Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021460765 REPORTS UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS CEITENl^IAL miERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT M E L B O XJ R IST E 18 8 8 r'38^ PUBLISHED UNDER DIRECTION OF THE SECEETART 01" SXAHK. BY AUTHORITY 01' CONGRESS, WASHIN"GT01^: GrOTEKNMENT FEINTING OPFICB., 1889, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of State, Washington, December 21, 1889. To the Senate and House op Eepresbntatiyes : On the 12th of June, 1887, the British Government, through its rep- resentative at Washington, Sir Lionel West, extended an invitation to the United States to be represented at the Centennial International Ex- hibition to be held at Melbourne in 1888, in celebration of the centenary of the settlement of,New South Wales. Congress by the joint resolution, approved February 1, 1888, made provision for the United States to be represented, which enabled the President to accept the invitation so courteously extended. The reso- lution appropriated the sum of $50,000, to be expended in the discretion of the Secretary of State. Under the authority conferred by the resolution, Hon. Frank McCop- pin, of California, was appointed Commissioner. Four Assistant Com- missioners and two Honorary Assistant Commissioners were also ap- pointed. The Consul-General of the United States at Melbourne was considered as being ex officio a member of the Commission. In accordance with the provisions of the joint resolution, I now transmit to Congress the report of Commissioner McCoppin, together with its accompanying papers. A. detailed statement of Lieut. A. Marix, of the If avy, who acted in the capacity of Secretary and Disburs- ing Officer of the Commission, showing the expenditures which have been incurred in carrying out the intention of the resolution, is also inclosed. Eespectfully submitted. James G. Blaine. 3 tnsriTED STATES COMMISSION. Commissioner. Frank McCoppin. Assistant Commissioners. Prank B. Wheeler, I Alexander Campbell, Richard L. Miller, | Thomas B. Merry. Honorary Assistant Commissioners. John K. Smyth, Vice-Consul-General of the United States at Melbourne ; Samuel P. Lord, Esq. Commissioner ex officio. James M. Morgan, Consul-Gencral of the United States at Melbourne. Entomologists. F. M. Webster, Special Agent United States Department of Agriculture ; Albert Kobbele, Special Agent United States Department of Agriculture. Secretary, Disbursing Officer, and Superintendent of the United States Court. Lieut A. Marix, U. S. Navy. CONTENTS. Chapter I. Page. Heport of the Commissioner, -with accompanying papers, including Eules and Regulations of the Exhihition; list of jurors; list of exhibitors, awards, etc ^ ,. H Chapter II. KEPOETS Relating to the exhibition. 1. Report of the Secretary and Disbursing Officer of the United States Com- mission, and Superintendent of the United States Court 75 2. Report on the Exhibition at large, by James Smith, Esq 81 3. Report on the Machinery section, by Andrew Semple, Esq 133 Chapter III. REPORTS relating TO THE COLONIES. 1. Sketch of the Australasian Colonies, by James Smith, Esq 157 2. Eeport on Commercial Relations, by Assistant Commissioner F. B. Wheeler 169 3. Report on Finance and Trade, by A. B. Kobinson, Esq 189 4. Eeport on the Land Laws, by G. B. Nasey, B. A.., LL. B 197 5. Report on Labor Organization, by Julian Thomas, Esq 211 6. Eeport on Inland Navigation, by Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry 229 7. Eeport on Mines, by Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry 237 8. Report on Sheep and Wool, by Assistant Commissioner Alexander Camp- bell 245 9. Report on Sugar Industries, by Assistant Commissioner Alexander Camp- bell 255 10. Eeport on Tobacco, by Assistant Commissioner E. L. Miller 961 11. Eeport on Viticulture and Wines, by Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry 287 12. Report on Irrigation, by Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry 291 13. Report on Agriculture, by F. M. Webster, United States Department of Agriculture 295 14. Report on Eucalyptus, by Albert Koebele, United States Department of Agriculture 341 15. Report on Icerya purchasi and the introduction of its parasites and enemies into California, by Albert Koebele, United States Department of Agri- culture 357 16. Eeport on the Organization of the Military and Naval Forces of Victoria, compiled by Lieut. A. Marix, U. S. Navy 379 7 > CONTENTS. Appendix. Page. (a) List of the Victorian Executive Commissiouors 407 (i) Official Eeports of the Victorian Executive Commissioners 408 (c) Accountant's statement of attendance and receipts 445 (d) Address of Welcome hy the Mayor of Castlemaine, December 17, 1888. .. 446 (e) Speech of Commissioner McCoppin, at Castlemaine, December 17, 1888.. 447 (/) Speech by the President of the Exhibition, at Melbourne, January 15,1889 449 (g) Speech by Commissioner McCoppin, at Melbourne, Januai-y 15, 1889 450 (ft) Letter from Commissioner McCoppin to the Secretary of the Navy, in re- gard to Lieutenant Marix 452 CHAPTER I. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER, WITH ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. LIST OF ACCOMPANYING PAPERS IN CHAPTER I. Page. Eules and regulations of the exhibition 21 System of general classification of exhibits 41 Official catalogue of exhibits from the United States 55 Organization of international jijries 64 List of United States jurors , 66 Awards to exhibitors from the United States 67 10 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. Washington, D. 0., July 12, 1889. Sir: The joint resolution adopted by Congress and approved by the President ou February 1, 1888, appropriated $50,000 " to be expended in the discretion of the Secretary of State for the purpose of representa- tion at the Melbourne Exhibition," and on the 30th of March follow- ing I, being then in California, received a dispatch from the Secretary of State saying, " The President wishes to know whether, if you are appointed Chief Commissioner to the Melbourne International Exhibi- tion, you will serve ? " and, having answered in the affirmative, was called to Washington, where I receiTcd the following instructions, viz : Publio resolution relating to tlie invitation of the Britiah Government to the Government of the United States to participate in the International Exhibition at Melbourne to cele- brate the founding of New South Wales. ' Whereas the British GoTernment has extended to the Government of the United States an invitation to participate in the International Exhibition which is to be held at Melbourne, beginning on the first day of August, eighteen hundred and eighty- eight, to celebrate the centenary of the founding of New South Wales : Therefore, Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assemftJed, That said invitation is accepted, and that there be, and there hereby is, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, the sum of fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary to effect the purpose of this resolution, to be expended in the discretion of the Secretary of State, for the purpose of such representation at said Exhibition. Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of State to transmit to Congress a detailed statement of the expenditures which may have been incurred under the provisions of this resolution, together with any reports which may be made by the representatives of this country at said Exhibition. Approved, February 1, 1888. Official Instruotiona. Department of State, Washington, April 23, 1888. Sir : By a joint resolution of Congress, approved February 1, 1888, the invitation of the British Government to participate in the International Exhibition to be held at Melbourne, beginning on the 1st day of August, 1888, to celebrate the centenary of the founding of New South Wales, was accepted by the United States, and an appro- priation of $50,000, or so much thereof as might be necessary, was made, to be ex- pended in the discretion of the Secretary of State, for the purpose of such representa- tion at said Exhibition. 11 12 CENTENNIAL INTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Oq the 12th instant, by direction of the President, you were appointed Commis- sioner of the United States to that Exhibition, and your certificate of appointment as such, with a special passport, has already been delivered to you. The joint resolu- tion of Congress is silent as to the formation of the Commission ; but, in view of the extended and growing commerce of the United States with the Australian colonies, and the importance of obtaining some representation from as many differents parts of this country as possible, it has been thought desirable that there should be asso- ciated with you a certain number of Assistant Commissioners. The limited amount of the appropriation made by Congress forbids any large expenditure of money in payment of official salaries, and it has been thought that five Commissioners, receiv- ing compensation or an allowance for expenses, would be a number sufficient to dis- charge the duty intrusted to them, and that their compensation would not be dis- proportionate to the fund in question. In addition to these Commissioners, the Consul-General at Melbourne will be instructed to unite with you in giving every aid and encouragement to American exhibitors, and may be regarded as being, ex officio, a member of the Commission. Besides, it is proposed to appoint Honorary Assistant Commissioners, selected from residents at Melbourne, who, being upon the spot, will have no unusual expenses to meet, and who will doubtless be willing and able to render valuable assistance. The Exhibition, as yon are aware, is intended to be opened on August 1, 1888, and to remain open until January 31, 1889. . It is expected that you will proceed to Australia in time, at least, to be present at the opening ceremonies, and it is preferable that you should be there for some little time in advance, in order to supervise the installa- tion of American exhibits; and you shohld remain in Melbourne until the closing of the Exhibition , to see to the packing and removal of the goods belonging to American Exhibitors. It is proposed to fix your compensation at the sum of $5,000, with an additional allowance of |1,500 in lieu of traveling and other personal expenses, making in all the sum of $6,500. Of this sum, $2,000 will be paid yon at once, and the remainder you may receive in monthly sums, not to exceed |400 per month, until the close of the Exhibition and your return home, whereupon, on settlement of your accounts, Rny balance found due you will then be paid. The Assistant Commissioners will all be strictly subject to your direction and will perform such duties as you may from time to time require of them. For those resid- ing in the United States it is proposed to make an allowance, to cover all traveling, hotel, and other personal expenses, of |2,500 each. Of this sum, |1,500 will be paid each Assistant Commissioner before his departure, and the remainder upon the close of the Exhibition, the completion of his duties, and his return home. Of the Assistant Commissioners there have been already appointed three, viz, Mr. Frank B. Wheeler, of New York, Mr. Kichard L. Miller, of Lynchburgh, Va., and Mr. Alexander Campbell, of Fairfax, Concordia Parish, La. A fourth will be appointed as sooii as a suitable person is found. There have been designated as Honorary Assistant Commissioners Mr. John K. Smyth, now United States vice-consul-general at Melbourne, and Mr. Samuel P, Lord, formerly United States vice-consul-general at Melbourne. The funds appropriated for the purposes of the representation of the United States at Melbourne have thus been in part disposed of by the arrangements for compensat- ing the Commissioners. The Department also thinks it proper to reserve a sum to meet contingencies, and $3,500 will be held for this purpose. The appropriation made by Congress was $50 000 Allowance for compensation $6,500 Allowance for expenses of four Commissioners, at $2,500 each 10, 000 Amount reserved by Department for contingencies 3, 500 20,000 Amount remaiiiiug to be disposed of 30,000 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 13 This sum of |30,000, as already stated, is not to be used for the payment of any compensation to the Commissioners, or for any of their personal, hotel, or traveling expenses. A portion of it may, however, be properly applied to the compensation of a suitable Secretary, at such a rate as you may think just and proper, and if, in your judgment, it shall be found necessary to secure other clerical aid to carry out the pur- pose of the resolution in question, you are authorized to employ such competent as- sistants as may be needed. The object of the joint resolution above referred to was to authorize a participation in the Exhibition at Melbourne by the citizens ot the United States as exhibitors and competitors for the prizes and the ulterior advantages of an extended market, as well as to obtain trustworthy information as to the progress of the industrial arts as shown by the exhibits, and especially an intelligent survey of the commercial needs of the country in which the Exhibition is held and the direction in which the industrial productions of the United States may obtain access thereto. You will, with the as- sistance of your associates, take all possible steps for making known the details and plans of the Exhibition, and for advising intending exhibitors as to the opportuni- ties of forwarding their goods. You will also receive and place the exhibits at Mel- bourne, supervise the compilation of the catalogues, wherein the character and merits of the exhibits should be properly set forth, secure for the exhibitors a fair opportu- nity for competition for the prizes which it is understood will be awarded, and en- force such rules, with the assent of the local authorities and general Commission of the Exhibition, as shall insure good order in the American department. Wheo the Exhibition is ended your assistance should be rendered to the American exhibitors for the removal or redelivery of their exhibits. A general report of the Exhibition should also be made by you, accompanied by reports from each of your assistants, upon the matters coming specially within their own observation, and by special re- ports from others as to all matters of interest, of new inveotions, of valuable pro- ductions, and of means whereby commercial exchanges between the United States and the Australian colonies may be extended. All such reports by competent per- sons will be proper for submission, and they should be compiled in a form to be sent to Congress with a view to their publication. The incidental expenses of your service, including cartage, and porterage upon ex- hibits at Melbourne, salary of a Secretary, clerical aid, rent of office, stationery, cat- alogues, printing, postage, telegrams, etc., the expense of the installation and removal of exhibits from the Exhibition building, as well as of their proper arrangement and display, will be borne by you so far as may be reasonable and necessary, having refer- ence to the limited amount of the appropriation. A full account with vouchers must be submitted by you in accordance with the instructions you will receive from the accounting officer of this Department. With regard to the payment of freight from the United States to Australia upon goods, the matter is left entirely to your discre- tion. It is understood that a large number of goods will, at any rate, be shipped from the United States for exhibition, without requiring any pecuniary aid from the Government In some cases, however, it may be found that persons who would oth- erwise become exhibitors may be deterred from doing so by the cost of sending their goods to Melbourne. In such cases, of goods intended bonafidefor exhibition, it may be desirable for you to pay the cost of transportation, but it is obvious that except in a limited number of such oases the funds at your disposal will be insufficient to enable you to do so. A comparison of the expenses of the Exhibition at Melbourne in 1880 may assist you in making an estiinate to serve as a guide in the expenditure of the fund now at command, and indicate the due proportion of the freight and other items to be paid. In orderto enable you to make payments promptly for the various objects for which you will have occasion to disburse money, it is proposed to place the sum of $5,000 subject to your control, for the purposes and objects indicated, and a letter of credit on Messrs. Brown, Shipley & Go-,, of London, will also be handed you. In 14 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. order, however, to comply with the requirements of law and to seoare the Govern- ment against loss, it will be necessary that you or one of your assistants or subordi- nates should be designated to act as a disbursing officer of the United States, in whoso hands the funds in this country may be placed ; and this person will be required to give a bond to the United States In'the sum of $10,000, a form for which is herewith communicated to you. In disbursing these amounts and such other sums within the amount of the appropriation named, as may be authorized by tliis Department, an itemized statement will be duly prepared under your direction and submitted to this Department for its approval before allowance. It must be carefully borne in mind by all persons concerned in the representation of the United States at the Melbourne Exhibition, that in no event can the expenses incurred by the United States in this connection exceed the sum appropriated by Con- gress. And I especially notify you that no obligations are authorized which shall involve other or greater liabilities than those within the intent and meaning of your instructions, and all proper expenses are to be met by cash payments. You will make monthly reports to the Department of .all your expenses, and from time to time you will report any official acts in connection with the Exhibition which ■will serve to keep the Department advised of your operations. Your communications should be numbered consecutively for convenience of reference and for the files. In conclusion I have pleasure in expressing my confidence that you will spare no effort to make the exhibit of the United States at the Melbourne Exhibition credit- able and productive of useful results to both countries. I am, sir, your obedient servant, T. F. Bayard. Frank McCoppin, Esq., Commissioner of the Uiiiled States to the Melbourne International Exhitition, ORGANIZATION OF COMMISSION. Lieut. Adolph Marix, U. S. Navy, was, ou the 25th day of April, 1888, by order of the Secretary of the Navy, detached from the office of the Judge- Advocate-General of the Navy aud ordered to report to the Com- missioner to Melbourne for special duty. As Secretary and Disbursing Officer to the Commission and also as Superintendent of the American Department in the Exhibition, Mr. Marix has done his work with marked ability and good judgment. It will thus be seen that it was nearly the end of April, 1888, before the Commission was finally organized, and as the Exhibition was to be opened August 1 following, I greatly feared that those who might desire to participate in the Exhibition would not be able to get their goods to Melbourne in time, and, therefore, that the United States would not make a creditable appearance in that distant place ; but fortunately everything came out better than I had expected. The amount of space originally applied for on behalf of the United States was 100,000 square feet, but owing to the delay, first on the part of Congress in dealing with the question, and, secondly, in the organization of the Com- mission, the authorities in Melbourne had no information that would help them to an intelligent determination of this question until the last moment, when it was found that our exhibits would covet more space than the building, as it then stood, would afford. Seeing this, the Victorian Commission, in the most obliging manner and at considerable CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 15 expense to their treasury, had additional annexes erected for the ac- commodation of our people, and finally 89,401 square feet were occu- pied by exhibits from the United States. The total floor space cov- ered by the Exhibition was something more than 34 acres. OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. For the purpose of furnishing information touching the exhibition to all persons desiring the same, Lieutenant Marix opened an ofi&ce in Washington, where he remained until the 20th of May, when he pro- ceeded to Melbourne, via San Francisco. During the same period and for a month longer I kept an office open in San Francisco, where and from which was furnished such information as it was thought would be useful to those persons who might desire to participate in the Ex- hibition. ENTOMOLOGISTS. At this time the honorable the Secretary of State forwarded to me a memorandum made by Prof. 0. Y. Eiley, United States Entomol- ogist, having reference to an insect called the " Cottony Cushion Scale," brought hither from Australia, and which is very destructive of fruit and other trees in southern California, and adding that, as there is an- other insect in Australia which destroys this one, he would like to go out there with an assistant, for the purpose of collecting and introduc- ing into California the said insect. I wrote to the Department May 31, 1888, saying that my attention had already been called to this interest- ing subject by Mr. De Barth Shorb, of Los Angeles, and that I would most cheerfully pay out of the funds at my disposal the sum necessary for this purpose, provided the professor and his assistant would be will- ing to come as aids to the Commission, and report to the Commissioner, to the end that their work should form a feature of my final report to the Department. Professor Eiley did not come out himself, but sent two of his assistants, Messrs. Webster and Koebele, who spent several months in Australia, and whose special reports I expect to be able to hand you herewith. ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. In going hence to Australia, we touched at the Hawaiian and Samoan Islands. A residence of more than a year on the first-named group made me familiar with the appearance and habits of the people thereof; but the Samoans, or " Navigators," are far more interesting. As they came off, at least one hundred and fifty of them, to our ship in their boats, racing with great spirit and singing their native songs, they pre- sented a spectacle never to be forgotten by those who witnessed it. The men are strikingly handsome, many of them of majestic stature and have large and lustrous eyes, the prevailing expression of which, how- ever, is mild, almost pathetic^ and the women, especially the youthful, 16 CENTENNIAL INTERNANIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. are beautiful. None of the latter came on board ship, and by the time the men had disposed of their articles of native handicraft to the pas- sengers, their boats had drifted astern fully a mile, but those fine fel- lows took to the water as though it was their native element. OPENING OF EXHIBITION. At the opening of the Exhibition, August 1, 1888, by his excellency the governor of Victoria, it was estimated that fully 160,000 visitors' were drawn into Melbourne to witnes the inaugural ceremonies. Gov- ernor Loch was assisted upon that occasion by the governors of all the other Australian colonies, and as these distinguished personages, ac- companied by the ladies of their families, and the members of their respective staffs, entered the Grand Avenue of Nations, the United States Court being next the entrance, it was most gratifying to our feelings to hear our national anthem played by the numerous bands present. Immediately after the formal opening, which was announced to the outside multitude who could not get into the Exhibition building by the firing of artillery, the governor of Victoria, accompanied by the visiting governors, passed in front of the spaces called " courts" occu- pied by the colonies and by foreign nations, and the representatives of those nations were then, each in his turn, formally presented. The American court, though not in as forward a state of preparation on the opening day as could be desired, was nevertheless fully up with the courts of other nations, except Germany's, which was in an almost fin- ished state. In my first dispatch from Melbourne to the Department I was able to say that, considering the shortness of the time for preparation between the organization of the Commission and the opening of the Exhibition, it was satisfactory to know that all the exhibitors from the United States were satisfied with the spaces allotted to them, as well as with the general arrangements made for their convenience and a proper dis- play of their several wares; and that it might be confidently assumed, even at that early day, that the result of the Exhibition would be such as to fully justify Congress in having appropriated public funds for that purpose, EXPENDITURES. The financial statement of the Secretary and Disbursing Oflflcer, sub- mitted, will show the uses to which the funds intrusted to me have been put. Under ray instructions from the honorable the Secretary of State the sum of $30,000 was placed at my disposal for the expenses of this Commission, other than the compensation of the Commissioners. These expens -> j date, amounted to $22,023.30; but as the sum of $1,183.26 was real -d from the sale of Government property and premiums on drafts, th i surplus, including the $3,500 reserved by the Department yoj ^ay (iJ^kM^?ty CAe^Ccfn/>n-€JcU<^nM/ ^^y^le^l^tH^Ayn^ ^^z/n.ce.€X^t^id^S^. -^(f<^^. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUBNE. 17 for contingencies, amounts to $12,659.96 ; but this will besomewhat re. duced by the expenses of preparing the report for Congress. I may be permitted to remark that this is perhaps the only instance in the history of Exhibitions, at which our Government was represented, that a surplus has been turned into the Treasury. JUKOES. In the second month of the Exhibition the representatives of the dif- ferent colonies and countries having exhibits on hand were invited to furnish a list of jurors, one for each jury, that should pass upon a par- ticular class of objects; and being desirous that all those representing American interests should, if possible, be satisfied, I invited them to meet me for conference, and after considerable discussion they substan- tially agreed among themselves upon the names of the persons they wished appointed. Many of these gentlemen thus selected rendered continuous and valuable service to those whose interests were intrusted to them, as the awards made by the juries upon which they served con- clusively show. Having no authority to compensate these gentlemen for their services, I had prepared and presented to each, at the close of the Exhibition, on behalf of the United States, a handsomely-bound certificate, under my ofi&cial signature. AWARDS. American exhibitors, out of a total of 339 exhibits, received 222 awards, of which 114 were of the first order of merit, 58 of the second, 36 of the third, and 14 honorable mentions. The medals and certificates, when ready, will be delivered to the United States Consul-General at Melbourne. APPEALS AGAINST DECISIONS OF JURIES. Eule 29 of Jury Eegulations provides that — All appeals against deoisiou of juries shall lie submitted to the chairmau of juries, who shall have the power to call in or consult with iiidepemlent experts, and on their advice may refer back to the jury, or otherwise, wliose decision shall have been ap- pealed against. The applicant must deposit with the chairman of juries the fee to be paid to the experts, which will be fixed by the Executive Commissioners. If the ap- peal is sustained the fee will be returned. Subsequently this fee was fixed at 4 guineas, or $20.54; and when- ever a protest was made by any American exhibitors, and was believed by the Commissioner to be based upon meritorious grounds, the pro- testing exhibitor was informed that this fee would be made good out of the funds at my disposal if it was not returned by the chairman of juries. But such encouragement was in no instance given in cases of competi- tion between American exhibitors. HBL 2 18 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. TEANSFEE OP DBOOEATIONS TO PAEIS. In my dispatch to the Department of October 2, 1888, I stated that in the decoration of the United States court, in the Exhibition, there were fifty to sixty American flags of different sizes, and also a number of handsome shields and eagles, and suggested that possibly they could be utilized by the Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1889 ; and General Franklin, to whom the matter was referred, having cordially approved the suggestion, these decorative articles, which cost this Com- siou $1,414.66, were carefully packed and shipped to Paris. TRADE WITH ADSTEALIA. I have already informed the Department that all the public men of Australia whom I had the honor to meet were most flattering in their expressions towards the United States, and the same may be said of all classes of people in that country. They appear to greatly admire Ameri- can institutions, and would, I am persuaded, rathtsr hold intimate com- mercial relations with the United States than with any other country in the world, outside of the parent country. There is, therefore, a very wide field in these great colonies in which to expand the commercial re- lations between the two countries, and from which large reciprocal bene- fits could be gathered. But this can not be done upon sentiment alone. Ships are required to carry the productions of nature and of man from one country to another, and ships carrying the American flag are a very rare sight in these distant seas. When I left Sydney there was but one American ship in that beauti- ful harbor, surrounded as it is by a great city of 400,000 inhabitants ; nor were there more than two or three in the equally important port of Melbourne ; and coming home via Hong-Kong, Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama — all important commercial centers — the flag of our country was a rare sight indeed, and one must go abroad into those distant lands and seas to fully realize what a gladsome sight that flag is. There must be something radically wrong in the laws of a country which deprives its citizens of the privilege and profit of carrying its own commerce upon the high seas. ATTENDANCE AT THE EXHIBITION. Though the attendance was unprecedentedly large, the Exhibition was a financial failure, involving a deficit of more than a million dollars. During the six months the Exhibition was open it was visited by some- thing over 2,000,000 people; and when we consider that the colony of Yictoria, which projected and paid for the Exhibition, contains but about 1,000,000 inhabitants, and the whole of Australasia, including lifew Zealand and Tasmania, but 3,500,000, it will be seen that the attendance was in proportion to population the largest on record. The Exhibition held in London in 3851 was visited by 6,000,000, that CENTENNIAL INTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 19 in Dublin in 1853, by 1,000,000, that at Paris in 1855, by 4,500,000, that at London in 1862, by 6,000,000, that at Philadelphia in 1876, by 10,000,000, and that at Melbourne in 1888-'89, by 2,168,192. But Vic- toria never expected to make mon^y out of the Exhibition ; on the con- trary, it must have been evident, from the first conception of the idea, to the liberal-minded and far-seeing statesmen of that colony, that there would be a deficit which would have to be made good out of the public treasury. The scheme was a very ambitious one for a small com- munity in a far-distant country to embark in, but Victoria will be the gainer by it in the end, if she is not so already. People were drawn thither from all parts of the world, and the wonderful natural resources of that colony, as indeed of the whole of Australasia, are better knowa abroad to-day, because of the Exhibition, than they would be in twenty years of ordinary colonial life. GOOD VTILL TOWARDS THE UNITED STATES. There is in that country the framework of a great empire of English- speaking people. They are now divided up into separate colonies, each having widely divergent fiscal, railway, and other systems, which work greatly to the disadvantage of their own citizens ; but they are abso- lutely certain to become in the course of time fused into one great homo- geneous nation. But whatever form of government they may take on in the future, I am satisfied of one thing, and that is, of all the English- speaking people in the world, Australia is sure to become our nearest and best friend — the younger brother of Brother Jonathan. This sen- timent flamed out in an almost passionate way at the closing of the Exhi- bition. The colonists had been watching with deep interest certain movements in the South Pacific, in which the United States were taking what they regarded as an honorable part, and when, at a particular moment during the closing ceremonies, the United States flag was un- furled upon the platform occupied by the govei'nor of Victoria and other high dignitaries, it received such an ovation from the assembled multi- tude as the flag of no other nation ever before received in that country. CORKBSPONDENCE BEFORE DEPARTXJEE. Before leaving for the United States I addressed the following letter to the President of the Exhibition : United States Coukt, January 12, 1889. Dear Sir : Before leaving Melbourne for home, I desire to express to you, and through you, to your Associate Commissioners, my deep sense of gratitude for the uni- form courtesy which has been extended to me personally, as well as for the generous treatment which all those representing America and American interests here have re- ceived at the hands of your Commission. Where all have acted so handsomely towards us it may perhaps seem invidious to single out any for particular mention, nevertheless it is due to my own feelings to say that I am undeir special obligations to jrou, Mr. President, and to the Vice-President, 20 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Colonel Sargood, and also to Messrs. Blyth and Byron Moore, of the Commission, as ■well as to the Secretary, Mr. Lavater, and the Superintendent, Mr. Pugh, and Major Bull for continuous good offices. These gentlemen I have found ever ready and will- ing to accommodate and assist me in the discharge of the duties which were devolved upon me here, thus making, what under other circumstances might have been a tedi- ous and disagreeable task, a work of pleasure and enjoyment. Wishing you and your associates all happiness, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, Frank McCoppin, Commissioner. Hon. Sir James MacBain, K. B., President Centennial International JExhibition, Melbourne, 1888. To this letter* I received the following reply: Exhibition Buildings, Melbourne, January 15,1889. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your very flattering commu- nication of the 12th instant, in which you express in the most cordial terms your grati- fication at the courteay and hospitality which have been extended to you, and to aU representing American interests at our Centennial International Exhibition. It gives me very great pleasure to feel assured that yon, and the gentlemen associ- ated with you as representatives of the great American Republic, so fully appreciate our endeavors to make your stay amongst us a pleasant one. The successful manner in which you have carried out the high and important duties devolving upon you as the Executive Commissioner for the United States of America has done much to materially lighten the arduous labors and many anxieties of the Victorian Executive Commissioners and their officers; while your invariably courte- ous demeanor and ready business tact have won golden opinions from all with wbom you have been brought in contact. Permit me for myself and colleagues to thank you most heartily for your kind ex- pressions of good will, and to wish you, aud the other American representatives, a pleasant voyage aud safe return to your homes. With the assurance of my continued esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, MacBain, President. Hon. Frank McCoppin, Jixecutive Commissioner for the United St-ates of America. TRANSMITTING PAPERS AS PART OF REPORT. I have the honor to transmit herewith the following papers as a part of my report, viz : Eules and Regulations governing the exhibition ; General Classification of Exhibits ; Ofi&cial Catalogue of Exhibits from the United States; Organization of International Juries ; List of United States Jurors ; Awards to Exhibitors from the United States. APPENDICES. Also a list of the Victorian Executive Commissioners ; their twelve official reports; the Accountant's statement of the attendance and re- ceipts ; address by the Mayor of Castlemaine to the United States Com- missioners ; the Commissioner's speech at Castlemaine; Sir James Mac- * See Appendix F and G CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 21 Bain's speech at Melbourne ; the Comniissiouer's speech in reply there- to; and the Commissioner's letter to the honorable Secretary of the Navy. BEPORTS. Ihandyoa herewith the following special reports: First. The report of the Secretary and Disbursing OfScer. Second, Special reports by Messrs. James Smith, Andrew Semple, A. B. Eobinson, Julian Thomas, and George B. Nasey upon the Exhibition at large, Machinery, Colonial Finances, Labor and Labor Organiza- tions, and Land Tenure. I have had the foregoing reports prepared under the authority granted me by the Department to have special reports written " as to matters of interest, of new inventions, of valu- able productions, and of means whereby commercial exchanges between the United States and the Australian colonies may be extended." Third. The reports of the four Assistant Commissioners, the two En- tomologists, and Lieut. A. Marix. I have the honor to be, sir. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Frank McCoppin, Commissioner. Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. Rules and regulations made J>y llie Commissioners of the Centennial Interuational Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888, in pursuance of the provisions of section 4 of the act No. 619, and scc- . lion 5 of the act No. 920, and approved by the Goveriior-in-Council on the 8th November, 1887. (Vide " Government Gazette" SIh November, 1887, pp. 3342 to 3347.) Whereas it has Ibeen deemed advisable to hold au International Exhibition of works of industry and art at Melbourne in the year 1888, and whereas it is provided by the "Victorian Exhibitions Act 1878 " that the Goveruor-in-Council may from time to time appoint or remove such persons as he may think fit to be Exhibition Commis- sioners, one of whom he shall appoint to be President, and that the Commissioners for any Exhibition shall bo a body politic and corporate by the name of the Exhibition Commissioners, and that the said Commissioners, or a majority of them, at any gen- eral meeting assembled shall have power from time to time to make, repeal, alter, and re-enact such rules and regulations as they may think fit for the purpose of pro- viding for — I. The conduct of their own proceedings ; II. The due management of the affairs of the Exhibition in its several depart- ments ; III. The temporary admission or exclusion of the public or any Individual to and from the Exhibition or buildings or grounds or any part thereof and the behavior to be observed therein ; IV. The sum to be demanded and paid for admission to the Exhibition or build- ings or grounds or any part thereof, and the manner in which all moneys received by the Commissioners shall be applied ; and V. The purposes of public instruction, enjoyment, or entertainment for which any buildings or grounds or any part thereof may be used and applied. 22 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOGEIifE. And whereas His Excellency Sir Henry Brougham Loch, Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order ol' the Bath, Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Colony of Victoria and its dependencies, etc., with the advice of the Executive Council of the said colony, did, under his hand and the seal of the colony, on the 6th day of January, 1887, appoint His Honour George Higinbotham, Ch'ef- Justice of the Su- preme Court of the Colony of Victoria, to be President ; the Honourable Sir James MacBain, Knight, President of the Legislative Council ; the Honourable Peter Lalor, M.P., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly ; the Honourable Sir William John Clarke, Baronet, M.L.C. ; and the Honourable Colonel Frederick Thomas Sargood, M.L.C., President of the Melbourne Chamber of Comme:ce, to be Vice-Presidents ; the Hon- ourable James Munroe, M.t. ; the Honourable William Mountford Kinsey Vale ; Joseph Bosisto, Esq., C.M.G., M.P. ; Eobert Murray Smith, Esq., C.M.G. ; William Cain, Esq., J. P., the Eight Worshipful the Mayor of the City of Melbourne ; Thomas Houlden Thompson, Esq., J. P., Mayor of the City of Ballarat; Patrick Hayes, Esq.; J.P., Mayor of the City of Sandhurst ; Lambton Le Breton Mount, Esq,, President of the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures; William Arthur Tren with, Esq., President of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council ; John Blyth, Esq., J.P. ; and Henry Byron Moore, Esq., to be members of the Commission, the above-named President, Vice- Presidents, and Members to be also the Executive Commissioners for the said Ex- hibition. And did further, on the 8th day of February, 1887, appoint the following gentlemen to be additional members of the Commission : Sir Graham Berry, K.C. M.G. ; the Eight Honourable H. C. E. Childers, M.P ; Sir Henry Barkly, G.C.M.G., K. C. B. ; Major-General Sir Andrew Clarke, E.E., G.C.M.G., C. B. ; Sir James M'Cul- loch, K.C.M.G. ; Sir Samuel Wilson, Kt., M.P.; the Honourable James Service; the Honourable J. Dennistonn Wood ; John Badcock, Esq. ; John H. Blackwood, Esq. ; John M. Patterson, Esq. ; William Peterson, Esq. ; Charles E. Bright, Esq.; C.M.G. ; Eobert Eome, Esq. And did further on the 17th day of May, 1887, ap- point the following gentlemen to he further additional Members of the Commission : The Honourable Thomas Howard Spensley; John Inglis, Esq. ; Alfred Taddy Thomson, Esq.; Archibald Cameron Corbett, Esq.; Members of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly ex officio ; Consuls-General, Consuls, and Vice-Consuls ex officio ; the Honourable Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, Bart. ; the Honourable William Bayles; the Hon- ourable Thomas Loader; the Honourable William Wilson; Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart.;' Sir F. Von Mueller, K.C.M.G. ; Frederick McCoy, Esq., C.M.G., Sc.D. (Cantab.) ; An- thony Colling Brownless, Esq., M.D., Chancellor of the University of Melbourne ; 6. L. Allen, Esq. ; Andrew Anderson, Esq., J.P.; James Baird, Esq. ; W. Bastow, Esq., J. P.; Henry Bell, Esq., Benjamin Benjamin, Esq., J. P.; John Benn, Esq.; Cuthbert E. Blackett, Esq., J. P.; J.M.Bruce, Esq., J. P.; Thomas Brunton, Esq.; J. P.; John Buncle, Esq., J. P.; E. Caldwell, Esq.; Frederick Call, Esq., P. M. ; Stanford Chapman, Esq. ; Jenkiu Collier, Esq. ; T. J. Connelly, Esq. ; George Craib, Esq., J. P. ; James Craig, Esq. ; John Danks, Esq., J. P. ; J. M. Davies, Esq. ; Paul de Castella, Esq. ; Eev. E. C. De Garis ; T. K. Dow, Esq. ; W. Drummond, Esq. ; David Elder, Esq. ; E. L. J. EUery, Esq. ; Jas. Fergusson, Esq., J. P. ; G. E. Pinohara, Esq. ; Archibald Fisken, Esq., J. P. ; George Graham, Esq., J. P. ; F. S. Grimwade, Esq. ; A. Gunn, Esq. ; J. F. Hamilton, Esq. ; W. T. Hansford, Esq., J. P. ; H. A. Harwood, Esq. ; 6. M. Hitchcock, Esq. ; Clement Hodgkinson, Esq., C. E. ; Charles H. James, Esq., J. P. ; W. B. Jones, Esq., J. P. ; Arthur S. King, Esq., J. P. ; John A. Kitchen, Esq.; L. Kong Meng, Esq.; W. Lawrance, Esq., J. P.; J. Long, Esq.; Samuel P. Lord, Esq. ; J. Malcolm, Esq., J. P. ; Jas. Mirams, Esq., J. P. ; Jno. Moodie, Esq.; Thompson Moore, Esq., J. P.; Geo. G. Morton, Esq.; Thos. Moubray, Esq.; J. P. ; L. Munro, Esq. ; C. McCraokeu, Esq. ; Jno. Mcllwraith, Esq., J. P. ; Martin McKenna, Esq., J. P. ; L. C. Mackinnon, Esq., Wm. McLean, Esq., J. P. ; Jos. Nixon, Esq. ; Thomas O'Grady, Esq., J. P. ; Horace Perkins, Esq. ; Charles Pleasance, Esq. ; Andrew Plummer, Esq., M. D. ; J. K. B. Plummer, Esq. ; Eobert Reid, Esq. ; John Robb, Esq. ; Andrew Rowan, Esq., J. P. ; R. M. Serjeant, Esq., J. P. ; W. B. Shaw, CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 23 Esq. ; E. Steinfeld, Esq., J. P. ; G. J, Sims, Esq. ; James Smith, Esq. ; Thomas Smith, Esq., J. P. ; J. C. Stewart, Esq. ; J. C. Syme, Esq. ; W. K. Thomson, Esq., J. P.; James Thomson, Esq.; Charles A. Topp, Esq.; Henry G. Turner, Esq., J. P.; Oliver Vial, Esq. ; Thomas D. Wanliss, Esq. ; Andrew Webster, Esq., J. P. ; John Whiting; Esq. ; John B. Whitty, Esq. ; J. Wilks, Esq., J. P. ; Agar Wynne, Esq. ; John Zevenboom, Esq., J. P. Now, therefore, a majority of the Commissioners have, at a general meeting as- sembled on the twenty-first day of September, 1887, under the powers vested in them by the aforesaid act, made the following rules and regulations: I. — Conduct of Proceedings. 1. The Commissioners shall meet once in every month, at a place and hour to be fixed in the notice of meeting, to consider the business submitted by the Executive Commissioners, and other business, of which due notice has been given. The Execu- tive Commissioners shall meet at such times and places as may be deemed necessary. 2. Fifteen members shall form a quorum. If that number be not present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for the meeting, the members present may adjourn to a particular day, and receive notices of motion for the next or any other day of meeting. 3. At all meetings, the president, or in his absence one of the vice-presidents, shall take the chair, and may vote ; and, in case of equality of votes, shall have a casting vote. In the absence of the president and vice-presidents, the meeting shall elect their chairman, who may vote, and in like cases shall .ilso have a casting vote. 4. The president, or two of the vice-presidents, shall have power to call a special meeting at forty-eight hours' notice ; and on the receipt of the requisition of ten members the secretary shall call a meeting at not less than forty-eight hours' notice. 5. All proceedings of the Commissioners shall be entered in a minute book, and the first business at each meeting shall be the reading of the minutes of the preceding meeting, which shall, if necessary, be corrected, and when confirmed, be signed by the chairman. 6. Notices of meetings shall be delivered or transmitted by post within a reason- able time before the meeting. 7. No business other than as provided In Rule 1 shall be considered at any meeting, unless notice of the same has been previously given and circulated. 8. No motion, the effect of which, if carried, would be'to rescind any motion which has already been passed by the Commissioners, shall be entertained, unless a special meeting of the whole of the Commissioners has been duly called for that purpose, upon the requisition of not less than twenty-five members. 9. Por the more convenient disposal of the business of the Commission, committees shall be appointed, the chairman of each committee being an Executive Commis- sioner. 10. The press shall not be admitted to any meetings of committees, but such infor- mation regarding the business of committees as may be deemed desirable may be sup- plied to the press by the secretary on the authority of the chairman of any committee. 11. All receipts, income, and moneys from whatever source, received by or on account of the Commissioners, shall be paid forthwith into the City of Melbourne Bank or the Federal Bank, or such bank or banks as the Executive Commissioners may from time to time select, and shall be applied towards the building and management in connec- tion with the erection, maintenance, and holding of the Exhibition in 1888 and 1889. 12. A finance committee, of which the chairman shall be treasurer to the Commis- sioners, shall supervise the receipts and expenditure. Ko moneys shall be paid out of the bank unless the accounts for the expenditure shall have been passed at a meet- lag of the finance committee,, and then only by cheque, signed by two members of the committee, and countersigned by the secretary or his substitute. All vouchers shall be certified to by a responsible officer of the Commissioners as a guarantee of their 24 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. correctness; but no liability shall be incurred unless authorized by the Executive Commissioners. The Executive Commissioners-may from time to time vote such sums as they think fit to committees either for particular expenditure or for the general purposes of such committees. The finance committee shall make no payments ex- cept such as have beeu so authorized. 13. All accounts, prior to payment, shall bear the certificate of the chairman of the committee authorizing them, and of the chairman of the finance committee. 14. The treasurer shall affix his siguature to the Government forms for the accounts submitted. 15. The president, vice-presidents, and treasurer shall be members of all committees. Three members shall form a quorum of each committee, and the rules which regu- late the procedure of the meetings of the Commissione s shall apply, as far as possible, to meetings of committees. 16. The seal of the Commissioners shall be kept in the custody of the secretary, and shall be attached by direction at a meetini; of the Executive Commissioners to contracts entered into by them as evidencing the execution of such contracts. 17. All books and documents shall be kept at the offices of the Executive Commis- sioners. A minute book shall be kept for the use of each committee. 18. All appointments shall be made by the Executive Commissioners. 19. The Executive Commissioners shall have full author! ty to execute all the powers conferred upon the Commissioners : but shall report their proceedings from time to time to the full body of Commissioners. II. — Officers and Employes. 20. Every person employed under the executive Commissioners must be prepared to devote himself exclusively to their service, paying prompt obedience to the orders of those who are placed in authority over him, and conforming to all such rules and regulations as may from time to time be made by the Commissioners. 21. The regular hours of attendance at the offices are from 9 a. m. to 4.30 p. m., and all persons employed therein will be required to sign an attendance book show- ing the times of their arrival at and departure from the offices; but all officers and servants must attend for the performance of such duties as may be required of them at such hours as may from time to time be necessary. 22. The private address of each officer or servant must be registered at the ofiice of the secretary, so that if required for duty at any time other than the regular hours of attendance he can be found. 23. All officers and servants must, if required, find security in some approved guar- antee society for such amount as may be decided upon by the Executive Commis- sioners. 24. All officers and servants must be prompt, civil, and obliging. They must at all times afford every proper facility for the conduct of business, but must not communi- cate any business of the Commissioners, unless specially directed so to do. 25. Each officer or servant will be held responsible for the particular work en- trusted to him, and for the proper keeping by any subordinates who may be placed under him of all records, books, accounts, etc., connected with such work, and each officer responsible for any paper or document must initial the same. 26. Any officer or servant being unable to attend to his duties through ill-health or any other cause must at once advise the secretary to that effect in writing. If the cause be lU-health, and the consequent absence be likely to extend over one day, he must forward to the secretary, if required, a medical certificate stating the cause of his absence. Such certificate must, if required, be that of the chief medi- cal officer. Neglect of attention to this rule will subject any officer or servant to the penalty of being dealt with for absenting himself without leave. Leave of ab- sence from duty must be applied for, in all cases, to the-secretary or, in his absence to the officer acting. A record shall be kept of all cases where leave of absence is granted. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 25 27. Every ofBoer or servant is eugagod duriug tlie pleasure of the Executive Com- missioners, and is uot entitled to any "gratuity, compensation, or allowance on de- parture or dismissal from their service, neither shall be have any claim to salary or wages during absence from duty. 28. Insobriety, insubordination, Or grave irregularity on the part of any person employed by the Executive Commissioners will be followed by immediate suspen- sion, and may, if the Executive Commissiouers think fit, result in dismissal. 29. The acceptance of any bribe, fee, gift, gratuity, testimonial, or favor of any kind is strictly forbidden, and if proven to have taken place will be followed by immediate dismissal. 30. In case any officer or servant has to complain of the conduct or irregularity of any fellow-officer or servant, such complaint must be made within forty-eight hours of the time of its corning to the knowledge of the person complaining. Any complaint lodged after that period has elapsed, unless good grounds can be shown for the delay, will be treated as being malicious, and not as for the benefit of the service. 31. No officer or servant shall leave the service of the Executive Commissioners without giving, in writing to the secretary, at least one week's notice from the next ensuing Saturday of his intention to do so, under penalty of forfeiting any salary or wages that may be due to him at the time of leaving. 32. No officer or servant who has been dismissed from the service of the Execu- tive Commissioners for insobriety, acceptance of a gratuity from the public, inat- tention to duty, insubordination, or other grave irregularity, will he eligible for any subsequent appointment under the Executive Commissioners, or for employ- ment in the Exhibition buildings or grounds in any position or capacity whatever. 33. Any officer or servant having any cause of complaint, or making application for increase of salarj', mus*; render the same in writing to the secretary, who shall forward the same to the proper committee for consideration. Personal applications to the Executive Commissioners will be treated as a breach of discipline, and dealt with accordingly. 34. Under directions from the Executive Commissioners, the secretary shall de- fine the duties of all officers and servants. 35. No officer or servant will be considered to have entered the service of the Ex- ecutive Commissioners until he shall have furnished the required security, where- upon he will receive a copy of these regulations, and will be required to give a receii)t for them in a book kept for that purpose. III.— Buildings and Gkodnds. 36. Unless authorized by the Executive Commissioners, no one shall enter the Ex- hibition buildings, gardens, or grounds. The price of admission to the Exhibition buildings, gardens, and grounds shall be such sum as the said Commissioners may deem advisable, during such hours and on such days as they may decide that the buildings and grounds may be kept open for the admission of the public. 37. No person visiting or walking through the gardens or grounds shall walk else- where than on the footpaths. 38. No person shall remove or damage any of the seats, lamps, trees, shrubs, grass, flowers, statuary, lakes, fountains, aquaria, fish, or birds, or any other material or prop- erty in the above-named buildings, gardens, and grounds; and no person shall throw stones or other missiles, or smoke, except in certain places set apart for the purpose, or light fires therein, or leave therein any bottles, orange peel, paper, cast-off clothing, or litter or refuse of any kind. 39. No person shall enter the buildings, gardens, or grounds otherwise than by the public gates, or climb or jump over the seats or fences in and around the said build- ings, gardens, or grounds, or lie on the seats, or stick bills on the fences or on the 26 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. gates, or cut names, letters, or marks on the trees, seats, gates, posts, or fences, or otherwise deface the same, or write, print, stick, or distribute or scatter bills therein. 40. No person shall bring into the buildings, gardens, or grounds any horse, dog, or other animal, or any vehicle, except by special permission of the Executive Commis- sioners. 41. No child under seven years of age shall be allowed in the buildings, gardens, or grounds unless in charge of an adult. 43. Any person found in the Exhibition buildings, gardens, or grounds in a state of intoxication, or behaving in a disorderly manner, or creating or taking part in any disturbance, or committing in the said buildings, gardens, or grounds any act of in- decency, or damaging the buildings or any part thereof, shall be expelled from the said building, gardens, and grounds, and may be forth with removed therefrom by any Commissioner, or by any one authorized by a Commissioner, or any one in the em- ploy of the Executive Commissioners, or by any constable; and any such person shall also be liable to prosecution for a breach of these regulations. 43. No persons, except artisans, laborers, or workmen employed in the gardens or grounds, shall enter any plots which may be inclosed within the said gardens, or grounds, and then only such plots as they may be employed in. 44. Any person who gains admission to the Exhibition buildings, gardens, or grounds otherwise than as herein provided, or, being in, does not observe these rules and regulations, shall be liable to be forthwith removed from the said buildings, gar- dens, and gronnds, and also to be prosecuted as for a breach of the rules and regula- tions as the act directs. 45. Every Commissioner upon presenting his pass shall be deemed to be authorized by the Executive Commissioners to enter and visit any part of the buildings, gardens, or grounds. 46. In the case of machinery in motion, or other exhibits which iti the opinion df the Executive Commissioners may be attended with danger to the public, exhibitors shall give a written guaranty indemnifying the Executive Commissioners against any liability which may be incurred on account of any accident or any injury of any kind arising therefrom. 47. Exhibitors may erect railings round their stands, subject to approval; in every instance these railings must be within the area of the space allotted. In the case of machinery in motion, it is imperative that it be efficiently protected to the satis- faction of the Executive Commissioners. 48. No exhibitor will be permitted to display exhibits in such a manner as to ob- struct the light, or impede the view along the open spaces, or to occasion injury or inconvenience to other exhibitors. 49. Signs or name boards must be placed to the satisfaction of the Executive Com- missioners and must in no case interfere with the lighting. 50. All hand-bills, printed matter, etc., connected with exhibits, and intended for gratuitous distribution, must first receive the approval and permission of the Exec- utive Commissioners, which permission may be withdrawn at anv time. 51. Exhibitors will be required to provide all necessary attendance to keep their stands aud exhibits properly cleaned and in good order, and free from shavings, paper or litter of any description during the whole [)eriod of the Exhibition. 52. The Executive Commissioners reserve the right to remove the exhibits of anV one who does not conform to the regulations. IV,— FtHE AND SaNiTahy. 53. No canvas or calico linings shall be allowed in any part of tile Exhibition buildings, either as screens, ceilings, or for any other purpose, provided always that incertainoases, if it shall appear to them necessary, the Executive Commissioners may grant special permission ; but that in such cases the lining shall be previously CENTENNIAL International exhibition At Melbourne. 27 Batiiratetl with alum, or such other non-inflammable preparation as the said Commis- sioners may approve. 54. No movable gas brackets or other portable appliances for lighting shall be used in the Exhibition buildings. 55. All artificial light, except that created by ordinary coal gas or electricity, shall be prohibited, except in cases where it may be permitted by the Executive Commis- sioners under such restrictions as they may in the said cases adopti 56. No artificial heat shall be applied to any oleaginous or inflammable substances} neither shall any exhibitor, employ^, or any person visiting the Exhibition light ot Introduce any fire into any part of the buildings, unless when necessary for carrying out the works, or when otherwise authorized by the Executive Commissioners as a necessary part of machinery or other exhibits, and under such further regulations as may be adopted in such eases. 57. No shavings, straw, paper, packing, etc., or any inflammable material shall be allowed to remain in the buildings, gardens, or grounds. 58. No person shall light or assist in lighting any match, paper, wood, straw, or any other combnstible material in the Exhibition buildings, gardens, or grounds, except by the direction of the Executive Commissioners, and any person who is found using any lighted pipe or open light in the buildings, gardens, or grounds shall be liable to prosecution for a breach of this regulation. 59. Refuse shall only be placed at the appointed places, and must be removed daily. 60. The chief executive officer of every court must take every precaution necessary to prevent fire, theft, or a breach of the sanitary regulations within his court. 61. Places will be provided in different parts of the bnildings for the purposes of public convenience, and no person is permitted to use any other place ; and if any one be found ofl'ending he will he liable to be permanently excluded from the build- ings, gardens, and grounds, and in addition to be prosecuted for a breach of these regulations. 62. All employ<53 of the Executive Commissioners are required to prevent any breach of these regulations. V. — Storage of Empty Cases. 63. For the convenience of exhibitors, the Executive Commissioners Will, if pos- sible, enter into a contract or contracts on the best terms they can secure, with some person or persons to remove from the Exhibition buildings and grounds, store during the progress of the Exhibition, and return at its close to exhibitors ortheir accredited agents all empty cases or other articles. VI.— Customs. 64. The Exhibition buildings aud grounds are appointed a licensed bonding ware- house for the deposit of goods without the payment of duty, and all goods received therein shall be safely and securely kept until cleared thence as hereinafter pro- vided. 65. All goods imported for exhibition purposes shall be entered by a bonding war- rant for the exhibition bond, and the following declaration made : I (importer, exhibitor, or agent) do hereby declare that I intend to exhibit the goods specified in this entry at the Centennial International Exhibition, to be held at Mel- bourne in the year 1888. Witness my hand this day of , 1888. and the packages containing such goods shall be sent from the wharf on landing by customs-licensed carriers only direct to the Exhibition buildings, where they must be unpacked in the presence of, and under the direction of, officers of customs duly ap- pointed for the purpose, who will compare goods With invoices and otherwise examine such goods by weighing or measuring as may be required. 28 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 66. Invoices in duplicate of all goods entered for the Exhibition buildings must be produced to the officers of customs before such goods are unpacked, and after the goods have been examined and checked therewith, one copy of each of such invoices shall be retained by the officers of customs until such goods have been removed from the Exhibition buildings. Invoices must state what portion, if any, of the goods de- scribed therein isintended for sale. To facilitate examination foreign invoices should, -when practicable, be made out in the English language. 67. Jewelry, watches, gold and silver plate, and such like articles must, imme- diately on arrival at the Exhibition buildings, be conveyed to a room specially pro- vided for the safe custody of such articles, there to be unpacked and examined in the presence and under the directions of the officers of customs before being exhibited. And any such articles found exhibited without being.first examined as herein pro- vided, will be liable to forfeiture and the owners or exhibitors thereof to prosecution ander the customs act. 68. Jewelry, watches, gold and silver plate, and such like articles must be placed in a show case or other receptacle duly approved by the proper officer of customs, to be secured by two locks, the key of one such lock to be retained by the exhibitor, and the key of the other to be retained by the officer of customs, such locks and keys to be provided by the exhibitor and approved by the proper officer of customs. 69. Wines, spirits, beer, tobacco, and cigars not required to be placed in show cases or on show stands, must be stored in a cellar specially set apart for the purpose, to be under the control of the proper officer of customs. 70. Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors or their -agents must clear all goods, either by export free or duty paid entry, or by transfer to another bonding warehouse, and complete such entries on or before the 31st day of March, 1889. Any goods not cleared as aforesaid may be transferred by the Executive Commis- sioners to another bonding warehouse at the owner's or exhibitor's risk and expense. Arrangements Made for Storage of Empty Cases. A contract has been entered into with Messrs. Thos. Walker & Co., of No. 1 Queen street, Melbourne, to remove from the Exhibition buildings and grounds, store dur- ing the progress of the Exhibition, and return at its close to exhibitors or their ac- credited agents, all empty cases or other articles at the rate of 4s. lOd. per ton of 40 cubic feet and Id. per ton per week from four weeks after the termination of the Ex- hibition. Arrangements for Cartage of Exhibits. The Commissioners have arranged with Messrs. Thomas Watson & Sons to cart all exhibits from the wharves or railway stations at the price of Is. lO^d. per ton weight. Conditions for Wine and Beer Competition. classification op wines. Wines will be classified as follows : 1. Natural Wines : — (a) Light. (6) Medium light, (o) Full-bodied. Wines not exceeding '22 per cent, proof spirit to be classed as light ; over 22 per cent., and not exceeding 26 per cent., medium light; and over 26 per cent., as full- bodied. 2. Fortified and Liqueur Wines : — (a) Dry. (&) Full-bodied, (e) Sweet. Conditions of competition for special prize of fifty guineas, offered by Mr. P. B. Burgoyne, of London, for the best sample of a light beverage wine of a claret type, grown in the Australian colonies, taken from a quantity of 2,500 gallons, and produced at a price to popularize the wine in England and compete with the great bulk of continental wines which are sold there. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIOfT AT MELBOURNE. 29 1. The wiue to be of olaret type, and not over an alcoholic strength of 26 per cent, proof, and shall be grown by the exhibitor. 2. One (loxen bottles shall be submitted for the use of the jurors. 3. The quantity in bulk of the wine shall be not less than 2,500 gallons, and the prize will not be handed over until satisfactory proof is given that the bulk quantity stipulated is available for sale or expoit. 4. The selling price of the wine, delivered at Port Adelaide, Melbourne, or Sydney, shall be stated at the time of making the entry ; and the exhibitor gaining the prize shall be bound, within fourteen days of the award, to sell the wine, at the price stated in the entry form, to any one willing to purchase the same for cash, ex- cept where there shall be more than one purchaser, in which case the grower shall be required to submit the wine to the competition of those persons who offer to purchase the same. 5. Entries will be received until 14th July, 1888, and samples of wine must be delivered at the exhibition building not later than the 1st of September, 1888. 6. Jurors will be appointed as provided for in the General Regulations of the Exhibition. SPECIAL ENTRY FORM FOR BURGOYNE PRIZE OF FIFTY GUINEAS. [Entries "will be received until Hth July, and samples must be delivered not later than Ist Sep- tember, 1883.] 1. Name of vineyard. 2. Where grown. 3. Quantity sent in for exhibition (not to be less than one dozen), 4. Year oi vintage. 5. Name of grape or grapes from which wine was made. 6. Name of wine. 7. Strength proof spirit, if known. 8. Quantity available for sale. 9. Selling price per gallon at vineyard, in bulk. 10. How cultivated. 11. Remarks. Statutory Declaration. Ij of ,in the colony of Victoria, do solemnly and sincerely declare that the statements made above are, to the best of my knowledge and belief, cor- rect; that my exhibits of wine are made from grapes of ray own growth, or such as I purchased, and whose kind I ascertained ; that no alcohol, ether, glucose, glycer- ine, sugar, coloring matter, or other material for giving character, has been added ; and that the exhibit is a fair sample of bulk. And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true, and by virtue of the provisions of an act of Parliament of Victoria rendering persons making a false declaration punish- able for willful and corrupt perjury. Declared in Victoria this day of ,1888, before me- (Signature of Exhibitor.) . Exhibitors of wine, beer, spirits, mineral and aerated waters, cordials, etc., for competition are requested to send in their exhibits without delay, in order that the cellarage required by competitive exhibits may be ascertained and accommodation reserved. Sample bottles of wine to be sold on and after the opening of the Exhibition must be forwarded to the wine committee for approval on or before the 15th July, 18S8. Three bottles of each sample of wine to be offered for sale must be sent to the wine committee for approval before being exposed for sale at the bars. Storage will be provided for wine for sale, not exceeding fifty cases (containing one dozen quarts each) to each exhibitor. 30 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENF. Bottled wiues and beers must be securely packed in cases of one dozen for quarts and two dozen for pints. REGULATIONS FOB SALE OP WINES AT AUSTRALIAN WINE BAR ANI> CELLAR BARS. Exhibitors of wine may sell only at the bars under the Commissioners' control. Australian wines, with the exception of champagne, are to be sold at a uniform rate of 3roducts, spices, condiments, and dye materials. Odoriferous and resinous substances, gums, Peruvian and other medicinal barks, drugs of every kind, dyes and colors (other than prodncts of coal tar), logwood, sumac, and other dye substances, blacking, inks, paints, fatty oils, varnishes, and various coating substances, mineral waters, natural and artificial, aerated waters, appliances made of India-rubber and gutta percha, gold-beater's skin, dried medi- cinal plants. Spices, peppers, cinnamon, table salt, vinegar, mustard, sauces, etc. Class 56. — Brushware and hrush materials. Brushes and combs, hair, bristles, undressed feathers, down, horn, glue, mother of pearl. Class 57. — Wool. Merino wool washed, Merino wool greasy, long wool washed, scoured wool. Angora" hair or mohair, sheep-dip, etc. Class 58. — Tobacco and cigars. Tobacco in leaves or manufactured, cigars all kinds, cigarettes all kinds, tobacco- nists' wares, including meerschaum and other pipes, cigar-holders, etc. Class 59. — Leather and skins. Raw hides, suited hides. Tanned, curried, dressed, or dyed leather. Varnished leather. Morocco and sheepskin ; skins grained, shamoyed, tawed, dressed, or dyed. Prepared skins for glove-making. Skins and furs, dressed and dyed. Parchment. Gutwork: sinews. Raw materials used in the dressing of skins and leather. Wattle bark, oak, and other tan barks. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 49 Seventh Group.-^Machinkuy — Appabatus and Pijocesses used in the Me- chanical Industries. Class CO. — Jgrictiltural impUmenis used in thii ouUivation of fields and forests. Apparatus and works for agricultural engineering, draining, etc. Plans and mod- els of farm buildings. Tools, implements, machines, and apparatus used in husbandry, sowing and plant- ing, harvesting, preparation and preservation of crops. Various agricultural machines worked by horse-power or by steams Locomotives, engines, and horse-powers for the farm. Apparatus used in the cultivation of forests and in the trades appertaining thereto. Apparatus used in the manufacturing of tobacco. Class 61. — Apparatus used in- agrlcuUaral works and in works for the preparation of food, irrigation of land, and in. the man ufacture of artificial manures. Apparatus used in agricultural works : Manufacture of artificial manures ; of drain pipes; cheese factories, dairies; apparatus used in preparing flonr, fecula, starches, oils ; apparatus used in breweries, distilleries, sugar manufactories, and refineries ; silk-worm n urseries, etc. Apparatus used in the preparation of alimentary products, mechanical appliances for kneading and baking ; apparatus used in making pastry and confectionery. Apparatus for the manufacture of vermicelli, macaroni, etc. Machines for making sea biscuits. Chocolate machines. Apparatus for roasting coffee. Apparatus for making ices and cool drinks ; manufacture and preservation of ice. Class 62. — Implements, models, and plans connected with irrigation of land. Centrifugal, steam, and other pumps; water wheels, windmills, sluice gates, etc. Plans, models, etc. Boring apparatus for artesian wells and wells of large diameter. Class 63. — Apparatus used in chemistry and pharmacij. Laboratory utensils and apparatus. Apparatus and instruments used in assays for industrial and commercial purposes. Apparatus used in the manufacture of chemicals, soaps, aud candles. Apparatus used in the manufacture of essences, varnishes, and articles made of India-rubber and gutta-percha. Processes and apparatus used in gasworks. Prccesses and apparatus used in bleaching. Apparatus used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products. Class 64. — Machines and apparatus in general. Separate pieces of machinery ; bearings, rollers, slide-bars, eccentrics, toothed wheels, connecting rods, cranks, parallel joints, belts, funicular apparatus, etc. Gear- ing, spring and catchwork, etc. Regulators and governors. Lubricators. Machines for counting and registering. Dynamometers, steam gauges, weighing machines. Ganges for liquids and gas. Machines used for moving heavy weights. Hydraulic machines for raising water, etc. ; norias (chain pumps), scoop wheels, hydraulic rams. Fire engines and apparatus used in the extinction of fires and saving of life thereat. Hydraulic engines, water wheels, turbines, hydraulic lifts, etc. Accumulators and hydraulic presses. MKL 4 50 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Steam engines. Boilers, steam generators, and apparatus appertaining thereto. Apparatus for condensing steam. Machines set in motion by the evaporation of ether, chloroform, ammonia, or by a combination of gases. Machines set in motiou by gas, hot air, and compressed air. Windmills and panemones. Air-balloons. Class 65. — Machine tools. Traveling circular-saw benches, self-acting, for breaking down heavy timber. Ma- chines for boring timber used in fencing. Engines and tools for preparing wood for the workshop. Machines for making casks. Machines for cutting cork. Lathes, boring and planing machines. Slotting, drill- ing, and shaping machines. Screw-cutting engines and riveting machines. Various kinds of tools nsed in machine workshops. Bellows, etc. Tools, engines, and apparatus for pressing, crushing, working up, sawing, polish- ing, etc. Special tools and engines used in various trades. Class 66. — Apparatus used in spinning and rope-making. Hand-spinning apparatus. Separate parts of spinning apparatus. Machines and apparatus used in the dressing and spinning of textile materials. Apparatus and pro- cesses for the subsidiary operations appertaining thereto; for drawing, winding, twisting, throwing, dressing. Apparatus for separating the qualities and numbering the thread. Machinery lised in rope manufacture, round, flat, tapering cables, cord and twine, wire-ropes, cables with wire core, rope matches, quick-raatches, etc. Class 67. — Apparatus wseii in weaving. Apparatus used in the preparation of materials for weaving: warping mills, spool- ing (winding) machines. Card-making for the jacquard looms. Hand looms and mechanical looms for the manufacture of plain fabrics. Looms for the manufacture of figured and brocaded stuffs : damask looms, electric looms. Looms for the manufacture of carpets and tapestry. Mesh weaving looms for the manufacture of hosiery and net. Apparatus for mak- ing lace. Apparatus used in the manufacture of lace- work. High warp looms and diiferent modes of preparing the bobbins for weaving. Accessory apparatus : machines for fulling, calendering, figuring, watering, measur- ing, folding, etc. Class 68. — Serving and other machines for making itp clothing, laundries, etc. Ordinary implements used by tailors and seamstresses. Sewing, quilting, hemming, and embroidering and knitting machines. Implements for cutting out materials and leather for making garments and shoes. Machines for making, nailing, and screwing boots and shoes. Machines for the application of India-rubber. Machines for wringing, mangling, washing, etc. Class 69. — Machinery used in the manufacture of furniture. Machines for cutting veneers. Turning webs, vertical and circular saw frames, shingle cutters, etc. Machines for cutting the mouldings and headings of frames; the squares of inlaid floors, furniture, etc. Lathes and other apparatus used in carpentering and cabiuet- niaking. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE 51 Machines for stamping and bmuisliing. Machines and apparatus for working stucco, papier-niach6, ivory, bono, and horn. Machines for pointing, carving, and reducing statues ; for engraving, eugine-lurn- ing, etc. Macliiiies for making bricks and tiles; machines for making artificial stones. Machines for sawing and polishing hard stones, marbles, etc. Ci-ASS 70. — Machines and instruments nsed in coining, etc. Coining presses. Machines for making buttons, pens, pins, envelopes; packing-machines, brush- making machines, machines for making cards, capsules ; for afiixiug lead seals to merchandise; for corking bottles, etc. Tools for, and processes of, making clocks, toys, marqueterie, baskets, etc. Machines for binding books. Writing machines. Class 71. — Carriages, coachmakei's' and toheelwrigliis' work. Separate parts of wheels and carriages; wheels, tires, axles, axle-boxes, ironwork, etc. Springs and various methods of hanging carriages. Different systems of harnessing. Breaks. Coachmakers' and wheelwrights' work. Wagons, tumbrels, drays, and other vehicles for special purposes. Carriages; iiublic, state, and private carriages; sedan chairs, litters, sledges, etc., velocipedes, bicycles, and tricycles. Class 72. — Harness and saddlery. Various articles used for carriage horses and saddle horses; pack saddles, saddles, bridles, and harness for saddle horses, beasts of burden, aud draught horses; stirrups, spurs, whips, etc. Traveling aud other leather trunks. Class 73. — Bailwai, rolling stock and appliances. Separate parts: springs, buffers, breaks. Permanent way : rails, chairs, crossings, switches, fish-plates, turntables; buffers, feeding cranes, and tanks ; optical aud acoustic signals. Permanent way for tramways. Rolling stock: passenger carriages; wagons for carrying earth, goods, cattle; locomotives, tenders, etc. Self-moving carriages; locomotives, for roads. Special tools and machines for the maintenance, repair, and construction of railways. Apparatus for inclined planes; apparatus and engines for atmospheric railways ; models of engines, of systems of traction, of apparatus appertaining to railways. Models, plans, aud drawings of platforms, stations, and engine-houses, and other buildings necessary for the working of railways. Plans and models of machines aud appliances for the ccouoiuic receiving and de- livering of grain. Class 74.— Electric, pneumatic, and other apparatus. Appliances for telegraphs based on the transmission of light, sound, etc. Apparatus for the electric telegraph, post, wires, stretcheis, otc. Batteries and apparatus for sending and receiving messages. Bells and electric signals. Telegraphs for military purposes. Objects appertaining to telegraphy; lightning conductors, communicators, prepared paper for printing messages and for sending autographic messages. ■52 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Special apparatus for pneumatic telegraphy, electro-magnetic machines. Phonographs, microphones. Appliances for generation and storage of electricity, etc. Class 75. — Apparatus and materiaU of civil engineering, public worlds, and architecture. Building materials : stone, wood, metals ; ornamental stone ; lime, mortar, cements artificial stone and concrete; asphalt; roofing tiles, bricks, paving tiles; slates, pasteboard and felt for roofing. Apparatus and products of processes used in the preservation of wood. Apparatus and instruments for testing building materials. Apparatus for eartliworks, excavators. Apparatus used in building yards. Tools and processes used by stone dressers and cutters, masons, carp-inters, tilers, black- smiths, joiners glaziers, plumbers, house painters, etc. EaiUngs, balconies, banisters, ecc. Apparatus and engines used in making foundations : pile-drivers and pile work, screw piles, pumps, pneumatic apparatus, dredgiug machines, etc. Apparatus used in hydraulic works connected with harbors, canals, rivers ; machines used in re- ducing stones, quartz, or other hard substances. Apparatus used in the supply of water and of gas. Apparatus used in the mainte- nance of roads plantations and public walks. Models, plans, and drawings of public works; bridges, viaducts, aqueducts, drains, canal bridges, dams, weirs, etc. Light-houses. Public buildings for special purposes; buildings for civil purposes; mansions and houses for letting ; workmen's towns, industrial dwellings, etc. Class 76. — Navigation, toat and ship iuilding, and life-saving. Drawings and modelsof slips, graving docks, floating docks, etc. Drawings and models of vessels of all kinds, sea-going and for rivers. Models of the systems of ship-building adopted in the navy. Pleasure boats, yachts, etc. Boats and barges. Materials for the rigging of ships. Flags and signals. Apparatus for the prevention of collisions at sea. Buoys, beacons, etc. Apparatus for swimming, diving, and life-saviug exhibited in actioo ; floats, swimming belts, etc. Diving belts, cork jackets, nautilus life belts, etc. Submarine boats ; apparatus for saving life at sea, rocket apparatus, life-boats, etc. Class 77. — Materials and apparatus for military purposes. Military engineering and fortifications. Military equipment, clothing, and encampments. Military transport service. Military topography and geography. Eighth Group.— Dkinks and Stimulants. Class 78. — Tea, coffee, etc. Tea, cofl:ee, and other aromatic beverages, chicory and sweet acorn coffee. Chocolate, cocoa. Sugar for household purposes. Class 79. — Wines — Natural wines and spirits. Light wines up to 22 per cent., in bottle or bulk. Medium light wines up to 26 per pent., in bottle or bulk. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 53 Full-bodied wines Cjver 26 per cent., in bottle or bulk. Champagne, dry and sweet. Brandy, whisky, rum, gin, and liqueurs, spirits of wine. Class 80. — Beers. Ale, porter, and lager beer, in bottle or bulk. Cider, perry, and other beverages made from fruits. Fermented driuks made from vegetable sap, from milk, and sweet substances of all kinds. Malt and hops, etc. Ninth Group.— Sanitation, Mudicine, Hygiene, and Public Relief. Class 81. — Surgical instruments and appliances. Appliances, instruments, and apparatus requisite for anatomical and histological ■woi-ks. Plastic anatomical models. Instruments of medical research. Apparatus and instruments for dressing wounds and for simple surgery, general and local ; ansesthetio apparatus. Surgical Instruments grouped according to their purposes: instruments for ampu- tations and dissection. Special instrnraents, obstetrics, ovariotomy, urinary chan- nels, ophthalmology, dentistry, etc. ; electro- therapeutic apparatus. Apparatus for plastic and mechanical prosthesis, orthopedic apparatus. Trusses. Chests and cases of instruments and medicines for military and naval surgeons. Means and .ipparatus for succoring the wounded on battle-fields. Civil and military ambulances. Appliances, instruments, apparatus, and all things requisite for veterinary sur- gery. Antiseptic surgery. Class 83. — Sanitation, hi/giene, and public relief . Apparatus for restoring persons apparently drowned or suffocated. Baths and hydro-therapeutic apparatus ; gymnastical apparatus for medical and hygienic purposes. Plans and models of hospitals, various asylums, houses of refuge, poor-houses, lunatic asylums. Arrangements and furniture of such establishments. Plans and models of a healthy and an unhealthy house. Various apparatus for infirm persons, invalids, and lunatics. Accessory objects for the medical, surgical, and pharmaceu- tical services in hospitals or infirmaries. Appliances, instruments, apparatus, and all things relating to sanitary matters. Class 83. — Apparatus for heating and lighting. Fire-grates, fire-places, stoves, and hot-air stoves. Accessory objects for heating. Kitchen ranges and apparatus for heating and cooking by gas. Apparatus for heating by the circulation of hot water, steam, or heated air. Ven- tilating apparatus. Drying apparatus ; drying stoves. Enameler's lamps, blow-pipes, portable forges. Lamps for illuminating purposes, fed with various oils. Accessory objects for lighting. Matches. Apparatus and accessory objects for lighting by gas. Lamps for the electric light. Apparatus for the use of the electric and magnesium light. 54 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Tjcnth Group.— Agricultural and Associated Inhustkies. Class 84.— Specimens of farm buildings and agricultural works. Examples of the farm buildings of various countries. Examples of stables, cattle- slieds, sheep-folds, pigsties, and of premises for rear- ing and fattening such animals. Apparatus for artificial hatching and appliances for the rearing of poultry. Eleventh Group.— Horticulture. Class 8.5. — Conservatories and horticultural apparatus. Apparatus for -n-atering aud keeping turf iu order, etc. Large conservatories and apparatus appertaining thereto. Koom and window con- st'rvatories. Aquariums for aqu.itic plants. Fountains and other jjlants for ornamenting gardens. Class 86. — Flowers and ornamental plants. Varieties of plants and examples of culture exhibiting the ch.aracteristic types of the flower gardens and d winnings of each country. ClaSs 87. — Vegetables. Varieties of plants and examples of culture exhibiting the characteristic types of the kitchen gardens of each country. Class 88. — Fruit and fruit trees. Varieties of plants and specimens of products exhibiting the characteristic types of the orchards of each country. Class 89. — Seeds and saplings of forest trees. Varieties of plants and specimens of products illustrating the processes followed in each country for planting forests. Class 90. — Plants for conservatories. Illustrations of the mode of culture adopted in various countries, with a view either to ornamentation or to utility. Twelfth Ghoup. — Mining Industries — Machinery and Puoducts. Class 91. — Apparatus vscd in ike art of mining and meiaHurgi/. Boring machines and apparatus for breaking down coal and cutting rocks. Ap- paratus for blasting by electricity. Models, plans, and views of ttie mode of working iu mines and qxiarries. Works for obtaining mineral waters. Machines and apparatus used for extracting ore and for lowering and hoisting miners. Winding, jtumping, and crushing machinery. Safety cages and hooks; signals and other appliances for lessoning the danger in mines. Machines for draining ; pumps. Ventilating apparatus ; ventilators. Safety lamps ; lamps for electric light. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 55 Apparatus for the mechanical dressing of ores and uiineral fuel. Apparatus for compressiug fuel into cakes. Apparatus for the carbonization of fuel. Smelting furnaces. Smoke-consuming apparatus. Apparatus used in metal works and stone-breaking. Special apparatus used in forges and foundries, electro-metallurgical apparatus. Apparatus used in metal manufactures of all kinds. Drawings of diiferent classes of machinery used in mining. Class 92. —Metals and ores. Collections and specimens of rocks, minerals, ores. Ornamental stones. Hard stones. Refractory substances. Earths and clays. Various mineral products. Raw sulphur. Rock salt ; salt from salt springs. Mineral fuel, various kinds of coal, coal dust, and compressed coal. Asphalt and rock asphalt. Bitumen. Mineral tar. Metals in a crude state: pig-iron, iron, steel, cast-steel, copper, lead, gold, silver, zinc, antimony, etc. Alloys. Products of washing and refining precious metals, of gold -beating, etc. Products of the working of metals: rough castings, bells, wrought-iron, iron for special purposes, iron plates for casing ships and constructions, etc. Manufactured metals : unwelded pipes. Other metal manufactures. Joseph Bosisto, Chairman of Juries. E. S. Sugars, Seo-etary Jury Department. Official Catalogue of Exhibits from the United States. Group I.— Works of Art. Class -. — Various Paintings, Drawings, etc. 1. Peaxo, L., & Co., Boston, Mass.— Pictures, etc. 2. EooKWOOD Pottery Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.— Fine art pottery and chinaware. 3. Walker, J., San Francisco, Cal.— " Believ- ing Guard at Horse Guards, Whitehall, Lon- don." ' Class 5. — Engravings and Lithographs. 4. Currier &Ives, Kew York.— Lithographic printing. 5. JENKS, Mrs. M. A. — Decorative and oil paint- ings on velvet. C. Lowell, J., & Co., Boston, Mass.— Print- ings from steel. 7. Wells, Hope & Co., Philadelphia.— Enam- eled advertising signs. Group H.— Edloatton and Instuuctiox— Ap- paratus and Processes op the Liberal Akts. Class 6.— Education of Children, Primary In- struction of Adults. 8. State of Michigan Euucitional System.— Educational system. Group II- Continued. Class 8. — Organization, Methods, and Appliances for Superior Instruction. 9. Educational System United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. — Educational system. Class 9.— Printing, Books. 10. "American Mail," printed byLockwood Press, New Tork. — Publication, "Ameri- can Mail." 11. Health Publishing Company, Battle Creek, Mich. — Anatomical, physiological, and hy- gienic charts ; books on rational medicine, etc. 12. International Tract and Missionary So- ciety, Battle Creek, Mich.— Bibles, tracts, periodicals, etc. 13. The Publisuers of the "American Art Printer," Now York.— Collection of fine printing. 14. The Interstate Publisiiing Co, , Chicago.— Educational Pnblications. Class 10. — Stationery, Hook-binding, Painting and Drawing Materials. 15. Barnes, A. S., New York.— Writing and copying inks, pons, etc. 56 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Geoup II— Continued. Class 10.— Statioiiery, Bookbinding, Printing and Drawing Ifafmate— Continued. 16. Califorsia Paper Co., San Francisco.— Newspaper and Manila paper. Agents : H. P. Gregory & Co., 10.4 Bourlce street west. Melbourne ; and 17 Pitt street, Sydney. 17. Don, W., New York.— Fretwork and wood for artistic purposes. 18. Hauffman & STKAUS.S, New York. —Adver- tising novelties, fine lithographic work. 19. LiVERMORE, C. W., Providence, E. I. -Stylo- graphic pens, etc. 20. Philadelphia Novelty Co., Philadelphia.— Novelties in stationery specialties, etc. 21. Pratt Copying Book Co , New York.— Letter copying book, etc. 22. EOGEKS, L. H., New York —Tissue and (rac- ing papers. 23. Scotford Manufacturing Co., Grcenworth St., New York. — Robber stamps, presses, ink for rubber stamps. 24. Governor Fountain Pen Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.— Stylographic pens, etc.. 25. Kelly, E. A., San Francisco, Cal.— Paint.s and oils. 26. Moore, B., Sl Co., Brook yn, N. Y.— Kalsomine, etc. Agent: J. C. Oakman, Sydney and New York. 27. KoBMAiN Manufacturing Co., New York.— Safety ink. 28. 'Wadswqrth, Howland & Co., Cincinnati. -Coach colors, etc. Agent : J. C. Oakman, Sydney and New York. Class U.— General Application of the Arts of Drawing and Modeling. 29. Burn, "W., New York Art novelties, etc. 30. The Portable Copy. Press and Stationery Co., Michigan— Cylindrical and portable letter-copying press, etc., for office. Class 12.— Photographic Proofs and Apparatus. 31. Burn, W., New York.— Enlarged photo- graphs, etc. 32. Merry, T.B., Oregon.— Photographs of dogs. 33. Pope & Talbot, San Francisco, Cal,— Pho- tographs of timber mills at Puget Sound, British Columbia. 34. TOUNE, B. C, Portland, Oregon.— Group of setter slut and puppies. Class li.—Uuaial Instruments 35. Beethoven Piano Organ Co., New Jersey.— Cabinet and orchestral organs; golden tongue reeds i cases in walnut, oak, holly, etc. 36. Behr Dros. & Co., New York.— Pianos con taining patent cylinder top, finger guard, Bessemer steel action frame, etc. 37. Carpenter's Angelus Organ.— Various stylos of organs. 38. Dyer & Hughes, ■Worcester.— Cabinet or- gans. Group II — Continued. Class 13. — Musical iji5/r«men?g— Continued. 39. Faerand Votey Organ Co.— Organs. 40. Kimball, W. W., & Co , Chicago.— Organs. 41. LORING & Blake, Worcester, Mass, — Or- gans. 42. Mason & Hamlin, New York. — Various styles of cabinet organs. 43. Miller Organ Co., Lebanon. — Organs. 44. Smith AMEHif an Organ Co., Boston— Cabi- net organs. 45. The Estky American Organ Co., Vermont. — Various styles of American organs. 46. T. M. Antisell Piano Co., San Francisco. — Upright Antisell grand piano, with metal- lic rest, which keeps the piano permanently in tune. 47. Wilcox & White Organ^Co., Moriden, Conn. —Organs. Class 14. — Mathematical and Philosophical In- strmne^lls. 48. LiVERMORE, C. W., Providence, E. I.— Optics Group III. — Furniture and Accessoisies. Class 16. — Furniture. 49. American Oil Stove Co., Gardner, Mass.— Oil stoves and accessories. 50. Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co., New York.— Carpet sweepers, etc. Agents : Harry Dix & Co., 65 William street, Melbourne. 51. CONANTS, F. H., &SONB, New York.— Chairs. 52. Empire Wringer Co., New York.— Wiiugers and towel racks. 53. HetwoodBeos. &Co., San Francisco, Cal,— Eattan and reed furniture. 51. Jones, E. B , Philadelphia — Hammoquette reclining chairs ; cabinet gymnasium. 55. Marwidell, E. H., San Francisco.— Shades (blinds). 56. Mace, L. H., & Co., New York.— Wooden- ware, kitchen utensils, etc. 57. Nevins & Haviland, New York.— Auto- matic shade rollers. 58. Racine Hardware Co., Eacine, Wis.— Op- era chairs. 59. EiCHMONi) Cedar Works, Ltd., Richmond, Va.— Cedar pails, tubs, churns. 60. Steele, J. J., Now York.— Furniture. 61. Union Indurated Fiber Co., New York.— Fiber ware. 62. Union Stair Pad Co., Boston, Mass.— Car- pots, felt, stair, pads, etc. 63. Indianapolis CabinetCo., Indiana.— Desks. Agent : J. C. Oakman, Sydney and New York. Class 17.— Upholsterers' and Decorators' Work. 64. Chas. M. Plum Upholstery Co., San Fran. Cisco —Chairs upholstered in silk material, double pillow ottoman, Smyrna rug. 05. Swan & Whitehead, Fonton, N. J.— Fancy lamp-shades. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 57 Group IIT— Continufta. Clabs n. — Upholsterers' and Decorators' Work — Continued. 6fi. Trenton Spring Mattkkss Co., Trenton, N. J. — "Window blinds (funcv) and wire mat- tresses. 67. "Whiting, J. L., & Son, Boston, Mass.— Paint a A vornisli bruslies. 68. "Wemplk, J. C, New York.— Empire sbad- iog goods, fixtures, and painted goods. Agent: J. C. Oakman, Sydney and Kew Tork. Class IS.— Carpets, Tapestry, and other Stvffs for Fiimiture. 69. Atha Sc Hughes, New Tork.— Diicks, oil- cloths, and stair-clotlLs. Class 20,— Cutlery. 70. Brongher, Fauk & Co. . Harrisburg, Penn.— Patent skinning knives. Class 21. — Goldsmiths' and Silversmiths' Work. 71. Horton, Akgel & Co., Attleboro', Mass.— Jewelry. 72. LiVEHMOBE, C. W., Provi'?ence, E. I.— Jew- elry. 73. Joseph Fahy'sWatchCase, Co., New Tork. — "Watch cases. Class 22. — Bronzes and various Art Castings. 74. Ansonia Clock Co., Ansonia, Conn.— Bronze figures, etc. Class 2i.— Clocks and Watches. 75. American "Waltham Watch Co., lYaltham, Mass. — Watches, etc. 76. American Elgin Natton4l "Watch Co.— "Watches. 77. Ansonia Clock Co,, Ansonia, Conn.— Bronze clocks, etc. 78. Horton, Angel & Co., Attleboro', Mass.— Watches. 79. Skth Thomas Clock Co., Thomaston, Conn. — Clocks. 80. Self-winding Synchronising andClock Co. Ltd., New York.— Self-winding electric motor and synchronising clocks. 81. Wateebury Watch Co.. Waterbury, Conn. — "Waterbury watches. 82. Cheshire Watch Co., Cheshire, Conn.- Watches. Agent: J. C. Oakman, Sydney and New Tork. Class 24. — Perfumery. 83. Colgate &. Co., New York.- Toilet soaps scents, etc. 84. Ladd & Coffin, New York.—Lundborg's perfumery. 85. Western Perfumery Co., San Francisco, Cal.— Perfumery. Group III— Continued. Class 25. — Leatherwork, Fancy J. r tides, and Bae- ketwork. 86. Johnson & Niciiol, Medina, N. Y.— "Vulcan- ite fiber pails. 87. AuGANEs, H., Chicago, 111.— Carved box. 88. Pacific Splint Baskkt Co., San Francisco. Cal. — Baskets. Group IV.— Fictile Manufacturkb — Glass, Pottery, etc. Class 26.— Or?/8£ai, Glass, and Stained Glass. 89. Adams & Co., Pittsburgh, Penn.- Table Glassware. 90. The Tnos. Evans Co., Pittsburgh, Penn.— Lamp chimneys, lantern globes, candy jars, and silvered reflectors. Class 11.— Pottery. 91. Clark, N,, &. Sons, San Francisco, Cal.— Flower pots. Group V. -Textile Fabrics, Clothing and Ac- cessories. C\^xs& 2%. —Thread, and Fabrics of Flax, ffemp, J%ite, etc. 92. Neville & Co., San Francisco, Cal.— Flour sacks. Class 22.— Silk and Silk Fabrics. 93. California State Board of Silk Cultuke, San Francisco, Cal. — Exhibit of the silk in- dustry. Class 35. — Hosiery and Underclothing, and Acces- sories of Clothing. 94. Banning. Cenniver & Co., New York.— Ha- berdashery, etc. 95. Leak Glove Manufacturing Co., Mon. Leak, San Francisco. — Leather gloves and tanned leather for making same. Class 36. — Clothing for both Sexes. 96. The Singer Manufacturing Co., New York. — Clothing. 97. Wheeler AND Wilson Manufacturing Co., New York.— Clothing made by sewing ma- chines. C LASS 37.— J"etoeZry and Precious Stones. 98. Bourke, E. a., New York.-RoUedgold jew- elry. Class 38.— Por(a&?e Weapons, and S anting and Shooting Equipments. 99. Marlin Fire Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.— Guns and rifles. 100. Oakman, J. C, New York.- Guns and rifles. 101. The Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.— Rifles, etc. 58 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Class 39. - Group V— Contimied. - Traveling Apparatus Equipage. and Camp 102. CoiiTLANu WagonCo.— Buffgies, etc, 103. Simon, E., .feBuos., Newark, K. J.— Trnnlis, etc. 104. Toledo Cot & "WeingkkCo., ToJedo, 01iio.=- FoUling chairs, cots and beds. Agent : J. C. Oakman, Sydney and New York. 105. Mercantile Manufacturing Co. ,Clevclaui], Ohio.^Ai^justable cliaina. Class 40.— Toys. 106. Bigger & Evans, Ciucinnati.— Holler skates. 107. (tERKUON Iron Wheel Co., Toledo, Ohio,— Perambulators, etc. 108. Oakman, J. C, 193 Greenworth street, New Toik. — Roller skates and wheels. 109. SiiEPARD Hardware Co., Buffalo, N. T.— Mechanical toy banks, etc. no. DowDE, D. L., New York. —Home gyraiia- sinm. Class 41. — Products of the Cultivation of Forests and of the Trades appertaining thereto. 111. Pope & Talbot, San Prancisco, Cal.— Sam- ples of wood. 112. Smith & Young, San Pi-ancisco, Cal.— Build- ing supplies. 113. Moore, J. J., & Co., San Prancisco, Cal.— Wooden doors. Group VI. — Raw and Manufactured Pro- cesses and Produce. Class 42. — Products of Hunting, Shooting, Fish- ing, and Spontaneous Products. Machines and Instruments connected therewith. 114. Devine, F. D., Utica, N. X.— Pishing rods. 115. Merry, T. B., Oregon. — Case of Oregon quail (stuffed). 116. Yarnum & Cebe, New York. — Automatic fishing reeh Class 4i3.— Agricultural Products not used for Food. 117. Allen &. Ginter, Richmond, Va.— Tobacco cigarettes, etc. 118. Cameron, W. & Bros., Petersburgh.Va.— To bacco. Agents: Dalgety & Co., Ltd., Mel bourne. 119. Cameron, A., & Co., Richmond, Va.— To bacco. Agents: Dalgety & Co.,Ltd., Mc-1 bourne. 120. DuNLOP, D., Petersbnrgh, Va.— Tobacco. 121. Duke, W., & Son, Sau Francisco, Cal.— Sam- ples of cigarettes. 122. Goodwin & Co., New York.— Cigarettes, to- bacco, etc. 123. Horn & Co., San Francisco, Cal.— Tobacco and cigars. 124. Macklin, J. H. "Tobaccos. Agents: Jacobs, Hart & Co., Queen street, Melbourne. Group VI— Continued. Class ^S.—Agricultural Products not used for Foodr— Continued. 125. Taylor Bros. & Co., Winston, N. C— To- bacco. 126. Williams, T.C.,& Co.,Richmonil, Va— Leaf and manufactured tobacco. 127. Beall, C. H., Bethaoy, W. Va.— Wool. 128. Imjers Bros. & Co., Richmond, Va.- Manu- factured tobacco and leaf-tobaeco. Class 44.— Chemical and Pharmaceutical Prod- ucts. 129. Ayer, J. C, & Co., Lowell, Mass, —Patent medicines. 130. Borne, Scrymser &" Co., NewTork.— Min- eral and lubricating oils. 131. California Glue Works, San Francisco. — Glue. 132. Cheney, G. S., & Co., Boston, Mass.— Medi- cinal herbs, roots, barks, and flowers. 133. Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara. -Olive oil. 134. Finch, L. J., New York.— Pharmaceutical preparations. 135. Hop Bitters Manufacturing Co., Roches- ter, N. Y.— Hop bitters. 136. ISLEY, Doubleday & Cc, New York.— Bid- well's axle-grease, etc. 137. Johnston, H. M., New York. — Fresco paints. 138. Masury, J. W. &. Co., New York.— Coach col- or3 and general paints. 139. Matchless Metal Polish Co., The, Chi- cago.— The matchless metal polish. 140. Reiger, P.,& Co., San Francisco. --Essences and lemon sugar. 141. Upton, G., Boston, Mass. — Liquid fish glue and gelatine. 142. Valentine &^ Co., New York. — Coach-paint- era' varnish and colors, etc. 143. Vogeler, Chas. A., &. Co., Baltimore, Md.— St. Jacob's*oil, 144. Williams, J. B., Connecticut. — Shaving soap. 145. EvEiiDiNG, J., & Co., San Francisco, Cal.— Granulated soap aud launtlry starch. 146. Smith, F. M., San Francisco, Cal. — Boras. 147. Fryer, D. T., Oroville, Cal.— Patent medi- cines, 148. Woodbury Oil Co., San Francisco, Cal. — Engine aud machine oil. Class 45. — Chemical Processes for Bleaching, Dye- ing, Pfinting, Dressing. 149. White, A. A., &. Co., Boston, Mass.— Enamel lop dressing for patent leather. Class 4G.^Leather and Skins. 150. Gregory, H. P., & Co., San Francisco.- Raw and tanned belting. 151. HowAitu Bros. &. Co., Now York.— Razor strops. Agents: H. P. Gregory & Co., 104 Bourke street west, Melbourne; and 17 Pitt street, Sydney. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 59 Group VI— Continued. Class 40. — Leath&f and *Sriti)i«— Continued. 152. Kron, a. R., &Co., Santa Cruz, Cal.— Leather and belting. 153. Ward,E.S.,& Co., Newark, N. J. -Leather for carriage and harness use. Agent : J. C. Oakraan, Sydney and New York. 154. Bloom, S., San Francisco, CaL— Leather and skins. 155. Cook, A. 0., & Son, San Francisco, Cal.— Leather belting. Group YII.— Machinery— Apparatus and Pro- CBSSES USED IN THE MECHANICAL iNDUSTlilES. Class 4,1. ^Agricultural Implements used in the OuUioation of Fields and Forests. 156. Allen, L,, Philadelphia, Pa.— Hand seed sowers. 157. Auburn Manufacturing Co., New York.— Agricultural implements. 158. AuLTMAN, Miller & Co , Akron, Ohio.— Buckeye mowers, etc. 159. Baker & Hamilton Benicia Agricultural Works, 88 Wall street, New Fork. — Plow. ICO. BiCKFORD , Harasthy & Co., San Fraucisco,— California champagne. Group VIII— Continued. Class 12.— Fermented and Distilled Drinks— Continued. 308. Beadleston tfe Woerz, New York.— Lager beer, etc. Agents: H. V. Gregory & Co,, 104 Bourko street west, Melbonnio ; and 17 Pitt street, Sydney. 309. Bergxer & Engel Brewing Co., Phila- delphia. — Bottled malt liquors. 310. Fredericksburg Bre^ving Co., San Joh6, Cal.— Lager beer. 311. Greenway Brewing Co.,- New York.— Pale ale, porter, stout, etc. 312'. Greexebaum, A., &. Co., San Francisco.— BoUled wines. 313. Hannis Distillery Co., Philadelphia. — Pure rye whisky. 314. Mott, S. E-, & J. C, New York.— Cider. 315. Phoenix Bottling Co., i^few York. — Lager beer. 316. Wolfe, J. B., New York. — Schiedam schnapps. Group IX.— Sanitation, Medicine, Hygiene, AND Public Eelief. Class 73. — Sanitary Appliances, Surgical Instru- ments, Plans, Models, etc. 317. DuNCOMBE, S., «fe Co., San Fraucisco. — Air compressor, fracture bed. 318. Jones, R.B.,Philadclpliia.— "White's "Phys- iological Mankind." 319. Oakman, J. C, Greenwortli street. New York.— Oaknian's odorless closets and com- modes. 320. Pacific Electric Co., San Fraucisco, Cal.— Galvanic belts and trusses. 321. Clark, N., & Sons, San Franci.sco, Cal.— Sewer pipes. Class 74.— Ap^arotiw and Processes for healing and lighting. 322. DiETZ, R. E., &C0., Now York.— Lanterns. 323. Oakman, J. "W., Greenworth street^ jS'ew York. — Kerosene stoves. 324. Quick-Meal Vapor Stove Co., St. Louis.— Portable gasolene stoves, etc. 325. Katiibone, Sard & Co., Albany.— Stoves lor cooking, etc. 3i;6. Standard Lighting Co., Cleveland, Ohio.— Oil stoves, plumbers' and tinners' furnaces, vapor stoves, lurnace, and burners, etc. 327. Steam Gauge and Lantern Co., Rochester, N. Y. — Lanterns. 328. AVellingtox Manufacturing Co , New Tork. — Street lamps, autonKitic torches, plumbers' and decorators' furnaces, etc. Group X.— Agriculture and Associated In- dustries. Class 75.— *Srpeei»»ic7is of farm buildings and agri- cultural works. 329. Victor Manufacturing Co., Newburyport, Mass. — Barn-door hanger. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL BXHIDITION AT MELBOUKNE. 63 Group XI.— Hoeti'cultuee. Class 7G. — Conservatories, SorticuU^iral Appa- ratus. 330. Boston Woven Hose Co., Boston.— India- rubber firo and garden boso, etc 331. Hbxky, J. T., Hanidon, Conn.— Giirden tools. Group XII.— Mixing Industries— Maciiineet AND Products. Class 82. — Apparatiis and Processes of the art of mining and metallurgy, 332. Cyclone Pulveuizikg Co., Now York.— Cyclone pulveriser. 333. Foster Fiemant Amalgamatoe Co., Pbila- delplua. — Gold oro amalgamator, in com- plete working order. 334. Pacific Iron Wpeks, San Francisco.- Ore concentrators. Group XII— Continued. Class Si.— Apparatus and Processes of the art of mining and 7netalliirgy—C(mtinuG([. 335. Band Drill Co., New York Eock-driU ma- cbinery. 336. The Eisdon Iron & Locomotive Wokks, San Francisco. — Tbe "Brefan" crusber and pulverizer and the " Kisdou" ore feeder. 337. Sekgkant Eock Drill Co., New York.— Rock drills. Sole agents Australia and Now Zealand : H. P. Gregory & Co., 104 Bourko street west, Melbourne; and 17 Pitt street, Sydney. Class 83. — Mining and Metallurgy, .338. Matchless Metal Polish Co., Chicago.— Tripoli flour. 339. The C alifoesia Peki'Orating Screen Co. , San Francisco, Cal.— Quartz-mill screens. 64 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. ORGANIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL JURIES. List of Classes Allotted to each Jury. [The detail-^ of the classes are given in the system of classification prepared to assist the jarors in their work. J Descriptiou. 9 ' 17 !l8 20 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 37 32 33 35 38 ! Paintiogs in oil and watwr colors. Various paintings, drawings, etc., in- cluding art designs in porcelain, etc. Engravings and litliographs. General application of the arts of draw- ing and modeling. Sculpture and die-sinking and art cast- ings. Education of children, primary instruc- tion of ailults. Organization and appliances for second- ary instruction. Organization, methods, and appliances for superior instruction. Maps, geographical and cosmographical apparatus. Printing and books. Stationery, book-binding, painting, and drawing materials. Pliotographic proofs and apparatus. Musical instruments (organs, harmoni- ums, and pianos). Stringed instramenta, with and without key- boards. Mathematical and philosophical instru- ments. Clocks and watches. l''urniture and accessories. Upholsterers and decorators' work. Pajjer-hangings. Carpets, tapestry, and other stuffs for furniture. Cutlery and edge tools (except surgical instruments). Hatdware, ironmongery, and metallic products. Jewelry, goldsmiths and ailTersmiths' work and precious stones. Electroplated ware. Perfumery and toilet soaps. Fancy leather work and fancy articles in leather and wood of every descrip- tion. Crystal, glass, and stained glass for ta- ble use. Pottery, china, and delph (other than fine art porcelain). Cotton, thread, and fabrics. Thread and fabrics of flax, hemp, jute, etc. Hosiery and accessories of clothing. "Worsted yarn and fabrics. Woolen yarn and fabrics. Shawls. Clothing for men. OS Description. 41 20* 39 31 44 22 40 23 43 43 77 24 45 89 25 46 47 48 2S 49 27 50 28 61 29 53 85 86 87 88 90 30 53 31 51 03 33 65 33 56 34 57 33 58 36 59 37 60 61 62 61 " Ladies. Silk and silk fabrics. Lace net, embroidery, and trimmings. Tfigs and works in hair. Millinery, dress, fancy needle -work, and toys. Cricket materials and other oatdoor games. Boots and shoes. Fire-arms, ordnance, and otlier instru- ments and apparatus for the destruc- tion of life, iiunting, trapping, and fishing, and military engineering. Traveling apparatus and camp equipage. Materials and apparatus for military purposes. Timber and products of forests indige- nous and non-indigenous. Seeds and saplings of forest trees. Vegetable products of land and sea, ob- tained without culture. Cultivated vegetable products of the soil not used for food. Cultivated vegetablo products used for food (other than cereals and flour). Farm and dairy products. Meats and fish. Wiieat, oats, barley, and other agricult- ural products (not otherwise enumer- ated). Garden and orchard products. Conservatories and horticultural appa- ratus. Flowers and ornamental plants. "Vegetables. Fruit and fruit trees. Plants for conservatories. Flour, bread, pastry, and confectionery. Chemicals and chemical products. Apparatus used in chemistry and phar- macy. Pharmaceutical products, spices, condi- ments, and dye materials. Brushwaro and brush materials. "Wool. Tobacco and cigars. Leather and skins. Agricultural implement* naed in the cultivation of nelds and forests. Apparatus used ia »gricoltural works and in works for the preparation of food, irrigation of land, and manulaot- nre of artificial manures. Implements, models, plana, connected with the irrigation ot lands. Machines and apparatus in general. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 65 List of Classbs Allotted to Each Jury— Continuecl. a u ■si i Description. ?i to Description. 5 42 74 37 65 Machine tools. Electric, pneumatic, andotberapparatus. 66 Apparatus used in spinning and ropo malting. 43 8 Architectural and engineering drawings and models. 67 69 Apparatus used in weaving. Machinery used in the manufacture of furniture, etc. 44 75 76 Apparatus and materials of civil engi- ^eering.public works, andarchitecture. Navigation, boat and ship builiog, and 70 Machines and instruments used in coin- ing, etc. 45 78 life-saving. Tea, coffee, etc. 38 39 84 68 71 Specimens of farm buildings and agri- cultural worlis. Sewing and other machines used for making up clothing, etc. Carriages, coach - maters, and wheel- wrights' wor]£. 46 47 48 49 79 80 81 82 83 "Wines and spirits. Beers. Surgical instruments and appliances. Sanitation, hygiene, public relief. Apparatus for heating and lighting. 40 72 Harness and saddlery. 60 01 Apparatus used in the art of mining an^j 41 73 Eailway materials, rolling-stock and ap- pliances. 92 metallurgy. Metals and ores. MEL O 66 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. List op United States Jurors. Name of juror. Exhibits. Name of juror. Exhibits. N. L. McFarlane... Sculpture and die sinking and art castings. H. Barrow Flour, bread, pastry, and con. fectionery. E. S. Bradly Education. H.T.Smith Chemicals and chemical prod- JamoaCook Printing, book-binding, sta- tioneiy, etc. C. S. Paterson . . - . Pharmaceutical products. 11. Wakefield W. Auderson H.G.Bobardt Musical instruments (organs, etc.). Do. • Clocks and watches. Furniture, upholstering, and paper-hanging. Bnishware and brush mate- rials. M.Leddin J. Lipshut L.A.Kimball Do Tobacco and cigars. Do. Agricultural implements. Carriages, coachraakers and wheelwrights' -work. Do. E.J.Burns Do S. Streltle Chas. Peake Agricultural implements. Cutlery, hardware,ironmong- ery, and metallic products. W. Ward Machinery. Do. W. B.Gray G. Aroiison Jewelry and electroplated ware. Jas. Anderson Electric, pneumatic, and other apparatus. Geo. Mason Crystal glass and stained Dr. D. E. Stewart . Wines and spirits. glass for table use. Apparatus for heating and lighting. fire-arms and ordnance. Do Surgical instruments and ap- pliances. Apparatus used in the art of iniuiug and metallurgy. Do 6. Wright, jr ■W.Fleming H. Barrow Vegetable products. Geo. A. Elliot Beers. Do Agricultural products. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 67 AWARDS TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES. [S. M. : special mention. H. M. ; honorable mention. J JURY SECTION 2.— SCULPTURE, DIE-SINKING, AND ART CASTINGS. Order of merit. Name and address of exhibitor. Exhibit. Third The Ansonia Clock Company, Anaonia, Conn ^... Plaques. JURY SECTION" 3.— EDUCATION— ORGANIZATION, METHODS, APPLIANCES, ETC. First and S.M. First . The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. The State of Michigan ■ Educational system text-booka, and examination papers. Special mention for organization and completeness. Educational system. JURY SECTION 4.- STATIONERY, BOOKS, BOOK-BINDING, PRINTING, ETC. First L. Prang & Co., Boston, Mass. . First . Firdt . First ... First ... Second. Third.., Third., Third., H.M. W. H. Page, Wood Type Company, Norwich, Conn .. The Govurnor Fountain Pen Company, Jirooklyn, N. Y. J. Lowell & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan, Philadelphia, Pa Vanderburgh, Wells & Co., New York, N. Y The Kosmain Manufacturing Company, New York, N.Y. The Shannon File Company The Scotford Manufacturing Company, Greenwich street, New York. The Portable Copying-Press and Stationery Com- pany, Michigan. Chromo - lithography, engraving, etc. Wood type. Pens. Engraving and printing. Printing-type. Type, cases, and frames, etc. Safety inks. Letter files. Rubber stamps, presses, etc. Copying-presses. JURY SECTION 5.— PHOTOGRAPHIC PROOFS AND APPARATUS. First Photographs. JURY SECTIONS 6 AND 7.— PIANOS, ORGANS, STRINGED AND WIND INSTRUMENTS, ETC. First .- First .. First .. First .. First .. Second . Second - Third.. Third.., Behr Bros. & Co., New York. The Estey American Organ Company, Vermont ... Loring & Blake, Worcester, Mass. The Smith American Organ Company, Boston Maaou «fe Hamlin, New York The T. M. Antisell Piano Company, San Francisco The Wilcox & White Organ Company, Meridian, Conn The W. W. Kimball Company, Chicago Carpenter's Angelus Organ Company Upright pianos, with patent cylin- der top. American organs. Organs. Cabinet organs. Do. Upright grand pianos. Organs. Do! JURY SECTION 8.— CLOCKS AND WATCHES. MATHEMATICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC. First and S.M. First First , Third Third H.M The American Elgin National Watch Company, Elgin The Seth Thomas Clock Company, Thomaston, Conn. The American Waltham Watch Company, Waltham, The Ansonia Clock Company, Ansonia, Conn The Self-winding Synchronizing Clock Company, Limited, New York. The Waterbury Watch Company, Waterbury, Conn. Watches. American clocks. Non-magnetic watches. Bronze clocks, etc Self-winding clocks. Waterbury watches. 68 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. AWARDS TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued. JURY SECTION 9. -FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERERS' AND DECORATORS' WORK, PAPER. HANGINGS, ETC. Order of merit. First . Second Second Second Second Third. Tliird. Name and address of exhibitor. The Charles M. Plum Upholstery Company, 1301-7 Market Square, San Francisco. The Lowell Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia.. Wemy 88 Bros , Boston, Mass The Racine Hardware Company, Racine, Wis The Trenton Spring Mattress Company, Trenton, N.J. The Toledo Cot and Wringer Company, Toledo, Ohio. Hey wood Bros. & Co., San Francisco Exhibit Upholstery. Hammoquette chairs. Furniture. Opera chairs, etc. Wire mattresses and window- blinds. Cots. Rattan and reed furniture. JURY SECTION 10.— CARPETS, TAPESTRY, AND OTHER STUFFS FOR FURNITURE. First .,, Second. J . C. Weraple, New York E.H. Marwidell, San Francisco. Spring roller-blinds or shades. Roller blinds or shadefl. JURY SECTION 11.— CUTLERY, HARDWARE, IRONMONGERY, ETC. First C S Osborne & Co., Newark, N.J Saddlers' tools. First First First The R, Bliss Manufacturing Company, Pawtucket, R.I. The Yictor Manufacturing Company, Newburyport, Mass. The A. F. Pike Manufacturing Company, New Hampshire. Carpenters' wood-tool ware. Door-hangers. Oil-stones. Spring balances. Malleable castings. First A. & M. Haydon, Philadelphia ..I First John A. Roeolmg & Sons, New York Wire rope. Second The Franklyn Moore Manufacturing Company, Win- sted, Conn. Bolts. JURY SECTION 12 JEWELRY. GOLDSMITHS' AND SILYERSMITHS' WORK, PRECIOUS STONES, ELECTROPLATED WARE. First First First Simpson, Hall &. Miller, Wallingford, Conn TheBrooklyn Watch Cas * Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. Joseph Fahy'a Watch Case Company, Sag Harbor, N.Y. Electroplate. Gold watch-cases. Silver watch-casea. JURY SECTION 13.— PERFUMERY AND TOILET SOAPS. First and S.M. First Second Third H.M Colgate & Co., New York Ladd & Coffin, New York Colgate & Co., New York •The Western Perfumery Company, San Francisco. J. B. Williams & Co., Connecticut Toilet soaps. Perfumery. Toilet waters. Perfumery and toilet requisite Toilet soaps. JURY SECTION 15.— CRYSTAL, GLASS, STAINED GLASS, AND GLASS FOR TABLE USE. First .. Second. The Thomas Evans Company, Pittsburgh, Pa I Lamp-chiraueys. Adams & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa Table glassware. JURY SECTION 16.- POTTERY, CHINA, AND DELF (OTHER THAN FINE ART PORCELAIN). Second. The Rockwood Pottery Company Pottery. JURY SECTION 21.— CRICKET, FOOT-BALL, AND TENNIS MATERIALS, ETC. First. First. J. C. Oakman, New York .- .... I Roller skates. Bigger & Evans, Cincinnati Do. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIO^T AT MELBOURNE. 69 AWARD TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued. jaET SECTIOIIfl" 23.— FIEE-AEMS, MILITAKY TVEAPONS, APPAEATUS FOR HUNTING, FISHING, ETC. Older of merit. First and S. M. First Third . Name aud address of exhibitor. Exhibit. The "Winchester Repeating- Arms Company, New Haven, Conn. The Marlin Fire-Arms Company, New HavoD, Conn The Toledo CotandWringerCompany, Toledo, Ohio. Rifles, ammunition, etc., magazine ahot-suns, repeating rifles. "Marlin "revolvers and repeating rifles, aud "Ballard" single-shot rifles. Portable bedsteads. JURY SECTION 24.— TIMBER AND FORESTRY. First..., Second . Third.. H.M.... The Standard Handle Company, Knoxville, Pa... Smith & Young, San Francisco J. J . Moore & Co. , San Francisco Hurlbut Brothers, Brannan street, San Francisco. Ax, pick, and hammer handles. Turned ■wood. Sugar-pine doors. Veneers. JURY SECTION 25.— VEGETABLE PRODUCTS (OTHER THAN CEREALS AND FLOUR). First... Second. The GleuCoveManufacturingCompany, New York-I Maizena. Emerson's Albumenoid Food Company, New York..! Albumenoid food. JURY SECTION 27.— MEATS AND FISH. First and S.M. First and S.M. First Second — Third. Third H.M Richardson & Robbins, Dover, Del. ., The Franco- American Food Company, New York . . . Richardson & Robbins, Dover, Del do The Armour Packing Company do do Potted ham. Soups. Luncheon ham. Ox tongues. Luncheon ham. Corned beef. Ox tongues. JURY SECTION 29.— HORTICULTURE, FLORICULTURE, ETC. First Maw, Sadler & Co. , San Francisco - Dried fruits. JURY SECTION 3L-CHEMICALS, CHEMICAL :^RODUCTS, AND APPARATUS. First . H.M., The Matchless Metal Polish Company, Chicago. J.Everding & Co., San Francisco Metal polishes. Soap. JURY SECTION 32.— PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND APPARATUS, SPICES CON- DIMENTS, ETC. First , First , First First First First First , First , Second ... Third , Third Third H.M Gordon & Dilworth, New York Isley, Doubleday & Co., New York J. W. Masury & Co., New York H. M. Johnston, New York Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara G. Upton, Boston Valentine & Co., New York Wadsworth, Howland & Co., Cincinnati . Frazer Lubricator Company, New York . B. Mooro & Co., Brooklyn Woolsey Borne, Scrymser & Co., New York G.S.Cheney & Co., Boston Tomato sauce. Bidwell's axle grease and lubri- cating oils. Paints. Do. Olive oil. Liquid fish glue. Colors and varnishes. Paints. Axle-grease. Xalsomine. Do. Mineral and lubricating oils. Roots, barks, herbs, etc. JURY SECTION 33.-BRUSHWARE, BRUSH MATERIALS, ETC. First J. L. Whiting & Son, Boston First The California Glue Works, San Francisco . Paint-brushes. Glue. 70 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. AWARDS TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued. JURY SECTION 35.— TOBACCO AND CIGARS. Order of merit. Name and address of exhibitor. Exhibit. First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First Second — H.M T.C.Williams & Co., Richmond, Ya D. Dunlop, Petersbnrgh, Ya Allen & Ginter, Richmond, Ya "William Cameron & Brothers, Petersbnrgh, Ya . Goodwin & Co., New York AlexaDder Cameron &. Co., Richmond, Va Horn &, Co;, San Francisco Manufactured tobacco ; special mention for aromatic and light- Manufactured tobacco ; special mention for black work. 'Cigarettes and cut tobacco. Manufactured tobacco. Cut cigarette tobacco. Manufactured tobacco. Cigars. JURY SECTION 36. -LEATHER, SKINS, ETC. First E.S. "Ward & Co., Newark Second A. R. Kron & Co., Santa Cruz, Cal Do. JURY SECTION 37.— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND PROCESSES. First and S.M. First and - S.M. First and S. M. First and S. M. First First , First First , First , First First First First First First : Second Second Second Second Second.... Second Second Second Third Third Third H.M The McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, limited, Cliicago, 111. Aultman, Miller & Co., Akron, Ohio G. T. Smith (Middlings Purifier Company), Jackson, Mich. Tho firm of John Matthews, New York, N. Y — Mace Baker & Hamilton, Benicia Agricultural "Works, New York, N. Y. The Economist Plow Company, South Bend, Ind . - . The Auburn ManufacturJDg Company, New York, N.Y. The Geneva Tool Company, Geneva, Ohio P. P. Mast, Springfield The "W. A. Woods Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. L. Allen, Philadelphia, Pa , The Planet Garden Tool Company , Bickford and Hauffmann, Macedon, N. T The Kilburn Windmill Company The Pitts Agricultural Works Company, Buffalo... D. Bradley Manufacturing Company, Chicago Derby & Ball, Bellows Palls, Yt A. H. Reid, Philadelphia D. W. Osborne & Co., New York The Deering Reaper and Binder and Mowing Ma- chine Company. Park & Lucey, San Francisco TheYermont Farm ManufacturingCompany, Bellows Williams Bros., Ithaca, N. Y The Hiram Holt Company, East Stilton, Me Meyers & Ervine, Philadelphia The Buchanan Windmill Company, Buchanan, Mich Steel reaper and hinder. "Buckeye" reapers and binders, mowers, etc. Centrifugal reels and middlings purifiers. Working carbonated beverage ap- paratus. Ice-chest. Sulky plow. Plowa. Agricultural implements. Do. Seed drill. Reaper and binder. Hand seed-aowers. Garden tools. Seed and manure drill. Windmill pumps. Agricultural implements and ma- chines. Plows. Agricultural-implement handles. Dairy fixtures. Reaper and binder. Harvesting machinery. Windmill and steam pump. Apparatusforcooling milk, churns, etc. Portable agricultural engines. Lightning hay-forks. Hay-forks, etc. Windmill pump. JURY SECTION 37a. -MACHINERY AND APPARATUS IN GENERAL. The Bissell Carpet Sweeper Company, New York ' Carpet sweeper. The National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio.' National self-acting and cashregia \ ter. The Colt's Machine Company ' Colt's armory printing machine. The G. F. Blake Manufacturing Company, New York . j Direct-acting feed-pumps. Hall Type-writer Company, Salem, Mass | Type-writer model, 1887. The American Type-writing Machine Company, Caligraph type-writer. Hartford, Conn. | First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First First CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 71 AWARDS TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued. JURY SECTIOX 37a.— MACHINERY AND APPARATUS IN GENERAL— Continued. Order of merit. Name and address of exhibitor. Exhibit. First Wyckoff Searoans, and Benedict, New Xork. . . Kemingtop type-writer. High speed 'automatic cut-off en- gines. Bicycles. Saw-grinding machinery. Grain-cleaning machine. Hammond type-writer. Washi Q g> m ach in e. E Qgine-governoTs . First The Ball Engine Company, Erie, Fa First First H. B.Smith First Howes and E well, Silver Creek Second Second The Hammond Typewriter Company, New York ... The Cambridge Company Second T. R. Pickering & Co., Portland, Conn Second B. F, Sturtevant Boston Second E. J. Fairbanks & Co., Vermont .. .. "Weighing-machines. Cistern and force pumps. Printing machinery. Fire-extinguishers. Second Third Gould's Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. T. Goldingjfe Co., Boston Third Edison JFire Extinguishing Company, United States. JURY SECTION 37b.— MACHINE TOOLS AND MACHINERY ITSED IN THE MANUFACT- URE OF FURNITURE. First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First and S.M. First , First First ....... First , Second Second Second Second Second Second Second Second Second Third Third , H. M J. A. Fay & Co., Cincinnati Greenlee Bros., Chicago Henry Disston & Sous, Philadelphia The Bridgeport Gun and Implement C ompany Frank & Co., Buffalo Goodell & Waters, Philadelphia The Tanite Company, Stroudsburgh W. Ward, San Francisco W. & J. Barnes & Co., Rockford, HI J . A. White, New Hampshire S. A. Woods, New York H. B. Smith, New Jersey The Hendy Machine Company, Torrington The Buffalo Forge Company, iBuffjilo The Cheney Hammer Company, New York. The Turner, Day and Woolworth Manufacturing Company, Louisville, "Ky. Wethorby, Rugg & Richardson, Massachusetts Wiley & Russell, Massachusetts H. S. Beach, Pennsylvania , C. S. Osborne & Co., Newark Wood-working machinery. Do. Circular and flat saws. Forstner auger-bits. Wood-working machinery. Do. Grinding and sharpening machin- ery. Metal-expanding machine. Wood-working machinuiy. Do. Do. Do. Shaping machinery. Portable smiths' forges, with fans. Hamraer-liandlea. Ax and pick handles. Wood- working machinery. Stocks and dies. Wond-woiking machinery. Plambers' tools. JURY SECTION 38.— SEWING AND OTHER MACHINES FOR MAKING UP CLOTHING. First and S.M. First and S. M. First First Second Second The Singer Manufacturing Company, Now York . . The Empire Laundry Machinery Company, Boston . The Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company, New York. The Davis Sewing Machine Company, New York .. The New York Sewing Machine Company, New York . The Bailey Wringing Machine Company, Woon- socket, R. I. Collection sewing-machines. Steam-laundry machinery. Collection sewing-machines. Familv sewing-machine. Do. Collection household wringers. JURY SECTION 39.— CARRIAGES, COACHMAKBRS' AND WHEELWRIGHTS' WORK. First ., First ., Second Second Second Second. Third.. Dann Bros. & Co., New Haven, Conn W. Fleming {agent for Studebaker) The Gendron Iron Wheel Company, Toledo, Ohio. The Abbott Buggy Company, Chicago The Columbus Buggy Company The Cortland Wagon Company F. Boylston, New York Collective exhibit of bent timber. Collective exhibit of buggies. Perambulators. Under-carriagea. Collective exhibit of buggies and material. Do. Perambulators. JURY SECTION 40. -HARNESS AND SADDLERY. First and S.M. Second Third , Third , J. R. Hill & Co The Standard Gig Saddle Company, Jackson, Mich.. Sargent & Co,, New York .' J. Wilson, Erie, Pa Saddlery and harness. Saddlery. Harness mountings. Horeie nets. 72 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. AWARDS TO EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued. JUET SECTION 41— EAILWAY MATEEIALS, ROLLING STOCK, AND APPLIANCES. Order of merit. Name and address of exhibitor. Exhibit. Second The Kalai«azoo Kail Tricycle Company, New York.. Rail tricycle. JUET SECTION 42.— ELECTEICAL, PNEUMATIC. AND OTHER APPARATUS. First and S.M. Pirst The Thorn son- Houston Electric Company, Boston.. The Western Electric Manufacturing Company, Chi- cago. Electric- tram way, motors, and dy- namos. Electric bells and fittings. JURY SECTION 44.— NAVIGATION, SHIP-BUILDING, LIFE-PRESERVING, ETC. Third The Racine Hardware Company, Wisconsin | Boats. JURY SECTION 4G.— WINES, SPIRITS, AND LIQUORS. First ... First ... Second . The Hannia Distillery Company, Philadelphia. A. Greenbaum & Co.. San Francisco J. B. Wolfe, New York Wbisty. White wine. Schnapps. JURY SECTION 47.-BULK BEERS AND STOUT. BOTTLED BEERS AND STOUT, AND CORDIALS, ETC. First and S.M. First First First First Second — Second . Second . Third... Tbird... Third... Third . , Third. Third. S. R. & J. C. Mott, New York. .do . .do . Beadleston & Woerz, New York H. Clausen & Sons, New York The Bergner and Engel Brewing Company, Phila- delphia. The Anheiiser-BnschBrewing Association, St. Louis. E. Conrad »fe Co Beadleston 6z. Woerz, New York The Greenway Brewing Company, New York The Bergner and Engel Brewing Company, Phila- delphia. The Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association, St. Louis do do Sweet cider. Cider, "Golden Russet." Cider, "Sparkling Crabapple.' Lager beer, "Culmbacher." Lager beer, "PiiceDix." Lager beer. Lager beer, ' Lager beer, ' Lager beer. Lager beer, ' Lager beer, ' Faust." Budveiner." 'Imperial." Germania Export.' Tannhauser." Lager beer, "Erlanger." Lager beer, " St. Louis." Lager beer, " St. Louis Pale." JURY SECTION 48— SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES. First ... Second . Second William S. Duncombe &■ Co., San Francisco The C. and C. Electric Motor Company, New York. .. A fracture-bed. Primary battery for lighting small exploring lamps. The Pacific Electric Company, San Francisco 1 Electric apparatus. JURY SECTION 49.— FILTERS, GAS-MAKING MACHINES. SANITARY APPLIANCES. LIGHTING AND HEATING APPARATUS. First and S.M. Third Thiid H. M H. M Ralhbone, Sard Si. Co., Albany . R.E.Dietz &, Co., New York.. J. C. Oakman, New York The Quick Meal Vapor Stove Company, at. Louis . . . The Wellington Manufacturing Company, New York . Stoves. Lanterns. Oakman's aiphonic odorless closets. Portable gasoline stoves. Lamps, torches, etc. JURY SECTION 50.— MINERALS, MINING MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS. First and S.M. First Second Second — Third H. M. H.M. The IngersoU Lightning Rock Drill Company, New York. The Rand Drill Company, New York The Knowles Duplex Pumps Company, New York and Boston. The Climax Fuse Company, New York The Foster-Firmin Amalgamator Company, Phila- delphia. The California Perforating Screen Company, San * Francisco. The Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works Comjiany, San Francisco. Rock drill; special mention for its perfection of stroke. Rock-drilling machinery. Duplex compound mining pumps. Safety blasting fuses. Gold-ore amalgamator, in working order. Quartz-mill screens. The "Bryan roller mill" and "Ris- don ore-feeder." CHAPTER II. REPORTS RELATING TO THE EXHIBITION. 73 < I I- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DISBURSING OFFICER TO THE COMMISSION, AND SUPEROTENDENT Of THE UNITED STATES COURT. Sir : Having been detailed for duty in connection witli the Melbourne International Exhibition, I reported to the Chief Commissioner on the 25th day of April, 1888, aad at once opened and took charge of an office in Washington, D. 0. All those who had applied for space were informed that their appli- cations had been received and would be attended to, and further appli- cations were filed. Through the courtesy of the Associated Press, ar- ticles appeared in the principal papers informing merchants thatofQces had been opened in Washington and Sau Francisco. Assistant Commissioner F. B. Wheeler left San Francisco for Mel- bourne at the beginning of May, taking with him all applications for space that had been received up to that time. The office at Washing- ton was closed May 21, and Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry and I left San Francisco for Melbourne early in June, arriving in Mel- bourne June 29. INSTRUCTIONS. Before starting the following instructions were given to me by the Chief Commissioner and read to all the Commissioners in Melbourne on the day of our arrival : Office of the Commissioner for the United States TO the Melbourne Exhibition, 312 California Street, San Francisco, Cal., May 31, 1888. Dear Sir: Herewith I hand you four drafts upon Messrs. Brown, Shipley & Co.f of London, hankers, for the aggregate sum of £1,900, drawn in lirst and second of exchange and numbered as hereinafter designated. No. 1 for .- £500 No. 2 for 500 No. 3 for 50a No. 4 for 40a Total 1,900 As yourself and Assistant Commissioners Wheeler and Merry, also the Consul-Gen- eral, will he on the ground thirty days prior to my arrival in Melbourne, it is desira- ble that the Board should be in thorough organization at once, as much of the busi- ness intrusted to and devolving upon the Commission will have been accomplished before I can reach there. I would therefore suggest that a temporary organization of 75 76 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. the Board be had, with one of the Assistant Commiasioners as its temporary chairman a,ud yourself as secretary, together with the Honorary Commissioners already desig- nated to act as such in behalf of the United States. As the amount appropriated by Congress for defraying the expenses of the American portion of the Exhibition is very small, the utmost caution will be necessary in incurring expenses for getting the American exhibit in order. I would therefore suggest that before bills are incurred, the Commissioners shall consider each proposed expenditure and jointly concur in Jiuthorizing it. It is desirable that all the business of the Commission be conducted in a spirit of harmony, which, I am confident, you will be as anxious to establish and preserve as myself, and in which, I trust, each and every member of this Commission will voluntarily aid you and at all times refrain from anything which might tend to impair your efficiency as an officer. I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant, Frank McCoppin, U. S. Commissioner. Lieut. A. Marix, U. S. N., Secretary and Dibbursing Officer. In accordance with these instructions regular meetings were held three times a week, and these instructions fully carried out. SPACES ASSIGNED. Immediately after our arrival spaces were assigned to the applicants, and marked out on the floor of the court, and on the 1st day of July the work of unpacking and erecting the exhibits was commenced. Owing to the inadequacy of the main building, in regard to size, sev- eral annexes had to be erected, and our exhibits had to be placed in seven different courts. This was unfortunate and prevented our mak- ing as impressive a display as we could have done otherwise; yet we fared better than the other nations in this respect, as their exhibits were even more distributed. Our sections were as follows : Square feet. Main Industrial Court 40,000 Small Industrial Court under the dome for jewelry and fine exhibits 3,900 Educational Court 495 Tirst Machinery Court (in motion) 18, 000 Second Machinery Court (in motion) 13,050 Third Machinery Court (agricultural, in motion) 4,556 Fourth Machinery Court (principally silent) 9,400 The Educational Court was at one end of the Industrial Section ; and the first machinery court, abreast of the latter, the two communicating by three large gates. There was a direct communication between the first and second machinery courts, and the third and fourth were also together, and communication between them by two doors. INDUSTRIAL COURT. The Industrial Section was 482 feet long and 83 feet wide. The ex- hibits were placed in three rows, two of these facing each other, with a passage 10 feet wide between them ; and the third row facing the Ger- man Court, and having a passage of the same width between the two. UNITED STATES EDUCATIONAL COURT. CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 77 Nearly all the exhibits were placed on platforms about 18 inches high, and made a more substantial appearance than those of the other courts, most of which were on the bare flooring. Our having two large pas- sagesffrom which to view the exhibits also proved to be a great advan- tage, and brought to our court the bulk of the visitors. The people showed a decided objection to dodge around show cases, and hunt for exhibits. The stream of visitors passed down the Grand Avenue of Na- tions, and after reaching the northern end turned into the two passages of our court. In passing into the garden at the northern gate, our first and second machinery courts were on either side and easily accessible. The entrance to the Industrial Section was decorated in white and gold, with American shields and ilags. There was also a large arch reaching to the roof of the building, on which the names of all the States and Territories were inscribed in gold letters. The offices of the Commission were located in this section, being a plain building with two rooms, surrounded by a garden. On the Edu- cational Court, a substantial building, representing a school-house, was erected. From the 1st of July until the opening day a gang of laborers was employed to assist exhibitors in unpacking and erecting their ex- hibits. REMOVAL OF EXHIBITS. The Exhibition having been formally closed on January 31, 1889, a gang of laborers was again employed from that day until March 31, in order to assist the exhibitors in packing and removing their goods. Up to March the 11th, the public was admitted between 11 a. m. and 6 p. m., at the usual rate of admission. During this space of time many exhibits were removed, and others sold by auction. All the United States Government property, other than that which was sent to the Paris Exposition, was also sold by auction. After March 11 the public was not admitted, and exhibitors were directed to have their goods removed by March 31, in accordance with the following regula- tions, viz : Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888. The attention of exhibitors is drawn to the 25th clause of the Eegnlations con- tained in the Official Prospectns issued in February, 1887, and under which they un- dertook to exhibit, viz : "Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors or their duly appointed agents shall remove their effects, and complete such removal by the 31st of March, 1889. Goods then remaining will be removed by orders of the Executive Commission- ers, and sold by auction, or otherwise disposed of under the direction of the Execu- tive Commissioners, and the net proceeds handed to the exhibitors or the duly ap- pointed agents." By order : George T. A. Lavatek, Seoretarji. February 16, 1889. 78 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. The following exhibits were, at the request of the exhibitors, presented to the Permanent Exhibition at Melbourne : Southern Pacific Eailway Company, exhibit of photographs. California State Board of Silk Culture, exhibit of silk-worms, raw silk, etc. State of Michigan, educational exhibit. Interstate Publishing Company, of Chicago, 111., one set of school books. Peterson Brothers, Philadelphia, books on elocution. State of Rhode Island, school manual. Of the other exhibits, the few that had been consigned to the United States Commissioners were returned to the owners, and the others were taken charge of by the exhibitors or their duly appointed agents, and either sold or removed from the building. EMPLOTfiS. The following is a list of the persons, with a statement of their pay per month, who were employed at Melbourne by this Commission, viz : J. H. Bush, clerk $100.00 William Wilmot, copyist 58. 40 James Washington (colored), head porter 53.53 J. J. Labato (colored), porter ■ 43. 80 C. H. Lewis (colored), porter 43.80 Mrs. Walp.le, attendant Educational Court 48. 67 John Mariner, attendant 19. 47 John Bain, attendant 12. 16 STATEMENT OF EXPENDITUBES. As Disbursing Ofacer of the Commission, I have the honor to make the following report of expenditures, viz : 1. Compensation to Commissioners |15, 000. 00 2. Allowance for expenses of Commissioner 2,297.00 3. Personal expenses of the two special agents from the United States Department of Agriculture 1^ 694. 97 4. Compensation to experts for making special reports 715. 38 6. Personal expenses of secretary, and compensation to clerical force at Washington, San Francisco, and Melbourne 4 890.79 <3. Compensation to porters and attendants 1 722. 29 7. Fittings and decoration of Industrial and Machinery Courts 6, 637. 12 8. Constructing, fitting, and decorating Educational Court 2,520.27 9. Labor, freight, cartage, wharfage, etc 2 325. 28 10. Badges and certificates of service to Commissioners and j urors 328. 98 11. Expenses of Commissioner's ofiSces, including cablegrams, telegrams, postage, stationery, etc ygg ^g 12. Photographs, lithographs, engravings, and publishing of Reports ... 1,514.45 Total..... 40,612.99 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 79 FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Appropriation by Congress $50,000.00 Premiums on six drafts (on London) 29. 79 Net proceeds of the sale by auction of United States Government prop- erty 1,153.47 Receipts 51,183.26 Expenditures 40,612.99 Balance unexpended 10,570,27 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. Marix, Lieutenant, U. S. Navy. Hon. Prank McOoppin, TI. is. Commissioner. REPORT ON THE EXHIBITION AT LARGE. By James Smith, Esq., of Mtlbourne. Originally intended to cover a space of not more than 24 acres, the buildings erected in one of the public reserves of the city cover a space of 35J acres, or 12^ acres less than the area occupied by the Centenary structure in Philadelphia. What may be called the main building was erected for the International Exhibition of 1880, and nearly one-half of it has been reserved for musical entertainments, two of which have been given almost daily since the opening of the show on the 2d of August last. A continuous gallery, carried round the whole of this edifice, has served for the reception of pictures and statuary, including a large loan col- lection sent out from Great Britain, a similar collection lent by resi- dents in Victoria, and a fine display of oil paintings by contemporary artists in France, Germany, and Belgium, as well as by those resident in the colony. One half of the extensive annexes are occupied almost exclusively by Australasian exhibits, the only exception being a com- paratively small space assigned to Canada. The other half is divided into unequal sections for the use of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austro- Hungary, Belgium, Holland, Spain, Portu- gal, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, China, Japan, India, Ceylon, TSew Guinea, North Borneo, Madagascar, and Seychelles. But many of these countries are represented by exhibits so few in number and so un- important in character as to be disentitled to any further mention. GREAT BRITAIN. As might be expected, Great Britain makes an imposing display of all kinds of machinery, metal manufactures, alimentary products, tex- tile fabrics, fictile wares, weapons, cutlery, chemical and pharmaceuti- cal products, and mechanical apxiaratus of all kinds. POBCELAIN AND POTTERY. One of the branches of art manufacture in which England excels is that of porcelain and pottery; and nothing can be more beautiful of its kind than the ornamental ceramics with an ivory body exhibited by MEL 6 81 82 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. the Eoyal Worcester Works, the form, substance, aud surface of the articles being as dainty and delicate as their decorations. Next to these in attractiveness aud importance is a very large collective exhibit by the Derby Grown Porcelain Company, Josiah Wedgewood & Sons, Doulton & Co., of Burslem, and Uoultou & Co., of Lambeth, The first of these companies was formed about eleven years ago by the then managing director of the Eoyal Porcelain Works at Worcester, who severed his connection with the latter, and purchased the site of the old Derby work-house, and transformed it, with numerous additions, into a china factory, with the intention of reviving in it a local indas- tiy which had been established there somewhere about the year 1750, tradition reports by a Frenchman named Planch^, who was the ances- tor of the well-known dramatist and antiquary who died at a very ad- vanced age not long ago. The porcelain achieved a high reputation from 1777 to 1815, partly on account of the excellence of the workman- ship, and partly because none but perfect goods were allowed to leave the premises. This rule was discontinued after the last-named year, and the works began to decline in consequence. They were finally closed in 1848, and most of the workmen migrated into Staffordshire and Worcestershire, although a few remained and commenced making "Derby china" in other premises. It may be interesting to mention that it was a Derby workman, who, while engaged in some experiments to recover the secret of the biscuit composition, accidentally i^roduced the material known as "Parian," which has since been brought to such perfection by the Copelands and Mintons. Since the resuscitation of the industry of the Derby Grown Porcelain Company not only have the old fabrics been equaled in form, color, and material, but they have been excelled in point of decoration. Among the names of the artists engaged in this work we find those of Count Hotezen- dorff, a clever landscape painter; James Rouse, whose talent lies in the same direction; I. Platts and H. Deakin, both of whom are figure paint- ers; while the principal modeler is Mr. W. H. Hogg, who is an exhibitor at the Eoyal Academy. The wares produced combine hardness and tenacity of substance with tenuity and transparency, and the decorations, in which a profusion of raised gold and delicate colors are employed, are often of a sumptuous character. Such an epithet may be justly applied to a pair of Persian vases, with a canary-colored ground, enriched with geometrical orna- ments and with bosses of ruby and gold ; the handles and covers pierced, and the birds and foliage by which the hilts are adorned, laid on in dead and burnished gold, the former constituting the shadows, as it were, of the picture. Near these is a beautiful group of three vases, with gold ornaments on a Pompadour ros j ground ; the covers, necks, and handles, more par- ticularly, being choice specimens of Oriental ornamentation, modified so as to bring it into harmony with the freer treatment of the more CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 83 modern designs employed in the decoration of the dominant division of each of the vessels. Noticeable, also, is a pair of vases with a ground resembling in color that of one variety of birds' eggs, upon which some iieacock's feathers of different sizes seem to have been carelessly thrown, although their curves have really been arranged with the happiest skill, and the lus- trous iris of each almost rivals the metallic brilliancy of the originals. Two large vases with a creamy ground, decorated with lotos leaves in dead and burnished gold, may be referred to as instructive examples of elegance of form and subdued richness of ornament. The same shape is repeated in a vase with a slate colored body, with a simple and recur- rent ornament, partially Alhambresque in character, in burnished gold, and the neck and covers of Derby blue. Two small canary-colored Persian vases, daintily decorated, are a delight to the eye. ISTor must we omit to mention, among other cabinet specimens, a pair of pot-pourri vases with Pompadour rose panels, symmetrically decorated with figures that are partly geometrical and partly composed of scrolls and flowing lines, jeweled in places, the panels being separated from each other by black bands similarly treated, the general effect being extremely har- monious. There is no name more prominently or honorably identified with the rise and progress of ceramic art in England than that of Josiah Wedgewood, the son and grandson of a potter. He began in a small way at Burs- lem, had the good fortune to attract the notice and obtain the patronage of the royal family, and becoming prosperous in his circumstances he established a colony in the vicinity, where his factory covered 6 acres, and a village grew up around it. By his marriage with his seventh cousin, Sarah Wedgewood, he eventually became possessed of a fortune of £20,000, and the greater his prosperity the more liberally he expended the resources at his command in the prosecution of researches for the discovery of new materials and improved processes, and in engaging men of the highest ability to execute designs and to invent and apply decorations. Flaxman, the sculptor, was one of these — a man whose art had been founded on the highest examples of the purest Greek art, poetical in sentiment and pure and refined in taste. Admirable in his modeling and skillful in the grouping and arrangement of the figures with which he enriched the jasper jilaques and vases, he ele- vated the decoration of ceramic wares into a branch of the fine arts, and revived the methods and traditions of ancient Greece in this respect. The jasper vases in black basalt, pale blue and pale green, with classic figures in white relief, of the purest texture, encircling their dominant divisions; the Golconda ware, a recent invention, in which gold orna- ments enrich a jasper body ; a large vase of sage-green on a pedestal, the principal decoration of which is the Apotheosis of Homer; and an- other, adorned with a group, of singularly graceful design, representing the Dance of the Houris, after one ol Flaxman's choicest models, may be 84 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. singled out for special praise ; although, indeed, but little else can be awarded to the collective exhibit, which proves that, under its present management, this famous factory has not allowed the Staffordshire Eenaissance of 1862 to subside. Lambeth seems to have been the seat of pottery works for upwards of two centuries, and the fabrication of delft-ware, in addition to the articles previously manufactured there, was commenced by a Dutchman, who came over in 1676, on the recommendation of the English ambas- sador at the Hague, and took out a patent for making the glazed tiles which were formerly used so largely for lining fire-places with. When Mr. John Doulton, who had received his technical instruction at the Fulham potteries, established himself in Vauxhall Walk, about the year 1815, his modest works were in the midst of a rural suburb, with an acre of garden ground attached to them, a fishpond, an orchard, and a vinery, and an old-fashioned wind-mill, which figured in some of the early sketches of George Morland, who lived in the Lambeth road, close by. To-day the Doulton works are surrounded by a densely populated district, and in lieu of the 12 workmen who were employed in the year 1831, there are now 2,000 in the pay of the firm at Lambeth alone ; and Mr. Henry Doulton, the present senior member of it, who entered the works at the age of fifteen, was honored with the Albert medal of the Society of Arts in 1885, the Prince of Wales remarking as he presented it : This medal, instituted twenty-two years ago, has heen awarded only to those who for distinguished merit in promoting arts, manufactures, and commerce, are worthy of receiving it. From all you have done, Mr. Doulton, for art, not only in this coun- try but throughout the world, I do not think there is any one more deserring of the high compliment we are about to pay you. It should be added, however, that it is only through the excellent in- struction communicated at the Lambeth School of Art that the faience manufactured at that place has been enabk-d to acquire the great rep- utation it deservedly enjoys. This school was established in 1854, by the Rev. W. Gregory, the then vicar of St. Mary's, Lambeth, and since that time, under the direction of Mr. John Sparkes, who was determined to prove that there is exquisite taste and endless inventive power latent in Englishmen and Englishwomen, more particularly among the latter, some excellent artists have been trained for decorative work. These in- clude Mr. George Tinworth, whom a competent judge has pronounced to be " the most creative religious sculptor of the day ; " Mr. Eyre, whose figure painting belongs to the highest kind of decorative art ; Mr. A. E. Pearce, whose ability is shown in designing forms more particularly • Mr. F. A, Butler, a deaf and dumb artist of great versatility ; the late Miss H. B. Barlow, who was so skillful in etching figures upon the still soft clay ; her sister Florence ; Miss K. Rogers, who excels in depicting flowers ; Miss L. Watt, who paints children's figures ; Miss E. Lewis who makes landscapes her specialty; and many other young ladies who CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 85 find cougenial and remunerative employment in the decoration of ar- tistic pottery; Burslemisknown as "the mother of the potteries," and was famous for its earthenware as far back as the year 1686 ; but it was not until the year 1880 that the old Nile-street works passed into the hands of Messrs. Doultou, of Lambeth, who soon applied themselves with characteristic energy and spirit to the perfecting of the material they have since wrought up into such beautiful forms, besides imparting to it such a softness of surface and delicacy of tone as well as lightness of sub- stance as to render it indistinguishable, at a little distance, from porce- lain. And with this perfected substance to work upon, the firm resolved that when intended for ornamental purposes its decoration should be worthy of the material, and therefore they secured the co-operation of trained artists, while at the, same time taking advantage of the discov- eries of chemical science with respect to glazes and metallic ornaments. Among the wares produced are two varieties, the " Severn " and the " Trent," which certainly take rank among the highest achievements of the works at Burslem. According to the testimony of an expert, the first " is remarkable for the brilliancy of its under-glaze painting, Mhich no atmospheric influence can ever affect, and for the metallic richness of neck and handle;" while the second presents a vellum- like body, " on which an accidental spray of flowers and foliage is gracefully thrown, harmonizing with the various bronzes of neck, handle, and base, and presenting a whole that is eminently grateful to the eye and pleasant to the touch." Conspicuous among the exhibits of Burslem ware is a large bowl with a lace body, the ornamentation of which has been suggested by Japa- nese models, the lotos flowers and leaves being treated with that liter- alness which is held to justify the exact reproduction of a torn leaf, a broken spray, or a faded petal ; while the sinuous dragon, which is su- perimposed in high relief, and is gilded to represent metal, is one of those fantastic conceptions which are dear to the Japanese mind. The same figure is introduced upon a smaller vessel, with a cream-colored body, upon which some choicely-painted flowers have their outlines accentuated by gold penciling; while the neck is covered with an ex- tremely delicate pattern in oxydized silver on a chocolate ground, and the base is enveloped by a broad band of crocodile skin, imitated in color and marking with striking verisimilitude. A vase having a Chi- nese red ground, overrun with an intricate ornament in dead gold, has a neck so closely resembling beaten metal as to require to be handled before the deception is ascertained. Upon some of the vases in which groups of flowers naturally or conventionally treated have been painted on a ground of closely reticulated net, a secondary scheme of decoration has been introduced in the shape of uncolored flowers, the forms of which appear to have been lightly impressed upon the lace body. A large pair of vases, with a diapered ground of dead gold, upon which 86 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. groups of irises have been painted in Derby blue, with a strong, denisive brush, are highly effective for ornamental purposes. The contour of a two-handled vase, with a lacework neck and base, and a lustered band of Eaifaelesque ornament running round the middle division of the ves- sel strikes one as very agreeable, owing to the combination and contrast of a convex and a concave curve. Some mosaic ware, in which the deli- cate tessellation of the Florentine workers in this material has been dexterously imitated in appropriate designs, while the mountings re- semble hammered metal, should not escape encomium. The simula- tion of metals by the manufacturers of fictile wares is being carried to great perfection, and gold, copper, and bronze are imitated very de- ceptively ; although critics like Mr. Euskin would probably impugn the legitimacy of such a proceeding. HARDWARE. Great Britain does a large trade with her Australian colonies in hardware; and the Goalbrookdale Company makes a good display of its multifarious products, consisting of cast-iron gates, verandas, foun- tains, candelabra, mantelpieces, chairs and tables, flower-stands, hall furniture, garden ornaments, plaques, and other objects in the con- struction of which hammered, wrought, and cast iron, and electro- bronze are being so largely employed. But the extent to which brass is coming into fashion for both useful and ornamental purposes is aptly illustrated by the exhibits, among others, of J. Cartland & Son, of Birmingham, who claim to be the largest producers of furnishing and general brass work in the world ; and by those of Messrs. E. & 0. Har- court, of the same place. Screens with revolving glass panels, cande- labra, door panels, mirror frames, wall brackets, what-nots, sconces, banner-screens, ink-stands, bedsteads, fenders, fire-dogs, jewel caskets, letter racks, and quite a bewildering variety of articles for use and ornament, not to speak of others intended for ecclesiastical purposes, are now being manufactured of that material ; and all the better kind of work is executed in repouss6. The designs denote, in general, a recurrence of the principles and motives of the French Eenaissance, and are frequently of marked elegance. But, inasmuch as brass is a metal peculiarly liable to tarnish, it has been found necessary to have recourse to science for the means of preserving it from contact with the atmosphere; and this has been discovered in a liquid, the composition of which is a secret. When applied to the surface of any brazen ob- ject, this hardens into a translucent coat, which resists heat, can be washed with soap and warm water, and remains unaffected by any- thing short of friction with sand-paper or some other rough material. The church altar furniture, crosses, massive candlesticks, communion vessels, monstrances, pyxes, repouss6 dishes, and other articles in brass manufactured by Messrs. Innes & Willis, of London, may be mentioned in terms of special commendation. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 87 GLASSWAEB. In the fabrication of glassware, both for table use and ornamental purposes, the manufacturers of Staffordshire appear to have taken and to maintain the lead in Great Britain. These are well represented by T. Webb & Sons, of Stourbridge, who have established a branch house in Melbourne, and Messrs. Stuart & Sons of the same place. Purity, brilliancy, and transparency are the notable characteristics of the table glass exhibited in such glittering variety by both these firms, the spark- ling and diamond-like facets of the more costly of the cut glass and crystal being especially worthy of admiration. As to the etched and engraved vases and goblets, on the surface of which are groups of classic figures modeled after the antique, they are entitled to be regarded as works of pure art, and are, indeed, as costly as sculptures in ivory. The cameo glass of Thomas Webb & Sons, consisting of three successive layers of different colors, each of which is cut away to the extent necessary to produce a beautiful pattern combining the whole of them, is of an ex- quisite character. For splendor of tint the ruby glass, which owes its richness to the large quantity of gold employed in the process of making it, stands almost alone. In the scarabteus ware the sheeny hues of a tropical beetle's wings are imitated with singular success, and the drag- on's blood glass is especially notable for its vividness of color. Old ivory is also simulated with deceptive fidelity, as well as bronze and other metals ; and the pheasant glass, in which are reproduced the vari- ous hues of the plumage of gold, silver, and speckled birds of that fam- ily, and the peculiar iridescence of their breast feathers, may be men- tioned as one of the novelties of this kind of fictile ware. For the dec- oration of the table the devices are endless, and most of the ornaments intended to cover the open spaces being composed of silvered glass, the effect, when illuminated by the fairy lamps invented by Webb & Sons, rising out of troughs of cut flowers,-:Sf charming In the extreme. i' TEXTILE FABEICS. Among the textile fabrics of Great Britain, the carpets of John Cross- ley & Sons, of Halifax ; of J. Bennre & Co., J. Bristow & Co,, and M. W. Whittall & Co., of Kidderminster, occupy a large amount of wall space, and are noticeable for their high quality, and in many instances for the general excellence of their designs, although there is still a clinging on the part of some of the more conservative of the manufact- urers to the old-fashioned floral devices of fifty years ago. On the other hand, the more suitable geometrical patterns are being employed with greater freedom and with happy effect, and chemical science is daily supplying the dyers with rich and novel tints, in the blending and contrast of which a fine artistic skill is displayed by the firms enamer- ated above. That of John Crossley & Sons, employing 5,000 people and turning out 6,000,000 yards of carpeting per annum, claims as 88 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKKE. one of its specialties the fabrication of seamless carpets by means of power looms of its own invention. Messrs. Oooke & Sons, of Liversedge, Yorkshire, are also large exhibitors, their productions comprising Tur- key carpets closely resembling the genuine article ; Anglo-Indian car- pets, which are said to combine the softness of the Wilton pile with the wear of the best Brussels and at a considerably less cost ; a " royal Ax- minster fabric," intended as an inexpensive substitute for the costly seamless Axminster ; and a Balmoral, which is a novelty in its way, and is midway in quality between a tapestry and a Brussels carpet. Of floor-cloths there is an endless variety, linoleum predominating ; and it is worthy of remark that most of these as well as of the carpets were bought up by the local furnishing houses and dry-goods stores within a few weeks after the opening of the Exhibition. I do not think, from all I can learn, that this was done so much for the replenishment of stocks as because the retail traders in Melbourne did not wish their customers to learn what are the wholesale prices of these fabrics and what are the profits ordinarily charged upon them. LANCASHIRE SECTION. A particularly noteworthy featuie in the English Court is the Lan- cashire industrial section, where are collected together representative goods of a class which can not be found in any other court whatever, arranged and displayed with consummate taste and judgment. Naturally cotton goods in every possible variety predominate, but there are also extensive exhibits of silks and velvets, furnishings, chem- icals, and India-rubber ware of all kinds. The firm of Eichard Haworth & Co., of Manchester, is a leading cotton-spinning establishment, and it has here a large and representative exhibit. In this factory, whicli is, perhaps, as complete as any in the world, there are 175,000 spindles and 3,500 looms, and upwards of 4,000 work people are continuously employed. Annually, five or six thousand tons of cotton are imported from the United States — mostly from New Orleans — which the firm weaves yearly into 34,000,000 yards of cloth. The exhibit in question comprises a large collection of white calicoes, flannel cloth, velveteens, printed cotton shirtings, tailors' and dress-makers' linings, and plain, woven, single, and reversible art blinds. The various processes and apparatus of cotton spinning and weaving are amply and interest- ingly illustrated from the beginning with the very raw material to the finished lap, and then the four " drawings, " the card sliver, cotton staples, slubbing, intermediate, roving, jack-bobbins, spindles, flyers and weavers, dyed yarns, ball warps, beam sections, etc., ending witb a model loom, showing the woven material as it leaves the machine. Yarns are also exhibited in various degrees of fineness down to that deli- cate material spun from the longest fibers, known as Sea Island cot- tons, principally grown in the Southern States, and the yarn manufact- ured from which is so finely attenuated as lo require a length of 168,000 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 89 yards to the pound. Messrs. Edmund Potter & Co., also of Manchester, by some choice exhibits, illustrate the degree of perfection to which the art of engraving, painting, and printing ou cotton, calico, and woolen goods has attained by means of artistic minds and elaborate machinery. The higher branch of the designer's work is shown in two specimens by Mr. Walter Crane — the Empire border; a border of figures in harmo- nious colors representative of the extent of the Empire of England and her dependencies ; S^nd the fifty years costumes, showing the prevailing fashions iu each year in the half century's reign of Queen Victoria. Be- sides these there are striking designs on cotton sateens ; a fine imita- tion of woolen material called the " lamette cloth, " the delicate texture of which renders it specially suited for tennis, sea-side, and general out- side wear ; fine crape material ; drillettes, and a new and serviceable class of prints in indigo blue ou delicate grounds of the same color, the recommendations of which are its durability and its greater fastness, both in washing and sunlight, than is the attribute of any other product. But though indigo is a favorite color, from its serviceableness, there is no lack of variety in the tints of the pigments also employed, and in the zephyr class of cambric cloths all the fashionable colors — coquelicot, gobelin blue, rose-pink, strawberry, silver gray — occur freely, used with the prettiest effects ; while in the matter of design, conventionality is rather conspicuous by its absence, and the eye is continually pleased by novel patterns and graceful ease and freedom of drawing and arrange- ment. Messrs. Eylands & Sons, Limited, with their seventeen mills in different parts of Lancashire, containing about 200,000 spindles and 5,000 looms, embrace nearly every department of the Manchester trade in their factories, and each establishment is exclusively devoted to a separate branch ; superior calicoes for bleaching, twills for finishing, and cloth for printing, being turned out at the rate of 300,000 yards a week from one mill ; while at another, 1,500,000 yards of cotton goods are bleached and dyed, etc. The total number of hands employed is 20,000, and the value of im- ported cotton averages $250,000 annually. In their exhibit the com- pany show representative products of each of their mills separately, and the collection includes pretty well all the articles for which the Lan- cashire district is celebrated — gray Dacca calicoes, sheetings, twills, damasks, brocades, sateens, oilcloths (a departure from the stiff, set patterns of which is made in the display of the "Jubilee design," repre- senting in an appropriate manner the chief features of Her Majesty's reign and of the British Empire), regatta, Oxford, Galatea, and other kinds of colored goods ; sewing cottons, India tapes, small wares, and, lastly, ready-made clothing, costumes, embroideries, corsets, umbrellas, and mantles. The amalgamated firms of Horrockses, Miller & Co. and Crewdson, Crosses & Co., whose mills are at Dalton and Farnworth, show the long cloths which have rendered their names world-famous. Messrs. Swainson, Birley & Co., of Preston, in addition to the usual 90 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE-. Manchester goods, have an exhibit of phiia and fancy muslins and cos- tume cloths, and Messrs. Barlow & Jones send an excellent collection of plain and colored table-cloths, quilts of all descriptions, Turkey towel- ing, and isome specimens of the finer classes of cotton goods. Here again novelty and attractiveness are the leading characteristics of the designs, and artistic taste is frequently conspicuous in patterns and embellishment. Messrs. Burgess, Ledward & Co., of Manchester, have a large collection of what are known as colored cotton goods, cloths made from dyed and bleached cotton yarns, and Messrs. Tootal, Broadhurst, Lee & Co., of Eumworth, make an extensive display of prints, cretonnes, and muslins in new and choice patterns. Although for all practical purposes machinery has abolished hand-knitting, yet every year sees an improvement in knitting-machines. Mr. William Harrison, of Man- chester, exhibits the most recently perfected instrument of that kind. It is attachable to an ordinary table by means of thumb-screws, and is operated on by hand with the assistance of a crank, and for simplicity of construction, ease of working, and rapidity of operation holds an un- rivaled position. The work it produces at the rate of four or five thousand loops a minute, or a yard of plain work in ten minutes, and a comi^leted pair of socks in twenty, exactly resembles hand-knit work, and can be darned and repaired in the same way. The staple industry of Leek, the market town of Staffordshire, and 28 miles distant from Manchester, is the manufacture of sewing silks, silk velvets and trim- mings, and silk dyeing and printing, in which 5,000 of the inhabitants are engaged, and Thomas Wardle, F. C. S., one of the leading manu- facturers, exhibits some excellent samples of art printing on silk plush and velvet as well as on satin and cretonne. The dyes used have reached a degree of perfection nowhere else attained, are of purely ar- tistic tone and great durability, and the patterns they elaborate are bold and vigorous, some suggestions for the designs being even taken from the palaces and temples of India. The resisting colors are fast and what' is termed "Eastern" to mark them as distinct from the more bril- liant but also more evanescent aniline dyes, and to give the fabrics a really artistic light and shade Mr. Wardle prints with the hand-block, instead of the monotonous rolling gear. Each color in this process has to be laid on separately, and as the pressure is not automatically exact there is a pleasing variety in the disposition of light and shade. Mr. S. Gibson exhibits a case of silk, both raw and in the manufactured state, and Messrs. Briggs & Co., of Manchester, send a large collection of em- broideries, embroidery and sewing silks. RUBBER aOODS. There are three large exhibits of India-rubber goods from the Lan- cashire factories. Messrs. David Moseley & Sons, of Ardwick, Man- chester, show water-proof clothing, in respect of which a marvelous advancement has been made in recent years, especially in the matters of CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 91 designs and colorings, and among the exhibits of this firm is one illus- trative of a patent they possess for getting over the long experienced difficulty of making the rubbers take colors. It is a process whereby the rubber is spread over the cloth and the pattern is printed on the rubber itself. The same firm also shows its new manufacture, the "Coruscus" cloths, the patterns on which are much superior to the old checks and stripes. There are also rubber mats, railway buffers, bear- ing springs, etc., showing the variety of new uses to which the material has been successfully adapted, as well as the usual ware, gauntlets, "anchor" hose for firemen, pipings, leggings, balls, beltings, etc. The exhibits of Messrs. Mackintosh & Co. and Broadhurst & Co. are of the same class and variety, with the addition of surgical appliances, cloth- ing, and vulcanized India-rubber. LOCKS, The Chubb Lock & Safe Company, Limited, send a collection of locks for every conceivable purpose, from the huge church lock mounted in oak to the most delicate contrivance for securing a lady's escritoire. The newest patent of the company is a lock for bankers' safes, which contains a novel mechanical movement, by means of which the " tum- blers" are automatically fixed before it is possible to withdraw the bolt, and are practically never in direct contact with the bolt itself. These locks are never sold to the general public. The same famous company show their Are and burglar resisting safes and strong-rooms in great variety, and an instructive interest is lent to the exhibit from some of the collection having false and movable backs or fronts, so that it is pos- sible to minutely examine the mechanism of the locks and the compo- sition of the safes. Messrs. John Walker & Worsey, of Birmingham, and Gyrus Price & Co., of Wolverhampton, are also large exhibitors of "Triumph" safes and locks and "Eclipse "and " Conqueror " safes, strong-rooms, fire-proof doors, bank locks, and night-latches. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Messrs. Boosey & Co., the well-known manufacturers and music pub- lishers of London, make an excellent display of military band and orches- tral instruments of varied shapes, substance, and quality, the exhibits in many Instances being remarkable for ingenious mechanical contrivances of an unusual character. In this regard particular mention is mer- ited by an improvement this firm has patented in connection with some brass wind instruments. This is what is called a " compensating pis- ton," an arrangement of the piston action by means of which it is claimed the inaccuracy of intonation necessarily existing in certain notes on all valved instruments (whether with the piston or cylinder action) is corrected. Composers for military bands have hitherto felt themselves constrained to avoid certain keys in which at least a couple of notes, with their unharmonic changes, occur, owing to such notes, 92 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. fingered with all three valves, being very sharp, and by the improve- ment referred to that defect is remedied, while the weight of the instru- ment is not increased and the arrangement is so simple that it can not get out of order. The innovation principally consists in novel adjust- ments of the tubing connected with the third valve, which is so dis- posed as to bring into action extra tubing fitted to the first and second valves, when the third is used in combination with them, and the result is accomplished without adding a single new moving part to the valve action or altering the established system of fingering. A modification of the principle is applied to four-valve instruments, and is specially required on tlie euphonium, which is, by its means, perfected through- out the whole of its compass. This instrument, the euphonium, is the modern substitute for the now almost obsolete " serpent " and ophicleide, and is marked by clear and powerful tones and peculiar adaptability for solo purposes. Bombardons, the lowest toned of brass instruments, are also shown, and their construction draws attention to the great variety of inclination now given to the bell-ends for players who are mounted as well as those on foot. In the case of the bombardons, the bell-ends are convoluted so that they pass over the performer's shoulder. There is a glittering array of trombones, bass and tenor, and alto in- struments with pistons, the highest development yet obtained in their manufacture ; contra-basses and circular basses ; horns illustrating every variety of form in which that valuable instrument is made; cor- nets and soprano cornets, trumpets, bugles, and ballad horns. And in respect of all these it is noteworthy that while their musical value is, of course, the first consideration, yet their external adornment is not neglected, some of the many instruments Taeing highly artistic in point of rich chasings, graceful stampings, and light, neat, and pretty out- lines and designs. Eeed instruments are represented by flutes of various materials and mechanisms — cocoa- wood to silver — and from those with only a few keys to others framed on the latest elaborations of the Boehm principle. Among these instruments are flutes, piccolos, clarionets, oboes, and bassoons of ebonite, richly mounted, delicately or gracefully shaped, finely finished and replete with every modern appliance to insure cor- rectness of fingering, but the especial recommendation of which is the material of which rhey are manufactured. It is claimed for ebonite that it can not possibly split, and instruments made of it will readily stand every variety and extremity of climate. WATCHES AND JEWELRY. There are only two notable exhibits of watches and precious stones, and, singularly enough, the latter exhibit consists almost wholly of a fine collection of Queensland opals, black, green, white, " fire " and " honey " gems, set in a variety of tasteful forms, and associated hap- pily with diamonds and other brilliants by H. N. Barbe Moore, of Lon- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELbOURNE. 93 don. The opals come from the mines owned by Mr. Herbert Bond, near Cooper's Creek, Queensland, and this particular collection has been pronounced by competent judges in England, as well as here, to be the finest ever gathered together, and certainly goes to sustain the position that the finest opals in the world are now being supplied by Australia. The most remarkable specimen in the exhibit is a magnificent stone weighing 40 carats, of exquisite coloring, and richly set with handsome diamonds. The only exhibit of English watches comes from Botherham & Sons, of London and Coventry, the one English manufacturing firm which has conspicuously adopted American principles, while not wholly discarding the older method of handwork. This firm was the first, as it is now the largest, manufacturing establishment to introduce extensive machinery in watch-making, and if the idea promulgated in Switzerland and developed to its zenith in the United States, has not been im- proved upon in the Coventry work-shops to any appreciable extent, yet its introduction has tended to break down the barrier of costliness reared between English and American manufactures and place com- petition on a more common footing. The force of a new example in removing even iiopular prejudices and old established customs is dis- played here in the fact that of the ninety-six gold and twenty-four silver watches shown by this firm, more than two-thirds are keyless and constructed in consonance with the mechanical designs in vogue in American factories. In the keyless watches the latest systems of setting the hands is generally adopted. Both hands are adjusted by pressing a pin on the outside of the case, instead of the now usual method of shifting a small lever under the bevel, or pulling out the winding knob, a neat, exijeditious, and convenient arrangement, having many strong recommendations to approval. CUTLERY. The celebrated cutlery firm of Joseph Eodgers & Sons, of ShefiSeld, who employ 2,000 hands, maintain their prestige by a well chosen and well displayed assortment of their wares, the chief novelties in which are the " Jubilee Knife," a formidable weapon and an excellent sam- ple of the cutler's art, containing fifty different implements, and the patent bifurcated carving-fork-guard, to use which, instead of lifting the guard, it is moved from right to left, or vice versa, and which is claimed to be simple and to give perfect security to the person using it. PLATE WAKE. Messrs. Shaw & Fisher, manufacturers of silver, electro-plate, and Britannia metal, show a large collection of glass and plated ware of all kinds; and another large exhibit is that from the Aluminium Com- pany, Limited, the proprietors and manufacturers of Webster's Patent Crown Metals. The works of this company are the only ones of their 94 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. kiud iu Great Britain which are actually engaged iu producing alumi' nium, and the exhibit under notice shows that the metal is being ex- tensively utilized in the manufacture of a great variety of articles. Bright silver in color, it is admirably adapted to the maliing of table cutlery, and it is said to be as strong as ordinary steel, and as easily cleaned ; while being of the same color throughout it does not get dis- colored by use, and the necessity of replating is entirely obviated. It is also made into swords and helmets, bits, harness and carriage fit- tings, boat and ship furniture, and small ornamental articles, such as match-boxes, pencil cases, and cigarette cases. This company also manufactures a particular kind of bronze, which, being less easily in- jured than the ordinary composition by atmospheric conditions, is claimed to be better suited for artistic use. The Potosi Silver Company, of Birmingham, has a couple of cases containing numerous specimens of the metal, the manufacture of which is a specialty of the company, and which they claim to be, as a substitute for electro-plate, superior to other white metals, such as nickel, Britannia metal, or German silver, from its being bright iu ap- j)earance and retaining its color pure and untarnished throughout. The new composition has hitherto been almost exclusively used in making spoons and forks, but it has now been found adaptable to the manufacture of other articles of table use and ornament, and hence such requisites are being extensively made up. Messrs. Walker & Hall, of Sheffield, in addition to a large display of nickel, electro-plate, and glassware, exhibit as novelties, first an inde- structible nonconductor for fitting to tea and coffee pots, which is a handle perforated at each end near the point of contact with the vessel and superior to ordinary non-conductors of ivory, bone, or pearl, in that it is not so liable to be broken ; and second, a fine collection of forks and spoons of " Sonora " silver, another material having the recom- mendations of durability and retaining its whiteness and brilliancy of color. Messrs. Boardmau & Glossop, of Shefi&eld, are among the largest ex- hibitors of electro -plated ware, their goods being particularly remark- able for the originality and artistic taste of the designs. MISCELLANEOUS. The exhibits of wire and hemp rope from the amalgamated firms of Dixon & Corbett and E. S. Newall & Co., Limited, of Gateshead-on- Tyne, are noticeable for some novel features in their joint manufactures. The patent galvanized flexible steel wire ropes, for towing and hoisting purposes, are constructed specially on a double purchase stone winch and have the advantages of occupying a very limited space as com- pared with a hempen rope of equal strength, being only 2 J inches iu cir- cumference, and of having a guarantied breaking strain of 12J tons, or equal to a hempen rope of 8 inches in circumference. Only one-third CENTENNIAL' INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 95 the weigbt of the other, this rope has increased pliability and less tend- ency to kink, from the fact that it is composed of alternate right and left twisted or compensating strands. These firms also show Lang's patent construction of rope, the feature of which is that the strands, being twisted in the same direction as the rope, there is a much longer surface of wire to the action of friction before the locking of the wires takes place, and much greater freedom to permit of displacement due to the action of the rope being bent round drums and pulleys. There is consequent on this a large increase in the duration of the rope, as the wires do not break until they become too weak for their own work. Messrs. John Stephen & Sons, of Falmouth, display coils of tarred Eus- siau hemp rope and of white raauilla very finely spun, and a variety of wire rope and hawsers, with some specimens of submarine electric tele- graph cables. Messrs. Henry Mill ward & Sons, of Eedditch, show a large collection of needles and fish-hooks, in the former being conspicuous the calyx- eyed needle, which is so made that the cotton passes through the head, the sides of the eye acting as a spring to keep the cotton fast in it when it has once got there. In this department Messrs W. Bartleet & Sons, of Eedditch, are also large exhibitors, sending 4,100 different sorts of needles for hand-sewing, and 126 varieties for machine work, as well as 1,255 different kinds of fish-hooks. Steel work and edge tools are largely represented by Messrs. Edwin Lewis & Sons, of Wolverhampton, Eobert Sorby & Sons, and Wheat- man & Smith, of Sheffield, who send good collections of saws of all classes, cooking vessels, sheep shears, scythes, and other agricultural implements, chisels, hatchets, ax-heads, and coopers', brick-layers', and carpenters' tools of every variety and description. Several leading British makers contribute to a fine collection of car- riages. Among other articles the Windover Company send their canoe- landau, which is fitted with a patent automatic head so perfectly under control by a lever that a lady may raise or lower it with the minimum of exertion, and fitted also with an ingenious door fastening fixed on the inside, which, opening the door, also releases a folding step which then falls into its proper position. American hickory and walnut are the woods which are most extensively used in the constriiction of these vehicles. Wagonettes are fitted with levers so that the coachman, without leaving his seat, can open or close the rear door ; and to others a novel invention is adapted with excellent effect. Should a lady desire to ride on the front seat, instead of risking the dirt and danger of climb- ing over the front wheel, the seat is made to divide by pressing a spring and allows her easily and comfortably to pass from the rear to the front of the vehicle. Mr. H. B. Hardt, as agent for over one hundred and fifty British ex- hibitors, has had a special court assigned to him. Here collections of encaustic titles from Messrs. William Godwin & Sous, of Hereford ; 96 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE brasswork and castings from Mason & Co., Birmingham ; heraldic work and memorial brasses from T. J. Gawthorp, of London; and guns, fowling pieces, and sporting fire-arms from Cogswell & Harrison, of London, are conspicuous among a miscellaneous host of articles of various kinds. The Huddersfield manufacturers have also joined to- gether and sent a collective exhibit of their woolen frabrics, showing 900 samples, all the specimens of cloth being 2J yards long and so hung as to display the full length of each piece, besides being free to be felt and handled, thus permitting an excellent estimate to be formed of the style and quality of each article. Messrs. Collard & CoUard and J. & J. Hopkinson, both of London, are the chief exhibitors of pianos, the one a firm already well known in Australia, and the latter with a reputation yet to be established there. Both show instruments of extra durability to enable them to withstand sudden changes of climate and in other ways fitted to meet the con- ditions of their use in the colonies. The leading booksellers and publishers of England and Scotland send collections of the representative classes of books with which their names are identified, and there are, besides, choice examples of book- binding and paper-making. FRANCE. The French exhibits occupy 50,000 square feet of space, irrespective of that covered by the specimens of Sevres porcelain, between seventy and eighty in number, which have been sent from the national manu- factory, and form a splendid group in one of the art galleries. The principal entrance gives admission to a spacious pavilion, de- voted to the great publishing houses in Paris, who displayed a superb collection of illustrated works, the quality of which is sufiiciently at- tested by such names as Quantin, Plon, Hachette, Firmen Didot, Eouain, and others which appear on the title pages. Among these, the " Grand Dictionnaire " of Larousse, in sixteen volumes, liacinet's " Costume His- torique," in five volumes, and the same author's superbly illustrated " Ornement Polychrome," in two volumes, together with the national edition of the works of Victor Hugo, in forty volumes, quarto, splendidly printed and illustrated, may be referred to as altogether sans pareil. EDUCATION. But the largest and at the same time the most Interesting exhibit in the French Court is that of the Minister of Public Instruction, which occupies a space commensurate with its importance and its magnitude. It aptly illustrates also the immense efforts which are being put for- ward by France to place herself ahead of Germany in point of popular intelligence. Her annual expenditure upon national education, which was only £444,000 before the war, is now £5,340,000 ; and I gather from CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 97 a document placed at my disposal by the gentleman in charge of this de- partment, that during the last seventeen yeai's the French Government has expended the prodigious sum of $270,000,000 in the work of national education. There are 4,662,668 children between the school ages re- ceiving instruction in the primary and maternal schools, in connection with the most of which savings-banks have been established having an aggregate of 484,162 depositors, with $2,500,000 standing to their credit. To each primary school is also attached a lending libraiy containing an excellent collection of some of the best works in the French lan- guage, as also translations from other languages. There are 33,880 of these circulating libraries, numbering a total of 4,759,208 volumes. Technical education enters largely into the curriculum of the superior primary schools, into which those pupils only are admissible who hold certificates from the schools of a lower grade. The course of instruction comprises applied arithmetic, the elements of algebra and geometry, book-keeping, a knowledge of the physical and natural sciences in their application to agriculture, industry, and sanitation ; geometrical and decorative design and modeling; the basis of the common law and political economy ; the history of French literature, the principal epochs of general history, and especially of modern times ; industrial and com- mercial geography; the living languages, and working in wood and iron for the boys, with needlework, cutting out and making up gar- ments for the girls. In the normal schools 8,938 young persons of both sexes are being prepared for the work of teaching. Above these are the 390 national lyceums and commercial colleges, with an aggregate of 100,000 studen ts ; and, crowning the scholastic edifice, are the twelve faculties, compris- ing the Museum of Natural History, the Normal Superior School, the School of Maps, the College of France, the School of Living Oriental Languages, the Practical School of High Studies, the School of Fine Arts, the Polytechnic School, the School of Mines, the School of Eoads and Bridges, the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, the Con- servatory of Arts and Handicrafts, and the Agronomic Institute. There are, besides, the Schools of Eome and Athens, established for the cul- tivation of archaeological studies. Technical instruction is imparted in seven establishments created by the state, in seventy special schools instituted by local bodies in the country, in four Schools of Art and Handicrafts founded at Aix, Angers, Chalons, and Lille, and in a watch- making school at Cluses. The many hundreds of exhibits comprised in the French Education Court illustrate every step taken in the work of popular instruction, every process and method employed, all the materials used and most of the results achieved, from the first eflforts of the children in the ma- ternal schools up to the statues modeled, the drawings executed, and MEL 7 98 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. the mechanical model machinery and products of handicraft produced by the most advanced pupils in the higher institutions. I have been much struck with one excellent feature of the system pur- sued in the normal schools of France, where, as I have said, teachers are being prepared for a professional career; the term of preparation covering a period of three years. In the holiday season it is the duty, and no doubt the pleasure, of these undeveloped school-masters aud schoolmistresses to make tours either at home or abroad, and to record the results of their observations in manuscript diaries, which are not unfrequently embellished with pen and ink drawings, plans, maps, and designs. Sometimes these excursions are made singly, while at others a party of four or five and twenty, accompanied by one of the directors and four or five of the professors, set out to explore a certain district. Several of these diaries have been brought together by M. Buisson, In- spector-General of Public Instruction, Director of Primary Teaching, and Vice-President of the Committees of Admission to the Universal Exhibition of 1889, who has been selected by the French Government to represent the Minister of Public Instruction aud the Fine Arts at this Centennial Exhibition ; and very interesting reading I have found some of these documents to be. Take, for examjDle, the " Oahier de Promenades," made by M. E. Mas- son, of the Normal School at Auteuil, one of the suburbs of Paris. These took place on Thursdays only, and were of the most varied char- acter. To-day he visits the theater of military operations at Montre- tout and Buzenval, sketches a map of Paris and its environs, showing the scene of every combat which took place around the capital during- the Franco-German war ; and next week he explores the Egyptian Mu- seum in the Louvre, sketches the geographical and toi>ographical feat- ures of the country in which the more important of the antiquities were found, and describes the principal contents of that valuable collection, following this up with a detailed account and grand plans of the other archfeological sections of that magnificent assemblage of historical and artistic relics, as well as of the Museum of Archives, which is lodged in the Hotel de Soubise. In dealing with the latter, he reviews the various materials which have been employed to write upon and glances at the calligraphy, the style of the documents, the method of sealing those of an important public character, and the monograms adopted by the early Prankish kings. Among the curiosities presefs^d here are the will of Napoleon and that of Louis XVI, the original Declaration of the Eights of Man, the last letter written by Marie Antoinette, and the keys of many of the dun- geons of the Bastille. A visit to Notre Dame is illustrated by a plan of the city in 430, when it was restricted to the little island in the middle of the Seine ; and again in the twelfth century; and a third plan of the choir of the cathedral indicates the position of the principal tombs it contains. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 99 "From grave to gay," is an easy transitiou, and M. Masson passes from the venerable fane to the Vaudeville Theater, a copious descrip- tion of the interior of which is preceded by a rapid and sacciuct narra- tive of the growth of the theater as an institution ; but this is a topic with which it is evident the writer's previous studies have only ren- dered him partially familiar. A visit to the Conservatory of Music is next described, and among the treasures preserved in the museum, M. Masson enumerates a violin of rare excellence by Stradiverius, valued at between £600 and £800, harp formerly belonging to Marie Antoinette, Auber's piano forte, upon which he composed most of his operas, and the bagpipes of Louis XVI, used when he, his queen, and their courtiers used to play at being shepherds and shepherdesses, in the happy days they spent at Le Petit Trianon, before the Eevolution had begun to project its awful shadows over their path. Passing over some interesting particulars concerning what has been and is being done for the decoration of the Pantheon, I arrive at the writer's concise account of his visit to the famous manufactory of tapes- try known as " Gobelins," which is comprehensive and complete, and it is easy to see how great must be the value of the information thus ac- quired. The commercial schools for boys and girls in Paris appear to be doing excellent work in the way of technical instruction, as is shown by the specimens of the pupils' productions, which consist, in the case of the boys, of architectural and decorative models, carpenters' and joiners' worij, turning, metal castings and fittings, and carvings in wood and stone of geometrical figures, and of leaves and fruit from nature. Many of these show an amount of manual dexterity, skill, ingenuity, and care- ful finish worthy of adults. The diaries of the male pupils show that they do not limit themselves to one branch of handicraft, but are taught to acquire facility in all. Thus I find one of them recording how he practices modeling on Mon- daj', works at the carpenter's bench on Tuesday, applies himself to the labors of the forge on Wednesday, resumes his modeling on Friday, and returns to carpentry and joinery on Saturday, giving on the margin of his journal pen-and-ink sketches of the articles he has been engaged in fabricating during the week. This variety of occupation and trained capacity not merely prevents the individual from degenerating into a mere human machine, but brings several faculties into simultaneous play, and enables the skilled operative when work is slack in one branch of employment to turn his hands to another, and thus avoid the enforced idleness which he might otherwise have to undergo. Equally practical is the system of instruction pursued iu the com- mercial school for girls, commencing with the simplest operations of the needle, passing on to mending and embroidery, measurements, tracing of patterns, cutting out, designs, and the fabrication of every article of feminine wearing apparel. 100 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. To this succeeds the superior course in which domestic economy and hygiene are taught in all their details. When one reads the following list of subjects taught in these schools, one begins to understand in part why a French woman is, as a general rule, so good a household manager and contrives to combine elegance with economy in her manage: The duties of a housewife, qualities of a good manager, order, economy, cleanli- ness, vigilance, household expenditure, daily entries, balance, equilibrium of receipts and disbursements, inventory of the furniture, rent, rates, and taxes. In the second half-year the pupils are instructed as to the selection and preservation of furniture, the distribution of the ttousework, daily, weekly, and iu each season of the year, bed- making, sweeping and dusting, kitchen furniture and utensils, and the various kinds of cooking stoves. Concurrently with these teachings hygienic lessons are given with respect to the selection of a house, as regards soil, aspect, and salubrity, ventilation, lighting, and heating, the properties of different kinds of fuel, precautions to be taken in the use of gas and oil as illuminauts, the influence of these upon the sight, and the selection and fabrication of wearing apparel, from a hygienic point of view, PORCELAIN. The great porcelain industry at Limoges is represented by a choice and varied display of ceramic fabrics from the factories of W. Guerin and Co., C Demartral & Co., and H. Boudet; but it is greatly to be regretted that only a few specimens of the admirable productions for which Messrs. Haviland & Co., have acquired such a wide-spread re- nown, have been exhibited, and these only through a local agent. Those who know, as most Americans do, the high state of perfection which has been reached by the brittle products of the last-named firm, will feel that no display of Limoges ware could be regarded as complete which does not include examples, not only of the Haviland faience, but of the pate tendre, the egg-shell china, and the exquisite enamels which are issued from this house, and are, in many instances, of such an exceptionally high quality as to find a place in museums and to be eagerly sought after by collectors. 3IISCELLANEOXTS. Some beautiful stained-glass windows, by Handecoeur and Colpaerd, of Lille, and a small exhibit of crystal glass from the famous Baccarat factories, constitute but an indifferent display of articles to illustrate a branch of art manufacture in which France excels. But as lo what are known as "Articles de Paris," there is quite a superabundance, as also of marble clocks and chimney garniture. .Six rooms are occupied by suits of furniture from the work-shops of firms belonging to the " Cham- bre Syndicale de I'Ameublement," and some of these in the style of the Louis Quatorze period, richly carved and gilt, and upholstered with Beauvais tapestry, are not unworthy to have found a place in the salons of Versailles when it was the residence of Le Eoi Soleil. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 101 French taste and elegance are further exemplified in the costumes, mantles, gloves, boots, fans, etc., exhibited by the Ohambre Syndicate des Confections, iu Paris ; nor would it be right to allow the marvelous collection of skillfnllj^ modeled and daintily dressed dolls and mechani- cal figures to pass unregarded, for these are certainly unique of their kind. Among the alimentary products exhibited in the French Court, pre- served meats, truflles, mushrooms, game, fish, foie gras, fruit, and vege- tables occupy a prominent place ; although to send these things out to countries iu which most of them abound and where some of them are articles of export, is like sending coals to Newcastle. And the same applies to olive oil from Provence and Algeria; inas- much as equally good oil is being produced in South Australia. WINES. Of brandy, liqueurs, absinthe, malt liquors, champagne and every de- scription of French wine, the exhibits are exceedingly numerous; and great ingenuity has been displayed in the way of designing and con- structing trophies, one of these being modeled after the famous Tower of Eiffel. In Australia, as iu most prosperous countries, the consump- tion of sparkling wines from the French vineyards — or from European manufactories iu which those articles are skillfully simulated by the aid of chemical science — is very large in proportion to the population ; and competition for the Australian trade is extremely keen among the great champagne houses in France. Hitherto, the vine growers of this part of the world have not succeeded in producing a vin mousseux like that of Bpernay and Eeims ; and until they do colonists will go on paying ten or twelve shillings a bottle for the imported article. But the clarets, burgundies, hermitages, and sauvignous which were formerly drawn from France, as also the hocks and other wines of the German Ehineland, are being rapidly replaced by similar beverages produced in Australian vineyards ; so that iu the near future it is not at all improb- able that these colonies will suffice for themselves as wine-producing countries, and will be equally independent of the Old World for their supply of cognac, the consumption of which has undergone an extraor- dinary diminution of late years, partly owing to the superior popular- ity of whisky, and partly to the more temperate habits of the people. GERMANY. Ever since the close of the Franco-German war the external policy of Germany has been steadily directed to two objects, inter alia, the foundation of German colonies in the South Pacific and the extension of German trade with the British colonies, which contain 43,200 natives of Germany, irrespective of a large number of persons who are German by descent. 102 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. In the prosecution of these objects the Government has established and liberally subsidizes a monthly line of mail steamers between Ham- burg and Melbourne, and from thence to Samoa ; and in the Exhibitions held here, both in 1880 and 1883, no expense was spared to make an im- pressive display of Germau'products and manufactures. On the pres- ent occasion the German Court is the second largest in the building, and a skillful architect was sent out from Berlin for the purpose of decorating it with such trophies and embellishments, including tri- umphal arches and gonfalons, colossal busts of the three emperors, and an imposing statue of Germany, typified as a female figure surmount- ing the globe, as would be calculated to convey to the minds of visitors a vivid idea of the power and importance of the resuscitated empi'-". PORCELAIN. There are in all 1,175 exhibits in this sectioji, and one of the most striking displays it contains is that of ceramic works from the Eoyal Porcelain Manufactory in Berlin. This includes some gigantic vases, rivaling in material, form, and decoration the choicest productions of Sevres. Most of these have been purchased by a single collector. The smaller- exhibits partake of the general characteristics of the Dresden and Meissen wares, with which the American people are sufQciently familiar. From Saxe-Meiningen has been sent a choice collection of figures in porcelain ; while the majolica ware and caustic tiles manu- factured in Magdeburg are entitled to special mention on account of the good quality of the material of which they are composed. MISCELLANEOUS. The collective exhibit of the Berlin Union of Manufacturers makes a very effective display, partly on account of its variety and partly on that of its skillful arrangement. It is so multifarious in character that I must content myself with glancing at such of the articles as an-est the attention either by their novelty or by their superior quality. Such are the tapestry curtains, shawls, and rugs of G. Paatz & Co., of Pels, nitz ; the dyed- wood veneers of W. Auffermann, of Berlin, which only an expert could distinguish from the black-pear tree; the maple and other furniture woods, so accurately imitated ; the artists' colors and draw- ing utensils prepared by G.Bormaun, of Berlin; the lead and colored pencils manufactured by the well-known house of Johann Faber, of Nuremberg; the rich looking gold, silver, tin-foil, and other papers made by Leo Haenle, of Munich; the samples of imitation marble and wood, ingeniously produced on pasteboard by means of transfer grain- ing sheet, from George Grossheim, of Blberfeld; the portable tele- graphic apparatus for railways, of the Brothers T^aglo, of Berlin ; the paper-stucco decorations, applicable to interiors, manufactured by B. Schmidtman,of Leipsic; and the remarkably cheap articles of indus- trial art in bronze, produced by castings or stamping, which approach CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 103 SO nearly the genuine works of art they are copied from as to enable persons of small means to gratify their tastes by an insignificant oat- lay. Four Berlin houses are engaged in the production of these, and of metallic ornaments for book-covers, picture-frames, ink-stands, and knick-knacks innumerable. Another exhibitor, L. Leichner, of the same place, admits all and sundry into the dressing-room of the ac- tress or of the professional beauty whose charms are on the wane, by displaying all the toilet requisites, such as paints, powders, puffs, and perfumes, with the means of dexterously applying them, which art and science have combined to place at the disposal of the fair sex, and of the fabricators of artificial complexions generally. The textile fabrics of Saxony, as well as of other parts of Germany, but of the former more particularly, are conspicuously en Evidence ; the finer varieties of woolen goods showing that the Saxon fleeces have not deteriorated by lapse of time, and that the manufacturers are prepared to enter into a vigorous competition with those of Great Britain in the outside markets of the world. The woolen dress goods, cashmeres, worsted fabrics, tweeds, flannels, hosiery, and under-clothing appear to combine cheapness with serviceableness, and the dyes used testify to the success with which chemical researches are pursueil, in the inter- ests of industrial enterprise, by the scientists of Germany. I may also add, in connection herewith, that chemical and pharma- ceutical products form an important item in the exhibits of the German Court. These comprise essential oils and essences in great variety, glue made from leather only, mineral and silicate colors, volatile oils, natural mineral waters, black and colored printing and lithographic inks, bronze-powders, crystals and alkalies, homeopathic preparations, and chemical products for scientific, medical, and photographic use. And this reminds me to mention the exceptional merit of many, if not most, of the photographs and photogravures executed in Germany, in rivalry with similar productions on the other side of the Ehine. Those of the Photographic Company, of Berlin, of E. Bieber, of Hamburg, of Joseph Albert, and of P. Muller, both of Munich, of O. Anschutz, of Lissa, Posen, and of W. Fechner, of Berlin, combine in an eminent degree the qualities of accurate definition, gradation of tone, sharpness, and clearness and general harmony of arrangement. Conspicuous among these exhibits is a series of views of the interiors of the palaces erected by the late King of Bavaria, and printed by a new process — the Albertotype — upon a specially prepared paper which renders them unalterable. The process has been invented by, and is the property of, the house of Joseph Albert in Munich, and prefers a strong claim upon one's admiration. In metal ware, the most striking exhibit is that of H. Seitz, of Mun- ich. It consists of hard-made articles of copper and silver, of a highly artistic character, both for use and ornament, the whole of them be- 104 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. longing to wbat is known as repousse work, and tlie forms and decora- tions borrovyed from mediaeval models. As imitation has been defined to be the sincerest form of flattery, I suppose the clock-makers in the United States should feel flattered by the attempt of the Hamburg American Clock Company at Schramberg to copy their productions, but on examination the cases prove to be slighter and the works less substantial. Some electric clocks, manu- factured at Bremen, are regulated by torsion pendulums, impelled by a weight which is wound up at short intervals by an electro-magnet worked by a galvanic battery. The clocks exhibited by Etzolo and Popitz, of Leipsic, are noticeable on account of their beautiful cases of ebony or walnut, inlaid with elegant designs in metal. Considerable prominence is given to a branch of industry which we have long looked upon as peculiarly American. This is the manufacture of sewing-machines by Wertheim, of Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, who has established a branch house in Melbourne, managed by his son-in-law, Mr. Hugo Wertheim, who is also an importer of the Ha^isburg pianos. At the present time it will interest Americans to know that the lion's share of the sewing-machines, in so far as the colony of Victoria is con- cerned, is engrossed by this German house, which received during the years 1885, 1886, and 1887 no less than 29,700 of these machines ; the imports of them by the next largest importers during the same period not having exceeded 13,000. Mr. Wertheim furnishes employment in these colonies to one thousand persons, who are chieflj' engaged in un- packing, putting together, repacking, and repairing sewing-machines, pianos, washing-machines, and wringers. Twenty years ago, I am in- formed, the Singer sewing-machines commanded almost a monopoly of the Australian market. Ifearly eighty manufacturers of piano fortes in various parts of Germany are represented by examples of their work, from the diminu- tive "Mignon" to the grand piano constructed for concert purposes. For many years past Germany has engrossed a large share of the trade wit ■ the Australian colonies in these instruments; partly on account of the cheapness of skilled labor in Prussia, Saxony, and Bavaria, and partly because makers in those countries have paid special attention to the exigencies of the Australian climate and have made allowance ac- cordingly for the contraction of the wood and metal, which takes place during the heated term, especially in wooden houses. Among the working classes, in Victoria more particularly, a piano is almost as customary a piece of furniture as a sewing machine; and too frequently there is a marked preference for the former over the latter on the part of the daughters of the bread-winner of the household. Hence musical instruments figure largely among the annual imports, and this colony, with its population of one million, expends £120,000 in the purchase of pianos, organs, etc. Those of Lippe & Son, Bechstein, Bluthner, and Kaps seem to be most in favor with purchasers of the choicer varieties. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 105 Germauj' is also the largest of the foreign exhibitors of furniture; chiefly in oak and walnut, sound and honest in workmanship and excel- lent in material, but somewhat heavy in design, owing to a recurrence to mediaeval patterns and models on the part of the makers. The dining, drawing, bedroom and library suites of J. C. Pfaff and O. Praechtel, both of Berlin, have excited much admiration ; and an ebony table with ivory inlaid work in the style of the Italian Renais- sance, designed by Professor Krumbholz and executed by O. B. Fried- rich, of Dresden, is quite unique in its beauty. Dining tables, in which the extra leaves are placed underneath and rise into their places by an ingenious system of automatic hinges, and chairs with self-adjusting backs, are novelties which have not been overlooked by local cabinet- makers, by whom an International Exhi- bition is looked upon as a place in which ideas may be picked up and appropriated. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. One of the brightest features of the Austro-Hungarian Court is the brilliant display of what is commonly known as Bohemian glass. Placed at the intersection of two of the main avenues, the Austlro- Hungarian Court occupies a very advantageous position, and the best of that position has been made for the displaj^ of the most beautiful and attractive exhibits in the court. Foi; there, arranged upon either glass covered tables, which serve to show off the glittering ware with redoubled brilliancy, or on tastefullj'-d raped stands, which enhance the beauty of the articles displayed by means of happy reliefs and con- trasts, are the exhibits of Ludwig Moser, of Carlsbad, of Count Harracb, of Neuwelt, Gurtler & Sons, of Meistersdorf,-in cut glass, and A. Stell- macher, of Teplitz-Turn, in porcelain and china-ware. The extent to which the manufacture of the pretty ware first men- tioned is carried on in Austro-Huugary is indicated by the fact that in that state there are upwards of two hundred glass factories, most of which are situated in the Bohemian provinces, and the annual value of the productions in this department of industry is estimated at over two millions sterling. In one of the leading houses, that of Herr Moser, above mentioned, there are over four hundred hands employed, and yet in spite of their being kept at work continuously, night and day, the proprietor finds it impossible to keep pace with the demands for the delicate and beautiful products of his ateliers. And an examination of the handsome and costly ware renders it in no way surprising that it should be in such request, even without taking into consideration a potent factor in such popularity, its fashionableness. Favored by kings, it is naturally adored by commoners. "These are the costly trifles that we buy, Urged by the strong demands of vanity.'' 106 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. Among the choicest specimens shown ia this fine collection are copies of pieces in the table service, in silver and gold enameling, for sixty guests, supplied at a cost of £2,000 to the King of Holland ; also replicas of a wine service of ruby on crystal, ornamented riclily with fine gold, and purchased by the Czar of Eussia for the modest price of £3,800, aad of another set bought at a similar figure for presentation to the Crown Prince of Austria on the occasion of his marriage. In all these, and in the large majority of the exhibits, the leading tint is a delicate ruby, the secret of discovering which is another of the many triumphs of ceramic experiment at the Potsdam glass factory, Prussia, where it was found by Kunckel, the then director, so far back as 1679, though its present perfection is the glory alone of the Bohemian workshops. Other beautiful pigments used are amber, turquoise, and azure blue. Pure gold enters largely into the composition of the admixture result- ing in the ruby color, and the liberal use of the precious metal, of 15 carat fineness, is one of the main reasons why even the smallest articles are costlj- in price, while the larger become more expensive still from the same cause, added to the risks rua in the process of modeling, fir- ing, and general manufacture. Floral designs, representations of fruit and flowers, and golden scroll-work are the commonest ornamentations, and they are imposed upon the glass by a delicate method of enamel- ing, the artistic treatment being perfect. There are sets of wine glasses shown in a rich amber appropriately decorated with bunches of happily colored grapes; hiassive vases ia delicately shaded colors and ornamented with pears, apples, and cher- ries ; card-baskets, cups, jewel-caskets, scent bottles, flower stands, and powder boxes, all decorated with the same faultless taste, and with a variety of design which seems practically inexhaustible. The exhibits sent by Count Harrach, a Bohemian nobleman who conducts a vast factory almost solely from philanthropic motives, comprise chiefly vases of opaque glass in many colors, but so fashioned as to be mistakable in several cases for porcelain. Much of the ware is hand painted, and decorated with views in the Watteau style. Gurtler & Sons show how rapidly Bohemia is advancing into rivalry with England in the pro- duction of cut glass of the finer descriptions, and a specialty in the ex- hibit is that peculiar crackled glass, which receives its thousands of minute fractures by the act of passing the material straight from the firing furnaces into ice-cold water and thence back again into the fire. Schrieber & Nephews, of Vienna, also show cut ware and colored glass, the gems of the collection being articles of a lovely aquamarine tint, and crystal goods ornamented with white enameling, very closely resembling ivory. H. Wagner, of Uhichsthal, makes a pretty display of cameo aud inlaid work. The exhibits of pottery in this court are remarkable rather for their extreme cheapness than for any artistic charm. Thus, A. Stellmacher, of Teplitz-Turu, Bohemia, has a stand which attracts CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 107 attention from the extraordinary reproductions of fantastical forms. There are jugs and vases ornamented with life-size frogs aud fishes, and with griffins and dragons, octopi aud various reptiles frequently serving as grotesque handles; and one jug in particular bears for such a use a huge pair of griffins as large as the vessel itself, which, with distended wings, forms certainly a more curious than attractive object. The same factory also sends some clever imitation ivory, and J. Steidl, of Vienna, completes the list of noteworthy exhibits with some interesting examples of glazed pottery and works in enameled lava. The prevailing scantiness of exhibits in the more general departments of industry, as far as Austro-Hungary is concerned, is attributed to the fact that the commercial results to the country from the last Exhibition in Melbourne were not commensurate with the manufacturers' expecta- tions, and hence, linding no business profit accruing, the expense of exhibiting on this occasion has been reduced to a minimum. But an exception has been made in respect of Viennese furniture. The trade with these colonies in that commodity, which can be dated from the Exhibition of 1880, has reached very extensive proportions at the pres- ent time, and it was therefore only to be expected that special efforts would be made now by the manufacturers to keep in touch with their swelling clientele and show what is being done in the direction of im- provements in this department. Two firms conspicuously seek to maintain a well-earned prestige in this regard — Thouet Bros., aud J. & J. Kohn, both of Vienna. The lightness, handiness, durability, and cheapness of the bent-wood furniture manufactured by these houses alike commend it to the residents in warm latitudes, and now that the upholsterer's aid has been successfully invoked to render the articles ornamental and even handsome, as well as comfortable, without sacri- ficing the invaluable characteristics of coolness and lightness, the chances are that they will steadily displace the heavier suites of oak and mahogany, burdensomely warm with the wealth of rep and leath- ers. Messrs. Thouet Bros., who display quite a mint of gold, silver, and bronze medals, show some 107 pieces of furniture, marked by excellent finish and neatness, and ingenuity of construction, and further illustrat- ing the fact that the material itself can be so cleverly treated and so dexterously upholstered that some really desperate risks can be safely run. Without in any way having the appearance of warmth beyond com- fort or heaviness, there are occasional drawing-room chairs with artistic coverings in raised plush, armohairsof distinctly gothio forms, settees of antique pattern, chairs upholstered in raised leather of handsome designs, and easels, and children's furniture. Messrs. J. & J. Kohn, who have several factories in Austria, the principal being in Peschen, employ between four thousand and five thousand hands, and out of the 75,000 cubic meters of wood annually passing through their great workshops they manufacture in the year 108 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. the astonishing total of 700,000 pieces of all kinds of furniture, repre- senting an average value of nearly three-quarters of a million sterling. The exhibits from this firm, who, of course, enjoy only a portion of the trade, the immense extent of which is suggested by the above figures, comprise a splendid collection of chairs, lounges, and tables of all kinds, flower, hat, and umbrella stands, artists' easels, and piano stools. Some of the articles are richly upholstered in dark crimson, scarlet satin, green plush, and even tapestry and morocco, and among novel- ties are a rocking-chair to accommodate twins, another with a sliding foot-rail, and a cleverly devised child's chair with a sun-shade and din- ing board which can, at will, be altogether transformed into a peram- bulator. The wine industry of Austria is regrettably most indifferently repre- sented, less than a dozen growers having deemed it worth their while to exhibit at all and even then not worthily. The position of affairs, to tell the truth, is even worse still than that, for not only are the bottles empty, they are actually uncorked and innocent of any attempt to conceal their emptiness by any of the usual little deceptive wiles, and there is a feeling of something more than bitter disappointment when one encounters bottles labeled " Gumbolds kirchner 1834," and, anticipating a rare old vintage, proceeds to its nearer acquaintance only to learn that the wine has been left back at Vienna. The most conspicuous exhibit of beers is sent by the Anton Breher breweries, about the largest in the vicinity of Vienna, and there are besides exhibits of sparkling and still wines from Styria, antl liquors of various sorts from Dalmatia, Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia.. A graceful compliment has been paid to Australia in this, its centen- nial year, by the Tyrolese Stained Glass Works, of Musbruck, the cap- ital of the Tyrol. The authorities have sent out a large window, in which Victoria (Australia altogether being probably intended) is rep- resented as a young maiden with the world at her feet. The border is of scroll work, flowers, and ferns, among which are emblazoned the names of the most conspicuous navigators and explorers associated with the history and development of the continent, and the whole work is executed with high artistic taste. The same firm also send another window having as its subject "Joseph established by Pharaoh as Mas- ter of the land of Egypt," equally admirably executed. The brothers Kedlhammer, of Gablonz, Bohemia, show a large collec- tion of glass cutters and an exhibit of imitation diamonds and precious stones, which require the most careful scrutiny in order to ascertain that they are not real gems. In the Western Avenue is a fine collection of Austrian garnets prettily set in brooches, pins, bracelets, necklets, and various adornments for the hair. An excellent exhibit among the hardware is that of the Hombak & Marienthal Industrial Association, one of the most prominent of the numerous co-operative organizations CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 109 which exist among the Moravian poorer classes. It comprises a collec- tion of nails and tacks used by boot-makers, saddlers, and upholsterers, and is particularly remarkable for the taste and skill with which it is arranged. Divided into panels, the case is then filled with geometrical designs formed of tacks and nails of all sizes and colors. The great paper-manufacturing industry of Austria, in which a large export trade is done, is amply illustrated. The Leykam Josefsthal Paper-making Company, of Vienna, who keep ten machines at work, annually producing 8,500 tons, the greater part of the raw material of which consists of wood pulp, 2,300 tons, with 1,800 tons of straw pulp, and 1,600 tons of sulphite pulp, being annually used, send a large case full of samples of post, writing, and other kinds of superfine paper, print- ing, account-book, and blotting papers, lithographic papers, and draw- ing and card boards. The pasteboard disks upon which the Morse telegraphic instrument tapes are wound is a great specialty of this firm, and hundreds of them are daily sent all over the world. Miles of the printing paper in rolls used on the Webb machines are shown by the Actieu Gesellschaft fiir Papier Fabrik, of Schlogmuhl, near Vienna, and the Theresienthaler Paper Factory exhibit the marble paper so familiar in the hands of book-binders, and also clever imitations of leather and cloth. Ignaz Fuchs, of Prague, has a case of excellent em- bossed stationery in antique and mediteval designs, and the many man- ufacturers of cigarette papers are fully represented. A very conspicuous place and a deserved prominence are given to the splendid exhibit of boots and shoes, and particularly ladies' fancy shoes, from the famous factory of A. E. Lowenstein, of Vienna, BELGIUM, In view of the Paris Exhibition, Belgium has not contributed much towards the Melbourne one. The Agence G6n6rale des Glaceries Beiges, of Brussels, has sent some noble examples of mirrors, one 14 feet by 12, and another an oval 13 feet high, together with a fine trip- tych in a handsome Renaissance frame, all of them having two-inch bevels; and there are besides some excellent exhibits of colored window glass, by M. Mondron, of Lodelinsart; and a stained-glass window, of exceptional merit, by M. Pluys, of Malines. Some superb specimens of the delicate lace for which Belgium is cele- brated are exhibited by three firms in Brussels, by one in Antwerp, by the institute for assisting destitute women in the last-named city, which also sends some underclothing manufactured by its inmates, and by a house in Bruges. The most noticeable of the other textile fabrics are the damask napery, bleached and unbleached, exhibited by A, Euy, of Brussels, one of the largest manufacturers of linen sheetings in Bel- gium, equal in quality to the best of the Scotch and Irish; the Italian 110 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. cloths, serges, tweeds, merinoes, and cashmeres produced by the Soci6t6 Anonyme at Loth ; and the woolen materials turned out by Darimond & Freres, of Verviers, a place in which this branch of industry furnishes employment to upwards of 30,000 people. The leather exhibits of M. Berlin, of Brussels, claim to be the result of a new process cf tanning ; and among the other items in the Belgian Court which appear entitled to special mention, are a large bell weigh- ing upwards of half a ton, from the foundry of A. Beullons & Co., of Louvain; an interesting collection of repouss6 work in bronze, by A. Arens, of Antwerp ; some carved oak side-boards of a massive charac- ter from Antwerp, Ath, and Malines ; and the roofing materials and architectural ornaments in zinc from the celebrated Mines et Fonderies dc Zinc de la Vieille Montagne, at Ohenee. An attractive case of marble clocks and tazza of every description has been furnished by I. Brauburger, of Brussels, and another by Tic tor Denis; while some trophies of pure white sperm, artistic in design and effective in arrangement, illustrate the material employed in the Eoyal Manufactory of Court Candles at Brussels, which consumes 40 tons of stearine daily, and turns out 25 tons of candles every twelve hours. Some beautiful paintings on enamel, executed by ladies, are exhib- ited by Messrs. Dusseldorp & Zoon, of Brussels and Antwerp. They are in imitation of early miniature paintings, and are intended for or- namental purposes in connection with watches, jewelry, porte-mon- naies, card-cases, etc. The same firm has a large display of diamonds, which are cut in Antwerp, mostly by Dutch artificers. Most of the bracelets in which these are set, I observe, are so constructed as to leave all their constituent portions flexible, and thus at each move- ment of the baud or arm an additional flash and sparkle is occasioned by the mobility of the individual gems. In some instances a spray is of such a composite character as to admit of the detachment from it of five distinct parts, each of which can be used as a separate brooch. From the local representatives of this firm I learned the somewhat striking fact that the people of Victoria purchase more diamonds in proportion to their numbers than any other population in the world; the agents I have mentioned importing stones of the value of £2,000 every month. The demand was inflated to an extraordinary extent during the years 1887 and 1888, owing to the large and rapid fortunes made by a specu- lative section of the community, in connection with a land and a silver mining boom; the wives and daughters of the nouveaux riches in- variably hastening to decorate themselves with diamonds as an out- ward and visible sign of their imjiroved circumstances. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 111 THE PICTURE GALLERIES. To tbe great bulk of the visitors to the Exhibition no portion of it has been so permanently attractive as the picture galleries ; and never be- fore have the people of Australia seen so many master-pieces of modern art congregated together under one roof, in their own country, as have been presented to their admiration on this occasion. The British Loan Collection, to which tlie Queen, the Duke of West- miuster, and the owners of many flue galleries in England liberally contributed, has proved to be a revelation to the younger and therefore native-born population of the colony ; for it has brought them face to face with the works of painters previously known to them only by re- pute, or through the medium of engraved copies of their pictures. Some of the most famous portrait-painters of recent times are nobly represented in the collection, which includes examples of Sir Thomas Lawrence, John Hoppner, Sir B. Landseer, and F. Holl, among those who have passed away, and of Sir J. E. Millais, G. F. Watts, Sir Fred- erick Leighton, H. Herkomer, and Stacy Marks among the living. The earlier landscape art of England is illustrated by John Constable, Rich- ard Wilson, and the elder Crom, and the next stage of its develop- ment by Turner, Callcott, Clarkson Stanfleld, and W. Linnell ; while contemporary art in this branch finds masterly exponents in Vicat Cole, Keeley Hallswelle, Peter Graham, G. H. Boughton, and IST. Chev- alier. Marine painters are admirably represented by some of the best work of Clarkson Stanfleld, E. W. Cooke, E. Hayes, and Colin Hunter. David Roberts, Front, and Wyke Bayliss figure among the painters of architectural interiors; wliile religious, historical, anecdotical, and genre subjects meet with a vivid interpretation at the liands of men like Sir Frederick Leighton, Holmau Hunt, Sir George Hayter, Calderon Egg, Alma Tadema, Dyce, Leslie, Poole, Tophain, and others; and animal portraiture is splendidly exemplified by Sir Edwin Landseer, the vet- eran Sydney Cooper, E. Ansdell, and Briton Eiviere. In British sculpt- ure the only exhibitors are Mr. J. E. Boehm, E. A., and Mr. H. C. Marshall, R. A. Next in point of interest and value to the foregoing is the Victorian Loan Collection. For in these colonies, as in the United States, the ac- quisition of wealth begets a desire on the part of the more intelligent of its possessors to form picture galleries, or to adorn the walls of their houses with tbe works of artists of acknowledged eminence, and the re- sult is that many excellent British and continental painters, by whom there are no pictures in the national galleries of Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, have found purchasers for their canvases among private iildividuals in Australia. Hence tbe visitor experiences the gratifica- tion of examining a superb work by G6r6me, some striking landscapes by Carl Heffner, an example of Munthe, a masterly transcript of the ru- ral scenery of midland England by B. W. Leader, some exquisite little 112 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. gems in the way of microscopic manipulation by B argue and Seiler; together with examples of Bouington, Etty, Goodal, Constable, Nas- myth, Turner, Marcus Stone, De Mttis, Fahey, Stanflekl, Douzette, Holmberg, and other artists in the Victorian Loan Collection, adjoin- ing which is a gallery of oil paintings by Victorian artists exclusively. Most of these have studied in Europe, however, and can not be re- garded, therefore, as racy of the soil. Neither can it be said that up to the present time a distinctively Australian school of art has been formed, although, as the landscape scenery, the flora, and the atmos- phere of this island continent have characteristics which difi'ereutiate them from those of any other country on the face of the globe, the pre- sumption is that landscape painters will arise who will reflect these characteristics upon their canvas as faithfully as Gordon and Kendall have done in their poetry. But up to the present time only one such artist has appeared — the late Louis Buvelot, and he was a Swiss who came out to Australia late in life, and seeined to be gifted with a sin- gularly acute perception of the essential features of Australian scen- ery, and with a remarkable faculty for interi)reting them. As regards the rising landscape painters of the country, they appear to be very much under the influence of the French impressionists. In the German Gallery the number of pictures by the great living masters of contemporary art in Germany is limited. Professor Gude sends a masterly coast scene on the shores of the Baltic, representing the turbulent condition of the sea and sky after the subsidence of a heavy gale; and the late director of the Academy at Munich, who re- cently died full of years and honors, Karl von Piloty, has signed a pow- erful but painful picture representing the death of a female martyr, whose body has just been brought down into the vaults underlying the arena of the amphitheater. Landscape subjects predominate in this collection, and the artists appear to excel in the portrayal of sylvan scenes, as if the love of the forest which animated the Teutons in the time of Tacitus still survived in the hearts of German artists. The woodland glades and leafy cloisters of Professor Ludwig, of V. Euths, of G. H. Eugelhardt, of J. Eummelspacher, C. B. von Loefen, G. Koken, and T. X. von Starkeiiborgh are charmingly true to nature, and are painted with characteristic conscientiousness and thorough- ness. Scandinavian sounds and mountains find an enthusiastic and vera- cious interpreter in A. Nermann, who shows the geological structure of the rocks as well as their form and color ; while the waves of the Atlantic have been studied with singular success by a young marine painter named Schuars-Alquist, who will probably be heard of someday in the United States. The German Gallery is particularly strong iu genre pictures, illustrating the humorous and pathetic as well as the homely and domestic incidents of social life in the Fatherland ; and such pictures as the "Bavarian Beer Tap," of Prof. A. Gabl; as the CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 113 "Drowned," of A. Zimmerman ; the "Only Fiiend," of E. Ilallatz ; the "Horse Market," of F. Hocbmann; tbe "Village Ghoir," of Professor Max Michael; the "Anxious Moments," of Brofessor-Hildebrandt, and the "Cloister Garden," of W. Marc, may be singled out from many clever pictures of the same kind as combining good technical qualities ■with much dramatic expression, aud, where necessary, deep feeling. To an American, familiar by observation or report with tbe hundreds of masterly pictures, by modern French artists, to be met with in the private galleries of collectors ia the United States, the oil paintings sent oub to this Exhibition present themselves as a painfully inadequate representation ol French art. Its Dii Majores are conspicuous by their absence ; and the only artists of any note who have contributed exam- ples of their work — and not always good ones — areT. Lobrichon, fimile Bayard, C. Landelle, Charles Frere, Louis Barillot, P. L. Delange, J. A. Eixens, and Berne Bellecour. The pictures sent out from Paris to the luternational Exhibition held in Melbourne eight years ago were, lam assured, very superior on the whole to the present collection. Belgium makes a much better display. Professor Portaels contributes a Flower Girl of Trieste, and his pupil, 'Emile Wauters, the historical painter, has an animated picture of an episode in the turbulent life of Brussels during the reign of Duke John of Burgundy ; while from the pencil of K. Ooms has proceeded a dramatic representation of a poignant scene in the "Spanish Fury," in Antwerp, A. D. 1576. Two very fine cattle pieces, by Edmond de Pratere, are admirably painted ; and the landscapes of Van Luppen, Madame E. Beernaert, Van Damme, Plasky, and Janssen denote a close and affectionate study of nature on the part of the executants. Among the tigure subjects, E. Farasyn's " Old Pish- marketat Antwerp,"thetoucbingly depicted "Orphans,"ofBourotte; the cleverly modeled "Sylph," of fimile Clans; tbe" Widows of Katwyck," and " Orphans of Katwyck," by T. Oogen ; the " Waiting," of E. Slin- geneyer, and the idyllic " Summer Evening," of Theodore Verstraete are entitled to a special meed of praise. M, Bossuet has sent one of bis favorite studies of Spanish architecture, glowing with light and heat; aud the numerous genre pictures and flower pieces which are exhibited go to prove how faithfully living artists in Belgium follow the methods and traditions of their Flemish predecessors. THE ARMAMENT COURT. In a spacious annex, specially erected for the reception and display of implements and munitions of modern warfare, are arranged the ex- hibits received from the great arsenal of Sir W. Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., of Elswick, near Newcastle on Tyne, covering 40 acres and em- ploying 3,500 men. Among the more noteworthy of tbe deadly instru- ments of destruction brought together here is a 36-pounder simultane- ously loading gun, weighing 4,648 pounds, on recoil mounting. MEL 8 114 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. From fifteen to twenty rounds can be fired from it per minute ; and this is accomplished by two electric batteries, one on each side of the gun. On pulling the trigger of a pistol, the circuit is completed, pro- vided the breech is closed ; but supposing it is not, the current is inter- rupted and the firing can not take place. The training and elevating gear is worked by hand-wheels, and the guu recoils in a brass cradle, the force of the rebound being met by a piston working in a conical cyl- inder filled with oil, and the gun is forced back into its proper position by a powerful spring inside the cylinder. This gun is 17 feet in length and is protected by a steel splinter-proof shield. The latest Gatling gun is also shown. It has ten rifle-barrels grouped round a central spin- dle, cased in brass, and fitted with a drum for holding one hundred and four cartridges, which drop down from it into the cylinder of the gun and are automatically ejected from thence as soon as they have dis- charged their duty. It is claimed for this gun, which is furnished with a bulletproof shield, that six hundred rouuds can be easily fired from it per minute. Another Gatling gan is exhibited mounted on a field car- riage with limber-boxes to contain sixteen drums of cartridges. The employment of gun-cotton shells in warfare has necessitated the discovery of some material for fortifications and for armor-plated ves- sels, capable of resisting such terrible explosives; and this seems to have been found in the chilled iron invented bj' Herr Gruson, of Mag- deburg, wbich possesses the hardness of steel but is free from its brit- tleness. A working model is shown of a revolving turret mounting two guns. A dome-shaped cupola, consisting of detached plates not fastened together in any way, but kept in place by their own weight and counter- balance, and deflecting the impact of projectiles by the resistance of the whole mass, overarches this turret and is moved by means of a capstan in the lower casemate, enabling the guns to fire around the whole circle of the horizon ; while suitable hand gear is also provided for raising or depressing the guns as may be required. As many as four hundred of these turrets have been constructed since 1873, besides sixty-nine chilled iron batteries. Messrs. Thorneycroft & Company, of Chiswick, Middlesex, who have built as many as nine torpedo-boats for the protection and defense of the harbors of Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, and New Zealand, ex- hibit some excellent models of the vessels thus constructed. The larg- est of the latter, which lies ready for service in the waters of Port Phil- lip, has a length of 113 feet and is 12 feet 6 inches on the beam, with a draft of 6 feet. Its burden is 12f tons, and its trial speed upwards of 19 knots an hour. Its armament consists of two launching tubes for 15 inch Whitehead torpedoes and two Hotchkiss guns. Models of tor- pedo vessels built by this firm for foreign Governments, as also of patrol steamers intended for river service, are likewise exhibited, to- gether with missiles and explosive agents, indicating what may be called a diabolical ingenuity in making science the handmaid of human car- nage. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 115 And here it may not be irrelevant to mention that the whole of the Australasian colonies appear to be fully alive to the fact that, in the event of Great Britain being involved in a war with one or more great maritime powers, the enemy would be pretty sure to make a dash at them ; and therefore measures have been taken to place such important worts as Melbourne and Sydney in a state of defense so complete and efScient that it is believed they are both virtually impregnable, while the mother country undertakes the patrol of the sea. THE MINOR COURTS. ITALY. Under the classification of " Minor Courts " are arranged together in an annex to the northwest of the main building the collections of ex- hibits sent from such countries as have not thought it worth while to be oEBcially represented, and who have no special commissioners, but whose residents and manufacturers, nevertheless, have been bold enough to send out goods for exhibition on their own individual accounts. Italy, which, at the Exhibition of 1880 and the preceding show in the Sydney Garden Palace, made, as I am informed, a magnificent display, and attracted so much attention by the beauty, the artistic quality, and intrinsic value of the goods then exhibited, is on the present occasion content to occupy a place of very second-rate importance in the Minor Courts; and of what that country sends, the little that is good is to be found in the main entrance hall. There the firm of Boucinelli, of Flor- ence, exhibits specimens of the jewelry, principally in mosaic, for which Italy is famous. The beautiful Florentine mosaic work, the well-known results in which are obtained by inlaying various-colored substances on a background of black marble, is fine, but small, and in no way comparable with prior displays. The same firm also shows the enamel mosaics manufactured at Florence, but more generally known as Roman, in which the coloring is much more brilliant, but of which, as a rule, only small articles of personal adornment — pins, brooches, and rings — are made. There are also Neapolitan corals and black oxidized silver work, with some clever designs cleverly executed. The most interesting and beautiful examples of gold work to be seen in this col- lection are the brooches, bracelets, and necklets, designed after the old classical models, and which are remarkable for their exquisite work- manship and the grace and charm of the tasteful designs. It is only a few years back that a celebrated Eoman art jeweler. Signer Castellain, discovered the adaptability of the ancient Etruscan patterns and designs to the purposes of modern decorative jewelry, and his success in employ- ing them has had the effect of reviving to a very large extent the influ- ence of Greek and Eoman art in modern matters of taste. Signor Cas- tellain was also successful in reviving the art of granulating surfaces, 116 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. -which was exteusively practiced by the ancient Etruscans, but then became lost to sight for ceuturies, until it was discovered that the practice had been handed down from generation to generation among some obscure gold workers iu the Abruzzo. Besides the more minute kinds of mosaic work, there are large plaques and other articles simi- larly treated, in which the delicate shade of pink (for which a sea-shell is used), the forget-me-not blue (represented by turquoises), the green of malachite, the beautiful blue of the lapislazuli, and the various tones of gray and white obtained from difierent kinds of marble are all used with the best possible effect; also in the main hall, at the rear of this collection, are some pieces of statuary by an artist named Fulli, some of a certain degree of merit, but mostly of an indifferent character, commonplace and inartistic. The display of statuary by Oecchini, of Florence, in the Minor Courts, is also only second rate, except, per- haps, in respect of one or two subjects — a couple of Pomi)eiian vases of serpentine and some carved mantel-pieces of the same material. Antonio Eizzo shows in an adjoining case some shells very prettily carved. in cameo, and the familiar brooches in coral and lava; and pos- sibly more attractive still, though yet in the minor order of interest, is the exhibit of Santa Maria, of Eome, who sends a collection of brace- lets in oxidized silver, and a number of figures neatly carved out of lava, a group of Neapolitan holiday-makers thus executed being par- ticularly happy, both in respect of humorous treatment and artistic modeling. Cameo-shells, mosaics, pendants made of gold and corals, lava bracelets, and Genoese silver filigree work are also shown by this exhibitor, and in an adjoining collection are some pretty specimens of jewelry in most of the styles already alluded to, and in addition mugs of cornelian and other gems cut in cameo and intaglio. The Italian exhibition this time, it will be seen, is, therefore, only of an indifferent character in its way, but being Italian is almost necessarily pretty and attractive; but, as a whole, the show is most meager, disappointing, and unsatisfactory. INDIA. The present Exhibition has not been ofiScially recognized by tbe In- dian government, and knowing the timidity of the natives on the point of traveling beyond the confines of their own country, the exacting caste prejudices which impose on returned voyagers heavy expenses to insure their readmittance into the caste orders, as well as the inconvenient and somewhat degrading ceremonies, such as the shaving off the mustache, the bathing so many times a day in the sacred waters of the rivers, burning gold over the head, and the system of Coventry, no intercourse with his fellow-men being allowed for several days, all of which have to be punctiliously performed — remembering all this, it is not surprising that native exhibitors should shrink from making such large sacrifices for problematical returns. There have, however, been some who have dared so much, and to such the Exhibition is beholden for several inter- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 117 esting exhibits, though the whole collection is said uot to be as attract- ive as that which was one of the luiuor features in the Exhibition of 1880. That of Isarold Dhurmdas, " the Sind Bazaar," is the most im- posing display on the present occasion. Many beautiful examples of gold and silver thread embroidery decorate the exterior of the little court within a court, and these worked into floral designs for caps and slippers, and into carpets of closely- woven texture, warm with rich col- ors blending into bright and pleasing effects, go to form an appropri- ate introduction to the fabled wealth of India, of which many illustra- tions are to be found in the dazzling court beyond. The natural love of even the humblest of the natives for gold and silver ornament finds expression in the endless articles of costly personal adornment herein displayed, the delicacy and beauty of the workman- ship in which is the constant source of astonishment and admiration even to the European artist. An Indian laborer will pride himself upon the quantity and costliness of the jewels with which he loads his wife, and the general demand for the ornaments they prize so highly keeps in constant and lucrative employment the thousands engaged in their manufacture; and in this court we have excellent indications of the particular directions in which the popular taste runs. The famous diamond cut silver jewelry is represented by many specimens of brace- lets, armlets, lockets, brooches, and bangles, and there is also an excel- ent collection of the not less celebrated Trichinopoly, Cutch, and Delhi jewelry. Travelers in India know the mats made of roots, which, placed in the railway carriage and kept damp, enable the traveler, even on the hottest days, to journey in a cool and fragrantly-perfumed atmosphere, and here are shown a number of fans made of that luxurious root, as well as of the glorious plumage of the peacock. Carved sandal- wood boxes with mythological figures in high and low relief, and the pretty inlaid wood- work known so well as " Bombay boxes," and filigree work, are exten- sively exhibited, as also some specimens of enameled ware. The beautiful Dacca muslins, celebrated for their purity and fineness of texture, and exported to Western Europe by way of Egypt when the Eoman empire was enjoying the period of its greatest glory, and as fa- mous to-day, are represented by some choice specimens of curtains and window-hangings. Some of these muslins bear names in the vernacular translatable into English by such phrases as " woven air," " evening- dew," and " running water;" and pieces of this description a yard wide and 20 yards long can be easily passed through a wedding ring. There are specimens here, also, of the products of the similarly an- tique art of making those shawls of Cashmere and Punjaub, which have been famous from the time of Alexander the Great, and which, for their silky softness, the remarkable arrangement of colors, and the elegance of their embroideries, have been the envy of the world ever since. The silk fabrics occupy a conspicuous position, the best brocades coming 118 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. from Abmedabad, in the Bombay presidency. Their superiority is marked by the brilliaut colors imparted to the silk aud the chaste pu- rity of the embroidery work, and all visitors to the court are struck by the singular beauty of the gold embroideries on net which are shown, and which And their principal use in the adornment of ball dresses. Only a few samples of the raw products of India are shown, these being cotton-grain, aud pulse, while there are several exhibitors of all brands of teas, Indian teas haviug become very popular in the colonies. There is a splendid collection of gilt bronze work, and an Indian optician ex- plains and illustrates a patent system of sight-testing. JAPAN. This is another country which, making, I understand, a splendid dis- play at the last Exhibition, is content on this occasion to occupy a very second-rate position. But nothing that is Japanese can be slovenly or uninteresting, and so, even with the limited opportunities afforded, there is yet a great deal that is instructive and attractive in this small court, while the whole is arranged with characteristic neatness and taste. The principal exhibitor is Mr. J. Numashima, a Japanese merchant in busi- ness in Melbourne, and he has collected together an engaging assort- ment of curiosities and representative articles. In this section the eye first rests upon a group of two figures in carved wood and ivory, a curious and beautiful piece of work representing a dream of a famous commander-in-chief, Kusouskie Masashige, who flourished in the reign of the Mikado Godaigo Tenno, A. D. 1309. He dreamed he saw two men representative of great intellectual power and physical strength, aud the latter is shown in the person of a man of enormous muscular pro- portions, who supports with his left arm a bowl in imitation bronze, sup- posed to weigh 1,000 pounds, with so much ease that with his right hand he is engaged in writing poetry; while the former is indicated by an old sage sitting wrapped in thought. The attitude of the athlete is extremely spirited, and forms an admirable contrast to the sedate and con- templative pose of the philosopher, while the action of the whole is skill- fully represented, and the general workmanship is exceedingly careful. The table on which the writing is being done is a beautiful piece of work covered with very elaborate ornamentation; the heads and hands of the figures are of ivory, the bodies of wood overlaid with gold lacquer; the sword slung across the broad shoulder of the standing figure is of solid oxidized silver inlaid with gold lacquer also, and the com- plete group stands upon a carved support of wood, with inlaid mosaic top of two kinds of wood. The court is studded with the handsome, richly carved, ornamented, and tastefully embroidered screens so fa- miliar to all visitors to Japanese warehouses. One panel shows a cap- itally drawn eagle sitting on the bough of a tree watching some small birds flitting airily to and fro, and a companion panel represents the same eagle swooping down upon its prey, which are making oflf in every CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 119 directiou. The pictures are instinct with life and character, and the movement and spirit put into the little birds flying away in terrible dis- may are most realistic. The eagle is in ivory, and the leaves and blos- soms of the tree of the same material mixed with pearl; the screen is surrounded by a heavy border of dark wood, richly carved in grotesque designs of dragons and scroll- work, and on the obverse sides are rep- resentations of storks, in gold lacquer, feeding among the reeds. Other screens show a famous minister of state, who went on the first political mission to China in A. D. 754, and a Japanese lady of the same remote period richly attired in the costume of the time. There are numbers of fine specimens of bronze work, one, in the form of an incense-burner with six dragon handles and six feet, being particularly remarkable. The body is beautifully executed in various designs, and on the top is a cover supporting two children blowing a trumpet and beating a drum, the workmanship of which is extremely fine. Notice is also claimed by a pair of small iron plates inlaid with gold and silver, and the curious specimens of damascene work made in Kioto. There are also some ex- quisite examples of carved ivory and inlaid work, all executed in the very highest artistic manner by an eminently high artistic people, the carving on ivory being alone sufficient to engross the whole attention during a lengthened visit to the court. Some fine cloisonn6 ware and porcelain is also shown, and with bronze plaques, Satsuma vases, Kaga ware, and other specimens of characteristic faience, go to swell an in- teresting collection. There are a couple of immense carved cabinets in Shitan wood, and several pieces of richly painted silk and satin. MISCELLANEOUS. The Minor Courts further comprise exhibits from Malta, Turkey, Spain, Switzerland, Ceylon, Havana, Holland, Norway, Denmark, and Russia, but they are rather individual's shows than national representative col- lections, and scarcely call for more than passing notice. Norway is represented by hardware and cutlery, a carriole, or two-wheeled buggy, lifebelts and buoys filled with reindeer hair, fish-oils, and preserves. In the Swiss section there is a conspicuous trophy of Nestle's milk-food for infants, and a chalet containing an embroidery machine, besides a collection of trimmings and laces, white wines, cigars, and tobaccos, and mechanical musical instruments, with tool machinery and electric plant complete the display. Portugal sends liquors and wines, and Malta is represented by tobacco and cigarettes, Havana and Ceylon by cigars, Denmark by cotton goods, and Eussia by wooden ware. Hol- land is noticeable for fermented and distilled drinks and cocoa. Van Houten & Company having erected a handsome kiosk hard by to dis- pense that beverage. China sends furniture and fancy articles of only ordinary interest, and tea in large quantities. Madagascar shows col- lections of shawls, laces, mattings, and fibers, Spain cigars and wines, and Turkey opium, raw drugs, and tobaccos. In the space allotted to 120 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. the Seyclielles Archipelago is a particularly interesting collection of drawings by the heroic General Gordon. BRITISH NEW GUINEA. One of the most interesting of these Minor Courts is that which con- tains an ethnographical collection from the British portions of the island of ZS'ew Guinea, because it illustrates a phase of human progress exactly similar to that which our European forefathers passed through when they built their habitations upon piles in the lakes of Denmark, Ba- varia, Upper Italy, and Switzerland; just as the Papuans do at this day. Here, upon one of the largest islands in the world, and only sep- arated by a narrow strait from the Anglo-Australians, " heirs," like Americans, "to all the ages," is a race of men in whom the religious instinct is only just beginning to dawn, and the sentiments of fear, wonder, or adoration inspired in their minds by the tremendous potency of the natural forces in operation around them, find expression in the worship, or possibly the propitiation, of the grimly grotesque idols, rudely carved and still more rudely i)ainted, which are here exhibited. The Xew Guinea savage is just beginning to lisp the first letters of the alpha- bet of art; and between the crude essay of the dark-skinned barbarian and the noble achievements of the contemporary sculptor in marble and bronze what centuries of patient effort. Of continuous failures crowned with ultimate success, of slow progress, of painful endeavor, of lofty aspirations and unfulfilled ideals, have intervened! The human race seems to pass through the same apprenticeshiij, and even to learn the same lessons, when acquiring the elements of the industrial and orna- mental arts, no matter what part of the globe may be assigned to it, or at what era of the history of the world a particular tribe or family may be passing through its pupilage. Some of the decorative forms employed by these Papuans do not differ materially from those traced upon the cin- erary urns which ha\'e been disentombed in the basin of the Po, and be- long to what is known as "the ageof Villanova." There is the same reg- ular recurrence, of particular forms, and the same striving after balance, symmetry, and proportion. And itis interesting toobserve that the forms of their water-jars resemble those of the primitive vessels of Greece — the stamnos more particularly — and that while the Hellenic potters invented and named about forty varieties of this kind of ware, the natives of New Guinea have no less than ten. Curiously enough, moreover, the deco- rations of the pottery made by the inhabitants of N"ew Guinea and the neighboring Solomon Islands — articles which are largely trafficked in — bear an obvious resemblance to those of the vases of Th^ra, pre- served in the French School of Athens, of a pyxis in the museum of the Archfeological Society in that city, and of the neck and foot of the am- phora of Milo, which forms one of the treasures of the cabinet of the superiuteudent of antiquities in that city. In fact, the palmetto scrolls CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE 121 on the shield hanging up on the left-hand side of the figure of Seraese; in the Few Guinea Court, is so exactly like a similar bit of decorative work which is incessantly repeated on the great amphorajust referred to, that it might be supposed to have been copied from it, were it not that any such imitation is manifestly impossible. I do not know that these resemblances have been pointed out before ; while it is also worthy of remark that the musical iusiruments in use among the inhabitants of New Guinea .recall those which were employed in very early times in some of the most advanced nations of the world. There are the Pan- dean pipes resembling those upon which the goat-footed son of Mercury played upon the mountains when he was so cruelly mocked by the elu- sive Echo of whom he was enamored ; and thee is also a fife not unlike that which the same sylvan monster is represented as holding in his hand in that famous statue of him which adorns the collection of the Louvre. There is likewise the earliest form of the drum, consisting of a hollow tube of wood placed lengthways on the ground and struck by two short sticks ; together with conches, having a hole pierced for the lips on the side of the spire, which must have been the first trumpets ever blown, for was it not the instrument of Triton with which Ovid and Milton have rendered us familiar? But what ages separate these from the modern orchestra, with its rich variety of stringed, brass, reed, and parchment instruments ! What an enormous interval has to be bridged over by a race whose ears are capable of deriving gratifi- cation from the monotonous dissonance of Papuan "music" before it can be qualified to enjoy and comprehend Eossini's overture to " Will- iam Tell," Mozart's " La ci darem la mano," one of Beethoven's sym- phonies or Bach's fugues, the Hailstone Chorus of Handel, Haydn's " Creation," or a reverie by Chopin. It is only when one is brought ab- ruptly into contact with a race upon whom the morning twilight of civ- ilization is only just beginning to dawn, and finds its feeble essays in workmanship and art placed in immediate juxtaposition with some of the highest achievements of the most advanced of the Aryan peoples, that one begins to understand and appreciate the privilege of partici- pating in the heirship of the ages, and of being " foremost in the ranks of time." THE AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES. As may be readily imagined, the natural products of these young countries form a large proportion of their exhibits. With a soil so rich in minerals, a boundless extent of territory suitable only as regards immense areas of the interior for pastoral purposes, and cheap land for the corn grower, industrial enterprise was naturally directed, in the first instance, to the breeding and rearing of sheep aud cattle, to the production of wool, meat, tallow, and hides, to the cultivation of wheat, barley, oats, fruit, potatoes and vegetables, and to the raising of dairy produce. Then the discovery of gold almost simultaneously in New 122 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. South Wales and in what is now Victoria, but was then a province of the former colony, was followed by a great and rapid influx of population, and by an expansion of mining industry precisely analogous to that which took place about the same time in California. It was presently ascertained not only that gold was widely distrib- uted over the continent of Australia, from the south of Victoria to the north of Queensland, and that it was also deposited in Tasmania and New Zealand, but that silver, copper, tin, iron, antimony, and other minerals were hidden away in the cellars of the earth in this part of the world. But as, in process of time, there was a steady and considerable diminution in the annual yield of gold, it was found necessay to open up fresh outlets for the employment of capital and labor; and Victoria essayed to become a manufacturing country by adopting a fiscal system based upon protection. Some of these manufacturing industries, as, for example, those of glass and pottery, are only in their infancy, while that of the woolen miller has had a hard struggle for existence, notwith- standing the heavy handicap imposed upon all imports of this kind ; and at the present moment the tweeds, blankets, flannels, and other fabrics issued from the factory at Mossgrel, in New Zealand, seem to bear away the palm from competitors on the Australian continent. VICTOKIA. This, the most compact of all the colonies on the mainland, with an area closely approximating to that of the United Kingdom, and a mill- ion of inhabitants, occupies nearly 8 acres of space in the Exhibition building with its multifarious exhibits. Gold, wool, wheat, and wine are the main sources of its prosperity ; and no pains have been spared to impress these facts upon the minds of visitors. A gilded obelisk represents the entire mass of the precious metal which has been extracted from the soil, between 1851 and 1886, its value being upwards of $1,000,000,000. There are some splendid ex- hibits, but the pastoral industry in Victoria appears to be declining ; because much of the land formerly occupied by pastoralists is now be- ing converted into farms ; and the growth of cereals has extended so rapidly of late years as to leave a large surplus available for export- ation. But, in the near future, there is every probability of Victoria becom- ing more celebrated for its wines than for any other of its productions. What is very noticeable about them is their diversified character and strength. South of the dividing range the soil and climate combine to bestow upon the wines the flavor, bouquet, and lightness of the Rhine wines of Germany, and of the secondary clarets of the Medoc district in France. North of that chain of mountains the vineyards yield ports, sherries, madeiras, burgundies, muscats, tokays, and full-bodied clarets, while in certain localities the wines almost approach liqueurs indelicacy of flavor. But the art of blending, so as to secure uniformity of savor CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 123 and quality, year by year, and the management of cellars are at pres- ent but imperfectly understood, and this operates to the disadvantage of the wine-growers. Brewing appears to be an especially profitable business in Victoria, and one large establishment pays its share-holders a dividend of 25 per cent, per annum. But the malt liquors, as a general rule, appear to be new, heady, and rapidly fermented, and will not bear comparison with the best of the American, English, or German malt liquors. To enumerate the various manufactures established in the colony, as represented in the Exhibition, would be tedious and unnec- essary. Woolen yarn and fabrics are made in six mills, situated at Yar- raville, near Melbourne, Geelong,Ballarat, and Gastlemaine, but, as has been said elsewhere, with not very encouraging financial results. Cloth- ing factories, in which piece goods are made up into articles of male and female wearing apparel, are both numerous and profitable, as a large section of the female population of the large towns prefers this kind of occupation at a poor remuneration to earning good wages and securing comfortable homes in domestic service. Carriages of all kinds are turned out in excellent style and material by the local builders, and the furniture manufactured by the large houses in Melbourne, mostly from European designs, will compare advantageously in workmanship and other respects with that of the more famous London cabinet-makers. Indeed, the suites of apartments filled with drawing, dining, bed-room, and library sets, in the Victorian Court, are amqng its most attractive exhibits. And similar praise must also be awarded to a fine trophy erected by the Apollo Soap and Candle Company. The manufacture of glass and pottery is only directed, for the present, to the production of articles of general utility ; but in the matter of biscuits and other farinaceous products, aerated waters, cordials, harness, and saddlery, leather-work, cooking-stoves, pickles, sauces, and jams, preserved meats and soups, railway-carriages and tram-cars, gold and silver smiths' work, lamps, and of articles which enter largely into the construction and decoration of domestic residences, public buildings, and ecclesiastical structures, it is evident that the colony of Victoria possesses both the skilled artificers and the spirit of enterprise which enable her to dis- pense with external sources of supply when meeting the requirements of a population sufficiently prosperous to indulge in a liberal expendi- ture in all these particulars. NEW SOUTH "WALES. This, the mother colony of the group, originally settled as a penal es- tablishment by Great Britain^ and now one of the freest and most flour- ishing members of the Australasian family, covers an .area of 310,700 square miles and contains a population of 1,042,919. The first thing which impresses one on visiting the spacious courts assigned to it in the Exhibition is the magnitude and diversity of its mineral resources, 124 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. specimens of which meet you at every turn, and convey an imposing idea of the natural wealth of the country. Pyramids of auriferous ore, tons of argentiferous quartz and silver ore, blocks of tin and copper, of asbestos, lead, alum, alumnite, galena, wrought and pig iron, and co- balt ore, together with masses of coal and kerosene, and samples of diamondiferous drift, bismuth, mercury, and cinnabar, to say nothing of marble, building-stones, flue clays, and slate, serve to exemplify how lavish nature has been of her gifts to this important portion of the Aus- tralian continent. The wool exhibits are no less remarkable, both as regards quantity and quality, furnished, as they have been, by something like fifty pas- toralists scattered over the entire colony, who have sent in bales and fleeces of greasy and scoured wool, taken from sheep of all ages, and comprising every variety, from the coarser and cheaper staples up to the most silky and high-priced merinos. jS'or can I better illustrate the importance of this branch of industry to the two foremost of the Aus- tralian colonies, namely, jSTew South Wales and Victoria, than by men- tioning that the annual clip of wool in both exceeds the yearly produc- tion of the same article in the whole of the United States. I may also mention that at the recent wool sales in Melbourne American buyers topped the mai-ket, securing, at the highest prices paid on that occasion, the choicest of the staples submitted to public competition. Wheat, maize, and Jlgyptian corn figure largely among the exhibits in the New South Wales Court, and upwards of one hundred and forty dairymen have sent in specimens of their cheese and butter, both of which are produced of excellent quality in certain districts where the average rain-fall is sufficiently large to insure succulent pastures. The Richmond Eiver Sugar Company shows how well adapted the sub-trop-" ical districts of New South Wales are for the cultivation of the sugar- cane. The plantations comprise 6,000 acres at present, with an average production of 28.39 tons per acre. The wines of the colony are also well represented in the Exhibition. They are, for the most part, of a generous character, and have been classified by French experts as grande vins. As many as 8,000,000 dozen of oranges, grown upon 8,000 acres of land, prove inadequate to supply the demand for this fruit in New South Wales and the neighboring colonies ; but the cultivation of green fruits seems to be comparatively neglected. An examination of the exhibits of that portion of the population which is engaged in manufactures suffices to show that these are of an extremely diversified character, embracing iron and brass foundries, the making of agricultural implements and machinery and railway and other carriages, the preparation of preserved fruits and confectionery, ship and boat building, chemical works, breweries, the manufacture of leather, furniture, woolen fabrics, wearing apparel, boots and shoes, ■woodenware, saddlery, glass, tobacco— of which 680 tons are grown in New South Wales, chiefly by Chinamen— soap, candles, casks, ropes, CENTENiNlAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 125 and jewelry, emplojiug nearly 46,000 persons out of a population of 1,000,000. The models of yachts, steamers, full-rigged ships, and life-boats serve to show that there is a considerable spirit of mercantile enterprise among the people of New South Wales, and the exceptionally line position and noble dimensions of its principal harbor — Port Jackson — have contrib- uted to bestow a commercial importance on the colony, greatly exceeding that of any other member of the Australian group. Even the Dominion of Canada, with a population five times as nu- merous as that of New South Wales, is scarcely able to show a larger external trade than the latter. About 60 per cent, of the shipping en- tering Port Jackson is the property of colonial owners. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. This colony, which celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its founda- tion on the 28th of December, 1886, covers an area, in round numbers, of 900,000 square miles, inhabited by a population of 320,000. Its economic development followed the same lines as that of its neigh- bors. The pioneers of its progress were pastoralists; agricultural set- tlement soon followed, and the discovery of rich and extensive deposits of copper ore at Burra Burra, and subsequently at Moonta, communi- cated a powerful impulse to mining enterprise, which has recently been directed to silver mining, owing to the important discoveries made at Broken Hill, which, a;lthough lying within the territory of New South Wales, is virtually in the hands of the South Australians. One of the most interesting exhibits in the court under notice consists of upwards of one hundred specimens of the indigenous and exotic flora of the country, furnished by Mr. J. E. Brown, of Adelaide, the conservator of forests. These include upwards of a dozen varieties of the Eucalyptus, some of which are invaluable for use in railway sleepers, jetty and bridge piles, telegraph poles, wheelwright's work, and general building purposes, owing to their extreme durability, whether under water or in moist soil. The native pine, or camphor wood, possesses the property of resisting the depredations of the white ants, which are ex- ceedingly destructive in central and northern Australia; while the native box tree, the milk-wood, the so-called honeysuckle, the myall, the white cedar, the mulga, the black wood, and the hard whitewood tree are specially adapted for the uses of the cabinet-maker, the turner, and the engraver. The cereals of South Australia enjoy the reputation of being superior to those of all the other colonies, and, judging from the wheat, flour, biscuits, gluten, and starch exhibited, the reputation is not undeserved in so far as this grain is concerned. Nor must I omit to make special mention of the dried fruits — raisins, currants, figs, almonds, apples, plums, and candied orange and lemon peel — and of the singularly pel- lucid olive oil, which are exhibited by various growers. 126 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. QUEENSLAND. This colony, whicli did not begin to be settled until the year 1823,. and was not separated from New South Wales of which it originally formed a part until 1859, since which time its population has expanded from 28,000 to something like 400,000, contains an area of 668,224 square miles, and lies for the most part within the tropics, its most northerly point approaching jjretty closely to the tenth parallel of south latitude. Its natural resources are vast and various and these form the great bulk of the exhibits in the Queensland Court. These comprise specimens of gold, copper, tin, silver, and lead, antimony, manganese, quicksilver, iron, bismuth, plumbago, soda, malachite, marble and building-stones in great variety, besides diamonds, rubies, sapphires, agates, and opals. The latter besides rivaling in quality those of Hungary, are found in such quantities that the market value of this gem in Australia has been sensibly depressed. As to the coal fields of Queensland, a competent geologist has pronounced them to be equal in extent, if not superior, to those in New South Wales. Up to the present time the gold fields of this colony, which began to be systematically worked in 1868, have yielded $100,000,000 worth of the precious metal ; while the copper mines have had a total output of the value of $10,000,000, and the tin ore had yielded a return of $16,000,000. Next in importance to the mining industry is that of sheep and cattle grazing and the production of wool. This is carried on over a vast area of country, varying greatly in its depasturing capabilities, which are also largely affected by meteorological causes ; for experience shows that throughout the whole of Australia cycles of droughty years follow cycles of comparatively rainy years. But, taking one with another, the value of the annual clip of wool from the 13,000,000 sheep in Queens- land may be put down at $10,000,000, while $1,000,000 will represent the annual value of the hides, skins, and tallow exported. Only twenty-four years have elapsed since the formation of the first company for the growth of sugar in Queensland, and since then the depreciation which has taken place in the price of cane-sugars all over the world has been highly detrimental to the development of this branch of industry in Australia, while it has been further obstructed by the difficulty of procuring colored labor. At the present time there are 36,000 acres under cultivation, and one hundred and sixty mills in opera- tion, yielding 56,869 tons of sugar and 1,510,308 gallons of molasses; while ten distilleries turn out 97,375 gallons of rum. Along the eastern coast line of Queensland, between the sea and a dividing range, runs a belt of country 1,300 miles long, exempt from drought and possessing a soil of inexhaustible fertility, and its products, as exhibited in this court and in a conservatory which has been erected for the purpose of displaying and protecting them, embrace the mango, jack-fruit, guava, custard apple, egg fruit, pineapple, banana, tamarind, date-palm, the CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 127 Kai apple of Natal, and the Monstera deliciosa of Mexico, as well as rice, arrow-root, maize, buckwheat, ginger, sago, tobacco, and a great number of trees yielding dyes, medicinal barks, fragrant essences and essential oils, or fabrics possessing a recognized commercial value ; while much of the native timber, such as the cedar, the pine, beech, teak, wattle, gum, nut,-rose and blood wood, and bastard mahogany, furnishes excellent material for the builder and cabinet-maker. Speci- mens of all these, cut and polished, occupy a prominent place among the exhibits,, which also include example^ of the medicinal oil obtained from the dugong, a fish peculiar to those latitudes; copra, pearl-shell, b6che-de-mer and turtle-shell from Thursday Island, and a fine collection of ethnographical objects from New Guinea, Of course manufacturing industry is only in its infancy in Queensland, but iron, brass, and cop- per foundries have been established, and ship-building, the making of harness and saddlery, boots and shoes, furniture, woolen fabrics, coaches and carriages, agricultural implements, biscuits, confectionery, soap and candles, appear to be prosecuted with satisfactory results, judging from the samples of their ]Droducts displayed. "WESTERN AUSTRALIA. This, the most thinly peopled of the Australian colonies, for it num- bers only 40,000 souls, scattered over an area of 975,920 square miles, is geographically so distant from its neighbors that it has not incurred the expense of sending more than half a dozen exhibits to the great show in Melbourne; and three of these are specimens of thejarrah timber in I)lanks and logs, for which that part of the continent is famous. It is a variety of the Eucalyptus, which is capable of resisting the attacks of the termites, or white ants, on land, and of the teredo under water. It is, in fact, virtually indestructible and is therefore invaluable for all pur- poses of marine architecture and railway construction. Vessels built of it can dispense with copper sheathing, and shipwrights prefer it toeither teak or oak. It grows chiefly on iron-stone ranges, and sometimes at- tains a girth of 60 feet at 6 feet from the ground. The jarrah forests in Western Australia cover, it is estimated, an area of 14,300 square miles, while double that extent of country is occupied by other trees, second only in commercial value to the foregoing, the sandal wood among the number. Some idea may be formed of the durability of the jarrah, that piles which have been sunk for a period of forty years in both fresh and salt water have been taken up and found to be perfectly uninjured, and have then been turned to account for furniture-making and have been French polished. In grain and color it bears a striking resemblance to Honduras mahogany. Western Australia's mineral resources comprise gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, and tin; and its pearl fisheries are of considerable extent and importance ; but the paucity of its population is a bar to its indus- trial progress and economic development. 128 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. TASMANIA. The island of Tasmania is reported to be the least progressive colony of the Australasian group ; and the loveliness of its scenery and the amenity of its climate will explain, if they are not held to excuse, the tranquil and unenergetic habits of the people. They only number 140,000 and they occupy a territory of 26,215 square miles, one-half of which, abounding with romantic scenery, is a primitive solitude, while nine- teen twenty-sixths of the population are engaged in agricultural or pas- toral pursuits. I gather from the exhibits that the soil produces excel- lent wheat, oats, hops, and potatoes ; that the dairy produce of the island is also good; that the ale brewed in Hobart, where the water used for that purpose comes down from springs which take their rise in Mount Wellington, immediately behind the citj-, is quite equal in quality to the most famous brands of imported beers ; that the jams, jellies, and marmalades manufactured in the island enjoy a well-deserved celebrity ; and that the. indigenous timber, comprising many varieties of the Eu- calyptus and the blackwood, is largely used for building purposes, for railway sleepers, and for the making of furniture. The most striking ex- hibits in the Tasraanian Court, however, are those which illustrate the mineral resources of the island. These include gold, silver, lead, copper, tin, asbestos, iron, and antimony. Tasmania is especially rich in tin, of which an immense deposit was found at Mount Bischoff in 1872, and has been steadily worked ever since. The ore yields an average of 74 per cent, of the pure metal, and $20,000,000 worth of tin has been hewn out of the face of the mountain up to the present time. Sheep farming is being pursued upon 1,288,700 acres of land leased by the Crown to pastoral occupants, and the annual clip of wool averages $1,500,000 in value. The island is also famous for its horses, which have all descended from imported stock, and these find a market in India, where they are required to furnish the cavalry with remounts. NEW ZEALAND. The three islands of which the colony of New Zealand is composed comprise an area of 104,235 square miles, and contain a population, in round numbers, of 600,000, irrespective of the Maoris, who are esti- mated at 42,000. Enjoying a temperate climate and an abundant rain- fall, the pastures of the colony carry more sheep to the acre than those of any other region in Australia, and the samples of wool exhibited speak volumes for the weight and choice quality of the fleeces of the Lincoln, Leicester, Cotswold, and Romney Marsh varieties. Heavy yields of pedigree wheat, of Danish oats, averaging 70 bushels to the acre, of barley, potatoes, and green crops, attest the favorable condi- tions under which agriculture is pursued, while the Cheddar cheese pro- duced by its dairymen rival those made in the southwestern counties of England. Gold and silver, tin, copper, iron, antimony, and zinc are CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 129 amoDg the minerals liberally distributed beneath the surface of the islands; and the immense coal measures which are being worked on the west coast of the middle island promise to be one of its great- est and most permanent sources of wealth ; while there is every indica- tion that petroleum wells underlie a considerable area of the northern island, on which are active volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs possess- ing remarkable therapeutic properties. The display of woolen yarn, tweeds, blankets, shawls, rugs, and hosiery, made by the Mosgrel Company, of Dunedin ; of New Zealand flax, rope, and twine, by the Auckland Fiber ITanufacturing Company ; of native timber embracing a surprising variety of grains and colors, by numerous exhibitors, and of light and strong flour from Dunedin, Christchurch, and Invercargill, is significant of the activity of manu- facturing enterprise in the islands ; from which also are being annually exported large quantities of frozen and preserved meat, which finds a ready market in Great Britain. Although the trade is only in its in- fancy, it already returns $2,500,000 per annum to those who are engaged in it. UNITED STATES. In an international display of this kind, it will be perhaps more in- teresting to learn the impression produced by American exhibits and by the manner in which they are arranged, on the minds of others, than to offer any account of them myself. I have, therefore, collected from the Melbourne Argus, one of the leading .iournals of Australia, the following general description of this court and its contents : The United States Court adjoins that of Germany in the Avenue of Nations. The main entrance is decorated with a broad arch in bine and gold and trophies of shields and flags. The leading features of the court are sewing machines, organs, and other musical instruments, carriages, chandeliers and lamps, tobacco, and beer, together with a large collectiou of the ingenious novelties for which Americans are famous. The whole of the front of the court is occupied by the Singer Sewing Machine Company, who exhibit machines suitable for all grades of work and adapted to the purses of all classes of purchasers. Some of these exhibits are very handsome pieces of furniture of the cabinet kind. The Wheeler and Wilson and the Davis sewing machines are also numerously dis- played. In the musical-instrument eeotiou, the Beethoven, American, Farrar, Otey, the Worcester, Miller, and Estey organ companies figure as large exhibitors. There is also a very fine display of watches by the Waltham, Elgin, and Waterbury companies, while the Seth Thomas Clock Company sends a noteworthy stand of clocks. Tobacco is seen in every shape, bearing the brand of Allen & Ginter, Williams, Miller, and Hawkins, Taylor & Co., David Dunlop, Goodwin & Company, and other well-known manufacturers of this staple product of America. Among the exhibitors of carriages and other vehicles are Dunne Bros., the Toledo Carriage Company, the Portland Wagon Company, and the Studebaker Manufactur- ing Company. The Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association, of St. Louis, exhibit a model, on a large scale, of their brewery, which is said to be the largest in the world, with railroad, trams and steam boats in motion. MEL 9 130 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. The writer has omitted to mention, however, one of the most conspic- uous features of the American Court, which arrests the eye of every visitor who enters it. I refer to the colossal mirrors in which are re- flected the exhibits of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, rendered additionally attractive by an artistic arrangement of flags and a display of the facsimiles of the innumerable medals and trophies of honor which have been awarded to the company in all parts of the civilized world. In point of novelty and pictorial attractiveness there is nothing in the whole Exhibition comparable with the model of the brewery at St. Louis, referred to above. Its topographical position, its magnitude, and the immense extent of business transacted in an establishment of such im- posing dimensions force themselves upon the attention of every visitor to the Exhibition, and at the same time convey a vivid idea of the gigan- tic scale upon which American enterprise conducts its operations, while the illusion of the scene so ingeniously depicted is heightened by its panoramic background. The trophies, the model of the globe more particularly, exhibited by llessrs. Allen & Ginter, tobacco manufacturers, of Eichmond, Va., and those of A. Cameron & Co. and W. Cameron & Bros., respectively, are well adapted to arrest the eye and to give increased publicity to prod- nets which are already well known and widely appreciated in the Australian colonies, where the consumption of tobacco by the popula- tion is very great indeed ; it amounting in Victoria alone to 2 pounds per head per annum, although a duty of 75 cents per pound is imposed upon manufactured tobacco and of 81.50 per pound on cigars. The American Waltham Watch Company, the National Cash Eegis- ter Company, the American Elgin Watch Company, the Waterbury Watch Company, the Ausonia Clock Company, with its fine exhibit of art castings in metal, and the choice displaj- of electroplated ware by Simpson, Hall. Miller & Co., of Wallingford, occupy the most promi- nent places in the main building, immediately under the principal dome and adjoining the entrance to the concert hall, the general point of ren- dezvous for friends and families visiting the Exhibition. The pavilion in which Messrs Prang & Co., of Boston, display their beautiful productions is a highly attractive feature of the American Court. Those productions meet with a very large sale in Australia, where two branch houses have been established, in Melbourne and Sydney respectively, and I observe that the art critic of the leading journal has made the daintily delicate chromo-lithographs issued by this firm the theme of a highly eulogistic essay, under the title of "Art popularized," in which he points out the refining influences which must result from bringing into the homes of those whose means do not en- able them to purchase good oil paintings or water-color drawings such admirable facsimiles of them as reproduce most of their salient charac- teristics. It would have been difficult to present the agricultural resources and CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 131 products of the State of California more compeudiously or iustructively thau is done by the samples of its cereals, so carefully selected and judiciously arranged in a handsome, caTved oak frame by the San Fi'an- cisco Produce Exchange, samples which elicited the admiration of country visitors more particularlj'. But " astonishment" would be the only word capable of expressing the feeling called forth by the aviary, tree-guards, lattice work, and other objects displayed by the Expanded Metal Lathing and Fencing Company, which has established an agency in Melbourne, where its fire proof lathing and panel fencing are calcu- lated to supply a want that has long been felt in the rural and pastoral districts of the Australian colonies. The type- writers are hourly surrounded by curious gazers, who watch with the liveliest interest the rapidity and facility with which they are worked. As many as thirteen manufacturers of musical instruments are represented in the Exhibition, and the pavilions of the Beethoven Piano-Organ Company, of New Jersey ; of Messrs. Mason & Hamlin, of New York ; of the Smith Organ Company, of Boston, and of the Estey Organ Company, of Vermont, are among the striking features of the American Court. Nor must I omit to make special mention of an exhibit which, if more prosaic in character than the articles just named, appears to be peculiarly well adapted to meet the every-day require- ments of the great mass of the community. I refer to the "Ideal Acorn Cooking-stove," manufactured by Messrs. Eathbone, Said & Co., of Al- bany, which has already firmly established itself in the public favor in this colony, and is perhaps equally well appreciated in the neighboring provinces. In fact, it may be laid down as a general principle, I think, that the wants of a new country like Australia are much better understood in the United States, where the social life of the people presents so many points of resemblance to the social life of British colonists in this part of the world, than in the mother country. Nor is there that disinclina- tion to adopt novelties here which the spirit of conservatism and dis- like of change combine to inspire in the minds of a large section of the population of Great Britain. The Australian, like the American, is called upon to confront exi- gencies and to adapt himself to circumstances with which the inhabit- ants of older communities are altogether unacquainted. And being .unknown in the latter, the means of cojiing with them have never been considered, much less devised, by inventors and theorists. iBut in the United States these very exigencies and circumstances immediately set a hundred busy brains to work ; and with what remarkable success no countryman of Howe and Eemiugton and Edison, and no one who has ever visited the Patent Office at Washington, will need to be reminded. Hence I would venture to suggest commercial relations should be cultivated with the Australian colonies, inasmuch as the United States can not only supply them with many articles and mechanical processes 1 32 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. for which there is already a certain demand, but can foster new wants by showing how to provide for the gratification and at the same time contribute to the ease, comfort, and material welfare of the great body of consumers in the United States of America. CONCLUSION. Financially the 3[elbourne Centennial Exhibition has been a failure. The balance sheet issued by the Executive Commissioners at the end of the year 1888, covering the transactions of five months and leaving only the month of January to be accounted for, showed an expenditure of, in round numbers, $1,700,000, irrespective of $1,250,000 disbursed in the erection of the main building, eight years ago, while the total re- ceipts from all sources have only amounted to $350,000, which the tak- ings for January may bring up to $400,000; so that there will be a gross loss of $1,300,000 on the undertaking, i^or are the causes far to seek. In the first place, the scale of magnitude on which the Exhi- bition was planned was disproportionately large, when compared with the population of Victoria; and, in the second place, the administrative body had had no experience whatever of what in the United States is called " running a show." The expenses have been very great, and excepting the 8110,000 dis- bursed on musical entertainments, with a direct return of $26,000 only, there was a conspicuous absence of side shows and auxiliary attractions. People grew tired of listlessly wandering up and down the main ave- nues; and in the absence of anything to divert them comj)lained that the whole affair was "slow" and "wearisome." On the other hand, the indirect advantages of all such industrial and artistic displays are considerable, but do not admit of accurate calcu- lation; and inasmuch as the revenue returns of the colony of Victoria for the year just ended show a net increase of 87,000,000, or nearly 16 per cent, over those of 1887, the people can afford to sustain the loss entaile'd by the luxury of indulging in a Centennial Exhibition. REPORT ON THE MACHINERY IN THE EXHIBITION. By Andrew Semple, Esq., of Melbourne. Among the many departments into wbieb the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition is divided, there are none which approach in interest and importance those which are devoted to machinery and tools. This is by far the most varied and comprehensive collection of its kind that has ever been seen in the southern hemisphere, and perhaps the most instructive that has ever been got together in any part of the world, since every year witnesses the introduction of imj)rovements in the de- signing and manufacture of machines and tools, and every succeeding exposition of the progress made in this direction must necessarily excel all previous displays of a similar nature. And truly the Exhibition now under notice affords, in the specimens of machinery and tools which it contains, endless matter for seiiection, and itnbouuded scope for spec- ulation. The fairly well furnished mind can trace in the objects here submitted for examination the whole history of civilization, from its early dawn to the high state of development in which we find it as the nineteenth century draws to a close, and can see at a glance the vast difference there is between the industrial arts, as practiced in the pres- ent day by progressive and cultured peoples, and of savage or semi- savage races. The bark canoe, or the " dug out," of Polynesia, side by side with a steel-plated man-of-war, a submarine torpedo-boat, or an At- lantic passenger steamer, certainly presents an astonishing contrast, and quite as startling disparities are to be found in other departments of human inventiveness and industry. In the cultivation of the surface of the earth, to raise food for the sustenance of man, it was not until far down in the historic era that any more effective machine was used than a forked stick, its point held in the ground by one man while it was drawn forward by a number of other men, to scratch the ground and make the best kind of seed-bed of which the benighted agriculturists of Palestine and Egypt had any knowledge, while the resultant crop of corn or pulse was prepared for human consumption by being rubbed between the concave and convex surfaces of round stones by female manual labor. See how similar work is done now, and by machines presented to view in this Exhibition. Starting with timbered or partially timbered coun- 133 134 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. try, as so many au Aiuericau aud Australian farmer lias had to do in the past and still often has to do, we find here the several means of minimizing bis labor, or of shifting it from bis own to his bullocks' shoulders, or of rendering it a mere question of the carbonizing of wood and the evaporation of water (by the enlisting of the steam engine in his service). When bullocks are given the work to do, the principal roots of the trees are cut across, and then by means of chains and pul- leys the animals drag them out of the earth. If stumps have to be drawn, they are plucked out by the roots by bullocks walking round in a circle, and operating a powerful screw, which compels the earth to loosen its hold and let stumps and roots escape from its grasp. When steam i^ower is employed a little traveling engine is taken into the for- est, with a crosscut saw attached, which can work either horizontally or vertically. In a few minutes it will cut through a tree that would take a good woodman a day to fell with his as, and then, the branches having been sawn or hewn off, the engine runs along the main stem, its saw acting vertically, and cuts it into such lengths as may be desired. Then if the stumps are left standing, aud the ground between cultivated, there are "stump-jumijing" plows which do the work without any risk to their parts, as these yield when the implement meets with an obstruc- tion which it cannot remove. At a later stage, when the land has been completely cleared, the ordinary plow comes into use, aud in this we find a great variety of types in the Exhibition. In the most improved English plow tb© mold-board is long and nar- row, built on fine lines like a clipper ship ; while the continental plow rather resembles the old fashioned American implement, with a short and abrupt mold board. The comparative merits of these competing types is an open question. The English plow, working in clay or calcareous loam, scores the sur- face of a field with beautiful regularity, making on its face parallel lines as true as the lines on music pajjer ; but it merely inverts the soil, while the blunter instrument not only inverts but also crushes the earth, and leaves it much more exposed to atmospheric influences, to be reduced to a fine tilth by the action of either heat or cold, and so pre- pared for the reception of seed. To economize labor and hasten work, double, treble, and multiple plows are used, by which a man and three horses can do the work of two men and four horses, or with four horses the work of three men and six horses. These are most valuable ma- chines, enabling the farmer to get through his work quickly, and per- haps gain a crop when the season has been backward or otherwise un- propitious, aud they require no more skill on the partof the workman than the single plow — not half so much as the old swing plow that was in use before wheels came in. Many co-called "cultivators" here compete for the attention of the agricultural visitor. The Norwegian harrow, the clod crusher, the horse hoe, and many others are most excellent tools, but the recently CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 135 introduced disk harrow promises to take a more prominent place than either of them. It consists of two rows of cupped and sharp edged iron or steel disks, which revolve upon shafts standing out from the maiu beam of the machine, and as they revolve they cut across the furrow- slices and throw the soil about in a way that goes far to reduce it to powder, if it is in a fairly friable condition, and the weather is dry and warm while the machine is at work. On stubble land it can be used without previously inverting the soil with the plow, and with a seeding machine attached it can get a crop in at one operation, leaving only a little work to be done after it with the roller or common harrow. In this way a second or "snatched" crop can often be secured in the favored climate of Australia. Next come harvesting machines in great variety. A peculiarly Australian apparatus is the " stripper," arather wasteful machine, since it leaves the straw behind to be consumed with tire or plowed in. But it is found very useful here, where there is little house feeding of cattle, and straw is of little value except in the neighborhood of cities. The " stripper" catches the standing crop with its fingers under the ears, nips them off, and thrashes out the corn in a beating apparatus with which it is provided. In its most improved form it separates the chaff from the corn, and delivers the crop into bags ready for the market — an admirable machine which did much to buildup the agriculture of Australia, since in the early days, in South Australia, it enabled the then struggling farmer to grow wheat for ex- portation at a profit, but one.that scarcely lends itself to high farming, economically practiced. Reaping and mowing machines are well represented, and many of these are of the highest merit; but the reaper and binder is now the harvester. It is in general use in Victoria, and within a few years it will probably be in universal use except on small holdings that cannot afford so expensive a luxury. An important novelty in farming is here well represented, namely, the ensilage system. This is generally known to be a method of pre- serving forage without desiccating it; of preparing it so that it will keep for many months without depriving it of its natural succulence or sap. It is a little difiicult to see how ensilage can be more nutritious than hay, which has lost nothing but water in the drying,but there is amass of evidence before the world which compels the belief that it is more nourishing. But even- if it were not, there would still be much to be said in favor of this method of treating herbage. Hay can only be made when the sun shines, while ensilage can be made at any time, and that either in under ground pits or in stacks on the surface. In either case tlie essential point is to compress it, either by means of weights or screws, or of rope and windlass, so as to expel all atmospheric air and keep it out. Farmers who have experimented with the silo tell us that food prepared in it is eaten greedily by stock of all kinds, even by pigs and poultry, that would not touch hay; and it must be more ready 136 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE of digestion than dried forage, by reason of the fermentation which it has undergone in the pit or stack. Judging by appearances the ensil- age system has already established itself in the routine of the Austra- lian farm, and is likely to have an increasingly important place in it in the future. The Exhibition fully illustrates the further processes which the fruits of the field undergo before they are ready to appear upon the tables of the rich or poor. Milling machinery is shown in great abundance, with revolving stones and rollers for the grinding tools, and disinte- grators, sifters, and other contrivances to separate all foreign substances, or alien grains and seeds, from the wheat, in the first place, and all im- purities from the flour or meal in the second. Then the resulting ma- terial is converted, under the visitor's observation, into biscuits for the forecastle mess, or into the most delicate and refl.ned of niacaroons and ratafias, to stimulate the jaded palate of the chronic dyspeptic, not to speak of good plain household bread and French rolls. The whole process of conversion is here made plain to the dullest comprehension, nor is there anything to be observed in the process of cooking that would lessen the enjoyment of the most fastidious partaker in the food seen in course of preparation, for everything is done by machinery, or nearly everything, and there is seldom direct contact of the human hand with the materials iu use. Still treating of food substances and manufactures, there are two dairies or creameries in the Exhibition, one on a scale suited for a farm of thirty cows or so, and the other for a manufactory to which four or five hundred cows' yield is supplied. The systems here shown and taught are of American origin, and there is certainly a fine field for them in Australia. The great city of Melbourne, excellently supplied with most of the other necessaries and luxuries of the table, is poorly supplied nith dairy produce. Fresh butter is so irregularly supplied and of such widely varying quality that it fluctuates in price between sixpence and two and sixpence per pound, the cheaper article being made out of as good milk as the dearer, the vast disparity in value arising entirely from difference in treatment. And more than this, it is not always that fairly good, fresh butter is to be had at any price, so inadequate are the arrangements for keeping over the surplus of one season to supply the deficiency of another. In the Exhibition model dairies, farmers and farmers' wives may learn, who care todoso,the whole simple mystery of butter-making and preserving, to their own great gain in money and to their customers' great gain in comfort. Fresh milk is delivered at the Exhibition dairies every day, and that which is in- tended for butter-making is " separated." Tlie cream is then churned, and the resulting butter worked and made up into rolls and prints in view of the public, who may purchase the produce if they choose, at shop prices, or tumblers of whole or of "separated" milk, and so have proof of the genuineness of the whole transaction. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 137 When cheese is to be made, that, too, is done from start to fiuish with American machines, in presence of the public, and lectures are deliv- ered at stated times in explanation of the several processes of manu- facture. The made cheeses are stored away in a heat-proof apartment built of bricks manufactured on an American plan and called " terra- cotta lumber." They are made of a mixture of clay and sawdust, and are perforated from end to end by two little passages or tunnels through the length of each brick, which induce a current of air through the walls into which the bricks are- built, while separately they are imper- meable by either cold or heat. In this chamber the cheese is left to ripen and mature in a constantly equable temperature. Of cooked and canned meats there is a considerable display from the difi'erent Australian colonies and New Zealand. In canned fruits very little is done in Australia at present, but the business has been com- menced, and is likely to grow into large dimensions, for the soil and climate of Australia are so varied and for the most part so good that fruit and vegetables of every description can be grown to the greatest advantage, from pineapples and bananas in Queensland, to black cur- rants and savory cabbages in Tasmania, and grapes almost everywhere. There is only one fruit and vegetable desiccating establishment repre- sented in the Exhibition, and it works upon American methods, with excellent results. The workmen employed have always around them a group of interested spectators, and no doubt the seeds of knowledge on the subject of their processes, which the Exhibition Commissioners are sowing so liberally, will bear abundant fruit in due course. Another form in which farm produce is prepared for the consumption of the public is exhibited by means of a model brewery that is to be seen at work in the Exhibition. In it the German method of low fermentation is followed, and an excellent beverage produced, which the public are privileged to sample. Malt only is used in this brewery, though in the beer manufacture of these colonies a considerable portion of sugar is used in conjunction with malt. The bitter principle used in the manu- facture is derived mainly from English hops, foi^though hop cultivation has been introduced into the colonies it has not succeeded so well as to render them independent of foreign supplies. Several sweetmeat man- ufacturers are constantly at work turning oat sugar confectionery in all its varied forms and qualities. Candies, lozenges, "mixtures," and innu- merable other kinds of children's dainties, founded on European and American models, are constantly being finished off, and are disposed of to admiring crowds of young people with a rapidity which finds neither check nor hindrance except in the rapid emjjtying of their pockets. Other farm machines are shown in the form of drain-opening plows, subsoil and vineyard plows, drain-tiles, mortising machines for the preparation of fencing posts, wire strainers, and a rich multifarious col- lection of vignerons', orchardists', voodinen's, and wool-growers' hand- tools. Human ingenuity and patience would seem to have been taxed 138 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. to the utmost iu the contriving of tliese ingenious devices, while ex- pense has been lavishly incurred iu realizing in iron and steel, brass and nickel, wood and bone, the ideas of their inventors. Some of them are mere mechanical conundrums to the uninitiated until their use is ex- plained, and then they are at once seen to be admirably adapted to the purposes for wbich they have been manufactured. In fictile manufactures there is an extensive show, and also a good exposition of the machines and apparatus by which the articles are produced. For brick and tile making there are powerful machines for grinding the clay and reducing it to uniform consistency, for moulding it into desired forms, for drying the shaped articles, and for glazing them or otherwise finishing them off. The series of machines used in the treatment of fibers carries the observer back to remote historical eras, for the weaver's beam is still iu use in the textile as the potter's wheel (or modification of it) is in the fictile manufacture. But it is within comparatively recent times that great strides in advance have been made in the fabrication of yarn and cloth. The steam engine, as it left the hands of James Watt, rendered many things possible that were not dreamed of before his day, and ingenious men foflnd the means to em- l)loy the tremendous power of steam in the spinning and weaving of fibrous materials. The rate at which these industries have since grown and expanded is familiar to all. The spinning of flax or wool iu the farmer's kitchen is no longer known, and the i^leasant music of the re volviug wheel is no more heard except on the operatic stage. There is to be seen in the Exhibition a little manufactory which treats wool as it comes from the sheep's back — scours it, cards and combs it, and sends it away, in the form of roves or slivers, to the parent manu- factory to be spun ; coming back ready for the loom, it is converted into worsted cloth, either of uniform color or of varied patterns in checks or stripes. Near to this cloth mill are a shirt manufactory, a clothing manufactory, and a hat manufactory, all in full operation, and all em- ploying ingenious machines. In the making of cotton shirts and woolen garments for men's wear, the material is so manipulated that there is little or no waste. The various parts that go to the making of a shirt or a coat are first made in paper, and these paper patterns being laid on the top of a pile of cloth, of say a huntlred thicknesses, their out- lines are drawn with chalk on the outside fold, and the markings being followed by a rapidly-revolving ribbon-saw, you have a hundred shirts or other garments made ready for the sewiugmachines in a few min- utes. In this way articles of wear are produced iu thousands and tens of thousands at a minimum of cost. In other parts of the building stocking looms are seen at work, and other machinery for the manufact- ure of woolen, cotton, flax, and jute goods. In a gold-producing country the methods adopted for the finding, raising, and reducing of auriferous ores naturally assume great j)rom- inence iu an industrial Exposition, and we consequently find in this Cen- CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONTL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 139 tenuial Exhibition examples of the best machiues and methods now employed for those purposes. There are rock-boring augers and drills which obviate the necessity to sink prospecting shafts and excavate prospecting tunnels, to the great saving of money and time. There are pumping apparatus to drain mines, explosives to rend gold bearing rook, winding machinery to bring the broken rock to the surface, tram-roads and trucks to convey material to the bottom of the shaft and carry it away from its mouth. Above ground the stone is submitted to a series of operations to compel it to yield up its treasures. It is reduced to a fine powder by stamping machinery, working in water in contact with quicksilver, with which it forms, an amalgam, the quicksilver being af- terwards separated from the gold by means of distillation, when the inferior metal is driven off in the form of vapor and reduced to the solid condition by refrigeration, to be used over and over again, with but little loss. But a considerable percentage of the gold is found in combination with oxide of iron, sulphur, arsenic, and other useless or deleterious substances, and since the quartz miner's great problem is how to make poor stone pay, this percentage must be rescued from the base company in which it is found. To effect this many ingenious processes and machines have been brought into use, with the result that whereas in the early days of quartz-mining no stone was considered worth treating that did not yield an ounce of gold to the ton, profit is now made on stone that contains only three or sometimes even two pennyweights. In alluvial gold-min- ing, steam-driven machinery is also used, bat it is not so novel nor so scientifically interesting as the quartz-treating methods and machines. Eailways and railway rolling-stock, as well as tramways and train appliances, are well represented. The gauge on the Victorian state lines is 5 feet 3 inches, and specimens of the government roads are shown in short lines laid in the Exhibition building for the transport- ing of heavy goods, with their turn-tables, junctions, switches, and other adjuncts of a great railway. The railway department exhibits three specimen locomotives, one of colonial and two of English make, examples of three of the five types of engine by which the whole of the Victorian Hues (now 2,200 miles in length, and constantly being added to) will be worked in future. There are also on view carriages and trucks of English and colonial make, and springs, buffers, and other parts of engines and carriages in great variety. A narrow-gauge steel railway has been laid down in the Exhibition grounds, near the American Machinery Court, which does most excellent work at a mod- erate rate of speed and at moderate cost, its trains describing such sharp curves that little expense need be incurred in finding a track for it. There is also an electric railway at work in the American Machinery Court, by which visitors to the Exhibition make short excursions to their great amusement. The cable-tramway system, imported from California, is extensively used in Melbourne, and with signal success. 140 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. The tram-cars bring most of the visitors to the Exhibition and take them away again. Specimens of the winding machinery and of the ca- bles are here on view. In timber-treating machinery there is an excellent display. On one hand are to be seen vertical and circular saws capable of dealing with logs of 4 feet in diameter, while on the other delicate fretwork is being produced by means of endless hand-saws. Besides sawing in all its varieties, planing, molding, boring, etc., are executed by the machines to the admiration of all interested on-lookers. The manufacture of malleable-iron pipes is carried on extensively in Melbourne, and for this industry Australia is indebted to the United States. These pipes are only about a fourth of the weight of cast-iron pipes of a similar capacity, and since they are paid for by the ton at about the same price as cast-iron, a great saving naturally accrues from their use. Besides, they can be laid in a much cheaper pipe track, since they liave only one joint In 35 feet, whereas cast pipes have one in every 7 feet. The new pipes are found very valuable in the reticula- tion of cities for water-supply purposes, in irrigation works, etc. Speci- mens of the pipes are on view in the Exhibition, and the process of their manufacture is explained to all interested in the subject. But perhaps the most valuable of the machines on view in the Ex- hibition are those whose function it is to make other machines. Of these it may be said that they reproduce themselves with a rapidity that is only limited by the public's need of machinery and ability to pay for it. Prominent among this class of machines are turning lathes, of beautiful construction, automatic in their action, and as exact in their operation as the finest of mathematical or astronomical instruments; also there are boring, planing, chipping, and screwing machines, and tools which deal with iron and steel in the most arbitrary manner, ren- dering them as amenable as clay in the hands of the potter. To this cursory sketch of the maehinery exposed in the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition detailed accounts of some of the more practically important sections of the collection will be added. In the mean time it may be said here that the Commissioners have made as liberal provis- ions for the proper display of the machines committed to their care as other demands upon the space at their disposal would permit. As new demands for space came in they erected additional temporary annexes to the main building, until the 40 acres of ground under their control were almost entirely walled and roofed in. The Commissioners also supply steam power to run the machines seen in operation from noon to 9 p. m. every working day. They have ten engines employed at this work, of an aggregate horse-power of about 2,000, with of course boilers capable of supplying the required steam. The engines actuate a revolving overhead shaft of about 2,500 feet in length, and each exhibitor connects his own machine with this by means of belts and pulleys, tapping it and drawing off from it as much driving CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 141 power as he may require. And in addition there are a great many gas engines at worli, each working the machine with which it is immediately associated, and several exhibitors' engines and boilers, whenever the display of these is important to the owner. WOODWORKING MACHINERY. Australia is abundantly timbered, the great bulk of its forests con- sisting of different varieties of eucalyptus and acacia. These supply, each variety having its own specialty as a timber tree, most excellent wood, heavy, close-grained, and durable, but hard and difficult to work, differing in these respects from the red and white pine of America. The Australian timber is, however, for the most part comparatively easy to split, whether into posts and rails or shingles, and the experienced split- ter can tell by cutting a notch in a tree whether it will lend itself readily to his purposes. In some parts of Victoria the trees attain to an enor- mous size. Within 30 or 40 miles of Melbourne there are specimens standing 300 feet high, which are only exceeded in height by some grow- ing in the forests of America. The Victorian timber has proved inval- uable to the miner for the lining of his shafts and drives ; to the farmer for fencing and house-building, for implement and wagon building; to the whole community as fuel, whether for domestic use or for steam- raising. It has also been much employed in the construction of bridges, wharves, jetties, railways, and other public works. For ship-building, too, and in cabinet-making it is excellent, though costly to work. Some of the varieties have beautiful natural markings, and are capable of re- ceiving a high polish, producing fine effects in furniture manufactures. As is usual in countries where trees are many and workers few, the for- ests of Victoria have been most wastefuUy treated. A practice prevails of "ring-barking" the trees, and leaving them to die of inanition, with the effect that great tracts of country are constantly being met with which are encumbered with dead and dying trees, stretching their gaunt limbs abroad until they^ield to the slow process of decay and fall. When trees are wanted for the mill they are cut a good way up from the ground to save labor, and the stumps left to send up suckers and re- clothe the earth with verdure, but of a useless description. The fallen trees are cross-cut into logs and drawn to the mill by bullock teams, then broken by a vertical saw, and ultimately reduced to the required dimensions by means of circular saws. In marked contrast with this rough-and-ready process are the methods of timber treatment, and the machines employed therein, in America, as shown in the Exhibition. Messrs. Parke & Lacy, of San Francisco, H. P. Gregory & Co., Fi-ank & Co., of Buffalo, H. Disstou & Sons, of Philadelphia, A. Fay & Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, and others have wood-working machines on view, and partly in operation, which are a revelation to Victorian saw-mill- ers and timber-treating-maohinery makers, although, indeed, they had some knowledge of American sawing machinery before, through seeing 142 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. it at work iu the saw-mills of Melbourne converting Canadian logs and deals into the scantlings in use here. The use of the hand-saw in heavy work was new to most visitors, and excited much interest, as did also the beautiful planing, mortising, slotting, and boring machines. Enterprisiug machinery-importing firms iu Australia have undertaken the agency of several American machinery establishments, and no doubt a trade will spring up in such goods between the two countries that will prove advantageous to both. A Victorian machinery firm, and also a Canadian firm, have on view a circular-saw bench provided with two saws, one cutting from above, the other from below, so that the cutting tools need be only half the diameter that would otherwise be required to perform the same work, and the sawing is done in much less time. Some American planers that smooth the upper and lower surfaces of the wood treated, at one operation, were much admired, as were also the American door and sash making machines shown. Throughout the Exhibition building there are many small expositions of wood- working machinery in operation. Turning, circular and ribbon sawing, molding, carving, engraving, and, iu short, nearly everything that can be done with wood by means of ingenious machines skillfully handled is here to be seen, and the various processes afford the best kind of object teaching to the crowds (cousisting largely of boys) who stand by and observe them at work. PKINTINGPRESSES, ETC. Of printing and book-binding machines, worked by manual and pedal labor, there is a great variety iu the Exhibition, colonial and foreign. Of steam-propelled machines there are two, one of which is the Marinoni, a French platen machine, which shows beautiful workmanship, but is not adapted to fast newspaper production. The other is a Hoe machine, imported by the proprietors of the Argus and Australasian, who have already in use many Hoe machines, of which the one in the Exhibition is the most improved example. It feeds itself from a continuous roll of paper, prints first one side and then the other, cuts the paper into copies, folds and reckons them, and finally delivers them ready for s.ile over the publishing-office counters. It is to be seen at work at intervals by visitors to the Exhibition. RAILWAY MATERIAL. Some pLitticulars have already been given of the railway necessaries in the Exhibition, and tliis collection is very comprehensive, including everything, from nuts, bolts, and rivets, on the one hand, to locomotives of 40 or 50 tons in weight, and luxurious carriages lor the long night journeys between Melbourne and Adelaide, on the other. There are no really long journeys here, iu the sense in which the phrase is used in America, but to minimize the inconvenieuceof even a sixteen hours' run the Australians have adopted some of the American modes of travel, o I- o CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 143 including tlie beautiful boudoir car, which is highly appreciated by travelers between Melbourne and Adelaide ; but they have yet much to learn on* the subject, as their foreign visitors are constantly reminding them. The "Tho:iipsou-Houston" electric tram-car, which is constantly running in the Exhibition grounds, is the first thing of the kind that un- traveled Victorians have seen, and the smoothness and uoiselessness with which it runs are warmly commended. It is in contemplation to introduce the electric tram in Ballarat and other inland cities, but the cable system works so admirably in Melbourne that there seems to be little chance of its being displaced. The electric tramway (the Thomp- son-Houston) dates from 1883, and claims to be the most successful in the world, as is shown by the number of companies now using it. In January, 1888, it had in full working order 343 central stations, aggre- gating 42,907 arc lamps, and 110 stations using its incandescent system, with 65,500 lamps. It is in extensive use in Great Britain, in govern- ment and other establishments, and has never been discarded in favor of any other system when once it has been introduced. MISCELLANEOUS. The Electric Supply Company, of Chicago, III., the Electric Motor Company, of New York, and the Western Electric Manufacturing Com- pany, of Chicago, are large exhibitors of dynamos, telephones, switch- boards, and other similar goods, all of acknowledged excellence in design and workmanship. The Westinghouse Continuous Brake is here exhibited, as used on the Victorian government railways, and also McKenzie & Holland's signaling and interlocking apparatus. Fair- banks' (American) and Avery's (English) weighing machines, for rail- way-truck weighing, corn weighing, etc., are here in great variety, and it is claimed for both kinds that they can give an accurate account of anything committed to their arbitrament that is ponderable, within the limit of 100 tons and the ten thousandth part of a grain. Few cattle and sheep trucks of colonial manufacture are shown, the aim of the improvements in some of them being to load up at their ends, so that a procession of half-tamed beasts may be marched in from one end of a train until it is full, the trucks communicating with each other by means of doors or gates. In practice these trucks have been found to work well, facilitating the loading of cattle and minimizing the risk to which they are exposed in transit. AGRICTJLTTTRAL MACHINERY. In the several departments of the Exhibition are to be found a very complete exposition of farming machines, implements, and tools, of for- eign and colonial make. Of Victorian manufactures in this class, the plows are very finely constructed, and beautifully finished, single and multiple furrowed plows, draining, vineyard, and subsoil plows, seed- 144 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT JIELBOUBNE. ing and tarn-wrist plows, etc. The harrows, cultivators, hay ra es, rollers, and other aids to good husbandry are excelleur, as^ are also wagons, hay carts, broadcast and drill seeders, etc. Ohafi and to- bacco cutting machinery is well represented. From Xew South VV ales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Xew Zealand there are excellent ma- chines in this class, but the more important are from Europe and America. The great Knglish manufacturing firms are splendidly rep- resented in portable thrashing machines and engines. Here are to be found the celebrated Buckeye mowers and reapers and binders, mar ufactured at Akron, Ohio, and shown by Mr. H. S. Chipman, of Syd- ney. This latter machine is a competitor at the annual field trials with the McCormick machine and three of English make. The per/ormance of the competing reapers and binders is all good, so that there is little to choose between them. Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth, of Lon- don, Corbett, of Shrewsbury, Hornsley & Sons, of Grantham, Ransom & Co., of Chelsea J Eansome, Simms and Jeffries, of Ipswich; Eobey & Company, of Lincoln (all English); and Massey, of Toronto, are to the front with thrashing-machines, which put through 100 bags an hour ready for market, and up to double thatquantity with greater steam power. These are beautiful and powerful machines. In all less important ma- chines the firms enumerated and many others are large exhibitors. In the American Agricultural Machine Section are the W. A. Woods mow- ing and reaping machines and reaper and binder, the latter being also a successful competitor in field trials and a favorite with the farming public. The Massey manufactures are of marked excellence and are much admired. Some American-made implements shown by Mr. W. Fleming, of Sydney, are rendered attractive by the novelty of their construction no less than by their obvious merits. Messrs. David Bradley, Wheeler & Co., of Kansas City, Mo., show "sulky" plows and "gangs" with two, three, or four mold-boards on three wheels, and to be ridden by the plowman. An unskilled hand can manage them ; they turn up furrows of 16 inches and pulverize the earth at the same time, equal to rough haiTOwiug, as can easily be understood on inspection of their short and abrupt mold-boards. The sulky is said to turn over 3 to 3J acres a day in the hands of a boy of from thirteen to fifteen years of age. Such implements and such boys and men would soon make the fortunes of Victorian farmers. The Bradley "listing" plow, with "corn-drill attachment and subsoiler," is an- other wonderful implement. It sows corn by dropping the seeds through holes at any distance apart that may be desired, and also sows, hills up, and digs potatoes. It is of course a double mold-board implement. The Buffalo Pitts threshing machines, the Osborne har- vesters, reapers, and mowers, and Henry Beech's (London, Ontario) three-furrow-gang-plows are all most capable-looking. The Johnson ensilage stack system is illustrated by means of models in the Exhibi- tion, and a stack of fodder in the yard preserved in a sweet condition. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 145 The system has been tried at the Agricultural College of Victoria, aud is reported to have proved entirely successful. The advantages of the system are that it saves the cost of pits and is easier to feed cattle than moist pit ensilage, while milk yielded by cows fed upon it makes perfectly sweet butter. It is not so eagerly eaten by stock as the moist subacid ensilage of the pits, nor is it shown that it yields as full-flavored or as much butter. Everybody enjoys sweet, fresh butter, but there are not a few who enjoy a stronger butter more. In fencing wires, of English and American manufacture, there is a good display. Of what may be considered minor agricultural machines, but are never- theless highly useful, there are a great many in the Exhibition. Wool- presses worked in various ways are very prominent, and a two-storied one, by which the compressing is done by the enormous force of a fine- threaded screw, seems to be most prized in Australia. The upright box, which is first hand-pressed till it is full of wool, has an upper and a lower half, and when the whole of its contents have been squeezed into the under compartment by the action of the screw, a bale of 250 to 300 pounds in weight remains in the lower. Other wool-presses are worked by levers and pulleys. Wool washing and scouring machinery is also well represented. Compressors for other farm products are numerous. There is a French apparatus that will reduce a load of hay or straw to the dimensions of a beer barrel; a German bran-press that reduces the material intrusted to it to a seventh part of its original bulk, and turns it out in the form of cakes or slabs ; and chaff baggers that shrink the chaff to about a fourth of its former size. All these are valuable econo- mizers of freight. Of dairy utensils there are many, chiefly of Ameri- can patterns, as has already been seen. Prominent among these are milk-coolers, for the Australian farmer has been taught by American experience that the keeping properties of milk are greatly improved by depriving it of its animal heat immediately on its being drawn from the cow. The favorite cooler is one borrowed from the brewery. It has a series of horizontal tubes, in which a stream of as cold water as can be obtained is kept up, and the milk trickles down the outside of these pipes until it is reduced from 90 to 60 degrees. Special trucks are now being made for the conveyance of milk and other perishable commodi- ties on the state railways, and heat and cold proof chambers are being erected at many stations for their reception, so that soon there will be a marked improvement in the food supply of Melbourne and other cities. Many varieties of the incubator here compete for the attention of visitors, some using dry and others moist heat, the heat used being ob- tained by the combustion of petroleum. But with all of the incubators it is necessary to turn the eggs every day, by liand, and individually, although machines have been invented elsewhere by which a whole tray- ful or stratum of eggs is inverted at one operation. The incubator ex- hibitors describe and explain their process, and in such glowing terms that many who hear them regret that they are not poultry farmers. MEL 10 146 CENTENNIAL INTEHNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. Bees and their management are fully illustrated by means of houses or hives of strange construction, accompanied by bee-feeders, honey- extractors, purifiers, etc., all of which are carefully studied by interested visitors. SHEEP-SHEAEING. A novelty in sheep-station appliances is shown which promises to effect an important reform in the process of wool producing. The wool- growers of Australia have long been subject to inconvenience and loss through the difiQculty they have experienced in securing the necessary force of skilled workmen at shearing time, but an ingenious member of this class, Mr. F. T. Woolsley, has provided what is likely to prove an effectual remedy in the shape of a sheep shearing machine. It took him ten years to perfect his invention, and at last he has got it exten- sively introduced and with the best results. Its operative parts resem- ble those of a reaping-machine. A comb with eleven blunt teeth, which is a segment of a circle of 3 inches in diameter, is pushed along the sheep's skin to raise the wool, and is followed by a cutting tool with three teeth, a segment of a circle of f inch, and this snips off the fleece by a reciprocating action, taking all the wool and leaving neither tufts nor ridges to lessen the weight of the clip. The animal can be shorn as bare as is desired, and when closely clipped presents a beautiful pink surface without cuts or gashes. In an experimental trial of the machine large-bodied merino wethers with three or four months' growth of wool upon them were shorn clean in four minutes each, while similar sheep hand-clipped were iiut under the machine and yielded 8J ounces more wool per head than they had already yielded to the hand-clipper. An unskilled workman can be taught to manage the apparatus in a few hours, or days at the outside, and an 8-horse-power engine can run one hundred machines. The cost of them is about £10 each. EXPANDED METAL. Of all the mechanical triumphs in which this Exhibition is so rich there is nothing to surpass the so-styled " expanded metal lathing and fencing manufacture," which converts thin plates of soft and pliable metal into perforated webbing, suitable for lathing, fencing, and many other common and valuable purposes. The process is the invention of J. F. Golding, of Chicago, 111., whose patent rights in it have been secured, so far as these colonies are concerned, by a Melbourne com- pany. The machine employed is nearly automatic in its action ; it performs its functions with the utmost regularity and precision ; the working of it does not involve the slightest waste or loss of material. It has always an admiring crowd of lookers on when it is in operation, and none are more delighted with its performance than engineers, iron- workers, and others who know how to estimate it at its true value. The material on which it is seen at work in the Exhibition is soft steel, of CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 147 20 gauge, in plates 7^ iucbes broad aud 10 feet loug, which it converts into fencing of 3 feet 6 inches in depth, or lathing of narrower size, the fencing consisting of diamond-shaped meshes of IJ inches by I^ inches. The lathing consists of smaller meshes, oblong in shape, and in both cases the meshes have two points of contact, at which the metal is continuous. Driven by a G-horse-power engine, the machine finishes a 10-foot sheet in a few minutes. The completed sheet or web has the thickness of the original steel plate at right angles with its length, and the expanded 20-gauge metal, now reduced to a thin edge, in the direc- tion of its length. The result is that the fence offers the very slightest opposition to the passing through of light and air (or wind), while the cutting knives which it presents to the noses of straying beasts puts a sudden check to all attempts at intrusion. A great merit of the lathing made by the machine is that it is fireproof, and with fire-proof plaster would make a wall almost wholly incombustible. The lathing, too, neither shrinks nor warps, so that the plaster keyed to it is safe against crack or fissure, with the effect that walls and ceilings so con- structed are certain to be long-lived. To properly understand the action of the machine it must be seen at work, and it is not always nor easily understood then. It has two massive dies or hammers, one with sharp cutting edges, the shape and size of the perforations to be made, and this coming down upon the sheet with great force makes the de- sired opening; but the cutting tool is not complete all round. At one corner there is a little gap in its face, aud the metal corresponding to this remains intact, to form the connecting links between the meshes. The other die, folio wing,. expands the metal and draws it along to re- ceive the succeeding impact of the cutting die. It may help to an under standing of the fencing made by this process if one imagines a piece of herring net in a lax condition as the original plate of steel, and the same net under tension as the finished product, or " expanded" metal. The machine is a beautiful and effective one, aud should prove a valu- able addition to the mechanical resources of the colony, rabbit-afflicted as it is. The price of the finished products of the machine is quite mod- erate, and will be no check to their extensive use. MINING MACHINERY. Australia resembles America in possessing in great abundance the natural substances which can be turned into wealth by man's labor, and among the most important of these are its mineral resources. In all the continental colpnies, as well as in New Zealand and Tasmania, gold is found, and in some of them there are immense deposits of copper and lead and silver ores. In New South Wales, Tasmania, and New Zea- land, coal in workable seams is found — in the first named in beds of great extent and depth. So important are the New South Wales col- lieries that during the period covered by the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition a strike among the coal miners there seriously inconven- 148 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. ienced the manufacturing, shipping, and gas-lighting interests not only of Australasia, but of India and China as well. Even in the State of California the effects of this strike were felt, for in a normal con- dition of trade there is a considerable exportation of coal from ISTew South Wales to that State. Here the price of illuminating gas sud- denly rose from 5s. M. to 8s. 6d. per 1,000 feet ; steamers were thrown idle; factory chimneys emitted smoke in greatly reduced volume, or not at all ; hundreds of ships lay idle in the harbor of Newcastle (N. S. W.), waiting for loading, and a general paralysis of trade seemed imminent. But fortunately the strike ran itself out before any very serious injury had been suffered. In Victoria coal has not yet been found in seams that it would pay to work. It has been searched for by the sinking of shafts and putting down of trial bores, any time these thirty years, and good enough coal found in many places, but always in veins that were too thin to be com- mercially valuable, unless with the aid of railways running to the pits' mouths. These are likely to be supplied soon. Of other valuable minerals, Victoria possesses many varieties, but by far the most impor- tant is gold. So important a factor in the prosperity of the country is deserving of attention, and it will render the gold-mining industry of the colony, as illustrated by machinery in the Exhibition, more easily un- derstood, to explain how it is carried on at the more extensive of the mines of the colony at the present tiae, choosing the Port Phillip Com- pany's works, at Clunes, as an example. This company commenced operations in 1857, on private property, paying the owners of the land a royalty on the gold obtained. During the first twenty years of its operations it treated 914,000 tons of its own quartz and 41,115 tons raised by tributers working within its boundaries on terms. The profit that accrued amounted to £365,166, of which the owners of the land received as their share £123,165. In one year the company crushed 69,319 tons of stone ; the highest average for a year was 1 ounce, 9 pennyweights per ton of quartz, and the lowest 7 pennyweights, 23 grains. The smallest yield that pays the company is 4 pennyweights. The country worked in is basalt of various depths, ranging to 100 feet; then quartz intermixed with other minerals, so far as the ground has been explored, namely, from 900 to 1,000 feet. When the mine is in full work 400 men are employed. In the Exhibition is to be seen quartz mining and raising machinery of the most efiacient descriptions in gen- eral use in Victoria. The stone-breaker is a valuable adjunct of the battery, breaking the quartz into manageable lumps by a kind of pinching action, at the rate of about 10 tons an hour, with an Shorse-power engine. In the stamp- ing battery some improvements are observable. The steel faces of the stamp are now more easily replaced, and revolve so as to wear evenly ; their adjustment has been simplified, and they can readily be given any required length of drop, from 4 to 9 inches, according to the character CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 149 ofthestoue iiuder treatmeut; aud auewmacbiue (Mr. McLeau's) has been introduced for raising the stampers, which claims to be an im- provement on the old. The "cam" is a mass of iroo, in shape some- thing like a reaping hook, and this, revolving upon its shaft, insinuates itself under a boss or shoulder on the shank of the stamper, raises the stamp as the cam-shaft revolves, and drops it from its outer extrem- ity, with some grinding power still remaining ia it. The McLean machine that has been introduced to displace this arrangement has an overhead revolving circular table, of iron, on the periphery of which, are inclined planes of steel, which gradually raise the stamps as the table revolves, and drop them from the highest point in the plane. This, too, can be readily adjusted to determine the value of the concus- sion, and it is said to be cheaper to construct and more economical in the working, besides possessing other advantages over the stamp ele- vator now in general use. Another Victorian crusher consists of two revolving metal disks, between which the stone is fed, and as the disks approach closer and closer to each other from the upper to the under limit of their orbit, the grinding is effected by degrees. The machine is com- posed of parts individually light, and it is claimed for it that it is easy to transport and erect, and valuable for prospecting operations in hilly or thickly wooded country. Messrs. Parke & Lacy, of San Francisco and Sydney, represented in the Exhibition by their general manager, Mr. L. A. Kimball, make a very iine display with their quartz crush- ing and concentrating machinery, and other machines to economize gold- getting on a large scale. This is a collection which has a large and prominent place in the American Machinery Court, and is constantly attended by visitors to the Exhibition who feel interested either in gold mining or in mechanical invention. The i^lant they have on show com- prises a stone-breaker, the "Challenge" ore-feeder, a Huntington cen- trifugal roller quartz mill, and the Frue ore-concentrators and vanning machines, all arranged to work in connection with each other, aud re- quiring the attendance of only two men, one to feed the ore into the hopijer of the stone-breakers and the other to attend to the engines and concentrators. The stone, having been broken into lumps of about an inch in diameter, is carried to a centrifugal crusher, where it is re- duced to any required degree of fineness, as is determined by the na- ture of the grating the ground stone has to pass through. The pulp then passes over silvered copper-plate inclined tables, on which gold that has escaped from the stamper boxes is caught by quicksilver, form- ing an amalgam. From the end of the tables the stream is divided and directed by means of spreaders. Each concentrator has a revolving endless rubber belt, aud this revolving towards the upper end of the incline, the pyrites or other heavy particles falling upon it are carried forward and collected into a trough of water, while the lighter particles of quartz or gangue are swept backwards by the water, a vibratory side motion in the machine assisting the separation. Tlie apparatus 150 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. admits of being readily adjusted to separate from the mass any min- erals tbat are lighter than the bulk. It is claimed for the Vanner ma- chine that it practically saves all the pyrites, and this we have certified to by the Geological Surveyor and Chief Mining Surveyor of New South Wales. The Huntington roller quartz-crusher, shown by the same firm, is an iron pan, or tub, 3 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep, with a ring die running round it, inside. In the pan are three steel rollers, freely suspended from iron arms. When the arms are made to spin the balls fly out, and revolve against the ring die, and pul- verize the quartz, which is impelled by centrifugal force against the ring. When fine enough the disintegrated stone, with water, escapes through gratings placed just above the ring die. Quicksilver is put into the mill to amalgamate the free gold that sinks into it, but does not come into contact with the rollers. This mill and two concentrators treat 12 tons of stone in twenty-four hours. It has been five years in use, and it is certified on its behalf by mine managers and other re- sponsible men that it is easy and cheap to transport, to erect, and to work, and gives excellent results. The " Challenge " ore feeder has for its main principle the obvious truth that stone crushes most readily when attacked on both sides — that is by a hard beating surface acting on it iu a thin layer of the material to be reduced instead of pounding it in a deep mass, when the stone slips and eludes the stamped face. Feeders of the improved kind are shown, and their superiority is recognized at a glance. Another of this firm's exhibits is " Wall's Im- proved Crushing Eolls," for the crushing or granular pulverization of gold and silver ore and copper matte, which claims to have double the crushing power of any other roller crusher in use, while its parts are much more durable; also it obviates the production of slime, reducing the material to a uniform granular pulp. The makers of this machine challenge all other makers to a competitive trial on the basis of all claims madeon behalfof their machines. The "Wall" differs fromthe Cornish and other roll crushers in the construction aq.d arrangement of its crush- ing faces, which consist of series of parallel corrugations, which ex- tend across the faces of the shells, and are so fitted to each other that when revolving every point in the surface of each will press equally upon tbe corresponding parts of the opposite roller, and be firmly held there by steel gear ; the slipping of the crushing faces is thus rendered impossible. In the common Cornish rolls the operative faces are straight and smooth, in marked contrast with the Wall roll, and it is obvious that with the latter a much greater grinding surface is broughtintocon- tact with the ore, while the angle of incidence so varies that if there is a weak part in the lump, or a tendency to cleave, the machine will find it out. For pan or plate amalgamation, it is alleged that three pairs of the Wall rollers will give a greater product than forty stamps, requir- ing only one-fifth the driving power, and costing in original outlay less than one-fifth, while the cost of wear and tear will be a mere fraction. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 151 The machines are manufactured at the Eagle Foundry, San Francisco, and important portions of them at the Pittsburgh Steel Company'si Works, Pennsylvania. Eeverting to colonial machines, Watson & Denny's amalgamating^ pan and slime concentrator is a machine which has come into exten- sive use in Australia. Its " great advantage is the extremely low cost of treating large quantities of auriferous and argentiferous ore." It is claimed for it that by its means nearly all the gold and silver contained in pyrites and tailings can be saved at a cost of less thau three shil- lings per ton of stone treated, one machine reducing to slime all the material produced by a five head battery. The machines are continu- ous and automatic, and receive all the sand and pyrites direct from the battery boxes or at the end of the copper and blanket tables, no additional hands being required to work them. In this process the action of gravitation is not depended upon to sink the particles of gold and silver to the bottom to be amalgamated. Currents of quicksilver are introduced instead, which seize upon the valuable metals and amal- gamate with them. The machines are portable and inexpensive to erect. The small percentage of gold and silver that has escaped may afterwards be caught by the same firm's concentrator. Messrs. Wat- son & Denny's process and machines are highly spoken of by many mine managers who have them in operation. Mr. Weill's patent concentrating and gold-saving pan claims to be the best machine for saving the finest float gold and silver from pyrites or from the tailings and tail water flumes of batteries, catching both after they had escaped the vigilance of all other gold-saving apparatus. The process is recommended by practical men who have made trial of it. Messrs. D. Munro & Co., and Langlands & Co., of Melbourne, and several others, have powerful machinery on view, which shows the latest improvements in winding, stamping, and amalgamating machin- ery. A complete working model of the Band of Hope and Albion Con- sols Company's (Ballarat) crushing plant is a very instructive exhibit. The mine where it is at work is among the few very extensive quartz mines ofVictoria, and has been growing during the past flve-and-twenty years by the acquisition of adjoining claims, and by pushing its search for paying stone further and further in the direction of the earth's center. This company has adopted one after another of the principal inventions for economical quartz getting and treatment, though it still lacks some of the more ingenious and bold of the American notions on the subject. The Band and Albion machines resemble those of the Port Phillip Company in their general features, and to see them at work, as shown in the Exhibition, is an excellent introduction to the study of the sci- ence and art of quartz treatment. The various minerals into which gold-beaiing quartz can be resolved are shown each in its separate re- ceptacle, and from one of these (oxide of iron, obtained from pyrites) the company manufactures excellent paint, by grinding it in combiua- 152 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. tion with linseed oil. The paint forms a good jirotection against the weather, is of a rich claret color, and has a flue appearance when pol- ished and varnished for carriage and railway rolling-stock work. But its color is very pronounced, difficult to kill, as the painters say, and cannot be overlaid so as to conceal it. But before treating quartz it is necessary to find it, and there are many valuable appliances to this end in the Exhibition. The Austra- lian water auger by Messrs. Wright & Edwards, of Melbourne, is a very useful boring apparatus, which has done valuable work in finding un- derground water in the arid plains of Central Australia, and does no less excellent service in aiding in the search for gold and other minerals. The auger can pierce clay, sand, sandstone, sand-drift, limestone, cem- ent, decomposed timber, pipe-clay, slate and quartz bowlders, and slaty and very hard quartz ; and when driven by a steam engine it will ex- plore at the rate of 3 or 4 feet in an hour. This auger is shown at work in the Exhibition. Diamond drills are also employed in the search for gold and other minerals. A diamond drill is shown by Messrs. Parke & Lacy, representing the M. O. Bullock Manufacturing Company, of Chicago. It is adapted to both underground working, exidoring and prospecting. It is operated by means of compressed air, j)roduced by two engines of 8 inch cylinders and 8-inch stroke, set at right angles to each other. The piston-rods of these little engines are extended to the pin of a disk crank, which revolves a 2-incli shaft which gives rotary motion to the diamond drill by means of miter-wheels. One beveled wheel is keyed on to the end of the 2-inch shaft and the other to the shaft of the drill, which is hollow, and works feed-bits of 4 to 7 feet long as required. The rate of speed of the feed is under complete control, and there is an indicator fitted to the machine which shows when a change of stratum has occurred, and dictates to the operator such adjustment of the feed-bits as the circumstances require. The Band Drill Company, of New York, display what is a prominent group in the Exhibition. Their machines are actuated by an improved di- rect-acting air-compressor, worked by an engine with a 12 inch cylinder. The piston-rod, extended, connects with a steel cross head, working within side guides. Steel connecting-rods drive a crank-shaft at the back of the cylinder, which revolves in plummer blocks. Inside the connecting rods and at each side of the crank-shaft a fly wheel of 4 feet in diameter is keyed into it. At the end of the extended piston-rod it connects with the piston of the air-compressor, which is 12 inches in diameter, and has a 16-inch stroke. The covers of the compressing cyl- inder are fltted with four air- valves ; water circulates around the com- pressor when at work to keep it cool. The speed of the engine is 100 strokes per minute with 25 pounds of steam, and at that speed it will compress air to an effective pressure of 75 pounds, sufficient to drive four or five of the smaller drills at the rate of from 300 to 400 blows per minute. These drills are of two sizes; thesmaller one, called the "Little CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 1 53 Giant," being light, is capable of being worked by two men, and well suited to underground work in limited space, while the larger one, called the " Slogger," is suited for heavier operations where there is more room. It is claimed for the smaller drill that it will make a l)ore of IJ-inch diameter in basaltic rock at the rate of 7 inches per minute. The " Slogger," it is alleged, uses steam or air expansively, strikes an uncushioned blow, and is set with a late cut-off, thereby realizing the greatest drilling power possible. It is in evidence that this drill, working under inspection, drove a heading 9 by 17 feet, 102 feet in one week in hard quartzitic gneiss. In getting out the quartz all known explosive compounds have been tried with varying success- Blasting, pebble, and Nobel powder have been much used; also gun- cotton, nitro-glycerine, and dynamite, of which last named there is a manufactory near Melbourne ; but recently a new explosive has come into use, and is shown here by the Eand Drill Company, under the name of Eackarock. It claims to be equally effective in wet as in dry holes, to be unaffected by climate, to emit no injurious fumes on com- bustion, and can be as easily stored and transported as ordinary mer. chandise. It is having a fair trial here. Melbotjene, January 8, 1889. CHAPTER III. REPORTS RELATING TO THE COLONIES. 155 SKETCH OF THE AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES. By James Smith, Esq., of Melbourne. Australasia is a comprehensive term which is geographically applied to the whole of the Australian continent and the islands of Tasmania and 'New Zealand. These include a total area of 3,075,030 square miles, which is one-sixth less than that of the United States. The aggregate population of this group of colonies is, in round numbers, 3,500,000, being about the same as that of the State of Ohio. The disproportion of population to territory is strikingly evidenced by the fact that there is only one person and a fraction to every square mile ; and the remoteness of this part of the world from the teeming hive of human beings iu Europe, coupled with the length of the voyage and the relatively high cost of the transit, necessarily operates to the discouragement of that rapid expansion of population which has taken place in America. At the present rate of increase, population doubles Itself in Australasia in forty-two years; and the government statisti- cian of Victoria estimates that at the end of the next century it will reach upwards of 189,000,000. But any calculations of this kind are liable to be disturbed by considerations arising out of the geographical configuration of the Australian continent, which differs so essentially from that of North America. Down the center of this latter flows a magnificent river of enormous length, fed by many confluents scarcely inferior in magnitude and volume, watering valleys suflSciently exten- sive and sufficiently fertile to qualify them to become the granaries of Europe. The center of Australia is comparatively waterless, and some- thing like one-third of the entire area of the continent is covered bj' the desert sandstone, which may be traced from the western plains of Queensland and New South Wales right across to Western Australia. Large tracts of country are as sterile as the deserts of Colorado, in- dented in places by salt lakes, or saline depressions, which seem to indi- cate that at some very remote period the sea had flowed over them. Hence immense areas of the continent must remain for an incalculable period of time uninhabited and uninhabitable; and population will continue to concentrate itself upon a belt of land stretching inland for a distance of 300 or 400 miles from the sea-coast, except on the shores of the great ]57 158 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Australian Bight, where for something like 500 miles there are no creeks or rivers discharging themselves into the ocean, and the Vic- toria desert which covers an area, roughly estimated at something like 600 square miles. GEOLOGIOAL POEMATION. Geologically speaking, Australia is one of the oldest countries in the world. Its mountain ranges belong almost exclusively to the Paleozoic formations, the upper Paleozoic or Carboniferous predominating near the coast line of ]!^ew South Wales and Queensland, where coal meas- ures covering millions of acres are being profitably worked. The sec- ondary formations are mostly to be met with in Queensland, where the cretaceous beds are believed to extend over an area of 200,000 square miles. Tertiary deposits of the Pliocene age are distributed over an enormous area, and to these the desert sandstone, the coral limestone, the gravels, conglomerates, and clays of the auriferous regions belong. In the Quaternary or post-Pliocene deposits are found the only remains of the extinct Australian fauna, including those of a kangaroo nearly as large as an elephant, and of a bird, named the dromorsis, much larger than an ostrich. Extinct volcanoes abound both in Victoria and South Australia. Some of their craters are 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and they are occasionally filled with water, so that you meet with lakes at the summit of considerable eminences. I have dwelt upon the geological formation of the Australian conti- nent because of the influence it may exercise upon the physical charac- ter of that branch of the Anglo Saxon race which is now engaged in planting a future nation tliere. It is the contention of some eminent scientists that there is a close parallelism between the perfection of the soil of a given country and that of the animals and human beings who are sustained upon it. The more recent the formation the better the soil, and the finer the development of the men and women who are reared upon it. INHABITANTS. All the dominant races of the world, we are told, have inhabited re- gions which belong to late geological formations; and M.Tremaux,in his "Origine et Transformations de I'Homme, etdes Autres ifitres," affirms this rule to be so absolute that not a single example is to be met with of a civilization having been developed or even maintained in the case of a people migrating to a country where the geological conditions are unfavorable. If this be so, and if a large portion of the Australian con- tinent was formed at a very early epoch, so that it has not undergone those changes which would qualify it to become the abode of a people claiming to stand in the vanguard of civilization, it follows that some degeneration of the Anglo-Saxon race may be looked for in these colo- nies. And that it is being modified is obvious to anv careful and at- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 159 tentive observer. The typical Anglo- Australian — I speak of those who have been born on that continent — is taller and thinner than his pro- genitors, with a narrower chest, greater length of limb, a clearer com- plexion, and brighter eyes. He has perhaps greater powers of endur- ance under circumstances of strong excitement than his forefathers, but his powers of application and sustained effort are not so considerable. He is more impulsive and less stable; more impetuous and less tenacious of purpose. As a soldier he would probably display some brilliant qual- ities in a charge; but whether he would go on steadily " pegging away" under circumstances of discouragement and difficulty, as the British troops of the line are in the habit of doing when officered by men of courage and determination, is somewhat doubtful. The finest specimens of the Australian women resemble their Ameri- can rather than their English sisters. They have frequently an air of reflneiflent, and are, as a general rule, tall, slight, and graceful. Per- haps there is as large a proportion of pretty faces to be met with in the principal cities as you will find in those of the United States. But their beauty is of an evanescent character, and does not last until the half- way house of life has been reached, and even passed, as it does in Eng- land. The teeth decay at an early age, and the complexion becomes desiccated owing to the heat and aridity of the atmosphere during the summer months. But in the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand, where the climatic and geological conditions are different, there seems to be a reasonable probability that the physical and mental character- istics of the children and remote descendants of British settlers will not materially differ from those of the original stock in the United Kingdom. Eeverting, however, to the continent of Australia, it may be reason- ably assumed that only the southern half of it, or that portion which lies below the twenty-fifth parallel of south latitude, will ever be thickly populated; and from that area must be subtracted some immense plains stretching from the river Murray to the river Darling, in the western districts of New South Wales, and the great Victorian desert, which intervenes between South and Western Australia. The tropical regions of Queensland, which runs up to within ten degrees of the equator, the northern territory of South Australia, which reaches a similar line on the map, and the northwestern districts of Western Australia can never be profitably cultivated except by Asiatic or Polynesian labor. GENERAL EESOTJKCES. As regards the interior of this extensive continent, nature seems to have decreed its unfitness for the prosecution of any other than pastoral and mining industries for a century to come, unless, indeed, science should devise some means of counteracting the disadvantages under which immense tracts of country now lie. These may be summed up in a few woi?ds: the absence of navigable rivers; the liability to severe, 160 CENTENNIAL INTEENANIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. and protracted droughts, during whicli running streams, shallow lakes, and water-holes are liable to dry up and disappear ; great difficulties of internal communication; and a climate which is capricious in the extreme. For three or four years in succession, perhaps, an area of pastoral country, tens of thousand of square miles in extent, will enjoy fairly good or favorable seasons; and the lessees, or '• squatters," as they are called, will increase their flocks until the land is fully stocked ; and so long as grass is plentiful and the rain-fall, which is usually stored in dams or other reservoirs, is adequate, all is well. But sud- denly the fountains of heaven appear to have been sealed up. Day after day, week after week, and month after month, the sky resembles a dome of burnished silver. No clouds fleck its dazzling surface by day; no dews refresh the parched earth by night. The natural herb- age withers and becomes so dry that it crackles like fine glass under the feet. The soil in which it is rooted is transformed into dust, and when a fierce, hot wind rises in the north, it blows away not merely the sur- face soil, but the very roots themselves. If circumstances will permit of it, the squatter shears his flock, which may consist of fifty thousand or one hundred thousand sheep — for the fleece is all he can save — and the animals are then slaughtered and their carcasses are burnt. By this means they are spared the horrors of starvation, a few breeding ewes and rams being preserved and perhaps moved miles away to some spot in which there is a possibility of keeping them alive until the drought breaks up. Such being the nature of the country in many parts of the interior, and such being the dangers to which its pastoral occupants are exposed, it is very evident that agricultural settlement and the formation of com- munities are impossible in those regions, under existing conditions. These, however, are not altogether intractable ; for the success that has attended the boring of artesian wells in districts destitute of water- courses, and liable to drought, points to the possibility of combating and overcoming, to some extent, at least, the natural disadvantages under which those districts now labor. The flow of water from wells of this kind is usually voluminous and unintermittent, and there is every reason to believe that it arises from subterranean rivers which flow southward to the sea. An immense depression exists in the center of the continent, where the soil is porous, and the rains are tropical in violence and volume, forming lakes which 'explorers have noted down as apparently permanent sheets of water, but on returning to them a week or two later have found nothing but a dry bed full of cracks and fissures. Such, it is conjectured, are some at least of the sources of these subterranean rivers, which reveal their existence in the limestone caves of New South Wales and Victoria. Again, thanks to Messrs. Chaffey Brothers, formerly of California, about half a million acres of land in Victoria and South Australia, hitherto covered with an indig- enous tree locally known as the "Mallee scrub," and uselessibr agricult- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 161 ural purposes, will be transformed iuto orchards and fruit gardens by means of artificial irrigation from the river Murray ; and the example thus set is likely to be followed in other parts of Australia, wherever a permanent stream of water offers the necessary facilities for the work. I would also mention another instance of American influence benefi- cially exercised. Twenty-four years ago the writer, one of the earliest of the Melbourne journalists, was so much struck by the powerful array of facts and arguments brought forward by the late George P. Marsh, in his " Man and Nature," for the purpose of establishing the intimate relations between the forests of a country and its auuual rain-fall, that he urged upon the government of Victoria in the leading columns of the " Argus," the preservation of all such forests on the mountain ranges which constitute the gathering-grounds of the various rivers. This ad- vice was acted upon ; and in the adjoining colony of South Australia a public department of woods and forests has been created, which is raising one million trees per annum, and effecting plantations at the rate of half a million yearly. These are not merely a source of revenue to the state, but it is confidently anticipated that in a few years the mul- tiplication of forests upon elevated tracts of country will be followed by sensible modifications of the climate, and will lead both to an increased evaporation and precipitation, in accordance with the well-established fact so strongly insisted upon by the late George P. Marsh, namely, "that within their own limits, and near their own borders, forests maintain a more uniform degree of humidity in the atmosphere than is observed in cleared grounds ; that they tend to promote the frequency of showers, and, if they do not augment the amount of precipitation, .they probably equalize its distribution through the different seasons. " The resources of the Australian continent naturally fall into three divisions — agricultural, pastoral, and mineral. Taking them in the or- der in which I have placed them, it will be necessary to remark that the three colonies which contain the bulk of the population lie within the same isothermal lines as Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Asia Minor, and the Southern and Southwestern States, excluding Florida. Hence t"he whole of the products grown in those countries can be, and, for the most part are, cultivated in New South Wales, Victoria, South Aus- tralia, and the more southerly portion of "Western Australia. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. All the cereals and all the fruits which flourish in regions enjoying a mean annual temperature ranging from 59° to 70° attain a similar per- fection in the temperate zone of Australia. Fully one-half the conti- nent lies within a sub tropical zone, while all above the twenty-second parallel of south latitude possesses a tropical climate. Both in Vic- toria and in South Australia the annual production of wheat leaves a relatively large margin for exportation, although the totals appear insig- nificant by comparison with the immense movements of grain and flour MEL 11 162 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. across the Atlantic from American ports to those of Europe. Winegrow- ing is also becoming an important branch of industry ; and there are twenty-three thousand acres under cultivation for this purpose in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The red wiues approxi- mate pretty closeb- to the hermitages, clarets, ports, and burgundies of Europe, and the white wines to the hocks, the sauternes, chablis, and madeiras of the Old World. Oranges, olives, currants and raisins, prunes, and dried figs may be enumerated among the special x^roductsof South Australia. The banana, the pine-apple, and all tropical fruits grow luxuriantly in Queensland, where, also, there are extensive sugar plan- tations. But the system of farming in all the colonies is such as, with some exceptions, tends towards the rapid exhaustion of the soil. To get as much out of the ground, and to return as little to it as possible, seems to be the chief aim of the agricultural population, who generally commence their farming labors with an inadequate capital, and with little or no practical knowledge or experience ; and that which they do possess has been acquired in a country where the conditions of soil and climate differ entirely from those of Australia. Labor is excessively dear and insubordinate; there are the risks of drought and of bush- fires to be encountered ; and when the corn-grower has reaped his crop of wheat, averaging 12 bushels to the acre, he must dispose of his sur- plus in markets where he is exposed to competition with that which is so cheaply produced in India and Eussia, while the value of his grain in the local market is determined to a considerable extent by the price of wheat in Europe. Dairy farming is profitably i)ursued in those dis- tricts of New South Wales, "Victoria, and South Australia where the annual rain-fall is sufficiently abundant to secure good pasturage all the year round ; and the quality of the butter and cheese produced is ex- cellent. The area of land under cultivation on the continent is 6,500,000 acres, or rather less than three acres per head of the population. In New Zealand and Tasmania there are nearly 2,000,000 of acres under cultivation, and the proportion to population is about the same as on the mainland. The land laws of all the colonies have been framed so . as to offer every reasonable inducement to settle upon the land, by sell- ing it at a nominal price and giving extended credit to the " free se- lector," while the system of legal transfer, encumbrance, and release is probably one of the simplest, most expeditious, and least expensive in the world. But in Australia, as elsewhere, the tendency of popula- tion to aggregate itself in a few large centers is very marked. Mel- bourne and its suburbs contain more than one-third of the inhabitants of Victoria ; Sydney has attracted to herself au equally large proportion of the population of New South Wales, and the same congestion of the brain, if I may so express it, is noticeable in Queensland, South Aus- tralia, and Tasmania, if not in New Zealand. In Victoria it has been stimulated by the fiscal policy of the country, which has been directed to foster manufactures, and thus offer special inducements for the with- drawal of capital and labor from the country districts. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 163 PASTORAL RESOURCES. For reasons previously stated, immense areas of the tliinly-peopled continent are devoted to pastoral purijoses exclusively, tliQ various governments leasing blocks of country, covering in some instances 10,000 square miles, to squatters, who pay an annual rent for their " runs " or " stations," which is generally determined by the number of sheep and cattle they are capable of supporting. In Queensland, for exam- ple, 295,265,280 acres are held under lease or license by pastoral ten- ants, in addition to a large i^roportion of the alienated or " condition- ally purchased" land. In New South Wales 142,927,360 acres are sim- ilarly held, and in South Australia 291,464,960 acres. I have not the return of Western Australia, but as its area is 975,920 square miles, which is equal to that of New South Wales and Queensland put to- gether, and as it has only 135 square miles under cultivation, it follows that nearly the whole of its enormous territory, which is equal to more than one-fourth of that of Europe, must be available for, if not actually dedicated to, pastoral occupation. Hence the magnitude of the follow- ing figures for 1887 showing the live-stock on the continent will occasion 110 surprise: Sheep 68,000,000 Cattle 7,500,000 Horses 1,150,000 But to these must be added on account of New Zealand and Tasma- nia the following : Sheep 18,300,000 Cattle ., 1,150,000 Horses 200,000 which makes a total of 86,300,000 sheep, 8,650,000 head of cattle, and 1,350,000 head of horses, owned by three millions and a half of people. The aggregate production of wool in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand may be taken as averaging 410,000,000 of pounds, the valua- tion of which will range from $85,000,000 to $100,000,000, according to the state of the market. MINERAL RESOURCES. The minora, resources of the Australian continent may be spoken of without exaggeration as enormous. They include nearly all the pre- cious stones known to commerce, the royal metals, copper, tin, antimony, lead, manganese, asbestos, shale, bisniuth, quicksilver, iron, coal, and an abundance of the finest kaolin and of the coarser clays employed by the potter, as well as marble, granite, slate, freestone, basalt or blue- stone, and other building materials. As a portion only of the settled regions of Australia has been geo- logically surveyed, it is impossible to furnish even an approximate es- timate of the auriferous area of the country. In Victoria alone it has been ascertained to cover 20,000 square miles, and the value of the gold 164 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT JIELBOURNE. raised up to the end of the ye'ar 1886 in that colony exceeded one thou- sand million dollars. In Xew South Wales the total product of that metal has been $180,000,000, and in Queensland $100,000,000. Gold mining is also being pursued with satisfactory results in both South and Western Australia as well as in the island of Tasmania. New Zealand is likewise rich in gold deposits, and its gold production to date reaches $27,000,000 in value. About five years ago a silver mine (Broken Hill) was discovered in ^ew South AVales of such richness as to resemble the celebrated Comstock lode. The yearly dividends exceed the amount originally paid for each share (£19), and the latter is now- worth some thing like £300 on the stock exchanges of Sydney, Mel- bourne, and Adelaide. Between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 ounces of silver are annually taken out of the mines in New South Wales, while the cupriferous deposits in that colony cover an area of 6,713 square miles. But South Aus- tralia has been the largest producer of this metal until its low price checked or suspended operations, the total yield up to the end of the year 1887 having been of the value of $100,000,000. Copper mines have also been worked in Queensland and Victoria, Xew South Wales, Tasmania, and Queensland are the chief producers of tin, the annual value of the stanniferous products of these colonies reaching a total of $5,000,000. -The largest coal measures on the Australian continent appear to be confined to the eastern portion of it, comprehending the colonies of Xew South Wales and Queensland. These measures follow the coast- line from the twenty-fourth to the thirty-sixth parallel of south latitude, ramifying many miles inland. Their estimated area is 50,000 square miles ; and some of the deepest seams have been found in the immedi- ate neighborhood of excellent ports and harbors, thus facilitating the export of this mineral. There are also extensive coal deposits of a very superior quality on the west coast of New Zealand, where, as at Westport, it is hewn out of the mountain side and sent down to the ship by natural gravitation. In Tasmania, likewise, there are coal fields which are being ijrofitably worked for local consumption. Kerosene shale is chiefly found in New South Wales, but the annual production does not at the present time exceed half a million dollars in value. Iron ore yielding 22 per cent., and brown hematite affording 50 per cent, of metallic iron are met with in abundance in New South Wales with the usual concomitants of limestone and coal. The chief iron works are in the neighborhood of a place called Lithgow. TARIFF. In speaking of the economic wealth and progress of the Australasian colonies it is almost impossible to avoid making mention of a curious anomaly which strikes an American visitor more particularly. Each colony has its own tariff, and no two tariffs are alike, so that produce and merchandise passing from one province to another pay customs CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 165 duties on crossing the border. We have only to imagine the State of New Jersey taxing almost every article possessing any commercial value that crosses the Hudson from New York, and vice versa, in order to com- prehend the manifest inconveniences and mischievous absurdities of such a fiscal system, and the evils which the Australian, or rather the Australasian colonies endure, owing to the absence of any bond of union such as that which binds the Quited States into one confederate whole, and establishes absolute freedom of interchange throughout the length and breadth of its vast territory. For in Australasia, each of the seven colonies of which it is composed occupies a position precisely analogous to that of the different States. Each has its own legislature, composed of two chambers ; its own governor (only appointed by the Crown in- stead of being elected) ; and its own statute-book. But the Imperial Government, when conferring constitutions upon these colonies, omitted to make any provision for the adoption of a common tariff; and hence certain of them have adopted a policy of protection, not merely as against foreigners and their own countrymen in Great Britain, but as against their neighbors, from whom they may be separated only by a stream, or by an imaginary geographical line of demarkation. Thus, if John Jones drives across this line in order to visit his brother Thomas, liv- ing on the other side of it, and takes the latter half a dozen of home- grown wine, a pair of fowls, a sack of potatoes, and a bag of flour, he will have to pay duty, not only upon each of these articles, but upon the cart, horse, and harness used in their conveyance ; and if he takes a kilder. kin of ale, a box of cigars, and a case of fruit back again, he will find these taxed by a border custom house officer belonging to his own col- ony. Such a statement may appear incredible, but it is nevertheless substantially true. There are two conterminous colonies which have adopted diametrically opposite fiscal systems. New South Wales adheres to the policy of free trade, while Victoria has adopted that of protection, ever since the year 1865. And the former colony claims that it has been enabled by the course it has adopted to outstrip its neighbor and competitor. It points to the fact that whereas ten or twelve years ago Victoria contained 250,000 more people than New South Wales, the population of the lat- ter now exceeds that of the former ; and that as regards shipping, com- merce, manufactories, revenue, and general prosperity. New South Wales is ahead of Victoria. It is no part of my duty to enter into the much- vexed question at issue between the two colonies ; but the following passage from a speech delivered by Sir Henry Parkes, the premier of New South Wales, throws so much light upon the economic condition of the two communities which stand at the head of the Australasian section of the British Empire, that I can not forbear quoting it: In 1887 the imports into New Soutb Wales amounted to £18,800,236, while the im- ports into Victoria amounted to £19,022,151. In the same year the exports from New South Wales amounted to £18,496,217, and from Victoria £11,351,145; while the value of the trade of New South Wales amounted to £36 9s. 8(1. per head of the population, 166 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE, and the iinited trade of Victoria amounted to £129 158. lOd. per head, so that we were far ahead of our sister. If we looked at the shipping (and he supposed even in these modem days the tounage of the sea-going ships was a fair criteiion of a nation's pros- perity), last year the shipping of New South Wales — the vessels entering inwards and going outwards — amounted to 4,3- 420, 608! 389,814 103, 828 122, 377 132, 192 86, 638 103, 830 16, 429 26, 237 76,456 84, 107 206, 553 362 853,419 260, 650 378, 883 116, 600 668, 472 50, 222 291,681 3,331,599 167,618 1,170,539 515, 929 Western Austra- lia. (*) (*) (*) £114, 137 17, 569 16, 060 2,027 (*) 6, 759 228 7,632 2,065 8,718 4,528 45, 023 28, 790 19, 823 5,869 29, 590 1,329 11,987 942 14, 031 2,423 Total Australia. £1,204,757 323, 239 1,161,797 4, 010, 556 2,1114,276 997, 604 181,260 100,331 241, 336 320, 793 1, 099, 033 313,319 284,501 244, 226 616,100 344,618 1, 720, 402 933, 950 1, 215, 74G 299, 152 1, 260, 888 90, 584 694, 815 3, 345, 972 287, 833 1, 852, 170 693, 089 184 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Value of imports ofjn'incipal articles, 1886, exclusive of New Zealand — Continued. Articles. New South Wales. Queens- land. South Austra- lia. '^'^?' i Victoria, mama, i "Western Austra- lia. Total Australia. Goia : £1, 162, 693 371, 336 700, 953 203, 014 51,393 32, 929 119, 866 152, 171 142, 511 617, 219 £669, 112 32, 593 928, 505 \ £17, 500 8,383 18, 603 £370, 080 327, 151 5 32,014( I 37, 182J £245, 000 200, 881 £85, 000 53, 061 £3, 153, 616 2, 220, 137 290, 713 54,393 Meats, preserved. Malt 12, 089 45, 018 149, 866 152,171 112,511 246, 875 53, 142 41, 027 33, 583 66, 182 62, 512 52, 401 166, ;;i9 205, 016 121, 102 39, 186 985, 226 92, 628 41, 027 33, 583 56, 182 21,636 84, 148 51, 310 106,711 166 349 Governmentand military 196, 923 11, 278 97, 379 199,318 Barley. . - 11, 278 17, 103 17, 103 111, 086 23, 285 129, 102 251, 116 219, 691 263, 018 811,801 1 11. 086 23, 285 129, 102 251, 116 Oils 219, 691 263, 048 811, 801 12, 894 128, 891 "" GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF AUSTRALIA. The geographical situation of the Australian colonies being directly on the opposite side of the world from Great Britain, the United States, and other manufacturing centers, would at first sight appear to present obstacles to any large amount of trade and commerce with those coun- tries. But it is not by any means certain that this very fact, taking into account all the circumstances and conditions connected with it, is not after all favorable to their steady increase, as the laws of supply and demand can be better regulated and attended to where the distance compels a considerable period to elapse between the time goods are ordered and received, while the same fact, implying as it does propor- tionate expense of carriage and of the employed capital lying idle, would present a barrier to any large amount of goods being thrown on the markets, causing a consequent depression. The enormous increase in the value of imports shown by the tables given herewith is astonishing, and proves conclusively that, notwithstanding the presence in large CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 185 quantities of coal, iron, aud otber metals throughout the colonies, they are essentially pastoral and agricultural cominuuities, aud must remain so for many years to come. Some of the colouies, aud notably Victoria, by the adoption of a vigorous protective tariff, have endeavored to build up internal manufactures, and not without some measure of success, more especially iu boots and shoes and clothing, yet the import statis- tics show how small in proportion to their wants and consumption are the values of goods of purely home production. Theu, again, Victoria suii'ers from having no coal fields that amount to anything, and this alone is a heavy obstacle to manufacturing. The coal is mainly brought from the coal fields of Newcastle, New South Wales, a distance by sea of some 550 miles. The United States trade with the colonies is only in its infancy, and is capable of immense development. The reasons, however, of its not growing in the same ratio as that of Great Britain are many. In the first place there is no direct steam communication between our eastern coast and the colonies, and indirect only via London or Hamburg, in which cases the merchandise has to be transshipped at either of those ports, generally involving much delay, damage, and loss through the extra handling, and also costing considerably more in freight. This item in itself puts many of our goods at a disadvantage as compared with tbose from England, Then, again, our manufacturers regard their domestic trade as far more important, which no doubt it is, than any export business, aud but few of them study the latter carefully ; whereas, England, having but a small home market, lays herself out expressly for foreign and colonial trade, and by her care iu manufacturing the articles expressly required in the colonies, and not seeking so much as we do to plant her own styles and peculiarities there — her methods of packing goods, shipping, invoicing, and otherwise showing every care and exactness in complying with the customs in vogue amongst the colonists, cater well for them and render it extremely difficult for the United States, or any other country, to supplant her. In addition to this, the political ties which bind the colonists to "home" are a strong incentive to continue business relations with her, all other things being equal, to the exclusion of foreigners. The trade next in importance to that of Great Britain is that of the United States, and is no doubt somewhat due to our kinship in race and language. The trade with this country is in such articles as petroleum, turpentine, lumber, slates, and oils, where her natural advantages give her a superiority, notwith- standing the drawbacks before mentioned. In articles of woodware, in leather and leather manufactures (except boots and shoes, where the styles are different to what the colonists adopt),in certain lines of tools, locks, builder's and other hardware, and in wood-working and mining machinery, where the versatility and inge- nuity of the American manufacturers are exhibited ; in carriages and carriage material, canned fruit and fish, and " notions " generally — in 186 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. all these things the United States has a large and increasing trade. One trade peculiarity of the colonists must be mentioned — it is very important to take it into account in seeking their custom — and that is the extreme difficulty in getting them to purchase brands or makes of goods new to them and different to what they have been accustomed, even if such goods appear to be equal in quality and are cheaper. This would lead one to infer that the people, as a rule, are not given to ex- ercise their own individual judgment in examining articles for sale, and this is true to a certain extent, though it should rather be putdown to the characteristic British conservatism and caution. They prefer as a rule to call for some well-known brand or name of anything they are about to purchase,' relying for its quality on its fame, and are not prone to make experiments on their own responsibility. In axes, for example, the great bulk of which are brought from the States, in one colony one brand is called for, and in another a different one; thus care has to be exercised in shipping the proper brand to the proper colony, because, although the two brands may be equally good and cheap, they will only sell readily in their own respecti'^e localities. The same principle holds good all around. We have had for some years past a line of steamers running from San Francisco to New Zealand and Australia, but they have not been able to carry to advantage any goods manufactured east of the Missis- sippi, as the heavy overland freight to San Francisco puts them out of competition. This line has received no aid from the states, but has been paid a mail subsidy of £30,000 a year from two .of the colonies, viz, £20,000 from New Zealand, which lapsed last yeai (1888) and has not been renewed, and £10,000 from Isew South Wales, which continues for the present year (1889). Without any doubt this trade would grow to very important dimensions could our Government be induced to act as liberally towards the line as the colonies even, who are, as it were, strangers and foreigners, in the matter of ocean postage service, and thus recognize not only the actual work rendered in providing a swift and frequent interchange of mails between the two countries, but the far more important work of providing the needful facilities for building up a trade which is very profitable to the Pacific coast and indeed to the whole country, as by its means a large, important, and increasing market has been opened up for our fish, fruit, grain, and other produce, and manufactmes. This line has been maintained with difficulty, and belonging as it does to wealthy owners has been kept up more as a matter of pride and courage than because of its being of a profitable nature. We must bear in mind that the territory of these colonies is as vast as that of our own ; that the population bids fair to exceed 30,000,000 souls in less than a generation ; that already its consumption per capita far exceeds that of any other country in the world ; that it is essen- tially a pastoral, agricultural, and mining country; and that our pur- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 187 chases of their wool, hides, and other products are made entirely through England, and shipped through that country, paying tax and tolls to^ them. These staples could be brought directly home to our own shores^ and there is no doubt in the world that in a short time the trade lioth ways would assume enormous proportions ; and the wonder would re- main why it was that a people so keenly alive to their own interests as ours should have so long looked on with apathy to this magnificent avenue of commerce. • If steam communication to Australia from the Pacific coast can be made to even pay expenses with the comparatively small quantities of goods they can ship from there, and with no state aid from our side and but a small subsidy from the New South Wales government, which shortly lapses, there can be little doubt that with even a moderate pro- tection from our Government, in the shape of a mail subsidy, a similar enterprise from New York with her large shipments of goods to those markets would prove remunerative, and I hope and believe the time is not far distant when our eyes will be fully opened to the paramount importance of entering into a far closer relation with our Australian cousins. I think there is no doubt that any mail subsidy voted by Con- gress under suitable provisions, and supplemented by the necessary al- terations in our restrictive shipping acts, would be further added to by some of the colonies, and would be sufficient to insure a good and permanent service. That the future of the Australian colonies will be one of marvelous prosperity and progress no man at all acquainted with its resources, capabilities, and the excellent characteristics of the inhab- itants as a race, can for a moment doubt. They are favorably disposed towards us, and to neglect an early opportunity of allying ourselves closer to them in the bonds of friendly trade and commerce would be a Rational blunder which we should ever after regret. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. Nearly three-fifths of Australia lies to the southward of the tropic of Capricorn and consequently conres within the southern temperate zone, which also embraces the ocean-girt colonies of New Zealand and Tas- mania. These are the only lands within the belt, if we except the Cape Colony and the extremity of the South American continent. Thus about one- third of all the land included in this vast region is comprised in the Australasian colonies. The corresponding division in the northern hemisphere should em- brace nearly the whole of North America, Europe, nearly all of Asia, and a portion of Africa. The comparison thus given will afford some idea of the extent of this division of the globe and of the enormous proportion of ocean as compared with land — a proportion which is not without an important climatic effect. So large a portion of the country being thus placed within the temperate belt, which the history of the world shows is the natural home of the dominant man, involving 188 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. just such changes of temperature as conduce to robustness of health, energy, industry, and the utmost exercise of the mental faculties, and avoiding alike the extremes of heat with its enervating influences, and of cold with its stinting hand, seems to be especially adapted to the growth of a fine type of physical and mental manhood ; and that this is so can easily be seen by any one traveling through Australasia and noting the general physique of the native born proper. There is no doubt that the climatic influences are favorable to the production of a hardy and courageous race of men, and the fact of nearly every day in the year throughout the whole of the territory be- ing available for out-door pursuits tends to robustness of physical cult- ure probably un equaled elsewhere. The love of Australians for athletics of all kinds a,nd their dexterity and prowess in out-door sports are of world-wide renown. Taking it all around there are but few countries in the world where the general conditions of temperature are more favorable to the produc- tion of a superior race. Very respectfully, F. B. Wheelee, Assistant U. 8. Commissioner. To Hon. Frank McCoppin, U. S. Commissioner. REPORT ON FINANCE AND TRADE. By A. B. Robinson, Esq., of Melhourne. One of the most important features in the history of the world's trade during the past forty years has been the creation of new and extensive markets in the South Pacific. Prior to 1850 the commercial and finan- cial operations of the Australasias were too insignificant for even ordi- nary attention. A limited population, no inconsiderable proportion of which being represented by the convict element, had few wants, local production was small and financial affairs were confined almost entirely to government departments. The discovery, however, of rich alluvial gold deposits in Victoria during 1851 had the immediate effect of draw- ing a large influx of population from all parts of the world, resulting in increased demands for goods of all descriptions, and the establishment of a trade which has ever since been expanding until it has become an important feature in the mercantile transactions of almost every pro- ducing country. When it is remembered that cities had to be built, and an ever-increasing population to be maintained for a number of years from outside sources, the significance of the situation will be understood. The discovery of gold in Victoria was at a time when the Australasias had been somewhat depleted of their immigrant population by the attractions of California. Local production was mainly confined to wool growing and stock raising, and even these industries were, in comparison with the present, developed only io their initial stage; hence the wants of the new markets created by the rush to the gold fields opened a large and satisfactory outlet for the produce of older countries. Great as was the attraction of the gold discoveries, the per- manent influence on trade has been the steady and progressive devel- opment of the local resources of Australia. The settlement of the continent was followed, as the rich auriferous deposits were exhausted, by the expansion of production in numerous directions. In February, 1867, Victoria, with a view of fostering industries, adopted a protective policy, and from that date has steadily advanced her commercial impor- tance. South Australia, Queensland, and New Zealand at later periods 189 190 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. favored the same fiscal system; but as yet New South Wales, owing to her peculiar position, remains' attached to what is called free trade, though she imijoses discriminating duties on sugar and kerosene to favor local production. The growth of the Australasias has not, however, been wholly de- pendent on local resources. Large sums have been borrowed in Lon- don by the various colonies for the construction of public works, the largest proportion of which being expended in the formation of rail- ways, all of which are owned by the state. Including New Zealand, the total public debt of the Australasian colonies amounted at the close of 1886 (latest ofiacial summary) to £153,209,998; of this amount Vic- toria expended 93.09 per cent, of her portion on reproductive works ; South Australia, 84.35 per cent. ; New South Wales, 82.69 per cent., and the lesser colonies in a more limited proportion. It may be argued that these borrowings, which are equal to £44 14s. 5d. per head of the pop- ulation, are somewhat excessive and are likely financially to have a grave influence on the advancement of the colonies. And this would be true if the loans had been expended to any great extent on unpro- ductive works; as a fact known, however, and especially in Victoria, these state borrowings are fully represented by "live" assets, return- ing interest compatible with that paid for the loans; indeed, so far as the colony named is concerned, the investment of foreign borrowings in local works leaves a fair annual margin of profit to the state after pay- ing interest on the sums exj)ended on working expenses. Financially, therefore, the operation of borrowing has proved to be a sound one, whilst local enterprise has not been crippled by the absorption of local monetary resources in works which the state can carry out. Again, these foreign borrowings have led up to others, and an extensive mon- etary relation and business in its multitudinous channels has been stimulated by the introduction of the outside element. Indeed, there is no denying the fact that Australasian industries have to no incon- sideraible extent been built up on British capital, it being computed that including their public debt this investment of English money in the Australasias amounts to no less than £230,000,000 sterling. On this sum interest has to be paid, and its provision naturally has its in- fluence on the trade of the respective colonies. Against this accumu- lation of debt the Australian colonies produced gold between the years 1851 and 1886 estimated at no less than £324,097,228. Of late the gold fields have fallen off, but Mr. James P. Kimball, Director of the United States Mint, still classes Australasia second in the list of gold-produc- iug countries of the world, the United States heading the list. The figures already given indicate that the financial business of these colonies must have expanded in proportion, and this is very plainly shown in the advance in banking business. The first Australian bank (Bank of New South Wales) was founded in 1817. In 1825 its capital was only £9,000, whilst to-day the paid-up capital is £1,250,000 and it CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 191 possesses a reserve fund amounting to £930,000. Although the ad- vance of this single institution has been exceptional, the imjjetus given to banks of later years is a clear proof that the profits made by these institutions are large, whilst the business they embark in is both safe and satisfactory, as proved by the few failures which have occurred over a lengthened period. According to the latest returns, the total paid up capital of the Australasian banks is now £15,935,872, holding reserves in addition amounting to £7,427,000. The note circulation of these institutions is returned at £5,588,020, whilst the business done as represented by these advances to the public is no less than £133,141,274. Although these figures when compared with the operations of older and more populous communities may not appear large, still, when it is remembered how comparatively short a period is covered by the history of Australian finance, it indicates a progressive development both rapid and satisfactory. Within the present decade the development of the mineral resources of the Australian continent has resulted in the dis- covery of extensive silver and tin deposits which at no distant date must influence its trade. Apart, however, from the production of precious metals, the cultivation of land, the increased growth of cereals, and the expansion of wool grow- ing and stock raising have materially enhanced the value of the Austra- lian trade. During the earlier history of these colonies they were depend- ent in a great measure for their supplies of breadstuffs on California and (Jhili, a large import trade being done both in wheat and flour from the Pacific ports. All this is now changed. South Australia, Victoria, and New Zealand all having entered into the class of exporting countries. In 1850 the colony of Victoria produced only 525,190 bushels of wheat, and until 187C had to import from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 bushels annually to meet the wants of the country. In 1877 the total production was 5,279,730 bushels, and since that date her exports have been considerable, amount- ing in 1884, a favorable season, to no less than 8,232,005 bushels. Taking the history of Victoria for the thirty years between 1857 and 1886, the act- ual exports of wheat exceeded the imports by 3,500,000 bushels, and as the whole of this increased production occurred during the last ten years the influence it has had on the trade of the colony is noteworthy. The seasons are, however, variable, and continuous droughts often result in heavy losses. To meet this evil a system of irrigation works, based on the ijriuciple in use in California, has been adopted by the state, which, when fully carried out, will doubtless tend to mitigate the disasters in- flicted on farmers in dry seasons. American enterprise in connection with irrigation has been favorably viewed by the various colonies, and Messrs. Chaffey Bros, have received special concessions from the gov- ernments of Victoria and South Australia for these purposes. Two set- tlements are in course of development for the cultivation of fruit and cereals, from which satisfactory results are expected. As an indication of the progress of agriculture in Victoria and its bearing on the trade 1 92 CENTENNIAL TNTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. of the colouy it may be stated that the actual value of the purely agri- cultural produce in 1886-'87 was computed at £7,260,735. Wool, how- ever, is the product par excellence which rules the Australian trade; aud notwithstanding occasionally bad seasons, it grows more than any other country in the world. The clip of 1885 was computed at no less than 405,261,469 pounds, being the largest production of any country in the world. Of the group New South Wales is the largest producer, New Zealand next, whilst Victoria stands third on the list; but the superior quality of what are known in the trade as " Port Phillip wools" enables the last-named colony always to obtain a relatively higher price for her clips than the other colonies. The actual mercantile value of the wool product of Australia necessarily depends on the market fluctua- tion in Europe and America ; but take a fair season of prices it may be roughly estimated at £20,000,000 sterling, and as this is always repre- sented by bills drawn on London it affords one of the largest items in the exchange account with foreign countries. Tallow, hides, leather, aud skins are adjuncts of the wool business which swell the list of annual imports. The total exports of home produce of the various colonies, however, do not show a very large increase during the past ten years, but this may in some degree be accounted for, first, by the fall in values, and next by the larger consumption at home. In 1876 the value of Victoria exports of home produce was estimated at £10,- 153,916, and in 1885 at £12,432,245; New South Wales, £10,691,915 in 1876 against £12,957,881 in 1885, theother colonies showing about the same progress; the advantages possessed by New South Wales in being a coal-producing country of course has a marked influence on the value of her export, while the annually increasing trade done between New- castle and San Francisco swells its volume. The return trade witb the United States indicates that Victoria is cultivating this branch of her business, and should the water-way via Panama become an accom- plished fact there can be no doubt that it will be permanently extended. In 1876 the value of the imports into Victoria from the United States was placed at £414,996, whilst in 1886 it had increased to £755,896. The principal imports are timber, kerosene oil, and agricultural ma- chinery, New York and Boston being the ports which transact no incon- siderable portion of this trade. From the west coast, San Francisco and Puget Sound do an annually increasing business with the Aus- tralias, timber, tinned fish and fruit, barley, maize, and in certain sea- sons flour and wheatforming the larger items. The trade, however, may be said to be in its infancy, but as the growth of population brings with it increased wants it is fairly certain that the interchange of products between the two countries must expand. The question naturally arises at this point, what can Australia con- sume? Taking the mean average value of the imports for eleven years for the continent only, it is returned at £44,469,374, and if New Zealand and Tasmania are included it is increased to £53,589,477 annually, CENTENN1A.L INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 193 while during the latter Ave years is shown a steady increase. It need hardly be said that these figures clearly prove that the capacity for consumption is large, and that the Australian trade is worth com- peting for, more especially as of late there are indications favorable to more extended business relations with the United States. In proof of this it may be stated that several of the leading firms of Melbourne and Sydney have branch establishments or agencies in Kew York and San Francisco, while a regular line of sailing vessels trade between Boston and New York and the Austrgjiau colonies. The direct trade in wool is yet small with the United States, the larger proportion of her pur- chases being made in the London markets, but still there is a growing business. In 188n-'87 the direct shipments from Melbourne to America amounted to 10,021 bales, while in 1887-88 the quantit.y had been in- creased to 18,847 bales; in addition to these shipments were made to New York and Boston via Loudon in 1886-'87 to the extent of 4,788 bales and 3,922 -bales in 1887-'88. The increase of stock has been of late years enormous throughout the Australian colonies ; indeed, no small proportion of the wealth of these colonies is represented under this head. The following table shows the number of she6p, cattle, and horses, estimated by Mr. H. H. Hayter, the government statist of Victoria, in his report of November 12, 1888, to have been in Australasia at the latest dates for which statistics are available : Livestock in Australasia. Colony. Sheep. Cattle. Horses. Victoria 10, 623, 985 46, 965, 152 12, 926, 162 7, 254, 000 1, 909, 940 1,333,873 1, 575, 487 4, 473, 716 440, 000 93, 544 315, 000 390, 609 305, 865 170, 000 41 100 Western Australia Total 79, 679, 2,'i5 1,547,242 16, 677, 445 7, 916, 620 147, 092 895, 461 1,222,574 29, 528 187, 382 97, 903, 922 8, 959, 173 1,439,484 As regards sheep, these figures show an increase of 11,000,000 com- pared with those of the previous year. New South Wales shows an in- crease of 7,800,000, Queensland of over 3,200,000, and South Australia of 600,000. Victoria and Tasmania both show a slight decrease. The number of cattle in all the colonies shows an increase of 700,000 and horses of 67,000, The question of the balaqce of trade between Australia and the out- side world has always attracted notice. In the opinion of the many — which are those who have not carefully considered the conditions of a new country — it has been deemed adverse and tending towards impov- MBL 13 194 CENTEJJNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. erisliment. Taking results as they stand, the reverse has however oc- curred, and this is due to the fact that a large proportion of the im- portations are represented as permanently held in finished condition, and really are investments and not expended wealth. Taking the ten years between 1875 and 1885, the official returns show an excess of imports over exports amounting to £61,406,810; but in the period referred to the assessed value of house property, railway construction, cost of machinery for manufacturing, mines, and other purposes, and outlay on reproductive public works, the materials for which, such as telegraphic communica- tion, tramways, bridges, and the like, are imported, fully make up the difference; while the monetary balance is represented by the loans ioated during this period and the investment purely of foreign capital. Again, as the interest only has to be returned on loans which are rep- resented in the import list by goods — no gold coming to the colonies — it follows naturally that the true balance of trade can be sustained even in the face of an apparent discrepancy between the value of the exports and those of the imports. One of the marked features in the Australian trade has been the in- crease of the shipping business. In 1874 the tonnage entered and cleared in the Australian ports proper amounted to 4,800,640, whilst in 1885 it touched 10,697,793. Including Tasmania and New Zealand, the figures were for the first period 5,824,976 tons, and for the latter 12,407,999 tons. Of the vessels trading with the Australian colonies it is noteworthy that those under the United States flag occupy the sec- ond place. The British flag is credited with 8,351 steamers and 28,646 sailing vessels, or a total of 36,997 vessels, representing a tonnage of 9,697,706 tons. Under the United States flag 3,075 steamers and 15,210 sailing vessels are classed, with a total tonnage of 2,664,600 tons. Of late the shipping trade between the United States and Australia has been increasing, and will doubtless expand as the trade relations be- tween the two continents progress. Another of the most striking features in the internal trade of Austra- lia within the last decade has been the extension of local manufactures, more particularly in Victoria. According to the official statistics, the value of raw materials operated on in 1880-'81 amounted to £7,997,745, whilst the estimated returns of articles manufactured were £13,370,836. In 1887 this number of establishments had increased 11 per cent., and the value of the plant, building, and land 37 per cent. The actual esti- mate of the value of the output of the various establishments, accord- ing to the census returns of 1885, had advanced to £24,070,000, and as the progression has been steady since that date it may now be estimated at nearly £30,000,000. New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria are the largest customers for home-made products, and in return the latter colony draws almost her entire coal supply from New South Wales, whilst Queensland finds in Victoria a market for her surplus sugar out- put. Local production of late years has to some extent altered the CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 195 character of imports; but the demand for all descriptious of goods not home-produced have so increased that there has been no falling off in the outside trade. On the contrary, the iuiproved condition of the population has naturally induced a larger spending power, and this is very clearly marked by the increase in the revenue derived from the custom-house ; but, whilst the community has of late years spent more money, its savings have also steadily increased. In 1888 the total amount of money standing to the credit of depositors in savings-banks in the various colonies was £12,482,808, and since this date the increase has been exceptionally large, a result due, in a great measure, to the high average rate of wages paid for all descriptions of labor. The act- ual wealth of the population may best be estimated from the total returns of the colony of Victoria, which are as follows ; Amount deposited with-n- 1886. Banks Sayinga-banks Building societies. S23, 623, 093 3, 121, 246 1, 038, 034 £31, 259, 472 3, 589, 966 2, 910, 793 Prom the foregoing it will be seen that in Victoria alone there is an increase of more than £10,000,000 sterling in the deposits for the four years, and this rate of progression has to a lesser extent been shared by the other colonies of the group. The most interesting item in the returns of this portion of the finances of Victoria will be found in that referring to the national wealth. The ofQcial statistics show that be- tween 1872-'76 it was estimated at £144,000,000, or £185 per head for the entire population ; between 1877 and 1881 it had grown to nearly £187,000,000 or £223 per head. These figures indicate only property held by private individuals, and have no reference to the sums repre- sented by the state and municipal expenditure on public buildings, railways, telegraphs, and the like. The aggregate value of private property held in New South Wales doubtless exceeds that of Victoria, whilst the other colonies are considerably less. But sufficient has been advanced to show the extraordinary strides which the Australias have made during the last thirty years, and the important position the South Pacific continent is assuming in the trade relations of the world. The normal increase only of the next ten years will materially increase the consuming power of these colonies, and competition for the trade will increase. Already Germany is looking for prospective advantages, and is cultivating business relations by subsidizing a regular lino of steamers to Australian ports ; Prance has the Messageries Line, and the United States control the mail service via San Prancisco. The outlook is sug- gestive, and hardly likely to be overlooked by the traders of the United States. Melbourne, January 21, 1889, REPORT ON LAND LAWS. By George B. Nasey, B. A., LL. B., of Melbourne. In the following pages it is proposed to set forth, in a manner as free from technicalities as the subject will permit, the present condition of the law in the various Australian colonies relating to the alienation of Crown lands. An endeavor will be made to describe, in a succinct and general way, the different forms of tenure under which the Crown lands in the colonies may be held, and the conditions under which such lands may be obtained. It will be impossible, within the limits to which this paper is necessarily confined, to enter into any of the details of procedure required by statute to be observed by applicants for Crown lands ; for such details the reader must refer to the various laud acts to be found in the statute-books of the colonies. By way of illustra- tion and to give the treatment of the subject practical interest, some statistics will be given of the extent of area actually alienated, and of the area in occupation under the various forms of tenure adopted by the cplonial legislatures. HISTORICAL SKETCH. Before entering upon the task of describing the present state of the law with regard to the Crown lands of Australia, it will be well to make a cursory review of the early history of the foundation and constitution of Australia as a portion of the British Empire, for by this means one will be enabled to trace the changes in the law relating to the lands of the Crown in this country, and finally arrive at the condition in which it is to be found at the present day. In the first place, then, it is to be observed that the land of Australia was acquired for the British Crown when Captain Phillip, an offlcer com- missioned for that purpose by the Government of His Majesty King George III, landed on its shores in January, 1788, and, planting the British flag on the soil, proclaimed that he took it by virtue of his com- mission for and on behalf of His Majesty the King. The lands thus authoritatively taken and acquired became the lands of the Crown, and 197 198 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. their dispositiou lay eutirely withiu its grant. So that from the very earliest history of the country the land has been in the hands of the Crown, and all owners at the present time trace the, title to their prop- erty to an original grant from the Crown, though the land may have passed through several intermediate hands between the date on which it was originally granted by the Crown and the time when its present owner became possessed of it. The colony founded by Phillip, and carried on by his immediate suc- cessors, was named New South Wales, and included the whole of the area now occupied by the two colonies of New South Wales and Vic- toria. The government of this new colony was administered by a Gov- ernor, usually a military or naval officer of high rank, assisted by a council of advice appointed by the Buglish Government. The enor- mous area of land at the disposal of the Crown through its representa- tive the governor, and the small number of colonists then resident in the country, together with the desire the Government had that the land should be settled upou, brought about the grants of large areas to in- dividual colonists for the purpose of grazing sheep and cattle. In this way land was in the early days of Australia's history alienated by the Crown with a very lavish hand. Some of the earliest legislation to be found in the British statute- books having relation to the Crown lands in Australia is embraced in an act passed in the year 1833, the fourth year of the reign of King William IV, by which it was provided that commissioners of Crown lands in the colony of New South Wales should be ap- pointed by the governor to prevent the intrusion of trespassers on Crown lands, and to prevent unauthorized occupations thereof from being considered as giving any legal title thereto. From this it may be gathered that at that period the Crown was beginning to set a higher value on its enormously extensive estates than it had done previously, when it was so liberal with its grants. As the colony grew in impor- tance and its population increased, the expense of carrying on the ad- ministration of government became correspondingly heavier. By way of providing a means for meeting this increasing demand upon the' public exchequer, the lands of the Crown within the colony were looked upon as convertible into a reliable .and substantial revenue. With this object in view, therefore, an act was passed in England in the year 1842, by which power was given to the governor to sell Crown lands at an upset price by auction ; or failing in that, by private contract. No provision was made at that time for lotting Crown lands on lease for a term of years. Shortly afterwards, however, in the year 1846, another act was passed, and by this act provision was made for the granting of leases of Crown lands for a term of fourteen years, and also for the granting of licenses for occupation. The proceeds derived from the sale of Crown lands, under the act 5 and 6 Victoria, c. 36, as well as the rents obtained from leases under the later act, were appropriated CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 199 as to one moiety to the public service, as to the other moiety to a fund for immigration purposes. The Orowu continued to obtain a revenue in this way for the administration of colonial aifairs until the year 1855, when acts of the British Parliament were passed conferring on the col- onies of New South Wales and Victoria, which had been separated from the former in the year 1851, the forms of constitutional government which they enjoy at the present day. By these acts, which are known as the constitution acts of the respective colonies, the bicameral form of government was introduced, with an upper house or legislative cJoun- cil, and a lower house or house of assembly. The provision of the con- stitution act which principally affects the subject with which we are dealing in this paper is that by which a civil list is granted to the Crown in lieu of the Crown revenues, territorial and otherwise, from whatever source arising, and to the disposal of which the Crown was entitled. Thus by their constitution acts the colonies of New Sonth Wales and Victoria have acquired the absolute right of disposal of the waste lands of the Crown within their respective boundaries. We have thus so far traced, somewhat roughly it may be, yet with sufficient detail for our present purpose, the course of legislation affect- ing the alienation of Crown lands, from the date of the foundation of Australia as a colony of Great Britain, up to the time when the privi- leges of a free constitutional government were granted to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. By this grant to them of a con- stitution establishing them as free and independent states, these colo- nies may be said to have attained their political majority. Prom that period onwards each colony has' legislated for itself, and as eaph has the power of disposing of the undisposed of Crown lands within its borders, so each has exercised that power in the manner which ap- peared to it to be most conducive to its interests. The conditions un- der which the two colonies stand with regard to land differ at the very outset, for while there are more than 300,000 square miles of land in New South Wales, in Victoria there are less than 90,000 square miles. Then again the character of the land in the two colonies differs, that of New South Wales being adapted for grazing purposes, while, that of Victoria is more suitable for agriculture. In both cases, however, as indeed in all the Australian colonies, the course of land legislation has been in the direction of providing simple means for the settlement of the population on the lands of the Crown, granting in the first place leases subject to certain conditions of residence and improvement, and subsequently, on certain fixed payments being made, granting the land in fee to those settled upon it. The principle adopted and followed in all the colonies of Australia has this in view, though the mode of its application is different in each case, the difference between them being rather in matter of detail than of principle. This being the case, it will be sufiQcient if we examine somewhat in detail the course of legislation with reference to the alienation of Crown 200 CENTENNIAL INTBKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. lands in Victoria, with reference, where occasion may require, to the course of that legislation in the other colonies of the Australian conti- nent. Before, however, proceeding to consider the acts of the parlia- ment of Victoria, dealing with the alienation and occupation of the lands of the Crown, it should be stated at the outset that these acts do not relate to or affect those portions of the Crown lands of this colony which are known to contain auriferous reels or alluvial gold deposits. A.11 such land is especially excepted from the operation of the general land laws, and the means of obtaining licenses to mines or leases to occupy such lands is provided for in various mining statutes, with which we do not propose to deal in this paper. VICTORIAN LAND LEGISLATION. There is at present in force in the colony of Victoria but one land act, viz, that of the year 1884 But though it would be possible to obtain within the four corners of that statute the whole of the existing land law of the colony, still as that act repeals former ones, under which rights had been acquired, and as those rights thus acquired have been expressly reserved by the act in question, it will be well to con- sider briefly the various land acts which have, from time to time, found their way into the statute-books of the colony of Victoria. The first statute relating to Crown lands which was passed in the parliament of Victoria, after that colony had acquired a coustituLion of its own, was one entitled " An act for regulating the sale of Crown lands in the colony of Victoria," and was passed in the year 1860. Its preamble sets foi'th the object ot this act to be "to make better provision for the disposal of Crown lands, and to afford greater facili- ties than have hitherto existed to persons desiring to engage in agri- cultural pursuits." This act was shortly afterwards repealed, and the law consolidated by Act No. 145, passed in the year 1862, the object of which was to amend and consolidate the laws relating to Crown lauds, and to give increased facilities for the sale and settlement of such lands. By this act the system of obtaining allotments of Crown laud, by selec- tion of areas containing from 40 to 640 acres, was introduced. Certain areas of Crown lands were proclaimed by the governor in council as being open for selection for agricultural purposes. The successful ap- plicant for a selection might buy one moiety of the allotment at £1 per acre, and obtain a lease for the other moiety for a term of eight years; he was bound to cultivate within one year 1 acre at least in every 10. Those portions of the Crown lands which had not been proclaimed as agricultural areas might be sold by auction at a fixed upset price. By another part of this act provision was made whereby leases and li- censes might be obtained of Crown lands for other than pastoral or agri- cultural purposes, such as for the planting of vineyards, hop gardens, and the cultivation of other useful plants. Licenses were also obtaina- ble to seek for minerals other than gold, and for other specified pur- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 201 poses. In all dispositions of Crown lands under this act, whether by sale, lease, or license, water easements were reserved. Licenses for the pastoral occupation of runs were also provided for, but no license was granted for a run sufficient to support five thousand sheep or twelve hun- dred and fifty head of cattle. These licenses were put up for sale at auction, and the bidder of the highest premium obtained the license for fourteen years ; and as these runs were for purely pastoral purposes, the licensee was prohibited cultivating more than might be sufl&cient to supi^ly himself and his establishment with vegetables, hay, etc. This act received considerable amendment, particularly iu reference to the sale of Crown lands by selection, by Act No. 237, passed in the year 1865. As the act of 1862 and the amending act of 1865 were both repealed by the land act of 1869, No. 360, it will be unnecessary to con- sider their provisions any. further. Though the act of 18G9 has been it- self repealed by that of 1884, yet, as many rights have accrued under the former act, and as they have been specially preserved by the latter, it will be consistent with the plan of this paper to consider, somewhat in detail, the provisions of the act of 1869, and the act of 1878 by which it was amended. In the first place it must be observed that the alienation of Crown lands is based upon the same principle in these acts as was first adopted by the act of 1862, but the systems of leases and licenses was extended in its application by the later acts. Under the act of 1869, as amended by that of 1878, there were provided three different forms of alienation of Crown lands, the form adopted in each case being depend- ent ui)on the purposes for which the land was proposed to be employed. There were first of all licenses granted by which the licensee was li- censed to occupy one allotment not exceeding 320 acres in area; such licenses were for a term of six years at the annual fee of 1 shilling per acre. A license was held subject to certain conditions, by which, it was stipulated, amongst other things, that within six years from the issue of the license the licensee should inclose his allotment with a good and substantial fence, and cultivate during the currency of his license at least 1 acre in every 10. The licensee was bound to reside on and oc- cupy his allotment during the continuance of the license, and to make improvements on it to the value of £1 per acre. By the payment of a fee of 2 shillings per acre per annum a " non-residence license" was ob- tainable, in which case the licensee was under no obligation to occupy his allotment. When a licensee had been in occupation for six years, and had paid all the fees due by him, he could demand a lease from the Crown of his allotment, for a term of fourteen years, at the annual rent of 1 shilling per acre, and at the expiration of that period he could de- mand a grant in fee simple from the Crown. So that what at first was a mere license to occupy became, under certain conditions, converted into a lease, and finally into a grant of an estate in fee simple. Secondly, it was provided that all the lands of the Crown in Victoria 202 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. might be sold by public auction, not exceeding 200,000 acres in any one year, at an upset price of at least £1 per acre. For this purpose quar- terly auction sales were held, of which notice was given to the public; the purchaser of Crown lands at any such sale obtained as his title a grant from the Crown ; one-quarter at least of the purchase money was to be paid as a deposit at the time of sale, the balance to be paid in one mouth, otherwise the deposit to be forfeited aiuf the sale void. As in the earlier acts, so in this one, provision was made for the granting of leases and licenses for other than agricultural or pastoral ijurposes, such as for the purpose of quarrying stone, for removing guano, etc. In all conveyances of Crown lands to purchasers the right to water easements was reserved to the Crown, although not expressly so stated in the grant. Yet another mode of obtaining the use of Crown lands provided by this act was by way of purchasing at auction a license to occupy por- tions of such land for pastoral purposes for a period of fourteen years. Crown lands thus occupied were known as "runs," and the area that would be occupied under such a license by one person was such an area, and no more, as would be capable of carrying all the year round four thousand sheep or one thousand head of cattle. The licensee's interest in such a license was transferable with certain formalities, and the license was liable to be revoked on breach of the conditions under which it was held, one of these being that no more of the land comprised in the license should be cultivated than was sufflcient to provide for the licensee's own requirements. Finally, all lands alienated under the provisions of this act were liable to be resumed for mining purposes by the Crown on payment of full compensation to the licensee, lessee, or purchaser in fee for the value of the improvements made by him. Several short acts were passed amend- ing the principal act of 1869 in matters of detail, but not affecting the main principles on which the system of alienation of Crown lands was based by that act. It will therefore be unnecessary to ref«r further to them. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE LAND LAW (TICTORIA). Having dealt, thus far, with the land laws of Victoria as they affected the alienation of Crown lands in that colony before theyear 1885, and hav- ing traced the course of legislation from the earliest period up to that time, we now come to deal with the condition of the land law as it at pres- ent exists in the colony. The law relating to the sale and occupation of Crown lands is to be found in Act K"o. 812, which came into force on the 29th day of December, 1884. By this act the whole of the unalienated lands belonging to the Crown are divided into the following eight classes, namely: (1) Pastoral lands; (2) agricultural and grazing lands;. (3) auriferous lands; (4) lauds which maybe sold by auction; (5) swamp lands- (6) state forest reserves; (7) timber reserves; and (8) water re- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 203 serves. The area of land comprised within each of these classes is deline- ated on maps of the several counties in which the laud is situated, which maps are referred to in a schedule to the act as the " deposited maps." The area in each of these several groups, except the fourth, may be in- creased from time to time by proclamation of the governor in council. By this it will be seen that the area of Crown lands tliat may be sold by auction is a fixed quantity', and can not be increased except by act of parliament. Certain areas of Crown land may be reserved from time to time for public purposes, and such reserved land can not be sold, leased, or licensed. From the list above given it will be seen that the policy of this act is to limit the amount of land that is alienated from the Crown iu fee, but to give increased facilities to persons desirous of occupying thelandgof the Crown for pastoral or agricultural purposes, and yet reserving the ultimate remainder in fee to the Crown itself. It is proposed now to take each one of these kinds of land found in the list given above, and to place clearly before the reader in plain lan- guage the provisions of the existing act with regard to them in turn. The pastoral lands of the colony are divided into "pastoral allot- ments,'' varying in size and having a grazing capacity of from one thou- sand to four thousand sheep or from one hundred and fifty to five hun- dred head of cattle. None of the pastoral land can be alienated in fee simple, but it is open to be leased. Public notice is given that a cer- tain pastoral allotment is to be leased at a certain rent, and the first person who makes application has the right to a grant of the lease. But if two or more make application for the same allotment on one day, then the right to a lease of the allotment is put up for sale by auction, and he who bids the highest sum by way of premium has the lease knocked down to him. The rent payable under such a lease is at the rateof 1 shilling per head of sheep, and 5 shillings per head of cattle; the number of sheep or cattle is determined by the grazing capacity of the allotment upon a basis of not more than 10 acres to a sheep and the equivalent number of acres for cattle. The rent is paid in moieties in advance every half year. The lease contains covenants that the lessee will not assign ; that he will destroy vermin upon the land ; will keep in good condition and repair all houses, fences, etc., on the property ; and will not cut any timber thereon except for the purpose of fencing and building. The lease thus obtained may be for any term of years, provided that it shall expire not later than fourteen years after the date of the act, i. e., December, 1884. The lessee of any pastoral allotment may select out of his allotment not more than 320 acres for a homestead at the rate of £1 per acre. The second class into which the unalienated Crown lands are divided is that including agricultural and grazing lands. These are divided into portions varying in size, but not exceeding 1,000 acres in area, which are denominated "grazing arear." None of this land can be sold, but leases of "grazing areas" are given for any term of years. 204 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. provided that the term shall expire not later than fourteen years after December, 1884. Any person who is not a selector under any land act previous to the present one may obtain a lease of one grazing area, but no more. Out of his " grazing area" the lessee may select not more than 320 acres in one block for agricultural purposes. This selection is designated an " agricultural allotiueut," and a license will be issued to the selector to occupy this allotment. Any person not under eighteen years of age may take up a grazing area or an agricultural allotment. The rent to be paid for a grazing area varies from 2 pence to 4 pence per acre per annum, but is more if, at the commencement of the lease; there are any substantial and permanent improvements on the property. The covenants contained in a lease of a grazing area are similar to those contained in a lease of a pastoral allotment, already referred to. On the expiration of the term of tlie lease of " a grazing area" the in- coming tenant must pay to the lessee the value of improvements made by the latter during the currency of tlie lease. No license to occupy an agricultural allotment will be granted to any person applying as trustee or agent for another. The fee for such a license is 1 shilling per acre per annum, and is payable half yearly in advance. The licen- see is prohibited from assigning the license, and is bound to destroy vermin on the property. He is also under the obligation to fence the boundaries and to reside upon the allotment. When the license has been in force for six years and all the conditions have been complied with by the licensee, he is entitled to demand a grant of the fee ui)on payment of 14 shillings per acre, or instead of this he may demand a lease for fourteen years at a rent of 1 shilling per acre per annum. At the end of this term, or at any time before that, on payment of the dif- ference between the amount of rent actually paid and £1, the lessee may demand a grant in fee of the land leased. Thus what at first was only a license grows into a lease, at the end of six years, and finally at the end of twenty years it becomes a grant in fee simple ; the land is iu fact purchased at £1 per acre, but the payments are extended over a term of twenty years. A license may be obtained for an agricultural allotment free from the condition as to residence and occupation, but the annual fee payable in this case is 2 shillings per acre instead of 1 shilling. Such a license as this, called a " non residence license," may be converted into a lease and finally into a grant in fee; but the total amount paid per acre in this ca^e is £2 instead of £1. Not more than 50,000 acres can be licensed in this way during any one year. For the purpose of encouraging the cultivation of vineyards, hop gardens, and orchards, facility is offered to licensees and lessees of agricultural allot- ments for purchasing 20acre blocks to be planted with vines, hops or fruit trees. The only right that can be acquired under this act with regard to auriferous lands is an annual license to reside on and cultivate a block of 20 acres of such land, and a license to occupy for grazing purposes CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONxiL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 205 for five years not more than 1,000 acres of tliose lands. Not more than 100,000 acres of Crown lands can be sold by auction in any one year ; the upset price is at- least £1 per acre, and the purchase money is pay- able one-fourth at the time of sale, and the balance in twelve equal in- stallments, falling due every three months and bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. The proceeds of these sales are devoted to railway purposes. Provision is made for the drainage of the swamp lands of the Crown, and when so drained and "reclaimed they are leased in allotments of 160 acres for a term of twenty-one years, the lessee covenanting to keep open drains and canals during the term of his lease. Licenses are ob- tainable to cut timber or for grazing or residence on the stat« forest reserves, but no estate in such lands can be acquired. MALLEE COUNTRY. In the northwestern district of the colony of Victoria there is a large extent of country, comprising about 10,000,000 acres, densely covered with a scrub called the Mallee Scrub, which affords cover for immense numbers of wild dogs and rabbits that are a pest to the surrounding country. This district extends to the bank of the river Murray, and is commonly known as the Mallee Country. To provide for the occupa- tion of this district, the soil in which when cleared of the scrub is very fertile, and in order to encourage the destruction of the vermin that oc- cupy it, an act of parliament was passed in the session of 1883, entitled "An act to regulate the pastoral occupation of the Mallee Country in the northwestern district of Victoria." For the pu*'pose of settlement this country is divided into two classes of areas called, respectively, "Mal- lee blocks" and "Mallee allotments," the latter being ou the southern and eastern borders of the Mallee Country. Each mallee block is divided into two portions, one of which may be leased for twenty years from the date of the act, and the other occupied for five years. These malleo blocks are situated immediately to the north of the mallee allotments, and extend up to the bank of the Murray Eiver, and vary in area from lOf square miles to 583 square miles. The annual rent of a mallee block leased under this act is computed at the rate of 2 pence per head on the average number of sheep and 1 shilling per bead on cattle for the first five years, to be doubled for the second five years, and to be further increased 50 per cent, for the remainder of l^lieterm. Leases of malleo blocks are acquired by the highest bidder at auction, or, in the event of there being no bidder, by the first applicant who may apply for the same and pay the annual rent. The rent is payable every half-year, and the lessee is bound to destroy within three years of the granting of the lease all vermin and to keep the land free from vermin, and further to keep in good condition and repair during the continuance of the lease all houses, fences, and other improvements. If the lessee has made any improvements on the portion of his lease held under the five 206 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNli. years' tenancy, he will be entitled on its expiration to compensation to the amount actually expended by him. For money expended on the construction of wells and other similar permanent improvements calcu- lated to increase the grazing capacity of the land the lessee is entitled to compensation. ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAND LAWS (VICTORIA). The administration of the land laws of the Colony of Victoria is under a board called the "Board of Land and Worts," consisting of from three to seven members. The president of this board is one of the responsi- ble ministers of the Crown, who holds office as the minister of lands. There may be one or two vice-presidents of this board, who must also be ministers of the crown ; the other members of the board are ap- pointed by the governor in council. The estimated area of the colony of Victoria is 56,245,760 acres. Of this area 4,915,898 acres are occupied by state forests, reserves, roads, etc. ; 1,691,315 acres are occupied under lease for pastoral purpose, and 11,535,500 acres, known as the Mallee Country, leased for pastoral purposes under the special Mallee act; and there have been reserved or alienated, less forfeited lands, 22,489,- 383 acres, leaving an area open for selection, including mountain forest lands, of 15,613,664. NEW SOUTH WALES. The free selection of Crown lands before survey was introduced into New South Wales by the Crown lands alienation act of 1861. This act, with those amending it, was eventually repealed in 1884, when the act was passed which, with certain amendments, sets forth the present con- dition of the land laws in that colony. By this act of 1884 the whole of the colony was divided into three great divisions, called the East- ern, Central, and Western divisions, respectively. For the purpose of administration of this act, these divisions are again divided into land districts, each district having a local land board that hears applications for land under the act ; appeals lie from the decisions of local land boards to the Minister of Lands, whose determination is final. The land in the Eastern and Central divisions is open for conditional pur- chases in blocks of from 40 to 2,560 acres. The conditions under which purchases of these blocks may be effected are, that 2 shillings per acre shall be paid on application ; the purchaser to fence the boundaries within two years, and reside for five years on this land. The balance of the purchase money is payable at 1 shilling per acre annually, such payments to commence after three years from the application. At the end of five years the purchaser may, if he choose, pay the balance of purchase money then due and obtain a grant from the Crown. Land may be taken up in this way, but without the condition of residence ; in this case,- however, the payments required are double those where this condition is inserted. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 207 CONDITIONAL LEASEHOLDS (NEW SOUTH WALES). Every occupier of land under a conditional purchase may, by virtue of his purchase, obtain a conditional leasehold having an area three times that of his purchase ; in the Eastern division the total area which can be held by one person under conditional purchase and conditional leasehold is 1,280 acres; in the "Western division, 2,560 acres. The rent payable for the lease is to be a fair rental, determined by the local board, and is at least 2 pence per acre per annum. When the lease has been running for five years the lessee has the option of buying any i)or- tion of the land, or of having the lease extended for another five years. Land in any of these three divisions of the colony may be taken up under pastoral leases for terms varying from five to fifteen years ac- cording to the position of the land. The minimum annual rents vary from one penny to three half-pence per acre. Instead of taking up a pastoral lease, the selector may apply for a homestead lease of land in the Western division. The area thus obtainable varies from 5,760 acres to 10,240 acres in extent. The lessee of a homestead lease must reside on the land for six months in each of the first five years, and must fence the boundaries of the land within two years. Such leases are for a period of fifteen years, which, however, may be extended, the rent pay- able being the same as for pastoral leases in the Western dil^ision. From this sketch of the land law of New South Wales it will be seen that larger areas are obtainable on lease and at a lower rent than in Victoria, a condition of things that was to have been expected, seeing the enormous extent of country available in the former colony as com- pared with that in the latter. In the year 1887 there were sold 10,374 acres of country lands at the average price of £1 10s. Id. per acre. The number of selections taken up under the conditional-purchase system was 4,769, embracing an area of 293,004 acres. From the year 1862 to the end of 1887 the number of selections has been 207,449, and the area selected 26,266,860 acres. The total area of land alienated from the Grown unconditionally from the foundation of the colony to the end of 1887 was 22,372,072 acres. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. In the year 1886 all the land acts previously in force in the colony of South Australia were repealed, and the laws relating to the alienation of Crown lands in that colony were consolidated. The act by which this was effected, entitled " The Crown Lands Consolidation Act No. 393," has for its object the simplification and codification of the numerous regulations affecting the disposal of Crown lands and introduces some new provisions for the taking up of land. By this act the whole of the unalienated lands of the Crown in this colony are divided into four groups, in which are included, respectively, country, town, suburban, and improved lands. All sales of land are made by auction. The 208 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. minimum upset price per acre for country and improved lands is £1, the purchaser to reside on the property. Payment of the purchase money is extended over a period of twenty-one years, but the purchase may be completed at the end of ten years on payment of the balance due. During the first year the selector must cultivate one-tenth of the property and one fifth each succeeding year. Improvements to the value of 10 shillings per acre are to be made during the first four years, and the assignment of the property is prohibited until the purchase is completed. In the case of town and suburban lands, which are sold by auction, the terms of payment are for cash within a month. Country lands, which are described as scrub lands, may be leased in blocks of not more than 3,200 acres for any term not exceeding tweuty-one years, with the right of purchase after ten years, the leases being put up for sale by auction, the lessee to reside on the property, and payments of rent to be credited against the purchase money. Leases may be ob- tained of large blocks up to 20,000 acres for grazing and cultivation purposes, at a rent of not less than one half-penny per acre, for a term of twenty-one years. NORTHERN TERRITORY (SOUTH AUSTRALIA). The Northern Territory, which lies between the one hundred and twenty-ninth and the one hundred and thirty-eighth meridians of east longitude and north of the twenty sixth degree of south latituele, and which, until the year 1863, formed part of the colony of New South Wales, was, in that year, annexed to South Australia, and its adminis- tration placed in the hands of a government resident. Prom that time until the year 1882 several acts were passed affecting the alienation of Crown lands in that portion of the colony. In the last-mentioned year, however, the acts previously in force were repealed, and the laws on the subject of Crown lands were consolidated. By the act then passed a person may select and purchase, on a system of extended payments, 1 ,280 acres of land at 12s. 6d. per acre, to be paid within ten years ; country lands may also be purchased for cash at the same price with- out conditions. Pastoral leases are granted, to the first applicants, of blocks not exceeding 400 square miles in area, for a term of twenty-five years. For the encouragement of plantations for the cultivation of rice, sugar, tobacco, etc., areas of from 320 to 1,280 acres may be leased at the annual rent of 6 pence per acre. After the occupation and culti- vation of such blocks for ten years, the lessee is entitled to a grant in fee, the rent already paid being accepted as purchase money. For the purpose of mining for any mineral except gold, blocks of 1 square mile may be obtained on a lease for fourteen years, at half a crown per acre per annum. The amount of land aliented from the Crown in South Australia proper from the date of the foundation of the colony to the end of the year 1887 was more than 9,500,000 acres, while, during the same period, the area aliented in the Northern Territory was about CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE, 209 500,000 acres. There remained at the end of the year 1887 in the hands of the Crown, in South Australia, about 234,000,000 acres of land sub- ject to alienation; and in the Northern Territory about 100,000,000 more than this. QUEENSLAND. In Queensland the administration of the land laws is placed under the control of a board consisting of two persons appoiuted by the gov- ernment, who form a land court, having extensive jurisdiction ia all matters relating to leases and sales of Crown lands. The system of alienation which obtains in that colony is in the main similar to that adopted in the other colonies already referred to. The areas obtainable are, however, greater, and the leases run for longer terms. For grazing farms blocks of from 2,560 acres to 20,000 acres may be selected, and a lease for thirty years obtained on complying with certain prescribed conditions, while in the case of agricultural farms the area obtainable ranges from 320 to 1,280 acres on a lease for fifty years. After contin- ual residence for ten years on an agricultural area, and on payment of certain fees the selector may demand a grant in fee of the land. En- couragement is offered to persons desiring to immigrate to this colony, for land orders to the value of £20 are granted to those who pay their own passage to the colony, and also to their children over twelve years of age, while to children between one and twelve years of age land orders of the value of £10 are granted. These orders are not transfer- able, and must be used within six months after arrival, but are avail- able for ten years from the date of issue for the payment of rent of either an agricultural or a grazing farm. It should be stated that the minimum rent for agricultural farms is 3 pence per acre per annum, and for grazing farms 3 farthings per acre, while the price per acre, if purchased, is at least £1. The returns up to the end of the year 1887 are : Number of agri- cultural selections, 2,032 ; area included therein, 533,726 acres ; rent, £8,871 6s. 2d. The number of grazing selections up to the same date was 187, covering an area of 774,731 acres, and producing a rent of £4,051 13s. Id. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. The colony of Western Australia is divided for the purpose of alien- ating Crown lands into six divisions. As is the case in Victoria licenses may be obtained for the occupation of Crown lands, and these licenses after a certain time — five years — are exchanged for leases, at the ex- piration of which the lessee may demand a title in fe^ The price that is alternately paid per acre is not less than 10 shillings, and the quan- tity of land, obtainable in this way by any one person is from 100 to 1,000 acres. A condition of residence on the land is imposed on the lessee, unless he chooses to pay double the price for the land. The maximum area obtainable by one person is different in the different MEL 14 210 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. divisions of the colony. Under certain conditions blocks of from 5 to 20 acres may be obtained for the purpose of cultivating the vine, or. chards, or gardens, at not less than 20 shillings per acre. IRRIGATION. This paper would not be complete without some reference being made to the Irrigation Colonies which have been established in Victoria and South Australia by the Messrs. Chaffey Brothers. By agreements en- tered into with the governments of those two colonies, and subsequently ratified by acts of parliament, large areas of land on the banks of the river Murray have been granted to these enterprising gentlemen on certain terms and conditions, to be improved and irrigated. The land obtained in Victoria is known as Mildura, in the northwestern portion 01 the colony, and contains a quarter of a millioa of acres. In South Australia the same area has been obtainedat Eeumark, which is situated on the Murray about 140 miles from Mildura. It is stipulated that the sum of £300,000 shall be spent on these properties within twenty years. At.Mildura 50,000 acres have been alreadj'^ taken in hand, and a large quantity of pumping apparatus and other material for irrigation works are being erected. The area already taken up at Eeumark is 30,000 acres. In both these " irrigation colonies," as they are called, the land is surveyed and divided into 10-acre blocks by wide streets, to be planted with the native fig tree and pepper tree. These blocks are subdivided into town, suburban, and agricultural lots, and blocks for fruit cultiva- tion. The price for agricultural land is £15 per acre, and for land for fruit cultivation is £20 per acre. This includes the right to use the water provided by the pipes and canals which are laid and constructed by the irrigation company. In order to render facilities for settlement, the payment of the purchase money may be extended over a period of ten years. In relation to this subject, it may not be out of place to state the following, which is obtained from the report of the Victorian water-supply department on the Mildura irrigation colony : Of the main irrigation cbaunels, 13 miles liave actually been completed, and there are 5 miles now in course of construction. The -work of reticulating the town has also been commenced. Upwards of 1,000 acres have been cleared, and of this area 800 acres have been plowed and prepared for the planter. The present system of channels provides for the irrigation of 15,000 acres, and the pumping plants now in course of erection are designed on a correspondingly liberal scale. It is thought that ample provision is made for the requirements of the settlement for some years to come. The fencing comp^pted during the year amounted to 60 miles, of which 37 miles consisted of wire netting, the balance being post and wire. An area of about 6,000 has been ringecf during the year. Melboxjene, Ajiril 2, 1889. REPORT ON LABOR ORGANIZATION. By Julian Thomas, Esq., of Melbourne. The first attempt at labor organization in Victoria took place in the very early days of the colony. In the year 1847 a handful of working masons engaged in building a few houses in the township of Melbourne formed themselves into a " society." This combination was constituted for the purpose of " resisting any encroachment upon the rights of la- bor." Owing to the labor market of those days being, from a work- man's point of view, entirely satisfactory, in that the supply was not equal to the demand, the power of the society was never tested. Under these circumstances labor organization languished, and with the dis- covery of gold, and the issue of licenses to mine, in September, 1851, it temporarily expired ; for no sooner had the early colonists realized that gold existed in large quantities in Victoria, than for a time they became mad with the fever, the " auri sacra famesP Not only did the masons throw down their chisels and the carpenters their saws, but the men also who employed them abandoned building operations, and master and laborer alike seized the pick and shovel and hastened in search of the precious metal. But the cry of" Gold ! " brought thousands of men of all sorts and conditions to the colonies, many of them totally unfitted to become miners. The enormous prices paid for every description of skilled or unskilled labor soon caused many artisans to return to their trades, at which every man could obtain a far surer livelihood than the majority of the gold seekers. From the primal state of canvas tent and bark cabin, the mining townships sprang into pioneer cities built of brick, and stone, and weatherboard, and galvanized iron. Trade concentrated in these centers, necessitating the presence of its hand- maiden, labor. EIGHTHOTJE LAW. The birth of labor organization in Victoria must therefore be dated from this time, and originated in the following rather curious manner: In the Australian midsummer of December, 1855, some twenty or thirty masons were engaged on a large bnilding in one of the Mel- bourne suburbs. The rays of the sun beat pitilessly down upon them as they shaped the blocks of stone. It was nearing 3 o'clock, at which 211 212 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. hour, as at 11 iu (,he morning, all outdoor workmen were by custom al- lowed a quarter of an hour's " spell," or, as they called it, " Smoke- oh ! " as at this time nearly every man soothed himself with a pipe. The hour struck, and wiping their perspiring brows the men walked into the shade, and sitting down, "lighted up." Each complained of the heat, and of having traveled so far, only to work ten hours a day as in England. Suddenly one of the men, who had been puffing si- lently while the others complained, said from behind a heavy cloud of smoke, " Well, boys, what do you say if we stand out for eight hours a day ?" There was no difficulty amongst the " boys" In coming to a deci- sion that it was highly desirable, but the matter could not be settled ofl- hand. They decided to call a meetiug of all the men engaged in the building trades, masons, brick-layers, plasterers — in all, nine different branches. This meeting was held in Colliugwood, oue of the principal suburbs of Melbourne, the home of a large proportion of the working classes. A resolution was passed to the effect that in all trades con- nected with building, eight hours should be recognized as a day's work. Thus it may be said that labor organization in Victoria began, although it certainly has not ended, in smoke. The various building trades then gave notice to their employers that in future eight hours would constitute a day's work. The brick-layers and carpenters, who were the last to notify their masters, did so in March, 1856. The winter season being about to commence, the masters offered little objection, for at this period of the year it was impracti- cable to work much longer. They nevertheless asked for time to con- sider the demand of the men. A meeting of employers was held at the old Queen's Theater, at which a leading contractor took the chair. It was resolved that, provided a certain period was allowed to elapse in order that present contracts might be carried out, the eight-hour system should be agreed to. The only " strike " which took place in consequence of the men's demand, was one which lasted only a few days. This was at the Parliament House, the largest undertaking in the colonies. But the contractor gave in, within a week, and on the 21st of April, 1856, the men b(3gan to work under the new rule. This was the first great principle for which Victorian working-men were prepared to fight. It was not the outcome of any particular man or set of men feeling, the heat of the summer sun, although that may have brought matters to the deciding point. It was a firm resolve amongst men from an over- populated country, where no labor was adequately or fairly paid, that in this new continent, on the other side of the world, a fair day's work should earn a fair day's pay ; that life should not merely consist in working to live, and living to work, but that a certain time of every day should be at the working-man's disposal for recreation and improve- ment. To commemorate the adoption iu Victoria of this principle, a demonstration was organized to take place on WliitMonday, 1856. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL, EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 213 It took the form of a labor procession and ffite. All tlie trade societies then in existence gathered on the spot where the dome of the present Centennial International Exhibition now stands, and marched through the principal streets of Melbourne to the recreation grounds then known as the " Cremorne Gardens." Here a programme of sports and games was carried out, a charge for admission being made. Finding, after paying all expenses, that a considerable sum remained in hand, it was decided by the committee of management to give this surplus to the Melbourne Hospital. TRADES HALL. The handing over of this substantial sum to the Melbourne Hospital developed another idea among Trades Unionists, the outcome of which marked a further step in the perfecting of their organization. This was the proposal to devote the proceeds of future demonstrations to the erection of a "Trades Hall." In the year 1857, the 21st of April was the day on which this demonstration took place. This date was the legitimate anniversary of the success gained by a proportion of Victo- rian working-men in the acknowledgment that eight hours> formed a day's work. This success did not at that time extend to every trade, but each year it gained ground, and more unions came into existence. During the latter part of 1857 a provisional committee was appointed representing the various trades unions. This committee interviewed the government of the day with regard to a grant of land being made to them on which to erect the proposed hall. The government gave them the choice of three sites, each in an advantageous position. The committee of the trades unions decided on a block of about 2 acres, sit- uated not more than a mile from the center of the city. About this time the engineers had a slight difference with their employers, and went out on a strike. They then included in their demands that the eight-hour system should come into operation in their trade. They had previously endeavored to gain this point about two years before, in 1856, but owing to a want of organization they failed to do so. The strike in this latter instance lasted only a week, the masters yielding to the demands of the men in that time. Slowly yet surely the peaceful conquest was accomplished. The energy which characterizes all tolonists the wide world over was in this case brought to bear upon the struggles of labor to gain a fair share in the prosperity of the coun- try. The working-men had considerable power in their hands, and it is to their honor that they used it wisely and not harshly; that they showed themselves willing to work a reasonable time for a reasonable remuneration ; that they determined that the future generations of the colony — their own sons — should build up an Australian nation where the laborer should be more than a mere machine ; and finally that they took advantage of the lessons taught them in their old homes — ■ lessons taught by poverty and hardship, but for this reason impressed the more deeply upon their minds. 214 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. In the inouth of September, 1858, a mass meeting of members of trades unions was held in Melbourne. A permanent committee was then elected, and a recommendation adopted that with a view of util- izing the ground granted to them, a wooden building should be erected thereon. Up to this time the various societies had met in a large room adjoining a suburban hotel, but the connections and surroundings were necessarily harmful, and it was felt by all that a building for the special purpose of trades meetings was urgently needed. The outcome of this movement was the erection of a wooden building at a cost of $5,000, This structure, which is still in existence and is now known as the "Old Trades Hall," was opened by a prominent member of the Masons' Union on the 21st of April, 1859. The erection of this building was a great step in the progress of labor organization in Victoria. It was a great advantage that all the trades unions in and around Melbourne met under the same roof ia a building entirely their own. To a consid- erable extent it brought about the unity of the different unions, when it was desirable they should act together. Especially was this neces- sary during the four years almost immediately following the opening of the hall. From 1861 to 1864 the number of members belonging to trade societies fell off largely. The annual eight hour demonstration was poorly attended, and the number of men taking part fell from about 5,000 ia 1859 to a little over 3,000 in 1863. This falling off was attributable almost entirely to the dullness of trade at this time. PEOTECTIVE TARIFF. In 1865, however, a great struggle began in Victoria, to the result of which it is perhaps right to assign a large portion of the presant pros- perous condition of the country. The colony in this year declared decisively in favor of a protective policy. Long before this, in 1860, colonial manufacturers had given evidence before a tariff committee that it was impossible for them to compete with outside producers unless a protective duty of from 10 to 25 per cent, ad valorem was granted to them. This statement was fully borne out during the following five years. So little was labor in demand that many workmen, skilled and unskilled, were unable to earn a living, and were obliged to appeal to charity in order to supply the wants of their wives and families. Al- though the nominal wages of skilled artisans ranged, according to different trades, from $1.50 to $2.50 per day, a large number of men were working for $1 a day. The gold fields afforded no opportunity of earning better wages, for few miners realized more than the above amount. The agitation for protection, first seriously raised in 1865, gave at once an impetus to trade. Sir Graham Berry, at present agent-gen- eral of Victoria, in London, was at this time editor of the Geelong Ad- vertiser. This city, about 45 miles from Melbourne, has about 22,000 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 215 inhabitants. Sir Graliaiu Berry's advocacy of tiie cause of protection in his journal, and in the legislative assembly, of which he was a mem- ber, greatly aided this movement. It was also from the first persistently supported by the Melbourne Age, which, from a comparatively small organ of the masses, has become one of the most popular and power- fal papers in the colonies, with a circulation of over 81,000 daily. Manufacturers, and employers generally, took heart at the energy with which protection was thus being advocated. The number of employers of labor in Tictoria rose from 994 in 1865, to 1,923 in 1869. In 1866, consequent upon this increased demand for labor, trades unionism re- vived. The course of ^uo great jnovement runs smoothly. Labor in Victoria has had to face hard times and bitter struggles, and in the natural progress of events may have to do so again. No union can with- stand the cry of " No work, " and in speaking of the years 1861 to 1864, as a time when the building up of labor organization in Victoria was not only stayed, but permitted to fall back, it must be remembered that with less work to be done, and consequently fewer laborers to or- ganize, the task of progressing was an impossible one. EXTENSION OF THE EIGHT-HOUR LAW. With the return of good times, however, returned the energy of the working-men in seeking to foster in this country a sense of the justice due to the bread-winner. A vigorous attempt was made towards extending the eight-hour system. The timber trades, including all men engaged in any way in timber yards, gained this concession almost without a struggle. Another important body to make a move was that of the seamen. Owing to its being impracticable to adopt the eight-hour sys- tem while actually at sea, it was demanded and conceded that as soon as a ship was made fast to the wharf, the men should only work eight hours out of the twenty-four. Between the years 1872 and 1876 the strength of the eight-hour movement increased slowly but surely, lay- ing thereby a firm foundation from which the working-men of Victoria will, it is considered, never be moved. With the year 1877 a remark- able extension of this system took place amongst all trades. Union after union succeeded in gaining the wished-for concession, and at this time there is only one body of workmen which does not participate in the advantages of it. These are the tailors, and as they are paid, almost universally, by piece-work, there is considerable difticulty in bringing the eight-hour system into force amongst them. They are not represented at the Trades Hall, but have an independent society of their own. Al- though not afQliated with the other organizations there is little doubt that in case of a strike upon reasonable grounds the tailors would be assisted by them. In a brief manner the development of the eight-hour movement has thus been -traced. But the achievement of this important object does not by any means complete the functions of labor organization in^Vic- 216 CENTE'NNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE toria. Many more principles have been included in its programme. Before pointing out these farther attempts, and in many cases successes, it would be well to glance at the growth and constitution of the Trades Hall and the Trades Hall Council. ERECTION OF TRADES HALL AND MEETING- ROOMS. The erection of the first Trades Hall in 1859 was looked upon only as a temporary effort by the labor organizations to found for themselves definite headquarters. But the dullness of trade in the early sixties did not warrant any additions to the original building; it was consequently not until the year 1873 that a determined effort was made to construct a permanent one. The amount of funds in the hands of the commit- tee at this time was a little over $9,000. Plans were solicited for a building to contain a hall measuring 100 feet by 50 feet and a number of small rooms. It was to be a substantial structure in brick and plas- ter, and to cost about $18,000. To meet this outlay it was decided that the various societies and unions should lend the necessary sum. Ac- cording to the extent and prosperity of the societies they lent amounts varying from $250 to $1,000. This new hall was completed and ready for occupation by the middle of 1874. By the end of 1877 the whole of the amount borrowed from the societies was paid off. The income which enabled the council to do this was derived from the annual eight- hour demonstration and the subscriptions of the trades unions, which are regulated as will be shown hereafter. But with the marvelous growth of Melbourne, and a national development throughout the colony, unequaled in the annals of the world, labor organization also gathered strength, and the number of members joining unions, and of unions themselves, increased wonderfully. The year 1881 found the accommodation of the then building wholly inadequate. The Trades Hall committee then decided that they would proceed with the erection of more meeting rooms, as, owing to the number of societies joining yearly, they were pressed for space in which the various committees could keep their papers and hold their weekly gatherings. The founda- tion stone of these new rooms was laid in 1882 by Mr. Benjamin Doug- las, the first president of the Trades Hall Council. At the beginning of 1883 they were completed and opened, the cost of this new portion being $17,000. But a single year had hardly passed prosperously over the colony of Victoria before the old cry of insufficient accommodation was again raised. The committee wanted more land, and the government were petitioned for^ quarter of an acre block which at this time was lying vacant. This was granted to them and a new building erected thereon. In view of the increasing value of the Trades Ball property the question of the control of these buildings was raised in the year 1885. The land had originally been vested in trustees appointed by the government which had made the grant. But as it was the trades unions which provided the funds wherewith to build, it was held that CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 217 the Trades Hall Council should have control over their own property. After some months of dispute it was agreed to refer the matter to the Minister of Lands. . After due consideration it was decided that the trades unions should appoint au additional number of trustees to rep- resent them, and that this enlarged body should act in conjunction with the Trades Hall Council. This was considered fair and satisfac- tory, and is still the condition under which the buildings themselves are managed. The net profit accruing from the annual eight-hour de- monstration had at this time reached a large sum. ANNUAL CELEBRATION. On the 21st of April, 1888, it is estimated that about twenty-five thousand of the working classes took part in the procession.. There is nothing like this demonstration anywhere else in the world, except, perhaps, St. Patrick's day in New York. It is recognized by the gov- ernment as a public holiday. Her Majesty's representative, the Gov- ernor of Victoria, generally countenances the movement by viewing the procession from a window of the treasury buildings, and has attended the banquets given by the pioneers of the eight-hour league. It is strictly kept by all workmen, who with their wives and children repair to large pleasure gardens in the outskirts of the city, and in healthy, honest enjoyment commemorate the introduction of the eight-hour sys- tem into Victoria, i^o more striking example of the prosperity of the colony can be evidenced than the public rejoicing throughout the length and breadth of Victoria on the eight-hour day. It exemplifies the fact that here labor is well paid and contented. Therefore the security of property is guaranteed, and peace, prosperity, and progress are insured throughout the land. The demonstration of 1888 resulted in the funds of the Trades Hall being augmented by $6,000. It was then deter- mined to build capacious wings to the original hall at a cost of $25,000, and these are now in course of construction, and will be completed about the end of March, 1889. TRADES HALL COUNCIL. The Trades Hall Council is composed of the trustees for the time being, as legally appointed by the government, but actually nominated by the trades, together with representatives of the unions who con- tribute to the funds of the Trades Hall. These representatives are regulated to one for every society numbering over twenty and under one hundred members; over one hundred and not exceeding two hun- dred, two representatives; over two hundred and not exceeding four hundred, three representatives ; and over four hundred members, four representatives. Other trade societies or branches may appoint one representative in the council on payment of an annual fee, ranging, ac- cording to the number of members, from $5 to $20. The societies meet- ing in the hall contribute to its funds as follows : For not less than twenty nor exceeding two hundred financial members, 50 cents- per 2 1 8 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. member per aunum. For every financial member over two hundred and not exceeding four hundred, 30 cents per member per annum. For every financial member over four hundred, 15 cents per member per annum. The foregoing are theprincipal sources of the income of the Trades Hall, excepting the sum derived from the annual demonstra- tion. The payment of the contributions mentioned above entitles each society to the use of such room as may be determined upon by the building committee, for one night a week. A trade society, to be recognized by the Trades Hall Council must consist of at least twenty members. It is also set out that a trade society " shall mean an association of persons engaged in one or more branches of industry or labor, formed for the protection or advance- ment of their interests." The following is a list of all such societies that meet at the Trades Hall, showing as near as practicable the present rates of wages. Some of the trades comprised in this list consist of three or four different societies, but it is hardly necessary to give their titles. The rates of wages are in some instances only the average earnings, as in a proportion of the trades the men are paid partly or entirely by piece-work, in which case there is no specified amount as a day's wage. Occupation. Wages day per Occupation. Wages per day. $2.00 1. 75 to $2. 25 2.66 1. 75 to 2. 25 2.00 2.60 2. 50 to 3. 00 1. 75 to 2. 25 2. 25 to 2. 75 2.00 to 2.50 2. 25 to 3. 00 1. 75 to 2. 00 2.25 1.75 to 2.25 2. 00 to 2. 50 2. 00 to 2. 50 1. 50 to 1. 75 J. 80 1. 80 to 2. 25 2.50 2. 50 to 3. 25 2. 75 to 4. 00 2.00 to 2.50 2. 25 to 2. 50 2. 00 to 2. 25 2. 25 to 2. 50 2.08 $2.08 Iron-moulders (including iron- founders and frieze-mouldera) -. Brick-loyers 2. 66 to $3. 00 Brick-makers 1.68 to 2.50 Bnilders' laborers Laborers 1.62 to 2.00 Book-biu(ler.s 2.08 to 2.25 Boiler-makers . . .'' Masons 2.50 Brush-makers . . 2.08 2.60 Pressers Plumbers . 1.75 to 2.80 BlacksDiitlis 2.50 Brewery employes Painters 2.00 to 2.50 2.50 to 3.00 2.50 1 75 to 2.m 1.50 to 1.75 Corpoi-ation laborers ^scavengers, Stewards and cooks 2.00 etc) Silk hatters 2.80 Cutters and trimmers 2.50 to 3.00 Conrectionera Sbipwrio-lits 2.60 to 3.00 Carpenters Sail-makers 1.75 to 1.90 Engineers 1. 50 to 2. 75 Engineers, marine Tinsmiths 2.08 to 2.30 Engine-drivers 2.50 Furniture-trade employfis (includ- ing cabiuet-maliers and uphol- Tanners, curriers, and leather- dressers 1.50 to 2.25 sterers) 2.25 Eolt hatters 2.00 to 2.50 Farriers 1.90 Gas-stokers 2.00 to 2.50 ^ ^ CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 219 Of the above trades the majority work forty-eight hours a week, but the brick-layers and masons work only forty- live. At the present time the carpenters are agitating for a reduction also of their hours to that number, and there seems to be a good chance of a successful issue to their efforts. The two great English societies of Amalgamated Engineers and Amalgamated Carpenters have branches in Victoria, and are included in the preceding list under the general heads of engineers and carpenters. The Association of Amalgamated Engineers extends all over the world and has upwards of fifty thou- sand members. Very few of the unions iu Victoria are formed for any- thing but the "protection and advancement of their trade interests." But the societies of Amalgamated Engineers and Amalgamated Car- penters allow certain benefits to their members. These benefits consist of an allowance to those out of work, sick-pay, accident-pay, funeral ex- penses, and superannuation grants. FEMALE LABORERS. One of the most important attributes of the Trades Hall Council in Melbourne was developed in 1882. For nearly thirty years men in Victoria had combined together to secure the restriction of their hours of labor, and a fair maximum of payment for the same. But their sis- ters were no better off than in the Old World. The factories which sprang into existence after the law of protection for local industries had been enrolled upon the statute-books, employed many hundreds of young girls and women. Little by little their wages became reduced. The female operatives for a long time bore their growing poverty with heart-burnings and complaints, but without overt action. But even women will fight when the oppressive hand of capital touches their homes too harshly and too pitilessly. A strike at last took place in the establishment of Messrs. Beath, Schiess & Co , large wholesale cloth- ing manufacturers. The price for making coats, and vests, and pants was reduced to what the girls considered a starvation minimum. They appealed to the managing partner, a prominent member of the Young Men's Christian Association, but in vain. Then three hundred girls from this and other establishments met at the Trades Hall. This ac- tion on their part showed the confidence with which all the laboring classes of Melbourne look to the Trades Hall Council to assist them, whether they are members of unions or not, to get their proper rights. That they should afterwards connect themselves with this great labor organization is, to a certain extent, insisted upon, and it is only right that it should be so. Those who lack the power which money gives are taught that in union is their only chance of obtaining equity; that in this alone lies the strength which is necessary to regulate the conflicts of wealth and labor. Notime was lost in helping these girls to obtain honest remuneration for their work. The meeting in question was presided over by the author of this report, a citizen of the United States, but for 220 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. many years an Australiau colonist. The result of this meeting was the formation of a Tailoresses' Onion, and the adoption of a reasonable scale of prices for piece-work. An appeal was made to tlie trade societies and to the public to support the female operatives ou strike until these sat- isfactory rates were agreed to by the masters. I powerfully advocated the cause of the working-girls in the columns of the Melbourne Age. Public sympathy soon showed itself in the form of subscriptions to that journal, and the fight was maintained until the tailoresses gained their point. Since that time the female operatives have done well. They have now a male secretary and are represented in the Trades Hall Council. In 1886 the trustees decided to erect a hall especially for them. This was done at a cost of $9,250, and is now known as the Female Operatives' Hall. The societies in connection with this hall consist of the Tailoresses' Union and the Associated Female Operatives. An attempt was also made in connection with this hall to form a Domestic Servants' Union, but owing to the very half-hearted manner in which it was taken up by the servants themselves, and to the strenuous opposition of the labor and registry officers, nearly all of whom refused to engage servants belonging to the union, the attempt fell through. The health of women is a far more vital question, as affecting their earnings, than is the case with men. It is therefore highly important that women should sLare in the benefits of labor organization, not only for their own sakes in their own living, but for the sake of the nation which tliese female operatives will help to build up. Nothing can be so detrimental to the best inter- ests of Victoria, in common with all countries, as the imposition of long hours and poor wages on working-women and working- girls. A young girl who spends the best part of her life within the walls of a factory, and taxes ber strength to the utmost, is unfitted to become a mother of healthy children. The promoters of and sympathizers with the Female Operatives' Association conferred a benefit not only upon the working girls, but upon the whole colony of Victoria in its future gen- erations of working-men. Social reunions, which, apart from their direct entertainment, do a large amount of good in creating an esprit de corps, are successfully held by the girls in their own hall. APPEENTICES. Another general question to which the labor organizations are giving their attention at this time is that of apprenticeship. In the old Eng- lish " guilds" it was the custom to limit the number of apprentices to be taken by each employer, who was in those days himself a master workman. This custom has been followed by the English trades unions, which are in fact but the outcome of the old guilds. It is being taken up by the labor organizations of Victoria with the intention of regulating the number of apprentices to journeymen operatives. Con- siderable dissatisfaction at present exists amongst the workmen m some CENTENNIA.L INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 221 trades at the present practice of unlimited apprenticing. In order that the inquiry should be as comprehensive as possible a schedule of ques- tions has been prepared by the Trades Hall Council, a copy of which is sent to every society in Victoria with a request that they should each give replies thereto and offer any practical suggestions or remarks on the subject. MINERS' ASSOCIATION. Outside of the metropolis labor organizations exist througbout Vic- toria in proportion to the population of different centers. The most powerful is the Amalgamated Miners' Association of Australia, whose headquarters are at the important gold-mining township of Creswick. This association extends over the whole of the Australasian colonies and includes all miners, whether working for gold, tin, or coal. It con- sists of forty-two branches, having the following number of members: Colony. Branches. Members. Victoria 31 7,657 New Soutli Wales 3 4,502 Qiioenslanfl 4 l,8i2 Tasmania 2 145 NewZealand S 551 Total 42 14,697 The New South Wales branches include fifteen lodges of coal miners in Newcastle, by far the most important coal district in the colonies. This is the largest branch of the association, having a roll of four thou- sand one hundred members. The funds in hand on the 30th of June, 1888, amounted to no less than $98,235, and during the year ending on that date the association paid total benefits of $62,950. These benefits included $30,155 to members for accident-pay, $9,510, for death allow- ance, and $16,450 for strike-pay, out of which $15,350 was to the New- castle coal miners in their late protracted struggle. The donations made to charities during the year by the association reach the sum of $6,850. But the disbursing of their funds is not the only or by any means the principal business of the association. In the last annual report we read: "That while attaching due importance to the accident benefits, members should not forget that the provision in case of accidents is not the primary object of our existence, but rather the maintenance of the rights and priveliges pertaining and belonging to our occupation." There is no doubt that the association has ac- complished a great deal for the working miners of Australia. It has secured for them shorter hours and higher wages. Greater safety to life and limb has also been insured in the working of mines, and in every way it has bettered the condition, not only of members, but of the whole mining community. A matter which has received the atten- 222 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. tion of the association during the past year is what is known as the "non-members question." On this subject the president remarks : The rule that members will not work with non-members -appears necessary in the present position of trades unionism. It is, nevertheless, a rule that requires very careful and delicate manipulation, and in my opinion in the near future wiUbe found unnecessary ; but while the right of men to work or decline to work under any given condition is undeniable, tbey should always be careful to concede the same rights to those who are opposed to them. Thus, if members of any labor organization decline to work with those who are not members, it then becomes a question affecting the interests of the employers, who have to consider whether it is most conducive to their interest to retain the services of the unionists or non-unionists. If the employers decide to retain the latter, it is the duty of all true unionists to accejit the decision gracefully, and to be careful to use only the legitimate means of moral suasion to gain the object they have made their choice, and they should abide by the resalt. I lirmly believe that if all unionists would take this moderate view of the question, there would be less trouble between employers and employed. According to this temperately expressed view of the chief of the most powerful labor organization in Australia, the great aim of all unionists should then be to make themselves indispensable to their employers. They should do this by performing their duties thoroughly, and by en- deavoring to excel at their trade. The best workmen could then easily convince their fellow-craftsmen of the necessity of banding themselves together in societies for their own protection, and thus leave so small a minority of non-unionists that it would be impossible for any employer to carry on his work with the few men at his disposal. The great law of republican democracy, that majorities must rule, and the few must sub- mit for the benefit of the many, will first have to be thoroughly realized by every individual working-man before universal unionism is an ac- complished fact. Then, in the words of the president of the Miners Association, " the necessity for protective labor organization will no longer exist, right principles will govern the actions of capitalists and workmen, and ' man to man the wide world o'er shall brithers be for a' that.'" But so long as selfishness and greed exist, so long will unionism be necessary to secure to the working classes the just fruits of their toil. CHINESE. One matter of !j;reat interest to miners in particular, as well as to the other trades of Victoria, was settled to a great extent during 1888. This is with regard to the influx of Chinese. In Australia, as on the Pacific slope, in the United States, the Mongolian immigrant is little more than a toiling automaton, able to subsist upon the lowest diet, and possessed of an inherent grossness that wishes for no better habitation than the merest hovel which will afford shelter and room to sleep. To compete with such a class would necessitate the Victorian working-men being reduced to its level, for it appears impossible to raise Chinese to a white man's standard. The Miners' Association, as represented by their delegate in the Trades Hall Council, joined in a CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE, 223 deputatiou that in the spring of last year waited on the premier of Victo- ria to urge the necessity of preventing a great influ x of the Chinese. The government adopted prompt measures to avert what at one time threat- ened to be a large immigration of these undesirable colonists. As a consequence of this the difSculty was overcome far more easily than might have been anticipated. It was owing to the initiative taken by the labor organizations that a conference of members of the different Australian governments was held, and it resulted in a determination to introduce almost prohibitive legislation against the introduction of Chinese. MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS. The next important center of labor organization to those already mentioned is at Ballarat, the second largest city in Victoria, 100 miles from Melbourne, and containing about 40,000 inhabitants. Here the working-men have a trades hall on the same lines as at Melbourne, but the number of different labor societies is comparatively small. The principal union is that known as the " Eight-Hour League," similar to the one in the metropolis. This league has a representative in the Melbourne Trades Hall Council, which in return nominates a delegate at Ballarat. The same system prevails at G-eelong with regard to the " Bight- Hour League." This town has the honor of being the first in Victoria to establish a woolen mill. There are now four of these manu- factories in Geelong, which can employ nearly a thousand operatives. But the only trade which has a union of its own in this town is that of the tanners and curriers. The majority of mill operatives, and also of other trades, find at present that their interests are sufficiently main- tained by the efforts of the " Bight- Hour League." The towns of Hor- sham, Lale, and Echuca are also centers of the above league. In Bchnca a large trade is carried on in native red-gum timber. There are now five large red-gum sawmills in the town, and in addition to the " Bight-Hour League," there is a well-supported saw-millers' society. An important organization, which is not at present affiliated with the Trades Hall, is that of the railway employes. This consists of over ten thousand members, and in addition to being a trade society secures also certain benefits to those joining it. Amongst these the idea has been mooted of the necessity of associating themselves with the other unions, and in time this will no doubt be accomplished. . DISPUTES AND STRIKES. It is necessary to refer only briefly to the disputes which have taken place during the past few years between the masters and men of the different trades. The most important of these was the boot-makers' strike in the year 1884. The object of the men in this case was the abolition of what is known all over the world as the system of " sweat- ing," which had grown to considerable proportions. Efforts were made 224 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. to have the dispute settled by a board elected from the Trades Hall Council, but the employers refused to abide by its decision. The men re- mained out on strike for thirteen weeks, during which time they were well supported by the other trades societies. Contributions were received which permitted of strike-pay being allowed for the whole of the thir- teen weeks at the rate of $6.25 per week for the married men and $4.50 to the single men. At the end of that time a compromise was effected, but there is still a great deal of dissatisfaction existing, and in the near future the struggle will doubtless be revived. The next serious dispute was towards the end of 1886, when the wharf laborers demanded certain increases in the rates of wages. These not being granted, the men struck work on the 1st of January, 1887. The ship-owners at once endeavored to obtain laborers from the other colo- nies, and to some extent succeeded. Many of the imported men, how- ever, were of the lowest class, and not a few actually old convicts. Upon this the Seamen's Union gave notice that unless this action was discontinued they would withdraw every unionist in the ships. But in spite of this threat the ship-owners persisted in their operations. The Cooks and Stewards' Union then decided to instruct their members to leave the ships. At the same time the marine engineers refused to em- ploy any firemen not having a certificate of discharge, in which case none of the imported mea would have been allowed to work in that ca- pacity on board a ship. The masters thereupon agreed to refer the dispute to an independent board of ten members, each side to nominate five. Had the masters not consented to this, two thousand men em- ployed on the local steamers would have gone out on strike, and the coasting trade would have been paralyzed. The decision of the board practically gave the men all they wanted. The next dispute arose in the iron trade, owing to the men in one of the largest shops in Melbourne demanding the dismissal of a non- unionist. This was more on account of a dislike to the man himself, who, apart from refusing to join their society, was looked upon as a spy. The employers threatened to lock out all unionists unless they consented to work with this objectionable individual. The iron-mold- ers' assistants were locked out for a week, when it was decided that they should return to work and the matter should be referred to an independent board. There was, however, considerable delay in the ap- pointment of the board, and in the mean time the obnoxious individual left the colonies and the quarrel lapsed into oblivion. During 1888 there were two efforts on the part of the working-men of Victoria to increase their wages. The first was by the Typographical Society, but as two or three of the largest firms allowed the demands no strike took place, and the smaller employers at once followed the example of the others. The second demand was from the iron-molders for the increase of the minimum day's wage from $2.50* to $2.75. In this case the men were out on strike for eighteen weeks, at the end of CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 225 which time the dispute was practically settled iu their favor. Each side stated its case to an iudepeudeut arbitrator, who gave a two-thirds award to the men by iixing the minimum day's pay at $2.G6. A small technical dispute between the tinsmiths and a single em- ployer iu Melbourne resulted iu the formation of a permanent Board of Conciliation. The objects of this board are to investigate disputes be- tween employers and employes, and to recommend such terms of ad- justment as may seem to be fair and reasonable. The board consists of eighteen members, nine of whom are appointed by the Trades Hall Council and nine by the executive of the Victorian Employers' Union, a body which has of late years been formed for the protection of the capitalists' interests. The following are some of the most important regulations incidental to the constitution of this Board of Conciliation : No alteration shall be demanded liy either employers or employes in the hours of work, the rate of wages, or system or conditions of workiug, except after two months' notice by the person or persons desiring such alteration to the person or persons with whom such alteration is desired to be ett'ected. Before any strike or lock-out shall be resorted to, the matter in dispute must be referred to the secretaries of the Trades Hall Council and the Victorian Employers' Union, respectively. If they fail to secure a settlement the dispute is then to be referred to a committee of •inquiry, consisting of two members from the Trades Hall Council and two members from the Employers' Union executive. If these also fail to arrange a satisfactory set- tlement, the Board of Conciliation, having the power to examine witnesses on oath, shall adjudicate upon the matter, and their decision shall be considered final, and a strike or lock-out only be deemed justifiable when the non-recognition of their de- cision is certified to in writing by the committee of inquiry. In the event of a strike or look-out being resorted to by any body having subscribed to the rules of the Board of Conciliation before the preceding events have taken place, every other organiza- tion shall be bound to refuse all sympathy and support in this independent action. The working of this board has not yet been thoroughly tested, and the larger labor organizations are holding aloof from the movement until they gain some experience of its results upon the smaller societies which have given their adhesion thereto. LABOR REPRESENTATIVES IN PARLIAMENT. The labor organizations have not at the present time any representa- tives in the Victorian Parliament. At the last general election three labor candidates were defeated in metropolitan districts. The line of demarkation between the bread-winner and the money-spinner is not drawn here as in Europe and the United States. In tlie early days of the colony, before members received their present pay of $1,500 a year, many members of Parliament acted as delegates for mining constituencies, being supported as several members of the English I'arliament now are, by an annual subscription of the electors. The present Premier of Vic- toria, the Hon. Duncan Gillies, represented Ballarat as a working miner, and was for a time paid by his supporters, whose mouth-piece he was. Amongst the eighty-six members of the present legislati ve as- sembly there are many men who were originally in the ranks of labor, MEL 15 226 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. and who, like Mr. Gillies, have since occupied positions as ministers of the Crown. Mr. Langridge, who represents an important district of Melbourne, was a practical stone-mason and a member of a trades union. He has now acquired great wealth, but always boasts of his connection with labor organization. There are also in Parliament a slaughterman, a printer, a market- gardener (who is the leader of the present opposition party), an engine fitter, a working jeweler, and a tailor, besides men who in their early days, like many other successful ones in this colony, have worked in the gold mines. But labor representatives pure and simple have found little favor in Victoria, the opinion of the mass of the electors who control the col- ony being that they do not require any special representatives of this kind. It will be seen that the needs and wishes of the laboring classes have been recognized by the various governments of Victoria in grants of land to the trade societies and in the recognition of the principle that eight hours constitute a fair day's work. Members of the Trades Hall Council are always included in the management of national under- takings. This is exemplified at the present time by the appearance amongst the names of the Executive Committee of the Centennial Inter- national Exhibition of that of Mr. Trenwith, a prominent member of the Trades Hall Council, a practical boot-maker by trade, and the organizer of the late strike. working-men's COLLEaE. The Working-Men's College in Melbourne is recognized by the gov- ernment, which was induced to grant land on which to erect the build- ing, It was founded in 1887 by the Hon. Francis Ormond, a well-known, public-spirited philanthropist, who initiated public subscription by a gift of $25,000. Not only has this institution been thoroughly well established, but it is progressing most successfully, as the following tables will show : Attendunce. 1S87. 1888. Items. Second term. Third term. First term. Second term. Third term. Total enrollments 646 12 275 23 13 985 S2 414 37 19 1,530 164 592 63 24 1,953 271 739 69 30 1,819 241 681 74 29 Number of juniors (under eighteen and apprentices under Number of classes Number of instructors CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 227 Class of students attending. Class. 1837. Third term. 1888. First term. Second term. Third term. Skilled laborers or artisanfi Clerks, teachers, aad draughtsmen School, domestic, and occupations not given Shop employ6s Unskilled laborers 683 1T5 109 91 27 731 421 205 128 45 979 503 261 143 67 918 443 254 125 79 Ages of students attending. Age. 1887. 1888. Third term. First term. Second term. 84 148 251 493 734 947 271 606 593 57 93 143 102 49 19 Third term. Fourteen years to sixteen Sixteen years to twenty-one Twenty-one years to thirty.. Over thirty Not stated 265 802 625 99 28 TLere is no doubt that tbis college, although it trains but a eompar atively small uumber of workmen, will do a large amount of good. With the better education of the laboring classes must come a desire to improve their material condition. The leaders of labor organization contend that there is only one way of accomplishing this. In his well- known book on "Strikes," Sir Eupert Kettle, the English judge, says with regard to trades unions : They have promoted free thought and free action among the hard-working classes, and, moreover, have taught them to respect the law and rely upon moral means for what they believe to be right. We have now no bloodshed, no rioting, scarcely an angry word in the bitterest and most protracted strikes. Although we owe this salutary change partly to the improved education and the higher moral tone among the work- ing classes, we owe it much more to the direct and immediate influence of trades unionism. A well-known writer on the laboring classes of England and America also remarks that "trades unions have increased the price and short- ened the hours of labor; have educated working-men to a knowledge of their common interest and common duty, and in every sense have raised thecharacter of English workaien." If these things can be accomplished in England, where trades unions have had to tight against the laws and customs of a country once under the feudal system, the traces of which exist even to the present day, how much more may be done under the glorious Australian sun, which sheds its light upon a land, perhaps the only one 'on earth, where neither the gross despotism of wealthy classes nor the footprint of a single slave has ever been known. In this new 228 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. "world labor started under new conditions, and without the depressing mil- dew of custom, which is stronger almost than law in the older nations. The pioneers of Victoria were of the sinews of the earth ; the salt of the world. They have left their impress upon all Victorian society, and upon labor organization, which in consequence is of a higher rank than elsewhere. In Australia, as in Europe, periodical congresses of the trades socie- ties are held. So far Australian labor organizations have not shown any desire to be represented outside their own borders, and indeed they have little to gain by associating themselves with European labor con- gresses. Until English working-men have raised their condition to that of their Austalian confreres, and those on the Continent have ad- Tanced to a higher stage, it is considered that Australians, like Ameri- cans, must take measures so that their country shall not be overrun by cheap foreign European or Chinese labor. Melboxjkne, January 10, 1889. REPORT ON INLAND NAVIGATION. By Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Meury. Melbourne, Novemher 1, 1888. Sir : The wealth of any nation necessarily deijends upon two things : first, its ability to produce articles of food, and, second, its facilities for getting such j)roducts to market. Man must eat to live, and he cannot eat gold or precious stones. All mines, whether of the precious metals or of those devoted to ruder usages, such as coal, copper, iron, zinc, and nickel, are liable to be exhausted and never replenished, while a good soil can be made, by judicious rotation of crops, a richer property than any mine of gold or even diamonds. Gold and silver mining must be classed to a certain extent as vicious avocations, for the reason that those following them are usually nomadic in custom, dissipated and prodigal of habit, and never identified with that slow and sure develop- ment which has marked tUfe progress of the Anglo-Saxon race. No more striking exemplification of this could be had or is needed than the history of the three Pacific States, California, Oregon, and Nevada. So long as alluvial gold-diggings enabled the nomadic placer-miner to tramp from gulch to gulcli with his entire belongings upon liis back, to live in a semi-barbaric condition in a rude hut, and to squander the sur- plus of his earnings in gambling and other riotous amusements, just so long the States of Oregon and California were in an impoverished condition and bore no part in the advancement of American ideas. The history of Nevada is still more pitiable, for she has no agricultural re- sources upon which to fall back, as California and Oregon have done and now finds her vast quartz ledges exhausted, after having yielded nearly six times as much gold and silver as Oregon. The advancement of California and Oregon dates practically from the exhaustion of placer-mining and the enrollment of the people of those two young States among the great and progressive army of per- manent home builders. In 1850 the city of San Jos6, in California, was the capital of the State, and its fourth largest town. In 1856 it liad subsided to the ninth in order of population, and was wholly de- void of local wealth. In 1887 it was the fourth city of the State, owing to the manner in which fruit-preserving industries have been cstab- 229 230 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. lished there, thus affording a home market to the farmers and fruit- growers of all that rich and beautiful region — the Santa Clara Yalley. In the same way the city of Portland, in Oregon, only a small and ill- looking river town during the days of placer- mining in that State, has grown, through her grain exports to the United Kingdom and her traflSc in preserved fruits with the extreme Northern States, into a metropolitan city of graceful proportions, with commercial edifices fit for cities of ten times her population. It, therefore, stands to reason that the greatest wealth must be hereafter found in the food-producing States of the Federal Union rather than those which yield only metallic products, subject to indefinite exhaustion. Australia, while I believe it to be by far the greatest producer of precious metals in the known world, is also a great food producer, and has recognized sources of material wealth outside her vast quartz reefs and deposits of tin and coal. Undoubtedly inferior in quantity of grain per acre, not only to California and Oregon, but to Washington and Dakota as well, she produces a quality of wheat so far superior to all grain grown in America that it is eagerly sought after for seed in all our Western States and Territories. As a producer of beef and mut- ton Australia leads the world, employing, as she does, four of the largest lines of steam-ships in the world to carry her meat products, in refrigerators, or cold-storage compartments, as they are called in the colonies, to the European markets. No one who has kept watch of these exports, as the writer has done during his six months' sojourn in the colonies, can be unmindful of the great producing power of the south continent — a power that must be perceptibly increased whenever an intelligent and comprehensive system of irrigation is put in motion, having for its object the greatest of good to the greatest in number. And. being thoroughly satisfied of Australia's capacity as a food-producing nation, let us see what are her chances for getting her food products to the world's greatest highway — the ocean. MtTEEAY RIVER. The Murray Eiver, having its source in the mountains of New South Wales, sometimes called the "Australian Alps," is the largest of all the Australasian rivers, and is the only one which has a fairly defined cur- rent by which an experienced American pilot, thoroughly skilled in his vocation upon the grand rivers of our own continent, would be able to go on board an Australian steamer and pick his way along the turgid and swollen stream ; for it is only during the season of freshets, arising from melted snow, that even the Murray Eiver, sometimes called the " Mississippi of Australia," is navigable at all. These mountains are so much lower than the Sierra Nevadas, in California, which furnish the navigable waters of the San Joaquin and Sacramento; the Cascade Eange, of Oregon, out of which the Willamette and Columbia derive their navigation, as well as the Skagit, in Washington, and the Fraser CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 231 iu the province of British Oolambia, that once the snow becomes fairly melted away the navigation abruptly ceases until the opening of the ensuing year. The Murray is navigable from its mouth, iu South Aus- tralia, to Albury, in New South Wales, a distance of 1,468 miles by the bends of the river. It is so tortuous in its course that railway commu- nication has reduced it nearly 58 per cent. Not far below Echuca, which is now to all intents and purposes the practical head of navigation, I measured a bend of the river which is 23 miles across and 52y'^ miles around it, upon the ofiScial map of New South Wales; and another which was 8J miles across and 20y''a miles around. The Snake River, in Idaho, and the San Joaquin, in California, are the most sinuous of all American rivers, and yet they fade into utter insignificance iu this re- spect beside the Murray. Fortunate, however, it is and has been in the years that have gone by, that the channels of the alleged " Mississippi of Australia " are so tortuous, for if they were as straight and well defined as those of the Sacramento, in California, or the Willamette, in Oregon, there would be too rapid an escape for the melting snows, and the river would be navigable for a less period than three months in the year. As it is, the greatest efforts on the part of the local governments of New South Wales and Victoria have been necessary to keep it open by the removal of snags in the current as well as limbs of overhanging trees, which would throw a smoke-stack down upon deck or sweep away a portion of the deck load of a barge while swinging around a tortuous bend. As on the Upper Sacramento in California, the hulls of the boats are not decked over, and the cargo is carried upon barges, which are towed astern from a "king post" in the center of the boat's hull by a haw- ser 6 inches in circumference, and paid out from 180 to 320 feet, accord- ing to the quautity of water in the river; but on all the California rivers no barges are towed iu high water, as the boats are enabled, by the' in- sertion of temporary decks over their open holds, to carry from 180 to 300 tons of cargo upon their own hulls. The boats on the Murray, however, are entirely too small to bring about such results. Most of these Mur- ray boats are not exceeding 70 feet in length, with a breadth of from 18 to 20 feet, and a depth of hold which varies from 6 to 9 feet. A far narrower river, and quite as tortuous for a distance of a least 30 miles, is the Feather Eiver, in California, the chief tributary of the Sacramento, which rises in the Sierra Nevada range and empties into the Sacramento at the little village of Vernon, in Sutter County. It is navigable for about ten months in the year from its mouth to the city of Marysville, a distance of 48 miles. And yet there is not a steamer employed on the Feather River which could not carry three times as much as the Trafalgar, the largest boat employed upon the Murray; and not a barge employed upon the Feather which could not carry more cargo upon a draught of 20 inches of water than the most buoyant barge upon the Murray could carry upon a draught of 4 feet, to say nothing of 232 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. being better equipped for the comfort of the bargemen, and in every way better adapted to rapid handling iu a piece of crooked or dangerous water. STEAMERS. On the Murray River and its tributaries are employed not less than eighty of these small steamers, to do the work of which would only re- quire about twenty such boats as ply upon the Feather Eiver aforesaid. This would save the wages of about sixty engineers and as many stokers, although the number of pilots and roustabouts would be about the same. It would also save the wages of at least sixty cooks and stewards, and as many clerks, or pursers, as they are termed by courtesy. In the mean time the work would be better done, as larger boats would enable the trade to carry passengers in more comfort, at a greater rate of speed, and in an equal degree of safety, wherever competent pilots are employed. Nearly all the pilots on the Murray River are either men born right there, and never educated up to river work in other countries, or else men whose entire lives had been spent in deep-water ships upon long voy- ages across the ocean highways. Of course, neither of these two classes could rise to a belief that the strictly American x^rofessiou of a river steam-boatman is a distinct calling by itself, as widely separate from maritime navigation as theology is from medicine, or civil engineering from the common law. The Trafalgar, however, I found to be ofi&cered by as pleasant and genial-mannered a lot of men as it was ever my good fortune to meet, and my two days on board of her served to teach me that nothing could surpass the hearty hosi)itality of Australian river-men. At the same time a sense of candor compels me to assert that they are at least fifty years behind the steam-boatmen of the United States in the general details of steam-boat work. This is especially true of low- water work. Not one of them had any ideas of how to get a boat off a bar, except by running a line to a tree on the opposite side of the river and dragging her off backwards. The use of the spar-derrick and the steam-capstan, by which alone the Upper Sacramento was preserved as a navigable stream from 1857 to 1870, was to them a mystery as deep as the origin of Edison's phonograph. The idea of lifting a boat bodily over one sand-bar only to encounter another at a half mile further up stream, seemed to them a history of steam-boating under difflculties, and yet they were amazed when I told them it had been the history of navigation of the Ohio, Wabash, Sacramento, Colorado, Willamette, and a dozen other large American rivers during the past half century. "You fellows are a nation of Edisons and Westinghouses," said the captain of the Trafalgar as I showed him the process of working a boat over a bar by the use of a steam-capstan and a spar-derrick ; " you never meet an obstacle but your natural powers of invention give you the means to overcome it." I told him that a man who went away froih home with the idea that CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 233 he knew everything would be very apt to return without learning any- thing, and that I had already seen something to instruct me as well as several things to amuse me. " Nodoubt you are amused at our primitive methods of steam-boating," said he, "but where do you find anything calculated to instruct?" I showed him the machinery of the boat, which I calculated to be about 60 horse-power and the most compact I had ever seen on any boat of her size. The boiler was a marine pattern wholly unlike any- thing in use on American river boats and having nine return-flues. Directly over it, upon an iron arched bed-plate, rested the engines, a pair of non-condensing engines of 14 inches diameter of cylinder by 40 Inches stroke of piston. The fuel used was the red-gum and boxwood of the forests, and the consumption was less than five-eighths of a cord per hour, carrying 85 pounds of steam to the square inch, and cutting off at five-eighths of the (jntire stroke. The Trafalgar was not much for beauty, but a good business boat, and every inch of her space well utilized. The following is a sketch of that vessel : :;£^ "^ She was built at Bchuca in 1884, and is 98 feet length over all, 18J feet beam, and 7 feet depth of hold. The hull is of the composite order, being a wooden bottom of red-gum with kelsons and gar- board streaks of the same material. Above these the sides are of iron plate, with all her beams and moalding timbers of the same material. The iron work of the hull, as well as the engines, was done at one of the Melbourne foundries. She has a stiff shaft, that is, her engines are not disconnected so as to admit of going ahead on one and backing the other, as is the case with all the boats on the Ohio and Mississippi Elvers. Nevertheless, she made all the bends very cleverly with her barge in tow, but it is to be remembered that the river was 11 feet over low-water mark, or summer level, as they call it in Australian par- lance. The pilot-house is all open on the sides instead of being inclosed in glass, like our American boats, but here was a reversing-bar and a throttle, so that the pilot could slow, stop, or back the boat just as he desired without sending down a bell to the engine-room. I deemed this a very creditable auxiliary to the boat's appliances. 234 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. The speed of the Trafalgar down stream, with her barge in tow, was a trifle in excess of 6 miles per hour ; and her draught, with no cargo whatever in her hull, was 46 inches. On any river in California, Ore- gon, or Washington, could be found boats capable of carrying 200 or 220 tons of cargo upon the same draught of water and making from 10 to 12 miles per hour, without additional help required in towing a barge. I append a table of distances on the Murray Eiver. The portion of the river lying between Echuca and Albury is 301J miles in length, but can only be navigated about two months in each year; and as Albury lies on the Grand Trunk Eailway line between Sydney and Melbourne, just about as far distant from the latter city as is Echuca, it will readily be seen that there is not any profit in carrying produce down the river from Albury to Echuca and thence by rail into Melbourne. The Dar- ling Eiver joins the Murray at Wentworth, hence these tables have been compiled above and below that point. « Echuca and Albury to Weniiv^rth. Echuca "Wbarparilla Dead Horse Point. Perricoota Toorannabby Thule Creek CiurapBend Campbell's Island . Gnnna^warra Huts Gonn Pental Island "Woods Murray Downs . . . Swan Hill Beveridge Island. Tyntynder Nyah. Tooley Piangliill Tooley buc Bitch and Pups... Wakool Echuca. Albury. Miles. Miles. 301i 4 306J 23i 325 38 330i 55i 357 89i 391 117 418 125 426J 136i 437i mi 443 158 459 171J 473 189 J 491 192 493i 20 ti 506 2 12 5I3i 222 523* 229i 531 240 541J 244i 54C 255 556J 2G6i 568 Places. "Windomal N"arong Riley's Hotel Murrumbidgee Meilman. Eustou Gell's Island Ki Kulkyne Brett's Woolshed Tapalin Island riowarp Hut Mallee Cliffs Macfarlane's Reef Macfarlane's Gol Gel Creek Mildura Cowana Williams' Junction (Wentwortb) . Ecbuca. Miles. 277 284 292 294J 336i 369i 396 418i 43ei 439i 442 448 454J 4714 482i 511i 517 537i 530 549i Albury. Miles. 5724 5854 593 596 638 6714 6974 720 738 741 7434 749 756 773 781 790 797 813 818 839 840 851 CENTENNIAL INTERN ATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 235 Goolwa to Weniworth. Goolwa. Point Pomond "Wellington Cook's Mason Bocks Thompson's Bock .... Wall Dumas Mannam Taylor's Smith's Chambers' Luscombe's Moomnda Blanchetown Murbko Northwest Bend (Morgan) Miles. 35 41 43 55 63 88 93 95 109 131 135 169 180 196 209 229 Hart's Island Wigley Flat Overland Corner Cobdogla Pyup Paringa Murthoo Chowilla Isle of Man Creek , River Lindsay Junction Watminga , Whambaloo Island , Crozier's Bocks Moorna Ana Branch Neilpo "VVentwortli Miles. 274 309 311 324 345 402 444 451 466 483 552 56S 56T 583 508 610 617 It is, therefore, to be seen that the Murray Eiver is navigable in high water for a total distance of 1,468 miles, of which 617 miles are belovr its junction with the Darling. When we reflect that boats of 1,250 tons have run on the Sacramento in days gone by, and that river is navigable for less than 325 miles ; that the Willamette, a river capable of carry- ing a much larger class of boats than the Murray, is only navigable for a distance of 242 miles, we are lost in wonder that no one has adopted American boats and navigating appliances upon the " Mississippi of Australia." And yet the total distance from Albury to Goolwa cannot be by air line over 620 miles. Hence as the various lines of colonial road are tapping the Murray at various points, I can see no great future for river steam-boating in these Australian waters ; nor would I recom- mend any American to come out here and educate these good but slow- motioned people up to the principles of light-draught steam-boating. THE TRIBTJTAEIES OF THE MURRAY RIVER. The Murrumbidgee is a tributary of the Murray, whose waters are wholly within the colony of New South Wales. It rises in higher mountains than the sources of the Murray; and hence, though a smaller river, it keeps its navigable depth of water for a much later period in tlie season. It enters the Murray 294 miles below Echuca, the head of easy and practical navigation, and 596 miles below Albury. The same-sized boats and barges are used to navigate it as on the Murray ; and often it can be ascended for a distance of 320 miles when the Murray is not navigable above K'arong. Boats have ascended the Murrumbidgee in high water a total distance of 582 miles from its mouth. The Darling Eiver, which enters the Murray at Wentworth, rises away up in the mountains of Queensland and flows southward and westerly. It is navigable in high water a distance of not less than 1,240 miles, not including its chief tributary, the Barwan, which is navi- 236 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. gable nearly 200 miles iu high water. Unfortunately for the good people along those rivers, there has been no fall of snow for two years, aud, consequently, no high water to enable the wool-growers and grain producers to get their wool and cereals to market. The spriug months in Australia are September, October, and November, during which the highest water prevails. But no springtide has sufficed to furnish the requisite water for carrying the produce along those rivers down to the sea; and both of those streams were wholly dry during January and February of the current year. Iu 1887, just about the close of the boating season, the little steamer Barivan ascended the stream which bears her name, with a barge-load of merchandise which she discharged at a warehouse where nearly 3,000 bales of wool (aver- agijig 420 pounds each) were awaiting her. She took on 1,400 bales upon her barge and started down stream. The river was falling rapidly and she finally got her barge aground some 40 miles from the junction of the Barwan with the Darling. As the boat was drawing less water than the barge, she attempted to lighten her over the bars but failed. The boat got out all right, but the barge and her cargo are still awaiting a " rise" in the river to enable them to get to market after a delay of two years. I am credibly informed that there are 6,400 tons of wool on the Darling and 4,200 more on the Barwan awaiting trans- portation to market; and that the wool-brokers of Melbourne and Syd- ney have ceased making cash advances upon wool grown in that sec- tion, except it first be received at tide- water. Between the Murrumbidgee and the Murray lies the great delta known as the Eiverina, which is the wealthiest portion of Australia. It has never yet failed to get its crops down to market, which I regard as the chief factor in its present condition of opulence. It, therefore, seems to me imperative that Australia should abandon inland naviga- tion, as the Murray Eiver and its tributaries have already proven in- sufficient to meet the requirements of the country with its present pop- ulation ; and as Australia is rapidly increasing, both by natural causes and by immigration, in wealth and population, it must be evident that a more permanent and reliable means of transportation than by the river must be devised. Tliese rivers, in which annually millions of gal- lons of unemployed and useless water are carried to the sea without contributing anything to the wealth of the country, should be utilized for purposes of irrigation upon a scale grander than anything so far devised in Europe or America ; and that the transportation of staple products to tide- water must hereafter be perfoi-med by the colonial sys- tem of railways. Irrigation will so far increase these products that there is no probability that the railways will ever lack a supply of traffic. Yery respectfully, Thomas B. Merry, Hon. Frank McCoppin, Assisia^it U. S. Commissioner. U. S. Commissioner, REPORT ON MINES. By Assistant Commissioner Thomas B. Merry. South Yarra, December 5, 1888. Sir : When Hargraves, who had been in California in 1850, startled the world with the statement of equally valuable discoveries upon the great southern continent, there were but few believers in the story that a new El Dorado had been found which would prove more endur- ing in its output of precious metals than the territory ceded from Mexico to the United States by the memorable treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. But such is now proven to be the case, in spite of all doubts to the contrary, for gold is the second in value of Australia's products, wool being the first; while in the Golden State of America it has already fallen behind wheat, wool, and wine. Of course California had one advantage over Australia — abundance of water for gold-washing purposes, while the alluvial gold fields of Australia, in many instances, lay idle for want of water, and in many instances, from this same cause, there were large and valuable discoveries made, but suffered to go uu worked altogether. Hence it requires no deep research to per- ceive why Australia should head the front rank of gold producers, while California has dropped back behind Montana and Colorado in the out- put of precious metals. This is likely to be the case for many years to come, as California and Oregon, being more prosperous now than in the days of a commerce based upon the discoveries of auriferous river channels, have turned their attention to other pursuits, while Australia keeps on in her tireless search for gold, not seeming to realize that a civilization based upon gold mining is least satisfactory of all, for the simple reason that its votaries are visionary as a class, and nomadic in their habits, adding nothing to the material wealth of any country they may inhabit, and squandering all their earnings in idle dissipation dur- ing their hours of leisure. From 1850 to 1852 California, with less than 250,000 population, squandered over $20,000,000 in saloons and gam- bling houses, for no other cause than the abundance of crude gold. Hence, while admitting the yield of gold in Australia to be nearly five times as high as that of California, it is hardly a cause for congratula- tion, as it really marks no genuine progress towards permanent settle- ment or a ripened civilization. 237 238 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. EARLY MINING IN AL'STIJALIA. And yet, to the cultured geologist, familiar at all times with the *' Testimony of the liocks,' as well as to the practical though unlettered gold digger, Australia affords more food for study and research than any other i)ortiou of the civilized globe. In California the richest of all "placers" or alluvial mining grounds had no subsequent value as deep gold fields, while the comparatively poor fields at first have been the great quartz matrices by which alone the gold product of California has been kept from dwindling into absolute insignificance. In Australia, however, a diff'erent condition of things at once contronts the beholder, as the cities of Ballarat and Sandhurst (Bendigo), which were the largest camps in the old days of alluvial mining, are to-day the greatest «ud most populous gold-mining cities on the southern continent, as well as the largest jiroducers of auriferous quartz, both in value of bullion reduced and the weight of rock lifted by the newest appliances of labor-saving machinery from the bowels of the earth. Of course there is much to be said in praise of that stubborn British perseverance which leads men to drill down 2,000 feet through barren rock till an ore- body is struck upon. But it is without parallel in the world's history for the same localities which have been so rich in alluvial gold diggings to develop in a later period such unparalleled richness ia the rock which is the mother of the precious nuggets that were found in the creek beds nearly forty years ago. A very correct exposition of this is to be found in a hill about 2 miles south and west of Sandhurst, first known as Bendigo. The owner of the property, Mr. George Lansell, who had a great run of 1 uck during the alluvial-mining era, conceived the idea that a "saddle-reef" of auriferous quartz underlay the ground from which he had washed the gravel which made his earlier foituue; and, no sooner said than done, he set himself to work to find the lead, if he had to drive through the world for it and come out in France or Spain. The Johnson's Reef concern had struck paying quartz at 482 feet, and the Garden Gully Company at 564 feet, both lying to the northward of hi in. Lansell purchased the finest machinery that money could buy and started upon his long and toilsome search. At 561 feet, the depth of the Garden Gully lead, he was in hard and barren soil, with no evi- dences of quartz in sight. At 612 feet he struck so large a body of water that his pumps could not keep the shaft free, and he was obliged to cut a tunnel at right angles to carry it away into a gulch near at hand. At 1,000 feet he was still laboring in an apparently hopeless quest of ore, but his British obstinacy still kept him pegging away. Over two years had elapsed, and every Saturday night saw a pay-roll as long as a man's arm disbursed at his desk. One day his foreman came to him and reported that the gang had struck a vein of white quartz, entirely barren of ore. "Never mind," said Mr Lansell, "you keep on at your work as long as my money holds out. You will find metal after a while, if there is none now." CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL, EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 239 A week of wearisome suspense went by and then the foreman came up the shaft smiling. He had run into a vast ore body of sulphurets of iron and mundic, the former carrying gold to the value of about $60 per ton. The claim bears a name characteristic of the country, " The New Chum," which is equivalent to the American "Greenhorn" or the Oregon expression " Tenderfoot." The brave and lucky owner of this handsome property stands around like a successful husband- man looking at his ripened grain. He will never leave Sandhurst, the scene of his trials and struggles, in which he risked one sub- stantial fortune that he might make another of greater amplitude. A man of less obstinacy would never have dared undertake it, while a man with less ready money to his credit would have been obliged to "let go " and abandon it before it was 600 feet in depth. I have merely singled this case out of a dozen that have come under my notice, to show the tenacity with which Australians are wont to adhere to a propo- sition. Slower by far than Americans to beget an enterprise, they never like to abandon it while there is a ray of hope left. MINING CITIES. The city of Sandhurst lies on Bendigo Greek, 104 miles west-south- west from Melbourne, and had 42,000 people in 1853, most of whom lived in the canvas tents or brush shanties of that period. As new alluvial "strikes" were made elsewhere the population had decreased to 25,000 in 1869, and but for the development of the quartz industry must have shared the fate of many of those once brilliant and lively California towns that have long since passed out of existence. But from the time of the discovery of the Johnson's Eeef ledges the old town took a new lease of life. On Johnson's Eeef gold was first struck 482 feet below the earth's surface ; in Garden Gully, 564 feet, and iu New Chum 1,221 feet. From the extreme north point of the Johnson Eeef to the most south- erly point of the New Chum there is a distance of about 2 miles. From the southerly end of Johnson's Eeef to the northwest end of the Garden Gully it is about 7 furlongs. From the south end of Garden Gully to the northernmost end of the New Chum the distance must be not more than If miles. On these three reefs are located some forty mining com- panies, the white poppet-heads and tall brick chimneys contrasting pleasantly with the white cottages of the miners. The present popula- tion of the city, which now includes the adjacent towns of Golden Square and Kangaroo Flat, cannot be less than 38,000. Seldom do inland cities display as much enterprise as is to be found in these old Australian towns. Sandhurst maintains a school of mines, which would be a credit to San Francisco or Denver; also a botanical garden and tropical fernery, the latter of which surpasses all other fern- eries in Australasia. She has charities in the shape of hospitals and 240 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. orphanages fully equal to anything in San Francisco; and the old mining reservoir of her " placer" days has already been widened into a beautiful lake where aquatic contests take place nightly. The red hills about Sandhurst are admirably adapted for culture of the grape, and will be the vineyards of the future. At present the gold yield is the main stay of the place. Twice a month returns to the Inspector of Mines are made under oath, and that ofQcial posts these upon a blackboard in front of his office. Of thirty-six companies which reported on the night of my visit, eleven had taken out over 200 ounces of amalgam, worth, say, $12 per ounce, for the previous fortnight; nine more reported over 120 ounces; thirteen more had reported from 50 to 75 ounces; and the remainder had qualified to amounts varying from 12 to 32 ounces. The severest penalties are prescribed by law for falsification of these returns. The public buildings of Sandhurst are good enough for any city in the world, being built of a dull yellow sandstone with facings and pillars of granite obtained from the quarries of Oastlemaine, 28 miles away. The public library contains something in excess of 8,000 volumes and has an active roll of 720 members at 5 shillings per month, which more than pays all current expenses. Lectures are delivered every Wednesday evening during the winter months free to members of the library, who are also admitted free to the art gallery which is in the same build- ing. Here may be seen several gems of British art, purchased by the trustees of the gallery from bequests left to the library and gallery by successful citizens of the place, who have shown true and manly grati- tude to the place where they rose from poverty to light and power. There can be no doubt of the future of so grand and large-hearted a people. Leaving Sandhurst by train we come to Oastlemaine, which has seen its best days as a mining town ; thence, by way of Maryborough, Talbot, and Creswick, to Ballarat, which has been for nearly forty years the largest gold-mining city in the world. It was founded in 1852 and since 1854 has never had less than 40,000 population. It would have taken, at any period during the same epoch, the thirteen largest mining towns in all California to have made up the sum total of this big and beauti- ful city of Ballarat, unquestionably the most picturesque city in the world of its age and size. Situated on the banks of the fair Lake Wen- douree, with grassy lawns sloping toils placid waters, a drive of a few minutes will bring you from the busy city to the exquisite botanical gardens where the rose of England, the magnolia of Florida, and the rare orchids of the Himalayas grow side by side. At one end of this lovely garden is a hall of statues, which contains five pieces of statu- ary, the center-piece bdug the " Flight from Pompeii," of life size, and four smaller statues, "Modesty," " Eebecca," "Judith," and "Autumn," which cost $20,000 and were bequeathed by the late Thomas Stoddard, one of the successful miners of Ballarat, who, after bequeathing a princely fortune to relatives in England, left this exquisite legacy to CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 241 the city where he had endured the privations of earlier life and had risen from poverty to affluence. The output of the alluvial diggings near Ballarat from 1852 to 1865 was so enormous that an armed escort, furnished by the colonial gov- ernment once a week, became necessary for the transportation of gold dust from Ballarat to Melbourne. In all the larger cities throughout the colonies are to be found millionaires who got their first start on the high road to affluence from their mining days iu the alluvial gold beds of Ballarat. The Melbourne banks all have their branches at Ballarat, and it is now chiefly through them that remittances are made and the sales of gold dust effected. Twenty-nine quartz mills are in operation between Mount Buninyong on the east and Lake Wendouree on the west, iu which from twenty to sixty stamps in each are at work. One of the most successful of these is the " Band of Hope and Albion Consolidated," which paid in the three years ending Jane. 30, 1888, the enormous sum of £563,495, its total amount of dividends for the previous half year being £3,928, after paying £524 in salaries and £12,053 in wages ; also £2,797 for machinery and £4,657 for fuel and supplies. It has a mill of thirty stamps, driven by a vertical eugine of 90 horse-power which also works the pumps and forces cold air down the shaft, which is now at a depth of 1,415 feet in the No. 7 shaft. The property covers 193 acres of ground and the superintendent is Mr. E. M. Sargeant. Up to the time of con- solidation of the two companies the yield was — Band of Hope Company £878,000 Band of Hope Exteuaion 402,000 Albion Gold Mining Company 900, 507 Total 2,180,507 Alluvial mines 484,000 Total , 2,664,507 In the mill are to be seen the following American machines : Two sets Wheeler's pans, two concentrators, and ten shaking- tables of Hailey's patent. They also use a steam-hammer for breaking quartz before it is fed to the stamps. Much of the gold is in the form of pyrites, which is roasted iu a large furnace and then rolled by the barrel process. The cost of this work is estimated at £2 per ton of pyrites, and the cost of crushing the ore as well as raising it to the surface is about 16s. 6d, per ton. The consumption of fuel is at the rate of 80 tons of coal and 100 tons of wood per week, the amount of quartz crushed being 5 tons to each ton of wood consumed, or 23 tons of rock to each ton of coal. Up to June 30, 1888, the shareholders had received in dividends nearly 44 per cent, of the output of the mine. The sulphurets, after the gold has been extracted, are ground up into an article of paint which is nearly fire-proof and greatly in demand for painting roofs. The com- pany has sold £265 worth of this paint in the past twelve months. MEL 16 242 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. This is but one of a dozen good paying and apparently enduring mines by which the beautiful city of Ballarat is kept up ; in addition to which it has the handsomest public art gallery, outside of Melbourne and Adelaide, that can be found in the colonies. One picture alone, "Ajax carrying oft' Cassandra," cost £3,200; and there are other pict- ures of less size but equal merit. The board of directors of this gal- lery have purchased from the British collection over £8,000 worth of pictures, now in the Centennial Exhibition. The contrast between Bal- larat and some of the larger mining towns of California and Nevada, where the youth of both sexes have been allowed to grow up in vice for the want of ennobling surroundings such as these, is something painful for an American to contemplate. FOUNDRIES. But Ballarat is not alone dependent upon mining for her prosperity. South and west of the city, for about 45 miles, stretches away a beau- tiful expanse of farming country amidst which are the beautiful lakes Burrumbeet and Blangamite. Most of the produce of this region finds its ready market in the pretty little city of Ballarat, or the flourish- ing towns of Creswick and Maryborough aforementioned. Ballarat likewise has large foundries, where is made most of the mining machin- ery employed in quartz crushing; and at the Phcenix works locomo- tives have been built for the colonial system of railways. Up to July 1, 1888, these works had turned out two hundred and thirty-one loco- motives of 56 tons and upwards, and forty-seven engines, whose weight varied from 42 to 54 tons ; and while these locomotives do not present as neat an appearance as those built at Paterson, N. J., they are quite as powerful and equally adapted to the traffic for which they were de- signed. No tourist visiting A.ustralia should fail to see Ballarat. The only place in America which is in anywise a rival to it is Denver, and that is apt to suffer by comparison in many respects. MINERS. The miners are, as a class, sensible people. In the great coal strike at Newcastle the miners of Ballarat and Sandhurst were invited to join the strikers, which they declined to do, as they were content with their lot and did not propose to quit good work for imaginary grievances. The average pay of a quartz miner in Australia is about $3.10 for eight hours work each day. MOUNT MORGAN MINE. The province of Queensland contains what is so far to be regarded as the most extraordinary gold mine in the world, the famous " Mount Morgan," situated near Eockhampton. It is divided into one million shares valued at £16 each. I know of two of its shareholders whose CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MUILBOURNE. 243 incomes are over $200,000 per annum, and seven more whose bank accounts are annually swollen to the exteno of $100,000 each by the output of this greatest of all bonanzas. One Morgan, a sheep-herder, had a small station at the foot of this mountain, which he held under lease from the government. One night along came a prospector, or " fossicker," as the Australian vocabulary puts it, who asked for shelter and said he was hunting for quartz. Mor- gan laughed and said, " You are welcome to all the gold you find about here." The man went away next morning and had not gone far up the mountain side when he found portions of rock rendered porous by the action of intense heat. The specific gravity of what he held in his hand seemed to puzzle him, but there was no chance to lose money on the operation. If it contained gold, here was an untold fortune, as the mountain was one solid mass of the unknown metal. If it were only nickel or platinum, its proximity to the seacoast rendered it certain of being worked at a profit. The " fossicker" went back to Sydney, and assays were made of his samples of rock, which showed gold to values varying from £20 to £90 per ton. A syndicate was at once formed and purchased Morgan's sheep farm for £25,000 with which he returned to England a richer man than he had ever hoped to be. At first the pur- chasers were at a loss how to work their new property, as no such ore had ever before been found in either California or Australia ; and as no works could be had to illustrate the workings of auriferous rock in the mines of Siberia, the new owners were sorely puzzled for a satisfactory process. They at length decided to pulverize the rock, which was soft and easily quarried, by a drj--crushiug process like that used in Arizona, after which the powder should be subjected to a process of cbloriuation. In this they have been most successful, as the output of the mine nar- rates its golden legend from year to year. lu 1859 William and Oscar Maltman erected chlorination works at Grass Valley, Cal., and began the purchase of sulphurets from the miners who saved them with concentrators and " buddies," but they were obliged to abandon the scheme as unprofitable, as the cost of chlorination exceeded $40 per ton. Since that time, under the progress of scientific research, the expense at- tendant upon this work has slowly and surely decreased until now the proprietors of Mount Morgan ha^-e been enabled to reduce their pul- verized rock at a cost of about $10.25 per ton. The gold comes out of the furnace in a liquid form resembling Chablis or Sauterne wine. After being filtered through charcoal the carbon is burned and the gold comes out in hard and dry flakes. The yield of Mount Morgan for 1887 was £229,750, and as the reduction works have since been doubled in capacity, and the cost of reduction materially diminished, it is fair to infer that it will be increased to $2,000,000 for Australia's centennial year. Indeed the Queensland gold yield is already such as to warrant the 244 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. belief that it is destined to become the wealthiest of all the colonies in this respect. If you compute by districts, the gold yield of Queensland will make a most remarkable showing: Gympie (since its discovery) £4,632,170 Eockliampton district for 1887 349, 750 Port Curtis district for 1887 40,746 Charters' Towers district for 1887 499,544 Eavenswood district (since its discovery) 1, 112,531 Etheridge district ^siuce its discovery) 1, 024, 637 Croydon district (since its discovery) 90, 763 Hodgkinson district (since its discovery 803, 161 Palmer district (since its discovery) 4,897,862 MILLS. In concluding this portion of my report, I must not omit to mention the primitive methods of mill work done by the various mining com- panies throughout the colonies. So far as the underground work goes, no people can surpass the Australians in mining. They are masters of the art of ventilating mines as well as of that of getting rid of water in the shafts and tunnels. But for the crushing and reduction of quartz they have much to learn of America. The rock-breaker, or horizontal steam-hammer, as it is often called, which is deemed indispensable iu all American mills, is conspicuous by its absence in nearly every mill in the colonies. The consequence is irregular feeding of the stamps, a general derangement of the batteries, requiring often a delay of months to repair. The use of the rock-breaker, on the other hand, brings the quartz to a uniform size and the stamps are evenly fed, thus greatly decreasing the wear and tear of the plant. In a score of other material matters I have noticed an absence of that systematic mill work which is so easily to be perceived in the quartz mills of California, l^Tevada, Oregon, and Idaho. Therefore I am confident that any good and competent mining millwright can come over to Australia and go back to America in ten years with a fortune in his pocket. But to do this, the man must be one of self-denial and thrift. The Australians are a people of a generosity akin to extrava- gance, and the man who falls into their habits will be certain to become impoverished. They are willing to learn in this matter of machinery as in everything else, but the man who is to be their teacher must be a practical mechanic. Very respectfully, Thomas B. Merey, Assistant U. S. Commissioner. Hon. Frank McGoppin, U. S. Gommissioiijisr,. REPORT ON SHEEP km WOOL. By Assistant Commissioner Alexander Campbell. Melbourne, December 22, 1888. Sir: Having been assigned by you the work of preparing a re'port on the sheep and wool industries of the Australian colonies, I respect- fully submit the following as the result of ray investigations. The introduction of sheep into Australia dates from the ninth decade of the last century, but up to the year 1860 its success as an industry had a doubtful existence. In that year the total exports from all the colonies amounted to only 160,997 bales, valued at £2,897,949. From the year 1860 there seems to have been a new life imparted to the wool- growers of all the colonies and the most unprecedented development of country and flocks took place ever experienced in the world's his- tory. In 1886 the number of bales amounted to 1,020,005 ; at the low price prevailing, the value amounted to £14,280,070 sterling — some- thing over $71,000,000. The meat, hides, and tallow exported would greatly augment this value. It is not to be expected, or hoped, that in the next twenty-eight years the number and value will be increased in the same ratio. As statistical information can be obtained from re- cent tabulated statements, this report will, for the benefit of the Amer- ican wool grower, be confined to the present status of the wool and sheep of these colonies, giving only such figures as are necessary to show the increase from year to year. The first export of wool to England was from Port Jackson, in 1807, and was only 245 pounds. In 1815 there were exported 32,971 pounds ; in 1821, 179,633 pounds; in 1837, 7,789,777 pounds; in 1860,56,349,066 pounds; in 1870, 122,972,916 pounds, and in 1880, 277,737,268 pounds, while the quantity exported to London alone, in 1887, amounted to 390,789,900 pounds, or 1,116,538 bales. I have not been able to find the amount sent to the United States, or consumed in the colonies. I do not mention the amounts from the different colonies, but the gross amount from all. According to the returns compiled by Mr. H. H. 245 246 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Hayter, goreriiment statistician, Victoria, the number of sheep depas- turing in the year 1887 was, in — New South Wales 46,965,152 Victoria 10,623,985 Queensland 12,926,152 South Australia 7,254,000 Tasmania 1,547,242 Western Australia 1,909,940 Total 81,226,471 By including I^ew Zealand a grand total of 97,903,922 is obtained. The area in square miles on which this vast number of sheep is main- tained is 2,971,003, BREEDS. All breeds of sheep have been experimented with in the colonies, the Lincoln, Cotswold, Saxon, Southdown, and a number of other varieties, but it is almost universally conceded that the climate of all the colonies is the best adapted to the production of the Merino sheep. It seems that the grass contains the qualities necessary for the production of the best staple and finest quality of wool known to the world. It has been frequently stated that a cold climate is requisite to the production of the finest wools and furs, and that in tropical countries all wools and furs have a tendency to hair and thinness on the body of the animal. That the Creator has wisely made this provision of nature — that where the more abundant covering necessary to protect the animal from the rigor of the climate was required, it was produced ; and, on the other hand, where not required it was not there. This theory has surely been set aside in the colonies, for in the greater part they have neither snow nor ice, yet a fineness of fiber and denseness of wool on the sheep exist not equaled in the coldest portions of the United States or of Canada. The dryness of the atmosphere and the cool, constant winda during the winter months in the colonies seem to make this dense and fine coat of wool essential to their protection. During the shearing season, which commences in the north in Queens- land during the month of August, coming on through New South "Wales and South Australia, and ending in Victoria about the last of October, I visited a number of stations in different sections, and feel that a description of some of them would not be uninteresting to sheep- breeders in other countries. The number of sheep handled on some of the best improved stations is fabulous; and many engaged in the business in other countries take the statements of reporters with many doubts as to their truthfulness. Sheep stations, or runs, in all the colonies are either leased from the government or held as freehold. When land is held as a free- hold it is bought outright at public sale from the government, or leased on ten years with covenant to purchase, and is never sold at CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. 247 less than £1 per acre, and sometimes at a much greater price. Largfe blocks or sections of laud, sometimes containing hundreds of square miles of country, are put up for lease, and are leased to the highest bid- der for a term of years, the government always reserving the right of resumption by giving a specified time of notice to the holder, who is paid by the government for any water improvements made during the term of his lease. Want of water in all the colonies, except New Zea- land, is the great drawback, and in fact the only hindrance to an un- limited prosperity and increase in sheep and woo^ growing. The origi- nal settlers and wool growers of the country are called " squatters," and have always had a commanding influence in the government ; many of them are Oxford and Cambridge men. Men of culture and refinement came here in their early days to better their fortunes, and have made all their improvements substantial, and conducted their stations with intelligence. There are also a large number of educated Scotchmen here, who do everything in the way of improvement in the most substantial manner. Both English and Scotch have sent their children home to be educated, and the result is that in all the colonies there is alarge num- ber of men and women educated in England. Since the days of 1796, when Mr. John McArthur brought from the Cape of Good Hope five ewes and one ram of the Merino breed, these intelligent squatters have spared neither time nor expense in the improvement of the Merino breed of sheep. There are a great many of the Merinos, most of which have descended from Spanish flocks, and are called by different names, such as French, Pauler, Silesian, Saxon, Liones, Australian, and Ameri. can Merinos. Vast sums have been paid, sometimes thousands of guineas, for a single ram of the Merino breed; and judging from the size, fiber, and density of wool on the " Show" sheep exhibited in Mel- bourne, by E. Goldsbrough & Co., in October last, and on some stations I could not see, after a careful examination, how there could be any further improvement. They were as near perfection as it is possible to make them in size, fineness of fiber, and length and density of wool. The Cotswokl and other breeds exhibited wei'e the finest I had ever seen ; but as before stated, all breeds of sheep in the Australian colo- nies have given way to the Merino. In the year 1881 some of the large Eiverina flock-masters, becoming impressed with the much-vaunted rohustness of character and densitj' of fleece of the American branch of the Merino family, imported both rams and ewes to cross with the Aus- tralian sheep. The chief importers so far in New South "Wales have been Mr. Thomas MoFarland, of Yathong, who purchased in 1881 the celebrated ram "New York," from the stud of Mr. S. B. Lush, of Batavia, N. Y. ; Messrs. MoFarland Bros., of Barooga, who commenced with •' Matchless," said to have been the best ram in America at the time; Messrs. Hay & Sons, of Boomauoomaua, who selected from the flocks of the Hon. George Hammond, of Vermont, Mr. F. S. Barston, of Vermont, and Mr. S. B. Lush, of Batavia, all of the old Attwood stock; Messrs. Brown & Co., of Tuppal, and Mr. Samuel MoCaughey, of Coonong. The only Victorian flockmaster to intro- duce American sheep into his flock was the late Mr. James Winter, of Dhuringile, who purchased a few Vermonts. The only Tasmanian stud-breeders were Messrs. W. 248 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Gibsou & Sou, of Scone, who imported one ram and three ewes from California merely as an experiment, the progeny of the cross being kept quite distinct from the famed " Scone" Merinos. In fact the experimental stage can hardly be said to have been passed, and comparatively little American blood has yet been introduced into Aus- traUan flocks. The records of " Woolly" and other noted American Merinos whose fleeces weighed from 50 to 60 pounds have never been approached here by any im- ported sheep ; the heaviest shorn, as far as the writer is aware, heing about half those weights, when the loss in scouring was 7.5 per cent. For actual weight of wool the Wanganella shearing of 1885 beats most of the American records ; and to this could be added numerous other instances of heavy clippings in various parts of Australia did space permit. At Mr. James Lee's, " Larras Lake" station, Molong, twenty rams clipped, on an average, 21 pounds 5 ounces in 1886. At Mr. Samuel McCaughey's, Coouong, and F. S. Falkiner's, Bonooke, have also been shorn rams clipping over 20 pounds of clean bright wool. Aside from this second introduction of American Merinos the importations of fine- wooled sheep have been unimportant, which is mainly due to the fact that our stud- flocks, which have reached a, very high state of perfection, are quite equal to the demand made upon them. By intelligent care and judicious selection, assisted by an unrivaled climate, our breeders have succeeded in perfecting types of the Merino suitable for every temperature and district of this continent where sheep will thrive, thus enabling Australia to produce all classes of fine wool used in the manufacture of textile frabrics ranging from a soft, silky material of extreme fineness and rare beauty down through the numerous intermediary grades to the boJd, shafty, combing sorts, as represtnted by the "Wanganella" and "Bonooke" flocks in New South Wales, and the "Canowie," " Levels," and "Bungaree" flocks in South Australia. All the essentials that go to make a perfect Merino wool are to be found in the pure Australian flocks of to-day, where both climate and pasture are superior to those of other countries for the production of high-class wool. On the 19th of August, 1885, in the presence of a number of Riverina flock-masters, . the following fleeces were clipped and weighed at Wanganella : Animals. Average. G-reatest weight. Fifty two-tooth rams Twenty-five four-tooth rams Twenty-seven mixed ages "Premier" II, five-year old graas-fed ram... '^ Invincible " II, five-year old grass-fed r.im . No. 206, three-year old ram Lhs. Ozs. \ Lis. Ozt. 19 9 17 3 19 9 19 G 21 9 21 13 22 5 21 1 22 6 SHEEP-BAISING- STATIONS. On Hill River estate, South Australia, a freehold of 50,0(10 acres owned by the Hon. J. H. Angus, M. P., one of the largest sheep and cat- tle breeders in all the colonies, there were shorn last year 50,103 sheep, yielding 389,308 pounds of pure, clean wool. Average per sheep, in- cluding 15,190 breeding ewes, 9 pounds 4| ounces; average per head for lambs, 3 pounds 1 1^ ounces (lambs are shorn at six months old) ; average per head, including lambs, 7 pounds 12^ ounces; average per head for dry ewes of all ages, 9 pounds % ounces ; average per head for wet ewes, 8 pounds 13.^ ounces; average per head for wethers of all CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 249 ages, 10 pounds 2J ounces ; 0,671 clippings, 67,742 pounds ; stud rams cut from 15 pounds 10 ounces to 20 pounds IJ ounces. Tliis wool was sold in February and March, the bulk realizing lid., lljd., and Is. per pound in the grease. The Hon, J. H. Angus has on his ''CoUingrove" estate a large number of sheep equal in quality to those on Hill Eiver. Bungaree station, a freehold of 80,000 acres, owned by Hon. Gr. G. Hawker, M. P., situated in South Australia, 60 miles north of Adelaide, is amongst the best improved stations in any of the colonies. The sheep on this station are mostly of the French Merino breed, and after over forty years of careful breeding are now as near perfection as it is possible to bring a flock of such numbers. On this station there are 80,000 sheep wooled all over from their nose to their toes. They are of very large frame, and while they have never been given a mouthful of grain of any kind, yet at shearing time they look like the best corn fed wethers sent to market in the United States. This estate' is inclosed by a wire fence and subdivided into fields which are called " paddocks." The posts are of substantial gum with an iron post in the center ; and iron gates leading from paddock to paddock. All the barns, stables, shear- ing sheds, and tenant houses are built of stone and covered with corru- gated-iron roofing. The residence is an imposing edifice surrounded by many acres of flower gardens and trees, including fruit trees, such as orange, lemon, apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, and quince. Currants, gooseberries, strawberries, and grapes grow to perfection. The shearing shed is a model for neatness and convenience, with yards and pens all connecting, so that no time is lost in handling the sheep. They are driven into a system of pens in the center of the shed and are shorn on a clean floor, all around the sides of which are small doors connecting with pens outside; two shearers are allotted to each pen and the sheep when shorn are passed out into pens outside, where they are counted and each shearer given credit for the number shorn each day. They are then passed through a long narrow lane, called a " race," and each sheep branded as it passes out. During three days, a part of which I spent in the sheds, they were shearing 3,500 per day. About one hundred men and boys were em- ployed in bringing the sheep to the shed, shearing, rolling, grading, baling the wool, and branding the sheep. Tiiere were twelve tables ; one man at each table, and boys to bring the wool from the shearers. All the wool was closely skirted, belly, head, leg, and neck wool all thrown aside, and none but pure, clean wool rolled in the fleeces. The fleeces were taken on a truck to the press where a grader examined each fleece before its going into the press box, seeing that wool of uniform staple was put in the same bale. The belly, neck, and leg wool was taken to a scouring house and scoured before baling. The bales, which average between 300 and 350 pounds, were compressed or " dumped" by an hydraulic press, and iron hoops put on before leaving the shed, The wool from this station is hauled over a fine macadamized road on 250 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. large wagons, a distance of 29 miles, to a railroad depot, where it is shipped direct to the sea-board to be forwarded to London. These wag- ons were built in the colony and are remarkably strong. We saw put on one of these about 11 tons ; it was drawn by eight large Clydesdale horses. Each wheel of the wagon weighed 500 pounds, with a tire 10 inches wide and 2 inches thick, with all other parts strong in proportion. The roads in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia were built by the government, and were in many parts laid out for stock- driving, 132 feet wide, macadamized in the center about 22 feet with a white limestone that cements well. There could not be found better roads in any portion of the world. The whole of the Bungaree estate is covered with a coat of native grass, and I might say free from all noxious weeds. The country is rolling, and many of the paddocks have shade traes scattered over the hills. The trees are of the Eucalyptus species, red and blue gum, and the oak. These latter resemble very much the live oak of Louisiana, and add greatly to the beauty of the scenery. Grass seed is sometimes troublesome in the belly wool, but the sheep are mostly shorn before the grass ripens, and in this way all trouble is avoided. Every paddock on this estate is watered either by wells, dams, or running water. Besides this estate Mr. Hawker has two others farther north, on which he has 100,000 sheep of the same breed. This year he had on Bungaree 27,000 lambs and on the other two places 35,000, or a total of 62,000. The average weight of his clean wool this year all through was about 9 pounds per head. WAGES. The price paid for shearing through the colonies runs from 15 to 16 shillings per hundred, or about 4 cents per head, with tucker or grub, as board is here called ; day labor running from 5 to 7 shillings per day and board. In the same range of country there are many fine freehold estates, conducted in about the same systematic manner. Hill River, the estate of the Hon. J. H. Angus, M. P., before mentioned; Kadlunga, a neat stud station, the property of Chief Justice Way; and Martindale, the l)roperty of Mr. Edmund Bowman. Farther north Cauowie, the prop- erty of Messrs. Sanders, James & Co., containing about 60,000 acres of freehold, and noted all over the colonies for its fine breed of sheep. Still farther north is a large section of country held by a syndicate and managed by Mr. Phillipson. On this estate, Beltana, there are 200,000 sheep, 16,000 cattle, 4,000 horses, and 300 camels. The camels are used to pack the wool to the sea-board. I might mention here that in this country land that will carry one sheep to the acre the year round is considered very good. One sheep to 2 acres is also counted good, but there are many thousands of square miles that will not carry more than one sheep to 10 acres. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 251 LAND IN SOUTH ATJSTEALTA. There is a vast section of country uninhabited in the interior of South Australia, which in time will be brought into market both as a pas- toral and mineral country. Exploring parties are constantly being sent out, and as water is found the country will be occupied. We visited l^farracoorte, a station of Thomas Magarey, Esq., in the southeast some 40 miles from the sea-board. This region is well watered and seldom suffers from drought, and produces the very finest quality of wool raised in the colony. The sheep are a mixture of the Merino and Saxon, and are small in size, but carry a dense and fine fleece. It is claimed that the properties of the grass in this section are not suitable for the larger and coarser breeds of sheep, but just adapted to this par- ticular breed. This station, and in fact all the surrounding country, is fenced off in paddocks by wire fencing and is more like a farming country than that farther north. Eabbits give the squatters a good deal of trouble, and on many places a wire netting, at a cost of £30, or $150 per mile, is stretched along the wire fences for miles, to keep them out of the paddocks ; besides, a large number of dogs and professional rabbit hunters are employed during the year round endeavoring to exterminate them. From $5,000 to $10,000 a year is paid on some of the stations for rabbit killing alone. A curious feature on this Narracoorte station are salt and fresh water lakes in close proximity, not half a mile apart. The salt-water lakes are so strongly impregnated with salt .that when they dry up in the middle of summer a deposit of salt is left on the surface, looking at a little distance like a body of snow, leaving nothing to do to save this pure white salt but scrape it up, put it in bags, and haul it to the store- house. DISEASES. So far as I can learn sheep are free from all kinds of diseases in all the colonies; in fact I have not seen a diseased sheep of any kind among hundreds of thousands. Foot-rot could not exist except in a few local- ities on account of the dryness of the climate. The scab once prevailed, but the intelligent squatters, by the most prompt and heroic action, stamped it out. The severity of the law, the watchfulness of wool- growers, and promptness of action will prevent any disease ever getting a foothold in these colonies. MUTTON. Within the last few years a market has been found in England for vast numbers of mutton sheep. In the large steamers refrigerators are fitted up to carry many thousands. Recently from New Zealand one ship carried to England 16,000 carcasses, which arrived in good condi- tion. Australian mutton is fat, juicy, and of very fine flavor, but that of New Zealand is said to be better. 252 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. SAXE OF WOOL. In former years the great bulk of wool was sent to England and sold at auction, but in latter years houses have been established in all the principal cities of the colonies, especially Sydney, Melbourne, and Ade- laide, where auction sales are held twice every week during several months of the wool season. It is estimated that at least one-third of the wool is sold here, and every year the squatters are becoming satisfied that it is best to sell at home, as they realize more promptly and at satisfactory prices. In early days when sheep had to be shepherded it required a greater number of men and was more expensive than now, when a large proportion of the country is inclosed by wire fences. Twenty men will serve as boundary riders and perform all necessary work on a station carrying 100,000 sheep, except at the shearing season. There is a drought every few years that diminishes the number of sheep by many thousands, but with a few good years the squatter soon re- covers. Mammoth fortunes have been accumulated since the introduc- tion of sheep into the colonies. In a few years with a very small begin- ning herds of cattle and flocks of sheep have increased to incredible numbers, as is instanced by Mr. Tyson, of New South Wales, who in less than forty years has accumulated 1,000,000 of sheep and 1,000,000 of cattle, and is said to be the largest stock-raiser south of the equator. CONCLUSION. It is a strange sight to see these vast herds of sheep and cattle cover- ing the hills and plains, so brown and dry from November till March, the summer months here, and yet this dry grass is more nourishing, and the cattle and sheep are fatter than during the winter months of June, July, and August, when the grass is green. The lambing season be- gins when the grass puts out in April. In Victoria, the smallest col- ony, there are some 10,000,000 of sheep, and stations with every modern improvement. She is fully up to her capacity. New South Wales, with more sheep than the United States, has still a vast unde- veloped country. The question now arises, will not the production of wool get ahead of the consumption? The Argentine Republic and Uruguay, with over 90,000,000 of sheep, and the business only in its infancy, will soon press Australia in quantity, but not in quality. In Russia and Austria-Hungary, the United States, and, in fact, in all countries where sheep will thrive, the business is being pushed to its utmost. Surely there will be no want of raw material to clothe the human family with the best and most comfortable of fabrics. In the opinion of the writer, the sheep and wool industry will always be the leading interest in the colonies. The uncertain rain fall ren- ders agricultural and horticultural pursuits hazardous, except along the coast, where there is now a lively interest felt in the culture of grapes, olives, oranges, lemons, almonds, and other fruits. Grape culture has CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 253 been in operation at least twenty or twenty-five years, and is managed with great care, and in some cases with considerableproflt. Sir Samuel Devenport, near Adelaide, has made a success of both grape and olive growing. We visited Pewsey Vale, 40 miles north of Adelaide, the model estate of William Gilbert, Esq., a freehold of 20,000 acres, who has, besides keeping some 16,000 choice sheep, 300 thoroughbred cat- tle, and 100 horses, a flourishing vineyard of the choicest grapes, from which he manufactures many thousand gallons of wine annually. Very respectfully submitted, Alexander Campbell, Assistant U. S. Commissioner, Hon. Frank McCoppin, V, 8 Commissioner. REPORT ON THE SUGAR INDUSTRIES. By Assistant Commissioner Alexander Campbell. Melbouene, December 24, 1888. SlE: The sugar production of the Australian colonies is exclusively confined to New South Wales, Queensland, and the Northern Territory, In the Northern Territory cane of different varieties has been introduced in small quantities, and experimented with and found to grow luxuri- antly. The climate and soil are peculiarly adapted to the culture of sugar, and no doubt when the requisite labor is introduced the industry will prove very profitable. The insufficient supply and high price of labor have discouraged the planting of large tracts. NEW SOUTH WALES. The first agricultural report in which the cultivation of sugarcane is mentioned in New South Wales was in 1863, when 2 acres were reported as having produced 280 pounds of sugar, and of this 1 acre in the north- ei n portion of the county of Bathurst produced 220 pounds ; the other 60 pounds was grown on the banks of the Macleay River. This district was for a number of years the only region where cane was cultivated to any extent. Some years later it was pushed northward to the rich sec- tions of the lower valleys of the Clarence, Eichmond, Tweed, and Bruns- ■wick Elvers, where the settlers engaged to a considerable extent in growing cane. They built mills, and sugar manufacturing became well established, and was considei;pd the best paying industry in the north- eastern part of the colony. The Eichmond Eiver is considered the cen- ter of the sugar-growing interest. In 1 886 there were four hundred and ninety-four farms or plantations, varying from 200 to 500 acres in ex- tent. There were planted that year 9,778 acres, or about two-thirds of all the sugar planted in the colony. The yield from 4,066 acres amounted to 121,277 tons of cane, an average of nearly 30 tons per acre. On the Clarence Eiver in 1886 there were three hundred and seventy- five farms on which sugar was grown. The farmers only cultivated a portion of their land in cane; very few devoted their entire farms to the cultivation of cane, some planting 10, 20, and even as many as 100 acres in addition to their other crops. The yield on 1,809 acres was a little over 25 tons to the acre. In this district 5,121 acres were planted, but 255 256 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. as the crop is uot annual here only a portion was cut, the other re- maining over to the next year. . On the Kiohmond Eiver there is a mill owned by the Colonial Sugar Eeflning Company, which has all the modern improvements, and is considered equal to any in the world. The sugar manufactured is as good as the best Mauritius and West India samples. A general improvement took place in sugar culture from 1863, and year after year a steady increase in the average till 1884, when from sundry causes there was a falling off of 14 per cent, of the amount planted. The low price of sugar and the importation of German and other sugars discouraged the small planters, and many of them abandoned the busi- ness. The whole crop of the colony amounted in 1886 to 167,959 hundred- weight of sugar. A great depression prevails now among the planters, but it is the opinion of many well-informed settlers that the industry will be sustained. QUEENSLAND. In Queensland from 1847 to 1850 attention was first given to the culti- vation of sugar-cane, and some was grown on the Brisbane Eiver and Moreton Bay lands. The first sugar was made in 1852 from cane grown in thebotanicalgardens. Great interest was awakened in the business, and in the years following a decided impetus was given to the industry. Cuttings of many varieties of cane were introduced by the Acclimatiza- tion Society and the small farmers experimented on its production. The first sugar colonies were formed in 1864 in Brisbane, Maryborough, and Mackay. The last named is now the sugar capital of Queensland. The first oflQcial returns show that in 1867 six mills were at work, pro- ducing that year 168 tons of sugar and 13,000 gallons of molasses. Capitalists freely invested, and large sums were advanced to planters. Development was rapid and in 1872 operations were conducted at sixty- five mills, which crushed 5,000 acres of sugar-cane, yielding 6,266 tons of sugar and 357,614 gallons of molasses. For a number of years the cultivation and manufacture were very successful, when a disease called " rust" attacked the cane and created a panic among the planters. The money lenders became alarmed and closed out many, causing great dis- tress. The planters experimented with hardier varieties of cane, and by planting it thinner on the land got rid of the disease, when capital. ists again came to their rescue and in 1879 great speculations were made in sugar lands. Immense refineries and mills were built by com- panies with large capital and for a time all went on swimmingly. Towns were built as sugar centers, and there seemed to be great confi- dence in the future of the business; but again trouble overtook the planters — labor troubles, and two dry seasons in succession — in which the working expenses were enormously increased, while the incoming returns were fearfully diminished. The " Kanaka "laborers (imported South Sea Islanders) became almost CENTENNIAL INTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 267 worthless, and white laborers had to be substitued, among whom there was great mortality. Many of the planters sold out when the indus- try was in its most prosperous condition and realized large fortunes. Others less experienced took hold of the business when sugar be- gan to decline and all the European markets were overstocked with the beet sugar of France and Germany. Notwithstanding all these drawbacks the planters felt that sugar of a much superior quality could be produced as cheaply in Queensland as beet sugar in France and Ger- many. Great economy was exercised in the management of the planta- tions, all kinds of expenses reduced, and better methods of manufact- uring adopted. Still the difficulty of obtaining reliable labor continued and many were discouraged, while others contended that white labor could stand the work in these tropical regions, and that sugar could be produced by small farmers selling their cane to the mill-owners. The legislature appropriated £50,000 for building small mills to be worked on the co-operative principle, and make small farmers independ- ent of the large mill-owners, who worked black labor. In some districts small farmers have banded together and built small mills which they work jointly, and which seem to be successful and satisfactory. Sugar is successfully cultivated along the whole coastal district of Queensland, from the New South Wales border to Cooktown, a distance of 1,300 miles. In the middle districts gigantic refineries, with an under-ground system of pipes drawing the cane juice from the smalt farmers, under- take the manufacture of sugar ; while in the north the establishment of immense mills at an enormous expenditure of money, and employing hundreds of laborers, has been the system adopted. Nerang Creek, flowing into the Pacific 45 miles south of Brisbane, has fertile alluvial soil suiting cane. Dairy farming, however, is taking the jjlace of caue in this district, but at Coomera River, nearer the metropolis, it has been car- ried on with energy and success. The decay of the scrub has enriched this soil, rendering it extremely fertile to a great depth. The proximity of this district to the capital, however, has raised the value of sugar lands for other purposes, and, with the development of the saw-mill and tim- ber industries, brick fields, dairy farming, etc., is making it too valu- able for sugar culture; so it is being gradually relinquished. The next sugar district is that of Pine Eiver, then Mooloolah, Maroochie, and the Buderura table-land, all to the north of Brisbane and worked by small farmers. All this history of the sugar interest of Queensland I take from a report of the Hon. H. Courtenay Luck, F. E. G. S. Maryborough is the chief town of the district next in order. Here the sugar industry was early established. The sugar manufacture is carried on by Messrs. Gran & Co., at their immense refinery, Tengarie, the juice of the cane being supplied by the farmers, each of whom must have his own crushing machinery. The refinery is fitted with the most modern appliances, and is colossal in extent. The farmer has to cut, cart, and crnsli his own caue, while the juice previously charged with MEL 17 258 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. lime to prevent acidity is either conveyed to Yengarie in tracts, carts, or punts, or by the network of under-ground pipes by means of power- ful pumps. Pacific Islanders are employed in this district, but occupa- tion is also found for a large staff of plowmen, mechanics, and skilled white labor. Much progress has been made on the Burnett Eiver with Bnudaberg as its center, the soil and climate being good; Millaquin, the gigantic refinery, performs duties similar to that at Yengarie and is supplied with juice in the same manner. The sugar-growing district of Eockingham is in a comparatively dry belt of country. There is a mill at Ycppoon. Mackay, the sugar metropolis, is situated in the tropical district of the colony, and here the industry has attained its greatest development. Immense sums of money have been expended in the district, of which this town is the sea-port, in the cultivation of the cane and manufacture of sugar. Every modern appliance is found in the mills, all of which are of great capabilities and situated upon large private estates, and which require an immense area of cane for their maintenance. The farmers also dispose of their crops to these mills, which latter, however, rely primarily on the cane grown upon the estates to which they are attached. On these estates there are miles of railway and modern powerful steam-plows ; while at night the mills are lighted by electricity to enable the hundreds of laborers to feed the rollers with cane. Notwithstanding the depression which existed, following on the years of prosperity prior to 1883, the confidence of those who have invested their capital in sugar remains unabated, and the output of sugar will continue to increase. It is in this district, as before stated, that the central mill system under government aid is being first tried — an experiment watched with great interest by all classes of the community. The very rich high and dry level delta formed from the immense district drained by the Burdekin River was utilized for the successful growing of sugar-cane. The supply of under-ground water at little depth being practically inexhaustible, irrigation has been adopted, for, notwithstanding its position within the tropics, the district is a dry one. The undulating contour of much of the land adapts it for the flow of water, which is pumped into furrows between the canes by powerful engines driving large centrifugal pumps. The results of irrigation are most satisfactorily seen in the increased yield of sugar, and the prospects in this district are most cheering. Sugarcane has been grown on the Herbert River for many years past; tropical rains are here copious and the soil on the lower Herbert a rich vegetable mould. The mills erected here are of immense capacity and the plantations have been managed with great energy and skill. The Colonial Sugar Company has here (as at Mackay) a gigantic establish- ment; miles of railway connect the mills with the farms, and the mills at night are illuminated by means of electricity. Geraldton is the cen- ter of the Johnstone Eiver and the Cairns district, where the rain-fall reaches its maximum intensity, having soil unsurpassed for fertility and CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 259 tropical laxuriance. The caue is extremely heavy and the yield of sugar per acre exceeds that of aiiy other district of the colony. Cairns, Ham- bledoDj Port Douglas, and the Bloomfleld Eiver are sugar-produciug districts. The Inexhaustible fertility of the tropical scrub soil of the colony, the immense area available, freedom from drought, and wonder- ful adaptability for the growth of cane, point to the probability of a grand future for the sugar industry of Queensland when the labor diffl- culty is overcome, as ere long it must be. Notwithstanding the many troubles passed through by the Queensland sugar planters — labor troub- les and dry and unprofitable seasons — the industry has steadily increased and is not likely to meet with so many disasters as in past years, as the planters are from year to year overcoming many difficulties that for- merly depleted their income. The energy and thorough business way with which many of the estates are managed reflect great credit on the planters. Surely they have expended vast sums on their improvements, and when we reflect that the industry is in its infancy the wonder is that so much has been accomplished. The population of Queensland is about one third that of Louisiana and sugar has not been cultivated much over one- third the time; still the production in tons will compare most favorably with the early days of that State, when the question of labor gave no trouble. I am under many obligations to Hon. H. Courtenay Luck, F. E. Q. S., Chief Secre- tary to the Melbourne Exhibition, for information, and hereto attach a statistical statement of the sugar product of Queensland, which he kindly furnished me. Statistics of Queensland sugar in 1887. Place. Cane crushed. Sagar. Ayr Bundaberg Caboolture Cairns Cook Douglas Ingham — Logan Mackay Marburg Maryborough Mourilyan Nerang Normanby Kookhampton Tiaro Total 1887 ... Totall886.... Increase 1887 Acres. 2,776 7,747 279 1,150 372 37 4,155 931 13, 497 142 2,464 2,251 307 5 337 356 36, 806 34, 657 Tons. 5,972 19, 865 377 2,050 738 30 5,077 1,191 16, 588 189 4,337 3,169 354 9 494 34G 60, 806 58, 545 2,261 260 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Sugar mills , 118 Molasses manufactured , gallons.. 1, 131,430 Bum distilleries ,,., ,..,. 9 Rum distilled gallops.. 47,335 Very respectfully submitted, Alexander Campbell, Assistant U, S. Commissioner, Hon. Frank McCoppin, JT'. (S, Commissioner. REPORT ON TOBACCO. By Assistjint Commissioner R. L. Miller. Melbouene, September 15, 1888. Sik: Chief Commissioner Hon. Frank McCoppin, of California, Assistant Commissioner Alexander Campbell, of Louisiana, and myself, appointed to represent the United States Government at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, arrived at Sydney, New South Wales, on the 26th of July, 1888, just five days before the formal opening of the Exhi^ bition at Melbourne. On the 27th we left Sydney, arriving in this city the 28th. . We found the American Court to be in a fair state of prepara- tion for the opening set for August 1, due to the judicious management and indefatigable work of Secretary Marix, Assistant Commissioner F. B. Wheeler, of New York, and Assistant Commissioner T. B. Merry, of Oregon, who had been on the ground about sixty days ahead of us. Consul-General Morgan and Honorary Assistant Commissioners John K. Smyth and Samuel P. Lord, residents of Melbourne, had rendered substantial aid and assistance. A few days after our arrival the Com- mission was called together and the preparation of reports on the dif- ferent exhibits was assigned to each. To me was given "Tobacco." I was instructed by you to take observations and report fully upon this subject. I now have the honor to submit my report as follows: VIOTOKIA. The city of Melbourne, where this Exhibition is being held, is the principal city of Australia, and largely controls the trade of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Its population is over 400,000. It is the railroad and steam-ship center of Australia, and in every way the best point from which to introduce manufactured articles to Australia. Australia, now celebr.ating its centenary, had in 1885 a population of 3,500,000 inhabitants, who probably enjoy a more general prosperity than any other people. This is demonstrated by the extent of their commerce. In 1885 their imports from Great Britain alone amounted to $160,000,000. Compare this with the exports of Great Britain to the United States, France, and Germany in the same year, amouuting to 261 262 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOtJENE. $265,000,000, and it will be seen that Australia imported per head of population twenty-three times as much as the above-named countries combined. In addition, Australia is a large buyer from Europe, China, India, and the United States. There are 9,200 miles of railroad in opera- tion and 3,C00 miles being constructed. It is a fertile country, ricli in fruits and cereals ; the mineral wealth is enormous ; and it is one of the leading grazing and stock-raising countries of the world. Tobacco occupies a very important place in the customs revenue of Victoria, as the statement given below will show : BeMrn showing the qiianiitij and value of tobacco, manufactured and otherwise, imported into Victoria from January 1, 1884, to December 31, 1887. Kind. Quantity. Value. 1884. FoiincU. 1,461,533 462, 286 208, 004 * 110, 059 29, 589 76 763 C igarettes* Snuff , 3,864 1, 833, 909 450, 121 212, 335 17, 077 5,011 1,950,096 792, 965. 216, 332 16,942 4,155 1, 919, 483 384, 224 151,155 28,445 5,103 898 1885. 142, 372 27, 418 71, 867 9,011 ■Snuff ---- 1,178 1886. 157, 599 28,954 95, 508 8,658 965 Snnff / - 1387. 148, 939 21, 949 Cigars 68, 736 11 722 Snuff 1,080 * Included in ci*rar3. Accompanying the above statement was a very pleasant letter which will show the perfect accuracy of the figures given, as it comes direct from the chief inspector ; as follows : DEPAUTMENT of TlUDE AND CUSTOMS, Victoria, Septemhir 10, 1888. Dear Sir : I have raucli pleasure in complym}i; with your request and trust that tlio return attached will give you all the iufonuation you require. Should you ho Jeaviug Australia and will send me your address I will he happy to furnish you with the return for 1888 when compiled .and published. Very truly yours, A. Hammond. E. L. Miller, Esq. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 263 Thinking that the quantity aud quality of tobacco raised in each col- ony would 1)6 of interest to American tobacco- growers, with a few re- marks on the probable future effect it will have on our exports, of which 1 will have more to say farther on, I wrote to the secretaries of each of the colonies and now give their replies. My first letter, dated Au- gust 5, was addressed to George T. A. Lavater, Secretary of the Exhi- bition. His reply was as follows t ICentennial ItatorUatioDal Exhibitlota, MelboUfnei 188B.J 7566.] teXHlBlTtON BMLDINGS, MelhouruB, August 10, 1888. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of j-our letter of the 9th instant, asking for iuformatiou relative to the growth of tohacco in this colony, and, in reply I beg to inform you that your letter has been forwarded to the secretary for agricult- ure. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, Geo. T. a. Lavater. Secretary, R. L. Miller, Esq., Assistant Commissioner for the United States, Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne. On the 15th instant I received the following letter from Mr. Lavater, inclosing one from D. E, Martin, Secretary for Agriculture for Victoria, both of which will be found of interest and are as follows : [Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888.] 7674.] Exhibition Buildings, Melbourne, August 15, 1888. Sir : I herewith have the honor to inclose you a copy of a letter received from the Department of Agriculture, dated the 14th instant, relative to the inquiry you ad- dressed to me with respect to the growth of tobacco in this Colony. V I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, Geo. T. a. Lavater, Secretary. ' E. L. Miller, Esq., Assistant Commissioner for United States of America, American Court, Exhibition, Corr. No. 40761]. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, August 14, 1888. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th instant, inclosing one from Mr. R. L. Miller, one of the Assistant Commissioners for the United States, in which he requests to be informed as to the growth of tobacco in this colony. The information required will be furnished to Mr. Miller as early as possible. I hai7e the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, D. E. Martin, Secretary for Agriculture. The Secretary, Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne. 264 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Again, on August 23 I received a letter from Mr. Martin as follows! CoiT. No. 40761.] Department of Agricultuke, Melbourne, August 23, 18S8. Sir : Adverting to your request for information as to the growth of tobacco in this colony, I have the honor to inform you that the plant referred to is grown on the King and Ovens Elvers and at Kiewa, in the northeastern district. Evidence on the subject of tobacco culture has been taken by the Eoyal Commission on Vegetable Products, and will be found at pages 39 to 46, and 99 to 102 In the Third Progress Report; also in pages 1 to 30 of the Fifth Report. Herewith I inclose a set of the re- ports of the commission. Additional information may be found in Hayter's Year Book, pp. 425 and 460. I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, D. E. Martin, Secretary for Agriculture. K. L. MitLER, Esq., United States Court, Mxhihition Buildings, Meliourne. By reference to reports mentioned I found a series of questions asted by the Eoyal Commission and answered by the planters from the differ- ent sections of the colony, a few of which I think will be all that is necessary, as follows : Peter Stewart Thomson examined (September 8, 1837) : By the Commission : 8399. You reside at Wangaratta, and are at present mayor ? — Yea. 8400- What are you ? — In business as a commission agent. 8401. You can give us some information about the tobacco growing in the dis- trict ?— Yes. 8402. Yoii have been a buyer? — Yes, for the last ten years. 8403. Could you give an idea of the extent of the industry — the quantity grown ? — I can give the touuage. I suppose there is about 250 tons this year — 1887. 8404. This last crop ? — Yes ; this crop coming in for sale. 8405. That is larger than usual ? — Yes. 8406. Is that the result of a better season ? — Yes. 8407. Is the amount of planting increasing in the district? — No; I do not think it is. 8408. Rather the other way ?— Yes. ' 8409. What is your opinion as to the quality ? — The quality is much better this year than last. 8410. But the tobacco, generally speaking, how does it compare with other tobacco in this district ? — It produces the best leaf in the colony — the King River leaf is consid- ered the best. 8411. How would that compare with the- American ? — It does not compare at all with the American. 8412. Not so good ? — I do not know about the leaf being so good ; but the American crop, the crop comingiu now, would not be shown till next year. They hold it back. 8413. Why ? — The older the tobacco the better it is for manufacture ; the manufact- urer can not send out tobacco. It cannot be sent out right away for manufacture. It must be aged. Tobacco gets better by age. 8414. Suppose wc held our (obacco back for the same length of time, how would it then compare ? — That I can not tell you. 8415. It has never been tried?— No; there was one time, when Mr. Dndgeon was alive, he did thiuk of getting all the tobacco stripped here before sending it to Mel- bourne; that is, taking the stem out of it before sending it to Melbourne — that is, CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 265 falsing tlie stem out of it the same as the Americans do before they put it into hogs- heads. 8416. That would be for the purpose of keeping it a longer time ? — Yes, and to save freight. 8417. It would be very interesting to know if we can produce a really good tobacco, or if it must always be inferior to the production in other countries ? — I do not sec why our tobacco, if it went through the same process as in America, should not be as good. 8418. It really has not been tested ? — It has not that I am aware of. 8419. Ton think, at any i-ate, the tobacco grown here is the best grown in the col- ony ? — I think so ; we can always get the biggest price for it. 8420. Is there anything you could tell us that strikes you as being important in re- gard to the industry ? — No ; I do not think so. 8421. As to the matter you have already told us— the industry is not increasing, rather decreasing— is that to be accounted for in any way ? — Well, sometimes they get very bad crops ; it is a very risky crop at all times. The prices for the last four or iive years have been fairly good, according to the quality of the tobacco, from 4d. to 7ld. per pound. That is for No. 1— that is the best leaf. There is No. 1, 2, and 3, three qualitirs of the loaf. 8422. Does each growing produce the three crops? — Yes; that is simply as it is classed. 8423. What would be the average class of a crop ; is the No. 1 a large proportion of the crop ?— The No. 1 is 75 per cent, fully, if a fair crop, but last year it was not that; last year it was about 75 per cent. No. 2 and 25 per cent. No. 1. 8424. This year it will be good? — I think so; pretty well 70 per cent., the No. 1. Of course the crop is not in yet, but what I have seen of it and as far as I could judge. 8425. There was a manufacturing establishment here not very long ago ? — Yes. 8426. That ceased to exist ?— Yes. 8427. What was the cause of that ? — Want of capital. You see tobacco is only in the market at a certain time, and when it is in the market you must be prepared to buy it ; it is not a thing you can go into the market and buy every day ; it is not like any other business ; the crop is bought ; it runs perhaps two or three months ; now, this present crop, there will be very little of that available by the end of January. 8428. And the company had not sufficient capital to carry on that way ? — Cer- tainly not. 8429. It is stated by some growers that the high license that is paid for manufactur- ing has had the effect of reducing the number of factories to j ust a fe w in Melbourne and closing all the country factories ? — There was never but one country factory that I knew of — the one that was here. 8430. That is stated — that a number of country growers manufacturing their own tobacco were stopped by the high license. — Yes, I have no doubt of that. 8431. And that has been prejudicial to price, on account of the buyers being i-e- duced to three or four ; a ring being formed has kept the price down ; have you any views on that ? — I feel certain there is no ring. 8432. No combination amongst the buyers ? — No, because we buy tobacco here, and years gone by the tobacco was sent to Melbourne and sold on commission. I have sold good tobacco (tobacco that I have paid 7id. a pound for here) on commission at 4rf. and 5d. a pound. That is within the past ten years. That was before any duty was on tobacco at all. Now we have as much trouble with the manufacturers in Melbourne in buying — as much bartering as we had in buying from the growers ; so I feel certain there is no ring. 8433. You think, then, that whatever effect the license has, it does not lower the price to the grower? — I do not think so. My reason for saying that is, I have seen tobacco at 4d. and bd. a pound before there was any duty on it ; they sold it at that. 266 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. 8434. That is good tobacco ?— Yes, certainly; I liave ^iven 7i 10 Sub-lieutenants 16 Gunners, first class 12 Gunners, second class J 10 Midshipmen ,.. 10 Chief petty officers 9 First-class petty officers , , ,. 8 6 Second-class petty officers , - - 8 6 AWe seamen ,,... 7ft MEL 26 402 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. * Engineers and engineer artificers, when called oat for actual service, receive tlie same pay as those of similar rank in the permanent force. Medical officers receive the following pay : For examination of re- cruits, 2s. Gd. a head ; for other military duties, surgeons, £2 for whole day, £1 for half day ; staff surgeons, £2 10«. for whole day, £1 5«. for half day. The maximum amount of pay, however, derivable from the various sources cannot exceed in one year £36 for a surgeon, and £48 for a staff surgeon, unless there has been actual service. CONCLUSION. The reorganization of the military and naval forces was undertaken in 1884, after the passage of the discipline act now in force, and at pres- ent the available force is on the new basis. Batteries for the defense of Melbourne were first constructed in 1861 at Williamstown, Sandridge, and QueeusclJff. Those at Sandridge have since been set aside, and the first line of defense made at the Heads, the entrance to the bay. The principal works are batteries at Queens- cliff, Swan Island, and Point Hepean. A fort is placed upon a shoal on the north side of the south channel, and for the further protection of this channel a fort has also been erected ou Point Franklin. During the last three years the artillery and torpedo defenses have been increased; the new forts are being armed with breech-loading guns, and all the muzzle-loading guns in the old forts are being re- placed by modern guns. Electric lights have been established all along the fortifications, and the mine fields fully repaired. Ail sites necessary for the defense of Melbourne against land attack have been reserved by the government. Daring the last three years tlie expenditures on fortifications, guns, torpedoes, etc., Lave averaged $800,000 per annum. Melbourne, April 15, 1889. Note. —The organization of the military and uaval forces of New Sonth Wales, the other of the two most important of the. Australasian colonies, is in a great many re- spects similar to that of Victoria. The military force consists of regulars, volunteers under the partial-payment sys- tem, and a reserve of volunteer rifle clubs. The strength of each, including all ranks, is as follows : Regulars : General staff 22 ermanent artillery 498 Permanent submarine miners . 24 Permanent mounted infantry. 32 Vol unteers : Permanent staff 61 Artillery 514 Engineers 97 Submarine Djiners Ill Mounted infantry 300 Volunteers — Continued. Infantry 2,900 Medical staff 5 Honorary chaplains 4 Reserves : Cavalry 400 Artillery 110 Infantry 1,500 Medical staff 6 Total 6,584 CENTENNIAL INTEUNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 403 The annual training of tbo partially paid force consists of nine days consecutively in camp, and three detached days for the whole force. Besides this, sixteen half days for artillery, twelve half days and ten night drills for engineers, twenty-two half days for submarine miners, and thirteen half days for infantry. The reserve corps must attend twelve daylight and twenty night drills. An allo'.v- ance of £2 per annum is made to each effective member of this corps, for uniform. There is no permanent naval force in New South Wales, but a naval brigade and naval artillery volunteers. The brigade consists of three hundred and twenty-eight ofificers and men, and is chiefly composed of mou-of-war's men whose time has expired. It is divided into six companies, one of which is stationed at Newcastle and the other five at Sydney. The commissioned officers and midshipmen receive pay only when doing duty, act- ual or on drill, and the others as follows : Warrant oflcers, £18 ; petty officers, £14 ; and seamen, £12 per annum. The naval artillery volunteers consist of two hundred and twelve officers and men, and are organized on the same principle as those in Great Britain. Neither the offi- cers nor men receive any pay, but an annual appropriation of £700 is made by the government for working expenses. The Wolverene is the only man-of-war. She is a wooden steamer armed with sev- enteen 64-pounder rifles, three howitzers, and one Gatling gun. Only a small force is kept on board to keep the ship in order, but the brigade take short trips to sea in her ooo&Bionally for the purpose of drill, and the volunteers also go on board at times for that purpose. In addition to the Wolverene ihere are a barge, the Neptune, fitted withafi4-pounder muzzle-loading rifle, and two torpedo-boats, the Acheron and Avernua, APPENDIX. 405 LIST OF THE VICTORIAN EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONERS. President. The Hon. Sir James MacBain, K. B., President of the Legislative Oonncil. ExECTJTrvB Vice President and Treasurer. The Hon. Lieut. Col. Frederick Thomas Sargood, 0. M. G., M , L. C. Vice-Presidents. The Hon. M. H. Davies, M. L. A., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly The Hon. Sir William John Clarke, Baronet, M. L. C. The Hon. Peter Lalor, M. L. A. Members. The Hon. James Munro, M. L. A. The Bon. William Mountford Kinsey Vale. Joseph Bosisto, Esq., C. M. Q., M. L. A. Robert Murray Smith, Esq., C. M. G. The Eight Worshipful the Mayor of Melbourne, William Cain, Esq., J. P. Thomas Houlden Thompson, Esq., J. P., Mayor of the city of Ballarat. Patrick Hayes, Esq., J. P., Mayor of the city of Sandhurst. Lambton L. Mount, Esq., President of the "V ictorian Chamber of Manu- factures. William Arthur Trenwith, Esq., President of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council. John Blyth, Esq., J. P. Henry Byron Moore, Esq. Secretary. George T. A. Lavater, Esq. 407 B. OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE VICTORIAN EXECUTIVE COMMIS- SIONERS. FIRST REPORT. The Executive Commissioners beg to report that on the 5th of April last competitive designs for the temporary annexes required in connec- tion with the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1888 were called for by advertisement in the Melbourne daily papers, the designs to be sent in by 4.30 p. m. on Monday, 16th instant. The ground proposed to be covered was 15 acres, and the conditions limited the price per acre to £4,500. In response to this advertisement thirty competitors prepared and forwarded thirty-three different designs, varying in estimated cost per acre from £3,450 to £4,500. The examination of these designs was referred t-o the building com- mittee, who, after spending a large amount of care and attention upon them, duly reported the result of their labors to the Executive. After fully considering this report the Executive Commissioners now recommend that the design bearing the motto " Paxton " be placed first, and that bearing the motto " Guaranteed " second. At the same time they desire to place on record their high appreci- ation of the care and ability displayed by nearly all the competitors, most of the designs sent in being of great merit. Geoege Higinbotham, President. Mat 27, 1887. SECOND REPORT. Since the meeting of the full Commission on May 27, last, the Ex- ecutive Commissioners have held five meetings, and have dealt with the following subjects, viz : (1) In accordance with the verbal statement made at the last meeting, a circular was issued to all the lately-appointed Commissioners, accom- panied by a list of the committees already formed, requesting them to state upon which of these they would prefer to act. In response to the foregoing, one hundred and seventy-six answers have been received, 408 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 409 out of wbich one hundred and fifty-eight specified the comuiittees upon which the writers desire to act; eight stated they were willing to act if their services were required, and ten declined. Of the remaining one hundred and three Commissioners, sixteen compose the Executive, nineteen the London Committee, five are out of the colony, two are deceased, and sixty-one have not replied. The Executive Commissioners submit herewith for confirmation a printed list of these committees, compiled in accordance with the communications received. (2) In relation to the liability in connection with the acceptance of the designs for the temporary annexes, the Executive Commissioners desire to report that on the 18th ultimo a letter was addressed to the successful architect, Mr. G. E. Johnson, as follows: Melbourne, Jwne 18, 1887. Sir: Referring to the competitive designsfor temporary annexes which have been furnished on the invitation of the Executive Commissioners, I have the honor to in- form you that your design has been placed first. ■ With regard to tlie preparation of the specifications ond drawings in connection with your design, I am directed to inform you that the Executive Commissioners de- sire that you will not proceed with these, except ou the distinct nnderstauding that you will not he entitled to any remuneration whatever beyond the prize of £250 in the event of the buildings designed by yon not being, from any cause, carried out. Before any instructions are given to you on the subject you will be required to give a written undertaking to the above effect to the Executive Commissioners. I have the honor to be, .sir, yonr most obedient servant, J. E. Shkrrard, Asssitant Secretary. G. R. Johnson, Esq., 83 Little Collins Street, City. On the 23d June Mr. Johnson replied to the following effect : 83 Little Collins Street East, Melbourne, June 22, 1887. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of yours dated 18th Inscant, and in reply thereto beg to state my willingness to comply with the conditions named therein . I have the honor to be, sir, faithfully yours, Geo. R. Johnson. J. E. Sherrard, Esq., Asaiatanl Secretary, Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne. (3) After carefully considering the requirements for the financial year ending 30th of June, 1888, the Executive Commissioners estimated the amount necessary to be voted by Parliament at £125,175, and on the 27th of May this estimate was forwarded to the government, with an intimation that the Executive Commissioners anticipated being able to repay a considerable amount during the following financial year. The Executive Commissioners have been informed that the treasurer will take an early opportunity of submitting this matter for the approval of Parliament. (4) Eules and regulations for the conduct of the proceedings of the 410 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Commissioners, tbe duties of officers and employes, etc., have been drawn up, and are now submitted for confirmation. Conditions under which tenders will be invited for the printing of the Official Catalogue have been drawn up, and will be advertised forthwith. Communications have been received from the London Committee, through Mr. J. Cashel Hoey, their secretary, to May 27, intimating that Her Majesty's consent to the appointment of au Imperial Commission in connection with the Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, had been obtained by Sir Henry Holland, the Secretary of State for the colonies, and that the necessary steps were being taken to appoint the Commission. His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales has con- sented to be President, whfle the Earl of Eosebery will be Executive President. The London Chamber of Commerce and the Council of the Associated Chambers of Commerce have promised to heartily support the Exhibition, and are taking active measures to that effect. As there appeared to have been some delay in communicating with Foreign Governments, a cablegram was dispatched to the Agent-Gen- eral, requesting him to urge upon the Minister for Foreign Affairs the great importance of immediate communications being addressed to Foreign Governments, asking their co-operation, and also to represent to the Imperial Government the pressing necessity for the immediate appointment of the Imperial Commission. Under these circumstances the Executive Commissioners have ex- tended the date for receiving applications for space from the 3Ist of August to the 31st of October, 1887. Opportunity has been taken of the presence of the Imperial Chinese Commissioners to enlist their sympathies and influence on behalf of the formation of a Chinese Court at the forthcoming Exhibition, and there is every reason to. believe that the favorable representation"? which they have made to their Government will be attended with success. Last month the President and Secretary visited Adelaide, and were present at the opening of the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition, as the rep- resentatives of the Commissioners of the Centennial International Ex- hibition, the latter also for the purpose of inspecting the arrangements and influencing exhibitors or their representatives with respect to ex- hibiting in Melbourne next year. About fifty members of this Commis- sion have also visited Adelaide since the opening of the Exhibition. The President desires to take this opportunity of testifying to the courtesy and kind attention he received during his visit as the repre- sentative of the Commissioners, which was equally extended to the Sec- retary. July 14, 1887. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 411 THIRD REPORT. The Executive Commissioners, since the last general meeting held at these ofiQces on the 14th of July, have held ten meetings, and now re- port as follows : At the last general meeting it was found, in consequence of the man- ner ill which the "Victorian Exhibitions Act" was framed, that it was impossible to adopt that portion of the report then submitted, referring to the rules and regulations. Since that date, however, an act to make better provision for the holding of the Public International Exhibition in Melbourne in ] 888 has been passed through both Houses of Parliament, and on the 12th of the present month received the assent of the Governor. By this act the quorum of the Commissioners for the transaction of business is fixed at fifteen, and consequently the Executive are now en- abled to submit for approval a draft copy of the proposed rules and regulations for the conduct of business, etc. The promised Eoyal Commission in London has been appointed, His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales consenting to accept the position of President, with Lord Eosebery as Executive President. The list of the Commission contains the names of some of the leading and most influential personages in the United Kingdom. The first formal meeting was held at Marlborough House on the 13th of August, 1887, His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales presiding. To meet the expenses of this Commission, the British Parliament has voted the amount of £5,000. The London Committee of the Victorian Commissioners have engaged the services of Sir Vincent K. Barrington to visit the different Conti- nental Governments and press upon them the desirability of their be- ing officially represented at the Exhibition. So far as can be judged by the advices received from their secretary, Mr. J. Cashel-Hoey, there is every reason to be satisfied with the choice they have made, and to be- lieve that Sir Vincent Barrington's mission will be successful. As regards the representation of the Australasian Colonies at the Exhibition, New South Wales is the only one at present that has ap- pointed a Commission. South Australia and Tasmania have both prom- ised to appoint one as soon as Parliament has voted the money. The Premier of New Zealand has expressed the hope that the next Parliament will authorize the Government to take steps to provide .for the proper representation of that colony. Our own Government is at present in communication with Queens- land on the same subject, and Western Australia has declined. Press- ure has been brought to bear.through the proper channels on the In- dian Government to induce an ofBcial representation of that important dependency of the Empire. 412 CENTENNIAL INTE KN ATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURITE. His Excellency the Governor, at the request of the Premier, has sig' nifiedhis willingness to become a patron of the Exhibition, and at his request the Governors of all the other Australasian Colonies have also consented to act in the same capacity. Advices have been received stating that the United States Govern- ment has promised to bring before Congress, as soon as that body has assembled for the dispatch of business, the question of the ofiicial rep- resentation of the Eepublic at our Exhibition. The printing of the Ofiicial Catalogue was let by tender to Messrs. Mason, Firth & McCntcheonon the 30th of August last, that firm agree- ing to pay to the Commissioners the sum of £605 lor the privilege, and also to furnish 25,000 copies of the Catalogue, in two volumes, free of charge. At the last general meeting the choice of the Executive in the mat- ter of the designs for temporary annexes was approved, and since that dat« the sum of £100,000 has been placed by the treasurer on the esti- mates for the purposes of the Exhibition. Tenders for the erection of the annexes on the plan of the approved designs were called for on the 17th of August, returnable on Friday, the 2d of the present month. Eleven tenders were received, and the lowest was found to be that of Mr. James Moore, the amount of his tender being £58,841 lis. 9d. The amount of the estimate sent in with the approved design was £56,925; and, in view of the alterations made in some of the details of the design by the Building Committee, and the increased cost of timber consequent upon the late alterations in the tariff, the amount by which the tender was in excess of the architect's estimate was not considered excessive, and Mr. Moore's tender was accepted. The contract was executed by the contractor on the following day (Saturday, 3d instant), and the Executive Commissioners trust that the work will be duly completed by the time specified in the contract con- ditions, namely, April 30, 1888. The question of the water supply has been under consideration, and in order to reduce as far as possible the chances of damage by fire, etc., the Superintendent of the Fire Insurance Companies' Brigade (Captain Stein) has been consulted, and the Executive have every reason to be- lieve that the arrangements in this matter will be as perfect as it is possible to make them, and that the insurance companies will be fully satisfied with the steps taken to guard against accidents in this respect. The undermentioned committees have, since the last report, held the number of meetings respectively opposite their names, and are all mak- ing satisfactory progress in forwarding the interests of the Exhibition in their respective departments: Finance Committee ". 6 Building and Gardens Committee 11 Building and Gardens Sub-Coraraittee 2 Animal Products Committee 2 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 413 Vegetable Products Committee 3 Vegetable Products Snb-Committee 3 Minerals and Mining Committee 2 Advertising and Printing Commi ttee 2 Wine Committee 1 Wine Sub-Committee 3 Manufactures Committee 10 Manufactures Sub-Committee 3 Fine Arts Committee 1 Fine Arts Sub-Committee 1 Districts of Victoria Committee k 1 As evidencing the interest shown by Victorian manufacturers in the forthcoming Exhibition, the Manufactures Committee have already received applications for about 120,000 feet of space. The following gentlemen have signified their desire to act on the differ- ent committees as follows: Oapt. F. C. Rowan, Manufactures; W. K. Thomson, Esq., Machinery; Jenkins Collier, Esq., Fine Arts; E. H. Cameron, Esq., Vegetable Products; W. Drummond, Esq., Districts of Victoria; Hon. R. Burrowes, Minerals and Mining. The Executive regret to report that Mr. Joseph Bosisto, O.M.G., has found it necessary to resign his position as chairman of the Vegetable Products Committee. The Hon. W. M. K. Vale, Treasurer to the Com- missioners, has been appointed to take his place. Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Geo. H. Higinbotham, President, September 20, 1887. FOURTH REPORT. In presenting their fourth report the Executive Commissioners de- sire to express their regret at the delay which has taken place in calling the meeting of the full Commission to receive it. From various causes the rules and regulations for the conduct of busi- ness were not gazetted until the 8th of the present month, and it was not considered advisable to ijut the Commissioners to the trouble and inconvenience of attending any meetings until all proceedings had been divested of any doubt as to their legality by the formal approval and gazettal of the rules and regulations above mentioned, as required by the fourth section of the " Victorian Exhibitions Act," No. 619. Since the last general meeting, held at the offices on the 21st of Sep- tember last, the business in connection with the forthcoming Exhibition has been making steady and satisfactory jirogress. The committees appointed to deal with the various matters entrusted 414 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. to them have held meetings for the transaction of business as fol- lows : Executive (including four subcommittee meetings) 9 Building and Gardens (including twelve meetings of subcom- mittees) 18 Animal Products 4 Vegetable Products , 2 Wine 3 Districts of Victoria 1 Districts of Victoria (joint visiting committee) 2 Manufactures 1 Machinery 1 Eeports received from London as to the progress of Exhibition mat- ters in Great Britain and Ireland, and on the Continent of Europe, may be considered as satisfactory. .In addition to the British Commission, which had already been ap- pointed at the date of the last general meeting, the Governments of Germany, Belgium, and Spain have appointed Commissions and granted subsidies to cover the necessarj- expenditure in connection with the same. The Agent-General reports that good progress has been made iu Italy, and that while that country declines to appoint a Commission, the Gov- ernment has determined to grant the same facilities for the Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition of 1888 as it is intended to grant for the Paris International Exhibition of 1889. Although the Bepublic of Prance has hitherto declined to be oflB- cially represented, it would appear that Sir Graham Berry has still some hopes of the rescinding of that decision before the time of apply- ing for space finally closes. The Austro-Hudgarian Empire, if not represented directly by a Gov- ernment Commission, will in any case have the assistance of the Vienna Export Verein acting under the authority of and with the support of the Imperial Government. The Government of the United States is unable to deal with the mat- ter of a subsidy until the meeting of Congress, which takes place dur- ing the first week iu December next. From communications received, however, it would appear that this Government is desirous of being represented, and that the President would most probably appoint a Commission at once, as he has the power to do, but that he prefers to await the voting of the necessary funds by Congress. Of the Australasian Colonies, that of Xew South Wales is the only one that has yet appointed a Commission, but a communication lately received from tlie Chief Secretary of South Australia states that one is to be appointed shortly in that colony. The course that Queensland will ultimately adopt is not yet known, and it is understood that at present the matter still forms the subject of communication between the Government of that colo.iy and our own. The late i)olitical changes that have taken place in ]S'e\v Zealand CKNTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 416 have greatly tended to retard the advaucement of the question of a Commission to represent that colony, but all possible steps have been taken by the Executive Commissioners to bring the subject of the Exhi- bition before the notice of probable and jjossible exhibitors, and they still entertain hopes that the New Zealand Government will see fit to be officially represented. It is with considerable regret that the Executive Commissioners have to state that a cablegram has been received from the Premier of Tas- mania, under date of November 3, as follows : Owing to the impossibility of securing adequate representation of Tasmania at the Melbourne Exhibition in the brief time now available, the Government were last night reluctantly compelled to withdraw the vote they proposed for this purpose. They have not been in a position to bring the matter before Parliament at an earlier time. This is the more to be regretted, as, from the first inception of the Exhibition, the Tasmanian Government had expressed the intention of supporting the appointment of a Commission for that colony, together with a vote of money to defray necessary expenses. Our Government has been requested to again urge the Government of Tasmania to re- consider its determination. The erection of the temporary annexes, of which mention was made in the last report, has been steadily proceeded with by the contractor, Mr. James Moore, under the supervision of the architect, Mr. George E. Johnson, whose statement on the progress of the work will be found herewith. Shortly after the appointment of the Executive Commissioners on the 6th of January last, the trustees handed over to them the buildings and grouuds then in their possession. These included the aquarium and fernery. In the former a large fish tank of iron and glass, 60 feet long and 12 feet wide, was then in course of erection, and the Execu- tive Commissioners, following out the design which the trustees had in view, have completed the tank and the imitation stalactite cave, and opened the same to the public. Considerable additions of ferns from New South Wales, as well as from this colony, have been added to the fernery, and by the time the Exhibition is opened it is anticipated that these will prove extremely attractive. Special allusion to the water supply was made in the last report, and since then the whole of the water mains, with the necessary fire-plugs, valves, etc., have been placed in position, and acting on the recom- mendation of the Building Committee, who were assisted by the advice of Superintendent Stein of the Fire Insurance Companies' Brigade, the captain of the Exhibition fire brigade has been appointed, and it is intended to form under his direction a competent and efficient fire bri- gade, partly from men to be specially engaged for that work, and partly from other employes of the Commissioners. In order to secure a supply of water at all times in case of accident 416 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. to one of the mains, the pipes will be connected not only with that in Nicholson street, but also with the Eathdowu street main. With a view to insure sufBcieut i)ressure whenever required, it is in- tended to erect, in a suitable position near the site of the aquarium, a 16 horse-power " Otto" gas-engine, with a force-pumj) attached, which will be capable of forcing the water into the pipes with which the build- ing is reticulated at a pressure equal to'300 pounds to the square inch. The Executive Commissioners would take this opportunity of express- ing their indebtedness for the cordial assistance and co-operation they have received in the matter from the Minister for Public Works, the Hon. John Mmmo, and the Engineer of the Water-Supply Department, Mr. William Davidson. They also desire to place on record their thanks to Superintendent Stein for his valuable advice and assistance. The question of electric lighting is receiving the attentive considera- tion of a subcommittee specially appointed from the Building Commit- tee for that purpose, and they expect shortly to submit a scheme by which such electric lighting as may be required can be carried out. Arrangements have been made with the Metropolitan Gas Company for the laying of the necessary gas mains to properly and efflciently light the temporary annexes, and this work is now being proceeded with. The external and internal decoration of the permanent buildings, as well as of the temporary annexes now being erected, is also under con- sideration. Whilst desirous of making the decorations as effective as possible, the Executive Commissioners do not lose sight of the fact (especially in view of the temporary character of the new annexes) that due economy in this matter must be observed. The decoration of the grounds by means of flower gardens, lawns, etc., has been entrusted to a subcommittee of the Buildings and Gardens Committee, with Mr. Joseph Harris, M. L. A., as chairman. The name of that gentleman is sufficient guarantee that this portion of the work of decoration will not be neglected, and that during the currency of the Exhibition the appearance of the gardens will leave little (if anything) to be desired. To this end the Executive Commissioners, acting on the advice of the Garden subcommittee, and in view of the fact that it was necessary to remove the small nursery and propagating-house erected by the trustees, have had built a new propagating-house, with suitable shelter-sheds, frames, etc., on the Nicholson street side of the eastern machinery annex. This will enable the head gardener to keep up a full supply of bedding and other plants for the maintenance of the gardens. In deference to the desire expressed by the British and certain Con- tinental Governments, as well as some of the Australasian Colonies, the Executive Commissioners deemed it expedient to postpone the date for receiving applications for space to the last day of the present year. This decision was arrived at on the 10th of last month, and was immediately wade known in every possible manner to all parts of the world. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 417 The forms and circulars drawn up by the various committees in con- nection with the exhibition and sale of wines and other liquors, vege- table and animal products, minerals, and mining, etc., have been issued to all intending or probable exhibitors. Thej' have also been forwarded to the various associations, shires, councils, agricultural and horticult- ural societies, etc., and wherever it was considered that the information therein contained would in any way assist in furthering the interests of the Exhibition. A bill to authorize the sale of fermented and spirituous liquors, etc., has been drafted and forwarded to the Chief Secretary, and will doubt- less receive the early attention of Parliament. A joint subcommittee, consisting of the chairmen of the various com- mittees, has been formed under the chairmanship of Mr. P. Hayes (chair- man of the Districts of Victoria Committee). This subcommittee vis- ited Sandhurst on the 12th October and Geelong on the 20th of the same month, these being the days upon which the agricultural societies held their annual shows at the places mentioned. The subcommittee was accompanied on each occasion by the members of both Houses for the districts visited, and the objects and scope of the Exhibition were brought prominently before the leading manufacturers, agriculturists, etc., resident in those localities. Encouraging promises of support were obtained, and the subcommittee has every reason to be satisfied with the result of its labors. It is the intention of this sub- committee to visit Ballarat on the 24th of this month, the opening day of the Agricultural .Show at that place, where it trusts to be equally successful. Until advices are received from the Agent-General, it will be prema" ture to speculate as to the number of exhibitors or the amount of space likely to be required by the British and other Grovernments or exhibit- ors ; but so far as Victoria is concerned, it may be stated that up to the present time about 725 applications for space have been received from manufacturers and producers, which will cover, without allowing for the necessary passage-ways, an estimated area of say 160,000 square feet. It has been submitted to the Executive that it is desirable to add to the Buildings and Gardens Committee the names of Messrs. Jenkin Collier and Clement Hodgkinson, as possessing special qualifications. These gentlemen have been communicated with, and have signified their willingness to act if appointed. The Executive, therefore, request the authority of the Commissioners to add their names to the Buildings and Gardens Committee. After full consideration, the Executive Commissioners have concluded that the time has now arrived when it has become necessary to appoint committees to deal with the questions of ceremonials and refreshments, and the following names are submitted for the approval of the Commis- sioners : MEL 27 418 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. CEKEMOSriAL COMMITTEE. The Hon. Col. F. T. Sargood, C. M. G., M. L. C, chairman. George L. Allan, Esq. The Hon. N. Fitzgerald, M. L. C. The Hon. J. Balfour, M. L. C. F. S. Grim wade, Esq. The Eight Worshipful the Mayor of Mel- The Hon. J. Munro, M. L. A. bourne, B. Benjamin, Esq., J. P. Sir A. Nicolson, Bart. The Hon. T. Bent, M. L. A. C. M. Officer, Esq., M. L. A. J. Blyth, Esq., J. P. The Hon. F. Ormond, M. L. C. A. C. Brownless, Esq., M. D., the Chan- The Hon. J. B. Patterson, M. L. A. celior of the University of Melbourne. John Qnick, Esq., LL. D., M. L. A. W. Cain, Esq., J. P. The Hon. Col. W. C. Smith, M. L. A. The Hon. M. H. Davies, Speaker of the E. Murray Smith, Esq., C. M. G. Legislative Assembly. W. A. Trenwith, Esq. The Hod. J. Gavan Duffy, M. L. A. E. L. Zox, Esq., M. L. A. R. L. J. EUery, Esq., F. R. S., Govern- ment Astronomer. REFRESHMENTS COMMITTEE. H. Byron Moore, Esq., chairman. C. R. Blackett, Esq., F. E. S. Sir A. Nicolson, Bart. J. Blyth, Esq., J. P. Thomas O'Grady, Esq., J. P. The Hon. J. H. Connor, M. L. C. C. Pinschof, Esq., Consul for Austro-Hun- G. R. Fincham, Esq. gary. p. Hayes, Esq., J. P. The Hon. L. L. Smith, M. L. A. W. B. Jones, Esq., J. P. G. J. Sims, Esq. L. L. Mount, Esq. T. H. Thompson, Esq., J. P. The Hon. J. Munro, M. L. A. W. K. Thomson, Esq., J. P. Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Geo. Higinbotham, President. NOVBMBEE 14, 1887. S^OTE. — At the meeting of the Exhibition Commissioners held at the offices, Exhibition Buildings, on Thursday, November 17, 1887, the fore- going report was adopted with the addition of 'the following names to the undermentioned committees : Finance Committee. — C. Pinschof, Consul for Austro-Hungary. Manufacturers^ Committee. — C. Pinschof, Consul for Austro-Hungary. Machinery Committee. — C. Pinschof, Consul for Austro-Hungary. Ceremonial Committee. — The Hon. W. E. Hearn, LL. D., M. L. C. ; A. Marks, Esq., Consul for Japan ; Frederick McCoy, Esq., C. M. G., Sc.D. (Cantab.), and G. J. Sims, Esq. Refreshments Committee. — James Fergusson, Esq., J. P. Geo. Higinbotham, President. NOVEMBEE 17, 1887. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 4l9 AEOHITBOT'S KEPOET. 83 Little Collins Street East, Melbourne, November 14, 1887. Gentlemen : I have the honor to report for your information that the contractor for the annexes is pushing on the works with dispatch. The roof-timbers are on about 4 acres of the building, the gutters are being laid, and I expect to commence putting on the galvanized iron in the course of a few days ; so that this portion will be completed by Christmas. There are at the jiresent time two hundred workmen engaged on the works, and the conttactor will give employment to another one hun- dred men so soon as two cargoes of timber, now unloading for this building, are delivered on the site. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, faithfully yours, Geo. R. Johnson. The Executive Commissioners Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne, 1888. fifth report. The Executive Commissioners have considered it desirable to call the Commissioners together earlier than usual this month, in view of the near approach of the Christmas holidays, which might interfere with the attendance. It was stated in the last report that Exhibition matters in Great Britain and Ireland, and throughout Europe, were making satisfactory progress. Further advices received from the Agent-General in Lon- don, Sir Graham Berry, confirm this view, and also tend to encourage the hope that the French Government will yet see fit to be officially represented at the Exhibition. Following upon the discussion which took place at the last meeting on the official representation of the United States of America, and in view of the unavoidable delay which had necessarily taken place in the meet- ing of Congress, the Consul-General, Col. James M. Morgan, has applied provisionally for 100,000 square feet of floor-space in the interests of the American exhibitors. A telegraphic communication has been received from Germany, ask- ing that their Commission might be assured of an amount of space and a position at least equal to what they were allotted at the Exhibition of 1880. The Executive Commissioners have replied in effect that this will be granted. An official communication - has been received from the Premier of Queensland, stating that his Government proposes to ask Parliament to vote a sum of money for the purpose of securing the adequate repre- sentation of that colony at the Exhibition. 420 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. ^0 further communication has been received on the subject of the represeutatioa of New Zealand, but it is confidently expected that a New Zealand Commission will be appointed. The South Australian Commission has now been appointed, with his excellency Sir William C. F. Eobinson, G. C. M. G-., Governor of South Australia, as President, The Commission contains the names of many of the leading gentlemen in the sister colony. As stated in the last report, a letter was written to the Premier of Tasmania, requesting him to again urge his Government to reconsider its decision not to be officially represented at the Exhibition. The Executive Commissioners regret that they have to report that a com- munication has since been received from the Premier of Tasmania, stating that he had resubmitted the question to his Cabinet, and that it was not deemed advisable to again ask Parliament for the necessary vote. Opportunity was taken of the presence in Adelaide of Mr. W. A. Treuwith, one of the Executive Commissioners, to secure the repre- sentation of the Commissioners for the Centennial International Exhibi- tion, Melbourne, at the ceremony of the declaration of awards at the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition, which took place on the 30th ultimo. A letter has been addressed to the Premier asking him to urge upon the several Government Departments of Victoria the necessity of ap- plying for space before the 31st of December. At the present time the only Department which has applied for space is that of Mines and Water Supply. Since the last meeting of the Commissioners, the Districts of Victo- ria Joint Visiting Committee met at Ballarat, and received gratifying assurances of support from the leading manufacturers and producers in the district. The Wine Committee have visited Lilydale, Sunbury, Eutherglen, Barnawatha, and Wahgunyah, and have canvassed the surrounding districts with encouraging results. They will also endeavor to visit Sandhurst, Bchuca, Tabilk, DunoUy, Ararat, Great Western, and other wine-growing districts. The committees appointed to deal with the various matters entrusted to them have held meetings for the transaction of business as follows : Executive (including one meeting Correspondence Commit- tee) - 4 Ceremonial 2 Finance 2 Wine (including visiting subcommittees) 4 Districts of Victoria Joiut Visiting Committees 1 Building (including four subcommittees) 5 The Ceremonial Committee, which was formed at the last meeting of the Commissioners, has held two meetings, and has submitted to the Executive the following report on the question of the musical arrange- ments in connection with the Exhibition. As the report, if adopted, will CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 421 necessitate the expenditure of a considerable sum in carrying out the recommendations therein contained, the Executive Commissioners, while thoroughly approving of the scheme, have deemed it advisable to sub- mit it to the full Commission for their consideration and decision. (1) With a view to the satisfactory carrying out of the Exhibition, it is considered necessary that arrangements be made for the formation of an orchestra of about sixty performers. (2) In order that the orchestra may be complete in all its parts and highly trained, the following arrangements are deemed to be absolutely necessary : (a) That an engagement be made for (say) twelve months with one of the lead- ing orchestral conductors in Europe to come out as director and conductor of the Exhibition orchestra. (J) That from ten to fifteen performers on special instruments (required in addi- tion, to those obtainable in the colony to form a complete orchestra) be engaged in Europe. (o) That local instrumentalists be engaged to complete the number required to form the orchestra. (d) That the director and performers engaged be solely for the services of the Exhibition Commissioners during the term of their engagement. The Executive recommend that the name of Major Ellery be added to the Building Committee. The Executive have been informed that the Building Committee have given great consideration as to the method in which it is proposed to light the building, and at the present they have arrived at the conclu- sion that if the cost is justifiable it is desirable to use the electric light. With this view the Executive Commissioners desire your authority to take the necessary steps with the concurrence of the Grovernmeut. Geo. Higinbotham, President. SIXTH REPORT. In presenting this report, the Executive have pleasure in being able to state that, so far as regards the quantity of exhibits for which they have received space applications, the success of the Exhibition is as- sured. The floor-space applied for already exceeds that at the disposal of the Commissioners, and so soon as the actual total amount asked for is known the question of further accommodations (should it arise) will have to be promptly considered and dealt with. The applications, so far as can be ascertained from the information to hand, amount to about 1,150,000 square feet, and there yet remain in addition Belgium, Spain, Canada, Switzerland, Fiji, and many other countries which will require space in greater or lesser quantity. The total amount which will probably be asked for will not be less than about 1,250,000 square feet, irrespective of wall-space. The question of lighting the building by gas or the electric light has, after very careful consideration by the Building Committee, been de- cided by the Executive in favor of the latter. 422 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. With the assistance of Mr. K. L. Murray, the electrical engineer to the railway department, specifications and conditions of contract for lighting the whole of the building by electricity were prepared, and tenders called for by advertisement on the 5th instant, returnable at the office of the Commissioners on the 21st of next month. To the subject of the insurance on some of the pictures proposed to be sent out for exhibition, the Executive Commissioners devoted much time and careful consideration. It was pointed out by the Royal Com- mission that, if such insurance (amounting to £5,000) were guaranteed by the Victorian Commissioners, they would be placed in a position to make a special effort to gather together a loan collection of pictures of the highest class, and valued at £250,000. Keeping in view the great attraction such an exhibit would doubtless be, its educational tendency; and the fact that to many thousands of Australians it might prove the only opportunity they would ever have of seeing such a collection of pictures, the Executive Commissioners agreed to vote the amount required, coupled with the condition that they would not be liable for any further expenditure in connection with this exhibit. The collecting of these pictures has been placed in the very capable hands of Sir Frederick Leighton and Mr. William Agnew, and the Ex- ecutive trust that the result will prove as satisfactory as can be desired. The prevention of Are, and its extinction, should the necessity arise at any time during the progress of the Exhibition, is beingisteadily kept in view. A fire brigade has been formed consisting at present of a su- perintendent and five firemen, and this number will be added to from time to time as the works progress. A certain number of the employ6s will also be utilized as auxiliary firemen, and will reside on the premises in readiness to act if required. A fire station has been built in the eastern annex, and the brigade will in future be located there. The inconvenience of the position of the present offtces, as well as the want of proper accommodation for the staff employed therein, forced itself upon the attention of the Executive at a very early stage of their entering upon their duties. It has been determined to have the oiiices removed to the southern end of the eastern annex, near the Nicholson street entrance, and the work of erecting the new oflces has been let by contract and is now being rapidly proceeded with. The permanent buildings, both on the outside and inside, have been carefully examined, and it has been deemed advisable to have the former thoroughly cleaned and painted, and the latter dealt with in the same manner and redecorated. Tenders have been invited for com- petitive designs for the internal decoration of the main hall at a cost not to exceed £3,500. A contract for painting the outside has been en- tered into with Mr. G. 0. Williams for the sum of £1,883 10s. The Building Committee, after duly considering the effect on the ap- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 423 pearance of the annexes of the galleries proposed to be erected on each side of the central avenue, have recommended to the Executive that they be not proceeded with. As such an omission would, however, alter to some extent the original design which was submitted to and approved by the Commissioners, the Executive have considered it advisable that their consent should be asked to their non-erection. This will result in a saving on the contract of £1,262. The various committees have held meetings since the last report as follows : Executive (inclnding five meetings Correspondence Commit- tee) 11 Building (including thirteen meetings of subcommittees).. . 21 Finance 4 Wine 3 Ceremonial (including one meeting of subcommittee) 3 Fine Arts 2 Vegetable Products 1 Districts of Victoria 1 Machinery 1 Refreshments 1 Printing 1 In order that proper supervision may be insured over the erection and woriiing of all machinery, whether shown as an exhibit or in use under the control of the Executive Commissioners, the Machinery, Build- ing, and Mining Committees united in the recommendation that an efB- cient practical engineer should be appointed for the purpose. Appli- cations were duly invited by advertisement in the Melbourne daily pa- pers, with the result that the appointment has been offered to and ac- cepted by Mr. Eees Davies, a gentleman of large experience, and under whose control the machinery department was placed at the last Exhibi- tion. The question of the formation of the Exhibition orchestra is still en- gaging the attention of the Ceremonial Committee. Communications have been received from Mr. John Danks and from Dr. Brownless, asking to be placed on the Building and Fine Art Com- mittees respectively, and their requests are referred to this meeting by the Executive. The architect's report on the progress of the buildings will be found at the end of this report. Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Geo. Higinbotham, President. January 28, 1888. 424 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 83 Little Collins Street East, January 20, 1888. Gentlemen : I have tie honor to inform you that the works in connection with temporary annexes are progressing satisfactorily. The completion of the first section has been somewhat delayed, owing to wet weather, and the construction of the large salt-water storage tank under floor of same. All that remains to be done is the glazing, and this will be completed in five or six days. The amount of work performed to date represents £31,300, and for materials and fittings on the ground (but not fitted), £6,200 ; making a total of £37,500. There are three hundred and seventy men employed on the works, and the con- tractor is making arrangements for them to work two hours per day overtime, so that I expect to have the buildings completed well within the contract time. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, faithfully yours, Geo. E. Johnson. To the Exbcdtivi:«iCommissioners, Centennial International Exhibition, MelbournSf 1888. SEVENTH REPORT. Since the meeting held at these offices on the 28th of January last there has been a very considerable advance made in the preparations for the forthcoming Exhibition. The buildings forming the temporary annexes are rapidly approach- ing completion, and there is every prospect of the contractor complet- ing them within the specified time. The amount ofispace applied for by the diflferent countries proposing to exhibit has, however, been so much in excess of what was originally estimated that the Executive Commissioners have found it necessary to authorize the construction of another bay at the northern end of the present structure, and giving an increased area of 50,250 square feet, for industrial exhibits. The present machinery annexes are also much too small to hold the exhibits for which space applications have been received, and the mat- ter of increasing the accommodation in this respect is now receiving the earnest attention of the Executive. The painting of the external portion of the permanent buildings is progressing rapidly. Messrs. Beeler & Davies, the contractors for the internal painting and decoration of the main hall and dome, are pushing forward the work with commendable energy. The cost of this work will be £3,500. The same firm were also the lowest tenderers for the internal deco- ration of the annexes, both permanent and temporary, at a cost of £6,323 10s., and their tender has been accepted, and this work is in active progress. Eeferring to the compilation of the Official Catalogue and the liter- ary work connected therewith, the Executive Commissioners have to report that, in response to their advertisements calling for applications for the position of editor, no less than forty-seven gentlemen replied, many of them being of well-known literary ability. The recommenda- tion of the Printing Committee that Mr. Mathew Macfie receive the-^ CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 425 appointment was, after careful consideration, approved by the Execu- tive. The premises erected for the accommodation of the Exhibition Eire Brigade having been completed, the men have been located there; and the necessary electric fittings, alarm circuit, detector clock, etc., are being added as circumstances permit. The whole of the fire apparatus is now in thorough working order, and the fire-plugs throughout the buildings have all been inspected and tested. The site for the 16 horse-power Otto gas-engine and pump, to be used for maintaining a pressure in the water-pipes during hot weather, or in case of fire, has been determined upon. The work of erecting these is being carried out by Messrs. Eobison Bros., the contractors for the plant, and the 9-inch pipe connecting the 24-inch main in Nichol- son street with the Exhibition service has been laid by the Water Sup- ply Department. The 5-ton steam-crane, lent by Messrs. Appleby & Co., is being erected at the Nicholson street goods entrance, where the tramway lines have also been relaid with new sleepers. With regard to electric lighting, the Executive have to announce that they have concluded satisfactory arrangements for this very important feature of the Exhibition with the Australian Electric Light Company for the sum of £32,144. The question of the supply of the motive power is still receiving con- sideration, together with that of the necess iry shafting, gearing, etc. In connection with the musical performances, which are expected to form a special feature during the currency of the Exhibition, the Exec- utive have pleasure in reporting that they have succeeded in securing the services, as conductoi", of the eminent musician and composer, Mr. Frederick H. Cowen. Mr. Cowen has latterly been chosen to succeed Sir Arthur Sullivan as conductor of the London Philharmonic Society, and this fact alone is sufficient to indicate his value in that respect. The amount of floor-space available for allotment in the main hall and the new annexes has now been approximately allotted to the vari- ous countries applying through the Commissions appointed by their respective Governments, while space has also been reserved for exhib iters from countries not officially represented. The allotment at present is as follows : Main hall— floor space. Square feet. Great Britain (including Lanca- shire) '. 11,520 France 8,890 Germany 6,010 Austro-Hungary 1,180 United States of America 3, 000 Italy 960 Square feet. India 1,420 New South Wales 600 Victoria 12,450 46, 030 Still available (reserved ) 7 , 750 Total , 53,780 426 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. Teniporarii annexes (including extra bay of 50,250 square feet). Square feet. Great Britain 111,817 France, 56,000 Germany 54,500 Austro-Hungary 15,000 Belgium 3,500 Switzerland '. 3, 000 United States of America 37, 500 New South Wales 80,900 Tasmania 3,500 South Australia 20, 000 Sqnare feet. Queensland 5,000 New Zealand 10,000 Canada 20,000 Victoria 243,000 Reserved for other courts 21, 000 684,717 Reserved under dome 8, 000 Total 692,717 The Agent-General has been informed of the above by cablegram, and plans on a large scale of the portion allotted to each of the differ- ent countries, together with a key plan, were forwarded to him by the last mail. Similar plans are being forwarded to the Commissions of the Austral- asian Colonies ; and the allotment of space to exhibitors in the various courts will, no doubt, be proceeded with at once. The following meetings have been held by the various committees since January 28 last : Executive (including five meetings of subcomuiittees) 10 Ceremonial (including nine meetings of subcommittees) 14 Finance 3 Wine 1 Refreshments 3 Building (including four meetings of subcommittees) 13 Printing 3 Fine Arts 2 Animal Products 1 Vegetable Products 1 Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Geo. Higinbotham, President. March 7, 1888. EIGHTH REPORT. The Executive Commissioners have again to report a steady advance being made in all branches of the work pertaining to the forthcoming Exhibition. The external painting, and the internal painting and decorations, have now made such progress as to lead to the expectation that they will be completed by the contract time. The additional bay at the northern end of temporary annexes, men- tion of which was made iu the last report, has been commenced, and there is little doubt will also be ready in time. The height of the floor CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 427 above the natural level of the ground at this point has been taken ad- vantage of to secure additional space underneath for the display of ex- hibits, equal to over 25,000 square feet. The different committees continue actively engaged in forwarding the different portions of the work entrusted to them, and, since the general meeting at these offices on the 7th instant, have held the fol- lowing meetings: Executive (including five subcommittee meetings) 8 Ceremonial (including eight subcommittee meetings) 9 Finance 2 Building (including eight subcommittee meetings) 11 Printing 1 Pine Arts 1 Animal Products 1 Machinery (inclnding two subcommittee meetings) 3 Minerals and Mining 2 Manufactures (including five subcommittee meetings for the allotment of space) 6 In the last report it was mentioned that a contract had been entered into with the Australian Electric Company for the erection and work- ing of the necessary electric plant and fittings for lighting the build- ings during the progress of the Exhibition. Since then tenders Tiave been accepted for the necesssary motive power, as under : £ s. d. Three pairs high-pressure horizontal engines 5,550 Twelve steel boilers 7,200 Shafting, gearing, etc 5,604 6 9 The following is a list of contracts entered into since last meeting and list of the works now being tendered for: Alteration to dining rooms, etc., erection of additional bay to annexes, inclosing space below floor level of temporary annexes. Works for which tenders have been called — erection of engine and boiler houses, etc., cartage, temporary gas lighting. In connection with the fire appliances, the 1 6 horse-power Otto gas- engine has been fixed in position, and it is anticipated that within a few days the pumps will be erected, and the necessary connections made with the mains to insure sufficient pressure for all requirements throughout the water-pipes with which the buildings are now reticu- lated. In cases of emergency, a pressure equal to 300 pounds to the square inch will be capable of being maintained. The 5-tou steam-crane is now erected at the Mcholson street en- trance, and is in thorough working order, and has already been in use in connection with the receipt of goods from the Adelaide Exhibition. An arrangement has been entered into with Messrs. Waygood & Co., by which that firm have agreed to construct a lift from the ground floor to the dome parapet on most advantageous terms to the Bxhibi- 428 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. tion Commissioners. The work in connection with this is now proceed- ing rapidly. The exertions made by some of the sister colonies to be well repre- sented at the Exhibition have been so successful as to make it necessary for them to apply for further space to that at first allotted to them. The Executive Commissioners have, therefore, at the earnest request of the Commissioners appointed, increased the space allotted to South Australia from 20,000 square feet to 25,000 square feet; New Zealand, from 10,000 square feet to 20,000 square feet; and Tasmania from 3,500 square feet to 12,500 square feet. Judging from the latest information received, the very large increase of floor-space which has been provided in excess of that which was allotted in 1880-'81 will, it is feared, prove totally insufficient to meet the requirements of the different countries and colonies proposing to exhibit, if all the space applied for be granted. In the machinery section applications have been received for 145,000 square feet of space, exclusive of the quantity which has been applied for by Victorian exhibitors, and which of itself will not be less than about 75,000 square feet. This amount of 220,000 square feet, large as it is, will be swelled by the requirements of the United States of America and Canada, from neither of which places has the necessary information on the subject been received. It will be obvious, therefore, that very little short of a quarter of a million square feet of floor-space will be required for exhibits of ma- chinery, and although some portions of this will no doubt admit of be- ing placed in the open grounds, the greater portion must necessarily be placed in buildings, and on foundations of more or less stability, and this means a very considerable addition in the shape of annexes in addi- tion to those already existing. An Armament Court, covering an area of about 20,000 square feet, will also require to be erected, in order that the large and representative collection of ancient and modern arms and weapons of war, which is being speciallj' brought together for the purposes of exhibition, may be effectively displayed. The latest advices to hand respecting the loan collection of pictures, allusion to which was made in the sixth report submitted to the Com- missioners on the 28th of January last, state that the matter is pro- gressing favorably. It has been considered desirable that exhibits illustrative of the edu- cational systems of the various countries and colonies should, if possible, be brought together in a special Court for the purpose of comparison. With this view, circulars have been issued to the various colonies, and through the Agent-G-eneral to the British and European Commissions, requesting them to give this matter very careful consideration, and, if possible, their co-operation. It has been further suggested that experts in educational matters should visit Victoria for the purpose of comparing the different sys- tems and interchanging ideas on the subject. The Commissioners for CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 429 ]S"ew South "Wales have already replied, stating that they consider the matter oue of the greatest importance, and promising to use their hest endeavors to insure a successful representation ou their part. Mr. R. S. Walpole having expressed a desire to act on the Ceremonial and Wine Committees, the Executive Commissioners recommend that his name be added to the committees accordingly. An estimate has been carefully prepared, showing that in connection with the Exhibition the outlay up to the 31st of July next may be an- ticipated to amount to £217,000, as follows : Temporary annexes, new offices, and reception roooms : Contraotslet £71,759 Estimated amount required in addition^ 16, 000 Electric ligliting : Contracts let 44,894 Estimated amount required in addition 13,000 Painting and decorations : Contraotslet 11,707 Estimated amount required in addition 1, 500 All otlier contracts 2,898 Estimated amount required in addition 2,000 Alterations carried out by day labor 5, 161 Gas fittings and gas.. 4,000 Orchestra, chorus, etc 17,000 Catalogue, architect's commission, insurance of pic- tures '- 7,700 Expenses of London and other committees 6, 350 Salaries, ■wages, stores, etc., including gardens, aqua- rium, fire brigade, etc 12,980 Total 216,949 Against this expenditure — to which must be added the wages, etc., during the currency of the Exhibition — there will be a set-off, consist- ing of the receipts from admissions and other sources, and the value of the electric-lighting plant, m.ichinery, buildings, etc., at the close of the Exhibition. There is at present no reason to suppose that the net cost to the country will exceed to any great extent the sum originally named by the Commissioners on the 26th of January, 1887, in their interview with the Treasurer, viz, £100,000. Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Geo. Higinbotham, President. March 27, 1888. 430 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. NINTH REPORT. The Executive Commissioners have to report that the various works ■required for the completion of the necessary buildings, etc., are being pushed forward, and will admit of the Exhibition being opened, as originally contemplated, on the 1st of August next. The additional bay at the northern end of the annexes is well ad- vanced, and the internal decorations are keeping pace with the build- ings. In consequence of the large amount of additional space applied for it has been found necessary to extend the annexes on the western side to a line 12 feet from the Eathdown street boundary, and to the full depth of the annexes on that side. These additional buildings will cover a space of 600 by 78, or 46,800 superficial feet, and will be principally occupied by French and German exhibits. A contract has been entered into for the erection of this addition at a price of £7,434 19s. Id. The large amount of space required for the exhibition of machinery, both stationary and in motion, necessitates the erection of further build- ings for its accommodation, and tenders have been accepted for addi- tional annexes on the western side of, and parallel with, the permanent annexes. This, and one on the eastern side, north of the Nicholson street goods entrance, will give a further available space of 112,864 superficial feet, at a cost of £22,611 lis. 10^, A contract has been accepted for the erection of an engine-house to contain the electric-lighting plant, and progress is being made with this work. The contract price is £7,397 12s. 3d. for the building, and for the shafting, etc., £3,996 6s. 9d. For the whole of this work the designs of Mr. T. H. Woodruff, engineer to the railway department, have been utilized, and, with the consent of the railway commissioners, that gen- tleman has undertaken the superintendence of its erection. The contractors for the electric lighting of the buildings are pushing the work forward rapidly, the leads, consisting of many miles of wire, having already been placed in position. The contractors for the engines and boilers required for driving the dynamos have the work well in hand, and there is every reason to ex- pect that the lighting arrangements of the whole of the buildings will be completed by the specified time. Arrangements for partially light- ing by gas, should the same be required at any time, will also shortly be completed. It is expected that the new oflices for the staff will be ready for occu- pation in a few days, and opportunity will be taken of remodeling the present offices to suit other requirements. The accommodation which will be required for post and telegraph departments, including telephonic communication, as well as that for the customs and police, has not been overlooked, and the matter is re- ceiving immediate attention. Referring to the mention made in the fifth report of the contemplated CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 431 musical arrangements, the Exhibition Commissioners desire to state that these are now nearly completed. The director, Mr. F. H. Co wen, will arrive some time in June, and will bring with him about fifteen in- strumentalists. The rest of the musicians composing the orchestra have been engaged locally. The formation of the chorus is progressing, and it is expected that in a few days the full number required will be completed. The acoustics of the main hall have been carefully studied, and several alterations are now being made to enable full justice to be done to the musical performances. The arrangements for the comfort and convenience of the ladies and gentlemen composing the orchestra and chorus are in progress, and will be found thoroughly suitable for their intended purpose. For the musical setting for the prize poem, twenty-eight compositions were received. These were submitted to the following gentlemen, who had consented to act as judges : The Eev. G. W. Torrance, Mus. Doc, Alberto Zelman, Eoberto Hazon, and Alfred Plumpton. The first award has been adjudged to the composition of Mr. H. J. King, of Sydney, and the second to that of M. Leon Caron, of the same city. The Executive Commissioners have great pleasure in drawing atten- tion to the very gratifying response which has been made to the request of the British B jyal Commission by the possessors of pictures of a high class. The result has been the gathering together of a splendid collec- tion of the works of eminent artists for exhibition here. Contracts have been accepted for the catering and refreshment bars, and the Executive have pleasure in stating that the premiums paid for these privileges amounted to £5,450. There is every reason to believe that the successful tenderers may be fullj^ relied on to carry out these very important arrangements satisfactorily. It has been determined to fit up a small portion of the buildings with a suite of rooms for the use of His Excellency the G-overnor and the Commissioners, including those representing the various nationalities. These will be lighted with electric light. The Executive have considered it desirable to appoint Mr. Thomas Pugh to the position of General Superintendent. This gentleman had control of the same department during the Exhibition of 1880-81, and his experience in subsequent exhibitions has, in their opinion, specially qualified him to fill that position satisfactorily. Acting on the recommendation of the Finance Committee, the Ex- ecutive have determined that the method of admission to the buildings on all ordinary occasions shall be effected through registering turnstiles, at which the exact amount of cash will require to be tendered by the public. Boxes will be erected in suitable places, where change will be obtainable, in order that this system may be carried into effect. It has also been determined, on the recommendation of the same committee, not to issue season tickets. 432 CENTENNIAL INTEKNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. In connection with the loading and unloading of goods it has been deemed necessary, in consequence of the very large increase in the area of the Exhibition buildings, to receive goods at five different entrances, tjiree on the Eathdown street side and two fronting Nicholson street. At these entrances cranes are being erected capable of dealing with weights up to 12 tons. It is expected with this accommodation that the work of distributing the exhibits, as they arrive, over the different portions of the buildings will be simplified and accomplished with ease and rapidity. Contracts have been entered into for the cartage of goods from the various wharves and railways in Melbourne to any of the above en- trances at Is. lO^d. per ton, calculated either by measurement of 40 cubic feet, or by weight of 20 cwts. ; and for the storage of empty cases and packages at the rate of 4s. lOd. per ton of 40 cubic feet, for a period extending to four weeks after the close of the Exhibition; after that at the rate of Id. per ton per week. The committee appointed to deal with the allotment of space to in- tending Victorian exhibitors has finished its labors so far as the grant- ing of space is concerned. The work in connection with the determina- tion of the position of each individual exhibitor is proceeding rapidly, and will soon be completed. With a view to the prompt and efficient dispatch of business, the Ex- ecutive Commissioners have found it expedient to appoint one of their number, with the title of Executive Vice-President, to act as their rep- resentative in all matters requiring to be dealt with without delay. The position has been offered to and accepted by the Hon. Lieut. Col. F. T. Sargood. The total amount of floor- space granted to the various countries and colonies to the latest date is as follows, but further modifications will doubtless be necessary : Country. Maia buildin'i. * Ajmexes. Macliinery. In grounds. Total. Auatro-Htingary .. Belgiam Canada France G-ermany Great Britain Italy New Sontt Wales . New Zealand Sontli Anstralia ... Switzerland Tasmania TJoited States Victoria Qaeensland 2,150 6,000 (t) 950 (t) (t) 8,890 6,010 10, 770 960 870 3,000 12, 450 13, 970 i,230 20, 000 66, 925 7», 595. 111,817 3,750 83, 300 20, 125 30, 872 3,600 12,500 37, 500 217, 539 5,750 (t) 2,150 20, 000 108, 000 15, 500 2,000 (t) 31, 178 500 (t) (t) 3,000 2,400 19, 000 2,400 15,150 7,730 20, 000 80,115 111, 605 230, 587 4,710 103, 620 24, 525 30, 872 3,600 12, 500 40,500 280,167 8,650 * Exclusive of cellar space. t No advices yet received as to requirements for these countries. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 433 Since the last report the different committeea have held meetings as under : Executive (including six subcommittee meetings) 11 Building (including three subcommittees meetings) 10 Machinery 3 Finance 7 Ceremonial (including eleven subcommittee meetings) 14 Manufactures (including twenty-four subcommittee meet- ings) 25 Fine Arts (including one subcommittee meeting) 4 Vegetable Products (including four subcommittee meet- ings) 5 Refreshments 1 Minerals and Mining (including one subcommittee meet- ing) 2 Printing 1 Animal Products (including one subcommittee meeting) ... 3 Wine 1 Intercolonial 1 Signed on behalf of the Executive Commissioners. Jas. MacBain, Vice-President. Mat, 1888. TENTH REPORT. The Executive in presenting their tenth report in accordance with the regulations, regret that it has been impossible, in consequence of the pressure of work, to call together the Commissioners at au earlier date. The position of President, which at the time of the last meeting had been rendered vacant by the retirement of His Honor the Chief Justice, has since been conferred by the Government upon Sir James MacBain, who has, since his acceptance of office, conducted the work of the Ex- hibition in conjunction with the Executive. After considerable discussion the Executive has deemed it advisable to adhere to the date originally fixed for the opening of the Exhibition, namely, the 1st of August. The opening ceremony will consequently take place on that day, and invitation 3 to the leading political, relig- ious, municipal, and civil-service officials of this and the other Austral- asian colonies, have been issued to the number of about six thousand, the remaining space having been thrown open to the public for pur- chase by ticket. In consequence of the large amount of space required for exhibits, both in the machinery and industrial sections, it has been found nec- essary to further extend the area und-jr cover. In addition to the bay added at the northern end, three machinery sheds, covering an area of about 50,000 square feet, are in various stages of completion. Addi- tional annexes have also been erected to hold the exhibits for minor and MEL 28 434 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. educational courts, covering 42,000 square feet ; a machinery annex for British and foreign machinery, 96,000 square feet ; machinery annexes for the A ustralian colonies, 30,000 square feet; an Armament Court, 17,500 square feet, and buildings containing the whole of the electric- lighting machinery, of an area of 31,250 square feet. All the necessary rooms for the convenience of His Excellency the Governor and his guests, Commissioners' dining-room, etc., have been erected in the southern end of the permanent western machinery annex, and are now approaching completion. The erection of the turnstiles for the admission of the public is being rapidly proceeded with, and these will be ready on the day of opening. The total area covered by the buildings and available for the pur- pose of exhibiting goods is about 35J acres. The question of insuring this large and valuable property has occa- sioned the Executive Commissioners a considerable amount of anxiety, especially in view of the fact that the insurance companies have seen lit to considerably raise the premiums upon all insurance in connection with the Exhibition. The following amounts have, however, been placed by the Commis- sioners' brokers : Main building £44,489 Annexes -. - - ..- 55, 540 Endeavors are being made to extend these amounts at a reasonable figure. On the Victorian loan collection of pictures the rates asked were re- garded as so excessive that a deputation from the Executive consulted the Premier on the subject, with the result that the Government resolved to incur the responsibility of becoming answerable for the safety of these pictures, rather than insure them at the premiums demanded. The loan collection of pictures forwarded from England has arrived, and is being rapidly placed in position in the fine arts section allotted to Great Britain. The art collections of other exhibiting nations are also well forward, and will no doubt be ready for inspection on the opening day. The exhibits in the industrial section are being rapidly placed in posi- tion, but the enormous space to be covered, and the late period at which some of these will reach the colony, render it impossible for every ex- hibitor to have his goods fully prepared for inspection on the 1st prox- imo. There is little doubt, however, that a very good show will be made on that day, and that a short time subsequently will see the whole of the industrial exhibits erected and in order. Machinery exhibits are still arriving from England, and it is there- fore impossible that this very interesting portion of the Exhibition, con- sisting as it does of so many moving exhibits, can be fully completed for a short period after the opening of the Exhibition. It Is not antici- CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 435 pated, however, that the Exhibition will be in a less complete state of preparation on the opening day than is usual with large international exhibitions throughout the world, where goods have to be brought in large quantities many thousands of miles. The gold passes for the members of this Commission are being rap- idly prepared and are in course of issue. The decorations of the various Courts, including those facing the Grand Avenue of Nations, are rapidly approaching completion. The Executive Commissioners desire to place on record their obliga- tions to the railway commissioners for ready assistance at all times, which has greatly facilitated their labors, and for the large concessions made by the issue of free passes over the lines to visitors from other colonies, and by granting reduced suburban fares to tlie lady members of the choir. The responsible and onerous position of Chairman of Juries has been accepted by Joseph Bosisto, esq., C. M. G., by whom rules and regula- tions have been drawn up and approved by the Executive. These, how- ever, are considered a matter of such grave 'importance to the final success of the Exhibition, that before finally adopting them it has been deemed advisable that they should be distributed among the members of the Commission for perusal,, and receive their approval before being put in force. The balance-sheet up to the 30th of June last, duly certified by the Commissioners of Audit, will be found attached to this report. For the Executive Commissioners. Jas. MacBain, President. July 23, 1888. Centennial International ExMiition, Melbourne, 1888 — Balance-sheet, 30th June, 1888. RECEIPTS. £ 8. d. £ s. d. To treasury vote, 1886-'87 999 1 9 To treasury vote, 1887-'88 100,000 To treasury vote, 1888-'89, including remittance to London 49,792 2 3 150,791 4 To aquarium receipts 3, 4ti6 18 To licenses and rents 1, 519 13 8 Tocatalogue 449 15 To deposits on contracts 1,819 12 To sale of old materials 11 To debit balance Federal Bank 759 12 158,807 5 8 436 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. EXPENDITUKBS. £ 8. d. £ a. d. By temporary annexes 85,346 9 11 By decorations 10,369 4 By electric-light expenses 23,960 9 3 By machinery in motion 735 14 3 By new ofSoes, reception rooms, etc 2,414 18 By fencing, etc 693 19 By aquarium building expenses 413 6 By gas and gas fittings 868 7 11 : 124, 802 8 4 By advertising 311 7 H By aquarium working expenses 3,093 6 1 By agent-general expenditure 1, 377 7 11 By agent-general expenditure, remittance to London, June 25, 1888 10,00 11,377 7 11 By closets and lavatories 28 15 6 By committees' expenditures 268 18 7 By furniture .-. 135 9 6 Byfirebrigade 1,496 10 4 By general wages 3, 437 11 8 By gardens ". 1,842 11 5 By general charges 506 3 6 Byinsurance 240 19 3 Byiuterest 1 16 4 By orchestra and chorus 1,072 8 By office expenses 4,890 17 1 By ceremonial expenses 163 18 3 By printing and stationery 1, 094 14 10 By refreshments 36 19 6 By stores 1,196 9 7 By sundry charges on exhibits 4 4 3 By telegrams 570 18 8 By secretary's emergency account 400 By deposits lodged to credit of secretary's account 1 , 819 12 u 2,219 12 By balance City of Melbourne Bank 14 4 4 158,807 5 8 July 4, 1888. Geo. T. a. Lavater, Secretary. W. G. TULLOCH, Accountant, Examined and found correct. W. H. TCCKETT, Auditor. We certify that the books and accounts of the Centennial International Exhibi- tion, Melbourne, for the year ending June 30, 1888, have been examined and found correct. T. W. Jackson, John W. Fosbery, Commissioners of Audit. Audit Office, Melbourne, July 16, 1888. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 437 ELEVENTH REPORT. When presenting their last report, the Executive Commissioners stated that it had been deemed advisable to adhere to the date originally fixed for the opening of the Exhibition, viz, the 1st of August. As the Commissioners are aware, that determination was duly carried out, and on that day the Centennial International Exhibition of 1888 was formally opened by His Excellency the Governor of Victoria, in the presence of the whole of the Governors of the Australasian colonies, with the exception of Western Australia, and a large and representa- tive aissemblage of over eight thousand people. The Executive have great pleasure in stating that the whole of the ceremonies connected with the opening of the Exhibition, from the in- augural outside procession to the closing internal ceremonies, were car- ried out in the most successful manner, and that the arrangements were favorbly commented upon by both the press and the public. The Com- missioners have further pleasure in stating that they have been congrat- ulated by the different Governors and the leading personages of the va- rious colonies upon the manner in which all the arrangements in con- nection with the opening ceremony were planned and carried out. The series of banquets, concerts, etc., which marked the fortnight subsequent to the opening of the Exhibition were very successfully carried out, and, as numbers of letters on the subject which have been received prove, were excessively gratifying to the yisitors from the va- rious countries and colonies who were entertained at them. The Executive Commissioners desire at this point to place on record their appreciation of the manner in which the various offlcers of their staff, and all employes connected with the Exhibition, performed the duties intrusted to them on that occasion. The number of persons who visited the building on the opening day was 35,107, as against 24,100 who visited the Exhibition of 1880 on the like occasion. The attendance throughout the whole of the month of August has shown a very marked improvement upon that which obtained during the month of October, 1880, in spite of the fact that the weather has not been so favorable for securing a large attendance. The records show that during the past month 312,272 persons have visited the Exhibi- tion, as against 189,428 in October, 1880, or an increase of nearly 65 per cent, on the attendance during the first month of the last Exhibition. Since the opening, a very large amount of work has been done in the shape of completing exhibits in the industrial sections, but more yet re- mains before this portion .of the Exhibition is finally completed, and the Internal Arrangements Committee have been taking steps to push this portion of the work to completion. In the machinery section, delay has been unavoidable, as, at the date jf opening, the erection of a considerable portion of the buildings for 438 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. this part of the Exhibition was still in progress. A large amount of work has, however, been done, and it is hoped that within a short time this section of the Exhibition will be completed. The erection of the Armament Court has been finished, and good progress is now being made in the matter of placing exhibits in position. Some educational exhibits (notably those of Great Britain) have not yet arrived in the colony, but advice has been received of their ship- ment, and preparations are being made to deal with them as soon as they come to hand. The first edition of the Catalogue, which has been issued, was neces- sarily incomplete, the late arrival of a very large number of the exhibits in several of the Courts rendering it impossible to obtain sufficient data to insure accuracy. The diflSculty of obtaining complete information as to the exhibits in some of the Courts has led to delay in the preparation of the second edition ; but it is anticipated that this will be ready almost immediately, and that the inaccuracies and omissions which marked the first edition will be found to have been remedied in this. A special Fine Arts Catalogue has been prepared, dealing entirely with that section of the exhibits, and giving, wherever practicable, in- formation regarding the different paintings in the Fine Art Galleries. This will form a very interesting record of what, taken on the whole, is, without doubt, the finest collection of paintings which has yet been ex- hibited in Australasia. The method of admission by means of registering turnstiles and the accompanying cash payment, instead of by tickets as heretofore, has now had a fair trial, and has been found to work satisfactorily, and it is anticipated that it will be even more so now that the men have mas- tered the manipulation of the turnstiles. Eeferring to the lighting of the building by means of the electric light, the Executive has great pleasure in stating that, after a month's trial of what is stated to be the largest single installation in the history of electric lighting ever attempted by a single company, it has proved a marked success. The arrangements for catering, and those generally for the conven- ience of the public, have been carefully supervised, and improvements effected from time to time as experience dictated. The musical performances given under the direction of Mr. F. H. Cowen, from the inaugural ceremony to the present time, have been the theme of universal approbation, and as an educational feature in the art and practice of music will doubtless be found of great value in the future. It having come to the knowledge of the Committee for Internal Ar- rangements that some of the exhibitors are in the habit of selling and delivering goods not manufactured in and during the progress of the Ex- hibition, and without the authority of a special permit, as required by the ninth clause of the regulations promulgated in the official prospec- tus, under which all applications for space were made, the Executive are CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 439 taking measures which they trust will enable them to put a stop to this very objectionable practice. The question of expenses in connection with carrying on the work of the Exhibition during the time it is open has been carefully considered and the stall' list is being constantly revised with a view to keeping the expenditure down to the lowest point consistent with efficiency. In connection with the work of the committees the following shows the number of meetings which have been held since the presentation of the tenth report: Executive 7 Internal Arrangements 7 Finance 8 Building (including 1 8ub) 9 Animal Products (including 2 subs) . 6 Printing 2 Ceremonial (including 2 subs) 3 Minerals and Mining (including 1 sub) 3 Machinery (sub) 1 Vegetable Products 1 Wine 1 Invitations 1 The Commissioners have arranged for the following special shows to be held: Dairy produce, 20th, 21st, and 22d, September; grain and other agricultural produce, 9th and 10th October ; dairy produce (sec- ond show), 1st, 2d, and 3d November; horticultural, 15th and 16th No- vember; wool, January, 1889; horticultural (second show), January, 1889 (date not fixed). The following balance-sheet shows the receipts and expenditure in connection with the Exhibition to the 31st August, duly certified by the auditor: Centennial International Exkihition, Melbourne, 1888. — Balance-sheet, August 31, 1888. KECIJIPTS. £ s. d. £ s. d. To treasury vote, 1886-'87 999 1 9 To treasury vote, 1887-'88 99,999 19 8 To treasury vote, 1888-'89 98,742 4 2 To treasury advance 39,516 15 6 239,258 1 1 To admissions 13,977 12 3 To aquarium receipts 3,805 5 To auction sales Ill Tocatalogues 354 13 8 To closets and lavatories 83 11 6 To Commissioners' wine bars 161 4 Toooncerts 901 8 8 To deposits on contracts 1.107 2 To dome receipts 59 2 To licenses and rents 4,11115 4 To prize fund, Burgoyne 52 10 24,615 13 7 203,873 14 8 440 CENTENNIAL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUKNE. EXPENDITURES. £ a. d. £ a. d. By temporary annexes 112, 510 13 7 By electric-liglit expenses 53,191 4 7 By decorations 13,811 2 6 By new offices and reception rooms 2,950 9 7 By machinery in motion 4,180 19 6 Byfencing 715 19 By aquarium building expenses 413 6 187,773 15 By agent-general 1,885 3 2 By agent-general, remittances 10,000 Less vouchers received and debited to agent-general... 507 5 3 9,492 14 9 By advertising 450 12 5 By aquarium working expenses 3,550 12 9 By ceremonial expenses 2,702 19 ID By closets and lavatories 256 14 8 By committees' expenditure 268 18 7 By Commissioners' wine bars 96 17 Byfurniture 1,670 5 6 By flag department 345 3 9 By fire brigades 2,371 3 6 Bygardens 2,919 12 2 By gas and gas fittings 1,728 14 8 By general charges 3,124 18 By general wages 12,691 17 8 By insurances 2,122 4 5 Byiuterest 1 16 6 By office expenses 7,315 1 5 By orchestra and chorus 6,735 10 4 By orchestra alterations 1,076 10 3 By printing and stationery 1,343 10 3 By refreshments 79 11 By secretary's advances account 2, 271 12 3 Bystores 3,023 4 9 By sundry charges on exhibits 47 2 10 By telegrams 609 14 11 By working dairy 46 14 3 By switchback railway 294 Bank balances — Federal Bank 5,497 1 City Bank 1,633 12 6 7, 130 12 7 By cash in hand, Slst— receipts 442 6 1 263,873 14 8 Geo. T. a. Lavater, Secretary. W. 6. Tdlloch, September 5, 1888. Accountant. Examined and found corrreot, W. H. Tdckett, September 7, 1888. Auditor. For the Executive Commissioners. Jas. MacBatn, September 10, 1888. President. CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. 441 TWELFTH REPORT. Siuce the presentation of the last report nothing of sufficient impor- tance has transpired to necessitate calling the general body of Commis- sioners together to receive a further report. At the last (special) meeting a copy of the regulation for the purpose of dealing with unauthorized sales within the Exhibition, and which had been specially drafted by the solicitors, Messrs. Malleson, England & Stewart, was adopted. This new regulation was duly approved by the Governor in Council, and gazetted ou the 16th October, 1888. Pre- vious to its being enforced, several endeavors were made. to stop unau- thorized sales by warning exhibitors to discontinue disposing of their goods. In many instances the exhibitors disregarded these warnings, and it was deemed advisable by the Executive to institute proceedings against those selling in contravention of the regulations, and the Com- missioners' solicitors were instructed accordingly to proceed against them. The validity of the regulations passed by the Commissioners having been questioned, the cases were postponed to admit of the matter being dealt with by the Supreme Court, and the points at issue were argued before the full court on the 30th of November. The judges were unani- mous in their decision, which was to the effect that the regulations passed by the Commissioners were valid, and possessed the full force of law. On the 6th of December the cases were heard at the Melbourne police court, and the offending persons were fined in small amounts with costs, the Commissioners having instructed the solicitors not to press for heavy penalties. It will be seen, therefore, that the Executive Com- missioners have carried out the wishes expressed by the general body at previous meetings, viz, that the sale of goods not manufactured in and during the progress of the Exhibition was undesirable and should not be permitted. The Exhibition has now been open over four months, during which time it has been visited by 1,395,884 persons, of whom 1,203,921 have paid for admission. The total amount received to this date is £73,400 6s. 3d. The desirability of keeping the Exhibition open for a longer period than was originally intended has engaged the attention of the Execu- tive. Communications were addressed to all the Commissioners of the various Courts, with a view of ascertaining if the extension were practi- cable. The general tenor of the answers received showed that there was every desire on the part of the Commissioners of the various countries and colonies exhibiting, to meet the wishes of the Executive Commis- sioners, if they proposed to extend the date for closing. The difficulties, however, were such that, after mature deliberation, it was decided to adhere to the date originally fixed, viz, the 31st of January, 1889. 442 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. The second edition of the Catalogue was Issued on the lOtU of Sep- tember, 1888. In this were rectified the errors of the first edition, so far as was possible with the information to hand. The late date, how- ever, of the reception of many of the exhibits rendered it impossible for the second edition to contain everything that is now being displayed in the buildings and grounds, and particulars are now being obtained with a view to complete the Catalogue by an addendum. Having regard to the onerous and difQcult task of judging of the relative merits of the exhibits under the different classes, the Executive Commissioners, after careful consideration, requested Mr. Bosisto, one of their number, to undertake the position of Chairman of Juries, a posi- tion which, from his great experience in exhibition work in all its branches, they deemed him specially suited to fill. The post having been accepted by Mr. Bosisto, the important work in this direction was at once proceeded with. The voluntary services of six hundred and thirty-five gentlemen and nineteen ladies, qualified to act as judges, having been obtained, judging was commenced on the 12th of Septem- ber, and has been continued without intermission. In all, fifty-four juries have been appointed to deal with the ninety- two classes of ex- hibits contained in the Exhibition. The following statement will show what has been completed in this respect to date of the present report : LIST SHOWING CLASSES ADJUDICATED UPON, AWARDS MADE UP TO DATE, AND CONFIRMED BT EXECUTIVE. Classes examined. 12. Photographs. 71. Carriages, etc. 17, 18, and 20. Furniture and accessories. 80. Beers (bulk and bottled). 19. Carpets. 80. Malt and hops. 57. Wool (1887 clip). Awards made. First awards 184 Second awards 157 Third awards 121 Fourth awards, honorable mention 68 530 Awards made at special shows. Description. Special grain show Special farm and dairy shows. Horticultural show Totals at special shows . First. Second. 78 Third. 49 Fourth. 10 Special shows, grand total 250 General exhibits, grand total 530 Total awards made 780 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. 443 The Executive Commissioners trust tbat tlie judging will have been completed, and the awards made by the different juries confirmed by the Executive, in time for the lists of the same to be handed to the au- thorized representatives of each Court on the occasion of the closing ceremony. In connection with the work of the committees, subjoined is the num- ber of meetings which have been held (from lltb of September to 17th of December, 1888) since the presentation of the eleventh report: Ceremonial (including subs) 11 Printing 6 Machinery 3 Finance 15 Internal Arrangements 20 Executive 14 Building (including subs) 19 Animal Products 4 Fine Arts 7 Wine 1 Mining 1 Chairmen 2 Vegetable Products 1 Attached will be found a statement of receipts and expenditures to the 30th November, 1888. JAS. MacBain, President. December 26, 1888. Centennial International Exhilition, Melbourne, 1888 — Balance-sheet, November 30, 1883. RECEIPTS. £ s. d. £ 8. d. To treasury vote, 1886-'87 999 1 9 To treasury vote, 1887-'88 99,999 19 8 To treasury vote, 1888-'89 99,994 17 To treasurer's advances account 67,272 8 6 268, 266 6 11 Toadmissions 50,062 13 6 Toaquarium 5,447 19 To auction sales 1 11 To catalogues 564 5 To closets and lavatories 567 1 7 To Commissioners' wine bars 817 19 3 Toconoerts 5,219 17 5 Todome 802 4 To licenses and rents 5,717 18 3 To shooting gallery -. 22 1 5 To switchback railway 999 15 3 70,223 2 To deposits on contracts 810 To prize fund, Burgoyne 52 10 339,351 18 11 444 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOURNE. EXPENDITCEBS. £ S. d. £ 8. d. By temporary annexes 121,784 19 9 By electric light 66.446 8 By decorations 16,755 13 4 By machinery in motion 11,023 10 By new offices and reception rooms 3,107 12 2 Byfencing 754 6 9 By aquarium building 413 6 220, 284 19 6 By agent-general 1,962 19 9 By agent-general remittances 10,000 Less vouchers received, debited agent-general 9, 466 10 533 10 By advertising 921 18 6 By aquarium working 4,450 13 5 By ceremonial expenses 3,528 10 6 By closets and lavatories 1,269 5 5 By committees' expenditure 268 18 7 By Commissioners' wine bars 310 5 By electric railway 12 6 By fees to experts 42 5 Byfire brigade 3,825 ll 10 By flag department 3,097 12 1 Byfarniture 3,752 3 2 Bygardens 4,136 12 5 By gas and gas fittings 5,608 2 4 By general charges 6,630 12 10 By general wages 19,287 17 11 By insurances 7,724 4 11 Byinterest 1 16 6 By office expenses 9,765 12 5 By orchestra and chorus 19, 714 5 6 By orchestra alterations, etc ^ 2,592 5 5 Byothermusic 621 3 By printing and stationery 2,385 16 By refreshments 271 10 7 By refreshments, jurors 208 18 5 480 9 By juries' department 20 2 1 Bystores 5,054 12 1 By sundry charges on exhibits 55 18 11 By switchback railway 294 By telegrams 1,307 19 1 By working dairy 825 15 9 By auditors' fees 25 By secretary's emergency account 1,500 Bank balances: By Federal Bank 3,624 3 8 By€ityBank 3,182 11 6 By cash in hand, receipts — 30th instant 263 12 4 7,070 7 6 339,351 18 11 G. T. A. Lavater, Secretary. W. G. TlTLLOCH, Accountant. Audited and found correct. C. H. Tucsbtt December 6, 1888. AcHna Audiior. o. ACCOUNTANTS STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND ATTENDANCE. W. G. TuUoch, Esq., the Accountant, submitted his report to the Vic- torian Executive Commissioners after the Exhibition had, on March 11, been closed to the public, and referring to the receipts and admissions the following statements appear in his report, viz : The total number of admissions of visitors was 1,963,436, the daily average being 12,271. The largest attendance was on the 26th of Jan- uary, the celebration of the founding of the colony of New South W ales, when the number registered was 42,395. The admissions, includ- ing workmen's and exhibitors' passes, totaled 2,226,295. The receipts for admission to the building from the 1st of August, 1888, to the 2d of February, 1889, amounted to £84,063 16s. 5d., being a daily average of £525 7s. id. After the Exhibition had been formally closed on the 31st of January the admissions numbered 40,157, the receipts being £1,342 9s. 5^. The total number of admissions to the aquarium was 161,787, and the receipts £3,770 4s. ; to the dome, 126,978, £1,582 2s, The switchback railway admitted 338,892 through the turnstiles, and the Commissioners, receiving 42J percent, of the takings, netted £1,784 6s. 8d. ; whilst on the electric railways the passengers numbered 16,928, The total attendance at the Cowen concerts was 467,299, the daily average 3,074, and the total receipts were £9,020 14s. 5d. At the other concerts — distinguished from the Cowen concerts and the free concerts given in the different Courts — the total attendance was 122,936, 445 D. ADDRESS OF WELCOME BY THE MA YOB OF CASTLEMAINE. To the United States Commissioners of the Centennial ExhiMtion,Victoria : Gentlemen: As Mayor of the Borough of Castlemaiue, I desire to convey to you the Couucil's most hearty welcome as Kepresentatives of America to this borough and trust that you will receive gratification by your visit, and that the colony may reap advantage from your connec- tion with our Exhibition. We believe that these expositions are highly beneficial to commerce and tend to the best feelings of friendship between nations. Trusting that the amicable relations between America and these Colonies may long continue, on behalf of this Borough and its citi- zens I again tender you our warmest welcome. [SEAL.] Augustus Couets Tandell, Mayor. Decembee 17, 1888. 446 E. SPEECH OF COMMISSIONER M'COPPIN AT CASTLEMAINE, VICTORIA, DECEMBER 17, 1888, ON THE OCCASION OF A BANQUET GIVEN TO TEE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS BY THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF CASTLEMAINE. That I feel more at home here to-day than I have hitherto felt in this colony is due to the cordiality of your reception of us, and perhaps somewhat to the circumstance that the name of your place has revived memories^ and feelings which have lain dormant for a very long time. It so happens that I was born within a few miles of the old original Oastlemaiue in Ireland, and I have heard there was a lady there of that name- But unlike most of her country people she was loyal to the British connection. 'Tis said she loved the King, and because she did her husband was made a Lord. But this place was founded upon bet- ter principles and better morals, and I know it is better governed and the people are happier here than in the other place. I understand you select your public men upon a principle approved by the great Napoleon. When Madame De Stael asked him whom he thought the greatest woman in France, he answered, " She who has the most children." Well, seeing that the mayor of this town has had twenty-five children, as I am informed, he is, according to Napoleon, the greatest man in the colony, and had he lived under the first em- pire would doubtless have wielded one of the batons of France. But it is of America you wish me to speak. That country has done much to ameliorate the conditions that surround us, to make life easier, and man's lot more contented. Long after the " Song of the Shirt" was written, Brother Jonathan discovered that the eye was in the wrong end of the needle, and thus destroyed, not the rhythm, but the pathos of Hood's beautiful song. The fact of Franklin's bringing down the lightning from the clouds through the instrumentality of the kite is embalmed in the works of one of the greatest of English poets and most liberal of Englishmen, Lord Byron. And the phonograph is an instrument, as you all know, of American invention, in which the hu- man voice can be stored for ages — yes, for thousands of years. Just think of it — you who are now listening to me can, if you choose, speak in your own voice to your descendants five thousand years from now. The phonograph may possibly be used in the remote future for the pur- pose of determining which was the oldest family in point of rank, dig- nity, and education. The voice is a very fair index of the mind, as the use of larguage serves to show the degree of culture it has received, 447 448 CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MELBOUENE. and therefore the belles and beaux of the distant future will likely be bringing out the family phonograph to settle controversies touching these matters. It is announced that the illustrious British statesman, Mr. Gladstone, is soon to send a message through the phonograph to the American people. When he does it will resound throughout the world. Coming, for a moment, to the immediate present, I promise you if you will go down to the American Machinery Court you will see some interesting things. There are two particularly ingenious pieces of mechanism to be seen there — one, a round auger that bores a square hole; the other one makes mosquito netting out of plates of cold steel, provided the mosquitoes in Australia are as large as your historian Proude represents them. But when we come to think of the long night of agony through which the human family had to pass before the dawn came ; of the scourgings, the rackings, the crucifixions to which man was subjected by cruel and bloody-minded tyrants, I undertake to say, without intending in the least to derogate from any other country or people — on the contrary, remembering that such men as Hampden lived, and that Charles Stuart aud Louis XVI perished upon the scaffold — that the most august fig- ure that ever appeared upon the human stage from the beginning of time until this moment was Brother Jonathan, in Philadelphia in 1776, when he proclaimed to the whole world that all men were created equal and had certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To maintain this principle he fought two wars with the mother country. But there was still an unfortunate blot upon the flag of our great country. Happily it has been removed, but at the cost of one of the most stupendous civil wars recorded in his- tory; and now we are an absolutely free and happy people. The United States were weak, now they are strong ; they were poor, but now they are rich beyond any other country. But though they are strong they do not seek to oppress the weak. The mission of Brother Jonathan is rather to stoop to the unfortunate, and uplift the poor and lowly. Though rich he does not maintain great standing armies with which to kill and destroy his weaker neighbors, nor has he covered the seas with those monstrous engines of destruction which are meant to batter down the houses of innocent people, and to sweep from the face of the waters those peaceful messengers which carry the commerce of the world from country to country. The people of the United States see in these colonies one branch, and a most interesting branch, of the family to which they themselves be- long, and they see that you are dealing with the same elements that they had to deal with — the aborigines, the wilderness, and the mine — and they recognize the fact that you are building up a great nation in this southern hemisphere, as they have done in the northern ; and in all your aspirations after higher and nobler things be assured you have and shall have the full and cordial sympathy of Brother Jonathan. SPEECH OF SIR JAMES ilJCBAlN, PBESIDENT OF THE EXHIBITION, IN THE EXHIBITION BUILDING, JANUARY 15, 1889, ON THE OCCASION OF A BANQUET GIVEN BY HIM TO DISTINGUISHED VISITOBS. I wish air present a Happy New Year. I see around the tables a large number of gentlemen who have been actively engaged in contrib- uting to the success of the Exhibition. Your work will soon be done and many of you will return to your own countries. It has afforded the Commissioners and the people of Victoria great pleasure to meet you here, and your departure will be a matter of regret. One of my duties this day will be to " speed a parting guest." Some people object to the word " guest " because there is a certain harshness in the term ; but taking it in connection with another saying familiar to English- men, "The best of friends must part," that objection is removed. Hon. Frank McCoppin, the Executive Commissioner for the United States, will leave the colony on Monday next. You will all join with me in offering to Mr. McCoppin our best wishes. If Mr. McCoppin should ever become dissatisfied with his own country we hope he will come back to Victoria, where he will find the freest and most liberal system of government. I received a very flattering letter from Mr. McCoppin, notifying me of his departure and thanking the Commissioners and my- self for the kindness he has received. Sir James MacBain then read the letter, whicli appears in the Commissioners' Re- port, chapter 1, page 20. 449 3IBL 29 Gr. SPEECH OF COMMISSIONER M'COPPIN IN THE EXHIBITION BUILDING, JANUARY 15, 1889, ON THE OCCASION OF A BANQUET GIVEN B¥ THE PRESIDENT OF THE EXHIBITION, AND IN REPLY TO A SPEECH MADE BY HIM It is most agreeable to my feelings to be dismissed by the President of the Exhibition Commission in so handsome a manner. When I was taking leave of the President of the United States, on my way to Mel- bourne, I said to him, "I promise you, Mr. President, that the admin- istration of the affairs of the United States at the Melbourne Exhibi- tion shall be respectable." The letter that Sir James MacBain has read shows that, in his opinion at any rate, I have fulfilled that promise. I received that letter under something like a false pretense. When a man says " adieu, " the presumption is that he is going away ; but here I am still, like one of those old actors who, having made his last appear- ance, is brought out again for a benefit. When my letter to the Com- missioners was written I thought I should be going towards Torres Straits by this time, but the premature departure of the steamer has left me stranded here for the present. I have a very high respect for the press of Melbourne. I have writ- ten to America, and it has been published, that the press of Australia is conducted with great ability and respectability, and is not, like a part of the press of the United States, a terror to families who do not like notoriety, and to whom the kind of gibbeting in which thej' in- dulge is a torture. I observe that the press of Melbourne show a dis- position to criticise rather sharply the Exhibition and its management, and to draw inferences somewhat unfavorable to the latter. This is not just. The measure of success is comparative, and if they will look at what has been done elsewhere, they will find that the Melbourne Ex- hibition has been more liberally patronized by the people than any pre- ceding exhibition in the world. The exhibition held in London in 1851 was visited by 6,000,000 people ; that at Dublin, in 185.S, by 1,000,000 ; that at Paris, in 1855, by 4,500,000 ; that at London, in 1862, by 6,000,000 : that at Philadelphia, in 1876, by 10,000,000 ; and that at Melbourne in 1888 (during five months), by 1,500,000. From this it appears that of the people of England about one in six visited the exhibition of 1862, of 450 Centennial international exhibition at Melbourne. 451 the people of Fraiu;e, one in eight visited the exhibition of 1855 ; of the people of Iielaud, one in live visited the exliibition of 1853 ; of the peo- ple of the United States, one in live visited the exhibition of 1876, and of the people of Australia one in two visited the exhibition of 1888, equal to one time and a half for each inhabitant of Victoria. But, like every good thing one takes, including champagne, there might be a lit- tle headache in it. But after Victoria has made good the deficit, what- ever it might be, she will find herself stronger and more self-reliant, and therefore richer than ever she was before. Communities, like individu- als, are not aware of their own strength until they make a trial. Vic- toria has tried, and developed the strength of a giant. That England is throwing her money-bags at Victoria at 3J per cent, is evidence of the trnth of what I say. The colony is to be congratulated upon having its affairs in charge of very able public men. The gentleman at the top, though representing imperialism, is in manners and that "je ne mis quoi" which makes public men popular as democratic as the best of our public men in America; and with regard to the lady, had that "divinity which shapes ourends'^ cast her destiny iu the "White House," instead of the "Government House," she would be just as popular there as she deservedly is here. I hope to live to see the commerce between the Colonies and the United States expand enormously, and as it grows, so also will grow and expand those kindly fraternal feelings which are as yet but faintly expressed, but which in time will embrace all the people of the two countries. Then the great silent Pacific Ocean will be dotted with those "white- winged messengers of peace" which carry the productions of nature and of man from country to country. Eight in the track of this commerce lie cer- tain groups of islands which possess much interest for both America and Australia. America is now striving to preserve the autonomy of these islands, but Australia is " silent still and silent all." It will be deplorable if, in the give-and-take game now being played by the statesmen of Europe, the independence of these most interesting islands should be sacrificed. It has been said that a man who caused two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before was a benefactor ; and the man who, by his conduct toward others, multiplies generous s utiments and generous emotions in the minds of men is also a benefactor— and this Sir James MacBain has done. H. LETTER FROM COMMISSIONER M'COPPIN TO THE SECRETARY OF TBE NAVT IN REGARD TO LIEUTENANT MAKIX. San Francisco, Cal., May 29, 1889. Sir : I have the honor to inform you that Lieut. A. Marix, U. S. Navy, was, at my request and by order of the Secretary of the Ifavy, assigned to duty as Secretary and Disbursing Officer to the Commission sent by the Government to the Melbourne Exhibition, in which capacity he has been associated with me for more than a year past. Mr. Marix also acted as Superintendent of the American Court in the Exhibition, and was therefore brought into constant personal relations with all those citizens of the United States who had business with the Commission, as well as with the Colonial Officials, and I having, by permission of the Secretary of State, left Melbourne before the final closing of the Exhibition, Lieutenant Marix was appointed to represent the United States during my absence. It affords me sincere pleasure to say that in the discharge of the various and delicate duties which were thus devolved upon him, Mr. Marix conducted himself with marked ability, good judgment, and tact, and therefore is entitled to a full share of whatever honor and credit attach to the success of the Commission. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, Frank McCoppin, JJ. tS. Commissioner. Hon. B. F. Tracy, Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 452 Missing Page , v^. *.-\^«v -5 \ ^ \ ^ ■^,, .'^ xnJ^-^VV^^.