HM .'■ :■".: Hi Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924097805950 THE EXHIBITS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND NITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AT THE > Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition Norfolk, Virginia 1907 WASHINGTON 1907 w THE EXHIBITS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AT THE Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition Norfolk, Virginia 1907 WASHINGTON 1907 WASHINGTON, D. C, PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. 1907 Exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution and United States National Museum at the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, Norfolk, Virginia, 1907. INTRODUCTION. Smithsonian Institution and U. S. National Museum. The Institution was established by statute in 1846, under the terms of the will of James Smithson, who bequeathed his for- tune in 1826 to the United States for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." From the income of the fund a building, known as the Smithsonian building, was erected on land given by the United States. The Institution is legally an establishment having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice-Presi- dent, the Chief Justice, and the President's Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents consisting of the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, three members of the United States Senate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens of the United States appointed by joint resolution of Congress. It is under the immediate direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who is the executive officer of the board and the director of the Institution's activities. For the increase of knowledge, the Institution aids investigators by making grants for research and exploration, supplying books, apparatus, laboratory accommodations, etc. It occasionally pro- vides for lectures, which are published. It has initiated numerous scientific projects of national importance, some of which have been turned over to the Government and resulted in the creation of in- dependent Government bureaus. It advises the Government in many matters of scientific importance, especially in those that have an international aspect. It cooperates with scientific bodies of national importance, like the National Academy of Sciences, the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science, the American Historical Association, etc. It issues three regular series of publications: Annual Reports, containing papers of general interest intended ts keep the ordinary reader abreast of the progress of science ; Contri- butions to Knowledge, the distinct feature of which is that each me- moir constitutes an original contribution to knowledge ; Miscellaneous 3 4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Collections, which contain bibliographies, reports of expeditions, standard tables, and a scientific quarterly. All these publications are distributed gratuitously to important libraries throughout the world. The Hodgkins Fund, the income of $100,000 of which is for the increase and diffusion of knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of atmospheric air in connection with the welfare of man, has made grants, issued publications, awarded medals and prizes. The Institution maintains a library in cooperation with the Li- brary of Congress, which numbers 250,000 volumes, and consists mainly of the transactions of learned societies and scientific period- icals. Whilst the body of the library is deposited in the Library of Congress and accessible to all its readers, a working library is main- tained at the Institution. Lists, bibliographies, rules for cataloguing and library work have been published. It supports a table at the Biological Station at Naples. All these and numerous other ac- tivities may be carried on solely from the income of the Smithsonian fund. The Regents are empowered to accept gifts without action of Congress, in furtherance of the purposes of the Institution, and to administer trusts in accordance therewith. The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections. It is especially rich in the natural history, geology, paleontology, archeology, and ethnology of America, and has unique collections of American history, as well as many series relating to fine arts and the industrial arts. It is both an educa- tional and research museum, and issues numerous technical and popular scientific publications. Jamestown Exposition. The act of Congress approved June 30, 1906, authorizing an ex- hibit by the departments and bureaus of the Government at the Jamestown Exposition, appropriated the sum of $200,000 to be* ex- pended under the direction of the Jamestown Ter-centennial Com- mission, consisting of the Secretaries of the Treasury, War, and Navy Departments, who were authorized to prepare, transport, and arrange said exhibit. There was also appropriated at the same time $350,000 for the erection of the necessary buildings. The act also provided that the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum should exhibit such articles and materials of an historical nature as would serve to impart a knowledge of our colonial and national history. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution appointed Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant, U. S. National Museum, as JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 5 the representative of the Smithsonian Institution and National Mu- seum on the Government Board, which was created by the commis- sion, and charged with the preparation of the Government exhibit. Of the total appropriation of $200,000, $16,000 was allotted by the commission to the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum for the preparation of its exhibit, and a separate building, known as "Annex B" and connected with one of the main buildings, was pro- vided for that purpose. The building is 100 feet long by 60 feet wide and contains about 6,000 square feet of space. Plan op Exhibit. In October the following general plan of exhibits was submitted by the representative, with the advice of an advisory committee appointed to assist him, consisting of Dr. Cyrus Adler, Assistant Sec- retary of the Smithsonian Institution ; Mr. W. H. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of Ethnology, and Mr. A. H. Clark, Curator, Division of History, U. S. National Museum. The plan was approved by the Secretary and the work of preparation immediately begun. 1. A chronological wall exhibit extending entirely around the building, mainly pictorial, illustrative of American history, as fol- lows : (a) A continuous series of portraits of persons prominent in colonial and national history, beginning with Columbus and ending with Theodore Roosevelt. (b) A series of historical paintings, pictures and maps, chrono- logically arranged. 2. Statuary. 3. In the center of the building a life-sized lay figure group de- picting Captain John Smith trading for corn with the Powhatan Indians. 4. A series of floor cases, containing life-sized lay figures in the costumes of the peoples most prominently concerned in the settle- ment of the United States. 5. A series of cases containing material illustrating the following periods in the history" of the United States: Colonial period, periods of the Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and War with Spain. 6. Models of the Viking ship and the Columbus ships. O SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7. Models of the Susan Constant, the Half-Moon, and the May- flower. 8. Models of John Fitch's steamboat Clermont and others. 9. Historic medals of the United States and its money. 10. A series of models illustrating the development of land trans- portation, particularly the railway locomotive. 11. A complete historical series of firearms used in this country. 12. Models of important inventions, such as the telegraph, tele- phone, electric appliances, etc. 13. History of photography. 14. History of medicine in America. On April 26, when the Exposition was opened by the President, the exhibits as described in the appended catalogue were installed and labeled, and the building opened to the public. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. PORTRAITS OF EMINENT PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISCOVERY AND HISTORY OF AMERICA. Christopher Columbus, Discoverer, 1435-1506. John Cabot, Discoverer, Died 1498. Americus Vespucius, Discoverer, 1451-1512. Ponce De Leon, Explorer, 1460- 1521. Fernando De Soto, Discoverer, 1496-1542. Henry Hudson, Discoverer. Sir Walter Raleigh, Explorer, 1552-1618. Samuel De Champlain, Explorer, 1567-1635. Captain John Smith, Pioneer, 1580-1635. Pocahontas, Indian Maiden. Lord Baltimore, Governor, 1580-1632. John Winthrop, Statesman, 1588-1649. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island, 1599-1683. William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania, 1644-1718. Elihu Yale, Philanthropist, 1649-1721. Benjamin Franklin, Stateman, 1710-1785. Jonathan Trumbull, Statesman, 1710-1785. •Israel Putnam, Soldier, 1718-1790. Roger Sherman, Statesman, 1721-1793. George Washington, President, 1789-1797. John Adams, President, 1797-1801. John Jay, Chief Justice, 1789-1795. Samuel Adams, Statesman, 1722-1803. Christopher Gadsden, Soldier and Patriot, 1724-1805. James Otis, Statesman, 1725-1.783. George Mason, Statesman, 1725-1792. Francis Marion, Soldier, 1732-1795. David Rittenhouse, Astronomer, 1732-1796. Joseph Priestley, Chemist, 1733-1804. Robert Morris, Statesman, 1734- 1806. Daniel Boone, Pioneer, 1735-1820. Patrick Henry, Statesman, 1736-1799. John Hancock, Statesman, 1737-1783. Charles Carroll, Statesman, 1737-1832. Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice, 1796-1800. Benjamin West, Painter, 1738-1820. Anthony Wayne, Soldier, 1745-1796. - Charles C. Pinckney, Statesman, 1746-1825. James Madison, President, 1809-1817. James Monroe, President, 1817-1825. John Paul Jones, Commander, U. S. N., 1747-1792. Stephen Girard, Philanthropist, 1750-1831. Stephen Decatur, Naval Officer, 1751-1808. George Rogers Clark, Soldier, 1752-1818. Edmund Randolph, Statesman, 1753-1813. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), Physicist, 1753-1814. Joel Barlow, Poet and Patriot, 1754-1812. 8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Gilbert C. Stuart, Artist, 1755-1828. Alexander Hamilton, Statesman, 1757-1804. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President, 1813-1814. John Marshall, Chief Justice, 1801-1835. Andrew Jackson, President, 1829-1837. Marquis de Lafayette, Soldier, 1757-1834. W. H. Thornton, Architect, 1761-1828. B. H. Latrobe, Architect, 1764-1820. Eli Whitney, Inventor, 1765-1825. James Smithson, Founder Smithsonian Institution, 1765-1829. Henry Clay, Statesman, 1777-1852. John J. Audubon, Ornithologist, 1780-1851. Daniel Webster, Statesman, 1782-1852. Washington Irving, Author, 1783-1859. Oliver H. Perry, Commodore, U. S. N., 1785-1819. John Quincy Adams, President, 1825-1829. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, 1829-1833. Martin Van Buren, President, 1837-1841. William Henry Harrison, President, 1841-1841. Winfield Scott, General, U. S. A., 1786-1866. John Tyler, President, 1841-1845. Thomas Say, Naturalist, 1787-1834. James Knox Polk, President, 1845-1849. George Peabody, Philanthropist, 1795-1869. G. M. Dallas, Vice-President, 1845-1849. Zachary Taylor, President, 1849- 1853. Millard Fillmore, President, 1850-1853. Samuel F. B. Morse, Inventor, 1791-1872. Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice, 1836-1864. Franklin Pierce, President, 1853-1857. Samuel Houston, Statesman, 1793-1863. James Buchanan, President, 1857-1861. Abraham Lincoln, President, 1861-1865. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President, 1861-1865. Andrew Johnson, President, 1865-1869. Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice, 1864-1873. Joseph Henry, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1797-1878. Ulysses S. Grant, President, 1869-1877. Charles Wilkes, Commodore, U. S. N., 1798- 1877. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice, 1874-1888. George Bancroft, Historian, 1800-1891. David G. Farragut, Admiral, U. S. N., 1801-1870. Wm. H. Seward, Statesman, 1801-1872. Ralph W. Emerson, Author, 1803-1882. Matthew F. Maury, Geographer, 1806-1873. Robert E. Lee, General, C. S. A., 1807-1870. Joseph E. Johnston, General, C. S. A., 1807-1891. Louis Agassiz, Naturalist, 1807-1873. Henry W. Longfellow, Poet, 1807-1882. John G. Whittier, Poet, 1807-1892. Jefferson Davis, Statesman, 1808-1889. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 9 Edgar Allan Poe, Author, 1809-1849. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Author, 1809-1894. Asa Gray, Botanist, 1810-1888 Horace Greeley, Journalist, 1811-1872. Alexander Stephens, Statesman, 1812-1883. Stephen A. Douglas, Statesman, 1813-1861. John C. Fremont, Explorer, 1813-1890. Rutherford B. Hayes, President, 1877-1881. James A. Garfield, President, 1881-1881. Chester A. Arthur, President, 1881-1885. Grover Cleveland, President, 1885-1889 — 1893- 1897. Benjamin Harrison, President, 1889-1893. William McKinley, President, 1897-1901. David D. Porter, Admiral, U. S. N., 1813-1891. George G. Meade, General, U. S. A., 1815-1872. Wade Hampton, General, C. S. A., 1818-1902. Elias Howe, Inventor, 1819-1867. James Russell Lowell, Author, 1819-1891. William T. Sherman, General, U. S. A., 1820-1891. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1823-1887. Francis J. Parkman, Historian, 1823-1893. Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, General, C S. A., 1824-1863. George B. McClellan, General, U. S. A., 1826-1885. William D. Whitney, Educator, 1827-1894. Philip H. Sheridan, General, U. S. A., 1831-1888. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice, 1888. John W. Powell, Geologist, 1834-1902. Samuel P. Langley, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1834-1906. Fitzhugh Lee, General, C. S. A., 1835-1905. George Dewey, Admiral, U. S. N., 1837. H. H. Richardson, Architect, 1838-1886. John Hay, Statesman, 1838-1905. Theodore Roosevelt, President, 1901 — . FACSIMILE OF COLORED DRAWINGS OF AMERICAN ANIMALS AND PLANTS MADE BY JOHN WHITE FOR SIR WALTER RALEIGH IN 1585. The Trve Pictvres and Fashions of the People in that parte of America now Called Virginia, discowred by Englismen sent thither in the years of our Lorde 1585. att the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Raleigh Knigt Lord Warden of the stannaries in the duchies of Corenwal and Oxford who therin hath bynne fauored and auctorised by her Maaiestie and her letters patents. Diligentlye collected and draowne by Ihon White who was sent thither speciallye and for the same purpose by the said Sir Walter Raleigh the year abouesaid 1585. and also the year 1588. (Title of Heriot's work.) Originals in the British Museum, Grenville Collection. Copied by Charles Praetorius in 1889 for the United States National Museum. A Herowan Chief. One of the Religious Men in the Town Secotan. IO SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. A Chief of Florida. A Chief's Wife of Florida. An Aged Man in his Winter Garment. ■ Their Manner of Fishing. The Broiling of their Fish over the Flame. Their Sitting at Meat. Their Manner of Praying with their Rattles about the Fire. Their Dances which they have at their High Feasts. The Town of Pomeoc. The Flyer. The Tomb of their Cheounes of Chiefs. The Chief Herowan's Wife, of Pomeoc, and her Daughter. The Manner of their Attire and Painting their features when they go Hunting or at Solemn Feasts. The Wife of a Herowan of Secotan. One of the Wives of Wyngyno. Plants— Wysauke, .Platano or Planten, Plant, The Pyne frute, Mammea, Platano. Fishes. — Flying fish and Caruels^ Rebeso, Crocobado, Rebeso, Gallo, Oio de buey, Garopa, Duratho, Mero, Pese Pica, Pese Porco, Bolador, Polometa. A fish, ryuer fish. Birds. — Hoopoe, Bird, Bird, Bird, Bobo, Tinosa, A Flamingo, Alcatrosa (Tanboril). Reptiles, etc. — A land Tort, A sea Tort, A Tort, Igwano, Alagatto. Crustaceans, etc. — Scorpions, A lande Crab, Caracol and Hermit Crab. Insects — Fireflies and a byting flye, Butterfly. HISTORIC SCENES AND LANDMARKS. Arlington, Home of Lee. Mount Vernon, Home of Washington. The Capitol. The White House. The Library of Congress. Independence Hall. Baptism of Pocahontas. Marriage of Pocahontas. First Railroad Train, Perth Amboy, N. J. Washington's Last Birthday. General Marion in His Swamp Camp. Capture of Major Andre. Embarcation of the Pilgrims. The Peace Ball. Columbus' First Sight of Land. Battle of Bunker Hill. First Foreign Recognition of the American Flag. Henry Hudson in New York Bay. Funeral Mass on the Mississippi over De Soto. Columbus at Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. Burgoyne's Surrender at Saratoga. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. II Landing of Columbus. De Soto Discovering the Mississippi. Declaration of American Independence, July 4, 1776. Washington and his Generals. Washington Crossing the Delaware. Speech of Patrick Henry. Washington Taking Leave of his Generals at New York. Franklin at the Court of France. ■The Surrender of Cornwallis. Columbus Caravels, 1492: Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta. Sally Constant — The Ship that brought the First Colonists to Jamestown. Mayflower. Miles Standish's Challenge. Battle between Serapis and Bon Homme Richard. Battle of New Orleans. Arrival of Relief Expedition at Jamestown. Eliot Preaching to Indians. Elm Tree under which Penn made Treaty with Indians. Old Map of Virginia. Old Map of Fort— 1585. Map of America, 1659, showing the Chesapeake Bay to the St. Lawrence River, including a Small Map of the City of New York as it was in 1659. Declaration of the Independence of America, July 4, 1776. Washington delivering his Inaugural Address, April, 1789, New York. The Hermitage, the Home of Andrew Jackson. The Hermitage, the Great Central Hall. The Tomb of Andrew Jackson. Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia. Congress Hall, Philadelphia. Monticello, Home of Jefferson. French Embassy at Austin, 1839-1842 — Built by Count Dubois de Saligny, French Charge d' Affaires. Fall of the Alamo in 1836 — The Alamo was built in 1716 by Franciscans, and was used as a military fortress, church, school, and residence. At the out- break of the war between the Republic of Texas and Mexico, it was defended by General Cos. It was captured on December 10 by Generals Milam,. Travis, and Burleson with 300 Texans after five days' fighting. On the 6th of March, 1836, Travis, Bowie, and Crockett with 160 men left to garrison it, were attacked by Gen. Santa Anna with 5,000 Mexicans. All of the- Texans were killed and the Mexicans lost more than 1,600. Declaration of Independence (East Wall), enlarged to 7 by 9 feet by photography — This shows with great distinctness the signatures of the signers, and the writing in the body of this epochal document. Oil Painting — Battle of Caloocan, between the American troops and Philip- pine Insurrectionists. Painted by George Peters. HISTORY OF THE CAPITOL. Elevation of James Diamond's Competitive Design. Front Elevation of Philip Hart's Competitive Design. View of Capitol when first occupied by Congress in 1800. William Thorn- ton, Architect. 12 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Basement plan, 1800. Plan in Black showing portion first occupied by Congress. East elevation of design accepted. William Thornton, Architect. Exterior view from Latrobe's Drawings. Longitudinal section; Latrobe's Modification of Thornton's plan of the House of Representatives. West Elevation, 181 1 to 1814. Exterior, After Fire, from Drawing of Crittendon, 1814. Drawing of House of Representatives After Destruction by the British. House of Representatives, Southwest View. Senate Chamber, showing Southwest Gallery. Perspective View Drawn by George Strickland. Northwest View of Capitol in 1840. Southeast View of Capitol in 1840. Capitol View from President's Mansion, 1840. Exterior Design Approved by President Fillmore, 1851. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. East Portico of Wings, 1853. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. Elevation of New Dome, 1855. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. Section of Dome Showing Scaffolding and Temporary Roof. Northeast View as Completed. Northwest View of Capitol, showing Marble Terrace. West View of Capitol. Southeast View of Capitol, showing Marble Terrace. Design for the Extension of the Central Portion of the Capitol, perspective view. Thomas U. Walter, Architect, 1874. Chief Justice Marshall. W. W. Story, Sculptor. STATUARY. Statue of George Washington — Original plaster model of the bronze statue of General George Washington, by Frederick Petterich. Presented^ to the National Institute, 1846. Transferred from the Patent Office. (Left of main entrance.) Statue of Osceola (Black Drink) — A half-breed Seminole Indian of Florida. Though but a warrior, not a chief, he was the leader and master spirit of his tribe during the four years' war which they waged with the United States, from 1835 to 1839. He was captured in 1837, and died at Fort Moultrie in 1839. Bust modelled by Achille Colin after a portrait by George Catlin. Figure completed by Theodore A. Mills. (Right side of main entrance.) CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH TRADING WITH THE INDIANS, 1607. The Jamestown Colony was saved from grievous want and possibly from extinction by the energy and resourcefulness of Captain Smith in dealing with the Indians. This group represents a trading expedition to one of the native villages, and reproduces as nearly as the available data will permit the boats of the period and the costumes and other personal belongings of both peoples. Designed by W. H. Holmes and executed under his direction by H. W. Hendley and U. S. J. Dunbar, Sculptors. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 1 3, Of decided national importance and of special local int '.rest is the episode illustrated in this lay figure group. The first years of the planting of the Vir- ginia colony were exceedingly discouraging, and on several occasions the handful of Englishmen at Jamestown reached the verge of starvation, a result which at that time might have led to long delay or complete disaster to coloni- zation. Failure to establish the colony at that particular time might have placed the new-found land of Virginia forever in the hands of other than the English people. To the ability and energy of John Smith, the survival of the colony was due, and on several occasions his success in trading with the Indians for corn prevented annihilation. The story is graphically told by Smith himself, the historian as well as the saviour of the colony. The terrible straits of the people at Jamestown are recorded in the follow- ing lines : " There were neuer Englishmen left in a forreigne Countrey in such miserie as wee were in this new discouered Virginia. Wee watched euery three nights, lying on the bare cold ground, what weather soeuer came ; (and) warded all the next day; which brought out men to bee most feeble wretches. Our food was but a small can of Barlie sod (den) in water, to fiue men a day. Our drink, cold water taken out of the Riuer; which was, at a floud, verie salt ; at a low tide, full of slime and filth : which was the destruction of many of our men. "Thus we liued for the space of fiue months (August 1607-Jan. 1608) in this miserable distresse, not hauing fiue able men to man our Bulwarkes vpon any occasion. If it had not pleased God to haue put a terrour in the Sauages hearts, we had all perished by those vild and cruell Pagans, being in that weake estate as were were ; our men night and day groaning in euery corner of the Fort most pittifull to heare. If there were any conscience in men, it would make their harts to bleed to heare the pitifull murmurings and out-cries of our sick men without reliefe, euery night and day, for the space of sixe weekes ( ?8 Aug. -19 Sept. 1607) : some departing out of the World many times three or foure in a night; in the morning, their bodies (being) trailed out of their Cabines like Dogges, to be buried. In this sort, did I see the mortalitie of diuers of our people." (Arber's Smith, 1884, p. lxxii.) v Smith's account of his trip in search of corn, December 10, 1607, from Jameston to Kegquouhtan (Hampton), will serve as an illustration of the character of his numerous expeditions. "As at this time were most of our chiefest men either sicke or discon- tended, the rest being in such dispaire, as they would rather starue and rot with idleness, then be perswaded to do any thing for their owne reliefe without constraint : our fictualles being now within eighteene days spent, and the Indians trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the riuer, to Kegquouhtan an Indian Towne, to trade for Come, and try the riuer for Fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of the stormy weather. The Indians thinking vs neare famished, with carelesse kindnes, offred vs little pieces of bread and small handfuls of beanes or wheat, for a hatchet or a piece of copper: In like man(n)er I entertained their kindnes, and in like scorne offered them like commodities, but the Children, or any that shewed extraordinary kindnes, I liberally contented with free gifts (of) such trifles as wel contented them. 14 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. " Finding this colde comfort, I anchored before the Towne, and the next day returned to trade, but God (the absolute disposer of all heartes) altered their conceits, for now they were no lesse desirous of our commodrhes then we of their Corne : vnder colour to fetch fresh water, I sent a man to dis- couer the Towne, their Corne, and force, to trie their intent, in that they desired me vp to their houses: which well vnderstanding, with foure shot I visited them. With fish, oysters, bread, and deere, they kindly traded with me and my men, beeing no lesse in doubt of my intent, then I of theirs; for well I might with twentie men haue freighted a Shippe with Corne: The Towne conteineth eighteene houses, pleasantly seated upon three acres of ground, vppon a plaine, halfe inuironed with a great Baye of the great Riuer, the other parte with a Baye of the other Riuer falling into the great Baye, with a little He fit for a Castle in the mouth thereof, the Towne adioyning to the maine by a neck of Land of sixtie yardes. "With sixteene bushells of Corne I returned towards our Forte: by the way I encountered with two Canowes of Indians, who came aboord me, being the inhabitants of Waroskoyack, a kingdome on the south side of the riuer, which is in breadth 5 miles and 20 miles or neare from the mouth: With these I traded, who hauing but their hunting prouision, requested me to returne to their Towne, where I should load my boat with corne: and with near thirtie bushells I returned to the fort, the very name whereof gaue great comfort to our despa(i)ring company:" (Arber's Smith, 1884, p. 9.) It was while on one of these corn gathering expeditions high up the Chickahominy that Smith was captured and held prisoner until released through the intercession of Pocahontas. The group is illustrative of these trading expeditions and comprises twenty- two life-size lay figures — eleven Indians and eleven whites — and is perhaps the most ambitious attempt of this kind ever made in this country. The costumes and personal belongings of the various people are as nearly correct as the information at hand would permit, and the boats closely approximate those of the English and the Indians of that time. The principal group facing the water front illustrates Smith actively en- gaged in "trafficking" with two stalwart savages who are driving a bargain with characteristic energy. Smith is asking two bushels of corn for one . piece of cloth, and the Indians insist on two pieces of cloth for one basket of corn. The soldiers near at hand keep a watchful eye on the wary savages, who have their arms within reach. On the prow of the boat is assembled a group of the gentlemen of the colony amusing themselves by trading beads and other trinkets for fruit and other articles offered by the native women, and the scene is enlivened by the representation of the Englishman's first experience with Virginia per- simmons. The representation is given greater realism by the introduction into the tank of water on which the boats seem to float. The group is intended to be not only instructive to the general public in its every detail, but especially to emphasize the heroic work of Captain Smith and the important place of Indian corn as a bulwark of the welfare of the American people. The corn shown was obtained in part from the Indians of Canada, who have carefully preserved the native variety, and in part from the Indians of Arizona, who have continued without interruption the cultivation of the native Indian corn found in such great quantities in the store houses of the ancient cliff dwellers. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 15 EARLY INHABITANTS, COSTUMES, IMPLEMENTS, ETC. Stone-Implement Makers of the District of Columbia — On a number •of sites now within the District of Columbia the aborigines quarried quartz- ite bowlders from the bluffs for use in making various forms of imple- ments. One of the principal sites is located on Piney Branch below the Fourteenth street bridge. It is assumed that the work was done by the Indian tribes encountered by John Smith who first explored this section (1608) and the costumes used on the three figures are restored from draw- ings made by early colonists. This exhibit is intended to show the nature of the work done along the T51uffs and to give an idea of the articles made. The work consisted in penetrating the bowlder deposits, in securing the bowlders, and in reducing them, by flaking with other bowlders, or with bone tools, to the approximate shapes of implements. These roughed-out forms were, as a rule, leaf- shaped blades, which could be elaborated at pleasure into spearheads, arrow- points, knives, etc. No finished implements were left on the quarry sites, and the spots are now marked by hundreds of tons of flakes, fragments, and partly shaped rejected implements. Designed by W. H. Holmes; modeled by U. S. J. Dunbar. Examples of Aboriginal Handiwork — Stone implements and other relics of the Atlantic States from Maine to Texas, and from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo. The exhibit includes typical specimens of aboriginal stone- -working — leaf-shaped blades, arrow points and spear heads; grooved stone axes, polished stone hatchets, soapstone bowls, symbolic stone sculptures, and examples of aboriginal pottery. Tripointed stone, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 221,346. Carved shell amulet, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 229,665. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,656. Large sculptured stone, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 229,451. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. J. W. Fewkes. 229,660. Stone amulet, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 229,667. Tripointed -stone, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 221,349. Stone collar, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,783. Stone collar, Porto Rico. J. W. Fewkes. 229,782. Stone collar, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 222,105. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,654. ■Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 221,347. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Paul E. Beckwith. 229,453. Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,534. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,653. Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,414. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. J. W. Fewkes. 229,659. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,655. Tripointed stone, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,406. Carved stone metate, Costa Rica. C. N. Riotte. 216,393. Ceremonial baton, Santo Domingo. W. M. Gabb. 224,415. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Paul E. Beckwith. 229,452. Stone collar, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 219,192. Stone collar, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,781. l6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Stone collar, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 229,780. Tripointed stone, Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. 224,536. Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,403. Tripointed stone, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,505. Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,411. Carved stone head (human), Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 221,348. Carved stone pestle, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,413. Stone hatchet with handle in one piece, Santo Domingo. J. W. Fewkes. 224,402. Cast of stone gouge, Connecticut. J. H. Clark. 17,670. Stone pick, quarry implement, Maryland. J. D. McGuire. 208,264. Soapstone vessel, Virginia. J. W. Brock. 98,645. Stone pick, quarry implement, Maryland. J. D. McGuire. 208,326. Polished stone hatchet, Virginia. M. A. Miller. 42,610. Polished stone hatchet, Rhode Island. J. H. Clark. 17,758. Grooved stone ax, Maine. W. P. Damon. 172,699. Polished stone hatchet, Rhode Island. J. H. Clark. 17,758. Grooved stone ax (cast), Massachusetts. J. W. P. Jenks. 6542. Polished stone hatchet, Connecticut. J. H. Clark. 17,742. Grooved stone ax, Rhode Island. J. H. Clark. 17,613. Polished stone hatchet, New York. A. A. Peling. 99,410. Grooved stone ax, New Jersey. G. M. Lawrence. 45,551. Polished stone hatchet, South Carolina. W. W. Anderson. 35,088. Grooved stone ax, New York. W. Pardow. 18,998. Polished stone hatchet, Florida. H. J. Biddle. 31,927. Grooved stone ax, Connecticut. J. H. Clark. 17,638. Polished stone hatchet, Virginia. C. B. Griffin. 22,462. Stone pick, quarry implement, Maryland. J. D. McGuire. 208,277. Soapstone vessel, Virginia. G. W. Reid. 58,421. Stone pick, quarry implement, Pennsylvania. W. H. Holmes. 244,869- Stone adze (cast), Connecticut. A. R. Crittenden. 34,275. Grooved stone ax, Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 147,208. Polished stone hatchet, Alabama. A. M. Gibson. 61,664. Grooved stone ax, Virginia. Col. J. McDonald. 35,801. Polished stone hatchet, Louisiana. B. V. Lilly. 237,665. Grooved stone ax, North Carolina. J. M. Spainhour. 88,578. Grooved stone ax (cast), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,654. Grooved stone ax, South Carolina. W. W. Anderson. 35,489. Polished stone hatchet, Georgia. P. M. Sells. 31,918. Grooved stone ax (cast), Louisiana. J. H. Walker. 99,399. Polished stone hatchet, Mississippi. J. Lengsfield. 99,376. Grooved ax, hematite, Texas. A. R. Roessler. 147,226. Stone pendant (cast), Florida. W. L. Bryant. 238,572. Hematite pendant (cast), Louisiana. B. H. Brodnax. 34,408. Hematite pendant (cast), Louisiana. B. H. Brodnax. 29,178. Discoidal stone (cast), Virginia. S. Jordan. 30,234. Stone pendant (cast), Florida. J. P. Wall. 30,119. Stone pendant (cast), Maine. E. Vetromile. 11,624. Incised stone pendant (cast), Rhode Island. J.H.Clark. 17,896. Leaf-shaped blade, Massachusetts. J. H. Clark. 18,034. Leaf-shaped blade, Rhode Island. J. H. Clark. 18,017. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL, EXPOSITION. 17 Leaf-shaped blade, Connecticut. J. H. Clark. 18,033. Leaf-shaped blade, New York. S. P. Forman. 7505. Leaf-shaped blade, Pennsylvania. D. Sharpless. 137,609. Leaf-shaped blade, Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 149,127. Leaf-shaped blade, Virginia. Thos. Wilson. 150,379. Leaf-shaped blade, North Carolina. E. Palmer. 87,555. Leaf-shaped blade, Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,421. Leaf-shaped blade, Alabama. C. L. Herrick. 60,665. Leaf-shaped blade, Texas. Mrs. J. D. Sayers. 173,778. Arrowpoint (triangular), Massachusetts. J. H. Clark. 18,056. Arrowpoint (triangular), Massachusetts. J. H. Clark. 18,034. Arrowpoint (triangular), Connecticut. J. H. Clark. 18,058. Arrowpoint (triangular), Rhode Island. J. H. Clark. 18,010. Arrowpoint (triangular), New York. J. H. Clark. 21,208. Arrowpoint (triangular), New Jersey. H. W. Beckett. 195,011. Arrowpoint (triangular), Pennsylvania. B. H. Smith. 7636. Arrowpoint (triangular), Pennsylvania. Hon. G. M. Keim. 661 1. Arrowpoint (triangular), Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 149,148. Arrowpoint (triangular), Virginia. R. L. Walker. 1585. Arrowpoint (triangular), Virginia. John West. 42968. Arrowpoint (triangular), North Carolina. G. W. Kesler. 97,675. Arrowpoint (triangular), North Carolina. G. W. Kesler. 97,678. Arrowpoint (triangular), South Carolina. E. Palmer. 91,849. Arrowpoint (triangular), South Carolina. E. Palmer. 91,857. Arrowpoint (triangular), Georgia. R. Steiner. 210,085. Arrowpoint (triangular), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,439. Arrowpoint (triangular), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,437. Arrowpoint (triangular), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,438. Arrowpoint (triangular), Florida. S. T. Walker. 59,370. Arrowpoint (triangular), Florida. H. Clark. 8250. Arrowpoint (triangular), Alabama. C. L. Herrick. 60,670. Arrowpoint (triangular), Alabama. C. L. Herrick. 61,078. Arrowpoint (triangular), Texas. Mrs. J. D. Sayers. 173,779. Animal pipe (cast), Alabama. Mrs. E. A. Smith. 219,083. Stone pipe (cast), North Carolina. Bureau of American Ethnology. 82,835. Stone pipe (cast), North Carolina. Bureau of American Ethnology. 83,029. Animal pipe (Bear) (cast), North Carolina. Gen. J. T. Wilder. 31,385. Animal pipe (Turtle) (cast), Delaware. S. S. Haldeman. 31,897. Animal pipe (Bear?) (cast), North Carolina. R. Steiner. 172,951. Bird pipe (cast), New York. F. H. Cushing. 16,567. Platform pipe (cast), New York. W. M. Beauchamp. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Massachusetts. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Massachusetts. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Massachusetts. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Rhode Island. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Connecticut. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Connecticut. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Connecticut. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), New York. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), New York. p. 32,300. i. J. H. Clark. 18,077. ;. J. H. Clark. 18,007. i. J. H. Clark. 18,041. . J. H. Clark. 18,100. J. H. Clark. 18,006. J. H. Clark. 18,061. J. H. Clark. 18,004. Ira Van Ness. 61,060. Ira Van Ness. 61,061. l8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), New Jersey. W. H. Beckett. 197,330. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), New Jersey. J. G. Cortelyou. 10,003. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Delaware. H. T. Cresson. 147,790- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 149,169- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Maryland. O. N. Bryan. I49,!33- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 149,148- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Maryland. O. N. Bryan. 149.149- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Virginia. Thos. Wilson. 150,382. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Virginia. R. P. Bigelow. 98,459. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Virginia. Thos. Wilson. 169,437. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), North Carolina. E. Palmer. 87,557. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), North Carolina. C. W. Kesler. 97,677- Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), North Carolina. C. W. Kesler. 97,678. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), South Carolina. E. Palmer. 91,858. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), South Carolina. E. Palmer. 91,859. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,442 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,424 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 210,105 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,450. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,433 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 210,165 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,444. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Florida. R. E. C. Stearns. 8244. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Florida. H. Clark. 8250. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Alabama. C. L. Herrick. 60,672, Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Alabama. C. L. Herrick. 61,079. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Mississippi. J. T. R. Keenan. 9789, Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Mississippi. J. T. R. Keenan. 21,909. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Louisiana. J. M. Roberts. 61,141 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Louisiana. B. H. Brodnax. 29,198. Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Louisiana. B. H. Brodnax. 34,407 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Texas. Mrs. J. D. Sayers. 173,782 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Texas. Mrs. J. D. Sayers. 173,784 Arrowpoints or spearheads (stemmed), Texas. Mrs. J. D. Sayers. 173,781 Boat-shaped amulet (cast), Connecticut. L. Andrews. 34,597. Earthenware pot, Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,850. Ceremonial object (cast), Pennsylvania. J. C. Comfort. 31,674. Earthenware vase, Georgia. R. Steiner. 171,841. "Banner stone" (cast), New York. O. M. Bigelow. 32,288. Large earthenware urn (cast), Georgia. Bureau American Ethnology. 155,059. "Banner stone" (cast), New Jersey. C. Rau. 138,639. Earthenware vase (cast), Vermont. Prof. E. Hitchcock. 33,329. Drilled tablet (cast), Vermont. H. H. Dean. 30,040. Earthenware pot (cast), North Carolina. J. P. Rogan. 83,008. Bird-shaped amulet (cast), New York. O. M. Bigelow. 32,291. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. IO. Dress or the Colonial Period, Illustrated by Costumed Figures Represent- ing the Nations Most Prominent in the Peopling of America. Spanish Lady and Gentleman. The Dutch Patroon and his Wife. The Virginia Planter and his Wife. The Puritan and his Wife. (Two cases on either side of main entrance.) COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY. Tea Room of Colonial Mansion. No. I. Chippendale Chair. The Daughters of the American Revolution Collection. No. 2. Chippendale Chair. The Daughters of the American Revolution Collection. No. 3. Colonial Tea Table. The National Museum Collection. No. 4. Spanish Harp, Colonial Times. The Hilder Collection. No. 5. Foot Warmer, Colonial Times. The Hartwell Collection. No. 6. Spinning Wheel. The Daughters of the American Revolution Collection. No. 7. Carpet, made in Colonial Times. The Copp Collection. No. 8. Embroidered Shawl, made in Colonial Times. The Copp Collection. No. 9. Knit Shawl, made in Colonial Times. The Copp Collection. No. 10. Spanish, English, and French Flags, The National Museum Collection. No. 11. Colonial China Tea Set, nine pieces. The Brown Collection. No. 12. Colonial Plate Warmer. Lent by Mrs. Sterling Murray. Exhibit of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Dress, Hoopskirt, and Slippers. — Worn by Ann Van Courtland at her "coming-out ball" at Governor Stuyvesant's, between 1646 and 1664. Lent the Society by Mrs. Annie Van Rensselaer- Wells. Embroidered Silk Waistcoat. — Worn by William Parker when appointed surveyor and inspector of customs at Norfolk, Virginia, by General Washing- ton. Lent to the Society by Nicholas C. Jones. 202,512. Tin Lantern. — Brought from England in 1750, and used at Clean Drinking Manor, Maryland, during the War of the Revolution. 202,539. Pewter Tankard. — Brought from England by Honorable John Coates, of Maryland, and used by Col. John Coates at Clean Drinking Manor, Maryland, during the War of the Revolution. 202,542. Match Lock and Tray. — Used by Charles Jones, at Clean Drinking Manor, Maryland, during the War of the Revolution. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Harriet Sinclair Jones. 202,580; 202,581. Cloth Coat. — Worn by Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Maryland, when he signed the Declaration of Independence. 202,527. 20 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Gown, Slippers, and Gloves.— Worn by Henrietta Maria Cromwell, during the Revolutionary period. Lent the Society by Mrs. Sadtler through Mrs. Leo A. Knott. Certificate of Membership.— Regent's Commission and Chapter Charter of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Collec- tion of the National Society. 122,600. Insignia of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, designed by Dr. G. Brown Goode and adopted by the Society, May 26, 1891. Collection of the Society. 122,600. Cedar Chest.— Brought from England on board the Mayflower in 1620. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Adrian V. S. Schenck. 24,181. Original Order to General Lafayette, by the U. S. Treasurer, for $200,000, in payment of the grant conferred by the U. S. Government, "In recognition of his services during the War of the Revolution." Collection of the National Society. 202,355. Dress. — Worn by Mrs. Chubb's grandmother at the ball in Norfolk, when she danced with General Lafayette. Lent the Society by Mrs. E. Carrington Chubb. Looking-glass. — Brought to Plymouth, on the Mayflower, in 1620, by Edward Winslow, afterwards Governor of the Colony. It remained in the family for eight generations and was inherited by the depositor in 1876. Lent by Eugene Watson, U. S. N. India-woven Window Curtain. — Imported from England about 1784 by James Nourse, of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Lent to the Society by Miss Nourse. Water-color Sketch of the Battle Flag used by Col. William Washing- ton during the War of the Revolution. Collection of the National Society. The Mordecai Collection. — India muslin wedding dress worn in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, during the Revolution; brocade wedding dress, worn at Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, about 1780; blond lace wedding veil, worn with brocade dress ; India muslin nightcap, worn in 1800 ; hand-made lace veil, worked in Philadelphia about 1800; high shell comb, 1760. Lent to the Society by Miss Rose Mordecai. Bronze Medal. — Struck in 1789 in honor of the Volunteer Grenadier Com- pany, Third Battalion, Sixth Division, National Guard of Paris, Marquis de Lafayette commanding. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Stephen J. Field. Piece of the Oak Tree under which General Lafayette's tent stood, on the Marquis Road, Va., when he was en route to the Battle of Yorktown, in 1782. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Anne S- Green. Candles.— From Yorktown, Virginia, and from Germantown, Pennsylvania, made during the War of the Revolution. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Roberdeau Buchannan. Bronze Medal awarded to the Society, at St. Louis, for its exhibit, by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. Loan Collection. 4577. Portrait on Ivory of Sarah Rand Carter, born in Charlestown, Massachus- etts, in 1755 ; died in Boston in 1842 ; served as a scout and spy of the patriotic JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 21 army at the Battle of Bunker's Hill. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns. China Set. — Owned by Mary, wife of Captain David Morris, who was for his patriotic sentiments many years confined in the British prison ship Jersey. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Dr. Nellie M. Flint. China Plate, Cup and Saucer. — -Similar to the set presented to Martha Washington by the officers of the French Army. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by William A. Courtney. Gold Guinea. — Issued during the reign of George III, King of England. Contemporaneous with the War of the Revolution. Collection of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Lent to the Society by Miss Alice Guitman Lovett. 2207. Porcelain Plate. — One of a set imported from China by Captain O'Donnel, of the ship Pallas. Purchased by General Washington, at Baltimore, Md., October 1, 1785. Gift of Joseph Holt. 123,104. Silver Loving Cup. — Owned by Copeland Parker when appointed by Wash- ington Surveyor and Inspector of the Port of Norfolk, Va. Collection of the National Society. Silver Spoon. — Made from the knee buckles worn by Lieutenant-Colonel Ephraim Sawyer, of Lancaster, Mass., who, with his six sons, served through- out the War of the Revolution. Collection of the National Society. Lent to the Society by Mrs. Mary Sawyer Foote. Glass Beaker. — Made in England, brought from thence in 1750, and used at Ciean Drinking Manor, Maryland, during the War of the Revolution. Collection of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revo- lution. 202,585. History of the Ship "Constitution." Model of the United States Frigate "Constitution." — Built in Boston Harbor, 1794; launched, 1797; ready for sea, March 27, 1798. Length, 204 feet; beam, 43.6 feet; rated a 44-gun frigate; complement in 1798, 500 officers and men. As flagship, in 1799, cruised in southern waters, captured coast- wise vessels, and at Porta Plata, cut out a French privateer. She was dis- mantled in Boston in 1800, participated in the War with Tripoli, 1804-1805. The Constitution was overhauled in 1808. Flagship in southern waters in 1809. She sailed to France in 1810 with United States Minister. Over- hauled at Washington in 1812 and her armament changed, she sailed in the same year and encountered a British fleet off the coast of New York, escaping captue by kedge-hauling. She captured the British frigate Guerriere, Avigust 17, 1812 ; and December 29, took the 38-gun frigate lava, after which she was overhauled in Boston. The chief events of her subsequent career are as fol- lows : Destroyed the Pictoti, in 1813 ; blockaded in Boston, in 1814 ; captured the Cyane and the Levant, in 1815 ; laid up in Boston until 1821 ; was flagship of the Mediterranean squadron, 1822-1825. In 1829, she was ordered to be "broken up and sold," but Holmes' poem, "Old Ironsides," caused the repeal of the order, and she was rebuilt. In 1897, dismantled, she was used as bar- racks in Boston harbor: By Act of Congress, 1906, she was ordered to be rebuilt on original lines. Model made in the United States National Museum. 237,884. 22 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. PHOTOGRAPH.-From a water-color sketch of the U. S. Ship Constitution, by Antoine Roux, dated Marseilles, France, 1802. Gift of the Peabody Museum. 232,420. Photograph of an Original Picture of the U. S. Frigate "Constitu- Ti0N."-Presented to the Museum of the Boston Navy Yard, in 1859, by Lieutenant George C. Lee, U. S. N. Gift of the Peabody Museum. 238,420. Photograph of Model of U. S. Frigate "Constitution."— Model was pre- sented to the Salem East India Marine Society, July, 1813, by Commodore Isaac Hull, U. S. N., and preserved in the Marine Room, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts. Gift of the Peabody Museum. 232,420. U. S. S. "Constitution" escaping from the British fleet by kedge-haulmg, off the coast of New York, in 1812. U. S. S. "Constitution."— First class frigate. The third vessel launched under the new organization of the Navy, October 21, 1797. Length, 17s feet; beam, 43 feet; tonnage, 1,607 tons; speed, 13 knots; battery, 52 guns. U. S. S. "Constitution."— Second class frigate. The second vessel launched under the new organization of the Navy, September 7, 1797- Length, 161 feet; beam, 40 feet; tonnage, 1,265 tons; battery, 38 guns. AMERICAN HISTORIC WARS. No. 1. Colonization Period, Cannon. The Morrison Collection. 623. No. 2. French and Indian Wars (1754-1763), Bayonets. The Terrell Col- lection. 75,366. No. 3. War of the Revolution (1775-1783), Service Sword. The Varden Collection. 5386. No. 4. War with France (1798-1800), Fragments of Flags. The National Museum Collection. 204,535. No. 5. War with Tripoli (1805), Pistol. The National Museum Collec- tion. 130,321. No. 6. War of 1812 (1812-1815), Model U. S. S. Constitution. The Na- tional Museum Collection. 237,884. No. 7. The Black Hawk War (1832), Pipe of Peace. The Clark Collec- tion. 203,751. No. 8. War with Mexico (1846-1848), Pistol. The Fairchild Collection. 130,321- No. 9. The Civil War (1861-1865). Musket. The Goode Collection. 1377. No. 10. Cuban Campaign, Mauser Rifle. The Beckwith Collection. 234,247. No. 11. Porto Rican Campaign, Machete. The Beckwith Collection. 201,534. No. 12. Philippine Campaign, Pira Bolo. The Mearns Collection. 232,744. No. 13. Filipino Insurrection (1898-1900), Pira Bolo. The Hodge Collec- tion. 1433. No. 14. China Relief Expedition (1900), Carbine. The Carter Collection. 2192. HISTORY OF TERRITORIAL GROWTH. Culture of the Pueblos.— The Pueblo Indians live in the basin of the Rio Grande and Colorado rivers, Arizona and New Mexico. Their country is semiarid, and corn, which is their chief support, is raised on alluvial flats JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 23 along streams that either temporarily overflow the fields or are capable of furnishing water to irrigating canals. The villages are built of stone and are located near fields. Their arts are of a people dependent on a country having scant animal and vegetal life; hence, the Pueblos construct of stone, make pottery from clay, and basketry from desert plants. Textiles are now made from the wool of the introduced sheep, but formerly they were of plant fibers and strips of rabbit-skin. Pottery and almost everything else manufactured are decorated with symbolic designs. The contents of this case are: Front, {floor) — canteens, dish, and rattle of the Zuni, and toy canteen and sacred vessel of the Hopi ; (first shelf) — deco- rated food bowls, Zuhi ; (second shelf) — vases, Hopi; (third shelf) — vases, Zufii; (fourth shelf) — food bowls, Hopi. Back {floor) — vase, Mohave; water jar, Cochiti ; pitcher, Taos; bowl, Pima; effigy vases, Cochiti and Pima; and bowls of Santo Domingo, Acoma, and Pima; (first shelf) — bowls and vases from Rio Grande pueblos; (second shelf) — black ware, Santa Clara; and bowls and vases, Acoma, Tesuque, and Pima; (third shelf)- — vases, San Ildefonso and Acoma. Ends — On one end, wedding blanket, sacred sashes, anklets, kilt, and belts; on the other end, tablets carried in dances, carved figurines, coiled and wicker baskets. Culture of The Alaskans. — The Alaskans comprise the Eskimo, who in- habit the coast ; the Aleuts, the Archipelago ; the Tlinkit, Chilkat, and other Indians of the southeastern coast; and the Tinne of the interior. The Eskimo depend almost entirely upon marine and land animals for subsistence, and practice arts growing out of an intimate relation with the animal kingdom. The southeastern coast tribes live in a well timbered country possessed of a mild climate, and having its waters stocked with fish and other aquatic life. They have developed remarkable proficiency in wood working, basket making, weaving, carving, and decorative design. The interior tribes are inferior to the coast tribes in culture. The contents of this case are: Front (lower shelf) — sled models, horn dip- pers, snuff mortar, and berry mashers; (second shelf) — baskets and buckets; (third shelf) — models of oomiak and kayak; (background) — bows, arrows, seal darts, bird tridents, harpoons, and throwing sticks; (bracket shelves) — baskets of the Aleuts; (corners) — clothing. Back (first shelf) — painted boxes, totem posts, helmets, hat, knives, and club; (bracket shelves) — bas- kets; (background) — ceremonial blanket of mountain goat wool; (comers) — clothing. Right end — Northwest Coast paddles, canoe, masks, and totem post. Left end — Eskimo masks and woman's belts. Culture of the Samoans, Hawaiians, and Porto Ricans. — The natives of Samoa and Hawaii are of the brown Polynesian race ; the Porto Ricans were formerly Carib-Arawak Indians, but every vestige of the race has been obliterated. Samoan arts are those of a people living in a warm climate and possessing a low degree of culture. Their needs are small and are supplied almost ex- clusively from the vegetable kingdom, the waters furnishing the rest. Ha- waiian arts have sprung up in a similar environment and have obtained a higher degree of advancement than those of Samoa, but the native culture is almost extinct and the population only a remnant. For native arts, Porto Rico is interesting only to archeologists. 2 4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. The contents "of this case are: Front {diaphragm) -Samoa and Hawaii- fine marriage mats of pandanus, trimmed with red parrot feathers; bark- cloth robes decorated in colors; cinctures, dance skirts, and fans ; (sHelJ) baskets in checker and diaper weaving of pandanus, in pleasing designs (floor) -kava-drinking set, consisting of wooden bowl and mat upon which it is placed, strainer and cup; also bamboo pillows and pandanus tans. Bocfe— tapa cloth, showing great skill in decoration; grooved club with which tapa cloth is beaten; fine diagonal checker mats; war club and spears. Ends— in one, bark-cloth dresses; in the other, a series of Porto Rican ob- jects, consisting of guitars, rattles, and music gourds, dipper and engraved box of gourd, hats, sandals, knives, and carrying baskets. Culture of the Filipinos.— The Filipinos vary in culture from that of the Negritos (dwarf Negroes) to that of the Christianized tribes, whose arts are largely Spanish. In the southern islands, the Moros are Mohammedanized. The specimens here shown illustrate their activities expressed in matting, basketry, weaving, beadwork, woodwork, pottery, and metalwork— both in- dustrial and artistic— for dress, domestic arts, agriculture, transportation, building, fishing, hunting, handicrafts of many kinds, and war. It will be noted especially how little they know of the simplest forms of machinery. The contents of this case are: Front (top shelf)— hats of solid wood, spathe, palm leaf, weaving, tortoise-shell, and gourd, also woven basketry, model lay figures of milkman and milkwoman, and a passenger boat; (second and third shelves) — woven basketry of different technic and ornamentation; (fourth shelf) — traps and cages. Back (top shelf)— pottery ; (second shelf) — houses and people; (third shelf) — ornamental metalwork; (fourth shelf) — domestic utensils. Ends — implements of war: spears, bows and arrows, bolos, shields, and warrior's dress and outfit. HISTORIC VESSELS. Model of a Viking Ship. — Taken from a ship contemporaneous with the voyage of Leif Ericsson, in iooi, to the American continent. It was ex- cavated from a "King's Mound," near Sandefjord, Norway, in 1880, and is now in the Royal Frederick University, at Christiania. The original is a clinker-built ship, 67 feet long, over all ; in width, amid- ships, 17 feet ; depth, 4 feet. Made of oak planking, averaging one inch in thickness, fastened with iron nails, and caulked with oakum made of cow's hair. She had thirty-two oars, twenty feet long, one mast with a square sail, and open deck floored with loose boards. When at the oars, the crew hung their shield to the gunwales. A tent cloth, stretched above in stormy weather, was made of fine woolen texture, white, with red stripes. In the same mound were found fragments of small oak boats, sleeping berths, cooking utensils, wooden cups and plates. Model made in the United States National Museum. 244,974. Model of the "Santa Maria." — A caravel-built ship, in which Christopher Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, Friday, August 3, 1492, in company with the open deck vessels, Nina and Pinta, and landed, October II, on what was supposed to be the shores of Farther India. The landing place proved to be one of the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador. Sailing south- ward, he discovered Cuba, Haiti, and other islands, which were called the JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL, EXPOSITION. 25 West Indies. He named Haiti "Hispaniola," or "Little Spain." On its northern shore, the Santa Maria was wrecked, and with the timbers he built a fort, leaving thirty men for its defense. He set sail in the Nina for Spain, January, 1493. Model made in the United States National Museum. 244,931. The "Susan Constant." — Model of a caravel-built ship of the English type in the early part of the seventeeth century. Length over all, 66 feet; beam, 18 feet. The ship Susan Constant, 100 tons, the God-speed, 40 tons, and the Discovery, 20 tons, sailed from England under command of Captain Christo- pher Newport, on January I, 1607, and arrived on the Virginia coast on April 26, bringing one hundred and five planters, the founders of the James- town colony. The point where the ships anchored, on April 30, was desig- nated, in thankful spirit, as Point Comfort. The colonists landed at Pow- hatan, May 13, and established there a settlement which they called "James- town." Model made in the United States National Museum. 160,187. Arrow and Lance Heads and Ax. — Made of stone and used by the In- dians during the early colonization of the Province of Virginia, contempo- raneously with the Susan Constant. Model of the "Half Moon." — Henry Hudson, navigator, born in England about the middle of the 16th Century, offered his services to the Dutch East India Company. On April 6, 1609, he sailed from Amsterdam, in the Half Moon, a barge-built ship of 90 tons, to Nova Zembla, to look for a northeast passage. Prevented by the ice barrier, he sailed around the southern shores of Greenland to look for a northwest passage. Repulsed again by the ice, went southward, discovering the American continent off the coast of Maine. He sailed as far south as Virginia, touching at Cape Cod. Returning, he discovered Delaware Bay, and early in September he entered Raritan Bay, and afterward the present harbor of New York, ascending the river as far as Albany. Returning, he followed the coast to Chesapeake Bay and then went back to Holland. In 1610, on his fourth expedition, he discovered the bay that bears his name. On his return voyage to Holland, he and others were seized by mutineers of his own vessel, placed in a small boat, and being set adrift, their fate was never known. Gift of William J. Boyd. 79,181. The "Mayflower" of the Pilgrims. — Model of a wooden, caravel-built ves- sel. Length over all, 82 feet ; beam, 22 feet ; depth, 14 feet. The style of ship in which the one hundred and two Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, made the passage from England to America. Rigged model : Scale, yi inch to I foot. Model made in the United States National Museum. 160,161. EARLY AMERICAN STEAMBOATS. This exhibit shows the most important features in American invention of vessels propelled by steam. 1. Steamboat designed «by John Fitch. It was first tested on the Delaware River, July 27, 1786, and was, in 1878, succeeded by another boat, operated in a similar manner, used for carrying passengers between Philadelphia and Burlington. 2. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont. This model represents the first boat designed by Fulton. It made several successful trips on the Hud- 26 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSBUM. son River in 1807, and was succeeded by another boat, also named the Cler- mont, which embodied important improvements made by Fulton. _ 3. John Stevens' steamboat, the Phoenix, the first steamboat to navigate the ocean. In the summer of 1808, its first sea voyage was made from bandy Hook, New York, to Cape May, New Jersey. 4 The Savannah, the first steamboat to cross the Atlantic Ocean, She sailed from Savannah, Georgia, May 22, 1819, for Liverpool, arriving at that port June 20. Sailing from Liverpool July 23, she reached Stockholm, Au- gust 21; Cronstadt, September 9; St. Petersburg, September 15. She re- turned to Savannah, November 30, 1819, thence sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River to Washington, arriving at that place December 16, 1819. 5. The Stockton, designed by John Ericsson. The first steam vessel with iron hull to cross the Atlantic Ocean, 1839. 6. Stevens' Twin-Screw Steamboat, 1804. 7. A model of one of the boats designed by James Rumsey, of Shepherds- town, West Virginia, 1787. 8. Mississippi River Side- Wheel Steamboat, a type of vessel largely used on western rivers. John Fitch's Steamboat. — Paddle operated by steam power; tested on the Delaware River, 1786. Length, 34 feet; beam, 8 feet. 203,712. Robert Fulton's Side-wheel Steamboat "Clermont." — First trip from New York to Albany in 1807. Length, 175 feet; beam, 12 feet. 160,302. John Stevens' Side-wheel Steamboat "Phcbnix." — First steamboat to navi- gate the ocean — Sandy Hook, N. Y., to Cape May, N. J., 1809. 160,308. Side-wheel Steamship "Savannah." — The first steamship to cross the At- lantic Ocean, Savannah to Liverpool, 1819. 160,364. Steamboat "R. F. Stockton." — The first vessel with screw propeller and iron hull to cross the Atlantic Ocean, 1839. Machinery designed by John Ericsson. 160,404. John Stevens' Twin-screw Steamboat of 1804. — Fitted with propellers designed in 1844. 160,306. Rumsey's Steamboat. — Propelled by jets of water forced out through the stern. Tested on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, W. Va., 1787. 203,711. Side-wheel Steamboat "Gray Eagle." — Mississippi River, i860. 160,323. LAND TRANSPORTATION. The exhibit illustrates the methods of transporting passengers and supplies, beginning with very primitive devices rudely constructed from materials cut out of the forest, up to the stage coach and railroad locomotive. Among the latter there are : 1. Model of the experimental locomotive made by John Stevens, of Hobo- ken, New Jersey, in 1825. 2. The Stourbridge Lion, built at Stourbridge, England, which made ex- perimental trips on the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, in 1829. The first full-size locemotive ever run in the United States. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 2~] 3. The John Bull and Train, which was put in service on the Camden and Amboy Railroad, New Jersey, in 1831. This locomotive was kept in use for about thirty years and is still in serviceable condition. 4. Locomotive Best Friend and Train, used on the South Carolina Railroad, in 1832. 5. Other typical locomotives, of later dates. American Indian Travois. — Used by Indians and Colonists for transporting game, fuel, forage, and persons. 181,254. Primitive Sledge. — Made from the forked limb of a tree. The American Indians and early settlers of the country commonly used sledges of this form for transporting supplies. Primitive Sled. — Generally used by the early settlers of the United States, and still in use in some parts of the country. Tobacco Rolling Hogshead. — Illustrating the method of transporting tobacco; in use throughout Virginia and neighboring States, 1750-1861. 181,259. "Carreta," or Ox Wagon. — Heavy wheels, composed of three pieces of thick timber held together by dowels of wood. This type of wheel was originated by the Spaniards and is still found to be in Spain. Carts of this style are made by the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico, where they are still in use. 181,308. Red River Cart. — Vehicles of this form have been extensively used in the Red River country, Dakota, and British America for transporting freight over the northern plains. 181,309. Modern Farm Cart. — Generally used throughout the United States. 181,490. American Colonial Chaise. — Vehicles of this description were largely used in New England in Colonial times, and are referred to by Oliver Wendell Holmes in the "Old One Horse Shay." 181,284. Conestoga Wagon. — Drawn by six or eight horses, and extensively used for transporting merchandise and emigrants from the North and East across the Allegheny Mountains to Wheeling and Pittsburg, en route for the South and West. 184,444. American Stage Coach, 1825, i860. — The vehicle used for overland travel and mail conveyance. In general use throughout the United States from the beginning of the 19th century until superseded by railways. 180,055. John Stevens' Locomotive, 1825. — The first locomotive in America of which there is a reliable record ; built by Stevens and run experimentally on a circular track at Hoboken, New Jersey, during the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 180,241. Locomotive Tom Thumb, 1829. — Designed and constructed by Peter Cooper, in Baltimore, Maryland, and tested on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,- August 28, 1829. On that occasion it drew a car carrying 24 passengers a dis- tance of thirteen miles in 72 minutes, and made the return trip in 57 minutes. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 204,581. Locomotive Stourbridge Lion, 1829. — The first full-size locomotive run on a railroad track in the United States. Built by Foster, Rastrick & Co., in Stourbridge, England. Trial trip made on the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's track at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, August 8, 1829. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 215,649. 28 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Locomotive John Bull, 1831.— "Number I," Camden and Amboy Rail- road Company. The oldest complete locomotive in America. (Model.) Built by George Stephenson & Sons, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, l83o-'3i ; shipped from Liverpool, July 14, 1831, on the ship Allegheny bound for Phila- delphia. Model made in the Museum Workshops. On November 12, 1831, in the presence of members of the New Jersey Legislature, with Isaac Dripps acting as engineer, in a train with two cars, this locomotive made the first movement by steam in the State of New Jersey, at Bordentown, where the Railroad Monument now stands. The John Bull was in continuous service from 1831 to 1865, during which time it was altered and added to. It was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, 1876, and at the Exposition of Railway Appliances, Chicago, 1883. It was placed in the U. S. National Museum, 1885, and remained there until 1893, when (April 17-22) it was run under steam from New York to the World's Columbian Exposition, where for a time it made daily trips upon the Exposition tracks. On Decem- ber 13, 1893, it was returned to Washington, having made the last trip under steam on that date. Original Dimensions: Weight, 10 tons (22,425 pounds). Boiler, 13 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches in diameter. Cylinders, 9 by 20 inches. Driving wheels, 4 feet 6 inches diameter ; cast-iron hubs ; locust spokes ; tire of wrought iron, shrunk on, flange 1J-2 inches deep. Sixty-two flues, 7 feet 6 inches long, 2 inches diameter. Furnace, 3 feet 7 inches by 3 feet 2 inches high. Steam ports, 1% by 6^2 inches; exhaust ports, i l / 2 by 6y 2 inches. Throw of eccentric, 2^/2 inches. Grate surface, 10.08 square feet. Fire-box surface, 36 square feet. Flue surface, 213 square feet. Locomotive Best Friend and Train, 1830. — The first locomotive constructed in the United States for actual service on a railroad. Built at the West Point Foundry, in New York City, for the South Carolina Railroad on which its trial trip was made January 15, 1831. Model made in the Museum Work- shops. 180,244. Locomotive Old Ironsides, 1832. (Model). — Built by Matthias Baldwin in Philadelphia. This locomotive hauled the first passenger train in the State of Pennsylvania. Gift of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. 180,114. Locomotive Sandusky, 1837. — Built by Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor, in Paterson, New Jersey, and placed in service on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1838. Model made in the Museum work- shops. 180,245. HISTORY OF AMERICAN CURRENCY. Colonial and Continental Currency. State Currency. Foreign Currency. Confederate States Currency. HISTORY OF AMERICAN COINAGE. Early Coins of America. — A complete series would embrace all the coins struck for the British colonies in North America, prior to the Revolution. Many were issued in England as a business venture, and some were struck in the colonies for circulation within their boundaries. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 29 United States Coins (Half Cent, copper). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 132 grains. Weight changed in 1793 to 104 grains, in 1796 to 84 grains. Discontinued in 1857. Total amount coined $39,926.11. United States Coins (Cent, copper). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 264 grains. Weight changed in. 1793 to 208 grains, in 1796 to 168 grains. Dis- continued in 1857. Total amount coined $1,562,887.44. United States Coins (Cent, nickel). — Authorized by act of 1857. Weight 72 grains ; composed of 88 per cent copper and 12 per cent nickel. Discon- tinued in 1864. Total amount coined $2,007,720.00. United States Coins (Cent, bronze). — Authorized by act of 1864. Weight 48 grains ; composed of 95 per cent copper and 5 per cent tin and zinc. Total amount coined to 1901, $10,738,221.02. United States Coins (Two Cents, bronze). — Authorized by act of 1864. Weight 96 grains ; composed of 95 per cent copper, 5 per cent tin and zinc. Discontinued in 1873. Total amount coined $912,020.00. United States Coins (Three Cents, silver). — Authorized by act of 1851. Weight I22is grains; fineness .750. Weight changed in 1853 to 11.52 grains. Fineness changed in 1853 to .900. Discontinued in 1873. Total amount coined $1,282,087.20. United States Coins (Three Cents, nickel). — Authorized by act of 1865. Weight 30 grains ; composed of 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Discontinued in 1890. Total amount coined $941,349.48. United States Coins (Half Dime, silver). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 20.8 grains ; fineness .8924. Weight changed in 1837 to 205^ grains, in 1853 to 19.2 grains. Fineness changed in 1837 to .900. Discontinued in 1873. Total amount coined to 1901, $4,880,219.40. United States Coins (Five Cents, nickel). — Authorized by act of 1866. Weight 77.16 grains; composed of 75 per cent copper and 25 per cent nickel. Total amount coined to 1901, $19,311,413.75. United States Coins (Dime, silver). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 41.6 grains; fineness .8924. Weight changed in 1837 to 41^ grains, in 1853 to 38.4 grains, in 1873 to 38.58 grains. Fineness changed in 1837 to .900. Total amount coined to 1901, $38,582,706.20. United States Coins (Twenty Cents, silver). — Authorized by act of 1875. Weight 77.16 grains; fineness .900. Discontinued in 1878. Total amount coined $271,000.00. United States Coins (Quarter Dollar, silver). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight changed in 1837 to 103 grains, in 1853 to 96 grains, in 1873 to 96.45 grains. Fineness changed in 1837 to .900. Total amount coined to 1901, $67,437,400.00. United States Coins (Half Dollar, silver). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 208 grains; fineness .8924. Weight changed, 1837, to 206, in 1853 to 192, and in 1873 to 192.9 grains. Fineness changed in 1853 to .900. Total amount coined to 1901, $4,149,629,934.00. United States Coins (Columbian Souvenirs). — Silver half and quarter dol- lars, authorized by act of 1892, for circulation at the Columbian Exposition, in 1893. Half dollars issued, $2,201,052.50; quarter dollars, $10,005.75. 30 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. United States Coins (Dollar, silver). -Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 416 grains; fineness .8924. Weight changed, 1837 to 413 grams. Fineness changed, !8 37 to .900. Discontinued 1873; reauthorized 1878. Total amount coined to 1901, $530,826,303.00. United States Coins (Trade Dollar, silver) .—Authorized by act of 1873. Weight 420 grains ; fineness .900. Total amount coined to 1901, $35,965,924-00. United States Coins (One Dollar, gold).— Authorized by act of 1849. Weight 25.8 grains; fineness .900. Discontinued September 26, 1890. Total amount coined $19,499,337.00. United States Coins (Three Dollars, gold).— Authorized by act of 1853. Weight 77.4 grains; fineness .900. Discontinued September 26, 1890. Total amount coined $1,619,376.00. United States Coins (Quarter Eagle, $2.50 gold).— Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 68 grains; fineness .916. Weight changed, 1834 to 65 grains. Fineness changed, 1834 to .899,225 ; changed, 1837 to .900. Total amount coined to 1901, $29,116,535.00. United States Coins (Half Eagle, $5.00 gold).— Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 135 grains; fineness .916. Weight changed in 1834 to 129 grains. Fineness changed, 1834 to .899,225; changed in 1837 to .900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1901, $273,929,660.00. United States Coins (Eagle, $10.00 gold). — Authorized by act of 1792. Weight 270 grains ; fineness .916. Weight changed in 1834 to 258 grains. Fineness changed in 1834 to .899,225 ; in 1837 to .900. Total coined to June 30, 1901, $350,362,040.00. United States Coins (Double Eagle, $20.00 gold). — Authorized by act of 1849. Weight 516 grains; fineness .900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1901, $1,591,626,880.00. California Gold (Private Issue). — From 1830, there were issued by private ventures series of gold coins, from one quarter to fifty dollars, which possessed weight, fineness, and resemblance to the authorized mint issues, and were accepted as currency. Discontinued, 1878. North Carolina Gold (Private Issue). — In 1830, C. Bechtler established a mint at Ruthersfordton, N. C, and coined pieces in gold. In 1842 his interest was purchased by A. Bechtler, whose name appears until 1849. Utah Gold (Private Issue). — The Mormons of Salt Lake City issued gold coins of a fineness of .900. Obverse : an eye surmounted by a Mormon miter, legend "Holiness to the Lord." Reverse : two clasped hands ; beneath, date of issue ; legend, G. S. L. C. P. G. ; Great Salt Lake City Pure Gold. Hard Times Tokens. — These interesting tokens were issued without author- ity of the Government and represented both sides of the political and financial issues of the time from 1828 to 1841. Owing to money depression, these cir- culated as currency, from which fact they take their name. Confederate Half Dollar.— In April, 1861, the Confederate Government requested designs for the issue of half-dollar coins. Only four pieces were struck. The obverse was original. The reverse was from the old United States half-dollar die. One was sent to the Government, one to Professor Biddle, one to Dr. F. Ames, of New Orleans, and one retained by B. F. Taylor, Chief Coiner of the Mint. At present there are but three of these pieces known. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 31 Hawaiian Island Coins. — During the reign of Kamehameha, one cent, or ■"One hundredth," copper, was in circulation, followed by a series of silver coins — one dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, and one dime. Since American occupation, only United States money is legal tender. American Colonial Coins. — By Act of Congress, 1903, a series of coins were struck at the U. S. Mint, for circulation in the Philippine Islands : In silver, 1 peso, SO centavos, 20 centavos, 10 centavos ; in nickel, 5 centavos ; in bronze, 1 centavo, $4 centavo. Gift of E. W. Roberts. 238,256. Porto Rican Coins. — In 1895 there were in circulation silver coins to the value of four million pesos. In 1898, returned to Spain, one million; with- drawn from circulation, one million ; in circulation, two millions. Value : 2 pesos and 23 centavos equal 100 cents, United States money. At present, United States currency is legal tender. Collected by Paul Beckwith. 201,522. United States. — Unit: Dollar = 100 cents. Standard gold. Denomination Gold : Double Eagle Eagle . . . Half Eagle . Quarter Eagle 3 Dollars . I Dollar . . Silver : Trade Dollar 1 Dollar . . Yz Dollar . . }i Dollar . . 20 Cents . . 1 Dime . . yi. Dime . . 3 Cents . . Nickel : 5 Cents . . 3 Cents Copper : 2 Cents . . 1 Cent . . . yi Cent . . . Weight, grains. 33' 16. 8. 4 5- 1. 436 718 359 .179 015 .672 215 729 500 250 000 500 250 833 Fine- ness. .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 .900 Value, U. S. Currency. $20.00 10.00 5 00 2.50 3.00 1. 00 i-°5 1. 00 50 cents. 25 cents. 20 cents. 10 cents. 5 cents. 3 cents. 5 cents. 3 cents. 2 cents. 1 cent. 5 mills. 32 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. MEDALS. George WASHiNGTON.-April 30, 1789, to March 4, V97- Born Feb. 22, 1732 ; died Dec. 14, 1799. John Adams.— March 4, 1797, to March 4, 1801. Born Oct. 30, 1735 ; died July 4, 1826. • Thomas Jefeerson.— March 4. 1801, to March 4, 1809. Born April 2, 1743 ; died July 4, 1826. Captain Thomas Truxton.— Act of March 29, 1804, for Battle with French frigate La Vengeance, Feb. 23, 1800. From U. S. Mint. 75,249. Commodore Edward Prebi.e.— Act of March 3, 1805, for siege of Tripoli, July 25-Sept. 18, 1804. From U. S. Mint. 75,266. James Madison.— March 4, 1809, to March 4, 1817. Born March 16, 1751 ; died June 28, 1836. Captain Jacob Jones.— Act of Jan. 29, 1813, for capture of British sloop Frolic, Oct. 18, 1812. From U. S. Mint. 75,251. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry.— By State of Pennsylvania, for Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. From U. S. Mint. 75,294- General James Miller.— Act of Nov. 3, 1814, for Chippewa, Niagara, Erie,. July-Sept., 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,238. General Winfield Scott. — Act of Nov. 3, 1814, for Chippewa, Niagara,. Erie, July-Sept., 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,234. Lieutenant Stephen Cassin. — Act of Oct. 20, 1814, for Battle of Lake- Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,263. Lieutenant William Burrows. — Act of Jan. 6, 1814, for capture of British. sloop Boxer, Sept. 4, 1813. From U. S. Mint. 75,255. Captain James Lawrence. — Act of Jan. 11, 1814, for capture of British, sloop Peacock, Feb. 24, 1813. From U. S. Mint. 75,254. General Edmund Pendleton Gaines. — Act of Nov. 3, 1814, for Battle of Erie, August 15, 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,235. Captain Robert Henley. — Act of Oct. 20, 1814, for Battle of Lake Cham- plain, 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,262. Captain Thomas MacDonough. — Act of Oct. 20, 1814, for Battle of Lake- Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. From U. S. Mint. 75,261. General Andrew Jackson. — Act of Feb. 27, 1815, for Battle of New Or- leans, Jan. 8, 1815. From U. S. Mint. 75,241. James Monroe. — March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1825. Born April 28, 1759; died July 4, 1831. General William Henry Harrison.— Act of April 4, 1818, for Battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. From U. S. Mint. 75,232. Governor Isaac Shelby.— Act of April 4, 1818, for Battle of the Thames,. Oct. 5, 1813. From U. S. Mint. 75,233. John Quincy Adams.— March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1829. Born July 11,. 1767; died Feb. 23, 1848. Andrew Jackson.— March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1837. Born March 15,. 1767; died June 8, 1845. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 33 Martin Van Buren. — March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1841. Born Dec. 5, 1782; died July 24, 1862. William Henry Harrison. — March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841. Born Feb. 9, 1773; died April 4, 1841. John Tyler. — April 4, 1841, to March 4, 1845. Born March 29, 1790; died Jan. 18, 1862. James Knox Polk. — March 4, 1845, to March 4, 1849. Born Nov. 2, 1795 ; died June 15, 1849. General Zachary Taylor. — Act of July 16, 1846, for Rio Grande cam- paign, 1846. From U. S. Mint. 75,242. General Zachary Taylor. — Act of May 9, 1848, for Buena Vista, Feb. 22-23, 1847- From U. S. Mint. 75,244. Zachary Taylor.— March 5, 1849, to July 9, 1850. Born Nov. 24, 1784; died July 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore. — July 10, 1850, to March 4, 1853. Born Jan. 7, 1800; died March 8, 1874. Franklin Pierce. — March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1857. Born Nov. 23, 1804; died Oct. 8, 1869. James Buchanan. — March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1861. Born April 22, 1791; died June I, 1868. Abraham Lincoln. — March 4, 1861, to April 14, 1865. Born Feb. 12, 1809; died April 15, 1865. Andrew Johnson. — April 15, 1865, to March 4, 1869. Born Dec. 29, 1808; died July 31, 1875. Ulysses Simpson Grant. — March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. Born April 29, 1822; died July 23, 1885. Rutherford B. Hayes. — March 5, 1877, to March 4, 1881. Born Oct. 4, 1822; died Jan. 17, 1893. James Abram Garfield. — March 4, 1881, to Sept. 19, 1881. Born Nov. 19, 1831 ; died Sept. 19, 1881. Chester Alan Arthur. — Sept. 19, 1881, to March 4, 1885. Born Oct. 5, 1830; died Nov. 18, 1886. GrovER Cleveland. — March 4, 1885, to March 4, 1889; March 4, 1893, to March 4, 1897. Born March 18, 1837. Benjamin Harrison. — March 4, 1889, to March 4, 1893. Born Aug. 20, 1833; died March 13, 1901. William McKinlEy. — March 4, 1897, to Sept. 14, 1901. Born Jan. 29, 1843 ; died Sept. 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt. — Sept. 14, 1901, to — . Born October 27, 1858. AMERICAN SMALL-ARMS. This collection is composed principally of muskets, rifles, and carbines, used by the United States Army, beginning with the flintlock musket made at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1800, based largely on the French Army weapon, known as the "Charleville musket," and ending with the United States rifle, model of 1903, with improvements of 1905, which is being issued 34 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. for use in the infantry and cavalry service. The collection also embraces numerous guns made for the Government by private contractors, and also various typical sporting guns. Springheld Muzzle-loading Carbine. 1851. Caliber .69. 222,354. Springfield Breech-loading Carbine. 1863. Caliber .50. 222,355. Springfield Magazine Carbine. Model 1896. Caliber .30. 203,223. Hall Breech-loading Carbine. 1839. Caliber .65. 279,036. Hall Breech-loading Carbine, North's Improvements. 1847. Caliber .50. 230,033. Joslyn Breech-loading Carbine. 1855. Caliber .50. 209,336. Ballard Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1861. Caliber .54. 222,362. Merrill Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1861. Caliber .54. 222,372. Palmer's Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1863. Caliber — . 207,711. Maynard Breech-loading Carbine, Percussion Cap. 1864. Caliber .50. 222,360. Maynard Breech-loading Carbine, Tape Primer. Caliber .50. 1399. Burnside Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1862. Caliber .54. 222,361. Winchester Magazine Carbine. Caliber .36. 207,707. Remington Carbine. Caliber .44. 222,370. Spencer Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .53. 222,365. Sharp's Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .50. 207,700. Ball Magazine Carbine. Caliber .50. 222,375. Starr Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1858. Caliber .52. 222,376. Greene Breech-loading Carbine, with Maynard's Tape Primer. Caliber .50. 211,883. Tower Muzzle-loading Carbine. 1862. Caliber .55. 222,390. Warner Breech-loading Carbine. 1864. Caliber .50. 222,379. Symmes Breech-loading Carbine, Tape Primer Lock. Caliber .54. 222,377, Smith Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .48. 207,699. Gallager Breech-loading Carbine. Model i860. Caliber .51. 222,386. Lindner Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1858. Caliber .58. 222,389. Ward-Burton Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .50. 222,382. Hotchkiss Magazine Carbine. Caliber .45. 222,363. Enfield Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .30. 222,391. Sharps-Hankins Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1857. Caliber .52. 222,384. Chick Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1865. Caliber .50. 222,374. Gibbs Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1856. Caliber .52. 222,380. Jenks Breech -loading Carbine. 1845. Caliber .50. 207,697. Williamson Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1865. Caliber .50. 222,373. Gross Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1859. Caliber .50. 222,378. Gwyn & Campbell Breech-loading Carbine. Model 1862. Caliber .50. 222,388. Military Breech-loading Carbine. Caliber .48. 222,393. Springfield Flintlock Musket. 1800. Charleville type, with bayonet. 236,872. Springfield Flintlock Musket. 1822. 222,276. Deringer Flintlock Musket. 222,303. Springfield Flintlock Musket. 1833. Changed to percussion. 222,277. Springfield Rifled Musket, Maynard's Tape Primer. 222,278. ■A. S. Nippes Musket, Maynard's Tape. 152,655. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 35 Springfield Musket. 1840. Maynard's . 1407. Norwich Army Musket. 1863. Converted to breech-loader by Maynard's device. 1406. Springfield Breech-loading Rifled Musket, Allin's Alteration. 222,281. Springfield Breech-loading Cadet Rifle. 222,290. Fenian Breech-loading Musket. Millbank. 1862. Caliber .58. 222,329. Springfield Breech-loading Rifle. Model 1868. 229,561. Springfield Breech-loading Rifle. 1884. With rod bayonet. Caliber .45. 222,288. Springfield Breech-loading Rifle. Model 1873. 222,287. Springfield Magazine Rifle. Model 1903. With bayonet. 229,625. Springfield Breech-loading Cadet Rifle. 1867. 222,289. Springfield Breech-loading Rifle. Model. 222,283. Lee Magazine Gun, Bolt Lock. 1879. 229,567. Springfield Magazine Carbine. 1898. Caliber .30. 203,222. Springfield Magazine Rifle. 1903. With bayonet. 238,434. Harper's Ferry Flintlock Musket. 1815. 213,530. Harper's Ferry Rifled Musket. 1836. 222,295. Harper's Ferry Rifle, 1848. With sword, bayonet, and scabbard. 222,296. Colt's Breech-loading Rifle. 1863. Caliber .58. With bayonet. 222,305. Colt's Revolving Military Rifle. 1857. Caliber .60. 178,964. Hall's Breech-loading Carbine. 1839. 229,568. Hall's Breech-loading Rifle. 1831. Bayonet retained. 222,293. Hall's Flintlock Breech-loading Musket. 222,294. Whitney Military- Rifle. Bayonet retained. 222,311. Remington Rifled Musket. 1884. Caliber .50. Bayonet retained. 222,301. Henry Rifle, Tubular Magazine. With bayonet. Caliber .42. 222,309. Sharps' Target Rifle. Caliber .40. 22,202. Spencer Magazine Rifle. 1865. Caliber .50. 216,386. Peabody Breech-loading Rifle. Bayonet retained. Caliber .50. 222,307. Remington Breech-loading Rifle. Caliber .42. 207,712. Henry Rifle, Tubular Magazine. Caliber .42. i860. 222,308. AVinchester Repeating Rifle, Tubular Magazine. 152,466. Ballard Breech-loading Rifle. Caliber .54. 1861. 222,315. Hotchkiss Rifle, Bolt Lock. i860. Caliber .40. 222,312. Remington Rifled Musket. 1870. Caliber .48. 222,297. Greene Breech-loading Rifle. 1857. Caliber .53. 222,319. Chaffee-Reece Magazine Gun. 1884. Caliber .42. U. S. Springfield, 1884. Bayonet retained. 222,318. Lee Breech-loading Rifle. 1875. Caliber .45. 222,314. Miller Breech-loading Rifle. 1857. Caliber .58. U. S. Bridesburg, 1862. Bayonet retained. 222,317. Merrill Breech-loading Rifle. 1853. Caliber .69. Harper's Ferry altered, 1853. Bayonet retained. 222,324. Williamson Breech-loading Rifle. 1864. Caliber .50. 222,323. Robert's Breech-loading Rifle. 1865. Caliber .50. U. S. Providence Tool Co. 1865. 222,320. Freeman Breech-loading Rifle. Caliber .45. 222,331. Laidley Musket "Chick Gun." Caliber .44. 222,316.. Lindsay Double-rifled Musket, i860. Caliber .58. Bayonet retained. 222,325. 36 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Burton's Breech-loading Rifle. 1859. Bolt Lock. Caliber .50. 222,321. Ward-Burton Rifle. 1859. Caliber .50. Bolt Lock. 222,328. Enfield Muzzle-loading Rifle, English. 1864. Caliber .64. 222,334. Enfield Muzzle-loading Rifle, American make. 1861. 222,333. Enfield Muzzle-loading Rifle. 1862. 75,928. Morse Breech-loading Musket. 1839. Caliber .69. Bayonet retained. 222,322. Morse Muzzle-loading Musket. Caliber .71. Bayonet retained. 222,321. North Carolina Rifle ("Confederate"). Caliber .56. 1864. Bayonet re- tained. 222,330. Triplett & Scott, Magazine Rifle. 1864. Caliber .50. 222,326. Tarpley's Breech-loading Carbine. 1863. Caliber .50. 222,396. Flintlock Sporting Rifle. Caliber .36. 152,481. Flintlock Sporting Rifle. 847. Flintlock Sporting Rifle. 1817. Caliber .36. 215,418. Percussion Sporting Rifle. Caliber .36. 215,498. Percussion Lock Sporting Rifle. 150,874. Percussion Lock Shotgun, James Golcher. Philadelphia. 234,223. Percussion Lock Sporting Rifle. Caliber .50. 222,351. Maynard's Breech-loading Rifle. 1882. 168,165. Springfield Breech-loading Sporting Rifle. Caliber .50. 1870. 222,298. Big game Sporting gun. Caliber .90. 222,350. Garibaldi Muzzle-loading Rifle. Caliber .71. Bayonet retained. 222,340. Swiss Muzzle-loading Gun. Caliber .41. Bayonet retained. 222,339. Austrian Muzzle-loading Rifled Musket. Caliber 222,341. Prussian Muzzle-loading Rifled Musket. Caliber . 222,342. Bavarian Muzzle-loading Rifled Musket. Caliber 222,347. Chassepot Breech-loading Rifle. 1866. Caliber 222,336. Russian Breech-loading Rifle. Caliber .42. Bayonet retained. 222,348. Peabody Martini Rifle (Turkish). Caliber .43. (Providence Bayonet re- tained). 222,349. Netherlands Breech-loading Rifle (Beaumont). 1871. Caliber .43. Bayonet retained. 222,338. Wernl Breech-loading Rifle. 1870. Caliber .43. 222,345. JOSEPH HENRY'S ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. This collection illustrates important features in the work done by Professor Henry in his researches in electrical science, and comprises the following : 1. The signaling apparatus and battery used by him in Albany, New York, and Princeton, New Jersey, in 1832, for transmitting signals over wires of various lengths, up to one mile, stretched about his laboratories. By this means he was enabled to ring a bell at the distant end of the line. 2. Two forms of the apparatus by which he produced reciprocating or vibrating motion of a pivoted bar, by the power of the electric current. 3. One of the large magnets made by him for determining the electric power of an electro-magnet. The original machine, of which this is a model, % size. .58. Bayonet retained. .615. Bayonet retained. .50. Bayonet retained. ■44- Bayonet retained. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 37 was made by Henry, for Yale College, and is now deposited in the United States National Museum. Several other machines of this description were made by Henry, but this is the only one that has been preserved. 4. Two induction coils made of flat strips of copper insulated with cloth, used by Henry in his experiments in electro-magnetic induction. 5. Hearder's magnetometer and other pieces of magneto apparatus, used by Henry in his experiments. Henry's description of the apparatus, and his records of the experiments, were published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1866; see "Scientific Writ- ings of Joseph Henry," volumes 1 and 2. Galvanic Battery. — Copy of original battery used by Joseph Henry in 1832 to operate his electro-magnetic signaling apparatus. 181,322. Henry's Electro-magnetic Signaling Apparatus. — Reproduction of ap- paratus devised by Joseph Henry and used by him in 1831 at Albany, New York, in sending signals through one mile of wire. 181,323. Henry's Reciprocating Electro-magnetic Apparatus. — Copy of apparatus devised and used by Joseph Henry in 1831. 181,324. Henr\''s Reciprocating Electro-magnetic Apparatus. — Reproduction of apparatus devised and used by Joseph Henry in 1831. 244,904. Henry's "Yale" Magnet, 1831. — Large magnet, made by Henry for Yale College — model one-eighth size of original, which is in the National Museum. This apparatus was operated by two small cells of battery and used for de- termining the lifting power of the electro-magnet, which was between 2,000 and 3,000 lbs. 181,763. Induction Coil. — Devised and used by Joseph Henry in his researches in electro-magnetic induction. 181,546. Induction Coil. — Devised and used by Joseph Henry in his researches in electro-magnetic induction. 181,547. Hearder's Magnetometer. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,488. Magneto Wheel. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and re- searches in electrical science. 181,444. Magneto Wheel. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and re- searches in electrical science. 181,445. Magneto-Electric Apparatus. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,743. Magneto BELL. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,477. THE MORSE TELEGRAPH. This exhibit illustrates the beginning and development of the electro-mag- netic telegraph, and includes the following: 1. A model, one-half size, of the first instrument, which was made by Morse in 1837. It recorded the messages in zigzag lines made by a pencil on a strip of paper. 2. A crude apparatus, made in 1844, with which the Morse characters were embossed on a strip of paper by a steel point. 38 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3. The recording apparatus used on the first commercial line, connecting Washington and Baltimore, opened for public business May 24, 1844- The record made by this instrument was similar to that made by No. 2. It orig- inally had three steel points, and made three identical records. 4. A later type of recording apparatus, an improved form of embossing register, made about 1850. 5. An improved apparatus, introduced about 1880, in which the record is made in ink. 6. Various forms of telegraph-transmitting keys and relays. 7. One form of repeaters which were used for automatically repeating mes- sages from one line to another. The principle of this apparatus was one of Morse's early discoveries. Morse Telegraph Register, 1837.— Model, half size, of the first electro- magnetic receiving telegraph instrument. The original recorded the Morse signals in zigzag lines on a strip of paper drawn underneath the pencil by clockwork. It can be placed on any Morse telegraph line and used for re- ceiving messages by sound. Made by S. F. B. Morse and first exhibited in New York city, September 2, 1837. 181,765. Copy of Morse Telegraph Register. — The original instrument was made by James Green, about 1844, and used on a private line connecting the resi- dence and the school of Reverend Henry Schieb, in Baltimore. 181,764. Morse Telegraph Register, 1844 (Copy of original). — The original is one of the receiving instruments used on the telegraph line built by S. F. B. Morse, under the auspices of the Government, connecting Washington and Baltimore, and formally opened May 24, 1844. The line was operated by Professor Morse in the U. S. Capitol building, at the Washington end of the line, and by Alfred Vail in the Baltimore office. 221,482. Morse Telegraph Register. — A type of telegraph-receiving apparatus, oper- ated by clockwork with a cord and weight, which embosses the Morse char- acters on a paper strip. Made by Knox and Shain, Philadelphia, and ex- tensively used between 1845 and 1875. 216,045. Morse Telegraph Ink Recorder. — A form of receiving instrument which superseded the apparatus by which the Morse characters were embossed on a paper strip by a steel point and which makes the record in ink. First used about 1880. 181,118. Morse Telegraph Key, 1840. 181,769. Morse Telegraph Key, 1844. 181,770. Morse Telegraph Key, 1846. 181,171. Morse Telegraph Key, 1890. 181,119. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1846. 181,422. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1858. Made by J. Rodgers, New York. 181,421. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1895. Made by E. S. Greeley Company, New York. 181,117. Morse Sounding Relay, 1880. 181,375. Morse Telegraph Sounder, 1856. Made by J. J. Clark, Philadelphia. 181,424. MillikEn Automatic Telegraph Repeater.— Repeaters of this type were first used in Portland, Maine, in 1862, on the lines of the American Telegraph Company, between Boston, Massachusetts, and Calais, Maine. They were ex- tensively used in the United States up to 1895. 181,378. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 39 Morse Telegraph Instruments, Key, Relay, and Sounder.— Used at the Electrical Exposition in New York city, May 16, 1896, on the lines of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, in transmitting a message around the world ; sent by Chauncey M. Depew to E. D. Adams— Albert B. Chandler, sending operator; Thomas A. Edison, receiving operator. 181,427. THE SPEAKING TELEPHONE, 1875-1907. This exhibit shows the beginning and development of the Speaking Tele- phone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell, and consists of the following groups : 1. A series of magneto telephones which were, at first, used both as trans- mitting and receiving instruments. The latest forms are now in general use as receivers. 2. Modified forms of magneto telephones designed by George M. Phelps. 3. Battery transmitters of various forms, including those embodying the im- provements of Berliner, Edison, and Blake. 4. Several forms of combination apparatus designed for special purposes. 5. Edison's Motophone, which transmitted musical tones but not articulate sounds. This collection of apparatus is lent by the American Bell Telephone Com- pany to the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, for the James- town Tercentennial Exposition. Bell's "Figure s" Apparatus. — Described and illustrated in Bell's patent of March 7, 1876. Two reeds placed at opposite ends of a line were tuned to the same note and the vibration of either reed, however caused, would pro- duce a similar vibration in the other. This instrument demonstrated the fact that extremely feeble electric currents, flowing in a circuit, would reproduce, at a receiving station, the exact motion of the sending apparatus. Parts of Bell's Original Telephone of 1875. — These fragments are the essential parts of the first electric telephone that ever transmitted speech. Thomas A. Watson says, "In June, 1875, Mr. Bell told me he had devised a telegraph instrument which would utter spoken words. June 2d, 1875, he directed me to make an electric speaking telephone according to instructions that he gave. I made it that day or the next, and we tried it. When he shouted at this instrument at one end of the telegraph line, I heard and recog- nized the sound at another instrument at the other end. He told me on that second day of June he considered he had solved the problem of the transmis- sion of speech.' Bell's Centennial Iron Box Magnet Receiving Telephone. — The first tele- phone having an iron plate which formed both armature and diaphragm, made about the end of March, 1876. The identical instrument to which Sir William Thomson, the Emperor of Brazil, and others listened on Sunday, June 25, 1876, at the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia. Professor Henry, who was one of the judges, reported "The telephone of Mr. Bell was con- sidered by the judges the greatest marvel hitherto achieved by the telephone." SinglE-polE Membrane Telephone. — This identical instrument was used at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 by Professor Bell, Sir William Thomson, the Emperor of Brazil, and others, when the first public exhibition of, the speaking telephone was given. It is one of a group of four instruments, all 40 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. shown in this case, viz., No. 6, 7, 8, 9, which were variously connected up at the Centennial for the purposes of experiment. Bell's Double-pole Membrane Telephone. — This instrument is similar to the above, with the exception that the electro-magnet is of horseshoe form, with the two poles adjacent to diaphragm. It was used both as a receiver and transmitter. In June, 1876, on the occasion of the electrical transmission of speech in the presence of the Judges of Electrical Exhibits of the Centen- nial Exhibition, it was used as a transmitter. Bell's "Figure 7" Receiver. — This is the receiving portion of the apparatus shown and described in Alexander Graham Bell's patent of March 7, 1876, and is in all respects identical with the above, except that the cone converges outwardly in order to concentrate the vibrations coming from the diaphragm and convey them to the ear. In this patent, Nos. 8 and 9 are shown con- nected up, with a battery in circuit, and with a ground at either end. Bell's Telephone Receiver. — Early wooden form used commercially. Bell's Telephone Receiver. — Early form intended for commercial use. Bell's Hand Telephone. Bell's Hand Telephone.— Facsimile of Alexander Graham Bell's first hand telephone. Bell's Telephone Receiver.— Enlarged form to be used in schools and colleges for educational purposes. Bell's Telephone Receiver. — Improved commercial form for use on long lines. Designed by Mechanical Department, American Bell Telephone Com- pany. Bipolar Receiver. Watch Telephone Receiver. Telephone Receiver.— For use of Police Department. Designed by Me- chanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Bipolar Head Telephone. Head Telephone.— For operator's use. Made double to permit of listening in on either of two circuits. Designed by Mechanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Lineman's Receiver. Railroad Telephone Receiver. Telephone Receiver.— Known as the "Phelps Duplex Hand Telephone." George M. Phelps, designer. Telephone Receiver.— "Pony Crown Telephone." George M. Phelps designer. ' Telephone RECEivER.-"Crown Telephone." George M. Phelps, designer. Telephone REcErvER.-Known as the "Double Crown Telephone " George M. Phelps, designer. Bell's Box Telephone.— Form No. 7. hoSfo e tagn T er~No M r et0 ^^ ^ '"^ »*"" shrine? l^ZTo^^ ^^ ** *«* ^^ ^ JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 41 Bell's Box Telephone. — Magneto Transmitter with magnet of two small ■elements. Form No. 7. Magneto Transmitter.— Present commercial from. Designed by Me- chanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Bell's Box Telephone. — For use with Fire Alarm Apparatus. Edison's Motophone. — In this transmitter contact is made through a moving •cylinder of moist chalk. Bell's Box Telephone. — Form No. 1. Bell's Box Telephone, — Form No. 2. Bell's Box Telephone. — Form No. 3. Bell's Box Telephone. — Form No. 4. Bell's Box Telephone. — Form No. 5. Bell's Box Telephone. — Form No. 6. Blake Transmitter. — Experimental Form. Facsimile of Blake's Original Transmitter. Long Distance Transmitter. — Blake Form. Blake Transmitter. — First commercial form. This is No. 1 of the series, which now exceeds 400,000. Blake Transmitter. — Second Commercial Form. Blake Transmitter. — Third Commercial Form. Blake Transmitter. — Present Commercial Form. Granular Button Transmitter. — This is a Blake Transmitter in which a button containing granular carbon takes the place of a solid carbon button. Designed by Mechanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Edison's Transmitter. — This was the standard Edison Transmitter for ex- change use. Telephone Transmitter. — For use of Police Department. Designed by Mechanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Granular Button Transmitter. — Skeleton Form for Operator's use. Solid Back Switchboard Transmitter. Solid Back Transmitter for express service. Edison's Universal Desk Set. Long Distance Transmitter. Long Distance Transmitter.— Present commercial form for use on long lines and metallic circuits, known as "Solid Back" transmitter. Wall set com- plete with induction coil. Designed by Mechanical Department, American Bell Telephone Company. Combination Lineman's Set. HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. In the thirteenth century the camera obscura was invented, it is said by Bacon, and probably more or less improved by Porta in the sixteenth century. The alchemists discovered that chloride of silver was blackened by light, but no use seemed to have been made of this discovery until the year 1777, when 42 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Scheele photographed the solar spectrum by projecting it upon a sheet of paper which was previously dusted over with pulverized lunar caustic. In 1802 Wedgwood and Davy made photographs by placing a man in strong sunlight so that his profile was projected upon the wall. A sheet of paper which had previously been immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver and dried was then pinned upon the wall to receive the image. This, after a con- siderable exposure, produced a profile portrait in white upon a black ground. They also obtained impressions of objects in the solar microscope upon paper prepared in the same way, but up to this time no means had been found to fix the image, and it remained for Joseph Nicephore Niepce to make the first permanent photograph or heliograph. This was done by coating a plate with asphaltum, exposing the same in the camera, and then washing away the unaltered parts with essential oils. This was done in 1824. In the year 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into partnership and carried through a long series of experiments which culminated (after the death of Niepce) in the perfection and publication of the daguerreotype process in 1839. This was followed by the first negative process, which was invented by H. Fox Talbot in 1841. These negatives were made upon iodized paper, and from them prints were made upon plain silvered paper. Next followed the glass plate negative with albumen in 1848, then the glass plate with collodion in 1851, and in 1871 began the gelatine-bromide dry-plate photography of the present day. This series represents only a few of the great steps in photography. The asphalt etching process invented by Niepce in 1824, and now used in some of the photo-mechanical processes. » The Daguerreotype invented by Niepce and Daguerre (the process being published by the latter in 1839), is a picture of extreme delicacy and beauty. It is produced as follows : A polished silver plate is treated to vapors of iodine and bromine, and then exposed to the image in the camera. The picture is then developed with vapor of mercury, fixed in a solution of hyposulphite of soda and toned in double hyposulphite of soda and gold. The discovery of the solvent action of hyposulphite of soda upon the silver haloids by Herschel was of immense value in the silver processes. The Talbotype was invented and patented by H. Fox Talbot in 1841 and appears to be the first practicable process in which a negative was made solely for the purpose of producing prints. It was made on paper, sensitized with iodide of silver and developed with gallic acid. The prints were made on plain chloride of silver paper. In the Technologist for 1848, Niepce de Saint Victor published his mode of applying albumen to glass for making negatives. In the year 1851 the collodion process on glass was invented and created quite a revolution in the art. One of the first permanent photographs printed from an etched metal plate which was coated with asphalt exposed in the camera and developed with essential oils, by Joseph Nicephore Niepce. The last page of the Contract between Niepce and Daguerre, for combined efforts in research in Heliography. Signed in 1829. DaguERkeotypE— As invented by Daguerre before the discovery of the gold- toning process. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 43 Daguerreotype of Daguerre, made by C. R. Meade, and loaned to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Meade's niece, Mrs. Sarah M. M. Valentine. Early albumen vinette of Mr. Chas. R. Meade, of New York, who made the accompanying portrait of Daguerre at Daguerre's Chateau. Daguerreotypes made after the discovery of the gold toning process. Panoramic daguerreotype of the Harbor of San Francisco made about 1852. Stereoscopic daguerreotype made by Langenheim. First daguerreotype camera made in the United States, 1839. Camera used between 1840 and 1845 for making daguerreotypes and talbo- types. Daguerreotype sensitizing box. Daguerreotype mercury developing box. Daguerreotype buff stick. Stereoscopic albumen-glass positives made from albumen negatives. Prints made from old albumenized-glass negatives before the introduction of collodion. Series of negatives and prints made by the talbotype process. Talbotype print made by the inventor of the process. Portrait of J. H. Fox Talbot, the inventor of the talbotype or Calotype process. Albumen print made from old talbotype negative. Ambrotypes or collodion positives on glass. Woodburytypes. Plain silver print, i860, showing permanence. Plain silver prints on drawing paper. Portrait study by H. P. Robinson, made with a diffusion lens, 1866, printed in carbon by Swan, the inventor of the Swan Carbon process. Carbon print by Swan. Carbon print by Pouncy, 1862. Portrait in carbon, by Mrs. Cameron. Portrait in carbon, by Mrs. Cameron. Carbon print, by J. W. Osborne, Pouncy's process. The collodion process on glass consists in combining sulphuric ether and alcohol, dissolving pyroxgline in it, and adding soluble iodide and bromide. A glass plate is coated with this and immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver, exposed in the camera, and developed with ferrous sulphate. The prints were made by coating paper with albumen containing soluble chloride, and then sensitizing with nitrate of silver, and finally toning with chloride of gold and fixing in hyposulphite of soda. The vitrified enamels are photographs transferred to porcelain, then cov- ered with glass flux and burned in a muffle. The carbon print is made by adding pigment to bichromatized gelatine, paper is coated with this, exposed under a negative, then attached face down to another paper with waterproof paste and developed from the back with warm water. It may be mentioned that the first three pictures in this case represent the beginning of artistic design in photographing from life. Studies from Life, by O. G. Rej lander. Wet collodion negatives printed on albumenized paper, 1858. 44 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Albumen prints from wet collodion negatives. Albumen print from gelatine bromide negative. Vitrified photographs on porcelain, by Lafon de Camersac, the inventor of the process. Photograph on porcelain. Portrait of S. F. Baird. Portrait of R. E. Lee. Photograph in colors from the original painting, by M. Miley & Son, Lex- ington, Virginia. The Platinum printing process, introduced at a time when men of taste were trying to combine art with photography, aided this matter very much. Many men, after devoting a great deal of thought and labor in the compo- sition of a picture, were disappointed when they saw the results in a glossy print. The Platinum paper is coated with potassic chloro-platinite and ferric oxalate, and must be dried quickly. After printing, it is developed in a solu- tion of oxalate of potash. The bromide of silver and gelatine developing papers are, on account of their similarity in appearance to the platinum and their reasonable prices, in a great measure superseding the platinum. These papers are coated with bromide of silver in emulsion with gelatine, and require very little light to print. After printing they are developed in solutions very much like those used for developing dry plates, and fixed in hyposulphite .of soda. Platinum portrait, by F. Hollyer. Platinum, by Hollyer. Platinum portrait of F. Hollyer. Platinum prints on Doylies, by A. Z. Siebert. Platinum portrait group, by Frances B. Johnston. Platinum pictures, by H. P. Robinson. Platinum portrait of H. P. Robinson. Platinum pictures, by Clements. Platinum portraits of Dogs, by W. O. Locke. Velox prints, by the Eastman Company. Print on Royal Bromide paper, by the Eastman Company. Pictures on Gelatino-bromide developing paper, "Cyko," by Anthony & Scoville Co. Combined portrait and landscape lens of about 1843, by Jamin. Cameras used about 1865. Ordinary studio camera. Studio portrait camera with diffusion lens. Camera carrying eight-foot plate. This series, on account of the limited space, shows only a point here and there of the great advancement of photography as applied to scientific work In Lunar work we show a photograph of the Moon made in 1865 and a portion of a recent photograph of the Moon which was taken in sections A photograph of the Solar spectrum made in 1868, part of the great 30-foot normal Solar spectrum by Rowland. The great invisible spectrum beyond the JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL, EXPOSITION. 45 red, by S. P. Langley, and a small direct photograph in color of the normal spectrum, by Lippmann. One Solar corona photograph, a few photomicrographs, and some of the results of the Langley Telephoto-theodolite camera. Photograph of the Moon, by Rutherford, 1865. Recent Photographs of the Moon, by Prof. Ritchie. Telephoto-theodolite camera, designed by Mr. S. P. Langley. These cameras were used in pairs, placed on a base line ninety or one hundred feet apart, and properly oriented and connected electrically. The person at camera A, noting and recording the direction and velocity of the wind, aims at the bird, pulls the trigger at the right moment, thereby taking the pictures in both cameras simultaneously, and automatically record- ing the altitude and azimuth, the assistant at camera B having nothing to do but keep his camera pointed at the bird. All this being done in the fraction of a second, the rapid changes of the bird's position can be very closely followed and recorded. Photographs of Buzzards, made with Mr. Langley's Telephoto-theodolite camera. Photographs of the Langley yErodrome in Flight, made with Mr. Langley's Telephoto-theodolite camera. Tele-photograph of the Statue of Freedom on U. S. Capitol dome, made at a distance of one-third mile. Photographic print made by exposing the paper (on which the Washington Evening Star is printed) under a negative, without any chemical treatment. Photograph of the Solar Spectrum, by Rutherford, 1869. Part of the recent thirty-foot photograph of the Solar Spectrum, by Prof. Rowland. S. P. Langley's photograph of the Infra-red Solar Spectrum of a 60-degree salt prism, with holograph energy curves. Direct photograph' in color of the Solar Spectrum, by Lippman. Apparatus in position as used by the Smithsonian Eclipse Expedition at Wadesboro, N. C, 1900. Coelostadt, with objective and thirteen-inch prism of the great 135-foot telescope, Smithsonian Eclipse Expedition. Photograph of the Solar Eclipse of 1900, by T. W. Smillie, on the Smith- sonian Eclipse Expedition, with a telescope of 135 feet focus. Section of the International Photographic Star Chart. Defraction color photographs, by Prof. R. W. Wood's process. Instrument for viewing defraction color photographs. Solar Microscope as used in Photography. Photo-micrograph of thin section of crystalline rock by polarized light, 150 diameters. Photo-micrograph of transverse section of wood, Pinus Ponderosa-Dougl., 100 diameters. Photo-micrograph of transverse section of wood, Pinus strobus, 100 diam- eters. 46 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN AMERICA. The medical exhibit arranged by Dr. James M. Flint, of the National Museum, consists mainly of photographs of noted doctors from the physician who accompanied Captain John Smith to America through Dr. Crawford W. Long, who, it is said, first used ether as an anaesthetic in surgical operation, through Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, the first in America to perform inoculation for smallpox, and many others to Dr. Carlos Finlay, who is given the honor of first formulating a definite theory as to the transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito. An item of interest in the history of medicine is in connection with Captain Smith himself, who is characterized as "The first patient on record as having received medical aid in the colony of Jamestown." In connection with the Discovery of America it may be noted that accom- panying Columbus on his first voyage of discovery were two physicians ("fisicas"), Maestro Alonzo, of the Santa Maria, and Maestro Juan of the Pinta. On the return of Columbus to Spain, Maestro Juan remained, with thirty-seven other men, at La Navidad, San Domingo. All were killed by the Indians before the arrival of the second expedition. The chief physician to the fleet of Columbus on his second voyage was Dr. Diego Alvarez Chanca, native of Seville, physician-in-ordinary to the King and Queen of Castile and Aragan. His professional services were much in demand, as the personnel of the fleet suffered greatly from malarial fever and other diseases. A letter of his addressed to the Municipal Council of Seville, is said to be the "first written document on the natural history, ethnography, and ethnology of America." [See Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. xlviii, p. 428.] Seventeenth Century. Dr. Thomas Wotton. — Surgeon-General of the London Company; came out with the colonists who settled in Jamestown in the year 1607. Captain John Smith calls him "Chirurgeon," and ranks him with the "Gentlemen" of the expedition. Was the pioneer doctor in the American colonies, none having accompanied the Raleigh expedition. He probably soon returned to England, as very little is recorded of him. Dr. Walter Russell. — Came out with the "First Supply," in 1608. He ac- companied Captain John Smith in his exploration of Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River in June, 1608, and rendered the first medical aid on record, given to Englishmen, in the American colonies. Captain John Smith, Va. (1580-1631).— The first patient on record as hav- ing received medical aid in the Colony of Jamestown. While on his first ex- ploring expedition in the Chesapeake, June, 1608, he speared a "stingray" with his sword. While removing the fish he was wounded in the wrist by its peculiar spine. * * * "the torment was instantly so extreme, that in foure houres had so swollen his hand, arme and shoulder, we all with much sorrow concluded his funeral, and prepared his grave in an Island by, as himselfe directed; yet it pleased God by a precious Oyle Doctor Russell at the first applied to it when he sounded it with the probe, his tormenting pain was so well assuaged that he eate of the fish to his supper." Anthony Bagnall, "Chirurceon."— Came to Jamestown in 1608. Accom- panied Captain John Smith on his voyage of exploration from Jamestown to JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 47 Nansemond, now Norfolk, in 1608. He is recorded to have cared for Captain Smith's stingray wound, which had not yet healed. He also rendered surgical aid to an Indian who had been shot in the knee during a fight with Captain Smith's party. In an action with the Indians, Dr. Bagnall's hat was pierced by an arrow. Dr. Lawrence Bohun.— Arrived in Virginia in 1610. Physician-General of the Colony, 1611. When Lord Delaware was obliged to leave Virginia for his health, in March, 1611, Doctor Bohun accompanied him, and was killed during a fight with a Spanish war-ship. The First Law Regulating Medical Practice in the Colonies.— A copy of an Act of the Grand Assembly of Virginia, dated March, 1645-6, in slight amendment of an Act of Assembly held October 21, 1639. Chirurgeon, Midwives, Physitians. Forasmuch as the Law of God allowes no man to impaire the Life, or Limb of any person, but in a judicial way: It is therefore Ordered, That no person or persons whatsoever, imployed at any time about the bodyes of men, women or children, for preservation of life or health; as Chirurgeons, Midwives, Physitians or others, presume to exercise or put forth any act contrary to the approved Rules of Art, in each Mystery and occupation, nor exercise any force, violence or cruelty upon or toward the body of any, whether young or old (no not in the most difficult and desperate cases) without the advice and consent of such as are skillfull in the same Art (if such may be had) or at least of some of the wisest and gravest then present, and consent of the patient or patients if they be mentes compotes, much less contrary to such advice and consent; upon such severe punishment as the nature of the fact may deserve, which Law nevertheless, is not in- tended to discourage any from all lawfull use of their skill, but rather to incourage them and direct them in the right use thereof, and inhibit and restraine the presumptuous arrogancy of such as through presidence of their own skill, or any other sinister respects, dare boldly attempt to exercise any violence upon or towards the bodyes of young or old, one or other, to the prejudice or hazard of the life or limbe of man, woman or child. Dr. Samuel Fuller, Mass. ( — 1632) . — The first physician to the Plymouth Colony; came over in the Mayflower, 1620. He was "Deacon" in the church, and is said to have met with great success in his practice, being called in ■consultation, in after years, even to Charlestown and Salem. A slight clew to the medical methods of the day may be found in letter to Governor Brad- ford, dated June 28, 1630, in which Doctor Fuller says : "I have been to Matapan" (now Dorchester) "and let some twenty of these people blood." Dr. John Clark, Mass. (1598-1664). — Arrived in Boston about 1650. Said to have received a diploma in England for his success in cutting for stone. His portrait is introduced to illustrate the dress and appearance of a physician •of that period. Law Regulating Medical Practice. — From "The General Laws and Liber- ties of the Massachusetts Colony, 1649." It also appeared nearly verbatim in ■"The Duke of York's Laws" for the Colony of New York, promulgated in the year 1665 : Whereas by the 9th Act of Assembly held the 21st of October, 1639, consideration being had and taken of the immoderate and excessive rates and prices exacted by practitioners of physick and chirurgery and the complaints made to the then Assembly of the bad consequences thereof, It so happening 48 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. that the hearts of divers master were hardened rather to suffer their servants', to perish for want of fitt meanes and applications than by seeking releife to- fall into the hands of griping and avaricious men, It be apprehended by such masters who were swayed by politick respects than by Xpian [Christian] duty or charity, That it was the more gainful and saving way to stand the hazard of their servants than to entertain the certain charge of a physitian or chirur- geon whose demands for the most parte exceede the purchase of the patient. It was therefore enacted for the better redress of the like abuses therafter until some fitter course should be advised on within the Colony, That it should be lawfull and free for any person or persons in such cases where they should conceive the acco'nt of the physitian or chirurgeon to be unreason- able either for his pains or for his druggs or medicines, to arrest the said physitian or chirurgeon either to the quarter court where they inhabitt, where the said physitian should declare upon oath the true value, worth and quantity of his druggs and medicines administered to or for the use of the pit [plaintif] whereupon the court where the matter was tried was to adjudge and allow to the said physitian or chirurgeon such satisfaction and reward as they in their discretions should think fit. And it was further ordered that when it should be sufficiently proved in any of said courts that a physitian or chirur- geon had neglected his patient, or that he had refused, being thereunto re- quired, his helpe and assistance to any person or persons in sickness or extremity, that the said physitian or chirurgeon should be censured by the said' court for such neglect or refusal. Which said act and every clause therein mentioned and repeated this present Grand Assembly to all intents and pur- poses doth revive, ratifie, allow and confirm with this only exception that the- pits, or patients, shall have their remedie at the County Courts respectfully, unless in case of appeale. The First American Medical Publication, 1677. — "A Brief Rule to guide- the Common People of New England how to order themselves and theirs in the Small Pocks or Measles." By Thomas Thacher, eminent divine, learned physician; first minister of the Old South Church, Boston. Extracts. — From a manuscript of "Receipts to cure various Disorders," sent by Dr. Edward Stafford, of London, to Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts,, in the year 1643. "8. For the yellow jaundise or jaunders — Boyle a quart of sweet milke, dissolve therein as much bay-salt, or fine Salt-peter, as shall make it brackish in taste ; and putting saffron in a fine linen clout, rubb it into ye Milke until' ye milke be very yellow ; and give it ye patient to drinke." "9. For paines in ye breast or limmes, weare a wilde catts skin on the place grieved." "10. For a broken bone, or a joynt dislocated, to knit them: Take ye bark of elme, or witch-hazzle ; cutt away the outward part, and cutt ye inward redd' barke small, and boyle it in water till it be thick that it will rope ; pound well, and lay of it hott, barke and all upon ye bone or joynt, and tye it on; or with the Mussilage of it, and bole Armoniak make a playster and lay it on." "17. For the King's evill. Take 2 Tpades and let them fast 2 or 3 dayes that they may spewe out their Earth, then boyle them in a pint of oyle in a newe pipkin covered so long, till they be brought to a black Coale broken in pieces— presse out the Oyle from the said Toades, reserve a 4th part, to the other thsee parts add halfe a pound of yellow wax, shaved small— let the wax melt in the Oyle in wch. dippe the linnen cloathes, that they may be well JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 49 covered cere-cloathes— with the 4th part of the Oyle left annoynt all the places infected, and then strew of my black powder of Toades (mentioned before for an Antidote agaynst the Plague) upon the sores or swellings, and then put on of ye Cere-cloath. By this course there is no doubt of the Cure by God's assistance." Dr. Thomas Wynne, Penn. ( — 1691). — Came over with William Penn in 1682. His brother, also a physician, is said to have come with him. Thomas Wynne entered public life and became Speaker of the first Provincial Assem- bly of Pennsylvania. Dr. Griffith Owen, Penn. (1647-1717). — Came over with William Penn, in the Welcome, in 1682. Said to have been "very knowing and eminent" in his practice as a phy- sician. Performed the first known amputation in Pennsylvania The Village Doctor. — Photograph of a painting by Jan Steen. It illus- trates the costume of the Dutch doctor of the early Colonial period. The Family Physician. — Photograph from a painting by the Dutch painter, Jan Steen (1626-1679), to illustrate the costume and general appear- ance of the Dutch doctor of the early Colonial period. It is presented in lieu of the portraits of the primitive physicians to the Dutch Colony of New Amsterdam (New York), among whom were: Dr. Mynderts van de Bogaerdet, Ship Surgeon, arrived 163 1. First phy- sician to the Dutch Colony. Dr. Johannes La Montagne, "Huguenot and Gentleman," arrived in 1637. Was sent with fifty men to defend Fort New Hope, now New London, against an attack by the Massachusetts colonists. Dr. Hans Kierstede, "Surgeon," arrived 1638. Had an extensive practice and served the company "long and faithfully." He prepared a famous unguent, sold under his name until a very recent day. Dr. Poulus van der Beeck, the first physician practicing in Brooklyn. Zieckentroosters — Comforters of the Sick. — In the early days of the Dutch Colony in New Amsterdam (New York) the principal attendants upon the sick were women nurses and midwives, called "Zieckentroosters" — comforters of the sick. They were regularly appointed and paid by the colony, in accordance with the regulation of the Dutch West India Company. Three of these "Comforters" are mentioned in the annals, viz. : Lysbert Dircksen, Yryntje Janss, and Hellegond Joris. Annetje Janss, daughter of Yryntje Janss, became the owner of the property on which Trinity Church now stands. Rev. Cotton Mather (1663-1728). — At whose instigation the first inocula- tion was performed in America. Noted as a preacher, pastor, philanthropist, and author. At the risk of his life, in the face of violent popular opposition, he advocated and vindicated the introduction of inoculation as a protection against the terrible ravages of the smallpox. He was led to the advocacy of this measure by the reading of a paper by Dr. Emmanuel Timonius, then residing in Constantinople, on "Turkish Inocu- lation," which paper was published in the Philosophical Transactions of Lon- don, in the year 1717. Dr. ZabdiEl Boylston, Mass. (1684- 1766). —The first in America to per- form the operation of inoculation for smallpox. 4 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S.; NATIONAL MUSEUM. A resident of Brookline, Mass., of high repute in his profession. At the solicitation of Rev. Cotton Mather, after the refusal of the physicians of Boston to make the experiment, on June 27, 1721, Doctor Boylston inoculated his thirteen-year-old son and two colored servants with smallpox virus. This was about six weeks after the first inoculation in England, and, of course, without knowledge of that operation. He was viciously assailed by physicians, clergymen, and the general public, but at the peril of his life he continued the practice until its benefits were acknowledged. Extract. — From a paper by Dr. Emmanuel Timonius, a resident of Con- stantinople, on "Turkish Inoculation," published in the Philosophical Trans- actions, London, 1717, V, chap. 6, p. 370. The reading of this paper led Rev. Cotton Mather to advocate this method for the mitigation of the ravages of smallpox, then fatally prevalent in the New England Colonies. The history of the Inoculation of the smallpox. Extracted from a letter of Dr. E. Timonius : . "The writer of this Discourse observes that the Circassians, Georgians, and other Asiatics, have introduced this practice of procuring the Small- Pox by a sort of Inoculation for about the space of forty years, among the Turks and others at Constantinople. "This method of the operation is thus — Choice being made of a proper contagion, the Matter of the Pustules is to be communicated to the person proposed to take the infection. For this purpose they make choice of some boy, or young lad, of a sound healthy temperament, that is seized with the common small-pox. "On the 12th or 13th day from the beginning of his sickness, they with needle prick the tubercules (chiefly those on the shins and hams) and press out the matter coming from them into some convenient vessel of glass. * * * The patient being in a warm chamber, the Operator is to make several little wounds with a needle in one, two or more places of the skin, till some drops of blood follow, and immediately drop out some drops of the matter in the glass, and mix it well with the Blood issuing out; one drop of Matter is sufficient for each place pricked." Dr. James Lloyd, Mass. (1728-1810). — Noted surgeon; a pioneer in the practice of obstetrics in this country. Born on Long Island, N. Y. ; educated in Stratford and in New Haven, Conn. ; studied medicine with Doctor Clarke, in Boston ; two years at lectures in London. "Believed to be the first to perform lithotomy in Boston, if not in New- England;" and the first in the country to substitute ligatures for the actual cautery, for control of hemorrhage in surgical operations. "Commanded a more respectable circle of professional business than any other physician of his day." Dr. Cadwallader Colden, N. Y. (1688-1776)-.— Eminent physician, author, and statesman. Born in Scotland; emigrated to Philadelphia in 1710; removed to New York in 1718. One of the early writers of note on medical and other topics. Soon relinquished practice and devoted himself to scientific and literary pur- suits, and politics. Became Surgeon-General, Master in Chancery, Member of the Council, and Lieutenant Governor of New York. Author of'"Account of Climate and Diseases of N. Y. ;" account of the "Throat Distemper" JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 5 1 (Diphtheria) which prevailed in New Hampshire in 1735, and spread through the colonies, and "History of the Five Indian Nations." Thomas CadwalladEr, Penn. (1707-1779).— Gave the first series of prac- tical demonstrations of anatomy to a number of physicians in 1750. Author of one of the first publications on medical subjects, in the year 1740, on the "Iliac Passion" (Intestinal obstruction). First Vice-President of the Amer- ican Philosophical Society, 1769; director of military hospitals in the War of the Revolution; one of the founders of Pennsylvania Hospital; one of the original trustees of the Medical College of Philadelphia, 1765. Of his family, besides himself, two sons, three sons-in-law, and seven nephews took prominent part in the Revolution, both in civil and military affairs. i -' Eighteenth Century. Dr. John Lining, S. C. (1708-1760). — Wrote the first American account of Yellow Fever. Eminent physician and philosopher, native of- Scotland. He advanced and supported vigorously the theory of immunity after one attack of yellow fever. Perhaps the earliest American physiologist. Made an elaborate series of experiments upon himself on the process of metabolism; published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, 1743. The Eastern State Hospital of Virginia. — The original "Hospital Build- ing for Idiots, Lunatics, and Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds." Erected in the city of Williamsburg, Va., in accordance with an act passed "by the House of Burgesses in November, 1769. Building completed in 1773. The first hospital erected in this country exclusively for the insane. Eastern State Hospital of Virginia. — Engraving representing the "Mon- tague Building," erected in 1902, the latest of several buildings forming the present group of structures known as the Eastern State Hospital of Virginia. Dr. William Bull, S. C. (1709-1791). — Said to have been the first white person born in South Carolina, and the first native to obtain a degree in medicine (Leyden, 1734). Called the "learned Dr. Bull." He was a member of the Council, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Lieutenant- Governor for many years. He was a "Tory" and left the country in 1782. Dr. John Moultrie, S. C. ( , 1773). — Especially distinguished for his skill in obstetrics. Born in Scotland; came to Charleston, S. C, in 1733; at the head of his profession in that city for nearly forty years. "His death was regarded as a public calamity; several of the ladies of Charleston be- dewed his grave with tears and went into mourning on the occasion." Dr. Lionel Chambers, S. C. (1715-1777). — Eminent physician, distin- guished for his original researches and writings. Native of Scotland ; grad- uate of Edinburgh; emigrated to South Carolina about 1745; published an "Account of the Weather and Diseases of South Carolina," an "Essay on Fevers," and other works of note. Dr. Alexander Garden, S. C. (1730-1792). — Successful practitioner; noted botanist. Native of Scotland; emigrated to South Carolina about 1750. One of four colonial physicians to receive the honor of Fellowship of the Royal Society of London, viz. : Zabdiel Boylston, Mass. ; John Mitchell, Va. ; Alex- ander Garden, S. C. ; John Morgan, Penn. Discovered the anthelmintic ■''/< 52 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. properties of pinkroot (spigelia). The shrub Gardenia was so named by Linnaeus in honor of Dr. Garden. Dr. Thomas Bond, Penn. (1712-1773)- -Originator of the movement for the establishment of Pennsylvania Hospital. Native of Maryland. Studied medicine for six years with Doctor Hamilton, of Maryland; pursued his studies in Europe; settled in Philadelphia in 1734- Benjamin Franklin writes of him: "Dr. ihomas Bond, a particular friend of mine, conceived the idea of establishing a hospital in Philadelphia (a very beneficent design, which has been ascribed to me, but was originally and truly his) for the reception and cure of poor sick persons." Pennsylvania Hospital.— The first general hospital established in the colonies. Originated in the efforts of Dr. Thomas Bond, supplemented by the skillful promotion of Benjamin Franklin; established through the gener- osity of the people of Philadelphia and the House of Representatives of the Province. Chartered May, 1751 ; first patient received in temporary hospital February 10, 1752 ; cornerstone of permanent building laid May 28, 1755. Occupied by patients December 17, 1756. Benjamin Franklin, Penn. (1706-1790). — The most active promoter of the plan of Doctor Bond for the establishment of Pennsylvania Hospital. Born in Boston; printer, writer, patriot, diplomat; signer of the Declaration of Independence; twice envoy to England, once to France. By his skilful leading of public sentiment and of legislative action, he succeeded in raising the necessary funds for the building of the hospital. Minute Book of Pennsylvania Hospital. — A page from the proceedings of the first meeting of contributors for the election of managers. In the hand- writing of Benjamin Franklin. Blacksmith's Bill. — For chains for lunatics, etc. Indicates the method in use for the restraint of lunatics. Pennsylvania Hospital. — The first general hospital established in the colonies. Originated in the efforts of Dr. Thomas Bond, supplemented by the skilful promotion of Benjamin Franklin; established through the generosity of the people of Philadelphia and the House of Representatives of the Province. Chartered May, 1751; first patient received in temporary hospital February 10, 1752 ; corner stone of permanent building laid May 28, 1755. Occupied by patients December 17, 1756. Corner Stone of Pennsylvania Hospital. — As it appeared in 1794. The inscription, written by Franklin, reads as follows : In the year of Christ MDCCLV George the second happily reigning (For he sought the happiness of his people) Philadelphia flourishing (For its inhabitants were publick spirited) This building By the bounty of the Government, and of many private persons, was piously founded For the relief of the sick and miserable ; May the God of Mercies Bless the undertaking. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 53 Pennsylvania Hospital. — Front view of the present Hospital Building. Seal of Pennsylvania Hospital. — The device represents the Good Samari- tan taking charge of the sick man, and delivering him to the inn-keeper, with the inscription beneath : "Take care of him and I will repay thee." Dr. Benjamin Rush, Mass. (1745-1813). — "The greatest figure in Amer- ican Medical Annals." Eminent as a physician, author, teacher, and patriot. "He established more principles, and added more facts to the science of medi- cine, than all who had preceded him" in America. Born near Philadelphia ; academy education at Nottingham, Md. ; graduate of Princeton College at the age of 15; pupil of Doctor Redman of Philadelphia for six years. Medi- cal degree from Edinburgh in 1768 ; commenced practice in Philadelphia in 1769; professor of chemistry same year. Member of the Continental Con- gress ; signer of the Declaration of Independence ; Surgeon-General of the Army for the Middle Department, 1776. Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple. — A painting by Benjamin West, historical painter to His Majesty George III, and President of the Royal Society of Arts. Presented to Pennsylvania Hospital by the artist in 1817. Now on deposit with the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 13th and Locust streets, Philadelphia. Ds. Abraham Chovet, Philadelphia (1704- ). — '"One of the most picturesque of the physicians and teachers in the early history of medicine in Philadelphia." Born and educated in England; appointed, 1735, demon- strator of anatomy in the United Company of Barbers and Surgeons. Lived for several years in Jamaica, and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he became noted as a physician, as well as for his wit and eccentricities. In the winter of l774-'5 he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy, illustrated by a collection of wax models and injected and dried anatomical prepara- tions. John Morgan, Penn. (1736-1787). — The prime mover in the establishment ■of the Medical School of the College of Philadelphia — the first on this conti- nent. Graduate of College of Philadelphia, 1757; studied medicine with Doctor Redman, M. D., Edinburgh, 1763; studied under eminent teachers in England, France, Holland, and Italy; returned to Philadelphia in 1765. He was first to restrict himself to the practice of medicine as distinct from sur- gery and pharmacy. Appointed to the first medical professorship, May 3, 1765. An ardent patriot; in active service during the War of the Revolution. "The Academy." — Occupied, 1765-1802, by the first Medical School on this continent. Situated on the west side of Fourth Street, near the corner of Mulberry street, Philadelphia. The Medical School of the College of Phila- delphia was founded through the efforts of Dr. John Morgan and Dr. William Shippen, in 1765, with Dr. Morgan as Professor of Theory and Practice of Physic; Dr. Shippen, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery; Dr. Adam Kuhn, Professor of Botany and Materia Medica, and Dr. Benjamin Rush, Professor of Chemistry. In the year 1791 it was merged with the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania under the name of the latter. From its foundation to the present day it has been one of the most noted schools in the country. William Shippen, Jr., Penn. (1736-1808). — One of the founders of the Medical School of Philadelphia, and its first Professor of Anatomy and 54 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Surgery. Graduate of the College of New Jersey, 1754; studied medicine under his father ; M. D. from Edinburgh, 176 1 ; settled in Philadelphia, 1762. Delivered the first course of lectures on Anatomy given in this country, in rooms constructed in the rear of his father's house. These private lectures continued until the opening of the Medical School. Fellow of the Royal College of .Physicians of Edinburgh, 1768; Director-General of Hospitals, Continental Army, 1777-1781. Dr. Samuel Bard, N. Y. (1742-1821).— Next to Benjamin Rush, the most eminent American physician of his time. One of the most active of the founders of the first medical school and hospital in New York. Born in Philadelphia; graduate of King's College, N. Y., in 1761 ; medical degree from Edinburgh, 1765; commenced practice with his father in New York. First professor of theory and practice of physic in King's College Medical School, 1768; visiting physician to New York Hospital; president of the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y. ; one of the founders and physicians to the City Dispensary. Dr. Peter Middleton, N. Y. ( 1781). — One of the founders of King's College Medical School, and its first professor of physiology and pathology. Native of Scotland; came to New York about the middle of the eighteenth century. He was "distinguished for various and profound learning and great professional talent." Doctors Bard, Jones, and Middleton were reck- oned the three most eminent medical men of their time in New York. Doc- tors Bard and Middleton were the first on record in America to inject the blood-vessels and dissect the human body. Dr. John Jones, N. Y. (1729-1791). — First professor of surgery in the medical school of King's College. Surgeon to Colonial troops in the French and Indian War. Born in Jamaica, N. Y. ; student with Doctor Cadwallader ; medical degree from University of Rheims, France; settled in New York; first in that city to perform lithotomy. Present at the battle of Lake George, 1755, and had the professional care of the wounded French commander, General Dieskau. The Old New York Hospital.— The second General Hospital to be founded in the Colonies of North America. Organized through the influence of Drs. Samuel Bard, Peter Middleton, and John Jones; chartered in 1771. The original building was destroyed by fire before completion; the recon- structed building at first used as barracks for Continental troops. Occupied for hospital purposes by the Society in January, 1791. George Washington in his last illness, attended by Drs. Craik and Brown. Photographic reproduction from an old engraving in the possession of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Dr. James Craik, Va. (1731-1814).— The intimate friend and family physician of General Washington. Took part in the French and Indian War, in the campaigns of Washington and Braddock, I754-'SS. Served through the War of the Revolution, and was Director-General of the hos- pitals at Yorktown at the time of the surrender of Cornwallis. In 1778, when war with France was threatened, Washington appointed him Chief of the Medical Department of the Army. Attended General Washington in his last illness. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 55 Eighteenth Century — Revolutionary Period. Dr. John Warren, Mass. (1753-1815). — One of the most eminent surgeons of his time in New England. Surgeon to the Salem Company at the battle of Lexington. Director-General of the first hospital of the Continental Army. Born in Roxbury, Mass. ; studied medicine with his brother, Gen. Joseph Warren; accompanied the army to New York and New Jersey, in 1776; present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Professor of anat- omy and surgery in the Medical School of Cambridge, organized through his influence. President of the Massachusetts Medical Society from 1804 until his death. Dr. John Jeffries, Mass. (1744-1819). — Believed to have been the first native of the American provinces to obtain the degree of Doctor of Physic (Aberdeen, 1769). Assistant Surgeon H. B. M. ship Captain, 1771-1774. Professionally engaged by the commander of the British squadron at the beginning of the Revolution ; identified to General Howe the body of General Warren on the field of Bunker Hill. Surgeon-General of the British forces in Nova Scotia, 1776-1779. Surgeon-Major to the forces in America, 1779- 1780. Successful practitioner in London. Made the first successful balloon voyage across the English Channel. Returned to Boston, 1790, where he remained until his death. Believed to have given the first lecture on prac- tical anatomy in Boston ; mobbed the next day. Dr. Ezra Green, Mass. (1746 ). Surgeon of the Continental sloop- of-war Ranger, commanded by Capt. John Paul Jones. Graduate of Har- vard, 1765 ; studied medicine at Maiden and Newburyport ; practiced in Dover, N. H. Commissioned surgeon of the Ranger in 1797. Was in the fight between the Ranger and the Blake. A Certificate of Fumigation. — Issued by the Selectmen of Boston, dated August 6, 1776. This certificate states that one Mr. Drowne has been "smoaked and cleansed," and is permitted to pass into the country without danger of communicating the smallpox. (Signed) John Scollay, Jno. Pitts, Selectmen of Boston. LETTER of Recommendation from Dr. John Morgan, Surgeon-General of the Continental Army. The letter certifies, in effect, that Mr. Solomon Drowne has served in the General Hospital acceptably and faithfully, and is recommended to the public as a "young gentleman of assiduity and merit." Photographed from the original in the possession of Mr. Henry Russell Drowne, of New York. Dr. William EusTis, Mass. . (1753-1825). — Military surgeon throughout the War of the Revolution; member of Congress; Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Madison. Born in Boston, Mass. ; graduate of Harvard College, 1772; studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren; followed the latter to Lexington and gave aid to the wounded of that day. Surgeon of the Massachusetts Artillery Regiment; in charge of the military hospital on the Hudson river opposite West Point. Doctors of Medicine who Signed the Declaration of Independence. Dr. Josiah BartlETT, N. H. (i729-i795)-— A signer of the Declaration of Independence. Born in Massachusetts; began the study of medicine at the 56 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. age of sixteen; commenced practice at Kingston, N. H., in 1750; became cele- brated for his success in the treatment of "throat distemper," by tonic and supporting measures, during the epidemic of 1754; Delegate to the Conti- nental Congress; first after the President to sign the Declaration; Colonel in the Army; Justice of the Superior Court; member of the Convention for framing the Constitution in 1787; first Governor of New Hampshire, 1793. Dr. Matthew Thornton, N. H. (1714-1803). — A signer of the Declaration of Independence. Native of Scotland ; educated in Connecticut ; began prac- tice in Londonderry, N. H., "where he became conspicuous for professional skill;" Colonel of militia under the Royal Government; member of the Provincial Congress, 1775 ; Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1776. Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Judge of the Superior * Court of New Hampshire. Senator in the State Legislature, and member of the Council. Dr. Oliver Wolcott, Conn. (1726-1797).— Captain of Volunteers in the French War, 1748; Brigadier-General of Militia, 1776; Major-General of Militia, 1779; commanded a brigade at the battle of Saratoga. Born in Connecticut; graduate of Yale; student of medicine with his brother, but did not engage in practice. Dr. Lyman Hall, Ga. (1731-1790).— A signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Born in Connecticut; graduate of Yale; successful practitioner of medicine in Sudbury, Ga. ; one of the foremost of the citizens of his State in securing the co-operation of Georgia with the other colonies; member of the Provincial Congress of Georgia in 1774 and 1775; delegate to the Conti- nental Congress in 1775; signer of the Declaration; Governor of his State in 1773. Dr. Benjamin Rush, Pa. (1745-1813).— A signer of the Declaration of Independence. Pre-eminent in his profession, a voluminous writer, an ardent patriot, taking an early and active part in the movement for independence; member of the Continental Congress of 1776; signer of the Declaration; member of the Convention for the formation of the Constitution, 1787; Treasurer of the U. S. Mint, 1799. Director Generals and Chief Physicians to the Continental Army in the War of the Revolution. Dr. Benjamin Church, Mass. (1734-1776).— The first Director-General of Hospitals, and Chief Physician of the Continental Army. Elected by Con- gress July 27, 1775. A successful physician and surgeon, a brilliant writer, an ardent and influential patriot. Represented Massachusetts Province in the Continental Congress of 1775; selected by the Provincial Congress to receive and welcome General Washington at Cambridge. He was accused of "holding criminal correspondence with the enemy," tried by court-martial October, 1775, convicted, dismissed from the service, and imprisoned Dr. John Morgan, Penn. (1735-17%) .-Appointed by the Continental Congress Director-General of Hospitals, and Physician-in-Chief to the American Army "October 17, 1775. He immediately joined General Wash- ington in Cambridge, and continued in office until January 9 1777 « B v reason of unjust clamors he was dismissed from service. A committee of JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL, EXPOSITION. 57 "Congress afterwards investigated his case, and honorably acquitted him of all ■charges." Dr. William Shippen, Jr. (1736-1808). — Unanimously elected by Congress "Director-General of all the Military Hospitals for the Armies of the United States," April 11, 1777. In consequence of charges brought against him of maladministration of his office, he resigned his post June 3, 1781. "The in- vestigation did not develop any matter reflecting on his integrity." "The Razor LETTER." — From Director-General John Morgan to Surgeon- General John Warren, at the Long Island Hospital, illustrating the difficulty -under which the surgeons of the Continental Army labored. Written four days before the battle of Long Island. "Sir: I have sent to the surgeons, desiring the youngest off duty to go to your assistance and take four mates with him ; to carry over 500 additional "bandages and twelve fracture-boxes. I fear they have no scalpels, as what- ever I have committed to the hospitals has always been lost. I send you two, in which case, if you want more, use a razor for an incision knife. Let me know from time to time at Long Island. "John Morgan." Dr. John Cockran, N. J. (1730-1807). — Surgeon-General of the Middle Department in 1777. Director-General of Hospitals and Chief Physician of the Continental Army (1781 ?). Born in Pennsylvania; studied medi- cine with Doctor Thompson, of Lancaster. Served as Surgeon's Mate in the French War. Eminently distinguished as a practioner of medicine and surgery. Some Doctors who held Military Command in the Revolution. Dr. Josiah BarTlETT, N. H. (1729-1765). — Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia tinder the King, 1767-1775 ; deprived of his commission because of his zeal in the cause of the Colonies ; reappointed Colonel of Militia by the Provincial Congress, 1775 ; organized regiments to .resist impending attack from Mon- treal, 1777; accompanied General Stark to Bennington, in charge of supplies for the New Hampshire troops. Born in Amesbury, Mass. ; studied medi- cine with Dr. Ordway; practiced in his native town, where he gained great repute; was an ardent patriot, and left medicine for politics at" the outbreak of the Revolution. Dr. John BeaTTy, N. J. (1749-1826). — Colonel in the Pennsylvania Line; made prisoner at Fort Washington, and held for several years; Commissary- General of Prisoners, 1778-1780. Born in Pennsylvania; graduated at Princeton, 1769; studied medicine with Dr. Rush; practiced medicine until the Revolution; Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, i783-'8s; member of the National Congress, i793-'95- Dr. ThEodoric Bland, Va. (1742-1790).— Captain of the First Troop of Virginia Cavalry; Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel of the regiment; distin- guished himself at the battle of Brandywine; in command of the troops in Albemarle Barracks, Va., 1779- Born in Prince George County, Va. ; edu- cated in England; graduated in medicine from Edinburgh; returned to America in 1764, and practiced medicine in his native State until the Revolu- tion. 58 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. James Brickett, Mass. (1737-1818).— Brigadier-General in the expe- dition designed for Canada, 1776; commanded the American escort of Bur- goyne's surrendered army from the Saratoga, battle-field to Cambridge, Mass., 1777. Was a physician in Haverhill, Mass., until the French War; Surgeon in -the Army at Ticonderoga; wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Dr. John Brooks, Mass. (1752-1825).— Captain of the Minute Men at Concord; Major in the Continental Army at White Plains; Colonel 8th Massachusetts Regiment at Saratoga; Acting Adjutant-General at Mon- mouth. Born in Medford, Mass.; studied medicine with Dr. Tufts; prac- ticed in Reading and Medford, Mass.; Fellow of Massachusetts Medical Society; member of Academy of Arts and Sciences; Governor of the Com- monwealth of Massachusetts; President of the Society of Cincinnati and of the Washington Monument Association. Dr. Timothy Chieds, Mass. (1748-1821).— Captain of Minute Men in 1775; Surgeon to Colonel Patterson's Regiment on the expedition against Montreal. Born in Deerfield, Mass. ; at Harvard, l764-'67 ; studied medicine ; began practice at Pittsfield, Mass., 1771. Dr. David Cobb, Mass. (1748-1830). — Lieutenant-Colonel of Henry Jack- son's Regiment, 1777 and 1778; Colonel and Aide to General Washington for several years ; promoted to rank of Brevet Brigadier-General. Born in Attleboro, Mass.; graduated from Harvard, 1766; studied medicine and prac- ticed for many years in Taunton, Mass. ; after the war he was Judge of the County Court, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Member of Congress, President of State Senate, Lieutenant-Governor, and Major-General of State Militia. Dr. Henry Dearborn, N. H. (1751-1829). — Captain in Colonel Stark's Regiment at Bunker Hill; captured in the attack on Quebec; Major at Ticon- deroga; Lieutenant-Colonel at Monmouth; present at the surrender of Corn- wallis; Major-General U. S. Army, February, 1812. Born at North Hamp- ton, N. H. ; studied medicine with Dr. Jackson, of Portsmouth; practiced medicine in Portsmouth, 1771-1775; after the war, twice elected to Congress; Secretary of War for eight years under Jefferson, 1-801-1809; Minister to. England, 1822. Dr. John Eey, Conn. (1737-1800). — As Captain of Militia, 1775, marched to Roxbury; Major and Colonel-Commandant of Fort Trumbull, 1776; cap- tured by the British, December, 1777, and held prisoner at Flatbush, L. I. ; refused parole in order to devote, himself to the care of the sick prisoners ; afterward refused exchange for the same reason. Born in Lyme, Conn. ; studied medicine and practiced in his native town; was particularly success- ful in the treatment of smallpox, and erected several hospitals near Lyme for its treatment. Dr. John Flagg, Mass. (i743-i793)-— Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia under Colonel Timothy Pickering. Born in Chester, N. H. ; graduated at Har- vard, 1761 ; studied medicine in Andover ; practiced at Lynn, Mass. ; an early- member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Dr. Nathaniel Freeman, Mass. (1741-1827).— Commanded a regiment of militia in the expedition to Rhode Island; Brigadier-General of Militia, 1781- 1793- Born in Dennis, Mass.; studied both law and medicine, and became distinguished as a physician and surgeon; practiced in the town of Sand- wich, Mass.; Member of Congress, i795-'99; Judge of Probate for 47 years. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 59 Dr. Joseph Gardiner, Pa. (1752-1794).— Commanded the 4th Battalion of Militia from Chester county. Was a physician; member of the Committee of Safety, i7'76-'87; member of the Assembly, i776-'78; member of the Su- preme Executive Council, 1779; Delegate to the Continental Congress, I784-'8S. Dr. Edward Hand, Penn. (1744-1802). — Lieutenant-Colonel Continental Army, 1776; Brigadier-General, 1777; Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen- eral Washington, 1781. Born in Ireland; came to America as Surgeon's Mate of the 18th Royal Irish Regiment, 1744; resigned and took up the practice of medicine in Pennsylvania; served in the Patriot Army through the war; delegate to the Continental Congress, 1784-1785. Dr. William Irvine, Pa. (1741-1804). — Colonel of the 6th Pennsylvania Line; taken prisoner at the battle of Three Rivers, June, 1776; exchanged, 1778; Brigadier-General 2d Pennsylvania Brigade, 1779. Born in Ireland; studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Cleghorn ; Surgeon in the British Navy during the French War; came to America in 1763; commanded Penn- sylvania troops in suppression of the "Whiskey Rebellion," 1794; President of the Society of the Cincinnati, of Pennsylvania; "he was distinguished for his personal bravery and as an able disciplinarian." Dr. James McHenry, Md. (1753-1816). — Secretary on the staff of General Washington, 1778; Aide-de-Camp on the staff of General Lafayette, 1780; promoted to Major, Octoher, 1780; Secretary of War in the Cabinet of Washington, 1796. Born in Ireland; immigrated in. 1771 ; studied medicine with Dr. Rush; Assistant Surgeon Continental Army, 1775; Surgeon of 5th Pennsylvania Battalion ; taken prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington ; member of Continental Congress, i783-'84, and of the convention which formed the Constitution, 1787; Fort McHenry, in Baltimore Harbor, was named in his honor. Dr. Hugh Mercer, Va. (1.726-1777). — Captain under Braddock, 1755;. desperately wounded at the battle of Monongahela, July 9, 1755; Lieutenant- Colonel, 1758; Colonel of 3d Virginia Regiment, 1776; Brigadier-General Continental Army, June, 1776; killed at the battle of Princeton, 1777. Born in Scotland; medical degree from Aberdeen University; Assistant Surgeon in the Army of Prince Charles Edward at the battle of Culladen, 1745; came to America, 1747 ; practiced medicine near what is now Mercersburg,. Penn. ; at the close of the French War he resumed practice in Fredericks- burg, Va., until the Revolution. Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, N. H. (1741-1823).— Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Army, 1774; resigned his commission and joined the patriot army; engaged in the capture of Fort William and Mary at Newcastle, Del. ; Adjutant-General of the State Militia, 1777; served in Rhode Island in 1779; Major-General of Militia, 1793-1798. Born in Topsfield, Mass. ; studied medi- cine with his father; began practice in Plaistow, N. H., 1761 ; Delegate to Continental Congress, i779-'8o; one of the founders of the New Hampshire Medical Society, 1790. Dr. Oliver PrEscott, Mass. (1731-1804).— Major, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Colonel of Militia under the King; Brigadier-General of Militia, 1775; Major-General of Massachusetts Militia, 1778-1781. Born in Groton, Mass.; graduated from Harvard, 1750, and engaged in the active practice of medicine 60 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. in his native town ; a founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; Presi- dent of the Middlesex Medical Society; honorary degree of Doctor of Medi- cine from Harvard University. Dr. Arthur St. Clair, Pa. (1734-1818).— Ensign in Royal American Foot Regiment, 1757; Lieutenant, 1759; took part in the attack on Quebec and siege of Montreal, 1760; Colonel of Pennsylvania Militia, 1775; Brigadier- General, 1776, at the battles of Trenton and Princeton; Major-General, 1777; voluntary Aide-de-Camp to General Washington at Brandywine. Born in Scotland; studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Hunter, of London; left his medical studies for service in the army; came to America with his regi- ment, married in Boston, resigned his commission, and remained in this country. Dr. Erastus Sergeant, Mass. (1742-1814).— Major of the 7th Massachu- setts Regiment; served on Lake Champlain, 1776-1777, and was present at Burgoyne's surrender. Born in Stockbridge, Mass. ; studied medicine with his uncle at Deerfield ; after his military service resumed practice in his native region, where he was esteemed as a very skillful surgeon. Dr. Isaac Smith, N. J. (1740-1807). — Colonel, commanding a regiment in the Continental Army. Graduated at Princeton, 1758; studied medicine and became a practicing physician ; "was distinguished as an efficient officer, and was especially noted for his wisdom and sagacity;" Associate Justice of the U. S. District Court for New Jersey, 1777-1803. Dr. John Thomas, Mass. (1725-1776). — Colonel of a Provincial Regiment at the capture of Montreal, 1760; Brigadier-General Continental Army, 1775, commanding the Brigade which captured Dorchester Heights, March 4, 1776; Major-General, March 6, 1776. Born in Marshfield, Mass. ; became promi- nent as a physician and surgeon in Kingston, Mass. ; Regimental Surgeon, 1746; Surgeon on the staff of Gen. Wm. Shirley, 1747; died of smallpox dur- ing the operations against Quebec, June, 1776. Dr. Joseph Warren, Mass. (1741-1775).— An ardent and aggressive patriot; started Paul Revere on his historic ride to Lexington; commissioned Major-General, June 14, 1775; offered the command of the troops at Bunker Hill by Colonel Prescott and General Putnam, but declined, and fought as a volunteer in the ranks; killed near the end of the action by a bullet in his brain. Born in Roxbury, Mass.; graduated at Harvard, 1759; studied medi- cine; began practice in Boston, 1764; became noted for his success in the treatment of smallpox ; made President of the Massachusetts Provincial Con- gress in 1774; also Chairman of the Committee of Safety. Dr. James Wilkinson, Md. (1757-1825).— Captain in a New Hampshire regiment, 1776; Brigade Major, July, 1776; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1777; Brevet Brigadier-General, 1777; Brigadier-General, 1792; General-in-Chief of the Army, 1796-1798 and 1800-1812. Major-General in the campaign against Montreal, 1813-1814. Born in Maryland; educated by private tutor; studied medicine for two years, leaving his medical studies to join Washington's Army at Cambridge. Dr. Oliver Wolcott, Conn. (1726- 1797). —A signer of the Declaration of Independence. Born in Connecticut; graduate of Yale; student of medicine with his brother, Alexander Wolcott; Sheriff of Litchfield Co., 1751 ; Judge of Probate; member of Council of State; Commissioner of Indian Affairs- JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 6l member of the Continental Congress, 1776; signer of the Declaration; Gov- ernor of the State for ten successive years. Eighteenth Century. Dr. James McClurg, Va. (1747-1825).— For many years the acknowledged head of his profession in Williamsburg and surrounding country. Born in the county of Elizabeth City, Va. ; educated at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg ; graduate of the University of Edinburgh ; settled in Williamsburg; afterward removed to Richmond. For a long time one of the Council of State in Virginia, and was a member of the convention that formed the Constitution of the United States. Dr. David Ramsay, S. C. (1749-1815).— The best known physician from the South. Army surgeon, statesman, historian, member of Congress, and pre- siding officer for one year in the absence of John Hancock. Born in Penn- sylvania ; graduate of Princeton College, 1765; Bachelor of Medicine, 1772, College of Philadelphia; M. D., 1780, from same college, the mandamus stating: "And the Degree of Doctor of Medicine on David Ramsay, now a prisoner with the enemy." Settled in Charleston, S. C, in 1773, where he acquired great celebrity. Author of "History of the Revolution in South Carolina" and "History of the American Revolution." Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, Mass. (1725-1826).— First President of the Massachusetts Medical Society, organized in 1781. Graduated at Harvard, 1746; studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Berry; practiced in Salem, Mass., for about 58 years. The portrait represents him at 100 years of age. The Medical Society of which he was the first President was not the first to be formed in the Colonies, but it remains, next to the New Jersey Society, the oldest now in existence. Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, Mass. (1754-1846). — The first to introduce vaccination, after the method of Doctor Jenner, into America. One of the founders of the Medical School of Harvard University, and its first Pro- fessor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Born in Newport, R. I. ; studied medicine in Newport, Edinburgh, and Leyden, graduating from the latter uni- versity. Settled in Newport; removed to Cambridge. Published in the Columbian Sentinel, a newspaper of Boston, March 12, 1799, an account of the "new inoculation" under the title "Something Curious in the Medical Line." June, 1800, successfully vaccinated his five-year-old son. Two months later the boy was inoculated with the virus of smallpox, without effect. Dr. Elihtj Hubbard Smith, Conn. (1771-1798). — Projector, and, in con- junction with Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill and Dr. Edward Miller, the founder of the first medical periodical, "The New York Medical Repository," pub- lished in this country, 1797. Born in Litchfield, Conn. ; graduate of Yale at 15 years of age; studied medicine under his father; practiced in Weathers- field; afterward in New York City. One of the physicians to the New York Hospital. A voluminous writer. Died of yellow fever, September, 1798, at the age of 27 years. The Medical Repository. — The first medical periodical published in Amer- ica. Photographic reproduction of a page of the "Repository" containing Table of Contents of Volume I, Number I. 62 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Massachusetts General Hospital.— Founded in the year i8n, largely through the initiatory efforts of Drs. James Jackson and John C. Warren On the loth of August, 1810, a circular letter was issued by Drs. Jackson and Warren asking subscriptions to a "hospital for the reception of lunatics and other sick persons." The aid of prominent citizens was secured and a corpo- ration formed under the name of "The Massachusetts General Hospital;" a substantial bitflding was erected, and the first patient admitted in September, 1821. Nineteenth Century. Massachusetts Medical College (Harvard Medical School), Mason Street, Boston.— Erected in 1815. The home of the Medical School from 1816 to 1847. The school was founded in 1782. Dr. John Warren, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery; Dr. Benjamin, Professor of Theory and Practice of Physic. First lectures held in Holden Chapel, Cambridge; removed to Marlborough street, Boston, in 1810; to North Grove street in 1847; to Boylston street in 1883, and to its present location in 1905. Massachusetts Medical College (Harvard Medical School), North Grove Street, Boston.— Erected in 1846; occupied by the College from 1847 to 1883. Harvard Medical School, Boylston "and Exeter Streets, Boston. — Occupied by the Medical School from 1883 to 1905. During this period radical changes were made in the requirements for admission and graduation, and in the methods of instruction. . Harvard Medical School. — The new group of white marble buildings for the use of the Medical School of Harvard University, dedicated in the year 1905. These four medical school buildings symbolize the progress of medi- cine in America during the last century. Dr. Nathan Smith, Vt. (1762-1828). — "The most famous physician and surgeon combined that we have produced, for his fame lies in both fields." Born in Rehoboth, Mass. ; removed when an infant to the wilds of Vermont ; education very limited; studied medicine with Dr. Goodhue, and practiced for a time in Concord, N. H. ; graduated in medicine at Harvard in 1790, being the third to receive a degree from that department; from 1796 to 1798 attended lectures and clinics in Europe ; established the Medical School of Dartmouth College in 1798, the fourth in order in this country, and for 12 years was practically the only instructor ; was the first Professor of Theory and Practice in Yale Medical School ; in 1821 he performed ovariotomy, not knowing that it had ever been previously undertaken. Dr. James Jackson, Mass. (1777 ).— One of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital; active in the upbuilding of the Medical School ; foremost in the reorganization of the Medical Society. Born in Newburyport, Mass.; graduated from Harvard at the age of 19; studied medicine with Dr. Holyoke, of Boston; after a year in the hospitals of Lon- don, commenced practice in Boston, where he was for more than half a cen- tury the "beloved physician;" he shares with Dr. Waterhouse the honors of introducing vaccination to the notice of American physicians; wrote the re- markable book, "Letters to a Young Physician just Entering upon Practice," which was for years the vade mecum of every New England practitioner. JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 63 Dr. Jacob BiGElow, Mass. (1787-1879).— Eminent Physician, Botanist, Au- -thor, Teacher, and Artist. Born in Sudbury, Mass. ; graduate of Harvard in 1806; student of medicine in Harvard School; medical degree from the Medi- •cal School of tHe College of Philadelphia; settled in Boston; Professor of Materia Medica at Harvard ; editor of the first edition of the U. S. Pharma- ■copceia ; founded Mount Auburn Cemetery, laid out the grounds, surveyed the roads, and supervised its ornamentation ; published an elaborately illus- trated series of volumes under the title of "American Medical Botany." His •address on "Self-limited Diseases" had probably more influence on medical practice than any similar work ever published in this country. Dr. William Beaumont, U. S. Army (1785-1853). — "The pioneer physiolo- gist of this country, the first to make an important and enduring contribution to this science." Born in Lebanon, Conn. ; left his country home at 22 years of age; taught a village school and read medicine for three years; studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin Chandler, at St. Albans, Vt. ; Surgeon's Mate, 6th Regiment of Infantry, 1812; Cavalry, 1819; Post Surgeon, 1819; Surgeon, 1st Regiment, 1826; resigned, 1839; practiced in St. Louis the rest of his life. Especially noted for his "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion," made upon one Alexis St. Martin, afflicted -with a gastric fistula resulting from a gun-shot wound. Alexis St. Martin,' Canada (1798-1880). — Upon whom Dr. Beaumont made his noted experiments on the Physiology of Gastric Digestion. Photo- graph taken at the age of 81 years, 57 years after his injury. On June 6th, 1822, young Martin was accidentally wounded by the discharge of a shot- _gun, carrying away a large portion of his left side and making a direct open- ing into his stomach. He survived the wound, but was left with a permanent fistula of the stomach. Through this opening Dr. Beaumont was able to take samples of the stomach contents for investigation at any period of the process of digestion. Dr. David Hosack, N. Y. (1769-1835). — One of the best known, most popu- lar, accomplished, and useful physicians in New York. First in America to tie the femoral artery for aneurism. Born in New York City ; graduated in arts at Princeton ; medical degree at Philadelphia ; commenced practice in Alexandria, Va., but soon returned to New York, then to Edinburgh and London for two years. Again in New York, he speedily gained a successful practice. Held six professorships in the course of sixteen years. He was the friend and family physician of Alexander Hamilton, and attended the latter on the field in the fatal duel with Aaron Burr. Dr. Valentine Mott, N. Y. (1785-1865).— Eminent as a physician, sur- geon, and teacher. The first on record to tie the innominate artery. It was sard of him that no man living or dead ever tied so many arteries. Born at Glen Cove, N. Y., of Quaker parents; studied medicine with Doctor Seaman, •of New York; medical degree from Columbia Medical School in 1806. Spent two years in England and Scotland; settled in practice in New York, where his success was prompt. Professor of surgery for many years in several schools. His operation on the innominate artery made him famous on both sides of the Atlantic. Dr. Lyman Spaulding, N. Y. (1775-1821).— Originated a plan for the for- mation of a national pharmacopoeia, which was submitted to the Medical -Society of the County of New York in January, 1817. Born in Cornish, 64 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. N. H.; graduated in arts at Harvard; studied medicine with Dr. Nathan' Smith, and assisted him in instituting the medical school at Dartmouth Col- lege. Commenced practice in Portsmouth, N. H. Became professor of sur- gery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York. Removed to New York City in 1813. Member of convention, for the preparation of a national pharmacopoeia, and one of the committee on publication of the first edition, issued in the year 1820. Pharmacopoeia of the; United States of America.— Photographic repro- duction of the title page of the first edition of the United States Pharma- copoeia. Published in Boston, December 15, 1820, under the direction of a. committee appointed by a General Convention of Delegates from Medical. Societies and Schools, which met in Washington, D. C, January 1st, 1820. Dr. Philip Syng Physick (1768-1837).— Called the "Father of American; Surgery." Native of Philadelphia ; graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania at 17; studied medicine with Professor Kuhn, of Philadelphia; at 21. went to London, where he lived in the family of the famous John Hunter.. Degree of Doctor of Medicine from Edinburgh at 24; Surgeon to Pennsyl- vania Hospital in 1794; Professor of Surgery in the Medical School of Penn- sylvania University in 1805, which chair he held for thirteen years. He was. a brilliant operator, an ingenious surgical mechanic, an instructive teacher,, and a noted lithotomist. Performed lithotomy upon Chief Justice Marshall,, removing more than a thousand small calculi from his bladder. The House in Danville, Ky., in which Dr. Ephraim McDowell per- formed the first known operation of ovariotomy. The operation was in the- annex marked with a cross ( + )■ Of this initial operation the editor of the London Medico-Chirurgical Review wrote as follows : "A back settlement of America has beaten the mother country, nay, Europe itself, with all the boasted surgeons thereof, in the fearful and formidable operation of gas- trotomy, with extraction of diseased ovaries. We cannot bring ourselves to credit the statement." Dr. Ephraim McDowell, Ky. (1771-1830). — The first surgeon to perform: the operation of ovariotomy for the removal of a tumor ; done at Danville, Ky., in the year 1807. Born in Virginia ; early removed to Danville, Ky. ; studied medicine with Dr. Humphreys, of Staunton, Va., and in Edinburgh, with John Bell. Commenced practice in Danville, and soon became the lead- ing surgeon in all that region. Of his first seven cases of ovariotomy six were successful. This was thirty years before the days of ether anaethesia,, and nearly sixty years before the dawn of antiseptic surgery. Dr. Dantel Drake, Ky. (1785-1852). — Foremost physician of the West, and one of the ablest and most versatile of his time in America. Born in' New Jersey ; removed to Kentucky when three yean of age. With only the- rudiments of an education he commenced the study of medicine at 15. Diploma from Doctor Goforth, the first in Ohio, at 20; in practice at Cin- cinnati when 22. Became a founder of medical schools and one of the great- est educators in the West. Held eleven professorships in six different schools. In 1850 published his great work on "Diseases of the Interior Valley- of North America." Dr. RoblEy Dunclison, Penn. (1798-1869).— Renowned as a medical teacher and writer. Author of a "Medical Dictionary" for many years the- JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, 65 standard authority in this country. Born in England; educated in Edin- burgh, London, and Paris ; a practitioner in London. Author of a treatise on "Children's Diseases," and an edition of the London Medical Repository when 26 years, old. Invited, 1824, by Jefferson to the chair of anatomy, physiology, materia medica, and pharmacy in the medical school of the University of Virginia. Professor in the University of Maryland, 1833 ; and the Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia, 1836-1868. Author of "Sys- tem of Physiology," "Hygiene," "Therapeutics," "Practice," and "Materia Medica." Dr. William Gibson, Md. (1788-1868). — Eminent surgeon; one of . the organizers of the Medical Department of the University of Maryland. The first to tie the common iliac artery for aneurism. Born in Baltimore; edu- cated in Annapolis and studied medicine in Philadelphia; Professor of Sur- gery at Baltimore and Philadelphia; brilliant teacher, bold operator, "scholar, sportsman, artist, musician, accomplished man of the world ;" present at the battle of Carunna, Spain, 1809; at Lundy Lane, 1814, where he extracted a bullet from Gen. Winfield Scott, and at Bladensburg, and the repulse of the British at Baltimore; also at Waterloo, 1815, where he was slightly wounded. Dr. George McClEllan, Penn. (1796-1847). — One of the founders of the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1826, and its first professor of sur- gery. Born in Woodstock, Conn. ; graduated in arts at Yale ; studied medi- cine at Pomfret, Conn., and at Philadelphia, graduating at the University of Pennsylvania, 1819. Became an eminent surgeon, and "was extremely popu- lar as a bold, dashing operator and an enthusiastic, inspiring teacher." Dr. Samuel D. Gross, Pa. (1805-1884). — Eminent as a Surgeon, Teacher, and Author. His "System of Surgery" has been pronounced the greatest work on surgery ever written by one man. Born at Easton, Pa. ; educated in the public schools and academies ; pupil in medicine of Dr. George Mc- Clellan; graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1828; Demonstrator of Anat- omy in the Medical College of Ohio, 1833; Professor of Pathological Anat- omy, Cincinnati, 1835, where he gave the first systematic course of lectures in the United States on morbid anatomy; Professor of Surgery, University of Louisville, 1840; Professor of Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, 1856. Upon the pedestal of his statue erected, 1897, in the Smithsonian Park, Washington, D. C, is inscribed, "American physicians have erected this statue to commemorate the great deeds of a man who made such an impres- sion upon American surgery that it has served to dignify American medi- cine." Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Mass. (1809-1894). — The first in America to maintain vigorously the thesis of "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever." A brilliant anatomist, a fascinating teacher, noted for his contributions to medical and general literature. Born in Cambridge, Mass. ; graduated in arts at Harvard; medical degree from Harvard, after having spent seveal years in European hospitals. Professor of anatomy in Harvard Medical School for many years. In his paper on "Puerperal Fever" he writes : "The time has come when the existence of a private pesthouse in the sphere of a single physician should be looked upon not as a misfortune, but a crime." Dr. W. W. Gerhard, Pa. (1809-1872).— "The merit of having decided this important question, of having demonstrated the essential difference between 5 66 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. typhus and typhoid fever, belong chiefly, if not wholly, to Dr. Gerhard." Born in Philadelphia; graduate of the University of Pennsylvania .; studied for two years in Paris under the teachings of Louis. Assistant clinical lec- turer to Prof. Samuel Jackson ; senior physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital for twenty-five years ; one of the editors of the Medical Examiner. Dr. Nathan S. Davis, III. (1817 ).— "The father of the American Medical Association." Born in Greene, N. Y. ; educated in the schools and col- leges of the vicinity; graduated in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the western district of New York, 1837. Practiced in Bing- hamton, N. Y., for several years ; removed to Chicago in 1849. At a meeting of the New York Medical Society in May, 1846, he introduced a resolution to the effect that the New York State Medical Society recommend a National Convention of delegates from medical societies and colleges in the whole Union for the purpose of elevating the standard of medical education in the United States. This resolution "marks the inception of the American Medical. Asso- ciation." Dr. J. Marion Sims, S. C. (1813-1883).— Called the "Father of Modern Gynaecology;" founder of the Woman's Hospital of the State of New York. Born in Lancaster County, S. C. ; graduated at the South Carolina College in 1832; studied medicine at Charleston and Philadelphia; degree in medicine from Jefferson Medical College. Practiced in Lancaster, S. C, and Mont- gomery County, and Marion County, Alabama; removed to New York in 1853. Especially noted for his successful method of treating vesico-vaginal fistula, and for the invention of various surgical instruments and appliances of the greatest utility in the practice of his specialty. Decorated by the French, Spanish, and Italian Governments. Honorary member of many foreign learned societies. Benjamin W. Dudley, Ky. (1785-1870). — Master of Western Surgery for 40 years. First of the eminent teachers of the Middle West. First professor of anatomy and surgery in the medical department of the Transylvania Uni- versity. His success as a lithotomist was unparalleled, having operated one hundred times before losing a patient. His operation of trephining for the cure of epilepsy, marked a new era in cranial surgery. Introduced a new operation for hydrocele by excision of the sac. Famous for his success in treatment of chronic ulcers of the leg by rest, elevation, and elastic com- pression. Ether Anesthesia. Dr. John C. Warren, Mass. (1778-1856). — The Operative Surgeon in the first public demonstration of surgical anaesthesia. Born in Boston ; graduated at Harvard; studied medicine under his father, John Warren; spent three years in the hospitals of London, Edinburgh, and Paris. One of the prime movers in the organization of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and its foremost surgeon until his death. With Doctor Jackson he raised most of the funds for building the Massachusetts Medical College. The first American surgeon to operate for strangulated hernia. Performed the first public opera- tion under ether anaesthesia. Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, Mass. (1818-1890). — Made the announcement to the world of the great discovery of surgical anaesthesia in a paper read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences November 3, 1846, and published in JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 6j the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal November 18, 1846. Born in Boston; graduated at Harvard, 1837; degree in, Medicine from Harvard, 1841. Pro- fessor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, i849-'84; surgeon to the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, i846-'86. Dr. Crawford W. Long, Ga. (1815-1878).— The first intentionally to pro- duce anaesthesia by inhalation of sulphuric ether for a surgical operation. Born in Danielsville, Ga. ; graduated in arts at Franklin College, Pa.; degree in medicine from University of Pennsylvania; commenced practice in Jeffer- son, Ga. A wandering lecturer having brought to notice the curiously intoxi- cating effects of ether, so-called "ether-frolics" became common among the young people. On one occasion a negro boy was etherized by the boys to in- sensibility, and Dr. Long was called in alarm to resuscitate him. This event suggested to Dr. Long the use of ether in surgery, and on March 30, 1842, he used it with success in an operation for the removal of a small cystic tumor of the jaw. He seems not to have appreciated the importance of his discovery, and the world knew nothing of his experiment for several years. First Public Demonstration of Surgicai, Anesthesia, Boston, October 16, 1864. — "The decisive experiment from which dates the continuous and consequent history of anaesthesia." "The most important event in surgical and one of the most important in human history." The illustration repre- sents the scene in the operating-room of the Massachusetts General Hospital when the patient, a young man with a large vascular tumor on the neck, was being etherized by Dr. W. T. G. Morton preparatory to operation. Dr. William T. G. Morton, Mass. (1819-1868). — "First demonstrated to the world the art of surgical anaethesia, the happiest gift conferred upon man- kind by medical science or art." Born in Charlestown, Mass. ; educated in the common schools ; studied dentistry at the Dental College of Baltimore ; set- tled in practice in Boston ; tried various methods for relief of pain in dental surgery ; experimented upon animals and himself with sulphuric ether ; pre- vailed upon Dr. John C. Warren, then the most famous surgeon in New Eng- land, to permit a test of its effects upon a surgical patient in the Massachu- setts General Hospital. Operation performed October 16, 1846. Results published to the world November 3, 1846. Dr. Charles T. Jackson, Mass. (1805-1873). — A distinguished chemist; rival claimant to Morton as the discoverer of the effects of ether as an anaesthetic. Born in Plymouth, Mass. ; studied medicine with Drs. James Jackson and Walter Channing; medical degree from Harvard, 1829. Opened in Boston the first laboratory in the United States for instruction and re- search in analytical chemistry. Made some experiments with ether as an anaesthetic, but never ventured upon a public demonstration of its properties. Horace Wells, Conn. (1815-1848). — Also a claimant for the discovery of surgical anaesthesia. Born in Hartford, Vt. ; studied dentistry in Boston,; and began its practice in his native town. Used nitrous oxide gas ("laugh- ing gas") to render painless the extraction of teeth. In a demonstration attempted at the Massachusetts General Hospital, he failed to produce in-' sensibility, and was subjected to much ridicule. After the successful demon-, stration by Morton, Wells sought a share in the honors. Disappointment at his failure affected his mind, and he died by his own hand. 68 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Twentieth Century. Dr. Walter Reed, Va. (1851-1902).— Major and Surgeon, U. S. Army; President of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. He personally directed the conclusive experiments at Camp Lazear to determine the possibility of communicating yellow fever to non-immune persons, either (1) by the bites of' infected mosquitoes, (2) by injection of blood taken from a yellow fever patient, or (3) by exposure to the intimate contact with fomites. Born m Gloucester Co., Va. ; graduated in medicine at the University of Virginia, 1869, and at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1870. First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, 187s; Captain, 1880; Major, 1893. Professor of bacteriology and clinical microscopy in the Army Medical School, 1893. Died of appendicitis, November 22, 1902. The honorary degree of M. A. was conferred on him, 1902, by the President of Harvard University, in these words : "Walter Reed, graduate of the University of Virginia, the army sur- geon who planned and directed in Cuba the experiments which have given man control over that fearful scourge, yellow fever." Yellow Fever Investigation. — Researches concerning the Etiology, Propa- gation, and Prevention of Yellow Fever. Conducted by a Commission organ- ized in May, 1900, and consisting of the following members: Major Walter Reed, Surgeon U. S. Army, President of the Commission ; Dr. James Carroll, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, Acting Assist- ant Surgeon, U. S. Army; Dr. Aristides Agramonte, Acting Assistant Sur- geon, U. S. Army. By a series of brilliantly conceived and skillfully executed experiments it was conclusively proven : 1. The mosquito, Stegomyia calopus Meigen (S. fasciata Fabricius), serves as the intermediate host for the parasite of yellow fever. 2. Yellow fever is transmitted to the non-immune individual by means of the bite of a mosquito that has previously fed on the blood of those sick of the disease. 3. An interval of about 12 to 18 days after contamination is necessary before the mosquito is capable of conveying the disease. 4. Yellow fever can be produced by the subcutaneous injection of blood taken from a patient during the first and second days of the disease. 5. Yellow fever is not conveyed by fomites, and hence disinfection of articles of clothing, bedding, or merchandise is unnecessary. 6. A house may be said to be infected with yellow fever only when there are present within its walls contaminated mosquitoes capable of conveying the parasites of this disease. 7. The spread of yellow fever can be most effectually controlled by de- struction of mosquitoes and protection of the sick of this disease against the bites of these insects. Dr. Josiah C. NoTT, Ala. ( ) .—The first person to suggest that in- sects play a part as carriers of yellow fever; presented in a paper entitled "On the Cause of Yellow Fever," published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1848, vol. 4. "It is probable that yellow fever' is car- ried by an insect or animalcule bred on the ground, and in what manner it makes its impression is but surmise; but unless the animalcule is, like that of psora, bred in the system, we could no more expect it to be contagious than the bite of a serpent." JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 69 Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Cuba ( ).— The first to formulate a definite theory of the transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito. In a paper read before the Royal Academy of Havana, on August 11, 1881, entitled "The Mos- quito Hypothetically Considered as the Agent of Transmission of Yellow Fever," he states : "Three conditions will therefore be necessary in order that yellow fever may be propagated : "1. The existence of a yellow fever patient into whose capillaries the mos- quito is able to drive its sting and to impregnate it with the virulent par- ticles, at an appropriate stage of the disease. "2. That the life of the mosquito may be spared after its bite upon the patient until it has a chance of biting the person in whom the disease is to be reproduced. "3. The coincidence that some of the persons whom the same mosquito happens to bite thereafter shall be susceptible of contracting the disease." Dr. Finlay made many experiments to establish his theory, but failed to make them so conclusive as to command the acceptance of the profession, either in Cuba or elsewhere. Dr. James Carroll, Md. (1854 ). — Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. Submitted to the bite of a mosquito which had been hatched and reared in the laboratory and caused to feed upon four cases of yellow fever ; four days later he was taken sick with the fever; his was the first in a series of successful cases of mos- quito inoculation. Born in England; emigrated to Canada; enHsted in the U. S. Army, 1881 ; medical degree from University of Maryland, 1891 ; ap- pointed Acting Assistant Surgeon and assigned to duty at the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C, in association with Dr. Reed. All the reports of the Commission bear Dr. Carroll's name as well as Dr. Reed's. "The accu- racy with which the experiments were carried out and the care by which all possible precautions were taken to exclude every source of error are due to Dr. Carroll as much as to Dr. Reed." Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, Mb. (1866-1900). — Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. Allowed himself to be bitten on the hand by a mosquito while at the bedside of a yellow fever patient; five days later he was attacked with the disease in a violent form, and died after an illness of one week. Born in Baltimore ; graduate of Johns Hopkins University, 1889; medical degree from Columbia University, 1892; after two years at Bellevue Hospital and one year in Europe, was appointed bacteriologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital; appointed on the Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. "With more than the courage and devotion of the sol- dier he risked and lost his life to show how a fearful pestilence is communi- cated, and how its ravages may be prevented." Dr. ArisTides Agramonte, Cuba (1868 —).— Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army ; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission ; had charge of the pathological work and the autopsies. Born in Cuba; came early to New York; graduated with honor from the Medical Department of Columbia College, 1890; appointed Sanitary Inspector and Assistant Bacteriologist in the Health Department of New York; Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, 1898, and sent to Santiago and Havana to study the bacteriology of yellow fever; appointed on the Commission, May, 1900. JO SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. John R. Kissinger, OHio.-Private in the U. S. Army. Volunteered for the yellow fever experiments "solely in the interests of humanity and the cause of science," stipulating that he should receive no pecuniary reward. He was the subject of the first experiment in Camp Lazear ; was attacked by yellow fever three days and nineteen hours after being bitten by infected mosquitoes. In his report of the case Dr. Reed says: "In my opinion this exhibition of moral courage has never been surpassed in the Army of the United States." John J. Moran, Ohio.— Private in the U. S. Army. Also volunteered, at the same time with Private Kissinger, for the yellow-fever experiments, under the same stipulations. He entered a screened room in which were confined several infected mosquitoes and allowed himself to be bitten by fifteen of them. Three days and twenty-three hours afterward he was stricken with yellow fever. Yellow Fever Mosquito. Stegomyia calopus Meigen (5. fasciata Fabr.). Day Mosquito, Calico Mosquito.— Distinguished from other mosquitoes by its velvety-black body, with a distinct, white, lyre-shaped mark on the upper part of the back, with rest of the body and legs being ringed with white. Strictly a domesticated form, breeding in any standing water, foul or otherwise, in or about houses, especially in cisterns and open gutters. Bites by day, though not in hot sunlight ; sometimes on a bright night or by lamplight. Camp Lazear— Building where the experiments were made which proved that yellow fever is not transmitted by means of infected clothing. In this ill- ventilated and carefully screened room three men, Acting Assistant Surgeon Robert P. Cooke and two privates of the Hospital Corps, Folk and Jernigan, spent twenty successive nights, surrounded by the soiled garments of yellow fever patients, and even sleeping in the soiled sheets and blankets of those who had died of the disease. None contracted the fever. Graphic Chart. — Showing the mortality in Havana from yellow fever previous to the demonstration of its transmission by the mosquito and after the obvious preventive measures were instituted. The main line in the chart shows the average number of deaths from yellow fever in Havana each month for 20 years preceding Major Reed's discovery; the dotted line gives the number of deaths in 1891, when preventive measures were instituted. In 1902 there were no cases of yellow fever in Havana. Surgical Instruments and Appliances. — Implements used in the practice of surgery. The surgical treatment of external injuries was probably the first branch of the healing art to be practiced. Operative surgery is historically as old as the written record of man, and surgical instruments of the early Egyp- tian period have been found. The Chinese school of medicine seems to have been the only one to discountenance the use of cutting instruments. Cautery. — The searing of the flesh with a hot iron or ignited material ("actual cautery"), or with a corrosive substance ("potential cautery"). A mode of treatment in use since very ancient times. Japanese Moxas. — Prepared from the leaves of a species of Artemisia. 141,822. Indian Moxas. — Prepared and used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. 141.441- JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 71 Cautery Iron.— The specimen is one of many forms of the instrument used. The broad end is brought to a red heat and applied to the desired part. Formerly used to stop hemorrhage after wounds or surgical operations ; later, as a counter-irritant, or to destroy tissue. 143,076. . Bloodletting. — The practice of bloodletting, both of venesection and cup- ping, is historically as old as the Pharaohs and has been employed by the people of all nations down to the present day. Lancets, Stone (Tak-kjuch-shu-dit). — In the shape of small arrowheads. Used by native doctors for venesection. From the Ugashik Settlement on -the Ugashik River, Bristol Bay, Alaska. Collected by William J. Fisher. 127,757- Lancets, Stone. — Thin chips of flint, about one and one-half inches long and one-quarter inch wide, used for surgical instruments. From Jacobshaven, Greenland. Collected by Ludwig Kumlien. 34,050. Thumb Lancet. — A simple, thin blade with a broad point, used for opening a vein for blood-letting. 143,079. Spring Lancet. — The blade being drawn back against the spring, the instrument is placed upon the skin over a vein, and by pressing the trigger the blade is released and makes an instantaneous puncture. 143,078. Issue. — A small artificial ulcer produced by caustic or cutting instrument, and kept from healing by the introduction of some irritant such as dried peas or other solid bodies. Issue Peas. — The small unripe fruits of the orange tree, turned smooth on a lathe. Used as a local irritant to keep up the discharge from an artificial ulcer, for which purpose one of them is placed in the wound and secured by appropriate mechanical appliances. Gift of W. H. Schieffelin & Co., New- York. 141,661. Clinical Thermometer. — A recent form (1905) of the instrument having the scale marked upon the tube, pressed into a triangular shape with rounded edges whereby the mercury column is magnified and the reading made easy. Before the introduction of the clinical thermometer in medicine the tempera- ture in fevers was roughly estimated by applying the hand to the patient's "body. Clinical Thermometer. — An early form having a curved stem for easy adjustment to the axilla of the patient, and with a metal scale attached to the tube. The clinical thermometer is used for accuraely measuring the tempera- ture of the body in disease. Key. — An instrument used for extracting teeth. The pivoted claw embraces -the tooth, the fulcrum rests upon the inside of the jaw, and by strong torsion of the handle the tooth is forced out of its socket. This form of instrument was in common use for the purpose mentioned up to the middle of the last century. Aseptic Surgical Instruments. — One of the late forms of the so-called ""Pocket Case" of surgical instruments, made without receding angles or sur- face irregularities likely to afford lodgment for septic germs. Deposited by "Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U. S. Navy. 143,083. ah yuan AlISHSAINn T1HNYI03 uot^oajjoj uvoudiuy dative OLIN Q 11 .S8 A4 1907