride the statue (divari- of punishment, cari), and to be fastened down. 456 IN C. VEEEEM rentur : hominem interea perire innocentem non oportere. Turn frequens senatus ad istum venit : poUicetur signum. Ita Sopater de statua 0. Marcelli, quum jam paene obriguisset, vix vivus aufertur. XLI. Non possum disposite istum accusare, si cupiarii : opus est non solum ingenio verum etiam artificio quodam singulari. Unum hoc crimen videtur esse, et a me pro uno ponitur, de Mercurio Tyndaritano : plura sunt ; sed ea quo pacto distinguere ac separare possim nescio. Est pecuniarum captarum, quod signum a sociis pecuniae magnae sustulit. Est peculatus, quod publicum populi Eomani signum, de praeda hostium captum, positum imperatoris nostri nomine, non dubitavit auferre. Est majestatis, quod imperii nostri gloriae rerumque gestarum monumenta evertere atque aspor- tare ausus est. Est sceleris, quod religiones maximas violavit. Est crudelitatis, quod innocentem in hominem, in socium nostrum atque amicura, novum ac singulare supplicii genus excogitavit. Illud vero quid sit jam non queo dicere, quo nomine appellem nes- cio, quod in 0. Marcelli statua. Quid est hoc ? Patronusne quod erat ? Quid turn ? quo id spectat I Utrum ea res ad opem an ad calamitatem clientium atque hospitum valere debebat ? an ut hoc ostenderes, contra vim tuara in patronis praesidii nihil esse ? Quis hoc non intelligeret in improbi praesentis imperio majorem esse vim quam in bonorum absentium patrocinio ? An vero ex hoc ilia tua singularis significatur insolentia, superbia, contumacia ? Detrahere videlicet aliquid te de amplitudine Marcellorum putasti. Itaque nunc Siculorum Marcelli non sunt patroni : Verres in eorum locum substitutus est. Quam in te tantam virtutem esse aut dignitatem arbitratus es ut conarere clientelam tam splendidae, tam illustris provinciae traducere ad te, auferre a certissimis antiquissimisque patronis? Tu ista stultitia, nequitia, inertia, non modo totius Siciliae sed unius tenuissimi Siculi clientelam tueri potes? Tibi Marcelli statua pro patibulo in clientes Marcellorum fuit ? tu ex 41. disposite] The words ' ordo ' and men,' or the offence of Repetundae. The ' dispositio ' sometimes come together in orator proceeds to explain how many of- Cicero. He partly explains what he means fences are comprehended in this one act of by ' disposite ' by the following words : taking the Mercury. 'distinguere ac separare.' He says, "I ad opem'] " Whether ought the circum- cannot distinctly separate his crimes, were stance of Marcellus being their ' patronus ' I ever so desirous to do it." For this to have secured the protection, or to have affair of Tyndaris, which seems to be one brought misfortune on his clients .'" — ' Quis offence, contains, says Cicero, several dis- non hoc :' Klotz. The position of this tinct offences, or grounds of accusation. negative is in some cases very doubtful. pecuniarum captarum,] . That is, ' cri- ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 457 illius honore in eos ipsos qui honorem habuerant supplicia quaere- bas ? Quid postea, quid tandem tuis statuis fore arbitrabare ? An vero quod accidit? Nam Tyndaritani statuam istius quam sibi propter Mareellos, altiore etiam basi, poni jusserat, deturbarunt, simulac successum isti audierunt. XLII. Dedit igitur tibi nunc fortuna Siculorum 0. Marcellum judicem, ut cujus ad statuam Siculi, te praetore, alligabantur, ejus religione te istis devinctum adstrictumque dedamus. Ac primo, judices, hoc signum Mercurii dicebat iste Tyndaritanos M. Mar- cello huic .iEsernino vendidisse ; atque hoc sua causa etiam M. Marcellum ipsum sperabat esse dicturum : quod mihi nunquain verisimile visum est, adolescentem illo loco natum, patronum Siciliae, nomen suum isti ad translationem criminis commodaturum. Ve- rumtamen ita mihi res tota provisa atque praecauta est ut, si maxime esset inventus qui in se suscipere istius^culpam crimenque cuperet, tamen is proficere nihil posset. Eos enim deduxi testes et eas literas deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini posset. Publicae literae sunt deportatum Mercurium esse Messanam sumptu publico. Dicent quanti. Praefuisse huic negotio publice legatuni Poleam. Quid is, ubi est? Praesto est: testis est. Proagori Sopatri jussu. Quis est hie ? Qui ad statuam adstrictus est. Quid is, ubi est ? Vidistis hominem, et verba ejus audistis. Demolien- dum curavit Demetrius gymnasiarchus, quod is ei loco praeerat. Quid, hoc nos dicimus ? Immo vero ipse praesens : Romae nuper gui honorem habueranf] The pronoun war with the Teutones, as a ' legatus ' of 'illi' is generally added after 'honorem;' Marius, B.C. 102. Afterwards, in the but Zumpt has omitted it on the authority Marsic war, after the defeat of the consul L. of good MSS. It was probably added by Julius Caesar, B.C. 90, he fled to the colony some one who wished to explain the mean- Aesemia, and was compelled by famine to ing. Cicero asks, " did you seek to turn surrender to the Samnites (Liv. Ep. 73). the statue of Marcellus into a means of His son was called jEserninus from this punishing those, who had raised the statue ignominious circumstance, to his honour.'" See Lib. I.e. 15: "ha- Quid is, ubi est ?~\ Cicero first says, buit honorem," &c. ' Quis est hie .' ' 'Who is he.'' 'The man 42. te istis devinctum] ' Te isti,' &c., who was fastened to the statue.' Then, is in GuelfF. Leid. Regius ; and ' isti ' is not ' Well, the man who was fastened to the in the editions prior to the Aldine. Madvig statue, where is he ? You have seen him, would write ' istic,' i. c. ' in subsellio ubi you have heard what he said.' Zumpt and reus sedes.' Zumpt writes ' istis,' and Klotz have ' Quid .' is ubi est.' I have makes it refer to the Siculi present at the noticed this absurd mode of pointing several trial, which is probably right. At least, if times, but not too often, if it can be got we read 'istis,' we must explain it so. rid of. Klotz reads ' isti.' Orelli has ' ejus reli- ei loco'] Demetrius was director of the gione te eundem -vinctum,' &c. gymnasium, which v/ord is in substance re- ^sernino] He is again mentioned in ferred to by the words ' ei loco,' for no the Brutus, c. 33, where Meyer remarks place has been mentioned. The statue of that M. Claudius Marcellus, tlie father of Mercury would be appropriately placed in Aeserninus, distinguished himself in the the gymnasium. 458 IN C. VEEREM istum ipsum esse poUicitum, sese id signum legatis esse reddlturum, si ejus rei testificatio toUeretur, cautumque esset eos- testimonium non esse dicturos. Dixit hoc apud vos Zosippus et Ismenias, homines nobihssimi et principes Tyndaritanae civitatis. XLIII. Quid Agrigento, nonne ejusdem P. Scipionis monumen- tum, signum ApoUinis pulcherrimum, cujus in femore hteris minutis argenteis nomen Myronis erat inscriptum, ex j3Esculapii religiosissimo fano sustulisti? Quod quidem, judices, quum iste clam fecisset, quum ad suum scelus illud furtumque nefarium quos- dam homines improbos duces atque adjutores adhibuisset, vehe- menter commota civitas est. Uno enim tempore Agrigentini bene- ficium Africani, rehgionem domesticam, ornamentum urbis, indi- cium victoriae, testimonium societatis, requirebant. Itaque ab iis qui principes in ea civitate erant praecipitur et negotium datur quaestoribus et aedSHbus, ut noctu vigilias agerent ad aedes sacras. Etenim iste Agrigenti — credo propter multitudinem illorum homi- num atque virtutem, et quod cives Romani viri fortes atque honesti permulti in illo oppido conjunctissimo animo cum ipsis Agrigentinis vivunt ac negotiantur — non audebat palam poscere aut tollere quae placebant. Hercuhs templum est apud Agrigentinos, non longe a Dixit . . Zosippus et Ismenias,'] Zumpt ac paene jam exolescentibus Uteris, hoe cites some other similar instances. One is nomine inscriptam." Here the figure was from De Orat. i. 62 : " dubitare visus est of bronze, and the letters of iron, if the Sulpicius et Cotta." readings are right. See Burmann's edition, 43. Agrigento"] Ernesti altered this to and the notes. Agrigenti, as Zumpt says, because * ex Herculis iemplum] One of the great fano ' follows. But it ought to be the ab- monuments of Agrigentum, which seme lative, whether there is ' ex fano ' or not. remains are supposed to represent. See c. 50. Zumpt compares Caesar, Bell. ' Rictum ' is the neuter. It means the Civ. iii. 105 : ** T. Ampium conatum esse mouth or lips, as this passage of Lucretius tollere pecunias Epheso, ex fano Dianae ;" shows, v. 1063 : — where there is no various reading. See Lib. ]. c. 19, for various examples of the " MoUia ricta fremunt duros nudantia ablative; and Lib. 5. c. T2 : "Henna ex dentes :" sua sede." femore} ' Femine ' in the English re- and another passage in Lib. vi. 11 93. print, and in Zumpt's original edition. In Though ' rictum ' does not occur else- his second edition he has adopted this where in Cicero, we have the authority of reading from ' Codd. Guelff. et Leid.' Nonius Marcellus in support of ' rictum,' Zumpt admits that in the plural number who says, ' rictum neutrius generis j' and the forms 'femina,' 'feminum,' 'feminibus,' refers to 'Marc. TuU. De Signis.' The are much more common. It is not likely touching of the chin was one of the forms that this interchange between n and r ig of suppUcation among the Greeks. Hot- due solely to the copyists. It is probable mann quotes the Iliad, i. 501, and refers to that the Romans used both forms. Phny (H. N. xi. 45) : " Antiquis Graeciae minutis] The name of Myron was put in suppUcando mentum attingere mos erat." on the thigh of the statue, in small letters Hotmann also cites a passage to the same of silver, let into the bronze. Zumpt refers effect from Arnobius, Contra Gent. Lib. 6. to Suetonius, Aug. u. 7 ; "nactus puerilem There are other passages which show that imagunculam ejus aeream veterera, ferreis to touch the chin was the act of a suppliant ; ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 459 foro, sane sanctum apud illos et religiosum. Ibi est ex aere simu- lacrum ipsius Herculis, quo non facile dixerim quidquam me vidisse pulchrius, tametsi non taui multum in istis rebus intelligo quam multa vidi, usque eo, judices, ut rictum ejus ac mentum paulo sit attritius, quod in precibus et gratulationibus non solum id venerari verum etiam osculari solent. Ad hoc templum, quuni esset iste Agrigenti, duce Timarchide, repente nocte intempesta servorum armatorum fit concursus atque impetus. Clamor a vigilibus fanique custodibus toUitur, qui primo quum obsistere ac defendere cona- rentur, male mulcati clavis ac fustibus repelluntur. Postea con- vulsis repagulis effractisque valvis demoliri signum ac vectibus labefactare conantur. Interea ex clamore fama tota urbe percre- buit expugnari deos patrios, non hostium adventu necopinato neque repentino praedonum impetu, sed ex domo atque ex cohorte prae- toria manum fugitivorum instructam armatamque venisse. Nemo Agrigenti neque aetate tam affecta, neque viribus tam infirmis fuit qui non ilia nocte eo nuntio excitatus surrexerit, telumque quod cuique fors offerebat arripuerit. Itaque brevi tempore ad fanum ex urbe tota concurritur. Hora amplius jam in demoliendo signo permulti homines moliebantur : illud interea nulla lababat ex parte, quum alii vectibus subjectis conarentur commovere, alii deligatum omnibus membris rapere ad se funibus. Ac repente Agrigentini as Polyxena (Eurip. Hecub. 347) says, ad- mulcaW] This is said to be the true dressing Ulysses : — form of the word, when blows and stripes are , „ ■. spoken of, as in Livy, xxiv. 9: " Leeratis , * f{7 /jf prius indignum m modum mulcatis. in The statue could not be of colossal size, tati ' (Zumpt). See Forcelhni, v. Mulco. if the .devotees could kiss it, unless it were Whether there are two words ' mulco ' and reclining, which is not the usual attitude of ' mulcto,' or ' multo,' or there is only one, the statues of Hercules. But the god was of which the orthography was unsettled, represented in several forms ; as the ideal seems to . be disputed. A comparison of of strength and endurance, in a standing the usages of these words appears to lead posture ; and also in a reclining posture, as to the conclusion that there is one verb, the hero who rests from his labours, and is of which the root is ' mule,' ' Morte . . . received into heaven. See Miiller's Hand- multatos ' occurs. Lib. 1. u. 5. buch, &c.— "usque eo," &c. It is not repagulis] This passage is cited by plain at first sight what these words refer Festus, v. Repagula, which word is thug to; but I think that they refer to ' pul- explained: "quae patefaciundi gratia ita chrius;' and the translation will be "so figuntur, ut ex contrario quae oppangun- beautifal, 'judices,' that the lips and chin tur;" so the passage is read in the Delphin are a little worn, because in their prayers edition, but, apparently, it is corrupt. and thanksgivings they are wont not Hora amplius'] There is also MSS. au- only to worship, but even to kiss it." We thority for ' horam amplius,' which Klotz may , perhaps, conclude from this, that it was has. Zumpt cites from the oration Pro astatueof Hercules 'rejuvenescent,' after the Rose. Com. u. 3, examples of both. close of his earthly labours and sufferings. 460 IN C. VEEREM concurrunt : fit magna lapi(1atio : daiit sese in fugam istius prae- clari imperatoris nocturni milites : duo tamen sigilla perparvula toUunt, ne omnino inanes ad istum praedonem religionum revertan- tur. Nunquam tam male est Siculis quin aliquid facete et commode dicant ; velut in hac re aiebant, in labores Hereulis non minus liune immanissimum Verrem quam ilium aprum Erymanthium referri oportere. XLIV. Hanc virtutem Agrigentinorum imitati sunt Assorini postea, viri fortes et fideles, sed nequaquam ex tam ampla neque tam ex nobili civitate. Chrysas est amnis qui per Assorinorum agros fluit. Is apud illos habetur deus et religione maxima colitur. Fanum ejus est in agro propter ipsam viam qua Assoro itur Hen- nam. In eo Ohrysae simulacrum est, praeclare factum e marmore. Id iste poscere Assorinos propter singularem ejus fani religionem non ausus est : Tlepolemo dat et Hieroni negotium. lUi noctu facta manu armataque veniunt : fores aedis efFringunt : aeditui cus- todesque mature sentiunt : signum quod erat notuni vicinitati bucina datur: homines ex agris concurrunt: ejicitur fugaturque tam male . . Siculis'] A usual Latin for- mula : "it is never so ill with the Siculi that they cannot malte a joke." See p. 310, note. A lilce piece of Sicilian wit is men- tioned by Quinfilian, Inst. Or. vi. 3. 41. 44. Assorus'] The town keeps its name, hardly altered, Asaro. The river is the Dittaino, a branch of the Symaethus, now the Giaretta. Zumpt observes, that Guelf 1 has ' Crisas ' without the aspirate, and that the name without the aspirate also occurs on an ancient coin, Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. I. p. 198. F. Ursini speaks of a coin in his possession, which has on one side the head of a beardless youth, bound with a, fillet, and with long hair, with the legend ' Assoru ' for ' Assori,' as ' Menan- dru ' for ' Menandri.' On the other side is the river god, which Cicero describes, with a pitcher in his right hand, and a ' cornu- copiae ' in his left, and the legend ' Crysas ' without the aspirate. I have a cast of a coin which corresponds with this descrip- tion. The legend assorv is very clear ; and on the other face crysas. facta . . armataque] The reading of the MSS. (Zurapt.) There is no MSS. autho- rity for ' armatique.' ' Facere manum,' to collect a body of men, is explained by Zumpt by reference to the oration Pro Caecina, c. 12 ; and to these orations, Lib. 5. c. 30 : " si aliquam manum . . . facere," &c. aeditui] The keepers of the ' aedes.' All the MSS. have ' aeditui ;' but GeUius, xii. 10, says ; " In Verrem M. TulUi in exem- plaribus fidelissimis ita inveni scriptum ' Aeditumi custodesque mature sentiunt.' In libris autem hoc vulgariis * Aeditui ' scriptum est' (ed. Gronov.). GeUius com- pares ' Aeditimus ' with ' finitimus,' ' le- gitimus.' He adds, that ' aeditimus ' is the old form, but that ' aedituus ' was generally used when he wrote. He calls ' aedituus ' a new usage, ' quasi a tuendis aedibus ap- pellatus.' Varro, De L.L. vii. 12 (ed. Miiller) says : " Ut cum dicimus Bellum tueor et tueri villam, a quo etiam quidam dicunt ilium qui curat aedes sacras, aedituum, non aedi- tomura.' ' Aeditomum ' is the reading of the MSS. of Varro, except one, which has ' editonum ;' but the word that is meant is 'aeditimum' or ' aeditumura,' as appears from Gellius. In the treatise De R. R. i. 2, Varro says ; " Sementinis feriis in aedem Telluris veneram rogatus ab aeditirao, ut dicere didicimus a patribus nostris, ut cor- rigimur a recentibus urbanis, ab aeditno." These passages are cited by Hotmann. Klotz adopts in his text ' aeditumi.' bncina] See the word in Forcellini. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 461 TIepolemus : neque quidquam ex fano Chrysae praeter unum per- parvulum signum ex aere desideratum est. Matris magnae fanum apud Enguinos est : jam enim non modo breviter mihi de unoquoque dicendum, sed etiam praetereunda videntur esse permulta ut ad majora istius et illustriora in hoc genere furta et scelera veniamus : in hoc fano loricas galeasque aeneas, caelatas opere Corinthio, hydriasque grandes, simili in genere atque eadem arte perfectas, idem ille Scipio, vir omnibus rebus praecellentissimus, posuerat et suum nomen inscripserat. Quid jam de isto plura dicam aut querar 1 omnia ilia, judices, abs- tulit : nihil in religiosissimo fano praeter vestigia violatae religionis nomenque P. Seipionis reliquit : hostium spolia, monumenta im- peratorum, decora atque ornamenta fanorum posthac, his praeclaris nominibus amissis, in instrumento atque in supellectile Verris nominabuntur. Tu videlicet solus vasis Oorinthiis delectaris : tu illius aeris temperationem, tu operum lineamenta soUertissime per- spicis. Haec Scipio ille non intelligebat, homo doctissimus atque humanissimus : tu sine uUa bona arte, sine humanitate, sine ingenio, sine literis, intelligis et judieas. Vide ne ille non solum temperan- tia, sed etiam intelligentia te atque istos, qui se elegantes dici volunt, vicerit. Nam quia quam pulchra essent intelligebat, idcirco existimabat ea non ad hominum luxuriem, sed ad ornatum fanorum atque oppidorum esse facta, ut posteris nostris monumenta religiosa esse videantur. XLV. Audite etiam singularem ejus, judices, cupiditatem, auda- ciam, amentiam, in his praesertim sacris poUuendis quae non modo manibus attingi sed ne cogitatione quidem violari fas fuit. Sacra- rium Cereris est apud Oatinenses, eadem religione qua Romae, qua in ceteris locis, qua prope in toto orbe terrarum. In eo sacrario The better orthography seems to be with goddesses had three thousand sacred cows, the one c; for the word, perhaps, contains and land enough to produce a large in- the same root as 'bu-cula;' and may have come." Plutarch (Marcellus, c. 20) men- meant originally a cow's horn. There is the tions the armour in this temple. As the form ' tibicina.' worship of these divinities came from Matris magnae] The temple of the Crete, it seems probable that Enguion was Gf.uiV prjrknioT, according to Diodorus, iv. a Cretan colony, or received Cretan colo- 79. The Matres were the Cretan women nists, as Diodorus says, who nursed Zeus, and hid him from his posthac,] ' Guelff'. Havn. Erf. post haec : father Cronus. They were rewarded with non placet' (Zumpt). a place in heaven, Kn\ KaratTrfpiaQtina^ humanissimus:] See Lib. 3. c. 4, note ; I'tiiKTovi; Tr(io • } ^ who are acting as judges of a 'fact. In ^\'.«':« *»« ™«»"3 t"e particular character. Lib. 1. c. 9, there is tie similar phrase, religious or other, which usage assigned to ' mittam in consiUum,' the meaning of ™® ^^^J^ days of the Calendar. Again which is explained by the context. ^^ ^^J^ (F^^'i' '■ 252) : s.] ' Sic Guelf. et Erf. et Ste- " NuUus erat justis reddere jura labor ;" ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 463 jura cogebant? Tametsi ne oculis quidem captus in banc fraudem tarn sceleratam ac tarn nefariam decidisti, nam id concupisti quod nunquam videras ; id, inquam, adamasti quod antea non aspexeras. Auribus tu tantam cupiditatem concepisti ut earn non metus, non religio, non deorum vis, non hominum existimatio contineret. At ex bono viro credo audieras et bono auctore. Qui id potes qui ne ex viro quidena audire potueris ? Audisti igitur ex muliere, quo- niam id viri neque vidisse neque nosse poterant. Qualem porro illam feminam fuisse putatis, judices? quam pudicam quae cum Verre loqueretur? quam religiosam quae sacrarii spoliandi ra- tionem ostenderet? An minime mirum quae sacra per summam castimoniam virorum ac mulierum fiant, eadem per istius stuprum ac flagitium esse violata? XLVI. Quid ergo hoc solum auditione expetere coepit, quum id ipse non vidisset? Immo vero alia complura : ex quibus eligam spoliationem nobilissimi atque antiquissimi fani, de qua priore ac- tione testes dicere audistis : nunc eadem ilia, quaeso, audite, et diligenter sicut adhuc fecistis attendite. Insula est Melita, judices, where ' reddere jura ' expresses the office of him who declares the law, and esta- blishes the rights of the parties who have come before him. Cicero (De Sen. t. 4) has the expression ' qui mortuis tam reU- giosa jura tribuerunt,' which refers to the law of interment and sepulchres. oculi» . . capitis^ Cicero explains his mean- ing. It was not by the effect produced on his eyes tnat Verres fell in love with this statue. The expression sometimes has a larger meaning, and signifies one who is so affected in the eyes as to be blind ; as in Ovid (Fasti, vi. 204) it is said of Appius : " Multum animo vidit : lumine captus erat." Comp. Lib. 5. c. 25. bono auctore.'] See the note Lib. 5. c. 22. An minime mirum'] ' At ' in the English reprint of Zumpt, of course without the note of interrogation at the end of the sen- tence. As to 'an,' Zumpt says * Sic Sto- phani vetus et collatio Havn. et . . ambo Guelff.' Madvig maintains that the reading * at ' cannot be admitted ; but Zumpt is not convinced of the truth of his remark. The words ' castimoniam virorum ' have caused a difficulty. Zumpt, after rejecting Ernesti's explanation, adds, ' malim intelli- gere quod a consuetudine mulierum (viri) abstinent, quibus sacra facienda sunt ;' which appears to be the true explanation. 46. complura .■] ' Compluria :' Klotz, following, I suppose, the authority of Pris- cian, who quotes ' immo vero compluria ' from this oiation of Cicero, with the re- mark that ' complura' occurs in some MSS. But the MSS. that are now extant have * complura,' which is the true form, if we can trust analogy. Melita,] The island of Malta. Diodo- rus (v. 12) describes it as being about eight hundred stadia from Syracuse. It has se- veral good harbours ; the inhabitants are rich, for it contains all kinds of artizans, but the best are those who make linen cloth {odovia), which is remarkable for fineness and softness. The direct distance from Syracuse to the nearest point of Malta is about ninety English miles. Diodorus adds that the island was settled by the Phoeni- cians, who brought with them the useful arts from their native country. Tyre was noted for its manufactures. Ezekiel (xxvii. 7) speaks of " fine linen with broidered work from Egypt," and of the Syrian merchants (v. 16) ; '• they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate." This seems somewhat ambiguous in the Englisli version. But we may conclude that the Tyrians became skilled in many of the arts, and carried them into their colonies. 464 IN C. VERREM satis lato a Sicilia mari periculosoque disjuncta, in qua est eodem nomine oppidum quo iste nunquam accessit ; quod tamen isti tex- trinum per triennium ad muliebrem vestera conficiendam fuit. Ab eo oppido non longe in promontorio fanum est Junonis antiquum, quod tanta religione semper fuit ut nou modo illis Punicis bellis, quae in his fere locis navali copia gesta atque versata sunt, sed etiam in hac praedonum multitudine semper inviolatum sanctumque fuerit. Quin etiam hoc memoriae proditum est, classe quondam Masinissae regis ad eum locum appulsa, praefectum regium dentes eburneos incredibili magnitudine e fano sustulisse, et eos in Africam portasse Masinissaeque donasse. Regem primo delectatum esse munere ; post ubi audisset unde essent, statim certos homines in quinqueremi misisse qui eos dentes reponerent. Itaque in his scriptum Uteris Punicis fuit, Regem Masinissam imprudentem accepisse, re cognita reportandos curasse. Erat praeterea magna vis eboris, multa ornamenta, in quibus eburneae Victoriae, antiquo opere ac summa arte perfectae. Haec iste omnia, ne multis merer, uno impetu atque uno nuntio per servos Venereos, quos ejus rei causa miserat, toUenda atque asportanda curavit. XLVIT. Pro dii immortales, quem ego hominem accuso, quem legibus aut judiciali jure persequor, de quo vos sententiam per hac praedonum] Cicero contrasts the plunderer should be treated, the jus belli, robberies of the pirates, who scoured the to which is opposed that ^'«rf!Ctaiej'as which Mediterranean in his time, with the state is displayed in Judicia. of affairs in the now somewhat remote pe- Cicero, after saying ' Who is the man riod of the Punic wars (illis). He alludes whom I am prosecuting,' &c., briefly touches to the ' piratae ' in the following chapter. on the enormity of this particular crime ; certos homines] ' Sure, trusty men,' as and he then adds ' Hie nunc,' &o. ' Now, Graevius rightly explains it. under such circumstances as these, shall eburueae] Ivory was one of the articles either Verres be called a defendant, or I a of commerce which reached Tyre (Ezekiel, prosecutor, or shall this be called a trial ? * xxvii. 15), and it was no doubt used as a In the next sentence Graevius writes 'hand material for the skill of the carver, and to suspicionibus ' from one MS., which spoils decorate articles of furniture. There were the sense. But there is some difficulty in probably small figures carved in ivory, a the interpretation ; for it seems as if Cicero branch of art in which we see in modern were making a general remark : 'for a man's times some excellent specimens. The co- guilt is concluded from the charges, or he lossal statue of Ceres (c. 49) held in the is brought to trial on suspicion.' But the hand a figure of Victory. context shows that he is speaking of Verres, 47. judiciali jure] Lambinus found a whose guilt was so manifest that charges difficulty in ' judiciali,' and he proposed to (crimina) were not necessary, and still less omit it, or to transpose the word and make was he brought to trial on mere suspicion, it agree with ' tabella.' Ernesti thought as He was convicted by the clearest evidence, Lambinus did, but he thought also that the and by his own confession. It was not a passage might be corrected thus : ' legibus, case for a trial, but merely for condenma- judicio ac jure.' Zumpt thinks the text is tion. The sentence appears to have the right, for there is, he says, another ^'m* ac- force of a kind of interrogation by Cicero ; cording to which Cicero thinks that such a or else to be put in the form of an answer ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 465 tabellam feretis ? Dicunt legati Melitenses publico spoliatum tem- plura esse Junonis ; nihil istum in religiosissimo fano reliquisse, quem in locum classes hostium saepe accesserint, ubi piratae fere quotannis hiemare soleant ; quod neque praedo violaverit ante, neque unquam hostis attigerit, id ab uno isto sic spoliatum esse ut niliil omnino sit relictum. Hie nunc iste reus, aut ego accusator, aut hoc judicium appellabitur ? Criminibus enim coarguitur, aut suspicionibus in judicium vocatur. Dii ablati, fana vexata, nudatae urbes reperiuntur : earum autem rerum nuUam sibi iste neque infi- ciandi rationem neque defendendi facultatein reliquit : omnibus in rebus coarguitur a me, convincitur a testibus, urgetur confessione sua, manifestis in maJeficiis tenetur, et manet etiam ac tacitus facta mecum sua recognoscit. Nimium mihi diu videor in uno genere versari criminum. Sentio, judices, oecurrendum esse satietati aurium animorumque vestrorum. Quamobrem multa praetermit- tam. Ad ea autem, quae dicturus sum, reficite vos, quaeso, ju- dices, per deos immortales, eos ipsos, de quorum religione jamdiu dicimus, dum id ejus facinus commemoro et profero quo provincia tota commota est. De quo si paulo altius ordiri ac repetere memo- riam rehgionis videbor, ignoscite : rei magnitudo me breviter per- stringere atrocitatem criminis non sinit. XLVIII. Vetus est haec opinio, judices, quae constat ex anti- quissimis Graecorum Uteris ac monumentis, insulam Siciliam totam esse Oereri et Liberae consecratam. Hoc quum ceterae gentes sic arbitrantur, turn ipsis Siculis ita persuasum est ut in animis eorum insitum atque innatum esse videatur. Nam et natas esse has in iis locis deas, et fruges in ea terra primum repertas arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, quam eandem Proserpinara vocant, ex Hen- nensium nemore ; qui locus, quod in media est insula situs, umbih- to the previous question by some supposed fruges . . repertas] objector: 'Yes, for ' &c I believe that this .. ^^^^^ turgescere semen in explanation may be admitted. It not, I "^ . = don't under9ta,nd the passage. Fal^'ciloratas snbsecuitque comas. Zumpt has aut iste reus but the aut aupponere coUa coegit, appears to be wanting in the MSS., which ^ S^^^ curvo dente revellit bu- have been accurately collated. inuni."-Ovid, Am. iii. El. 10. 48. Liherae^ Hotmann refers to the ujum. ^viu, a. passage of Cicero, De Natura Deorum (ii. And again, 26) : " Terrena vis omnis atque natura Diti ,. ^^^.^. ^^ ^^^^^^ ^u^^^j, patn dedicata est, &c. kasiniisl ' Has in his ■ in the BngHsh Mu°avtglandes utiliore cibo." reprint of Zumpt. ' Has m locis m the & p^^^jj j^ ^qj^ larger edition, where ' his ' or ' iis ' seems ' ' to be omitted by a typographical error. umbilicus] Fo the Greeks used the word H h 466 IN 0. VEEREM cu? Siciliae nominatur. Quam quum investigare et conquirere Ceres vellet, dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ignibus qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt, quas sibi quum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnium peragrasse terrarum. Henna autem, ubi ea quae dico gesta esse memorantur, est loco perexcelso atque edito, quo in summo est aequata agri planities et aquae perennes ; tota vero ab omni aditu circumcisa' atque directa est: quam circa lacus luc'que sunt plu- rimi atque laetissimi flores omni tempore anni, locus ut ipse raptum ilium virginis quern jam a pueris accepimus declarare videatur. Etenim prope est spelunca quaedam, conversa ad aquilonem, in- finita altitudine, qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente cum curru 6/((faXof, and applied it to Delphi, Eurip. Med. V. 666 : iis ignibus] " Alta jacet vasti super ora Typlioeos Aetne, Cujiis anlielatis ignibus ardet humus. lUic accendit geminas pro la.mpade piiius : Hinc Cereris saoris nunc quoque taeda datur."— Ovid, Fasti, iv. 4al. quas sibi quum. . . peragrasse'] Tliis pas- sage may perliaps be compared with the passage ' Siculos sane . . non venisse.' (See the note, p. CO.) It is an instance of ihe use of ' qui . . quum,' which is very different from the usage of our language. It differs from other passages in which ' qui . . quum ' occur, in this, that ' dicitur inilam masse ' is connected witli ' peragrasse,' and the usage of the Latin language in this case neither requires nor admits the conjunction ' and ' between the two infinitive verbs. See p. 483. Henna] Cicero's descriptions of places are generally very clear. He had an exact eye. He marks the site of Henna in such a way that it cannot be mistaken. Strabo (vi. p. 272, ed. Cas.) speaks of the flowers about Henna, and the legend of the girl who was plucking them when she was car- ried off by ' gloomy Dis.' The place is described, and the story is told by a great master in this kind (Ovid, Met. v. 385, &c.): " Hand procul Hennaeis locus est a moe- nibus altae. Nomine Fergus, aquae — Silva coronat aquas, cingeiis latus omne, suisque Frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ictus. Frigora dant rami, Tyrios humus humida flores. Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proser- pina luco Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia car- pit," &c. He has also the story in his Fasti (iv. 419, &c.) of the rape of Proserpine, told in a way that a painter might picture, if he were a master of his art, as the poet is. direcia] ' Dirempta ' in tlie English re- print of Zumpt ; but ' directa ' in his second edition, about the correctness of which there is no doubt. According to Zumpt there is no MS. authority for 'dirempta.' The readings are either ' direpta ' or ' directa.' Zumpt compares Caesar, B. C. i. 45 : " prae- ruptus locus erat omni ex parte directus ;" and the description of Henna by Diodorus (v. 3), who was a native of Sicily. ' He says that " the place at the summit is level and perfectly well watered, but all round lofty, and on every side abrupt with precipices ; and it is supposed to lie in the middle of the whole island, wherefore it is called the navel of Sicily by some." The passage by which father Dis ascended to carry off his flower-gathering bride, is a large cave, with an opening into the earth turned to the north. There are probably many de- scriptions of this remarkable spot. There is a very particular description in the ' Lexicon Topographicum Siculum . . studio et labore S. T. D. D. Vitim. Amico et Statella ordinis S. Benedictl, &c. Panormi m.dcc.lvii.' The place where the god descended with his prize is the fountain Cyane, near Syra- cuse, "at which," says Diodorus (iv. 4), " the Syracusans annually celebiate a splen- did festival." ACT. II. LIBER QUAETUS. 467 extitisse, abreptamque ex eo loco virginem secum asportasse, et subito lion longe a Syracusis penetrasse sub terras, lacumque in eo loco ri'pente extitisse ; ubi usque ad hoc tempus Syracusani festos dies anniversarios agunt, celeberrinio virorum mulierumque eon- ventu. XLIX. Propter hujus opininnis vetustatem, quod horum in his locis vestigia ac prope incunabula reperiiintur deorum, mira quae- dam tnta Sicilia privatim ac pubhce religio est Oereris Hennensis. Etenini multa saepe prodigia vim ejus numenque declarant : multis saepe in difficillimis rebus praesens auxilium ejus oblatum est, ut haec insula ab ea non solum diligi sed etiam incoli custodirique videatur. Nee solum Siculi, verum etiam ceterae gentes nationes- que Hennensem Cererem maxime colunt. Etenini, si Athenien- sium sacra summa cupiditate expetuntur, ad quos Ceres in illo errore venisse dicitur frugesque attulisse, quantam esse religionem convenit eorum apud quos eam natam esse et fruges invenisse con- stat? Itaque apud patres nostros, atrnci ac difficili rei publicae tempore, quum Ti. Graccho occiso magnorum periculorum metus ex ostentis portenderetur, P. Mucio L. Calpurnio consulibus, aditum est ad libros Sibyllinos ; ex quibus inventum est Cererem antfquissimam placari oportere. Tum ex amplissimo collegio de- cemvirali sacerdotes populi Romani, quum esset in urbe nostra Cereris pulcherrimum et magnificentissimum templum, tamen usque Hennam profecti sunt. Tanta enim erat auctoritas et vetustas illius religionis ut, quum illuc irent, non ad aedem Cereris sed ad ipsam Cererem proficisci viderentur. Non obtimdam diutius. Et- enim jamdudum vereor, ne oratio mea aliena ab judiciorum ratione et a quotidiana dicendi consuetudine esse videatur. Hoc dico, banc ipsam Cererem, antiquissimam, religiosissimam, principem omnium sacrorum quae apud omnes gentes nationesque fiunt, a 0. Verre ex 49. homminhis] ' Horum in iis :' Klotz, tarch (Ti. Gracchus, c. 19) tells the story. a variation that is perpetually recurring. He says nothing of the Sibylline books Alheniensium sacra] The ceremonies being consulted, and of the mission to of Ceres, and more particularly the ■' mys- Henna. teria ' of Eleusis. The Athenians received Non obtundam diutius.'] The old edi- Ceres very kindly when she was traversing tions and the inferior MSS. add ' auves the world in search of her lost daughter, vestras.' In Lib. 3. c. 67, there is ' obtu- and they were rewarded with the precious derunt aures,' in the letter of Timarchides. gift of corn next after the Sicilians (Died. Zumpt says that ' obtundere,' in other pas- V. 4). sages of Cicero, does not occur without its Ti. Graccho] The tribune Ti. Gracchus, accusative, which fact is in favour of the who lost his life at Rome, B.C. 133, in a words being kept. The word is used abso- riot, or whatever name we ought to give to lately in Terence. As to the excuse, Zumpt the tumult, led by P. Scipio Nasica. Plu- compares Pro Arch. u. 2. H h 2 468 IN 0. VERREM suis templis ac sedibus esse sublatam. Qui accessistis Hennam, vidistis simulacrum Cereris e marmore et in altero templo Liberae. Sunt ea perampla atque praeclara, sed non ita antiqua. Ex aere fuit quoddam modica amplitudine ac singulari opere, cum facibus, perantiquum, omnium illorum quae sunt in eo fano multo antiquis- simum. Id sustulit ; ac tamen eo contentus non fuit. Ante aedem Cereris in aperto ac propatulo loco signa duo sunt, Cereris unum, alterum Triptolerai, pulcherrima ac perampla. His pulchritudo periculo, amplitudo saluti fuit, quod eorum demolitio atque aspor- tatio perdif&cilis videbatur. Insistebat in manu Cereris dextra simulacrum pulcherrime factum Victoriae. Hoc iste e signo Cereris avellendum asportandumque curavit. L. Qui tandem istius animus est nunc in recordatione scelerum suorum, quum ego ipse in commemoratione eorum non solum animo commovear verum etiam corpore perhorrescam ? Venit enim mihi fani, loci, religionis illius in mentem : versantur ante oculos omnia : dies ille, quo ego Hennam quum venissem, praesto mihi sacer- dotes Cereris cum infulis ac verbenis fuerunt : contio conventusque civium ; in quo ego quum loquerer, tanti gemitus fletusque fiebant ut acerbissimus tota urbe luctus versari videretur. Non illi decu- marum imperia, non bonorum direptiones, non iniqua judicia, non importunas istius libi dines, non vim, non contumelias quibus vexati oppressique erant conquerebantur : Cereris nomen, sacrorum vetus- tatem, fani religionem, istius sceleratissimi atque audacissimi sup- plicio expiari volebant : omnia se cetera pati ac negligere dicebant. Hie dolor erat tantus ut Verres alter Orcus venisse Hennam et non Proserpinam asportasse sed ipsam abripuisse Cererem videre- tur. Etenim urbs ilia non urbs videtur sed fanum Cereris esse : habitare apud sese Cererem Hennenses arbitrantm- ; ut mihi non dextra simulacrum] In Ms larger edi- in a chair, with the riglit arm stretched out, tion Zumpt has ' grande ' between ' dextra ' and holding a small figure in the hand, and ' simulacrum,' on the authority of On a medal of Vespasian, with the legend ' Guelff. et Havn. coll.' Klotz also has annona avg, there is a standing figure, ' grande.' The objection to ' grande ' is with a cornucopiae in the left hand, and a obvious, and is hardly removed by the con- small figure in the right hand, the arm of sideration that the statue of Ceres was co- the right hand being stretched out fi-om the lossal. Most probably the statue of Ceres elbow. The statue of Triptolemus was also was in a sitting posture. The size of the colossal. 'Twas he who first ploughed the figure in the hand would depend on the Rharian plain, and transmitted to his coun- position of the hand, whether it was out- trymen the ' Cerealia dona ' (Ovid, Fasti, iv. stretched, or rested on the lap. But the 549; Pausanias, i. 14 and 38). usual attitude probably was that of the 50. vexati oppressique] ' Vulgo operti outstretched hand, in which case the figure oppressique. Nos scripturam Lambiniano- held in it could not be large. On a medal rum (in marg.) et Guelff. codicum cum coll. of Nerva, which has the legend roma Havn. secuti sumus ' (Zumpt). Orelli has RENASCENS, there is a female figure seated the ' vulgo.' ACT. II. LIBEE QUAETUS. 469 cives ilHus civitatis, sed omnes sacerdotes, omnes accolae atque antistites Cereris esse videantur. Henna tu simulacrum Oereris tollere audebas ? Henna tu de manu Oereris Victoriam deripere, et deam deae detrahere conatus es? quorum nihil violare, nihil attingere ausi sunt, in quibus erant omnia quae sceleri propiora sunt quam religioni. Tenuerunt enim, P. PopiUio P. Eupilio con- sulibus, ilium locum servi, fugitivi, barbari, hostes. Sed neque tam servi illi dominorum quam tu libidinum ; neque tam fugitivi illi a dominis quam tu ab jure et ab legibus ; neque tam barbari hngua et natione illi quam tu natura et moribus ; neque tam illi hostes hominibus quam tu diis immortalibus. Quae deprecatio est igitur ei reliqua qui indignitate servos, temeritate fugitivos, scelere bar- baros, crudelitate hostes vicerit ? LI. Audistis Theodorum et Numenium et Nicasionem, legatos Hennenses, publice dicere, sese a suis civibus haec habere mandata, ut Verrem adirent et eum simulacrum Cereris et Victoriae repos- cerent: id si impetrassent, tum ut morem veterem Hennensium conservarent, publice in eum, tametsi vexasset Siciliam, tamen quoniam haec a majoribus instituta accepissent testimonium ne quod dicerent: sin autem ea non reddidisset, tum ut in judicio adessent, tum ut de ejus injuriis judices docerent, sed maxime de religione quererentur. Quas iUorum querimonias nolite, per decs immortales, aspernari ; nolite contemnere ac negligere, judices. Aguntur injuriae sociorum : agitur vis legum : agitur existimatio Henna tu] In both places the reading 51. instituta] The common reading is was ' Hennas ' until Emesti changed it to ' constituta,' which Hotmann would have ' Henna ' in the first instance ; but he re- altered to ' instituta ' if he could have found tained ' Hennae ' in the second place ; and MS. authority. But there is good autho- Klotz does also. See c. 43. The reading rity for ' instituta,' and it is the word used is ' Henna ' in both places in both the in such cases. The old reading ' judicio GuelfF. MSS. adessent,' which Orelli has retained, was P. PopiUio, &c.] They were the con- corrected by Lambinus ; but ' adesse ' with suIs of B.C. 132, during the first Servile a dative means ' to be present as a helper.' war in Sicily. The second ServUe war was Seep. 211. terminated by M'. AquiUius, B.C. 99. (See Aguntur injuriae] This word ' ago ' is Lib. 5.) In the first Servile war, the slaves a word of the most general use in the Latin held Tauromeninm and Henna (Orosius, v. language. It means here ' the wrongs of 9). The history of their leader Eunus is the allies are in question.' There is a hke told by Diodorus (Excerpt. Phot. Lib. 34). passage in Horace, 1 Ep. xviii. 84 : These slaves had good reason for rising, „ -^^^ ^^ ^^^ -^^ ies quum proximus and they showed their character m a better ardet " way than by respect to Ceres. They pro- tected the daughter of the tyrant master Zumpt obsei-ves that ' aguntur injuriae ' Damophilus of Henna and of his infamous may create a diflSculty ; and he adds ' nam wife MegaEis ; and, while they punished the quantum scio, agi dicitur id, quod ne pe- master and mistress according to their me- reat periculum est.' It is perhaps worth rits, they sent the innocent young woman noting that the old editions have ' jus le- safe to Catina. gum,' an expression which is not Latin. 470 IN C. VEREEM veritasque judiclorum. Quae sunt omnia permagna, veriiih illud maximum : tanta religions obstricta tota provincia est, tanta super- stitio ex istius facto mentes omnium Siculorum occupavit, ut quae- cunque accidant publics privatimque incommoda propter earn causam sceleris istius evenire videantur. Audistis Centuripinos, Agyrinenses, Catinenses, Aetnenses, Herbitenses, compluresque alios publice dicere, quae solitudo in agris esset, quae vastitas, quae fuga aratorum, quam deserta, quara inculta, quam relicta omnia. The difference between ' uis' and 'ins' is so slight, that such a mistake in the MSS. may easily happen. Zumpt is inclined to write ' severitas ' in place of ' Veritas ;' and he refers to Act. i. c. 1, where he has written ' religionem severitatemque,' according to the conjecture of Manutius, but against all the MSS. except one. In this passage, however, he retains ' Veritas,' and In Lib. 3. c. 69, he has ' veritate judiciorum.' There seems no doubt that ' Veritas judiciorum ' is Latin. In the passage in Act. i. c. 1, there is more excuse for conjecture, as the words ' severe ac religione ' are used in the first part of the sentence. superstitio~i Cicero has defined the word (De Nat. Deorum, i. 42) : " Nisi forte Dia- goram aut Theodorum, qui omnino deos esse negabant, censes superstitiosos esse potuisse. Ego ne Protagoram quidem ; cui neutrum licuerit nee esse deos nee non esse. Horum enim sententiae omnium non modo superstitionem toUunt, in qua inest timor inanis deorum, sed etiam religionem quae deorum pio cultu continetur," &c. The Romans distinguished * superstitio ' from ' rehgio ' (De Nat. Deorum, ii. 28) : " non enim philosophi solum verum etiam majores nostri superstitionem a religione separaverunt." The word manifestly con- tains the same elements as ' superstes,' of which the crude form is ' superstit ;' but Cicero assigns an absurd reason for the ap- plication of the word. Lactantius (iv. 28), quoted by Forcellini, gives a better reason, though it may not be the true one. Every nation does not distinguish superstition from religion ; for the distinction implies a cultivated understanding and an exercise of the reason. Those who distinguish super- stition and religion may call the religion of those who do not make the distinction by the name of superstition ; but they cannot properly call the religion of those who do make the distinction by the name of super- stition. We cannot translate the Latin word ' religio ' by the English word ' super- stition,' even if we think that the Roman ' religio ' was superstition. Lucretius may have used ' religio ' as we would use super- stition now, when he said (i. (13) ; " Humana ante oculos fede quum vita jaceret In terris oppressa gravi sub religione ;" for he made no distinction between religion and superstition. publice privatimque] In his minor edi- tion Zumpt has ' publice vel privatim,' which is the common reading. Tlie objec- tion to it is that a single ' vel ' is not used in this manner by Cicero, but is used for the purpose of giving more emphasis to a word, or with the addition of ' potius,' or ' dicam,' or * verius dicam,' for the purpose of correcting something that has been said, or stating it more explicitly (Zumpt). propter earn cansam, &c.] The common reading, says Zumpt, hitherto has been 'propter earn causam scelere istius.' There is obviously something wrong here, and it has been proposed to omit ' scelere istius,' or to omit ' propter eam causam.' But the read- ing in the text removes all difficulty, and has MS. authority, though Zumpt does not state what MSS. except Guelf. 2. The literal translation is ' on account of that matter of his wickedness,' but the meaning is ' through his crim.e, which is the cause.' This use of ' causa ' with a genitive is de- fended by Zumpt and Madvig ; but it needs no defence, for those who have read Latin authors with care may find plenty of ex- amples. In Lib. 5. c. 9, there is ' sine causa quaestus,' which means ' unless he had the motive or object of gain;' though the word ' causa ' has not the same sense as here. In this last passage ' causa ' de- notes the end or object of an act, a thing future. Here it refers to a thing past, as the antecedent of another thing. The word has both these senses in legal language, and is explained by Unterliolzner, Lehre des Romischen Rechts von Sehuldverhaltnissen, i. p. 67. ACT. II. LIBEE QUARTUS. 471 Ea tametsi multis istius et variis injuriis acciderunt, tamen haec una causa in opinione Siculorum plurimum valet, quod Oerere violata omnes cultus fructusque Oereris in his locis interisse arbi- trantur. Medemini religioni socioruin, judices : conservate vestram. A^eque enim haec externa nobis est religio neque aHena. Quodsi esset, si suscipere earn nolletis, tamen in eo qui violasset sancire vos vclle oporteret. Nunc vero in communi onmium gentium reH- gione, inque his sacris, quae majores nostri ab exteris nationibus ascita atque arcessita coluerunt, quae sacra, ut erant re vera, sic appellari Graeca voluerunt, neghgentes ac dissoluti, si cupiamus esse, qui possumus ? LII. Unius etiam urbis, omnium pulcherrimae atque ornatis- simae, Syracusarum direptionem commemorabo et in medium pro- feram, judices, ut aliquando totam hujus generis orationem con- cludam atque definiam. Nemo fere Vestrum est quin, quemad- modum captae sint a M. Marcello Syracusae, saepe audierit, nonnunquam etiam in annalibus legerit. Oonferte hanc pacem cum illo bello, hujus praetoris adventura cum ilhus imperatoris victoria, hujus cohortem impuram cum ilHus exercitu invicto, hujus hbidines cum iUius continentia ; ab illo qui cepit conditas, ab hoc qui consti- tutas accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas. Ac jam ilia omitto quae disperse a me multis in locis dicentur ac dicta sunt, forum Syracu- sanorum, quod introitu Marcelli purum caede servatum est, id nobis est religio^ 'Vobisest.'&c. : Klotz. of writing. When Cicero refers to the An- — ' inque iis sacris :' Klotz. nales of the conquest of Syracuse, he may sic appellari Graeca'] Cicero says the perhaps refer to writers contemporary with same in the oration Pro Balbo, u. 24, where those events. He would not probably speak he is speaking of the ' Sacra Cereris :' of the historical works of any of his con- " Quae quum essent assumpta de Graecia- temporaries as Annales. Thus he speaks et per Graecas semper curata sunt sacer- of L. Cornelius Sisenna, one of the friends dotes, et Graeca omnia nominata." of Verres (Lib. 2. c. 4.i), as a writer of His- 52. annalibus"] Cicero refers to the Ro- toria : (Brutus, c. C4 :)" hujus omnis facul- man historians who wrote Annales, which tas ex historia ipsius perspici potest, quae treated of Roman affairs. The oldest of quum facile omnes vincat superiores, turn these Roman prose writers were Q. Fabius indieat tamen, quantum absit a summo, Pictor and L. Ciiicius Alimentus. Livy quamque genus hoc scriptionis nondum sit refers to these old writers in the same terms satis Latinis Uteris illustratum." that Cicero uses. He has (iv. 7) the ex- Conferle hanc pacem] Cicero (Orat. 50) pression ' in annalibus priscis ;' and (vii. !)) refers to this passage when he is speaking 'in vetustioribus annalibus;' and (iii. 23) of ' numerus : " nos etiam in hoc genere ' apud vetustiores scriptores.' Some of frequentes ut ilia sunt in quarto accusa- these old writers treated of Roman affairs tionis : Conferte," &c. This, and another from the origin of the city to their own passage already referred to (p. 1/6). show time. Others treated of particular periods, that Cicero merely numbered the books of as, for instance, P. Sempronius Asellio, who his Accusatio. The titles, De Signis, and served under Scipio Afriianus, wrote the so forth, are doubtless due to somebody history of what he saw (Gellius, ii. 13). else. The Roman literature was rich in this class 472 IN 0. VERREM adventu Verris Siculorum innocentium sanguine redundasse ; por- tum Syracusanorum qui turn et nostris classibus et Karthaginien- sium clausus fuisset, eum isto praetore Oilicum myoparoni prae- donibusque patuisse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matresfamilias violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt, neque odio hostili, neque licentia militari, neque more belli, neque jure victo- riae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, quae ab isto per triennium per- fecta sunt : ea quae conjuncta cum illis rebus sunt de quibus antea dixi cognoscite. Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum, pulcherrimam omnium, saepe audistis. Est, judices, ita ut dicitur. Nam et situ est quum munito, tum ex omni aditu vel terra vel mari praeclaro ad aspectum : et portus habet prope in aedificatione aspeetuque urbis inclusos ; qui quum diversos inter se aditus habeant, in exitu conjunguntur et eonfluunt. Eorum conjunctione pars oppidi, quae appeUatur Insula, mari disjuncta angusto, ponte rursus adjungitur et continetur. LIII. Ea tanta est urbs ut ex quatuor urbibus maximis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam dixi Insula, quae duobus portu- bus cincta in utriusque portus ostium aditumque projecta est ; in qua domus est quae Hieronis regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. In ea sunt aedes sacrae complures ; sed duae quae longe ceteris antecellunt, una Dianae, et altera, quae fuit ante istius adventum adventu Verris'] The whole of this pas- not be compared with it. However, there sage is laboured ' oratorie,' with more re- is good authority for omitting the ' que,' gard to effect than to truth. It was not on and the remark will then be general, as it is the first occasion of Verres entering the at the beginning of c. 52. Hotmann thought city that all this happened, but in the third that ' Graecarum urbium ' ought to be placed, year of his government. Nor is it true, in c. 62, between the words * omnium ' and Zumpt observes, that the Carthaginian fleet ' pulcherrimae ;' but this would be to cornipt did not enter the port, for it went in and the text. Zumpt settles the matter by a out in spite of the Romans (Liv. xxv. c. 25). quotation from the De Re Publica, iii. 31 : Syracusas] The ancient descriptions of " Urbs ilia praeclara, quam ait Timaeus Syracuse are in Livy, xxv. 24 ; Strabo, p. Graecarum maximam, omnium autem esse 270 ; Thucydides, Lib. vi. ; and this pas- pulcherrimam." sage of Cicero. The topography of the 53. Insula,] The island is Ortygia, the place has nothing to do with Cicero's case, original city. Cicero speaks of the two and the passage may be considered merely ports, the larger and the smaller, which an embellishment. The plans of Syracuse, may be considered as united in the more in Arnold's Thucydides, Vol. iii., and in remote part (exitu) from the sea, by the the maps published by the Society for the narrow channel which separated the island Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, will help to from the main land. In the time of Thucy- the understanding of the text. dides the island was united to the main land The common reading is ' pulcherrimam- by a mole. Afterwards the mole was cut que,' which, as Zumpt observes, would through, and a bridge was thrown across ; limit the superiority of Syracuse in beauty and so it was when Strabo saw it (p. 270, to the Greek cities. But, if Syracuse was ed. Cas.). The channel was again filled up, the finest of Greek cities, we may suppose and modern Syracuse stands on the island that it was the finest of all cities then exist- and on the Isthmus. Ing. Rome certainly, in Cicero's time, could quae . . antecellunt,] Zumpt and Klotz ACT. II. LIBER QUAETUS. 473 ornatissima, Minervae. In hac insula extrema est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, incredibili magnitudine, plenissi- mus piscium, qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi munitione ac mole lapidum disjunctus esset a mari. Altera autem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est ; in qua forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticus, ornatissimum prytanium, amplissima est curia, tern- have ' antecellant.' Zumpt remarks on ' antecellant :' " sic prorsus Erfurt. Lag. 29. Havn. coll. nee multum abeunt Leid. et Guelf. 2. antecedant, alter autem 1 antece- dunt. Sed hoc verbutn nude positum hoc sensu non placet. Conjunctivum autem nemo opinor abjiciet a hbris oblatum, quoniam inestjudicii significatio. Vulgo antecellunt." If Cicero means to say that these two tem- ples surpassed all others, there is no other way of expressing it except by the indica- tive. The remark of Zumpt seems to me founded on a complete misconception. If he meant to say ' two temples, being supe- rior to all the rest, are held in the greatest honour,' hfe would say ' duae quae longe ceteris antecellant maximo sunt in honore,' as he does in other like cases. I should reject ' antecellant ' with perfect confidence, if every MS. had it. But we cannot trust every collator's eyes for distinguishing be- tween a and m, nor trust every copyist. Minervae.'] " The columns of this tem- ple are Doric, with cyathiform capitals ; the intercolumniations have been walled up, an overloaded fa9ade has been added, and it is now become the cathedral; having thus been a place of public worship upwards of two thousand five hundred years " (Smyth's Sicily, p. 170). Arethusa] On the margin of this island (in hac insula extrema) was the noted foun- tain of Arethusa, now a much diminished source, in which the nymphs of modem Syracuse wash their dirty huen. The Greeks had a legend for every striking natural phe- nomenon, and they told how the nymph Arethusa, being pursued by the Alpheus, was changed into a fountain by Diana, to save her from the amorous river-god (Ovid, Met. V. 639) : " Delia rumpit humum. Caecis ego mersa cavernis Advehor Ortygiam ; quae me cognomine divae Grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras." The nymph changed into a fountain, plunged into the cavern, and emerged from the sea in the island of Ortygia. Diodorus (v. 4) speaks of this fountain, and of its sacred fish, which were protected even to his time, the reign of Augustus. He observes that persons who had eaten of these fish, in times when the city was sur- rounded by an enemy, suffered from the deity for their daring irreverence. Strabo speaks of the Arethusa as ** flowing into the sea, a very river at its source." It is much less copious now. Strabo refutes the story of the river Alpheus flowing under the sea, by serious arguments. " At the distance of about eighty feet from this fountain (Arethusa), a copious spring, called L'Occhio della Zilica, and probably derived from the same source, rises from the bottom of the harbour (dis- tinguishable only on very calm days) with such force, that it does not intermingle with the salt water until it gains the sur- face " (Smyth's Sicily, p. 171). ** Sic tibi quum fluctus subter labere Sicanos, Doris amara suam non intermisceat un- dam." — Virg. Eclog. x. 4. Perhaps some readers may not see the exact signification of ' extrema,' which I have explained by the translation. The same form occurs a little further on : ' quam ad summam,' ' on the top of which ;' an expression that few readers will be liable to mistake. The other, ' in insula extrema,' * on the outer side or margin,' is sometimes mistaken. The Greek has the same form in laxaroq, which contains the root Ie or tcTiv TzoXiQ KctvuijioQ e^xaTrj xOovoq. Aesch. Prom. 848. Canotus, on the margin of the sea. pryianium,] The Greek TrpvTavHov, a word of perhaps doubtful origin. Herodo- tus (vii. 197) observes that the Achaeans called their Prytaneium by the term Leiton (Xri'iTov), which is as much as to say Pub- licum ; but we have no modern equivalent. The Romans kept their perpetual fire burn- ing in the temple of "Vesta ; the Greeks in their Prytaneium. But a Prytaneium was used, at Athens at least, for other purposes besides the conservation of the ever-burning fire : it was used for public entertainments 474 IN C. VERREM pluraque egregium Jovis Olympii : eeterae urbis partes una lata via perpetua multisque transversis divisae privatis aeclificiis continen- tur. Tertia est urbs quae, quod in ea parte Fortunae fanuin anti- quum fuit, Tycha nominata est, in qua gymnasium amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae ; coliturque ea pars et habitatur fi-equen- tissime. Quarta autem est quae, quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur ; quam ad summam theatrum est maximum : praeterea duo templa sunt egregia, Cereris unum, alteram Li- berae, signumque ApoUinis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherri- mum et maximum, quod iste si portare potuisset, non dubitasset auferre. LIV. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me sine causa commemorata esse videantur. Qui quum tam praeclaram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem populi Romani hoc pertinere, hanc pulchritudinem ex qua praesertim periculi nihil ostenderetur delere et extinguere. Itaque aedificiis omnibus, pub- licis privatis, sacris profanis, sic pepercit quasi ad ea defendenda to foreign ambassadors ; and it appears that a regular table was kept there for those to whom the state granted free commons. Zumpt quotes Livy (xli. 20) : " Cyzici in prytaneum, id est penetrale urbis, ubi pub- lice quibus is honos datus est vescuntur ;" and he refers to the note of Casaubon, Athenaeus, xv. c. 60. p. 700. Cicero has not translated Prytaneium, for the Romans had not the thing. The Ro- man word Curia is the translation of the Greek tiou\ttiriipiov, for it appears from c. ti 1 , that it was the meeting-place of what he calls the Senatus (^ouX//) of Syracuse. The official title of a Greek community was ri l.-ii>t'\ft Kai u d^fiio , as of Rome it was Seuatus Populusque Romanus, p. 4Ut. Javis Olympii: eeterae] The passage stands thus in Zumpt: "Jovis Olympii, ceteraeque urbis partes, quae una," &c. He has added ' quae ' from the best MSS., which it is not easy to explain. Zumpt observes, if we retain the common reading, that is, if we do not accept the ' quae,' we cannot tell what to do with the ' que.' I cannot; and I have struck it out, and thus all becomes plain ; " the remaining parts of the city being divided by one broad continuous street, and many cross streets are occupied by private buildings." As to the meaning of * perpetua,' see p. 64. Quarta aitiem est~\ ' Quarta autem est urbs ;' Orelli. ' Urbs abest a bonis omni- bus ' (Zumpt). Temeniteti] The name appears to be corrupted in all the MSS., but P. Manutius suggested that the corrupt reading ' Thes- motes ' should be changed to ' Temenites.' The truth of the correction cannot be doubted. This very statue, Apollo Teme- nites, was brought to Rome in the time of Tiberius, to be placed in the library of a new temple (Sueton. Tiber, c. 74). Ste- phan. Byz. v. 'TktitvoQ tottoq ^iiceXiag VTTO rdt; 'a-mtroXaQ Trout; Tali; Ivociki'v- ivaQ apyupovf, which has been altered to SkXipiKaQ dpywpovc by Coraes (ed. Sintenis) ; but it is said that all the MSS. have SiXfivag. I suppose that the editors who adopt the correction SeXipLKaCt mean to give it the sense of ' Delphicas ' here ; but it ought to be ScXpiKag apyvpag. ' Crateras :' the form ' cratera ' is not limited to the poets, as Zumpt shows. Braesti's proposal to write ' pulcherrimos ' is therefore unnecessary. mystagogos] He gives the Greek word. If their business was only to show stran- gers the wonders, we know exactly what they were. The race still exists. 484 IN 0. VERREM nimio ppere delectant. Itaque ex illorum querimoniis intelligere possumus, haec illis acerbissima videri quae forsitan nobis levia et contemnenda esse videantur. Mihi credite, judices, tametsi vos- metipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, quura multas acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae nationes calamitates et injurias, nullas Grraeci homines gravius ferunt ac tulerunt quam hujusmodi spoliationes fanorum atque oppidorum. Licet iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere : credite hoc mihi, judices ; nulla unquam civitas tota Asia et G-raecia signum uUum, tabulam pictam, ullum denique ornamentum urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendidit. Nisi forte existimatis, posteaquam judicia severa Romae fieri desierunt, Graecos homines haec venditare coepisse, quae tum non mode non venditabant, quum judicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant : aut nisi arbitramini, L. Crasso, Q. Scaevolae, 0. Claudio, potentissimis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas vidimus, commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis hominibus non fuisse, his qui post judiciorum dissolutionem aediles facti sunt fuisse. LX. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus falsam istam et simulatam emptionem quam si quis clam surripiat aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam turpitudinem summam esse arbitrantur referri in tabulas, pretio adductam civitatem et pretio parvo ea quae acce- pisset a majoribus vendidisse atque abalienasse. Etenim miran- dum in modum Graeci rebus istis quas contemnimus delectantur. 59. desierunt,'] ' Desierint ' the common for such things ; and that those who have reading. _ been ' aediles ' since could trade with them. quum judicia fiebant jI That is ' severa.* He does not mean that these three men ' Post judiciorum dissolutionem ' means the did trade in this way, though Manutius same as ' postquam . . severa fieri desierunt.' takes it so. He means to say, you must ' Nisi forte existimatis ' implies a nega- not suppose that they could not, and that tion, as Manutius remarks. It is a form of others could. He means that nobody could, expression which has the purport of a ne- Manutius has mistaken the meaning of gation. The argument is this. During the ' commercium.' The explanation of Lam- time that the ' judicia ' were strict at Rome, binus is nearer the mark, the Greeks were so far from being ready to As to L. Crassus and the others, see De sell their works of art, that they were even Offic. Lib. ii. 16 ; and this oration, c. 3, 4. purchasers of such things It is not likely CO. referri in tabulas,'] Klotz adds that they would be ready to sell when the ' publicas.' ' judicia ' ceased to be severe. If they were abalienasse.] ' Alienasse ' the common so fond of these things as to refuse to part reading j and that of Klotz : but the better with them, when, if they sold them at all, MSS. have ' abalienasse,' of which Zumpt they could command their own price, they says, ' ad augendam rei indignitatem appo- would not be ready to sell them when they sitius.' This is an idle remark. ' Abalie- might be forced by a governor to part with natio ' is a technical word : " abalieuatio est them at his price. Or, he says, can you ejus rei quae mancipi est aut traditio alteri suppose that L. Crassus, Q. Scaevola, and nexu aut iu jure cessio inter quos ea jure C. Claudius, who exhibited such splendour civili fieri possunt " (Cic. Top. e. 5). Comp. in their ' aedileship,' and among other ob- ' pecore abalienato,' Lib. 3. o. 50; and Gaius, jects of display there would be statues (Lib. i. 119. i. c. 22), could not trade with the Greeks quas contemnimus] ' Vulgo nos con- ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 485 Itaque majores nostri facile patiebantur haec esse apud illos quam plurima, ut imperio nostro quam ornatissimi florentissiraique essent ; apud eos autem, quos vectigales aut stipendiaries fecerant, tamen haec relinquebant, ut illi quibus haec jucunda sunt, quae nobis levia videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et solatia servitutis. Quid arbitramini Eheginos, qui jam cives Romani sunt, merere velle ut ab iis marmorea Venus ilia auferatur ? quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro amittant, ut Satyrum qui apud illos in aede temnimus ' (Zumpt). Cicero did not de- spise them. His own language in these orations shows that he did not, and the passion for sculpture that he afterwards in- dulged in. A man, like Cicero, humanized by the literature of the Greeks, could not but admire their taste and artistic skill, the great and enduring legacy which they have left to aU nations. But his hearers, or many of them, either cared not for these things, or knew nothing about them. The mission of the Roman was conquest and civil administration ; and it seems as if the arts do not find their home in a nation that is busy in getting money, and subduing the world. Virgil, who was himself not defi- cient in taste, claims no great amount of it for his countrymen : — " Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera. Credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore vultus — Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, me- mento." — Aen. vi. 848. quam plurima, ui, &c.] Klotz has *' quam phu-ima : apud socios, ut," &c. ' Apud socios ' is found in Guelff. Leid. Havn. Coll. Zumpt omits 'apud socios;' perhaps rightly. For the ' illos ' are the Greeks, manifestly, who are opposed to the ' vectigales aut stipendiaries,' who were un- der more severe terms of obedience to Rome. It is probable, then, that ' apud socios ' is an interpolation, made for the piirpose of explaining the text. But, as Zumpt remarks, the ' vectigales et stipen- diarii ' are also called * socii,' as we see in the case of Sicily, for Cicero sometimes calls all the Sicilians ' socii.' Zumpt adds, that the phrase which is opposed to ' socii ' in the larger sense, is ' Liberi populi,' such as most of the Greek states were, the Cy- ziceni, Rhodii, Athenienses, Rhegini. Bat as to the Rhegini he is not correct, for they were Roman citizens now. See the note on ' socii et exterae nationes,' c. 1 1 ; where Madvig's error is noted, for such it is. Ci- cero often uses ' exterae nationes,' but in such a way as to show that they are not the subjects of Rome. Rheginos, — cives Romant] See c. 11. merere velle"] ' What do you think that the Rhegini would take for their marble statue of Venus ? ' The word is wrongly explained by Manutius. It means to earn as wages, or receive as pay. It follows that the old readings ' ut — ne auferatur,' ' ut ne — amittant ' are wrong ; and these readings have since been corrected from the better MSS. The woi'd * meritasset ' is used in a similar sense. Lib. 3. c. 50. Zumpt quotes Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 24: "quid enim mereas ut Epicureus esse desinas ? " and De Fin. ii. 22 : " quid mereas igitur ut te dicas in eo magistratu omnia volup- tatis causa facturum esse.'" (ed. OreUi.) Europam in tauro'] After which the common editions and Orelli add the idle word ' sedentem.' The old stories of the Greeks and their art were inseparable. The real elements of art existed in the minds of the people, and the artist had only to era- body them. It is different with us, among whom the idea does not exist, and conse- quently either cannot be embodied, or if a man arises who has the idea and the power to give it form, there are few who under- stand vfhat he has done. He has given a form to an idea which does not exist in the mind of the people. A modem artist has placed a female on a leopard's back, which people admire, or affect to adrau'e, though it is, to most who see it, a naked woman in marble seated on a beast, and no more. Ovid has the story of Eu- ropa (Met. ii. 850) : " Induitur tauri faciem." Ovid has materials for an artist who can use them. Tliere is a large folio Dutch trans- lation of the Metamorphoses, by Vondel, * with beautiful copper-plates ' (Amsterdam, 1703). Some of them are not bad. They show what a man of genius might do, if he took Ovid for his master. Satyrum] Satyrus, says Zumpt, was the 486 IN C. VERREM Vestae est, ut cetera ? quid Thespienses, ut Oupidinis signum prop- ter quod unum visuntur Thespiae ? quid Onidios, ut Venerem mar- moream ? quid, ut pictam, Coos ? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ? quid Oyzicenos, ut Ajacem aut Medeam? quid Rhodios, ut lalysum? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore lacchum, aut Paralum pictum, aut ex acre Myronis buculam 2 Longum est et non neces- sarium commemorare quae apud quosque visenda sunt tota Asia et Graecia; verum Ulud est quamobrem haec commemorem, quod existimare vos hoc volo, mirum quendam dolorem accipere eos ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur. LXI. Atque ut ceteros omittamus, de ipsis Syracusanis cogno- scite. Ad quos ego qwum venissem, sic primum existimabam, ut native deity of the Tarentini. Hence Sa- turum Tarentum (Virg. Georg. ii. 197) is explained, though Servius supposes a town, Saturum or Satureium, near Tarentum ; and also Steph. Byzant. t. Haripiov. Heindorf also adopts this explanation of the schohast on the line of Horace, 1 Sat. vi. 60 : " Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo." Cnidios,'] The Cnidii possessed the fa- mous statue of Aphrodite (Venus), the work of Praxiteles, which Lucian (Amores, 1 4 ; Imag. 6) has described with the skill of an artist and the feeUng of a man of taste. It was a naked figure. It has been supposed that the Medicean Venus is a copy of it. We may perhaps infer from Lucian's description of the Cnidian Venus, that the attitude was imitated by the sculp- tor of the Medicean Venus. Coos?] The people of Cos had also a Venus of Praxiteles, a draped statue, in- ferior to the naked figure of the Cnidii. (PUn. H. N. 34, 8; 36, 5, ed. Hard.) But the pride of Cos was the Aphrodite Auadyomeue of ApeUes, in the temple of Aesculapius, Venus rising from the waves, and pressing from her hair the water which dripped from her like a transparent veil.. Ovid (Trist. ii. 527), who could paint much in few words, has preserved the charac- teristics of this picture : " Sic madidos digitis siccat Venus uda capillos, Et modo matemis tecta videtur aquis." The model was Panoaste, or, according to others, Phryne. The picture was carried to Rome in the time of Augustus, who took it in lieu of certain demands that the Romans had on the people of Cos. It was placed in the temple of the Divus Julius. The picture was damaged on the voyage, and was in such a bad state in the time of Nero, that a copy of it was made by Doro- theus. It is not known what became of it. The Alexander, in the temple of Diana of Ephesus, was another picture of ApeUes, the Ceraunophorus, or lightning-darter. ApeUes, like most great painters, was a master in portrait. (Plin. H. N. 35, 10.) Ct/zicenos,'] The dictator Caesar is said to have bought two pictures by Timomachus, a Medea and an Ajax, for eighty talents (Plin. vii. 38), for the purpose of placing them in the temple of Venus Genetrix. Zumpt makes a difficulty about what Pliny says in another place (xxxv. 11), that Timo- machus painted these pictures in the time (aetate) of Caesar. But there seem no grounds for fixing the birth of Timomachus with any accuracy ; and we know that his period came at least near enough to the time of Caesar to allow Pliny to use this expression. Caesar did not buy the pictures from Timomachus, for Cicero here speaks of tliem (B.C. 70) as being in possession of the Cyziceni. lalysum?} The lalysus and Paralus were the work of Protogenes. The lalysus was taken to Rome and placed in the temple of Pax (Plin. xxxv. 10). It is not known what lacchus is meant. Myronis iuculam .'"] This cow or heifer of Myro, one of the great works of the class of mere imitative art, was, as it here appears, at Athens. Ausonius (58 — 68) has eleven epigrams on it. Propertius (ii. 31,7) men- tions four ' Myronis . . boves.' dolorem, &c.] 'Dolorem accidere eis,' the common reading, but Zumpt doubts if the expression can be found elsewhere. ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 487 Romae ex istius amicis acceperam, civitatem Syracusanam propter Heraclii hereditatem non minus esse isti amicam quam Mamer- tinam propter praedarum ac furtorum omnium societatem : simul et verebar ne mulierum nobilium et formosarum gratia, quarum iste arbitrio per triennium praeturam gesserat, virorumque quibuscum illae nuptae erant nimia in istum non modo lenitudine sed etiam liberalitate oppugnarer, si quid ex literis Syracusanorum conqui- rerem. Itaque Syraeusis cum civibus Romanis eram : eorum tabu- las exquirebam, injuries cognoscebam: quum diutius in negotio euraque fueram, ut requiescerem curamque animi remitterem, ad Carpinatii praeclaras tabulas revertebar; ubi cum equitibus Ro- manis, hominibus ex illo conventu honestissimis, illos Verrutios, de quibus ante dixi, explicabam: a Syracusanis prorsus nihil adju- menti neque publice neque privatim exspectabam: neque erat in animo postulare. Quum haec agerem, repente ad me venit Hera- clius, is qui tum magistratum Syraeusis habebat, homo nobihs qui sacerdos Jovis fuisset, qui honos est apud Syracusanos amplissimus. Agit mecum et cum fratre meo ut, si nobis videretur, adiremus ad eorum senatum : frequentes esse in curia : se jussu senatus a nobis petere ut veniremus. Primo nobis fuit dubium quid ageremus : deinde cito venit in mentem non esse vitandum ilium nobis conven- tum et locum. LXII. Itaque in curiam venimus. Honorifice sane consurgitur : nos rogatu magistratus assedimus. Incipit is loqui qui et auctori- tate et aetate et, ut mihi visum est, usu rerum antecedebat, Dio- 61. non modo lenitudine] 'Modo ' was Verrutios,' which the same authority offers added by StephanusandLambinus from their in place of 'illos Verrucios.' Klotz has MSS., and there is no other MS. authority ' illius Verrucios ' (See Lib. 2. c. 70, 76). for it. Zumpt observes that all the pas- Zumpt seems to approve of the orthography sages of Cicero at least cited by Garatoni ' Verrucios ;' and he says ' quippe cum here and in his notes on Lib. 3. c. 1, and nomine verruca derivandum videretur.* on Agr. ii. 16, and those which Duker de- qui sacerdos— fuisset, ~\ ' Homo nobilis fends (Floras, ii. 2, 20), where modo is qui,' &c. Cicero could of course say ' fu- omitted when sed etiam follows, are not erat ' or 'fuit,' which is the reading of all the only doubtful, but ought not to be pro- inferior MSS. But he means to say that he duced. was a man distinguished for having held ex literis Syracusanorum'] He means this high office (Lib. 2. c. 51). the ' literae publicae,' the books, the records fratre meo] Some of tlie best MSS. of the town. — 'tabulas exquirebam:' 'was have 'cum Q. fratre meo;' but it was his engaged in examining.' Manutius has ' ex- cousin Lucius (c. 65). We might perhaps scribebam ' (ed. 1540), a conjecture ; the insert the true ' praenomen ' L. here in inferior MSS. have ' scribebam,' both false place of Q., as Zumpt remarks, readings. esse in curia:] "In curiam legitur in Romanis, hominibus] Zumpt added ambobus Guelff. et Havn. collatione " ' hominibus ' in his larger edition, on good (Zumpt). See the note on Lib. 2. c. 27, authority ; but he does not accept ' illius p. 209. 488 IN C. VERREM dorus Timarchidi; cujus omnis oratio banc habuit prlmo senten- tiam: senatum et populum Syracusanum moleste graviterque ferre, quod ego quum in ceteris Sieiliae civitatibus senatum populumque docuissem quid eis utilitatis, quid salutis afferrem, et quum ab omnibus mandata, legatos, literas, testimoniaque sumpsissem, in ilia civitate nihil ejusmodi facerem. Respondi, neque Romae in conventu Sieulorum, quum a me auxilium communi omnium legatio- num consilio petebatur causaque totius provinciae ad me defere- batur, legatos Syracusanorum aifuisse, neque me postulare ut quid- quam contra C. Verrem decerneretur in ea curia in qua inauratam C. Verris statuam viderem. Quod posteaquam dixi, tantus est gemitus factus aspectu statuae et commemoratione ut iUud in curia positum monumentum scelerum non beneficiorum videretur. Tum pro se quisque, quantum dicendo assequi poterat, docere me coepit ea quae paulo ante commemoravi, spoliatam urbem, fana direpta : de Heraclii hereditate, quam palaestritis concessisset, multo maxi- mam partem ipsum abstulisse ; neque postulandum fuisse ut ille palaestritas diligeret, qui etiam inventorem olei deum sustulisset ; neque iUam statuam esse ex pecunia publica neque publico datam, sed eos qui hereditatis diripiendae participes fuissent faciendam statuendamque curasse ; eosdem Romae fuisse legatos, illius adju- tores improbitatis, socios furtorum, conscios flagitiorum ; eo minus mirari me oportere si illi communi legatorum voluntati et saluti Sieiliae defuissent. LXIII. Ubi eorum dolorem ex istius injuriis non modo non minorem sed prope majorem quam ceterorum Sieulorum esse cog- novi, tum meum animum in illos, tum mei consilii negotiique totius suscepti causam rationemque proposui ; tum eos hortatus sum ut causae communi salutique ne deessent ; ut illam laudationem quam se yi ac metu coactos paucis illis diebus decresse dicebant tollerent. 62. Diodorus Timarchidi ,■] This is the that this is a case in which we should have true reading, and not ' Diodorus Timar- ' peteretur,' as the words are the reported chides,' as Znmpt shows. Tlie Greeks men- words of Cicero. But he reports them hira- tioned in these orations have more than self. ox^e name only when they are Romanized quantum dicendo} I think Hotmann is Greelcs : they retain their Greek name with right in explaining this to mean that the Roman ' praenomina ' and ' nomina.' But Sicilians tried to express themselves in it is consistent with Greek usage to desig- Latin, a language that the Greeks had no nate a man by the addition of his father's great liking for, and generally spoke ill. name. It is an honourable way of mention, Cicero afterwards spoke Greek in the senate,' to say that the man has a father, and to give which was beneath the dignity of a Roman, his name. (See Lib. 2. c. 42.) olei deum] See c. 58. Respondi,— quum— peteiaiur] I suppose 63. paucis illis diebus'] The expression ACT. II. LIBER QUAETUS. 489 Itaque, judices, Syracusani haec faciunt, istius clientes atque amici. Primum mihi literas publicas quas in aerario sanctiore conditas habebant proferunt, in quibus ostendunt omnia quae dixi ablata esse perscripta, et plura etiam quam ego potui dicere : perscripta autem hoc modo, Quod ex aede Minervae hoc et illud abesset, quod ex aede Jovis, quod ex aede Liberi. Ut quisque iis rebus tuendis praefuerat, ita perscriptum erat, quum rationem ex lege redderent et quae acceperant tradere deberent, petisse ut sibi quod hae res abessent ignosceretur : itaque omnes liberatos discessisse, et esse lias been explained before. It means in the few days before Cicero's arrival ; and is in fact explained by the words at the end of the chapter : ' posteaquara mens adventus appropinquaret, imperasse eum,' &c. ; that is, L. Metellus, then the governor, forced them to this ' laudatio ' just before Cicero arrived ; a most scandalous affair for Me- tellus. If it is true, he was as bad as Verres. aerario sanctiore] Cicero uses a Roman term, not in the Roman sense. He simply means that these documents were kept in the most secure place in the Aerarium, Ut quisque . . ita perscriptum erat,'] ' As to every person who had been set over these things to take care of them, there was the following entry : when they were giving in their accounts pursuant to the law, and were bound to deUver up all that they had received, they prayed that they might be excused as to the deficiency in these things to which I have already referred.' The old readings, ' redderet — aoceperat — deberet,' are changed by Zumpt into the plural, on the authority of Leid. Guelff. and two other MSS., as to ' redderent— debe- rent ;' but they have ' acceperat,' which we must take to be a blunder of their copyists. It is no objection to the plural that Cicero does not use ' quisque,' ' unusquisque,' with the plural; on which Zumpt has a note (Act. i. c. 14; Lib. 2. ^;. 39). Zumpt writes ' e lege ' in place of ' ex lege.' He is not quite certain whether there is any difference between ' e lege ' and ' ex lege.' On this matter ' subdubi- tat,' and he refers to his note on Lib. 2. c. 17, where he has ' e lege,' ' lege,' ' ex lege,' all in the same chapter ; and 1 have followed his text there. It may be doubtful whether Cicero wrote ' e lege ' or ' ex lege,' though not doubtful that the Romans gene- rally would write it both ways. But Cicero was particular in such matters, and may have preferred one form to the other, though I do not recollect if he has any where, among his multifarious communications, given us his opinion on this matter. The supposi- tion of any difference in meaning between ' e lege ' and ' ex lege ' is rather too trifling to he discussed. But there is another matter here that re- quires notice. Guelff. 2 and Reg., accord- ing to Graevius, have ' lege ' only ; and Zumpt apprehends that ' lege ' by itself is not good Latin ; and he recollects no in- stance of it, except in the common formula ' lege agere.' He has apparently forgotten * lege Rupiha,' in Lib. 2. c. 17 ; for if we can say * ex lege Rupilia,' * e lege Rupilia,' ' lege Rupilia,* and ' ex lege,' we may per- haps say * lege ' simply. Again, he has in a note on Lib. 5. c. 5, the following passage from Quintihan (Inst. v. 7. 9, &c.) : " duo genera sunt testium aut voluntariorum aut eorum quibus in judiciis lege denuntiari solet." Zumpt was a good critic, and a sensible man, but his memory was not strong. I have not confidence in many of his minor canons. That ' lege ' can be so used is certain. (See Lib. 2. c. 17, note.) As ' lex,' in its proper sense, means a ' lex,' it is usual to join the name to it, as ' Julia,' and so forth ; but when the ' lex ' has been mentioned, or it is clearly understood what ' lex ' is meant, the qualifying name may be omitted. Zumpt takes ' ex lege ' here to be the same in sense as in Lib. 1. c. 54 : ' Rabonius qui legem nosset :' the terms of the contract. I am rather inclined to think that he means a law proper, under which the care of these things was given to certain people, and they were bound to give them up as they received them. The ' lex,' in fact, contained the terras by which they were bound ; but it was not here ' id quod contractum Icti vocant,' as Zumpt says. In this passage Ernesti would make ' lege ' equivalent to ' inventario,' which is a mistake. 490 IN C. VEREEM ignotum omnibus : quas ego literas obsignandas publico signo depor- tandasque curavi. De laudatione autem ratio sic mihi reddita est. Primum quum a C. Verre literae aliquanto ante adventum meum de laudatione venissent, nihil esse decretum : deinde, quum quidam ex iUius amicis commonerent oportere decerni, maximo clamore esse et convicio repudiatos : posteaquam meus adventus appro- pinquaret, imperasse eum qui summam potestatem haberet ut de- cernerent : decretum ita esse ut multo plus Uli laudatio mali quam boni posset afferre. Id adeo, judices, ut mihi ab illis demonstratum est, sic vos ex me cognoscite. LXIV. Mos est Syracusis ut, si qua de re ad senatum referatur, dicat sententiam qui velit : nominatim nemo rogatur ; et tamen, ut quisque aetate et honore antecedit, ita primus solet sua sponte dicere, idque a ceteris ei conceditur : sin aliquando tacent omnes, turn sortito coguntur dicere. Quum hie mos esset, refertur ad senatum de laudatione Verris. In quo primum, ut aliquid esset morae multi interpellant : de Sex. Peducaeo, qui de ilia civitate totaque provincia optime meritus esset, sese antea quum audissent ei negotium facessitum, quumque eum publice pro plurimis ejus et maxiniis meritis laudare cuperent, a 0. Verre prohibitos esse : ini- quum esse, tametsi Peducaeus eorum laudatione jam non uteretur, tamen non id prius decernere quod ahquando voluissent quam quod obsignandas publico signo'] Cicero car- accordiDg to a certain rule. If there were ried off these entries, and had their authen- ' consules designati,' they spoke first. If ticity attested by the seal of the city. Thus there were no ' consules designati,' the con- we see that in those days, artificial persons, suls called on the ' princeps senatus,' and as cities, and Res Publicae of various kinds, then on such persons as he thought proper, had their seal as the evidence of the act of but yet in such wise as to call on a ' con- the artificial person. The practice has been sularis ' before a ' praetorius,' and so on. transmitted to our own days. See Becker, Handbuch, ii. 2, p. 425. appropinquaret,'] The reading of Zumpt, idque a ceteris'] ' Itaque a ceteris :' in his larger edition, in place of ' appropin- Klotz. — ' sin — tacent :' ' sin — taceant ' in quarit.' the reprint of Zumpt, and I suppose in his Id adeo,] Zumpt gives to these words minor edition. In his larger one he has the meaning which he has explained in his properly taken the better reading, ' sin Grammar, § 349, ' ut fere potius sit.' Let tacent,' which Klotz also has. the reader substitute ' potius ' for ' adeo,' ut aliquid esset morae] ' Ut eum diem and see if he can understand it. Zumpt, interpellatione eximerent :' Hotmann. This perhaps, relies on such examples as occur was done by some who were the friends of in Lib. 2. c. 8, where the meaning of ' adeo ' Verres, or the tools of Metellus. There seems plain, and is consistent with its ety- were some ; for he says, c. 65, ' prope cunc- mon ' ad ' and ' eo ' the pronoun. It is tis seutentiis.' He does not say all. used in the clause which strengthens and negotium facessitum,] ' Reum esse fac- exemplifies what has been said before. ' Id turn ' (Manutius). He quotes a letter of adeo ' occurs in the next chapter (c. 64), Cicero to Appius, in which the same ex- and Lib. 5. c. 4. pression occurs. In Divin. c. 14, the ex 64. Mos est Syracusis] Cicero explains this because the Roman fashion was diffe- rent. The Roman senators were called on 64. Mos est Syracusis] Cicero explains pression is " ne innocenti periculum faces- this because the Roman fashion was diffe- seris." ACT. II. LIBER QUAETUS. 491 tunc cogerentur. Oonclamant omnes et approbant ita fieri opor- tere. Refertiir de Peducaeo. Ut quisque aetate et honore ante- cedebat, ita sententiam dixit ex ordine. Id adeo ex ipso senatus consulto cognoscite; nam principum sententiae perscribi solent. Recita. Quod verba facta sunt de Sex. Peducaeo. Dicit qui primi suaserint. Decernitur. Eefeiiur deinde de Verre. Die, quaeso, quomodo. Quod verba facta sunt de 0. Verre. Quid postea scriptum est? Quum surgeret nemo, neque sententiam diceret — Quid est hoc? Sors ducitur. Quamobrem? nemo erat voluntarius laudator praeturae tuae, defensor periculorum, prae- sertim quum inire a praetore gratiam posset ? Nemo. lUi ipsi tui convivae, consiliarii, conscii, socii, verbum facere non audent. In qua curia statua tua stabat, et nuda filii, in ea nemo fuit quem ne nudus quidem filius et nudata provincia commoveret. Atque etiam hoc me decent, ejusmodi senatus consultum fuisse laudationis ut omnes intelligere possent non laudationem, sed potius irrisionem esse iUam, quae commonefaceret istius turpem calamitosamque praeturam. Etenim scriptum esse ita. Quod is virgis neminem cecidisset ; a quo cognostis nobiUssimos homines atque innocentis- simos securi esse percusses : Quod vigilanter provinciam adminis- trasset ; cujus omnes vigilias in stupris constat esse consumptas. Hoc vero scriptum esse quod proferre non auderet reus, accusator de Peducaeo.'] He wa3 praetor of Sicily in senatusconsultum fuisse laudationis.' If we the years B.C. 76, 75, in the second of whicli write 'laudationem,' and omit ' senatus- years Cicero was quaestor under him. consult!,' there is no difficulty. ' Ejus- Zumpt supposes him to be the man who modi,' in the sense of ' talem,' will refer to is mentioned De Fin. ii. 18. He had two ' ut.' In some of the MSS., at least, we sons, one of whom is called Sextus, and have for ' senatusconsulti ' the abbreriation is often named in Cicero's letters. C. Sa- S. C. ; but, in place of this, some of the cerdos was praetor of Sicily in B.C. 74 ; inferior MSS. have ' SicUiam ' or ' Sicilia.' Verres in the years B.C. 73, ^2, 71 i and The evidence is in favour of the reading now, B.C. 70, L. MeteUus was praetor. ' laudationes ' or ' laudationis ;' but it seems nuda filii, • . ne nudus quidem] Hot- clear, from what follows, that the singular mann entirely mistook the meaning of this, is intended. The reading ' laudationis,' It is an ungenerous insinuation against the then, must be taken to he the true one ; son of Verres, repeated for the fourth time, and we must either omit ' senatuscon- Hotmann discovered it before. Lib. 2. c. 69. sultum,' or, if we let it stand, interpret — All the MSS. have ' ne quem ' (Zumpt), it as ' senatusconsultum ejusmodi lauda- which Klotz has, with .' after ' commove- tionis ut.' I do not clearly understand ret.' how Zumpt takes it, because I cannot un- senatus consultum fuisse laudationis'] derstand his Latin note, in which he ex- The common reading is ' senatus consulto plains the passage. Klotz has ' ejus modi fecisse laudationem.' Reg. has the same, senatusconsultum fecisse laudationis,' &c. except that it has ' laudationis.' Graevius esse consumptas.] The passage stands denies that ' facere laudationem ' is Latin, thus in Klotz : *' esse consumptas : cuius He proposes to write ' ejusmodi senatus- modi, constat : hoc autem scriptum esse," consulti fuisse laudationem.' Zumpt ob- &c. Zumpt says of these words, " sine serves that ' fecisse ' and ' fuisse ' are some- sensu e prioribus mendose, opinor, repe- times confounded. He writes ' ejusmodi tita." 492 m 0. VEREEM recitare non desineret, Quod praedones procul ab insula Sicilia prohibuisset Verres ; quos etiam intra Syracusanam insulam rece- pisset. Haec posteaquam ex illis cognovi, diseessi cum fratre e curia ut nobis absentibus si quid vellent decernerent. LXV. Decernunt statim, primum, Ut cum fratre L. hospitium publico fieret, quod is eandem voluntatem erga Syracusanos susce- pisset quam ego semper habuissem. Id non modo tum scripserunt, verum etiam in aere incisum nobis tradiderunt. Valde hercule te Syracusani tui quos crebro commemorare soles dUigunt ; qui cum accusatore tuo satis justam causam conjungendae necessitudinis putant, quod te accusaturus sit et quod inquisitum in te venerit. Postea decernitur, ac non varie sed prope cunctis sententiis, Ut laudatio quae 0. Verri decreta esset tolleretur. In eo, quum jam non solum discessio facta esset sed etiam perscriptum atque in tabulas relatum, praetor appellatur. At quis appeUat? Magis- tratus aliquis ? Nemo. Senator ? Ne id quidem. Syracusanorum aliquis ? Minime. Quis igitur praetorem appellat 2 Qui quaestor istius fuerat, Oaesetius. rem ridiculam ! o desertum hominem ! Haec posteaquam] The common read- ing is ' Quae posteaquam ;' a matter of in- difference. 65. in aere incisum] ' Hospitii publici tesseram significat :' Hotmann. Graevius explains by several inscriptions what ' hos- pitium facere ' is. One inscription contains the words * tesseram hospitalem cum eo fecerunt.' Another is ' Senatus Populusque Timiligensis hospitium fecerunt cum C. Silio C. F. Aviola, &c., eumque posterosque ejus sibi posterisque suis patron um ceperunt.' That these ' tabulae, hospitales ' were on bronze, appears from the termination of one of them in these terms : ** tabula hos- pitali incisa hoc decreto in domo sua posita permittat censuere." Graevius says that there are other examples in Tomasinus, cap. 2, de tesseris hospitalitatis. cunciis] * Vulgo legebatur conjunciis sententiis ex deterrimis codicibus' (Zumpt). See the note on ' cunctus,' p. 9. In eo,] ' At vero ' is the common read- ing. The inferior MSS. have ' an eo,' which is certainly wrong. ' In eo legitur in Havn. coll. Guelff. Lag. 29.' Lambinus edited from conjecture : ' Cum jam in id non solum,' &c., where ' in id ' is rightly connected with ' discessio ;' but it is only a conjecture. 'In eo ' must be connected with ' appellatur.' Hereupon the praetor is appealed to. But the reading of Zumpt does not set all right. For if the passage stands as he has it, we must translate it ' therein (in eo), in respect to that matter, though the division had not only taken place, but (something) had been drawn up and entered on the records.' The ' something ' is the ' senatus consultum ;' and Hotmann's con- jecture, that the usual abbreviation S. C. has been omitted by the copyists, is a rea- sonable conjecture. If this is not so, we must supply ' id,' derived from the ' eo.' The ' in eo ' seems to be well explained by the words ' illud S. C. in quo ' (c. 66). discessio] The word applied to a division in the Roman senate, for the purpose of ascertaining the votes (Gellius, xiv. 7). Caeseiius.] The common reading in the editions is ' CaecUius,' which can be by no means endured, says Zumpt, as Garatoni has shown ; and one of his arguments set- tles the matter — that Caecilius had long ago left the province, had opposed Cicero in the matter of the choice of a prosecutor, that he had failed, and thereupon Cicero had gone to Sicily to collect his evidence. All which we know already ; and it is not the shgbtest presumption against this Caecilius being in Sicily again, for he could go as well as Cicero. The real argument is, that the MSS. have a different reading, ' Caese- iius,' and ' Caesetius.' One P. Caesetiua is mentioned in Lib. 5. c. 25. ACT. II. LIBER QUABTUS. 493 desperatum, relictum a magistratu Sieulo ! Ne senatus consul- turn Siculi homines facere possent, ne suum jus suis moribus, suis legibus obtinere possent, non amicus istius, non hospes, non denique aliquis Siculus, sed quaestor populi Rom. praetorem ap- pellat. Quis hoc vidit ? quis audivit ? Praetor aequus et sapiens dimitti ji^bet senatum. Concurrit ad me maxima multitudo. Pri- mum senatores clamare sibi eripi jus, eripi libertatem : populus senatum laudare, gratias agere : cives Romani a me nusquam disce- dere. Quo quidem die nihil aegrius factum est, multo labore meo, quam ut manus ab illo appeUatore abstinerentur. Quum ad prae- torem in jus adissemus, excogitat sane acute quid decernat. Nam antequam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit atque abiit. Itaque tum de foro, quum jam advesperasceret, discessimus. LXVI. Postridie mane ab eo postulo ut Syracusanis liceret senatus consultum quod pridie fecissent mihi reddere. lUe enim- vero negat : et ait indignum facinus esse quod ego in senatu Grraeco verba fecissem ; quod quidem apud Graecos Graece locutus essem, id ferri nuUo modo posse. Respondi homini, ut potui, ut debui, ut volui. Tum multa, tum etiam hoc me memini dicere, facile esse perspicuum quantum inter hunc et ilium Numidicum, verum ae germanum Metellum, interesset : ilium noluisse sua laudatione juvare L. Lucullum, sororis virum, quicum optime convenisset ; hunc homini alienissimo a civitatibus laudationes per vim et metum relictum] Zumpt rightly rejects Mad- 66. Postridie mane'] See Lib. 1. c. 27, vig's proposed full stop after ' relictum.' and Lib. 2. c. 38. Madvig would connect ' a magistratu Sieulo ' in senatu Graeco] Hotmann quotes a with ' quis igitur praetorem appellat.' passage from Valerius Maximus (ii. 2, 2) : This distinguished scholar sometimes does " magistratus vero prisci quauto opere suam good service to the ancient texts, but he is PopuUque Romani majestatem retinentes se not always right. It is unnecessary to show gesserint, hinc cognosci potest ; quod inter reasons against his proposed punctuation, cetera obtinendae gravitatis indicia, illud Any one who will read the chapter atten- quoque magna cum perseverantia custodie- tively will find them. Klotz adopts Mad- bant, ne Graecis unquam nisi Latine re- vig's conjecture ; at least his text stands sponsa darent," &c. thus: ' desertum hominem, desperatum, Numidicum,] Q. CaeciUus Metellus Nu- relictum. A magistratu Sieulo, ne,' &c. It midicus, who commanded in the war against is not denied that this is Latin ; it is proved Jugurtha, consul B.C. 109. His sister mar- by the oration Pro Quintio, c. 20, ' a prae- ried L. LucuUus, the father of the L. Lu- tore tribunes appellare,' and other passages. cuUus who was now (b.c. 70) carrying on There is also no objection to ' relictum ' the war against Mithridates. This L. Lu- thus used absolutely. In c. 51 there is cullus, the father, was prosecuted by the ' quam deserta, quam inculta, quam relicta augur Servilius for peculation (icXoKlje), omnia.' Manutius, so far as 1 can collect and convicted (Plutarch, LucuUus, c. 1). from his commentary, for I have not his It appears that Metellus refused to make a edition, made the words 'A magistratu' laudatory speech, or to give evidence in begin a sentence, and explained it as Mad- favour of the character of his brother-in- vig does. law. 494 IN 0. VEEREM comparare. Quod ubi intellexi multum apud ilium recentes nuntios, multum tabellas non commendaticias sed tributarias valuisse, ad- monitu Syracusanorum ipsorum impetum in eas tabulas facio in quibus S. 0. perscripta erant. Ecce autem nova turba atque rixa, ne tamen istum omnino Syracusis sine amicis, sine hospitibus, plane nudum esse ac desertum putetis. Retinere incipit tabulas Theo- mnastus quidam, homo ridicule insanus, quem Syracusani Theorac- tum vocant, qui illic ejusmodi est ut eum pueri sectentur, ut omnes quum loqui coepit irrideant. Hujus tamen insania, quae ridicula est aliis, mihi tum molesta sane fuit : nam quum spumas ageret in ore, oculis arderet, voce maxima vim me sibi afferre clamaret, copu- lati in jus pervenimus. Hie ego postulare coepi, ut mihi tabulas obsignare ac deportare liceret. Ille contradicere : negare esse illud S. 0. in quo praetor appeUatus esset ; negare id mihi tradi opor- tere. Ego legem recitare, omnium mihi tabularum et literarum fieri potestatem. Ille furiosus urgere nihil ad se nostras leges per- Quod ubi intellexi] ' Quod pro sed,' says Manutius, for the second time; and refers to two other instances, one of which is Lib. 1. c. 46 : " quod vos oblitos esse," &c. The use of ' quod ' misleads many critics. tabellas] Zumpt, in his larger edition, prefers ' tabellas ' to the common reading ' tabulas ;' whether with good reason, I hardly know. As to these letters, see Lib. 2. c. 26. The ' literae commendatitiae,' or letters of recommendation to the governor, were common. Many are extant in the collection of Cicero's letters. Hotmann explains ' tabellae tributariae,' as if there were such things. He says they were ' ta- bellae ' which were sent ' si quando pro- vincialibus aliquod tributum sit imperan- dum ;' to which explanation the objections are very numerous. One is enough. It does not explain the text at all ; and so Hotmann saw, for he adds, that by 'translata significa- tione,' they here mean letters ' quae praetori tribuerent et promitterent ;' that is, they mean something quite different from the explanation that he has just given. Forcel- Uni, V. Tributarius, refers to Lib. 4. u. 26. /S. C. perscripta] ' Codd. et edd. vetus- tae sigilla habent ' (Zumpt). The common reading ' singula ' is supposed to be a cor- rection of Naugerius. But ' singula ' would have no meaning here. The blunder has perhaps arisen from the interpretation of S. C, which some MSS. have ; and S. C. is doubtless the true reading. But as only one S. C. is spoken of, it is possible that ' S. C. perscriptum erat ' is the genuine text (Zumpt). This opinion seems to be confirmed by what follows. Klotz has ' se- natusconsultum perscripserant ;' on which Zumpt remarks, 'perscripserant ne ipse quidem probarim, quandoquidem monitores ilU scribae certe non videntur fuisse.' Theoractum] Theomnastus had a nick- name, which among the Greeks was no unusual thing; or Cicero, to enliven his speech, invents one for him, and fathers it on the Syracusans. This ' quidam ' is the man who was elected priest of Zeusin such an extraordinary way (Lib. 2. u. 51). To indicate his rabid temper, Cicero calls him Theoractus, or god-struck. Cicero repre- sents himself as seizing the ' tabulae,' and Theomnastus as laying hold of them too. Thus they came ' in jus ' before the praetor, ' copulati,' as if fastened together by a ' copula.' Cicero makes as ridiculous a figure as the madman. legem] The Lex Cornelia, under the authority of which Cicero was collecting evidence. See Lib. 2. u. 74. Cicero speaks of the ' legis sanctionem poenamque.' The ' poena,' or penalty, was in fact the ' sanc- tio ;' that which gave to the ' lex ' its effi- ciency. (Just. Inst. ii. tit. 1. s. 10 : "ideo et legum eas partes quibus poenas constitui- mus adversus eos qui contra leges fecerint sanctiones vocamus.) ACT. II. LIBER QUARTUS. 495 tinere. Praetor intelligens negare sibi placere, quod senatus con- sultum ratum esse non deberet, id me Romam deportare. Quid multa? nisi vehementius homini minatus essem, nisi legis sanc- tionem poenamque recitassem, tabularum mihi potestas facta non esset. lUe autem insanus, qui pro isto vehementissime contra me declamasset, postquam non impetravit, credo, ut in gratiam mecum rediret, libellum mihi dat in quo istius furta Syracusana perscripta erant : quae ego jam antea ab iUis cognoram et acceperam. LXVII. Laudent te jam sane Mamertini quoniam ex tota pro- vincia soli sunt qui te salvum velint : ita tamen laudent ut Heius qui princeps legationis est adsit : ita laudent ut ad ea quae rogati erunt mihi parati sint respondere. Ac ne subito a me opprimantur, haec sum rogaturus: Navem populo Romano debeantne? fatebuntur. Praebuerintne praetore C. Verre ? negabunt. Aedificarintne navem onerariam maximam publico quam Verri dederunt? negare non poterunt. Frumentum ab his sumpseritne 0. Verres quod populo Romano mitteret, sicuti superiores ? negabunt. Quid militum aut nautarum per triennium dederint? nullum datum dicent. Fuisse Messanam omnium istius i furtorum ac praedarum receptricem ne- gare non poterunt : permulta multis navibus illinc exportata : banc navem denique maximam a Mamertinis datam onustam cum isto profectam fatebuntur. Quamobrem tibi habe sane istam lauda- tionem Mamertinorum : Syracusanam quidem civitatem, ut abs te affecta est, ita in te esse animatam videmus ; apud quos etiam Verria iUa flagitiosa sublata sunt. Etenim minime conveniebat ei deorum honores haberi qui simulacra deorum abstulisset. Etiam hercule illud in Syracusanis merito reprehenderetur, si, quum diem festum ludorum de fastis suis sustulissent celeberrimum et sanctis- simum, quod eo ipso die Syracusae a Marcello captae esse dicuntur, iidem diem festum Verris nomine agerent, quum iste a Syracusanis quae ille calamitosus dies reliquerat ademisset. At videte hominis impudentiam atque arrogantiam, judices, qui non solum Verria postquam non impetravit,'] ' Miror Ste- eamque Verri dederint. Intellige igitur phani veterem (Havn. coll.) Guelff. Leid. earn, quam Verri dederunt,' (See Lib. 5. concordare in eo, quod impetravisset habent c. 17.) I follow Zumpt. pro impetravit, quod non adducor ut verum si, quum diem festum . . iidem'] I find arbitrer ' (Zumpt). Klotz has ' impetravis- no variation noted here ; but it may be ob- set,' undouhtedly a false reading. served that ' iidem ' ought to have some- 67. quam Verri dederunt ?] Emesti thing to correspond to it in the former part thought that the Latin idiom requires ' de- of the sentence, and this would be ' qui.' derint.' Zumpt is of a different opinion : ' Si, qui diem,' &c., would express exactly ' nam aedificandi consilium si Cicero ex- the same meaning as the text, and it would primere voluisset, scripsisset, opinor, quam have the advantage of a word that correlates 496 IN C. VEREEM ACT. II. LIBEE QUARTUS. haec tnrpia ac ridicula ex Heraclii pecunia constituent, verum etiam Marcellia tolli imperarit, ut ei sacra facerent quotannis, cujus opera omnium annorum sacra deosque patrios amiserant ; ejus autem familiae dies festos toUerent per quam ceteros quoque festos dies- recuperarant. A.CTIONIS SECUNDAE IN C. VERREM LIBER QUINTUS. DE SUPPLIOIIS. I. Nemini video dubium esse, judices, quin apertissime 0. Verres in Sicilia sacra profanaque omnia et privatim et publico spoliarit, versatusque sit sine ulla non modo religione verum etiam dissimula- tione in omni genere furandi atque praedandi. Sed quaedam mihi magnifica et praeclara defensio ejus ostenditur, cui quemadraodum resistam multo mihi ante est, judices, providendum. Ita enim causa constituitur, provinciam Siciliam virtute istius et vigilantia singulari, dubiis formidolosisque temporibus, a fugitivis atque a belli periculis tutara esse servatam. Quid agam, judices ? quo ac- cusationis meae rationem conferam? quo me vertam? ad omnes enim meos impetus quasi murus quidam boni nomen imperatoris opponitur. Novi locum ; video ubi se jactaturus sit Hortensius. Belli pericula, tempora rei publicae, imperatorum penuriam comme- morabit : tum deprecabitur a vobis, tum etiam pro suo jure con- tendet, ne patiamini talem imperatorem populo Romano Siculorum testimoniis eripi, neve obteri laudem imperatoriam criminibus ava- ritiae velitis. Non possum dissimulare, judices : timeo ne 0. Verres 1. multo mihi ante, &c.] 'Mxilto ante mentum autem quae rei dubiae faciat est mihi providendum :' Zumpt. fidem." See De Or. ii. 72. Novi locum ;] ' I am familiar with this pro suo jure} ' As consul,' as Zumpt topic' ' Ubi ' refers to ' locum.' It is a remarks, who refers to the oration Pro topic on which Hortensius will make a Murena, u. 37. But this interpretation is great display. It will supply him with doubtful. Manutius says " carpit eum matter. Cicero (Top. 2) defines a ' locus ' quasi dominari soleret in judiciis," which after Aristotle: "Sic enim appellatae ab appears to be the meaning. Compare 'pro Aristotele sunt hae quasi sedes e quibus meo jure ' (De Or. ii. 72). argumenta promuntur. Itaque licet de- neve obteri] ' Ne obteri :' Orelli, who finire, locum esse argumenti sedem, argu- prefers the dauvSiTov. K k 498 IN C. VEEREM propter banc eximiam virtutem in re militari omnia quae fecit im- pune fecerit. Venit enim mihi in mentem in judicio M'. Aquillii quantum auctoritatis, quantum momenti oratio M. Antonii habuisse existimata sit ; qui, ut erat in dicendo non solum sapiens, sed etiam fortis, causa prope perorata, ipse arripuit M'. Aquillium, consti- tuitque in conspectu omnium, tunicamque ejus a pectore abscidit, ut cicatrices populus Eomanus judicesque aspicerent adverse cor- pore exceptas : simul et de illo vubiere quod ille in capite ab hos- tium duce acceperat multa dixit, eoque adduxit eos qui erant judi- caturi vehementer ut vererentur, ne, quem virum fortuna ex hostium telis eripuisset, quum sibi ipse non pepercisset, hie non ad populi Romani laudem sed ad judicum crudelitatem videretur esse ser- vatus. Eadem nunc ab illis defensionis ratio viaque temptatur: idem quaeritur. Sit fur, sit sacrilegus, sit flagitiorum omnium vitiorumque princeps. At est bonus imperator, at felix et ad dubia rei publicae tempera reservandus. Nen agam summo jure tecum : nen dicam id quod debeam fersitan obtinere, quum judicium certa M\ Aquillii] He was tried (b.c. 98) for Repetundae. His offence was com- mitted in Sicily, where he put an end to the Servile war. Whether we should write ' Aquillius ' or ' Aquilius ' is doubtfur. The MS. of Gaius has ' Aquilia lex.' M. Antonius is the great orator, who perished in the Marian proscription. He is introduced by Cicero (De Orat. ii. 47) speaking of the artifice which be employed on this occasion. Antonius was one of the greatest masters in his profession that has ever lived. See his remarks on his way of dealing with a case (De Or. ii. 72). felixl ' Felix ' means ' fortunate.' Sulla took the name of Felix. Good fortune was part of a general's recommendation, as we see from the encomium on Cn. Pompeius (Pro Lege Manilla, c. 16). summo jure] ' I wiU not insist on the utmost rigour of law,' if 'jure' is here to be taken in what some people call its ob- jective sense. But it may mean ' I will not insist on my strict right in this prosecution,' which right would be, inasmuch as Verres was tried under a particular lex (certa lege) and for a particvdar offence (repetundae), not to allow him to urge in his defence that which, if true, was no answer to this charge. The old editions and the inferior MSS. have ' constitutum ' after ' sit.' See Lib. 4. u. 8, note. But it appears to be rightly omitted on MSS. authority. Ernesti says that ' judicium constitutum ' is rather said of the first establishment of a kind of trial by a new ' lex,' than of the several trials which take place according to that ' lex.' Madvig has a remark to the same effect : " nam judicium consiitui dicitur aut quum lege lata aut edicto, ut de re aliqua judicio agi possit, efficitur ; aut quum praetor judice dato rem certa ratione agi jubet. Hoc a nostro loco ahenum est ; illud minus h. 1. commode dicitur de prima constitutione ju- dicii ;" for, as he adds, Cicero is speaking of a case as tried under a certain ' lex.' I have in this and a few other instances quoted a Latin note, either because the meaning was not quite clear to me, or for some other reason that seemed to me suffi- cient. If I understand this right, 'judi- cium constitutum certa lege' is taken to mean a kind or form of trial established by a ' lex ;' that is, a general form applicable to all the cases to which it applies. Whe- ther, if ' constitutum ' is used, ' certa lege ' is properly used without ' e ' or ' ex,' I am not quite sure ; but I think that it is. The words ' certa lege ' imply a special case, and if ' constitutum ' can be used with ' certa lege,' it follows that ' constitutum ' may apply to a special case. Who would ever say that a ' judicium ' (general), a ge- neral form of trial or procedure, was esta- blished by a ' certa lex .' ' It seems that ' constitutum ' may apply either to a gene- ral rule (Lib. I. c. 9), or to what is arranged and ordered in a particular case. (Divin. c. 15 : " si tu eris actor coustitutus.) ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 499 lege sit, non quid in re militari fortiter feceris, sed quemadmodum manus ab alienis pecuniis abstinueris, abs te doceri oportere : non, inquam, sic agam; sed ita quaeram, quemadmodum te velle in- telligo, quae tua opera et quanta fuerit in bello. II. Quid dicis? an bello fugitivorum Siciliam virtute tua libe- ratam I Magna laus et honesta oratio : sed tamen quo bello ? nos enim post iUud beUum quod M\ AquiUius confecit sic accepimus, nullum in Sicilia fugitivorum bellum fuisse. At in Italia fuit. Fateor, et magnum quidem ac vehemens. Num igitur ex eo bello partem aliquam laudis appetere conaris? num tibi iUius victoriae gloriam cum M. Crasso aut Cn. Pompeio communicatam putas? Non arbitror hoc etiam tuae deesse impudentiae, ut quidquam ejus- modi dicere audeas. Obstitisti videlicet ne ex Italia transire in Siciliam fugitivorum copiae possent. Ubi ? quando ? qua ex parte ? quum aut ratibus aut navibus conarentur accedere. Nos enim nihil unquam prorsus audivimus : et iUud audivimus, M. Orassi, fortis- simi viri, virtute consilioque factum ne ratibus conjunctis freto fugitivi ad Messanam transire possent ; a quo illi conatu non tanto opere prohibendi fuissent, si ulla praesidia in Sicilia ad iUorum ad- ventum opposita putarentur. At quum esset in Italia beUum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit. Quid mirum ? ne quum in Sicilia quidem fuit, eodem intervallo pars ejus belli in Italiam uUa pervasit. III. Etenim propinquitas locorum ad utram partem hoc loco profertur ? utrum aditum facilem hostibus an contagionem imitandi belli periculosam fuisse ? Aditus omnis hominibus sine ulla facul- tate navium non modo disjunctus sed etiam clausus est ; ut illis quibus Siciham propinquam fuisse dicis facUius fuerit ad Oceanum pervenire quam ad Peloridem accedere. Contagio autem ista servilis belli cur abs te potius quam ab iis omnibus, qui ceteras 2. At in Italia] This was the war which don't suppose that you would carry your Spartacus stirred up B.C. 73, and it cost impudence so far as to venture to say this,' the Romans some trouble to put down this would express the meaning pretty nearly ; vigorous rebel and his bands. L. Crassus but this form of expression is not exactly at last succeeded in breaking the force of that of Cicero, which is this : ' I don't Spartacus ; and Cn. Pompeius, on his re- think that your impudence requires this to turn from Spain (b.c. 71); got more credit complete it.' for destroying a remnant of them than he conarentur accedere.'] The editions place deserved. Plutarch (Crassus, c. 11, and a note of interrogation after ' accedere,' as Pompeius, c. 21) has told the story. if a question were contained in ' quum . . tuae deesse] Emesti found a difficulty accedere,' which is manifestly a mistake, here, and thought that we should write At quum esset] This is supposed to be ' esse.' That which caused a difficulty to urged on the side of Verres, to which ' Quid him may cause a difficulty to others. ' I mirum ? ' is the answer. K k 2 600 IN C. VEEREM provincias obtinuerunt, praedicatur ? An quod in Sicilia jam ante bella fugitivorum fiierunt ? At ea ipsa causa est cur ista provincia minimo in periculo sit et fuerit. Nam posteaquam illinc M'. Aquillius decessit, omnium instituta atque edicta praetorum fuerunt ejusmodi ut ne quis cum tele servus esset. Vetus est quod dicam, et propter severitatem exempli nemini fortasse vestrum inauditum ; L. Domitium praetorem in Sicilia, quum aper ingens allatus esset ad eum, admiratum requisisse quis eum percussisset : quum audisset pastorem cujusdam fuisse, eum ad se vocari jussisse : ilium cupide ad praetorem quasi ad laudem atque praemium accurrisse : quae- sisse Domitium qui tantam bestiam percussisset : ilium respondisse venabulo : statim delude jussu praetoris in crucem esse sublatum. Durum hoc fortasse videatur, neque ego ullam in partem disputo : tantum intelligo, maluisse Domitium crudelem in animadvertendo quam in praetermittendo dissolutum videri. IV. Ergo his institutis provinciae jam tum quum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus nee fortissimus, C. Nor- banus, in summo otio fuit ; perfacile enim sese Sicilia jam tuebatur ut ne quod ex ipsa helium posset existere. Etenim quum nihil tam conjunctum sit quam negotiatores nostri cum Siculis usu, re, ra- tione, Concordia ; et quum ipsi Siculi res suas ita constitutas ha- 3. L. Domitium} His praetorship be- 4. bello sociorum'] This is the true read- longs to a period after the retirement of ing, as the best MSS. show, and the con- M'. Aquillius from Sicily, and before the text proves. The common reading is ' bello Social war, B.C. 91, 90. It was probably B.C. fugitivorum.' After the establishment of 96.— ' Vetus' is explained by Orelh: "per- tranquillity in Sicily by M'. Aquillius, the vagatumexemplum,saepecommemoratum." Social wai-, or Marsic war, as it is often in crucem . ^ sublatum.'] ' Sublatus ' is called, broke out in Italy. The Italian one of the terms applied to crucifixion. Socii were dissatisfied with the Roman su- ' Suifigere ' (Hor. 1 Sat. iii. 82) is another, premacy, which brought with it heavy re- Our word ' cross ' does not fully render quisitions for the army, and they attempted ' crux,' for the ' crux ' was of various forms, to establish a kind of federal system of their It might be in the form of the trunk of a own. During this commotion Sicily was tree, or upright post, or it might have cross- quiet : the slaves had just felt the Roman pieces to fasten the hands to. It is called scourge, and were not willing to provoke it ' arbor infelix ' (Livy, i. 26), and was an again. The Sicilian praetorship of C. Nor- ancient mode of punishment even for free banus must have preceded that of Sex. men. In Cicero's time it was pecuharly a Peducaeus (b.c. 76, 75), and was therefore mode of punishing slaves ; but under the before the Servile war in Italy, which coin- emperors, at least, it was sometimes also cided with the praetorship of Verres (b.c. the punishment of free men. Lipsius has 73—71). The praetorship of Norbanus a treatise De Cruce (J. Lipsii Opera, iii. must belong to B.C. 91 or 90, the time p. 1141, ed. Vesal. 1675). In c. 6, 'ad during which the Social war was raging, palum alhgati ' is equivalent to ' in crucem Zumpt supposes Norbanus to be the Tri- sublati.' bunus Plebis, B.C. 95, who was accused of ullam in partem] Compare ' utram in Majestas by Sulpicius Rufus, and defended partem ' in this chapter. ' In nuUam par- by M. Antonius, as Cicero mentions in se- tem disputare ' means ' to dispute or ques- veral passages of the De Oratore, Lib. 2. tion in no way.' c. 25, 47—50. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 501 beant ut iis pacem expediat esse, imperium autem populi Romani sic diligant ut id imminui aut commutari minime velint ; quumque haec a servorum bello pericula et praetorum institutis et dominorum disciplina provisa sint ; nullum est malum domesticum quod ex ipsa provincia nasci possit. Quid igitur, nulline motus in Sicilia servo- rum Verre praetore, nullaene consensiones factae esse dicuntur? Nihil sane quod ad senatum populumque Romanum pervenerit; nihil quod iste publice Romam scripserit : et tamen coeptum esse in Sicilia moveri aliquot locis servitium suspicor. Id adeo non tam ex re quam ex istius factis decretisque cognosce. V. Ac videte quam non inimico animo sim acturus : ego ipse haec quae iste quaerit, quae adhuc nunquam audistis, commemo- rabo et proferam. In Triocalino, quern locum fugitivi jam ante tenuerunt, Leonidae cujusdam Siculi familia in suspicionem vocata est conjurationis. Res delata ad istum. Statim, ut par fuit, jussu ejus homines qui fuerant nominati comprehensi sunt, adductique Lilybaeum : domino denuntiatum est : causa dicta : damnati. Quid deinde ? quid censetis ? Furtum fortasse aut praedam exspectatis aliquam. Nolite usquequaque idem quaerere. In metu belli fu- randi locus qui potest esse ? etiam si qua fuit in hac re occasio, praetermissa est. Tum potuit a Leonida nummorum aliquid au- ferre, quum denuntiavit ut adesset. Fuit nundinatio aliqua, et isti non nova, ne causam diceret : etiam alter locus, ut absolverentur. ut iis pacem} Orelli. Zumpt has ' ut for it is added shortly after : ' denuntiavit his pacem.' ut adesset.' ' Denuntiatum ' means that Romam scripserit :} The common read- notice was given to the owner to appear ing is ' conscripserit,' contrary to the usage and defend his slaves. in such cases, which is ' scripserit.' Orelli causa dicta : damnati.'] I have followed has ' conscripserit,' which, he says, means Orelli's text here. Zumpt has ' causa dicta ' de consiUi sententia scripserit.' He adds damnati.' But ' causa dicta ' is the nomi. that this reading is one of those in which native. the ' vulgares codices ' have preserved the ne causam diceret .- . . . absolverentur.'] genuine hand of Cicero. It is true that Graevius says that his Reg. has ' dicerent,' the ' vulgares ' are sometimes the better. and that this reading is confirmed by ' ut 5. quaerit,] ' What is he looking for.' absolverentur.' Quite the contrary. The I will supply him with some facts in proof slaves could not be said ' dioere causam.' of there being some movement of the slaves The slaves were tried and condemned, and in Sicily. what followed then .' Cicero intends to Triocalino,] The place is Triocala, or surprise us by the termination of the affair. Tricala, or Tricalon (Steph. Byz. ed. Mei- ' Verres might have got some money from neke^. It was situated between Selinus Leonidas at the time when he summoned and Heraclea, at a place now called Troc- him. There was room for some bargain- coli. Diodorus (36. Exc. Phot.) says that ing— no new thing to Verres— that Leonidas one Trypho, a rebel slave, made this place should not be callad on to defend the case ; his headquarters. there was even another subject-matter for a denuntiatum] ' Ut adesset ' is generally bargain, their acquittal.' But they were added after ' denuntiatum,' but it is not in akeady convicted, and after conviction comes the better MSS., though it is clearly meant, execution. Klotz has ' diceret ' iu his text, 502 IN 0. VERREM Damnatis quidem servis quae praedandi potest esse ratio ? produci ad supplicium necesse est. Testes enim sunt qui in consilio fue- runt: testes publicae tabulae: testis splendidissima civitas Lily- baetana : testis honestissimus maximusque conventus civium Ro- manorum. Fieri nihil potest : producendi sunt. Itaque produ- cuntur et ad palum alligantur. Etiam nunc mihi exspectare videmini, judices, quid deinde factum sit, quod iste nihil unquam fecit sine aliquo quaestu atque praeda. Quid in ejusmodi re fieri potuit? Quod commodum est exspectate, facinus quam vultis im- probum : vincam tamen exspectationem omnium. Homines sceleris conjurationisque damnati, ad supplicium traditi, ad palum alligati, repente multis millibus hominum inspectantibus soluti sunt et Triocalino illi domino redditi. Quid hoc loco potes dicere, homo amentissime, nisi id quod ego non quaero, — quod denique in re tam nefaria, tametsi dubitari non potest, tamen, ne si dubitetur quidem, quaeri oporteat — quid, aut quantum, aut quomodo acceperis ? Re- mitto tibi hoc totum, atque ista te cura libero. Neque enim metuo ne hoc cuiquam persuadeatur ut ad quod facinus nemo praeter te uUa pecunia adduci potuerit, id tu gratis suscipere conatus sis. Verum de ista furandi praedandique ratione nihil dico : de hac imperatoria jam tua laude dispute. VI. Quid ais, bone custos defensorque provinciae? Tu quos servos arma capere ac bellum facere in Sicilia voluisse cognoras et de consilii sententia judicaras, hos ad supplicium jam more majorum traditos, et ad palum alligatos, ex media morte eripere ac liberare ausus es, ut quam damnatis crucem servis fixeras, hanc indemnatis videlicet civibus Romanis reservares? Perditae civitates, despe- ratis jam omnibus rebus, hos solent exitus exitiales habere, ut but he has a note in favour of ' dicerent,' a right, and Orelli follows him. Orelli's text reading which is not to be rejected solely is ' Quod commodam est exspectate facinus because ' dicere causam ' cannot properly quam vultis improbum.' Klotz has ' Quod be said of a slave ; for it may mean here commodum est, exspectate facinus, quam simply ' that they should not be tried.' vultis improbum.' The answer ia ' Quod But I take ' diceret ' to be the genuine commodum est exspectate,' and then a text. pause, followed by the further explanation, Fieri nihil potest :'] Orelli omits ' fieri,' ' facinus quam vultis improbum.' following the ' vulgares,' as the conservators 6. Quid ais, Sec.'] A sarcastic address, of the genuine text. In this way the ' vul- such as a man would use in ordinary life, gares ' have a chance of becoming the ' me- et ad palum alligatos,'] Zumpt omits Cores.' these words in his larger edition. They Quod commodum est, &c.] Zumpt has have been used above. Cicero might re- ' quod commodum est .' Exspectate ' &c. peat them for the purpose of effect. The We may feel surprised that he found no men were tied to be flogged to death, difficulty in ' quod commodum est .' ' ' Quod exitus exitiales] Klotz cites a passage commodum est ' is the answer, and means from De Leg. Agr. ii. 4 : " qui civitatum ' just what you please.' Madvig set this afflictarum perditis jam rebus extremi exi- ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 503 damnati in integrum restituantur, vincti solvantur, exules redu- cantur, res judicatae rescindantur. Quae quum accidunt, nemo est quin intelligat ruere illam rem publicam : haec ubi eveniunt, nemo est qui ullam spem salutis reliquam esse arbitretur. Atque haec sicubi facta sunt, facta sunt ut homines populares aut nobiles sup- plicio aut exilic levarentur : at non ab his ipsis qui judicassent ; at non statim ; at non eorum facinorum damnati quae ad vitam et ad fortunas omnium pertinerent. Hoc vero novum et ejusmodi est ut magis propter reum quam propter rem ipsam credibile videatur ; ut homines servos, ut ipse qui judicarat, ut statim e medio supplicio dimiserit, ut ejus facinoris damnatos servos quod ad omnium libe- rorum caput et sanguinem pertineret. O praeclarum imperatorem, nee jam cum M\ Aquillio, fortissimo viro, sed vero cum Paullis, Scipionibus, Mariis conferendum ! Tantumne vidisse in metu peri- culoque provinciae ! Quum servitiorum animos in Siciha suspenses propter bellum Italiae fugitivorura videret, ne quis se commovere auderet quantum terroris injecit ! Comprehendi jussit : quis non pertimescat ? causam dicere dominos : quid servis tam formidolo- sum ? ' Fecisse videri ' pronuntiat : exortam videtur fiammam pau- corum dolore ac morte restinxisse. Quid deinde sequitur ? Ver- bera atque ignes, et ilia extrema ad supplicium damnatorum, metum ceterorum, cruciatus et crux. Hisce omnibus suppliciis sunt libe- rati. Quis dubitet quin servorum animos summa formidine op- presserit, quum viderent ea facilitate praetorem ut ab eo sceleris conjurationisque damnatorum vita vel ipso carnifice internuntio redimeretur ? VII. Quid, hoc in Apolloniensi Aristodamo? quid, in Leonte tiorum solent esse exitus ;" but Orelli thinks selves to the party. Yet as ' popularis ' is that this passage is corrupt. one who favours the ' populus,' of whatever in integrum restituantur, . . rescindan- rank he might be, it often happened that tur/] See the Index. one of the ' nobiles ' chose the popular side, populares aut nobiles] The term ' no- as the best means of promoting his own in- biles ' is explained elsewhere. 'Populares' terests; and thus, though a ' nobilis,' he is a common Roman term to express the would not be one of the ' optimates,' but a leaders of the ' populus ' in the sense which ' popularis.' Cicero on several occasions the word had in Cicero's time, or those who explains the terms ' optimates ' and ' popu- affected to consult the interests of the many lares,' and gives to each the complexion as opposed to the interests of the few, or of that suits his purpose (Pro Sestio, c. 45, 65; the ' nobiles.' In this passage the ' no- Pro Cluentio, c. 34). Thus his ' popularis biles ' and the ' populares ' are put in op- homo ' is sometimes the same as ' turbu- position, as the two rival parties in a state, lentus.' Machiavelli (Istor. Fiorent. iii.) but Cicero generally contrasts ' populares ' uses the same terms, " gli uomini Popolari with ' optimates,' the best people in the e i NobiU," and characterizes them with his state, as they called themselves, the con- usual precision. servative party, which consisted of the se- sed vero'] Orelli remarks that ' sed ' and nate, the rest of the nobihty, and the ' vero ' are seldom united in Cicero, so that Equites ; in fact, all who attached them- ' vero ' retains its original signification. 504 IN 0. VEEREM Imacharensi non idem fecisti ? Quid, iste motus servorum bellique subita suspicio, utrum tibi tandem diligentiam custodiendae pro- vinciae an novam rationem improbissimi quaestus attulit? Hali- cyensis Eumenidae, nobilis hominis et honesti, magnae pecuniae, villicus quum impulsu tuo insimulatus esset, HS lx a domino acce- pisti ; quod miper ipse juratus docuit quemadmodum gestum esset. Ab equite Romano 0. Matrinio absente, quum is esset Roraae, quod ejus villicos pastoresque tibi in suspicionem venisse dixeras, HS DC abstulisti. Dixit hoc L. Flavius, qui tibi eam pecuniam numeravit, procurator 0. Matrinii : dixit ipse 0. Matrinius : dicet vir clarissimus On. Lentulus censor, qui Matrinii honoris causa recenti negotio ad te literas misit mittendasque curavit. Quid, de Apollonio, Diocli fiUo, Panhormitano, cui Gemino cognomen est, praeteriri potest ? Ecquid hoc tota Siciha clarius 1 ecquid indig- nius? ecquid manifestius proferri potest? Quem ut Panhormum venit ad se vocari et de tribunali citari jussit, concursu magno frequentiaque conventus. Homines statim loqui : mirabar quod ApoUonius, homo pecuniosus, tamdiu ab isto maneret integer. Ex- cogitavit, nescio quid attuht : profecto homo dives repente a Verre non sine causa citatur. Exspectatio summa omnium quidnam id 7- servorum] ' Servitiorum :' Orelli : honoris causa] ' Out of regard to Ma- ' exquisitius quam servorum.' trinius,' as Zumpt correctly explains it, or magnae pecuniae,] Ernestl prefixed ' to show his respect to Matrinius.' Ernesti ' et ' to these words solely from conjecture, thought that ' Matrinii causa ' would be Zumpt properly ejected it ; but he connects sufficient, and so it might be ; but Cicero ' magnae pecuniae ' with ' villicus,' and ex- did not think so. Zumpt cites Caesar plains it to be a ' villicus ' of great value. (Bell. Gall. ii. 15) : " Caesar honoris Di- Klotz follows him. There is no doubt of vitiaci . . causa;" Cicero, Pro Rose. Am. the value of a good ' villicus,' and a master c. 35 ; Ad Attic, xv. 14. Also Livy, 32. might gladly pay a large sum to save him. c. 34. But the value of the ' villicus ' was not so mirahar] Better than the common read- important here as the wealth of the master, ing ' mirari,' which would not agree with Zumpt gives no instance to show that ' mag- the fact. ' I was wondering,' says one of nae pecuniae ' can be taken in his sense, the by-standers, ' that ApoUonius remained The instance which he quotes from Sallust so long safe from the attacks of Verres.' (Bell. Jug. c. 85), to show the opinion of He was no longer safe. Compare " nam C. Marius of the relative value of a ' cook ' sperabam, inquit " &c., Lib. 3. c. 85. — ' ex- and a ' villicus,' does not help us in the ex- cogitavit nescio quid : attulit :' Schuetz. I planation. 1 take ' magnae pecuniae ' to have followed Zumpt and Orelli. be the same as ' pecuniosus,' which occurs Exspectatio . . quidnam] This is the in this chapter, and in Lib. 4. c. 25. Orelli, same as if he had said ' exspectabant omnes who understands the passage aright, ob- quidnam;' so that the noun seems in a serves that some interpreters have con- manner to perform the office of a verb, nected ' magnae pecuniae ' with ' insimula- There are other instances in Cicero where tus :' ' qua servitia concitare posset.' But this is still clearer, as where ' scientia ' is he observes that ' insimulari ' occurs in followed by ' quid ' (Act. 1. o. 18) : " sci- c. 41 without any case. It is unnecessary entiam quid agatur memoriamque quid a to state all the objections against the com- quoque dictum sit." In c. 14: " habeo mon interpretations. There is no doubt rationem quid a populo Romano accepe- the sense of the nassaee. rim :" but in «_ 9fi ■ " VinhoKonf i.Qf;^r.a»^ about the sense of the passage. rim ;" but in c, ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 505 esset, quum exanimatus subito ipse accurrit cum adolescente filio ; nam pater grandis natu jam diu lecto tenebatur. Nominat iste servum quem magistrum pecoris esse diceret : eum dicit conjurasse et familias concitasse. Is omnino servus in familia non erat. Eum statim exhiberi jubet. ApoUonius affirmare se omnino nomine iUo servum habere neminem. Iste hominem abripi a tribunali et in carcerem conjici jubet. Clamare ille quum raperetur, nihil se mise- rum fecisse, nihil commisisse, pecuniam sibi esse in nominibus, numeratam in praesentia non habere. Haec quum maxime summa hominum frequentia testificaretur, ut quivis intelligere posset eum quod pecuniam non dedisset, idcirco ilia tam acerba injuria affici ; quum maxime, ut dico, hoc de pecunia clamaret, in vincula con- jectus est. VIII. Videte constantiam praetoris, et ejus praetoris qui in lis rebus non ita defendatur ut mediocris praetor, sed ita laudetur ut optimus imperator. Quum servorum bellum metueretur, quo sup- plicio dominos indemnatos afficiebat, hoc servos damnatos liberabat : Apollonium, hominem locupletissimum, qui si fugitivi bellum in Siciha facerent amplissimas fortunas amitteret, belli fugitivorum nomine, indicta causa, in vincla conjecit : servos quos ipse cum consilio belli faciendi causa consensisse judicavit, eos sine consilii sententia, sua sponte, omni supplicio liberavit. Quid, si ahquid ab ApoUonio commissum est quamobrem jure in eum animadverte- retur, tamenne banc rem sic agemus ut crimini aut invidiae reo puteraus esse oportere, si quo de homine severius judicaverit 2 Non agam tam acerbe : non utar ista accusatoria consuetudine, si quid est factum clementer, ut dissolute factum criminer ; si quid vindi- catum est severe, ut ex eo crudelitatis invidiam colligam. Non agam ista ratione; tua sequar judicia; tuam defendam auctori- tatem, quoad tu voles : simul ac tute coeperis tua judicia rescin- omnes quotidie piratarum qui securi feri- Orelli, which can also be explained, rentur." The use of accusatives neuter, both cmn consilio] ' Boni Codd. omnes de in Greek and Latin, is much more loose or consilio ' (Zumpt). I suppose that the free than in the case of other words. — ' maU ' have ' cum consilio ;' and they may 'omnium:' 'hominum:' Zumpt. be right. Lambinus suspects that Cicero exhiberi'] ' To be produced.' See Lib. wrote ' de consilii sententia.' This was a 2. c. 78, note. criminal affair, and was tried by the ' prae- in nominibus,] He had money due to tor' and a body of 'judices,' his 'consilium.' him, which in the next chapter is called In c. 9 there is ' sententia sine consiho.' I ' pecuniis creditis.' See the explanation of suppose, then, we may say ' cum consilio.' ' nomina ' (p. 1 16). ' Pecunia numerata ' Klotz, who has ' de consilio,' applies it to is money in coin. If he had it, he meant the slaves in the sense of ' purposely,' ' de- to say, he was ready to give it to the signedly.' If this is the explanation, it is praetor. an additional argument against the read- 8. sed ita laudetur] ' Sed ita laudatur :' ing. 606 IN C. VERREM dere, mihi succensere desinito : meo enim jure contendam eum qui suo judicio damnatus sit juratorum judicum sententiis damnari oportere. Non defendam ApoUonii causam, amici atque hospitis mei, ne tuum judicium videar rescindere ; nihil de hominis frugali- tate, virtute, diligentia dicam ; praetermittam illud etiam, de quo antea dixi, fortunas ejus ita constitutas fuisse familia, pecore, villis, pecuniis creditis, ut nemini minus expediret ullum in Sicilia tu- multum aut bellum commoveri: non dicam ne illud quidem, si maxime in culpa fuerit ApoUonius, tamen in hominem honestis- siraae civitatis honestissimum tam graviter animadverti causa in- dicia non oportuisse. NuUam in te invidiam ne ex iUis quidem rebus concitabo, quum esset talis vir in carcere, in tenebris, in squalore, in sordibus, tyrannicis interdictis tuis, patri exacta aetate et adolescenti filio adeundi ad ilium miserum potestatem nunquam esse factam. Etiam illud praeteribo, quotiescunque Panhormum veneris illo anno et sex mensibus, nam tamdiu fuit ApoUonius in carcere, toties te senatum Panhormitanum adisse supplicem cum magistratibus sacerdotibusque publicis orantem atque obsecrantem ut aliquando iUe miser atque innocens calamitate iUa liberaretur. Relinquo haec omnia ; quae si velim persequi, facile ostendam tua crudelitate in alios omnes tibi aditus misericordiae judicum jampri- dem esse praeclusos. IX. Omnia tibi ista concedam et remittam. Praevideo enim quid sit defensurus Hortensius : fatebitur apud istum neque senec- tutem patris, neque adolescentiam filii, neque lacrimas utriusque plus valuisse quam utUitatem salutemque provinciae : dicet rem publicam administrari sine metu ac severitate non posse : quaeret quamobrem fasces praetoribus praeferantur, cur secures datae, cur career aedificatus, cur tot supplicia sint in improbos more majorum constituta ? Quae quum omnia graviter severeque dixerit, quaeram cur hunc eundem ApoUonium Verres idem, repente, nulla re nova allata, nulla defensione, sine causa de carcere emitti jusserit : tan- tumque in hoc crimine suspicionis esse affirmabo ut jam ipsis judicibus sine mea argumentatione conjecturam facere permittam, quod hoc genus praedandi, quam improbum, quam indignum, quam- 9. Praevideo] It is -written ' provideo ' Cicero makes an apt allusion to these sym- in all the MSS. except Lag. 48 (Zumpt). hols of authority in his letter to his brother fasces praetoribus'] Hotmaan informs Quintus (i. 1. c. 4), when he was governor us that in the provinces ' Uctors ' carried six of Asia : " majoraque praeferant fasces illi ' fasces ' before a ' propraetor,' at the ex- ac secures dignitatis insignia quam potes- tremity of which were the axes. This tatia." could hardly be news, even in his time. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 607 que ad magnitudinem quaestus immensum infinitumque esse videa- tur. Nam quae iste in ApoUonio fecit, ea primum breviter cogno- scite, quot et quanta sint ; deinde haec expendite atque aestimate pecunia : reperietis idcirco haec in uno homine pecunioso tot con- stituta, ut ceteris formidines similium incommodorum atque ex- empla periculorum proponerentur. Primum insimulatio est repen- tina capitalis atque invidiosi criminis : statuite quanti hoc putetis et quam multos redemisse : deinde crimen sine accusatore, sententia sine consiho, damnatio sine defensione : aestimate harum omnium rerum pretia, et cogitate in his iniquitatibus unum haesisse Apollo- nium, ceteros profecto multos ex his incommodis pecunia se liber- asse : postremo tenebrae, vincula, career, inclusum supphcium, a conspectu parentum ac hberum, denique a hbero spiritu atque a communi luce seclusum : haec vero, quae vel vita redimi recte possint, aestimare pecunia non queo. Haec omnia sero redemit ApoUonius, jam maerore ac miseriis perditus ; sed tamen ceteros docuit ante istius avaritiae ac sceleri occurrere : nisi vero existimatis hominem pecuniosissimum sine causa quaestus electum ad tam incredibile crimen, aut sine eadem causa repente e carcere emissum ; aut hoc praedandi genus ab isto in illo uno adhibitum et temptatum, et non per ilium omnibus pecuniosis Siculis metum propositum et injectum. X. Oupio mihi ab illo, judices, subjici, quoniam de militari ejus gloria dico, si quid forte praetereo. Nam mihi videor jam de omnibus rebus ejus gestis dixisse quae quidem ad belli fugitivorum suspicionem pertinerent : certe nihil sciens praetermisi. Habetis hominis consilia, diligentiam, vigilantiam, custodiam defensionemque provinciae. Summa Uluc pertinet ut sciatis, quoniam plura genera sunt imperatorum, ex quo genere iste sit. Ne diutius in tanta penm-ia virorum fortium talem imperatorem ignorare possitis — non ad Q. Maximi sapientiam, neque ad illius superioris Africani in proponerentur.'] ' Proponeret :' Orelli : die than suffer such punishment. — ' recte ' scU. Verres.' possunt ' is the common reading. Either haesisse~\ A metaphor taken from snares, may do. Zumpt considers the conjunctive says Hotmann. ApoUonius was caught : more elegant, the rest took warning by his example. sine cawa quaestus\ ' Sine ahqua causa inclusum suppHcium,] Gruter would be quaestus,' the common reading ; but all the glad to know what these words mean here, good MSS. omit ' aliqua ' (Zumpt). As to Graevius thinks that they ought to be ' causa,' see Lib. 4. c. 51. erased. Perhaps the expression is unusual. 10. non ad Q. Maximi'] Zumpt and The punishment was imprisonment. That Klotz and Orelli have made this the begin- is all that is meant.— 'aque conspectu:' ning of a new sentence. The words ' ne OreUi. diutius ' have generally been made the be- vel vita] That is, it would be better to ginning of the sentence, but these editors 508 IN 0. VEEREM re gerunda celeritatem, neque ad hujus qui postea fuit singulare consilium, neque ad Paulli rationem ac disciplinam, neque ad C. Marii vim atque virtutem, sed ad aliud genus imperatorum sane diligenter retinendum et conservandum — quaeso, cognoscite. Itine- rum primum laborera qui vel maximus est in re militari, judices, et in Sicilia maxime necessarius, accipite quam facilem sibi iste et jueundum ratione consilioque reddiderit. Primum temporibus hibernis, ad magnifcudinem frigorum et ad tempestatum vim ac fluminum praeclarum hoc sibi remedium compararat. Urbem Syra- cusas elegerat ; cujus hie situs atque haec natura esse loci coelique dicitur ut nuUus unquam dies tam magna ac turbulenta tempestate fuerit quin aliquo tempore ejus diei solem homines viderint. Hie have attached them to the end of the pre- ceding sentence. Zumpt also reads ' ne quis diutius . . possit,' following three MSS. He also reads ' sed aliud genus imperatoris/ upon the authority of ' secundum Stephanum et Codd. Reg. Guelflf. 1.' The words 'plura genera . . ex quo genere sit,' are against this. The sense, then, of the first sentence is this : " The sum of the matter results in this ; you must learn, since there are se- veral kinds of ' imperatores,' what kind Verres belongs to." Klotz says that the construction of the sentence ' non ad,' &c., appears somewhat abrupt, and that we must supply a ' qui accedat ' in the first member. The text of Orelli and Klotz is the same as Zumpt's, except that they have ' ne qui diutius,' Slc. But these editors don't agree about the interpretation. The ' ad,' accord- ing to Graevius and Orelli, means ' in com- parison with ' (im Vergleich — mit) ; and the passages Pro Deiot. 8 : " Veteres credo," &c. ; and De Or. ii. 6 : " nihil ad Persium," are quoted. Zumpt objects to this : his explanation is the following : " Cognoscite eum, qualis fuerit, non ut Maximum ali- quem aut Scipionem aut Marium sed ut aliud quoddam novum genus imperatoris in civitate diligenter retineatis." This, I think, is nearer the meaning, and it is un-. important whether the ' ad ' before ' aliud ' is added or omitted. I prefer keeping it. There only then remains the diflTerence be- tween ' imperatoris ' and ' imperatorum ;' and the question whether the sentence be- gins with ' ne diutius,' or ' ne quis diutius,' and ' non ad.' I have adopted the reading of Orelli's larger edition, with the punctua- tion slightly altered. The meaning is this : " That in such a dearth of brave men, you may no longer be strangers to such an im- perator — I pray you, make yourselves ac- quainted with him." The words ' non ad Q. Maximi . . retinendum et conservandum ' are thrown in parenthetically, and I explain them as Zumpt does. flmminum] The rains in Sicily are often very heavy in the winter, and owing to the hilly nature of the country, and their short course, the streams become difficult to pass during heavy rains. The regular rains do not commence till November, between which month and March they fall often in heavy torrents. " The violent rains that deluge the island at this season swell the rivers, damage the roads, and set the Fiu- mare running: these are torrents, occa- sioned by the waters descending from the mountains into deep ravines, through which they rush with impetuosity into the sea, carrying every thing before them. — The boisterous force of the Fiumare while flow- ing, the badness of the roads, and the want of bridges, render travelling in the winter dangerous, and at times wholly imprac- ticable " (Smyth's Sicily, p. 7). solern] This happy climate, where the sun is seen every day in the year, is ^Iso attributed to Rhodes by Pliny, and to Alex, andria by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii. 16). Seneca, in the consolation to Marcia (c. 17), says the same of Syracuse, but he gives a bad account of the summer climate. Com- pare Livy, XXV. 25. — ' quin . . viderent,' is the common reading and that of Ernesti. Zumpt wonders that he did not see that it ought to be ' viderint.' Madvig, quoted by Orelli, remarks : " nulla est hie temporum historica, quam dicunt, consecutio, sed ab- solute unam certam defiuitamque rem om- nino faotam dicit." ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 509 ita vivebat iste bonus imperator hibernis mensibus ut eum non facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quis- quam videret : ita diei brevitas conviviis, longitude noctis stupris et flagitiis conterebatur. XL Quura autem ver esse coeperat, cujus initium iste non a Favonio neque ab aliquo astro notabat, sed quum rosam viderat, turn incipere ver arbitrabatur, dabat se labori atque itineribus ; in quibus eo usque se praebebat patientem atque impigrum ut eum nemo unquam in equo sedentem viderit. Nam, ut mos fuit Bithy- niae regibus, lectica octophoro ferebatur, in qua pulvinus erat perlucidus Melitensis, rosa fartus : ipse autem coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in coUo, reticulumque ad- nares sibi admo- vebat, tenuissimo lino, rninutis maculis, plenum rosae. Sic confecto itinere, quum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque in cubiculum deferebatur. Eo veniebant Siculorum magistratus, veni- ebant equites Eomani, id quod ex multis juratis audistis : contro- versiae secreto deferebantur, paulo post palam decreta auferebantur. Deinde ubi paulisper in cubiculo, pretio, non aequitate, jura descrip- conterebahir.'} Klotz has ' continebatnr ;' the reading of ' boni libri omnes ' (Zumpt) : but Zumpt adds 'mendose.' Orelli has ' conterebatur.' 11. Favonio] " Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni." — Hor. 1 Carm. iv. Verres waited for the blooming of the roses. He did not reckon the commencement of spring in the usual way. Varro (De R. R. 1. 28), quoted by Hotmann, says "dies primus est veris in Aquario," &c. Zumpt refers to Pliny, H. N. xxi. 11. sedentem viderit.] ' Videret ' is the com- mon reading ; but there is better authority for ' viderit.' These forms are often con- founded. Madvig remarks that ' videret ' is a universal negation, and is not much more than ' videre soleret ;' the perfect, with the addition of ' nemo unquam,' signi- fies that it did not take place even once. octophoro] He was carried in a litter or palankeen by eight men. His cushion was of the fine linen of Malta (Lib. 2. u. 72), stuffed with rose-leaves. He had a small bag of the finest thread, with small spots or prints upon it, probably worked with the needle of some of the skilful women of Malta, and in this he kept his roses. Travelling in a lettiga flectica) is still used in Sicily. The lettiga is a kind of narrow chaise, with room for two persons to sit opposite to each other, mounted on two long poles, and carried by mules at the average rate of three miles and a half an hour (Smyth's Sicily, p. 8). But this is not a Roman ' lectica,' which was intended for rechning. The ' sella ' was for sitting, o kind of sedan. Klotz refers to Bottiger's Sabina, Th. ii. p. 181, 204, 212. He adds that at a later period the Roman ladies generally used such ' lecticae,' and that the practice was de- rived from Asia, whence they also got chair- bearers (lecticarii). The use of these ' lec- ticae ' was not confined to luxurious per- sons, for Servius Sulpicius used one (Cicero, Ep. ad Div. iv. 12). His health was probably not good. Lipsius (Elect, i. c. 19. Vol. 1. ed. Vesal.) has, as usual, all the learning in this matter. The ' lectica ' was not common in Italy about the time of C. Gracchus, as an extract from one of his speeches shows (Gellius, x. 3). The Bithy- nian origin of the ' lectica ' seems hinted at by Catullus, or at least Bithynia was a country where a man might supply himself with porters for his * lectica ;' " At certe tamen, inquiunt, quod illic Natum dicitur esse, comparasti Ad lecticam homines." CatuU. A. ed. Sillig. jura descripserat,] There is no notice of ' discripserat ' in the readings in Zumpt. 6J0 IN 0. VEREEM serat, Veneri jam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur. Quo loco mihi non praetermittenda videtur praeclari imperatoris egregia ac singularis diligentia. Nam scitote oppidum esse in Sicilia nullum ex lis oppidis in quibus consistere praetores et con- ventum agere sclent, quo in oppido non isti ex aliqua familia non ignobili delecta ad libidinem mulier esset. Itaque nonnuUae ex eo numero in convivium adbibebantur palam ; si quae castiores erant, ad tempus veniebant, lucem conventumque vitabant. Erant autem convivia non illo silentio praetorum populi Rom. atque imperatorum, neque eo pudore qui in magistratuum conviviis versari solet, sed cum maximo clamore atque convieio : nonnunquam etiam res ad pugnam atque ad manus vocabatur. Iste enim praetor severus ac diligens qui populi Romani legibus nunquam paruisset, illis diligenter legibus quae in poculis ponebantur obtemperabat. Itaque erant exitus ejusmodi ut alius inter manus e convivio tamquam e proelio auferretur, alius tamquam occisus relinqueretur, plerique fusi sine mente ac sine ullo sensu jacerent, ut quivis, quum aspexisset, non se praetoris convivium sed ut Oannensem pugnam nequitiae videre arbitraretur. ■<• XII. Quum vero aestas summa esse coeperat, quod tempus omnes semper Siciliae praetores in itineribus consumere consueve- runt, propterea quod turn putant obeundam esse maxime provinciam quum in areis frumenta sunt, quod et familiae congregantur, et See Lib. ,S. c. 92, note ; and Cicero, De so. But we cannot with certainty conclude Off. i. 34, ' jura describere,' according to the from that chapter that there were not others, common reading. These four cities were conveniently placed conventwm . . solent,'] Zumpt has ' so- for the division of the island into four ' con- leant ' from some MSS., I am not quite veutus ;' for the term ' conventus ' was also certain which. Of ' soleant ' he says, " pror- appUed to the district of which the people sus e consuetudine scriptoris, ubi ambitus ' conveniebant in quemdam locum.' Thus rei accuratius definiendus est." I don't Pliny says (H. N. iv. 22) of Lusitania : clearly understand him ; but the indicative " Universa provincia dividitur in conventus is admissible here. And we have the form tres, Emeritensem, Pacensem, Scalabita- in this chapter ' qui . . versari solet." Mad- num. vig says " solent non improbandum per se vocabatur.'] The common reading is est," which is rather an unmeaning expres- ' veniebat.' — ' quae in poculis.' See De Se- sion ; however, he gives a reason for prefer- nectute, c. 14: "me vero et magisteria ring ' soleant.' I believe either form will delectant a majoribus instituta," &c. do, but with the indicative it expresses " the inter manus] Carried off by the attend- towns in which the praetors are accustomed ants or others, as Graevius shows, and com- to hold a ' conventus,' " and there was a pares Phaedrus, Fab. v. 7 : limited number. With the subjunctive it „ » j. 1,1^^,^ would mean ' any towns in which,' &c. A ^'" "^""^, ="^J^'"= «t multum gemens httle further Orelli writes ' qui in magistra- -Liomum tertur. tuum . . soleat :' and he has ' soleant ' here. 12. omnes semper] If this is the genuine Zumpt concludes from Lib. 2. c. 26, that order, the expression may perhaps be com- the four cities in which the 'conventus' pared with the Greek 01 dtl arparriyoi. were held were Syracusae, Agrigentum, Orelli has ' omnes Siciliae semper.' ' Novi Lilybaeum, and Panhormus ; and it may be semper scriptores ' occurs in Livy, Praef. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 511 magnitudo servitii perspicitur, et labor operis maxime offendit, frumenti copia commonet, tempus anni non impedit ; turn, inquam, quum concursant ceteri praetores, iste novo quodam ex genere imperator pulcherrimo Syracusarum loco stativa sibi castra faciebat. Nam in ipso aditu atque ore portus, ubi primum ex alto sinus ab littore ad urbem inflectitur, tabernacula carbaseis intenta velis col- locabat. Hue ex ilia domo praetoria, quae regis Hieronis fuit, sic emigrabat ut eum per illos dies nemo extra ilium locum videre posset. In eum autem ipsum locum aditus erat nemini, nisi qui aut socius aut minister libidinis esse posset. Hue omnes mulieres quibuscum iste consuerat conveniebant, quarum incredibile est quanta multitudo fuerit Syracusis : hue homines digni istius ami- citia, digni vita ilia conviviisque veniebant. Inter ejusmodi viros ac midieres adulta aetate filius versabatur, ut eum, etiamsi natura a parentis similitudine abriperet, consuetudo tamen ac disciplina patris similem esse cogeret. Hue Tertia ilia perducta per dolum atque insidias ab Ehodio tibicine maximas in istius castris effecisse servitWi The number of slaves. This is a collective term, as in c. 4 : " moveri ali- quot locis servitium suspicor." offendit,'] Some of the old editions have ' ostenditur,' a conjecture. Naugerius re- stored the reading of the most MSS. (ofFen- ditur) ; and Hervagius, having got a MS. of a better family, wrote ' offendit.' The ac- tive termination is in the best MSS., even the Guelff (Zumpt). Klotz and Orelli, who have ' offendit,' adopt Madvig's explanation, that ' servos ' is to be supplied, and we are to consider that Cicero is speaking of the season in which the slaves, on account of the oppressive labour, are most easily ex- cited to rebellion. Zumpt, following the opinion of Lambinus, takes ' offenditur ' to be the true reading, and to have the sense of ' deprehenditur.' But, as Madvig ob- serves, Zumpt cannot produce an instance of this use of ' offenditur.' Madvig consi- ders all the passage, down to ' non impedit,' to refer to the slaves, and that Cicero enu- merates all those things which at this season of the year could chiefly excite the slaves to a rising. This passage is difficult, and, as opinions may differ about it, I give Madvig's full interpretation : " Scilicet haec omnia ad servos referenda sunt, enumeranturque ea, quae servos ad bellum hoc potissimum anni tempore concitare possunt; quod ne oriatur, ideo praetor provinciam obire tum solet : aestate famihae congregabantur ; ita- que occultae conjurationis occasio erat ; magnitudo servitii perspiciebatur ; ergo vi- res tiduciam dabant ; labor messis gravissi- mus erat ; itaque animi offensi et irati, ad arma proni ; frumenti copia parata bellan- tibus, tempus anni rebus gerendis ^tum." Zumpt has ' et frumenti,' but *et' is omitted by the best MSS. ; and the omission makes the sense plainer. ' Tempus anni non im- pedit' clearly refers to the convenience of the praetor. His object in visiting the pro- vince was to see the amount of produce ; and the words ' frumenti copia commonet ' refer to the praetor. He went to see the slaves too. He would have the opportunity of seeing them collected, and of ascertaining their numbers. I do not doubt that one object of the praetor's circuit was to look after the slaves ; but that was not all. As to the revolt of the slaves, the best season for them would be the winter, when the communications were difficult. I do not believe that Madvig's interpretation of 'labor operis maxime offendit' is true. But it is very difficult to suggest what is meant. carhaseis] Plin. H. N. (xix. 1). ' Car- basus ' was made of flax : " Et Hispania citerior habet splendorem lini praecipuum, torrentis in quo politur natura, qui alluit Tarraconem. Et tenuitas mira, ibi primum carbasis repertis." See Servius ad Aeneid. iii. 357. Tertia] Lib. 3. c. 34. 512 IN 0. VERREM dicitur turbas, quum indigne pateretur uxor Oleomenis Syracusani, nobilis mulier, itemque uxor Aeschrionis, honesto loco nata, in con- ventum suum mimi Isidori filiam venisse. Iste autem Hannibal qui in suis castris virtute piitaret oportere non genere certari, sic banc Tertiam dilexit ut earn secum ex provincia deportaret. Ac per bos dies quum iste cum pallio purpureo talarique tunica versa- retur in conviviis muliebribus, non offendebantur homines ; neque moleste ferebant abesse a foro magistratum, non jus dici, non judicia fieri, locum ilium littoris percrepare totum mulierum vocibus cantuque symphoniae, in foro silentium esse summum causarum atque juris : non ferebant homines moleste ; non enim jus abesse videbatur a foro neque judicia, sed vis et crudelitas et bonorum acerba et indigna direptio. XIII. Hunc tu igitur imperatorem esse defendis, Hortensi? , hujus furta, rapinas, cupiditatem, crudelitatem, superbiam, scelus, audaciam rerum gestarum magnitudine atque iniperatoriis laudibus tegere conaris ? Hie scilicet est metuendum ne ad exitum defen- sionis tuae vetus ilia Antoniana dicendi ratio atque auctoritas proferatur ; ne excitetur Verres, ne denudetur a pectore, ne cica- trices populus Romanus aspiciat, ex mulierum morsu vestigia libidinis atque nequitiae. Dii faciant ut rei militaris, ut belli men- tioneyi facere audeas. Cognoscentur enim omnia istius aera ilia Vetera, ut non solum in imperio verum etiam in stipendiis qualis fuerit intelligatis. Renovabitur prima ilia militia, quum iste e foro abduci, non, ut ipse praedicat, perduci solebat : aleatoris Placentini HannibaV] The allusion is, as Manutius " Malthinus tunicis demissis ambulat : est supposes, to the expression of Hannibal, as qui we have it in Bnnius (p. 100, ed. Hessel) : Inguen ad obscenum subductis usque " Hostem qui feriet mihi erit Carthagini- facetus." Quisquis erit." '^' "'^"''^ '"'' "s'*'"''.] His old campaigns, the ' aera ' being the soldiers' pay. Here per hos] The common reading is ' per ' aera ' is equivalent to ' stipendia.' eos.' abduci,'] This is a fovd allusion. The talarique] The MSS. have ' parique,' in sense of ' perduci ' is not so clear. ' Ad which there is no sense. The text is an meretrices,' says Manutius, as Verres would emendation of Naugerius, founded on the have it, to avoid a worse imputation. Grae- expression in c. 33. vius has a note on the passage. He talces The ' pallium ' was a Greek garment, or ' perduci ' in the ordinary sense, like ' duci,' rather the Roman name for it. The ' tunica not in the sense in which ' perductores ' talaris' was a woman's dress, as Gellius occurs in Lib. 1. c. 12, and elsewhere. He (vii. 12) informs us : " feminisque solis ves- says that ' perduci ' here means ' in forum tem longe lateque diffusam decoram existi. duci, ut solebant nobiles pueri quum primum maverunt ad ulnas cruraque adversus oculos praetextam deponerent.' Klotz takes ' ab- protegenda." duci ' in the same sense that others do ; as Horace (1 Sat. ii. 25) describes the two to 'perdud,' he says that it means 'in extremes of the tunicated vest : forum,' and adds that the expression ' per- ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 513 castra commemorabuntur, in quibus quum frequens fuisset, tamen aere dirutus est : multa ejus in stipendiis damna proferentur quae ab isto aetatis fructu dissoluta et compensata sunt. Jam vero quum in ejusmodi patientia turpitudinis aliena non sua satietate obduruisset, qui vir fuerit, quot praesidia, quam munita, pudoris et pudicitiae vi et audacia ceperit, quid me attinet dicere, aut conjun- gere cum istius flagitio cujusquam praeterea dedecus ? Non faciam, judices : omnia vetera praetermittam : duo sola recentia sine cujus- quam infamia ponam, ex quibus conjecturam facere de omnibus possitis : unum illud, quod ita fuit illustre notumque omnibus ut nemo tam rusticanus homo L. LucuUo et M. Ootta consulibus Eomam ex uUo municipio vadimonii causa venerit quin sciret jura omnia praetoris urbani nutu atque arbitrio Ohelidonis meretriculae gubernari : alterum, quod, quum paludatus exisset, votaque pro imperio suo communique re publica nuncupasset, noctu stupri causa lectica in urbem introferri solitus est ad mulierem, nuptam uni, propositam omnibus, contra fas, contra auspicia, contra omnes divinas atque humanas religiones. XIV. O dii immortales, quid interest inter mentes hominum et cogitationes ? Ita mihi meam voluntatem spemque reliquae vitae duci in forum ' is sufficiently known. His translation is ' wo er sich vom Forum ent- fuhren, als Knabe zu schandlichem Dienste, nicht hinfiihren liess, um daselbst sich zu unterricliten.' Orelli's remark is " adduci, a creditore aliquo propter aes alienum : perduci, ad amatorem a lenone." I cannot explain the passage. aere dirutus] Explained by Festus and others. Festus : " Dirutum aere militem dicebant antiqui, cui stipendium ignominiae causa non erat datum : quod aes diruebatur in fiscum, non in militis sacculum." Fes- tus should have said ' in aerarium.' Verres is compared to a soldier who lost his pay through misconduct in his campaigns (in stipendiis) — " sed eandem diminutionem pecuniae Verres cum sensisset, quod nimis frequens in istis castris aleatoriis esset, de- trimentum resarsit pudicitia prodenda/' as Zumpt has it. Romam . . vadimonii causa'] See Lib. 3. u. 15. The year of these consuls was the year of the praetorship of Verres at Rome, B.C. 74. praetoris urbani] ' Populi Romani,' the common codices and the old editions. Orelli also has it. But several of the best MSS. have 'praetoris urbani.' Orelli says that 'jura omnia praetoris urbani ' is an expres- sion of which there is no other instance. Here it must be taken as equivalent to * omne jus praetorium.' " Solita confusio notarum pr. et p. r. et r. p. turbas h. 1. dedit" (Zumpt). paludatus] When the consul or praetor went forth with 'imperium/ he put on the ' paludamentum.' " Paludamenta (Varro, De L. L. vii. 37, ed. Miiller) insignia et ornamenta militaria." He gives an absurd etymology of the word. The exercise of the 'mihtare imperium,' which was con- ferred on a consul or a praetor, " began from the moment when the consul or the praetor, after making the solemn vows in the capitol, left the city preceded by the lictors, ' secun- dum vota in Capitolio nuncupata paludatus cum lictoribus proficiscebatur,' or ' in pro- vinciam ibat ;' and it ended as soon as he returned and crossed the ' pomoerium, or if he had a triumph, as soon as it was over " (Becker, Handbuch, &c., 2"=^ Th. p. 65). Some of the passages in Livy, as to the ' votorum nuneupatio ' and the ' paludamen- tum ' are the following : xxi. 63 ; xxxi. 14 ; xlii. 49 ; xlv. 3!J. communique re publica] ' Communique popuh Romani,' the common reading. Orelli observes, " exempla hujus formulae coUegit Gronov. Obss. 1, 12, p. 83." L I 5]4 IN 0. VERREM vestra populique Romani existimatio comprobet, ut ego quos adhuc mihi magistratus populus Romanus mandavit, sic eos accepi ut me omnium officiorum obstringi religione arbitrarer. Ita quaestor sum factus ut mihi ilium honorem turn non solum datum sed etiam credi- tum et commissum putarem : sic obtinui quaesturam in Sicilia pro- vineia ut omnium oculos in me conjectos esse arbitrarer, ut me quaes- turamque meam quasi in aliquo terrarum orbis theatre versari existi- niarem ; ut semper omnia, quae jucunda esse videntur, ea non modo his extraordinariis eupiditatibus sed etiam ipsi naturae ac necessitati denegarem. Nunc sum designatus aedilis : habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim: mihi ludos sanctissimos maxima cum cura et caerimonia Oereri, Libero Liberaeque faciendos, mihi Floram matrem populo plebique Romanae ludorum celebritate placandam, mihi ludos antiquissimos, qui primi Romani appellati 14. datum. . . . creditwm, &c.] Zumpt says ' damns simpliciter, credimus quod grave putamus, committimus quod carum habemus.' No doubt Cicero means to strengthen his expression. But these dis- tinctions which critics make are not worth much. ' Credimus ' is properly said of something that is to be restored, whence we have the correlatives ' creditor' and ' debitor,' which indeed comprehend any case in which one person has a claim on another, and that other owes to him a duty. Cicero in an- other place (Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 8) expresses the notion of a thing intrusted, which is to be restored by qualifying ' datum ' thus : *' quonam modo retinenda sunt iis quibus imperium ita datum est ut redderent." ' Committo ' is often applied to cases where we intrust something, of course which is dear to us, to a person's good faith. Examples are abundant. tJieatro] Cicero has the same form of expression in a corrupted passage in the letter Ad Q. Fr. i. 1. c. 14 : " Quare quoniam ejusmodi theatrum est," &c. designaius aedilis :2 He was 'aedilis curulis.' The duties of the ' aediles ' are faUy discussed in Becker's Handbuch, &c., 2'''>' Th. 2'e Abth. p. 291. Cicero (Pro Murena, c. 19) mentions his superintendence of the Ludi Cereales, the Floralia, and the Ludi Romani. The words ' Cereri, Libero Liberaeque ' must be referred to the Cere- alia. Orelli compares Tacit. Ann. ii. 49 : ' Libero Liberaeque et Cereri.' The super- intendence of the temples is here mentioned as within the province of the ' aediles ' (sa- crarum aedium procuratio), which is ex- plained to mean, that they had to see that the temples and other public buildings were maintained in good condition, and were not used improperly by private persons, or injured. See the Tab. Heracl. 1. v. 68. avAE LOCA PVBLicA, &c. They had also the general superintendence of police, and of matters which concerned the public health (totam urbem . . commissam). Their duties were indeed very multifarious. Among other privileges Cicero mentions ' antiquiorem . . . locum.' The aedile had a prior rank (antiquior) in giving his opinion in the senate, that is, he took precedence by virtue of his office. The ' sella curulis ' was the official seat or chair of the ' aediUs cu- rulis,' and of the ' magistratus ' who were above the 'aediles curules.' The seat 'sella,' a diminutive from the form ' sedi,' as if it were ' sedula,' was ornamented with ivory, whence the expression ' curule ebur.' It is most usually spoken of with reference to the ' praetor,' and is often simply called ' sella,' as in these orations. The etymology which Gellius gives (iii. 18, after Gabius Bassus) from ' currus ' is incorrect, nor can the deri- vation from ' curia' be accepted. In Sueton. Augustus, c. 22, there is, however, the ex- pression ' Curulis triumphus.' Plutarch (Marius, c. 5) derives ' curulis ' from the curved form of the chair, or rather the legs, so that it would contain the crude form ' curve :' Svo yap liai rd^ae dyopa- vofjitijjv, ri fihv diro Twv oicppwv tuiv ayKuXo- iroduiv i(p' tiiv KaQi^ofifvot. ;^p7j^ari^ou(Tti^ e^ovua Tcivvo^a rrjt; dpxfJQ. This corre- sponds with the form of the legs in what are supposed to be representations of the ' sella curulis,' as they are given in Smith's Diet, of Antiqus. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 615 sunt, cum dignitate maxima et religione Jovi, Junoni, Minervaeque esse faciundos, mihi sacrarum aedium procurationem, mihi totam urbem tuendam esse commissam : ob earum rerum laborem et sollicitudinem fructus illos datos, antiquiorem in senatu sententiae dicendae locum, togam praetextam, sellam curulem, jus imaginis ad memoriam posteritatemque prodendam. Ex his ego rebus omnibus, judices, ita mihi omnes deos propitios velim, etiamsi mihi jucundis- simus est honos popuh, tamen nequaquam capio tantum voluptatis quantum et soUicitudinis et laboris, ut haec ipsa aedilitas, non quia jtis imaginis] See Lib. 3. c. 4. In this passage the ' codd. vulgares et edd. vet.' have 'jus, imagines . . . prodendam.' But the best MSS. have 'imaginis.' As to 'prodendam,' all the MSS. agree, but Gronovius altered it to ' prodendae.' The expression in the oration Pro Rabirio Post. c. 7i is "imago ipsa ad posteri- tatis memoriam prodita." The form in which it is given, p. 270, is simply a quotation from Becker, wliich of course I did not alter. Zumpt has altered the text to ' prodendae,' as he does not think that ' prodendam ' is capable of explanation. OrelU also has ' prodendae.' If ' posteri- tatemque ' were omitted, there would be no difficulty. The 'jus imaginis ' would be for the purpose of transmitting a memorial of the person. ' Posteritas ' is the state or condition of ' poster!,' and is generally used by Latin writers precisely as our word ' posterity ' is. But there is perhaps no reason against its being taken in the sense of a ' futurity ' generally, ' an after exist- ence,' or something of the kind. There is a passage in Cicero in which it seems to have a sense very near this, Tusc. 1. 15: " quum optimus quisque posteritati maxime serviat," which Forcellini explains to mean ' famae apud posteros.' Klotz defends ' pro- dendam,' and maintains that ' posteritas ' can have the sense of our ' futurity ;' and he considers ' ad memoriam posteritatemque' to be equivalent to ' ad memoriam posteri- tatis,' a phrase which Quintihan uses (Inst. Or. X. 1, 41). There is a use of ' posteritas ' in Lib. 3. c. 50 and 55, which seems to help a little to the understanding of ' posteritas ' in this passage. The two principal passages as to the ' imagines ' are Polybius (vi. 53) and Pliny (H. N. XXXV. 2). These ' imagines ' or masks of wax (expressi cera vultus) were made to represent the person both in fea- tures and complexion ; and they were placed L 1 in wooden boxes or niches (armaria) on the walls of the Atrium. The 'tituU' of the deceased, the titles of honour which he had gained in his life were written near the receptacle of the ' imago ;' and the ' ima- gines ' were so arranged and connected by lines (lineae) as to show the degrees of con- sanguinity of the several persons. This arrangement of the figures by hues made what the Romans called a ' sterama.' Pro- bably the arrangement was something hke our fashion of drawing up a pedigree. Pliny says " stemmata vero lineis discurre- bant ad imagines pictas." The allusions to this practice are numerous in the Roman writers (Juvenal, viii. 1). It appears from a passage of Isidorus (Orig. ix. 6) — " stem- mata dicuntur ramusculi, quos advocati faciunt in genere, cum gradus cognationis partiuntur," — that the lawyers adopted this practice of drawing up degrees of consan- guinity, as we see in the table of consan- guinity in any of the ordinary editions of the Institutes of Justinian. These 'ima- gines ' were not made until after death ; and of course a ' novus homo,' hke Cicero, could have no 'imagines.' He could only transmit his ' imago ' to his descendants. The ' imagines ' of a family were taken out of their cases on funeral occasions, and carried in the funeral procession (Tacit. Ann. iv. 9). The effigies of ancestors with their ' tituli ' were placed in the ' atria,' that their de- scendants might not only see the records of their virtues, but imitate them also (Val. Max. V. 8. 3). Polybius considered this practice as conducing to a spirit of emu- lation. Whether a modern portrait gallery in a large house has this effect or not, I do not know. Becker, Handbuch ii. I. p. 220, has collected the passages concerning the ' imagines.' ita mihi . . . deosl See Divin. c. L3, where the better order is 'ita mihi deos,' instead of ' ita deos mihi.' 616 IN 0. VEEREM necesse fuerit, alicui candidato data, sed quia sic oportuerit, recte coUocata et judicio populi in loco posita esse videatur. XV. Tu, quum esses praetor renuntiatus, quoquo mode — mitto enim et praetereo quid turn sit actum — sed quum esses renuntiatus, ut dixi, non ipsa praeconis voce excitatus es qui te toties seniorum juniorumque centuriis illo honore affici pronuntiavit, ut hoc putares aliquam rei publicae partem tibi creditam ? annum ilium unum domo tibi carendum esse meretricis ? Quum tibi sorte obtigisset uti jus diceres, quantum negotii, quid oneris haberes nunquam cogitasti? neque illud rationis habuisti, si forte expergefacere te posses, pro- vinciam iUam, quam tueri singulari sapientia atque integritate difficile esset, ad summam stultitiam nequitiamque venisse ? Itaque non mode a domo tua Chelidonem in praetura excludere noluisti, sed in Chelidonis domum praeturam totam detulisti. Secuta pro- vincia est : in qua nunquam tibi venit in mentem, non tibi idcirco fasces ac secures et tantam imperii vim tantamque ornamentorum omnium dignitatem datam, ut earum rerum vi et auctoritate omnia repagula pudoris officiique perfringeres, ut omnium bona praedam tuam duceres, ut nullius res tuta, nuUius domus clausa, nullius vita septa, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem et audaciam in locol ' i.e. suo et idoneo :' Zumpt. there is no occasion to summon out of the And we do not require the addition of rest more than eight * centuriae/ for a ' digno,' which is in some old editions. majority of 97 will thus be obtained. 15. toties seniorum, Sec.'] Onthevoting Zumpt adds at the end of this note :" I nunc in the Comitia Centuriata, see Becker, et querere locum ilium desperatum esse.'* Handbuch, ii. 3, p. 100, &c. A ' praeco ' It would be foreign to the purpose to inves- proclaimed the result of the Totes ; probably tigate this matter further, as it does not . there were many * praecones * (Cic. De. Leg. belong to the explanation of the text. The Agr. ii. 2 : " neque singulae voces praeco- Classes and Centuriae are discussed by num"). Zumpt asks how often proclaimed ; Becker, Handbuch, ii. 1, p. 198, where and he answers, at least 97 times, for all there are ample references to the ancient the 'centuriae' are 193. There were 18 texts and to the modern writers on this ' centuriae ' of the ' equites ;' and five ' cen- subject. The passage of Cicero, De Re turiae' in each tribe distributed into 'juni- Pub. ii. 22, is discussed. Both Livy and ores ' and ' seniores.' The ' tribus ' were Dionysius assign 80 ' centuriae ' to the first summoned according to age (Liv. xxvi. 22) ' classis.' Savigny (Vermischte Schriften, and ' classes ' (Cic. Philipp. ii. 33). Each vol. 1) has an essay on the ' Verbindung der age, that is the ' juniores ' and ' seniores,' Centurien mit den Tribus.' had two ' centuriae ' and a half. The first provinciam illam,'] That is ' jurisdictio,' ' classis ' alone had one ' centuria ' out of which is said properly of the Praetor Urba- the 'juniores' and ' seniores,' which would nus et Peregrinus only. Orelli has 'eam give to the first * classis ' 70 ' centuriae.' provinciam.' The remaining one and a half were distri- ad summam stultitiam, &c.] ' Ad te buted among the other * classes.' Accord- omnium stultissimum ac nequissimum :' ingly Cicero (De Re Pub. ii, 22) becomes Manutius. Hotmann misunderstood the intelligible, when he says, that ifthe' equites' passage, and thought it was corrupted. — are added to the first ' classis,' with one ' praeturam tuam totam :' Orelli. ' centuria ' of Fabri, which in all make 89, ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 617 posset esse: in qua tu te ita gessisti, ut omnibus quum teneare rebus, ad bellum fugitivorum confugias ; ex quo jam intelligis non modo nullam tibi defensionem sed maximam vim criminum exortam. Nisi forte Italici fugitivorum belli reliquias atque illud Tempsanum incommodum proferes; ad quod recens quum te peropportune for- tuna attulisset si quid in te virtutis aut industriae habuisses, idem qui semper fueras inventus es. XVI. Quum ad te Valentini venissent, et pro his homo disertus ac nobilis, M. Marius, loqueretur ut negotium suseiperes, ut, quum penes te praetorium nomen esset, ad illam parvam manum extin- guendam ducem te principemque praeberes, non modo id refugisti, sed eo ipso tempore quum esses in littore, Tertia ilia tua quam tu tecum deportaras erat in omnium conspectu ; ipsis autem Valentinis, ex tam illustri nobilique municipio, tantis de rebus responsum dedisti quum esses cum tunica puUa et pallio. Quid hunc proficis- centem, quid in ipsa provincia fecisse existimatis, qui quum jam ex provincia non ad triumphum, sed ad judicium decederet, ne illam quidem infamiam fugerit quam sine ulla voluptate capiebat? O divina senatus frequentis in aede Bellonae admurmuratio ! Memoria tenetis, judices, quum advesperasceret et pauIo ante esset de hoc Tempsano incommode nuntiatum, quum inveniretur nemo qui in ilia loca cum imperio mitteretur, dixisse quendam, Verrem esse non longe a Tempsa. Quam valde universi admurmuraverunt, quam Tempsanum] The place is Temesa or what is the meaning of its being said, what Tempsa, mentioned by Homer as it seems dress he wore, not when he did something, (Od. i. 184); and by Strabo (p. 255). From but when he did nothing? The scandal this we may collect that it was seized by was, that he gave his answer on such an some of the bands of Spartacus at the close occasion to such people in such a dress, of the Servile war, for Verres at this time jjulla et pallio.} He wore a dark- coloured was returning to Rome from Sicily. ' tunica,' the dress of slaves and of the lowest 16. Valentini] The Valentini were the class, and the 'pallium,' or Greek upper inhabitants of Vibo, or Vibo "Valentia, as it vest, instead of the Roman light-coloured was sometimes called. Its original name ' tunica ' and the ' toga ' with the insignia was Hippo and Hipponium. It is now of a senator on them. Monte Leone, on the west coast of Italy, proficiscentem,] Ernesti refers this to and the name is preserved in Bivona, the the time when Verres was leaving Rome for name of the port. Cicero calls it a ' muni- his province. Zumpt to his being in the cipium ;' but Livy (xxxv. 40) and Paterculus province, or, as he expresses it, ' proficis- call it a Roman colony. The difference at centem in provincia,' and refers to c. 11. this time was unimportant, for after the admurmuraverunt,'] Zumpt, on the au- passing of the Lex Julia the inhabitants thority of the codd. Guelff., has the indi- were Roman citizens. cative instead of the common reading praetorium nomen] ' Praetorium impe- ' admurmurarint ;' and he then corrects the rium ac nomen :' Orelli. common reading ' contradixerint.' Orelli responsum] Orelli observes that Regius says that Cod. Leid. has ' dixerunt contra ;' and Leid. have ' responsum ' only without and he observes that ' contra dioere ' in ' nullum.' Zumpt has ' nullum,' and does Cicero is always written in two words, not notice this variation. Madvig asks, Klotz has the subjunctive. 518 IN 0. VEEREM palara principes contradixerunt ? Et his tot criminibus testimoniis- que convictus in eorum tabella spem sibi aliquam proponit, quorum omnium palam causa incognita voce damnatus est ? XVII. Esto, nihil ex fugitivorura bello aut suspicione belli laudis adeptus est, quod neque bellum ejusmodi neque belli peri- culum fuit in Sicilia neque ab isto provisum est ne quod esset : at vero contra bellum praedonum classem habuit ornatam, diligentiam- que in eo singularem; itaque ab isto praeclare defensa provincia est. Sic de bello praedonum, sic de classe Siciliensi, judices, dicam ut hoc jam ante confirraem, in hoc uno genere omnes inesse culpas istius maximas, avaritiae, majestatis, dementiae, libidinis, crudeli- tatis. Haec dum breviter expono, quaeso, ut fecistis adhuc, dili- genter attendite. Rem navalem primuni ita dico esse administratam, non uti provincia defenderetur sed uti classis nomine pecunia quae- reretur. Superiorum praetorum consuetudo quum haec fuisset, ut naves civitatibus certusque numerus nautarum militumque impera- retur, maximae et locupletissimae civitati Mamertinae nihil horum imperavisti. Ob banc rem quid tibi Mamertini clam dederint pecuniae, post si videbitur ex ipsorum literis testibusque quaeremus. Navem vero cybaeam maximam, triremis instar, pulcherrimam atque ornatissimam, palam aedificatam sumptu publico, sciente tota Sicilia, per magistratum senatumque Mamertinum tibi datam donatamque esse dico. Haec navis, onusta praeda Siciliensi, quum ipsa quoque 17. helium ejusmodi] 'Nor was there (Dig. 39. 1. 21) thus : "instar quoddam ope- any such war,' a common use of ' ejusmodi ' ris et quasi fades quaedam facti operis." in these orations. — ' neque ab isto provisum.' palam aedificatam, &c.] If we accept Manutius observes " potius opera data est all that several of the MSS. offer, we shall ut aliquod esset liberatis post condemna- have ' palam aedificatam sumptu publico, tionem Leonidae servis." He understands tuo nomine, publice.' Zumpt and Orelli it to be said ironically, but it may be under- agree that some of these words are a gloss, stood in its plain sense. ' Well, it may be but they differ as to which must be ejected, said that he got no glory from a servile war, Orelli writes 'aedificatam tuo nomine, pub- or from the alarm of a servile war, because Uce,' for he says that ' sumptu publico ' is there was not any war of the kind, nor dan- the gloss of ' publice.' Zumpt thinks that ger of a war in Sicily, nor did he take any ' tuo nomine publice ' have been taken in precautions against there being a war. But, from the margin. I see no objection to all on the other hand, to oppose a piratical war the words. Zumpt omits ' senatumque,' and he had a well-equipped fleet, and showed in has ' magistratumque.' He explains it thus : that matter unusual activity; accordingly " senatus populusque Mamertinus dedit J9er the province was well defended by this magistratum suum quem unum habebant." governor now before you.' Other instances of a single ' magistratus,' a ab isto praeclare] ' Ab isto praetore ' proagorus,' in Sicilian towns are mentioned praeclare:' Orelli. in Lib. 1. c. 17, 34; Lib. 2. c. 67; Lib. 3. naves . . imperaretm;'] See Lib. 1. c. 34. c. 38 ; Lib. 4. c. 23. For these reasons and As to ' cybaeam,' Lib. 4. c. 8. for the MSS. authority, ' magistratum ' is instar,'] Is a noun not declined, and preferable to the reading ' magistratus ' of means ' magnitude,' ' size,' and the like, as Graevius. appears from c. 34. It is used by Ulpian ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 519 esset ex praeda, simul quum ipse decederet, appulsa Veliam est cum plurimis rebus et iis quas iste Romam mittere cum ceteris furtis noluit, quod erant carissimae maximeque eum delectabant. Earn navem nuper egomet vidi Veliae, multique alii viderunt, pulcherrimam atque ornatissimam, judices. Quae quidem omnibus qui earn aspexerant, prospectare jam exilium atque explorare fugam domini videbatur. XVIII. Quid mihi hoc loco respondebis, nisi forte id quod tametsi probari nullo modo potest, tamen diei quidem in judicio de pecuniis repetundis necesse est, de tua pecunia aedificatam esse navem ? Aude hoc saltem dicere, quod necesse est. Noli metuere, Hortensi, ne quaeram qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori. Anti- quae sunt istae leges, et mortuae, quemadmodum tu soles dicere, quae vetant. Fuit ista res publica quondam, fuit ista severitas in judiciis, ut istam rem accusator in magnis criminibus objiciendam putaret. Quid enim tibi navi? qui si quo publice proficisceris, praesidii et vecturae causa sumptu publico navigia praebentur, privatim autem nee proficisci quoquam potes nee arcessere res transmarinas ex iis locis in quibus te habere nihil licet : deinde cur quidquam contra leges parasti ? Valeret hoc crimen in ilia vetere severitate ac dignitate rei publicae. Nunc non modo te hoc crimine 18. aedificare navem'] Cicero alludes, it is the Roman fashion in such a case to as it seems, to a Lex Claudia (Liv. xxi. 63j : omit the verb. ** ne quis senator cuive senatorius pater qui si quo] Lambinus altered ' cui ' to fuisset maritimam navem quae plus quam ' qui.* There is no doubt that ' cui ' or trecentarura amphorarum esset haberet. Id * quoi ' and * qui ' have often been con- satis habitum ad fructus ex agris vectandos ; founded by the copyists ; but ' qui ' is right quaestus omnis patribus indecorus visus here. The position of ' qui ' in such cases est." This rule was applied by the Romans is common, though all the instances are not in their legislation for other places, as in the the same. In Lib. 2. u. 6 there is " Qui case of Halesa, Lib. 2. c. 49. Cicero speaks simul atque ei sorte provincia Cilicia ob- of these ' leges ' as ' antiquae et mortuae,' venit, statim Romae . . coepit," which there as having fallen into desuetude. It is an is no reason for correcting, indisputable principle of Roman law, that te habere nihil licet ;] ' Sic Lambini custom (consuetude) was efficient to aboHsh codices Guelff. Havn.' (Zumpt.) The com- a ' lex,' and substitute for it a different rule mon reading is ' tibi habere mercari nihil of law, or to abolish it simply. This is licet.' Zumpt shows that there is no objec- distinotly expresse'd by JuUan (Dig. 1 . 3. tion to the ' te,' for it is so used, the dative 32. § 1): " quare rectissime etiam illud being understood, as in c. 32 and 59. 'Mer- receptum est, ut leges non solum suffragio cari ' has been added from the inferior MSS. legislatoris, sed etiam tacito consensu om- Lambinus erased ' habere ' and allowed nium per desuetudinem abrogentur " (Sa- ' mercari ' to stand. A senator by the old vigny. System, &c., i. p. 152). The English law might have been forbidden to have system does not acknowledge this principle, (habere) lands out of Italy. To forbid him Quid enim tibi, &c.] " Vulgo quid enim ' mercari,' to be a ' mercator,' would hardly tibi nave opus fuit, sed omittunt opus fuit be necessary. Usage had long settled that boni omnes ;" Zumpt. These same MSS. a senator could not make himself a trader, have ' navi,' except one, which is said to Orelli has ' in quibus te habere, mercari have ' navim.' The text is intelligible, for nihil licet.' 520 IN 0. VERREM non arguo, sed ne ilia quidem communi vituperatione reprehendo : tu tibi hoc nunquam turpe, nunquam criminosum, nunquam invi- diosum fore putasti, celeberrimo loco palam tibi aedificari onerariam navem in ea provincia quam tu cum imperio obtinebas ? Quid eos loqui qui videbant, quid existimare eos qui audiebant arbitrabare ? inauem te navem esse illam in Italiam deducturum? naviculariam quum Romam venisses esse facturum ? Ne illud quidem quisquam poterat suspicari, te in Italia maritimum habere fundum et ad fructus deportandos onerariam navem comparare. Ejusmodi volu- isti de te sermonem esse omnium palam ut loquerentur, te illam navem parare quae praedam ex Sicilia deportaret, et ad ea furta quae reliquisses commearet ? Verum haec omnia, si doces navem de tua pecunia aedificatam, remitto atque concede. Sed hoc, homo amentissime, non intelligis priore actione ab istis ipsis Mamertinis, tuis laudatoribus, esse sublatum ? Nam dixit Heius, princeps istius legationis quae ad tuam laudationem missa est, navem tibi operis publicis Mamertinorum esse factam eique faciendae senatorem Mamertinum publice praefuisse. Reliqua est materies. Hanc Rheginis, ut ipsi dicunt, tametsi tu negare non potes, publice, quod Mamertini materiem non habent, imperavisti. XIX. Si et ex quo fit navis et qui faciunt, imperio tibi tuo, non pretio, praesto fuerunt, ubi tandem istuc latet quod tu de tua pecxmia dieis impensum? At Mamertini in tabulis nihil habent. Primum video potuisse fieri ut ex aerario nihil darent : etenim vel Capitolium, sicut apud majores nostros factum est, publice coactis fabris operisque imperatis gratis exaedificari atque effici potuit: deinde id quod perspicio et quod ostendam quum ipsos produxero ex ipsorum literis, multas pecunias isti erogatas in operum loea- tiones falsas atque inanes esse perscriptas. Nam illud minima naviculariam . .facturum?'} "To carry understand, but we cannot alter the text on the business of ' navicularius,' " a ' ship- simply to make it clearer. Madvig defends carrier.' So the Romans said ' argentariam the vulgate with this remark:' " optime (rem) facere.' Graevius mistook the mean- Cicero, quum Verres rem confectam putaret ing of this passage. tabuUs Mamertinorum, opponit, etiamsi in princeps istius'] ' Princeps civitatis, illis tabulis nihil sit, Tidere se, id est, ex rei princeps istius legationis :' Orelli. natura intelligere, fieri potuisse aliquid, 19. Capitolium,} The old story was, quod deinde factum quoque esse dicat se that Tarquinius impressed people of the perspicere ex certis vestigiis literarum. Tan- ' plebes ' to work at the capitol (Livy, i. 56). turn ilia quae sequuntur (multas pecunias, This is ' publice coactis,' &c. &c.) conjungenda sunt cum verbis proximis, deinde id quod, &c.] This is the MSS. perspicio et ostendam." reading, which Zumpt has altered on very erogatas . .perscriptas.} Sums of money slight grounds, and Orelli follows him. paid to Verres (erogatae) were entered (per- Zumpt's reading is ' deinde perspicio, id scriptae) as expended on the undertakings quod ostendam,' which seems easier to of works which were never really done. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 621 mirum est, Mamertinos, a quo summum beneficium acceperant, quern sibi amiciorem esse quam populo Romano cognoverant, ejus capiti Uteris suis pepercisse. Sed si argumento est, Mamertinos tibi pecuniam non dedisse, quia scriptum non habent, sit argumento, tibi stare gratis navem quia quid emeris, aut quid locaveris, scriptum proferre non potes. At enim idcirco navem Mamertinis non impe- rasti quod sunt foederati. Dii approbent : habemus hominem in fetialium manibus educatum ; unum praeter ceteros in publicis religionibus foederum sanctum ac diligentem : omnes qui ante te fuerunt praetores dedantur Mamertinis, quod iis navem contra pactionem foederis imperarint. Sed tamen tu, sancte homo ac religiose, cur Tauromenitanis item foederatis navem imperasti? An hoc probabis in aequa causa populorum sine pretio varium jus et disparem conditionem fuisse? Quid si ejusmodi esse haec duo foedera duorum populorum, judices, doceo, ut Tauromenitanis nominatim cautum et exceptum sit foedere, ne navem dare de- beant ; Mamertinis in ipso foedere sanctum atque praescriptum False entries were made as to expenditure in order to conceal the real objects of the expendit^\es et cuneos manu and the ' imperatum, for Cicero says of the Gestans ahena." 'imperatum, that it was required of all alike. This ' imperatum,' which was re- But in Carm. iii. 24, he has, as Zumpt ob- quired from alL alike, is called by Cicero serves, the more poetic form, or the form indifferently ' emptum ' and ' imperatum.' further removed from ordinary language. Quae tandem civitas] These words are ' clavos adamantines.' 524 IN 0. VEREEM turn mercenarii praetoris ex ipsius commentario, et cognoscite quanta in scribendo gravitas, quanta in constituendo jure sit aucto- ritas. Recita commentarium d.c.s. 'Libenter' ait 'se facer e :' itaque perseribit. Quid, si hoc verbo non esses usus, ' libenter ? ' nos videlicet invitum te quaestum facere putaremus ? Ac ' de consilii sententia.' Praeclarum recitari consilium, judices, au- distis. Utrum vobis consilium tandem praetoris recitari videbatur quum audiebatis nomina, an praedonis improbissimi societas atque comitatus ? En foederum interpretes, societatis pactores, religionis auctores. Nunquam in Sicilia frumentum publice est emptum quin Mamertinis pro portione imperaretur, antequam hoc delectum prae- clarumque consilium iste dedit, ut ab his nummos acciperet ac sui similis esset. Itaque tantum valuit istius decreti auctoritas quan- tum debuit ejus hominis, qui a quibus frumentum emere debuisset, iis decretum vendidisset. Nam statim L. Metellus ut isti suc- cessit, ex C. Sacerdotis et Sex. Peducaei institute ac Uteris fru- mentum Mamertinis imperavit. XXII. Tum illi inteUexerunt se id quod a malo auctore emis- D.C.S.] ' De consilii sententia.' Praeclarum . . consiliwrn,'] The word has evidently two meanings in this chapter. It means the ' consilium ' or advisers of Verres, and also that which was determined. The sense of a deliberation or resolution is a se- condary sense. The primary sense is that of the congregation of persons in one place, for I take ' consilium ' to be ' considium.' As to the words ' delectum praeclarumque consi- lium,' Orelli remarks that ' consilium ' in this passage cannot mean ' consilii senten- tia,' as appears from the word ' delectum.' I don't see how this appears from -' delec- tum.' If it were omitted, we should have ' praeclarum consihum dedit,' which would seem to mean *' published this famous * con- silium ' or resolution ;" but whether this is Latin or not, I don't know. At any rate, * delectum ' does not seem to me to increase the diflBculty. Orelli remarks that ' dare consihum,' for ' consilium constituisse,' is a strange expression ; and he suggests the emendation, ' isti dedit scil. facultatem, ei permisit, concessit, ut cet.' pactores,'] '"ATra^ Xtyoju^vov, servatum a G., in R. L. corruptum in pactiones :' Orelli. pro poriionel See Lib. 3. e. C3, note. 22. malo auctore'] ' They then saw that they could not keep (obtinere) any longer that which they had bought from a, man who had no title to sell.' A seller is some- times called 'auctor,' as (Dig. 21. 2. 28): " sed si ex utriusque persona, et auctoris et emptoris." The seller seems to have been so called with reference to his obhgation to the buyer, in case the buyer should be evicted from his purchase. If the seller gave a ' fidejussor ' or surety in case of eviction, the surety was commonly called 'auctor secundus' (Dig. 21. 2. 4). The uses of ' auctor ' and ' auctoritas,' in the Roman writers, are so copious, and so closely connected with technical matters, that a full explanation of tbem would go beyond the limits of a note. ' Auctor ' con- tains the root ' aug,' to cause to wax or grow, to strengthen, confirm, and so forth. One of the most common uses of ' auctor ' and ' auctoritas ' appears in the case of ' pu- pilli,' for many of the acts of ' pupilli ' were not valid without the knowledge and con- sent of a ' tutor,' whose experience and years were intended to supply the defects in the experience and years of tliie ' pupillus ' (Inst, i. 21) : " tutor autem statim in ipso negotio praesens debet auctor fieri, si hoc pupillo prodesse existimaverit." The doctrine is contained in the following words (Dig. 41. 2. 32. § 2) : "infans possidere recte potest, si tutore auctore coepit, nam judicium in- fantis suppletur auctoritate tutoris j" and in the following passage of Paulus (Dig. 26. 8. 3) : " etiamsi non interrogatus tutor auc tor fiat, valet auctoritas ejus quum se pro- ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 525 sent diutius obtinere non posse. Age porro, tu, qui tam religiosum existimari te voluisti interpretem foederum, cur Tauromenitanis frumentum, cur Netinis imperasti, quarum civitatum utraque foederata est ? At Netini quidem sibi non defuerunt : ac simul pronuntiasti libenter te Mamertinis remittere, te adierunt et eandem suam causam foederis esse docuerunt. Tu alitor decernere eadem in causa non potuisti. Pronuntias Netinos frumentum dare non debere : et ab his tamen exigis. Oedo mihi ejusdera praetoris literas et rerum decretarum et frumenti imperati. literae rerum DECRETARUM. Quid potius in hac tanta et tam turpi inconstantia suspicari possumus, judices, quam id quod necesse est ; aut isti a Netinis pecuniam quum posceret non datam, aut id esse actum ut intelligerent Mamertini bene se apud istum tam raulta pretia ac munera coUocasse, quum idem alii juris ex eadem causa non ob- tinerent ? Hie mihi etiam audebit mentionem facere Mamertinae laudationis? in qua quam multa sint vulnera, quis est vestrum, judices, quin intelligat 2 Primum, utin judiciis, qui decern lauda- bare dicit id quod agitur : hoc est enim auc- torem fieri." Generally, then, ' anctoritas ' is that which gives to a thing its efficiency or completeness, according to the nature of the case. There is ' auctoritas ' in what a man of good cha- racter says and does. There is ' auctoritas ' in him who holds a public office, and he has it by virtue of his office. A trustworthy person, one on whose evidence we can rely, is * auctor idoneus.' Livy calls Polybius * auctor non spernendus,' a man whose evi- dence and statements may be relied on. Compare Lib. 4. c. 45: "bono auctore." So we have as an ' auctor ' one who sets an example, as "unum cedo auctorem tui facti" (c. 26, and elsewhere). In c. 50: " auctores testesque produco." There are other technical significations of ' auctor ' and ' auctoritas,' the explana- tion of which would be foreign to the mat- ter which is explained in this note ; but a reference to them may be useful. The phrase ' patres auctores' (Livy, i. 17, 22, 32, and elsewhere), is explained by Becker, Handbuch, ii. 1, p. 314, &c. The difficulty lies in the application of the term ; but, in order to understand it, we must recur to the sense of ' auctor,' which has been already explained. The meaning of ' auctoritas ' follows that of ' auctor,' for he who is ' auctor ' gives his ' auctoritas.' Thus, in the old Roman legis- lation, the vote of the ' centuriae ' and the ' auctoritas patrum ' made a complete act. The voting of a ' lex,' or the choice of a person at an election, was made complete by the 'auctoritas patrum.' The identity of the expressions ' auctor fieri,' and ' fieri pati,' appears from Gaius (i. 99) : " quia et is qui adoptat rogatur, id est, interrogatur, an velit eum quem adoptaturus sit, justum sibi fihum esse ; et is qui adoptatur rogatur, an id fieri patiatur," where he is speaking of ' adrogatio.' Cicero (Pro Domo, c. 29) uses the expression ' auctorne esses,' which was the old formula, in the same sense in which Gaius says ' an id fieri patiatur.' Compare also Gellius (v. 19). As to the ' auctoritates ' of the Senatus, see Becker, Handbuch, ii. 2, p. 441. The extreme difficulty of finding adequate ex- pressions for the word * auctor ' will appear from a passage in this oration, c. 67 : " se- natores . . . legum et judiciorum et juris auctores." He who can give an adequate translation of these words has learned something of the Latin language, and of Roman affairs. ut in judiciis, 2 This *ut' has caused a difficulty. I doubt if any of the commenta- tors have explained it right. Zumpt's ex- planation is not clear to me. It is a mode of expression which is perhaps elUptical. It seems like the case mentioned in p. 37, ' ut meretrix.' So this means : ' First of all, considering it the case of a trial.' Klotz says that Cicero intended to proceed with a ' sic ' or ' ita,' in order to show how the case was with Verres, but he gave the sen- 526 IN C. VEREEM tores dare non potest, honestius est ei nullum dare quam ilium quasi legitimum numerum consuetudinis non explere. Tot in Sicilia civitates sunt quibus tu per triennium praefuisti: arguunt ceterae : paucae et parvae et metu repressae silent : una laudat. Hoc quid est nisi intelligere quid habeat utilitatis vera laudatio, sed tamen ita provinciae praefuisse ut hac utilitate neeessario sit carendum ? Deinde, quod alio loco antea dixi, quae est ista tandem laudatio cujus laudationis legati principes et publice tibi navem aedificatam et privatim se ipsos abs te spoliatos expilatosque esse dixerunt ? Postremo quid aliud isti faciunt quum te soli ex Sicilia laudant, nisi testimonio nobis sunt omnia te sibi esse largitum quae tu rei publicae nostrae detraxeris ? Quae colonia est in Italia tam bono jure, quod tam immune municipium, quod per hosce annos tam commoda vacatione omnium rerum sit usum quam Mamertina civitas per triennium ? Soli ex foedere quod debuerunt non dede- runt ; soli isto praetore omnium rerum immunes fuerunt ; soli in istius imperio ea conditione vixerunt ut populo Eomano nihil darent, Verri nihil denegarent. XXIII. Verum ut ad classera quo ex loco sum digressus re- vertar, accepisti a Mamertinis navem contra leges ; remisisti contra foedera : ita in una civitate bis improbus fuisti, quum et remisisti quod non oportebat et accepisti quod non licebat. Exigere te oportuit navem quae contra praedones, non quae cum praeda navigaret; quae defenderet ne provincia spoliaretur, non quae spolia provinciae portaret. Mamertini tibi et urbem quo furta tence a new turn, by which the expression was either a Romana or Latina colonia. is rendered more animated. He adds, " this A ' municipium ' was an Italian town, in a slight anacoluthie has been already set in a political relationship to Rome. See the true light by the interpreters." But the article Colonia, in Smith's Diet, of Antiqus. interpreters don't agree. Manutius and The distinction between the two is unim- Beck take it as Klotz explains it. Garatoni portant at this time, as to those parts of explains it thus ; " ut in judieiis fit, more Italy that had received the Roman ' civitas.' judiciorum." Madvig finds the passage denegarent.'] * Vulgo editur nihil dene^ dlflBcult, and suspects that there is some garent, fortiore verbo, sed ob banc ipsam, error in the word 'judieiis.' opinor, causam minus apto ' (Zumpt). Orelli ' Laudatores ' were persons who came follows G, and he observes that the copyists forward to give the defendant a character, more frequently err in substituting the sim- such as we see sometimes called to support pie for the compound, than the other way. a lame defence. Ten, it seems, was the He also thinks that ' darent . . denegarent' number at Rome ; not required by any law make a better opposition, by both beginning (legitimus), but by custom, that had the with the same letter, and having the same semblance of a positive institution (quasi termination. There is some weight in this legitimus). See Index, on the meaning of remark. 'legitimus.' Compare Lib. 4. c. 66: "ilium 23. contra leges i] According to Zumpt, noluisse sua laudatione juvare ;" and Cic. the better MSS. have ' leges,' as before. Ad Div. ix. \ : " Quum Pompeius ut lau- c. 18, though only one ' lex ' is meant. So daret P. Sextium introisset in urbem." he says ' foedera,' though only one ' foedus ' colonia . . . municipium,'] A ' colonia ' is meant. ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 527 undique deportares, et navem in qua exportares, praebuerunt. lUud tibi oppidum receptaculum praedae fuit : illi homines testes custodesque furtorum: illi tibi et locum furtis et furtorum vehi- culum comparaverunt. Itaque ne turn quidem quum classem ava- ritia ac nequitia tua perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es ; quo tempore in tanta inopia naviuni tantaque calamitate pro- vinciae, etiamsi precario essent rogandi, tamen ab iis impetraretur. Reprimebat enim tibi et imperandi vim et rogandi conatum prae- clara ilia, non populo Eomano reddita biremis sed praetori donata cybaea. Ea fuit merces imperii, auxilii, juris, consuetudinis, foederis. XXIV. Habetis unius civitatis firmum auxilium amissum ac venditum pretio : cognoscite nunc novam praedandi rationem ab hoc primum excogitatam. Sumptum omnem in classem fruraento, stipendio, ceterisque rebus suo quaeque navarcho civitas semper dare solebat. Is neque ut accusaretur a nautis committere aude- bat, et civibus suis rationes referre debebat ; in omni illo negotio non modo labore sed etiam periculo suo versabatur. Erat hoc, ut dico, factitatum semper, nee solum in Sicilia sed in omnibus pro- vinciis ; etiam in sociorum et Latinorum stipendio ac sumptu tum quum illorum auxiliis uti solebamus. Verres post imperium con- stitutum primus imperavit ut ea pecunia omnis a civitatibus sibi adnumeraretur, ut is earn pecuniam tractaret quem ipse praefe- precario . . impetraretur.'] There is no is no evidence of any MS. authority for the doubt that * precario ' can go with 'rogari;' *et.' It is a small matter in itself, the but the conjecture of Graevius, that it omission or insertion of ' et,' but not un- has got out of place, and should go with important, if it is a question of Cicero's 'impetraretur,' thus, 'precario tamen im- Latinity. Orelli prefers the aavvStrov. petraretur,' seems a probable conjecture. Besides, he observes that, ' neque ' having ' Impetraretur,' says Zumpt, is for ' esset been followed by ' et,' the addition of an- impetranda.' — ' precario ... rogandi ;' see other 'et' seems inappropriate. This is a p. 218, and to the references there add matter for a careful student's inquiry. Gains, ii. 60: "si neque conduxerit earn sociorum et Latinorum] Cicero is speak- rem a creditore debitor neque precario ro- ing of the Italian Socii and the Latini be- gaverit ut earn rem possidere liceret." Ga- fore the enactment of the Julia Lex. He ratoni defends the passive form, 'precario says 'turn quem illorum,' &c. See p. 10, . . rogandi,' by this example, against Er- note. Ernesti entirely mistook this pas- nesti, who incloses ' precario ' in the damna- sage, and erased the ' et ' in opposition to tory []. As 'precario rogare' is Latin, all the MSS. ; a blunder that is unpardon- there seems no reason why 'precario.. able. Zumpt corrects it. But Ernesti made rogandi ' is not. a blunder of the same kind in the De Am. 24. rationes referre] Zumpt has 'ra- e. 3, where, instead of the true reading, tiones ferre,' and says ' sic Regius et Guelff. ' Populo Romano, sociis et Latinis,' he Vulgo rationem referre.' ' Rationes re- wrote ' PopuU Romani sociis et Latinis.' ferre ' is the common expression in these post imperium constitutum] Like ' post orations (Lib. 1. c. 14), but 'rationem re- urbem conditam,' " since the establishment ferre ' also occurs. Orelli has ' referre.' of the Roman ' imperium,' Verres is the in omni illo] ' Et in illo omni ' (Zumpt), first man who," &c. following Stephanus and Lambinns. There 628 IN 0. VEEREM cisset. Cui potest esse dubium quamobrem et omnium consue- tudinem veterem primus immutaris, et tantam utilitatem per alios tractandae pecuniae neglexeris, et tantam difficultatem cum cri- mine, molestiam cum suspicione susceperis ? Deinde alii quaestus instituuntur ex uno genere navali, videte quam multi : accipere a civitatibus pecuniam ne nautas darent : pretio certo missos facere nautas : missorum omne stipendium lucrari ; reliquis quod deberet non dare. Haec omnia ex civitatum testimoniis cognoscite. Re- cita testimonia civitatum. Huncine hominem ! hancine impuden- tiam, judices ! banc audaciam ! civitatibus pro numero militum pecuniarum summas describere ; certum pretium, sexcenos num- mos, nautarum missionis constituere ; quos qui dederat, commea- tum totius aestatis abstulerat, iste quod ejus nautae nomine pro stipendio frumentoque acceperat lucrabatur. Ita quaestus duplex unius missionis fiebat. Atque haec homo amentissimus in tanto praedonum impetu tantoque periculo provinciae sic palam faciebat ut et ipsi praedones scirent, et tota provincia testis esset. XXV. Quum propter istius banc avaritiam nomine classis esset in Sicilia, re quidem vera naves inanes, quae praedam praetori, non quae praedonibus metum afferrent ; tamen, quum P. Caesetius et P. Tadius decem navibus suis seniiplenis navigarent, navem quan- dam piratarum, praeda refertam, non ceperunt sed abduxerunt, onere suo plane captam atque depressam. Erat ea navis plena juventutis formosissimae, plena argenti facti atque signati, multa cum stragula veste. Haec una navis a classe nostra non capta est sed inventa ad Megaridem, qui locus est non longe a Syracusis. Quod ubi isti nuntiatum est, tametsi in acta cum mulierculis jacebat ebrius, erexit se tamen, et statim quaestori legatoque suo custodes mjsit complures ut omnia sibi Integra quam primum exhi- berentur. Appellitur navis Syracusas : exspectatur ab omnibus Huncine'] So Zumpt writes it in liis is silver vessels. ' Argentum signatum ' is larger edition. He says that in tiiis passage money. all the MSS., as far as he knows, have the Megaridem,'] He appears to mean Me- word with one c. — ' describere :' I suspect gara Hyblaea, near Syracuse, that this should be 'discribere.' in acta] 'Sic codices meliores — Vul- commeatum . . abstulerat,] The ' nauta ' gares noctu, crassa hand dubie Minerva ' got leave of absence, and Verres pocketed (Zumpt). ' In act* ' occurs afterwards the money. This sense of 'abstulerat,' (c. 31). Manutius defends 'noctu,' for 'carried off' or 'got,' is common in these Verres did not remove his quarters to the orations. Manutius has mistaken the mean- ' acta ' till after the capture of this ship ing of this passage, though it is not doubtful, (o. 31). Verres heard of the news at 25. onere . . captam] ' It was overloaded.' night, as appears from the words ' nox ilia,' As to the use of ' captus,' see Forcellini ; &c. I don't think that it would prove a and Lib. 4. c. 45, note. man to be ' crassa Minerva,' if he should argenti facti, &c.] ' Argentum factum ' prefer ' noctu.' ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 529 supplicium. Iste, quasi praeda sibi advecta, non praedonibus captis, si qui senes aut deformes erant, eos in hostium numero ducit; qui aliquid formae, aetatis, artificiique habebant, abducit omnes ; nonnullos scribis suis, filio cohortique distribuit ; sympho- niacos sex cuidam amico suo Romam muneri misit. Nox ilia tota in exinaniunda navi consumitur. Archipiratam ipsum videt nemo, de quo supplicium sural oportuit : hodieque omnes sic habent, (quid ejus sit vos conjectura assequi debetis,) istum clam a piratis ob hunc archipiratam pecuniam accepisse. XXVI. Conjectura est. Judex esse bonus nemo potest qui suspicione certa non movetur. Hominem nostis ; consuetudinem omnium tenetis, qui ducem prae- donum aut hostium ceperit, quam libenter eum palam ante oculos omnium esse patiatur. Hominem in tanto conventu Syracusis vidi neminem, judices, qui archipiratam captum sese vidisse diceret; quum omnes, ut mos est, ut solet fieri, concurrerent, quaererent, videre cuperent. Quid accidit cur tanto opere iste homo occultaretur ut eum ne casu quidem quisquam aspicere posset 2 Homines maritimi Syracusis qui saepe istius duels nomen audissent, saepe timuissent, quum ejus cruciatu atque supplicio pascere oculos animumque ex- saturare veUent, potestas aspiciendi nemini facta est. Unus plures praedonum duces vivos cepit P. Servilius quam omnes antea. Ec- quando igitur isto fructu quisquam caruit ut videre piratam captum non liceret ? At contra, quacumque iter fecit, hoe jucundissimum symphoniaeos] Orelli adds ' homines.' sic habent,'] ' Persuasum ' is generally added after ' habent ;' but it is not in the best MSS. It is also not Cicero's mode of expression, as Zumpt says ; for Cicero writes ' persuasum mihi est.' ' Sic habent,' in the sense of ' existimant,' is common. Orelli quotes Cato, De Re Rustica, c. 1 : " majores nostri sic habuerunt ;" and Graevius from the Pro Caelio, c. 2 : " qiiibus . . non aequo est cognitus, hi sic habeant." — Manutius explains ' quid ejus sit ' by examples from Terence, one of the best sources for ex- plaining Cicero's ordinary language. It means, ' how much truth there is in it, you must judge from conjecture.' ' Conjectura est ' means, ' it is only a conjecture, I ad- mit.' Orelli takes it to be the remark of a friend of Verres, which comes to the same. The common reading is ' conjectura bona est ;' but ' bona ' is an idle interpolation. 26. maritimt] Opposed to ' mediterra- nei,' a term that Cicero apphes to the Ceu- turipini (c. 27), an inland people. — ' cru- ciatu . . pascere :' Cicero's language, in com- pliance with the notions of his time, is crueL The men were to be tortured, to please those who had once feared them. It is just that a pirate should die as soon as he is caught, but that is enough. P. Serviliiis] Lib. 3. c. 90. Zumpt has ' victorum captorumque.' He says of the common reading, " vartpoXo-yia est vix fe- renda." He adds, that the examples which he has collected (Divin. u. 2) in the note on the words ' meum factum aut consiUum,' are not to be compared with this ; and yet he calls them examples of utrrepoXoyia, or, as the grammarians sometimes name it, ' hysteron proteron.' He cites from Terence, Hauton. iii. 1. 21 : " valet atque vivit :" Liv. xxxii. 33: " incendere ac diripere urbes." An enemy cannot be ' captus,' he says, before he is ' victus.' He seems not to have thought of the possible case that he may become ' victus ' by being ' captus,* and not before. We may argue that Cicero would mention, as the striking object of the spectacle, men in chains (vincti), which at once suggests the notion of ' capti.' I pre^ fer ' vinctorum,' which Orelli also has. M m 530 IN C. VERREM spectaculum omnibus vinctorum captorumque hostium praebebat. Itaque ei concursus fiebant undique, ut non modo ex his oppidis qua ducebantur sed etiam ex finitimis visendi causa convenirent. Ipse autem triumphus quamobrem omnium triumphorum gratissi- mus populo Romano fuit et jucundissimus 1 Quia nihil est victoria dulcius ; nuUum est autem testimonium victoriae certius quam quos saepe metueris eos te vinctos ad supphcium duci videre. Hoc tu quamobrem non fecistil quamobrem ita pirata iste occultatus est quasi eum aspici nefas esset ? quamobrem supphcium non sumpsisti ? quam ob causam hominem reservasti I ecquem scis in Sicilia antea captum archipiratam qui non securi percussus sit? unum cedo auctorem tui facti : unius profer exemplum. Vivum tu archi- piratam servabas, qnem per triumphum, credo, quem ante currum tuum duceres. Neque enim quidquam erat rehquum nisi uti, classe populi Romani pulcherrima amissa, provinciaque lacerata, triumphus tibi navahs decemeretur. XXVII. Age porro, custodiri dueem praedonum novo more quam securi feriri omnium exemplo magis placuit. Quae sunt istae custodiae ? apud quos homines ? quemadmodum est asservatus ? Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis ; plerique nostis. Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum ac tyrannorum: totum est e saxo in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum operis penitus exciso : nihil tam clausum ad exitum, nihil tam septum undique, nihil tam tutum ad custodiam nee fieri nee cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publico custodiendi sunt, etiam ex ceteris oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur. Eo quod multos captives cives Romanes con- jecerat, et quod eodem ceteros piratas condi imperarat, intellexit, si hunc subditivum archipiratam in eandem custodiam dedisset, fore servabas, quem, &0.I I have followed do his words imply that at all. He must the ' Tulgata.' Zumpt has ' servabas : quam have known what every body knew. The ob rem ? per triumphum, credo,' &c. Orelli : common reading is ' depressum . . exeisum,' ' servabas : quo ? Per triumphum, credo,' and perhaps as good a reading as that in the &c., the reading of Cod. Reg. and Paris., text. 7774, which Madvig approves. This is an suiditivuml The common reading is instance in which the genuine hand of ' subdititium ' or ' subditicium,' a form Cicero is uncertain. ' Per triumphum du- which may be compared with ' dedititius.' cere ' occurs in c. 30. The form in ' ivus ' certainly occurs as in erat reliquum] ' Tibi erat reliquum :' Horace, Epod. ii. 19 : Zumpt. But 'tibi' spoils the sense, as inji. „„ j *. • -i- j » OrelU remarks. It would mean ' you had ^' ^audet msitiva decerpens pyra." no hope left except,' &c. Both the GuelfiF. and Lag. 29, 42 have ' sub- 27. Lautumiasl They are described in ditivum ' here. Most of the inferior MSS. ■Smyth's Sicily, p. 167. Cicero cannot have have ' subdituum,' which is a possible form ; supposed, as Zumpt imagines, that these but Zumpt takes it merely as a tendency quarries were mainly made for prisons ; nor (tendere) towards ' subditiuum.' Cicero ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 631 nt a multis in lautumiis verus ille dux quaereretur. Itaque hominem huic optimae tutissimaeque custodiae non audet committere : deni- que Syracusas totas timet: amandat hominem — quo? Lilybaeum fortasse. Video : tamen homines maritimos non plane reformidat. Minime, judices. Panhormum igitur? Audio: quamquam Syra- cusis, quoniam in Syracusano captus erat, maxime, si minus sup- pHcio affici, at custodiri oportebat. Ne Panhormum quidem. Quo igitur ? quo putatis ? Ad homines a piratarum metu et suspicione alienissimos, a navigando rebusque maritimis remotissimos, ■ ad Centuripinos, homines maxime mediterraneos, summos aratores ; qui nomen nunquam timuissent maritimi praedonis, unum te prae- tore horruissent Apronium, terrestrem archipiratam. Et ut quivis facile perspiceret, id ab isto actum esse ut iUe suppositus facile et libenter se Ulum qui non erat esse simularet, imperat Oenturipinis ut is victu ceterisque rebus quam hberalissime commodissimeque adhiberetur. XXVIII. Interea Syracusani, homines periti et humani, qui non modo ea quae perspicua essent videre, verum etiam occulta suspicari possent, habebant rationem omnes quotidie piratarum qui securi ferirentur ; quam multos esse oporteret, ex ipso navigio quod erat captum et ex remorum numero conjiciebant. Iste, quod omnes qui artificii aliquid habuerant aut formae removerat atque abduxerat, reliquos si, ut consuetudo est, universes ad palum alligasset, -cla- morem populi fore suspicabatur, quum tanto plures abducti essent means that the real archpirate was let c. 33. loose and a false man put in his place. He adhiberetur.'] l/ag. 29 has ' haberetur.' calls him shortly after ' ille suppositus.' ' Adhiberetur ' is thus used by Cicero, Ad quo ? Lilybaeumfortasse.'] Cicero's ima- Att. x. 12 ; Ad Q. Fr.i. 1. c. 5 : " quos ego ginary dialogue is not very clear. It is not universos adhiberi liberaUter " &c. (Zumpt.) easy at first to distinguish between what he Graevius ' negat se ferre posse ' the ' adhi- says himself and what he supposes others to here ' in Cic. Ad Att. x. 12 ; but he must say. I see no way of explaining how I un- put up with it, whether he will or not. derstand the passage except by translating Orelli follows Zumpt, but ' invitus paene.' it : " he sends the man off. But whither ? 28. periti et humani,'] Experienced, To Lilybaeum perhaps. I see what you clever people: 'non barbari et indocti:' mean ; you still suppose that he is not alto- Manutius. gether afraid of a maritime people. But he removerat atque"] ' Omittunt ambo Guel- does not send him there, judices. To Pan- ferbytani et Havn. collatio ' (Zumpt) ; and hormus then ? I hear what you say : though, he omits them. Orelli retains them, as he was captured in the Syracusan terri- tanto plures] Here Hotmann is at work, tory, Syracuse would have been the proper He thinks ' tanto plures,' ' so many more,' place for his custody, if not for his punish- won't do. But it is one of the most ordmary ment. But he did not send him even to things in the Latin language to use ' tanto,' Panhormus. Where did he send him then .> ' tam,' ' ita,' in this way to express a great ■Where do you think," &c. degree, without ' quanto,' ' quam, or ' ut mediterraneos,] Yet these Mediterranean foUowing. In c. 29 'tanto post. The men, ' summi aratores,' suppUed » ship, objectioa in this chapter is perhaps merely M m 2 582 IN C. VERREM quam relicti. Propter hanc causam, quum instituisset alios alio tempore producere, tamen in tanto conventu nemo erat qui non rationem numerumque haberet, et reliquos non desideraret solum, sed etiam posceret et flagitaret. Quum magnus numerus deesset, turn iste homo nefarius in eorum locum, quos domum suam de piratis abduxerat, substituere et supponere coepit cives Romanos quos in carcerem antea conjecerat: quorum alios "Sertorianos milites fuisse insimulabat et ex Hispania fugientes ad Siciliam appulsos esse dicebat: alios qui a praedonibus erant capti, quum mercaturas faeerent, aut aliquam ob causam navigarent, sua volun- tate cum piratis fuisse arguebat. Itaque alii cives Romani ne cognoscerentur, capitibus obvolutis e carcere ad palum atque ad necem rapiebantur : alii, quum a multis civibus Romanis cognosce- rentur, ab omnibus defenderentur, securi feriebantur. Quorum ego de acerbissima morte crudelissimoque cruciatu dicam, quum eum locum tractare coepero ; et ita dicam, ut, si me in ea querimonia, quam sum habiturns de istius crudelitate et de civium Romanorum indignissima morte, non modo vires verum etiam vita deficiat, id mihi praecla'rum et jucundum putem. Haec igitur est gesta res, haec victoria praeclara : myoparone piratico capto, dux liberatus, symphoniaci Romam missi : formosi homines et adolescentes et arti- fices domum abducti : in eorum locum et ad eorum numerum cives Romani hostilem in modum cruciati et necati : omnis vestis ablata : omne aurum et argentum ablatum et aversum. XXIX. At quemadmodum ipse se induit priore actione ? Qui tot dies tacuisset, repente in M. Annii, hominis splendidissimi, testimonio, quum is civem Romanum dixisset, archipiratam negasset securi esse percussum, exiluit : conscientia sceleris et furore ex founded on the comparative ' plures ' being refers to various critics who show that ' cog- joined with ' tanto ;' but the objection is noscere ' is used in the sense of ' agnoscere.' not the stronger for that reason. But perhaps something more is meant than nemo erat qui non] Cod. Vat. has ' quin ' ' agnoscere.' In Lib. 5. c. 65, " neque sem- for ' qui non,' and omits ' et flagitaret ' at per cum cognitoribus esse possunt " occurs, the end of the sentence. Cod. Vat. has and " cognosceret hominem." It seems to ' C. R. quos cervos in carcerem ;' and Mai, mean the recognition of a man by another who beheves his codex to be infalHble, or who is himself well known, and a sufficient nearly so, writes ' quos certos,' which I voucher for the character of another. — ' et don't beUeve to be Latin or sense. artifices :' ' et ' is omitted in the English The men who were dis- reprint ; but it is necessary.- — ' aversum : persed after the assassination of Sertorius wrongly appropriated by Verres. in Spain, B.C. ^2. 29. se induit] ' Entangles himself,' as civibus Romanis cognoscerentur,] The in Lib. 2. c. 42 : " hie videte in quos se reading of the better MSS., instead of which laqueos induerit ;" and Lib. 5. c. 64 : " sua we have in some editions, as in the Vari- confessione induatur," &c. orum, ' civ. Rom. recognoscerentur.' Zumpt ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 633 maleficiis concepto excitatus • dixit, se, quod sciret sibi crimini datum iri pecuniam accepisse neque de vero archipirata sumpsisse supplicium, ideo se securi non percussisse : domi esse apud sese archipiratas dixit duos. clementiam populi Romani, seu potius patientiam miram ac singularem ! Civem Romanum securi esse percussum, M. Annius, eques Romanus, dicit; taces : archipiratam negat; fateris. Fit gemitus omnium et clamor, quum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se et repressit, et salutis suae rationem judicum severitati reservavit. Quid, sciebas tibi crimini datum iri? Quamobrem sciebas? quamobrem etiara suspicabare ? Inimicum habebas neminem : si haberes, tamen non ita vixeras ut metum judicii propositum habere deberes. An te, id quod fieri solet, conscientia timidum suspiciosumque faciebat ? Qui igitur quum esses cum imperio jam tum judicium et crimen horrueris, is quum tot testibus arguare, potes de damnatione dubi- tare ? Verum si crimen hoc metuebas, ne quis suppositum abs te esse diceret qui pro archipirata securi feriretur, utrum tandem tibi ad defensionem firmius fore putasti, in judicio, coactu atque efiBagi- tatu meo, producere ad ignotos tanto post eum quem archipiratam esse diceres ; an recenti re, Syracusis, apud notos, inspectante Siciha paene tota, securi ferire ? Vide quid intersit utrum facien- dum fuerit. In illo reprehensio nulla esse potuit ; hie defensio nuUa est. Itaque iUud semper omnes fecerunt : hoc quis ante te, quis praeter te fecerit, quaero. Piratam vivum tenuisti. Quem ad finem I Dum cum imperio fuisti. Quam ob causam ? quo exemplo ? cur tamdiu ? cur, inquam, civibus Romanis, quos piratae ceperant, securi statim pereussis, ipsis piratis lucis usuram tarn diuturnam dedisti? Verum esto ; sit tibi illud liberum omne teropus quod salutis mae\ This is the reading of G. out being convinced of the correctness of his and of the ' alii codd. vulgares,' as Orelli settlement of the text. It stands thus in calls them. Reg. and Guelff., which are of the Variorum ed. : " Qui igitur, cum esses the superior class, have ' suae,' and Zumpt in imperio, jam tum judicium et crimen says that nothing is more manifest. Madvig horrebas: reus cum tot testibus arguare, is of the same mind. Orelli and Bake stand potes de damnatione dubitare ? " But the up for ' tuae.' Zumpt's sarcastic argument old editions have ' quid igitur,' &o. There against ' tuae' is, " scilicet populus saluti is good authority for ' horrueris,' but I be- Verris consultumvoluit," which is not worth lieve that 'horrebas' is the true reading, answering. Cicero could say that the Ro- ' Reus ' is not in the better MSS. 'Is 'is man people checked themselves, and reserved an addition by Zumpt. ' In imperio will the consideration of the case of Verres (tuae) do ; but ' cum imperio ' is perhaps better for the strictness of the judices. Bake, who here. It is impossible to say what is the defends 'tuae,' refers to Lib. 1.0.28: "is- genuine text. Orelli has 'Qui igitur.. tum fortuna non tam," &c. crimen et judicium horrebas : reus quum . . Inimicum habebas, &c.] Said ironically, coarguare,' &c. Qui igitur . . . dubitare J"] I have let ad ignotos'] ' To those who did not this passage stand as it is in Zumpt, with- know him ;' a common use of the word. 534 IN C. VEEEEM cum imperio fuisti : etiamne privatus, etiamne reus, etiamne paene damnatus hostium duces privata in domo retinuisti ? Unum, alterum mensem, prope annum denique, domi tuae piratae, a quo tempore capti sunt, quoad per me licitum est, fuerunt ; hoc est, quoad per M'. Grlabrionem licitum est, qui postulante me produci atque in carcerem condi imperavit. XXX. Quod est hujusce rei jus, quae consuetudo, quod exem- plum? Hostem acerrimum atque infestissimum populi Eomani, seu potius communem hostem gentium nationumque omnium, quis- quam omnium mortahum privatus intra moenia domi suae retinere poterit ? Quid, si pridie quam a me tu coactus es confiteri, civibus Eomanis securi percussis, praedonum ducem vivere, habitare apud te ; si, inquam, pridie domo tua profugisset, si aliquam manum contra populum Eomanum facere potuisset, quid diceres ? ' Apud me habitavit : mecum fuit : ego ilium ad judicium meum, quo faci- lius crimen inimicorum diluere possem, vivum atque incolumem reservavi.' ],tane vero tu tua pericula communi periculo defendes ! tu supplicia quae debentur hostibus victis ad tuum non ad rei publicae tempus conferes? populi Eomani hostis privati hominis custodiis asservabitur ? At etiam qui triumphant, eoque diutius vivos hostium duces reservant ut his per triumphum ductis pulcher- rimum spectaculum fructumque victoriae populus Eomanus percipere possit, tamen, quum de fore in Oapitolium currum flectere incipiunt, illos duci in carcerem jubent, idemque dies et victoribus imperii et victis vitae finem facit. Et nunc cuiquam credo esse dubium quin guodcumimperio'] 'y^i^go quod' (Zmnpt). deed be a sentence, that is, an incomplete * Quoad ' is said to be the reading of the sentence. best MSS. Zumpt has the remark from vivos . . reservanti Ernesti defends ' re- Garatoni, that " quod, si ad tempus refera- servant ' against the common reading * ser- tur, posse servari, sed praestare quoad." vant ;' but he says that ' vivos ' should be What else can ' quod ' refer to except ' tem- removed. Nobody can tell why. ' Reservare ' pus ? ' ' Quoad,' which occurs shortly after- is ' servare ' for some particular purpose, wards, has a diiferent sense : it means up to Zumpt has already given his opinion of the time when my intervention took them Lambinus. The following is his judgment out of your house. In this passage either of Ernesti : " fuit omnino Ernestius, prout ' quod ' or ' quoad ' may be explained. Zumpt animus ferebat, inconstantior in probando et and Orelli have * quoad.' See the remarks improbando, sed semper paratus ad tuendam of Gellius on ' quoad,' Lib. 7. i;- 21. lectionem rulgatam, si quis aUus reprehen- 30. mecum fuit ;] Klotz remarks that disset." ' esse cum aliquo ' not only means to live victis vitae finem] This passage is au- with a person, but to have confidential com- thority, with others, for one of the shameful munication with him. He refers to the parts of Roman history, the execution of the passage in the Tusculan Disp. iii. 34. conquered generals. Cicero here writes as Itane vero,'] ' Itane vero ? ' Zumpt, a Roman. The story of Jugurtha's stran- thus always, I think. I have left the (?) gulation, after appearing in the triumph, is after 'vero,' I believe, in one or two in- told by Plutarch (Marius, c. 12). Zumpt stances, incorrectly. ' Itane vero ' may in- refers to the death of Simon, the leader in ACT. II. LIBER QUINT US. 535 tu id commissurus non fueris, praesertim quum statuisses, ut ais, tibi causam esse dicendam, ut ille archipirata non potius securi feriretur, quam, quod erat ante ooulos positum, tuo periculo viveret. Si enim asset mortuus, tu qui crimen ais te metuisse, quaero, cui probares ? quum constaret istum Syracusis a nuUo visum esse archi- piratam, ab omnibus desideratum ; quum dubitaret nemo quin abs te pecunia liberatus esset ; quum vulgo loquerentur suppositum in ejus locum quem pro illo probare velles ; quum tu te fassus esses id crimen tanto ante metuisse ; si eum diceres esse mortuum, quis te audiret ? Nunc quum vivum nescio quem istum producis, tamen te derideri vides : quid, si aufugisset, si vincla rupisset ita ut Nico ille, nobilissimus pirata, fecit, quem P. Servilius, qua felicitate ceperat, eadem recuperavit ; quid diceres ? Verum hoc erat : si ille semel verus pirata securi percussus esset, pecuniam illam non haberes : si hie falsus esset mortuus aut profugisset, non esset difficile alium in suppositi locum supponere. Plura dixi quam volui de iUo archi- pirata : et tamen ea quae certissima sunt hujus criminis argumenta praetermisi. Volo enim esse totum mihi crimen hoe integrum. Est certus locus, certa lex, certum tribunal, quo hoc reservetur. the Jewish war, who was strangled after ap- pearing in the triumph of Vespasian and Titus (Josephua, Bell. Jud. vii. •'>). Bt nunc cuiquam, &c.] This is the reading which appears to be conformable to the best MSS. The common reading is 'Et non credo esse dubium.' ' Credo ' ge- nerally stands alone in this form of expres- sion, as in Lib. 1. c. 24 : " At, credo, in hisce solis rebus ;" but it may be joined with the infinitive also. Manutius, who read ' Est nunc, credo, cuiquam dubium,'- calls this ' implicata sententia ;' but he saw the meaning, which is, 'you would not have kept this archpirate in your house with so much danger before your eyes (quod erat ante oculos positum) :' the danger was a trial for ' majestas,' which is again men- tioned at the end of this chapter. But the sentence is incomplete : ' you would not have run this risk unless you had got some- thing by it.' He has not, however, pointed out the real connexion of the parts of this confused passage. Cicero, after ' tuo peri- culo viveret,' instead of finishing his sen- tence, passes to the supposed ease of the man having died while he was in the custody of Verres, or having escaped, and to the consequence of such a contingency ; and he resumes ' Verum hoc erat,' which must be connected with this sentence that ends with ' tuo periculo viveret.' tamen te derideri vides:'] This is the reading of all the MSS. except Guelf. 1, which has * tantum ' for ' tamen ;' and Zumpt adopts ' tantum,' in which he is fol- lowed by Orelli. But ' tamen,' as Madvig explains it, appears to be the true reading : " Now when you do produce alive some prisoner or other of yours, still you see that you ridiculed ;" that is, nobody beheves. *• What would you have said if he had escaped ? " This is all consistent and clear. Zumpt explains ' tantum ' thus : " nunc nihil ahud nisi derideria, sed si aufugisset ille et ad socios redisset, gravissimam cul- pam subires." Nico'] 'Nico ab editore Cratandiino conjectura inventus est, codd. (etiam coll, Havn.) in eo ' (Zumpt). crimen hoc integrum.] See Lib. 1. c. 5. Zumpt apprehends that Cicero would have failed in this ' majestatis judicio,' unless he could have produced some better proof of the archpirate being released for a sum of money ; for all that is proved is, that Verres kept him at his house after he left the pro- vince. Would not that be enough .' He ought to have executed him. Besides, Cicero does not admit that this was tho real man. Verres would have to prove that. He was bound to show what became of this piratical captain. Tliis is a sample of the idle way of talking about things 636 IN 0. VEREEM XXXI. Hac tanta praeda auctus, mancipiis, argento, vests locupletatus, nihilo diligentior ad classem ornandam, milites revo- candos alendosque esse coepit, quum ea res non solum provinciae saluti verum etiam ipsi praedae posset esse. Nam aestate summa, quo tempore ceteri praetores obire provinciam et concursare con- suerunt, aut etiam in tanto praedonum metu et periculo ipsi navi- gare, eo tempore ad luxuriem libidinesque suas domo sua regia, quae regis Hieronis fuit, qua praetores uti solent, contentus non fuit: tabernacula, quemadmodum eonsuerat temporibus aestivis, quod antea demonstravi, carbasieis intenta velis, collocari jussit in littore ; quod est littus in Insula Syracusis post Arethusae fontem, propter ipsum introitum atque ostium portus, amoeno saneet ab arbitris remoto loco. Hie dies aestivos populi Romani praetor, custos defensorque provinciae, sic vixit ut muliebria quotidie eon- vivia essent, vir accumberet nemo praeter ipsum et praetextatum filium; tametsi recte sine exceptione dixeram virum quum isti essent neminem fuisse. Nonnunquam etiam libertus Timarchides adhibebatur. Mulieres autem nuptae, nobiles praeter unam mimi Isidori filiam, quam iste propter amorem ab Rhodio tibicine abdux- erat ; Pipa quaedam, uxor Aeschrionis Syracusani, de qua muliere which in no way concern the explanation the same expression when he is speaking a of the text. I would not have it supposed second time of the same thing, and to do it that I believe all that Cicero says. I am without thinking of what he has said before, very ready to disbelieve him often. But, Klotz refers to what Cicero says of Thes- when we know no more of a thing than piae (Lib. 4. c. 2, and 60) ; and he also what he tells us, we must take it as he tells compares Lib. 2. c. 8, and Lib. 6. c. 41 . it, and see whether it is for his case or Orelli keeps the words ' quae regis,' &c. against him. The Roman orator is a match arHtris'] * In a pleasant spot, and one safe for any number of commentators in handling against all intruders ;' visitors, comers. For his matter. Klotz approves of Zumpt's re- ' arbiter ' is one who comes to a place, from mark. He knows more than he is told by ' ar ' (ad), and the root ' bit,' to ' come ' or his author. ' go.' 31. provinciae saluW] ' Provinciae prae- tametsi'] Zumpt corrects the common sidio :' Cod. Vat. reading ' tametsi,' following certain MSS. concursare'] Cicero uses this word to He says though ' quamquam ' is the proper express being active and busy, as in word when a man is thus correcting what c. 12 ; and so he uses ' concurrere ' in Pro he has said, yet ' tametsi ' and ' etsi ' can Quint, c. 16, as Graevius remarks. In be used for it. If so, we gain nothing by c. 35, ' concursabat . .multitudo' is not his alteration. In Lib. 1. c. 2, there is the meeting of the multitude, but the run- ' tametsi de absolutione,' which is Zumpt's ning to and fro of all the persons. reading ; and he says in his note, ' GuelflF. quae regis, &c.] These words have oc- etsi, quod non sane contemno.' Here he curred before, see Lib. 4. c. 63 ; but this is prefers it. ' Tametsi ' is very generally fol- not a sufficient reason for supposing that lowed by ' tamen ' in these orations. But they are not the genuine words of Cicero if we take the cases where it stands at the here. Klotz observes that each of these beginning of a sentence, and is not followed books is complete in itself, and that they by ' tamen,' we find that ' tametsi ' is the were at first pubUshed separately, though usual word, and not ' etsi,' in these ora- he does not state the evidence for this. It tions. In c. 34 there is " etsi in hac quad- is, however, common for a^ man to repeat riremi." ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 537 plurimi versus qui in istius cupiditatera facti sunt tota Sicilia perce- lebrantur. Erat Nice, facie eximia, ut praedicatur, uxor Cleomenis Syracusani. Hanc Cleomenes vir amabat : verumtamen hujus libi- dini adversari nee poterat nee audebat: et simul ab isto donis beneficiisque multis devinciebatur. Illo autem tempore iste, tametsi ea est hominis impudentia quam nostis, ipse tamen quum vir esset Syracusis, uxorem ejus parum poterat animo soluto ac libero tot in acta dies secum habere. Itaque excogitat rem singularem : naves quibus legatus praefuerat Cleomeni tradit ; classi populi Eomani Oleomenem Syracusanum praeesse jubet atque imperare. Hoc eo facit ut ille non solum abesset a domo turn quum navigaret, sed etiam libenter cum magno honore beneficioque abesset : ipse autem, remoto atque ablegate viro, non liberius quam antea — quis enim unquam istius libidini obstitit? — sed paulo solutiore tamen animo secum illam haberet, si non tamquam virum, at tamquam aemulum removisset. Accipit naves sociorum atque amicorum Cleomenes Syracusanus. XXXII. Quid primum aut accusem aut querar, judices ? Siculone homini legati, quaestoris, praetoris denique potestatem, honorem, auctoritatem dari 2 Si te impediebat ista conviviorum mulierumque occupatio, ubi quaestores I ubi legati ? ubi ternis denariis aestima- Erat Nice,1 Zumpt's former reading si non tamquam virum, at, &c.] So this was ' Erat et Nice ;' but he struck out ' et ' stands in the English reprint, and I suppose in his larger edition, for it is in no MS. in the smaller edition of Zumpt. In the There is probably some error here. The larger edition' he follows Madvig, who writes preceding sentence begins : ' There were, ' e Steph. vet. et coll. Havn.' ' sed tamquam besides, certain married women, women of aemulum.' By looking in the GuelfF. MSS. rank, except one, the daughter of the mi- again, Zumpt found that they have ' sed.' mus Isidorus, whom Verres had taken away But there is no doubt that ' at ' is conform- from the Rhodian flute-player ;' and then able to the usage of Cicero j and Mai and we come to the enumeration of these noble Orelli have retained it. Zu mpt says that ' si ' ladies, of whom Pipa is first ; and then the belongs to ' removisset,' and the opposition sentence is interrupted. The verb which is is this, 'non virum' and 'sed aemulum.' to be supplied with ' mulieres,' &c., is ' ad- There is no doubt that ' si ' belongs to ' re- hibebantur.' movisset;' there is nothing else for it to ipse tamen] Zumpt observes that it is belong to. It is also true that ' non — sed ' wonderful (mirum) that, in all the editions are opposed, and ' si non — at ;' and Zumpt after P. Manutius, a point is put after ' ta- says that ' at ' would do, if it were in this men,' as if ' tamen ' and ' ipse vir ' were form : " ut eam secum haberet, si non tam- purposely separated, though all the ' sen- quam uxorem, at tamquam araicam." But tentiae vis ' and ' constructionis ratio ' de- in Lib. 3. c. 4, there is " si non virtute, &c., pend on the connexion of these words. I at sermone . . ejus delectaraini;" and in don't know what his smaller edition has. Lib. 4. c. 19 : " si non in parentis, at in but the English reprint, which labours un- homiuum numero putabat." ' At ' is the der a most vicious punctuation, puts a true word here, and ' sed ' spoils the sense. comma after 'tamen.' Zumpt observes, 32. ubi quaestores? ubi legati?'] He that by frequent punctuation, not following then asks where is the ' frumentum,' esti- reason, but custom, we separate things that mated at three denarii the modius, and the go together, as is often the case with this mules, and the tents, &o. ; that is, where particle. — ' turn quum :' Zumpt has ' dum.' are all the means which the Roman state S38 IN 0. VEEEEM turn frumentum? ubi muli? ubi tabernacula? ubi tot tantaque ornamenta magistratibus et legatis a senatu populoque Eomano permissa et data ? denique ubi praefecti, ubi tribuni tui I Si civis Romanus dignus isto negotio nemo fuit; quid civitates quae in amicitia fideque populi Eomani perpetuo manserant? ubi Segestana? ubi Oenturipina civitas? quae quum officiis, fide, vetustate, turn etiam cognatione populi Eomani nomen attingunt. dii imraor- tales ! Quid, si harum ipsarum civitatum militibus, navibus, navar- chis Syracusanus Cleomenes jussus est imperare, nonne omnis honos ab isto dignitatis, aequitatis, officiique sublatus est? Ecquod in Sicilia bellum gessimus quin Oenturipinis sociis, Syracusanis hos- tibus uteremur ? Atque haec ego ad memoriam vetustatis, non ad contumeliam civitatis referri volo. Itaque ille vir clarissimus summusque imperator, M. Marcellus, cujus virtute captae, miseri- cordia conservatae sunt Syracusae, habitare in ea parte urbis quae insula est Syracusanorum neminem voluit. Hodie, inquam, in ea parte Syracusanum habitare non licet. Est enim locus quem vel pauci possent defendere. Oommittere igitur eum non fideljssimis hominibus noluit ; simul quod ab ilia parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est. Quamobrem qui nostros exercitus saepe exeluserant, iis claustra loci committenda non existimavit. Vide quid intersit inter tuam libidinem majorumque auctoritatem, inter amorem furoremque tuum et illorum consilium atque prudentiam. lUi aditum littoris Syracusanis ademerunt: tu imperium maritimum concessisti. Illi habitare in eo loco Syracusanum qua naves accedere possent nolu- erunt : tu classi et navibus Syracusanum praeesse voluisti. Quibus illi urbis suae partem ademerunt, iis tu nostri imperii partem dedisti : put at your command for defending the teor, sed tamen in ajjodosi vix aliter videtur island. Hotmann quotes (Liv. xlii. 1) : esse. Vulgo non ' (Zumpt). He refers to " Ante hunc consulem nemo unquam sociis Lib. 2. c. 59, and Lib. 3. c. 52, where he in uUa re sumptui aut oneri fuit : ideo ma- made the same change, on the authority of gistratus mulis tabernaculisque et omni the best MSS. See Lib. 3. c. 52, and the alio instrumento militari ornabantur, ne note. Orelli has ' non omnes,' the reading quid tale imperarent sociis." Compare of Reg. Vat. and G. Lib. 4. c. 5, note. " If your ' quaestores ' quae insula est] ' Quae in insula est :' and ' legati ' could not take the command," Cod. Vat., not to be followed here. See Cicero continues, " where were your ' prae- Lib. 4. u. 53, and Lib. 5. c. 38. ' Syra- fecti ' and ' tribuni,' who were under the cusanorum neminem :' Orelli has ' Syra- immediate orders of the ' praetor ? ' " cusanum neminem,' according to Cod. Vat. populi Eomani nomen} The reading of and G. — ' quem vel pauci possent :' ' pos- the good MSS., Madvig remarks, is ' popu- sunt ' is the reading of the inferior MSS., lum Romanura.' Zumpt explains the text and ' possint ' of Ernesti. to mean that these people deserve to be libidinem} ' Your caprice or pleasure.' called almost Romans, as they are so inti- This is merely remarked, to prevent any mately connected with the Romans by good one taking it to mean any thing else here, faith and blood. — ' eos Syracusano dicto ;' Orelli. nonne omnis} ' Sic unum Guelff. 1. fa- ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 539 et quorum sociorum opera Syracusani nobis dicto audientes sunt, eos Syracusanis dicto audientes esse jussisti. XXXIII. Egreditur in Centuripina quadriremi Cleomenes e portu : sequitur Segestana navis, Tyndaritana, Herbitensis, Hera- cliensis, ApoUoniensis, Haluntina : praeclara classis in speciem, sed inops et infirma propter dimissionem propugnatorum atque remi- gum. Tamdiu in imperio suo classem iste praetor diligens vidit, quamdiu convivium ejus flagitiosissimum praetervecta est : ipse au- tem qui visus multis diebus non esset turn se tamen in conspeetuin nautis paulisper dedit. Stetit soleatus praetor populi Romani cum pallio purpureo tunicaque talari, muliercula nixus, in littore. Jam hoc istum vestitu Siculi civesque Romani permulti saepe viderunt. Posteaquam paulum provecta classis est, et Pachynum quinto die denique appulsa, nautae fame coacti radices palmarum agrestium, quarum erat in illis locis, sicut in magna parte Siciliae, multitudo, colligebant ; et his miseri perditique alebantur. Cleomenes autem, qui alterum se Verrem quum luxuria ac nequitia tum etiam im- perio putaret, similiter totos dies in litore, tabernaculo posito, per- potabat. XXXIV. Ecce autem repente, ebrio Cleomene, esurientibus ceteris, nuntiatur naves esse piratarum in portu Odysseae, nam ita is locus nominatur ; nostra autem classis erat in portu Pachyni. Cleomenes autem, quod erat terrestre praesidium noh re, sed no- mine, speravit iis militibus quos ex eo loco deduxisset explere se numerum nautarum et remigum posse. Reperta est eadem istius hominis avarissimi ratio in praesidiis quae in classibus ; nam erant perpauci reliqui, ceteri dimissi. Princeps Cleomenes in quadriremi Centuripina malum erigi, vela fieri, praecidi ancoras imperavit ; et simul ut se ceteri sequerentur signum dari jussit. Haec Centuri- pina navis erat incredibili celeritate velis ; nam scire isto praetore nemo poterat quid quaeque navis remis facere posset ; etsi in hac 33. soleatus'] See Quintil. Inst. Or. ™i. him that it was the root of tie ' Cliamaerops 3, 64, referred to by Zumpt. Hotmann humilis ' of Linnaeus. This instance shows refers to Gellius (xiii. 21) as to this wearing that we should not be in too great a hurry of ' soleae,' mere coverings for the soles of to make alterations in old texts. The port the feet : " omnia enim ferme id genus of Pachynus is supposed by Smyth to be quibus plantarura calces tantum infimae the modern Passaro, where " the sailors teguntur, cetera prope nuda et teretibus were compelled by hunger to devour the habenis vincta sunt, soleas dixerunt, non- roots of the dwarf palm, a plant that still numquam voce Graeca crepidulas." flourishes in prodigious quantity " (Sicily, palmarum'] Zumpt stumbled at ' ra- p. 181). dices,' and thought that ' spadices ' might 34. Odysseae] The small map shows be the word ; because Gellius (iii. 9) says the position of this place. It seems to be " palmae termes ex arbore cum fructu avul- the shallow bay of La Marza (Smyth's BUS spadix dicitur." But ' botanice ' taught Sicily, p. 186). 540 IN 0. VEEREM quadriremi propter honorem et gratiam Cleomenis minime multi remiges et milites deerant. Evolarat jam e conspectu fere fugiens quadriremis quum etiamtum ceterae naves uno in loco moliebantur. Erat animus in reliquis. Quamquam erant pauci, quoquo modo res se habebat, pugnare tamen se velle clamabant ; et, quod reli- quum vitae viriumque fames fecerat, id ferro potissimum reddere volebant. Quodsi Oleomenes non tanto ante fugisset, aliqua tamen ad resistendum ratio fuisset. Erat enim sola iUa navis constrata, et ita magna ut propugnaculo ceteris posset esse ; quae si in prae- donum pugna versaretur, urbis instar habere inter illos piraticos myoparones videretur : sed turn inopes, relicti ab duce praefectoque classis, eundem necessario cursum tenere coeperunt. Helorum versus ut ipse Oleomenes ita ceteri navigabant ; neque hi tam prae- donum impetum fugiebant quam imperatorem sequebantur. Tum ut quisque in fuga postremus, ita in periculo princeps erat : postre- mam enim quamque navem piratae primam adoriebantur. Ita prima Haluntinorum navis capitur cui praeerat Haluntinus, homo nobilis, Phylarchus, quem ab illis praedonibus Locrenses postea publice redemerunt ; ex quo vos priore actione jurato rem omnem causamque cognostis. Deinde Apolloniensis navis capitur, et ejus praefectus Anthropinus occiditur. XXXV. Haec dum aguntur, interea jam Oleomenes ad Helori littus pervenerat ; jam sese in terram e navi ejecerat, quadrire- memque fluctuantem in salo reliquerat. Reliqui praefecti navium, quum in terram imperator exisset, quum ipsi neque repugnare neque mari effugere ullo modo possent, appulsis ad Helorum navi- bus, Oleomenem persecuti sunt. Tum praedonum dux Heracleo, repente praeter spem, non sua virtute sed istius avaritia nequitiaque victor, classera pulcherrimam populi Romani, in littus expulsam et ejectam, quum primum advesperasceret, inflammari incendique jus- sit. tempus miserum atque acerbum provinciae Siciliae ! o casum ilium multis innocentibus calamitosum atque funestum ! o istius nequitiam ac turpitudinem singularem! Una atque eadem nox erat qua praetor amoris turpissimi flamma, classis populi Romani prae- moliebantur.'] They were busy in get- When Agostini was in Sicily, he saw that ting ready for flight, and had some trouble ' Pelorum,' the MSS. reading, could not be about it. the true one. The same blunder occurs navis constrata,'] ' A decked vessel,' as twice in the next chapter. This is a case appears from c. 40. ' Navis constrata ' is which criticism can safely deal with. There opposed to ' navis aperta.' It is the Greek is the same mistake in Lib. 4. c. 26, in the word KaT-ra'^paicroe. name ' Helori,' where the MSS. have ' Pe- Jlelorum] This is a conjecture of An- lori.' tonio Agostini, communicated to F. Ursini. ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 641 donum incendio conflagrabat. Affertur nocte intempesta gravis hujusce mali nuntius Syracusas : curritur ad praetorium quo istum ex illo praeclaro convivio reduxerant paulo ante mulieres cum cantu atque symphonia. Cleomenes, quamquam nox erat, tamen in pub- lico esse non audet : includit se domi : neque aderat uxor quae con- solari hominem in malis posset. Hujus autem praeclari imperatoris ita erat severa domi disciplina ut in re tanta et tam gravi nuntio nemo admitteretur, nemo esset qui auderet aut dormientem excitare aut interpellare vigilantem. Jam vero, re ab omnibus cognita, con- cursabat urbe tota maxima multitudo. Non enim, sicut erat nuper consuetude, praedonum adventum significabat ignis e specula sub- latus aut tumulo ; sed flamma ex ipso incendio navium et calami- tatem acceptam et periculum reliquum nuntiabat. XXXVI. Quum praetor quaereretur et constaret neminem ei nuntiasse, fit ad domum ejus cum clamore concursus atque impetus. Tum iste excitatus audit rem omnem ex Timarchide : sagum sumit. Lucebat jam fere : procedit in medium, vini, somni, stupri plenus. Excipitur ab omnibus ejusmodi clamore ut ei Lampsaceni periculi similitudo versaretur ante oculos. Hoc etiam majus videb'atur quod in odio simili multitudo hominura haec erat maxima. Tum istius acta commemorabatur : tum flagitiosa iUa convivia : tum ap- pellabantur a multitudine mulieres nominatim : tum quaerebant ex ipso palam, tot dies continues, per quos nunquam visus esset, ubi fuisset, quid egisset ? tum imperator ab isto praepositus Cleomenes flagitabatur: neque quidquam propius est factum quam ut illud Uticense exemplum de Hadriano transferretur Syracusas, ut duo sepulchra duorum praetorum improborum duabus in provinciis con- stituerentur. Verum habita est a multitudine ratio temporis, ha- bita est tumultus, habita etiam dignitatis existimationisque com- munis, quod is est conventus Syracusis civium Eomanorum ut non modo ilia provincia verum hac etiam re publica dignissimus existi- metur. Confirmant ipsi se quum hie etiamtum semisomnus stupe- ret : arma capiunt : totum forum atque Insulam quae est urbis 35. ignis e specula] A beacon light on memorabantur/ but the allusion is to the some eminence. The Greek is tppvKrojpiov : ' acta/ where Verres had been spending his. and (ppvKToi are torches or other combusti- time in debauchery. This is an emendation bles lighted for signals. Compare Thncy- of Hotmann, as he says ; of Eric Memmius, dides (iii. 22) : (ppvKTol . . . ttoXejuioi : and as Lambinus says. Aeschylus, Agamem. v. 30 : we 6 ^pr/crog semisomnus'] The reading of Lag. 27, 29, dyysWoiv vpsvit. and Cod. Vat. The common reading is 36. Lampsaceni] Lib. 1 . c. 27, where ' semisomnis,' which is a genuine Latin Hadrianus is mentioned. — ' acta commemo- word, but a poetical form, as it is said, rabatur :' the MSS. reading is ' acta com- 542 IN 0. VEEEEM magna pars complent. Unam illatn noctem solam praedones ad Helorum commorati, quum fumantes etiam nostras naves reliquis- sent, accedere incipiunt ad Syracusas. Qui videlicet saepe audis- sent nihil esse pulchrius quam Syracusarum moenia ac portus, sta- tuerant se, si ea Verre praetore non vidissent, nunquam esse visuros. XXXVII. Ac primo ad iUa aestiva praetoris accedunt, ipsam iUam ad partem littoris, ubi iste per eos dies, tabernaculis positis, castra luxuriae coUocarat. Quern posteaquara inanem locum offen- derunt et praetorem commosse ex eo loco castra senserunt, statim sine uUo metu in ipsum portum penetrare coeperunt. Quum in portum dico, judices, explanandum est enim diligentius eorum causa qui locum ignorant, in urbem dico atque in urbis intimam partem venisse piratas. Non enim portu illud oppidum clauditur, sed urbe portus ipse cingitur et continetur ; ut non alluantur mari moenia extrema sed ipse influat in urbis sinum portus. Hie te praetore Heracleo pirata cum quatuor myoparonibus parvis ad arbitrium suum navigavit. Pro dii immortales ! piraticus myoparo, quum imperii populi Eoraani nomen ac fasces essent Syracusis, usque ad ' forum Syracusanorum et ad omnes crepidines urbis accessit : quo neque Karthaginiensium gloriosissimae classes quum mari plurimum Unam illani] Cod. Vat. has ' nam illam.' aggeration to say that the whole port was — ' accedere . . ad Syracusas :' but the bet- surrounded by the city, which certainly did ter MSS. omit 'ad.' Zumpt adds that Mai not extend south of the Anapus, though has kept the ' ad ;' ' sed rehnquitur dubi- there might have been buildings here and tatio an recte legere potuerit.' Perhaps he there in all parts of the port, means that it is doubtful if he read his Heracleo] Orosius (vi. 3) briefly tells MSS. right. But Zumpt keeps ' ad ' in this story ; but the name of the piratical c. 37 : " ad omnes crepidines urbis acces- captain is Pyrganio in the text of Orosius, sit ;" and in c. 49 he has " ad Heracliam . . ed. Havercamp. accederem." It seems that the ' ad ' can imperii] The editions have generally be omitted, as it is in some passages, if the ' imperium ;' but ' imperii ' is the reading readings are right. of all the good MSS. (Zumpt.) Orelli 37. portu . . clauditur,'] The piratical has ' imperii.' — ' ad forum Syracusanum :' captain entered the large port, which is Orelli. bounded on one side by the island of Or- crepidines] These are the artificial works, tygia, and on the other by the peninsula moles, sea-waUs, and the like, by which the Plemmyrium. ' Claudi ' has the sense of port was strengthened or made more con- ' terminated ' or ' bounded ' in this passage, venient. The word appears to have been Graevius has a long note on the word, and taken from the Greek KpjjTric, and not to cites various instances. One will suffice be a genuine Latin word. It often signifies (Liv. xxi. 43) : " dextra laevaque duo maria ' foundations,' the substructure on which claudunt." — ' cingitur et concluditur ' is the something rests. The scholiast on Juvenal common reading. There is authority for (v. 8) attempts absurdly to derive it from both. See Smyth's Sicily, Appendix, p. xv. ' concrepito,' and gives an explanation on the approach to Syracuse and its fine which does not suit the passage that he is harbour. The position of the port is such professing to explain ; for there it means that it may be said to be contained within the basement or steps of a house or any the city, for an enemy, when inside the public building, port, was within Ortygia ; but it is an ex- ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 643 poterant, multis bellis saepe conatae, unquam aspirare potuerunt ; neque populi Roraani invicta ante te praetorem gloria ilia navalis unquam tot Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis penetrare potuit: qui locus ejusmodi est ut ante Syraeusani in moenibus suis, in urbe, in foro hostem armatum ac victorem, quam in portu ullam hostium navem viderint. Hie te praetore praedonum naviculae pervagatae sunt, quo Atheniensium classis sola post hominum memoriam ccc navibus vi ac multitudine invasit ; quae in eo ipso portu loci ipsius natura victa atque superata est. Hie primum opes illius civitatis comminutae depressaeque sunt : in hoc portu Atheniensium nobiU- tatis, imperii, gloriae naufragium factum existiraatur. XXXVIII. Eone pirata penetravit, quo simulatque adisset, non modo a latere sed etiam a tergo magnam partem urbis relinqueret ? Insulam totam praeterveetus est, quae est urbs Syracusis suo no- mine ac moenibus, quo in loco majores, ut ante dixi, Syraeusanum habitare vetuerunt ; quod qui iUam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem portum futurum inteUigebant. At quemadmodum est pervagatus ? Radices palmarum agrestium quas in nostris navibus invenerant jactabant, ut omnes istius improbitatem et calamitatem Siciliae possent cognoscere. Siculosne milites, aratorumne liberos, quorum patres tantum labore suo frumenti exarabant ut populo Romano totique Italiae suppeditare possent, eosne in insula Oereris natos, ubi primum fruges inventae esse dicuntur, eo cibo esse uses a quo majores eorum ceteros quoque frugibus inventis removerunt ? Te praetore Siculi milites palmarum stirpibus, piratae Siculo fru- mento alebantur. spectaculum miserum atque acerbum ! ludibrio esse urbis gloriam ! populi Romani nomen ! hominum conventum atque multitudinem ! piratico myoparone in portu Syracusano de classe populi Romani triumphum agere piratam, quum praetoris nequissimi inertissimique oculos praedonum remi respergerent ! Posteaquam e portu piratae non metu aliquo affecti sed satietate Atheniensium classis'] In the battle which Leid. Regius ' (Zumpt). The common read - was fought in the great port, Thucydides ing is 'jaciebant.' (vii. 70) says that the whole number of the in eorum potestatem] This is the read- two fleets, Athenian and Syracusan, was ing of the better MSS. See the remark, not quite two hundred. The Athenian ships p. 209. were eighty-sbc (Thucyd. vii. 52). It is, as populi Romani, &c.] The passage stands Orelli calls it, an ' immanis hyperbole.'^ — as follows in Orelli, who follows Madvig : ' loci portusque natura :' Cod. Vat. omits " populi Romani nomen in hominum con- 'portusque.' ventu atque multitudine piratico myopa- 38. Syraeusanum] ' Quemquam ' is ge- roni ; in portu " &c. I don't believe that nerally added after ' Syraeusanum,' but it Zumpt's reading is all right, though I follow is omitted by Zumpt on the authority of it ; nor do I think that the genuine text of the best MSS. — 'jactabant:' 'sic GuelfF. Cicero can be established. See Zumpt's note. 644 IN C. VERREM exierunt, turn coeperunt quaerere homines causam illius tantae calamitatis. Dicere omnes et palam disputare, minime esse miran- dum si, remigibus milifcibusque dimissis, reliquis egestate et fame perditis, praetore tot dies cum mulierculis perpotante, tanta igno- minia et calamitas esset accepta. Haec autem istius vituperatio atque infamia confirmabatur eorum sermone qui a suis civitatibus illis navibus praepositi fuerant, qui ex illo numero reliqui Syracusas classe araissa refugerant. Dieebant quos ex sua quisque nave mis- sos sciret esse. Res erat clara : neque solum argumentis sed etiam certis testibus istius audacia tenebatur. XXXIX. Homo certior fit agi nihil in foro et conventu tota die nisi hoc quaeri ex navarchis, quemadmodum classis sit amissa : illos respondere et docere unumquemque missione remigum, fame reliquorum, Oleomenis timore et fuga. Quod posteaquam iste cog- novit, banc rationem habere coepit. Causam sibi dicendam esse statuerat jam ante quam hoc usu venit, ita ut ipsum priore actione dicere audistis. Videbat illis navarchis testibus tantum hoc crimen sustinere se nuUo modo posse. Consilium capit primo stultum, verumtamen clemens. Navarchos ad' se vocari jubet. Veniunt. Accusat eos quod ejusmodi sermones de se habuerint : rogat ut [id facere desistant, et] in sua quisque dicat navi se tantum habuisse nautarum quantum oportuerit, neque quemquam esse dimissum. lUi enimvero se ostendunt quod vellet esse facturos. Iste non pro- crastinat : advocat amicos statim : quaerit ex his singillatim quot quisque nautas habuerit : respondit unusquisque ut erat praecep- tum. Iste in tabulas refert : obsignat signis amicorum providens homo ; ut contra hoc crimen si quando opus esset hac videlicet testificatione uteretur. Derisum esse credo hominem amentem a suis consiliariis, et admonitum hasce ei tabulas nihil profuturas ; etiam plus ex nimia praetoris dihgentia suspicionis in eo crimine futurum. Jam iste erat hac stultitia multis in rebus usus ut publice audacia tenebatur.'] Graevius has ' ava- he adds, is not used, if we follow the MSS. ritia,' from Reg. only ; and he thinks that in the direct form of expression, except ' audacia ' is out of place here. But ' au- when a future thing ig spoken of, and a dacia ' means the impudence of Verres, his thing which is the object of deliberation, audacity in fraud, in enriching himself to hope, or fear. Accordingly, if ' veniret ' the damage of the public service. were written, the meaning would be, not 39. ante quam, &c.] ' Before it turned that Verres had come to this conclusion be- out, in fact, to be so.' The older readings, fore (hoc constituisse), but had come to the ' venerit ' and ' veniret,' are properly re- conclusion that he would have to defend jected by Zumpt, who has ' venit.' Madvig himself before this happened (ante quam observes that a certain time is named, be- hoc eveniret). fore which time Verres came to this con- [id . . desistant.'] These words are want- elusion. The subjunctive after ' ante quam,' ing in the better MSS. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 545 quoque quae vellet in Uteris civitatum et tolli et refei-ri juberet ; quae omnia nunc intelligit sibi nihil prodesse, posteaquam certis literis, testibus, auctoritatibusque convincitur. XL. Ubi hoc videt, illorum confessionem^ testificationem suam, tabellas sibi nullo adjumento futuras, init consihum non improbi praetoris, nam id quidem esset ferendum, sed importuni atque amentis tyranni. Statuit, si hoc crimen extenuari vellet, nam omnino tolli posse non arbitrabatur, navarchos omnes, testes sui sceleris, vita esse privahdos. Occiirrebat ilia ratio ; quid de Oleo- mene fiet ? poterone animadvertere in eos quos dicto audientes esse jussi ; missum facere eum cui potestatem imperiumque permisi ? poterone eos afficere supplicio qui Cleomenem secuti sunt, ignoscere Oleomeni qui secum fugere et se consequi jussit ? poterone esse in eos vehemens qui naves non modo inanes habuerunt sed etiam apertas, in eum dissolutus qui solus habuerit constratam navem et minus exinanitam ? pereat Oleomenes una. Ubi fides ? ubi execra- tiones ? ubi dexterae complexusque ? ubi illud contubernium mulie- bris militiae in illo delicatissimo littore ? fieri nullo modo poterat quin Cleomeni parceretur. Vocat Cleomenem : dicit ei se statuisse animadvertere in omnes navarchos ; ita sui periculi rationes ferre ac postulare. Tibi uni parcam ; et potius istius culpae crimen vituperationeraque inconstantiae suscipiam quam aut in te sim crudelis, aut tot tam graves testes vivos incolumesque esse patiar. Agit gratias Cleomenes, approbat consilium : dicit ita fieri oportere. Admonet tamen illud quod istum fugerat, in Phalacrum Oenturi- pinum, navarchum, non posse animadverti propterea quod secum una fuisset in Oenturipina quadriremi. Quid ergo, iste homo ex ejus- modi civitate, adolescens nobilissimus, testis relinquetur ? In prae- sentia, inquit Oleomenes, quoniam ita necesse est ; sed post aliquid videbimus ne iste nobis obstare possit. XLI. Haec posteaquam acta et constituta sunt, procedit iste in Uteris civitatum] The ' integriores ' menes.'' There is also the Latin expression MSS. have 'in litteras dv. toUi et referri,' ' quid Cleomeni fiet ?' ' what will happen to which leads, says Zumpt, to a suspicion that Cleomenes ? ' ' et tolli ' is an interpolation, particularly as execraiiones /] The word means oaths in this passage the question is not of erasion by which parties bound themselves to fidelity, but of interpolation. one form of oath being an imprecation, if a 40. gvAd de Cleomene fiet ?] Orelli has man should prove faithless, 'quid Cleomene fiet.'' Both are Latin, aut in te sim] ' Ut in te sim,' Graevius, but perhaps there is some little difference from Reg. But the double ' aut ' seems to in meaning. Orelli makes this distinction be required ; and Zumpt refers to Draken- in meaning: 'quid Cleomene fiet .' ' 'what borch (Liv. xxxvii. 37), who shows that after will become of -Cleomenes ? ' ' quid de Cleo- ' prius,' ' citius,' ' potius quam,* the *ut ' may mene fiet .' ' ' what will be done with Cleo- be omitted or not. N n 546 IN C. VEREEM repente e praetorio, inflammatus scelere, furore, crudelitate : in forum venit: navarchos vocari jubet. Qui nihil metuerent, nihil suspicarentur, statim accurrunt. Iste hominibus miseris innocenti- bus injici catenas imperat. Implorare illi fidem praetoris, et quare id faceret rogare. Turn iste hoc causae dicit, quod classem prae- donibus prodidissent. Fit clamor et admiratio populi, tantam esse in homine impudentiam atque audaciam ut aut aliis causam calami- tatis attribueret quae omnis propter avaritiam ipsius accidisset, aut, quum ipse praedonum socius arbitraretur, aliis proditionis crimen inferret : deinde, hoc quintodecimo die crimen esse natum postquam classis esset amissa. Quum haec ita fierent, quaerebatur ubi esset Oleomenes : non quo ilium ipsum, cujusmodi est, quisquam sup- plicio propter illud incommodum dignum putaret : nam quid Oleo- menes facere potuit ? non enim possum quemquam insimulare falso : quid, inquam, magno opere potuit Oleomenes facere, istius avaritia navibus exinanitis ? Atque eum vident sedere ad latus praetoris, et ad aurem familiariter ut solitus erat insusurrare. Tum vero omnibus indignissimum visum est, homines honestissimos, electos ex suis civitatibus, in ferrum et vincula conjectos; Oleomenem propter flagitiorum ac turpitudinum societatem familiarissimum esse praetori. Apponitur his tamen accusator Naevius Turpio quidam, qui 0. Sacerdote praetore injuriarum damnatus est, homo 41. voeari juJ/et."] ' Ad se venire jubet :' of Cicero De Legibua, ii. c. 12, has " neque Cod. Vat. — ' innocentibus :' Cod. Vat. in populo lex, cuicuimodi fuerit ilia," and Zumpt hag ' innocentibusque.' the following remark : " cuicuimodi habent admiratio'] Cod. Vat. has ' admurmu- optimi mei : quare aecedat hoc testimonium ratio ;' also Orelli. ei, quod Madvigius de Codd. MSS. excitavit arbitraretur,'} The common reading is ad Fam. iii. 9, 30." See Key's Latin Gram- ' pntaretur.' Gruter refers to a passive use mar. — ' ilium ipsum :' Zumpt om. ' ilium.' of the word in the Pro Murena, c. 16; and Apponitur'] A word which Cicero uses Zumpt refers to another instance, Ad Att. in such cases, as Manutius shows (Lib. 2. i. 11 ; but it is not certain that 'arbitrari' c. 8) : "apponit qui petat Veneri Erycinae is to be taken in a passive sense there. illam hereditatem ;" this same Naevius Tur- cujusmodi est,] According to Hotmann pio. — ' tum accusator :' Zumpt, who has this is for ' cujuscunque modi.' Manutius this note : " Tum dedi e Guelff. Vulgo would prefer ' cujuscujusmodi,' but one can tamen notarum confusione. Nam tamen hardly suppose that Cicero would use such dici, cum antea iam catenae iniectae sint an intolerably awkward form, unless per- hominibus, quo pertinet ? ' Cod. Vat., Reg., chance ' cujus ' was simply pronounced and G. have ' tamen,' which Orelli adopts ' coos,' as a monosyllable. Zumpt writes for this reason : ' Verres does not put them in his second edition ' cuicuimodi,' which to death immediately without being tried ; according to Priscian was for ' cujuscujus- but that there still (tamen) might be the modi.' But I would not compare this form appearance of a lawful trial, he appoints a with 'nuUi' for 'nuUius,' as Zumpt does, prosecutor.' This may seem a trifling mat. but rather take it as representing the crude ter, but the decision of it involves the ques- form of ' quisquis.' There is no authority, tion of a nice perception of the author's as it appears, for ' cuicuimodi ' in this pas- meaning. The reading that I have adopted sage. Havn. coll. has ' cuimodi,' and Cod. shows which opinion I prefer. Vat. ' qui cujusmodi.' Bake, in his editiou ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 547 bene appositus ad istius audaciam ; quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni ealuinnia, praecursorem habere solebat et emis- sarium. XLII. Veniunt Syracusas parentes propinquique miserorum adolescentium, hoc repentino calamitatis suae commoti nuntio: vinctos aspiciunt catenis hberos suos, quum istius avaritiae poenam coUo et cervicibus suis sustinerent : adsunt, defendunt, proclamant, fidem tuam quae nusquam erat, neque umquam fuerat, iniplorant. Pater aderat Dexo Tyndaritanus, homo nobihssimus, hospes tuus, cujus tu domi fueras, quem hospitem appellaras. Bum quum ilia auctoritate miseria videres praeditum, non te ejus lacrimae, non senectus, non hospitii jus atque nomen a scelere aliquam ad partem humanitatis revocare potuit? Sed quid ego hospitii jura in hae immani bellua commemoro? Qui Sthenium Thermitanum, hos- pitem suum, cujus domum per hospitium exhausit et exinanivit, absentem in reos rettulerit, causa indicta capite damnarit, ab eo nunc hospitiorum jura atque officia quaeramus ? cum homine enim crudeli nobis res est, an cum fera atque immani bellua 2 Te patris lacrimae de innocentis filii periculo non movebant : quum patrem domi reliquisses, filium tecum haberes, te neque praesens filius de liberorum caritate, neque absens pater de indulgentia patria com- monebat. Catenas habebat hospes tuus Aristeus, Dexonis filius. Quid ita ? Prodiderat classem. Quod ob praemium 2 Deseruerat exercitum : quid Cleomenes ? Ignavus fuerat. At eum tu ob vir- tutem corona ante donaras. Dimiserat nautas. Ab omnibus tu mercedem missionis acceperas. Alter parens ex altera parte erat Herbitensis Eubulida, homo domi suae clarus et nobilis, qui quia Cleomenem in defendendo filio laeserat, nudus paene est destitutus. Quid erat autem quod quisquam diceret aut defenderet? Cleo- menem nominare non licet. At causa cogit. Moriere, si appel- 42. cernicilus] Comp. Lib. 3. c. 59. made. But it is not necessary. There is no ilia auctoritate] The common reading is difficulty about ' praeditus ' being connected ' ilia auctoritate et miseria.' Zumpt thinks with ' miseria.' Zumpt refers to Tusc. v. 4 1 : the connexion of ' auctoritas ' and ' miseria' " metu praeditus." Orelli has ' auctori- singular. ' Bt ' however does not occur in tate.' the better MSS. We may therefore read Deseruerat] ' Exercitum :' om. Zumpt. the text as it stands here, and refer ' ilia corona ante] ' Corona aurea.' There is auctoritate ' to the rank and condition of very little authority for ' aurea.' The read- the man, though Zumpt doubts if we can ings are ' antea ' or ' ante.' say of a man ' ilia auctoritate.' He ob- nudus . . destitutus.] Compare Lib. 2. serves, however, that ' auctoritate ' is so c. 26 : " solus destitutus ;" Lib. 3. u. 2« : abbreviated in the MSS., that it may easily " destitui alios in convivio ;" Lib. 4. u. 40 : be confounded with ' aetate ;' and if we must " nudumque destituant." have a correction, his is the best that can be N n 2 648 IN 0. VERREM laris : nunquam enim iste cuiquam est mediocriter rainatus. At remiges non erant. Praetorem tu accusas? frange cervices. Si neque praetorem neque praetoris aemulum appellare licebit, quum in his duobus tota causa sit, quid futurum est? XLIII. Dicit etiam causam Heraclius Segestanus, homo domi suae nobihssimo loco natus. Audite, ut vestra humanitas postulat, judices : audietis enim de magnis incommodis injuriisque sociorum. Hunc scitote fuisse HeracHum in ea causa qui propter gravem morbum oculorum turn non navigarit, et jussu ejus qui potestatem habuit in commeatu Syracusis remanserit. Is certe neque classem prodidit, neque metu perterritus fugit, neque exercitum deseruit. Etenim tunc asset hoc animadversum, quum classis Syracusis profi- ciscebatur. Is tamen in eadem causa fuit, quasi esset in aliquo manifesto scelere deprehensus ; in quem ne falsi quidem causa criminis conferri potuit. Fuit in illis navarchis Heracliensis qui- dam Furius, nam habent ilH nonnuUa hujuscemodi Latina nomina, homo, quamdiu vixit, domi suae, post mortem tota Sicilia clarus et nobilis. In quo homine tantum animi fuit non solum ut istum libere laederet, nam id quidem, quoniam moriendum videbat, sine periculo se facere intelligebat : verum morte proposita, quum lacri- mans in carcere mater noctes diesque assideret, defensionem causae suae scripsit ; quam nunc nemo est in Sicilia quin liabeat, quin legat, quin tui sceleris et crudelitatis ex ilia oratione commonefiat. In qua docet quot a civitate sua nautas acceperit : quot et quanti quemque dimiserit : quot secum habuerit : item de ceteris navibus dicit : quae quum apud te diceret, virgis oculi verberabantur. Ille morte proposita facile dolorem corporis patiebatur : clamabat, id quod scriptum reliquit, ' Facinus esse indignum, plus impudicis- 43. H'eraclius] The Greek is 'Spa- tern ' &c. The editions generally have /cXflof. The MSS. have often the form ' domi suae non solum post,' &c. I have ' Heracleus.' followed Graevius, who suggests that ' non in ea causa qui\ This is easy to under- solum ' may have crept into our texts from stand ; difficult to express. It is in form what follows ' non solum ut istum.' We like ' ejusmodi ' followed by ' ut,' which cannot be certain that the omission of ' non ' ut ' is a form of ' qui.' 'You must know solum' gives us the genuine text, but it that the case of Heraclius was this, that he gives us what Cicero might have written. . did not join the fleet,' &c. Manutius omits ' non ' and keeps ' solum.' in commeatu'] The MSS. reading, though OrelU approves of Zumpt's reading. ' cum commeatu ' is the ordinary reading in causae suae scripsit y] The reading of the editions. Both modes of expression are all the MSS. It is easy to conjecture that used. Orelli refers to Livy, 7, c. 39, for we should have ' scripserit,' as Lambinus the expression ' in commeatus mittere.' and Ernesti proposed ; but it is not neces- domi suae,'] Zumpt has settled this pas- sary, and the evidence of the MSS. is sage as Lallemand did, but he is not satisfied against it. with it : * non domi suae solum, post mor- i ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 5i9 simae muHeris apud ,te de Cleomenis salute quam de sua vita lacri- mas matris valere.' Deinde etiani illud video esse dictum, quod, si recta vos populus Romanus cognovit, non falso ille de vobis jam in morte ipsa praedicavit : 'Non posse Verrem testes interficiendo crimina sua extinguere : graviorem apud sapientes judices se fore ab inferis testem quam si vivus in judicium produceretur : tum avaritiae solum si viveret, nunc quum ita esset necatus, sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis testem fore.' Jam ilia praeclara, ' Non tes- tium modo catervas, quum tua res ageretur, sed ab diis manibus innocentium poenas scelerumque furias in tuum judicium esse Ven- turas : sese ideo leviorem suum casum fingere, quod jam ante aciem securium tuarum, Sextiique, tui carnificis, vultum et manum vidis- set, quum in conventu civium Romanorum jussu tuo securi cives Romani ferirentur.' Ne multa, judices ; libertate quam vos sociis dedistis, hac ille in acerbissimo supplicio miserrimae servitutis abusus est. XLIV. Condemnat omnes de consilii sententia: tamen neque iste in tanta re, tot hominum causa, T. Vettium ad se arcessit, quaestorem suum, cujus consilio uteretur ; neque P. Oervium, talem virum, legatum, qui, quia legatus isto praetore in Sicilia fuit, primus ab isto judex rejectus est: sed de latronum, hoc est, de comitum suorum sententia, condemnat omnes. Hie cuncti Siculi, fidelissimi atque antiquissimi socii, plurimis afFecti beneficiis a ma- joribus nostris, graviter commoventur et de suis periculis fortunis- que omnibus pertimescunt. Indigne ferunt illam clementiam man- crimina stia] " Mi'.'um quod in Leid. therefore the 'quaestor' had another name. Guelf. 2. et Havn. coll. nos, in Guelf. 1. And this is confirmed by Par. 7774 A, which vos legitur, non crimina sua." The words has 'tot hominum, t. veccium' (T .Vettium). ' crimina sua ' seem to be an interpolation ; The word ' causa ' is placed in brackets by for ' crimina ' does not mean ' crimes ' in Orelli, and perhaps it ought to be omitted. Cicero, nor in other prose writers of his age, Indigne ferunt illam] ' Indigne ferunt,' but the charges made against a man. It from Cod. Vat., Reg. and Leid.; 'indigni may however perhaps be used here in the ferunt,' GuelfF. Zumpt omits ' indigne sense in which ' meis criminibus ' is used in ferunt,' as being the addition of some person Livy (xxxv. 19), to signify the things with who wanted to explain the use of the infini- which a man is charged. Madvig suspects tive, and yet did not explain it right. People that the true reading lurks under ' vos ;' view things in diiferent ways. I believe and he conjectures ' voces,' but with no that the words are genuine. Orelli follows great confidence. Zumpt. Next we have Emesti quarrelling abusus est.~\ Misexplained by Manutius. with the words ' et recte nihil videtur,' It must not be rendered ' abused.' It is, as which Zumpt defends. Madvig compares Hotmann says, 'ad extremum usus.' See Lib. 3. c. 72 : " et recte non putant." See Lib. 1. c. 9, note, p. 84. also Lib. 1. c. 5 : " et recte putat," and the 44. T. Vettium'] ' P. Vettium:' Zumpt, note. — ' Sed secum, &c. :' Zumpt. But Cod. Orelli. But Madvig shows, by referring to Vat. omits ' Sed ;' and the reading of Reg. Lib. 3. c. 71> 72, that the brother of the Leid. G, ' sed cum ipse,' seems to indicate ' quaestor ' was named P. Vettius, and that ' sed ' should be omitted (Orelli). 550 IN 0. VEREEM suetudinemque nostri imperii tantam in crudelitatem inhumanita- temque esse conversam. Condemnari tot homines uno tempore, nullo crimine ! Defensionera suorum furtorum praetorem impro- bum ex indignissima morte innocentium quaerere. Nihil addi jam videtur, judices, ad hanc improbitatem, amentiam, crudehtatemque posse : et recte nihil videtur. Nam si cum aliorum improbitate certet, longe omnes multumque superavit. Secum ipse certat : id agit ut semper superius suum facinus novo scelere vincat. Phala- crum Centuripinum dixeram exceptum esse a Oleomene, quod in ejus quadriremi Cleomenes vectus esset ; tamen, quia pertimuerat adolescens, quod eandem suam causam videbat esse quam iUorum qui innocentes peribant, accedit ad hominem Timarchides : a securi negat esse ei periculum ; virgis he caederetur monet ut caveat. Ne multa, ipsum dicere adolescentem audistis se ob hunc metum pecuniam Timarchidi numerasse. Levia haec sunt in hoc reo. Metum virgarum navarchus nobilissimae civitatis pretio redemit; humanum est : alius ne condemnaretur pecuniam dedit ; usitatum est. Non vult populus Eomanus obsoletis criminibus accusari Verrem : nova postulat, inaudita desiderat : non de praetore Siciliae sed de nefario tyranno fieri judicium arbitratur. XLV. Includuntur in carcerem condemnati : supplicium consti- tuitur in illos ; sumitur de miseris parentibus navarchorum : prohi- bentur adire ad filios : prohibentur liberis suis cibum vestitumque ferre. Patres hi quos videtis jacebant in limine, matresque miserae pernoctabant ad ostium carceris, ab extremo complexu liberum ex- clusae ; quae nihil aliud orabant nisi ut filiorum suorum postremum spiritum ore excipere liceret. Aderat janitor carceris, carnifex praetoris, mors terrorque sociorum et civium Eomanorum, lictor Sextius ; cui ex omni gemitu doloreque certa merces comparabatur. Ut adeas, tan turn dabis : ut tibi cibum intro ferre liceat, tan turn. Nemo recusabat. Quid, ut uno ictu securis afferam mortem filio tuo, quid dabis? ne diu crucietur? ne saepius feriatur? ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus auferatur? Etiam ob hanc causam humanum est ■•] This passage is cited 45. complexu] ' Conspectu :' Zumpt. — by Quintilian, Inst. Or. viii. 4, 19. ' Hu- ' filiorum suorum :' ' suorum ' added by manum ' here means such a thing as may Zumpt and Orelli ; omitted in the older happen in the usual course of human affairs, texts. — 'ne condemnaretur:' all the MSS. of ore excipere liceret.'] Quintilian, Inst. Cicero ; but Quintihan has ' securi feriretur.' Or. ix. 4, 108, quotes these words, and he Quotations by ancient authors cannot always must liave found ' ore ' in his MSS., as the be relied on. point of his remarlc turns upon it. Yet ' ore ' obsoletis] ' Obsoletus ' means tjiat which is omitted even in some of the better MSS. has become common by use ; ordinary, and — ' tibi cibum vestitumque :' Cod. Vat., and the lil£e. Here it is opposed to ' nova.' Quintil. ix. 4, 71. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 551 pecunia dabatur. magnum atque intolerandum dolorem ! gravem acerbamque fortunam ! Non vitam liberum sed mortis celeritatem pretio redimere cogebantur parentes. Atque ipsi etiam adolescentes cum Sextio suo de plaga et de uno illo ictu loque- bantur, idque postremum parentes suos liberi orabant ut levandi cruciatus sui causa lictori pecunia daretur. Multi et graves dolores inventi parentibus, et propinquis multi : verumtamen mors sit ex- trema. Non erit. Estne aliquid ultra quo progredi crudelitas possit ? Reperietur. Nam illorum quum erunt securi percussi ac necati corpora feris objicientur. Hoc si luctuosum est parenti, redimat pretio sepeliendi potestatem. Onasum Segestanum, homi- nem nobilem, dicere audistis se ob sepulturam Heraclii navarchi pecuniam Timarchidi numerasse, ne hoc posses dicere, ' Patres enim veniunt, amissis filiis, irati :' vir primarius, homo nobilissimus, dicit ; neque de filio dicit. Jam hoc quis turn fuit Syracusis quin audierit, quin sciat, has Timarchidi pactiones sepulturae cum vivis etiam iUis esse factas ! Non palam cum Timarchide loquebantur ? non omnes omnium propinqui adhibebantur ? non palam vivorum funera locabantur ? Quibus omnibus rebus actis atque decisis, pro- ducuntur e carcere, deligantur ad palum. XLVI. Quis tam fuit illo tempore ferreus, quis tam inhumanus, praeter unum te, qui non illorum aetate, nobilitate, miseria com- moveretur? ecquis fuit quin lacrimaretur, quin ita calamitatem pecunia datatur.'] Cod. Vat. is said to follow the Roman, hare ' pecunia lictori datur.' But Zumpt's parenti, redimaf] Cod. Vat. — ' parenti- best MSS. have ' dabatur,' and omit 'lie- bus, redimant :' Zumpt. tori.' He adds " nam in diligentissimo hoc ne hoc posses] The common reading verborum delectu quicquid supervacuum est and that of Cod. Vat. is ' numerasse. Hoc aut secure repetitur, ferri non potest." It (ne possis dicere . . irati) vir primarius dicit ;' is not easy to see the force of this remark, which may perhaps appear to some readers One might as easily make an argument in to express the meaning of the passage more favour of 'lictori' and the present ' datur.' clearly. The fact of a man paying money Sextio suo] The common reading is for the intemient of another, who was not ' cum Sextio de eadem plaga.' ' Eadem ' is his son, stops Verres from saying by way of certainly an idle word. As to the addition objection to the veracity of the witnesses, of ' suo,' though it is found in good MSS., I ' Yes, but there are fathers who come, who doubt. Zumpt approves of it " cum perti- have lost their sons, men under the influ- nere videatur ad custodiam carceris, cui ence of passion.' praepositus ille fuit." It must rather be deligantur ad palum,] 'Ad palum* taken as a word of endearment ; they called omitted by Regius, Leidensis, both the him their good Sextius, if he would only GuelflF. and Cod. Vat. Zumpt observes release them from their fears by one stroke " quanta vis sit in hac ipsa articulatim of his axe. dicendi forma, nemo non sentit admonitus." et propinquis multi ;] Quintilian, Inst. I do not perceive it. Those who do may Or. ix. 3. 34, reads the passage thus : " Re- erase ' ad palum.' Madvig and OreUi ap- spondent primis et ultima : ' Multi et graves prove of omitting ' ad palum.' dolores inventi parentibus, et propinquis 46. lacrimaretur,] Cod. Vat. has ' lacri- multi.' " Zumpt says briefly, ' fallitur ;' and maret,' but all the other MSS., except Lag. he and Orelli have ' propinquis : multi.' I 29 and another, have ' lacrimaretur.' Dio- 552 IN 0. VERREM illam putaret illorum, ut fortunam tamen non alienam, periculum autem commune arbitraretur ? Feriuntur securi. Laetaris tu in omnium gemitu et triumphas, testes avaiitiae tuae gaudes esse sublatos. Errabas, Verres, et vehementer errabas, quum te ma- culas furtorum et flagitiorum tuorum sociorum innocentium san- guine eluere arbitrabare : praeceps amentia ferebare qui te existi- mares avaritiae vulnera crudelitatis remediis posse sanare. Etenim quamquam illi sunt mortui sceleris tui testes, tamen eorum pro- pinqui neque tibi neque illis desunt: tamen ex ipso illo numero navarciiorum aliqui vivunt et adsunt; quos, ut mihi videtur, ad illorum innocentium poenas fortuna et ad hanc causam reservavit. Adest Phylarchus Haluntinus, qui quia cum Cleomene non fugit, oppressus a praedonibus et captus est : cui calamitas saluti fuit : qui nisi captus a piratis esset, in hunc praedonem sociorum in- cidisset. Dicit is pro testimonio de missione nautarum, de fame, de Cleomenis fuga. Adest Centuripinus Phalacrus, in amplissima civitate amplissimo loco natus : eadem dicit ; nulla in re discrepat. XLVII. Per deos immortales, quo tandem animo sedetis, ju- dices, aut haec quemadmodum audistis? Utrum ego desipio et plus quam satis est doleo tanta calamitate miseriaque sociorum, an vos quoque hie acerbissimus innocentium cruciatus et maeror pari sensu doloris afficit ? Ego enim quum Herbitensem, quum Hera- cliensem securi percussum esse dico, versatur mihi ante oculos indignitas calamitatis. Eorumne populorum cives, eorum agrorum alumnos, ex quibus maxima vis frumenti quotannis plebi Romanae iUorum operis ac laboribus quaeritur, qui a parentibus spe nostri imperii nostraeque aequitatis suscepti educatique sunt, ad 0. Verris nefariam immanitatem et ad ejus funestam securim esse servatos ? medes the grammarian (p. 377i Putsch., ' Nee tamen moveor ' (Zumpt). I state the quoted by Zumpt) says " lacrymo, lacry- fact, that others may see whether they are mas : nee quisquam esse lacrymor credat, moved or not. quamvis Ovidius (Fast. i. 339) dixerit: alumnos,'] ' Colonos ' the reading of most lacrymatas cortice myrras." of the inferior MSS. calamitatem illam] ' Illam ' is added' by suscepti] Graevius hag a note on this Zumpt on good MSS. authority, and he passage, written in the style of some of those thinks that it is necessary. old commentators whose knowledge was ad illorum . . reservavit.] The common got only from books. What he really reading is ' ab illorum innocentium poena means to say is well enough ; that in times fortuna ad hanc causam reservavit.' The of prosperity and security there are more reading in the text, which is Zumpt's, is marriages, and more children are raised ; founded on good MSS. authority. ' Poena and as the exposure of children seems to innocentium ' is explained by Zumpt to have been not uncommon among the Greeks mean 'ut illis innocentibus poenas dares and Romans, we may assume that more crudelitatis.' children were exposed in unprosperous than 47. plus quam satis est doleo] ' Plus in prosperous times. quam satis doleo.' Mai from Cod. Vat. ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 553 Quum mihi Tyndaritani illius venit in mentem, quum Segestani, turn jura simul civitatum atque officia considero. Quas urbes P. Africanus etiam ornandas esse spoliis hostium arbitratus est, eas 0. Verres non solum illis ornamentis sed etiam viris nobilissimis nefario scelere privavit. En quod Tyndaritani libenter praedicent : ' Nos in septemdecim populis Siciliae numeramur : nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Eomani secuti sumus : a nobis omnia populo Romano semper et belli adjumenta et pacis ornamenta ministrata sunt.' Multum vero haec his jura profuerunt in istius imperio ac potestate. Vestros quondam nautas contra Karthaginem Scipio duxit : at nunc navem contra praedones paene inanem Oleomenes ducit. Vobiscum Afri- canus hostium spolia et praemia laudis communicavit : at nunc per hunc spoUati, nave a praedonibus abducta, ipsi in hostium loco numeroque ducimini. Quid vero ilia Segestanorum non solum Uteris tradita, neque commemorata verbis, sed multis officiis iUorum usurpata et comprobata cognatio, quos tandem fructus hujusce necessitudinis in istius imperio tulit ? Nempe hoc jure fuit, judices, ut ex sinu patriae nobilissimus adolescens istius carnifici Sextio septemdecim . . numeramur ;] The read- ing ' non eramus ' is properly rejected by Zumpt and Orelli for ' numeramur.' Manu- tius, in his note on Lib. 3. c. 6, ' perpaucae Siciliae civitates,' observes that Cicero well knew the number of these ' civitates,' for he says (Lib. 5. c. 47) that they were seven- teen ; and that now he magnifies the ser- vices of the Tyndaritani by showing that, though so many states opposed the Romans, the Tyndaritani did not join them. Of course it will be seen that he read ' non era- mus.' But the negative presents a diffi- culty, which is obvious. It would seem strange that the Tyndaritani should begia their own eulogium by a negation. The Variorum edition is in this instance a good sample of the confusion that reigns there between the notes and the text. In the text the reading is ' numeramur ;' and the note that is at the foot of the page, one from Hotmann, is adapted to explain the reading ' non eramus.' Zumpt shows that these seventeen cities were the cities that had been faithful to Rome in the wars'; and this is consistent. The Tyndaritani claim the merit of having always been among the cities friendly to Rome. A passage from Diodorus (iv. 83) makes all clear. He is speaking of the temple at Eryx and the favour shown to it by the Romans : r/ re avyK\r]Toc ruiv 'FtOfiaitAJv tiQ rag riyc fieow rtfiUQ (piXoTt- HrjBtlffa, TCLQ fji^v Triffrordrac twv Kard. TTjV 2i)feX(av ttoXcwv ovuaQ ETrraKaiStKa Xpvaotpo^tiv tSoyixdriffS ry 'A:p(>oSiTy Kai (TrpartOJTag SlaKoaiovc Tri()eXp rb ispov. a nobis . . . populo^ ' Omnia a nobis populo :' Zumpt omits ' omnia.' Vestros quondam . . at nunc per hunc . . duciminir^ The words of Verres, as Hot- mann observes. The words * vestros ' and * per me ' show this, if we read * per me.' But the difficulty is cured by the reading of Cod. Vat. ' at nunc per hunc' Zumpt has * per me,' but I follow Orelli, who adopts the reading of Cod. Vat., 'per hunc' The common reading and thatof Cod. Vat. is ' naves . . inanes,' instead of the singular. The last part of the passage stands thus in Cod. Vat. : ' at nunc per hunc spoliata navi a praedonibus ipsi in hostium loco numero- que ducemini.' ilia Segestanorum'] See Lib. 4. c. 33. ex sinu patriae] ' Deteriores MSS. et vulgo editi ex sinu patris.^ Then there fol- lows * et e complexu matris ereptus innocens Alius.' Zumpt and Orelli make objections to the general form of the expression ' ex sinu patris nobilissimus adolescens et e complexu . . Alius ;' but experience teaches 554 IN 0. VERREM dederetur. Oui civitati majores nostri maximos agros atque opti- mos concesserunt, quam immunem esse voluerunt, haec apud te cognationis, fidelitatis, vetustatis, auctoritatis ne hoc quidem juris obtinuit ut unius honestissimi atque innocentissimi civis mortem ac sanguinem deprecaretur. XLVIII. Quo confugient socii, quem implorabunt, qua spe de- iiique ut vivere velint tenebuntur, si vos eos deseretis ? Ad sena- tumne venient ? Quid ut de Verre supplicium sumat ? non est usi- tatum, non est senatorium. Ad populum Romanum confugient? Facilis est populi causa ; legem enim se sociorum causa jussisse et vos ei legi custodes ac vindices praeposuisse dicet. Hie locus igitur est unus quo perfugiant : hie portus, haec arx, haec ara sociorum ; quo quidem nunc non ita confugiunt, ut antea in suis repetendis rebus solebant. Non argentum, non aurum, non vestem, non mancipia repetunt ; non ornamenta quae ex urbibus fanisque erepta sunt : metuunt homines imperiti ne jam haec populus Ro- manus concedat et ita fieri velit. Patimur enim multos jam annos et silemus, quum videamus' ad paucos homines omnes omnium nationum pecunias pervenisse. Quod eo magis ferre animo aequo et concedere videmur, quia nemo istorum dissimulat, nemo laborat ut obscura sua cupiditas esse videatur. In urbe nostra pulcherrima atque ornatissima quod signum, quae tabula picta est, quae non ab hostibus victis capta atque deportata sit ? At istorum villae socio- rum fidelissimorum plurimis et pulcherrimis spoliis ornatae re- us to give no great weight to such remarks, is the correct form, as Zumpt observes. — The words ' et e complexn,' &c., are not in ' ad senatumne :' Cod. Vat. and Orelli. Guelff. Leid. nor in Reg. according to Grae- Zumpt omits ' ne.' vius; but they are in Cod. Vat., except that supplicium sumat?'] Cod. Vat. and Mai has omitted ' filius,' whether intention- OrelU : ' senatus ' being understood. Zumpt ally or not, is not certain. has ' sumant.' ne hoc quidem juris] The genuine text, senatorium] The common reading and preserved by Cod. Vat. Zumpt has ' ne that of the reprint of Zumpt is ' senatorium.' hoc quidem jus.' ' Juris ' is correctly ex- If we write ' senatorum ' the meaning is in- plained by Orelli " ne hanc quidem mini- telligible, and ' senatores ' must be supplied mam juris sui partem." He compares ' hoc with the verb ' sumant.' OrelU remarks on causae,' c. 41. It is a common form of ex- Zumpt's reading ' non senatorum,' "solita pression : " neque illud rationis habuisti," in talibus imperatorium, augurium (jus), &c. (Lib. 4 c. 15) ; " homo qui ... jam id oratorium corruptela." There is an iu- aetatis esset" (Lib. 1. c. 26) ; " ac si hoc stance in the De Sen. c. 4, where in place juris . . . edixisses" (Lib. 1. c. 42); and in of 'juris augurii,' the true reading, some the same chapter there is ' hoc jus,' perhaps MSS. have 'juris et augurii.' — 'non est not quite in the same sense. — ' atque inno- senatorium :' Cod. Vat. Zumpt oni. ' est.' centissimi :' om. Cod. Vat. haec arx] Zumpt omits these words ; 48. deseretis ?] The common reading is but they are in Cod. Vat., and perhaps ' deseritis.' Cicero does sometimes use the genuine. Orelli retains them. — ' omnes present thus, in careless writing, as we may omnium nationum :' Cod. Vat., Orelli. suppose. But 'deseretis,' for which there is Zumptomits' omnes.' — 'pervenire:' Zumpt. the authority of two MSS., or ' deserueritia ' ACT. 11. LIBER QUINTUS. 555 fertaeque sunt. Ubi pecunias exterarum nationum esse arbitramini quae nunc omnes egent, quum Athenas, Pergamum, Oyzicum, Miletum, Chium, Samum, totamque Asiam, Achaiam, Graeciam, Sicilian! tarn in paucis villis inclusas esse videatis ? Sed haec, ut dico, omnia jam socii vestri relinquunt et negligunt, judices. Ne publice a populo Romano spoliarentur olficiis ac fide providerunt : paucorum cupiditati turn quum obsistere non poterant, tamen suffi- cere aliquo modo poterant : nunc vero jam adempta est non modo resistendi verum etiam suppeditandi facultas. Itaque res suas negligunt : pecunias, quoi nomine judicium hoc appellatur, non repe- tunt ; relinquunt. Hoc jam ornatu ad vos confugiunt. Aspicite, aspicite, judices, squalorem sordesque sociorum. XLIX. Sthenius hie Thermitanus cum hoc capillo atque veste, domo sua tota expilata, mentionem tuorum furtorum non facit; sese ipsum abs te repetit, nihil amplius : totum enim tua libidine et scelere ex sua patria, in qua multis virtutibus ac beneficiis princeps fuit, sustulisti. Dexo hie quem videtis, non quae publice Tyn- daride, non quae privatim sibi eripuisti, sed unicum miser abs te filium optimum atque innocentissimum flagitat. Non ex litibus aestimatis tuis pecuniam domum, sed ex tua calamitate cineri atque ossibus filii sui solatium vult aliquod reportare. Hie tam grandis natu Eubulida hoc tantum exacta aetate laboris itinerisque suscepit, non ut aliquid de suis bonis recuperaret, sed ut quibus oculis cruentas cervices filii sui viderat iisdem te condemnatum videret. Si per L. Metellum licitum esset, judices, matres illorum miserorum, uxores, sororesque veniebant : quarum una, quum ego quae nunc omnes"] " Edit! adhuc quibus, filmm :' Reg. Vat., Orelli ; ' filium ab in- in qua scriptura difficile jam esset, omnes feris :' Zumpt. ad ceteras nationes referre " (Zumpt), who Si . . licitum esset, . . venieiant ;] Zumpt observes that the better MSS. have ' quae.' has a note on this passage. " Ceterum totamque Asiam,'} Cod. Vat. has ' totam veniebant pro venissent hlstoricorum more, denique Achaiam,' and it omits ' Asiam.' id quod olim negavi in Gramm. § 519 fieri Sed, haec ut dico, &c.] Zumpt has (in a Cicerone nisi per partem aliquam. Verum the English reprint) ' sed, ut dico, haec concedo nunc, quoniam licitum esset vere omnia,' manifestly a feeble expression, and Plusquamperf. esse (non Imperfectum) in- contrary to the best MSS. Orelli, who has telligo e locis a Schellero in lexico allatis, the reading in the text, cites Zumpt's first quorum duo sunt harum oratt. iii. 48, init. edition. In his larger edition Zumpt has et Epist. xiv. 4." (Zumpt.) He adds a ' sed haec, ut dico,' &c. like example, Epist. xii. 10 : " praeclare 49. princeps fuit,'] The ' vulgata ' is viceramus nisi Lepidus recepisset Anto- ' princeps floruit,' which Zumpt does not niun^." I don't perfectly comprehend all allow to be Latin ; nor does Madvig, who this note, and I give it as it is. I am not observes that we can say ' florere beneficiis,' aware that there is any difficulty about the and ' princeps esse,' but not ' florere prin- form of expression. The instance (iii. 48) ceps.' Cod. Vat. ' floruit princeps.' I can't find. There is one in Lib. 3. c. 52, iisdem te condemnatum] Cod. Vat. and which will serve : " lUi ipsi, &c., relictuii G. Zumpt has ' iis te,' &c. — ' ab inferis agros omnes erant, nisi ad eos Metellua 556 IN 0. VEEREM ad Heracliam noctu accederem, cum omnibus matronis ejus civi- tatis et cum multis facibus mihi obviam venit, et ita, me suam salutem appellans, te suum carnificem nominans, filii nomen implo- rans, mihi ad pedes misera jacuit quasi ego ejus excitare ab inferis filiura possem. Faciebant hoc idem ceteris in civitatibus grandes natu matres, et item parvi liberi miserorum ; quorum utrorumque aetas laborem et industriam meam, fidem et misericordiam vestram requirebat. Itaque ad me, judices, hanc querimoniam praeter ceteras Sicilia detulit: lacrimis ego hue, non gloria inductus ac- cessi ; ne falsa damnatio, ne career, ne catenae, ne verbera, ne secures, ne cruciatus sociorum, ne sanguis innocentium, ne denique etiam exsanguia corpora mortuorum, ne maeror parentum ac pro- pinquorum magistratibus nostris quaestui posset esse. Hunc ego si metum Siciliae damnatione istius per vestram fidem et severi- tatem dejecero, judices, satis officio meo, satis illorum voluntati qui a me hoc petiverunt factum esse arbitrabor. L. Quapropter si quem forte inveneris qui hoc navale crimen conetur defendere, is ita defendat : ilia communia quae ad causam nihil pertinent praetermittat ; me culpae fortunam assignare, cala- mitatem crimini dare ; me amissionem classis objicere, quum multi viri fortes in communi incertoque periculo belli et terra et mari saepe offenderint. NuUam tibi objicio fortunam : nihil est quod Romamliterasmisisset." Both of these ex- that he should commit a crime if he did amples aie used by Professor Key (Gramm. not swear to observe the testament of his 1214,5) in his remarks on hypothetical ' patronus.' " If this case should not be sentences. He translates this : " Their mo- admitted to be exactly of the same kind as thers, wives, sisters, were coming (and those above, as 1 think it is, it will not be would actually have come), if Metellus had denied that a subjunctive might stand in permitted." This is the meaning, but I the place of ' arbitrabatur.' prefer the version without the parenthetical On the matter of hypothetical sentences, matter. He represents them as coming the reader may consult Key's Grammar. — (which was not the fact) if they had not Zumpt omits ' uxores.' been prevented. The object is to give exsanguia corporal Cod. Vat. supplies greater animation to the form of expres- the true reading 'exsanguia,' in place of * ex-, sion, which is effected by the indicative, sanguium.' Zumpt, however, writes the though the strict expression in a case hke word without s, on the authority of the this would require the subjunctive in both Guelff. clauses. There are many sentences in which 50. culpae fortunam] The reading of the indicative might stand in place of the Cod. Vat. and Orelli. The reading of subjunctive in the clause which corre- Zumpt is ' culpam fortunae,' which he at- sponds to the hypothetical clause ; and in- tempts to explain. The meaning of the stead of being examples of ordinary con- text is clear : ' culpae assignare ' corre- struction, they would resemble the present sponds to ' crimini dare,' and means to instance, in which Cicero could have used " make fortune, or man's ill luck, a cause of ' venissent ' in place of ' veniebant.' blame." Cicero says shortly after, ' nullam The following is another example (Lib. 1. tibi objicio fortunam.' ' Sceleri assignare' u. 47) : " at ille Ubertus, nisi ex testameuto occurs in Cicero (Ad Quint. Fr. i. Ep. 4, patroni jurasset, scelus se facturum arbitra- quoted by Orelli). batur;" " but that freedman was thinking ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 557 ceterorum res" minus commode gestas proferas: nihil est quod multorum naufragia fortunae colligas. Ego naves inanes fuisse dico : remiges nautasque dimissos : reliquos stirpibus vixisse pal- marum : praefuisse classi populi Romani Siculum, perpetuo sociis atque amicis Syracusanum : te illo ipso tempore superioribusque diebus omnibus in littore cum mulierculis perpotasse dico : harum rerum omnium auctores testesque produco. Num tibi insultare in calamitate, num intercludere perfugium fortunae, num casus bellicos exprobrare aut objicere videor ? tametsi solent hi fortunam sibi objici nolle qui se fortunae commiserunt, qui in ejus periculis sunt ac varietate versati. Istius quidem calamitatis tuae fortuna particeps non fuit. Homines enim in proeliis, non in conviviis, belli fortunam periclitari solent : in ilia autem calamitate non Martem fuisse com- munem sed Venerem possumus dicere. Quodsi fortunam tibi objici non oportet, cur tu fortunae illorum innocentium veniam ac locum non dedisti ? Etiam illud praecidas licet, te quod supplicium more majorum sumpseris securique percusseris, idcirco a me in crimen et invidiam vocari. Non in supplicio crimen meum vertitur : non ego nego securi quemquam feriri oportere : non ego metum ex re militari, non severitatem imperii, non poenam flagitii tolli dico oportere. Fateor non modo in soeios sed etiam in cives militesque nostros persaepe esse severe ac vehementer vindicatum. Qua re haec quo- que praetermittas licet. LI. Ego culpam non in navarchis sed in te fuisse demonstro : te pretio remiges militesque dimisisse arguo. Hoc navarchi reliqui dicunt : hoc Netinorum foederata civitas publice dicit : hoc Ame- stratini, hoc Herbitenses, Agyrinenses, Tyndaritani publice dicunt : tuus denique testis, tuus imperator, tuus aemulus, tuus hospes Cleomenes hoc dicit, sese in terram esse egressum ut Pachyno, e terrestri praesidio, milites colligeret quos in navibus collocaret. Quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves haberent : ea est enim ratio instructarum ornatarumque navium, ut non modo plures perpetual Cod. Vat. has 'perpetuum.' perfugium fortunae,'] ' Perfugia fort.:' If the reading is right, we must connect Orelli. The * perfugium fortunae ' means, ' perpetuo ' with * sociis atque amicis,' * un- the excuse wliich a man maltes by alleging interruptedly allies and friends,' which gives his ill luck, a thing which may befal any but a poor sense. Orelli writes from con- one. jecture ' praepositum,' referring to c. 38 : praecidas licet, te quod] I have followed " qui a suis civitatibus illis navibus prae- Orelli's text. Zumpt has ' praecidas licet, positi fuerant." He adds " totus autem de his quod.' ' Te ' seems to be wanting, error inde natus, quod notae P.P. significant and it is in Cod. Vat. — 'feriri oportere:' et Praeposiius et Perpetuus : (yiA.VaHceva Zumpt, from Cod. Vat.; 'feriri debere:' I. Inscrip. mear. Lat. T. 2. p. 4G7)." Orelli. 558 IN 0. VEEREM sed ne singuli quidem possint accedere. Dico praeterea, illos ipsos reliquos nautas fame atque inopia rerum omnium confectos fuisse ac perditos. Dico aut omnes extra eulpam fuisse, aut, si uni attri- buenda culpa sit, in eo maximam fuisse qui optimam navem, pluri- mos nautas haberet, summum imperium obtineret ; aut, si omnes in culpa fuerint, non oportuisse Oleomenem constitui spectatorem illorum mortis atque cruciatus. Dico etiam in ipso supplicio mer- cedem lacrimarum, mercedem vulneris atque plagae, mercedem funeris ac sepulturae constitui nefas fuisse. Quapropter si mihi respondere voles, haec dicito : classem instructam atque ornatam fuisse, nullum propugnatorem abfuisse, nullum vacuum tractum esse remura, rem frumentariam esse suppeditatam, mentiri navarchos, mentiri tot et tam graves civitates, mentiri etiam Sicilian! totam ; proditum esse te a Cleomene qui se dixerit exisse in terram ut Pacliyno deduceret milites : animum illis non copias defuisse : Oleo- menem acerrime pugnantem ab his relictum esse atque desertum : nummum ob sepulturam datum nemini. Quae si dices, tenebere : sin alia dices, ea quae a me dicta sunt non refutabis. LII. Hie tu etiam dicere audebis, ' Est in judicibus ille familiaris mens, est paternus amicus illeT non, ut quisque maxime est qui- cum tibi aliquid sit, ita te in hujuscemodi crimine maxime ejus pudet ? ' Paternus amicus est.' Ipse pater si judicaret, per deos immortales, quid facere posset, quum tibi haec diceret : Tu in pro- vincia populi Romani praetor, quum tibi maritimum bellum esset administrandum, Mamertinis ex foedere quam deberent navem per triennium remisisti : tibi apud eosdem privata navis oneraria maxima publice est aedificata : tu a civitatibus pecunias classis nomine coe- gisti : tu pretio remiges dimisisti : tu, navis quum esset ab legato et quaestore capta praedonum, archipiratam ab oculis omnium removisti : tu, qui cives Romani esse dicerentur, qui a multis 51. vacuum tractum esse] This is the has established the old text here in place of reading of the MSS., rightly restored by the corrupt text. Madvig and Orelli ap- Zumpt in place of the corruptions of con- prove of it. Verres is supposed to say, jecture. A 'vacuus remus ' is one which " There is among the ' judices ' that intimate has no man to work it ; and it may be said of mine ; there is a friend of my father to be ' tractus ' when it is attached to its there." To which Cicero replies, " Just in place and dragged, instead of being worked proportion to your intimacy with any one, by the hand of the rower. SchefFer, an ought you not, when charged with an offence authority in such matters, so explains the of this kind, to be filled with shame before text ; and he refers to Ovid, Met. xi. 475 : him .' " As to this use of ' pudet,' Madvig "Obvertitlateripendentesnavitaremos;" ^mpares Cicero, PhU. ii. 25 : "si te mu- mcipiorum non pudebat, ne veterani quidem and Statins, Theb. v. 422 ; Valerius Flaccus, exercitus .' " And Orelli gives the instance Argon, iii. 34. of the German form : ' sich vor einem 52. ita te . . maxime ejus pudet .?] Zumpt schamen.' ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 569 cognoscerentur, securi ferire potuisti : tu tuam domum piratas abducere, in judicium archipiratam domo producers ausus es : tu in provincia tarn splendida, apud socios fidelissimos, cives Eomanos honestissimos, in metu periculoque provinciae, dies continues com- plures in littore conviviisque jacuisti : te per eos dies nemo tuae domi convenire, nemo in foro videre potuit : tu sociorum atque amicorum ad ea convivia matresfamilias adhibuisti : tu inter ejus- modi mulieres praetextatum tuum filium, nepotem meum, coUoca- visti ut aetati maxime lubricae atque incertae exempla nequitiae parentis vita praeberet : tu praetor in provincia cum tunica pallio- que purpureo visus es : tu propter amorem libidinemque tuam imperiura navium legato populi Romani ademisti, Syracusano tradi- disti: tui milites in provincia Sicilia frugibus frumentoque caruerunt: tua luxuria atque avaritia classis populi Romani a praedonibus capta at incensa est : post Syracusas conditas quem in portum nunquam hostis accesserat, in eo te praetore primum piratae navi- gaverunt : neque haec tot et tanta dedecora dissimulatione tua, neque oblivione hominum ac taciturnitate tegere voluisti, sed etiam navium praefectos sine uUa causa de complexu parentum suorum, hospitum tuorum, ad mortem cruciatumque rapuisti ; neque te in parentum luctu atque lacrimis mei nominis commemoratio mitigavit : tibi hominum innocentium sanguis non modo voluptati sed etiam quaestui fuit. — Haec si tibi tuus parens diceret, posses ab eo veniam petere ! posses ut tibi ignosceret postulare ? LIII. Satis est factum Siculis, satis officio ac necessitudini, judices, satis promisso nostro ac recepto. Reliqua est ea causa, judices, quae non jam recepta sed innata ; neque delata ad me sed in animo sensuque meo penitus affixa atque insita est ; quae non ad sociorum salutem, sed ad civium Romanorum, hoc est, ad unius- cujusque nostrum vitam et sanguinem pertinet. In qua noHte a me, quasi dubium sit aliquid, argumenta, judices, exspectare : omnia quae dicam sic erunt iUustria ut ad ea probanda totam Siciliam testem adhibere possem. Furor enim quidam, sceleris et audaciae comes, istius effrenatum animum importunamque naturam tanta oppressit amentia ut nunquam dubitaret in conventu palam sup- plicia, quae in convictos maleficii servos constituta sunt, ea in cives Romanos expromere. Virgis quam multos ceciderit, quid ego com- memorem ? Tantum brevissime, judices, dico : nullum fuit omnino civitatis isto praetore in hoc genere discrimen. Itaque jam consue- tudine ad corpora civium Romanorum etiam sine istius nutu fere- batur manus ipsa lictoris. 560 IN C. VEEREM LIV. Num potes hoc negare, Verres, in foro Lilybaei, maximo conventu, C. Servilium, civem Romanum e conventu Panhormitano, veterem negotiatorem, ad tribunal, ante pedes tuos, ad terrain virgis et verberibus abjectum ? Aude hoc primum negare, si potes : nemo Lilybaei fuit quin viderit ; nemo in Sicilia quin audierit. Plagis confectum dico a lictoribus tuis civem Romanum ante oculos tuos concidisse. At quam ob causam, dii imraortales ! Tametsi inju- riam facio communi causae et juri civitatis : quasi enim ulla possit esse causa cur hoc cuiquam civi Romano jure accidat, ita quaero quae in Servilio causa fuerit. Ignoscite in hoc uno, judices : in ceteris enim non magno opere causas requiram. Locutus erat libe- rius de istius improbitate atque nequitia. Quod isti simulac renun- tiatum est, hominem jubet Lilybaeum vadimonium Venereo ,servo promittere. Promittit. Lilybaeum venitur. Cogere eum coepit, quum ageretnemo, nemo postularet, sponsionem ii millium nummum faeere cum lictore suo, Ni furtis quaestum faceret. Recuperatores 54. At quam ob causam,} The common reading is ' quam ob causam,' but Zumpt added the ' at ' on good authority. The ' at ' could be omitted, but it is Cicero's fashion to use it in such a case. He says ' Plagis confectum,' &c. ; and then, to give greater emphasis to what he has said, he adds, ' at quam ob causam, * and for what reason ? ' Thus in the beginning of c. 56 : " At quae erat ista libido," &c. ; and in the same chapter: **At quae causa tum sub- jiciebatur," &c. Lilybaeum vadimonium . . . promittere.'] See p. 286. sponsionem . .Jacere'] Here ' sponsionem faeere ' is said of him who answers (spon- det) and promises (promittit) to him ' qui sponsione lacessit,' as Keller shows, Semes- trium ad M. TuUium Ciceronem, Libri Sex, i. p. 31. It has also this sense in the Pro Caecina, t;. 28 : '* Aebutius . . necesse est male fecerit sponsionem." In the Pro Quinctio, u. 8, 9, Quinctius ' qui rogat ' is said ' sponsionem faeere ;' and in c. 14, Naevius ' qui spondet ac promittit ' is also said ' sponsionem faeere.' So in Lib. 1. c. 45, of these orations, ' sponsionem face- ret,' and ' si possessor sponsionem non fa- ciei,' are used the same way. To this may be added the Lex GalHae Cisalpinae, c. 20 : " si is ibi de ea re in jure non respondent, neque de ea re sponsionem faciet, neque judicio uti oportebit se defendet ;" and in another passage, " qui se sponsione judi- ciove uti oportebit non defenderit." Instances where the ' stipulator ' is said ' sponsionem faeere,' occur in Lib. 3. c. 57, and in Cicero, Ad Fam. vii. 21. These re- marks will serve as a supplement to what has been said before on this expression. Ni furtis, &c.] In place of ' cum lictore suo,' Orelli has * cum servo suo.' Servilius, it must be supposed, had talked of the thefts of Verres ; and Verres, in order to punish him, resolved to charge Servilius with theft. Nobody had any de- mand upon Servilius, and no charge to make against him (quum ageret nemo, ne- mo postularet). Verres compelled him to make a ' sponsio ' with his own ' lictor,' the effect of which was to try the question whether ServiUus was a thief or not ; rather a singular way of dealing with a man's cha- racter, when there was no charge against him. The form of the ' sponsio,' in this case, as Rost explains it, would be this : " Servus or Lictor : Spondesne, Servili, HS duo millia, si tu (quod ego affirmo et tu negas) furtis quaestum facis ? Servilius : Spondeo, si, &c. Tum ServiUus, Tu vera, lictor, spondesne, ni, &c. Lictor : Spondeo, ni," &c. This explanation of Host's is adopted by Orelli, but his adoption of it adds nothing to the authority. It is generally said, and I have followed the opinion (note, p. ;;39), that the ' spon- sio ' might express the condition in the form ' si ' or ' ni.' But there appears to be great doubt about this matter. We must distinguish between the direct form of the ' sponsio,' and the form in which it is quoted. In Gaius (iv. 93) we have an ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 561 se de cohorte sua dicebat daturum. Servilius et recusare et depre- cari, ne iniquis judieibus, nullo adversario, judicium capitis in se constitueretur. Haec quum maxime loqueretur, sex lictores cir- cumsistunt valentissimi et ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimi : caedunt acerrime virgis : denique proximus lictor, de quo jam saepe dixi, Sextius converse baculo oculos misero tundere vehementissime coepit. Itaque ille, quum sanguis os oculosque complesset, concidit ; quum illi nihilo minus jacenti latera tunderentur ut aliquando spondere se diceret. Sic ille affectus illinc turn pro mortuo- sublatus perbrevi postea est mortuus. Iste autem homo Venereus, et affluens omni lepore ac venustate, de bonis illius in aede Veneris argenteum Oupidinem posuit. Sic etiam fortunis hominum abutebatur ad nocturna vota cupiditatum suarum. LV. Nam quid ego de ceteris civium Romanorum supphciis singillatim potius quam generatim atque universe loquar? Career ille qui est a crudelissimo tyranno Dionysio factus Syracusis, quae example of the direct form : " provocamus adversarium tali sponsione : Si homo quo de agitur ex jm'e Quiritium meus est, ses- tertios xxv nummos dare spondes ? " The answer would be ' Spondeo.' The corre- sponding direct form in the passage of Ci- cero would be this challenge to Servilius : '** Si furtis quaestum facis, ii millia num- mum dare spondes ? " Servihus did not say ' Spondeo,' but Verres tried to compel him to answer (sponsionem facere). Now it appears that even in affirmative ' spon- siones,' when reported indirectly, the form ' ni ' is always used, and not ' si.' The ex- planation of this use of ' ni ' is not so easy ; but I think it is now made clear that ' si ' is the proper word of the direct ' sponsio,' and that * ni ' is used only in the indirect form. Huschke, quoted by Keller, explains this in his way ; but I have no idea what he means. The words in legal formulae must not be measured by the rules of the ordi- nary Latin language. They are often an- tiquated modes of expression, which differ from the forms in daily use. I take ' ni ' in this formula to mean what Keller sug- gests (ob nicht) : and the simple translation of the text will be: "he compels him to make a ' sponsio ' to the amount of, &c. — If he was not enriching himself by thefl:." The question raised was. If he was not a thief ; or. Whether he was not a thief : just as if the form had been ' Furtisne quaestum faceret.' This explanation is equally appli- cable to the passage in Lib. 3. c. 59, where ' sponsionem facere ' applies to the ' stipu- lator.' The ' sponsio ' being made, it may be generally referred to as containing the matter, ' If so and so is not the case.' Thus Cicero says (c. 89) : " Sponsio est, ni te," &c. : the ' sponsio,' that is, the question to which ' spondeo ' had been answered, in- volved the question, " If Apronius did not say that you are his partner in the ' decu- mae ? ' " This, I believe, is the true explanation of the formula ' ni,' for which I am indebted to Keller, whose work I had not by me till lately. 'These remarks will correct those on Lib. 3. c. 59, so far as they require correction. In p. 172 I have improperly limited the meaning of ' sponsionem facere ;' but this note musf; be taken as supple- mentary to what is said there. proximus lictor^ As the * lictors ' walked in a line before the ' magistratus,' the near- est ' lictor ' would be ' proximus,' as the story in Livy (xxiv. 44) shows ; and this appears to be the ' lictor ' who was most about the ' magistrates ' (Sallust. Jug. c. 12). The terra occurs on two inscriptions cited by Orelli, but in the order ' Lictor proxi- mus.' Zumpt refers to a passage in Vale- rius Maximus (ii. 2, 4) : " ne quis se inter consulem et proximum lictorem . . inter- poneret;" and Cicero, De Divin. i. 26. Cicero (Ad Q. Fr. 1. 1. c. 7) has the ex- pression ' primus lictor,' which Lipsius (Op. vol. i. Elect, p. 727, ed. 1675) explains to mean the ' lictor ' who walks first and clears the way, ' qui submovet.' O 562 IN C. VEEREM lautumiae vocantur, in istius imperio domicilium civium Eomanorum fuit. Ut quisque istius animum aut oculos offenderat, in lautumias statim conjiciebatur. Indignum hoc video videri omnibus, judices : et id jam priore actione quum haec testes dicerent intellexi. Reti- neri enim putatis oportere jura libertatis non modo hie, ubi tribuni plebis sunt, ubi ceteri magistratus, ubi forum plenum judiciorum, ubi senatus auctoritas, ubi existiraatio populi Romani et frequentia ; sed ubicumque terrarum et gentium violatum jus civium Romano- rum sit, statuitis id pertinere ad communem causam hbertatis et dignitatis. In externorum hominum maleficorum sceleratorumque, in praedonum hostiumque custodias tu tantum numerum civium Romanorum includere ausus es ? Nunquamne tibi judicii, nunquam contionis, nunquam hujus tantae frequentiae, quae nunc animo te iniquissimo infestissimoque intuetur, venit in mentem? nunquam tibi populi Romani absentis dignitas, nunquam species ipsa hujusce multitudinis in oculis animoque versata est ? nunquam te in horum conspectum rediturum, nunquam in forum populi Romani ventu- rum, nunquam sub legum et judiciorum potestatem casurum esse duxisti ? LVI. At quae erat ista libido crudelitatis exercendae, quae tot scelerum suscipiendorum causa ? Nulla, judices, praeter praedandi novam singularemque rationem. Nam ut iUi, quos a poetis accepi- mus, qui sinus quosdam obsedisse maritimos aut aliqua promontoria aut praerupta saxa tenuisse dicuntur, ut eos qui essent appulsi navigiis interficere possent, sic iste in omnia maria infestus ex omnibus Siciliae partibus imminebat. Quaecunque navis ex Asia, quae ex Syria, quae Tyro, quae Alexandria venerat, statim certis indicibus et custodibus tenebatur: vectores omnes in lautumias conjiciebantur : onera atque merces in praetoriam domum defere- bantur. Versabatur in Sicilia longo intervallo alter, non Dionysius ille, nee Phalaris, tulit enim ilia quondam insula multos et crudeles tyrannos, sed quoddam novum monstrum ex vetere ilia immanitate quae in iisdem loeis versata esse dicitur. Non enim Charybdim tarn infestam neque Scyllam nautis quam istum in eodem freto 55. uhi tribuni plebis sunt,'] Compare those who did not like ' duco esse.' with this a passage in the Ep. ad Q. Fr. 56. illi,2 The great robbers of antiquity, 1. 1. u. 7 : " Quod si haec lenitas grata " Siais, Procrustes, and other worthies. &c. non Dionysius ille,'] Zumpt observes esse duxisti .'] The MSS. ' melioris sec- that tliis passage is quoted by Quintilian, tae,' as Zumpt says, have ' duxisti ' for the Inst. Or. viii. 6, 72, as an instance of hy- vulgate ' putasti,' except Lag. 29, ' qui inter perbole, but it is quoted with some varia- utramque classem iluctuat.' Orelli observes tions. that the change into ' putasti ' was made by ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 563 fuisse arbitror : hoc etiam iste infestior quod multo se pluribus et immanioribus canibus succinxerat. Cyclops alter multo impor- tunior : hie enim totam insulam obsidebat ; ille Aetnam solam et earn Siciliae partem tenuisse dicitur. At quae causa turn subjicie- batur ab ipso, judices, hujus tam nefariae crudelitatis ? Eadem quae nunc in defensione commemorabitur. Quicunque accesserant ad Siciliam paulo pleniores, eos Sertorianos milites esse atque a Dianio fugere dicebat. Illi ad deprecandum periculum proferebant, alii purpuram Tyriam, tus alii atque odores vestemque linteam, gemmas alii et margaritas, vina nonnuUi Grraeca venalesque Asiati- cos, ut intelligeretur ex mercibus quibus ex locis navigarent. Non providerant eas ipsas sibi causas esse periculi, quibus argumentis se ad salutem uti arbitrabantur. Iste enim haec eos ex piratarum societate adeptos esse dicebat : ipsos in lautumias abduci imperabat : naves eorum atque onera diligenter asservanda curabat. LVII. His institutis quum completus jam mercatorura career asset, tum ilia fiebant quae L. Suetium, equitem Romanum, lectis- simum virum, dicere audistis, et quae ceteros audietis. Cervices in carcere frangebantur indignissime civium Romanorum ut jam ilia vox et imploratio, Oivis Romanus sum, quae saepe multis in ultimis terris opem inter barbaros et salutem tulit, ea mortem illis acerbio- rem et supplicium maturius ferret. Quid est, Verres ? quid ad haec cogitas respondere? num mentiri me, num fingere aliquid, num augere crimen, num quid horum dicere istis tuis defensoribus audes ? Oedo mihi, quaeso, ex ipsius sinu literas Syracusanorum quas ist« ad arbitrium suum confectas esse arbitratur : cedo rationem carceris quae diligentissime conficitur, quo quisque die datus in custodiara, quo mortuus, quo necatus sit. literak syeacusanorum. Videtis cives Romanes gregatim conjectos in lautumias : videtis indignissimo in loco coacervatam multitudinem vestrorum civium. Quaerite nunc vestigia quibus exitus eorum ex illo loco compareant. Nulla sunt. canibus succinxerat.] The word pro- 57. et imploratio,'] ' Et ilia imploratio ;' periy applies, ag Zumpt observes, to Scylla, Orelli. who appeared surrounded by barking mon- istis tuis, &c.] ' Sic Guelferbytani, et sters, when the waves withdrew, and dis- solent ilia verba conjungi ' (Zumpt). Orelli played the monster : follows the vulgate * istis defensoribus tuis " Ilia feris atram canibus succingitur ^"'?'='-' ^e observes that the other reading alvum."— Ovid. Met. xiii. 732. T^f^ T l^e^^J^eter ending, which Cicero studiously avoids ' m clausularum nne. The hounds of Verres have often been But there are examples in Cicero of this mentioned by Cicero. hexametral ending. Cyclops] Homer, Od. Lib. ix. — ' obsi- ipsius sinu] The ' sinus ' of Verres. He debat :' ' obtinebat,' Orelli. had a copy of the prison rolls (ratio car- Bianio] See Lib. 1. c. 34. ceris) with him. o 2 564 IN 0. VERREM Omnesne mortui ? Si ita posset defendere, tamen fides huic defen- sioni non haberetur. Sed scriptum extat ia iisdem literis, quod iste homo barbarus ac dissolutus neque attendere unquam neque intelli- gere potuit: EAIKAIt29H2AN, inquit, hoc est, ut Sicuh loquun- tur, supplicio affecti ac necati sunt. LVIII. Si qui rex, si qua civitas exterarum gentium, si qua natio fecisset aliquid in cives Romanes ejusmodi, nonne publice vindicare- mus I non bello persequeremur ? possemus banc injuriam ignominiam- que nominis Romani inultam impunitamque dimittere I Quot bella majores nostros et quanta suscepisse arbitramini, quod cives Romani injuria affecti, quod navicularii retenti, quod mercatores spoliati dicerentur ? At ego jam retentos non queror ; spohatos ferendum puto : navibus, mancipiis, mercibus ademptis, in vincula mercatores esse conjectos, et in vincuhs cives Romanos necatos esse arguo. Si haec apud Scythas dicerem, non hie in tanta multitudine civium Romanorum, non apud senatores, lectissimos civitatis, non in foro popuK Romani, de tot et tam acerbis supphciis civium Romanorum, tamen animos etiam barbarorum hominum permoverem. Tanta enim hujus imperii ampHtudo, tanta nominis Romani dignitas est apud oranes nationes ut ista in nostros homines crudelitas nemini concessa esse videatur. Nunc tibi ego ullam salutem, ullum per- fugium putem, quum te implicatum severitate judicum, circumreti- tum frequentia populi Romani esse videam ? Si mehercule, id quod fieri non posse intelligo, ex his te laqueis exueris ac te aUqua via ac ratione exphcaris, in illas tibi majores plagas incidendum est in quibus te ab eodem me superiore ex loco confici et concidi necesse est. Cui si etiam id quod defendit velim concedere, tamen ipsa ilia falsa defensio non minus esse ei perniciosa quam mea vera accusatio debeat. Quid enim defendit ? Ex Hispania fugientes se excepisse et supplicio affecisse dicit. Quis tibi id permisit ? quo jure fecisti ? attendere'] See Lib. 3. c. 6. — t^ticaiw- Zumpt and Orelli to the reading ' nonne Qt]aav : Cicero seems to say that this is a bello,' for it appears to be Cicero's fashion, Sicilian use, not known to the other Greeks, after using ' nonne ' once, to use the simple who would use some other form of expres- ' non.' See Lib. 4. c. US. p. 478. sion to convey the notion of capital punish- superiore ex local ' ^ Rostris in quibus ment ; or he may simply mean, this is the aediUs accusabo te de majestate ' (P. Manu- word that the Sicilians used, and Verres did tins). This is doubtless the right explana- not understand it. Hotmann refers to a tion, and must be added to the list of pas- use of sdiKaiiv in Herodotus (i. 100), where sages in refutation of Becker's opinion, that the word, however, simply means ' he ' superior locus ' always means the ' tri- punished;' and so it may mean here, ' they bunal.' Orelli quotes Pronto, p. 148, ed. were punished ;' but usage had affixed a Rom. : " locuturum inde nobiscum de loco meaning to the word. See Suidas, SiKaioi- superiore ; nee tantulo superiore quanto /itvoi: icoXaZoiitvos, ScKiiQ Tvyxavojv. Rostra foro et comitio excelslora sunt." 58. non bello'] This is preferred by Compare with this passage Lib. 1. c. 5. act: II. LIBER QUINTUS. 565 quis idem fecit ? qui tibi facere licuit ? Forum plenum et basilicas istorum hominum videmus, et anirao aequo videmus. Civilis enim dissensionis, et sive amentiae seu fati seu calamitatis non est iste molestus exitus, in quo reliquos saltern cives incolumes licet conser- vare. Verres, ille vetus proditor consulis, translator quaesturae, aversor pecuniae publicae, tantum sibi auctoritatis in re publica suscepit ut, quibus hominibus per senatum, per populum Romanum, per omnes magistratus, in foro, in suffragiis, in hac urbe, in re publica versari liceret, iis omnibus mortem acerbam crudelemque proponeret, si fortuna eos ad aliquam partem Siciliae detulisset. Ad Cn. Pompeium, clarissimum virum et fortissimum, occiso Per- perna, permulti ex illo Sertoriano numero militum confugerunt. Quem non ille summo cum studio salvum incolumemque servavit I cui civi supplici non iUa dextera invicta fidem porrexit et spem salutis ostendit? Itane vero quibus fuit portus apud eum quem contra arma tulerant, iis apud te cujus nullum in re publica mo- mentum unquam fuit mors et cruciatus erat constitutus ? LIX. Vide quam commodam defensionem excogitaris. Malo mehercule id quod tu defendis his judicibus populoque Romano istorum hominnm] The public places of Rome were crowded with men who had heen the partizans of Marius and Serto- rius ; but they were allowed to return home, and remain unmolested. Cicero adds : " For as to civil dissension, and madness, if you so choose to call it, or give it the name of fate or misfortune, that has befallen us, you cannot find fault with a termination which allows us to save at least the remnant of our citizens." He means to say that, after all the calamities of the civil wars, the Ro- mans may be well satisfied that tran- quillity is at last restored, and that those who have survived are allowed to remain unmolested. The impudent defence of Verres was, that those whom he put to death were men who had escaped from the Spanish war, partizans of Sertorius ; but these very men were allowed to remain quiet at Rome. Besides, Verres had no authority for punishing them, if they fell into his hands. Orelli and Zumpt place ' ; ' after * exitus.' Orelli understands the pas- sage right. Ernesti misunderstood it, and tried to correct it. What Zumpt means by the following note, I don't know ; ** Tu in- stituta cum Beckio paulo graviore inter- punctione (the ' ; ' after ' exitus '), qua hoc roembrum a praegresso discernatur, subin- tellige ' sed is est,' " translator quaesturae,'^ These words have caused great difficulty to some of the com- mentators. Cicero describes Verres as a trai- tor to his consul Cn. Papirius Carbo (Lib. 1. c. 12, &c.). He was the ' quaestor ' of Carbo, and in this capacity he deserted him : he transferred his ' quaestorship ' to the other party, to Sulla. "There seems nothing more strange in calling Verres * translator quaes- turae,' than ' aversor pecuniae publicae.' in suffragiis^ Not access to the * ma- gistratus,' however, says P. Manutius, for a ' lex ' which was passed after the victory of Sulla deprived the sons of the proscribed of the capacity of filUng ' magistratus.' Perperna^ M. Perperna, who belonged to the faction of M. Aemihus Lepidus, joined Sertorius in Spain, and afterwards assassi- nated him (Plutarch, Sertorius, c. 27). Cn. Pompeius, who was then conducting the war in Spain, caught Perperna, and put him to death (B.C. 72) ; but he burnt all the papers of Sertorius without reading them, or letting anyone else read them; "and he imme- diately put Perperna to death, through fear that there might be defection and disturb- ance if the names were communicated to others " (Plutarch). — ' permulti, occiso Per- perna, ex illo :' Orelli. cui civi supplici'] R. G. Orelli. Zumpt has ' cui civi turn supplicanti.' — ' Itane vero ? quibus :' Zumpt, Orelli, as usual, 566 IN 0. VEEEEM quam id quod ego insimulo probari: malo, inquam, te isti generi hominum quam mercatoribus et naviculariis inimicum atque infes- tum putari. Meum enim crimen avaritiae te nimiae coarguit : tua defensio furoris cujusdam, et immanitatis, et inauditae crudelitatis, et paene novae proscriptionis. Sed non licet me isto tanto bono, judices, uti : non licet. Adsunt enim Puteoli toti : frequentissimi venerunt ad hoc judicium mercatores, homines locupletes atque honesti, qui partim socios sues, partim libertos, ab isto spoliatos, in vincula conjectos, partim in vinculis necatos, pai'tim securi per- cusses esse dicunt. Hie vide quam me sis usurus aequo. Quum ego P. Granium testem produxero qui suos libertos abs te securi percusses esse dicat, qui abs te navem suam mercesque repetat, refellito, si poteris ; meum testem deseram, tibi favebo :, te, inquam, adjuvabo : ostendito illos cum Sertorio fuisse, a Dianio fugientes ad Siciliam esse delatos. Nihil est quod te mallem probare : nullum enim facinus quod majore supplicio dignum sit reperiri neque pro- ferri potest. Reducam iterum equitem Romanum, L. Flavium, si voles ; quoniam priore actione, ut patroni tui dictitant, nova quadam sapientia, ut omnes intelligunt, conscientia tua atque auctoritate meorum testium, testem nullum interrogasti. Interrogetur Flavins, si voles, quinam fuerit T. Herennius, is quem ille argentariam Lepti 59. isto tanto bono,'] The defence of wreck, he sailed in a vessel of Alexandria, Verres was, that he had caught and put to which stayed three days at Syracuse. The death the partizans of Sertorius. Cicero's vessel then came to Rhegium, and in one charge is, that they were ' mercatores,' day more to Puteoli, where St. Paul landed whom he had plundered. This was the (Acts, xxviii. 1] — 14). Madvig, quoted by ' crimen avaritiae.' Cicero would have had Zumpt, refers to several passages, which no objection, if Verres could have proved show that Puteoli was a place of great trade his case, that they were partizans of Ser- at this time. Suetonius (Aug. c. 98) speaks torius whom he had punished ; for Verres of an Alexandrian ship saluting Augustus would then have proved that he almost as he was sailing past the harbour of Pu- made a new proscription. But Cicero goes teoli. See also Strabo, p. 793, ed. Cas. on to say that he cannot avail himself of Cicero's allusion (De Fin. ii. 28) to the this advantage ; he cannot have the oppor- ' Puteolis granaria,' seems to show that it tunity of letting Verres prove himself to be was a depot for corn. a bloodthirsty villain, for the evidence of After ' partim libertos,' Orelli adds ' par- many persons established the fact that these tim coUibertos,' ftom Codd. Reg. Leid. were ' mercatores ' whom he plundered of Steph. ; but though it is diflBcult to see their goods. Zumpt has a note on this, how such words have been foisted into the which I don't understand. text, we may perhaps ventm'e to exclude Puteoli] This town, now Pozzuoli, was them, a great place of resort for merchants from qnod te mallem] Zumpt, who is followed Asia and Egypt ; and Verres had inter- by Orelli, has printed ' mallem,' ' ex Guelff. cepted many of those who were bound to ambobus et Havn. coll. ;' and this seems to this port, plundered them of their wares, be the right tense, for Cicero means to say and put them to death. The ancient navi- that Verres could not prove what he alleged, gation required more stoppages than ours, that the men whom he punished were a and these vessels had called at Syracuse, remnant of tire Sertoriani. probably for water and other conveniences. argentariam] 'Argentariam facere,' ' na- When St. Paul left Malta after his ship- viculariam facere,' and the Uke, signify to ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 567 fecisse diclt : qui cum amplius centum cives Romanes haberet ex conventu Syracusano qui eum non solum cognoscerent, sed etiam lacrimantes ac te implorantes defenderent, tamen inspectantibus omnibus Syracusanis securi percussus est. Hunc quoque testem meum refelli, et ilium Herennium Sertorianum i'uisse abs te demon- strari et probari volo. LX. Quid de ilia multitudine dicemus eorum qui, capitibus invo- lutis, in piratarum captivorumque numero producebantur ut securi ferirentur? Quae ista nova diligentia, quam ob causam abs te excogitata ? An te L. Flavii ceterorumque de T. Herennio vocife- ratio commovebat? an M. Annii, gravissimi atque honestissimi viri, summa auctoritas paulo diligentiorem timidioremque fecerat? qui nuper pro testimonio, non advenam nescio quern nee alienum, sed eum civem Romanum qui omnibus in illo conventu notus, qui Syra- cusis natus esset, abs te securi percussum esse dixit. Post banc iUorum vociferationem, post banc communem famam atque queri- moniam, non mitior in supplicio sed diligentior esse coepit. Capitibus involutis cives Romanos ad necem producere instituit : quos tamen idcirco necabat palam, quod homines in conventu, id quod antea dixi, nimium diligenter praedonum numerum requirebant. Haecine plebi Romanae te praetore est constituta conditio? haec negotii gerendi spes? hoc capitis vitaeque discrimen? Parumne multa mercatoribus sunt necessario pericula subeunda fortunae, nisi etiam hae formidines ab nostris magistratibus atque in nostris provinciis impendebunt? Ad eamne rem fuit haec suburbana ac fidelis carry on the business of an * argentarius ' their money to account. The least la- or ' navicularius.' Herennius is called a borious way of making a capital profitable ' negotiator ' (Lib. 1 . c. 5). He carried on in a new settlement, or in a country where his business at Leptis, in Africa, from money is scarce, is to lend on security, and which it was a short cut to Sicily, whither get a high rate of interest. It does not his affairs, we may suppose, occasionally appear that a Roman ' negotiator ' made took him. The business of an ' argenta- any other venture in the provinces than rius ' was to exchange various kinds of that of placing out his money at interest ; money for merchants and others, as is now and he was not restrained by any rules of done by money-changers. He probably law as to the rate of interest that he could also received deposits, and advanced money demand. If he employed his capital in on security, as we see in the case men- any other way, he was not a ' negotiator,' tioned by Gaius (iv. 64), where accounts except, as it seems, the ' negotiatores ' between the ' argentarius ' and Titius are sometimes made large purchases of grain, spoken of. Ernesti has a dissertation on and probably other articles, for a venture the ' negotiatores.' They are easily distin- to Rome ; or, which is quite as likely, pro- guished from ' mercatores,' who are dealers duce and other articles, on which they had in wares ; and from ' aratores ' and cattle- made advances, would sometimes fall into feeders (Verr. Lib. 2. c. 3). The general their hands, from the inability of their term ' negotiator ' appears to include ' ar- debtors to pay what had been advanced, gentarius.' The Roman capitalists used to 60. haec suburbana] Compare Lib. 2. resort to the provinces, in order to turn c. 3. 568 IN 0. VERREM Sicilia, plena optimorum sociorum honestissimorumque civium, quae cives Romanes omnes suis ipsa sedibus libentissime semper accepit, ut, qui usque ex ultima Syria atque Aegypto navigarent, qui apud barbaros propter togae nomen in honore aliquo fuissent, qui ex praedonum insidiis, qui ex tempestatum perieulis profugis- sent, in Sicilia securi ferirentur, quum se jam domum venisse arbitrarentur ? LXI. Nam quid ego de P. Gavio, Oonsano municipe, dicam, judices ? aut qua vi vocis, qua gravitate verborum, quo dolore animi dicam ? tametsi dolor non deficit : ut cetera mihi in dicendo digna re, digna dolore meo suppetant, magis elaborandum est. Quod crimen ejusmodi est ut, quum priraum ad me delatum est, usurum me illo non putarem ; tametsi enim verissimum esse intelligebam, tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar. Ooactus lacrimis omnium civium Romanorum qui in Sicilia negotiantur, adductus Valentino- rum, hominum honestissimorum, omniumque Rheginorum testi- moniis, multorumque equitum Romanorum qui casu turn Messanae fuerunt, dedi tantum priore actione testium res ut nemini dubia esse posset. Quid nunc agam? Quum jam tot horas de uno genere ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam ; quum prope omnem vim verborum ejusmodi quae scelere istius digna sint aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim ut varietate criminum vos attentos tenerem, quemadmodum de tanta re dicam ? Opinor, unus modus atque una ratio est. Rem in medio ponam : quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea, quae nulla est, neque cujus- quam ad inflammandos vestros animos eloquentia requiratur. Ga- vins hie, quem dico, Oonsanus, quum in illo numero civium Ro- manorum ab isto in vincula conjectus esset, et nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugisset, Messanamque venisset, qui tam prope jam Italiam et moenia Rheginorum videret, et ex illo metu mortis ae tenebris quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo legum recreatus revixisset, loqui Messanae et queri coepit, se civem Romanum in 61. Consano] There is the best autho- fers to c. 66, which seems to show, as he rity for ' Consano,' but there is also autho- thinks, that the home of Gavius was in rity for ' Cossano.' Cossa is an Etruscan Southern Italy ; but this is an absurd argu- town. Compsa, now Conza, is in the terri- ment. He could see no more of one place tory of the Hirpini, and is supposed to be than of the other ; and of the two places, the place that is meant. The form ' Con- Cosa or Cossa, which is on the coast, is the sano,' from ' Compsa,' is certainly not what place that one would prefer. — ' dolor me we should expect ; but ' Compsanus ' may non :' Orelli, who says ' dolor non nescio have been corrupted into ' Consanus.' In unde Z.' But Zumpt says that he omitted Livy, xxiii. I, there is 'Compsa' and ' me ' on the authority of the Guelff. MSS. ' Compsanus ' in the editions. Orelli re- ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 569 vincula conjectum, sibi recta iter esse Romam, Verri se praesto advenienti f'uturum. LXII. Non intelligebat miser nihil interesse utrum haec Mes- sanae an apud ipsum in praetorio loqueretur. Nam, ut antea vos docui, banc sibi iste urbem delegerat quam haberet adjutricem scelerum, furtorum receptrieem, flagitioruna omnium consciam. Itaque ad magistratum Mamertinum statim deducitur Gavius : eoque ipso die casu Messanam Verres venit. Ees ad eum defertur : esse civem Romanum qui se Syracusis in lautumiis fuisse quere- retur; quem jam ingredientem navem et Verri nimis atrociter minitantem a se retractum esse et asservatum, ut ipse in ' eum sta- tueret quod videretur. Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benivo- lentiam erga se diligentiamque coUaudat. Ipse inflammatus scelere et furore in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes quo tandem progressurus aut quidnam acturus esset, quum repente hominem proripi, atque in foro medio nudari ac deligari, et virgas expediri jubet. Clamabat iUe miser se civem esse Romanum, municipem Oonsanum : meruisse cum L. Precio, splendidissimo equite Romano, qui Panhormi nego- tiaretur, ex quo haec Verres scire posset. Tum iste se comperisse ait, eum speculandi causa in Siciliam ab ducibus fugitivorum esse missum ; cujus rei neque index, neque vestigium aliquod, neque suspicio cuiquam esset ulla : deinde jubet undique hominem vehe- mentissime verberari. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Romanus, judices ; quum interea nuUus gemitus, nulla vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur, nisi haec, Civis Romanus sum. Hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera depulsurum, cruciatumque a corpore dejecturum arbitrabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit ut virgarum vim de- precaretur, sed quum imploraret saepius usurparetque nomen civi- tatis, crux, crux, inquam, infelici et aerumnoso, qui nunquam istam potestatem viderat, comparabatur. 62. inffredientem'i ' Ingredientem in sense of continuous use of a thing, as in navem :' R. L. Orelli. c. 64 : ' usurpatione civitatis.' eminebat.'] This passage is cited by potestatem] Zumpt has ' pestem,' and Gellius, X. 3, and by Quintilian, Inst. Or. he is followed by Orelli. There appears to ix. 2, 40, though some editions of Quin- be no authority for ' pestem,' except Lag. tilian have ' emicabat.' But the true read- 29, which we might accept if it removed ing in QuintiUan is ' eminebat' (Zumpt). the difficulty. Zumpt observes that Verres meruisse] He had served in the army is frequently called * pestis,' and other bad in company with L. Precius : his comrade, men like him ; and we have, in Lib. 3. c. 54, therefore, would be able to testify who he ' importunissima pestis.' But if ' pestem ' ^pas. is Verres, there is no point in the remark, usurpare] This word has here the ' qui nunquam istam pestem viderat.' Be- 570 IN 0. VEEEEM LXIII. nomen dulce libertatis ! jus eximium nostrae civi- tatis ! lex Porcia legesque Semproniae ! graviter desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi Eomanae tribunicia potestas ! Hucine tandem omnia reciderunt ut civis Eomanus in provincia populi Eomani, in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Eomani fasces et secures haberet deligatus in foro virgis caederetur ? Quid quum ignes candentesque laminae ceterique cruciatus admove- bantur, si te illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non inhi- bebat, ne civium quidem Eomanorum qui turn aderant fletu et gemitu maximo commovebare ? In crucem tu agere ausus es quem- quam qui se civem Eomanum esse diceret 2 Nolui tam vehementer agere hoc prima actione, judices : nolui. Vidistis enim ut animi multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et communis periculi metu con- citarentur. Statui egomet mihi tum modum et orationi meae, et 0. Numitorio, equiti Romano, primo homini, testi meo : et Grlabrio- nem, id quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum ut repente consilio in medio testem dimitteret. Etenim verebatur ne sides, it is very unlikely that Gavius had never seen Verres. Manutius explains ' po- testatem ' thus : ' in crucem adigendi cives Romanos,' which may be the meaning. Zumpt observes upon * potestas :' *' neque enim ilia potestas fuit, sed minime ferendus potestatis abusus ;" but there seems to me no weight in that. Of the two readings, * potestatem ' appears more capable of ex- planation ; and the authority for ' pestem ' is small. 63. lex Porcia, &c.] Livy (x. 9) speaks of a Porcia Lex : ** Porcia tamen Lex sola pro tergo civium lata videtur, quae gravi poena si quis verberasset uecassetve civem Ro- manum sanxit." Cicero (De Re Publica, ii. 31) speaks of three Leges Porciae : *' Leges Porciae quae tres sunt trium Por- ciorum." It is supposed that the last ' lex ' was one proposed by P. Porcius Laeca, B.C. 197, of whom there is extant a * denarius,' with the inscription, p . laeca . provoco. Zumpt observes, that as there appears to have been notliing about the ' provocatio ' or appeal in the Porcia Lex, it is probable that it was a ' lex ' proposed by M. Porcius Cato, the censor, who, according to Festus, made a speech ' pro scapuhs.' Festus says ; " Pro scapulis cum dicit Cato, signi- iicat pro injuria verberum. Nam com- plures leges erant in cives rogatae, quibus sanciebatur poena verberum : liis significat prohibuisse multos suos cives in ea ora- tione quae est contra M. Caelium." It is the opinion of most critics that P. Porcius Laeca proposed the ' lex,' and that M. Por- cius Cato spoke in favour of it (suasit). The * lex ' seems to have given an appeal to a Roman citizen in the provinces against the governor, and Gavius accordingly is re- presented as making his appeal, by declaring that he was a Roman citizen (Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 21. 2nd ed.). There appears to have been only one Lex Sempronia on this matter, a ' lex ' of C. Sempronius Gracchus, B.C. 123. Cicero says (Pro Rabirio, c. 4) : " C. Gracchus legem tulit ne de capite civium Romanorum injussu vestro judicaretur." reddita . . tribunicia'] See p. 11. consilio in medio testem] This is the MSS. reading. There is no variation. Zumpt cannot explain it, and is driven to adopt Hotmann's conjecture, ' consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret.' Orelli fol- lows Zumpt. Hotmann observes that every body knows that the ' praetor ' might dis- miss the ' consilium ' or ' judices,' that is, adjourn the court, when he pleased. The MSS. reading makes Glabrio send away the witness. The difficulty is in the words ' consilio in medio,' which cannot mean when the judices ' missi sunt in consilium.' If the reading is right, it means in the midst of the proceedings, and I do not see why the sitting of the court could not be called ' consihum,' as well as the body of ' judices,' for they were certainly so called ACT. II. LIBER QUINTUS. 571 populus Eomanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste legibus et vestro judicio non esset persoluturus. Nunc quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo loco causa tua sit et quid de te futurum .sit, sic tecum agam. G-avium istum, quem repentinum speculatorem fuisse dicis, ostendam in lautumias Syra- cusis a te esse conjectum; neque id solum ex Uteris ostendam Syracusanorum, ne possis dicere, me quia sit aliquis in Uteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc ilium esse possim dicere ; sed ad arbitrium tuum testes dabo qui istum ipsum Syra- cusis abs te in lautumias conjectum esse dicant. Producam etiam Consanos, municipes illius ac necessarios, qui te nunc sero doceant, judices non sero, ilium P. Gavium quem tu in crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Consanum, non speculatorem fugii,ivorum fuisse. LXIV. Quum haec omnia quae poUiceor cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo quod abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. Quid enim nuper tu ipse, quum populi Romani clamore atque impetu perturbatus exiluisti, quid, inquam, locutus es ? ilium quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se esse civem Romanum ; sed speculatorem fuisse. Jam mei testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit aliud C. Numitorius! quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi homines, ex agro Tauromenitano ? quid Q. Luc- ceius qui argentariam Rhegii maximam fecit ? quid ceteri ? Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me sunt dati, non qui novisse Gavium sed se vidisse dicerent, quum is qui se civem Romanum esse clama- ret in crucem ageretur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis : hoc tu con- fiteris iUum clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum : apud te nomen civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse ut dubitationem aliquam, ut crudehssimi taeterrimique supplicii aliquam parvam moram saltem posset afferre. Hoc teneo, hie haereo, judices, hoc sum contentus uno : omitto ac negligo cetera: sua confessione induatur ac jugu- letur necesse est. Qui esset ignorabas : speculatorem esse suspica- bare : non quaero qua suspicione ; tua te accuso oratione : civem Romanum se esse dicebat. Si tu apud Persas aut in extrema India deprehensus, Verres, ad supplicium ducerere, quid aliud cla- mitares nisi te civem esse Romanum? et si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, from sitting together. I prefer a text for of the kind having ever existed before, as which there is authority, to a conjecture Hotmaun explains it. for which there is none, even if the text 64. iuis proximis] The advocates and presents insuperable difficulties. friends of Verres. Comp. Lib. 2. o. 44. repentinum speculatorem'} Who was all It is singular that any body should have at once declared to be a spy, no suspicion found a difficulty here. 572 IN 0. VEREEM apud barbaros, apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, nobile et illustre apud omnes nomen tuae civitatis pro- fuisset, ille quisquis erat quern tu in crucem rapiebas, qui tibi esset ignotus, quum civem se Eomanum esse diceret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne moram quidem mortis mentione atque usurpa- tione civitatis assequi potuit ? LXV. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant ; adeunt ad ea loca quae nunquam antea viderunt, ubi neque noti esse iis quo venerunt neque semper cum cognitoribus esse possunt. Hae una tamen fiducia civitatis non modo apud nostros magistratus qui et legum et existimationis periculo continentur, neque apud cives solum Eomanos qui et sermonis et juris et multarum rerum socie- tate juncti sunt, fore se' tutos arbitrantur ; sed quocunque venerint, banc sibi rem praesidio sperant esse futuram. Tolle banc spem, tolle hoc praesidium civibus Eomanis ; constitue nihil esse opis in hac voce, ' Civis Eomanus sum ;' posse impune praetorem aut alium quemlibet supphcium quod velit in eum constituere qui se civem Eomanum esse dicat, quod quis ignoret ; jam omnes provincias, jam omnia regna, jam omnes liberas civitates, jam omnem orbem terrarum qui semper nostris hominibus maxime patuit, civibus Eomanis ista defensione praecluseris. Quid si L. Precium, equitem Eomanum, qui tum in Sicilia erat, nominabat ? etiamne id magnum 65. cognitoribiis] This word is explained rigarius, and other old writers, where ' die- by the rest of the chapter. It means per- turum/ * facturum,' &c., are used in cases sons who knew them and could vouch for where * dicturos/ ' facturos,' would be the them. later usage. Zumpt admits that this infini- esse futuram.'] 'Futurura:' Orelli, on tive future was often so used by the old the authority of Gellius (i. ^), who quotes writers ; but he asks how it happens that this passage r '* Homines tenues . . sibi rem we have only this single instance cited from praesidio sperant futurum." In place of Cicero. It is not easy to answer this ob- ' viderunt,' the text of Gelhus has ' adie- jectiou. Some MSS. have the reading ' fu- rant.' Gellius prefaces the extract with turum ' here, and omit ' esse.' Orelli ob- this remark : " In oratione Ciceronis Quinta jects to * esse futuram,' as at variance with in Verrem, in libro spectatae iidei Tironiana the fundamental laws of oratorical number, cura atque disciplina facto, ita scriptum which do not allow the use of the hexa- fuit." He observes that many people metral termination, not even at the end of thought that ' futurum ' was a blunder; but a clause. It seems as if he established his a friend of his, who was well versed in the rule by destroying all the instances that old books, observed; "nullum esse in eo contradict it. verbo neque mendum neque vitium : Cicero- quod quis ignoret ;] Zumpt has ' quod nem probe ac venuste locutum ; nam fu- eum quis ignoret,' from Lag. 29 only : ' sine turum, inquit, non refertur ad rem, sicut qua sententia obscura, oratio abrupta est.' legentibus temere et incuriose videretur ; 'This is the Cod. which he once calls ' minime neque pro participio positum est : sed ver- fidelis.' bum est indetinitum quod Graeci appellant qui tum in Sicilia, &c.] ' Qui tum in d-rra^iinipaTOv, neque numeris neque generi- Sicilia negotiabatur, nominabat ? ' Orelli. bus praeserviens, sed liberum undique et Zumpt observes that all the MSS. whose impromiscuum est." Gellius cites other collations we are acquainted with, except instances from C. Gracchus, Claudius Quad- Lag. 29, have ' qiii tum in Sicilia nomina- ACT. II. LIBEE QUINTUS. 573 fuit, Panhormum literas mittere ? Asservasses hominem, custodiis Mamertinorum tuorum vinctum, clausum habuisses, dum Panhormo Precius veniret. Cognosceret hominem ; aliquid de summo sup- plicio remitteres : si ignoraret ; tum si ita tibi videretur, hoc juris in omnes constitueres ut, qui neque tibi notus esset, neque cogni- torem locupletem daret, quamvis civis Romanus esset, in crucem toUeretur. LXVI. Sed quid ego plura de Graviol quasi tu Gavio tum fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, juri civium hostis. Non illi, in- quam, homini sed causae communi libertatis inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinuit, quum Mamertini more atque institute suo crucem fixissent post urbem in via Pompeia, te jubere in ea parte figere quae ad fretum spectaret ; et hoc addere, quod negare nuUo mode potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam, te idcirco ilium locum deligere ut ille, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce Italiam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset? Itaque ilia crux sola, judices, post conditam Messanam illo in loco fixa est. Italiae conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est ut ille in dolore cruciatuque moriens perangusto fretu divisa servitutis ac libertatis jura cognosceret ; Italia autem alumnum suum servitutis extremo summoque supplicio affixum videret. Facinus est vincire civem Eomanum ; scelus verberare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem toUere ? verbo satis digno tam nefaria res appellari nullo batur.' But G., according to Orelli, has atque institute ' would have no meaning. ' qui tum in Sicilia, nominabat.' Lag. 29 /refa] On the authority of Gellius (xiii. has the ' erat.' The reading of the passage 20). But the MSS. of Cicero have ' freto,' is very doubtfiil. except Lag. 42. There is also the autho- Cognosceret hominem :'] Lambinus pre- rity of the grammarian Charisius (p. 103, fixed ' si ' to ' cognosceret,' as Zumpt ob- Putsch.) for ' fretu ' in Cicero (Zumpt). serves, ' liberius quam decet ;' but he might Cicero means to say that the straits, the have said ' impudentissime.' "What busi- boundary of Italy and Sicily, separated the ness has an editor to corrupt the text by freedom of Italy from the servitude of his insertions and omissions ? This use of Sicily. If Gavins was a Roman citizen, he the conditional without ' si ' is common, -^as equally entitled to protection against P. Manutius proposed to omit the ' si ' be- Verres in Italy and Sicily ; but he happened fore ' ignoraret ;' but it is in the MSS. to be in Sicily, which was a province, where Orelli can see a distinction between the there was a governor with no power on the clause 'cognosceret' and 'si ignoraret;' spot to control him. See note, p. 5G2. which I cannot. vincire . . verberare ; . . necare : . . tol' 66. morel All the MSS. have ' nomine, ^^^^ f-^ ^ ;g lingular that the MSS. should says Zumpt; but Naugerius corrected it. ^^^^ ^^^ passive forms in the first three The MS. abbreviation of ' nomine is „ords, and keep the active ' tollere.' It ' noie.' Whether ' more ' is abbreviated, seems clear that the active forms are re- I don't know. Perhaps not. Here is a quired, and Quintihan cites the passage so case where correction is permitted ; for first (Inst. viii. 4. 4). Zumpt, if I understand we see how the blunder may have origi- him right, means to say that Lag. 29 has nated : next, we have the formula ' more the active forms, atque instituto ' to guide us. ' Nomine parricidium'] That is ' murder.' It does 574 IN 0. VEREEM modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus. Spectet, inquit, patriam ; in conspectu legum libertatisque moriatur. Non tu hoc loco Gravlum, non unum hominem nesclo quem, clvem Eo- manum, sed communem libertatls et civitatis causam in ilium cru- ciatum et crueem egisti. Jam vero videte hominis audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbitramini quod iUam civibus Eomanis crueem non posset in foro, non in comitio, non in rostris defigere ! Quod enim his locis in provincia sua, celebritate simillimum, regione proximum potuit, elegit : monumentum sceleris audaciaeque suae voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, vestibulo Siciliae, praeterveetione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent. LXVII. Si haec non ad cives Eomanos, non ad aliquos amicos nostrae civitatis, non ad eos qui populi Eomani nomen audissent ; denique, si non ad homines verum ad bestias ; aut etiam, ut longius progrediar, si in aliqua desertissima solitudine ad saxa et ad sco- pulos haec conqueri ac deplorare veUem ; tamen omnia muta atque inanimata tanta et tarn indigna rerum atrocitate commoverentur. Nunc vero quum loquar apud senatores populi Eomani, legum et judiciorura et juris auctores, timere non debeo ne non unus iste not appear that the Romans had any name for murder except ' parricidium ;' for ' ho- micidium' seems not to have come into use before the imperial period. Cicero means murder in this passage. The com- mon explanation of this word is, that it is equivalent to ' patricidium ;' but it is diffi- cult to see why the genuine form should not have been kept as in ' patrimonium.' It was the opinion of antiquity, that the word meant literally ' parricide,' or the kill- ing of a father by a son. Plutarch (Romu- lus, c. 22) says that Romulus named all homicide irarpoicTovia, a statement that has of course no historical value; but it shows how Plutarch understood the word 'parricidium.' Paulus Diaconns, v. Parrici Quaestore9,p.221, Muller,says; "Nampar- ricida non utique is qui parentem occidisset dicebatur, sed qualemcunque hominem in- demnatum. Ita fuisse indicat lex Numae Pompilii regis his composita verbis : Si qui hominem liberum dolo sciens morti duit, parricidas esto." This is explained to mean that all maUcious homicide was to be treated as parricide, and tried before the same court. Besides the derivation of ' parricidium ' from ' patri ' and ' cid ' (caed-ere), it has been proposed to consider it as a shorter form of parenticidium ;' and also, as formed of 'par' and 'cid,' the killing of one's equal. The latest and the worst attempt is that of E. Osenbriiggen (Das Alt-Romische Parricidium, Kiel, 1841), who derives it ultimately from the Sanscrit ' para,' signify- ing, as he explains it, ' cunning,' ' per- verted ;' and so he would explain ' parrici- dium ' to be death caused by treachery or malice (dolo sciens), and it would signify what we call murder, and not the death of a father. From this original signification he supposes that murder in later times was distributed into various kinds, ' homicidium,' ' veneficium,' and ' parricidium ' in the nar- rower sense. But the passages of Roman authors show that parricide in our sense is the original signification of 'parricidium,' and that is a sufficient answer to Osenbriig- gen. This subject is one of considerable difficulty ; but the explanation most con- sistent with the use of ' parricidium ' by the Roman writers, is that it does properly sig- nify ' parricide,' and that the name became generally applied to any atrocious murder. In this sense we can understand ' parricida patriae,' or ' rei publicae.' This subject is discussed at length in Osenbriiggen's essay, and in Rein, Das Criminal-recht der Romer, p. 401, 449, &c. 67. inanimata] ' Inanima :' Orelli. ' atrocitate :' ' acerbitate :' Zumpt in his larger edition. ne non unus] F. C. WolflF proposed to ACT. 11. LIBER QUINTUS. 675 civis Romanus ilia cruce dignus, ceteri omnes simili periculo indig- rtissimi judicentur. Paulo ante, judices, lacriraas in morte misera atque indigna navarchorum non tenebamus, et recte ac merito sociorum innocentium miseria commovebamur ; quid nunc in nostro sanguine tandem facere debemus ? Nam civiuin Romanorum om- nium sanguis conjunctus existimandus est, quoniam et salutis omnium ratio et Veritas postulat. Omnes hoc loco cives Romani, et qui adsunt et qui ubique sunt, vestram severitatem desiderant, vestram fidem implorant, vestrum auxilium requirunt : omnia sua jura, commoda, auxilia, totam denique libertatem in vestris sen- tentiis versari arbitrantur. A me, tametsi satis habent, tamen, si res aliter acciderit, plus habebunt fortasse quam postulant. Nam si qua vis istum de vestra severitate eripuerit, id quod neque metuo, judices, neque ullo modo fieri posse video ; sed si in hoc me ratio fefellerit, Siculi causam suam perisse querentur, et mecum pariter moleste ferent; populus quidem Romanus brevi, quoniam mihi potestatem apud se agendi dedit, jus suum me agente suis suffragiis ante Kalendas FebruariaS recuperabit. Ac si de mea gloria atque amplitudine quaeritis, judices, non est alienum meis rationibus, istum mihi ex hoc judicio ereptum ad illud populi Romani judicium reservari. Splendida est ilia causa: probabilis mihi et facilis; populo grata atque jucunda. Denique si videor hie, quod ego non quaesivi, de uno isto voluisse crescere ; isto absolute, quod sine multorum scelere fieri non potest, de multis mihi crescere licebit. LXVIII. Sed mehercule vestra reique publicae causa, judices, nolo in hoc delecto consilio tantum flagitium esse commissum : nolo eos judices quos ego probarim atque delegerim, sic in hac urbe notatos, isto absoluto, ambulare ut non cera sed coeno obhti esse videantur. Quamobrem te quoque, Hortensi, si qui monendi locus ex hoc loco est, moneo : videas etiam atque etiam et consid'eres, omit ' non,' and Madvig approves of the they will not at the same time think that omission. It seems that they take ' iste Verres does not deserve it. — ' non teneha- civis ' to be Gavins, whereas he is Verres. mus :' ' non ' om. Zumpt in his larger edi- Zumpt and Orelli defend the ' non.' It is tion ; a misprint, I suppose. not a clear form of expression ; but Cicero's Kalendas~\ Before he has been a month meaning appears to be this : he says that in office as CTai Miyapilg. Syracusae] This place received a Roman colony in the time of Augustus, as we learn from Strabo (p. 270) and Dion Cassius (Lib. 54. c. 7). Elorum] This word was probably written both vrithout the aspirate and with it, like Enna and Henna. Gelas] The name occurs on an old coin A legible on it. 584 SICILY. Aluntium] A Greek coin, of which T have a cast, has the name AA°NTIN so far legible. Perhaps Haluntium was also the Roman fashion of writing this name. Ti/ndarisl It does not appear, so far as I know, when Tyndaris became a colonla. There is a Greek coin of Tyndaris with the head of a horse on one of the faces. Latinae conditionis'] Pliny mentions Centuripa or Centuripae, Netnm, and Segesta, as ' Latinae conditionis,' that is, as possessing the Jus Latlnum or Jus Latium, which denoted a condition intermediate between that of Gives Roman! and Peregrini. The nature of this political condition Is explained by Savigny (Entstehung der Latinltat, Vermischte Schriften, vol. 1). But Cicero (Ad Att. xiv. 12) states that the Jus Latium, or, as he terms It, Latlnitas, was given to all the Sicilians by the Dictator Caesar. If, then, Pliny means to limit the Latlnitas to these three towns, his statement is unintelli- gible. Cicero further remarks, that after Caesar's death M. Antonius set up (fixit) a Lex, as passed in Caesar's lifetime, which gave the Roman civitas to the Sicilians ; but his words imply that it was a forgery. However, Dlodorus (xiil. 35) speaks of all the Sicilians being made Roman citizens, for such is the meaning of his words : TrdvTeg oi StKtXtuirai T^c ^Puifiaiiov TroXiTsiag ri^iwQr]ffav. How all this is to be reconciled, I don't see. Centuripini] The legend on the Greek coins is KENTOPiniNQN. Though the Greek name of Segesta is 'Eycffra, the Greek coins have also SEPESTA. Stipendiarii] The meaning of this term in Cicero has been explained. Its meaning in PUny may be the same ; but the condition of being Stipendiarii is inconsistent with having the Roman civitas. Further, if all these states had become Stipendiarii, their condition had been changed since Cicero's time (Lib. 3. c. 6, note). Assorini] Harduin says that the legend on the coins of Assorus (apud Parutam) is A20PY. XPYSAS. The coin that I have already referred to has the Roman legend ASSORV and CRYSAS. Agyrini] The Agyrinenses of Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 52). Pliny uses a Greek form. The coins appear to have APYPINAION. Acestaei] The Acestenses of the present text of Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 36). Cacyrini] The name Cacyrum appears in Ptolemaeus also. Ergetini] The name Ergetium occurs in Stephanas, and he gives Ergetini as the Ethnic name. The name also occurs with the aspirate, Sergentium, a common variation in the names of these Sicilian towns. Echetliemes] Echetla is mentioned by Polybius (1. 15) and by Diodoms (xx. 32). Etini] ' MSS. Edini ' (Harduin). He does not say why he does not follow the MSS. GelanQ This Ethnic name does not agree either with Cicero's form Gelenses, nor with the Greek form Geloi. But Gelani may be a corrupted word. Galatini] Supposed by Harduin to be the same as the Calactini of Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 43), in which he may be right. The Ethnic name Calactini occurs also in Dlodorus (xil. 29). HalesinQ This is another of the words which was probably written both with the aspirate and vrithout. Hennenses} I have before remarked on the forms Enna and Henna. The Greeks seem to have sometimes prefixed the mark of aspiration, for a coin of Henna seems to have the legend HENNAION. Herbulenses] The same probably as the Arbelaei of Stephanus (v. 'ApPkXri). Hadranitani] The coins are said to have AAPANITAN without the aspirate, and so it appears to be on the cast of a SicUian coin which I have, but the legend is hardly legible. Ichanemes] The name occurs in Stephanus (v.'Ixava), who gives the Ethnic name letemesl The name occurs in Stephanus (v. 'l£raOi who gives the Ethnic name SICILY. 585 Ifraioe. The Ettnic name is legibly lAITIN on a Greek coin. The remainder of the word, which is not legible on the specimen that I have, is probably ON. The reading letini appears then to be rightly restored in Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 43). Mutustratini] This is doubtless the Amestratus of Stephanus and of Cicero (Lib. 3. o. 39, 43). A Greek coin has the first part of the legend AM quite clear; the rest not so legible. Magellini] The name is MaiceXXa in Poly bins (i. 24) and elsewhere. Murgmtini] The Greek orthography appears to be Morgantini. Harduin says ' in nummis MOPFAN.' A Greek coin has the legend MOPPANTINA very legible, and on the face of the coin an ear of corn, probably to denote that it was a wheat-growing place. Mutycenses] The people of Mutyca, now Modica, as Harduin rightly says. See Cicero, Lib. 3. c. 43, 51. All the MSS. of Pliny are said to have Mutycenses. There seems to be no doubt that Mutyca is meant by Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 43, 51), and not Motya. There is a Greek coin of Motya, with the legend MOTYATON and the figure of a grey- hound on it. Menanini] ' In nummis apud Parutam MENANINQN and MHNANINQN ' (Har- duin). If this is so, the place was called Mivaivov (Died. xi. 78). The Ethnic name in Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 43) is Menaeni, and so it is on a Greek coin legibly MENAINQN. Naxii] Naxos was destroyed by Dionysius B.C. 403, and in B.C. 358 the scattered inhabitants were collected by Andromachus, and settled on the neighbouring site of Tauromenium (Diodorus, xiv. 15 ; xvi. 7)- Pliny has already mentioned Tauromenium as a colonia, and has incorrectly said that it was originally Naxos ; but it was a different place. It is a sample of his inaccuracy to speak of the Naxii as a political community at the time when he wrote. Noaenil Noai is mentioned by Stephanus, who makes the Ethnic name "Soaiog. Paropint] Paropus {napuirog) is mentioned by Polybius (i. 24) as in the neighbour- hood of Thermae ; and probably it was between Thermae and Panhormus. Phtinthiemes] Probably Phintia is meant, or Phintias, as Diodorus calls it, near the mouth of the southern Himera. It was founded by Phintias, tyrant of Agrigentum (Diod. xxii. Exc). There is a Greek coin with the legend BASIAE°2; *INTIA, and the figure of a wild boar running. On the other face is a fine head. SemellUani] Probably a corrupt name. ScTierini] Schera is also mentioned by Ptolemaeus. The name Acherini in Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 43), though the reading of all the MSS. except one may be doubted. Pro- bably it should be Scherini. Symaethii] There was a river Symaethus, but no town of the name is mentioned. Talarenses] Stephanus mentions Talaria as a Sicilian city, and the Ethnic name Talarini. Tissinenes] As the name is Tissa or Tissae, Tissinenses is incorrect, and the true Roman name is Tissenses, as in Cicero. Stephanus calls it xoipiov, which agrees with Cicero's ' perparva et tenuis civitas ' (Lib. 3. c. 38). Triocalini] Tricalini in Stephanus. Cicero (Lib. 5. u. 4) has the same form as Pliny. Tiraciemesl Stephanus gives the name "VvgaKivai, and Diodorus (xii. 29) Ttpaiciri. Harduin says that the MSS. of Pliny have the reading Triraceinses. Zanclaei2 Here Pliny mentions Zanclaei Messeniorum as Stipendiarii, and a person might suppose that a different city is meant from that which he has already called Messana, and ' oppidum civium Romanorum.' So much carelessness and inaccuracy may be perhaps charged on our present text, rather than on the compiler. If the text is right, it is difficult to say what Pliny means by the ' Zanclaei Messeniorum in Siculo Freto,' for this is an appropriate description of the position of Messana, which he has already mentioned. 586 SICILY. Neither Cicero nor Pliny mentions all the places in SicUy ; nor do the texts of these two authors agree entirely. This is not the place for a memoir on the ancient geography of Sicily, nor have I the materials for it. The extract from PUny, and the remarks on it, may not be alto- gether useless for the illustration of the text of Cicero. Those who seek information on the architectural remains of Sicily, and the medals of the towns, some of them among the best specimens preserved of the wreck of Grecian art, will have no difficulty in finding further illustra- tion of some parts of these orations in various works which have been specially devoted to the ancient monuments of Sicily. The following is Zumpt's classification of the Sicilian towns, ui- cluding the island Lipara : — CiviTATES FoEDERATAE. — Messana, Netum, Tauromenium. Immunes AC LiBERAE. — Centunpae, Halesa, Halicyae, Fanhormus, Segesta. Decumanae. — Abacaenum, Aetna, Agathymuin, Agyrium, Amesfa'atus, Apollonia, Assorus, Bidis, Calacte, Capitium, Catina, Cephaloedium, Cetaria, Ehguium, Entella, Gela, Hadranum, Haluntium, Helonis, Henna, Heraclea, Herbessua, Herbita, Hybla, Hyccara, letae, Imachara, Ina, Leontini, Lipara, Menae, Muigentia, Mutyca, Mylae, Petra, Schera, Solus or Soluntum, Syracusae, Thermae, Thermae Selinuntiae, Tissa, Tyndaris. Censoriae. — Aerac, Agrigentum, Camarina, Drepanum, Hybla Heraea, Lilybaeum, Macella, Mazara, Megaris, Motya, Phintia, Selinus, Triocala. This list is drawn up from the names on the small map attached to Zumpt's edition. On this map he has iadicated by marks the cities which belong to the four several classes above-mentioned. The map in this volume may be of some little use to refer to in reading these orations. It has no other pretensions. TX. SICILY A ROMAN PROVINCE. I SHAiiL here attempt to explain briefly the condition of Sicily as a Eoman proTince ia the time of Cicero. Hiero II., king of Syracuse, the Mend and the ally of the Eomans, died about b.o. 216, leaving that part of the island which was under his goyemment well organized in its civil administration. He was suc- ceeded by a youth, his grandson Hieronymus, who deserted the Eoman for the Carthaginian alliance. Hieronymus was murdered in b.o. 215, and in the next year the Eoman senate sent the consul M. Claudius Marcellua to Sicily, who laid siege to Syracuse, and took the city B.C. 212. MarceUus remaiaed in Sicily until the foUovring year ; and though he did not terminate the war in the island, he did something towards the settlement of affairs. Scipio Africanus was ia Sicily as consxd. b.o. 205, and as proconsul in B.C. 204 ; and it appears from Cicero that he had time to do something towards settling the island. He regulated for the Agrigentini the mode of fillin g up vacancies in their senate (Lib. 2. 0. 50), as Rupilius afterwards did for Heraclia. Cicero speaks of these ' leges ' of Scipio as ' antiquae ;' and it appears from the chapter referred to, that he means the elder Africanus. He informs us in another place (Lib. 2. c. 2 ; Lib. 4. c. 33, &c.) that P. Africanus (the younger), after the destruction of Carthage B.C. 146, was in Sicily, and that he restored to the Sicilians aL. the works of &J?t which the Carthaginians had carried off, and which fell into the hands of the Eomans on the capture of Car- thage. Though Sicily had for some time been a Eoman province, the administration does not appear to have been finally settled until B.C. 131, when the proconsul P. Eupilius, after suppressing the revolt of the slaves, and with the assistance of ten commissioners appointed by the senate, made those regulations which subsisted at the time when Cicero delivered his orations against Verres (Lib. 2. c. 13). The regulations of Eupilius were called the Lex Eupiha. The condition of Sicily and of its towns under the Eoman government was not uniform, but the difference had mainly, though not entirely, reference to taxation. The Sicilian towns had a senate, and a com- monalty or body of citizens, who had still some power; for Cicero, 588 SICILY A EOMAN PROVINCE. speaking of the order made by tlie Centuripini (Lib. 2. c. 67) for the demolition of the statues of Verres, says " Centuripinorum senatus decrevit populusque jussit." But even in Cicero's time it appears that the Sicilian towns applied to the Roman senate about their internal administration, if a great difficulty arose. In b.o. 95 the Halesini could not agree among themselves about the mode of filling up vacancies in their senate, and they addressed themselves to the senate at Rome. The senate empowered C. Claudius Pulcher to draw up for them a code of rules (leges dare, conscribere) as to the qualifications and the election of senators, which he did with the assistance of all the MarceUi, whom he invited to aid him in this matter (Lib. 2. c. 49). The Eomans did not touch the constitution of the Sicilian towns, or, if they did make any alterations, such a practice was the exception and not the rule. The Sicilian towns retained their senate, their chief magistrate, one or more, the various public functionaries, and their priestly offices. The temples retained their property, as we see iu the case of Eryx ; and the high priesthood of the temple of Jupiter at Syracuse (Lib. 2. c. 51), an honourable, and probably a lucrative oiB.ce, gave the citizens annually the excitement of an election, like the Eoman ' comitia' (Lib. 2. e. 51, 62) . Many of these Sicilian temples had large possessions, which were increased by the gifts of pious persons. They could also take gifts by testament, either directly or by virtue of a resolutive condition (Lib. 2. c. 8), or a penalty. Several of the rich temples of Sicily are mentioned by Cicero. In addition to the property which some at least of the Sicilian towns possessed, they must have required taxes to defray the expenses of the local administration. These taxes (tributa) were levied upon the rated value of property, and the assessment was made every fifth year. Each ' civitas ' elected two ' censores ' by popular vote, and the office, which we should consider somewhat an iuvidious one, was an object of great competition 'propter magnitudinem potestatis,' as Cicero says (Lib. 2. c. 53) : but there was probably some pecuniary advantage derived from it, indirectly perhaps, or we can hardly understand why the candidates paid money to Verres for the office, when he illegally interfered in the elections. On this occasion at least, according to the orator, the censors abused the office which they had scandalously got; for they made an unfair rating, and threw the burden on the poorer sort. The number of ' civitates ' which had censors during the administration of Verres was sixty-five, for the whole number of censors appointed by Verres was a hundred and thirty. The towns could also take property under a testament. The legal notion of an artificial person, as these town com- munities were for the purpose of holding property, which is indeed the only purpose for which this fiction exists, was fully developed in Sicily, SICILY A ROMAN PEOVINOE. 589 as it was in the legal system of the Somans, and as it is in modem Europe. The Lex Eupilia (Lib. 2. c. 13) made regulations for the constitution of the courts by which civU questions were to be tried. In the system of Grreek colonization every city had its own constitution and laws : each was a perfect, independent community. The Greek towns of Sicily, which were of various origia, had a great diversity of customs, and most of these customs were retained under Eoman dominion. Thus Cicero remarks of the Thermitani (Lib. 2. c. 37), that in consideration of their fidelity to the Eomans, the senate and the Eoman people restored to them their city, lands, and laws (leges) . This favour was probably granted on the conquest of the island, and coniirmed by the Lex Eupilia. Sthenius of Thermae was charged with falsifying the public records (de Uteris pubhcis corruptis), which was a criminal offence ; and yet even in this case he maintained that the Eoman praetor had no authority, and he claimed to be tried by the law of his own city. The ' procuratores ' of Epicrates of Bidis, a small town, in the case of his title to a succession (hereditas) being disputed by the ' palaestritae ' of Bidis, claimed to have the matter tried according to their own law (leges suae), or at any rate according to the Lex Eupiha. Cicero (Lib. 2. c. 13) has explained the general rules applicable to suits between Sicilians, and between Sicilians and Eomans. He says that between two Sicilians of the same ' civitas ' the matter was decided according to the law of the place ; and a citizen of the place was 'judex ' (Lib. 2. c. 27). If the parties to the suit were of different states, the praetor appointed (sortitus est) 'judices' pursuant to the Lex Eupilia. Cicero does not say more of this matter than his purpose required. The Lex Eupilia, as he informs us, fixed the constitution of the court which was to try a matter between citizens of different states ; and it probably also contained some regulations as to the rtiles of law applicable to such cases ; for as these states had their several laws, it would be necessary to determine in some general way at least what rules of law should prevail when there was a conflict between those of different states. Other cases, which are provided for, are mentioned by Cicero (Lib. 2. c. 13). All disputes between the ' aratores ' or cultivators and the ' decumani ' or Publicani, who farmed the ' decumae,' were to be settled according to the regulations of King Hiero II. (Lex Hieronica). Eor the purposes of administration Sicily was divided into ' conventus ' or districts, so called from the people of a given district meeting at a fixed place for the purpose of having their suits heard and determined, and for the transaction of other business which required the authority of the praetor. Sicily appears to have been divided into four ' conventus ' at least (Lib. 2. c. 36 ; Lib. 5. c. 11), those of Syracuse, Lilybaeum, Pan- 690 SICILY A EOMAN PEOVINCE. hormus, and Agrigentum. Pliny's remarks on the ' conventus ' of the Spanish Peniasula (Lib. 3. c. 1) will explaia this. Hispania Baetica was divided into four ' juridici conventus,' or circuits for the administration of justice. The province of Citerior Hispania was divided iato seven ' conventus.' In speaking of the ' conventus Carthaginiensis,' Pliny uses the expression ' Carthaginem conveniunt popuH lxt :' and in another place he speaks of certain Celtici as belonging to the ' Hispalensis con- ventus,' or circuit of Seville ; and of the TurduH as those ' qui jura Cor- dubam petunt :' all which are only different modes of expressing the same thing. The governor made his circuits through the island, and he probably visited not only the chief place in each ' conventus,' but other towns also (Lib. 2. c. 70). Among the Comites, or those who formed the body of functionaries attached to the praetor, ' praefecti ' are men- tioned (Lib. 2. c. 10) ; and the ' praefecti ' appear to have been em- ployed in the administration of justice (Lib. 3. c. 32, and the note on ' praefecti nomine '). There were two quaestors for the island, one for the western part, or the district of Lilybaeum (is qui Erycum montem obtinebat : Lib. 2. c. 8) ; and one for the eastern division, or that of Syracuse. The func- tions of the quaestors were the same ia SicEy as in other provinces. It is stated in one passage (Lib. 2. e. 8) that it was the practice of the quaestor of Lilybaeum to sue for any thing that became due to the temple of Eryx. (See also Divin. c. 17.) Cicero's statement is, that the SicOian tovms (Lib. 3. c. 6) were sub- ject to Eome on the same terms on which they had been governed before the island became a province. The statement may be correct so far as concerns the towns that were under Hiero's government, but it is rather deficient ia precision, if we apply his language to all the towns of the island, for Hiero's kingdom comprised only a part of Sicily. However, as a general remark, the statement is intelligible enough. Seventeen cities are mentioned (Lib. 5. c. 47) as having been faithful to the Romans ia aU the Punic and Sicilian wars. One of these was Tyndaris, which however is not mentioned among either the Civitates Poederatae or the Immunes ac Liberae. The number of SiciLian cities, says Cicero, which were subdued by the Eomans, was very small (Lib. 8. c. 6). The land of these cities became the property of the Roman people by con- quest ; but the lands were restored, subject to the payment of certain dues, which dues were let to farm by the censors at Eome (censoria locatio). Though restored, the lands were stiU called ' agri publici.' These are the Censoriae Civitates of Zumpt's list ; but I do not vouch for the accuracy of the list. None of the cities of Sicily paid a fixed land-tax (vectigal stipendiarium), as was the case ia Spain and with most of the Punic towns. Their payment was a variable duty, a tenth SICILY A ROMAN PROVINCE. 591 or otter quota of produce. Three cities, Messana, Tauromenium, and Netum, had a-Foedus with. Rome, the effect of which is described by Cicero, when he is speaking of the Tauromenitani, in these words (Lib. 2. c. 66) : " qui maxime ab injuriis nostrorum magistratuum remoti con- suerant esse praesidio foederis." The terms of these 'foedera' were not the same; for the Tauromenitani were excused from supplying a ship of war for the defence of Sicily, and the Mamertini (Messemi) were bound by their Foedus to supply one (Lib. 5. c. 19; Lib. 4. c. 9). Verres is charged by Cicero with releasing the Mamertini from their obligation to supply and equip a vessel, and with requiring a vessel from the Tauromenitani. The ' decumae ' of these foederate towns were not let, or sold, as Cicero expresses it ; in other words, they paid no taxes (vectigal) to the Romans. Pive towns, Centuripa, Halesa, Segesta, HaHcyae, and Panhormus, were ' hberae ac immunes ' (Lib. 3. c. 6). They paid no ' decumae.' In reply to the supposed argument of the advocates of Verres, that the ' aratores ' were his enemies on ac- count of the 'decumae,' Cicero says (Lib. 3. c. 69), ""Well, those who cultivate lands which are ' immunes Uberique,' why should they be your enemies ? why should the Halesini, why the Centuripini, why the Segestani, why the Halicyenses ?" A passage in Lib. 3. c. 40, appears to create a difficulty : " quid HaUcyenses, quorum incolae decumas dant, ipsi agros immunes habent ;" Cicero then mentions that the ' decumae ' of HaUcyae were sold to Turpio at ' C. Med.' The passage is explained by ascertaining the meaning of ' incolae,' which signifies persons domi- ciliated at Halicyae, not ' cives ' of Hahcyae. ' Quorum incolae ' means those persons, not citizens of Halicyae, who were domicihated at Hali- cyae, and cultivated lands in Halicyae '. These lands were only tax-free when cultivated by ' cives.' One Diodes of Panhormus (Lib. 3. c. 40) was the lessee of lands in the territory of Segesta, for no person except a citizen could own land in this territory. Diodes was therefore obUged to hire it ; and if he made Segesta his usual residence, he was an ' incola ;' and it appears that he paid ' decumae ' for the lands which he farmed in the territory of Segesta. (See also Lib. 3. c. 23, note.) All the rest of the cities of Sicily, except the three classes which have been men- tioned, paid ' decumae,' or tenths, in respect of their lands ; and all the land that was liable to payments to the Roman state was included under the general name of ' agri vectigales.' The ' decumae ' were let pub- licly in Sicily, or, according to the more common Roman expression, were sold, at a fixed period, and pursuant to the terms of the Lex • I have mistaken the meaning of this passage in the note in Lib. 3. c. 40, Halicyemes. As to ' incolae ' see Cod. Just. 10. 39. 7 ; Dig. 50. 16. 239 ; and Savigny, System des Heut. Rom. Rechts, Vol. viii. Origo und DomiciUum. 'Incolae' are persons domi- ciliated in a community of which they are not ' cives.' See Lib. 4. t. 11. 592 SICILY A EOMAN PROVINCE. Hieronica, whicli terms were so carefully drawn up, that the cultivator (arator) could not defraud the farmer of the ' decumae - (decumanus), nor could the ' decumanus ' get more than his due (Lib. 3. c. 8). These ' decumae ' were generally let to the Eoman Publicani, but sometimes a ' civitas ' would bid for the ' decumae ' of its district. Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 42) mentions an instance of the Thermitani bidding for their ' decu- mae.' These ' decumae ' consisted of a tenth of wheat and barley, the only two kinds of grain which Cicero mentions ; and it seems that some- times at least the tenths of wheat and barley were let separately (Lib. 8. c. 34). The 'decumae' also comprised the 'fruges minutae,' pulse and the Uke, and oU and wine (Lib. 3. c. 7, and c. 71, note ; p. 266, note). The price at which the ' decumae ' were sold was not estimated ia money, but by quantity (Lib. 3. c. 47, &c.). • The probable amount of the ' decumae ' was estimated upon the ' professio,' or declaration, by the cultivators, of the quantity of land which they cultivated (Lib. 3. c. 22. 47. 49). It seems that the inhabitants of a district were re- quired to deliver their ' decumae ' at the chief place of the district, and it was an irregular thing for Verres to require them to be delivered at another place (Lib. 3. c. 43). The order of Verres, that the ' aratores ' should carry their corn down to the coast, where it could be embarked from Rome, only applied to the ' alterae decumae,' or it was at least an irregular order (Lib. 3. c. 14, note on 'ad aquam'). Dureau de la MaUe concludes from this passage that the cultivators were obhged to carry their ' decumae ' to the coast ; but this conclusion is not necessary, and it ia contradicted by another passage (Lib. 3. e. 43). He says in another passage, that " the lands which enjoyed immunity were com- pelled to sell and to take every year to Rome, and at their own cost, 800,000 modii of wheat, the price of which was four sestertii the modius." There is no authority for asserting that they were required to take it to Eome, and the thing is altogether improbable. There were small proprietors and cultivators ia Sicily, but there were also many large cultivators, both owners and lessees of land, who em- ployed a large capital on it (Lib. 3. c. 21). The 'aratores' were both Sicilians and Romans, who found profitable employment for their capital in the fertile island of SicHy : it was to the rich men of Rome what a colony is to some British capitalists, or what Ireland perhaps may become to the agricultural capitalists of England, when the lands which are un- profitable in the hands of bankrupt owners have been transferred to those who can make better use of them : " quid Ula, quae forsitan ne sentiamus quidem, judices, quanta sunt! quod multis locupletioribus civibus utimur, quod habent propinquam, fidelem, fructuosamque pro- vinciam, quo facile excurrant, ubi libenter negotium gerant ; quos iUa partim mercibus suppeditandis cum quaestu compendioque dimittit. SICILY. 593 partim retinet ut araxe, ut pascere, ut negotiari libeat, ut denique secies ac domicilium coUocare" (Lib. 2. c. 3). Under these circumstances SiciLy was probably the best cultivated country in Europe ia the time of Cicero. The amount of produce raised on the fertile lands of Leontini has already been discussed (Excursus VI.). Cicero says nothing of the ' pecuarii ' in these orations beyond men- tioning them as one of the iudustrious classes in Sicily. The pasture lands were probably nearly aU Eoman property; and the 'pecuarii' paid a sum of money (soriptura) for the pasturage of their flocks. The ' scriptura ' in Italy and ia the provinces was let by the censors at Eome. This cannot be considered as a tax, but as a rent, hke the money paid in some of the Australian colonies of England for pasture licenses. The ' scriptura ' was one of the oldest sources of Eoman revenue. SieUy produced a great amount of wool and skins ; and in the Italic or Marsic war it fed, clothed, and armed the troops of Eome .(Lib. 2. c. 2). The ' scriptura ' was fsirmed by Publieanii and in the time of Verres it hap- pened that the same company (societas) farmed both the ' scriptura ' and the 'portoria' (Lib. 2. c. 70). " The censors let also for pasture, forests, coppice, osier-beds, such as those of the SUva Scantia or SUa, the osier-beds of Miuturnae ; and the tooth of the flocks is the remote cause of the almost general denudation of the Apennines, which at the present day is so painful to look on, and which must have produced on the Italian peninsula hygrometric or thermometric changes which have been appreciable for a period of two thousand three hundred years" (Bureau de la Malle, ii. 445 ') . The ' portorium ' or charge upon articles exported was a ' vicesima ' or twentieth, probably of their declared value. Cicero had no occasion to speak of import duties ia Sicily ; but perhaps we may assume that they were equal to those on exports. Verres defrauded the PubUcani by exporting his plunder largely from Sicily (Lib. 2. c. 74, 75) ; among which there was honey, sofas for dining-rooms, and cloth of Malta, all which ought to have paid duty. Besides the ' decmnae ' payable by the cultivators in the ' decumanae civitates,' and, as we have seen also, by the cultivators who were domi- ciliated within the limits of the states which were free from this charge, there were other demands made on the Sicilians. Cicero has summed them up thus : " quum unae decumae lege et conditione detrahantur, alterae novis institutis propter annonae rationem imperentur, ematur praeterea frumentum quotannis publico, postremo etiam in ceUam ma- gistratibus et legatis imperetur ; quid aut quantum praeterea est quod 2 This remark applies of course to Italy. I give it simply as it is, without comment. Q q 594 SICILY. aut liberum possit habere ille arator ac dominus in poteatate suorum fructuum aut in ipsis fructibus solutum" (Lib. 3. c. 98). The ' unae decumae ' are the tenths of which we have already spoken. There were, says Cicero (Lib. 3. c. 70), two modes of purchasing corn when the necessities of Eome required a larger supply than the ' unae deciimae.' A second tenth (alterae decumae) was bought from the Decumanae civitates. The price paid for the ' alterae decumae ' was three sestertii the modius. This was ' frumentum emptum.' Corn was also required from the other ' civitates,' and the demand was imposed on all, in proportion to the produce of their territory, as we may suppose. This com was paid for by the Eoman state somewhat higher, three and a half sestertii the modius : this was ttie ' frumentum imperatum.' The amount of the ' emptum ' was of course equal to that of the ' unae decumae' or regular tenths. The amount of the 'imperatum,' while Verres was praetor, was eight hundred thousand modii of wheat. The ' imperatum ' was imposed on all the ' civitates,' as the words of Cicero show, and the example of Halesa (Lib. 3. c. 73), which was one of the ' immunes ac Uberae.' Cicero makes it a charge against Verres, that he did not require from the Mamertini (Messana) the portion of ' frumen- tum imperatum,' which they were bound to supply. He adds, that corn had never been purchased in Sicily on the pubUc account without the Mamertini being required to furnish their proportion, until Verres, from corrupt motives, reheved them of this comparatively light imposition (Lib. 5. c. 21). Messana was one of the Foederatae civitates. Cicero's words, taken literally, mean that besides the ' alterae decumae' which were bought from the Decumanae civitates, these states were liable to the ' imperatum :' " emendi duo genera fuerunt ; unum decu- marum ; alterum, quod praeterea civitatibus aequaliter esset distribu- tum ;" and I have understood the passage so (Lib, 5. c. 21, note) ; but I am not sure that this is Cicero's meaning. This commission to purchase com in Sicily became under the admi- nistration of Verres a means of gross oppression, which Cicero has explained (Lib. 3. c. 70—80). The ' frumentum aestimatum ' (Lib. 3. c. 81) was the com, wheat and barley, which the governor was empowered to demand of the Sicilians for the use of his household (in ceUam). The amotint that he could demand was fixed ; he was fiimished by the Eoman state with money to pay for it ; and the price that he -had to pay was fixed. Here Cicero informs us of a monstrous abuse which was established as a regular practice. A governor could require the grain for his use to be deli- vered at any place within the province that he named. If the culti- vator had no com to sell, or if he did not wish to seU his com at the SICILY. 595 price that he would receive, or if he wished to avoid the expense of car- rying it to the place named by the governor, he prayed as a favour that he might be allowed, instead of delivering the com that was required of him, to pay a sum of money equal to its value (p. 373). This mon- strous abuse is lightly touched by Cicero, for the 'judices' in the case of Verres were men who would have a feUow feeling with the accused. The charge against Verres was that he got more money out of the Sici- lians under the head of ' fnimentum aestimatum ' than other governors ; more than he would have got, if he had done as other governors did and were allowed to do. They were greedy. Verres was greedier. (Lib. 3. c. 81.) The administration of Verres lasted three years, during which the island was ruined by his oppression. Cicero may have exaggerated the vices of Verres when he speaks of him in general terms, but it is hardly possible that the numerous charges against him, which he states with so much precision, can be far from the truth. Such a system of oppression for three years in a country within a few days' sail of Eome is a foul stain on the character of the Roman senate, who held the administration in their hands. Nothing but a consciousness that they were as guilty as Verres could have prevented the senate from visiting this scoundrel with speedy and weU-meiited punishment. The administration of Sicily under Verres gives us a just measure of the corruption of the Eoman nobles, and prepares us for the advent of the imperial system, the only possible government if the empire was to subsist. One of the many modes of raising money that Verres resorted to remains to be mentioned. He got money from the Sicilians under the pretext of applying it to the erection of statues of himself; and in fact there were statues of Verres, his son, and his father, erected in SicUy during his administration at the expense of the Sicilians ; and statues of Verres even in Eome. But these statues were made a pretext for get- ting money, which Verres kept ; and the law was so considerate, that it allowed a period of five years to elapse before a governor could be called to account for not appropriating the money to the purposes for which it was given or extorted (Lib. 2. c. 58). The practice of erecting statues, temples, and altars to Eoman governors was the invention of the fears and of the gross adulation of the Grreeks. Under the emperors it was carried still further. When Cicero was governor of Cihcia, he had the decency to forbid it. (Ad Attic, v. 21.) When Verres landed in Sicily the island was probably in a more prosperous state than it ever was before, or ever has been since, unless perchance in the time of Augustus, or under the mild and prudent administration of the Antonines. Since the overthrow of the Carthagi- nian power and the suppression of the servile revolts, it had enjoyed Q q 2 596 SICILY. many years of tranquillity, beiag united under one government, which allowed no tyrant but itself. Under the system of farming, which employed large capitals, the produce was greatly increased. It had an extensive commerce and various manufactures. Malta, a dependency of Sicily, was famed for its fine linen. The industrious Greeks of Sicily produced excellent household furniture, and numerous articles of domes- tic use of exquisite taste. Couches, candelabra, carpets, plate of excel- lent workmanship, carved work in ivory, bronzes, pictures, and statues were the evidence of the wealth, the taste, and the artistic skill of the population of the island. Dureau de la MaUe (Economie Politique des Eomaias), whose work I have already cited, has many useful remarks on the condition of Sicily ia the time of Cicero ; but he is chargeable with inexactness in some par- ticulars. The following passage, for the complete accuracy of which I win not vouch, relates to the population of the island (Vol. ii. p. 379) : "We have the means of estimating accurately the annual produce of wheat in that portion of Sicily which formed the ancient kingdom of Hiero, which payed ia kind the ' decumae ' of wheat, and the extent of which did not comprise the third part of the island ; for Cicero informs us ui the third Verrine, named Prumentaria (c. 70), that the value of the tenths of the wheat in one year, during the praetorship of Verres, was 9,000,000 sesterces, which at three sesterces the modius makes 3,000,000 modii. Consequently, multiplying 3,000,000 by 10, we get for the produce of wheat in this part of Sicily 30,000,000 modii = 405,000,000 livres, poids de mare. M'ow the mean of the weight of a modius of wheat being 13| livres, and the daily consumption of wheat by an individual being fixed at 2 livres, it is easy to deduce from it : " 1. The population of this portion of the island which formed the former kingdom of Hiero ; " 2. The number of Eoman citizens or inhabitants of Italy maintained by the exportation of the wheat of Sicily, which exportation was to the amount of 3,800,000 modd (51,300,000 livres), including in this amount the 800,000 modii of ' frumentum imperatum ;' this number, I say, was in 681 of Eome, 50,340 persons. The population of this third of Sicily subjected to the payment of ' decumae ' amounted to 396,864, and that of all Sicily to 1,190,592 persons." It is easy to make several objections to these conclusions. Premises are assumed which cannot be admitted. For instance, who can assume that Hiero' s part of the island was exactly one-third of the whole island, or rather that it contained exactly one- third of the population ? I have no doubt that the relative population of Hiero' s part was greater than that of the rest of the island. It remains to make a few remarks on the object of the Eomans in collecting the ' decumae ' of Sicily, and the ' frumentum emptum.' The SICILY. 597 corn was for the supply of Eome, the city only as it seems. It was an old Roman policy for the state to look after the supply of corn for Eome. "We cannot suppose that private enterprise did not partly supply the city ; but in. times of scarcity at least, persons were appointed to buy on account of the state. Livy, on some authority we may presume, speaks of such purchases at an early period of Eoman history (ii. 9, iv. 12) ; and in the second of these passages the creation of a ' praefectus annonae ' is mentioned. On the occasion of a scarcity so early as the consulship of T. Geganius and P. Miaucius (b.c. 492), Eome sent to seek for corn in Sicily (Liv. ii. 34). The possession of Sicily assured a large supply from the regular ' decumae,' and more could be had, if it was wanted, by a demand of the ' alterae decumae ' and the ' frumentum imperatum.' The Lex Eramentaria of 0. Gracchus (b.c. 123) substi- tuted for the occasional and irregular distributions of corn at Eome, the sale of it at a low fixed price (Lib. 3. c. 70, note) ; and in this way the ' decumae' of Sicily seem to have been disposed of in B.C. 70, when Cicero prosecuted Verres. The gratuitous distribution of corn at Eome belongs to a later period in the life of Cicero, and not to the period of Verres, as Bureau de la MaUe assumes. The discussion of the pauper system of Eome does not belong to this place. X. " Non modo," &c. The use of this form has been noticed several times in the commentary. It is one of the usual formulae of the Latin, language. The common translation of ' non modo ' is ' not only,' which wiU sometimes express the meaning of the Latin original, and sometimes it wUl not. ' Not only,' in English, implies that the thing of which a predication is made, ia the clause which contains ' not only,' is not all ; and that something further is going to be predicated. ' Not only ' may sometimes ' express ' non modo ' in such forms as the following : — Divin. c. 4. — " Hi sciunt hoc non modo a me petitum esse, sed ita saepe . . petitum ut," &c. Act. i. c. 1. — " opinio . . quae non modo Romae sed et apud exteras nationes . . percre- buit," &c. Divin. u. 5. — " cujus legis non modo a populo Romano sed etiam ab ultimis nationibus jampridem seven custodes requimntur." In these cases ' sed ' is followed by ' et,' ' etiam,' or ' ita,' as in Divin. c. 4, and in Lib. 3. c. 88 : " et id non modo fieri, sed ita fieri quasi liceat." ' Non modo,' so placed, does not differ in use from ' non solum,' fol- lowed by ' sed etiam ' or ' verum etiam :' — Divin. c. 13. — " non solum commoveor auimo, sed etiam toto corpore perhorresco." Act. i. u. 16. — " eosque ambos non solum deseruerit, sed etiam prodlderit." Act. 1. c. 18. — " ut homines miseri . . . non modo jus suum fortunasque . . . amittant, verum etiam deploraudi juris sul potestatem non habeant." In the following passage ' sed ' is not followed by any emphatic word: — Act. i. c. 3. — " InteUigit me ita paratum . . venire ut non modo in auribus vestris sed in oculis omnium sua fnrta atque flagitia defixurus sim." No variation is noted in this passage by Zumpt, except that Gruelf. 2 has ' non ut modo,' a variation from which nothing can be in- ferred. In the following passage (Divin. c. 14), also, ' sed ' is not fol- lowed by ' et ' or ' etiam,' but there is the emphatic word ' ipso :' " ne ille non modo verbis te obruat, sed gestu ipso ac motu corporis prae- ' Not always. See Cic. Ad Attic, ii. 18, " non modo privates," &c. ; and Ad Div. XV. 6. "NON MODO," &c. 599 stringat aciem iBgenii tui," &c. No variation is noted in tUs passage ; and I doubt if ' nou modo ' can be translated ' not only.' There is a similar passage in Lib. 1. c. 46, where ' non modo ceteros ' is followed by ' sed te ipsum.' There may be a few other examples where ' non modo,' followed by ' sed ' only, is, or seems to be, equivalent to ' non modo ' followed by ' sed etiam ;' but if these are genuine instances, and not corrupt passages, they must be taken as irregularities, or, if we choose, as careless expressions of Cicero. In the following passage (Lib. 4. c. 41) ' non modo ' cannot be ren- dered by ' not only,' and it confirms what I have said as to ' sed :' " Tu ista stultitia, nequitia, inertia, non modo totius Siciliae sed unius tenuis- simi Siculi clientelam tueri potes ?" Li the following passages, also, ' non modo ' cannot be translated ' not only :'— Divin. c. 18. — " quid habes quod possis dicere quamobrem nou modo mihi sed cuiquam anteponare?" Lib. 3. t. 31 . — " An poterat non modo Apronius sed quivis, si exercitui metieudum esset, improbare Siculum frumentum," &c. Divin. c. 8. — " quo tempore aut qua in re non modo specimen ceteris aliquid de te, sed tute tui periculum fecisti ?" The second instance, perhaps, shows most clearly how we must endea- vour to express the ' non modo ' in such cases as these : " I don't ask if Apronius could, but if any one could refuse to accept Sicilian com ?" 'We must seek in the primitive meaning of ' modo ' a solution for the true meaning of these expressions. ' Modo,' like several other words in an ablative case, is used as an adverb ; it is a word of measure, and therefore of limitation. Professor Key remarks (Latin Grammar, § 794) that ' modo ' means literally ' by measure,' and " hence, with small quantities, modo, hi/ measure, may be translated by only : on the other hand, with great quantities, admodum, tip to the measure, is equivalent to full, quite." So Cicero says (Lib. 3. c. 5) : " id fuit mihi gratum admodum:" "that was agreeable to me, to the full, to the complete measure." In Lib. 3. c. 97, he says " Atque utinam posset aUqua ratione hoc crimen quamvis falsa, modo humana atque usitata, de- fendere," which means that Cicero would be glad if Verres could answer this charge in some way, as false as you Uke, within the limits of ' humanitas ' and usage. So in Lib. 3. c. 87, there is " magnum praeclarumque vectigal, si modo salva provincia, si sine injuria sociorum percipere possumus." Now here the ' modo ' might be omitted, but it helps to express more clearly the condition or limitation, which limita- tion is the existence and integrity of the province. One more example may help to explain this. Lib. 3. c. 58 : " hoc aut innocens homo per- peti potuisset, aut quamvis nocens, qui modo judicia Eomae fore putaret. 600 "NON MODO," &c. non aliqua simulatione existimationi se tominum venditasset ? " Here the ' modo ' might be omitted also, for ' qui . . putaret,' an ordinary formula in Cicero, 'would express what is meant, but with somewhat less precision than ' qui modo,' which limits more exactly the ' guiltiest man ' to one of the class who beUeved that there would be judicial investiga- tion at Eome ' The notion contained ia this word ' modo,' then, is that of ' limit ;' and ' non modo ' is a negation of the limit. In such an expression as ' tantum modo,' we hare the meaning ' so much, and no more ; or that ia aU.' Now the only dilEculty lies in seeiag how the notion contained in this ' non modo ' is to be combiaed with the notion contained in the other words which it is intended to qualify. In the Divin. c. 4, 'hi sciunt hoc,' &c., the notion contained in ' a me petitum ' is not the measure or limit : there was more than that. In Lib. 3. e. 31, ' an poterat non modo Apronius,' &c., Cicero's question of the possibility of rejecting this com is not limited to Apronius, it extends to any body and every body. If I should be asked what is the best translation in aE these in- stances, I should answer that I do not know. I merely mean to say that ' not only,' which happens to fit some cases, wiU not fit aU cases ; and I would not quarrel with any translation of ' non modo ' in any given case, if it expressed the meaning with precision. There are . numerous expressions of common occurrence in modem languages, which we find as difficult to express in our language as many of those which occur in Roman writers, though we have the advantage of having the precise force of such modern expressions explained by a living teacher. Some of those words called adverba and conjunctions, which are used very frequently, are perverted by usage in such a way that it is hard to seize their precise meaning, and trace it up to the original signification of the word. There is another use of ' non modo,' followed by ' ne quidem,' which requires a few words. In such cases as the following, ' non modo ' is said to be used for ' non modo non,' an explanation that may lead to misunderstanding : — Act. i. 0. 38. — " Non modo proditori, sed ne perfugae quidem locus in meig castris cui- qnam fuit." Lib. 3. c. 91. — " si hoc crimen non modo Marcelli facto sed ne Lepidi quidem potes defendere." If we here translate ' non modo ' by ' not only,' our idiom requires that we insert a negative which is not in the Latin, thus : " not oiiy no ' Compare Livy, xxii. 2 : " Primi qua modo praeirent duces," &c. "NON MODO," &c. 60] traitor, but not even a deserter has ever found a place in my camp." But I do not tMnb that this is a good form of translation. Professor Key (Grammar, § 1415) observes that the " negative in ' ne . . quidem,' vrhen followed by a common predicate, often extends its influence over a precediag clause begianing with ' non mode' " He gives the following instance and translation: — " Assentatio non modo amico sed ne libero quidem digua est " (Cic.) : " flattery is unworthy not merely of a friend, but even of a free man." He adds in a note : " It is in such passages as these that ' non modo ' is said to be used for ' non modo non.' " The predicate contained in ' digna ' is placed at the end of the sentence, but it appUes equally to both parts of it ; and the ' non mbdo ' expressed to a Eoman clearly enough, that what was going to be predicated was not limited to friend, but, as the next words show, extended even to a free man. ' Non solum ' is used in the same way, as in the following example from the same Grammar : " Senatui non solum juvare rem publicam, sed ne lugere quidem Ucuit:" "the senate were forbidden not merely to assist, but even to mourn over their country." In Lib. 3. c. 5, there is " ut eum facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quisquam videret," which is another of these supposed examples of ' non modo ' for ' non modo non ;' and there are many other examples in these orations. The supposition of another ' non ' after the ' non modo,' and in the clause to which ' non modo ' belongs, is contrary to the usage of the Latin language in such cases. In the following instances, however, there is a double negative iu the first clause, and yet there is ' ne . . quidem,' with the general predicate, in the second clause : — Lib. 3. t. 48. — " multis autem non modo granum nullum sed ne paleae quidem . . relin- querentur." Lib. 4. c. 22. — " non modo oppidum nullum, sed ne domus quidem ulla paulo locupletior expers hujus injuriae reperietur." There are instances of the double negative, as it is called,, the repe- tition of the negative, to give emphasis : " Not to speak of towns, of not a single tovm being exempt, I add, not even wiU a single house of the richer class be found to have escaped this wrong." Compare Lib. 2. c. 46 : " quod non modo Siculus nemo sed ne SiciUa quidem tota po- tuisset." The following case is different from those just given (Lib. 5. c. 18) : " nunc non modo te hoc crimine non arguo, sed ne ilia quidem communi vituperatione reprehendo." Here each clause has its predicate, and if the ' non ' before ' arguo ' were omitted, the meaning would be so far just the opposite of what is intended. If the predicate occurs in the first part of the sentence, and a nega- 602 "NON MODO," &c. tion is intended, the ' non ' is necessary, though ' ne . . quidem ' comes after (Lib. 3. c. 97) : " non solum aestimandi frumenti modus non fuit sed ne imperandi quidem'." There are many cases iu which ' non modo non ' occurs, but the reader must learn to distinguish them from the supposed case of ' non modo ' being used for ' non modo non.' In Divia. c. 9, " M. CaecOium . . non modo non adesse neque tecum tuas iojiu-ias persequi, sed esse cum Verre," where it is plain that the second ' non ' qualifies ' adesse.' The assertion is not limited to a ' non a.desse ' at the trial, and a ' neque persequi ' of Verres : it goes so far as to affirm an ' esse cum Yerre.' In the following instance (Divin. c. 11), " facUe omnes intelligent vobis inter vos non modo voluntatem fuisse conjunctam, sed ne praedam quidem adhuc esse divisam," a 'non' before 'conjunctam' would nega- tive what Cicero affirms in that clause, " that there was union of wiU, and that was not all." In Lib. 1. c. 15, the true reading is " non modo non exsistit verum etiam opprimit antequam prospicere . . potueris," which passage some of the critics would corrupt by omitting the ' non ' before ' exsistit ;' and thus they would make Cicero write nonsense. In these notes some remarks have been made on the use of ' qui,' and I collected about two hundred examples from these orations, with the view of explaining what seems to be often ill understood. However, the labour of arranging these examples would not be worth the pains. There is really little difficulty in Cicero's use of ' qui,' ' quum,' ' quod,' ' quia,' in these orations. There is a sufficient number of undoubted, undisputed instances, from which we can learn his practice. I don't believe that even Cicero always strictly adhered to the principle or usage, which he generally foUows; and this supposition wiU explain some few difficulties. But there is no real difficulty in Cicero's use of the indicative and subjunctive mood. The subjunctive is a very flexible and delicate instrument in his hands ; and it is only necessary to read with due care, to discover and appreciate his tact in this matter. I recommend to those who would seek a good guide to the construction of the Latin language, the Syntax in Professor Key's Latin Grammar. ' Compare the instance in Cic. Ad Attic, i. 11. INDEX TO THE NOTES. THE REFERENCES ARE MADE TO THE PAGES. Abacus, 425 Abalienare, 484 Abjudicare, 54 Ablatus and sublatus, 422 Abrogare magistratum, 240 Absolve, with a dative, 185 Abstulerat, 528 Abutor, 84, 549 Ac and at confounded, 522 Accedere and accedere ad, 542 Accensua, 105 Accept! tabulae, 100 Acceptum ferre, referre, 115, 262 Accessiones, 237 Accurate, 37 Accusatives neuter, 505 Accusations, a mode of getting notoriety, 35 Accusator, 8, 27, 28 Accusatorie, 310, 406 Acestaei, 584 Acestenaes, 312 Acragas, 447 Acroama, 435 Acta (shore), 528 Actio praejudicialis, 13 Prima, 8 quod metus causa, 399 Sacramenti, 397 Actor, 8 Actores Graeci, 27 Ad aquam, down to the sea-coast, 285 — leges rejicere, 220 — urbera accedere, venire, esse, 69 Addicere, 214, 293 Addictio, 54 Adeo, 35, 244, 277, 490 Adesse, alterutri, 211, 451 Adhiberi, use of, 531 Adjudicare, 54 Adumbrare, 310 Adventus, use of, 96, 424, 475 Adversus, apud, 253 Advocationes, 135 Advocatus, 14 Aediles Curules, duties of, 65, 141, 614 borrowed works of art for the shows at Rome, 96 , time of entering on ofBce, 61 Aedituus and aeditimns, 460 Aenea tabula, 228 Aeque — atque, 11 Aera equivalent to stipendia, 512 Aerarium, 58, 178 sanctius, 489 Aere and aere, 455 Acre dirutus, 513 Aes, meaning of, 413 Aeserninus, 457 Aestimatum fruraentum, 371 Aetna, city, 323 Affines, 193, 219 Affinis, rei capitalis, 221 Africanus, P., the younger, 35 Agathocles, picture of, 475 Ager, 306 Agere cum populo, cum aliquo, 65, 68 Agnoscere, 52 Agreements, 48, 56, 326 Agrigentum, 447 Agri vectigales, 273, 280 Aguntiu: injuriae, 469 Agyrium, 186 Agyrini, 584 Album judicum selectorum, 45, 48 Alexander by Apelles, portrait of, 486 Aliquam multa, 381, 438 Aluntium, 584 Ambitio, ambitus, 44, 222, 246 Amestratini, 315 Amicitiam, &c., esse in, 34, 209, 487, 543 Amicus et sociua, 444 Ampliatio, 86 Amplius not followed by quam, 80 pronuntiari, 107 An and at confounded, 307 Annales, 471 Annominatio, figure, 412 Annona, 348 604 INDEX. Annuli aurei, 189, 370 Ante quam with the indicative and with the subjunctive, 544 Antiochu3, 440 Antiques, passion for, 414 Antiquus, 206 Antistita, 462 Antonius, M., the great orator and advo- cate, 18, 100, 498, 500 Creticus, M., 30, 180 Apelles, 486 Aphrodite Anadyomene of Apelles, 486 Apparare, 432 Applicavit, 176 Apponi, 546 Apud, adversns, 253 — — ■ villam, 434 Aquillius, M'., 35, 498 Aratores, 183, 272 Ai'bitrari, supposed to have a passive sense sometimes, 546 Arbiter, arbitri, 47, 536 Arcessere, 60, 241 Arcessitus and accersitus, 455 Archimedes, 483 Area, 285 Arethusa, 473 Argentariam facere, 566 Argentarius, 567 Argentum factum, signatum, 528 Argumeuta 477 Ariminum, 91 Aristaeus, 481 Artificia, 433 Asconius, 8, 18, 19, 21, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60, CI, 62, 72, 74, 78, 82, 85, 87, 91 Asines, river, 583 Aspirare in curiam, 213 Asportare, 19 Assecla, 103 Assiduitas, 119 Assorini, 584 Assorus, 460 Astrologus, 235 Asylum, 111 At, 26, 99, 101, 116 — and ac confounded, 27, 357, 522 ■ — and an confounded, 307 — enim, 16, 55, 143 — , emphatic, 560 — quem hominem, 227 Athenio, 188 Atque and atqui, 142, 378, 388 Attendere, reliqua, 271, 564 Attributa pecunia, 90, 356 Auctio, 199 Auctor, 386, 524 bonus, 463 mains, 524 Auctoritas, 36, 334, 524 Auctoritates, 525 Auspicium, 157 Aut— aut, 36 Autem, 81 Aversa pecunia, 90 Avertere, 31 Ballot, voting by, 17 Barbari reges, 309 Barley, price of, compared with wheat, 371 (hordeum), decumae of, 310 Basilicae, 409 Beacon -lights, 541 Belli lex, 99 Bellum, Injustum impiumque, 33 Beneficium populi Romani, 80, 427 Benigne, 376 Bidis, 202 Biens, 54 Boethus, 423 Bona, 54 Bonis, everti, 202 Book-keeping, 100 Bulla, 146, 477 C. F., 226 Cacyrini, 584 Caecilius Niger, Q., 4 Caelator, 414 Caelius or Coelius, 579 Caesetius, 492 Caesonius, M., 61 Calacta, 321 Calamitas, 391 Calidius, Q., 67 Calumnia, 87 Cancelli, 339 Candelabra, 441 Canephoroe, 408 Canvas, when used to paint on, 406 Capere et conciliare pecunias, 78, 306 , 234 Capitalis, 254 Capite frumenti, de, 79 Capsae, 28 Capta, onere, 528 Captus, oculis, 463 Caput, principal sum of money, 310 , chapter of a lex, 129 Carbasus made of flax, 511 Carbo, On. Papii-ius, 89, 90 Caryatides, 408 Castro Giovanni, 374 Castor and PoUux, temple of, 134, 147 Catina, 322, 583 Cato, C, 418 , M., the Censor, 34, 578 Causa, cum, 83 , use of, 470, 507 Cavere, a forensic word, 89 INDEX. 605 Cedo, 225 Celeber and creber, 179, 250 Celebrare, 104 Cella, 20, 178, 243, 386 Cenaere, 72 Censores in Sicily, 236, 588 Censorium nomen, 12 Census, 72 Centumviri, 46 Centuriae, voting of, 516 Centuripae or Centuripa, Centvtripini, 208, 584 Cepfaaloedis, 5S3 Cephaloedium, 235 Cera legitima, 17 Cerarium, 366 Ceres, 465 , colossal statue of, 468 Certe, 378 Certi, homines, 222 Cetarini or Citarini, 322 Cervices, use of, 339, 547 Chafe-wax or chaff- wax, 366 Challenge of judices, 213 Chelidon, 120 Chrysas or Crysas, river, 460 Chryselephantine statues, 415 Cibaria, 181 Cibyra, 423 Cicero, instance of his exaggeration, 543 and Isocrates compared, 381 and Demosthenes compared, 381, 409 a lover of art, 485 , his feelings when rising to speak, 24 spoke Greek in the Senate-house of Syracuse, 488, 493 complains that the honores of Rome were more accessible to the nobiles than to others, 578 Circaeum poculum, 31 Circenses Magni, 62 Circumscribere, 94, 244 Citare reum, 24, 97 Citarini or Cetarini, 322 Cives, 11 Civil procedure, 42 Civilis actio, 1 5 Civitas conferred, 184 Civitates immunes ac liberae, 274 Claudi, use of, 542 Clavus trabahs, 523 Coactae, condliatae, 375 Coacti fabri, publice, 520 Coauctio, a spurious word, 372 Code, criminal, 43 Codex, codices, 115 Cognltor, 13, 310 Cognitores, 572 Cognoscere, 52 Cohors pi-aetoria, 91 Colere and incolere, 581 CoUybus, 300 Colonia, 526 Coloniae, Roman, in Sicily, 583 Colonus, 272, 296 Columna Maenia, 28 Columen, 363 Comites, 91 Comitia, trials before, 43 Commeatu, in, cum, 548 Commei'cium, 233, 317 Commissa, hereditas, 87 Commoda, 410 Commodare, 418 Coramodatum, 410 Commode quum, 300 Commodum quaatum, 78 , use of, 502 Commune Milyadum, 116 Communis sensus, 47, 404 Compendium, 325 Comperendinare, 64 Compereudinatio, 40, 41 Comperendinatus, 85 Complura and compluria, 463 Compromissa, 208 Conchylium, 439 Conciliare, 51 Concursare, 536 Condemnare with a dative, 283 Condictiones, 397, 403 Conditio,' 131 , nature of a, 56 Condonatio, 54 Conducere, conductor, 56, 295, 296 Conductio, locatio, 56 Confessa res, 330 Conjunctus, convictus, 53 equivalent to artus, 452 , cunctus, 9 Consanus, Cossanus, 568 Consilio, cum, sine, 505 Consilium, the body of judices, 14; 56 , meanings of, 524 Consortea, 298 Constituta, instituta, interchanged, 469 Contiuuus, 62, 64 Contio, orthography of, 50 Contra ac, 413 venire, 226 Contracts, 48, 56 Convenire, in jus vocare, 60 Conventus, 192 of Sicily, 510 ■ ■ of Spain, 590 Convictus, conjunctus, 53 Cooptare, 232 Copies made and attested, 263 Corn, purchased for the supply of Rome, 355, 596 , delivery of, at distant places in the provinces, 374 ComeUi, 304 606 INDEX. Corollarium, 329, 369, 426, 435 Corona, 293 Cotta, L. Aurelius, B.C. 131, 36 , C, 577 Crassus, L. Licinius, 18, 267 Cratera (nominative), 483 Creber and celeber, 179, 250 Credere, 514 Credo, 16, 535 Crepidines, 542 Creseere, de aliquo, 575 Cretula, 439 Crimen, 88, 549 , domesticum, 344 , defendere, 258, 384 Crimina, Publica, 43 Criminal law, 42 . procedure, 42 Crusta, 436 Crux, Roman, 500 Crysas or Chrysag, river, 460 Cubare, 297 Cuicuimodi, 540 Cum, quum, 308 Cunotus, conjunctus, 9 Cupa, 416 Cupere, 16 omnia, 259 Cupido, statue of, 407 Cupidus, 477 Curio, C. Scribonins, 57 Curulis, meaning of, 514 Cybaea, 416 Cyclops, 563 Damnum infectum, 142 Dare, credere, 514 judicia, 187, 231 literas, how used, 86 publice causam, 360 Decedere, 8, 180 Decemprimi, 251 Decernere, decretum, 129, 231 Decidere, 133 Decumae, amount of, how ascertained, 592 bid for by a Sicilian civitas, 310, 320 Decumani, 256, 272 Decumas emere, 275 vendere, 347 Decuriae, 215, 281, 36? Deductiones, 366 Deferre and referre, 312, 454 , nomen, 12 Delatio, nominis, 41 Delian bronze, 216 Delicta, what they comprehended, 43, 88 -, privata, 43 Delivery (traditio), 293 Delphica, 483 Dementia, amentia, 225 Deminuere and diminuere, 335 Demonstrare, 23 Demortuus, 233 Demosthenes and Cicero compared, 381, 409 Denegare, negare, 526 Denuntiare, 18, 97, 501 Depectas, 300 Deponere, 65 Deportare, 19 Depositum, 427 Depositus equivalent to desperatus, 76 Derivare, 138 Descendere, 258 Describere, jura, 509 Deversari and diversari, 428 Diana, colossal statue of, 448 Dianium, 112, 563 Dica, 194 Dicere, causam, 501 Dicis causa, 437 Diebus, iUis, 58, 207, 429, 488 XXX — quibus, 194 Diem dicere, 35 Dies (feminine), 52 Diminuere and deminuere, 335 Directa and dirempta, 466 Dis pater, 465 Discedere, 32 Disceptare, 359, 579 Discessio, 492 Discribere, 306, 385 Disertus, 278 Disposite, 456 Dissolvere, 365 Distress, 280 Districtus, 59 Diversari and deversari, 428 Divinatio, 7 Divisores, 59 Dixi, 74 Dolabella, Cn., 54 Domicilium, 179, 591 Dominia, 271 Dominus, owner, 272 Domitius, Cn., 141 , L., praetor of Sicily, 500 Domo invitare, 420 Drusus, M. Livius, 45 Ducere with esse, 562 E lege, ex lege, 489 Echetlienses, 584 Ecquae, ecqua, 420 Ecquis, 14 'F^diKanitQriaav, 564 Edicta magistratuum, 156 Edictum Perpetuum, 163 Translatitium, 128, 164 INDEX. 607 Edidisset and edijdsset confounded, 305 Efficere cum octavo, 326 Egestani, Segestani, 248 Ei equivalent to sibi, 19C Ejurare, 340 Ejusce, a mistake, 219 Ejusmodi, 229 Elaborare and laborare, 88, 453 Elegantiug, 31 Elorus, Elorum, 322, 583 Emblemata, 424 Emere, locare, 521 Emigrare, migrare, 219 Emerserit, in a conditional sense, 79 Enguini, 322, 461 Enim, use of, 85 Enimvero, 104 Ephesus, delivery of corn at, 374 Epigramma, 480 Equidem and ego quidem confounded, 453 Equites, judices, 45, 46 Equulei, 431 Ergetini, 584 Eriphyla, 429 Erogatae pecuniae, 520 Eryx, temple of Venus at, 29, 185 Esse cum aliquo, 534 Esse in, followed by an accusative, 209, 487 Estne Sthenius, &c., 228 Et, sense of, after a negation, 365 Etini, 584 Europa on a bull, 485 Evidence, hearsay, 87, 137 Ex itinere, 350 'E^aipiaifioi dies, 235 Exceptio, 161 Execrationes, 545 Exempla, copies, 260 Exhibere, 264, 505 Eximius, 28 Exitus exitiales, 502 Expensum, ferre, referre, 115 Explosores, 369 Export duties, 2G1 Exsilium, 380 Exspectatio . . quidnam, 504 Exterae nationes, 420, 485 Extraordinariae pecuniae, 119, 255 Fabius, the censor, Allohrogicus, 57 FamiUa, 114, 298 Farming, risks of, 391 Farms in Sicily, large, 592 Fasces, 506 Favonius, 509 Febrnarius, the month of audience at Rome, 113, 213 Felicitatis aedis, 479 FeUx, meaning of, 498 Femore and femine, 458 Festivus, 354 Fetiale, Jus, 521 Fictions, legal, 161 Fides, pro deum hominumque fidem, 10 Fisci, 58 Flamininus, 482 Fleet, maintained by the Milesians, 111 Floruit, princeps, said not to be Latin, 555 Foederata civitas, 249 Foedus with Rome, effect of, 591 Fora, provinciae, 449 Fores, 477 Formula, 30, 47 equivalent to actio, 403 petitoria, 173 Octaviana, 397 Fornix, and Fornix Fabianus, 247, 57 Fortuna, 125 Fortunae, 34, 125 Forum, 254 — , decorated by the aediles, 100, 409 Frater, use of, 420, 487 Fretu, authority for, 573 Frugalitas, 106 Fruges minutae, decumae of, 277 Frumentum, 266 aestimatum, 371 emptum, 355, 418, 523 , imperare, 20 , imperatum, 355, 594 Functio, 276 Fundus, 296 Furia, Fusia, 123 Futurum, an indeclinable form, 572 Gabinius, P., 34 Galatini, 584 Gela, 447 Gelani, 584 Gelas, river, 583 Gemmae, 405 Gens and Gentilitium Jus, 126 Gerundive form refers to time present in good Latin writers, 579 Glabrio, the father, 71 r\w^w, yXa^w, 414 Gnavus, 294 Governors of provinces, allowances to, 412 not permitted to traffic in the province, 412 Gracchi, 145 Gracchus, Ti., 467 Gramineae hsstae, 478 Greeks with Roman names, 427, 488 Guilds and companies at Rome, 368 Habere, 383 Hadranitani, 584 Hadrianus, 105 Halesini, 360, 584 608 INDEX. Halicyae, 210 Haluntium, 436, 584 Hannibal, expression used by, 512 liaud scio an, 354 Helorus and Pelorus confounded, 439, 540 , 322 Henna, 374 , description of, 466 Hennenses, 248, 584 Heraclia and Heraclea, 234 Heraclius, Heracleus, 548 Herbita, 308 Herbuleuses, 584 Hercules, statue of, 459 Hexametral ending of a sentence, 563 Hi and ii confounded, 16 Hie ego si, 230 Himera, 217, 583 Histrionum donatio, 426 Hoc juris, 554 Honey, 258 Honorem habere, 92, 457 Honoris et Virtutis aedis, 475 causa, 504 Honos, 36, 37 Horace, remark on, 368 Hornotinus, 290 Hortensius, his art as an advocate, 25 Hospitium facere, 492 Humanum, meaning of, 550 Humanitas, 270, 461 Huncine, 528 Hybia, 321, 583 Hypothetical sentences, 556 lalysus of Protogenes, 486 Ichanenses, 584 Id aetatis, temporis, 220, 222 Ideo quod, 146 Idiotes, 407 letenses, 584 letini, 322 Ignominia, 209, 417 Ignotus, use of, 533 Ii and hi confounded, 16 Illis diebus, paucis, 429, 488 Imacharenses, 291 Imago, 452 Imagines, 515 Immo, use of, 75 Imperfect subjunctive without si, used con- ditionally, 573 Imperium, 36, 66, 157, 432 Impluvium, 101 In acceptum referre, 144 — consilium ire, 462 — jus vocatio, 286 — medio ponere, 21, 88 — possessionem mitti, 205 — quo, in pueris, in perfecto viro, 51 Inclusum supplicium, 507 Incola, 482, 591 Increbuit, 179 Index, indicium, 21 Indicative used in one member of hypo- thetical sentences, 556 Ingenuus, 94 Ingratis and gratis, 417 Injuriarum actio or judicium, 209 Inofficiosum, testamentum) 122 Inquilinus, 296 Instar, a noun, 518 Instituere, 35 ■ , heredem, 121 Instituta and constituta interchanged, 469 Instrumeutum, 295, 330, 377 Instrumenta, in the plural, 377> 378, 390 Inter manus, 510 Intercessio, 129, 147, 189 Interdicta, 174, 231 Interesse, sua, 256 Interpres, 66, 313 Interrogation, notes of, used too freely, 268, 389 Intertrimentum, 135 Interversus, 444 Intus canere, 98 In, 349 Is, ille, contrasted, 28 — milii, 225 Isocrates and Cicero compared, 381 Iste, bio, and ovtoc, 379 Isti tui, generally come together, 563 Ita, 55 — mihi deos, 23, 515 — with adjective, 95, 212 Itane vero, 277, 383, 534 Ivory, carved, 464 Jam and turn confounded, 379 Jauitores, 270 Jovis Sacerdos, 234 Judex quaestionis, 63, 149 sworn, 63 Judge, function of, 158 Judices, 39 , privati, 30, 46, 47 , selecti, 45, 43 Judicia, 42 — , bonae fidei, 47 , populi, 48 , restituta, 207 Judicio, in, 206, 287 Judiciiim pati, accipere, 205 , constituere, 498 , vocare in, 35 , dare, 30 Jugerum, value of, 395 , genitive, 305 Juno Regina, 680 INDEX. 609 Juno of Samos, 06 Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of, 442 Imperator, 481 Jure, 36 , in, 200, 263, 287, S97 Jus, jura, meanings of, 34, 463 Civile, 123 dicere, 54 Fetiale, 521 Gentium, 168 imaginis, 515 Latium, 584 , Praetorium, Honorarium, 165 Publicum, Privatum, 42 Sacrum, 42 Justae, inimicitiae, 81 Justus, 32 Labes, 51 Laborare, elaborare, 88, 453 Lacrimari, 551 Laevinus, M. Valerius, 333 Lambinus accuses Turnebus of theft, 474 , Zumpt's opinion of, 109 Lampsacum, 101 Laodicea, 107 Lapis, saxum; lapis redivivus, 143 Largitio, 239 Latina conditio, Latinitas, 584 Latine, meaning of, 406 Latiui, 11, 72 Latium Jus, 584 Laudatores, 526 Lautumiae of Syracuse, 80, 530 Lautus, 81 Law (Jus), 123 , duty of him who declares the, 54 ■ , where it exists, 48 Lectica, 509 Lege agere, 126, 173, 489 Legem promulgare, 257 Leges dare, conscribere, 232 Frumentariae, 355 Judiciaxiae, 44, 48 Liviae, 45 , Valeriae, 42 Legis actio sacramento, 46 Legitimus, meaning of, 1 8, 63, 1 09 Lemonia (tribus), 59 Leno, lenocinium, 27, 89 Lentulus, P., 35 Leontini, 250 Leontinus, campus, 292 Lepidus, M. Aemilius, 180 Lex, meaning of, 165, 166, 383, 391, 489 used absolutely, 126 might be repealed by desuetude, 519 Acilia, 39, 71, 86 Aebutia, 30, 160 Agraria of Caesar, 280 Lex Aurelia, 6, 46, 50, 257, 389, 577 Calpurnia, 39, 397 Cincia, 265 Claudia, 519 Cornelia de Repetundis, 41, 198 de proscribendis &c., 131 Judiciaria, 46 Julia Judiciaria, 46 de Adulteriis, 89 de Repetundis, 41 de Peculatu, 358 de civitate, 72 Junia, 39 Hieronica, 275 Pinaria, 46 Plautia, 46 Porcia, 38 : 570 de Repetundis, 34, 241, 399 RupiUa, 191, 194, 587 Sempronia, 570 : 388 Judiciaria, 45 Servilia, 39, 397 Terentia et Cassia, 355 Thoria, 232, 254, 308 Voconia, 151 Libelli nominum, 56 Libera same as Proserpina, 465 Liberi, 55 Liberta Veneris, 29 Liberti, testaments of, 132 Libido, 538 Lictor, proximus, primus, 561 Ligurire, 364 Linen of Malta, 463 Liparenses, Lipari, 314 Literae commendatitiae, 494 equivalent to literae pubhcae, 487 , entries, 426 Litis aestimatio, 67, 398, 402 Locare, and auctio, 138 Locatio censoria, 274 , conductio, 56, 295 Locator, 296 Locuples, 339 Locus, use of, 68, 497 superior, 224, 435, 564 LucuUus, L., the father, 493 , L., 434 , M., 186 Ludi Plebeii, 63 Romani, 62, 236 Victoriae, 63, 236 Ludibundus, 351 Lucre, solvere, 108 Luteum negotium, 424 Luteus, homo, 284 Lycii, 418 Macellum, 345 Maenia, columna, 28 R r 610 INDEX. Magellini, 685 Magister, pro magistro, 254 Magistratus, 36 in Sicilian towns, 518 , Roman, 156 Majestas, 36 Majestatem minnere, 522 Majestatis judicium, 79 Malitia, 64 Mallem, 566 Malta vests, 261 Malum, 98 Mamertini, 274 Manceps, 21, 363 Mancipatio, 317 Mandare, 236, 315 Manubiae, 147 Manum facere, 460 Manupretium, 143 Marcellia, Marcellea, 201 Marcellinus, Cn. Lentulus, 14 Marcellus, M. Claudius, 177, 587 Margarita, 405 Marius, C, 228, 578 Mater Magna, 461 Materies, 353 Medimnum, value of, 395 Mediterraneus, 314, 529, 531 Megaris, 583 Mehercnle preferred by Cicero, 423 Melita, 463 Menaeni, 295 Menanini, 585 Mensium, mensum, 260 Mentor, 429 Mercatores, 58 Merces, 56, 295 Merere, 485 Messana, 274, 406, 583 Metayer system, 296 Metelli, porticus, 479 Metellns, L. Caecilius, praetor, 180 , Numidicus, 493 , Q., consul B.C. 206, 61 Metus and vis, 404 Minerva, temple of, 473 Minor triginta annis natu, 232 Modius, value of, 395 Modo ut, 413 Modus, 131 Moratorum, a correction for oratorum, 27 Morgantini, Murgentini, 585, 291 Motya, 321 Mucins Scaevola, Q., Pontifex Maximus, 31 Mulcare, mulctare, multare, 459 Mummius, L., 98 Municipium, 526 Munire, vias, 353 Munus, 65 Murgentini, Morgantini, 291, 585 Mutustratini, 585 Mutuum, 87, 410 Mutycenses, 321, 585 Myoparo, 111 Myron, 408, 486 Mystagogi, 483 Naevius, 61 Nam, 16, 136, 376 Naviculariam facere, 520 Navis constrata, 540 Navus, 294 Navy, Roman, men supplied by the pro- vincials, 449 Naxii, 583, 585 Naxus, 249 Ne, interrogative, 478, 564 Ne qui, ne quis, 232 Necne, 14 Negation, double, 205 Negotia habere, 58 Negotiatores, 57, 567 Negotiorum gestio, 206 Negotium facessere, 490 Nempe, 245 Neque— et, 241 Ni, in the formula of a sponsio, 560 Nicknames among the Greeks, 494 Nicomedes, 102 Nimirum, 479 Nisi forte, 484 Noaeni, 585 Nobilis, 55 NobUitas, 55, 270 Nolo and volo interchanged, 265 Nomen, nomina, nomina facere, 78, 87, 1 10 Nomine, abbi-eviation of, in the MSS., 573 Nominibus, in, 505 Non quo, 256 modo, &c., 21, 275, 380, 487, 598 Non — neque, 387 Non— sed, 537 solum — sed etiam, 24, 598 Nonne in the apodosis, 332, 538 Norbanus, C, praetor of Sicily, 500 Nota, 56 Noun performing the office of a verb, 504 Novi, homines, 269, 452 Numero, in judicum, 215 , parentis, 33, 237 Numerum, procedere in, 417 Nummarius, 337 Nundinari, 129 M w, meaning of the symbols, 241 Obligatus, 59; obligatio Uteris, 116 Obsignare, 96 Obsoletus, 550 Obstruere, 451 Obstupescere, 360 INDEX. 611 Obtinere, 312 Obtundere, 467 Oceauus, 381 Occupare, pecunias, 114 Octaviana formula, 397 Octavius', L., praetor, 399 Octophorus, lectica, 509 Odysseae portus, 539 Offendere, offensio, 12, 37, 345, 511 Officium Judicis, 47, 48 Olympus, 99 Omnes semper, 510 Operae coactae, 182 Operarii, 479 Operis, esse in, 318 Oportet with subjunctive, 22 Opponere, 351 Opprimere, 384 Optimates, 503 Optimo jure, 383 Optimus maximusque, uti, 383 Optare, 16 Oratio and ratio confounded, 292, 324 Oratorie, 310 Ordo, 367 , Judiciorum privatorum, 43 Ornatus, ornamentum, 443 Orthography, Roman, 308 Ortygia insula, 472 Os praebere, 288 Oiiroc, hie and iste, 379 P. P., abbreviation, double meaning of, 557 Pact, pactum, pactio, 56, 63, 326 Pactores, 524 Palaestrlcus, 202 Palaestritae, 193 Palatina (tribus), 226 Pallium, 438 Palm-tree (dwarf), roots eaten, 539 Paludatus, paludamentum, 513 Panchrestum, 349 Panhormus, 207, 583 Papinianus, his definition of Jus Praeto- rium, 166 Paropini, 585 Parricidium, 573 Pars vMis, 269 Partiarius, colonus, 296 Partnership, nature of, 293 Patera, 433 Patina, 433 Patrare, 22 Patritus, 54 Patrona, 34 Patronus, 8, 14 Peccatu, 264 Pecuarii, 183, 593 Peculatus, 67, 358 Peculium, 115 Pecunia, 206 attributa, 90 mutua, 87 numerata, 505 Pecuniae repetundae, 15, 401 Peducaeus, praetor of Sicily, 491, 500 Penus, 178 Per me licet, 79 — , prae, pro, abbreviations of, confound- ed, 23 — ludum, 579 Perductor, 89 Perduelho, 43, 48, 79 Peregrini, II, 167 Perendie, 85 Perficere, proficere, 23, 53 Periculum, 226 Perinde, proinde, 118 Peripetasmata, 421 Perperna, M., 565 Perpetua oratio, 63 — . quaestio, 45 Perscribere, perscriptor, 358 Persecuntur, 308 Persians, iconoclasts, 95 Person, artificial, 256 , purpose of, 588 , seal of, 490 Persona, personae and res, 197 Perstringere, 26 Pervulgatum, 335 Petere, honorem, 37 Petitio, 125 Petrini, 316 Phalaris, bull of, 447 Phaselis, 418 PhilomeUum, 373 Phintia or Phintias, 374, 447 Phtinthienses, 585 Piam, termination, 12 Picta vestis, 406 Pie, 33 Pignoris capio, 280 Piso, L., colleague of Verrea, 129, 438 Frugi, L., 375, 438 , M., 92 Plausibile, 12 Plinius, H. N., Lib. iii. 8, his list of the cities of Sicily, 582 Plus decumam, 347 Polliceri, 9, 66 Polyclitus, 409 Ponti OS, 482 Pompeius, Cn., father of Magnus, 33 -, Cn. (Magnus), 50, 62, 228, 440, 450 -, Q., 578 11 r Popillius, P., 469 Populares, 503 Populariter agere, 145 Populus jubet, 251 Portorium, 255, 593 2 612 INDEX. Portraits of kings, 476 Possessio, 127, 174, 175 bonomm, 126, 127, 131, 132 Possit and poscit confounded, 376 Posteritas, 331, 515 Postulare, 180 Postulata, 243, 380 Potestas, 66 atque imperium, 432 pr., p. i., and r. p , often confounded, 176, 513 Prae, per, pro, abbreviations of, confound- ed, 23 Praeda, 99 Praeditus, miseria, 547 Praedium, 139 urbanum, rusticum, 87 Praefectus, 308 Praejudicium, 13, 349, 400 Praerogativa, 60 Praes, praedes, 97, 127, 139 Praesertim, 9 Praestringere, 26 Praetor, functions in the Judicia, 45 Peregrinus, 167 pro consule, 383 Praetores, 58, 149 Praevaricator, 31 Praxiteli, genitive, 407 Precario, 174, 218 with impetrari, 527 Pretium, 295 Primus homo, vir primus, 104, 435 lictor, 561 Prisoners put to death after a Roman tri- umph, 534 Privatum jus, 15 Pro, per, prae, abbreviations of, confound- ed, 23 portione, 347, 433, 524 quaestore, 53 Proagorus, 435, 518 ProbabiUs, 33 Probare, meanings of, 226 Procuratio, 231 Procurator, 13 Profana, 474 Professio, 327 Proficere, perficere, 23, 53 Proinde, perinde, 118 Promulgare, provulgare, 257 Pronouns, omission of, 390 Proscribere, 92, 138 Proserpina, legend of, 466 Prout, 216 Provincia, 177, 436 equivalent to jurisdictio, 516 Provinciae consulares, 388 Provinciales, 1 1 , 420 Provinciam obtinere, 61 Provulgare, promulgare, 257 Proximus, 417 Proximus lictor, 561 Prytanium, 473 Pseudo-Asconius, 8, 13, 19 Ptolemaeus, 213 Publica, sex, 357 Publicani, 58, 254, 359 Pudet, use of, 558 Puer, meanings of, 425 Pueri nobiles, 18 Pulcher, C. Claudius, 409 Pulchros and pulcros, Cicero's opinion on, 217 Punctuation, 184, 298, 537 Pupillus, tutor, 64, 113, 121 Purum, argentum, 434 Puteoli, 566 Pyragrus, 307 Q, remarks on, 308 Quadruplatores, 18 Quaesitor, 61 Quaestio Perpetua, 39, 44 Quaestor, 53 , his relation to the praetor, 25, 32,33 Quaestores urbani, 91 , 97 of Sicily, 181 Quaestors and others might be dismissed by a governor, 338 Quam ob rem, 388 multa, 380 voletis multi, 224 Quamvis, 289 Quandoque, 371 Quapropter, 37 Quasi — ita, 384 Que used for sed, 1 ] 7 Quem mihi tu, 214 quum and an infinitive, 483 Quemadmodum — sic, 22 Qui simul ei, &c., 519 with indicative and subjunctive, 50 vrith subjunctive, 102 Quid, at the beginning of a sentence, 184 enim, 133, 140, 215 ais, 502 hominis sit, 237 interrogative, 21, 22, 457 hoc . . faciatis, 93, 247 fiet, with an ablative, and with or without de, 545 ejus sit, 529 Quidnam, 24 Quinqueprimi, 303 Quintilian and Zumpt differ about a pas- sage of Cicero, 551 Quispiam, 12 Quoad and quod, 634 Quod, use of, 68 restat, 382 INDEX. 613 Quod erroneously supposed to be put for sed, 208, 494 Quod— id, ia4 at the beginning of a sentence, 129, 208 si, 243 Quum, cum, 308 , with indicative, 24 maxinie, 453 Ratio and oratio confounded, 292, 324 Rationes referre, 527 Recipere, causam, 18 Recitare, 91 ReconciJiare, 51 Recta regione, 576 Recte, ratione, 80 Recuperatores, 30, 39, 47, 167 Redigere, pecuniam, 31 Redimere, 56, 295 Redire, in memoriam, 130 Redivivus, lapis, 143 Referre de, 69 and deferre, 312 Rejectio judicum, 53 Rejicere, 281, 305 Relictus, used absolutely, 493 Religio, 81, 470 Religiosns, locus, 250 Rehquerant (Mai), 291 Removere, 257 Repagula, 459 Repetere, suum jus, 15 Repetundae, 38, 398, 401 Reprehendere, 294 Requirere, 37 Res (things), legal division of, 77, 474 mobUes, immobiles, 207 divinas facere, 416 Rescindere, 207 Reservare and servare, 534 Respondere, to answer to one's name, 75 Resset (Mai), 291 Reus, meaning of, 28 Rhegini, Roman citizens, 421 Rhodii, 249 Rictum, 458 Ridiculus, 130 Romilia (tribus), 59 Rostra, 389 Rupilius, P., 191, 195, 587 Sacerdos, C, praetor of Sicily, 491 Sacra privata, 407, 411 Sacrarium, 407 Sacrilegus, 77 Sacrorum, hereditas, 411 Salt, East India Company's revenue from, 521 Saltem- si, 335 Salus, 337 Salvum esse cupere, 246 Sanctio, legis, 123, 494 Sappho, 479, 480 Sarta, tecta, 134 Satyrus, 485 Saumaise charged with theft by Henri de Valois, 368 Scaevola, consul B.C. 133, 71 Scalptor, 414 Scaphia, 428 Scaurus, M. Aemilius, 71 Scenici, 369 Scherini, 585 Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius, 450 Scopulosus, scrupulosus, 22 Scribae, 19, 358, 367 or notaries preserved the Roman Law in Italy, 368 Scribere propinquo and ad propinquum, 429 Scriptura, 254, 593 Scrivener, 368 Scrupulosus, scopulosus, 22 Sculptor, 414 Scurra, 346 Scylla, 563 Scyphi sigillati, 424 Seal of artificial persons, 490 put on papers, 260 Sector, 97 Secundum, 62, 126 Segesta, 446 Segestani, Egestani, 248 Seleucus, 440 Selinus, 583 Sella, 224, 455, 509 Semellitani, 585 Semis, 329 Semisomnis, semisomnus, 541 Senator, Roman, could not be a trader, 519 , his privileges when travelling, 81 Senators of Syracuse, order in which they spoke, 490 , Roman, judices, 39, 45, 48 Senatorium and senatorum confounded, 554 Sententiam ferre, 213 Sequestres, 66 Serapis, 250 Serpere, 35, 365 Sertorius, 62, 112, 532, 565 Servile wars in Sicily, 469 Servihus, P., 99, 383, 529 Servitium, 511 Sestertia dena, 330 Severus, 37 Ships, furnished by the provincials, 418 Si non— at, 270, 537 614 INDEX. Si paret, formula, 30, 304 — with subjunctive and indicative in cor- responding clause, 68 — in the formula of a sponsio, 560 — with subjunctive, 21 Si— posset — uteretur, 15 Sibi habere, 199, 416 Sic habent, 529 — , ita, 56 — with an adjective, 56 — with an adverb, 113 Sicily, classification of the towns of, 586 , rains in, 508 a Roman province, 587 , the seventeen cities of, faithful to the Romans, 553 , cities of, 582, 586 , large farms in, 592 , servile wars in, 469 Sigillati, scyphi, 424 Signum, 414 Silanion, 479 Silanus, M. Junius, 35 Silva, 97 Similis with a genitive, 249, 354 Sisenna, L. CorneMus, 228, 425 Sistere, 389 Siroe same as frumentum, 266 Slaves, belonging to temples and cities, 29, 314 Social or Marsic war, 10, 178, 500 Societates, 254, 255 Socii, 10, 72, 420, 485 et Latini, 527 Soleae, soleatus, 539 SoUdum, 16 Soluntinus, 224 Solus, 583 Solutio, payment, discharge, 60 Sors, 25, 33, 90 Sortiri, 67 Soter, 247 Spartacus, 499, 517 SpecuUs esse, in, 70 Sponsione lacessere, 172, 560 Sponsionem facere, 560 acceptam facere, 173, 341 Sponsiones, 159, 171, 339, 560 Statua, 414 Statuae equestres, 455 Statuarius, 414 Statues borrowed for the shows at Rome, 96 , oldest, made of wood, 410 Stesichorus, 217 Stipendiarii, 10, 273, 485, 584 Stragula vestis, 193 Studlnm, 405 Subditivus, 530 Subjunctive and indicative, different mean- ings expressed by, 510 Sublatus and ablatus, 422 in crucem, 500 Sublevare, 10, 70 Subscriptio, 327 Subscriptor, 26 Subsellia, 26 Subsortiri, 62 Sulla, L. Cornelius, 249, 311, 312 Summittere, 27 Summo jure, 498 Summum, 235 Suo jure, pro, 497 Supellex, 216 Superior locus, 224, 435, 564 Superstitio, 470 Suscipere, causam, 18 Symaethii, 585 Symphonia, 323 Symphoniaci servi, 30, 323 Syngrapha, 114 Syracnsae, 583 , harbour of, 542 , description of, 472 , sun seen there every day, 508 TabeUae, tributariae, 494 , voting tablets, 17 Tables (mensae), 427 Tabula equivalent to pictui-a, 405 Talarenses, 585 Tarn with an adjective, 54, 214 Tamen, at the end of a sentence, 259 equivalent to certe, 410 and tantum confounded, 535 ■ and tum confounded, 546 Tametsi — tamen, 117, 536 Tanti, esse, 422, 431 Tanto without quanto, 531 Tauromenium, 249, 583 Tectorium, 141 Temenites, 474 Temperatissimus and temperantissimus, 453 Tempestivus, 300 Temples, property of, 29, 588 Templum, meaning of, 389 Tempore, ex, 357 Tempsa, 517 Temptare, 187 Tensa or thensa, supposed etymology of, 580 Terdecies, 369 Temi and tres interchanged, 387, 390 Tessera hospitalis, 492 Textile, 405 Thensae or tensae, 147, 580 Thericha pocula, 428 Thermae, 217, 583 Thespiades, 408 Thespiae, 407 INDEX. 615 Tibi reliquum, and reliquum alone, 530 Timarchidi, genitive, 227 Timomachus, his Medea and Ajax, 480 Tiracienses, 585 Tissenses, 314 Tissinenses, 585 Toga praetexta, 125 Togati, 106 Tollere, meanings of, 70, 238 Toreumata, 235 Toreutice, 415 Traditio (delivery), 293 Transigere, 25, 214 Translatitium edictum, 128 Translator quaesturae, 565 Tres and terni interchanged, 387, 390 Tribuni Piebis, 62 — edicta and court of, 223 militai'es, 62 Tribunicia potestas, 11, 69 Tributa, 236, 272 Triclinium, 302 Triocala, 501 Triocalini, 585 Triticum (wheat), 266 Trulla, 441 Tu mihi, 384 Tullia, 125 Turn and tamen confounded, 546 jam confounded, 379 quum, 35 Tumultus, 436 Tunica pulla, 438 talaris, 512 Turuebus accused of theft by Lambinus, 474 Tuaculanum, 479 Tutoris auctoritas, 64 Twelve Tables, 43 Tyndaris, 434, 454, 584 Tyndaritani, 553 Ultro, 178, 391 Umbilicus, 465 Unctior, 202 Urbanus, 82 Urbs and Roma distinguished, 69 Urios, Jupiter, 481 Urna, 197 Usucapio, 174 Usura, usurae, 359 Usurpare, 522, 569 Ut est hominum genus, 19, 137 ■ — with perfect indicative, 56 — , with subjunctive, may be omitted after prius, citius, potius quam, 545 Utrum . . suisne . . anne, 448 Utrique, use of, 342 Vacatio, 419 Vacuus tractus remus, 558 Vadari aliquem, 287 Vadimonium promittere, 286, 560 Valentini, 517 Valere, ad eam rem, 33 Valois, Henri de, charges Saumaise with theft, 368 Valvae, 477 Vasa colligere, 430 Vascularii, 437 Vectigalia, 236, 272 Vectigal stipendiarium, 273 Venafrum, inscription of, 306, 308 Venerei or Venerii, 186, 220 Venit in mentem, illius mihi, 23 Venus, temple of, at Eryx, 29, 185 of Cnidos and of Cos, 486 Vermogeu, 64 Verres, sketch of his administration of Si- cily, 1 , trial of, 5 , death of, 6 Verses, scurrilous, 309 Versuram facere, 262 Vertere stilum, 223 , ad se, 31 Vertumnus, 147 Vestigio, e, 31 Vettius, P. and T., 549 Via, semita, 203 Viator ad aerarium, 58 ; and viator, 367 Vibo, 223, 517 Vicarii servi, 115, 315 Vicies, meaning of, in money reclconing, 91 Videret and viderit, forms often confound- ed, 509 , quin ; and viderit, quin ; difference between, 508 Videri, use of, 220 Videto, 13 ViUicus or vUicus, 330 Viri boni, 131 ViriHs, pars, 269 Vis and metus, 404 Vivo, resecare de, 329 Volo, 16 Vota nuncupare, 513 Vulcani, aedis, 245 Wax, modelling in, 422 Wheat, price of, compared with that of bar- ley, 371 , rising before harvest, 385 395 , produce of, in England and in France, -, in ancient and in modei-n times compared, 393 Will, freedom of, not excluded by threats, 404 616 Witnesses, examination of, 72, 73 Women, allowance for their dress, 309 Wool, Milesian, 112 X, symbol of the denarius, 385 Xeno, 296 INDEX. Young, Arthur, travels in France, 394 Zancle, 274 Zanclaei, 585 Zeis oiipios, 481, 482 END OF VOL. 1. EREATA. In one or two instances, I beheve, " retulit " has been printed for " rettulit," and some form of " lacrymae " instead of "lacrumae" or "lacrimae." Gilbert & Rivington, Printers, St. John's Square, London. In course of Publication, handsomely printed in 8vo. A SERIES OF THE GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS, TO BE ISSUED UNDER THE GENERAL TITLE OF BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA, EDITED BY VARIOUS HANDS, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF GEORGE LONG, ESQ., M.A., FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COX.LEGE, CAMBRIDGE; CLASSICAL LECTURER OF BRIGUTON COLLEGE; AND THE REV. ARTHUR JOHN MACLEANE, M.A., TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; AND LATE PRINCIPAL OE BRIGHTON COLLEGE. It is intended to publisli a Series of the Greek and Roman Authors, carefully edited, with English Notes, on a uniform plan. The series ■will he especially adapted to the wants of students in the higher forms of public schools and at the universities, and will embrace, in the first instance, those works which are usually read in the course of a classical education. The works will he edited by various hands; and, to secure uniformity and consistency in execution, the series will be under the united management of Mr. Long and Mr. Macleane. The first volume is now ready, containing CICERO'S ORATIONS AGAINST VERRES, and forming Vol. I. of Cicero's Orations. Edited by George Long, Esq., M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. The subsequent volumes will be published at intervals, as regularly as may be found practicable. The under-mentioned volumes are already in progress, and are expected to appear shortly. HERODOTUS. Rev. J. W. Blakesley, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. HOMER, Iliad. Rev. Benjamin Hall Kennedy, D.D., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Head Master of Shrewsbury School. HORACE. Rev. Arthur John Macleane, M.A., Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; late Principal of Brighton College. TACITUS, Annals. TVm. B. Donne, Esq, Each work will be sold separately; but, as the Publishers expect that they will be enabled to extend the series until it shall approximate to a complete collection of the Greek and Latin Classics, and as they have reason to think that such a collection would be found an acceptable addition to all public and private Libraries, they hope to receive the names of persons who are willing to give encouragement to the scheme, as Subscribers to the entire Series. WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE; GEORGE BELL, 186, FLEET STREET. &s^^ A SELECTION OF WORKS, PUBLISHED BY WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE. £ s.d. ANTHON'S VIRGIL, adapted for the Use of English Schools. By the Rev. F. Metcalfe. With Notes at the end. 12nio. cloth 7 6 HORACE, from Doering's Latin Text, with Notes at the end. New edition. 12mo. cloth . . .076 CICERO, with Notes and Indexes. New edit. 12mo. cloth 060 SALLUST, with Notes and Indexes. New edition. I2mo. cloth 5 CiESAR, with Notes and Indexes. New edit. 12mo. cloth 046 ARAGO'S Lectures on Astronomy. New edition. 8vo. sewed 2 ARISTOPHANES, Greek and Latin, with Scholia, by Prof. Bekeer, &c. 5 vols. 8vo 3 15 ARNOLD'S (Rev. Dr.) Thucydides. New edition. Vols. I. and II., and III. Part I. 8vo. cloth . . . .110 BARKER'S Lempriere's Classical Dictionary. By the Rev. J. A. Giles, D.C.L. Fourth edition. 8vo. cloth . . 15 I BELLENGER'S French Conversations. New edition. 12mo. j cloth 026 BELL'S Life of Marv, Queen of Scots. 8vo. sewed . .0 36^ BOYER and DELETANVILLE'S Complete French Dic- tionary. New edition. 8vo. bound . . . . 12 BOYES'S (Rev. J. F.) English Repetitions in Prose and Verse. 12mo. cloth 036 BROWNING'S History of the Huguenots. 8vo. sewed . .060 BUTTMAN'S (Dr. P.) Intermediate, or Larger Greek Gram- mar. New edit. By Dr. Charles Sdpf. 8vo. cloth .0120 BYTHNER'S Lyre of David. By the Rev. T. Dee, A.B. New edition, by N. L. Benmohel, A.M. 8vo. cloth .1 4 CALVIN'S Life and Times, from the German of Dr. Paul Henry. By the Rev. Dr. Stebbing. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 1 4 CAMPAN'S (Madame) Conversations in French and English. New edition. 12mo. cloth . _ 3 6 in German and English. 12mo. cloth . . . • _ 4 ' in Italian and English. 12mo. cloth : 040 CARR'CK'S Life of Sir William Wallace. 8vo. sewed .0 3 CHEPMELL'S (Rev. H. Le M.) Course of History. First series. 12mo. cloth 5 .__ Second series, in the press. CICERO'S Minor Works. De Officiis, &c. &c. With Eng- lish Notes, by W. C. Taylor, LL.D. New edition. 12mo. cloth 046 2 WHITTAKER'S LIST ' £ s. d. CICERO de Amicitia, de Senectute, &c. With Notes, &c., by G. Long, Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. I2mo. cloth 4 COMSTOCK'S System of Natural Philosophy. New edition, by Lees. ISmo. bound 4 6 DRAKENBORCH'S LIVY, with Chevier's Notes, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. cloth 1 11 6 FLUGEL'S German and English, and English arfd German Dictionary. With numerous alterations and corrections. New edition. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 18 Abridged. New and revised edition. 12mo. bound 076 GRADUS ad PARNASSUM. Pyper. New and improved edition. 12mo. cloth 7 6 AMEL'S New Universal French Grammar. New edition. 12mo. bound 040 French Exercises. New edition. 12mo. bound 4 New edition. 12mo. bound .0 3 French Grammar and Exercises, by Lambert. 12mo. bound 056 *,* Key to ditto, by Lambert. 12mo. bound . . .040 HERODOTUS, by Gaisford. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth . . .110 HINCKS' Greek and English School Lexicon. New edition, improved, square, bound . . . . . .07 Summary of Ancient and Modern History. New H jk: edition. 18mo. cloth 3 HOBLYN'S Dictionary of Medical Terms. 4th edit. sm. 8vo. cloth 10 '■ Scientific Terms, sm. 8vo. cloth . 10 EIGHTLEY'S History of India. 8vo. cloth . . .080 England. 2 vols. 12mo. cloth 14 Elementary History of England. 12mo. bd. . .050 History of Rome. New edit. 12mo. cloth .0 6 6 the Roman Empire. 12mo. cloth .0 6 6 Elementary History of Rome. 18mo. bd. . .036 History of Greece. New edit. 12mo. cloth .0 6 6 Elementary History of Greece. 18mo. bd. . .036 Mythology. 8vo. cloth 16 Abridged for the Use of Schools, ISmo. bound 040 KEITH'S Practical Arithmetic. New edition, by Maynard. 12mo. bound 046 KOCH'S History of Europe. 8 vo. sewed . . . .060 L ARCHER'S Notes to Herodotus, by Cooley. 2 vols. Svo. cloth . 18 LEBAHN'S German in One Volume. 12mo. cloth . .080 Practice in German. 12mo. cloth . . .060 LEVIZAC'S French Dictionary. New edit. 12mo. bound .0 9 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE," Edited by Dr. Tweedie : Practical Medicine. 5 vols. 8vo. cloth . . each 10 6 Dr. Rigby's Midwifery. Svo. cloth 10 6 Cruvelhier's Anatomy. 2 vols. Svo. cloth . each IS LIVY. With English Notes, by Dr. Stocker. Vol. I. two parts, Svo. boards . . . . . . .14 Vol. II. in two parts. Svo. boards . . .14 OF STANDASD WOBES, 3 £ s. d. MAXWELL'S Military Geography of Europe. 12mo. cloth. 4 MEIDINGEK'S German Self-Teacher. 18mo. bound .060 MERIMEE on Oil Painting, bv Taylor. 8vo. cloth . . 12 MITCHELL'S SOPHOCLES. With English Notes, Critical and Explanatory. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth . . . .18 *** The Plays can be had separately. 8vo. cloth . each 3 MOORE'S Dictionary of Quotations. 8vo. cloth . . . 12 MORRISON'S (Charles) Introduction to Book-keeping. Svo. half-bound • 080 NIBLOCK'S Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary, square 12mo. bound 9 -■ Tyronis Thesaurus, square 12mo. bound. .0 5 6 NUGENT'S French and English Dictionary, square, bound .0 7 6 Pearl. 18mo. bound 3 6 o LLENDORFF'S (Dr. H. G.) French Method. Third edi- tion. Svo. cloth 12 *#* Key to ditto, by Dr. Ollendoref. Svo. cloth . .070 German Method. Part I. Seventh edition, Svo. cloth 12 Part II. Second edition. Svo. cloth 12 *#* Key to ditto (both parts). Svo. cloth . . . .070 Italian Method. 2nd edition. Svo. cloth . 12 *«* Key to ditto, by Dr. Oluindobtf. Svo. cloth . .070 OVID'S FASTI, with Notes, &c., by Stanfokd. 12mo. cloth .056 ERRIN'S Elements of French Conversation. New edition. 12mo. cloth 16 Fables, French and English. New edition. 12mo. cloth .026 French Spelling Book. New edition. 12mo. cloth. 2 P WmiTAKEB'S IMPEOVED EDITIONS OF PINNOCK'S History of England. Fortieth edition. 12mo. bound roan 060 Rome. Twenty-seventh edition. 12mo. bound roan 5 6 Greece. Twenty-fourth edition. 12mo. bound roan .036 Arithmetical Tables. ISmo. sewed. New edition 6 Ciphering Book. No. 1. Foolscap 4to. sewed. New edition . . . 10 No. 2, Foolscap 4to. half-bound. New edition 030 — Key to Ciphering Books. 12mo. bound . .036 . • Child's First Book. ISmo. sewed . . .003 . Explanatory English Reader. 12mo. bound. .0 4 6 English Spelling Book. New edition. 12mo. cloth. 16 Exercises in False Spelling. ISmo. cloth . .016 First Spelling Book. ISmo. cloth . . .010 Introduction to the Explanatory English Reader. 12mo. cloth 030 Juvenile Reader. 12mo, cloth . . . .0)6 Mentorian Primer. ISmo. half-bound . . .006 Elements of Latin. 18mo. cloth . . . .016 Latin Vooabularv. ISmo. cloth . . . .016 4 WHITTAKEE'S STANDARD WOEKS. PINNOCK'S (W. H.) First Latin Grammar. Ollendorff's system. ]2mo. cloth . . . . . . .030 Catechisms of the Arts and Sciences. 12 vols. 18mo. cloth 3 12 *«* Separately, 18mo. sewed ..... each 009 PLATT'S Literary and Scientific Class Book. New and revised edition. 12mo. bound 5 PLATO'S APOLOGY, with Latin Version, by Stanford. 8vo. cloth 10 6 PORSON'S EURIPIDES. New edition, with Notes from ScHAEFER and others. 8vo. cloth 12 *#* The four Plays separate. 8vo. boards . . . each 3 6 SHAKESPEARE'S Plays and Poems, with Notes, &(!., by J. Payne Collier, Esq. 8 volunaes. 8vo. cloth . . 4 16 SIMSON'S Symbolical EUCLID. By Blakelock. 18mo. cloth 060 EUCLID. 18mo. roan 5 TAYLOR'S (Dr. W. C.) History of France and Normandy. 12mo. bound 060 History of the Overthrow of the Roman Empire. 12mo. cloth 066 THEATRE of the GREEKS, by Donaldson. New edition. 8vo. cloth 15 TYTLER'S Elements of Universal History, with Continuation. 8vo. sewed 046 YALPY'S GRADUS, Latin and English. New edition, royal 12mo. bound . . . . . . . .076 — — Greek Testament, for Schools. New edition. 12mo. bound 050 SALLUST. New edition. I2mo. cloth . .0 2 6 With English Notes, by Hickie. 12mo. cloth 046 Cornelius NEPOS. New edition. 12mo. cloth .026 With English Notes, by HicKiE. 12mo. cloth 3 6 Schrevelius's Greek and English Lexicon. New edition. By Dr. Major. 8vo. cloth . . . . 15 VENERONFS Italian Grammar. New edition. 12mo. bound. 6 "VrrALKER'S DICTIONARY, remodelled by Smart. New V T edition. 8vo. cloth 15 Epitomized by ditto. I2mo. cloth 076 WALKINGAME'S Tutor's Assistant. By Fraser. New edition. 12mo. cloth . . . . . . .020 *,* Key to ditto. New edition. 12mo. cloth . . .030 WOODBRIDGE'S Rudiments of Geography. Third edition. 18mo. bound . . . . . . . . .036 Modern Atlas, coloured, to accompany the above. 4to. half-bound 8 WHITTAKER'S (Rev. G.) Florilcgium Poeticum. 18mo: cloth 3 Latin Exercises ; or, Exempla Propria. 12mo. cloth 030 XENOPHON'S Anabasis, with Notes, &c. By the Rev. J. F. Macmichael, B.A. Third edition. ]2mo. cloth . .050 \ ■'i.W, 1,','V WMMMMM^