(^ SB59 New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. Library Cornell University Library SB 59.R88 Rules for judging and suggestions Jo sch 3 1924 000 683 262 P rice 1/6 post free January 1899 ESTABLISHED ^^^»|_ INCOEPORATED ^■^- 1804 fOmS^^m A.D. 1809 IRo^al Ibortlcultutal Society 117 VICTORIA STEEET, LONDON, S.W. SECOND EDITION, REVISED. HUliES FOR JUDGING AND SUGGESTIONS TO . , SCHEDULE-MAKERS, JUDGES, & EXHIBITORS ISSUED UNDBK THE DIRECTION OP THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1899 CODE FOR USB AT HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS G0PYR"3HT [all KIGHT8 reserved] Printed ii/ Sjnttiswoixle ^ dr., Neiv-street Square, London KEflT, The GflKDEN of EIlGIiflNl SUCCESS AT FRUIT SHOWS depends on starting- with well-grown HARDY FRUIT TREES while disappointment may be avoided, by securing, them TRUE TO NJIlME- GEORGE BUNYARD & CO .tnake these jnatters a 3PECIAL1TT, and they can affirm that for HEALTH, Q,UAIiITt, and QUANTITY ~ ^ ^ COMBINED WITH MODERN SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, ' > the Collection grown ;jp their EXTENSIVE NURSERIES : ri ! , ;/ capaot be surpassed! Every Visitor eonfiyms this. THEREFORE, BEFORE PURCHASING, Consult their Fruit Tree Catalogue (6 Stamps Rose ahd Strawberry Lists (Free), WHICH MAY BE HAD DIRaCt PROM THE ROYAL NURSERIES MAIDSTOHE. 310 Acres of General Nurseries. 60 Houses. R.H.S. Advertisement Office :-117 VICTORIA STREET, LONDOnTsa 1899 CODE RULES FOE JUDGING AND SUGGESTIONS TO SCHEDULE-MAKERS, JUDGES, & EXHIBITORS DEAWN UP BY A COMMITTEE OF THE 1Roi?al Iborticultural Societi? AND ISSUED BY ORDER OF THE OOUNCIL FOE USE AT HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS SECOND EDITION, REVISED COPYRIGHT ^rhtleb for iljt ^0)),hI llortitultnral Sodjtg BY SPOTTISWOODE & CO., NEW-STEEET SQUARE, LONDON 1899 |ut)0mjg Jlttks Cnmmtttec. '1896., Messrs. A. F. Barron, V.M.H. W. Bennett P. Blair G. BUNYARD, V.M.H. A. Dean J. Douglas Malcolm Dunn, V.M.H. Bruce Findlay G. Gordon, V.M.H. J. Laing, V.M.H. C. E. Shea, Esq., Ghcdrman. Messrs. J. McIndob, V.M.H. W. Marshall F. W. Moore A. Odtram Geo. Paul, V.M.H. Jas. Smith, V.M.H. Owen Thomas, V.M.H. D. Thomson, V.M.H. S. T. Wright John Wright, V.M.H. Eev. W. WiLKS, M.A., Secretary. NOTE. — The following gentlemen, though not actually on the Committee (owing chiefly to their distance from London), have been most kind in render- ing valuable assistance in special departments : — Rev. H. D'Ombbain Rev. H. Poster Melliar Messrs. E. BscEBiT J. BURBELL J. Otpher R. Deak 0. FiDLBR John Fraser Messrs. J. Hariuiess H. J. JOSBS E. Mawlet b. momnedx James O'Beuen A. H. Pearson 8. PiaiKiNS W. Pope Messrs. F. Sander A. W. SOTTON H. J. Veitch C. J. WArrE J.Ward W. Williamson 6. Woodward G. Wythes PREFACE 1396. In formulating the following Rules of Judging, the Royal Horti- cultural Society endeavours to meet a need, which has long been felt, that the principles whereon the judging of Fruits, Vege- tables, Plants, and Flowers proceeds, should be systematised ; and, as far as possible, embodied in a Code, which may find acceptance at the hands of those who are called upon to act as Judges. It is not suggested that the Rules now proposed can be regarded as final. Doubtless, experience will suggest, and the inevitable modification of essential conditions will, from time to time, compel, amendment of the Code. It is, however, hoped that the foUoAving Rules and Suggestions may be in themselves of some general use, and also form the beginning and basis of a Code which may before long be arrived at, which will be regarded &s authoritative by reason of the universality of its adoption. The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society will be glad to receive suggestions of improvements and emendations, and a note of any omissions, for the correction of future editions. Very great difficulty has been experienced in arriving at any ■distinct conclusion with regard to the words "kind" and " variety " ; the " Brassiea Family " ; " Hardy Plants " ; and the term " Amateur " ; and it is not pretended that the results even now are in aU respects quite satisfactory. As far as possible uniformity, or at least consistency, of principle has been sought to be attained, so that the Rules may be harmonious. The principle of Pointing adopted aims at bringing the values of the several recognised attributes of excellence into strict relation one to another ; thereby presenting a definite System of Judging, instead of-one necessarily varying, a2 4 BOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. as at present, with the varying preferences of individual Judges. It is hoped that not only will the less experienced be guided, but that the creation of Standards of excellence will also materially assist the exhibitor in the cultivation and staging of his pro- ductions. Too great stress cannot be laid upon the necessity which exists that Schedules should be framed with the utmost care and exactness. Too frequently indefiniteness, or looseness and am- biguity of expression in the Schedule, are to be held responsible for much of the dissatisfaction which so often attends competitive exhibitions. Schedule-makers are, therefore, strongly urged to consider carefully the suggestions and recommendations which accompany the Rules of Judging. It will be noticed that in order to provide an elasticity of " pointing " commensurate with the several detailed aspects of excellence recognisable in the flower, plant, fruit, or vegetable, an extended number of " points " has been recommended. It is not, however, suggested that, in the practical work of judging, the experienced Judge will often find it necessary to go, in detail, through the form of estimating each separate item upon the basis given. But the system, and principle, laid down should, nevertheless, govern the general action of Judges, and will, in case of difference of opinion, furnish the basis whereon the ultimate decision must rest. An endeavour was made to form an Index to the whole, but it was soon found that, to be of any real value, the Index would be almost as long as the Code ; it was, therefore, for the present abandoned, a short Table of Contents being prefixed instead. In order to simplify reference to this Code, the paragraphs are numbered seriatim throughout. Note to Second Edition, 1899. The only important alteration from the 1896 Code will be found embodied in paragraphs 7, 7a, 7b, 8, 46, and 50 ; an Appendix has been drawn up on Point-Judging and Point- Value ; and the Society's list of Culinary and Dessert Fruits has also been added. W. WiLKS, Sec. R.H.S. CONTENTS. PASS Preface . . .... . . ii General Rules .......... 6 Suggestions to Schedule-makers 9 „ Judges 11 Judging Fruit 12 Standards of Quality in Fruit 13 Points for Fruit 14 Kinds of Fruit 14 Judging Vegetables 16 Points for Vegetables 17 Note on the Cabbage Tribe 17 Kinds of Vegetables ......... 17 Judging Specimen Plants 22 ■Orchids . 23 Various Plants 23 Foliage Plants for Table Decoration 25 Table Decorations 25 Hand Bouquets . . ... . . . . . .25 ■Groups for Effect 26 Roses, Cut Blooms ......... 26 Pot Roses 29 Chrysanthemums, Cut Blooms ....... 29 „ Trained Plants 31 ,, Bush Plants 32 ,, Groups of ....... 32 Hardy Plants and Flowers ........ 33 Various Flowers 36 Suggestions to Exhibitors ... .... 42 Point-Judging 43 Point- Value .......... 44 Culinary and Dessert Fruits ....... 47 Class Card, Specimen 52, 53 Judges' Card, Specimen ....... 54, 55 Affiliation of Local Societies 56 How to become a Fellow of the R.H.S 57 Some R.H.S. useful Publications 58 HOBTICULTUEAL EXHIBITIONS, 1899 CODE. GENEEAL EULES. 1. Any prize may, at the discretion of the Judges, he withheld or modified if the exhibit be considered undeserving the priz& offered. 2. All exhibits should be correctly and distinctly named. Errors in naming do not actually disqualify, but Judges should recognise correctness and distinctness of naming as telling in favour of an exhibitor in a close competition. 3. The words kind and variety are used in the following sense, viz.: Peaches, Nectarines, Apples, Plums, are, for ex- hibition purposes, distinct kinds of Fruit ; Peas, Cabbages, KaJeSr Savoys, Brussels Sprouts, Carrots, Broad Beans, and Kidney Beans, are distinct kinds of Vegetables ; Eoses, Chrysanthemums, Phloxes, are distinct kinds of Flowers. Eoyal George, Noblesse,. Alexander, are distinct varieties of Peaches ; Mrs. J. Laing, Marie Baumann, A. K. Williams, are distinct varieties of Eoses ; American Wonder, Duke of Albany, Ne Plus Ultra, are distinct varieties of Peas ; and so on. §§ 50, 72, 73, 170-175. As a general rule, for the purpose of exhibiting, all natural genera are kinds, and all variations within a genus are varieties. Peaches and Nectarines and the Cabbage tribe are notable exceptions to this ; Black and White Gra:pes are also for exhibi- tion allowed as distinct kinds of fruit. §§ 50, 72, 73. In collections of vegetables of distinct kinds Schedule-makers are particularly warned that it vsdll be necessary to word classes for collections somewhat thus : " Class . Collection of Vege- tables, six distinct kinds (only one* of the Cabbage Tribe may be included) " — for if such a note be not added the exhibitor would be at liberty to show White Cabbage, Bed Cabbage, Kale, Savoys, and Brussels Sprouts as five of the six kinds required. § 73, 4. All exhibits for prizes must have been grown by the exhibitor or his employer for at least two months before the date * Or " two," if it is desired to permit two. EULES rOR JUDGING ETC. of the Exhibition, unless the Schedule make distinct exception. This does not necessarily apply to Flowers for bouquets and table decorations, which may be purchased for the purpose, unless the Schedule forbid ; but they must always be set up and arranged by the Exhibitor. The purchase of Flowers ready arranged disqualifies an Exhibitor. 5. Two or more persons may not exhibit for prizes separately from the same gBirden, nursery, or plant-house. ' 6. In the case of two exhibits being adjudged "Equal First," the 1st and 2nd prizes should be divided between the winners, the next in order of merit taking' the 3rd prize. Precisely the same principle applies to an "Equal Second," in which case there will be no 3rd prize. If two competitors are " Equal Third," either a duplicate 3rd must be given or the Srd prize may be divided between them. 7. If a particular numbet of plants, flowers, fruits, or vege- tables is specified for a class, dish, or collection, any excess or deficiency in the number disqualifies an exhibitor. Judges have no power to correct the mistake of an exhibitor. Nevertheless, 7a. Judges, if unanimous, may point out to the Eeferee, Secretary, or Manager of a Show, any slight departures from the exact terms of the Schedule, which, in their opinion, are the result of accident fsuch as misplacement of fruits or foliage, error in number, &c.), and are merely technical, not substantially affecting the character or merit of the exhibit, and obviously not made with " intention to deceive." § 38. 7b. The Eeferee, Secretary, or Manager, having had his attention thus called by the Judges to any such slight incorrect- ness, has the power (with the sanction of the Judges, but not otherwise) either to give the exhibitor (if nigh at hand) oppor- tunity to make the necessary correction or to correct it himself to the best of his ability. 8. Any exhibits contrary to the wording of the Schedule (unremedied under §§ 7, 7a, 7b,) are disqualified.; but, in the case of an exhibitor having made a disqualifying error, through misunderstanding the terms of the Schedule or such other innocent cause, the Judges, though forced to disqualify, may recommend the authorities to grant an extra prize if they con- sider the exhibit sufficiently meritorious. 9. As regards'the relative merit of the exhibits the decision 8 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the Judges is final; but in case of any objection to the interpretation of the wording of the Schedule, no prize shall be paid until the matter under dispute has been referred to the Committee of the Show, or other authority. 10. Any protest or other objection must be made in writing, and be handed to the Secretary of the Show. 11. "With the exception of an objection based upon alleged fraud, every protest must be lodged within two hours of the open- ing of the Show to the pubhc. 12. The Council of the Eoyal Horticultural Society is willing to act as Eeferee in cases of dispute, if the parties concerned signify their consent to abide by the Council's decision, in which case a complete Schedule must be sent, with a statement from both sides, accompanied by a fee of 10s. 6d. 13. No person shall be allowed to compete as an amateur who sells plants (except when giving up possession of the place where they grow, or in the case of new seedlings or sports), grafts, cuttings, or buds for budding, nor any person in the employ of a nurseryman. Any objection raised as to the rightful qualification of an exhibitor shall be referred to the Committee or other authority for arbitration, and their decision shall be final and binding on both parties. The term " Amateur " is here employed in its broadest sense, that is, in contradistinction to "nurseryman." In some Schedules the word is used more strictly, denoting an amateur gardener, i.e., one who employs no professional help whatever in the cultiva- tion of his garden, in contradistinction to an amateur owner, who cultivates by means of professional gardeners in his employment. 14. No exhibitor may take more than one prize in the same class, unless specially permitted by the Schedule. 15. The place of exhibition should be cleared of everyone, except duly authorised persons, previous to the Judges com- mencing their duties ; and the Secretary, or the Stewards, or other duly appointed persons should see that each exhibit has its proper card duly affixed. 16. Judging should commence punctually at the time appointed, and the rule fixing the time for the conclusion of staging should be strictly enforced. 17. No Judge must have any interest whatever in the class or classes in which he is appointed to officiate. KULES FOE JUDGING ETC. SUGGESTIONS TO SCHEDULE-MAKEES. See also §§ 3, 36, 42, 73,- 91, 143, 159, 165-175. 18. State clearly at what hour exhibitors can begin and must finish staging, and at what hour they may remove their exhibits. 19. State clearly at what hour (a) subscribers, and (b) the public will be admitted, and at what hour the Show closes. 20. Adhere strictly and exactly to all hours stated and notices publicly given. § 16. 21. Alterations in the arrangements should be avoided, ex- cept in cases of actual necessity, and then every possible means of publicity should be resorted to for making them generally known. 22. The Eules and Eegulations under which the Show is held cannot be too clearly and plainly stated. All should be printed together, and the exhibitor's attention prominently drawn to the page on which this is done. Where it is intended that this E.n.S. Code should apply, it should be distinctly so stated in the Schedule ; e.g., Judging will be conducted under the B.H.S. 1899 CodeofBules. 23. Every Schedule should contain a paragraph similar to the following : — "All exhibitors for prizes must conform strictly to the ' Eegulations ' on page — ." 24. Except in cases where the Point- Value system is adopted (p. 44), it is advised that in the apportionment of the prize- money the system expressed by the figures 3, 2, 1 be used. In putting this system into effect, the easiest way is to fix first on the amount of the 3rd prize in any class, and then double that amount for the 2nd prize, and then add together the 2nd and 3rd for the 1st prize. Let the 3rd prize be always fixed at an even shilling or sixpence, and no difficulty can occur in carrying the 3, 2, 1 system into effect. For instance : If the 3rd prize is fixed at 10s., the 2nd wUl be £1, and the 1st £1. 10s. Total, £3. If the 3rd prize is fixed at 3s. 6d., the 2nd will be 7s., and the 1st 10s. Gd. Total, £1. Is. If the 3rd prize is fixed at 2s., the 2nd wiU be 4s., and the 1st 6s. Total, 12s. 25. When there is a class in which several items of one kind are asked for, and another class in which a less number of items 10 ROYAL HORTICULTtTEAL SOCIETY. of the same kind are asked for, then the total sum apportioned to each of .these classes should be in proportion to the mimber of items in each class. For example, if £4. 10s. is apportioned to a class for 9 dishes of Pears, then £3 should be apportioned to a class for 6 dishes, £1. 10s. for 3 dishes, and 10s. for 1 dish ; and so in all similar cases. 26. Schedules should very carefully distinguish between dessert and culinary fruits (p. 47) when such distinction is in- tended to be observed, and in classes in winch it is required that the fruit should be ripe it should be expressly so stated in the Schedule. § 55. 27. Exhibitors' cards should contain on the " face " side the number and description of the class, with the name and address of the owner of the produce, also the name of the gardener (if any). The " back " of the card should contain the class number and exhibitor's number, for the guidance of the Judges. It is convenient, and often saves the Judges much time, if the colour of the cards is different for different Divisions. (See p. 52.) Suitable cards should also be provided for the Judges. (See p. 54.) 28. Examples of how Classes for Collections of Fruit and Vegetables should be stated in the Schedule. i. Collection of twelve dishes of Eipe Fruit ; not less than six kinds, nor more than two varieties of a kind, ii. Plums, four dishes of dessert, distinct, iii. Collection of six distinct kinds of Vegetables ; only gne of the Cabbage tribe may be included. iv. Collection of twelve Vegetables, not less than eight dis- tinct kinds ; two of the Cabbage tribe only allowed. V. Collection of Potatos, twelve distinct varieties, 6 Eound and 6 Kidney. vi. Potatos, single dish, one variety, vii. Peas, single dish, one variety. N.B. — The number forming a dish should always be stated. Examples to avoid. viii. Collection of Fruit, twelve sorts. ix. Four dishes of Plums. X. Collection of Vegetables. xi. Collection of Vegetables, distinct varieties, xii. Potatos, single dish. RULES FOR JUDGINfi ETC. 11. SUGGESTIONS TO JUDGES. 29. Bead carefully the Eegulations and Conditions printed in the Schedule, and note any peculiar or unusual stipulations. 30. Note the number of competitors in each class, and take a general survey of the exhibits. 31. First dismiss from consideration all exhibits which are manifestly inferior. Then compare those which remain. Where- the exhibits show unmistakable difference it is not necessary to judge by points. See Appendix, p. 43. 32. If there be any doubt as to the order of merit the Judges should critically examine each item of the exhibit, one of them calling out the number of points he suggests, and any Judge disagreeing should at once urge his own view of the case. Agreement having thus been arrived at, the total number of points will determine the order of merit. 33. Should the total number of points in any case be equal, and it be impossible (as, e.g., in the case of a cup) to return an- award of equality, effective arrangement and correct naming must determine the issue. § 2. 34. If a recount is necessary, special regard should be had to- the relative value or difficulty of cultivation of the different kinds- or varieties exhibited. Points may be given for evenness of size- or beauty of arrangement. 35. If the Judges, being even in number, are unable to agree,, they should call in some properly qualified person to decide between them, and at once abide by his casting-vote. 36. When the relative merits of the exhibits in any class have been determined, the words " First," " Second," " Third " should be plainly marked by one of the Judges on the back of the winning exhibitor's card (p. 53), and an official record kept, to- be handed in to the Secretslry of the Show. It is recommended that gummed prize-labels should be used and affixed to the oards- (or the words stamped thereon) as the judging proceeds. 37. Judges should encourage good exhibits below the prize- winners by awarding a " Highly Commended " card in such cases. 12 BOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 38. Judges should not disqualify exhibits without a substan- tial reason, but when they are satisfied that there has been an intention to deceive, or that the conditions of the Schedule have been purposely violated, they should not hesitate for a moment ; but see § 7a. JODGING FEUIT. 39. By the word dish is understood any stand or receptacle, of any material, and of any shape. The word is used only to indicate the aggregation of a certain definite number or quantity of fruits, constituting together one individual item. 40. Every dish must consist of one variety only, unless the wording of the Schedule permit mixed dishes. 41. Unless otherwise specified, a dish is held to consist of — 1 Pineapple. 1 Melon. 2 or 8 Bunches of Grapes, as specified in the Schedule. 6 Peaches. 6 Nectarines. 9 Figs. 9 Apricots. 9 Plums. 6 Pears. 6 Apples. 6 Quinces. 12 Bananas. 6 Oranges. *9 Dessert Tomatos, or 6 Bunches of the smaller varieties. 20 Strawberries. 50 Cherries. 50 Easpberries. 30 Gooseberries. 30 Bunches of Red, White, or Black Currants ; or 1 Pint of Black Currants (single berries). 30 Damsons, Prunes, or Bullaces. 1 Pound of Nuts. * Tomatos are only recognised as Dessert Fruits where specifically admitted by the particular Schedule, thus : " Tomatos admissible." 42. If it is wished to have a larger number of fruits to a dish than above mentioned, the Schedule should either (a) state the exact number required, or (6) say " Not more than fruits to a dish," or (c) give the size of basket or dish which may be used — e.g. : " Collection of Apples, distinct varieties, in dishes or baskets, not exceeding 15 inches in diameter if circular, or 19 by 15 inches if rectangular." 43. By " grown in the open air " it must be understood, that EULBS FOB JUDGING ETC. 13 the plants or trees have flowered, and also set their fruit, as well as ripened it, without any other protection beyond netting or a coped wall. Standaeds of Quality. 44. All fruits should be somewhat above the average size of the particular variety, and perfect in colour, form, and condition. Enormous specimens should not be preferred,,as beyond a certain point, size may become a defect, especially in dessert fruits. 45. Varieties naturally large, but usually somewhat lacking in quality, should not be preferred to varieties naturally smaller but of greater recognised excellence. 46. Colour is often a decided addition to Apples, Pears, and Peaches ; but colour produced by rubbing off the natural bloom of the fruit, or by polishing it with milk or oil, or in any other way, should count against rather than in favour of an exhibit. In all cases — with Apples and Pears no less than with Grapes and Plums and Pigs — the preservation of the natural bloom upon the surface of the fruit is greatly to be desired. Varieties naturally high coloured but lacking in flavour should, however, not be preferred to those naturally less coloured but of excellent flavour, e.g., Alexandra Noblesse peach. Judges should bear in mind that size, colour, and shape are all comparative, whilst flavour and quality are absolute merits. 47. Where prizes are given " for flavour," the fruit must be tasted, but Judges should decline to taste specimens that are not of at least fair size and appearance. 48. Malformed fruit, spots, insect marks, bruises, decay, and want of stalks or eyes are defects. 49. In judging "Collections," regard must be paid to the relative importance of the different kinds, as well as to high cultivation, superior finish, and tasteful arrangement. Fruit should always be named. § 2. 50. It should be the rule in judging collections of miscel- laneous fruits that where more than one dish of any one kind is present, each such dish should be appraised at its point-value separately. The lumping of dishes of the same kind in pointing is quite inadequate. The relative importance of various kinds is indicated by 14 KOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOOIEH. ihe number of points to be allotted to a perfect di 3h *ac]i : — Points Foil Pineapples . . 10 Oranges 6 *Muscat of Alexandria Strawberries 6 Grapes . . 10 Cherries 5 Other White Grapes 9 Gooseberries 5 tBlack Grapes 9 Easpberries 5 Melons 8 Currants . 4 Peaches 8 Damsons . 4 Nectarines 8 Cob Nuts and Filberts 4 Pears . 8 Tomatos (if admitted) 4 Bananas 8 Walnuts . 3 Apples 7 Mulberries . 3 Figs . 7 Medlars 3 Plums 6 Blackberries (Brambles) 3 Apricots 6 * In judging Grapes, other things being equal, Muscat of Alexandria •should receive, as above, one point more than other White Grapes. t For the purposes of exhibiting. Black and White Grapes are considered distinct " kinds " of fruit (§ 3). 51. In case of equality extra points may, if necessary, be given for tasteful arrangement. Kinds of Fbuit. 52. Graipes. — The bunches-should be of uniform size, of perfect ■shape, properly thinned so that every berry has had room to develop ; the bunch when cut remaining firm and compact. Large bunches with berries of varying size are less meritorious than smaller bunches with berries of a uniform size. The berries should be large for the variety, and carry a dense bloom. Loose bunches, ill-ooldured berries, rubbing, shanking, spot, insect marks, and mildew are all grave defects. For exhibition purposes Bowood Muscat, Charlesworth To- quay, and Tyninghame Muscat are to be regarded as synony- mous with Muscat of Alexandria, and cannot be shown as distinct varieties. In the same way Gros Maroc and Cooper's Black are considered synonymous. 53. Peaches and Nectarines. — Large specimens of any variety RULES FOE JUDGING ETC. 15 are generally of better flavour than small fruits of the same. They should display the colour natural to the variety, and be free from blemish of every kind. Split stones are a great defect. 54. Apricots.— Tiigh colour indicates high quality ; the fruits should be evenly ripened on both sides. 55. Apples and Pears for Dessert. — These must be judged from the known flavour of the variety. They must be of good colour and appearance, but mere size should not outweigh quality. Unless the word " Eipe " occur in the Schedule in connection with Apples and Pears, the fruit may be shown ripe or unripe. Apples and Pears for GooMng. — Size is a merit, if it be added to good quality. The fruit should have a clear skin and even outline. Deeply set stalks and eyes, and other irregularities of surface, which cause loss of time and waste in paring, are defects. Although any Pear may be stewed, the term " Cooking " or " Stewing " Pears refers to recognised varieties which, as a rule, do not become melting until cooked, as, e.g., CatUlac, Uvedale's St. Germain, and others of the same nature. 56. Bananas. — The individual fruits must be large, clear and clean in the skin, thoroughly ripe, and of high flavour. 57. Oranges. — These must be well grown, even in size, clear in the skin, juicy, ripe, and of good flavour. They should always be shown with foliage attached. 58. Melons. — The fruits, which should be about 18 (and not less than 16) inches in circumference, must be cut and tasted. The flesh must be rich in flavour, melting and juicy ; the fruit thick in the edible part, and thin in the rind. Scent is not a sufficient guide for determining conditioii and quality. 59. Plums. — Size, considering the variety and its flavour, is a merit — not mere size regardless of variety. The fruits should carry a good bloom. 60. Figs. — Size, considering the variety and its flavour, is a merit — not mere size. A slightly cracked skin, a juicy eye, and a fine bloom generally indicate good flavour. 61. Cherries. — Flavour, size, and brilliancy are the chief points. Shrivelled stalks are a blemish. 62. Pineapples. — These should be ripe throughout ; even in size of pip, and regular in shape ; the crown fresh, and in size 16 ROYAL HOETICULTnEAL SOCIETY. duly proportioned to the fruit, neither dwarfing it nor appearing insignificant. 63. Currants.— It is essential that Eed and White Currants be shown in bunches as grown. The berries should be large, clean, brilliant and clear ; the bunches well filled. Black Currants may be shown in bunches or as single picked berries, which should be large and jet black. 64. Gooseberries. — Eipe fruit should be judged by flavour, in conjunction with freshness, size, and cleanliness ; unripe Goose- berries for uniformity of size, and freshness. 65. Strawberries and Raspberries. — Eipeness and freshness should always accompany rich flavour, bright colour, and hand- some shape and size. The fruits must be shown on the stalk. 66. Tomatos are sometimes allowed to be shown as dessert fruit, in which case they should be shown as small single fruits, or in bunches, and be judged by flavour. They should be thoroughly ripe, and bright red or yellow, without spot or blemish. JUDGING VEGETABLES. 67. All vegetables should be perfectly clean and fresh ; free from blemish of any kind, and correctly named. § 2. 68. Quality, coupled with a size suitable for table use, are the points of paramount importance in vegetables. Size, beyond that which invests the produce with the greatest value for table, cannot be regarded as meritorious, as it indicates coarseness, and must, therefore, be reckoned as a defect. 69. In cases of doubt as to whether (other things being equal) size or quality should be preferred, it is suggested that with cottagers' produce size may not inappropriately take the pre- cedence, but in all gardeners' classes, where the most finished examples of culture for table use are expected, quality should be the leading feature in determining the award. 70. The samples composing " a dish" should be all of one size ; and of one variety only. 71. In judging "Collections of Vegetables " points must be given to the individual dishes which go to form the collection —general uniformity being considered only when other points are equal. 72. When " pointing " is necessary, the maximum points EULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 17 jallowed should vary with the relative value and importance of ithe different kinds, thus : — Points Points Artichokes, Globe . 5 Kale . . 5 „ Jerusalem . 4 Leeks . . 6 Asparagus . 7 Lettuces . 5 Beans, Broad and Long- Mushrooms . . 7 pod .... 6 Onions . . 7 Beans, Eunner & Kidney 7 Parsnips . 5 Beet .... 5 Peas . . 7 Broccoli 7 Potatos . 7 Brussels Sprouts, plants 7 Eadishes . 3 „ „ picked 5 Rhubarb . 4 Cabbage, Cooking 5 Salsafy . . 3 €abbage. Red 5 Savoys . . 5 'Carrots 5 Scorzonera . . 3 Cauliflower . 7 Seakale . 7 Celery .... 7 Spinach . 4 Cucumbers . 6 Tomatos . 7 Endive 5 Turnips . . . 5 Eschallots . 3 Vegetable Marrows . 5 For other kinds see § 107. 78. Note on the Cabbage (Brassica) Family. — For exhibi- "tion purposes the following are considered to be distinct kinds of vegetables, viz. : Cauliflower, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Borecole or Kale, Savoy. Cauliflower includes Broccoli, and for exhibition purposes is not distinct from it. § 3. Kinds op Vegetables. 74. Artichokes, Globe. — Of even size, rounded, scales well closed and fleshy. Points 5: Solidity 2 Size 1 , Uniformity 1 Condition 1 75. Artichokes, Jerusalem. — Of uniform medium size, smooth, clear-skinned. Points 4 : Uniformity 1 Smoothness 1 Clearness 1 Size 1 B 18 ROYAL HOETICULTURAli SOCIETY. 76. Asparagus. — Of uniform length and thickness, scales welt closed. Points 7 : Condition 3 Size 2 Uniformity 2 77. Beet. — Of mediuru size, regular, evenly tapering ; length about 12 inches. Skin clear. Globular forms should be of medium uniform size, deep (not flat), with small tap-roots. Points 5 : Quality of flesh .... 2 Colour of flesh . ... 1 Uniformity 1 Condition 1 78. BroccoU. — See Cauliflower. 79. Beans, Broad and Long-pod. — Pods of moderate and even size, well flUed ; skins clear, and beans tender. Points 6 : Size 2 Uniformity 2 Condition 2 80. Beans, Bunner and Dwarf Kidney. — Pods long, straight, even, fleshy, brittle. Points 7 : Size and form . ... 2 Fleshiness 2 Condition 2 Colour 1 81. Brussels Sprouts — Plants.- —Stems straight, erect densely covered with medium-sized firm sprouts. Points 7 : Condition . 2 Cropping quaUties 2 Size of sprouts . 1 Firmness 1 Uniformity . 1 Picked Sprouts. — Of medium 3ize, firm. greei 1. Points 5 : Uniformity . . . 2 Size , . 1 Firmness , . 1 Condition . 1 RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 19 82. Cabbages, cooking. — Of medium size; hearts firm, well formed, tender. Points 5 : Freshness 2 Firmness 1 Size 1 Uniformity 1 Cabbages, red. — Of uniform size, firm, well coloured. Points 5 : Firmness and colour . . .3 Size 1 Uniformity . . . . . 1 83. Carrots. — Of medium size according to variety, good form ; skin and colour clear, bright ; free from side-roots ; flesh tender. Points 5 : Form and colour .... 2 Size 1 Condition . . . . .1 Uniformity 1 84. Ga/uMflower. — Of medium size, firm, solid, rounded ; free from stain and frothiness. Points 7 : Purity and freshness . . .3 Size 2 Solidity 2 85. Celery. — Heads and leaf-stalks solid ; clean and well blanched. Points?: Size 2 SoUdity 2 Condition 2 Uniformity 1 86. Cucumbers. — Straight, of uniform length, thickness, and colour; neck short; young, tender. May be either smooth or prickly. Points 6 : Freshness, bloom, and crispness . 3 Uniformity 2 Size 1 87. Eschallots. — The old Cluster V^iriety [a) should be shown in clusters as grown ; the Eussian, or red variety {b) should be shown in single bulbs. (a) Points B : Uniformity of cluster . . 1 Uniformity of cloves . . 1 Size and firmness , . .1 b2 20 KOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY, (6) Points 3 : Bright colour . . .1 Size and firmness . . .1 Shape and form . . .1 88. Endive. — Hearts stout, well blanched, crisp and tender. Points 5 : Size and stoutness . . .2 Blanching 2 Uniformity 1 89. Kale. — Plants sturdy, stout in leafage, fresh, and of good size. Points 5 : Size and freshness . . .3 Stoutness of leaf .... 2 90. Leeks. — Stem long, thick, even, no tendency to bulbing ; skin clean and clear ; weU blanched. Points 6 : Size and length . . . . 2 Condition 2 Uniformity 2 91. Lettuces, Cos and Cabbage. — Hearts firm, well blanched, tender, unbroken. Points 5 : Firmness and condition . . 2 Uniformity 2 Size 1 N.B. — Cos and Cabbage Lettuces« should, as distinct Sections of Lettuce, have separate classes in Schedules. 92. Mushrooms. — Eounded ; edge unbroken ; gills deep pink or pinkish-brown, neither too pale nor too black. Points 7 : Solidity 2 Condition 2 IJniformity 2 Size 1 93. Onions. — Skin clear ; rounded or globular ; the crown or neck small ; soUd. Points 7 : Size 2 Condition 2 Uniformity 2 Form 1 94. Parsley may be used for garnishing Vegetables, but does not in itself carry points. When exhibited for prizes it is included under Herbs. RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 21 95. Parsnips. — Of moderate length, well shouldered, evenly tapering ; skin smooth. Points 5 : Size 2 Smoothness and purity of skin . 2 Uniformity 1 96. Peas. — Pods large, well filled, of good colour, free from rust. Peas of fair size, fresh, and of good colour, quality, flavour, and appearance. Points 7 : Condition and quality of pea . 3 Size of pod 2 Fulness of pod .... 2 97. Potatos. — Of medium size, free from disease ; eyes few and shallow ; skins clear ; fresh. Points 7 : Appearance and freedom from deep or many eyes .... 3 Size 2 Uniformity 2 98. Badishes. — Of medium size, young, tender, and of bright colour. Points 3 : Size 1 Condition 1 Uniformity 1 99. Bhubarb. — Stalks fresh and well coloured; straight, uniform, of medium size. Points 4 : Size and uniformity . . .2 Colour and freshness . , .2 100. Savoy. — For points see Cabbage. 101. Salsafy and Scorzonera. — Large, clean, smooth, evenly tapering. Points 3 : Size 1 Smoothness .... 1 Even form 1 102. Seakale. — Stout, clear, well blanched, not showing flower. Points 7 : Size and solidity .... 3 Quality and purity . . .2 Uniformity 2 103. Spinach. — Leaves large, thick, fresh and green. Points 4 : Substance . • . . . .2 Freshness 1 Colour 1 22 ROYAL HOETIC0LTURA1 SOCIETY. 104. Tomatos.— Of medium size; skins clear, unbroken; flesh solid ; ripe. Points 7 : Condition 3 Size and appearance . . -2 Uniformity 2 105. Tm-mips.—Oi medium .size, with small tap-roots ; skin clear ; flesh crisp, juicy. May be of any colour externally— flesh white or yellow. Points 5: Solidity 2 Uniformity 2 Size 1 106. Vegetable Marrows. — Of medium size, about 1 foot in length ; fresh, tender ; of any colour. Points 5 : Size and form .... 2 Tenderness 2 Uniformity ..... 1 107. In the case of any Vegetables not enumerated above being shown, e.g., Celeriac, Cardoons, Stachys, Witloof, Horse- radish, small Saladings, Mustard, Cress, &c., not more than 8 points should be giveii. 108. Herbs should be shown in collections in neat bimches with clean, fresh, healthy leafage. The chief are Parsley, Sage, Thyme, Mint, Marjoram, Savory, Tarragon, and Fennel. JUDGING SPECIMEN STOVE AND GEEENHOUSE PLANTS. 109. When judging by .points is necessary the following par- ticulars should be carefuUy studied, making 8 points the maximum for single specimens : — (a) High-class cultivation . . 4 points (&) Difficulty of culture . . . 2 „ (c) Quality (irrespective of size) . 2 „ 110. In plants grown specially for colouration of foliage, or where the colour of the fohage is material to the beauty of the plant (Caladiums, Crotons, &c.), two of the points allotted to Cul- tivation should be transferred to Colour. 111. In a class consisting of several plants, variety is very im- portant, and, when not inconsistent with the Schedule, flowering plants (especially hard- wooded) should have more weight than foliage ones, as in most cases they are more difficult to produce. RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 23 'The plants should all be pointed individually, and up to 4 more points may be added to the total, 2 for excellence in variety -find 2 for arrangement of the specimens. Obohids. 112. Made-up plants should be absolutely discouraged. A single specimen should have at least three times as many points as a pot, basket, or pan made up of several plants. A new plant should not have extra points merely because it is new, but be judged on its merits. Varieties involving special difficulty in cultivation should be specially considered. VABIOUS PLANTS. 113. Begonia. (a) Number, quality, and size of blooms in proportion to size •of plant, 2 points. (b) Distinctness and clearness of colour, 1 point. (c) Abundance of healthy foliage, 2 points. (d) Form of flower, 1 point. (e) Erect flower-stems, 1 point. 114. Calcbolaeia. (a) Compactness of habit, with ample dark green' foliage, 2 points. (6) Flower-stems stout, carrying dense trusses just above the foliage, 2 points. (c) Flowers regular in outline, well inflated, with a smooth ^surface, 2 points. If selfs, the colour clear, distinct, and as nearly "solid" (uniform) as possible, 1 point. 115. CiNEBAEIA. (a) Habit moderately dwarf and compact, 2 points. (6) Flowers large, petals broad and well rounded, 2 points. (c) If selfs, the colour entire and unshaded ; if edged flowers, half the petal white, forming a perfect zone, the disc dark, 2 points. 24 eoyal horticultural society. 116. Cyclamen. (a) Plants robust and sturdy, with ample bold, clean, fleshy- leaves, 3 points. (6) Flowers borne on stout stems above the foliage ; large,, numerous, of good form, and clear in colour, 3 points. 117. Fuchsia. (a) Growth vigorous, free branching ; compact habit, 2 points. (&) Quantity and quality of bloom, the sepals reflexing suffi- ciently to display the corolla, which should not be too widely expanded, 2 points. (c) Foliage clean, fresh, and luxuriant, 1 point. (d) Distinctness of colour, 1 point. 118. Gloxinia. Corolla circular, smooth on the edge ; lobes well rounded,, overlapping each other, and perfectly flat ; throat widening upwards and in proportion to the length of the segments of the- corolla. Stems stout. Colours clear and distinct. Foliage healthy, unbroken, of good substance, and covering the pot. (a) Massive display of unblemished flowers, 2 points. (6) Superior culture and unbroken foliage, 2 points. (c) Freshness, quality and coloration of blooms, 2 points. 119. Pelabgonium. Show and Zonal. — Trained specimens should have a circular outline, and be well raised in the centre. Extreme flatness,, obtrusively bent stems, small and unhealthy leaves, and small flower trusses are defects. (a) Good form and ample foliage, 2 points. (6) Trusses numerous, large and fully expanded, 2 points. (c) Colours bright, clear, and distinct, 2 points. 120. Ivy-leaved specimens may be similarly trained, and also in free, pyramidal, or columnar form, for displaying their attrac- tive characteristics. (a) Good form and foliage, 2 points. (b) Large, numerous, and fully expanded trusses, 2 points. (c) Bright, clear, and distinct colours, 2 points. rules poa judging etc. 25' 121. Peimula sinensis. (a) Plants sturdy and vigorous ; foliage stout, dark green,, unbroken, and free from blemish, 2 points. (6) Trusses large, supported above the foliage on strong stems, 2 points. (c) Flowers large, circular, of good form and substance, with colours fresh and clear, 2 points. Foliage Plants foe Table Decoeation. 122. Table Plants should be of moderate height, well- furnished, well balanced, of light and graceful habit, and of superior culture ; very dense foliage being a defect. Pots should be relatively small, never exceeding six inches in diameter inside,, and scrupulously clean. Points 8 : Cultivation and condition . . 8 Gracefulness . . . . 3 Appropriate variety . . .2 123. When Berried Plants are used they should be well furnished with an abundance of berries, which should be of a bright colour, and the foliage deep green. Table I);ecoeations. 124. No hard and fast rule can be laid down, as table decora- tion is so entirely a matter of individual taste, but the following, are the lines on which judging should proceed : — Points 20 : Lightness and elegance . . .8 Uniformity of colour, or "i Harmonious blending J Beauty of flowers and foliage . 6 When Fruit has to be taken into account, six more points may be added. 125. Hand Bouquets. General Maxims. — Bouquets should not be so large as to be cumbersome, nor so smaU as to lack effect. They should combine elegance in form and arrangement with suitability for the object in view ; the stem being convenient in size and agreeable to the hand. Eare flowers should not be favoured by Judges more than others of equal beauty and appropriateness. § 4. Ferns, Ught foliage, or grasses must not be inserted loosely 26 ROYAIi HOETICULTUKAl, SOCIETY. after the bouquet is made for hiding deficiencies and producing a mere temporary effect. Wires and other mechanical aids must not be unduly exposed, or used so as to impart stiffness or formality. The flowers must be neither faded nor closely packed, but free from blemish, and so associated that they all display their natural grace and beauty. Points 20 : Size and general character appropriate for the purpose indicated in the Schedule . . 5 Fresh, well-chosen, unblemished flowers . . 5 Pleasing association of flowers with ferns or other. Hght and elegant foliage . . .5 Colours in harmony with each other, and suitable for the object in view 5 N.B. — (i.) Epergnes and Vases ; (ii.) Button-holes, and (iii.) Sprays, should be judged on the same principles, allowing up to 20 points for (i.) and 5 points each for (ii.) and (iii.). Perns or other garniture placed on the table as an adjunct to epergnes are to be removed by the Judges prior to adjudicating. 126. Gboups op Plants aekanged foe Effect. Object. — The pleasing arrangement of well-grown plants in the best possible condition of flowering and foliage. Arrangement. — All the principal plants should be disposed so distinctly as to display their individual beauty. Originality in grouping, or in the association or contrast of plants, should be encouraged, when the effect is picturesque. De/ecis.— Obtrusive pots, stakes or ties ; overcrowding ; packing to hide blemishes ; inferior carpeting or other material ; stereotyped form. Points 20 : Elegance and beauty of arrange- ment 6 Harmony in colour . . .5 Quality and culture . . .5 General finish .... 4 ROSES. Cut Blooms. 127. The boxes in which Eoses are exhibited should, as far as possible, be of the regulation size, viz. 4 inches high in front and RULES FOE JUDGING ETC. 27 18 inches wide, and be set out with moss or other suitable mate- rial. They should also be of a uniform length, viz. for 24 blooms, not less than 3 feet nor more than 3 feet 6 inches ; for 12 blooms, not less than 1 foot 6 inches nor more than 2 feet; for 6 or 9 blooms, not less than 1 foot nor more than 1 foot 6 inches. 128. The showing of duplicate blooms, either under the same or different names, disqualifies the exhibit. Incorrect naming, if there be no dupHcates, does not actually disqualify (§ 2). The question of duplicates shall not be re-opened after the Judges have given their award. 129. The following Eoses which are bracketed together are, for purposes of exhibition, considered synonymous, and are in every case to be treated as duplicates : — Hybrid Perpetuals. Charles Lefebvre / Exposition de Brie ■ Margueijte Brassac J Ferdinand de Lesseps Paul Jamain I Maurice Bernardin ( Comtesse de Choiseul ' ^ir Garnet Wolseley 1 Marie Eady (Grand Mogul r, 1 j!w IT X ^''^^^ Soupert I Duke of WeUmgton ^a Eosi^re lEosieriste Jacobs |p^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ I Eugenie Verdier , Paul's Early Blush I Marie Finger jMrs. Harkness Teas and Noisettes. fAlba Eosea j Souvenir de S. A. Prince Josephine Malton 1 The Queen Madame Bravy Madame de Sertot The climbing variety of any Eose cannot be shown in the same stand with it : for instance, Climbing Devoniensis cannot be shown in the same stand with Devoniensis. 130. All Eoses must be exhibited as cut from the plants. With the exception of supports to keep the blooms erect, all artificial aid of any kind is strictly prohibited. One point shall be deducted from any bloom "dressed " so as to alter its character. The use of added foliage disqualifies the stand unless specifically allowed by the Schedule. 181. Hybrid Teas must not be shown in the classes set apart 28 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. for Teas and Noisettes, but may be shown among Hybrid Per- petuals and in mixed classes. 132. A bloom or truss means the Eose as cut from the plant, with or without buds and foUage naturally pertaining. 133. A Good Bqse.— The highest type of bloom is one which has form, size, brightness, substance, and good foliage, and which is, at the time of judging, in the most perfect phase of its possible beauty. 134. Form impUes abundant petals of good substance, regu- larly and gracefully arranged within a circular outline, and having a well-formed centre. 135. Size implies that the bloom is a fuU-size representative specimen of the variety. 136. Brightness includes freshness, brilliancy, and purity of colour. 137. A Bad Bose. — The following are serious defects : faulty shape, confused or split centre, and faded colour ;• being under- sized, or oversized to the extent of coarseness. 138. Roses must be judged as they are in the boxes at the time of inspection. 139. In judging by points, 5 points should be given to an extraordinary specimen, 4 points for a very fine specimen, 3 points to an average high-class bloom, 2 points for a medium one, 1 point for one not so good, and no point at all for a bad bloom. A typical bloom of a 3-point Rose (which may be carried by one of the Judges) should be selected, and referred to from time to time, in order to keep up a uniform standard throughout the exhibits. 140. In the case of trebles (which must be arranged triangu- larly) each treble is to be regarded as a unit, and not as three separate blooms. Points must therefore be given as in Rule 139 — three points for an average high-class treble, two points for a medium treble, and so on. 141. In mixed classes the Teas and Noisettes must have no especial favour shown to them. 142. Where the blooms are found to be of equal merit, the judges should proceed to consider their general evenness, variety, arrangement, freshness, and setting up, the boxes being placed side by side, and in the same light for the purpose of comparison. RULES FOE JUDGING ETC. 29 Pot Eoses. 143. The Schedule should clearly define the size of the pots, quoting the inside measurement at the top. 144. The plants should be pyramidal or round, the blooms somewhat thrown up, the foliage down to the pot. 145. The flowers on all the plants should be as nearly as possible in the same stage of flowering. 146. The varieties should be of clear, decided, and varied colours. 147. The individual blooms should be large and fresh, borne on short-jointed, vigorous wood, with large and dark green foliage. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 148. All " points" are susceptible of division into four parts or " marks " when rendered necessary by very close competition. Cut Blooms. 149. Japanese Chrysanthemums' {other than Anemones). Standard of Excellence. — (a) Diameter in proportion with depth ; (6) elegance of outline ; (c) brilliancy of colour, with freshness to the extremities of the florets. Common Defects. — Coarseness accompanying size; lack of fulness ; dulness and staleness. Allotment of Points : Points 8 : Diameter (relatively to the highest potential of the variety), up to Depth .... Fulness with symmetry Colour Freshness . Difficulty of cultivation 160. Incurved {Chinese) Chrysanthenmms. Standard of Excellence.— {a) Depth with breadth and firm- ness ; (6) smoothness with symmetry ; (c) freshness with purity of colour and brightness. 80 KOVAL HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY. Common Defects. — Breadth with flatness or looseness; roughness with angularity ; staleness and dinginess. Allotment of Points : Points 8 : Depth with firmness . . .2 General finish and symmetry . 2 Diameter, up to . . . .1 Colour 1 Freshness 1 Difficulty of cultivation . . 1 151. Beflexed {Chinese) Chrysanthemums. Standard of Excellence. — (a) Size with symmetry ; {b) fresh- ness and brightness ; (c) flat and perfectly imbricated florets. Common Defects. — Florets curled at the edges or tips, and dulness of colour. Allotment of Points : Points 8 : Diameter, up to . . . .2 Depth -. 2 Colour 1 Freshness 1 Perfect imbrication . . .1 Flatness of floret . . .1 N.B. — In the Case of a mixed class of Chinese and Japanese reflexed uniformity in length of florets in the Japanese section is not a necessary feature. 152. Anemone (Chinese) Chrysanthem/u/ms. Standard of Excellence. — (a) Cushion (disc florets) deep and symmetrical; (6) guard (ray) florets flat, broad, and equal in length ; (c) colouration fresh and clear. CommonDefects. — Deformity of cushion ; imperfect ray florets. 153. Anemone (Japanese) Chrysanthemums. Standa/rd of Excellence. — (a) , Cushion prominent ; (b) ray (guard) florets unequal in length and fresh to the tip. Common Defects. — Deficiency of cushion ; ray florets defective or shrunken. Allotment of Points in the last two Sections : Points 8 : Depth and breadth of cushion, up to 3 Perfection of guard (ray) florets . ' 2 Clearness in colouration . . 2 Freshness 1 RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 31 154. Anemone Pompons. To be judged upon the same principles as ordinary Pompons. 155. Pompons. Should be shown in bunches of three flowers, one on each stem, with their foliage, the back row being about 7 inches, the middle row 5| inches, and the front row 4| inches above the show board. Standa/rd of Excellence. — {a) Fulness with symmetry of out- line ; (6) brightness and clearness of colour ; (c) foliage clean and healthy. Common Defects. — Irregularity of outline and deficiency of colouration. Allotment of Points : Points 8 : Diameter, up to . . . .2 Fulness 2 Clearness and brightness of colour 2 Foliage 1 General finish . ... 1 156. — Single Chrysanthemums. Standa/rd of Excellence. — {a) Lightness with elegance of outline ; (6) freshness and clearness of colour. Common Defects. — Coarseness and excess of florets ; florets incurving ; staleness and dulness ; confusion of disc. Allolyment of Points : Points 8 : Diameter, up to . . . .2 General finish and symmetry . 2 Colour 1 Firmness of florets . . .1 Clearness and regularity of disc . 1 Freshness 1 N.B. — Three or more blooms of each variety in §§ 154, 155, 156 are to be regarded as one in allotting points. 157. Tradned Specimen Plants. Standard of Excellence. — Specimen plants should have the begt possible blooms in combination with the best possible foliage displayed to the best possible advantage by skUfol training. The training must not obliterate the natural character of the Chrys- anthemum, and the bending of the stems (when necessary) 32 ROYAL HOKTICULTUEAt SOCIETY, •ought to be done towards the base, not near the blooms. The depression or bending of the stems should be as obscure as possible, and the individual blooms supported on from six to twelve inches of well-foliaged straight stems ; the shorter length of straight stem applying more especially to standards, and the longer to dwarf-trained plants. Common Defects. — Obtrusive, bent, and tied-down stems ; blooms tied down close to framework. Allotment of Points : Points 16 : Number and quahty of blooms in proportion to size of plant, up to 4 Abundance of healthy foliage . 4 Excellence of training . . .4 Freshness 4 158. Conservatory (or Bush) Decorative Plants. Standard of Excellence. — These may be disbudded or not at ihe will of the cultivator, and may be out down or not, and the stems should have perfect foliage to the base, and mii^t not be bent for dwarfing, but may be supported by inconspicuous stakes. The natural habit of the Chrysanthemum must be retained, and the best cultural and decorative skiU employed to obtain a well and naturally grown plant having the most imposing display of flowers. Common Defects. — Bending and tying down stems for dwarf- ing; leafless stems and weak foliage; conspicuous stakes and ties. Allotment of Points : Points 16 : Display of bloom, up to . .4 Healthy foliage down to the pot . 4 Freshness 4 Ineonspicuousness of supports . 4 159. Groups arranged for Effect. Standard of Excellence. — The most pleasing aebange- MBNT OF WELL-GEOWN PLANTS SHOULD BE THE MAIN OBJECT IN VIEW. The plants best adapted to the purpose are those which re- present (a) the most perfect health and foliage, with (6) the most attractive blooms, and (c) effective association of colours. Freedom of arrangement with diversity, displaying the merits RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 33 -of the plant individually as well as collectively, is most desirable. Boldness and originality of design, , if the effect be picturesque, should be considered of importance in judging this class. Common -De/ecte.— Obtrusive pots, stakes, and stems ;. crowd- ing for a " face " of colour. Allotment of Points : Points 20 : Freedom of arrangement with diversity, up to . . . .8 Perfect health and leafage . . 6 Harmony of colours . . .3 Quality of blooms . . .3 This allotment of points must be adhered to whether foliage or other plants are by the Schedule permitted to be added or not. N.B. — Schedule-makers should state clearly either — (i.) No other plants (foliage or otherwise) may be added ; or (ii.) Foliage plants may be added ; or (iii.) FoUage and other plants may be added ; or (iv.) Chrysanthemums only may be used in the group, -but an edging of foliage plants may be added. HAEDY PLANTS AND FLOWERS. ■ 160. AnntMls are plants which, naturally, begin and end their growth, and ripen seed, and die, within twelve months. 161. Biennials are plants ordinarily requiring two full seasons to complete their life-growth, and which, as a rule, •die before the third season — e.g., Foxglove, Sweet William, Honesty, &c. 162. Perennials are plants of rnany years' continuance. 163. Herbaceous, are plants with stems which die down yearly, but having rootstocks remaining alive throughout the winter. For garden purposes the word " rootstock " includes all bulbs, eorms, and tubers. 164. Suffruticose are plants of more or less shrubby growth, and tufted evergreens whose stems do not die down in winter. 165. A class in a Schedule entitled " Hardy Perennials V would ■exclude 160 and 161, but would embrace all the rest, including such as Rose, Genista, Clematis, Syringa, and others of a similar nature, which come in under 164 ; in fact, every imaginable hardy garden flower except 160 and 161. A class entitled " Hardy Herbaceous " would exclude 160, 161, and 164. 34- KOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. It is strongly recommended that in the framing of Schedules the simple words Hardy Flowers should be adopted. This would include every imaginable hardy flower. If, however^ it is desired to limit the class to what are ordinarily called "Perennials," this may be done by adding^ " excluding annuals and biennials," If it is further wished to exclude the flowers of shrubs (and trees), as the Moutan Pseony, Gistus, Helianthemum, Fuchsia, Syringa, &c., add •' excluding annuals, biennials, shrubby plantSr and trees." 166. If, contrary to the above advice, a prize be offered for Hardy Herbaceous Plants, the Schedule should say distinctly " excluding Lilies and other bulbs, corms, and tubers," if it is desired to exclude them ; and if such words are not added, it must be understood that bulbs, corms, and tubers are, for garden purposes, included in the term " Herbaceous plants." 167. If the word " Perennial " is used it must be distincjily understood to exclude such plants as the common Foxglove, Honesty, Sweet WUHam, and all others which are, as a rule, raised from seed annually, and grown as biennials only. 168. Every specimen in Hardy Flower classes must be shown in bunches cut from plants which have been actually growing in the open border, and (except in the case of Annuals) through the last winter at least. The number of spikes or trusses must vary with the varieties shown. 169. In order to regulate the maximum size of the bunches, Schedules should restrict the diameter (inside measurement) of the tubes, or other vessels, in which the flowers may be shown, and insist that all the stems shall reach the water — e.g. : Class . Twelve bunches of Hardy Flowers, distinct kinds [or distinct varieties^; inside of tubes, dc, not to exceed 3 inches diameter at the top, and all the Stems to reach the water. It is obvious that in order to make the exhibit symmetrical the 3-inch tubes would only be used for the largest flowers in the back row, as PsBonies, Delphiniums, &c., and smaller tubes for the smaller flowers in front. It is necessary to insist that the stalks of all the flowers reach the water, in order io guard against the building-up of bunches. 170. The word " distinct " should never be used in Schedules in connection with Hardy Flower classes without RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 35 the addition of the word " kinds " or of the word " varieties " — thus : Twelve bunches of Hardy Flowers, distinct " kinds " : or distinct " varieties.''' 171. If the word " kinds " is used, only one representative of any genus or family may be included — i.e. one bunch of one Poppy> 0116 bunch of one Delphinium, one bunch of one Psony, and so on. Two bunches of Poppies (say one of Nudicaule and another of Orientale) would disqualify. 172. And further, if the word " lands " is used, the mixture of colour variations in the bunches must always disquaUfy. 173. If the word " varieties " is used, two or more of the 12 items may lawfully consist of distinct varieties of the same genus — e.g., they may all 12 be distinct varieties of Delphinium hybridum, or, say, 4 Delphinium hybridum vars., 6 Phlox decussata vars., and 2 Helianthus rigidus vars., or any other similar arrangement, provided only that the varieties are distinct in themselves. 174. And further, if the words "distinct varieties" stand alone, the mixture of colour variations in the bunches must always disqualify. 175. If it is desired to allow the mixture of colour variations in the bunches (e.g. white, yellow, and orange Iceland Poppies light and dark blue Delphiniums, crimson and white Phloxes, and so on), the Schedule should state the fact expressly, thus : Class . Twelve bunches of Hardy Flowers, , distinct va/rieties ; colour variations in the bunches allowed ; inside diameter of tubes, dc, not to exceed 3 inches at the top, and all the stems to reach the water. § 169. 176. Florists' flowers, if hardy, may be shown under the general title of Hardy Flowers. 177. The points to. look for in a stand of Hardy Flowers Quality of blooms . Freshness Elegance of habit . Earity or difficulty of cultiva tion Variety of form and colour Arrangement, naming, &c. Points 3 2 2 /-Apply to each bunch. 2 1 Apply to the exhibit as 2 J a whole. c 2 36 KOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. VAEIOUS FLOWEES. Section I. 178. AuEicuLA, Show. The truss to consist of not less than five fully developed flowers for exhibition purposes. Points 10. (a) The corolla round, smooth on the edge, perfectly flat, 2 points. (b) The tube yellow or lemon, round, filled with the anthers, hiding the stigma from view, 1 point. (c) Paste smooth, solid, pure white, 2 points. (d) Ground colour dense, forming a perfect circle next the paste, 2 points (e) The edge green, grey-white, or unshaded self colour, 2 points. (/) The stem strong and sufficiently long to bear the truss a|)ove the foliage, 1 point. 179. AuEicuLA, Alpine. Points 6. (a) A weU-formed flat pip, 2 points. (6) Tube filled with the anthers, 1 point, (c) Centre yellow, cream, or white, destitute of farina, 1 point. {d) The edge a zone of some dark colour, shaded to a paler tint, 2 points. 180. Caenation and Picotbe. Points 6. (a) The flower not less than two and a half inches in diameter, consisting of a number of well-formed petals, neither so many as to give it a crowded appearance, nor so few as to make it appear thin, 1 point. (b) Petals broad and stiff, the outer ones well rounded, 2 points. (c) Ground white, flakes of colour clear and distinct ; the fewer spots the better, 1 point. {d) The calyx should be long, and not burst while the flower is opening; 2 points. Picotees the same size as to petals and ground as the Carnations ; edge of petal smooth and well rounded ; the colour uniformly disposed on the margin, light or heavy. RULES FOR JUDGING ETC. 37 The yellow-ground Carnations or Picotees are subject to the same rules as the white-ground. The selfs should be large and well formed. 181. Dahlia. Show and Fancy. — The blooms should be of good size, with even, rounded outline ; the petals (or florets) rounded or fluted, of a shell shape ; centre of bloom well up and even, but close and not over-developed. Colour bright andfresh. The back petals, not faded. Points 7 : Form .2 Good centre 2 Colour and freshness . . .2 Size 1 Pompon Dahlias. — Should be shown in bunches well dis- played. Flowers relatively small, yet very dense of petal, rounded and having good centres. They should be miniature forms of Show-Dahlias. ' Points 7 : Attractive setting-up . . .2 Form of flower ... .2 Colour and freshness . . .2 Good centres . ... 1 Cactus Dahlias. — If shown in bunches they should be effectively displayed. Flowers of medium size, the florets long, twisted or pointed, evenly set ; centre moderately developed, but without a green tinge. Flowers should have long stalks. Points 7 : Effective setting-up . . .2 Colour and freshness . . . 2 , Form and size . . . . 2 Good centre .... 1 Single Dahlias. — Should be shown in bunches, and effectively displayed. Flowers of medium size. Good rounded form ; flat, broad petals of good substance. Colours clear, and in bicolors clearly defined. Points 7 : Effective arrangement . . 2 Colour and freshness . . .2 Form 2 Size 1 182. Gladiolus. (a) Form, with size, substance, and freshness, 2 points. (6) Length and symmetry of spike, on which the flowers 38 ROYAL HOHTICULTUBAL SOCIETY. Should all face to the front, and at such distances as just to hide the stem, 3 points. (c) Colours rich and bright in dark varieties, and clear and soft in light varieties, 1 point. Defects. — Winged spikes, where the flowers are placed opposite to each other, showing a naked stalk in front. Bleached and faded colours through over-shading in boxes. Short crowded spikes and flowers, with narrow segments, as seen in Saundersii types. 183. Hollyhock. (a) Spike stout and covered with flowers nearly touching each other, 2 points. (? ) Flowers fresh, full, high centre, smooth outline, free from pockets, 2 points. (c) Guard petals, about half an inch beyond the centre ; smooth, flat, and circular, 1 point. {d) If self, clear and decided ; if shaded or mottled, pleasing and harmonious, 1 point. 184. P^ONY. (a) Size and fulness of bloom, 2 points. (&) Eegularity of guard petals, 1 point. (c) Compactness and symmetry, 1 point. {d) Clearness of colour and freshness, 1 point. (e) Average evenness of blooms, 1 point, 185. Pansy, Show (Belted oe Maegined Blooms). (a) Form of flower circular, and smoothness of petal and edge, 1 point. (6) Stoutness and finish of texture, 1 point. (c) Clearness of ground colour, 1 point. {d) Denseness and solidity of blotch, 1 point. (e) Similarity of tint, evenness and regularity of belting, 1 point. (/) Brilliancy and freshness, 1 point. 186. Pansy, Show (Self Blooms). (a) Texture and smoothness of petal, 2 points. (6) Uniformity of colour, 1^ points, (c) White brows in a dark self, 1 point. {d) Brilliancy and freshness, 1^ points. rules foe judging etc. 39 187. Pansy, Fancy (Show Blooms). .(a) Circularity, smoothness of petal and edge, 1^ points. -(6) Texture thick, velvety, flat, ^ point. (c) Harmonious colours without confusion, | point. >{d) Blotch dense, large, regular, 1 point. (e) Size combined with other quaUties, 1| points. (/) Brilliancy and freshness, 1 point. 188. Viola. (a) Good outline and stoutness of petal, 1 point. (b) Smoothness of petal and edge, 1 point. (c) In selfs, well-defined colours, 1 point. (d) In belted and blotched flowers, harmony without con- fusion, 2 points. (e) Erect stout stems, blooms facing well to the front, 1 .point. 189. Pbntstemon. (a) Spikes stout, long, full of flower on one side, slightly •drooping, 2 points. (b) Flowers expanded, with the lobes well rounded, and forming a circular outline, stout and firm in substance, 2 points. (c) Colours bright, clear, and well defined, 1 point. Painted or striped throats should have the markings distinct. 190. Phlox. (a) Spikes full, dense, and symmetrical, 2 points. (6) Flowers flat, circular in outline, stout in texture, and ifresh, 3 points. (c) Colours clear and decided, 1 point. (d) Stout,, erect stem, 1 point. 191. Pinks as cut Show Blooms. (a) Petals thick, broad, smooth on the edge, 1^ points. (&) Pure white ground, dense even lacing, 1| points. (c) Well-defined narrow margin of white to petals, 1 point. (d) Well-placed petals, forming a full half ball, 1^ points. ,(e) Brightness and freshness, ^ point. 40 royal hoeticultural society. 192. Polyanthus, Gold-laoed. (a) Strong straight stem, 4 to 6 inches in length, | point. (h) Footstalks of pips just long enough to bring all together in a compact symmetrical whole, \ point. (c) A truss of not less than five well-expanded flowers, 1 point. (d) The centre pure, without stain, and uniform with that on the edges, 1^ points. (e) The lacing thinly and regularly laid on round each segment, cutting down to the centre, 1^ points. (/) The ground colour red or black, unshaded, and dense, 1 point. 193. Polyanthus, Fancy. (a) Strong, ^tout, erect flower-stems, 1 point. (h) Compactly arranged heads of bloom, 2 points. (c) Large, stout, finely formed pips, having thrum eyes,- 2 points. {d) Brilliancy and freshness, 1 point. N.B. — Fancy Polyanthuses must not be judged as the Gold- laced are. 194. Peimbose (P. acaulis). (a) Habit of growth, tufted and compact, 2 points. (6) Flowers solitary, freely produced, on long peduncles, forming a symmetrical mass, regularly displayed, 2 points. (c) Flowers thrum-eyed, stout, circular; colours clear and distinct, with the absence of stains in the centre, 2 points. 195. Pyeetheum. (a) Flowers imbricated, forming half a ball ; the florets laid numerously and regularly, decreasing in size as they reach the top and filling up the centre, 2 points. (6) The ray florets sufficiently displayed, forming a neat base to the flower, 2 points. . (c) The colours clear and bright when deep, pure and pleasing when pale, 2 points. Single. — To possess one or two rows of ray florets in symme- trical arrangement, and a clear bright yellow disc, 2 points. RULES FOR iUDGING ETC. 41 196. Tulip (Late Floeists', Broken oe Eectified). (a) Flowers with six petals only, broad, smooth on the edge, level on the top, and bending upward from the base to form a good shoulder, 2 points. (6) The base pure yellow in the case of the Bizarre, and pure white in the case of the Bybloemen and the Rose, the stamens free from any stain, 2 points. (c) A feathered flower to have the colours laid on in harmonious penoUlings round the edge only of the petal, the feathering not to break off anywhere round the edge ^before finishing at the base, 2 points. (d) The flame should form a bold beam of colour up the- petal centre, throwing out sharp tongues striking into the pencilUngs of the feathered edge, 2 points. Breeders, 6 points. The class or basal colour should be clear- yellow in the Bizarre, and clear white in the Bybloemen and the Hose. Bizarres have reddish and yellowish brown, dull red, and something approaching mahogany on their petals. Bybloemens^ have lilac or slate-coloured petals ; some soft, others dark in. tint. Eoses have pink, rose, red, or scarlet petals. 197. VARIOUS FLOWERS. Section II. Antirrhinum Aster Delphinium GaiUardia Hyacinth Iris Lily of the Valley Michaelmas Daisy If prizes are offered for any of the above, Judges must take into consideration their {a) cultivation, (6) form, (c) freshness and (d) colour, allotting points on the following general hues : — Culture .... 3 points. Form .... 2 „ Freshness . . ■ • 2 „ Colour . . . • 1 .1 Narcissus Phlox Drummondi Stocks Sweet Peas Sweet William Tulips, Forced Zinnia &c. &c. &c. 42 ROYAL HOETICULTHEAL SOCIETY. SUGGESTIONS TO EXHIBITOES. 1. Note very carefully and observe strictly the conditions in the Schedule as to the time named for the Judges to/com- mence their duties. 2. Comply exactly with the specified number of fruits and vegetarbles for a dish, or flowers for a stand ; also the number -of dishes of fruits and vegetables, or bunches of flowers, for a •collection, as the case may be. 3. Bear distinctly in mind that one item more or less dis- quaUfies, also that no Judge has the right to himself rectify the errors of a competitor, and thus " assist " him to win a prize. § 7. But Judges, when they think fit to do so, may •draw official attention to irresponsible errors. §§ 7a and 7b. 4. Be most careful in seeing that each card is placed with the particular exhibit to which it applies, and not, by accident, to .another. 5. Bead carefully all sections in the foregoing Rules which in any way relate to your proposed exhibit, and if in any difficulty •of understanding the same write to the Secretary of your Society ■or Show. 6. It should be remembered that shortcomings in some of the matters above indicated have led in the past, and must lead in "the future, to delay and disappointment ; also it should be fuUy recognised that half-an-hour's delay in completing the arrange- ments is so much time taken from the Judges, who thus have to ■discharge their duties hurriedly, this of necessity increasing the possibiUty of mistakes, which ought by every available means to be avoided. 7. Though the responsibiUty of having all arrangements ■completed in accordance with the Rules and Regulations rests with the managers of shows, yet exhibitors may and should help materially in carrying them out to the mutual advantage of all. POINT-JUDGING. 43 APPENDIX A. POINT -JUDGING. Point-judging is the most exact of all systems of judging, and in very close competitions it is sometimes impossible to demonstrate the correctness of a decision without giving a numerical value to every point of merit discovered in the several items of an exhibit. In some Schedules it is announced that certain specially important classes will be judged by this system, and that the points allotted to each item will be exposed to public view. There is then no occasion to ask why A is placed before B, or B before C, the reason being apparent by the marks recorded for «ach item of each exhibit, and the relative position of each •competitor is seen by the sum total of the addition of the marks. The exposure of the detailed points is found to be very educa- tional to the general public. ' Unless the exposure of the points is expressly stipulated, it is not necessary to display more than the sum total. The course to be pursued must in this respect be decided in each case by the authorities of the Show. In classes in which point-judging is not stipulated, it is not necessary to resort to the practice except in close contests, but in every case of doubt, or when the Judges cannot give an unhesitating and unanimous decision, point-judging is the surest, safest, and in the end generally the quickest way of overcoming the difficulty. As a corollary of this system it seems at first sight as if the •prize money should be divided in proportion to the number of marks obtained by each competitor, but this does not necessarily follow ; some considering that the value of each point above a certain average should be greater than the value of each point below it, because the excellence and skill needed to score the winning point or points is well worth the usual difference between first and second prizes. Unquestionably the difficulty of scoring one more point increases as the maximum procurable is approached. If, for example, ten points are the maximum, it is 44 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. easy to obtain the first three or four, but comparatively difficult to advance from the eighth to the ninth, and still more so to score the tenth. The system of point-value does not, therefore, necessarily follow on the adoption of point-judging. The two are quite distinct, and whilst the system of point-judging cannot be too strongly recommended in all close contests, the system of point- value requires consideration, and should not be adopted too hastily. POINT-VALUE. Point-value is the system whereby, instead of a definite sum being announced beforehand in the Schedule for the first prize and another lesser sum for the second, and so on, a lump sum is, instead, allotted to a class, to be divided into two, three, four, or more prizes, as may be announced in the Schedule, in proportion to the number of points obtained by the respective competitors.. It is therefore evident that, though point-judging does not necessitate point-value, point-value can only be carried out after point-judging. Point-judging is obviously the work of the Judges ; point-value is entirely the work of the officials of the Show. When prizes are announced in the Schedule to be awarded according to the system of point-value, the Judges having handed to the Secretary (on sheets provided for the purpose) a record of the number of points they adjudge to each competitor in the class, the Secretary divides the sum set apart for that class between them as foUows* : — Supposing that it is ■ stated in the schedule that the number of prizes to be awarded in the class is fourt, then the number of points scored by the four leading competitors are added together, and the sum set apart for the prizes having first been reduced to shillings, pence, and farthings (if necessary) is divided by the total number of points. This gives the value of each point, and the multiplication of this point-value by the number of points each of the four leading * The following rule is taken in substance from a Paper by Mr. John Wright, F.R.H.S., V.M.H., in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. xxi. p. 517, which consult upon the whole subject. t The rule holds good for any other number which may be specified in the Schedule. POINT-VALUE. 45 competitors has obtained, gives his individual share of the sum total set apart in the Schedule for the prizes in that class. In other words : — Supposing Four prizes are announced in the Schedule, and £5 are set apart for them ; and supposing A gets 86 points. B „ 78 „ C „ 65 „ D „ 62 „ Add the points together 86 + 78 + 65 + 62=291. Eeduce £5 to farthings =4,800 farthings. Divide 4,800 by 291=16^1^, say 16^. Therefore the point -value is 16^ farthings for each point scored. Thus A with 86 points gets 86 x 16|=£1 9 6 B „ 78 „ „ 78xl6i=£l 6 8 C „ 65 „ „ 65xl64=£l 2 8 D „ 62 „ „ 62xl6i=iei 1 2 Total . 291 £5 Under the ordinary system the probability is the £5 would have been divided thus : — A first prize £2 B second „ £1 10 C third ,,£10 D fourth „ £0 10 Thus in the case supposed above the exhibit judged first ■would take 10s. 6d. less by the point-value system, and the exhibit judged fourth would obtain 10s. 6d. more than under the ordinary system. It should also be borne in mind that sometimes only a single point, or even half a point, divides first from second or second from third, and then it is that the disparity in the amounts of the prizes under the old system seems to some so unjust. The oificials of a Show should consider well and carefully whether it is or is not expedient for the good of Horticulture to 46 EOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY. adopt the point-value system for the leading class or classes of their Schedule. For the purpose of point-judging, a sheet should be provided for each exhibit, these sheets having down the left-hand side the names of every eligible fruit (or other product) in mixed " collections," then following in columns the number of staged dishes of each kind to be pointed, the maximum number of marks allowed for each dish, a blank column for the awards of the judges, and a final column for remarks. An example of a Decorated Dessert Table Sheet, as used at Shrewsbury, will make the matter clear : — Sixteen dishes of Fruits to be selected from the following •Dishes Possible No. of points Points awarded Remarks Apples ... 1 2 7 7 Apricots ... 11 1 2 6 6 Cherries 1 5 Figs . . 1 7 „ . . . . . 2 7 Grapes, black .... 1 9 )) )» . • ■ 2 9 „ Mnscats, white 1 10 „ any other white 2 9 Melon )> ... 1 2 8 8 Nectarines 1 8 ,1 2 8 Peaches 1 8 »» ■ ■ 2 8 Pears .... 1 2 8 8 Plums . . ! 1 8 ji 2 8 Pine 1 10 Strawberries .... 1 6 Beauty of flowers and foliage 8 Harmonious blending of colour . — 10 General arrangement for effect . — 10 * The figures 1 and 2 in this column simply denote No. 1 dish and No. 2 dish of those Fruits, of which, in this class at Shrewsbury, exhibitors were allowed to show duplicates if they liked. It is imperative that each and every dish be pointed and the points entered separately for each and every dish, and not lumped together. See § 50. CULINARY AND DF.SSEBT FRUITS. 47" APPENDIX B. APPLES, PEARS, AND PLUMS. (a) for Dessert, (b) for Cooking. With a view to removing difficulties and resolving doubts as to the distinction to be drawn between Dessert and Kitchen Apples, Pears, and Plums, the Council of the Eoyal Horticul- tural Society have caused the following lists to be prepared for the guidance of their Judges at the Society's exhibitions and shows. The Council fully recognise that the hne of separation between Dessert and Kitchen Fruits must be entirely arbitrary,, and to a great extent a matter of taste — which differs widely. They do not, therefore, wish it to be supposed that the varieties named in the one list are unfit for use in the other. Everyone is at liberty to use a variety for any purpose he hkes, but in their opinion a fixed line of division between the two classes,. for Exhibition purposes, is absolutely necessary to secure uniformity, and avoid confusion and disappointment at their shows. The lists are obviously not necessarily binding on any other societies. The Council are also fully aware that some varieties of beautiful appearance, which do not in their opinion come up to Dessert Standard as regards flavour, are often placed on the dessert table. Everyone is at liberty to ornament their tables with brightly-coloured fruits as well as with beautiful flowers ; but beauty in fruits, although a great additional advantage when it accompanies flavour and quality, does not, when standing alone, entitle a variety to rank in the technical exhibi- tion sense as a Dessert Fruit. It would be impossible to draw up lists to which everyone would agree as to the position assigned to each individual variety, and it is only by mutual concessions that a general working agreement can be reached^ but that it is a good thing to endeavour to bring about such agreement the Council have no doubt whatever. The following list will be found to include the great majority of varieties at present shown for exhibition. In the case of those not named herein the Judges must decide for themselves 48 KOYAL HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY. in which class they will put them, always bearing in mind the principles expressed in the preceding paragraphs. Judges are requested in the case of any variety of sterling merit, omitted here, coming to their notice, to notify their action to the .Secretary of the Eoyal Horticultural Society with a view to future revision of the lists. The object of the following lists should be borne in' mind- It is only to decide between Dessert and Cooking varieties. It is in no sense to recommend any, much less all those mentioned, as being desirable varieties to plant. Such advice must be sought elsewhere and not here. The nomenclature follows the Fifth Edition, 1884, of the late Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual. APPLES. Dbssbet. Adam's Pearmain. Akera, or Okera. Allen's Everlasting. Allington Pippin. American Mother. Ashmead's Kernel. Baumann's Winter Reinette. Beauty of Bath. Benoni. Blenheim Pippin. Blue Pearmain. Boston Russet. Braddick's Nonpareil. Brownlees' Russet. Calville Eoage Preeoce. Cardinal, or Peter the Great. Claygate Pearmain. Cobham. Cockle's Pippin. Cornish Aromatic. Cornish Gilliflower. Court Pendu Plat. Court of Wick. Cox's Orange. Cooking. Albury Park Nonesuch. Alfriston. Annie Elizabeth. Beauty of Kent. Beauty of Stoke. Bedfordshire Foundling. Belle de Pontoise. Bess Pool. Betty Geeson. Bietigheimer Red. Bismarck. Bowhill Pippin. Bramley's Seedling. Byford Wonder. Castle Major. Cellini. Chelmsford Wonder. Cox's Pomona. Domino. Duchess of Oldenburg. Dumelow's Seedling Welling- ton, or Normanton Wonder. Dutch Codlin. Early Julyan. CULINARY AND DBSSEKT FRUITS. 49 APPLE S— continued. DESSEET. D'Arcy Spice. Devonshire Quarrenden. Duchess' Favourite. Duke of Devonshire. Dutch Mignonne. Early Peach. Egremont Russet. Pearn's Pippin. Gascoyne's Scarlet. Golden Eeinette. Gravenstein. Herefordshire Pearmain. Hubbard's Pearmain. Irish Peach. James Grieve. Joaneting. Keddleston Pippin. Kentish Pippin, or Colonel Vaughan's. Kerry Pippin. King Harry. King of Tomkins County. King of the Pippins. Lady Sudeley. Lord Burghley. Lord Hindlip. Mabbott's Pearmain. Mannington's Pearmain. Margaret, or Red Juneating. Margil. May Queen. Melon Apple. Mr. Gladstone. Northern Spy. Old Nonpareil. Oslin. Red Astrachan. Eeinette de Canada. COOKING. Early Rivers. Ecklinville. White Transparent. Emperor Alexander. Forester. Frogmore Prolific. Galloway Pippin. Gloria Mundi. Gold Medal, or Crystal Palace. Golden Noble. Golden Spire. Gooseberry. Gospatric. Grantonian. Greenup's Pippin, Yorkshire Beauty, or Counsellor. Grenadier. Hambledon Deux Ans. Hambling's Seedling. Hoary Morning. Hormead Pearmain. Hawthornden, New. HoUandbury. Keswick Codlin. Lady Henniker. Lane's Prince Albert. Lord Derby. Lord Grosvenor. Lord SuflSeld. Maltster. Manks Codlin. Mere de Manage. Mrs. Barron. Newton Wonder. New Northern Greening. Northern Dumpling. Peasgood's Nonesuch. Potts' Seedling. 50 BOYAl HOKTIOtlLTUEAIi SOCIETY. APPLE S — continued. DESSEET. Eibston Pippin. Rosemary Eusset. Eoss Nonpareil. Eoundway Magnum Bonum. Scarlet Nonpareil. September Beauty. Sturmer Pippin. St. Edmund's Pippin. Washington: Wealthy. Williams' Favourite. Worcester Pearmain. Wyken Pippin. Yellow Ingestrie. COOKING. Eivers' Codlin. Royal Jubilee. Eymer. Sandringham. Sanspareil. Schoolmaster. Seaton House. Small's Admirable. Spencer's Favourite, or Queen Caroline. Stirling Castle. Stone's, or Loddington. Striped Beefing. The Queen. Tibbett's Pearmain. Tower of Glammis. Twenty Ounce. Tyler's Kernel. Wadhurst Pippin. Wagener. Waltham Abbey Seedling. Warner's King. Winter Quoining, or Queening. PEAES. It will be sufficient to say that the following do not rank for exhibition as Dessert Pears at the Society's shows : — Bellissime d'Hiver. Beurr6 Clairgeau. Black Worcester. Catillac. Directeur Alphand. Duehesse de Mouchy. Gilogil. Grosse Calebasse. Idaho. King Edward. Morel. Poire d'Auch. Summer Compdte. Triomphe de Jodgoine. Uvedale's St. Germain. Verulam. Vicar of Winkfield. CULINARY AND DBSSBKT FKUITS. 51 PLUMS. All Plums can, if not otherwise required, be advantageously used for cooking, especially if they are not fully ripe, but this does not constitute them Cooking varieties in the technical exhibition sense. Similarly, some Cooking Plums, e.g.. Blue Imp^ratrice, if left to hang on the tree until they are shrivelled, become fit for dessert, as far as flavour is concerned, but this does not render them Dessert varieties from an exhibition point of view. Dessebt. Angelina Burdett. Anna Spath. Boulouf. Coe's Golden Drop. Coe's Violet. De Montfort. Denniston's Superb. Early Favourite. Gages, all varieties. Golden Esperen. Ickworth Imp6ratrice. Imperial de Milan. Jefferson. Kirke's. Oullins Golden. Pr^coce de Tours. Purple Gages, all varieties. Reine Claude, all varieties. St. Etienne. Transparent, all varieties. Washington. Cooking. Archduke. Automne Compote. Belgian Purple. Belle de Louvain. Belle de Septembre. Curlew. Cox's Emperor. Diamond. Duke of Edinburgh. Early Normandy. Early Prolific. Gisborne's. Goliath. Grand Duke. Heron. Imp^ratrice, Blue and White Magnum Bonum, Bed and White. Mitchelson's. Monarch. Orleans, all varieties. Pershore. Pond's Seedling. Prince Engelbert. Prince of Wales. Sultan. The Czar. Victoria. Wyedale. •^ >- i ' H M m^ O k o OD c« ct J Is I2 CO < 11 ^ C^ ^^ s D ^ 2 H ^ffl k J iX hc D ^ kj O ^r £ H s* CO o £1 o ^ ^ e 1 E CD 1 rj3 fn' ^ ■l S J 1^ a CO ^ CO § erf ■« 0} ^H o s 1 4J ^ 3 s t fit P P3 <1 P ■ cc CO o Ph O I— I o cc "s. Q. O Z s. ■M C UJ 5-° •° t> a « 1 M 1^ to ^ I m p; .S .3 ] S ■-' e Pi -i S a . ^ ™ O H O ' a « .a t^ a £ S '-^ ! s J i S a I S ■«■ I ■o S "=. 3 (i_j c3 O "c t^ t 54 APPENDIX D. SPECIMEN OF JUDGE'S CARD. {Name of Society or Shovo.) Date 18 . Classes to inclusive. JUDCKBR , _ 1st Prize 2nd Prize 3rd Prize 4th Remabks Entry Number on Class Card 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 \ 55 1st Prize Class 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 85 36 87 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 2nd Prize 3rd Prize 4th Entry Number on Class Card Bemabks > S '^ ^ a ^ ■g" n s M ^ s .•s K I? t* a, H .u S ° 1 O Tl PU V. Ej 'S.M * 1 o .as. Hon. Sec. 56 OF LOCAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES with the R.H.S. Local Societies subscFibing £1. Is. per annum are entitled to — 1. Two copies of the R.H.S. Jov/mal, for circulation amongst the Local Society's Members. 2. To nominate one of their Members to rank as a £1. Is. Fellow of the R.H.S., with all the privileges of a £1. Is. Fellow, with the exception of the E.H.S. Jov/i-nal. 3. One Transferable Ticket admitting to all the R.H.S. Meetings and Shows, which may be used by any Member of the Local Society. 4. To purchase, at cost price, one Silver and one Bronze Medal of the R.H.S., and a printing block of Affiliation design for use on writing paper, handbills, &c. II. liocal Societies subscribing £2. 2s. per annum are entitled to — 1. Four copies of the R.H.S. Journal, for circulation amongst the Local Society's Members. 2. To nominate two of their Members, each to rank as a £1. Is. Fellow of the R.H.S., with all the privileges of £1. Is. Fellows, excepting the Journal. 3. Three Transferable Tickets admitting to all the R.H.S. Meetings and Shows, which may be used by any Members of the Local Society. 4. To purchase, at cost price, two Silver and two Bronze Medals of the R.H.S., and printing block as above. N.B. — Local Societies are invited to send interesting exhibits and specimens of Plants, Plant Diseases, Sec, to the R.H.S. Fortnightly Meetings of the Floral, Fruit, Orchid, and Scientific Committees, and to correspond with the Secretary of the E.H.S. on any interesting Horti- cultural subjects or events in their locality. The Secretary of the E.H.S. will also, at any time, be pleased to assist the Secretary of any AfiBliated Society in introducing them to Horti- culturists or Specialists able and willing to deliver Lectures on interesting subjects before Meetings of their Local Societies, or to act as Judges at Shows, fee, &c. Price of Medals (post free) to AfBliated Societies. s. d. Silver Flora, 2^ inches in diameter, in morocco case, complete 17 9 Bronze Flora do. do. do. do. 6 9 SUver Banksian, 1^ inch in diameter do. do. 8 9 Bronze Banksian do. do. do. do. 4 9 Each Local Socieiy receives a Certificate of Affiliation. Fellows of the R.H.S. belonging to Local Societies are requested to kindly call attention to the scheme of affiliation in their respective districts. N.B.— A complete list of Local Horticultural Societies is published with the Report of the Council for 1898. 57 HOW TO BECOME A FELLOW OF THE Hoyal Hoi:fticaltaral Society. — • — 1. Anyone interested in Horticulture is eligible for election as a Fellow, and is invited to join the Society. 2. Candidates for election are proposed by two Fellows of the Society. Forms for proposing new Fellows may be obtained at the Office, 117 Victoria Street, Westminster, or will be forwarded by post on application to the Secretary. Ladies are eligible for election as Fellows of the Society. A Fellow subscribing 4 guineas a year (or commuting) is entitled— 1. To One Non-transferable (personal) Pass and Five Transferable Tickets admitting to all the Society's Exhibitions at the Drill Hall, Westminster, or elsewhere, and to the Chiswick Gardens on any day except Sundays. 2. To attend and vote at all Meetings of the Society. 3. To the use of the Lindley Library, at the Society's Rooms, 117 Victoria Street. i. To a copy of the Society's Journal containing the Papers read at all Meetings and Conferences, Eeports of Trials made at Chiswick Gardens, and descriptions and illustrations of new or rare plants, &c. Back Numbers may be obtained by Fellows at half-price. 5. To purchase, at specially reduced rates, such Fruit and Vegetables as are not required for the experimental purposes of the Society. 6. To a share (in proportion to the annual subscription) of such plants, cuttings, &c., as may be available for distribution. Fellows residing beyond a radius of 36 miles distance from London (calculated by the A. B. C. Railway Guide) are entitled to a double share. 7. Subject to certain limitations, to. obtain Analysis of Manures, Soils, &c., or advice on such subjects by letter, from the Society's Consulting Chemist, Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A. 8. To exhibit at all Shows and Meetings, and to send seeds, plants, &o., for trial to the Society's Gardens at Chiswick. 9 To recommend any lady or gentleman for election as a Fellow of the Society. A Fellow subscribing 2 guineas a year (or commuting) is entitled— 1 To One Non-transferable Pass and Two Transferable Tickets. 2. To the same privileges as mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, i, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, as above. A Fellow subscribing 1 guinea a year (or commuting) is entitled— 1 To One Transferable Ticket (in lieu of the Non-transferable Personal Pass), and the privileges mentioned in Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, as M-R-J?^ Transterable Ticket or Non-Transferable Personal Pass will admit three V^"t/> the aardens at Chiswick on any day except days on which an exhibition is being Md when each Ticket or Pass will admit one person only. COMMUTATION OF SUBSCRIPTIONS. Anv Fellow vrishing to commute his Annual Subscription may do so by Hn2 one payment of Forty Guineas in lieu of a £i. is. annual sub- ™rit)tion • of Twenty-five Guineas in lieu of a £2. 2s. annual subscription ; ^ of Fifteen Guineas in lieu of a £1. Is. annual subscription ; such com- mutation entitling the Fellow for life to all the privileges of the corre- onnndine annual subscriptions. The Society being incorporated by Royal Charter, the Fellows incur no personal liability whatsoever, beyond the payment of their annual subscriptions. — ^ 58 The following important and valuable Back Numbers, etc., of the " Journal " of the Eoyal Horticultural Society can still be obtained from the E.H.S. Offices, 117 Victoria Street, West minster. Vol. VII., part 2, 1886, 154 pages. Eeport of the Primula CoNFBBBNCE, and of the Obchid Confebencb at Liverpool. To Fellows, 2s. 6d. ; non-Fellows, 5s. Vol. XI., part 3, 1889, 278 pages. Eeport of the National EosE CoNPBEBNOE held in the Society's Gardens at Chiswick. To Fellows, 2s. ; non-Fellows, 5s. Vol. XIII., part 3, 1891, 199 pages. Eeport of Confebenobs on Habdy Summer Fbbennials, and Smalii Habdy Fbuits. Papers on Alpine Plants, Tea Eoses, Peaches and Nectarines, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Gladioli, Insectivorous Plants, etc. To Fellows, 2s. ; non-Fellows, 5s. Vol. XIV., 1892, 588 pages. Eeport of the Conifbe Confeb- encb, 1891. Synopsis of the order Ooniferse, by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters; Pinetum Danicum, by Prof. Carl Hansen; Statistics of Conifers in the British Islands; Diseases of Conifers ; Value of Conifers for Planting, etc., etc. Price to Fellows, 7s. 9d. ; non-Fellows, 15s. 6d. The Society's two Prize Essays, 1895, on " Hardy Fruit Culture," may be obtained from the Society's Office, 117 Victoria Street, S.W. Price Is. 6d. Bulbous Irises, by Prof. M. Foster, Secretary of the Eoyal Society. Profusely Illustrated. Almost every species is fully described and illustrated, and particulars as to distinguishing characteristics, growth, time of flowering, native country, etc., are given. Price Is. Gd. Fruits for Cottaoees, Farmers, and Owners of Small Gardens. An entirely New and greatly Eevised Edition of this Pamphlet is now ready. Post free, single copy, M. ; 25, 2s. ; 50, 8s. ; 100, 4s. BARR5/I?S§EEDS F oJ^ Flower ^ Kitchen Garden The Best Seeds tn the World for securing a supply of Vegetables "the ye^r round,',' and for keeping, the Flower Garden always gay, and with abuudanee/of Flowers to 901 for'v^es and bouquets; s,lso Seeds of Plants for Greenhouse DeodfatioB, Summer and Winter. , ' '" - ' ' .Barr's Seeds giiarahteed. all Finest Seletjted Strains and of good growth. ^All Seeds sent Carriage IJree on reeei^ of remittafiee. BaiT'a 21s. Collectioii of Best Yegetable Seeds contains a liberal assortment of the Best Seeds, for a supply of Vegetables "the year round." Other Oollec^ons of best Vegfef able Seeds, 128. 6d. to 63b. \:Fiill particulars in Oatalpgite,freS on applicdiion. ~ ■ ., .i^ Barr's. Choice Flower Seeds, Our CatalogMeoontainsj:: Select List of all the' most beautiful Annuals und Perennials ; Special Collections for all: purposeSj and many sterling Novelties. " ' 1 , '-' DAH^DO Beautiful Hardy WB DAFf ODILS ilHE MOST LOVELY OF ALL SpRINC FLOWEf\5 BARB'S DAFFODILS were a\yard,ed the, only Gold Medal a* the Royal Horticuitntal Society's ffirsti.Gtfeat.Daf^dili Conference; the Piemier Prize at the Binningham Daffodil Show, 1894 ; and the only Gold Medal i, at the Wolverhampton Show, 1,896. ,. */-- . '. . i .' Barr'^ 21&. Amateur's Collection of Daffodils 'contains a Bulbs each of 25 highiclass DajEodils, all beautiful. '.'■'- ' Barr'a 12s. 6d. Ama^ur's Collection of Daffodils contains, 3 ^ulbs. each of -15 beautiful varieties:, ^ , .• " Barr's 2is. " Woodland " Colleetion of. Daffodils contains IS Bulbs each of 20 Suita.ble kinds, alf shftwy and beaiUtiif id.' _ : . \ BARR'S GOLLECTIQNS OF BULBS ■ , (FOR INDOORS AND OUTDdoRS), :" f Barr's 21s.' *' Gxeenhouse ". GoUection contaiiis 300 Spring-ilowering; Bulbs of finest (Quality. ' ' ■' , ■ . . ' .; ,• ,,, . , •, ^ '.-:..' Barr's 21s. " Floarer Garden '' Collection co^jtains 700 Spririg and Suinmer-flowering BtiVbs, all decorative. . ; , , •■ ^ Barr's 21s. " Woodland '' Collec^ibn cohtains 1,Q06 Bulbs, suitable toii^tuialiseiri Woodlands, Orfihards, Wild, Gardens, &c.' M ." -' .--"i:- For tall particulars of the. akove anct'other Eotlsciionsiee our Bulb eatalogw^free-ona^pticatton. All Bulbs sent Ca^iagre Paid on Receipt of Rajnittanee. ' J2^ 13 King Street, Covent dardea, lOMOON. BARR 4t SQNSj Seedsmen. Bulb arowei^> and Nursei^itfea; . Nurseries;— LOflg Dltton, Surrey (Surbiton Station), Advertisement 6fflee:-li7 VICTORIA STREET, LONDON. S.W. An Age of Specialists. FOR considerably over a Century our Firm has been noted for tb& careful cultivation of Fruit Trees, and has. built up a reputation by sending out Trees TRUE TO NAME. During the past Sixteen Years we have greatly extended our Culture of FruM Treies, aadl having given up the cultivation of all General Nursery Stock ia favoiit of these, and Eoses, we may fairly clsim to be Ffuit Tree SpeciaKsts. To-day we are pushing the matter still closer, and make a Speciality (without neglecting other branches of Frait Tree Gulture), of Espalier Traineti Treesm Cordon and Horizontally Trained Pears. {Photograjph from CustomeryOfTnea planted the previous Auirnirfu) Last Season we had a Stock of over 20,006 Espaliers, a stock whidi for excellence or number we believe to be without parallel. We have Apples, Pears, and Plums trained in this form. Peaches, Necfarines, Apricots, Cherries, &c., as fan- trained Trees. We were the first to grow Plums as horizontally trained Trees, a method which suits tfieni' infinitely better than any. other. Descriptive Catalogue, with article on Planting, Pruning, &c., 6d. ; Gratis to Customers. J. R. PEARSON & SONS, CWlwell Nnrseries, NOTTS. " B.H.S. Adveptisement Office :-H7 VICTORIA 8TBBET, LONDON, ^\l^,1 ''■^